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 ■^^^ to Capitalists and Emi^^^^ 
 
 B E I N a 
 
 A STATISTICAL AI^D DESCUIPTIYE 
 
 AGGOUiNT OF THE SEVERAL COUNTIES OF THE 
 
 State of North Carolina. 
 
 UNirED STATES OF AMERICA ; 
 
 TOGETHER WITH 
 
 LETTERS OF PROMINENT CITIZENS OF THE STATE 
 
 IN RELATION TO THE SOIL, CLIMATE, PROD-UCTIONS. MINE- 
 RALS, &C., AND AN ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 SWAMP LANDS OF THE STATE. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE NORTH CAEOLINA LAND CO, 
 Copyriffht Secwred. 
 
 HAT.EICxH, N. C, : 
 NICHOLS & CORMAN, BOOK AND JOB PRINTERS. 
 1869. 
 
3ost(a^ . 
 

 
 
 
'•"—.Til, Jts'i-. ^i*""- 
 
 '^-y^... 
 
STATISTICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE ACCOUNT 
 
 THE SEVEKAL COUNTIES 
 
 t^tt 0f uoxt\ B^tolxn^, 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 ' '\ 
 
 1^ 
 
 A ' \ 
 
 ^ 
 
 PUBLISHET BY THE NORTH CAROLINA LAND COIPANT. 
 
 EALE IGH: 
 
 NICHOLS & GORMAN, BOOK AND JOB PRINTERS. 
 
 1869. 
 
y 
 
 NORTH CAROTL.INA I 3.6^ 
 
 AND 
 
 O M P A N Y 
 
 ESTABLISHED FOR THE 
 
 TEANSPOETATION and LOCATION 
 
 OP 
 
 Ifortherii and European Settlers 
 
 IN THE 
 
 STATE OF NORTH CAROLIM, 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 Si^LE OF REA.L ESTATE, 
 
 Agricultural Implements, Maclimery, &c., &c- 
 
 — ALSO — 
 
 Negotiate Loans on Mortgages and other Securities. 
 
 chartered liy Act of deneral AssemMy, 1869. 
 
 OFFICERS: 
 Geo. Little, President. R. W. Best, Secretary. 
 
 DIRECTORS: 
 
 AT RALEIGH. 
 
 Hon. R. W. Best, late Sec. of State. 
 Col. Geo. Little, late U. S. Marshal. 
 Geo. W/Swepson, Ral. Nat. Bank. 
 R. Kingsland, late of N. Y. City. 
 
 AT NEW YORK. 
 
 A. J. Bleecker, Esq. 
 
 AGENTS AT NEW YORK AND BOSTON. 
 
 A. J. Bleecker, Son & Co., 
 77, Cedar Street, 
 New York City. 
 
TO THE REA^DEH. 
 
 This publication has been gotten up at considerable expense and labor, 
 at the instance and under the supervision of the North Carolina Land 
 Company, which is composed of a number of intelligent, enterprising and 
 respectable gentlemen of the States of New York and North Carolina. 
 
 This Company has been established in this city for the purpose of aid- 
 ing in the transportation and location of Northern and European settlers 
 coming to North Carolina, and for the sale of lands of all descriptions, 
 suited to the wants of the agriculturist, the vine and fruit grower, the 
 truck farmer, the miner and manufacturer, as well as the sale of improved 
 and unimproved lots in the towns and cities of the State, and to render all 
 possible assistance to persons who desire to invest their funds in this State, 
 judiciously. 
 
 In order to furnish to persons desirous of coming to the State, the most 
 reliable, general and statistical information, as a guide to investment and 
 location, the Land Company has procured the services of gentlemen in no 
 way interested personally in their enterprise, who, from long acquaintance 
 and actual observation, were well qualified to give a brief but correct des- 
 cription of every county. Besides this, they have procured a mass of valu- 
 able information in the form of letters, from leading gentlemen who have 
 held high public positions in the State, and whose thorough acquaintance 
 with the subjects upon which they write, as well as their entire reliabilityj 
 remove all doubt as to the truthfulness and correctness of their state- 
 ments. The whole, therefore, embodies an amount of information precisely 
 suited to the wishes of all classes of persons who desire to seek a home, 
 in one of the most highly favored portions of the earth, in climate, soil, 
 natural advantages, capacity for improvement, population, &c. , which can- 
 not be obtained from any other publication. 
 
 Intelligent gentlemen who have made themselves acquainted by personal 
 observation, with the population, climate, soil, productions and capacity 
 for improvement of every portion of the United States, do not hesitate to 
 declare, since the close of the rebellion, that the Southern States offer 
 vastly superior inducements both for investment and location, to those of 
 he Northwestern States and Territories, whither the tide of emigration 
 has been so strongly tending in late years. Unprejudiced travellers who 
 have visited North Carolina, after a short stay in the State, invariably 
 express a preference for the Old North State, to that of any other. Thou- 
 sands of her children, who in the spirit of money-making left the State years 
 ago to try their fortunes in the West, South or North, are returning to 
 their native soil, and thousands more are meditating a return when their 
 circumstances will allow it. 
 
(4) 
 
 The world does not possess any where a more quiet, peaceable, honest 
 and frugal population, thau the people of this State. Notwithstand- 
 ing the devastation, ruin and demoralization of the late civil war, our peo- 
 ple are rapidly returning to their old customs and labors. A more law- 
 abiding people cannot be found. Foreigners and strangers who come 
 among us to engage in the industrial and business professions of life and ta 
 pursue the arts of peace, are everywhere hailed with joy, and the aim and 
 desire of our people generally, is to promote peace and quietude, enter- 
 prise and prosperity among all classes, and to encourage and support wise 
 laws and a good government, which give the greatest security and protec- 
 tion to life, labor and property. 
 
 The State covers an area of 34,000,OCO of acres, stretching nearly 500 miles 
 from the Atlantic Ocean to the Tennessee line, and from 150 to 100 miles 
 from the Virginia to the South Carolina and Georgia lines. Within this area 
 there is almost every variety of soil and climate. Physically, the State is 
 divided into three departments, differing in soil, climate and production. 
 The Eastern division stretches along the Atlantic coast and nearly extends 
 westwardly to a line drawn North and South through the Capital of the 
 State. This section abounds in navigable sounds, rivers and creeks, in 
 which fish are abundant. The shad and herring fisheries are sources of 
 great profit. The soil is either rich loam, or sandy land, or extensive swamp 
 rich lands. The sandy lands abound in pine forests, from which turpentine 
 and tar are made ; are easily cultivated and improved ; are not naturally 
 very productive ; but when improved give a profitable return in cotton, corn, 
 potatoes (sweet), peas, pea-nuts, grapes and vegetables of all kinds. The 
 rich lands, whether up-land or swamp, are very productive. Some of these 
 lands produce a bale of picked cotton to the acre, or 75 to 100 bushels of 
 Indian corn. This whole eastern section, is flat and damp, but will produce 
 cotton and corn in great abundance, and is finely adapted to truck farming. 
 The pine and cypress timber ef this whole section is immensely valuable. 
 The North-eastern counties are valuable for fisheries, fine cypress timber, 
 and are equal to any for Indian com, wheat, vineyards, &c. The middle 
 and southern counties of this region, embrace the best cotton portions of 
 the State, and are valuable for fisheries, timber, com, truck farming, pea- 
 nuts, vineyards, &c., being contiguous to market by Rail Road and water 
 communication. Like all low countries, it is subject to malarious diseases, 
 such as bilious fever and ague and fever. Good drainage and proper care, 
 however, make it a healthy and desirable region. It is perhaps superior to 
 any section of the United States, in affording a good living for the smallesfc 
 amount of labor. This region will become famous as a grape growing and 
 wine making country. 
 
 The middle or second department is undulating and hilly, growing more 
 so as you approach the mountains. The eastern and southern counties of 
 this department, abound in lands from ordinary to good, and are productive 
 of cotton, corn, wheat, potatoes, fruits of all kinds, &c. They are generally 
 very healthy, with good pure water, and intersected with Rail Roads. 
 Mines of coal, iron, gold and copper are numerous, and water-power is 
 
(5) 
 
 abundant for manufacturing. The northern and western counties of this 
 ■department produce tobacco, corn, wheat and the grasses, finely. 
 
 The Western department embraces the mountain region, which is capable 
 •of being made one of the finest grazing countries in the world. Horses, cattle, 
 sheep and swine are raised in large numbers. As a wool growing region, it 
 is very superior. Here, also, mines of gold, copper and iron abound and the 
 water power is unsurpassed. It is a bleak but exceedingly healthy region, 
 and Indian corn, wheat, rye, barley and fruits grow well. But for further 
 and more specific information, we refer the reader to the description given of 
 ■each County in the body of the work, and to the letters before alluded to. 
 
 Besides the general character of our population, the salubrity of our 
 climate, the variety, productiveness and improvability of our soil, our mining 
 and manufacturing advantages and our Rail Roads, all well calculated to 
 interest and invite the traveller, we can point to the educational advantages 
 of the State with great pride. Besides the University of the State, there are 
 ■five or six Male Colleges of high grade, together with a number of first class 
 high schools and academies in full operation. In female education this State 
 is not behind any in the liberality of its provisions. There are about twenty 
 Female Colleges and High Schools in the State. Formerly the State pro- 
 vided quite liberally for Common or Public School instruction for all the white 
 children of the State. Under the new order of things, a still more liberal 
 provision will be made for all the children of the State, without regard to 
 color or condition. White and black will be, however, educated in separate 
 schools. 
 
 With this brief outline of the general characteristics of the State, we shall 
 .not longer detain the reader from the body of the work. 
 
 The Editoe. 
 
 Raleigh, N. C, April 15, 1869. 
 
ST-A-TISTIC^I. 
 
 AND 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE ACCOUNT OF COUNTIES, SO. 
 
 ALAMANCE. 
 
 This county was taken from the western part of Orange 
 county, in 1848. It lies in the middle tier of counties and is 
 bounded N. by Caswell county, E. by Orange, S. by Chatham 
 and W. by Guilford. 
 
 Area, 500 square miles. 
 
 Population 11,000. 
 
 Farms, 923; acres improved, 98,250 ; acres unimproved, 
 115,000. 
 
 Natural growth of trees: maple, white, red and chestnut 
 oak, hickory and walnut. 
 
 Annual products : corn, about 500,000 bushels ; wheat, 
 82,000 bushels; oats, 11,000 bushels; hay, 3,785 tons; cotton, 
 150 bales; tobacco, 15,000 pounds; butter, 100,000 pounds; 
 fruits and vegetables, abundant. 
 
 Stock: horses and mules, 3,335; cattle, 8,000; sheep, 8,500; 
 hogs, 22,500. 
 
 Schools: Col. Bingham's, at Mebanesville; Rev. Mr. Long's, 
 and Rev. A. Currie's, at Graham; male and female academy 
 at Company Shops, and others. 
 
 Churches, 33. 
 
 Lawyers, 3; doctors, 12; mills, 15; cotton factories, 5; post 
 of&ces, 14. 
 
 This county is watered by Saxapahaw river and Alamance, 
 Mary's Bark and other creeks. The surface is undulating; 
 soil, highly productive; farms good, and low grounds rich. 
 
 The North Carolina Central Rail Road connecting the 
 Eastern and Western portions of the State, runs through this 
 county. 
 
 Company Shops, where the North Carolina Rail Road has 
 its offices and engine and car works, is a pretty place, and 
 gives promise of great future prosperity. 
 
(8) 
 
 Graham, the county seat, named after Gov. Graham, is 
 about 58 miles west of Ealeigh. 
 
 ALEXANDER. 
 
 This county was formed from Iredell, Wilkes and Caldwell 
 ^counties in 1846. It is in the mountain region. 
 
 Area, 300 square miles. 
 
 Population, 6,250. It is drained by the Yadkin, Mitchell 
 : and Little E-ivers and several creeks. 
 
 Farms, 653; acres improved, 30,000; acres unimproved, 
 105,000. 
 
 Annual products: corn, 165,000 bushels; wheat, 10,000 bush- 
 
 'Cls; rye and oats, 40,000 bushels; Irish and sweet potatoes, 
 
 30,000 bushels; peas and beans, 3,000 bushels; butter, 32,000 
 
 pounds; flax, 12,000 pounds; cotton, 15,000 pounds; wool, 15,- 
 
 '^OOO pounds; honey and beeswax, 12,000 pounds. 
 
 Native forests: oak, walnut, beach, maple, poplar and 
 tihestnut. 
 
 Stock: horses and mules, 1,380; cattle, 3,599; sheep, 5,112; 
 hogs, 10,056. 
 
 Churches, 20. Schools: Cheoway Academy; York Institute; 
 Elk Shoal Academy; United Baptist Institute and many others. 
 Cotton factory, 1; mills, 14. Tanneries, several. 
 
 This county is surrounded by mountains, and abounds in 
 mineral springs, chiefly chalybeate and sulphur. Climate, 
 healthy. Land productive. 
 
 Taylorsville, the county seat, is 150 miles west from 
 Raleigh. 
 
 ALLEGHANY. 
 
 This county, lately formed from the eastern part of Ashe, 
 lies between the Blue Ridge and the Virginia line. 
 
 Area, about 290 square miles. 
 
 Churches, 16; ministers, 13; Lawyer, 1; College, Alleghany, 
 at Gap Civil; Schools, at various points; post ofl&ces, 4; mills, 
 6; mines, in numerous places. 
 
 Farms, 390. 
 
 Annual products: corn, 100,000 bushels; wheat, 3,000 bush- 
 els; rye and oats, 75,000 bushels; buckwheat, 3,000 bushels; 
 pease, 12,000 bushels; Irish and sweet potatoes, 1,500 bushels; 
 butter and cheese, 6.500 pounds; flax seed, 500 bushels; flax, 
 12,500 pounds; maple sugar, 5,000 pounds; tobacco, 2,500 
 pounds; wool, 14,000 pounds; honey and beeswax, 12,000 
 pounds; hay, 4,000 tons; fruits, in value, $500. 
 
(9) 
 
 Trees, natural growth: white, Spanish and chestnut oaks, 
 and black and white pine. 
 
 Mountains: Fisher's G-ap, Elk Spur, Lame Spring, Peach 
 Bottom and Saddle. 
 
 Rivers; New and Little. 
 
 Creeks: Crab, Glade, Prather's, Elk, Chestnut, Brush, Big 
 Pine and others. 
 
 Climate, cool and healthy. Soil, good. Fine grazing 
 country. 
 
 Sparta, the county seat, is about 200 miles from Raleigh. 
 
 ANSON. 
 
 This county, named from Admiral Anson of the British 
 Navy, was formed in 1740, and extended at that time to the 
 western limits of the State. 
 
 Area, 650 square miles. 
 
 Population, 13,000. 
 
 Farms, 675; acres improved, 93,965; acres unimproved, 213,- 
 167. 
 
 Annual products; corn, 500,000 bushels; wheat, 40,000 
 bushels; oats, 110,000 bushels; sweet potatoes, 35,000 bushels; 
 cotton, 4,000,000 pounds; wool, 12,000 pounds. 
 
 Stock: horses and mules, 3,012; cattle, 11,452: sheep, 8,171; 
 hogs, 23,000. 
 
 Natural forest: oak, pine, walnut and hickory. 
 
 Rivers: Rocky and Yadkin. Creeks: Brown's, Lane's, 
 Guild's and Jones. Mills, 20; tanneries, 2; distilleries, 20; 
 spirits manufactured, 1.500 gallons. Gold mine, Bailey's. 
 
 Churches, 23; College, Carolina Female. Academies; 
 Blanch's, Gum Spring, Lilesville, and Rocky Hill. Schools 
 abundant. 
 
 Soil fertile, surface unbroken. Cotton grows finely and is the 
 chief market crop. People intelligent and many substantial 
 planters. 
 
 The Wilmington, Charlotte and Rutherfordton Rail Road 
 passes tlirough the county. 
 
 Wadesboro', the county seat, is about 120 miles south-west 
 from Raleigh. 
 
 ASHE. 
 
 This county, named in honor of Gov. Ashe, was formed in 
 1799. Population, 7,000. 
 
 Farms, 750; acres improved, 50,000; acres unimproved, 
 145,000. 
 
 Annual products: corn, 110,000 bushels; wheat, 3,500 do; 
 
(10) 
 
 oats, 100,000 do; pease, 1,500 do; buckwheat, 5,000 do; Irish 
 potatoes, 2,500 do; butter, 95,000 pounds; maple sugar, 10,- 
 815 do; tobacco, 5,000 do; wool, 10,500 do; honey and bees- 
 was, 18,000 do; flax, 15,500 do; hay 5,000 tons. 
 
 Stock: horses and mules, 1,500; cattle, 6,500; sheep, 4,500; 
 hogs, 14,000. 
 
 Forest: oak, hickory, maple, ash and walnut. 
 
 Surface, mountainous. Soil, on hill sides and valleys, very 
 productive. Climate, healthy. This county is at present 
 without railroad facilities; therefore land is cheap. A. fine 
 grazing region. 
 
 Jefferson the county seat, is about 200 miles northwest of 
 Ealeigh. 
 
 BEAUFORT. 
 
 This county, named for the Duke of Beaufort, lies in the 
 Eastern part of the State. It was organized in 1741. 
 
 Area, 600 square miles. 
 
 Population, 12,500. 
 
 Soil, very fertile. 
 
 Farms, 594; acres improved, 30,760 ; acres unimproved^ 
 180,981. 
 
 Annual products: corn, 160,000 bushels; wheat, 7,000 bushels; 
 oats, 6,000 bushels; Irish and sweet potatoes, 160,000 bushels; 
 pease, 20,000 bushels; cotton, 1,000,000 pounds; tar, pitch and 
 turpentine, 110,000 barrels; fish, 5,000 barrels; lumber, very 
 large quantities. 
 
 Stock: horses and mules, 1,150; cattle, 13,500; sheep, 
 8,250; hogs, 18,279. 
 
 Trees, natural: cypress, juniper, long-leaf pine, oak, hick- 
 ory and gum. 
 
 There are in this county large tracts of swamp or poccosin 
 lands, which, when cleared and cultivated, will produce from 
 60 to 100 bushels of corn, or from 400 to 500 pounds of lint 
 cotton per acre. They may be had very cheap and offer great 
 inducements to actual settlers. 
 
 Washington, the county seat, lies at the head of the Pamp- 
 lico river, and is 120 miles east by south from Raleigh. Pop- 
 ulation, about 2,000. It carries on a large export trade with 
 New York and the West Indies. Other towns are Aurora, 
 and Bath. 
 
 BERTIE. 
 
 This county, which lies on the Albemarle Sound and between 
 the Chowan and Eoanoke rivers, was organized in 1733. 
 
(11) 
 
 Area, 800 square miles. 
 
 Population, 13,000. 
 
 Doctors, 6; lawyers, 5; churches, 17; post offices, 6; mills^ 
 many; distilleries, (turpentine,) several. 
 
 Farms, 524 ; acres improved, 92,600 ; acres unimproved^ 
 203,803. 
 
 Annual products: corn, 560,000 bushels; wheat, 3,000 bush- 
 els; sweet potatoes, 100,000 bushels; pease, 90,000 bushels- 
 cotton, 2,200,000 pounds; wool 12,000 pounds; fish, 25,000 
 barrels; hay, 35,000 tons. 
 
 Stock: horses and mules, 2,297; cattle, 10,880; sheep, 6,654- 
 hogs, 33,081. 
 
 Native growth: long-leaf pine, juniper, cypress, oak and 
 hickory. Pine and cypress timber valuable. 
 
 Rivers: Roanoke, Chowan, Cashie and Cashoke. 
 
 This county abounds in rich lands, of which the best are- 
 still covered with dense forest, offering great inducements to 
 lumbermen. Fruits and vegetables grow here a month earlier 
 than in New Jersey, and may be transported directly by water 
 from the farm to New York. 
 
 The fisheries of this county are sources of great profit. 
 
 Cotton grows finely in Bertie. 
 
 WiNDSOE, the county seat, situated on the Cashie river, is 
 157 miles east from Raleigh. 
 
 BLADEN. 
 
 This county, which lies in the South-eastern part of the 
 State, was formed in 1734. 
 
 Area, 800 square miles. 
 
 Population, 10,000. 
 
 Doctors, 9; lawyers, 4; churches, 25; schools, number not 
 known; mills, saw, 6; distilleries, turpentine, 6; manufactories, 
 turpentine and tar, 40. 
 
 Farms, 486; acres, improved, 47,608; acres, unimproved, 
 400,000. 
 
 Annual products: corn, 200,000 bushels; wheat, 15,000 
 bushels; oats, 5,000 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100,000 bushels; 
 cotton, 60,000 pounds; wool, 7,500 pounds; rice, 75,000 pounds; 
 pease, large quantities; turpentine, 15.000 barrels; lumber, 
 value, $50,000. 
 
 This is a very fertile county, capable of great development; 
 and when its rich swamp lands are drained and cultivated, 
 will produce ten fold more than it does at present Lands 
 cheap. The Wilmington, Charlotte and Ruth. Rail Road runs', 
 through it, and furnishes, in connection with its rivers and 
 creeks, easy transportation to a good market at Wilmington. 
 
(12) 
 
 Elizabeth Town, the county seat is situated on Cape Fear 
 river, and is 60 miles from Wilmington, and about 90 miles 
 Southeast from Ealeigh. 
 
 BRUNSWICK. 
 
 This county, wliich lies in the extreme Southeastern part of 
 the State, was organized in 1764. Surface, level. Soil, sandy. 
 
 Area, 950 square miles. 
 
 Population, 8,000. 
 
 Lawyers, 4; churches, 23; post offices, 4; Academies, "Way- 
 man and Smithville; Schools convenient; manufactories, tar 
 and turpentine, 50. 
 
 Farms, 385; acres improved, 18,500; acres unimproved, 
 247,600. 
 
 Annual products: corn, 60,000 bushels; sweet potatoes, 
 118,000 bushels; cotton, 10,000 pounds; wool, 3,000 pounds; 
 rice, 3,000,000 pounds; lumber, value, $15,000; tar, pitch and 
 turpentine, value $18,000; machines, rice, 6. 
 
 Stock: horses and mules, 1,000; cattle, 8,500; sheep, 3,500; 
 hogs, 12,525, 
 
 Trees, natural: long-leaf pine, juniper, live oak and cypress. 
 
 Green and Cypress Swamps abound in timber, and when 
 cleared, ditched and cultivated, will yield most abundant 
 crops. 
 
 200,000 acres of the best lands are for sale, and offer splen- 
 <iid openings for capital, labor and skill. 
 
 Smithville, the county seat, situated on the Elizabeth 
 river, near the mouth of the Cape Fear river, in sight of the 
 ocean, is 173 miles South-west of Raleigh. It is a place of 
 fashionable summer resort. In the vicinity are Forts Johnson 
 and Caswell. 
 
 BUNCOMBE. 
 
 This county, named for Col. Buncombe of Washington 
 county, was organized in 1791. 
 
 Area, 5,000 square miles. 
 
 Population, 13,000. 
 
 Ministers, 15; doctors, 14; lawyers, 19; churches, 20; mills, 
 grist, 15; factories, &c., 6; newspapers, 2; post offices, 9. 
 
 Farms, 1,250; acres, improved, 75,350; acres unimproved, 
 506,200. 
 
 Annual products: corn, 50,000 bushels; wheat, 25,000 bush- 
 els; oats and rye, 150,000 bushels; butter, 125,000 pounds; 
 wool, 150.000 p3unds; tobacco, 10,000; ginseng, value, $18,- 
 000; apples, peaches, Irish potatoes, &c., large quantities. 
 
(13) 
 
 Stock: horses and mules, 3,708; cattle, 16,500; sheep. 14,000; 
 hogs, 28,608. 
 
 Native forest: hickory, oak, maple, ash and walnut. 
 
 This county lies amid the ranges of the Blue Hidge, and is 
 watered by the Swannanoa and French Broad Eivers, and by 
 numerous creeks and mountain streams. It is one of the most 
 salubrious portions of this continent. Mineral springs of 
 great value abound. The soil, in the valleys and mountain 
 sides, is very pioductive. Fruits and vegetables grow lux- 
 uriantly. Apples weighing from 14 to 15 ounces are common. 
 Lands vary from one dollar to fifty dollars per acre. 
 
 AsHBViLLE, the county seat, is 250 miles from Raleigh. It 
 is much visited by invalids from various parts of the State. -^-^ 
 
 The proposed route of the Western North Carolina Rail 
 Road, which will connect Beaufort Harbor on the Atlantic 
 ocean, with Tennessee, runs near Asheville, and, when com- 
 pleted, will make it accessible to all portions of the land. 
 
 BUEKE. 
 
 This county, named for Sir Edmund Burke, the great Eng- 
 lish orator, was founded in 1777. 
 
 Area, 400 square miles. 
 
 Population 10,000. 
 
 Doctors, 7; lawyers, 4; churches, 28; mills, 12; post oJB&ces,. 
 4; schools, Morgan ton Academy, Rock Seminary, &g. 
 
 Farms, 375 ; acres improved, 30,000; acres unimproved^ 
 110,000. 
 
 Annual products: corn, 600,000 bushels; wheat, 45,000 bush- 
 els; oats and rye, 36,000 bushels; cotton, 50,000 pounds; wool, 
 26,000 pounds; tobacco, 18,000 pounds. 
 
 Gold, in 1850, value, $50,000. 
 
 Stock: horses and mules, 1,550; cattle, 5,250; sheep, 3,528: 
 hogs, 10,660. 
 
 Trees, natural: hickory, oak, walnut, &c. 
 
 This county lies on the Eastern side of the Blue Ridge, and 
 is watered by the Catawba, Sumerville and John's Rivers, and 
 numerous creeks. Surface, broken and hilly. Soil, rich and 
 productive. Scenery, charming. Climate, most salubrious. 
 The Western North Carolina Rail Road runs through this 
 county. 
 
 MoRG ANTON, the county seat, is 1,100 feet above the level 
 of the sea, and lies 197 miles west from Raleigh. It is a place 
 of resort in summer, for pleasure seekers and invalids. 
 
 CABARRUS. 
 
 This county lies in the southwestern part of the State. It 
 was formed out of Mecklenburg in 1802. 
 
( 14 ) 
 
 Area, 350 square miles. 
 
 Population 10,450. 
 
 Ministers, 15; doctors, 12; Lawyers, 4; churclies, 23; cotton 
 factories, 2; gristmills, 15; tanneries, 6; North Carolina col- 
 lege at Mount Pleasant; Classical school at Concord, and 
 others. Gold and copper mines, 7. 
 
 The Reed Gold Mine was discovered in 1799 and is said to 
 have been the first discovered in the United States. Several 
 of these mines have been very productive. 
 
 Farms, 845: acres improved, 64,500; unimproved, 125,700. 
 
 Annual products: corn, 500,000 bushels; wheat, 85,000 bush 
 els; oats and rye, 5(5,000 bushels; sweat potatoes, 25,000 bush- 
 els; cotton, 1,000,000 pounds; wool, 16,000 pounds. 
 
 Stock: horses and mules, 3,500; cattle, 4,500; sheep, 5,000 
 hogs, 10,550. 
 
 Trees, natural: poplar, oak, walnut, hickory, &c. 
 
 Soil fertile. Population, intelligent and moral. 
 
 Concord, the county seat, contains about 1800 inhabitants, 
 and is 139 miles from Raleigh. 
 
 CALDWELL. 
 
 This county, named after Pres. Caldwell of Chapel Hill, 
 was organized in 1841. It lies in the mountains. 
 
 Area, 450 square miles. 
 
 Population 4,500. 
 
 Ministers, 19; Doctors, 4; churches, 20; schools: Davenport 
 Pemale College at Lenoir ; Lenoir Ma]^ Academy ; Mount 
 Bethel Academy and others. 
 
 Farms, 366; acres improved, 25,500; unimproved, 100,000. 
 
 Annual products: corn, 200,000 bushels; wheat, 5,000 bush- 
 els; oats and rye, 35,000 bushels; Irish potatoes, 15,000 
 bushels; peas, 2,000 bushels; butter, 40,000 pounds. 
 
 Stock: horses and mules, 1,226; cattle, 4,500; sheep, 4,225; 
 hogs, 11,225. 
 
 Forest: oak, hickory, walnut, maple, &c. 
 
 This county is watered by the Catawba, Yadkin and John's 
 rivers and by Buffalo and King's creeks. 
 
 The county is mountainous. The farming lands are rich 
 and productive. It contains a most excellent population. 
 
 Lenoir, the county seat, is 200 miles west of Raleigh. A 
 favorite resort in summer. 
 
 CAMDEN. 
 
 This county, named after Earl Camden of England, was 
 organized in 1777. It lies in the north-eastern part of the 
 
( 15 ) 
 
 State, Surface, level. Soil, generally a sandy loam and very 
 rich and fertile. 
 
 Area, 280 square miles. 
 
 Population, 1,500. 
 
 Ministers, 6; lawyers, 6; doctors, 3; churches, 8; post offices, 
 2; mills, 3; schools: Jonesboro and Savage Creek Academies; 
 shingle mills, 6. 
 
 Farms, 579: acres improved, 38,400; unimproved, 36,950. 
 
 Annual products: corn, 360,000 bushels; wheat, 3,500 bush- 
 els; oats and rye, 10,000 bushels; peas, 10,000 bushels; sweet 
 potatoes, 39,000 bushels; cotton, 10,000 pounds; wool 5,000 
 pounds; flax, 36,000 pounds; honey and beeswax, 1 0,500 pounds; 
 fish, 1,000 barrels ; lumber, value, $15,000 ; brandy, value,. 
 $2,500. 
 
 This county is peculiarly adapted to the culture of early 
 fruits and vegetables, which find a profitable market at Balti- 
 more, Philadelphia and New York, via Norfolk, Va., by the 
 Dismal Swamp canal. 
 
 Camden Couet House, the county seat, is 219 miles north- 
 east from Raleigh. 
 
 CAETERET. 
 
 This county was one of the original English settlements. 
 It lies on the Atlantic coast. 
 
 Area, square miles. 
 
 Population 8,0U0. 
 
 Ministers, 6; doctors, 10; lawyers, 4; churches, 7; post 
 offices, 3; manufactories, 2. 
 
 Farms, 394; acres improved, 30,769; unimproved, 180,981. 
 
 Annual products: corn, 52,500 bushels; wheat, 3,000 bushels; 
 oats, 1,000 bushels; rye, 1,000 bushels; pease, 55,000 bushels, 
 wool, 3,000 pounds; butter, 2,000 pounds; honey, 6,000 pounds; 
 hay, 500 tons. 
 
 Stock: horses and mules, 1,120; cattle, 13,980; sheep, 8,169; 
 hogs, 18,279. 
 
 Trees: long-leaf pine, oak, hickory, persimmon and cedar. 
 
 The Atlantic Rail Road runs through this county, connect- 
 ing Morehead City with Goldsboro, the Eastern terminus of 
 the North Carolina Rail Road. 
 
 There is a large quantity of swamp land in the county 
 belonging to the State, which will soon be brought into 
 market. 
 
 Beaufort, the county seat, distant 150 miles from Raleigh, 
 has a very fine harbor, and is a fashionable summer resort. 
 
(16) 
 
 CASWELI. 
 
 This county, named after the first Governor of North Car- 
 olina, was formed from Orange count}^ in 1777. 
 
 Area, 400 square miles. 
 
 Population, 16,500. 
 
 Surface, hilly. Soil, good and productive. Tobacco and 
 wheat are the principal market crops. 
 
 Ministers, 12; doctors, 15; lawyers, 5; churches, 25; schools, 
 Dan River Institute, Leasburg male and female, and Milton 
 female academies, and others. Post offices, 8; mills, grist, 24; 
 foundry. 1 ; cotton factory. 
 
 Farms, 735; acres improved, 123,000; unimproved, 1-15,890. 
 
 Annual products: corn, 360,000 bushels; wheat, 12,100 
 bushels; oats, 3,000 bushels; rye, 3,000 bushels; sweet pota- 
 toes, 32,000; pease, 3,000 bushels; cotton, 100,000 pounds; 
 wool, 8,500 pounds; butter, 75,000 pounds; tobacco, 3,550,- 
 000 pounds; flax, 8,000 pounds; honey and beeswax, 12,500 
 pounds; hay, 3,000 tons. 
 
 Stock: horses and mules, 2,500; cattle, 7,000; sheep, 7,500; 
 hogs, 21,225. 
 
 Forests: oak, pine, hickory, gum and ash. 
 
 The Greenboro and Danville Va,, Eail Road runs through, 
 the Northwest part of the county. Land from $2 to $10 
 per acre. 
 
 Yanceyville, the county seat, is 66 miles Northwest from 
 Raleigh. 
 
 CATAWBA. 
 
 This county, named from the Catawba river, was formed 
 from Lincoln county, in 1842. 
 
 Area 250 square miles. 
 
 Population, 11,000. 
 
 Surface, hilly. 
 
 Soil, rich. 
 
 Ministers, 8; doctors 3; lawyers 3; churches, 30; post offices,. 
 6 ; iron forges, 2 ; foundries, 4. 
 
 Farms, 939; acres improved, 64,500; unimproved, 154,225. 
 
 Annual products : corn, 350,000 bushels; wheat, 50,000 
 bushels; oats and rye, 65,000 bushels; Irish and sweet potatoes^ 
 35,000 bushels; butter, 75,000 pounds; wool, 10,500 pounds; 
 flax, 7,000 pounds; tobacco, 6,500 pounds; honey and beeswax, 
 11,250 pounds; hay, 3,000 tons. 
 
 Stock: horses and mules, 2,915; cattle, 6,115; sheep, 6,250; 
 hogs, 20,000. 
 
 Trees, natural: maple, walnut, hickory, oak. 
 
(17) 
 
 The Western N. C. Rail Road runs through the length of this 
 county. Iron ore abundant. Lands cheap. 
 
 Newton, the county seat, is 175 miles west from Raleigh. 
 
 CHATHAM. 
 
 This county was organized in 1770, named atter Earl Chat- 
 ham of England. Surface very broken, soil fertile. 
 
 Area, 700 square miles. 
 
 Population, 28,000. 
 
 Farms, 1,635; 139,500 acres improved; 300,000 acres unim- 
 proved. 
 
 Annual Productions about 650,000 bushels corn; 125,000 
 bushels wheat; 100,000 bushels oats; 500,000 pounds tobacco; 
 5,000 tons of hay; 1,000 bales of cotton; 10,000 pounds of 
 iron; $5,000 worth of lumber; 90,000 bushels sweet and Irish 
 potatoes; 150,000 pounds of butter and cheese; 15,500 bushels 
 pease; 10,000 pounds flax; 10,000 pounds wool; 5,000 pounds 
 honey and beeswax. 
 
 Churches, 50; ministers. 23; doctors, 15; lawyers, 7. 
 Factories, &c: Egypt mining company's foundery and machine 
 sliop at Lockville; iron manufacturing company at Egypt; 
 grist mills, 25; post offices, 13. 
 
 Schools: Pittsboro' scientilic academy; Pittsboro' female 
 academy; Haywood high school; Mt. Vernon seminary. 
 
 The Chatham Goal Fields in this county are generally 
 known. A Rail Road has been completed from Fayettevilie 
 to the Coal Fields, on Deep river. Another Rail Road is being 
 pushed through from Carey, on the North Carolina Central 
 Rail Road, eight miles from Raleigh to Columbia, S. C. ; besides 
 these, other Roads are projected, v,^hich must fully develope 
 this mineral region. 
 
 These improvements will make Chatham one of the most 
 prosperous counties in the State. 300,000 acres of good lands 
 in this county will be brought into market. Lands are now 
 cheap. 
 
 Forests: Oak, hickory, maple, walnut and pine. 
 
 Pittsboro' is the county seat 
 
 CHEROKEE, ■ 
 
 This county wo.s organized in 1839 from Macon, derives its 
 name from a tribe of Indians, some of whom still remain. It 
 lies in the extreme south-western part of the State. The face 
 of the county is mountainous and picturesque. 
 
 Area 700 square miles. 
 
 Population 6,000. 
 
 Forests: maple, oak, hickory, ash, walnut, &c. 
 2 
 
(18) 
 
 Farms 450; 25,000 acres improved; 75,000 imimproved. 
 
 Annual productions about, 205,000 bushels of corn; 3,000 
 bushels of wheat; 35,000 bushels of oats; 2,000 bushels of 
 i;ye; 25,000 bushels of sweet potatoes; 50,000 pounds of butter 
 and cheese. 
 
 Stock: 1,500 horses and mules; 6,500 cattle; 5,000 sheep r 
 12.000 hogs. 
 
 Gold and iron are found. 
 
 Churches 10; ministers 6; lawyers 2; doctors 4; grist mills 
 10; merchants 10; post offices 4. 
 
 This county is watered by the Hiawassee, Valley and Not- 
 ley rivers and a number of mountain streams. 
 
 Its mines of flesh colored marble, gold, copper, iron 
 and silver, are to be developed at a future day, when rail 
 roads penetrate the mountains. 
 
 The soil is very rich in the valleys and along the streams. 
 Land is very cheap and abundant. A fine grazing county. 
 
 Murphy is the county seat, it lies near the junction of Hia- 
 wassee and Valley rivers, on the route of the Western Turnpike. 
 
 CHOWAN. 
 
 This county derived its charter from King Charles the II, 
 and its name from an Indian tril^e. It lies in the Northeastern 
 part of the State and is watered by the Albemarle Sound and 
 Chowan River. 
 
 Area 250 square miles. 
 
 Farms: 344; 40,000 acres improved; 52,000 unimproved. 
 
 Stock: horses and mules, 1,200; cattle, 4,500; sheep, 2,500; 
 hogs, 15,000. 
 
 Annual products about 300,000 bushels of corn; 20,000 
 bushels wheat; 15,000 bushels oats; 150,000 pounds cotton; 
 20,000 barrels of fish: 95,000 bushels sweet potatoes; 35,000 
 bushels pease; 15,000 pounds butter and cheese; 1,670 tons of 
 hay; 10,500 pounds rice. 
 
 Churches 20; lawyers 5; doctors 7; grist mills 4. 
 
 Academies: Edenton academy, Episcopal parochial school, 
 and several others; postoffices, 3, 
 
 It was from this county the first bag of cotton was shipped 
 in July 1768. 
 
 The Albemarle Sound Fisheries are large and very profita- 
 ble. Some of the seines are drawn by mules and windlass, 
 and are said to be two miles in length. The quantity of 
 shad, herring, rock and other fish caught in these waters is 
 immense. 
 
 This county possesses great water facilities. Sail vessels 
 and steamboats navigate the Sound and rivers. A Rail Road 
 
( 19 ) 
 
 is projected from Edenton to Suffolk, Va. The winters are 
 mild, stock need but little wintering and can be raised in large 
 quantities. 
 
 Timber: pitch pine, gum, oak, cypress, juniper and cedar. 
 
 The lands are fertile, and produce corn, wheat and cotton 
 finely. 
 
 Edenton, the county seat, settled in 1716, and has been the 
 ^bode of wealth and retiiiement. Distance from Raleigh 150 
 miles. 
 
 CLAY. 
 
 This county was lately organized from the southern part of 
 Oherokee. 
 
 Area, 250 square miles. 
 
 Population, 3,000. 
 
 Annual products: corn, 50,000 bushels; wheat, 1,000 bushels; 
 Irish potatoes, 10,000 bushels; Mines: gold, silver, copper 
 and iron. 
 
 Natural growth of timber: oak, hickory, chesnut, &c. 
 
 Lands abundant and cheap. A fine grazing region. 
 
 Fort Hembrie, the county seat, is 360 miles west from 
 Baleigh. 
 
 CLEAVELAND. 
 
 This county was organized out of Lincoln and Rutherford 
 in 1840. 
 , Area, 650 square miles. 
 
 Population, 12,500. 
 
 Doctors, 6; lawyers, 4; churches, 30; mills: grist, 10; saw, 4; 
 paper, 1; Tanneries, 5; Iron forges, 3. 
 
 Farms, 961; acres improved, 62,000; unimproved, 186,500. 
 
 Annual products: corn, 450,000 bushels; wheat, 36,000 
 bushels; oats and rye, 65,000 bushels; pease, 5,000 bushels; but- 
 ter and cheese, 100,000 pounds; cotton, 200,000 pounds; wool, 
 15,000 pounds; flax, 2,000 pounds; tobacco, 6,000 pounds; 
 honey and beeswax, 10,000 pounds. 
 
 Stock: horses and mules, 3,500; cattle, 7,500; sheep, 8,000; 
 hogs, 16,500. 
 
 Native growth: pine, chestnut, oak, hickory, &c. 
 
 Shelby, the county seat, is 190 miles south by west from 
 Raleigh. 
 
 The Wilmington, Charlotte and Rutherford Railroad runs 
 through this county. 
 
(20) 
 
 COLUMBUS. 
 
 Was organized in 1808 and named after Columbus, the 
 great discoverer. 
 
 Surface, level; soil sandy on the ridges, rich, near and on 
 the water courses. It is drained by the Waccamaw, and Lum- 
 ber rivers, White Gum and Beaver creeks. 
 
 Area, 600 square miles. 
 
 Population, 9,000. 
 
 Annual products: 2,000 bushels wheat; 200,000 bushels corn* 
 5,000 bushels oats and rye; 200,000 bushels sweet potatoes; 
 5,000 bushels peas; 16,000 pounds butter and cheese; 2,000 
 barrels turpentine; $20,000 worth of lumber; 50,000 pounds 
 cotton; 8,000 pounds wool. 
 
 Farms, 400 ; 26,000 acres improved; 262,000 acres unim- 
 proved. 
 
 Stock: 750 horses and mules; 10,600 cattle; 14,500 sheep; 
 hogs, 20,000. 
 
 Churches 20; lawyers, 4; doctors, 4. 
 
 Schools: Whitesville academy and other schools. 
 
 Timber: long-leaf pine, white oak, red oak, Spanish oak, 
 water oak, juniper, cypress, &c. 
 
 This county is one whose prospective wealth is difficult to 
 estimate. Its resources, extensive forests and rich soil with 
 facilities for transportation by water and rail road are excelled 
 by few counties in the State. The Manchester and Wilming- 
 ton rail road runs through this county. Marl of the best 
 kind for manure is found in nearly all parts of this county. 
 300,000 acres of splendid timber and farming lands are in the 
 market, from one dollar to five dollars per acre. The far- 
 famed Scuppernong grape grows here finely, and the native 
 wines made are of the best kind. The business of making 
 wine is profitable and increasing. 
 
 Whiteville is the county town. It is near the Wilming- 
 and Manchester rail road, about 50 miles from Wilmington 
 and 150 miles from Raleigh. 
 
 CRAVEN. 
 
 This county was settled and organized in 1729. 
 
 Area, land and water, 1,000 square miles. 
 
 Population, 16,500. 
 
 Doctors, 20; lawyers, 10; churches, 25; post offices, 6. Mills: 
 S'rist, 6; saw, 4; shingle, 4. Manufactories, tar and turpentine, 
 .40. Schools, 12. 
 
 Farms, 400; acres improved, 63,450; unimproved, 300,000; 
 cash value of farms, $1,375,500. 
 
(21) 
 
 Annual products: corn, 814,000 bushels; wheat, 4,540 bush- 
 els; rye, 3,500 bushels; oats, 3,000 bushels; pease, 30,000 
 bushels; Irish potatoes, 9,550 bushels; sweet potatoes, 150,000 
 bushels; butter, .21,000 pounds; rice, 35,000 pounds; wool, 
 10,834 pounds; honey, 52,000 pounds; beeswax, 5,000 pounds; 
 turpentine, 150,000 barrels; fish, 25,000 barrels; hay, 1,375 
 tons; fruits, value, $5,000; lumber, value, $50,000. 
 
 Stock: horses and mules, 1,400; cattle, 13,772; sheep, 
 6,037; hogs, 25,000. 
 
 Trees, natural: pitch pine, white and red oak, juniper and 
 cypress. 
 
 Soil, on streams and lakes, rich and valuable. Marl of the 
 best kind abundant. The soil and climate are admirably 
 adapted to the culture of grapes of all kinds. 
 
 New Berne, the county seat, derived its name from Berne, 
 in Switzerland, whence Baron de Graffenreidt emigrated in 
 1709, being followed the second year by 1,500. It is situated 
 at the junction of the Trent and Neuse rivers, is a port of 
 «ntry and carries on considerable trade. It is 120 miles from 
 Kaleigh. 
 
 CUMBERLAND. 
 
 This county, named in honor of the Duke of Cumberland 
 was organized in 1764. It lies in the Southern part of the 
 State. 
 
 Area, 600 square miles. 
 
 Population, 15,500. 
 
 Ministers, 25; lawyers, 16; doctors, 19; churches, 32; 
 schools: Academies, 6, and other schools. Mills, cotton, 3; 
 grist, 10; distilleries, turpentine, 23; post of&ces, 8. 
 
 Farms, 1,000; acres improved, 63,500; unimproved, 300,000. 
 
 Annual products: corn, 313,413 bushels; wheat, 4,500 bush- 
 els; rye, 3,500 bushels; oats, 2,619 bushels; pease and bean?, 
 29,549 'Dushels; Irish potatoes, 9,575 bushels; sweet potatoes, 
 150,000 bushels; butter, 25,000 pounds; rice, 32,000 pounds; 
 wool, 10,957 pounds; cotton, 400,000 pounds, honey, 6,500 
 pounds; hay, 2,625 tons; wine, 1,550 gallons. 
 
 Stock: horses and mules, 1,500; cattle, 13,015; sheep, 6,007. 
 
 Trees, natural: oak, pine, gum, ash, poplar, cypress, &c. 
 
 This county is watered by the Cape Fear and Lower Little 
 rivers and their tributaries. The Cape Fear is navigable to 
 Fayetteville. The water power in this county is immense, and 
 if controlled by scientific and energetic men, would become a 
 source of great wealth. Capitalists and manufacturers should 
 visit and examine this most valuable portion of the State with 
 the view of investment. 
 
(22) 
 
 Fayetteville, the county seat, is one of the largest cities- 
 in the State. It is 100 miles by water from Wilmington and 
 60 miles from Raleigh. Its location, and natural and artifi- 
 cial resources promise for it a future of great material pros- 
 perity. 
 
 CURRITUCK. 
 
 This county, named from an Indian tribe, lies in the north- 
 eastern part of the State. 
 
 Area, 200 square miles. 
 
 Population, 7,500. 
 
 Doctors, 6; lawyers, 3; churches, 12; academies, 2 and 
 other schools; post offices, 3. 
 
 Farms, 500: acres improved, 37,000; unimproved, 90,000. 
 
 Annual products : corn, 300,000 bushels; wheat, 1,500 bush- 
 els; oats and rye 2,860 bushels; peas, 40,000 bushels; Irish 
 and sweet potatoes, 150,000 bushels; butter, 54,000 pounds;, 
 flax, 30,000 pounds; wool, 12,500 pounds; beeswax and honey,. 
 5,000 pounds; scuppernong and other grapes grow finely. 
 
 Lands generally good and productive — recovered swamp« 
 lands very rich. Fine fishing section and immense quantities 
 of wild game. 
 
 Stock: horses and mules, 1,085; cattle, 7,250; sheep, 6,000; 
 hogs, 15,500. 
 
 Forests: oak, pine, juniper and cypress. 
 
 Currituck Court House, the county seat, 240 miles from: 
 Raleigh. 
 
 DAVIDSON. 
 
 This county was organized from Rowan in 1822. 
 
 Area, 650 square miles. 
 
 Population 16,000. 
 
 Surface, hilly. Lands productive. On the rivers very fine.. 
 The " Jersey settlement" is a splendid farming section. 
 
 Doctors, 12; lawyers, 8; churches, 41; colleges, 3, and other 
 schools; post offices, 6; factories, 3; mills, grist, 15; Mines: 
 gold, silver, lead and copper. 
 
 Farms, 1,250: acres improved, 121,500; unimproved, 200,- 
 000; farms, value, $1,988,000. 
 
 Annual products : corn, 500,000 bushels; wheat, 225,000 
 bushels; rye, 2,000 bushels; oats, 100,000 bushels; peas, 10,- 
 000 bushels; Irish and sweet potatoes, 51,750 bushels; butter, 
 85,000 pounds; cotton, 280,000 pounds; wool, 20,000 pounds;: 
 flax, 5,500 pounds; tobacco, 125,000 pounds; rice, 15,000" 
 
(23) 
 
 pounds; honey, 50,000 pounds; hay, 3,000 tons; sorghum^ 
 10,000 gallons; fruits, value $28,000. 
 
 Stock: horses and mules, 4,000 ; cattle, 9,133; hogs, 28,105. 
 
 Trees, natural: ash, oak. elm,, hickory, poplar, chesnut, &c. 
 
 Several farms in this county highly improved. 
 
 Lexington, the county seat, is 117 miles west of Raleigh on 
 the North Carolina Rail Road. 
 
 DAVIE. 
 
 This county was taken from Rowan county, 1836. 
 
 Area, 250 square miles. 
 
 Population, 8,500. 
 
 Doctors, 14; lawyers, 2; churches, 18; academies, 4; post 
 offices, 6; grist mills, IT; tobacco factories, 5; distilleries, 18, 
 tanneries, 4. 
 
 Farms, 410: acres improved, 60,000; unimproved, 95,000; 
 value, $1,335,000. 
 
 Annual products: corn, 320,000 bushels; wheat, 105,000 
 bushels; oats, 64,000 bushels; rye, 3,900 bushels; peas, 8,500 
 bushels; Irish potatoes, 6,000 bushels; sweet potatoes, 14,000 
 bushels; butter, 45,000 pounds; honey, 1,700 pounds; wool, 
 7,500 pounds; tobacco, 400,000 pounds; hay, 4,000 tons; Sor- 
 ghum, 4,000 gallons; fruits, value $10,000. 
 
 Stock: horses and mules, 2,000; cattle, 4,797; shecD, 5,110; 
 hogs, 1,370. 
 
 Trees, natural: ash, elm, hickory, oak, &c. 
 
 The lands are generally good, and well adapted to improved 
 culture. Prices moderate. 
 
 MocKsviLLE, the county seat, is 135 miles from Raleigh. 
 
 DUPLIN. 
 
 This county was organized in 1749. 
 
 Area, 670 square miles. 
 
 Population, 15,800. 
 
 Doctors, 12; lawyers, 6; churches, 20; academies, 4; post 
 offices 6; saw-mills, 12; tar and turpentine factories, 20. 
 
 Parms, 923; acres improved, 107,000; unimproved, 340,000; 
 value, $3,132,000. 
 
 Annual products: corn, 425,000 bushels; wheat, 5,000 bush- 
 els; oats, 4,000 bushels; rye, 6,852 bushels; pease, 65,000 
 bushels; Irish potatoes, 10.000 bushels; sweet potatoes. 305.000 
 bushels, butter, 60,000 pounds; cotton, 8,000,000 pounds; wool, 
 13,000 pounds; rice, 125,000 pounds; honey, 51,554 pounds; 
 beeswax, 4,000 pounds; hay, 2,860 tons-; fruits, value $2,500. 
 
(24) 
 
 Stock: horses and mules, 2,500; cattle, 11,250; sheep, 
 4,500; hogs, 39,000. 
 
 Trees, natural: oak, hickory, pine, &c. 
 
 Soil sandy but productive. Improved swamp lands very 
 fine. Markets easy of access. Wilmington and Weldon Rail 
 Road runs through the county. 
 
 Kenansville, the county seat, is 86 miles from Raleigh. 
 
 EDGECOMBE. 
 
 This county was 61'ganized, from Craven, in 1733. 
 
 Area, 600 square miles. 
 
 Soil good. Muck and marl abundant. 
 
 Population, 17,300. 
 
 Farms, 900; acres improved, 134,758; unimproved, 174,600; 
 value $4,974,920. 
 
 Doctors, 25; lawyers, 7; churches, 23; schools, 15; grist 
 mills, 7; cotton factory, 1. 
 
 Annual products : corn, 725,500 bushels ; wheat, 12,500 
 bushels; rye, 11,000 bushels; oats, 66,225 bushels; pease, 
 97,758, bushels; Irish potatoes, 15,250 bushels; sweet potatoes, 
 200,000 bushels; butter, 32,000 pounds; cotton, 10,000,000 
 pounds; wool, 9,452 pounds; rice, 6,000 pounds; beeswax, 
 2.721 pounds; honey, 2,500 pounds; wine, 2,500 gallons; hay, 
 ,5,408 tons; fruits, value $12,000. 
 
 Stock: horses and mules, 4,000; cattle, 9,790; sheep, 5,250; 
 hogs, 50,000. 
 
 This is the most highly improved agricultural county in the 
 State. Edgecombe is the banner cotton county in the State. 
 Accessible to market by Rail Road and water communication. 
 
 Taeboro, the county seat, situated on Tar river is 76 miles 
 East from Raleigh. 
 
 FORSYTHE. 
 
 This county wtis organized out of Stokes in 1848. 
 
 Area, 250 square miles. 
 
 Population 12,000. 
 
 Farms, 1,000; acres improved, 75,000; unimproved, 132,- 
 500; cash value, $1,175,800. 
 
 Annual products: corn, 318,000 bushels; wheat, 188,000 
 bushels; oats, 60,950 bushels; rye, 8,132 bushels; Irish pota- 
 toes, 12,000 bushels; sweet potatoes, 21,000 bushels, pease, 
 2,350 bushels; butter, 75,000 pounds; honey, 47,000; wool, 
 10,000 pounds; tobacco, 552,000 pounds; flax seed, 5,586 
 bushels; hay, 5,500 tons; fruit, value, $35,000. 
 
 Stock: horses, 2,275; mules, 300; cattle, 6,134; sheep, 
 6,386; hogs, 19,000. 
 
( 25 ) 
 
 Churches, 24; schools, 12; mills, grist, 25; saw, 6; paper, 
 1; factories, cotton, 1; woolen, 1; post offices, 7; ministers, 
 15; lawyers, 6; doctors, 14. 
 
 This county is peculiarly adapted to fruit, grain and grass. 
 
 Winston is the county seat. 
 
 Salem, contiguous to Winston, is a beautiful village, 
 founded by the Moravians. The Female School at this place 
 has been in successful operation for more than half a century, 
 and is justly celebrated. More Southern women have been 
 -educated here than at any other school in the country. 
 
 FRANKLIN. 
 
 This county, named after Benjamin Franklin, was organ- 
 ized in 1779. 
 
 Area, 450 square miles. 
 
 Population, 14,100. 
 
 Farms, 650; acres improved, 119,000; unimproved, 150,000; 
 cash value, $3,500,000. 
 
 Annual products: corn, 416,500 bushels; wheat, 45,000 
 bushels; oats, 32,000 bushels; rye, 11,300 bushels; Irish pota- 
 toes, 8,250 bushels; sweet potatoes, 11,000 bushels; p^^asfe, 
 -32,634 bushels; cotton, 990,000 pounds; wool, 8,500 pounds; 
 tobacco, 1,962,385 pounds; butter, 70,000 pounds; honey, 
 20.000 pounds; hay, 13,000 tons; fruits, value, $10,000. 
 
 Stock: horses and mules, 2,500; cattle, 8,675; sheep, 6,250; 
 hogs, 27,250. 
 
 Forests: ash, elm, oak, hickory and gum. 
 
 Churches, 26; schools, 5; mills: grist, 75; saw, 10; tanne- 
 ries, 14; post offices, 6; doctors, 15; lawyers, 6. 
 
 The lands are well adapted to cotton culture. It is a 
 healthy section, people intelligent and hospitable. 
 
 LouiSBURG, the county seat, on the Tar river, is 35 miles 
 from Raleigh. There is a Female College and an excellent 
 male Academy in this place. 
 
 The Raleigh & Gaston Rail Road runs through this county. 
 
 GASTON. 
 
 This county, named for Judge Gaston, was organized in 
 1846. 
 
 Area, 350 square miles. 
 
 Population, 9500. 
 
 Farms, 825; acres improved, 52,800; unimproved 167,500. 
 Cash value 1,529,225. 
 
 Annual products: corn, 344,000 bushels; wheat, 74,000 
 bushels; oats, 17,01/0 bushels; pease, 8,000 bushels; Irish 
 
( 2C ) 
 
 potatoes, 5,000 bushels; sweet potatoes, 21,000 bushels; butter, 
 85,500 pounds; wool, 10,500 pounds; tobacco, 5.000 pounds, 
 honey, 20,500 pounds; hay, 1,250 tons; sorghum, 4,250 gal- 
 lons; fruits, value $5,600. 
 
 Stock: horses and mules, 2,500; cattle, 6,195; sheep, 5,366 r 
 hogs, 15,335. 
 
 Trees, natural: ash, hickory, white and red oak, elm and 
 walnut. 
 
 Doctors, 8; lawyers, 2; churches, 20; postoffices, 10. Mines, 
 gold, 4. Mills, cotton, 3 ; grist, 14. Factories, 2. 
 
 It is watered by the Catawba and its tri'outaries. Lands 
 are good and well adapted to wheat, corn and the grasses. 
 <jrold mines have been opened here. Water power abundant. 
 
 Dallas, a small village, is the county seat. 
 
 GATES. 
 
 This county, named after General Gates, was organized in 
 1779. 
 
 Area, 300 square miles. 
 
 Population, 8,444. 
 
 Farms, 525; acres, improved, 72,678; unimproved, 83,673. 
 Cash value, $950,000. 
 
 Annual products: corn; 420,693 bushels; wheat, 10,000 
 bushels; oats, 6,852 bushels; rye, 1,435 bushels; pease, 44,- 
 828 bushels; Irish potatoes, 8,684 bushels; sweet potatoes, 
 162,000 bushels; butter, 15,000 pounds; wool, 5,000 pounds; 
 tobacco, 2,000 pounds; honey, 6,000 pounds; hay, 2,800 tons: 
 fruits, value, $5,000. 
 
 Stock: horses, 1,147; mules, 250; cattle, 6,500; sheep^ 
 2,817; hogs, 25,833. 
 
 Trees, natural: pine, oak, (white, Spanish, and red.) hickory, 
 juniper, cypress and gum. 
 
 Doctors, 7; lawyers, 2; churches, 17; academies, 10; post 
 offices, 6 ; factories, 6 ; mills, grist, 8 ; shingle, 6 
 
 The oak and cypress timber of this county is valuable. Soil 
 good and adapted to corn, wheat, cotton and fruits. Recovered 
 swamp lands very good. 
 
 Gatesville, the county seat is 155 miles North-east from 
 Raleigh. 
 
 GRANVILLE. 
 
 This county was formed from Edgecombe in 1786.. 
 
 Area, 750 square miles. 
 
 Population, 24,396. 
 
 Soil good, red, yellow and gray. 
 
(27) 
 
 Farms: 1,250; acres improved, 197,500; unimproved, 245,- 
 500. Cash value, $3,500,000. 
 
 Annual products: corn, 349,777 bushels; wheat, 183,550 
 bushels; oats, 150,000 bushels; rye, 322 bushels; pease, 8,000 
 bushels; Irish potatoes, 12,800 bushels; sweet potatoes, 93,- 
 800 bushels; butter, 110,000 pounds; honey, 20,000 pounds;, 
 wool, 20,500; tobacco, 6,625,594 pounds; hay, 15,000 tons^ 
 fruits, value, $3,000. 
 
 Stock: horses, 4,294; mules, 500; cattle, 10,500; sheep^ 
 15,810; hogs, 34,249. 
 
 Trees, natural: oak, (white, Spanish, red and chestnut) 
 hickory, ash, elm and gum. Lands productive in wheat, 
 tobacco and corn. 
 
 Churches, 50; schools, 18; mills, grist, 13; factories^ 
 tobacco, 6; iron, 1; tanneries, 6; post offices, 10; doctors, 20; 
 lawyers, 19. 
 
 Oxford, the county seat, a beautiful village, is 45 miles- 
 from Ealeigh. The Raleigh & Gaston Rail Road runs 
 through this county. 
 
 Henderson, located on the Raleigh & Gaston Rail Road is 
 a growing place, and well situated for trade in a good farming- 
 section. 
 
 GEEENE. 
 
 This county was organized, as Dobbs county, in 1779. The 
 name was changed to Greene county in 1799. 
 
 Area, 280 square miles. 
 
 Population 7,935. 
 
 Farms, 5000: acres improved, 63,500; unimproved, 87,500. 
 Cash value, $1,658,998. 
 
 Annual products: corn 312,820 bushels; wheat 10,757 bush- 
 els; oats 6,020 bushels; rye 8,650 bushels; pease 65,000 bushels;- 
 Irish potatoes 7,750 bushels; sweet potatoes 76,458 bushels;- 
 butter 15,000 pounds; cotton 1,835,600 pounds; wool 3,335 
 pounds; rice 6,500 pounds; honey 12,000 pounds; hay 3,500 
 tons; wine 1,100 gallons; fruits, value $3,000. 
 
 Stock: horses i',000; mules 500; cattle 3,068; sheep 2.053; 
 hogs 22,000. 
 
 Forest: oaks, ash, elm, hickory and pine. 
 
 Doctors, 6; lawyers, 2; churches, 15; academies, 4; and 
 other schools in the county. Mills, grist 5. 
 
 Marl of fine quality is found in this connty. Land produc- 
 tive. Cotton and corn grow well. The grape grows finely. 
 
 Snow Hill the county seat, is 70 miles east from Raleigh... 
 
(28) 
 
 GUILFORD. 
 
 This county was organized from Rowan and Orange coun- 
 ties in 1770. 
 
 Area, 600 square miles. 
 
 Population. 20,500. 
 
 Surface level, soil good. 
 
 Farms, 1,500: acres improved, 195,71 5 ; unimproved, 180,823. 
 <:!asli value, 3,500,000. 
 
 Annual products: corn, 515,000 bushels; wheat, 2,000 bush- 
 ■els; oats, 160,000 bushels; rye, 2,500 bushels; pease, 9,000 
 bushels; Irish potatoes, 25,000 bushels; sweet potatoes, 5,200 
 bushels; rice, 2,000 bushels; cotton, 60,000 pounds; wool, 
 22,000 pounds; butter, 150,000 pounds; cheese, 5,000 pounds 
 flax, 5,000 pounds; honey, 39,000 pounds: beeswax, 5,000 
 pounds; hay, 8,000 tons; molasses, sorghum, 9,000 gallons 
 fruits, value, $2,500; vegetables, value, $10,000. 
 
 Stock: horses, 3,950; mules, 500; cattle, 13,228; sheep, 14,000 
 iiogs, 50,000. 
 
 Native Forests: ash, poplar, elm, hickory, oak, chestnut. 
 
 The lands are adapted to wheat, tobacco and fruits. Health 
 ^good. A number of copper mines in the county. 
 
 Greensboro', the county seat, is 80 miles west of Raleigh. 
 Female college at this place. 
 
 The North Carolina Central Rail Road, runs through this 
 couDty. A Rail Road connects G-reensboro' with Danville, 
 Va. It will soon be connected by Rail Road with Salem also. 
 High Point, on the N. C. Rail Road, is a good location for a 
 villao-e. 
 
 HALIFAX. 
 
 This county was organized ft'om Edgecombe, in 1858. 
 
 Area, 680 square miles. 
 
 Population, 19,441. 
 
 Surface broken. Soil rich. 
 
 Farms, 900: acres improved, 147,615; unimproved, 248,825. 
 •Cash value, $3,699,420. 
 
 Annual products: corn, 800,000 bushels; wlieat, 36,000 
 Ijushels; oats, 54,000 bushels; rye, 1,000 bushels; pease, 45,000 
 bushels; Irish potatoes, 16,000 bushels; sweet potatoes, 123,000 
 bushels; butter, 50,000 pounds; cotton, 4,200,000 pounds; wool, 
 .9,000 pounds; tobacco, 900,000 pounds; honey, 15,000 pounds; 
 beeswax, 2,000 pounds; hay, 6,500 tons; wine, 3,000 gallons; 
 fruits, value $16,500. 
 
 Stock: horses, 1,994; mules, 1,500; cattle, 11,500; sheep, 
 ~5.,000; hogs, 36,500. 
 
( 29 ) 
 
 Native growth: cedar, juniper, oak, hickory, ash and elm. 
 
 Churches, 20; doctors, 80; lawyers, 8; academies, 6; post- 
 offices, 8; mills, 10. 
 
 The rich valley of the Roanoke bounds the county on north 
 and east. The lauds are immensely rich. The high lands- 
 and recovered swamp lands are very productive of corn, cot- 
 ton and fruits. Many of these lands lie on the rail roada- 
 leading to Norfolk and Petersburg and are favorably located 
 for truck -farming. 
 
 Halifax, the county seat on the Roanoke river, is 87 miles 
 north east from Raleigh. The Wilmington and Weldon and 
 the Raleigh and G-aston Rail Roads run through this county^ 
 
 HARNETT. 
 
 This county lies in the centre of the State. 
 
 Area, square miles. 
 
 Population, 8,000. 
 
 Farms, ; acres im.proved, 216,670; unimproved, 241,- 
 
 000. Cash value, $992,500. 
 
 Annual products: corn, 191,250 bushels; wheat 13,000- 
 bushels; oats, 8,260 bushels; rye, 2,000 bushels; Irish potatoes,, 
 4,000; sweet potatoes, 110,000 bushels; pease, 2,700; butter^, 
 28,000 pounds; wool, 7,000 pounds; honey, 2,500 gallons. 
 
 Stock: cattle, 7,500; sheep, 5,000; hogs, 17,000. 
 
 Native growth: long leaf pine, oak, elm, &c. 
 
 Churches, 15. Mills, grist, 22. Postoffices, 7. Doctors. 
 12. Lawyers, 8. 
 
 The lauds are adapted to cotton, corn and grape growing.. 
 The pine timber of the county is valuable. 
 
 LiLLiNGTON, the county seat, is 35 miles from Raleigh. 
 
 HiVYWOOD. 
 
 Tliis -county was formed from Buncombe county in 1808. 
 It lies in the mountain region. 
 
 Area, 900 square miles. 
 
 Population, 7,525. 
 ~ It is drained by Pigeon river and its tributaries. 
 
 Farms, 650; acres improved, 35,000 ; acres unimproved^ 
 350,000. 
 
 Annual products: corn, 200,000 bushels; wheat, 15,000 
 bushels; oats, 50,000 bushels; Irish and sweet potatoes, 15,000 
 bushels; butter, 60,000 pounds; hay, 10,000 tons. 
 
 Stock: horses and mules, 2,000; cattle, 8,000: sheep. 8,250: 
 hogs, 18,500. 
 
( 30 ) 
 
 Natural forest: mountain ash, sugar maple, liickory, oak, 
 chestnut, &c. 
 
 Churches, 26; 4 academies and a few primary schools. 
 
 The climate is lovely beyond description, and its moun- 
 tain scenery is beautiful. Grain, fruits and the grasses, can be 
 cultivated to a very great extent and its mountain ranges are 
 favorable for raising large quantities of sheep, horses, &c. 
 
 Lands are abundant, fertile and cheap. 
 
 Waynesville the county seat, is situated in the forks of 
 Pigeon river amid beautiful mountain scenery. Distance from 
 Ealeigh about 295 miles. 
 
 HENDERSON. 
 
 This county was formed out of Buncombe in 1858. 
 
 Area, 600 square miles. 
 
 Population, 10,500. 
 
 Farms, 500: acres improved, 43,500; unimproved, 150,500. 
 Cash value, $1,515,000. 
 
 Annual products, corn, 326,000 bushels; wheat, 7,000 bush- 
 els; oats, 16,000 bushels; rye, 32,500 bushels; Irish potatoes, 
 18,000 bushels; sweet potatoes, 15,000 bushels; pease, 1,500 
 bushels; butter, 50,000 pounds; honey, 12,000 pounds; wool, 
 14,000 pounds; tobacco, 2,000 pounds; sorghum, 10,000 gallons; 
 hay, 1,000 tons; fruits, value, $16,000. 
 
 Stock: horses, 1,400; mules, 450; cattle, 6,500; sheep, 8,000; 
 hogs, 15,750. 
 
 Churches, 22; schools, 6; mills, grist, 12; doctors, 6; law- 
 yers, 4. 
 
 The surface is broken. Lands good and well adapted to 
 grazing. The bottom lands are very good. 
 
 Hendersonville, the county seat, is 250 miles west by 
 South from Raleigh. 
 
 The TVestern Rail Road is to run through this county. 
 
 HERTFORD. 
 
 This county, named after the Earl of Hertford, was formed 
 out of Chowan, Bertie and Northampton counties in 1759. 
 
 Area, 320 square miles. 
 
 Population, 10,000. 
 
 Surface, level. Soil very productive. 
 
 Farms, 500; acres improved, 72,550; unimproved, 133,500; 
 cash value, $1,321,500. 
 
 Annual products: corn, 407,500 bushels; wheat, 10,600 
 bushels; oats, 11,750 bushels; rye, 1,000 bushels; Irish pota- 
 toes, 10,000 bushels; sweet potatoes, 120,000, bushels; p3ase, 
 
( 31 ) 
 
 28,000 bushels; cotton, 1,000,000 pounds; wool, 5,705 pounds; 
 butter, 12,000 pounds; honey, 7,000 pounds; wine, 2,500 
 gallons; fish, 2,000 barrels; hay, 2,500 tons; fruits, value, 
 $10,000. 
 
 Stock: horses, 1,144; mules, 500; cattle, 4,400; sheep, 3,500; 
 ho^s, 21,500. 
 
 Trees, natural: pine, oak, juniper, elm and cedar. 
 
 Churches, 20; colleges, 2, academies, 8; post offices, 6; mills, 
 grist, 12; saw, 4; doctors, 14; lawyers, 4. 
 
 The lands of this county are good — well adapted to cotton 
 and corn. Several fine fisheries in this county lie on Chowan 
 river. Pine and cypress timber valuable. 
 
 WiNTON, on the Chowan river, is the coimty seat. 
 
 Murfreesboro' on the Meherrin river, is the principal town. 
 It has two Female Colleges, and is a pleasant place. 
 
 HYDE. 
 
 This county, named after General Hyde, was one of the 
 original precincts of 1729. 
 
 Area, 430 square miles. 
 
 Population, 8,000. 
 
 Surface level. Soil rich. 
 
 Farms, 300; acres improved, 32,000; unimproved, 90,500. 
 Cash value, $1,700,000. 
 
 Annual product : corn, 500,000 bushels; wheat, 25,000 
 bushels: oats, 2,500 bushels; rye, 1,200 bushels; Irish pota- 
 toes, 100; sweet potatoes, 8,100; pease, 3,500 bushels; cotton, 
 200,000 pounds; wool, 510,000 pounds; honey, 1,500 pounds. 
 
 Stock: horses, 900; mules, 150; cattle, 6,600; hogs, 11,500. 
 
 Trees, natural: red cedar, oak, cypress, gum, long leaf pine, 
 juniper and hickory. 
 
 Mills: grist, 3; saw, 4; shingle, 4. Ministers, 7 ; doctors, 
 7 ; lawyers, 2. 
 
 Lands very rich, especially around Mattamuskeet Lake. It 
 is one of the finest corn sections in the world. Peat is abun- 
 dant in the county. Juniper and cypress timber very valuable. 
 
 Swan Quarter, the county seat, near Pamlico, is 170 miles 
 east from Raleigh. 
 
 IREDELL. 
 
 This county, named after Judge Iredell, was formed from 
 Rowan county in 1788. 
 Area, 600 square miles. 
 Population, 15,500. 
 Surface hilly, soil, generally productive. 
 
(32) 
 
 Farms 1,200: acres improTed, 96,000; unimproved, 227,000.. 
 Cash value, $2,500,000. 
 
 Annual products: corn, 505,000 bushels; wheat, 135,00® 
 bushels; oats, 72,000 bushels; rye, 1,500 bushels; Irish potatoes, 
 10,500 bushels; sweet potatoes, 25,000 bushels; pease, 12,500 
 bushels; cotton, 200,000 pounds; wool, 15,000 pounds; tobacco, 
 150,000 pounds; butter, 84,000 pounds; honey, 56,500 pounds: 
 beeswax, 4,000 pounds; flax, 250,000 pounds; sorghum, 8,500 
 gallons; ha-y, 4,000 tons; fruits, value, $14,000. 
 
 Stock: horses, 5,000; mules, 1,000; cattle, 11,000; hogSj 
 26,000, 
 
 Trees, natural: ash, chestnut, oak and hickory. 
 
 Churches, 40; colleges, 2; academies, 4; other schools; mills,, 
 grist, 15; oil, — ; tanneries, 10; factories, cotton, 1; tobacco, 4;, 
 post offices, 15; ministers, 15; doctors, 25; lawyers, 8. 
 
 This is a good wheat, corn and fruit county. Tobacco also 
 grows well, and cotton on its southern border. 
 
 Statesville, the county seat, is 145 miles west from Ealeigh. 
 A female college here. 
 
 The Western and Charlotte Eail Roads run through this 
 county. 
 
 JACKSON. 
 
 This county was oi'ganized out of Haywood and Macon 
 counties in 1850, and lies in the south western part of the 
 State. Formerly inhabited by the Cherokee Indians of whom 
 a few hundred still remain. 
 
 Area, 1,308 square miles. 
 
 Population 5,500. 
 
 Farms 500; 4b,772 acres improved; 775,000 acres unim- 
 proved. Much of this is said not to be enlisted and is the pro- 
 perty of the State. Perhaps 500,000 acres are in market. 
 
 Of the small portion cultivated, the annual product was in 
 1860, v^heat, 18,000 bushels; corn 237,997 bushels; oats 11,000 
 bushels; beans and peas, 3.000 bushels; Irish potatoes 16,000 
 bushels; sweet potatoes 15,500; tobacco, 7,000 pounds; wool, 
 9,000 pounds; butter, 42,000 pounds; honey, 16,000 pounds; 
 molasses, 10,000 gallons; hay, 500 tons; orchard products 
 valued at $5,000. 
 
 Stock: horses, 1660; mules, 204; milch cows, 1916; other 
 cattle, 4223; sheep, 5336; hogs, 16,168. 
 
 Original growth of timber: oak, hickory, chesnut, poplar, 
 locust and walnut. Immense forests still remain untouched. 
 
 Lands vary from poor to very good. Valleys and moun- 
 tain sides fertile and very productive. A fine grazing country. 
 Lands from $1 to $5 per acre. 
 
( 33 ) 
 
 Mines of gold, copper, &c., abundant. Limestone all over 
 this region. 
 
 Chinches, 10; lawyers, 2; doctors 4; grist mills, 6; post 
 of&ces 8. 
 
 Webster is the county seat of Jackson. 
 
 JOHNSTON. 
 
 This county was formed out of Craven, 1746, and named 
 after G-ov. Johnston. 
 
 Area, 670 square miles. 
 
 Population, 15,600. 
 
 Farms, 1,200; 110,000 acres improved; 225,000 acres unim- 
 proved. 
 
 Stock: horses, 2,225; mules, GOO; cows, 4,550; other cattle, 
 6,500; sheep, 8,500; hogs, 40,500. 
 
 Annual products: wheat, 6,000 bushels; rye, 10,000 bushels; 
 corn, 468,500 bushels; oats, 22,800, bushels; rice, 2,500 
 pounds; tobacco, 15,000 pounds; cotton, 3,000 bales; wool, 
 11,000 pounds; pease, 80,000 bushels; Irish potatoes, 5,000 
 bushels; sweet potatoes, 225,000 bushels; orchard products, 
 $10,000; butter, 70,000 pounds; hay, 4,000 tons; honey, 
 15,000 pounds. 
 
 Churches, 23; academies 6; lawyers, 9; doctors 12; factory, 
 cotton, 1 ; post offices, 6. 
 
 Granite and iron are found at different places. It is well 
 watered by Neuse and Little rivers, and a number of creeks. 
 
 Original growth of timber: pine, oak, hickory, gum, elm, 
 ash and black jack. 
 
 A portion of the lands are sandy, but generally good and 
 productive. Good cotton farms found in all parts of the 
 county. 
 
 The North Carolina Rail Iload runs through the county. 
 
 Land, in any quantity for sale very low. 
 
 Smithfield is the county seat. It lies on Neuse river 26 
 miles from Raleigh and about the same distance West from 
 Goldsboro. 
 
 JONES. 
 
 This county was formed in 1779, from Craven, and lies in 
 the Eastern part of the State. 
 
 Area, 380 square miles. 
 
 Population 5,750. 
 
 Farms, 300; acres improved, 55,000; acres unimproved, 
 125,000. Cash value, $1,000,000. 
 
(34) 
 
 Stock: horses, 825; mules, 350; cows, 1,500; other cattle, 
 3,000; sheep, 3,500; hogs, 1,600. 
 
 Annual products: wheat, 1,500 bushels; oats, 2,600 bushels; 
 corn, 250,000 bushels; cotton, 2,000 bales; wool, 7,000 pounds; 
 pease, 25,000 bushels; Irish potatoes, 4,000 bushels; sweet 
 potatoes, 100,000 bushels; lumber, tar and turpentine ex- 
 ported. 
 
 Churches, 15; academies, 6; lawyers, 1; doctors, 5; grist 
 and saw mills, 12; steam mills, 2; post offices, 4. 
 
 It is watered by Trent river and a number of creeks. Trent 
 river is navigable to Pollocksville. 
 
 Native trees: cedar, juniper, cypress, oak and gum. 
 
 Marl and muck in abundance. Lands cheap, and produce 
 corn and cotton finely. 
 
 Teenton is the county seat, 125 miles Southeast from 
 Raleigh and about 20 miles from New Bern. 
 
 LENOIR. 
 
 This county was formed in 1791, out of Johnston and lies 
 in the eastern part of the State. 
 
 Area, 450 square miles. 
 
 Population, 10,223. 
 
 Farms, 500; acres improved, 112,000; acres unimproved, 
 162,000. 
 
 Stock: horses, 1,230; mules, 700; cows, 1,500; other cattle, 
 4,500; sheep, 3,500; hogs, 25,000. 
 
 Annual products : wheat, 12,000 bushels; rye 2,500 bushel; 
 corn, 240,000 bushels; oats, 2,000 bushels; rice, 15,000 pounds; 
 cotton, 4,500 bales; wool, 6,000 pounds; peas 8,500 bushels; 
 Irish potatoes, 7,000 bushels; sweet potatoes, 90,000 bushels; 
 butter 16,750 pounds; honey, 10,000 pounds. 
 
 Churches, 15; academies, 6; lawyers, 6; doctors, 12; grist 
 mills, 12; saw mills, 6; post offices, 5. 
 
 The Atlantic Rail Road runs through this county. Steam- 
 boats ply between Kinston and New Berne. 
 
 This is a splendid county for cotton, corn and truck farm- ' 
 ing. Soil good and very productive. 
 
 A large quantity of valuable land is in the market at low 
 prices. 
 
 Natural forest: oak, pine, gum, ash and cypress. 
 
 KiNRTON the county seat lies on Neuse River, 80 miles south 
 east from Raleigh. Steamboats from New Berne, come jhere 
 and the Atlantic Rail Road runs through this place. 
 
(35) 
 
 LINCOLN. 
 
 This county was formerly called Tyron, after Gov. Tyron, 
 but whose oppressive administration was so obnoxious, that 
 the General Assembly changed it to Lincoln in 1779. It lies 
 in the south western part of the State. 
 
 Area, 420 square miles. 
 
 Population 10,100. 
 
 Farms, 800; acres improved, 45,567 ; acres unimproved, 
 140,000; cash value $1,380,500. 
 
 Stock: horses and mules, 2,100; cows, 1,800; other cattle, 
 3,000; sheep, 5,100; hogs, 13,000. 
 
 Annual products: wheat, 65,000 bushels; rye, 500 bushels; 
 corn, 270,000 bushels; oats, 16,500 bushels; tobacco, 7,000 
 pounds; cotton, 500 bales; wool, 8,000 pounds; pease, 7,000 
 bushels; Irish potatoes, 6,000 bushels; sweet potatoes, 23,000 
 bushels; orchard products $11,000; butter, 75,000 pounds; 
 hay, 3,000 tons; sorghum, 10,000 gallons; honey, 26,000 
 pounds. 
 
 There are 3 cotton factories; 7 iron foundries; 2 iron forges; 
 30 grist mills; 2 paper mills; 10 saw mills; 10 tanneries; 
 churches, 32; academies, 10; lawyers, 13; doctors, 15; minis- 
 ters, 20; gold mines, 10; post offices 9. 
 
 Catawba river runs through the county. It is rich in min- 
 eral ores and is also a good farming county. 
 
 Forest: ash, elm, white and red oak, chestnut, poplar, &c. 
 
 Lincoln is the county seat, 170 miles south west, from Ral- 
 eigh. The Rutherfordton Rail Road runs through this county 
 and village. 
 
 MACON. 
 
 ' This county was formed in 1828, from Haywood, and lies in 
 the extreme west. 
 • Area, 600 square miles. 
 
 Farms, 700: 32,600 acres improved; 305,000 acres unim- 
 proved. Cash value, $900,000. 
 
 Stock: horses* 1,500; mules, 600; cows, 1,800; other cattle, 
 5,000, sheep, 5,100; hogs, 26,700. 
 
 Annual products: wheat, 65,000 bushels; rye, 1,000 bushels; 
 corn, 270,000 bushels; oats, 16,500 bushels; tobacco, 20,000 
 pounds; wool, 8,000 pounds; pease, 10,000 bushels; Irish pota- 
 toes, 6,000 bushels; sweet potatoes, 25,000 bushels; orchard 
 products, 12,000; butter, 75,000 pounds; hay, 3,000 tons; sor- 
 ghum, 10,000 gallons; honey, 26,000 pounds; home manufac- 
 tures, $18,500. 
 
(36) 
 
 Churches, 30; academies, 4; lawyers, 4; doctors. 5; ministers, 
 18; post offices, 4. 
 
 The surface is broken and mountainous. Soil, ordinary to 
 good. Fine grazing region. 
 
 The Western Rail Road will run through this county. 
 
 Forests: oak, sugar maple, locust and white and black pine. 
 
 The beautiful red marble mountain is here. 
 
 In this county, thousands of sheep, cattle, horses and mules 
 could be raised at a small cost. Three hundred thousand 
 acres of mountain and farming lands in the market from 70 
 cents to five dollars per acre. Copper ore all over the county. 
 
 It is capable of supporting a population of fifty thousand. 
 
 Franklizst is the county seat, 325 miles from Raleigh. 
 
 MADISOK 
 
 This county was formed in 1850, from Buncombe and 
 Yancey, named after President Madison. 
 
 Area, 450 square miles. 
 
 Population, 6,000. 
 
 Acres improved, 32,500; acres unimproved 174,000. Cash 
 value, $750,000. 
 
 Stock: horses, 1,200; mules, 200; sheep, 5,100; cows, 2,100; 
 other cattle, 3,000; hogs, 15,000. 
 
 Annual products: wheat, 32,500 bushels; rye, 3,000 bushels; 
 corn, 235,500 bushels; oats, 30,000 bushels; tobacco, 16,000 
 pounds; wool, 10,000 pounds; pease, 5,000 bushels; Irish pota- 
 toes, 15,000 bushels; sweet potatoes, 3,000 bushels; orchard 
 products, $12,000; butter, 58,000 pounds; flax, 5,000 pounds; 
 sorghum, 25,000 gallons; honey, 20,000 pounds; home manu- 
 factures, $30,000. 
 
 Churches, 12; lawyers, 2; doctors, 4; ministers, 6; post offi- 
 ces, 6; mills, 10. 
 
 Original forests: pine, ash, elm, balsam,;' chestnut. 
 
 This is a beautiful county. Surface rough and mountainous. 
 Lands good. A splendid farming, fruit and grazing region. 
 Lands cheap and abundant. It is spoken of as one of the 
 finest counties in the future in the transmontane region, when 
 Rail Roads penetrate it. 
 
 Maeshall is the county seat, about 260 miles west from 
 Raleigh, on the east side of the French Broad. 
 
 MARXm. 
 
 This county was organized in 1794, from Halifax, and 
 named after Gov. Martin, the last of the Colonial Glovernors. 
 
(37) 
 
 It lies on the Roanoke river. 
 
 Area, 450 square miles. 
 
 Population 10,119. 
 
 Farms, 600 ; acres improved, 56,000; acres unimproved, 
 178,500; cash value, $1,158,545 
 
 Stock: horses, 1,156; mules, 551; cows, 1,828; other cattle, 
 5,000; sheep, 4,780; hogs, 21,241. 
 
 Annual products: vrheat, 2,500 bushels; corn, 320,000 bush- 
 els; oats, 17,000 bushels; rice, 2,500 pounds; cotton, 3,500 
 bales; wool, 8,000 pounds; pease, 35,000 bushels; Irish pota- 
 toes, 7,000 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100,000 bushels; orchard 
 productions, $1,000; wine, 5,000 gallons; butter, 12,000 
 pounds; beeswax, 2,500 pounds; honey, 1,700 pounds. 
 
 Churches, 15; academies, 5; lawyers, 8; doctors, 7; mer- 
 chants, 20; grist mills, 8; saw mills, 6; post offices, 4. 
 
 Original growth of timber: pine, oak, hickory, cypress and 
 juniper. 
 
 This county is partly sandy. Soil good, low grounds very 
 rich. The swamps are filled with vast quantities of juniper 
 and cypress, fit for lumber. The Tarboro and Williamston 
 Hail Road will pass through this county. There are rich beds 
 of marl of the best kind for improving lands. 
 
 Cotton, corn, and the grape are cultivated largely. 
 
 Williamston is the county seat, On the Roanoke river, 140 
 miles East from Raleigh. A handsome town. 
 
 McDowell. 
 
 This county was formed in 1842 from Rutherford and 
 Burke. 
 
 Area, 450 square miles. 
 
 Population, 7,100. 
 
 Farms, 600; acres improved, 28,878; acres unimproved, 
 115,500. Cash value, $775,000. 
 
 Stock: horses, 900; mules, 600; cows, 1,500; other cattle, 
 3,000; sheep, 3,700; hogs 12,000. 
 
 Annual products: wheat, 25,000 bushels; rye, 5,500 bushels; 
 corn, 240,000 bushels; oats, 6,000 bushels; tobacco, 20,000 
 pounds; wool, 8,000 pounds; pease, 7,000 bushels; Irish pota- 
 toes, 9,000 bushels; sweet potatoes, 14,000; butter, 30,000 
 pounds; sorghum, 3,000 gallons; honey, 11,000 pounds. 
 
 Churches, 20; lawyers, 3; doctors, 9; academies, 4; gold 
 mines, 4; grist mills 10; post offices, 6. 
 
 The Western Rail Road passes through this county. 
 
 Original forests: white pine, ash, oak, chestnut, laurel, bal- 
 sam, &c. 
 
(38) 
 
 Catawba and Liaville rivers, and a number of creeks water 
 the county. 
 
 Surface broken and mountainous. Much good farming 
 land, A fine fruit and grazing region. 
 
 Maeion is the county seat, 200 miles from Raleigh. 
 
 MECKLENBURG. 
 
 This county was formed in 1762 from Anson, and named iu 
 honor of Queen Charlotte of Mecklenburg. 
 
 Area, 720 square miles. 
 
 Population, 17,500. 
 
 Acres improved, 95,938; unimproved, 181,562; cash value, 
 J2,823.949. 
 
 Stock: horses, 2,829; mules, 1,500; cows, 4,319; other cattle 
 ,6,500; sheep, 9,216; hogs, 23,500. 
 
 Annual products: wheat, 160,000 bushels; rye, 1,299; corn, 
 .550,225 bushels; oats, 43,366 bushels; tobacco. 25,161 bushels; 
 cotton, 6,112 bales; wool, 15,621 pounds; pease, 41,596 bush- 
 ■els; Irish potatoes, 11,835 bushels; sweet potatoes, 26,716 
 .bushels; orchard products $5,000; butter, 129,269; hay, 2,553 
 tons; sorghum, 13,283 gallons; beeswax, 1,429 pounds; honey, 
 ^0,384 pounds. 
 
 Churches, 35; ministers, 23; colleges, 3; academies 6; 
 schools, primary 40; lawyers, 11; doctors, 25; 1 woolen fac- 
 tory; factories of different kinds about 20; mines: gold and 
 copper, 15; grist mills, 25; post offices, 10. 
 
 Gold is found all over the county. 
 
 Natural forest: ash, elm, oaks, pine, chestnut, &c. 
 
 It is thought by scientific men that the mines in North Car- 
 olina, are as valuable, as the mines in California. 
 
 The soil produces wheat, corn, apples, pears, peaches, hay, 
 clover and garden vegetables in great profusion. 
 
 The lands are well adapted to cotton and corn. 
 
 Charlotte is the county seat of justice for Mecklenburg 
 county, it lies 155 miles southwest 'from Raleigh. It is a city 
 of growing improvement. It was here, the first Declaration 
 of American Independence was read, on the 20th of May, 
 1775. 
 
 MITCHELL. 
 
 This county has recently been formed out of Yancey, Mc- 
 Dowell, Burke and Watauga, and named after the late Rev. 
 Dr. Mitchell of Chapel Hill 
 
 Being a new county, its statistics have not been ascertained. 
 
 Its lands are o-ood. Surface broken and mountainous. 
 
( 39 ) 
 
 Wheat, corn, rye, oats, Irish potatoes, buckwheat, cabbages 
 and fruits, especially apples, grow well. It is particularly 
 adapted to stock raising and grazing. 
 
 Much of it is in original forests, of ash, poplar, chestnut, 
 "white pine, balsam, oak, &c. 
 
 Iron and copper ores have been found 'and are believed to 
 €xist in large quantities. 
 
 In the Northeastern part of the county, limestone, blue and 
 white marble of fine texture are said to exist. 
 
 The lands are very cheap and abundant. The resources of 
 the county are yet to be developed. 
 
 Bakersville is the county seat. 
 
 MONTGOMERY. 
 
 This county was taken from Anson in 1779. 
 
 Area, 550 square miles. 
 
 Population, 7,640. 
 
 Acres improved, 56,178 acres; unimproved, 204,513. Cash 
 Talue, $359,500. 
 
 Annual products: wheat, 66,772 bushels; rye, 1,000 bushels; 
 corn, 281,658 bushels; oats, 35,246 bushels; tobacco, 25,000 
 pounds; cotton, 1,500 bales; pease, 11,000; Irish potatoes, 
 8,000 bushels; sweet potatoes, 35,000 bushels; orchard pro- 
 duction $7,500; butter 80,000 pounds; hay, 1,729 tons; sor- 
 ghum, 3,000 gallons; honey, 25,000 pounds. 
 
 Stock: horses, 1,354; mules, 250; cows, 2,259; other cattle, 
 5,000; sheep, 7,500; hogs, 14,000. 
 
 Churches, 20; ministers, 15; doctors, 6; lawyers, 4; acade- 
 mies 6, besides primary schools; grist mills, 28; saw mills, 4; 
 :COtton factories, 2; several tanneries; gold mines, 9, others 
 opening; post offices, 10. 
 
 Forests: white oak, red oak, post oak, hickory, persimmon, 
 ash, poplar, &c. 
 
 The minerals of this county are very valuable. 
 
 Its water power is very great, suitable for machinery of all 
 kinds. 
 
 Lauds adapted to cotton, corn, potatoes, &o. Can be 
 bought low. 
 
 Troy is the county seat, about 90 miles Southwest from. 
 Raleigh. 
 
 MOORE. 
 
 This county was organized in 1784, from Cumberland. 
 Area, 650 square miles. 
 Population 11,475. 
 
( 40 ) 
 
 Acres improved, 65,165; acres unimproved, 345,148; cash 
 value, $1,178,311. 
 
 Stock: horses, 2,160; mules, 300; cows, 3,589; other cattle, 
 6,500; sheep, 12,866; hogs, 25,000. 
 
 Annual products: wheat, 75,000 bushels; rye, 5,000 bushels; 
 corn, 281,650 bushels; oats, 35,500 bushels; wool, 17,500 
 pounds; pease, 25,000 bushels; Irish potatoes, 2,500 bushels; 
 sweet potatoes, 77,000 bushels: orchard products, $10,000; 
 butter, 115,000 pounds; hay, 500 tons; turpentine, &c. 
 
 Churches, 30; ministers, 18; doctors, 12; lawyers, 2, acad- 
 emies, 6, and primary schools in the county; grist mills, 20. 
 
 Mines: two gold mines and one soap stone mine have been 
 worked; post offices, 7. 
 
 Original growth of timber: long leaf pine, red oak, black 
 jack, hickory, poplar, &c. 
 
 The lands range from poor to good. Cotton, corn, sweet 
 potatoes and pease grow well, and the grape may be raised 
 extensively. It is well timbered with long leaf pine, but is 
 rather inaccessible to market. Land can be bought very low. 
 
 The Fayetteville, ( Coalfields) Rail Hoad passes through the 
 Northern part of this county. 
 
 Caethage, the county seat, is 60 miles from Raleigh. 
 
 NASH. 
 
 This county was formed out of Edgecombe in 1777, and 
 named after General Francis Nash, who fell at the battle of 
 Gerraanton. 
 
 Area, 6Q0 square miles. 
 
 Population, 11,688. 
 
 Acres improved, 81,100; acres unimproved, 205,000. Cash 
 value, $1,736,608. 
 
 Stock: horses, 1,116; miules, 500; cows, 2,199; other cattle, 
 3,536; oxen, 1,145; sheep, 5,439; hogs, 25,874. 
 
 Annual products: wheat, 12,000 bushels; rye, 1,000 bushels; 
 corn, 335,000 bushels; oats, 20,500 bushels; tobacco, 100,000 
 pounds; cotton, 3,000 bales; wool, 7,000 pounds; pease, 30,000 
 bushels; Irish potatoes, 8,000 bushels; sweet potatoes, 115,800 
 bushels; orchard products, $15,000; butter, 23,885 pounds; 
 beeswax, 1,500 pounds; honey, 15,671 pounds. * 
 
 Churches, 22; schools, 6; mines, 1; post offices, 4. 
 
 Native forests: oak, ashe, pine, gum, &g. 
 
 Its soil is sandy, but productive. Cotton, corn, potatoes, 
 &c., grow finely. Marl and muck are easily obtained. Fruits 
 grow well. The county has been famous for apple and peach 
 brandy. Lands are cheap. 
 
 Nashville is the county seat, and about 44 miles from 
 Raleigh. 
 
(41) 
 
 NEW HANOVER. 
 
 This county was organized in 1728, named after the Eoyal 
 House of Hanover. 
 
 Area, 1000 square miles. 
 
 Surface level. Soil sandy, but productive. 
 
 Population 25,000. 
 
 Farms, 650; acres, improved, 52,925; acres, unimproved, 
 395,624; cash value, $1,381,687. 
 
 Stock: horses 1,151; mules, 439; cows, 3,435; other cattle^ 
 9,000; sheep, 5,758; hogs, 30,000. 
 
 Annual products: wheat, 9,630 bushels; rye, 1,500 bushels; 
 corn, 250,000 bushels; oats, 1,000 bushels; rice, 1,500,000 
 pounds; wool, 7,000 pounds; pease, 82,000 bushels; Irish pota- 
 toes, 5,500 bushels; sweet potatoes, 175,000 bushels; pea nuts, 
 100,000 bushels; lumber, $50,000; turpentine, 10,000 barrels; 
 spirits of turpentine, 20,000 barrels; tar, fish, &c. 
 
 Mills, Factories, c%c.: 6 saw mills; 4 planing mills; 15 tur- 
 pentine distilleries; 30 tar factories; 2 ship yards. 
 
 Churches, 20; ministers, 12; academies, 8; lawyers, 10; 
 doctors, 15; gristmills, 8. 
 
 Forests: principally long leaf pine, some oak, hickory and 
 live oak. 
 
 The lands are well adapted to truck farming. The pea-nut 
 is more extensively cultivated than in any county in the State 
 and is very profitable. Cotton and corn do well, and the rice 
 lands are productive. 
 
 Wilmington the largest city of the State, is also the county 
 seat ot New Hanover. It is constantly growing in commer- 
 cial importance. Large exports of cotton, turpentine and 
 lumber are annually made from tliis city. 
 
 NORTHAMPTON. 
 
 This county was formed in 1741, and was taken from Bertie. 
 
 Area, 350 square miles. 
 
 Population, 13,500. 
 
 127,775 acres improved; 170,292 acres unimproved. Cash 
 value, $2,639,030. 
 
 Stock: horses, 1,882; mules 1,950; cows, 2,933; other cattle, 
 6,000; sheep, 3,000; hogs, 32,800. 
 
 Annual products: wheat, 30,000 bushels; rve, 1.000 bushels; 
 corn, 635,00.0 bushels; oats, 25,000 bushels; tobacco, 300,000 
 pounds; cotton, 6,500 bales; wool, 7,500 pounds; pease 54,500 
 bushels; Irish potatoes, 10,000 bushels; sweet potatoes, 110,- 
 000 bushels; orchard products $5,000; butter 110,000 pounds; 
 honey, 6,000 pounds. 
 
(42) 
 
 Churches, 10; schools, 10; lawyers, 5; doctors 12; hotels, 
 2; mills, G; post offices, 6; 6 stave factories; 1 shingle mill. 
 
 Original growth of timber: ash, oak, cypress, pine, &c. 
 
 The surface is level, the soil productive, and accessible to 
 market. 
 
 It is well adapted to corn, cotton, truck farming and the 
 cultivation of the grape. 
 
 Jackson is the county seat, and located in the midst of a 
 rich farming country. 
 
 ONSLOW. 
 
 This county was organized 1754, from New Hanover. It 
 lies in the eastern part of the State. 
 
 Area. 600 square miles. 
 
 Population, 8,856. 
 
 Acres improved, 65,000; acres unimproved, 250,000. Cash 
 value, $1,337,923. 
 
 Annual products: wheat, 500 bushels; rye, 5,000 bushels; 
 corn, 275,000 bushels; oats, 3,000 bushels; rice, 50,000 pounds; 
 wool, 7,500 pounds; pease, 85,500 bushels; Irish potatoes, 6,500 
 bushels; sweet potatoes, 175,500 bushels; butter, 20,000 
 pounds; beeswax, 5,000 pounds; honey, 50,000 pounds; cotton, 
 500,000 pounds; turpentine, $10,000; Lumber, $5,000. 
 
 Stock: horses, 1,000; mules, 500; cows, 2,619; other cattle. 
 6,500; sheep, 4,000; hogs, 25,600 
 
 Churches, 22; academies, 5; lawyers, 2; doctors, 12; post 
 ofi&ces, 7. 
 
 Forests: long leaf pine, oak, gum and cypress. 
 
 Lands productive and well adapted to cotton and corn, and 
 the 'cultivation of the grape. Pine and cypress lumber 
 valuable. 
 
 Jacksonville is the county seat, 120 miles South-east from 
 Raleigh. 
 
 ORANGE, 
 
 This county was organized in 1751, from Granville, John- 
 ston and Bladen, and named in compliment to the Roya 
 House of England. It lies in the centre of the State. 
 
 Area. 650 square miles. 
 
 Population, 16,429. 
 
 Farms, 1,230; acres, improved, 101,354; acres unimproved, 
 246,040; cash value, $2,141,690. 
 
 Stock: horses, 3,199; mules, 350; cows, 4,081; other cattle, 
 5,999; sheep, 11,314; hogs, 27,444. 
 
 Annual products: wheat, 154,794 bushels; rye, 2,527 bushels; 
 
(43) 
 
 • corn, 400,242 bushels; oats, 81,825 bushels; tobacco, 1,139,- 
 764 pounds; wool, 15,004 pounds; pease, 8,506 bushels; Irish 
 potatoes, 12,754 bushels; sweet potatoes, 46,716 bushels; 
 orchard products, $5,000; butter, 105,884 pounds; hay, 1,500 
 tons; flax, 5,000 pounds; bees wax, 2,D00 pounds; honey, 
 20,000 pounds. 
 
 Original growth of timber: white oak, red oak, post oak, 
 cedar, hickory, walnut, elm, oak, poplar, tulip tree, gum, per- 
 simmon, blackjack, &c. 
 
 The soil is principally of red clay, adapted to wheat, corn, 
 tobacco, oats and fruits. It is well watered, healthy, and a 
 ^ood farming country. 
 
 HiLLSBORO, the county seat, was laid out in 1759. 
 
 It has a large Female school of high reputation, and two 
 AcademieF. 
 
 At Chapel Hill, the State Uuiversity is located. 
 
 Durham, on the North Carolina Rail Road is a thriving 
 Tillage. 
 
 PASQUOTANK. 
 
 This county was known in 1729, as one of the original pre- 
 €ints of ancient Albemarle. It derives its name from an 
 Indian tribe. It lies in the Northeastern part of the State. 
 
 Area, 250 square milesw 
 
 Population, 8,940 
 
 Farms 600; acres improved, 53,662; unimproved, 40,200; 
 cash value $2,000,000. 
 
 Stock: horses, 1,100; mules, 554; cows, 1,500; other cattle, 
 4,000; sheep, 1,515; hogs, 15,500. 
 
 Annual products: wheat, 7o,00i bushels; rye, 40,000 bushels; 
 corn, 600,000 bushels; oats, 6,000 bushels; wool, 7,000 pounds: 
 peas, 12,700 bushels; Irish potatoes. 3,750 bushels; sweet 
 potatoes, 35,000 bushels; butter 22,500 pounds; flax, 10,000 
 pounds; honey, 10,000 pounds. 
 
 Churches, 17; schools, 12; teachers, 23; 3 steam mills that 
 manufacture flour, corn, lumber, &c.; 2 post ofiiccs. 
 
 Original growth: gum, ash, cypress, &c. 
 
 The soil mostly a deep and very rich alluvial soil. Very 
 productive and almost inexhaustible. Corn, wheat and flax 
 ^re produced in great quantities, without manure. Lands 
 high, though lower than formerly. 
 
 The lauds in some parts of the county have Tjeen cultivated 
 in corn for one hundred years in succession, and without ma- 
 nure, yet they produce now from 30 to 40 bushels of corn per 
 ^cre, with ordinary culture. 
 
 Elizabeth City is the county seat, 215 miles from Raleigh. 
 
(44) 
 
 PERQUIMANS. 
 
 This county was the earliest permanent settlement in the 
 State. Its name comes from an Indian tribe who were found 
 here when the English landed. 
 
 It lies in the North-eastern part of the State. 
 
 The first settlement was made in 1662, after the expulsion 
 of the Quakers from Virginia., who came over into North 
 Carolina and settled here. The oldest land title in North 
 Carolina is the grant of King Yeopira, an Indian Chief, ta 
 George Durant, who settled Durant's Neck, a promontory on 
 Albemarle Sound. 
 
 Area, 250 square miles. 
 
 Population 7,248. 
 
 Farms, 550; acres improved, 52,182; acres unimproved, 67,- 
 852; cash value, $1,537,970. 
 
 Stock: horses, 1,791; mules, 650; cows, 1,635; other cattle, 
 4,500; sheep, 2,743; hogs, 16,413. 
 
 Annual products: wheat, 99,834 bushels; rye, 1,000 bushels: 
 corn, 605,000 bushels; oats, 4,500; wool, 9,500 pounds; pease, 
 13,500 bushels; Irish potatoes, 6,100 bushels; sweet potatoes, 
 75,000 bushels; orchard products, $2,500; butter, 25,000 
 pounds; hay, 2,000 tons; flax, 6,500 pounds; beeswax, 1,225 
 pounds; honey, 20,000 pounds. 
 
 Churches 15; lawyers, 5; doctors, 9; grist mills, 4; steam 
 mills, 5; post offices, 6. 
 
 Original forests: oak, gum, cypress, &c. Lumber valuable. 
 
 The lands are of the first qualit}'' for wheat, clover, corn and 
 grapes. Large fisheries of shad, rock and herring are located 
 on the sound and rivers. 
 
 Hertford is the county seat, situated on Perquimans river, 
 194 miles from Raleigh. 
 
 PERSON. 
 
 This county was formed in 1791, out of Oaswell, and is 
 located in the northern part of the State. 
 
 Area. 370 square miles. 
 
 Population, 11,500. 
 
 Farms, 700: acres improved, 101,756; acres unimproved, 
 118,662. Cash value, $2,000,000. 
 
 Stock: horses, 2,034; mules, 300; cows, 2,500; other cattle, 
 4,000; sheep, 8,155; hogs, 16,500. 
 
 Annual products: wheat, 85,000 bushels; rye, 1,000 bushels; 
 corn, 265,500 bushels; oats, 110,000 bushels; tobacco, 3,000,000 
 pounds; cotton, 500 bales; wool, 10.000 pounds; pease, 4,000 
 bushels; Irish potatoes, 6,500 bushels;' sweet potatoes, 35,000 
 
(45) 
 
 l)ushels; orchard products, $2,500; butter, 75,000 pounds; flax 
 2.000 pounds; beeswax, 2,000 pounds; honey, 20,000 pounds; 
 liome manufactures, $1,850. 
 
 Churches, 30; academies, 4; otlier schools, 6; ministers 
 lawyers and doctors, grist mills numerous; post offices 8- 
 tobacco factories, 4; tanneries, 6. 
 
 Natural growth: oak, poplar, ash, hickory, gum, elm, (fee. 
 
 Surface, rolling; soil, of good quality, especially on Hyco 
 River, for tobacco, wheat, corn and fruits, especially apples 
 peaches, pears, &c. 
 
 Its climate is healthy and water pure. Some farms well 
 improved. 
 
 RoxBOROUGH is the county seat, and lies in a high healthy 
 location. 
 
 PITT. 
 
 This county was organized out of Beaufort in 1760. Called 
 after Sir William Pitt of England. 
 
 Surface level. Soil sandy and rich loam. Large quantities 
 of marl are found in nearly every part of the county. 
 
 Area, 650 square miles. 
 
 Population, 16,000. 
 
 Farms, 830; 101,164 acres improved; 250,000 acres unim- 
 proved. 
 
 Natural growth of timber: red and post oak, lono- leaf nine 
 &c. 
 
 Stock: horses 2,000; mules, 1,100; cows 3,500; other cat- 
 tle, 8,000; sheep, 5,000; hogs, 38,600. 
 
 Annual products: wheat, 12,700 bushels; rye, 6,000 bushels; 
 corn, 710,000 bushels; oats, 17,250 bushels; ince. 55,000 pounds- 
 cotton. 7,500 bales; wool, 7,374 pounds; pease, 74,000 bushels; 
 Irish potatoes, 11,750 bushels; sweet potatoes, 186,000 bushels; 
 orchard products, $6,500; wine, 2,500 gallons; butter, 35,000 
 pounds; hay, 4,617 tons; honey, 4,000 pounds. 
 
 Churches, 25; academies 6; and several primary schools in 
 the county; 10_ lawyers; 12 doctors; 15 ministers; 12 grist 
 mills; 4 saw mills. 
 
 Its exports are lumber, tar, turpentine, crude and distilled, 
 corn and cotton. 
 
 Steamboats ply between Greenville and Washington. 
 
 The soil in this county is generally rich and productive. 
 There are also fine forests of pine for lumber. Soil suitable 
 for growth of grapes, corn, cotton and pease. 
 
 G-RBENViLLE is the county seat, it lies on Tar river 100 
 miles east from Raleio-h. 
 
(46) 
 
 POLK. 
 
 This is one of the new counties organized out of Rutherford 
 county in 1854, and named after James K. Polk, late Presi- 
 dent of the United States. 
 
 It lies in the Western part of the State, is well watered. 
 Surface mountainous. 
 
 Area 300 square miles. 
 
 On the creeks and rivers are large bodies of good land 
 easily cultivated, producing good crops of Indian corn, wheat, 
 oats, rye, tobacco, sugar cane, buckwheat and some cotton. 
 
 No Rail Roads yet in operation. 
 
 The mountain ranges are equal to any for stock raising and 
 growth of trees and fruit. 
 
 Mines: Pender's gold mine, it is said, some several hun- 
 dred thousand dollars worth of gold have been taken. 
 
 Large quantities of gold lie on the borders of Pacolet and 
 its tributaries. Double Branch, Red Spring, Prince and other 
 mines, said to be rich, both in deposit and surface veins. 
 South Fork and "".Vhite Creek afford a splendid prospect for 
 gold. 
 
 It is well timbered with oak, hickory, ash, &c., and rock of 
 all kinds for building purposes. 
 
 There is a belt of land on the South side of Tryon and 
 white oak mountains, that has several farms and orchards, 
 where frost has never been known. Peaches of the finest kind 
 and apples and grapes are cultivated. 
 
 Clover, grasses, hay, &c , can be grown abundantly. Lands 
 sell from 75 cents to $3 per acre. 
 
 Columbus is the county seat. 
 
 Population about 4,000. 
 
 Farms, 320; acres improved, 20,500; acres unimproved, 
 71,000. 
 
 ^ilJProducts: corn, 350,000 bushels; wheat, 25,000 bushels; 
 oats, 19,000 bushels; rye, 2,500 bushels; cotton, 80,000 pounds; 
 wool, 1,500 pounds; tobacco, 1,650 pounds; butter, 8,000 
 pounds. 
 
 Wild animals: racoon, opossum, squirrels, foxes, plentv of 
 fish. 
 
 Fruit: unknown quantities. 
 
 Original growth ot timber: white pine, sugar maple, walnut, 
 oaks, &c. 
 
 EANDOLPH 
 
 This county was organized in 1779, from Guilford and 
 Rowan. It lies in the centre of the State. 
 
(47) 
 
 Area, 880 square miles. 
 
 Population, 16,500. 
 
 Farms, 1,112; acres improved, 191,480; unimproved, 288,- 
 995. 
 
 The natural growth of the forest is white and red oak, 
 hickory, elm and ash. 
 
 Stock: horses, 3,877; mules, 300; cows, 5,490; other 
 cattle, 7,500; sheep, 18,137; hogs, 32,066. 
 
 Annual products: wheat, 227,654 bushels; rve. 1,663 bush- 
 elst corn, 400,000 bushels; oats, 60,000 bushels'; rice, 5,000 
 pounds; tobacco, 85,000 pounds; wool, 27,000 pounds; pease, 
 8.000 bushels; Irish potatoes, 21,250 bushels; sweet potatoes, 
 50,000 bushels; orchard products, $31,118; butter, 140,000 
 pounds; cheese, 3,000 pounds; hay, 5,788 tons; flax, 5,000 
 pounds; maple molasses. 5,000 gallons; sorghum molasses, 
 2,000 gallons; beeswax, 6,000 pounds; honey, 75,000 pounds. 
 
 Churches, 40; academies, 12; ministers, 25; teachers, 15; 
 lawyers, 6; doctors, 25; post offices, 18; grist mills, 26; 3 
 steam mills; 5 cotton factories; 1 woolen factory; 1 steam 
 tannery ; 1 foundry and extensive beds of slate underlies a 
 large part of this county. 
 
 The soil is generally poor but productive in some sections. 
 Land very cheap. 
 
 The lands are adapted to wheat, cotton, corn and fruits of 
 all kinds. The Western (Fayetteville) Eail Road will proba- 
 bly pass through this county. Trinity college is located in 
 the Northern part of this county. 
 
 Gold is found in different parts of the county. Several 
 mines have been opened. 
 
 AsHBORO the county seat, is 72 miles West from Raleigh. 
 
 KICHMOND. 
 
 This county was formed in 1779, from Anson, named in 
 honor of the Duke of Richmond. It lies in the southern part 
 of the State. 
 
 Area, 900 square miles. 
 
 Population, 11,000. 
 
 Farms, 525; acres improved, 82,500; acres unimproved, 
 352,242. 
 
 Forest growth: oak, long leaf pine, ash, &c. 
 
 Stock: horses, 1,500; mules, 800; cows, 2,600; other cattle, 
 6,500 ; sheep, 4,500 ; hogs, 20,000. 
 
 Annual products: wheat, 32,500 bushels; rye, 3,000 bushels; 
 corn, 265,000 bushels; oats, 25,000; rice, 5,000 pounds; cotton, 
 6,000 bales; wool, 8,500 pounds; pease 47,000 bushels; Irish 
 potatoes, 7,000 bushels; sweet potatoes, 75,000 bushels; orchard 
 
(48) 
 
 products, $9,500; butter, 4G,000 pounds; sorgliuin molasses, 
 2,000 gallons; honey, 10,000 pounds. 
 
 Churches, 20; schools, 4; academy and several primary 
 schools; ministers, 15; teachers, 10; lawyers, 4; doctors, 6; 
 grist mills, 5; cotton factories, 2; post offices, 10. 
 
 The Wilmington and Rutherford Rail Road runs through 
 the county. 
 
 The Fayetteville and Albemarle Plank Road runs through 
 the north part of the county. 
 
 Surface undulating. Soil good. Lands cheap. They pro- 
 duce cotton, corn and pease, abundantly. It is a fine grape 
 growing region, as are all the eastern and south-eastern coun- 
 ties of the State. 
 
 Rockingham is the county seat, situated about the centre of 
 the county. 
 
 KOBESON. 
 
 This county was organized in 1786 from Bladen, it lies in 
 the Southern part of the State. 
 
 Area, 900 square miles. 
 
 Population, 15,500. 
 
 Farms, 1,250; acres improved, 108,150; acres unimproved, 
 464,904. 
 
 Natural forests: pine, oak, hickory, ash, gum, poplar, &g. 
 
 Surface level. Soil sandy and clay, interspersed with 
 swamp lands rich. Cotton, corn, fruits and the grape grow 
 finely. Lands are cheap. 
 
 Stock: horses, 2,275; mules. 900; cows, 4,000; other cattle, 
 8,696; sheep, 10,580; hogs, 40,000. 
 
 Annual products: wheat, 12,500 bushels; rye, 5,000 bushels; 
 corn, 350,000 bushels; oats, 10,000 bushels; rice, 50,000 pounds; 
 cotton, 3,500 bales: wool, 18,000 pounds; pease, 45,000 bush- 
 els; L'ish potatoes, 5,000 bushels; sweet potatoes, 145,000 
 bushels; orchard products, $2,000; butter, 36,500 pounds; hay, 
 2,500 tons; beeswax, 1,250 pounds; honey, 15,000 pounds; 
 turpentine, 600 barrels. 
 
 Factories, &c.: 1 woolen factory; 4 saw mills; 7 tar and 
 turpentine manufactories; 4 turpentine distilleries. 
 
 Churches, 20; ministers, 10; lawyers, 7; doctors, 15; 1 
 female college and 6 academies, besides primary schools; post 
 offices, 16. 
 
 This county possess great advantages in its soil, climate and 
 natural facilities, which when combined with rail road trans- 
 portation, make it very desirable to the settler. 
 
 The Wilmington, Charlotte and Rutherfordton Rail Road 
 
( 49 ) 
 
 runs through the heart of this county. A plank road runs to 
 Fayetteville. 
 
 LuMBERTON is the county seat, 90 miles southeast from 
 Raleigh. 
 
 ROCKINGHAM. 
 
 This county was organized in 1785 from Guilford, named 
 in honor of the Marquis of Rockingham. It lies in the North 
 western part of the State. 
 
 Surface broken and hilly. 
 
 Soil, some parts sandy, but a large part of it red clay. It 
 produces wheat, corn, oats, buckwheat, rye, tobacco and fruits. 
 
 Area, 450 square miles. 
 
 Population. 16,500. 
 
 Farms, 800: acres improved, 111,950; unimproved, 190,500. 
 
 Natural growth of tiftiber: ash, red, white and post oak, 
 poplar, gum, hickory, &c. 
 
 Stock: horses, 1,859; mules, 650; cows, 2,877; other cattle, 
 4,000: sheep, 6,250; hogs, 16,500. 
 
 Annual products: wheat, 100,000 bushels: rye, 3,500 bush- 
 els; corn, 365,000 bushels; oats, 95,000 bushels; tobacco, 
 8,500,000 pounds; wool, 10,000 pounds-; peas, 5,000 bushels; 
 Irish potatoes, 15,000 bushels; sweet potatoes, 30,000 bushels; 
 cotton, 30,000 pounds; orchard products: $5,000; wine, 1,000 
 gallons; butter, 88,500 pounds; hay, 500 tons; flax, 3,000 
 pounds; beeswax, 5,000; honey, 61,500 pounds; 40 tons of 
 iron. 
 
 Factories, &c. : 1 cotton; 1 woolen; 25 tobacco; 5 saw mills; 
 15 grist mills; 2 foundries; 2 wool carding machines; 6 tan- 
 neries. 
 
 Churches, 20; ministers, 10; academies, 6; teachers, 10; 
 lawyers, 15; doctors, 10; post offices, 15. 
 
 The lands are good, productive and pleasant. Very healthy 
 and a desirable region. Much land can be bought on good 
 terms. 
 
 The Greensboro and Danville Rail Road runs through this 
 county and other Rail Roads are contemplated. 
 
 Iron, lime, and coal (bituminous) are found in this county. 
 
 Wentworth, the county seat, is 105 miles Northwest from 
 Raleigh. 
 
 ROWAN. 
 
 This county was organised in 1753, from Anson. 
 Area, 600 square miles. 
 Population, 14,000. 
 
(50) 
 
 Farms, 1,250; acres improved, 105,000; acres unimproved, 
 150,000. 
 
 Annual products: corn, 550,000 bushels; wheat, 95,000 
 bushels; oats, 150,000 bushels; potatoes, 35,000 bushels; pease, 
 10,000 bushels; b\itter, 110,000 pounds; hay, 10,000 tons; cot- 
 ton, 5,000 bales. 
 
 Stock: horses, and mules, 5,000; cattle, 9,500; sheep, 7,000; 
 hogs, 30,000.. 
 
 Natural growth of forests: walnut, chestnut, oak, hickory, 
 ash, &c. 
 
 Water courses: Yadkin River, Dutch, Third, Fourth and 
 other creeks. 
 
 It has churches, ministers, lawyers, doctors, and teachers of 
 high grade. 
 
 Surface generally level ; soil naturally rich and productive. 
 It produces cotton, wheat, oats and fruits in abundance. Gold 
 and copper are found in this county, and some of its mines 
 have been worked to great profit. Lands are low and in 
 market. 
 
 The North Carolina Central Rail Road runs through this 
 county. 
 
 The great Western North Carolina Extension Rail Road 
 runs from Salisbury to the mountains. 
 
 Salisbury is the county seat, a place of considerable trade. 
 Population about 4,000. It is 118 miles from Raleigh. 
 
 EUTHERFOED. 
 
 A county lying in the south west part of the State, organ- 
 ized in 1779 out of Tyron, now extinct. 
 
 Area 870 square miles. 
 
 Population 13,550. 
 
 Farms, 1000; acres improved, 70,500 ; acres unimproved., 
 225,000. 
 
 Annual products: corn, 500,000 bushels; wheat, 30,500 
 bushels; oats, 85,000 bushels; potatoes, 65,220 bushels: pease, 
 10,330 bushels; butter, 95,500 pounds; hay, 5,000 tons; rice, 
 5,000 pounds; tobacco, 10,500 pounds; wool, 15,300 pounds; 
 beeswax and honey, 15,000 pounds; 500 bales of cotton. 
 
 Stock: horses and mules, 2,700; cattle, 13,000; sheep, 10,- 
 338; hogs, 40,0t)0: 
 
 Natural forest: ash, elm, oak, chestnut, sugar maple, &c. 
 
 Water courses: Broad river and its tributaries run through 
 this county. 
 
 Churches 46; several schools of different grades. Mills, 
 &c., 25 grist mills; 7 saw mills; 10 tanneries. 
 
 Surface, broken; part mountainous. 
 
( 51 ) 
 
 Soil good, capable of being made highly productive. Lands 
 are abundant and cheap, from $1 to $10. Lying as this county 
 does along the base of the mountains makes its climate plea- 
 sant and healthy. 
 
 The Wilmington, Charlotte and Rutherford Rail Road, 
 passes through Rutheefordton, the county seat, which is about 
 215 miles west from Raleigh. 
 
 SAMPSON. 
 
 This county was formed in 1784, from Duplin county. It 
 lies in the Eastern part of the State. 
 
 Area, 940 square miles. 
 
 Population, 16,500. 
 
 Farms, 1,000; acres improved, 112,000; unimproved, 365,- 
 000. 
 
 Annual products: corn, 450,000 bushels; wheat, 30,000 
 bushels; oats, 70,000 bushels; sweet potatoes, 265,000 bushels; 
 pease, 10,000 bushels; butter, 105,000 pounds; hay, 5,500 tons; 
 rice, 75,000 pounds; cotton, 2,500 bales; lumber, $20,000; 
 turpentine, tar and pitch, about $150,000. 
 
 Natural forest: long leaf and short leaf pine, juniper, oak, 
 hickory, &c. 
 
 Water courses: Black river, rises near the Northern boun- 
 dary, and runs through the length of the county. 
 
 Churches, 28 ; several schools, lawyers and doctors. 
 
 Mills, &c.: grist mills, 10; tar and turpentine manufactories, 
 50 ; turpentine distilleries, 10 ; saw mills, 6. 
 
 Surface level; soil part sandy and rich swamps. The soil 
 is very good for cotton, corn, oats, grapes of different kinds. 
 Its pine lumber is valuable. The best of the land is in its 
 original growth. Lands are cheap. 
 
 Clinton is the county seat, and about 95 miles South of 
 Raleigh. 
 
 STANLY. 
 
 This county was organized in 1841, and taken from Mont- 
 gomery county. 
 
 Area, 280 square miles. 
 
 Population, 8,000. 
 
 Farms, 550; acres improved, 35.000; acres unimproved. 
 155,000. 
 
 Annual products: corn, 225,000 bushels; wheat, 35,000 
 bushels; oats, 30,000 bushels; potatoes, 25,000 bushels; pease, 
 5,500 bushels; butter, 30,500 pounds; hay, 1,500 tons; tobacco, 
 5,000 pounds; wool, 6,500 pounds; honey, 15,000 pounds. 
 
(52) 
 
 Stock: horses and mules, 1,700; cattle, 5,000; sheep, 4,500; 
 hogs, 15,000. 
 
 Natural forest: beach, elm, ash, oak, &c. 
 
 Water courses: Yadkin and Rockingham Rivers, Long 
 Creek and others. 
 
 Gold is found in large quantities. Silver is also found in 
 the county. 
 
 Churches, 23; several schools, lawyers and doctors. There 
 are 10 grist mills and 8 tanneries. 
 
 This county presents great attraction for capitalists. Its 
 water power for machinery is very great. Its mineral resour- 
 ces are valuable. Lands adapted to cotton, wheat, corn and 
 fruits. They are cheap. 
 
 Albemarle is the county seat, about 140 miles from Raleigh. 
 
 STOKES. 
 
 This county was formed in 1789, out of Surry county, and 
 lies on the Virginia line. 
 
 Area, 550 square miles. 
 
 Population, 10,500. 
 
 Farms, 650; acres improved, 35,000; unimproved 150,000. 
 
 xVnnual products: corn, 250,000 bushels; wheat, 20,000 
 bushels; oats. 50,000 bushels; potatoes, 35,000 bushels; pease, 
 5,000 bushels; butter, 31,000 pounds; hay, 2,000 tons; tobacco, 
 75,000 pounds; wool, 25,000 pounds; honey, 25,500 pounds. 
 
 Stock: horses and mules, 1,225; sheep, 5,000; cattle, 6,000; 
 hogs, 12,000. 
 
 There are 6 iron forges; 15 grist mills; 4 saw mills; 10 
 tanneries; 15 tobacco factories. 
 
 Churches, 30; several ministers, lawyers and doctors, acad- 
 emies, schools and post offices. 
 
 Water curses: Dan river and its numerous branches run 
 through different parts of the county. 
 
 The surface is broken and mountainous. 
 
 Soil fertile. 
 
 There are valuable deposits of iron, lime and coal in this 
 county. 
 
 Rail Roads are projected to run through this county, which 
 will help to develop its great natural resources. It has a 
 healthy climate and much water power. Lands are cheap. 
 
 D ANBURY, is the county seat, 110 miles from Raleigh. 
 
 SURRY. 
 
 This county was organized in 1770, from Rowan county. It 
 lies in the north western part of the State, on the Virginia 
 line. 
 
(53) 
 
 Area, 900 square miles. 
 
 Population, 10,500. 
 
 Farms, 1,500: acres improved, 105,000; acres unimproved, 
 305,000. 
 
 Annual products: corn, 155,000 bushels; wheat, 10,000 
 bushels; oats, 2,000 bushels; Irish Potatoes, 25,000 bushels; 
 pease, 12,500 bushels; butter, 12,000 pounds; flax, 35,000 
 pounds; tobacco, 45,000 pounds; honey, 35,000 pounds. 
 
 Stock: horses and mules. 3,200; cattle, 10,500; sheep 
 12,000; hogs, 35,000. 
 
 Natural forests: mountain ash, poplar, chestnut, oak and 
 hickory. 
 
 Churches, 30; 10 schools; 3 cotton factories; 10 iron forges; 
 2 iron founderies; 10 grist mills; 12 distilleries. 
 
 Water courses: Yadkin, Fishers and Ararat rivers and 
 smaller creeks. 
 
 This county is mountainous, but fertile along the valleys and 
 water courses. Lands can be bought low. 
 
 The celebrated Pilot mountain lies in the eastern part of 
 the county. Iron ore is found in lai'ge quantities. 
 
 Jefferson is the county seat, about 175 miles from Raleigh. 
 
 TRANSYLVANIA. 
 
 This county was organized in 1863, out of Henderson, 
 Haywood and Jackson. 
 
 It having been so recently organized, no official statistics 
 have been published. It lies in the extreme South-western 
 part of the State, in a beautitul mountain country, where corn, 
 wheat, oats, rye, buckwheat, sorghum and clover grow luxu- 
 riantly. The finest apples are produced here in greatest per- 
 fection, as in all this western region. It is a fine grazing 
 county. 
 
 Farms, 125: population, 4,000; churches, 22; ministers, 
 10; schools, 6; lawyers, 2; doctors, 8; grist mills, 20; post 
 offices, 7. 
 
 It has vast resources in agricultural and mineral wealth to 
 be yet developed by new settlers. Lands are cheap and 
 abundant. The country rolling and healthy. 
 
 Bebvard is the county seat, about 220 miles from Raleigh. 
 
 TYRRELL. 
 
 This county is one of the oldest counties in the State, 
 having been settled in 1729. It was included in what is now 
 Washington county. It lies in the extreme eastern part of the 
 State. 
 
(54) 
 
 Surface level; soil good, abounding in rich swamp lands. 
 
 Area, 320 square miles. 
 
 Population, 5,000. 
 
 Farms, 300; acres improved, 21,500; acres unimproved, 
 .163,000. 
 
 Natural growth of timber: juniper, pine, gum, oak, cypress. 
 
 Stock: horses, 428; mules, 196; cows, 1,500; other cattle, 
 ■3,500; sheep, 2,699; hogs, 8,500. 
 
 Annual products: wheat, 12,500 bushels; rye, 10,000 bushels; 
 corn, 300,000 bushels; oats, 567 bushels; rice, 11,500 pounds; 
 wool, 4,500 pounds; pease, 12,500 bushels; Irish potatoes, 
 4,300 bushels; sweet potatoes, 28,775 bushels; wine, 2,500 gal- 
 lons; butter, 12,000 pounds; hay, 100 tons; flax, 4,000 pounds; 
 beeswax, 2,500 pounds; honey, 25,000 pounds; fish, 5,000 bar- 
 rels; lumber, shingles, staves, &c., $75,000. 
 
 Mills: grist mills, 2; saw mills, 4; shingle mills, 21. 
 
 Churches, 12; ministers, 4; lawyers, 1; doctors, 3; acade- 
 mies, 1 ; post offices, 2. 
 
 It is a splendid corn region and the scuppernong grape 
 ■ grows luxuriantly here. 
 
 The farms around Lakes Phelp are equal in soil and pro- 
 i.ductiveness to any in the State. 
 
 The uncleared lands are rich and valuable for cypress 
 lumber. 
 
 Columbia is the county seat. 
 
 UNION. 
 
 This county was organized in 1842, from the Southeastern 
 part of Mecklenburg. It lies in the Southern part of the 
 State. 
 
 Area, 350 square miles. 
 
 Population, 11,500. 
 
 Farms, 925; acres improved, 66,500; unimproved, 236,900. 
 
 Natural growth of timber: ash, elm, beech, walnut, oak and 
 pine. 
 
 ■ Stock: horses, 2,163; mules, 700; cows, 3,118; other stock, 
 6,500; sheep, 11,641; hogs, 20,500. 
 
 Annual products; wheat, 76,321 bushels; corn, 305,000 
 bushels; oats, 26,000 bushels; tobacco, 5,000 pounds; cotton, 
 4,500 bales; wool, 14,000 pounds; pease, 18,500 bushels; Irish 
 potatoes, 7,500 bushels; sweet potatoes, 35,000 bushels; orchard 
 products, $5,000; market vegetables, $6,500; butter, 85,476 
 pounds; hay, 500 tons; maple molasses, 1,500 gallons; honey, 
 ?2,000 pounds. 
 
 Qhurches, 23; ministers, 10; academies, 2; primary ^dioolSj 
 
(55) 
 
 4; teachers, 10; lawyers 2; doctors, 9; post offices, 10; grist 
 mills, 20. 
 
 Mines: 6 gold mines located in the Northwestern part of 
 the countr. 
 
 Water courses: Rocky river. Crooked, Richard's, Negro 
 Head, Lane and Wraxhaw creeks. 
 
 This county is rich in minerals, especially in gold. Solid 
 lumps have been found, worth from $2,000 to $3,000, and there 
 is but little doubt that the mines are very rich. 
 
 The soil is very productive for grain of all kinds, and may 
 be bought at low prices. 
 
 This county was the birth place of Andrew Jackson, Presi- 
 dent of the United States. 
 
 Granite underlies a part of the surface, and extensive beds " 
 of slate are found in other parts. The whetstone is found near 
 Monroe. 
 
 Monroe is the county seat, 150 miles Southwest from 
 Haleigh. 
 
 WAKE. 
 
 This county was organized in 1790, and named after Gov. 
 Tyron's wife. It is beautifully located in the centre of the 
 •State. 
 
 Area, 950 square miles. 
 
 Population, 26,000. 
 
 Farms, 1,500; acres improved, 185,000; unimproved, 368,- 
 •000; cash value of land, $3,500,000. 
 
 Stock: horses, 4,000; mules, 1,235; cows, 5,639; other 
 cattle, 11,000; sheep, 10,750; hogs, 50,000. 
 
 Annual products: wheat, 80,000 bushels; corn, 750,000 
 bushels; cotton, 5,000 bales; rice, 13,000 pounds; wool, 
 14,000 pounds; pease, 50,000 bushels; Irish potatoes, 15,- 
 000 bushels; sweet potatoes, 250,000 bushels; orchard pro- 
 ducts, $1,500; market vegetables, $10,000; butter 150,000 
 pounds; hay, 10,000 tons; beeswax, 2,000 pounds; honey, 
 40,000. 
 
 Churches, 40; 1 male College at Wake Forest; academies, 
 10, and primary schools; ministers, 70; teachers, 50; lawyers, 
 25 ; doctors, 40. 
 
 There is one paper mill, 1 foundry and machine shop, 1 
 foundery and plow factory, 1 sash and planing factory, 10 
 steam saw mills and 40 grist mills. 
 
 Water courses: Neuse river runs through the county. Swift, 
 Walnut, Crabtree, New Light and Big lick creeks. 
 
 The North Carolina Central Rail Road runs through the 
 
(56) 
 
 county. The Raleigh & Gaston Rail Road also runs from 
 Raleigh to Weldon. A Rail Road is in progress from Raleigh 
 to be extended through the Coalfields in Chatham to Colum- 
 bia, South Carolina. 
 
 This county produces tobacco, corn, oats, cotton, sorghum, 
 pease, potatoes, fruits and garden vegetables in great abun- 
 dance. Lands are cheap and it is a very desirable section for 
 the emigrant. 
 
 There is a large mine of plumbago within a few miles of 
 Raleigh, that has been largely worked. Granite also abounds 
 in various places. 
 
 Raleigh is the capital of the State and seat of justice for 
 Wake county. It is a growing city and a desirable and healthy 
 place. The public institutions of the State are located here: 
 the Institution for the Deaf, Dumb and the Blind, the Lunatic 
 Asylum and the Penitentiary. 
 
 WARREN. 
 
 This county was organized in 1779, from an old county 
 (Bute) now extinct. It lies in the northern part of the State 
 and borders upon Virginia. 
 
 Area, 480 square miles. 
 
 Population, 13,765. 
 
 Farms, 600; acres improved, 122,000; acres unimproved, 
 225,500. 
 
 Natural growth of timber: oak, hickory, walnut, ash, elm, 
 cedar, gum, &c. 
 
 Stock: horses, 3,964; mules, 900; cows, 3,500; other cattle, 
 6,500; sheep, 7,500; hogs, 25,000. 
 
 Annual Products: wheat, 125,000 bushels; corn, 500,000 
 bushels; oats, 98,000 bushels; tobacco, 6,150,000 pounds; 
 cotton 500 bales; wool, 13,500 pounds; pease, 50,000 bushels; 
 Irish potatoes, 15,000 bushels; sweet potatoes, 66,500 bushels; 
 butter, 65,342 pounds; hay, 3,500 tons; beeswax, 1,200 pounds; 
 honey, 15,000 pounds. 
 
 There are 22 churches; 15 ministers; academies: 2 female 
 and 4 others; teachers, 15; lawyers, 6; doctors, 15; merchants, 
 25; post offices, 11. 
 
 There are 21 grist mills; 4 saw mills; 3 distilleries; 6 tan- 
 neries. 
 
 It is watered by Roanoke River, Nutbush, Fishing and 
 Shocco Creeks. 
 
 This county is considered one of the best in the State. The- 
 people are intelligent and hospitable. Lands are fertile, rich, 
 and productive. 
 
 It is intersected by the Raleigh and Gaston Rail Road. 
 
( 57 ) 
 
 Warrenton, the county seat, 63 miles west from Raleigh, 
 about 4 miles south from the Raleigh and Gaston Rail Road. 
 
 Ridgeway is ^ell located on the Raleigh and Gaston 
 Rail Road, and quite a town is springing up here, with vine- 
 yards, orchards and market gardens all around it. 
 
 WASHINGTOJN^. 
 
 This county was organized in 1799, and named after Gen. 
 George Washington. 
 
 Surface, level; soil rich and productive. 
 
 Area, 400 square miles. 
 
 Population, 6,500. 
 . Farms, 500; acres improved, 25,000; acres unimproved, 
 75,000. 
 
 Natural growth of timber: oak, elm, pine, juniper, cedar, 
 gum and cypress, 
 
 Stock: horses, 675; mules, 250, cows, 1,500; other stock, 
 3,000; sheep, 2,500; hogs, 10,000. 
 
 Annual products: wheat, 35,750 bushels; oats, 2,000 bushels; 
 corn, 250,()00 bushels; rye, 1,000 bushels; rice, 10,000 pounds; 
 wool, 5,000 pounds; pease, 20.000 bushels; Irish potatoes, 
 7,000 bushels; sweet potatoes, 50,000 bushels; hay, 2,000 tons; 
 20,000 barrels of tar and turpentine ; $30,000 worth of lumber; 
 5,000 barrels of fish, besides grapes, wine, apples, &c. 
 
 There are churches, 15; ministers, 10; academies and schools, 
 6; lawyers, 4; doctors, 6; teachers, 8; post offices, 4. 
 
 There are 20 tar and turpentine manufactories, 3 grist mills, 
 6 shingle mills, 1 ship yard. 
 
 Water courses: Roanoke River and Welch Creek on the 
 west, Albemarle Sound on the north. Scuppernong River and 
 Lake Phelps on the east, and Lake Pungo on the south. 
 
 This is one of the prettiest counties in the east. Lying on 
 the Albemarle Sound. 
 
 There is in this county, in its natural growth, lands that 
 will, when brought into cultivation, be as rich and valuable as 
 any in the State. Its land, lumber, fisheries and productions, 
 with easy access to all parts of the United States give it pecu- 
 liar advantages and attractions. 
 
 Plymouth is the county seat 162 miles east from Raleigh. 
 
 WATAUGA. 
 
 This county was organized in 1849, from Ashe, CaldwelL 
 Wilkes and Yancey, deriving its name from an Indian river. 
 It lies in the Northwestern part of the State. 
 
 Surface, mountainous. 
 
( 58 ) 
 
 Soil, fertile. 
 
 Area, 500 square miles. 
 
 Population 5,000 
 
 Farms, 500; acres improved, 25,000; unimproved, 145,000. 
 
 Stock: horses, 850; mules, 155; cows, 1,607; other cattle, 
 3,000; sheep, 6,000; hogs, 12,500. 
 
 Annual products: wheat, 14,000 bushels; rye, 13,800 bush- 
 els; corn, 110,000 bushels; oats. 40,500 bushels; rice 1,000 
 pounds; tobacco, 10,000 pounds; cotton, 500 bales; wool, 12,- 
 000 pounds; pease, 10,500 bushels; Irish potatoes, 20,000 
 bushels; sweet potatoes, 1,500 bushels; buckwheat, 10,000 
 bushels; orchard produce, $12,565; market gardening, $13,- 
 410; butter 75,000 pounds; cheese, 5,000 pounds; hay, 4,500 
 tons; fiax, 25,000 pounds; maple sugar, 15,000 pounds; maple 
 molasses, 6,000 gallons; beeswax, 1,500 pounds; honey, 20,- 
 €00 pounds. 
 
 Churches, 12; ministers, 8; academies and primary schools, 
 10; lawyers, 1; doctors, 3; grist mill, 10; post offices, 8. 
 
 Natural growth of timber: sugar maple, elm, oak, ash, 
 pine, &c. 
 
 Water courses: New river, Watauga river, Elk, Cau, Neal, 
 Camp and other creeks. 
 
 This county lying off the line of travel and commerce, has 
 not been able to develop its resources, like many others, but 
 when its mines are worked, its lands cultivated, with its stock 
 raising advantages, &c., and its mountain scenei-}', it will be 
 very desirable. 
 
 Good land from fifty cents per acre to five dollars are found 
 in this county. 
 
 Boone, the county seat, is 240 miles West from Raleigh. 
 It was named after Daniel Boone, the celebrated hunter. 
 
 WAYNE. 
 
 This county was organized in 1779, from Dobb's county, 
 now extinct. It lies in the Eastern part of the State. 
 
 Surface level; soil excellent. 
 
 Population 15,000. 
 
 Area, 450 square miles. 
 
 Acres improved, 109,000; unimproved, 200,000; cash value 
 ■of land, $3,500,000. 
 
 Stock: horses, 2,225; mules. 600; cows, 2,500; other cattle, 
 4,500; sheep, 4,000; hogs, 40,000. 
 
 Annual products: wheat, 16,650 bushels; rye, 20,000 bushels; 
 corn, 550,000 bushels; oats, 15,000 bushels; rice, 10,000 pounds, 
 •cotton, 6,000 bales; pease, 110,000 bushels; Irish potatoes, 
 10,000 bushels; sweet potatoes, 175,000 bushels; orchard pro- 
 
(59) 
 
 ducts, $10,500; wine, 1,000 gallons; butter, 35,000 pounds; 
 hay, 5,000 tons; honey, 15,000 pounds; turpentine, tar and 
 lumber, $100,000. 
 
 Churches, 25; ministers, 15; female colleges, 1; academies, 
 4; primary schools, 10; lawyers, 7; doctors, 10; post offices, 
 10; sawmills, 6; grist mills, 8; tar and turpentine manufac- 
 tories, 51 ; turpentine distilleries, 10 
 
 Water courses: Neuse river. Little river, Nahunta, Falling 
 and Sleepy Creeks. 
 
 Native Forest: pine, oak, ash, gum, &c. 
 
 The lands on Neuse river, Little river and their tributaries 
 are very rich and productive. 
 
 Corn, cotton, wheat, oats, sugar cane, fruits and vegetables 
 are productive here abundantly. Its lacilities for traveling 
 and exportation by water and Rail Roads are very good. It 
 is, perhaps, second to Edgecombe as a cotton growing county, 
 and is very desirable for truck farming and vineyards. 
 
 The North Carolina Central Rail Road, the North Carolina 
 Atlantic Rail Road, and the Wilmington & Weldon Rail 
 Road all centre and cross the county at Goldsboro. Much 
 good land for sale on easy terms. This is a first rate county 
 for immigrants. 
 
 Goldsboro is the county seat, a growing place. It is fifty 
 miles East from Raleigh, eighty-four miles North from Wil- 
 mington, seventy-eight miles South from Weldon, sixty miles 
 from New Bern, and ninety-five miles from Morehead City. 
 
 WILKES. 
 
 This county was organized in 1TT7, fi-om Surry, and named 
 after John Wilkes, the English statesman. 
 
 Wilkes county lies in the north-western part ot the State. 
 
 Area, 550 .square miles. 
 
 Population, 15,000. 
 
 Farms, 1,125; acres improved, 75,000; acres unimproved, 
 270,000. 
 
 Natural growth of timber: white ash, sugar maple, beech, 
 oak, gum, &g. 
 
 Stock: horses, 2,362; mules, 300; cows, 3,000; other cattle, 
 5,000; sheep, 7,874; hogs, 25,000. 
 
 Annual products: wheat, 55,566 bushels; rye, 12,000 bushels; 
 ^corn, 310,000 bushels; oats, 36,566 bushels; tobacco, 100,000 
 (pounds; wool, 15,877 pounds; pease, 10,000 bushels; Irish 
 potatoes, 15,000 bushels; sweet potatoes, 27,000 bushels; 
 orchard products, $30,000 ; wine, 500 gallons ; butter, 85,000 
 pounds; hay, 500 bales; cheese, 3,000 pounds; flax, 18,000 
 pounds; flaxseed, 2,000 pounds; sorghum molasses, 5,500 gal- 
 
(60) 
 
 Ions; beeswax, 36,000 pounds; honey, 75,000 pounds; home 
 manufactures, $36,000. 
 
 There are churches, 48 ; ministers, 20 ; academies and pri- 
 mary schools, 12; teachers, 15; lawyers, 4; doctors, 10; post 
 offices, 10. 
 
 Factories: cotton factory, 1; linseed oil mill, 1; tanneries, 8; 
 grist mills, 12. 
 
 "Water courses: Yadkin River and Eeddie River, Moravian, 
 Lewis Fork, Roaring, Mulberry, Bugaboo, Elkin and Cub 
 Creeks. 
 
 Mountains: it is nearly surrounded by the Ridge and spurs of 
 the Blue Ridge. 
 
 It is thought tliere are extensive beds of iron ore in the 
 northern part of the county. 
 
 Lands are very cheap and abundant. On the water courses 
 the lands are very good. Corn, wheat, rye, oats, tobacco and 
 fruits grow well here. There is an abundance of water power 
 for manufactories. 
 
 WiLKESBORo' is tlic couuty seat, 172 miles north-west from 
 Ealeigh. 
 
 WILSON. 
 
 This county was organized in 1856, and named after Gen. 
 Wilson of Edgecombe, who died at A^era Cruz in Mexico, 
 during the war with Mexico. 
 
 Area, 250 square miles. 
 
 Population 9,750. 
 
 Farms, ; acres improved, 65,000; acres unimproved. 
 
 115,500. Cash value $1,500,000. 
 
 Native forests : pine, oak, hickory, ask, &c. 
 
 Stock: horses, 1,200; mules, 600; cows, 1,280; other cattle, 
 3,000; sheep, 2,725; hogs, 20,591. 
 
 Annual products: wheat, 5,000 bushels; rye, 12,000 bushels; 
 corn, 230,000 bushels; oats, 4,500 bushels; cotton, 3,500 bales; 
 wool, 5,000 pounds; pease, 5,000 bushels; Irish potatoes, 
 8,000 bushels; sweet potatoes, 75,000 bushels; orchard pro- 
 ducts, $5,000; wine, 1,000 gallons; butter, 10,000 pounds; 
 bay, 3,000 tons; honey, 10,000 pounds. 
 
 Churches, 15; ministers, 10; 4 academies; 6 primary schools; 
 teachers, 12; lawyers, 7; doctors, 10; post offices, 6. 
 
 There are 8 grist mills; 4 steam saw mills; 25 tar and tur- 
 pentine manufactories. 
 
 Natural growth: pine, oak, gum, cypress, &c. 
 
 This county contains much fine land. It produces well^ 
 cotton, corn wheat, oats, potatoes, pease, grapes, apples^ 
 
( 61 ) 
 
 peaches and other fruits. It is well adapted to grape raising. 
 
 Good land can be bought on good terms and fair prices. 
 
 The Wilmington and Weldon Rail Road runs through this 
 county. 
 
 Wilson is the county seat, situated on the W^ilmington 
 and Weldon Rail Road, 48 miles east from Raleigh. 
 
 YANCEY. 
 
 This county was organized in 1833, from Buncombe. It 
 lies on the North-western line of the State, and bounded on 
 the West by the State of Tennessee. 
 
 Surface generally mountainous. Soil productive. 
 
 Area, 680 square miles. 
 
 Population, 8,655. 
 
 Farms, 970; acres improved, 46,000; acres unimproved, 
 2()5,675. 
 
 Natural growth of timber: black oak, white oak, red oak, 
 chestnut oak, poplar, sugar maple, mountain birch, mahogany, 
 walnut, cherry, locust, persimmon, balsam, pine and numerous 
 others, of small growth. 
 
 Stock: horses, 1,674; mules, 300; cows, 3,000; other cattle, 
 4,507; sheep, 6.500; hogs, 25,500. 
 
 Annual products: wheat, 40,000 bushels; rye, 6500 bushels; 
 corn, 25,000 bushels; oats, 60,500 bushels; tobacco, 20,00® 
 pounds; wool, 15,000 pounds; sweet potatoes, 50,000 bushels. 
 
 There are 20 ministers, 10 academies, 4 primary schools, 20 
 teachers, 2 lawyers, 5 doctors, b post offices, 13 grist mills, 
 6 tanneries, &c. 
 
 Mines: gold, copper, silver, iron, copperas and black lead 
 are found in the mines of Fork Creek, South Yoe river, Egypt, 
 Caney river and other parts of the county. 
 
 The soil generally is highly productive and produces luxu- 
 riant crops of tobacco, wheat, oats, buckwheat, butter, honey 
 and fruit. 
 
 Cattle can be raised in any quantity. 
 
 Orchards can be made to any extent. Apples have been 
 grown m this county weighing a pound and a-half. 
 
 Its water courses are, Nalychucky river, Caney river and 
 Yoe river. Pigeon and Cat tail creeks. 
 
 Here is the range of the celebrated Black mountain, being 
 the highest range of mountains in the United States, east of 
 the Rocky mountains. The sides and tops are covered with 
 the balsam tree, the highest peak is called Mitchells peak. 
 
 BuRNSViLLE is the county seat, 240 miles north-west from 
 Raleigh. 
 
(62) 
 
 YADKIN. 
 
 This county was organized in 1850, from the southern part 
 of Surry, deriving its name from the Yadkin river. 
 
 Area, 310 square miles. 
 
 Population, 10,900. 
 
 Acres improved, 62,000; acres unimproved, 138,000. Cash 
 value, $1,125,000. 
 
 Natural growth of timber: mountain ash, gum, chestnut, 
 oak, &c. 
 
 Stock: horses, 1,796; mules, 500; covins, 2,000; other cattle^ 
 3,000; sheep, 6,000; hogs, 10,225. 
 
 Annual products: wheat, 67,810 bushels; rye, 6,866 bushels; 
 corn, 300,000 bushels; oats, 50,000 bushels; tobacco, 155,542 
 pounds; wool, 10,000 pounds; Irish potatoes, 8,000 bushels; 
 sweet potatoes, 20,000 bushels; orchard products $15,500; 
 butter, 70,000 pounds; cheese, 3,250 pounds; hay, 1,500 tons; 
 flax, 6,500 pounds; flax seed, 2,000 pounds; sorghum molasses, 
 3,000 gallons; beeswax, 5,000 pounds; honey, 70,000 pounds. 
 
 There are churches, 25; ministers, 15; academies, 4; pri- 
 mary schools, 8; teachers, 15; lawyers, 3; doctors, 16; post 
 ofifices, 10. 
 
 There are 15 grist mills; 3 saw mills, &c. 
 
 Water courses: Yadkin river torms the north and east 
 boundary of the county. Deep creek and Panther creek with 
 their branches spread nearly all over the county. 
 
 This a splendid county for settlers, good churches and 
 schools, healthy climate, good farming land and can be pur- 
 chased on good terras. 
 
 Yadkinville the county seat, 130 miles north west from 
 Ealeigh. 
 
CORRESPONDENCE. 
 
 In order to obtain the latest and most reliable information, 
 both general and specific, in regard to the agricultural, min- 
 ing and manufacturing resources of North Carolina, the gen- 
 eral character of its soils, climate, productiveness, and prices of 
 lands, the North Carolina Land Company requested several 
 intelligent and prominent gentlemen of the State to furnish 
 that information. The following letters is the result of that 
 request. 
 
 The reader will find much valuable matter in these letters, 
 from the most undoubted sources, and will find the labor of 
 reading them both pleasant and instructive. 
 
 The first letter we present, is a most valuable contribution 
 from Hon- Wm. B. Rodman, an intelligent native and long 
 resident of the State, an able lawyer and a practical farmer, 
 and one of the Judges of the Supreme Court of the State. Mr. 
 R. is a resident of Washington, Beaufort Co., but writes from 
 this city while in attendance here upon ofi&cial duties: 
 
 Raleigh, April 2, 1869. 
 To the Nm'tJi Caroliiwb Land Company: 
 
 Gentlemen : 
 
 For the purposes of physical geography, the State of 
 North Carolina may be divided by lines running nearly 
 northeast and southwest, and somewhat parallel to each 
 other, into four belts or sections. The first of these, is 
 bounded by the ocean on the east, by the State of Virginia 
 on the north and on the west by a line beginning on the 
 line between Virginia and North Carolina north of the 
 western border of Perquimans county, about 76 deg. 20 m. 
 longitude west of Greenwich, and running thence in a south- 
 eastern course to Wilmington on the Cap' Fe ir river. This 
 may be called the swamp land section: it i-omprises the 
 following counties: Currituck, Camden, I'aBquotank, Per- 
 quimans, Chowan, Washington, Tyrrell, Beaufort, Hyde, 
 
(64) 
 
 Craven, Carteret, Jones, Onslow, New Hanover and Bruns- 
 wick. 
 
 The other sections may be briefly defined as follows: 
 
 Second section, or cotton region : west of the former, and 
 bounded on the west., beginning at the falls of the Eoanoke 
 at Weldon and running in a general southwestern direction 
 to the western boundary of Richmond county. 
 
 Third section, which may be called the central one, ex- 
 tending from the western boundary of the second, to the 
 foot of the mountains. 
 
 Fourth section, which may be called the mountain one, 
 to the western boundary of the State. 
 
 The climate, soil and productions of these sections con- 
 siderably differ. It is to the first of these sections alone, 
 that this letter is devoted. 
 
 Physical Geography of the Siuamp Land BeH — The Banks. 
 
 It will be seen from a map, that the extreme eastern limit 
 of the State, consists of a narrow strip of land extending 
 along the entire coast, and separating the ocean from the 
 interior waters. This strip is sandy, varying in width from 
 about one-fourth of .a mile, to about five miles: in places it 
 is entirely bare of vegetation being merely the beach of the 
 ocean: in other places, especially in the neighborhood of 
 Cape Hatteras, where it is widest, it is covered by live oaks, 
 red cedars and the ordinary trees of the main land, and a 
 shrub called yeopon, fi-om which is made a tea much valued 
 by some. This strip of land is called the Banks. It is broken 
 only by four considerable inlets, Hatteras, Ocracoke, Beau- 
 fort and at the mouth of the Cape Fear river. Through 
 these, vessels from the sea enter the interior waters. The 
 depth of water which can be carried into the interior through 
 Hatteras or Ocracoke is eight feet, at Beaufort sixteen, at 
 the mouth of the Cape Fear twelve. This strip of land is 
 not suited to agriculture; the frequent winds prevent the 
 cultivation of the grains or of any, but low growing vege- 
 tables, but the soil is not in most places barren ; and the 
 melons and sweet potatoes grown on the banks, are consid- 
 ered to have more saccharine matter, than those of the inte- 
 rior. It is pretty thickly populated, the people live by fishing 
 and pilotage. A peculiar breed of ponies is raised on the 
 marshes connected with the Banks. During the whole year 
 they live on the grass of the salt marshes, and are never 
 stabled or fed with grain. As this country is not inviting 
 to emigration, we pass it over with this very brief description. 
 
(65) 
 
 The Sounds. 
 
 Commencing just south of the Virginia line, the water 
 separating the Banks from the main land, is called ('urrituck 
 sound. It varies in width from three to fifteen miles; ^he 
 water is fresh or only brackish ; it is nearly every where 
 shallow, and abounds with small marshy islands. It abounds 
 with fish, and during the winter is resorted to, by immense 
 quantities of wild ducks, geese and swans, great numbers 
 of which are annually killed by sportsmen and sold at high 
 prices in the Northern cities. These fowls are also found 
 numerously, but in less abundance, feeding along the shores 
 of all the sounds and rivers. The marshes from their ad- 
 vantages for shooting them, have a pecuniary value, which 
 they would not othervvise have, and are sometimes rented 
 out to amateurs and others at fancy prices. 
 
 Albermarle sound is a large sheet of fresh or brackish 
 water, from eight to thirty miles wide, into which flow the 
 Koanoke, Chowan and other smaller rivers, that will be else- 
 where described. Immense quantities of herrings, shad, 
 bass and other fish are caught every spring on the shores 
 of this sound and the rivers emptying into it, by long seines 
 and in gill nets. 
 
 Croatan sound connects Albemarle with Pamlico sound; 
 this latter is always salt — it is about thirty miles wide from 
 east to west and has from eight to ten feet of water. Core 
 sound about three miles wide, and with a channel of five 
 feet depth, connects Pamlico sound with Beaufort inlet, at 
 the town of Beaufort and Morehead city. 
 
 The harbor at Beaufort is one of the best on the Atlantic 
 coast, south of Norfolk. Vessels drawing sixteen feet can 
 enter at any time, and discharge their cargoes at the pier of 
 the Atlantic and North Carolina Railroad Company. It 
 will in the future be the site of an important city. 
 
 Rivers and Creeks. 
 
 This whole country is well watered; there is no part of 
 it more than ten miles from navigable water, and much the 
 greater part is much nearer. The Chowan river is navi- 
 gable by eight feet water into Virginia — a regular line of 
 steamboats runs every other day up this and the Blackwater 
 river, (one of its branches) and at Franklin connects with 
 the Roanoke and Seaboard Railroad, running to Norfolk. 
 Frequent steamboats also, ply from Hamilton which may 
 be considered the head of navigation on the Roanoke river, 
 and from the towns and landings lower down the river. 
 
(66) 
 
 through two canals which connect Albemarle sound with 
 the Elizabeth river at Norfolk. Boats drawing six feet 
 water navigate these canals. 
 
 Tar river, (so called in its upper course, but called Pam- 
 lico river in its course below Willov^^ Point two miles above 
 the town of Washington,) is the next considerable river 
 south of the Roanoke. It is six miles wide at its mouth, and 
 navigable; by vessels drawing eight feet water, to the town 
 of Washington thirty miles from its mouth; by boats draw- 
 ing two feet, to Greenville twenty -five miles higher up, dur- 
 ing the whole year; and to Tarboro, twenty-iive miles above 
 Greenville, for about nine months in the year. The climate 
 and soil of the valley of the Tar river from its mouth to its 
 source is the finest and most productive in the State. 
 
 Going south we come to Neuse river, another noble 
 stream, nine miles wide at its mouth, having the same depth 
 of water as the Pamlico, up to New Berne about thirty miles 
 from its mouth, and navigable by small steamers during the 
 greater part of the year, some fifty miles higher up. 
 
 The Cape Fear is also a noble stream, having twelve feet 
 water to Wilmington thirty-two miles, and navigable by 
 small steamers to Fayetteville about eighty miles higher up. 
 
 Tlie Blainland — Its Soil. 
 
 The section which we are now describing is alike in its 
 main physical features throughout. The part immediately 
 bordering on the sounds to the east, is but little elevated 
 above mean tide, but there is a general, nearly uniform, 
 ascent of from one to two feet per mile towards the north- 
 west. This is not universally true: on the banks of the 
 rivers bluffs of from twenty to thirty feet high are occasion- 
 ally found, and the land is sometimes slightly rolling and 
 broken. Between each of the rivers, there is an elevation 
 parallel to their general course, but always being a good 
 . deal nearer the northern, than the southern stream : on a 
 line from Washington to Plymouth this elevation is forty 
 feet; between Washington and New Berne it is probably 
 about twenty five or thirty feet. Probably six-tenths of the 
 country consists of what are called swamp or poccosin lands. 
 It is important to just ideas, that the meaning of the word 
 " swamp,'' in this connection, should not be misunderstood. 
 It does not mean, that the lands are at any time submerged 
 by the tides or freshets: on the contrary, much of the 
 swamp is higher than what is called the high land. In 
 order to understand it, we may assume, as is the fact, that 
 at a very recent period speaking geologically, the section 
 we are describing, and also the section above it, as high up 
 
(67) 
 
 as the falls of the rivers, was a shallow sound of salt water, 
 like those which now skirt the coast, the present surface 
 exactly resembled the present bottoms of those sounds, 
 where we find occasional sandy shoals or ridges thrown up 
 by the currents, enclosing more or less completely, small or 
 large spaces of water several feet deeper, in which the finer 
 sediment brought down by the rivers settles, mixed with 
 shells and other remains of fishes. The land was gradually 
 elevated by a force acting from the northwest; the shoals 
 being elevated above the water, but the deeper enclosed 
 places continuing, probably for a long time, to form shallow 
 lakes: these have gradually filled up, by the wash from the 
 neighboring lands, and by the decay of the luxuriant vege- 
 tation which they have produced for ages. These former 
 lakes are the swamp lands; they have all an abundant ele- 
 vation for drainage: and during much of the summer are 
 dry. There are two reasons wh}^ the rain which falls on 
 them, does not run ofi fast enough to admit of their culti- 
 vation in their natural state. 1st. There is almost always a 
 narrow strip of land, higher by two or three feet, than the 
 contiguous edge of the swamp, lying between the lower 
 portion of it, and the nearest water course; and the branches 
 which are found intersecting this strip, have been so filled 
 up by matter washed in, and by a profuse growth of trees, 
 bushes and reeds, as to be inadequate to discharge the 
 amount of water pressing towards them. 2nd. The whole 
 surface is always covered with a dense growth of trees 
 or shrubbery, through which the water can find its 
 way but very slowly. It is necessary therefore, to 
 enlarge and deepen these natural drains, before under- 
 taking to clear the land for cultivation. 
 
 Ttiese swamps now produce, in varying quantities, the most 
 valuable timber trees ; cypress, white cedaror juniper, poplar, 
 swamp pine and various kinds of oak, besides gums, maples, 
 <fec., of less value. Some of these trees are of immense size: 
 cypress and poplars are found over five feet in diameter at four 
 feet above the ground. A single cypress will sometimes make 
 shingles worth $100. The soil generally consists, for two 
 or more feet, of sand and clay extremely comminuted, and 
 of decayed vegetable matter in varying proportions; below 
 this is very often found a bed of oyster or other shells, or 
 possibly a blue sand of a foot or more thickness, and then 
 a somewhat tenacious clay. When well drained, it is of 
 great and enduring fertility, producing per acre from thirty 
 to fifty bushels of Indian corn, or from 400 to 600 pounds 
 ginned cotton, or from ten to twenty bushels of wheat, or 
 other crops in like proportion. There are fields in Hyde 
 county which have been cultivated 100 years without rest 
 
( 68 ) 
 
 or manure, and they may now be relied on for thirty-five 
 bushels of corn per acre. 
 
 The price of lands depends so much on circumstances, 
 which are hardly ever the same in any two instan- 
 ces, that it is difficult to give any scale which would 
 be reliable by a stranger. In the county of Beaufort in 
 1860, an ordinary piece of swamp land, not more than a 
 mile from a water course, or from boat navigation, unim- 
 proved in any way, would readily sell for from five to ten 
 dollars per acre. With less advantages the prices would be 
 less. The prices were about the same in other counties. 
 At this time such land, when drained and in good condition 
 for cultivation, is usually rented out at five dollars per acre, 
 or for one-third of the corn, or one-fourth of the cotton crop. 
 
 The high lands have already been partially described as 
 forming ridges separating the swamps, and obstructing the 
 discharge of their waters; they vary in width, from a few 
 yards to several miles, and in composition, from a light sand 
 to a stiff clay. They also require drainage, but not as much 
 as the swamps; they are generally, in their original state 
 covered with beautiful groves of long leaf pine and occa- 
 sional oaks. They were usually worth when unimproved 
 about one-half as much as the swamps, the general situation 
 being the same. They would produce with the same culti- 
 vation rather less than one-half as much. Many persons, 
 however, prefer them to the swamps for cotton, as when 
 marled they produce a better staple, and the crops ripen 
 earlier. 
 
 In the counties of this section probably not over one-tenth 
 of the land is cleared. 
 
 Climate and Staple Productions.. 
 
 The section we have been describing lies between thirty- 
 seven and thirty-four degrees of North latitude. Of course 
 the summers are longer, and the winters milder in the south- 
 ern than in the northern part. No where does the snow 
 ever lie on the ground more than a few days; at Wilmington 
 it is rarely seen. The climate is warmest in winter and 
 coolest in summer, nearest the coast. At Hatteras the Pal- 
 metto grows, which elsewhere is not found north of Charles- 
 ton; this is owing to the proximity of the gulf stream. 
 North of Albemarle sound cotton is not much grown as a 
 staple crop. South of that it, with Indian corn, is themaiii 
 crop. This section and the one just West of it, is probably 
 unsurpassed in the world as a cotton growing country. It 
 is conceded that on the choice lands of Alabama, Louisiana, 
 ^c , larger crops can be sometimes made than it is possible 
 
(69) 
 
 to make in North Carolina. But in those States there is aiE 
 uncertainty and a liabiHty to accidents, such as inundations, 
 boll worm, army worm, &c., &c., which do not attach to 
 this favored region; and it is the opinion of many intelli- 
 ;gent men who have planted in both sections, that on an 
 average of ten years the crops of these sections of North 
 Carolina would exceed those of the most fertile portions of 
 the Southwest. 
 
 Health. 
 
 Like all countries with an alluvial soil, chills and fever are 
 the most common forms of disease; bilious fever also occurs 
 sometimes in August and September, but the country is in 
 general eminently salubrious. Consumption, unless imported 
 is entirely unknown. The longevity of this section is equal 
 to that ot any in the United States. The census of 1860 
 shows the average mortality of the whole United States 
 for that year to have been 127 in 10,000, and the average 
 mortality of a tier of two counties next to the Atlantic, 
 from Delaware to Florida inclusive, was 134 in 10,000. 
 When it is considered that in this were included the un- 
 healthy coasts ot South Carolina and Florida^ we must con- 
 ■clude that the mortality of the North Carolina portion of 
 this district, was less than the average. The mortality in 
 Massachusetts was 176 in the 10,000. Contrary to what 
 might perhaps have been expected, the swamp lands are the 
 healthiest, and those immediately on the banks of the rivers, 
 the least so. This may be accounted for by the more sudden 
 •changes of temperature arising from greater exposure to the 
 ocean winds, rapid cooling and catching cold. 
 
 Fruits. 
 
 Every part of this section is well adapted to raising apples, 
 pears, peaches, figs, pomegranates, quinces, blackberries and 
 raspberries, and the swamp lands to cranberries and straw- 
 berries. The Catawba, Isabella and other grapes grow well, 
 but the peculiar and most valuable grape of this belt is the 
 Scuppernong: it is about the size of a boy's marble, of a 
 dark purple, or a transparent yellowish green color; it grows 
 singly, not in bunches; ripens in August and Sept. It is 
 propagated by layers, never pruned, runs on arbors, bears in 
 three years trom the planting, and in five years will cover a 
 epace of 100 square feet and bear over two bushels to the 
 vine. All who are acquaiuted with its excellencies, esteem 
 it above all others as a table grape, and by general consent 
 it makes the best wine made in the United States. One 
 
(70) 
 
 bushel of grapes will make from four to seven gallons of 
 wine, which is worth four dollars per gallon. The manufac- 
 ture of wine is assuming large proportions. The raising of 
 vegetables to ship through Norfolk, to New York, is an 
 established and profitable business. The seasons, it is com- 
 puted, are about one week earlier for every half degree of 
 latitude one goes South, but proximity to the sea, or a loca- 
 tion on the south side of a wide water course, has much 
 influence in this respect. 
 
 Cattle. 
 
 The climate is favorable to the raising of all domesticated 
 animals. Horses and mules thrive. Cattle keep fat on the 
 native wild grasses for nine months in the year, and many 
 never receive grain or hay or shelter, during the whole year. 
 Hogs could keep fat all the year in the swamps on acorns 
 and reed roots, but during the summer they are liable to be 
 killed by bears. Sheep require an open country and atten- 
 tion to protect the lambs Irom wild cats. 
 
 Game. 
 
 Deer and hares, abound; there are plenty of foxes for the 
 amusement of sportsmen. Quail and other birds are numer- 
 ous. The finest fish are plentiful and cheap. 
 
 Population. 
 
 Tiie numbers of the people will be given under the heads 
 of the several counties; the country will easily support 
 twenty times its present numbers. The people are kind, 
 honest, peaceable, and not very industrious or enterprising. 
 In no country is there more disposition to welcome and assist 
 all worthy immigrants, whether they come with or without 
 means. Crimes of violence are extremely rare — the laws 
 are fairly administered. 
 
 Internal Improvements. 
 
 The State has done but little in the way of artificial im- 
 provement for this part of its territory. The two canals 
 connecting Albemarle sound with Norfolk have been already 
 spoken of. In 1840 the State cut two canals connecting- 
 Pungo lake and Alligator lake with Pungo river. Navigation 
 is everywhere so convenient that railroads are not absolutely 
 needed for local purposes. It is probable, however that the- 
 necessity of a speedier and more direct communication^ 
 
( 71 ) 
 
 between the thriving cities of Norfolk and the North, and 
 Wilmington and the further South, will soon compel the 
 construction of a railroad from Norfolk or Suffolk to Eden- 
 ton, thence it will be connected by a line of steamboats with 
 Plymouth, and from thence the road will run through Wash- 
 ington and New Berne to Wilmington, thus shortening the 
 communication between the Northern and Southern Atlantic 
 cities by over 100 miles, and opening to a country, admirably 
 adapted to the raising of fruits and vegetables, the markets 
 of the great cities. 
 
 . Very Eespectfully, 
 
 WM. B. RODMAN. 
 
 The following letter is from the pen of Rev. W. E. Pell, a 
 well known clergyman and native of the State, and recently 
 the able editor of the Sentinel, a leading newspaper, whose 
 long and extensive acquaintance with almost every portion of 
 the State, enables him to furnish an array of facts, which are 
 of the highest interest to the emigrant. 
 
 Raleigh, N. C. April 4, 1869. 
 
 To the President and Directors of the North Carolina Land 
 Company : 
 
 Gentlemen: — ^Every philanthropist at all interested in the 
 future welfare of the toiling millions of Europe and of our own 
 Northern States, and every well-wisher to the real and perman- 
 ent interests of North Carolina, must thank you for the intel- 
 ligent, enterprising and well-directed eiforts you are making, 
 to induce emigrants from those crowded and over taxed sec- 
 tions, to seek a home in the Old North State. 
 
 For many years, when I have instituted a comparison 
 between the cheap, productive lands of the South, and espe- 
 cially of this State, their accessibility to market, their large 
 returns to skilled and intelligent labor, their varied products 
 and the superiority of our climate for health and enjoyment, 
 to the high-priced lands of the Northwest, the enormous 
 cost of transportation for the heavy products of that section, 
 the short term allowed for labor in that cold bleak region, 
 and the little prospect of acquiring in that section wealth 
 or a competency for old age from the labors of the farm, 
 I have been astonished at the steady and enormous increase 
 
( 72 ) 
 
 of population in those States, and the very small accessions 
 from emigration to the population of the Southern States. 
 
 Can this fact be explained upon any sound principle, con- 
 ceding that the emigrants themselves know what they are 
 about? I think not. I must conclude, therefore, that large 
 bodies of emigrants to the North-west, both from the Northern 
 and Eastern States and from Europe, are either ignorant of 
 the superiority of the advantages we possess in the South, or 
 that they are the dupes of designing men and their agents, 
 who are largely interested in the sale of Western lands and in 
 Rail Roads; or that while Northern men and Europeans alike 
 declare their freedom from all prejudices against race or color, 
 they are, nevertheless, the subjects of that very prejudice, 
 which leads them to eschew all contact with the hlack race. 
 If this latter reason has heretofore influenced their action, it 
 ought not longer to exist, since the laws of these Southern 
 States as well as the laws of the United States, have removed 
 all grounds for this prejudice, by declaring that the negro is to 
 all intents and purposes, the full brother and equal of the 
 wMte man ! 
 
 Believing that this rush of immigration to the far- west is 
 the result of ignorance on the part of the emigrant, or the 
 cupidity and deception of the land speculators, and Rail Road 
 corporations, I readily comply with your request, to furnish 
 you with the facts and reasons, which go to prove unmistaka- 
 bly, that North Carolina is a better home for the emigrant, 
 than the North-west. 
 
 ADVANTAGE ARISING FROM OCCUPATION AND IMPROVEMENT. 
 
 The region in the Northwest most inviting to the foreign 
 emigrant or the Northern and Eastern settler, or to which 
 their eyes are most earnestly directed by the Agents of the 
 land speculators in New York and other places, is chiefly a 
 neiv country, from which the Indians have been recently ex- 
 pelled and which is still the haunt of wild beasts, — open 
 praries or wild forests, with but few civilized inhabitants. 
 Here, nature in its wildest forms holds possession. The forests 
 are unfelled, cultivation is yet in its infancy and only in patches; 
 none but the rudest tenements, if any, for human dwellings 
 exist; the lands unfenced, if opened, and every thing for shel- 
 ter, for comfort and support must be begun. No churches, no 
 schools, no forges, no machine shops, no mills, no physicians, 
 no domestic animals, no laws but such as are imjyrovised for 
 the immediate wants of the settlement, to exert their controll- 
 ing or conservative influence. Lile in fact must be begun 
 afresh, in new and in many of its most trying forms. Or if 
 they are directed to the untenanted lands of Indiana, Illinois. 
 
(73)) 
 
 Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, or Missouri, here the 
 immig-rant finds a stirring population, too much in earnest to 
 make money to be liospitable to the stranger, brim full of the 
 idea of speculation or of reprisals upon the new settler, in the 
 shape of high prices for lands, and every article he is obliged 
 to purchase; while as yet the meagre supply of mills, stores, 
 machines, schools, churches, &c., render them almost inacces- 
 sible to the means and wants of the settler. 
 
 In North Carolina the case is totally different. In the older 
 portions of the State, lands, tenements, mills, stores, physi- 
 cians, schools and churches are generally within the reach of 
 almost any number of new settlers. Persons with slender 
 means who come into the State to settle, are not advised to 
 plunge into the extensive, uncultivated forests which abound, 
 more or less in all parts of the State, but especially in the 
 western counties, or into the unreclaimed swamp lands of the 
 East. The rapid increase of the negro population in the 
 South during the existence of slavery, and the intense thirst 
 for money-making among the whites, together with the remar- 
 kable cheapness of the lands, seemed to render the annual 
 clearing of new lands necessary. The consequence was that 
 every large slave-owner cut dovt^n and opened a new farm 
 every year, and as soon as the lands were a little worn, instead 
 of improving them with manure, (a much cheaper and easier 
 and a more sensible process than cutting down new lands) 
 they were abandoned or turned out, to enable the planter to 
 cultivate his fresher fields. 
 
 What is the result? Why since the abolition of slavery 
 and the reduction of the field labor of the South by one half, 
 by the withdrawal of many strong laborers, and of the negro 
 women, boys and girls, from the tillage of the soil, there are 
 in North Carolina perhaps one half of the lands formerly 
 tilled in the State, that are now uncultivated. Much of th« 
 lands regarded formerly as worn out, have grown up in pine, 
 w'hich now are' easily cleared, and by rest have vastly im- 
 proved. Many of these lands are capable of the highest im- 
 provement and may be bought very low. Besides this there 
 .are thousands of acres of cleared land, with tenements of 
 various kinds upon them, scattered from the sea-board to the 
 mountains, but especially in the Eastern Counties, which in- 
 vite the settler, at very low rates. These are in the midst of a 
 peaceable, hospitable and law abiding people, surrounded with 
 iSchools, churches, factories, stores, mechanic shops, physicians, 
 mills and all the appurtenances of civilized life. How much 
 better this, when things are equal, to the wild, unsettled, un- 
 .civilized condition of the Nortiiwest to which immigration is 
 now rusliing? I do not over-state the case when I say, 
 ithat there are this day, untenanted open lands enough in North 
 
( 74 ) 
 
 Carolina, to settle comfortably by the 1st of January 1870, 
 in time for the making of the next crop, 200,000 new settlers, 
 -cheaper and better adapted to the purposes of comfort, wealth 
 and happiness, than the new, cold, inhospitable country to 
 which new settlers are directed in the Northwest. 
 
 But again, an examination of the statistics of the several 
 counties of the State, will show, that not one-third of the lands 
 of North Carolina to this day are opened — they remain in. 
 their native upland or swampy forests, covering much of the 
 very best lands of the State, from which the wild beasts have 
 been nearly expelled. Large portions of these lands lie in 
 bodies of from five thousand to one hundred thousand acres, 
 suited to the settlement of colonies 
 
 ADVANTAGE IN VARIETY OF CROPS. 
 
 It will be seen, that I present considerations intended 
 especially to direct the movements of the emigrant who is or 
 intends to be a cultivator of the soil; — a vocation far more 
 independent, far more sure of success, far more promotive of 
 quiet and happiness, and far better calculated to effect in us 
 moral and religious improvement, than any other. North 
 Carolina, however, is not behind any other State in the Union, 
 in the advantages she offers to skilled mechanics, manufac- 
 turers and miners. The raw material for the construction of 
 all kinds of buildings, mechanism, machinery and for every 
 species of manufacture and for mining, is found in North 
 Carolina in the greatest profusion. But it is agriculture — 
 the cultivation of the soil, as the great instrument for the 
 development of the whole State, that we specially need. When 
 our lands are put into the hands of strong, industrious and 
 skillful farmers, then every other species of progress and 
 improvement will speedily follow. 
 
 In the North-west, though niucli of the lands are immensely 
 rich and productive when brought into cultivation, yet the 
 agriculturalist in that region experiences a great draw-back 
 in the small variety of articles produced upon those lands. 
 Wheat, Indian corn, (suited to stock-raising, but inferior for 
 bread to the corn raised in this State,) oats, rye, barley, buck- 
 wheat, beans, cabbage, Irish potatoes, hemp, apples and some 
 other inferior fruits, the grasses and a few other articles, consti- 
 tute the sum of the products of those States. Under skillful 
 cultivation, these articles are raised in great abundance. 
 
 But look at the great variety of products grown in North 
 Carolina: Indian corn of the best kind, cotton, tobacco, wheat 
 of the finest quality, rice, pease, buckwheat, oats, barley, rye, 
 flax, Irish potatoes, sweet potatoes, honey, hops, sorghum, sugar 
 cane, and pea nuts, all which are and can be made in large 
 
( 75 ) 
 
 quantities for exportation. Every species of garden vegetable 
 that can be named grow abundantly: cabbage, green peas, 
 onions, beans, okra, beets of all kinds, turnips of every variety, 
 carrots, parsnips, pepper, tomatoes, cucumbers, celery, squashes, 
 pumpkins, radishes, lettuce, spinach, &c., &c. Melons of all 
 kinds, most delicious. Apples, pears, peaches, and plums of 
 every variety, cherries, apricots, nectarines, pomegranates, 
 quinces, strawberries, raspberries, gooseberries, currants, &c. 
 Besides these, the cranberry grows spontaneously in several 
 sections, and tlie black-berry, the dew-berry and whortleberry 
 grow wild and in abundance. Wild game is not abundant 
 except in the new settlements, but fish, one of the cheapest 
 articles of food, are found here in great quantities. It is 
 perfectly apparent, therefore to any one, that in no portion of 
 the earth, are the means of living more abundant and within 
 the reach of every one disposed to work than here. 
 
 But the intelligent European or Northern farmer will be 
 struck with the meagre product of the lands of North Carolina,, 
 in many of the articles above named, as exhibited by the sta- 
 tistics, compared with the character of the soil and the large 
 amount of cultivated lands and population given. I admit the 
 force of this conclusion. Notwithstanding the boast we have 
 made of the fertility and cheapness of our lands, I must 
 confess with shame, that owing to the ignorance, the laziness, 
 and the absence of skill and progress in agriculture in North 
 Carolina, the statistics which have been made of our products, 
 do not give the reader any intelligible idea of the capacity of 
 our lands. The same amount of labor which has been employed, 
 if it had been directed by scientific knowledge, by skillful 
 hands and operated by an improved culture, carefully selected 
 seeds and proper implements, might have doubled, trebled, if 
 not quadrupled our products. But the labor employed has 
 been usually of the rudest and most unskilled kind, badly 
 directed, by rude implements and by a culture, twenty-fi^e or 
 fifty years behind the age. I do not know that there are five 
 thorough, well instructed planters in the State. Were these 
 lands therefore, in the hands of thorough, highly cultivated 
 farmers, the productions of the State would reach almost a 
 fabulous amount. 
 
 ADVANTAGE IN TRANSPORTATION. 
 
 The heavy and unweildy products of the Northwest and 
 their costly exportation, is a most serious obstacle in the way 
 of success. Frequently before they reach the markets to 
 which they must go, before they can be consumed, the cost of 
 transportation is two or three times the cost of production. 
 What avail therefore, is the immense productiveness of the 
 
(76) 
 
 Northwestern lands, if the products when sold at home or in 
 a distant market, can scarcely reach the cost of production ? 
 To the planter of small means, this is often crushing to him, 
 while tlie carrier of his products and the merchant who sells 
 them, alone are made rich. In North Carolina it is far dif- 
 ferent. Tlie planter who is inaccessible to market for his 
 heavy product?, only seeks to make enough of them for home 
 consumption, while the greater variety of products in this 
 State, enables him to spend his strength upon lighter and more 
 profitable marketable articles. But in the greater portion of 
 this State, our navigable streams and Rail Roadie, with cheap 
 transportation, put our planters in constant competition with 
 the planters of the Northwest in the production of heavy 
 articles, while it gives them a monopoly in the production of 
 our greater varieties and the lighter articles. 
 
 ADVANTAGE OF CLIMATE. 
 
 The foregoing observations based as they are upon irrefrag- 
 able facts, are sufficient to satisfy the most incredulous, of the 
 superiority of North Carolina over the Northwest to the new 
 settler and emigrant. But in what I shall say on this head, I 
 will demonstrate it, beyond cavil. 
 
 In the cold, bleak, inhospitable climate of the Northwest, 
 almost the entire out-door labors of the farm 77mst be attended 
 to during the six or seven most pleasant months of the year. 
 Frost, ice and snow render ditching, fencing or plowing, 
 liazardous to health, if not impossible. In North Carolina 
 ditching and draining can usually be performed during all the 
 months but two, and even during these, this labor is interfered 
 with more from wet, than from cold. Fencing can be done 
 at ail seasons, so can the collection of muck and other sub- 
 stances for manure. Plowing can be done at almost any sea- 
 son, the cold and wet of winter interfering with this labor, 
 l)ut little less than tlie drought of summer. The labors of the 
 farm either in or out of doors, are scarcely ever suspended, 
 more tlian two or three days at a time. 
 
 In tlie Northwest, I learn, that they never think of a succes- 
 sion of two or three crops of tlie same kind in a season. In 
 North Carolina this is common. Red clover here may be 
 mowed three times in a season, so of timothy and lucerne. 
 Hay may be mowed twice. Corn or wheat or rye or any of 
 the cereals, or cotton, or flax, cannot be produced twice in a 
 year from the same land, but I have known a good crop of 
 corn, or sweet potatoes or pease, grown from the same land 
 after wheat or oats had been taken off. 
 
 The different varieties of apples are produced and ripen in 
 .all the months from May to November. So of peaches from 
 
(77) 
 
 June to October. Strawberries can be produced every month 
 but one or two. Irish potatoes ma}' be seeded during winter and 
 spring, so as to produce new crops from May to November. 
 Sweet potatoes may be seeded from the last of April to July. 
 Our sweet potatoe planters in tlie Eastern part of the State^ 
 commence eating them the last of August and continue, when 
 they are well kept, until first of May. Onions may be seeded 
 in September or later for next crop and may be used in May 
 and June. The heat of July and August prevents the growth 
 of onions; or rather when planted or sown, whether full grown 
 or not, the heat and drought of July and August either stop 
 their growth or ripen them. Onions, turnips, beets, parsnips, 
 sown in September or October, may remain in the soil all 
 winter; so of cabbage, kale and lettuce. 
 
 Green peas, onions, Irish potatoes, radishes, beets, cabbage, 
 &c., in the Eastern and middle sections of the State, as well as 
 our fruits, are ready for market in Baltimore, Philadelphia or 
 New York, a week earlier than in Virginia, two weeks earlier 
 than in Maryland, three weeks earlier than in New Jersey 
 and Pennsylvania. Our truck farmers are now supplying 
 those markets largely, transportation being very low, in the 
 early season, and are doing well. Moreover, in this land of 
 flowers, honey may be made in abundance, some bee-raisers 
 taking honey from each swarm two or three times a year, leav- 
 ing enough for the subsistence of this busy insect during 
 winter. 
 
 Hop-raising. — In every portion of North Carolina, hops may 
 be raised in great profusion. The Eastern and middle lands 
 of the State are peculiarly adapted, both in climate and soil to 
 the production of the hop in great perfection. It is almost 
 perennial, the roots when once set, yield their annual fruit 
 without replanting, at least, until age or sterility of soil render 
 them unproductive. This is becoming a most important article 
 of culture, and I judge no country is better adapted to the 
 production of hops, than North Carolina. 
 
 By proper management, fruits and vegetables ot different 
 kinds may be so produced, as to give the planter through the 
 entire year a sufficient supply. Our field productions may be 
 increased beyond computation. There are other sources of 
 employment, also, such as fishing, lumber getting, turpentine 
 and tar making, mining, manufacturing, mechanism and trade. 
 These open a field in North Carolina, which must at a future 
 day furnish the means of subsistence, of comfort, and luxury, 
 for millions of beings, hitherto not contemplated. 
 
 With the means of living so abundant, so various, and so 
 cheap, with a climate unsurpassed in salubiity and healthful- 
 ness, with a native population inferior to none in the higher 
 and better elements of manhood, and with facilities of the best 
 
( 78) 
 
 kind for education and improvement, what country can be 
 more desirable than this, for the Northern settler or foreign 
 emigrant ? 
 
 In the early days of the settlement of this State, a Swiss 
 €olony settled on Neuse and Trent rivers. Some of their 
 descendants are still in that section. The Scotch peopled the 
 Cape Fear A^ alley with an industrious and hardy population, 
 and the Dutch and Germans peopled our Piedmont country. 
 The descendants of all these are among our best population. 
 Eccently, Switzerland, has made the first contribution to our 
 new emigration. I am assured upon good authority that both, 
 the Swiss employees and their employers, are highly pleased — 
 the Swiss with the country, their labors and their fare, and 
 their employers consider them superior to any laborers they 
 have had. I hope they will be soon followed by others, and 
 that Scotland, Holland and Germany, as well as England, 
 Northern Italy and others, and our own Northern and Eastern 
 States, will second the movement. 
 
 Wishing you the success in your enterprise which your 
 efforts and aims richly merit, I subscribe myself, 
 
 Very respectfully, yours, 
 
 WM. E. PELL. 
 
 The following able letter is from the pen of Hon. Thos. L. 
 Clingman, late a United States Senator from North Carolina, 
 a gentleman of large observation and experience upon the 
 subject upon which he writes, and one whose name is a house- 
 hold word in Western North Carolina: 
 
 Ealeigh, N. C, April 7, 1869. 
 
 To the North Carolina Land Company: 
 
 In compliance with your request, I proceed to give you a 
 concise statement iu relation to the western part of our 
 State. As I understand that you will be furnished with 
 articles, by several gentlemen, describing other sections, I 
 will confine my remarks to the western portion exclusively, 
 viz : that elevated table land extending from the Blue Kidge 
 to the Tennessee State line. Almost all of it was embraced 
 in the Congressional District which I represented for more 
 than a dozen years, and even after I became a Senator, I was 
 frequently passing over it. In fact, I have ascended almost 
 all the principal mountains, and, for the purpose of observ- 
 
( ^y ) 
 
 ing the geological and luiiiei-alogical features, visited most 
 of its valleys. Its length, extending as it does, from Virginia 
 to Georgia, is not less than two liundred and fifty miles, 
 while its breadth varies from thirty to sixty miles, averaging 
 probably fifty or thereabouts. 
 
 It has along its eastern border the Blue Ridge, by which 
 name in North Carolina, is designated the mountain chain 
 that divides the waters falling into the Atlantic from those 
 of the Mississippi valley. Its western boundary is the great 
 ledge of mountains called in different portions of its course 
 Smoky, Iron, Uncha, &c. Though this range is cut through 
 by the streams running to the west, yet it not only has many 
 points higher than any along the Bhie Ridge, but its general 
 elevation and mass are greater. There are also a number 
 of cross chains of mountains, the most elevated of which 
 are the Black and Balsam ranges. There are many points 
 exceeding six thousand feet in altitude above the sea, while 
 the lower valleys or beds of the principal streams in the 
 central parts of the plateau, are from two thousand to twenty- 
 five hundred feet above tide water. To give one an idea of 
 the general elevation of the surface, it may be stated that 
 nineteen twentieths of the land will be found between the 
 elevations of eighteen hundred and thirty -five hundred feet 
 above the ocean. It presents, therefore, a delightful sum- 
 mer climate, surpassing, I think, that of any part of Switz- 
 erland. The range of the thermometer in summer is from 
 twelve to fifteen degrees (Fahrenheit), below that of the 
 northern cities, rarely going up to eighty-five degrees in the 
 shade at any hour of the warmest days. The air is almost 
 always bracing and exhilerating in a high degree, while no 
 country is more healthy, being not only free from all mias- 
 matic diseases, but favorable even in winter. Having a 
 southern latitude and surrounded on all sides by lower and 
 warmer regions, its winter climate is much milder than that 
 of Northern Virginia or Pennsylvania. It is unusual for 
 the ground to be covered with snow for as much as a week 
 at a time, and the deepest snows commonly disappear in 
 two or three days on all those portions of the ground exposed 
 to the sunshine. 
 
 In many instances persons threatened with consumption 
 have found the climate of Buncombe, about Asheville, both 
 in winter and summer very favorable to them. A gentle- 
 man who has passed several winters both at Asheville and 
 in Minnesota, says that the climate of the former place is 
 quite as dry as that of the latter and much milder. 
 
 The geological formation belongs chiefly to the older series 
 of rocks, and they are generally well disintegrated. There 
 is one remarkable exception, however, in a belt of country 
 
(80) 
 
 extending from the Grandfather mountain southerly, em- 
 bracing the Linville and Table mountain ridges. This con- 
 sists mainly of strata of a more recent origm, quartzite, 
 elastic sandstone, (the Jtacolumite or diamond bearing rock 
 of Brazil) and certain slates. The soil over this belt is 
 thin, and covered chiefly with white pine, and such shrubs 
 and plants as are found in poor silicious soils. Outside of 
 this comparatively small tract, the soil of the mountain 
 region is remarkable for its fertility. The gneiss, mica, 
 slate, syenite and other hornblendic and ferruginous rocks 
 are well decomposed and have liberated in great abundance 
 fertilizing ingredients. While no part of the section would 
 be termed rocky in comparison with the New England 
 States, yet there is more rock visible on the eastern border 
 of the belt than on the side next to the State of Tennessee. 
 In general the disintegration seems deeper and the soil 
 richer as one approaches the western border. The Yellow 
 and Roan mountains in Mitchell, and the great Smoky moun- 
 tain in Haywood, Jackson and Macon furnish striking exam- 
 ples of this fact. On these mountains, at an elevation of 
 six thousand feet, a horse will often sink to his fetlocks in a 
 thick black vegetable mould, and the growth, whether 
 timber, grass or weeds, appears to be as luxuriant as in the 
 swamps of the low country. Even the balsam fir tree, which 
 is usually of no great height, attains an altitude of one 
 hundred and fifty feet on the southern side of the great 
 Smoky, a mountain which from its bulk and general altitude, 
 has been designated by Prof. Guyot as "the culminating 
 point of the Alleghanies." The fact that the mountains 
 ■usually become richer as one ascends them, is doubtless due 
 to the circumstance that being often enveloped by clouds, 
 and kept cool and moist, the vegetable matter slowly decays 
 and is incorporated with the soil, as usually seen on the 
 north or shady side of a hill. 
 
 There is no country of equal extent perhaps better tim- 
 bered than this. Along some of the streams a good deal of 
 white pine and hemlock are to be found, but the forests 
 chiefly consist of hard wood. All the varieties of the oak 
 are abundant and attain a great size. The white oaks in 
 many places are especially large. So are the chesnut, hick- 
 ory, maple, poplar, or tulip trees, black walnut, locust, and 
 in fact probably every known tree that grows in the middle 
 and northern States of the Union. There are a few treeless 
 tracts on the tops of several of the higher mountains (cov- 
 ered, however, with luxuriant grasses) which the aboriginal 
 inhabitants regarded as the footprints of the evil one as he 
 stepped from mountain to mountain. 
 
 Amopg the most beautiful valleys are the upper French 
 
(81) 
 
 Broad and Mills river valleys of" Henderson and Transyl- 
 vania. The Svvannanoain Buncombe, the Pigeon river. Kich- 
 land and Jonathan's creek fiat lands in Haywood, and those 
 of the Valley river and Hiwasse in Cherokee and portions 
 of the upper Linville in Mitchell. 
 
 While all of the counties contain large bodies of fertile 
 land, perhaps the soil of Yancy and Mitchell is most gen- 
 erally rich, though the lands are more commonly hilly or 
 rolling than they are in several of the other counties. For 
 its valleys and its fertile mountains combined, none of the 
 counties perhaps surpass Haywood. 
 
 There are few of the lands of this whole i^egion too steep for 
 cultivation. They produce good crops of Indian corn, wheat, 
 oatsandrye. In contests for prizesin agricultural fairs in Bun- 
 combe, from one hundred to one hundred and fifty bushels of 
 the former grain have been produced. The Irish potato 
 and the turnip will probably do as well as in any country 
 whatever, and no region surpasses it for grasses Timothy 
 and orchard grass perhaps do best, but clover, red top, and 
 blue grass thrive well. This region seems to surpass all 
 others for the production of the apple both as to size and 
 flavor. Peach trees do well and bear abundantly of fine 
 sized fruit, but they rather resemble such as are grown in 
 New Jersey for example,' and are inferior in flavor to those 
 that are produced east of the mountains in this State. The 
 same may be said of melons. The grape is thrifty and 
 grows abundantly. Besides the Catawba, a native of Bun- 
 combe, there are many other native varieties some of which 
 are of good size and delicious flavor. As these different 
 kinds do not ripen simultaneously, it w^ould be easy to make 
 such selections for cultivation as to lengthen the period of 
 the vintage and thus increase its product. 
 
 All kinds of live stock can be raised with facility. Sheep 
 in flocks of fifty or sixt}^ browse all the winter in good con- 
 dition. I never saw larger sheep anywhere than some I 
 observed in the Hamburg valley of Jackson county, the 
 owner of which told me that he had not for twelve years 
 past fed his sheep beyond giving them salt to prevent their 
 straying away. He said that he had on his first settling 
 there, tried feeding them in the winter, but observed that 
 this made them lazy, and therefore he had abandoned the 
 practice. The sixty, I saw were quite as large as any of the 
 sheep I observed once in Regent's Park, London, which 
 were said to be the property of Prince Albert. 
 
 Horses and horned cattle are usually driven out into the 
 
 mountains about the first of April and are brought back in 
 
 November. Within six weeks after they have thus been 
 
 " put into the range " they become exceedingly fat and 
 
 6 
 
(82) 
 
 sleek. There are, however, on the tops and along the sides 
 of the higher mountains, evergreen or winter grasses on 
 which horses and the horned cattle live well through the 
 entire winter. Such animals . are often foaled and reared 
 there "until tit for market, without ever seeing a cultivated 
 plantation. 
 
 Very little has yet been done with the minerals of this 
 region. There are narrow belts oi limestone and marble 
 which are sufficient for the wants of the inhabitants. Irou 
 ores exist in great abundance in many places. The mag- 
 netite is found in quantity at many points, and where it is 
 being worked at Cranberry Forge in Mitchell, it yields an 
 iron equal to the best Swede. There is in Cherokee county 
 a vein of hematite which runs by the side of a belt of 
 marble for forty miles, and is in many places from fifty to 
 one hundred feet thick. It is easily worked and affords a 
 good iron. Copper ores are found in many of the counties, 
 and where the veins have been cut in Jackson county, they 
 are large and very promising. Gold has been profitably 
 mined in Cherokee, Macon and Jackson, and lead, silver and 
 zinc are found at certain points. After the completion of 
 the railroads now in process of construction, the chrome 
 ores and barytes may acquire value. 
 
 No country is better supplied with water power than this. 
 The streams attain a sufficient size in the higher valleys, and 
 before they escape into the State of Tennessee they have a 
 descent of one thousand feet. The French Broad at Ashe- 
 ville is larger than the Merrimac at Lowel, and tails six 
 hundred feet in the distance of thirty odd miles, and will 
 soon have a railroad along its banks. Every neighborhood 
 has its waterlalls sufficient tor all practical purposes. 
 
 The prices of land throughout this entire section are very 
 moderate compared with those of similar lands in the north- 
 ern States, while the population though sparse is quiet, 
 orderly and moral. The negroes, not constituting one-tenth 
 of the entire population, are scarcely an appreciable element. 
 Emigrants with little capital can easily obtain the necessaries 
 of life, and may at once commence the business of stock 
 raising, and cheese, butter and wool, and such agricultural 
 productions as will best bear transportation. Manufacturing 
 and mining operations '^dll soon follow these branches of 
 industry. I have no doubt, if the people of the Northern 
 States knew this region as I do, they would move down in 
 large bodies immediately to take possession of it. The 
 pleasant climate, good soil and beautiful scenery make it 
 one of the most attractive regions in the world. The wealthy 
 
(83) 
 
 citizen will find the greatest inducements to place there 
 his charming Villa, while to the industrious it will afford a 
 ■comfortable home. 
 
 Very Respectfully, &c., 
 
 T. L. CLINGMAN. 
 
 For the following interesting letter, the Company are in- 
 debted to Hon. Jonathan Worth, late Governor of North 
 Carolina, a gentleman of unquestional integrity and intelli- 
 gence, and an experienced lawyer and planter. 
 
 Ealeigh, April 9th, 1869. 
 
 To the North Carolina Land Company : 
 
 In response to your invitation that I contribute something 
 for your forthcoming publication, to present to immigrants 
 authentic facts as to the resources of the State and the 
 advantages she offers to those looking out for a settled 
 home; I infer that other contributors will have gone fully 
 into the subject, and 1 will therefore, confine my brief com- 
 munication chiefly to the middle or hilly portion of the 
 State, in which I have lived from childhood and with which 
 I am most familiar. 
 
 This State extends from the Atlantic, west of the Alleghany 
 mountains, being about five hundred miles long and of the 
 average width of about one hundred and twenty miles. For 
 about one hundred and fifty miles west of the sea coast, the 
 country is generally level. On the water courses and adja- 
 cent to Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds, the land is exceed- 
 ingly fertile, the rest abounding in pitch, pine and sandy 
 lands. Much of this section is underlaid with marl. The 
 piney lands are peculiarly adapted to the Scuppernong 
 grape vine and may be purchased at a low price — say from 
 $1.00 to $2.00 per acre. It produces the most abundant 
 yield of pea nuts, pease and sweet potatoes. Skillful agri- 
 culture brings a rich reward to the farmer, and the fisheries 
 and forests give lucrative employment to many of the inhab- 
 itants. This section has yielded more than 100,000 bales of 
 cotton this year. Most of it is convenient to navigable 
 waters. The products of the pine, lumber, tar and turpen- 
 tine, constitute a large part of the exports of the State. 
 
 The middle portion of the State, extending west from this 
 belt some two hundred miles to the foot of the mountains. 
 
(84) 
 
 is adapted to the growth of the cereals and tobacco. This 
 whole region, as well as all the State lying west, to the Ten- 
 nessee line, abounds in streams suitable for running mills or 
 any other manufactories. In this middle region are many ex- 
 cellent flouring mills, and factories for spinning and weaving 
 cotton and wool and making roll and hammered bar iron: 
 there are many iron mines worked and many others not 
 worked — the iron of excellent quality — also lime and coal, 
 in abundance; but hitherto want of cheap transportation, 
 has prevented large operations in iron, coal and lime. In 
 many of the counties in the middle part of the State, are 
 rich mines of gold, silver and copper. Some of these mines 
 in Mecklenburg, Cabarrus, Rowan, Davidson, Randolph, 
 Guilford and other central counties, have been worked with 
 great success. Copper ores also abound in many of these 
 counties and also in Chatham. In the last mentioned county, 
 I learn that a copper mine of extraordinary richness has 
 very recently been opened and is now being worked. In 
 Randolph two gold mines have recently been opened and 
 much rich ores taken out. The proprietors are about put- 
 ting up machinery and extricating the gold. Much of this 
 ore is, as I learn from a reliable source, extremely rich. In 
 Randolph county there are five mills in full operation by a 
 superior water power, spinning and weaving cotton. They 
 employ many poor families, at renumerating wages, giving 
 employment only to persons of good moral character. All 
 of these middle counties pi-oduce in abundance, when well 
 tilled, wheat, corn, rye, oats, tobacco aiid the best meadow 
 grasses: and some of the more southern of them — Rich- 
 mond, Montgomery, Anson, Cabarrus, Mecklenburg and 
 some others produce much cotton. On most of this central 
 part of the State are excellent orchards of peach, pear, 
 apple and other fruit trees. With a pleasant and healthy 
 climate and cheap lands, this region is truly inviting to the 
 immigrant. 
 
 The western or mountainous division of the State, em- 
 bracing about one third of its area, is probably equal to any 
 in like extent of the earth's surface, for the growth of Irish 
 potatoes, clover, oats, rye, blue grass, and other grasses sui- 
 table for the making of hay, pasturage, the raising of stock 
 and the productions of the dairy. It has iron ore in abun- 
 dance, any amount of water power which can be made 
 available for propelling machinery at trifling expense, mar- 
 ble, copper ores, lime, &c. ; and owing to its bracing at- 
 mosphere, pure cool water, and the abundance of its pro- 
 duction of articles of healthful subsistence, has a remarkably 
 vigorous population, almost all of the Anglo Saxon race. In 
 many of the counties of the eastern division of the State 
 
(85) 
 
 negroes abound: in the middle counties are naany negroes: 
 in the western coiinties nearly the whole population is 
 white. 
 
 Want of navigable water courses and railroads has re- 
 tarded the settlement of the western division of the State, 
 in all other respects eo attractive. We have a railroad from 
 Morehead City on the Atlantic, via Newbern, Goldsboro, 
 Raleigh, Salisbury and Charlotte, from which last place 
 there is railroad communication with Charleston, Savannah 
 and the Mississippi. We have also a railroad from Wil- 
 mington via Goldsboro to Weldon, whence there is railroad 
 communication to Petersburg and Portsmouth, in Va. — 
 also a railroad from Greensboro' to Danville, Va. We have 
 also a railroad from Raleigh to Weldon — and a branch of 
 the North Carolina Road, completed from Salisbury to Mor- 
 _ganton, and the necessary appropriations made and the 
 work in progress for connecting this branch with the Ten- 
 nessee Railroads. We have also a railroad from Wilming- 
 ton to the South Carolina railroad connecting with Charles- 
 ton — also the Wilmington, Charlotte and Rutherford Rail- 
 road completed to Rockingham, and the further construction 
 in progress with means provided, supposed to be adequate 
 to its completion. We have also a railroad from Fayette- 
 ville, the head of steam boat navigation on the Cape Fear 
 river to the Coal Fields on Deep river, shortly to be extended 
 to some point on the North Carolina Railroad. The Legis- 
 lature has appropriated $500,000 to complete this extension. 
 The State, by recent legislation, has provided for a large 
 expansion of our works of Internal Improvement. 
 
 It may be asked why is a State, presenting such attrac- 
 tions to the immigrant,' so sparsely settled? I think the 
 chief cause of the sparse settlement is, that prior to our 
 impoverishment by the late war, and the emancipation of 
 our slaves, not much of our good lands were in market, and 
 iio pains was taken to invite immigration. 
 
 I believe there is no more law abiding people in 
 America, than the population of North Carolina, and I 
 believe every really brave man, who belonged to the United 
 States army and faced our soldiers as foemen worthy of his 
 steel, and who has settled among us since the war, to follow 
 any other occupation save partizan politics, will say he has 
 no occasion to complain of his reception, socially or other- 
 wise. 
 
 During my administration as Governor, beginning in 
 December 1865, to the time of my removal in July 1868, 
 not a single instance occurred in the State, so far as I 
 know, where a Sheriff had to call on his posse, much 
 Jess for military aid, to enable him to execute any process — 
 
(86) 
 
 and I believe North Carolina, as to statistics of crime since 
 the war, may safely challenge comparison with any State in 
 the Union. 
 
 We hope the time has come when worthy immigrants, 
 from Europe, or from any of the States lately waging war 
 against us, will settle among us, bringing with them their 
 capital, or their strong arms, to aid in developing our re- 
 sources. All such may be assured of a cordial reception. 
 
 JONATHAN WORTH. 
 
 The following letter from the Hon. D. M, Barringer, late- 
 U. S. Minister to Spain, will be read with great interest. It 
 presents very lucidly and ably the points touched upon. 
 
 RaleiCxH, N. C. April 10th, 1869. 
 
 To the President and Directors of the North Carolina Land 
 Company : 
 
 Gentlemen: — The different parts of North Carolina are so 
 dissimilar in climate, soil and geological organizations, that 
 it is impossible, in a brief yet comprehensive manner, 
 to describe its territoiy, productions and general topo- 
 graphy. This want of uniformity, is, perhaps, more char- 
 acteristic of this than of any other State in the Union. 
 Amid the mountains of our Western border, some of whose 
 peaks are the most elevated East of the " Rocky Moun- 
 tains," one is continually reminded of the soil and climate 
 of Switzerland and the Upper Rhine, except in the presence 
 ■ of perpetual snow in certain portions of the Alps. In the 
 Eastern part of our State, we have a country which resem- 
 bles Southern Italy in a remarkable degree, in most of it& 
 nitural characteristics, and with a soil very much like that 
 of Holland. 
 
 And, then again, there is a larger and more central section 
 of the State, which may be compared, and, when more 
 highly cultivated, will present a striking resemblance to 
 large portions of Northern Italy and Southern France. 
 
 It is this diversity in the physical appearance and condi- 
 tion of North Carolina, which has given to the world and 
 even to the people of the United States, such contradictory 
 impressions of our soil, climate and productions, and marred 
 
( 87 ) 
 
 even our school books with gross errors, and the most 
 meagre and imperfect information. 
 
 A traveller passing along the sea coast would imagine it 
 a barren waste, almost uninhabitable, till informed that 
 it abounded in the most valuable timber — in the best 
 grasses, ligs and other fruits, and fish and oysters — and that 
 ttie Delta of the Nde is not richer than portions of it can 
 be made by proper drainage and cultivation. 
 
 Another strauger going through the region of our long- 
 leaf pine, before its agricultural capacities were so fully 
 developed as at present, (and this, in the early period 
 of our history, was the chief line of land-communication 
 between the JSorth and the South,) would realize the im- 
 pression obtained from the stereotyped blunder of the 
 geographies, even still extensively circulated and believed, 
 tnat the "staple productions of North Carolina are tar, 
 ^Atch and turpentine, and a few jiaval stores.'^ 
 
 While another travelling only in the mountains, would 
 suppose that, were it not for the stories he might hear of 
 the wolf, the bear and other wild animals, North Carolina 
 would be a great country for cattle and the dairy and lor 
 sheep-husbandry and the like. 
 
 And yet another traveller through the middle and central 
 portions of our State, in .mid-summer would exclaim, what 
 a fine country this could be made under an improved system 
 of agriculture, for all the productions of the temperate zone, 
 with wine and fruits of all kinds, minerals the most precious 
 and various, and with water power sufficient to run all the 
 factories in the United States ! 
 
 The truth is, that such is the great diversity of our climate 
 and soil — extending from 34 to '6Q\ North latitude and from 
 the Atlantic to and beyond the Alleghanies, there is scarcely 
 any thing grown from the earth, that could not be success- 
 fully produced within our borders under skilful culture and 
 a good system of agriculture. 
 
 Being inforoied by your President that your Company 
 has already been furnished with sketches of the Eastern 
 and Western portions of the State, 1 will confine any addi- 
 tional observations to a brief description of the resources 
 and the geographical and climatic character of the great 
 middle or central belt, lying between the alluvial and pine 
 regions ot the East, and tlie base of the mountain ranges of 
 the West, and extending from the line of Virginia on the 
 North, in a South-westerly direction to that of South Caro- 
 lina on the South. This portion of the State embraces some 
 thirty-live counties, with an average, in size, of about ()(J0 
 square miles each, being altogether a little more than one- 
 third of the entire State. 
 
(88) 
 
 Physical Geography. The surface of this section is gen- 
 erally undulating — with hill and valley and much first and 
 second l)ottom-land, on the many streams which intersect it 
 in all directions. It is some times called the '' hill country" 
 of the State, as contra-distinguished from the low lands of 
 the East and the mountains of the West. There are but few 
 mountains in this part of the State, the principal ot 
 which are in Randolph, Cleveland, Lincoln and the " Pilot " 
 in Surry. The foundation or subsoil in the up-land, 
 is generally clay, and the land, in general, is suscep- 
 tible of the highest cultivation; and, perhaps, no soil in 
 the United States exceeds, in natural fertility, tlie valleys 
 of tlie Roanoke, the Taw or Tar, the Neuse, the Cape 
 Fear, and especially those of the Yadkin and Catawba 
 rivers, which traverse the beautiful Piedmont region of the 
 , State. These rivers, flowing generally in a South-eas- 
 -itern and Southerly direction, with their many tributaries 
 .extending even to the borders of Virginia, effect the drain- 
 -age of this important section of the State, and furnish every 
 facility for the most extensive water power which may ever 
 be needed by the densest population. These streams have, 
 in general, a rapid flow in their upper courses, while in 
 their lower waters,they are capable of steam boat and light- 
 craft navigation to wdthin short distances of the Eastern anci 
 Southern borders of the section I am now attempting to 
 describe, while several of them are capable of slack-ivater 
 navigation, w'ithin its actual limits 
 
 Climate, This portion of the State is as healthy as any 
 other of equal extent any where, and there is no general cause^ 
 of malaria. There is no need of acclimation, and people 
 from any part of the world can reside here with as little 
 danger from the climate as any where else in the same area 
 of territory. 
 
 Products. All the cereals for the support of man or 
 beast, are produced in this part of North Carolina. Indian 
 coi:n, oats, rye, barley, and especially wheat, of a very fine 
 quality, are made in every locality. While in the more 
 Northern counties, tobacco of a very superior quality is 
 grown in large quantities; and in the Eastern and Southern 
 counties, especialh'^ in the tier on the borders of South Car- 
 olina, cotton is cultivated with much success and of excellent 
 grade, with little danger from the causes which some times 
 produce a failure of the crop in the more Southern States. 
 Charlotte, Fayetteville, Raleigh, Goldsboro' and Wilmington, 
 are the market centres of a considerable and increasing 
 trade in this great staple ©f the South. 
 
 Cattle and stock of all kinds mav be raised in all-sufla- 
 
,89) 
 
 ■oieut quantities for a very dense population and much for 
 export. 
 
 Grasses, of various sorts, are grown to some extent, and 
 this most important culture ma3' be, and with our improving 
 agriculture will be, indefinitely extended in all this region 
 of the State. 
 
 The Grape is indigenous in every county, and a great 
 variety of this most valuable vine, is to be found in North 
 ■Carolina, It is difficult, and not now necessary, to refer to 
 them in detail. But there is one, a native and peculiar, 
 originally, to this State and grows here better than in any 
 other State, which ought, and will some day attract capital 
 and skill in its manufacture of wine, to a degree not sur- 
 passed, even, in the most celebrated wine districts of Europe. 
 I refer to the famous '■ Scuppeknong," in its several varieties. 
 Though found, to some extent and yielding fruit in the 
 more eastern and southern counties of the District I am 
 describing, it is chiefly confined and of most luxuriant 
 growth and yield in the eastern counties nearer the coast. 
 It is a marvel m the history of the grape, and its size and 
 rich and most abundant fruit, would astonish the vine- 
 growers of Europe. It needs no pruning, like other vines, 
 and wants only space and light and heat from the sun. The 
 arbor from a single vine often covers a quarter of an 
 acre of ground, and its age will reach beyond the memory 
 ■of man. Its fruit contains all the elements of. as good a 
 wine, as may be found any whei'e in the woi-ld. All we 
 want is a real knowledge of its intrinsic value and skill in 
 its manufacture. 1 once heard that eminent chemist and 
 analizer, Dr. Warren, of Boston, say. in public, before the 
 "American Association for the advancement of Science," 
 that the time would come when the "Scuppernong " grape, 
 under proper management and skilful manipulation, would 
 make as good a wine as the celebrated " Tokay " of Hun- 
 garv, and very much like it. 
 
 The manufacture of this grape into wine is yet in its in- 
 fancy, and such is the fondness for it, as a beverage, or from 
 some other cause, no one has ever yet, kept it long enough 
 to furnish a true test of its value and ascertain the effects 
 of a fe and other conditions upon its character and inherent 
 -qualities. 
 
 Fine grapes may be succesvsfully cultivated and good wine 
 made, by proper care and skill, in almost any part of North 
 'Carolina. The late Dr. Emmons, our State Geologist, a man 
 remarkable for his knowledge and science, as well as the 
 truthfulness and modesty of his ch3,racter, once gave me a 
 sample of wine, made from the wild grape from the 
 lower Cape Fear, which had the genuine characteristics of 
 
(90) 
 
 a good Burgundy and very much resembled the famous 
 '• Valde-penas" of Spain. 
 
 A residence of several years and extensive travel in 
 Europe enable me to say that, in ray opinion, the soil and 
 climate of this State, are peculiarly adapted to the success- 
 ful cultivation of the grape and the manufacture of wine. 
 And what a blessing they would bring to the morals and 
 happiness, besides adding untold millions to the material 
 wealth, of our people ! What we chiefly want in this re- 
 spect, is an exact knowledge of the identical vine suited to 
 each locality, and then a concentration of our efforts in this 
 direction to its special culture. 
 
 The grape vine is v/onderfully local in its attachments. 
 All Europe has acted upon this truth — and it will be so 
 here in process of time and experience, and when repeated 
 failures shall have demonstrated its wisdom and the disas- 
 trous fallacy ot a contrary course. We are trying to culti- 
 vate too many varieties, and succeed thoroughly in none. 
 The " Scuppernong'' prospers in spite of our neglect, and 
 almost deties our mattention and unskilfulness. 
 
 The true and world-renowned " Xeres," or "sherry," as we 
 call it, the " Sherrish-Filistin" of the Moors, and the " sher- 
 ris" of our English "Falstafl"," is only made from the grape 
 which is exclusively grown in a small district in the South 
 of Spain, not larger than one of our largest counties. And 
 although millions of gallons of "sherry" so-called, as well as 
 various other adulterated and false wines are made to order 
 at "Cette" in France and many other parts of the world, not 
 excepting our own young America, the genuine brand of 
 the real " sherry" can only be obtained, originally, in the 
 peculiar locality in Spain, where the grape from which it is 
 made, is specially grown under its best native influences; 
 and the real article is manufactured in the most sMlful man- 
 ner. So of the genuine "Madeira" and various wines of 
 Germany and France. But excnse this divergence of an 
 enthusiast, perhaps, in behalf of an interest which is destined 
 to become one of the greatest value, in many respects, to the 
 Mhole Southern portion of the United States, and especially 
 to the State of North Carolina. 
 
 Other Fruits. In this portion of the State, fruits of all 
 kinds may be grown to great advantage — both those which 
 spring from the ground, as melons and the like, and all 
 kinds of vegetables, as well as the apple, the pear, the quince, 
 the plum, cherry and other fruits, and especially the peach, 
 which comes early and attains much size and perfection in 
 quality, and is very rarel}^ affected by the frost. It is 
 believed that a proper cultivation of this delicious fruit could 
 be made the source of much profit to our people; and the 
 
(91) 
 
 facilities of transportation enable it to reach an early market 
 in the great cities of the North and East. 
 
 Timber ot all Kinds, abounds in extensive forests which 
 still exist in their primeval condition, but especially the 
 "Oak," in all its varieties. This central belt may indeed be 
 properly designated as the " Oak" region of the State. For 
 all the purposes of house-building and fencing, wooden-ware 
 and other manufactures, there is every abundance — while on 
 the upper Cape Fear as on the lower, and other localities in 
 the East, there is much suited to the purposes of naval stores- 
 and architecture. 
 
 Minerals, of great variety and value, are found in this- 
 section of North Carolina, In the counties ot Rockingham^. 
 Stokes and Chatham, bituminous coal-beds of considerable 
 extent, exist, and only need the facilities which are now 
 being provided for a greatly enlarged development. The- 
 coal-beds in Chatham, especially, are very extensive and 
 valuable, and of good quality; and near them, are iron mines 
 of great but undeveloped value, especially the " Black- 
 band" iron, nearly resembling that of Scotland. The " Deep- 
 Kiver" mines in this county, have attracted much inquiry 
 and consideration, but owing to various causes, chiefly th& 
 lack of easy access and transportation, have not been wrought 
 to any great extent. This want is now being supplied by 
 the completion of the Chatham Rail Road at an early day,, 
 which will open communication with other Roads at Raleigh, 
 and thence to the Ocean by the harbors of Norfolk and Beau- 
 fort and ports of Wilmington and New Berne. 
 
 Deposits of iron are found in many counties in this middle 
 and central district, and of most excellent quality, particu- 
 larly in the counties of Lincoln, Gaston, Catawba, Stokes, 
 Surry, Randolph and Chatham. In the first named counties 
 they have been worked with success and profit, though in a 
 rude andunskilful manner, from the time of our Revolutionary 
 war. Copper is found in many localities, but chiefly in the 
 counties of Guilford, Davidson, Randolph, Cabarrus, and 
 Mecklenburg. Lead in different places, especially in David- 
 son, whence, in our recent civil war, a very considerable 
 quantity was obtained for the use of the "Confederate States." 
 Silver and zinc have been discovered and extracted at 
 the same mine, and in other places, but in small quantitifp. 
 A great many minerals of use in the arts and manufactures, 
 are to be found in different parts of this district of the State, 
 especially harytes. But the chief and most valuable of all 
 the metals found in this section is gold. It may, indeed, be 
 jiistly designated as the auriferous division of the State, as- 
 this precious metal, in more or less quantities, is obtained in 
 nearly all its counties, throughout this whole geological 
 
( 92 ) 
 
 conformation running from North-east to South-west through 
 its entire breadth, and being a part, and the riciiest part, in 
 this respect, of the same conformation which runs parallel 
 with the whole Alleghany range from the North-east to the 
 South-west of the United States. Gold was here first found 
 early in this centnry, in the county of Cabarrus, wdiere one 
 piece of twenty-eight pounds, avoirdupois, and many nug- 
 gets of less size have been discovered. 
 
 From North Carolina, and chiefly from this portion of the 
 State, there have been deposited at the mints lor coinage, 
 from niiie to ten millions of dollars worth, since the first dis- 
 covery of gold in this State : and as the gold found here is in 
 much demand because of its great fineness and malleability, 
 it is supposed, with reason, that nearly an equal amount from 
 the same source, has been consumed in the arts and manu- 
 factures. It has been found, principally, in the following 
 counties, in the order in which they are mentioned, viz: 
 Cabarrus, Mecklenburg, Union, Kowan, Stanly, Montgomery, 
 Moore, Davidson, Guilford, Rutherfird, Burke, Lincoln, 
 Gaston, Catawba and Franklin. With improved machinery 
 and additional capital, now so much needed, there is every 
 reason to believe that this great interest, in particular, and 
 mining in general, wall rapidly and greatly revive and 
 become a source of immense wealth. 
 
 Inter- commurdcation. Besides the ordinar}- highways and 
 public roads, there are Bail Roads already in operation, and 
 others in process of construction, and others also projected, 
 which traverse almost eveiy part of this central division 
 of the State. 
 
 The North Carolina Rail Road, from Goldsboro to Char- 
 lotte, 223 miles, passing by Raleigh, the capital of the State, 
 runs through this entire section. 
 
 The Raleigh & Gaston Rail Road from Raleigh to Weldon, 
 connecting these with three other lines, is 98 miles long, 
 and is the thoroughfare from this State to the great port 
 -of Norfolk on the Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 The Western Rail Road from Fayetteville on the Cape 
 Fear to Chatham county, and to be continued still farther 
 West. The Rail Road from Wilmington to W^eldon, 170 
 miles. 
 
 The Wilmington, Charlotte & Rutherford Rail Road, a 
 large portion of which is completed along the tier of coun- 
 ties on the South Carolina border, to the base of the moun- 
 tains, and to be extended beyond them towards the West. 
 
 The Western Rail Road ISiorth Carolina from Salisbury, 
 on the North Carolina Rail Road towards, and across the 
 mountains, now finished to Morganton, in Burke county, in 
 their vicinity. 
 
( <J3 ) 
 
 The Eail Eoad from Charlotte in a Northwesterly direc- 
 tion, now in process of construction, to the Tennessee line. 
 
 And the Chatham Rail Road, a most important connec- 
 tion from Raleigh to the Coal and Iron beds in Chatham 
 county, nearly completed for that distance, and to be con- 
 tinued in a Southwestern direction to and through South 
 Carolina to Columbia, the capital of that State, where it 
 will connect with other great lines to the South and South- 
 Avest, &c. Other important roads are projected, and will 
 certainly be completed, affording to this section of the State 
 every facility which may be needed for travel and transpor- 
 tation. 
 
 The chief export mar'kets for this region are Wilmington, 
 New Bern and Beaufort, in N C, Petersburg, in Va., Charles- 
 ton, in South Carolina, and, above all, Norfolk, in Va., the 
 best port of the South, and destined soon to become its chief 
 mart and point of export for its great staples. It is 
 one of the best, safest, and largest harbors in the Union, 
 with easy entrance to the Ocean, never ice bound, land- 
 locked, and with a commanding and central position, in 
 the middle of the Atlantic Coast, and having connection 
 with all the great lines of communication in the country. 
 It is near the border of North Carolina, and receives a very 
 large portion of our trade and productions. 
 
 Cities and Toivns. There are no large cities in North 
 Carolina, The chief interior ones are Raleigh, Charlotte, 
 Salisbury, Greensboro, Fayetteville, Goldsboro, &c., &c., and 
 on the coast those already mentioned. Our population is 
 nearly altogether rural and agricultural. The section under 
 consideration is the most prosperous and wealthy in the 
 State. But compared with the density of population in 
 European countries, and even our own at the North and 
 West, it is sparsely inhabited, though capable of sustaining, 
 in comfort and prosperity, a population as great per square 
 mile as that of Germany or France. 
 
 We are now greatly in need of men and money — but 
 especially the former, to till our unoccupied lands and engage 
 in the useful arts. Our labor is greatly demoralized and 
 our whole property depreciated and nearly lost to us by the 
 results of the recent civil war. Our chief want now is a large 
 immigration of men of industry and skill and enterprize, 
 to build up our waste places and help us to restore our lost 
 prosperity. A rich field invites the immigrant who may 
 come from any part of the world, in good faith, to live and 
 remain among us, and make our destiny in the future his 
 own. A social, moral, religious and cultivated people will 
 bid him a hearty welcome. A large portion of the inhabi- 
 tants now here, are the descendants of those who came to 
 
( 94 ) 
 
 ■our shore8 from the North of Ireland, and all the countries 
 of the upper Rhine in Germany and Switzerland. Now is 
 the time to come and buy or rent lands and establish homes 
 among us. 
 
 With extensive and personal knowledge of countries, both 
 in Europe and America, I venture to say that, at the present 
 time, there are few better regions for good men to come to, 
 from the redundant populations of any part of the world, 
 than our own Southern land, and especially the good old 
 Jitate of North Carolina. 
 
 Asking your indulgence for any omissions or faults in this 
 imperfect compliance with your request, and wishing your 
 Company every success in their very useful enterprize, 
 1 am, gentlemen, very truly and 
 
 respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 D. M. BARRINGER. 
 
 The annexed letter from His Excellency, Gov. Holden, 
 present Governor of the State and long the editor of the 
 Standard, a leading journal of the State, will be read with 
 interest: 
 
 Executive Office, 
 
 Raleigh, April 13th, 1869. 
 
 To tJie North Carolina Land Company : 
 
 f-^ Gentlemen: — Allow me to express my approval of the 
 object of your Company, and the hope that it may do much 
 good in attracting immigrants and building up the State. 
 
 No State on the American continent can present greater 
 inducements to immigrants than North Carolina. The State 
 contains nearly every variety of soil, with a climate of a 
 most salubrious and agreeable nature. Much of the country 
 is still of the untouched original growth, while the most valu- 
 able minerals of nearly all kinds abound in every locality, 
 from the beginning of the hill country to the Tennessee line. 
 
 The State is now thoroughly reconstructed politically and 
 civilly, and is pushing forward its works of improvement with 
 commendable energy. Large expenditures are being made on 
 this account, thus affording employment to labor and develop- 
 ing our resources. It is expected that the great through line 
 of rail road communication with the Mississippi valley will 
 be completed at an early day, thus connecting the State not 
 only with the trade and travel of that valley, but with the 
 rich regions further west, through which the Pacific Rail Road 
 
[95] 
 
 la located. One of the main branches of this latter work, 
 which is destined to shed the most beneiicient results on the 
 whole country, will in all probability, extend through a large 
 portion of North Carolina, from Ducktown, thus pouring the 
 wealth of the West into our own seaports and the port of 
 Norfolk, Virginia. 
 
 In addition to these improvements it should be known that 
 the State is making provision for free public schools in every 
 neighborhood. Internal improvements and common schools, 
 which formed the leading policy of the State previously to 
 the late rebellion, will be cherished still more in the future by 
 our whole population. 
 
 The laws are every where enforced. Society is tranquil. 
 Every one is free. Consience is unrestrained. There is noth- 
 ing of an arbitrary character in any of our laws. The coun- 
 try we inhabit is for the most part new, when we consider 
 modern means and appliances for improvement, which have 
 been originated by science and art and sanctioned by practical 
 experience. 
 
 Wishing you, gentlemen, very great success in the laudable 
 and useful work in which you are engaged, I have the honor 
 to be, 
 
 With great respect. 
 
 Your obedient servant 
 
 W. W. HOLDEN, 
 
 Governor. 
 
 To Prof. Kerr, the State Geologist, we are much indebted 
 for the fo llowing letter, embodying a large amount of scien- 
 tific information in regard to the minerals of North Carolina 
 and its adaptation to Agriculture: 
 
 Geological Office, 
 Baleigh, N. C, April 15th, 1869. 
 
 To the North Carolina Land Com2Jany : 
 
 According to your request, I have prepared the following 
 abstract of the Geological Reports of North Carolina, show- 
 ing the mineral and other resources of the State and their 
 distribution. It is, with some additions, the same paper 
 which was published two years ago as an addeoidum to my 
 first Geological Report. 
 
 Geographically, North Carolina is situated half way be- 
 
[96] 
 
 tween New York and the Gulf of Mexico, being; included 
 between the parallels of 34 degrees and 3H 1-2 degrees. It 
 extends from the Atlantic coast five hundred miles west- 
 ward stretching more than one hundred miles beyond the 
 Blue Ridge mountains, and contains an area of 50,704: square 
 miles, having therefore about the same extent as the State 
 of New York. This territory divides itself naturally into 
 three well marked sections: On the West, the mountainous 
 plateau, having an elvation of 2,500 feet above the sea, and 
 being traversed bj several chains of mountains, many of 
 whose peaks attain an elevation of nearly 7,000 feet. On 
 the East lies a low plain, nearly level, partly alluvial and 
 partly sandy, extendmg about 150 miles from the coast; and 
 between these two spreads the hill country, whose elevation 
 rises gradually from 200 or 300 feet, on the East, to 1200 
 feet at the base of the mountains. 
 
 The eastern section is mostly covered with pines (Pinus 
 australis and P. tceda), the middle and western with vast 
 forests of oaks (of many species) interspersed with the. 
 poplar, hickory, walnut, maple, &c. Seven large rivers, 
 with their numerous tributaries, travel se the State, furnish- 
 ing unlimited water power as they flow down from the 
 mountains through the middle section ; and as they move 
 with a moderate current, across the champaign country, on 
 the east, into a chain of sounds which skirt the coa t, they 
 furnish, with these, an aggregate of 900 miles of inland 
 navigation, which might be doubled b}'- carrying westward 
 the system of slack water improvements already com- 
 menced. With these navigable waters is interlaced the 
 railroad sysem of the State, amounting to more than 1000 
 miles completed, and as much more in progress, which, with 
 about 350 miles of plankroads and turnpikes, bring the 
 sea coast into ready communication with every part of the 
 State. 
 
 THE SOIL. 
 
 is very various; alluvial and peaty accumulations abound 
 near the coast and along the rivers, while in the middle and 
 western regions the soil is mainly of granitic origin, and 
 represents every grade of sandy or clayey loam of various 
 fertility. 
 
 THE CLIMATE. 
 
 has also a wide range, being tempered on the seaboard to 
 eoraething like the mildness of that of the Gidf States, 
 while in the mountain region it approaches the rigor of 
 
(97) 
 
 New York. In the middle section, which constitutes the 
 larger part of the State, and represents the average climate, 
 the mean annual temperature is 60 degrees (Fahrenheit) — 
 the mean Summer temperature 75 degrees, mean Winter 43 
 degrees, extreme Summer (diurnal) biJ degrees, average max- 
 imum 1)9 degrees, extreme Winter (diurnal) 20 degrees, 
 average absolute minimum 12 degrees. The annual tall of 
 rain is 45 inches. The number of cloudy days in the year 
 is 130; rainy days, 60. 
 
 The latitude of the middle of the mountain plateau is 
 about 35.^ degrees; and since the average elevation is 2,500 
 feet, and 500 feet of difference of elevation are about equal, 
 in climatic effect, in the temperate zone, to 1 degree of dif- 
 ference of latitude, the climate will be found to correspond 
 to that of northern Virginia and southern Pennsylvania. 
 
 The most elevated portion of it, in Mitchell and Watauga, 
 (above three thousand feet) has the summer temperature ot 
 New York, seventy-two degrees; and the winter temperature 
 of Washington City, thirty-five degrees; mean annual, fifty- 
 six degrees. The annual rainfall is likewise that of New 
 Y'ork, forty-two inches. Snow falls here about as often as 
 in New York, but not more than half as deep. On the lower 
 plateaus, as the French Broad, the elevation of which is a 
 little below two thousand feet, the winter climate is pro- 
 portionably milder. 
 
 THE VEGETABLE PRODUCTIONS. 
 
 are numerous. The most important are wheat, corn, oats, 
 rye, potatoes, sweet potatoes, pease, rice, c^otton, tobacco, 
 turpentine, grapes and fruits. Wheat and corn are produced 
 with facility and abundance in all parts; rye, oats and pota- 
 toes flourish in the middle and western regions; rice, sweet 
 potatoes and pease in the eastern; tobacco in the middle; 
 cotton in the southern counties of the middle, and in the 
 eastern section; turpentine and pine lumber are peculiar to 
 the East. The fruits most extensively and largely culti- 
 vated are the apple, peach, pear and cherry, represented by 
 numerous varieties. No part of the continent is better 
 adapted to these than the middle and western regions. The 
 principal grasses are the orchard, herd's, timothy and blue, 
 to wnich must be added clover and lucerne. All these 
 flourish in the middle and western regions, and some of 
 them grow wild; hence, stock raising is easy and profitable. 
 The stock chiefly raised are horses, mules, cows, sheep and 
 hogs. The grvipes usually cultivated, besides foreign varie- 
 ties, are the Scuppernong, Catawba, Lincoln and Isabella, 
 all natives of the State, the first three being excellent wine 
 7 
 
(98) 
 
 grapes. The Scuppernong is peculiar to the eastern section. 
 The following abstract from the United States Census re- 
 port, tor 1860, will best show the productions and capabili- 
 ties of the State : 
 
 Live Stock, 
 
 3,326,000, 
 
 annual • 
 
 product. 
 
 
 Wheat, 
 
 - 4,700,000 
 
 bushels, 
 
 annual 
 
 product. 
 
 Corn, 
 
 - 30,000,000 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 Oats, 
 
 - 2,800,000 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 Eye, 
 
 537,000 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 Peas, 
 
 - 1,900,000 
 
 (< 
 
 
 
 Potatoes, 
 
 830,000 
 
 <( 
 
 
 
 Sweet Potatoes, - 
 
 - 6,140,000 
 
 (( 
 
 
 
 Cotton, 
 
 - 58,000,000 
 
 pounds. 
 
 
 
 Tobacco, 
 
 - 82,900,000 
 
 (( 
 
 
 
 Eice, 
 
 7,600,000 
 
 (< 
 
 
 
 Wool, 
 
 883,000 
 
 (< 
 
 
 
 Honey, 
 
 2,055,000 
 
 (( 
 
 
 
 Turpentine, 
 
 - 1,000,000 
 
 barrels, 
 
 
 
 PRODUCTS or THE MOUNTAIN REGION. 
 
 Timher. — The forests of the mountain plateau are very 
 heavy, and contain an incalculable amount of valuable tim- 
 ber. There are hundreds of square miles of white oak for- 
 ests, which must become immensely valuable for export at 
 no very distant day. The black locust covers large tracts 
 ot territory in many of these counties. This is the most 
 durable timber in our forests, and is so much esteemed for 
 ship building that it is cultivated in the northern States on 
 a large scale, one acre on Long Island, for example, being 
 valued at two to four hundred dollars. Chestnut timber is 
 everywhere. Poplar (tulip tree) is abundant. These two 
 are the largest growth of the mountain forests, sometimes 
 measuring ten to twelve feet in diameter. Not far behind 
 these in size is the black oak (water oak of the mountaineer.) 
 White pine abounds in all the higher plateaus, e g., on 
 upper Linville, Elk and New River, (South Fork,) and often 
 reaches a height of one hundred and fifty feet and a diam- 
 eter four to five feet. Hemlock is also very abundant along 
 the streams in the higher regions, and attains a great size. 
 Among valuable cabinet timbers, mountain birch, (mahog- 
 auy of the mountaineer,) birds-eye maple, black walnut and 
 cherry are found in great quantities, and of large size. 
 Large fields have been fenced with black walnut in this 
 region. I measured a cherrj^ tree in Elk bottom, which is 
 more than nine feet in girth, and seventy-five feet to the 
 first limb. Such a tree would be worth more than one hun- 
 dred dollars in New York. There are also extensive forests 
 
(99) 
 
 of sugar maple, from which'many thousands of pounds of 
 sugar are manufactured every year, supplying the entire 
 home market in many sections. The linn tree, {tilia^) which 
 is abundant in the rich coves, is highly prized by the inhabi- 
 tants, as furnishing a valuable winter forage for cattle. 
 
 Besides timber there are otlier spontaneous products that 
 are worthy of mention ; among which are 
 
 Cranberries. — There are hundreds of acres of native cran- 
 berry beds on the streams in the higher valleys, from which 
 large quantities of fruit are annually gathered for export. 
 To which may be added 
 
 Medicinal Jierhs. — Of these ginseng is the most important. 
 Several hundred thousand pounds of this article are annually 
 •exported, and it is a source of large revenue to the inhabi- 
 tants. North Carolina and Minnesota are the principal 
 sources of this export, the whole of which goes to China. 
 Wild ginger (asarum) is also an article of considerable trade, 
 as well as several kinds of snake root, pink root, puccoon, 
 hellebore, lady's slipper, spikenard, Indian turnip, Indian 
 hemp, and a hundred others. The aggregate amount of 
 money realized annually from the trade in these articles in 
 the mountain section ol this State is probably over a quarter 
 -of a million. 
 
 The principal farm products are corn, wheat, rye, buck- 
 wheat, oats, grasses, (chiefly timothy, herd, blue, orchard and 
 clover,) fruits, (especially apples, occasionally peaches, pears 
 and grapes,) potatoes, and root crops. 
 
 Corn grows everywhere. On the higher ridges and 
 plateaus (three thousand feet and upwards) the northern 
 varieties are required on account of the shortness of the 
 seasons. 
 
 Wheat does well in Buncombe, Madison, Yancey, and in 
 email portions of the other counties. 
 
 Hye, biickwJieat, oats and the grasses flourish everywhere, 
 but especially in the more elevated regions of Mitchell, 
 Watauga, Ashe, Yancey, &c. I am assured by intelligent 
 farmers in this region that four tons per acre of hay is no 
 uncommon yield. These grasses escape from cultivation and 
 propagate themselves everywhere. I have seen a field near 
 live thousand feet high that was seeded, some twenty years 
 ago, with timothy, and has not been under fence in fifteen 
 years, which has still a good " set'' of grass. Oats grown at 
 this place weighed forty- two pounds per bushel. 
 
(100) 
 
 In the higher parts of the mountains, (above four thous- 
 and five hundred feet,) there are three species of perennial 
 winter grass, which send up their new shoots, or stools, in 
 November, and remain green all the year; so that cattle and 
 sheep require little care even in winter, except in case of a 
 deep fall of snow, which does not happen more than once in 
 eight or ten years. 
 
 The new Japan clover, as it is called, (Lespedeza striata^} 
 has spread over the whole of this region. I have found it 
 in a few cases on the tops of mountains four to five thous- 
 and feet high. Such facts as these, taken in connection with 
 the exceeding cheapness of land, and the proximity to the 
 great markets of the country, will surely justify the opin- 
 ion that the continent does not afford more favorable con- 
 ditions for profitable cattle farming, wool-growing and 
 cheese making. 
 
 The President of the Cheese Makers' Association of New 
 York (Gov. Seymour) stated the other day in an address, that 
 the reason of their ability to compete successfully with the 
 English cheese makers is to be found in the comparative 
 cheapness of land in New York. The price of one acre of Gov- 
 ernor Seymour's grass land will buy two or three hundred 
 acres in this region. 
 
 Cheesemaking has recently been introduced here by a few 
 intelligent and enterprising citizens of Buncombe and will 
 no doubt soon establish itself as a leading industry of the 
 mountain section. 
 
 It is inexplicable that no one has undertaken wool-grow- 
 ing on a large scale, as such an enterprise, judiciously con- 
 ducted, could scarcely fail of success. 
 
 Apples. — Fruit growing must also prove very profitable, 
 now that transportation is to be furnished. No part of the 
 continent produces the apple in greater perfection, or with 
 less cost and trouble. There is scarcely a county that has 
 not several accidental seedlings of fine quality; and apples 
 are frequently produced of twenty-two to twenty-three ounces 
 weight; (and even much larger figures were reported to me, 
 but as I had no means of verifying the statements, I do not 
 venture to repeat them.) 
 
 Potatoes here are remarkably prolific, the yield being some- 
 times as high as six hundred bushels to the acre, and the 
 quality unsurpassed. 
 
 Root Crops are abundant and of the best quality,- a fact 
 worthy of note in connection with the subject of cattle rais- 
 ing- 
 
(101) 
 
 The climate and ao^ricultural characteristics of the piedmont 
 region are notably different. In these respects it much more 
 nearly resembles the middle section of the State, (the hill 
 country.) Corn and wheat are of course the staple products, 
 and near the mountains, rye, &c. A large part of it is well 
 adapted to the growth of tobacco, a plant not much cultivated 
 here however. Fruits grow well everywhere, but particular 
 localities have special adaptation to the growth of certain spe- 
 cies. The apple flourishes especially along the foot of the 
 Blue Ridge. On the Brushy Mountains also, in Wilkes 
 County a fruit is produced of peculiar excellence, Both its 
 orchards and vineyards are famous. Lincoln County origin- 
 ated the grape of that name, (called also the "Hart," " Lenoir" 
 and " Davis" grape,) and Buncombe claims the Catawba. 
 Cherry Mountain in Rutherford is noted for its extensive 
 cherry orchards and the unequalled flavor of the fruit. It also 
 produces a rare quality of wheat. The Japan clover has taken 
 possession of this whole piedmont section within a few years, 
 •occupying the road sides, fence corners and old fields, and 
 seems likely to exterminate the pestiferous broom grass. This 
 plant is an annual, of comparatively recent introduction, 
 which seems destined to play an important role in the future 
 agriculture of the State. Notwithstanding the differences of 
 opinion among farmers in the regions which it has invaded, it 
 is unquestionable that it has valuable qualities both for pas- 
 turage and as an improver of the soil. 
 
 Water poiver is abundant every where, as will be evident 
 from the topography of the country already given in outline, 
 taken in connection with the annual rainfall of forty-two to 
 forty-four inches. The Catawba and Yadkin descend seven 
 hundred feet in a course of sixty miles across the piedmont 
 section from the base of the Blue Ridge; and the thousand 
 tributaries (many of which are themselves respectable rivers) 
 have a much more rapid descent. Beyond the Blue Ridge 
 the case is still stronger. Here is a score of large rivers which 
 precipitate their vast volumes of water from these elevated 
 plateaus through more than a thousand feet of descent in a 
 course of thirty to forty miles, developing an amount of force 
 which is beyond all estimate. The power developed by the 
 Tails of Niagara is estimated to be thirty times as great as the 
 whole amount of utilized water and steam power of Great 
 Britain. The water power of North Carolina is ample for a 
 continent. 
 
(102) 
 
 THE MAKUFACTURES, 
 
 are chiefly of colt >n, wool, spirits of turpentine, lumber,, 
 iron, paper and leather. 
 
 The amount invested in the manufacture of cotton i& 
 $2,250,000; lumber, $1,000,000; turpentine, $2,000,000; iron,. 
 $500,000; wool, $360,000. 
 
 FISHERIES 
 
 abound in the sounds and rivers of the eastern counties. 
 The species of fish mostly taken are the herring, shad, blue- 
 fish, mullet and rock. The number of barrels annually 
 packed for market is about 100,000 on the waters of Albe- 
 marle Sound. Considerable quantities are packed at other 
 points. 
 
 MINERALS. 
 
 A statement of some general principles, and a few obser- 
 vations on the leading geological features of the country^ 
 will make the subject more intelligible. The position, general 
 arrangement and condition of the rocks of a region have 
 always an intimate dependence on its mountain systems. 
 The strike, or direction of out-crop ot the strata may generally 
 be predicted as soon as the direction of the dominant moun- 
 tain range is ascertained. Thus the different beds of rocks on 
 the eastern side of our continent fall into parallelism with 
 the axis of upheaval of the Apalachian system. The general 
 direction of tne Blue Kidge, therefore, gives us approximately 
 the geological meridian to which all the rocks of North 
 Carolina must be referred. This direction is nearly north- 
 east and south-west. Every one has noted that the edges 
 of the out-cropping strata, and in general the trap dykes and 
 mineral veins, take this direction predominantly in our lat- 
 itude. The beds of slate, limestone, gneiss, &c., follow each- 
 other in regular succession, all trending away to the north- 
 east. So that in passing from the sea coast to the moun- 
 tains, we cross successively in our track the upturned edges 
 of the whole series. Thus we have the clue to the distri- 
 bution and arrangement of the rocks in mass. 
 
 In the study of the metaliferous minerals, it is important 
 to bear in mind two leading facts: first that they are found, 
 especially the precious metals, chiefly on the flanks of 
 mountains and in tracks marked by disturbance and upheaval, 
 in the vicinity of trap dykes and other eruptive rocks, and- 
 at the intersections of these with slate; and second, that- 
 
( 103 ) 
 
 their occurrence is most frequent in the older forma- 
 tions, the Primary and lower Secondary. 
 
 The rocks of North Carolina belong to this lowest horizon^ 
 being wholly included, with the unimportant exception of 
 the coalfields, in the Primary group. So that we are pre- 
 pared for the statement that there is hardly to be found a 
 territory of the same extent, with so great a variety of val- 
 uable minerals. In the treatment of this subject, it will be 
 sufficiently precise for our purpose to divide the useful min- 
 erals into two classes, namely, the metaliferous ores, which 
 occur mostly in veins, as gold, copper, &c., and early min- 
 erals and rocks, which are found mostly in beds, as coal, 
 limestone, &c. 
 
 Under the first division, occur gold, silver, copper, lead, 
 zinc, iron and tungsten, and here, for convenience, may be 
 added the diamond; and under the second, may be men- 
 tioned, as occurring in this State under such circumstances, 
 as render them economically valuable, coal, marl, limestone, 
 marble, architectural granite, sandstone, porphyry, fire-stone, 
 buhrstone, grindstone grit, whetstone slate, roofing-slate, 
 alum and copperas slates, soapstone, serpentine, agalmatolite, 
 fire-clay, graphite, garnet, barytes, manganese, oil slates, 
 and chroma te of iron. 
 
 COAL. ' 
 
 The second division, being most important, will first claim 
 attention ; and first among these coal. 
 
 The value of this mineral is too well knovv^n to require 
 statement even. The development of all arts and industries 
 is connected with its abundance and cheapness. It is found 
 in two districts in North Carolina, known as the Deep Eiver 
 and Dan River Coalfields. In both, the coal is bituminous, 
 and occupies a narrow tract of country along the course of 
 the rivers from which they respectively take their names. 
 
 These beds, therefore, follow in their outcrop the general 
 direction of the rocks of the country. The Dan River bed 
 is distant from market, and has been little explored. There 
 is an outcrop in Rockingham and Stokes counties, one seam 
 being four feet thick. The Deep River bed is better knovvn, 
 and probably more extensive. It is described in detail, in 
 the Geological Reports of Dr. Emmons, for 1852 and 185(^, 
 and also by Admiral Wilkes, in his reports to the Secretarv 
 of the Navy, in 1859. According to these authorities, this 
 coal is of the best quality, well adapted to the manufacture 
 of iron and gas, and is inexhaustible in quantity. They 
 represent it as extending over an area of more than foi'ty 
 square miles, and containing more than 6,000,000 of tons to 
 
(104) 
 
 each square mile. This bed, therefore, would yield 1,000,- 
 000 tons annually, for several hundred years. 
 
 OIL. 
 
 These North Carolina coalfields are cotemporaneous with 
 those of Virginia, and belong to an age more recent than 
 the Apalachian coal formation, which ranges from Pennsyl- 
 vania to Alabama. They belong to the later ages of the 
 Secondary. 
 
 Tlie bituminous slates associated with the coal are strong- 
 ly impregnated with organic products. Dr. Emmons says, 
 " From thirty to forty gallons of crude Kerosene oil exist in 
 every ton of these slates. They are from fifty to seventy 
 feet thick, and it is proper to state, that it is a better oil 
 than is furnished from coal." The coal lies in a trough-like 
 depression, which extends from Granville county, in a south 
 west direction, to South Carolina. This tract is occupied, 
 in its whole length, by a heavy bed of sandstones, of the 
 same age with the coal. They are identical in appearance, 
 quality and age, with the brown-stone of Connecticut valley, 
 which is so extensively used as a building stone in New 
 York and elsewhere. These sandstones are also extensively 
 quarried for grindstones, for which they are well adapted. 
 
 FIRE-CLAY, &C. 
 
 Beds of fire-clay, also, are interstratified with the coal. 
 This mineral is found in various parts of the State, conspic- 
 uously in Gaston county. There are five or six parallel belts 
 of sandstone and quartzite, belonging to the older rocks, 
 which traverse the State in the prevailing direction, and in 
 which are found various grades of building-stones, fire- 
 stones and grindstones. According to Dr. Emmons, one of 
 these passes eastward of Raleigh, another a few miles to the 
 westward, and a third crosses the counties of Montgomery, 
 Eandolph and Orange. The well known fire stones of Gas- 
 ton, Lincoln and Catawba, occur in the fourth belt, which 
 crops out along the line of upheaval of King's mountain, 
 Crowder's mountain and Little mountain. This rock in 
 places assumes the character of white granular quartz (sac- 
 <?.haroidal quartz of the mineralogist) and attains sufficient 
 purity to be used in the manufacture of glass. Linville 
 mountain, in McDowell county, at the eastern base of the 
 Blue Kidge, is chiefly made up of the same rock. Here is 
 found the flexible sandstone (Itacolumite of the mineralo- 
 gist) in which the diamond occurs in other parts of the 
 world. 
 
(105) 
 
 LIMESTONE. 
 
 In addition to the four beds of this rock in the western 
 counties, there are two beds east of the Blue Ridge; one is 
 in McDowell county, along the North Fork, the other crosses 
 the State from King's mountain, along_ through Gaston, 
 Lincoln and Catawba to Stokes. There is also a small bed 
 of marly limestone eight or ten miles in length in the north- 
 western part of Wake county. 
 
 PORCELAIN CLAY, AC. 
 
 Agalmatolite constitutes another member of the sandstone 
 group in at least two of the zones, being found in this 
 connection in Montgomery and Chatham, as well as on the 
 Nantehaleh river, and across Cherokee county. This rock is 
 miscalled soapstone, which it resembles in some of its prop- 
 erties and uses. 
 
 It is developed here on a large scale, and in no part of the^ 
 world is found in greater purity or extent. Its uses in the 
 arts are manifold, being substituted for graphite in lubrica- 
 tion, and for soapstone in furnaces, prepared as a cosmetic 
 and a pigment, and manufactured into soap, into ornaments, 
 and the finer kinds of porcelain ware. It has been exported 
 for this latter purpose in large quantities to New York, and 
 to Germany. 
 
 GRAPHITE. 
 
 Here, also, belong the famous graphite, or plumbago beds 
 of Wake county, being found immediately under the sand 
 stone, or quartzite. It occurs, likewise, in the same connec- 
 tion, in the Catawba belt (in Gaston, Lincoln and Catawba) 
 and scattered through several counties westward. The uses 
 of this mineral are well known and important, the principal of 
 which are for the so-called lead pencils, for crucibles, for 
 paints, for lubrication and for electrotyping, kc. The Wake 
 county mines have been worked to a considerable extent, and 
 will, no doubt, be re-opened. Dr. Emmons and Prof. Olmsted 
 pronounce these the most iir.portant beds of this mineral 
 known. 
 
 The quartzite in Montgomery, takes the form of a buhrstone, 
 which is supposed to be valuable for the manufacture of mill 
 stones. This mineral is also found near Webster, in Jackson 
 county, and on Nantehaleh river, in Macon. 
 
( 106 ) 
 
 SOAPSTONE, WHETSTONES, GRINDSTONES, &C. 
 
 Soapstone and serpentine of good quality are found in va- 
 rious parts of the State, for example, in Wake, Moore, Orange, 
 Randolph, Mecklenburg and Caldwell, and west of the Blue 
 Ridge, there is a remarkable belt of serpentine and chlorite 
 slates, traversing the State from Clay to Mitchell, which carries 
 a great variety of minerals, interesting to the mineralogist, 
 and one at least that might become valuable economically, 
 viz: The slate formation, which occupies a tract of the State, 
 not less than forty miles in width, west of the coal rocks of 
 Deep river, extends in a north-east direction, from Anson and 
 Union counties on the southern border to the Virginia line. 
 These slates constitute a notable feature in the geology of the 
 State, and, in addition to the interest which attaches to the 
 numerous mines along its north-western border, they contain 
 extensive beds of roofing-slates and turkey hones, (novaculite.) 
 Scythe-stones are also found on the Nantehaleh, of good 
 quality and in great abundance. 
 
 The Linville Slates furnish abundant materials for grind- 
 stones and whetstones, in the Linville mountaiiis, and for 
 whetstones of very good quality in Adam's Nnob on John's 
 River. On Laurel River in Madison is a peculiar cherty 
 splintered whitish quartz rock which ]\Ir. George Gehagan 
 has manufactured into millstones, which are described as 
 nearly equal in performance to the French buhrstone. One 
 of the best millstone grits in the country is found on 
 McLennon's creek, in Moore county. 
 
 ALUM AND COPPEEAS. 
 
 Alum and copperas slates abound in many parts of the 
 State, and have been extensively brought into requisition 
 during the stress of the late war. The counties of Cleveland 
 and Rutherford alone contain not less than 100 square miles 
 of these rocks, and could easily supply the continent with 
 copperas. This material is derived, by the process of weath- 
 ering, from the iron pyrites which is disseminated, in great 
 abundance, and in a state of extreme comminution, through 
 the slates, many of which, being feldsphatic, yield also alum. 
 
 MIITER.4L SPRINGS. 
 
 The same cause, viz: the abundance and wide diffusion 
 of iron pyrites give rise to so many sulphur, chalybeate and 
 alum springs in this Piedmont country. They abound 
 throughout the region, but the most noted are the WiL 
 
(107) 
 
 son's Springs, (White and Red Sulphur, and Chalybeate) 
 near Shelby in Cleaveland county, MoBrier's and Patterson's 
 in the same county, and the Catawba White Sulphur and 
 Chalybeate in the northern part of the county of the same 
 name, and Piedmont Springs in Burke near Table Kock. 
 All these are watering places of some celebrity. Wilson's 
 and the Catawba have been recently improved and furnished 
 in good style. They have the advantage of being located' 
 in a very salubrious climate, in view of the mountains, ancP 
 easily accessible from the Rail Roads. Beyond the Blue- 
 Ridge also mineral springs abound. The most notable are 
 the celebrated Warm Springs near Ashville, and the Mil- 
 lion Springs at the foot of Craggy Mountain. 
 
 MICA. 
 
 Large crystals of mica are found in many pari s of Yancey 
 and Mitchell; the largest I have seen, however, were ob- 
 tained in Cleveland near Shelby. When clear and free from 
 flaws, plates four inches by six are worth about one dollar- 
 and a half per pound. 
 
 BAEYTES AND MANGANESE. 
 
 Barytes is found in Orange, in the mines of Cabarrus and' 
 Mecklenburg, also in Gaston and Madison counties; and 
 manganese in Cabarrus and Gaston as well as in Lincoln^ 
 Catawba and Chatham. 
 
 MARL. 
 
 This valuable material is liberally scattered over most of 
 the seacoast section of the State, and is found in every degree 
 of purity and consolidation, from a mere aggregation of 
 loose shells to the most compact limestone, suitable for build- 
 ing or for l)urning into lime. The famous Bath stone of Loudon 
 is matched by some of these beds. The marl is generally 
 found near the surface and easily accessible. The importance 
 of these accumulations of mineral manure to the agriculture 
 of the State is not fiilly appreciated. Our farmers are only 
 beginning to understand the essential part which lime plays 
 in the economy of vegetable growth, and its important rela- 
 tions to exhausted soils. 
 
 We pass to the other division of minerals, the metaliferous 
 ores. 
 
 To the unpracticed eye, nothing presents a picture of more 
 hopeless disorder and chaos than the rocks, particularly in a 
 region of great disturbance, as in a moutainous country. 
 
( 108 ) 
 
 Here seems truly "A land of darkness, without any order, 
 and where the light is as darkness." And yet, at the touch 
 of science, order rises out of this confusion, and light spreads 
 over this darkness. In a region of the wildest riot of disorder, 
 dislocation, disturbance and inversion, under the patient and 
 inevitable inductions of geology, the upheaved, overturned, 
 and distorted strata fall into rank and regularity along certain 
 axes and group themselves orderly about certain centres. As 
 the sandstones, limestone, &c., of the previous division were 
 found to acknowledge certain relationships inter se, and 
 toward a controlling geological meridian, so it will appear 
 that the metaliferous ores are not scattered at random and as 
 if by chance, (even within the limitations already stated, of a 
 disturbed area and a low geological horizon) but have a subor- 
 dinate grouping and a palpable arrangement. 
 
 IRON. 
 
 And first of iron, king of metals ; so, because it constitutes 
 the very frame-work, as it were, of our material civilization, 
 without which the whole fabric would vanish like the fabled 
 .ship on approaching the magnetic mountain. North Carolina 
 is peculiarly fortunate in the possession of an abundance of 
 iron ore, and so widely distributed and in so immediate juxta- 
 position with the other materials and means for smelting it, 
 that each section, except the seaboard counties, can produce 
 its own supply. These ores occupy chiefly five or six narrow 
 tracts, or districts, which have an obvious relation to the min- 
 eral belts already pointed out. 
 
 This relation is most obvious and most immediate in the 
 trans-Catawba tract, the ore being found in heavy veins along 
 the out-crop of the sandstone from King's mountain through 
 Gaston, Lincoln and Catawba, to Stokes and Surry. A second 
 belt extends through Montgomei-y, Randolph and Guilford. 
 A third has its largest development in Chatham in the neigh- 
 borhood of the coal, at Buckhorn, Lockville, Ore Hill, Egypt, 
 '&c., but makes its appearance also in Johnson. These ores 
 are specular, magnetic and hematite. 
 
 In the coal-beds themselves, exists an importantdeposit of iron 
 ore interstratified with the coal. West of the Blue Ridge is one 
 of the mo3t valuable accumulations of iron ore to be found in 
 the country. It has been long famous for the fine quality of 
 the metal which it yields. The ore lies at the base of the 
 Yellow mountain in Mitcliell county, and is found at several 
 points in a southwest direction in Madison and Haywood. 
 These beds are magnetic, and are well adapted to the manu- 
 facture of steel. 
 
 Another bed accompanies the limestone of McDowell and 
 
( 109 ) 
 
 Transylvania; and one of the most important and extensive 
 deposits in the country, crosses the entire bi eadth of Cher- 
 okee. It belono;s commonly to the variety of specular or 
 hematite ore. The completion of the Western Rail Road will 
 bring these immense depo-'its into speedy requisition, and 
 will probably render Cherokee the leading iron county of 
 the State. 
 
 The manufacture of iron had attained to considerable im- 
 portance in the State previously to the late war, during which, 
 of course, this industry received a great impetus. And when 
 our system of Internal Improvements shall have been com- 
 pleted, this will doubtless become one of the most important, 
 manufactures in the State. 
 
 GOLD. 
 
 Gold mining commenced in North Carolina about fifty 
 years ago. The first impulse was given to the business by the 
 accidental discovery of some large nuggets in Cabarrus and 
 Anson counties. Previously to the year 1820. not more than 
 $50,-000 had been obtained. In 1863, the aggregate yield was 
 not less than $10,000,900; which would make an average 
 annual yield of $250,000. Here, as elsewhere, the first mining 
 was confined to "surface-diggings." And in 1824, Professor 
 Olmsted, of the University, then State Geologist, expressed 
 doubts about the existence of gold veins in that region. 
 
 In California, Australia, along the Andes and the Ural, — 
 every where, in ancient and modern times, these superficial 
 deposits have been the chief source of the precious metal, and 
 have been generally more remunerative than vein-mines. 
 And it is in this datritus of sand, gravel and clay, that nearly 
 all the large masses, or nuggets, of gold have been found. 
 
 In North Carolina, however, vein-mining has obtained 
 great prominence ; and the larger part of the whole product in 
 this State has been derived from this source. Some single 
 mines in the gold region have yielded from dAe to two millions. 
 And if these mines have not been uniformly profitable, it is 
 because they have been generally wrought with little science, 
 or economy. Overman, in his ivork on Metallurgy, has recorded 
 his conviction that these mines, under projjer management, would 
 be more profitable than those of California. 
 
 The vein-gold of this State is usually found in a gangue of 
 quartz,' or disseminated in a slaty veinstone; and is commonly 
 associated with iron and copper pyrites. This association 
 almost universally prevails below the water-level. These 
 mines, therefore, are of the same character as those of Califor- 
 nia and Colorado, and the new methods wliich have been 
 devised during the last few years, to meet the difficulties of 
 
( 110 ) 
 
 working this class of ores will doubtless be found applicable 
 here. 
 
 The gold district proper of Nortli Carolina extends, inclu- 
 sively, from Guilford, L'andolph and Moore counties, West 
 ^nd South-west to the Blue Kidge, and comprises all the 
 interjacent counties, some twenty in number. Outside of 
 this region there are but two gold fields of any note, viz: 
 in Cherokee and Nash. 
 
 The Reed mine in Cabarrus county has yielded more 
 than a dozen nuggets, of various weights, from twenty-eight 
 pounds (the largest ever found before the discovery of Cali- 
 fornia) to two or three pounds, making an aggregate of over 
 120 pounds. These nuggets are found in the detrital accu- 
 m.ulation8 of denuded veins. The most extensive surface 
 diggings, or placer mines, are found in the South moun- 
 tains, occupying nearly 200 square miles in Burke and the 
 neighboring counties. More than a million of dollars have 
 been obtained from this deposit, and it is by no means ex- 
 hausted. 
 
 There are also placer diggings of considerable extent in 
 the counties of Caldwell, Polk and Nash. 
 
 SILVER. 
 
 It will be observed that the richest gold mines lie along 
 and near the line of contact of the slates and granite. And 
 it is also along this line that the principal silver mines of 
 this State are found. The most noted of these is at Silver 
 Hill, in Davidson county. The combination of metals here is 
 quite complex, — including, with the silver, gold, lead, copper 
 and zinc. A chain of silver mines runs south-west along the 
 western border of the slates, including the Conrad, the 
 McMakin and the Stewart mines. During the war, the first 
 named of these mines yielded a considerable quantity of lead. 
 It had been previously worked chiefly for silver and gold. 
 The same association of metals occurs in Cherokee. 
 
 Two or three siiver mines have also been discovered 
 recently in Watauga county, near the Tennesse line. 
 
 LEAD AND ZINC. 
 
 Lead has not been found in quantities to justify operation 
 elsewhere in the State, although its existence has been ascer- 
 tained in several localities in the mountain region, as in Mc- 
 Dowell and Cherokee. Both the silver and lead of North 
 Carolina are found mostly in combination with sulphur in 
 galena. 
 
(Ill) • 
 
 Zinc is not known to occur in the State, except in the above 
 named association and localities. 
 
 The new process ol manufacturing zinc paint has rendered 
 all these zinc-lead mines immensely valuable. 
 
 COPPER. 
 
 Copper has long been known as an accompaniment of gold 
 in most of the mines of that metal especially in those which 
 occur within the belt of granite bordering the slates on the 
 west. Many of these, which were originally operated as gold 
 mines, were abandoned on account of the increase of copper 
 pyrites with the depth ; and it is only within a few years that 
 several of them have been re-opened as copper mines. 
 
 The mines of this metal in the gold district above indi- 
 cated, are found East of the Catawba river, and the most 
 important of these are in the Southern portion of Chatham, 
 in Guilford, Davidson, Rowan, Cabarrus and Mecklenburg, 
 many of which have been recently re-opened. There are 
 also several other mines outside of this district, the prin- 
 cipal of which is the Gillis mine in Person. 
 
 Beyond the Blue Eidge are two well defined copper dis- 
 tricts, in which occur many large veins, which have only 
 been opened at a few points. One of these lies on the head 
 waters of the Tuckasegee in Jackson, extending occasionally 
 across the mountain chains into the neighboring counties of 
 Macon and Haywood. The most noted mines in this region 
 are the Cullowhee, Waryhut and Savannah. The other 
 copper belt is in Ashe and Alleghany counties. The impor- 
 tant mines here are the Elk Knob, Ore Knob, Peach Bottom 
 and Gap Creek. In both these trans-montane districts, the 
 veins are developed on a very large scale. They differ from 
 all other copper mines in the State (and so far as I know in 
 the country) in being found in hornblende state. 
 
 CHROMIC IRON. 
 
 As has been stated, this mineral accompanies the serpen- 
 tine in the most of its outcrops in the transmontane plateau, 
 e. g., in Yancey, Mitchell and Watauga, as well as in Jackson. 
 It exists in the form of nodules and veins. This mineral 
 yields a very large number of valuable paints. 
 
 TUNGSTEN. 
 
 Tungsten, a metal which was long merely a chemical 
 curiosity, but has recently assumed a high value, particularly 
 
[112] 
 
 on account of its relation to the manufacture of steel, occurs 
 in Cabarrus. 
 
 DIAMONDS. 
 
 Several valuable diamonds have been found in the trans- 
 Catawba country, in Lincoln and Rutherford counties. 
 
 From this very rapid survey of the minerals of North Car- 
 olina, several facts worthy of note are evident: first, that, 
 though widely distributed, they are not scattered at random, 
 but follow a certain order of grouping and association; so 
 that the probability of the occurrence of a given mineral in 
 any particular locality can be approximately ascertained be- 
 fore examination. 
 
 Again, it is evident that this State is abundantly supplied 
 with the more important and valuable minerals, those which 
 are essential to the permanent and successful development of 
 our agriculture and manufactures. Among these must be 
 always first named iron, coal and lime. Of the first two it 
 has been seen that there is the greatest profusion. Of lime, 
 however, it may be supposed that there is a deficiency. It is 
 true that we have no such immense territory of limestone as 
 is found in some of the other States; and yet, upon consider- 
 ation, it will be apparent that nature has provided an abun- 
 dant store for all possible needs. The tertiary region in the 
 east finds an ample supply for the purposes of agriculture and 
 architecture in its widely diflused beds of marl. And 
 although the farmer of the middle and western sections may 
 not always find an imperative need of this fertilizer, his soils 
 being frequently derived by disintegration from rocks which 
 contain a considerable per centage of lime, yet, since the 
 breadth of the State is traversed at comparatively short inter- 
 vals by a number of outcrops of limestone, which are crossed 
 almost at right angles by our rivers and many of our rail 
 roads, it is thus brought within convenient reach of almost 
 every neighborhood. Nature has denied us only two of the 
 more important mineral deposits, salt and gypsum, (and they 
 may yet be discovered in the sandstone of the coal.) But of 
 these two there is an unlimited store just across our borders, 
 within easy reach by a short line of railroad, of our net-work 
 of proposed and completed rail roads and of our rivers. 
 Taking, then, in one view, our resources of iron, coal, and 
 lime, of gold and copper, and the great variety of other min- 
 erals of subordinate but real and increasing value, it is suffi- 
 ciently apparent that our Stale has here the foundation of 
 indefinite wealth and prosperity; and that there is wanting to 
 these ends only a vigorous prosecution of- our system of inter- 
 
( 113 ) 
 
 nal improvements on the part of our Legislature, and intelli- 
 gence, industry and enterprise on that of our citizens. 
 
 THE POPULATION 
 
 in 1860 was 992,622, of which one third are colored, and 
 3,298 are of foreign birth. One-tenth of the population live 
 in towns and cities. 
 
 LAND. 
 
 According to the census of 1860, there were 6,500,000 acres 
 of improved land, being about one fifth of the area of the 
 State. The price at which these lands are held ranges from 
 about 3 dollars to 100 dollars per acre; the average would be 
 about 7 1-2. 
 
 The only qualification necessary to enable a foreigner to 
 own land, is taking the oath of allegiance to the State, or 
 becoming a citizen of the United States. 
 
 \ 
 
 PUBLIC SCHOOLS 
 
 were maintained in the State, by the means of the income 
 derived from the Literary Fund, which amounted to two mil- 
 lion five hundred thousand dollars in 1860. About half of 
 this fund has been swept away by the war; and the system of 
 District schools which had brought a rudimentary education 
 within the reach of all, free of cost, has been entirely pros- 
 trated for the present, but will be revived immediately under 
 laws recently enacted for the purpose. 
 
 The State may be reached directly from Europe through 
 either of her ports — Wilmington or Beaufort, (or Norfolk,) 
 from which railroads penetrate every part of the State. 
 
 From New York the distance by railroad or steamer is 
 about 20 hours. 
 
 The number of newspapers published in the State is about 
 75; all in the English language. 
 
 Yours, truly, 
 
 W. C. KERR, 
 State Geologist. 
 
(114) 
 
 The following letter addressed to a New Yorker, is from 
 the pen of our venerable and learned friend Eev. Dr. Mason^ 
 Rector of Christ's Church, Raleigh, N. C. It will be read 
 with interest: 
 
 Raleigh, N. C. Ajml 20, 1869. 
 
 My Dear Friend: — From what you have heard of the' 
 climate of North Carolina, and especially of that middle belt 
 in which Raleigh is situated, you think it possible you may 
 forsake the cold regions of New York for the milder winters 
 of this State. You wish me then to tell you, how I like my 
 residence here, what I really think of the climate, especially 
 of Raleigh; what is the character of the country generally;, 
 what its agriculture, and what prospect there is of your carry- 
 ing out successfully your favorite amusement or pursuit, shall 
 I call it, of gardening. 
 
 My answer to the first, need not be long. You know I have 
 been here many years, and you have never heard me, I am 
 persuaded, express any intention or desire to remove. 
 
 For the healthiness of the country, that must depend on the 
 part of the State in which one resides. The eastern part of 
 the State must be to a greater or less degree subject to inter- 
 mittent and remittent fever. I do not think however, it can 
 be in this respect much, if at all, worse than the eastern part 
 of Virginia or Maryland; and must be far better than the 
 eastern part of South Carolina, and consequently of Georgia,, 
 if there is any foundation for the old woman's impression. 
 When the line was run between North and South Carolina, 
 her house was determined to be in the North instead of the 
 South State. At this she expressed great satisfaction, as she- 
 had always heard that South Carolina was a desperate un- 
 healthy place. You know I have lived in various climates. I 
 have been in the West India Islands, at least in one, the most 
 healthy perhaps of them. I have resided in three of the North- 
 ern States, as far as New York, but I can certainly say, that 
 I consider the climate of Raleigh much superior to any I have 
 ever been in. The air is dry; there are no swamps or marshes 
 around us; the soil is generally porous; the violence of north- 
 eastern storms does not reach us, nor the unwholesom.e moisture 
 of the South-east; both are tempered before they reach us. 
 
 I have known many persons in a population of between five 
 and six thousand, more than eighty; a few, more than ninety 
 years old; and as far as my experience goes, the young are 
 less liable to die here than in any place I have ever lived. 
 What my experience has taught me of Raleigh is true, I believe, 
 of the whole belt of country extending from the Virginia to 
 the South Carolina line in which Raleigh is situated. It is 
 
( 115 ) 
 
 intermediate between the east witli its intermittent and remit- 
 tent levers, and the west with its more inflammatory disorders. 
 Diseases of both sorts exist among- us, but far less frequently 
 than in their native regions, and generally very much modified 
 in violence. ._ We have no endemic diseases and epidemics 
 very seldom occur; I never knew or heard of a genuine case 
 of cholera. 
 
 As I know your aversion to musquitoes, I may say for 
 your satisfaction that although they are to be found in Kaleigh 
 in some parts of the town, but not in great numbers, in other 
 parts of the town they scarcely show tliemselves at all; and 
 in any part,- they are, compared with eastern musquitoes such 
 insignificant fellows, that were it not for the villainous drone 
 of their hateful bag-pipes you might despise them aitogetlier. 
 
 Of the face of the country: North Carolina, you know, 
 may be considered a long parallelogram divided into three 
 distinct regions; the fiat country of swamps and marshes and 
 sluggish streams, supposed, I think, by geologists to have been 
 upheaved from the sea, and extending about one hundred miles 
 from the coast. A great part of this region is sandy, and 
 easily worked, is very fertile, abounding, however, in the long- 
 leaved pine, from which turpentine, &c., is obtained, and 
 for which North Carolina is noted. These sandy lands, when 
 improved by pjanuring and otherwise skillful cultivation, make 
 very good cotton lands. 
 
 Two sources of fertility have been resorted to, one mineral 
 and the other vegetable. The eastern region of the State 
 abounds in marl beds, and these are beginning, indeed have 
 been for some time, used very successfully by certain persons 
 in certain districts.- The other, and vegetable source of im- 
 provement is called the corn or field pea, producing an abun- 
 dant stalk and foliage, and when sowed in early summer and 
 plowed in when near maturity, supplies, in the Southern 
 States, the place of clover in the Northern States, with a 
 more rapid effect. 
 
 The swamp and marsh lands, when cleared and drained, are 
 very fertile. I have heard of some of them producing from 
 eighty to a hundred bushels of corn per acre, and of an hun- 
 dred dollars an acre being refused for their purchase. 
 
 The middle region is the region of wheat and corn, along- 
 its northern borders, of tobacco very excellent, and in some 
 counties, cotton. Along the Southern border, besides the first 
 named products of wheat and corn, the chief production is 
 cotton. Some of the counties of this region are quite fertile,, 
 some not remarkably so. 
 
 ■ The third region, the mountainous and most westerly part 
 of the State, is, I am told, a magnificent region. Of all the 
 mountain country of the United States east of the Eocky 
 
(116; 
 
 mountains, the mountains of NDrtli Carolina are the loftiest, 
 and yet they are clothed with verdure from top to bottom. In 
 this part of the State, there is perhaps, as excellent a grazing 
 country as can be found in the United States ; may be in any 
 part of the world. The soil, too is a wonderful producer of 
 roots and tuberous plants. I have heard of one thousand 
 bushels of the common potatoe — Irish as we call them to dis- 
 tinguish them from sweet potatoes — being produced on an 
 acre. This may be an exaggeration or myth, but all myths 
 have some reality, all exaggerations have some foundation. 
 
 Thus you will see that North Carolina being situated be- 
 tween Yirginia and South Carolina, partakes of the agricul- 
 tural advantages of both. It must be considered as the 
 extreme north of cotton cultivation, while South of it, very 
 little attention is paid to the production of tobacco, while the 
 western part of the State from the richness of its grasses, and 
 tlie luxuriance of its vines rivals, and from the superiority 
 and the greater mildness of its climate, more than rivals the best 
 pastures of the North. I may add here, that quarries of ex- 
 ceedingly beautiful marble are said to be found in Cherokee 
 county the most westerly county of North Carolina. 
 
 But now for your horticulture. First, lei me observe this 
 town is called the city of oaks from the number of these trees, 
 original tenants of the soil, which the first settlers of the town 
 and the present residents that have succeeded them, had the 
 good taste to preserve. To me there are few objects of greater 
 grand beauty than one of these aborigines of the forest, with 
 his " fifty arms so strong," clothed in their full fresh vendure 
 of May or early June, relieved against the deep, deep blue, and 
 serene sky of this climate. 
 
 There is in addition the artificial beauty a,rising from culti- 
 vation. Except in the mere business part of the place, there 
 are few houses without their front lot for ornamental and their 
 back lot for kitchen gardening. Very many houses have 
 attached to them, conservatories fiJled with exotics. Even 
 where these are not found, the front yards are kept by careful 
 attention in rich grasses, sometimes green (as the Kentucky 
 grass for instance) through the whole winter, with trees of 
 various descriptions, deciduous and evergreen, with borders of 
 shrubbery and ornamental flowers. 
 
 But come, let us hasten, after this long delay, to what you 
 will be more interested in, the practice of the kitchen garden. 
 Let us enter my garden. You see, that being originally a 
 sloping lot of ground, it was necessarily terraced. Let us sit 
 at the corner of this bank, faced with the Kentucky grass. 
 Look around ! You perceive there has been an attempt to 
 unite the dulce with the utile, the ornamental with the neces- 
 sary; the decoration of the parlor with the preparation of 
 
(117) 
 
 the kitchen — the former, principally with the care of the fairer 
 sex of my household, the latter I have taken under my own 
 charge. This bed on the left is one of hyacinths, now out of 
 bloom. On each side of the main walk we have passed through, 
 are rows of choice roses of several varieties, and of almost 
 every hue. Many of them, as you see, will soon be in bloom. 
 Interspersed among the roses, are flowering shrubs; vines and 
 roots of many kinds. Off to the right, are climbing roses, 
 with a Chinese honej^-suckie, and what is popularly called, 
 " the yellow jessamine," but which is really, as a very learned 
 friend of mine, an eminent botanist. Dr. Curtis, of Hillsboro, 
 writes in his admirable practical work, " the Woody plants of 
 North Carolina," a '•^ Gelsemuona sempervirens^\ Read what 
 he says of it: 
 
 " Its graceful evergreen leaves, the profusion of its large, 
 bright and deliciously fragrant blossoms, renders this vine the 
 pride of our forest." 
 
 Immediately behind us is a bed of potatoes, the common 
 potatoes of course, not the sweet. A great part of them are 
 up, but I am afraid a late frost has very much injured them. 
 I planted them in December of last year, according to my 
 usual and generally successful practice. Hereafter, I shall not 
 plant till the peach tree is in bloom, generally the beginning 
 of March. 
 
 Beyond those two beds of Asparagus immediately before 
 you, is a plot of Wakefield cabbages, sown the first week of 
 last November. In the severity of the winter, they were cov- 
 ered with glass. Have I Winningstadts ? Certainly. I con- 
 sider them the finest early though not the earliest Spring cab- 
 bage. My Winningstadts are on the last plot in the garden 
 to the right. I sow in November, as being the earliest time 
 to prevent many of my plants running to seed. Yes, I have 
 also a few early cauliflowers. If they succeed they will bloom 
 in May. Between the rows of cabbage, you see is lettuce, 
 the early cabbage lettuce, sowed in September, at the same 
 time with spinach and black mustard, and onion seed. Do 
 the young onion plants endure the winter ? Perfectly, as you 
 will presently see. So does the spinach ; so does the mustard, 
 without any covering; and the lettuce. I cultivate two other 
 kinds of lettuce, besides that you see so large, the Ice lettuce, 
 called so, I suppose, from the semi-transparency of its ribs. A 
 delicate lettuce of fine flavor, but of short continuance, as it 
 endures neither heat nor cold well, and soon runs to seed. 
 The other is the large India, taking all its qualities into con- 
 sideration, tlie best lettuce I have ever met with. It does not 
 •endure cold remarkably, but it does heat. T!ie cabbage let- 
 tuce we have been eatin"- for more than a month. You see it 
 
(118) 
 
 is now well headed. We have had asparagus for some days, 
 and are now on our second crop of radishes. 
 
 Let us walk around some of the plots. I indulge a great 
 deal, you see, in pears, some dwarf and some standards. The 
 pear is a delicious fruit and is almost the only tree-fruit not 
 infested by insects. The peach in the garden is destroyed by 
 the curculio, and the apple both by the curculio and the cod- 
 line moth. 
 
 This mammoth bush as you term it, but which is no bush but 
 a tree in the eastern and southeastern part of the State where 
 the climate is somewhat milder, is the fig, and a most valuable 
 fellow. He is never infested by insects, always bearing a deli- 
 cious fruit. When the frost does not interfere, bearing a first 
 and always a later second crop. In this altitude so far up the 
 country, the plant is sometimes injured by the frost, but never 
 entirely destroyed. 
 
 The strawberries are of various sorts, most of them are in 
 full bloom, so are my early peas. I shall have them both, 
 earlj^ in May. 
 
 The grapes are Catawbaand Isabella. The Isabellas scarcely 
 ever ripen well. The Catawbas sometimes succeed remarkably 
 well. As you perceive this year I mulch them with oak 
 leaves; as I think it is what is principally needed to prevent 
 rot. One year I suffered weeds to grow among my grapes, 
 and merely cut them down without attempting to weed them 
 up. I had that year a great quantity of grapes; last year I 
 took particular pains to keep the ground clean and I had few 
 or no grapes. But "part hoe" is not necessarily "proper hoe." I 
 shall try however, the leaves. I will shew you soon a native, 
 on which like the true native man of the State you can rely. 
 In the meantime here are my tomatoe plants set out from 
 a cold-frame; 1 never used a hot-bed, as in this climate it is 
 I think unnecessary and dangerous, unless you have a gardner 
 j-ou can certainly trust. Here are my cucumbers, removed 
 from the frame on inverted sods, as are also melons and 
 squashes. You see my spinach is going to seed and so is my 
 autumn sown mustard. And here is the grape vine, the Scup- 
 pernong. Not of the highest character for either the press, 
 or the table. I doubt its being ever made a good wine grape, 
 not of exquisite flavor, as the Hamburg, not of high Patri- 
 cian standing, but of good steady, regular, useful, sober, yeo- 
 manly qualities. Its bloom is after all frosts are over, no 
 insects infest it; it spreads and bears to any extent you please 
 to carry it and regularly. But I must warn you, that it is a 
 downright Southerner and steadily refuses to bear at all be- 
 yond Mason's and Dixon's line. Nay, I am not sure that 
 he will condescend to bear in Virginia. I believe he looks 
 with a good deal of indifference upon the pretensions of the 
 
(119) 
 
 T. F's. In fact he is a genuine native North Carolinian and 
 is truer to his native State than many a North Carolina man 
 or woman. 
 
 The poles before you are for Lima beans, recently planted 
 Ibut not yet up. 
 
 And now I have told you nearly, if not quite all, you wished 
 to know. I will only add if you go south or east from Ral- 
 eigh, the products of the garden are earlier; if north or west 
 later than they are here. " Auream quisquis mediocritatem 
 diligit Tutus:''' Take the gold mean of Raleigh with its 
 aindoubted salubrity, and come and live among us. 
 
 R. S. MASON. 
 
FACTS FOR EMIGEAl^TS and CAPITALISTS. 
 
 THE SWAMP LANDS OF NORTH CAROLIM. 
 
 ACRES, 
 
 In the Eastern portion of North Carolina lying on the 
 Atlantic Ocean, from Virginia to South Carolina, there are 
 millions of acres of Swamp lands in their native forest growth^ 
 of great fertility and value. Most of these lands can be bought 
 from their present proprietors at nominal prices, not one-third 
 their real value. 
 
 The Board of Literature of North Carolina holds in trust 
 for the benefit of Public Education all those swamp lands 
 which belong to the State, supposed to contain one million five 
 hundred thousand acres. These lands are for sale. Besides 
 these, there are many millions of acres owned by private per- 
 sons and corporations, which can be purchased. For specific 
 information in reference to these lands, apply to the North 
 Caeolina Land Company, Raleigh, N. G. 
 
 In 1867, the Board of Literature of North Carolina, pre- 
 pared and published a description of the State Swamp lands 
 from official sources. As this description holds good in most 
 particulars in reference to all the swamp lands of Eastern 
 North Carolina, we deem it proper to present to our readers 
 the following statements from that document published by 
 the Board of Literature: 
 
 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. 
 
 The term Sivamp is applied in North Carolina to low, wet 
 and spongy lands unfit for cultivation without thorough drain- 
 age. The statute meaning of the term is a large body of such 
 Jond; and it is applied to districts in the alluvial region of 
 
( 121 ) 
 
 the State not affected by tide or salt water that can be 
 drained. 
 
 Some of the lakes are isolated, and others are found within 
 the swamps and occupying their highest points; and all of 
 these lands are susceptible of thorough drainage, the expense 
 per acre being much less where large bodies are drained by 
 one system of canals. This is one main reason why many of 
 these lands have not hitherto been improved: for the swamps 
 are too large for single proprietors, and the cost per acre of 
 draining a single plantation, of moderate size, would gener- 
 ally be more than three times that of draining an entire^ 
 district. 
 
 The lands are all level, and, being alluvial, are free of stones 
 and pebbles, and, when improved, of very easy tillage. 
 
 SPECIFIC QUALITIES. 
 
 The swamp lands described above may be divided, with 
 reference to soil, production and value, into three general 
 classes. 
 
 First. — The very fertile, of which the improved lands of 
 Hyde county are the general type, and for a scientific descrip- 
 tion of which, of the highest authority, the reader is referred 
 to the following: 
 
 SWAMP LANDS OF THE HYDE COUNTY TYPE : SCIENTIFIC AU- 
 THORITY. 
 
 The late E. Emmons, LL D., formerly of the Geological 
 Survey of New York, and well and favorably known to the- 
 scientific world, was, at the time of his death, and for years- 
 before had been. State Geologist of North Carolina. 
 
 He examined with much care the agricultural characteris- 
 tics of the swamp region of North Carolina, subjecting the 
 soils to a thorough analysis, and personally inspecting their 
 cultivation and production. 
 
 From an elaborate report made in 1858, the following 
 extracts are taken : 
 
 " Maize (Indian Corn) must be ranked among the most 
 exhausting crops; and it is evident that poor soils will scarcely 
 repay the farmer for its cultivation. * * * 
 
 While it must be admitted that maize is an exhausting crop, 
 it is equally clear and conclusive that it is one of the most 
 important and valuable, and hence it may be regarded as one^ 
 which pays the best. * * « * * 
 
 The foregoing remarks respecting the maize crop havebeeib 
 
( 122 ) 
 
 made in consequence of the peculiar adaptation of the soil of 
 Hyde County to this cereal. It is the granary of the South. 
 It is true that the number of bushels per acre which constitute 
 the average crop is less than the number frequently made on 
 other kinds of soil. Thus, a hundred bushels of corn may be 
 ,grown upon an acre, but the Hyde County soils rarely exceed 
 sixty bushels per acre; but from fifty to sixty bushels are 
 .grown, annually, per acre for an indefinite term of years, with- 
 out the expense of fertilizers, while the heavy premium crops 
 require a great expenditure on them; and these have to be 
 repeated, in order to keep the ground in a good condition; 
 and hence, in the long term of years, the profits of these rich 
 lands greatly exceed those which are only moderately so, 
 naturally, and require, every few years, an instalment of 
 manure." — Hejjort of 185S, pages 2Sth, 2dth. 
 
 " The Hyde County soils have acquired a deservedly high 
 reputation. 
 
 Some tracts have been cultivated over a century, and the 
 crops appear to be equally as good as they were at an early 
 period of their culture; and yet no manure has been employed, 
 and they have been under culture in Indian corn every year, 
 or what would be equivalent thereto. * * * 
 
 In accomplishing the object of my visit, I was ably seconded 
 by Dr. Long, of Lake Landing, who has become the owner of 
 a tract which has borne this crop, (Indian corn,) for one hun- 
 dred years without manures. It does not seem to have deter- 
 iorated by this long cultivation; or the crops do not shoio a 
 peceptible falling off"; still, there has been a large consumption 
 of materials during the one hundred years of cultivation, which 
 may be made to appear by analysis. 
 
 The great supply of nutriment, however, still holds out, and 
 the one hundred years to come, if subjected to no greater 
 drains upon its magazine of food, will, at such a distant period, 
 continue to produce its ten to twelve barrels of corn to the 
 acre." — Ibid, pages 19 — 21. 
 
 " In Onslow, the White Oak Desert is the most interesting 
 tract of swamp land in the County, and is at the head of 
 White Oak Creek. This tract may be drained into Trent 
 River. The timber is very large, and consists of white oak, 
 poplar and pine. 
 
 The most important work which has been undertaken, is the 
 drainage of a part of this tract by Mr. Franck. He has been 
 able to secure two objects, the drainage of the land, and a 
 good water power, with a fall of about twelve feet. 
 
 The thickness of the soil in Mr. Franck's poccosin (swamp) 
 
( 123 ) 
 
 is five feet towards the outer rim, and still thicker towards 
 the middle, attaining at least ten fe^et of rich soil. * * 
 
 The excellent quality of parts of it, which are covered with 
 heavy timber, proves by cultivation that it is equal to the 
 Mattamuskeet lands of Hyde — their average yield being twelve 
 barrels of corn to the acre." — Ibid, pages 37 — 38. 
 
 This White Oak Desert or Swamp, lies partly in Onslow 
 and partly in Jones County, consists of about ninety-four 
 thousand acres, and belongs to the Literary Board. 
 
 * * " The fertility of the lands drained by Mr. Franck, 
 although on the edge of the swamp, and not so rich as in the 
 interior, fully sustains the analysis of Professor Emmons, and 
 the deductions therefrom, that they ' were equal in value to 
 the best quality of the Hyde County soils.' They have yielded, 
 as I am informed by Mr. Franck, every year, an average of 
 from ten to twelve barrels of corn per acre, or twelve hundred 
 pounds of seed cotton ; and last year an elderly negro man, 
 who cultivated a portion on shares, with two young negro 
 women and a boy, all of whom, including the man himself, were 
 stricken down with the small pox, made six bales of cotton 
 and two hundred and forty barrels of corn." — Gen. Gwynn's 
 Report to the Literary Board in 1867. 
 
 "The swamp lands of Brunswick and New Hanover, and 
 adjoining Counties, resemble, in many respects, tliose of Hyde 
 and Onslow. The earthy matter is as fine as that of Onslow 
 or Hyde County lands, and its quality and condition prove 
 the same capacity, as it appears to me, for a productive culti- 
 vation for a series of years." — Dr. Emmons. 
 
 Gen. Walter Gwynn, one of the most eminent and experi- 
 enced civil engineers of the United States, and who, for many 
 years, has been engaged in the various departments of his 
 calling, in different States of the Union, has been several times 
 in the employment of the Literary Board of North Carolina. 
 He has surveyed a number of its Swamps, and in a report 
 made to the Board, in 1867, says: 
 
 " I am unable to state with precision what proportion of the 
 State lands, amounting in all to about a million and a half of 
 acres, belongs to the class that comes up to the standard of 
 the Hyde County or Mattamuskeet lands. I feel confident, 
 hov/ever, that it exceeds somewhat a fourth, and that a large 
 proportion of the remainder, though falling below this stan- 
 dard, is equal to the average quality of lands in the country, 
 known and regarded as good lands. 
 
 The rest would be valuable as manures for other lands, and 
 
( 124 ) 
 
 for peat, •which has lately become an article of commerce from 
 the neighboring swamps of Virginia." 
 
 " It will be useful to compare the swamp lands (of North 
 Carolina) with the prairies of Illinois, whose characteristics 
 have drawn westward so miany emigrants from New England, 
 New York and the old world. The swamp soils of North 
 Carolina show a greater capacity for endurance than the 
 prairie soils of Illinois, notwithstanding the annual crop is 
 somewhat less per acre; but on the score of location we are 
 unable to see that the Illinois soils have a preference. 
 
 As it regards health, Hyde County is no more subject to 
 chills and fevers than the country of the prairies. It is a 
 remarkable fact that persons live and labor in swamps with 
 impunity, or freedom from disease." — Dr. Emmons. 
 
 All things considered, these lands are among the most de- 
 sirable in the world: they produce grass and fruits as well as 
 cereals, are of easy cultivation, and are tilled from generation 
 to generation, without showing any signs of exhaustion. 
 
 They are generally covered with a heavy and dense growth 
 of timber, vines, reeds and grass; the soil is from five to fif- 
 teen feet deep, and consists of decomposed vegetable matter, 
 fine sand, and finely comminuted clay. It produces exuber- 
 antly all the grains, grass, cotton, rice, pease, potatoes, tur- 
 nips, pumpkins, melons, the garden vegetables, apples, peaches 
 and grapes; but the test of its fertility is its growth of Indian 
 corn, an exhausting crop, which it will yield in large amounts, 
 from year to year, without manures or stimulants, and for an 
 indefinite period. 
 
 It will not produce as much per acre as the heavy clay soils 
 in the highest state of improvement; but considering the dif- 
 ference in the expense of production, the crops-of the former 
 are vastly the more profitable. 
 
 The average yield of Indian corn loer acre, without the 
 application of fertilizers or stimulants, is from fifty to seventy- 
 five bushels; and experience has proved that this will con- 
 tinue, from year to year, for more than a century, while science 
 infers, from the facts of the past and from careful analyses, 
 that even two centuries of close cultivation will not exhaust 
 the natural and ever renewing fertility of these soils. 
 
 Second. — Intermediate soils, partaking somewhat of the 
 nature of the first class, and something, also, of that of the 
 third. 
 
 Swamps of this character sometimes contain highly fertile 
 fringes, or districts, alternated with sections of sandy lands 
 not productive, or with peaty soils, devoid of timber; but 
 
(125) 
 
 generally tlie lands included under this liead are of medium 
 quality, producing the same growth with those of the first, 
 but in less abundance. 
 
 They would be regarded as very valuable but for their 
 proximity to the best soils of the world; and many of them 
 are more peculiarly adapted to wheat and the finer grasses 
 than the lands of the first class; and their average yield of 
 Indian corn, which is about twenty-five to forty bushels per 
 acre, can be cheaply and easily increased by the application 
 of fertilizers which abound in this region. 
 
 They are, like the lands of the first class, of very easy til- 
 lage; and one good application of the marl, which is found in 
 this section in exhaustless quanties, will add to their produc- 
 tiveness for twenty years. 
 
 For further particulars, and a more scientific description, 
 read again the foregoing description of the First Class. 
 
 Thied. — This class embraces what is usually known in 
 North Carolin, as Open Ground Swamp, being destitute of 
 woody growth, not inundated with water, but always saturated 
 with moisture. 
 
 The soil consists of organic or undecomposed vegetable 
 matter, and not productive in its present state; but when 
 turned up to the sun, acted on by caustic lime, and packed by 
 cultivation, it becomes in many instances very fertile. 
 
 But it is due to say that the process necessary to the pro- 
 ductiveness of these lands are not likely to be applied at pre- 
 sent in a region abounding in soils that need no improvement 
 except a thorough drainage; and they are now valuable 
 chiefly as vast repositories of peat, easily and cheaply 
 obtained, and near to water carriage, and as exhaustless beds 
 of manures for other soils deficient in the elements of whicli 
 they consist. 
 
 These prarie lands are described more fully as follows: 
 
 " Some of the swamps are open, or marsh lands ; the surface 
 is usually destitute of timber, and covered with a coating of 
 moss, or a growth of reeds and briars. These open lands were 
 once, without doubt, clothed with a large and heavy growth 
 of trees, which have, in the course of time, been prostrated by 
 fire. * * * *- The moss has a highly refractive quality, 
 and almost entirely excludes the soil below from the infiuence 
 of the sun: evaporation goes on slowly, the ground is kept lull 
 of water, vegetation checked, and what few seeds remain are 
 so chilled as to destroy germination. * * » * ^he soil 
 thrown up on the banks of drains, made into the open lands, 
 produces a growth of bushes and weeds of the greatest vigor 
 and luxuriance, and the only things requisite to render the 
 
( 126 ) 
 
 the open lands fertile are draina.'2:c and cultivation. The moss 
 which now covers their surface, instead of being injurious, 
 will, with lime dressing, make a coating of manui-e of immense 
 value."' — Report of Hon. A. Nash, iJngineer in 1827 io the 
 Board of Internal Improvement of N. C. 
 
 "Peat is one the most common materials which has been 
 employed as a fertilizer, and has received the same sanction 
 of those who have used it." — Dr. Emmons^ Report of 1860, 
 p)age 59. 
 
 The Board of Literature owns a swamp of this kind con 
 taining 87,000 acres, lying on navigable water, and within a 
 few miles of Beaufort, one ol the best harbors on the Atlantic 
 coast. The peat here is of the finest quality, and rich in the 
 elements of fertility needed by more sandy lands. 
 
 INCIDENTAL ADVANTAGES OF THE SWAMP 
 LANDS OF NOETH CAROLINA. 
 
 I. THEIR NATURAL GROWTH. 
 
 Some of the swamps contain large bodies of timber, such as 
 pine, juniper, cypress, oak, p'-plar, ash and gum; and in a 
 region accessible to market, such products of the forest are of 
 great value. The business of timber getting has ever been 
 proii table in Eastern North Carolina; the best markets for 
 lumber are comparatively near, and the trees are of the most 
 valuable kind, and often as large and fine as any in the world. 
 
 Grapes, valuable for wine and for table use, abound; and it 
 is only necessary to specify the Scuppernong, famous over the 
 continent, and whicli grows wild in immense quantities, and 
 on vines that grow to immense size, and attain to a great age. 
 
 The reeds and grass of the swamps afford a rich natural 
 pasturage for cattle during the whole year, and this species of 
 stock can be raised as cheaply and abundantly as in any other 
 section of the country. 
 
 II. MARL BEDS. 
 
 The alluvial region of North Carolina abounds in immense 
 beds of shell marl, a species of fertilizer exactly suited to the 
 soils of this section. 
 
 The marl is found near the surface, and often begins with 
 it, reaching generally to a considerable depth, and the beds 
 contain hundreds and sometimes thousands of tons which can 
 be easily and cheaply removed. 
 
 One e'ood dressing of this fertilizer will materially add to 
 
( 127 ) 
 
 the productiveness of the land for twenty years; and thus^ 
 nature has deposited within this favored region the means of 
 increasing and perpetuating the fertility of the soil. 
 
 III. THE FISHERIES. 
 
 Fish, oysters, turtle, and a valuable species of terrapin^, 
 abound in eastern North Carolina; and here are found the 
 largest fisheries of shad, herring and rock, on the American 
 continent. Mullets, and other desirable varieties of fish, are 
 also, caught in great quanties; and the numerous sounds, 
 lakes, rivers and creeks teem with an inexhaustible supply of 
 food for the sustenance of human life. 
 
 It is, also, worthy of note that wild towl and game of other 
 kinds exist in such quantities as to form an article of trade 
 with other States; and as an illustration of the extent of the 
 fisheries, and of their value, it may be mentioned that during 
 the present year one hundred and seventy-five thousand her- 
 rings have been taken at a single haul of the seine. 
 
 IV. ADVANTAGES FOR RAISING BEEP AND PORK. 
 
 It has already been stated that cattle can be raised as 
 cheaply and as numerously here as in any part of the country; 
 and it should be added that the facilities for producing pork 
 are equally great. Indian corn, the staple food for fatteniuo- 
 hogs in the west, can be grown here on as extensive a scale 
 and at little expense as in any part of the world: and in 
 addition to this, eastern North Carolina produces another 
 article nearly as valuable for stock as corn, and which cannot 
 be raised to advantage in the cold States of the west. 
 
 One of the most nutritious, healthy and delightful of all 
 vegetables used for the food of man and beast is the sweet 
 potatoe; and in the region under discussion it requires little 
 care or culture, and on soils comparatively poor, from two to 
 five hundred bushels ^^e?- acre can be easily raised. 
 
 V. FACILITIES FOR RAISING FRUITS AND GARDEN VEGETABLES 
 FOR THE MARKETS OF NORTHERN CITES. 
 
 The peach tree is not so healthy in the alluvial region as 
 on the stifl" clay soils in the hill country; but the fruit matures 
 so_ much earlier than in the Northern States, that it can be 
 raised to great profit for the city markets. 
 
 There is an apple peculiar to the Hyde region which is of 
 superior quality and one of the best keepers m the world: it 
 is called the ]\Iatamuskeet, grows luxuriantly in the section. 
 
( 12S ) 
 
 referred to, and of which it is a native, and may be kept all 
 the year round without rotting. 
 
 But along the numerous navigable waters of this region 
 there is the best opening in the world for profitable garden- 
 ing; vegetables of all kinds can be produced in vast quanti- 
 ties, and of the best quality, and placed in the markets of 
 Boston, New York, Philadelphia, &c., &c., and weeks before 
 they will mature on the vastly more expensive lauds in the 
 vicinity of those cities. 
 
 VI, EASE WITH WHICH THE SOIL MAY BE CULTIVATED. 
 
 It is no small item in the comparative advantages of this 
 region, that the soil, when once prepared for cultivation is as 
 mellow and friable as a bed of ashes. One man and a small 
 horse or mule can till as much ground, as a hand and a half, 
 or a man and boy, and two heavy draught animals, will do in 
 the west; and less expense is necessary for agricultural im- 
 plements of every kind than in stiff clay or rocky soils. 
 
 VII. FACILITIES FOR GETTING TO MARKET. 
 
 This favored region combines advantages seldom found 
 together, perhaps not combined, on such a scale, in any other 
 place. 
 
 The forests furnish resources for foreign trade equal to 
 that of the regions where timber is the chief article of export; 
 the fisheries add another great staple to commerce, and beef 
 and pork furnish others. 
 
 Cotton may be grown as profitably as in the valley of the 
 Mississippi, and corn as abundantly as in the richest States of 
 the west. 
 
 To these may be added grapes and other fruits, wine, and 
 garden vegetables ; aTid all tJiese things are produced in com- 
 parative proximity to tJie marJcets where tJwy command the best 
 prices. 
 
 Nearly ail eastern North Carolina is convenient to navi- 
 gable water, and the whole of it is near to the Atlantic ocean; 
 and the great staples of this region yield a much better price 
 to the producer than in any other section where they are so 
 largely produced. When, for instance, corn is worth to the 
 producer in Illinois or Iowa but fifteen cents per bushel, it 
 yields sixty to seventy-five to the farmer in eastern North 
 Carolina; and so with other products. 
 
 For the same reason the inhabitants of this region obtain 
 their foreign supplies at much cheaper rates than they can be 
 furnished to the people of the west; and to all this it must be 
 
(129) 
 
 added that building materials and fuel are vastly less expen- 
 sive, the working season longer, and all seasons milder. 
 
 VIII. CLIMATE AND HEALTH OF THE CODNTEY. 
 
 The latitude of all parts of North Carolina is that most 
 favorable to out-of-door labor and exposure, and to the pro- 
 longation of human life. 
 
 The statistics of the Census of the United States prove 
 that the average duration of human life is as long in North 
 Carolina as in any part of the world; and the eastern part 
 of the State is not an exception to this general salubrity. 
 
 This assertion is based on facts and on the investigations of 
 science; and it is freely made in view of the most ample 
 opportunity on the part of the world of verilying its accuracy. 
 
 The swamps of eastern North Carolina do not generate the 
 malaria which, in the marshy regions further south, causes 
 malignant fevers; and the experience of a large population 
 devoted for over a century to open air pursuits, will confirm 
 the statement that the laborers here, in the woods, in the fields 
 and on the waters, are generally as healthy as in any part of 
 the country. 
 
 The subject needs no ingenious bolstering; conclusive facts 
 are within the reach of all and will speak for themselves. 
 
 The winters are not so rigorous as in higher and drier 
 localities in the same latitude, the climate being tempered by 
 the influences of the Gulf stream, and the proximity of the 
 ocean; and the same causes, also, reduce the heats of summer, 
 and aid in promoting the healthfulness of the climate. 
 
 The region will be found to be suited to laborers from Ger- 
 many and the British Isles; and natives of the South of 
 Europe will find health, and congenial and profitable employ- 
 ment, in this favored region. 
 
 The following facts sustain this assertion: 
 
 HEALTH OF LABORERS IN THE SWAMP REGION OF N. CAROLINA. 
 
 " It may be inferred that, as the swamp lands are so low and 
 wet, they must necessarily be extremely unhealthy, or become 
 so when drained, and the vegetable matter begins to decom- 
 pose. Experience, however, does not support this view. The 
 testimony of those who have cultivated them for forty years 
 is, that their families have enjoyed as much health as their 
 neighbors who have lived at a distance. Persons who are in 
 the habit of plunging into the swamp lands knee deep for 
 draining, and when drained, to live in the immediate vicinity 
 of the black vegetable mould for years, are rarely sick with 
 fevers. * * * Miasms, which generate fever, arise more 
 9 
 
(130) 
 
 from the banks of rivers than from the swamp and poccosin 
 soils." — Re/port of Dr. Emmons, in 1858, page 57. 
 
 A fact mentioned by the late Gen. W. A. Blount is of great 
 importance; it is, that for forty years during which he had 
 been a resident upon this class of lands, the health of his family, 
 white and black, will compare favorably with those in the 
 healthiest localities in eastern North Carolina. 
 
 The late Edmund Ruflfin, of Va., eminent for his practical 
 contributions to agricultural knowledge, says: 
 
 " From the existing conditions of the land and water of this 
 lake region, every stranger would infer the general and worst 
 effects of malaria in producing disease and death. But I was 
 assured that such was not the fact, and that the residents suf- 
 fered but little from autumnal diseases. 
 
 And this I could readily believe, even after making proper 
 allowances for the too favorable view as to health, which every 
 man takes of his own place of residence. The people I saw 
 had the appearance of enjoying at least ordinary good health. 
 Among the number that I saw there were three neighboring 
 resident proprietors, each of seventy or more years of age, and 
 then in good health. Few of the residents move to, or visit, 
 the high lands in the autumn, and these few for short times. 
 and more in pursuit of pleasure than of health." 
 
 To these evidences may be added the authoritative testimony 
 of Gen. Walter Gwynn. 
 
 In an official report to the Literary Board, he says: 
 
 " These facts corroborate the views advanced by Dr. Charles 
 E. Johnson, in an admirable address on malaria, delivered 
 before the Medical Society in 1851, and are conformable to ray 
 own experience. As chief Engineer of the State, I was en- 
 gaged in draining swamp lands in Tyrrell County, from 1839 
 to 1843, a period of three years. The main features of this 
 drainage consisted in lowering lakes Pungo and Alligator, 
 each five feet. This was effected by cutting canals twenty-five 
 and thirty feet wide respectively, which drained a surface of 
 about 70,000 acres that was covered with water. Lateral 
 canals were then cut twelve and sixteen feet wide, a mile apart. 
 The work was done by contract, the average number of hands 
 employed being about two hundred and fifty, all negroes, with 
 the exception of the overseers and contractors. The latter 
 were constantly exposed to the weather, the negroes worked 
 every day in water and muck, generally knee deep — they, as, 
 also, the overseers, were housed in shanties on the banks of 
 the canals — and there was not a single case of fever on the 
 work, nor was the attendance of a physician required in any 
 instance. 
 
( 131 ) 
 
 In building the railroads from Petersburg to Blakely, from 
 Portsmouth to Weldon, from Weldon to Wilmington, from 
 Wilmington to Manchester, and from Goldsborough to Raleigh, 
 every variety of sandy soils, wet and dry, and every species of 
 marsh, swamp and poccosin soils were encountered and up- 
 turned, yet there were but few cases of fever, and they occur- 
 red chiefly at Blakely, which was the first terminus of the 
 Petersburg railroad, on the Roanoke river, three miles below 
 Weldon, and on the Great Pee Dee River in South Carolina. 
 The intermediate points were almost entirely exempt, and 
 remarkably so in the valley of the Cape Fear river, opposite 
 Wilmington, where the Manchester road crosses Eagle's Island, 
 through cypress swamps and neglected rice fields. The men 
 employed were chiefly foreigners, disregarded the precautions 
 given them to keep within doors at night, and often slept out 
 on the ground; yet there was not a single case of ague and 
 fever among them, nor did any one of them lose more than 
 two or three days during the entire period they were engaged 
 in the work, which was in the summer and autumn of 1853, 
 and 1854." — Gen. Gwynn^s Report to the Literary Board in 
 1867. 
 
 IX. STATE OF SOCIETY. 
 
 The object in offering for sale the swamp lands of North 
 Carolina is itself a favorable indication of the state of society. 
 
 The proceeds of the sales are to be used in re-establishing 
 the prosperous system of Public Schools, temporarily sus- 
 pended by the results of the late civil war ; a system which, 
 up to 1861, had been in existence for twenty years, and by 
 which all the children of the citizens of the State were ob- 
 taining an elementary education. 
 
 For nine years before the war and during the war it was 
 presided over by a State Superintendent; ^nd it had acquired 
 such a vigorous existence that it lived with all its machinery 
 perfect, through the four years of exhausting strife, and was 
 suspended in 1865, on account of the loss of a large part of 
 its vested funds. 
 
 It still has considerable resources, independent of taxation, 
 and which the arts of peace will make available; the people 
 of the State are attached to the principle of universal educa- 
 tion, and it is the general purpose to revive the Public Schools 
 and extend their benefits to the children ot every race. 
 
 The State has made greater progress in education of all 
 kinds, in the last twenty years, than any of her sisters; and 
 the reputation of her schools, and the wholesome state of 
 society, brouglit pupils to her Academics and Seminaries from 
 the whole southern and south-western cnuntrv. 
 
(132) 
 
 North Carolina, from her first settlement, has been cele- 
 brated for the orderly and reliable character of her inhabi- 
 tants; she is known, all over the country, as "the good old 
 North," and her people are considered in all America to be 
 pre-eminent for simplicity of manners, consistency of charac- 
 ter, and devotion to principle. 
 
 They are slow to move, and firm in purpose; and it is 
 known that during the late trying contest of arms, the soldiers 
 of this State were among the most steady, brave and moral to 
 be found on either side. 
 
 The State was never factious in politics, and the people 
 never fond of novelties in morals or manners; but the popu- 
 lation, as a whole, has been distinguished for obedience to 
 law, fidelity to engagements, and devotion to peace and order. 
 
 These are facts known to history, and familiar to all rea- 
 ders of the current literature of the United States; and a 
 society so honorably distinguished in the past still maintains 
 its ancient character, notwithstanding the fiery ordeal through 
 which the whole American nation has been passing for the 
 last few years. 
 
 Order reigns supreme, and life and property are as safe 
 here as in any part of the continent; the people are quietly 
 and earnestly devoting themselves to the arts of peace, and a 
 worthy immigrant who comes here from any part of the globe, 
 to join in these avocations, will receive a cordial welcome, 
 and soon find himself at home, and among his friends. 
 
 INTRINSIC VALUE OF THE SWAMP LANDS OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 " The public archives, running through a period exceeding 
 half a century, exhibit, in regard to the swamp lands, repeated 
 evidences of a high appreciation of their value; and their 
 reclamation has at times engaged the attention of some of the 
 most eminent citizens of the State, and of the country. 
 
 Indeed, the utility and vast importance of the undertaking 
 has undergone such thorough and searching investigations, 
 that it would be difficult to present any views that would not 
 be familiar to every intelligent and reflecting man for whom 
 the subject possesses any interest. The late lamented Hon. 
 Edmund Ruffin, of Virginia, in his sketches of Lower North 
 Carolina, presented to the State, and published by order of 
 the Legislature, remarks in reference to the region embracing 
 the lands of the Literary Board: ' All my observations of this 
 great and remarkable agricultural region have brought me to 
 believe that I have not known or heard of any other compar- 
 able to it in value.' And after making every allowance for 
 the uncertainty of his grounds, he asserts it as his confident 
 belief, that a system of drainage and improvement suggested, 
 
( 133) 
 
 would add hundreds of millions of dollars even to the already 
 great value and wealth of this region." — Gen. Gioynn's Re/port 
 to the Literally Board in 1867. 
 
 DRAINAGE OF THE SWAMP LANDS OF NORTH CAROLINA : EASE 
 WITH WHICH IT CAN BE EFFECTED. 
 
 " The swamps proper, as heretofore stated, have basin 
 shaped beds, scooped out of the water-glutted sand stratum, 
 which underlies nearly all the land of the tide water region. 
 Those basins, being embedded in a material so surcharged as 
 to be impermeable to water, served at first as the matrix or 
 hot-beds for the formation of the vegetable soils of the swamps. 
 They now serve as receptacles for the down falling rain water, 
 by which tliey are surcharged and kept so exclusively wet as 
 to be unfit for tillage. . 
 
 These facts indicate at once the principle of drainage. It 
 consists simply in cutting through the rims of these swamp 
 basins, and extending ditches into the interior deep enough to 
 draw off the water which is in excess some feet below and up 
 to the surface, and by thus removing the before constant satu- 
 ration, permit- the excess of falling rain to sink into the lower 
 earth, and thence pass off below, instead of being kept on or 
 near the surface. 
 
 The striking feature of this plan of drainage, worthy of 
 note, is, that owing to the perviousuess of the soil, no tap 
 ditches are required to drain off the excess of rain water over 
 the surface, the whole of the surplus sinking through and being 
 carried off from below. 
 
 Much land is cultivated in corn and produces well, of whicli 
 the level surface is not more than two and a half feet higlier 
 than the water flowing or standing in the ditches. 
 
 Mr. Ruffin remarks that ' the ditches dug in this peculiar 
 soil keep open for a long time, and need less labor for repairs 
 and cleaning out than any seen elsewhere. The digging is 
 easy, the open texture of the soil and its great depth make it 
 drain well and far, by lateral percolation, to wlicrever a lower 
 neighboring outlet is afforded.'" — Report of Gen. Gwynn in 
 1867. Rejjorts of Engineers Nash, Shaw, Brazier and others 
 confirm these vieias. 
 
 ADVANTAGES OF THE SWAMP LANDS FOR GRAZING, &C. 
 
 " The natural pastures arc perennial. Tlie open swamps 
 bear reeds in great quantity and which afford abundant and 
 excellent food for cattle tlirough winter and summer. 
 
 For cattle grazing and sheep husbandry Texas only exceeds 
 
( 134 ) 
 
 it in extent of range; but for raising hogs and fattening them 
 almost without feeding, this portion of the State is greatlj 
 and justly valued." — Gen. GwynnJs Report of 1867. 
 
 " In one respect this region differs from others further from 
 the sea. There is no difficulty in the cultivation of the grasses. 
 It is evident the climate is more humid, and the sea breezes 
 moderate the heat sufficiently in summer to favor the develop- 
 ment of this family of plants. 
 
 There is no doubt, also, that if the attention of planters was 
 turned to the cultivation of grasses, greater profits might be 
 realized than from the cultivation of maize. It is less expen- 
 sive, and as hay bears a high price in all the villages of this 
 part of the State, and as there is always a communication with 
 them by water, there can be no doubt that the profits which 
 would arise from hay-making would considerably exceed those 
 of corn. 
 
 The green surface of the shores of the lakes, the yards of 
 the houses, and the small pasturages, sustain this view." — Dr. 
 Emmons. 
 
 Mr. Edmund Ruffin says: " Oats, and especially hay, would 
 be good crops for this humid climate and soil. * * * 
 There is no better country for grasses east of the mountains. 
 In small lots, I saw dry meadows of orchard grass and clover 
 that would have been deemed good in the best grass districts." 
 The writer adds, " the good (and improved) lands are densely 
 populated by an industrious and thriving people, who entertain 
 no doubt of their occupying the richest land in the world — in 
 which opinion they are not far wrong." 
 
 FACILITIES FOR GETTING TO MARKET. 
 
 " In addition to the peculiar adaptation for agricultural 
 improvement and profit in the land itself, no known region 
 possesses such great facilities for navigation, and for choice of 
 markets. 
 
 The whole country is pervaded by broad and deep estuaries 
 near the sounds; and their head-waters make, with their many 
 branches, a net-work of natural and still water canals, as deep, 
 as smooth and as sluggish as artificial canals, and free from 
 the changes of levels and the obstruction of lock-gates which 
 accompany the benefits of canal navigation. 
 
 Such great and numerous natural facilities for navigation, 
 as are found in many rivers of this region, are unequalled; 
 and they are excelled by the aid of art only in the canal navi- 
 gation of the Dutch Netherlands. Most of the rivers receive 
 their head waters from the swamps: and from meteorological 
 observation it is shown, that the great swamps receive from 
 "' r ruosphere and clouds alone enough water to supply all 
 
( 185 ) 
 
 they retain and all they discharge in rivers. The heavy rains 
 do not speedily pass off as when falling on other lands, and 
 are retained by the absorbent property of the swamp soils : no 
 more than what they cannot imbibe passes off to the small 
 streams, and that which is retained by the slow process of per- 
 colation equalizes the supply of the rivers, and keeps their 
 volume nearly uniform throughout both wet and dry sea- 
 sons." — Gen. Gwynn's Repw^tin 1867. 
 
 FISH AND FISHERIES OF EASTERN NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 " The abundance, variety and excellence of the fish in the 
 waters of this region are unsurpassed by the same extent in 
 any part of the Atlantic border. 
 
 The herring and shad of Croatan and Albemarle Sounds 
 and Chowan river, are proverbially superior in the Southern 
 markets. * * * * The seines used in the different fish- 
 eries vary in length from 2,200 to 2,700 yards, and are eighteen 
 feet deep as fished. They are laid out about a mile and a 
 quarter from the shore. Mr. Ruffin says the seine at Steven- 
 son's Point once brought 220.000 herrings at one haul. Ter- 
 rapin and turtle, also, abound in great plenty." — Gen. Gioynn^s 
 Report in 1867. 
 
 It is wholly unnecessary to multiply proofs of a resource so 
 universally known and acknowledged. 
 
 GAME. 
 
 Only one illustration will be given of the abundance of profi- 
 table game in eastern North Carolina. It is from the pen of 
 the late Edmund Ruffin, of Virginia, venerable, when he 
 wrote, for years, for scientific knowledge, and for his long and 
 useful devotion to the cause of agricultural improvement. 
 
 His statements may seem remarkable to any but those 
 familiar with the region referred to ; but this proves only the 
 want of general information in regard to the resources of one 
 of the most interesting countries of the world. He says: 
 "Nor is game less abundant. Its extent is scarcely known by 
 any one put of this region. * * * * 
 
 There are ducks of various kinds, of which the canvassback 
 IS the most esteemed. There are also wild geese and swans. 
 Altogether, they congregate in numbers exceeding all concep- 
 tion of any person who has not been informed. They are 
 often so numerous as entirely to cover acres of the surface of 
 the water, so that observers from the beach would only see 
 ducks and no water between them. These great collections 
 are termed ' rafts.' The shooting season commences in autumn 
 and continues through the winter. The returns in game, 
 
(136) 
 
 killed and secured, through any certain time, to a skillful, and 
 patient, and enduring gunner, are as sure as the profits of any- 
 ordinary labor of agriculture and trade, and far larger profits 
 for the capital and labor employed. The following particular 
 facts I learned from the personal knowledge of a highly re- 
 spectable gentleman and a proprietor on the sound, (Curri- 
 tuck,) in Princess Ann. The shooting, (as a business,) on his 
 shores is done only by gunners hired by himself, and for his 
 own profit, and who are paid a fixed price for every fowl 
 delivered to him, according to its kind, from the smallest or 
 least prized species of ducks, to the rare and highly valued 
 swan. He has employed thirty gunners through a winter. 
 He provides and charges for all the ammunition they require, 
 which they pay for out of their wages. In this manner, he is 
 obliged to know accurately how much ammunition he gives 
 out; and it may be presumed that the gunners do not waste it 
 unnecessarily at their own expense. In this manner, and for 
 his own gunners and his own premises only, in one winter, he 
 used more than a ton of gunpowder, and shot in proportion, 
 which was more than four tons, and forty-six thousand per- 
 cussion caps. 
 
 From this expenditure along the shore of one large farm 
 only, there may be some faint conception of the immensity of 
 the operations, and the results along the shores extending for 
 full one hundred and fifty miles, and on all of which tlie same 
 business is regularly pursued. 
 
 Note by the Editor. — When the foregoing publication was com- 
 menced, the precise character of the matter coming from so many sources 
 and at different times, was not known. Beginning with the idea of a small 
 pamphlet, the valuable information elicited from various contributors, has 
 swelled it to a volume. The proprietors have sought truth and truth only 
 from the best sources. The discrepancies in matters of figure and of fact 
 which appear in the work, may be charged to the different stand-points 
 from which the various contributors viewed the facts before them, and 
 the various sources whence they derived their information. One proof of 
 the general truthfulness and correctness of the work, is shown in the sin- 
 gular unanimity of the various writers, thus situated. 
 
 Some inaccuracies may have escaped the notice of the Editor, in the 
 hurry of its publication. In the statistical account given of Sui'ry county, 
 the reader will please supply " Dobson," in the place of "Jefferson," which 
 was inadvertently put down as the county-seat of Surry. 
 
 At considerable expense the proprietors have added a map of the State, 
 which will be very acceptable to the reader. 
 
 Arrangements will be made, if a second edition is called for, to render 
 the work more accurate and thorough. 
 
 I. a. Wi t'^^*" 
 
y 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 AND L/OMPANY, 
 
 ESTABLISHED FOR THE 
 
 TRANSPORTATION and LOCATION 
 
 OF 
 
 J^fortliern and European Settlers 
 
 IN THE 
 
 STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA, 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 SALE OF REAL ESTATE, ■ 
 
 Agrioultui-al Implements! Machinei'j^, &c-> &o, 
 
 — ALSO— 
 
 Negotiate Loans on Mortgages and other Securities. 
 
 Clarterea tiy Act or General AssemDly. 1869. 
 
 OFFICERS: 
 Geo. Little, President. R. W. Best, Secretary. 
 
 DIRECTORS 
 
 AT RALEIGH. 
 
 Hon. R. W. Best, late Sec. of State, 
 Col: Geo. Little, late U. S. Marshal, 
 Geo. W. Swepson, Ral. Nat. Back, 
 
 .\T NEW YOKK. 
 
 A. J. Bleecker, Esq. 
 
 AGENTS AT NEW YORK AND UOSTON. 
 
 A. J. Bleecker, Son & Co., 
 
 R. Kingsland, late of N. Y. Ciiy. | 77, Cedar Street. 
 
 I New York City. 
 
 Principal Office— BALEIGH, N, C. 
 
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