Glass 
 Book. 
 
 COPYRIGHT DFPOSIT 
 
POLITICAL 
 
 POCKET COMPAIION: 
 
 BEINO A STN0PSI8 OF 
 
 POLITICAL STATISTICS 
 
 OF 
 
 CHE UNITED STATES, THE STATE OP NEW YORK, 
 
 AND OTHER STATES; 
 
 WITH SKBTCHE8 OF 
 
 AMEPiICAN POLITICAL HISTORY, 
 
 anti oti&cr SSscful Jttattet. 
 BY M?'Cf HOUGH 
 
 > 
 
 BI NGH AMTON, N. Y 
 
 1855. 
 
 Electrotyped bj 
 A. H. JocBLTN, 60 Fulton Street, NewYork. 
 
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COMPILEirS INTRODUCTION. 
 
 In- presenting the present work to the public, the compiler is 
 [^ inflaenced by a desire to furnish the inquiring New York voter 
 '^■■ith a raaaa'.il that shaH'not only prove a safe anc} easy guide 
 ;he discharge of his duties and the exercise of his privileges 
 •- citizen, but afford liim a faithful record of the conclusions 
 i results of those things wiiich have transpired in the polit- 
 
 histovy of his own Soate and nation. 
 '• will readily be perceived, by the prescribed limits of i]iQ 
 k, that the design is not to give a detailed account of the 
 n-ical transactions of the nation, with their causes and 
 J -pi-ogress (which the great mass of our citizens have neither the 
 time nor the disposition to read), but to furnish such a state- 
 ment of facts and results as shall enable the reader to obtain 
 the information necessary to a proper discharge of his duties, 
 an. I the exercise of his high privilogL-s as an American freeman' 
 m such a form that the same can readily bo found witliout loss 
 of time, and comprehended without a labored research. Such 
 qualities, the cotnpder flatters himself, tiie present little work 
 j possesses in an eminent degree, and believes the same will be 
 found a ready monitor and faithful friend to its possessor. 
 
 The idea of the work originated in the necessity of the case, 
 
 which a thorough knowledge of the 'matter rendered manifest, 
 
 i and a long acquaintance with the subject has fully confirmed. ' 
 
 I The narrow limits prescribed, and the various sources from 
 
 j wnich the matter has been gathered, have rendered a hiirmo- 
 
 uious and systematic arrangement impracticable. 
 
 I _^Great pains, however, have been taken to form, as far as dos- 
 
 j sible, a chrono!G-j;lcaI arrangement of the facts and results\ eo 
 
 as to present the same in the order of time in wliich they 
 
 I occurred, to prevent confusion in the mind of the reader, and 
 
 enable him to retain them clearly and firmly in his recoU'^- 
 
 ticn 
 
4 COMPILBE 8 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The full and complete catalogue of tables of Election Returns 
 has been collected aiwj compiled with great care from the best 
 authorities, and it is hoped the same will prove acceptable to the 
 young and inexperienced, ae well as to many of the older poli- 
 ticians of our country. 
 
 As the work is intended to be a permanently correct record 
 of fixed facts (so that what in it is true now will be equally 
 true years to come), many highly interesting and useful mat- 
 ters have necessarily, from their changelul condition, been 
 omitted. Such are the present state of the postage, military, 
 and tariff laws, treaties with foreign governiiii.uts, the condition 
 of our banking institutions, railroad and canal tolls, and all 
 similar matters whose liability to change render their insertion 
 inappropriate. For the same reason, a list of the senators and 
 representatives in Congress, with all (except the executive) of 
 the present officers of government, are omitted. 
 
 A list of the present governors of the States would be inter- 
 esting, but it would be out of date and incorrect in the course 
 of a few months, and then would prove an injury instead of a 
 benefit. 
 
 A few things not strictly political have been admitted on ac- 
 count of the amoimt of useful information they have been 
 judged to contain. 
 
 The whole is presented to the public with the hope that its 
 imperfections will be overlooked, and that it will prove an ac- 
 ceptable and useful offering. 
 
 [Entered, aeoordinp to Aet of Congress, in the year 1856, by M. C. Iloufrb. 
 in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, in and for the 
 Northern District of New York.] 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 America was discovered by Christopher Columbus on the 
 12th day of October, 1492. 
 
 The tirst land discovered was a small island of the Bahama 
 group, which the Spaniards called " San Salvador;" the na- 
 tives called it " Guanahani." Its distance west from the Cana- 
 ry Isles is over 3,000 miles. 
 
 After Columbus had visited several of the islands, he returned 
 to Spain. He tlid not see the mainland until hia third voyage. 
 
 The continent of America was discovered by Alonzo de Oje- 
 da, at Paria (South America), in 1499. Jlmtricus Vesjjucius, 
 who accompanied him, published the discovery, on his return to 
 Europe, and from him tlie continent derived its naDie. 
 
 North America was discovered by John Cabot, and his son, 
 Sebastian Cabot, who arrived at Newfoundland in June, 1497. 
 
 Colonies from the diiferent European nations settled the coun- 
 try, both on the coast and in the interior, at different periods, 
 and under various circumstances— some prospering more, otli- 
 ers less, until, after a lapse of more than 250 years, in 177G, 
 the Great Republic of the " United States or Ajvierica" was 
 formed. 
 
 The following table exhibits the date of settlement, the area 
 in square miles, ami the number of inhabitants to a square mile 
 of each State (in 1850) : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N.ime. 
 
 I'iacc 
 
 D.ilo. 
 
 Mfttlon. 
 
 Area. 
 
 sq. ni. 
 
 Florida 
 
 A* !^t. Aiia-u-tiae, 
 
 in l.'ifl.T 
 
 r.v Spaniards, 
 
 50.2-S 
 
 1.47 
 
 
 " .J;iinestown, 
 
 " IfioT 
 
 " Fn^lrsh, 
 
 CI ..352 
 
 28.1 T 
 
 New Tork 
 
 " Albany, 
 
 " lfil4 
 
 " Dntcti, 
 
 4C.I 00 
 
 C7.66 
 
 Massjichusi^is.. 
 
 " Plymouth, 
 
 " 1620 
 
 " Knglish, 
 
 7,800 
 
 12(U1 
 
 NewHanipshire 
 
 " Dover. 
 
 '■ 1G28 
 
 '• " 
 
 9.2S0 
 
 S0.07 
 
 New .Tersey 
 
 " Bergen, 
 
 " 16-24 
 
 '• Danos. 
 
 8,.320 
 
 60.04 
 
 l^elaware 
 
 " Cape. Henlopen 
 
 « 1627 
 
 " Swd's&Fins, 
 
 2.120 
 
 43.04 
 
 
 " York. 
 '• "Windsor, 
 
 '^ 1630 
 " 16.33 
 
 " Engllslk, 
 
 30.000 
 4,674 
 
 l!t.44 
 
 €'>nneciii-ut.. .. 
 
 79.83 
 
 Marjland 
 
 » St. Mar)-s, 
 
 " 1634 
 
 " " 
 
 9,-356 
 
 62.31 
 
POLITICAL I'OCKET COMPAIsIO:S". 
 
 Nama. 
 
 Elioiie Island. 
 North Ciinilina 
 Konih Carolina 
 
 Missouri .. . 
 
 Mionigan 
 
 Pi^nnsylvanla. 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 Texas 
 
 Louisiana .... 
 Mississippi . .. 
 
 Indiana 
 
 GcoriJia ,. 
 
 YcriTioiit 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Tannpsscs .... 
 
 -Kentucky 
 
 /tir.barna 
 
 Ohio .; 
 
 Caiifonna .... 
 "iVisrroa-iiii .... 
 
 low.i 
 
 M:n:ies'>ia 
 
 Or.oo Wii,-.Uiiig. 
 Ntr.v Mexico".. 
 
 irtih 
 
 Xebiasiia 
 
 Kanzns 
 
 D.ofCoinn.bia 
 
 At Providence, 
 •' Alboini'.rlc, 
 
 " St. Genevieve, 
 " Detroit, 
 " Philadelphia, 
 " Ari;ansas, 
 
 " Iberville,' 
 
 " Natchez, 
 
 " -Vinecaiics, 
 
 " Sivannah, 
 
 " IJennington, 
 
 '■ Kaslcasiiiii, 
 
 •' Nashville, 
 
 " Lexinfftoii, 
 
 " Mobile:, 
 
 '• Marietta, 
 
 '•■ San .Io~6, 
 
 " Prairie nu Chicn 
 
 " Burlington, 
 
 Date. 
 
 in 163C 
 " 1050 
 " 1051) 
 
 " loss; 
 
 '• 1670 
 " l(;-2 
 " lfiS5 
 " 1690 
 " 1699 
 
 " iriG 
 
 " 1T30 
 " 1733 
 « 1T49 
 
 " ir.w 
 " nso 
 
 " 1TT5 
 " ITti-i 
 " 17=.S 
 " 1G9T 
 " irA=, 
 " 13;58 
 
 By Engli-sh, 
 
 '■• French, 
 
 " F-nsjlish, 
 '• French., 
 
 " Eoglish, 
 
 " Fn'Tich, 
 " Kji.oriish, 
 " Dan'l Brtone, 
 " French, 
 " JSMCEmst's, 
 " Spaniards, 
 " French, 
 " U. 3. t-mgt's, 
 
 Area 
 
 1,:306 
 45.UU0 
 21,000 
 67,OS0 
 5G,-243 
 4(J,0U0 
 5i,19S 
 237,;121 
 40,4:il 
 47,156 
 S3,S09 
 5S.000 
 10,212 
 55.405 
 45.600 
 87,650 
 5r..-2.3 
 
 ;ia.96-i 
 
 13:5,9-S3 
 53 9"4 
 50.914 
 S3.e0i) 
 
 8il.4'-3 
 
 21'.T74 
 187.023 
 136,Ti)ii 
 
 O.OflO 
 
 sq. Tn. 
 
 l!;S.05 
 19.30 
 2T.28 
 J0.13 
 7.i)T 
 50.25 
 4.01 
 0.S9 
 11.02 
 12.86 
 29.23 
 15.03 
 30.&T 
 15.3T 
 21,93 
 26.07 
 15.21 
 49.55 
 
 0.65 
 3. 77 
 
 (ujr 
 
 O.C'S 
 0.28~ 
 
 SKETCHES 0? A^iERICAN POLITICAL CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 '= FRENCH Vf AR." 
 
 At tho commenccraent of "the Frencli wpa'," in 1754, tlio 
 number of inUairltants in tlio 13 English American colonies 
 did not exceed 1,100,000. Tho French -war lasted 9 years, 
 until 1763. 
 
 In 1754, Col. Geo. Washington, together y?Uh his ^rhole com- 
 mand of 400 provincial troop.s, were taken prisoner,? by Count 
 de Villiers, near Fort Du Quesno (Pittsburg). On the' 9th cf 
 July, 1755, Gen. Braddock was defeated bj' the French and In- 
 dians near Fort Da Quesno. In the battle Braddock lost over 
 600 men, being one half his army, with 64 but of 85 officers, 
 and was himself mortally wounded. Col. Washington, witli hia 
 provincial troops, covered tho retreat, and saved the remnant 
 of tlio army. 
 
 On the 2oth of June, 1756, Gen. Abcrcrombie took the com- 
 mand of the English forces in America, consisting of 12,000 
 men. The French took Oswego and Ticonderoga the same year. 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 7 
 
 In 1758 the English, under Gen. Abercrombie, attempted to 
 retake Ticonderoga, and were rcpuled with a loss of 2,0uO men. 
 
 In 1759 the English took Fort Niagara from the French. In 
 the same ye;ir oho captux-e of Quebec by the English under Gen. 
 Wolfe Tirtually closed the war, although peace was not formally 
 concluded untd the year 1763. ^ 
 
 "THE AxMERlCAN EEVOLUTION." 
 
 I.Ti 1764 the Ijfitish Parliament enacted a law imposing a 
 duty on merchandise to be sold in American ports, to which the 
 " General. Coiirf'' of Massachusetts took excepcious, and sent a 
 sniriteii reinonsfcrance to Parliament on the subject, denying 
 its ris;rd fo fax the people not 7-e])resented in the Iluuse of 
 Commons. New York and Virginia joined Massachusetts in 
 such remonstrance. 
 
 In March, 17(J5, " the Stamp Act" (a duty on paper, to bo 
 stamped, on which all coTitraets in America to be legal muse be 
 ■written) was passed by Parliament, which caused a great sensa- 
 tion in America. 
 
 Aug'ist 1-1, 1765, Andrew Oliver, stamp distributor, was 
 burned in effigy, his office destroyed, and he forced to resign. 
 Similar proceedings took place in Rhode Island and New Jer- 
 sey, and the stamp officers in all the colonies were forced to 
 
 •!ign. 
 
 In October, the same year (17G5), a Continental Congress, 
 rocommeudeil by Massachusetts, convened in New Yoi'k. Only 
 G States sent representatives. This congress reiterated the 
 principle of na taxation without the right of representation in 
 Parliament. 
 
 In 1767 a duty was imposed by Parliament on Tea and other 
 articles imported into the colonies, all of which was repealed 
 the next year, except the duty on tea. 
 
 In 1774 three vessels having tea on board were entered in 
 Boston harbor, and abovit 20 persons, dressed as Mohawk In- 
 dians, emptied 342 chests of tea into the ocean. 
 
 On the 5th of Sept., 1774, a Continental Congress met at 
 Philadelphia, in wliieh all the 13 colonics, except Georgia, were 
 represented. Peyton Randolph, of Virginia, was President, and 
 Charles Thompson, Secretary. This was the second Congr-ess. 
 In it each colony had but 1 vote. It resolved that the importa- 
 tion of goods from Great Britain should cease on the 1st of Dec. 
 that year, and all exports thither were to stop Sept. 10th, un- 
 less American grievances should be sooner redressed. 
 
b POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 April 10th, 1775, Maj, Pitcairn (sent out from Boston by 
 
 Gen. Howe) ordered his men to lire on the Lexington militia 
 
 by which act 8 American citizens were killed, and the Battle 
 of Lexington followed. This was the first battle of the war. 
 
 May 'Jdi, 1775, Col. Ethan Allen took Ticonderoga with 80 
 men. The garrison consisted of only 50 men. Col. Selh War- 
 ner took Crown Point, and Capt. Benedict Arnold took a sloop 
 of war at the outlet of Lake Champlain. 
 
 In June the British general. Gage, issued a proclamation, 
 declaring " those in arms, and all who aided them, ' hehtls and 
 traitors: '' 
 
 On the evening of the ICth-'of June the Americans occupied 
 Bunkers Hill, and on the 17th the Battle of Bunker Hill was 
 fought 
 
 Again a Continental Congress (being the third) was held at 
 Philadelphia; twelve colonies were represented; they were not 
 yet prepared to declare for independence. John Hancock was 
 chosen President. They, however, resolved to defend the coun- 
 try, and chose George Washington commandei -in- chief ol the 
 army. This congress also issued " Bills ol Cicdit" to i oXCOXOO, 
 which was afterward greatly increased, but which ultimately 
 became worthless to the common holder. 
 
 In July (1775) Georgia chose delegates to Congress, being the 
 last of the 13 colonies to come into the arrangement to resist the 
 British power 
 
 In the summer of 1775, Col. Ethan Allen, with SCO men, at- 
 tacked Montreal, was overpowered, made piisoner, loaded with 
 irons, and carried to England for trial. 
 
 On the 18th Oct. the Americans took Fort Chamblce. Nov. 
 2d Montgomery took Montreal. 
 
 On the 31st Dec, 1775, Gen. Montgomery was killed while 
 storming Quebec, and his army defeated. American less, ICO 
 killed. 
 
 A fortified place, called " The Cedars," 40 miles above Mon- 
 treal, was captured by the British ; the Americans lest 5C0 
 men, and the expedition against Canada terminated. 
 
 In 1776, June 2Sth, Fort Moultrie, in Charleston harbor, wns 
 attacked by Sir Peter Parker with 9 ships and 250 guns, but 
 without success, and the fleet hauled off heavily damaged. 
 
 June 7th, 177G, Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, offered a 
 resolution in Congress in favor of the Independence of the col- 
 onies, which was sccontled by John Adams, of Massachusetts, 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. if 
 
 and a committee of five persons, viz., Thomas Jefiferson, John 
 Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Philip Liv- 
 ingston was appointed to draw up a " Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence," which was done by Jefferson, as chairman of 
 the committee, and it was passed and signed by all the members 
 of Congress, July 4, 1776. 
 
 Washington's army, in the spring of 1776, for the defense of 
 New York, consisted of 14,000 men, part in Brooklyn, and part 
 in the city of New York. The British army, under Lord Howe, 
 numbered over 24,000. 
 
 On the 26th of August the Battle of Long Island was fought; 
 the Amaricang defeated, with a loss of over 1,000 men; British 
 loss, 400. On the night of the 28th Sept. the Americans re- 
 treated to New York, and in October to White Plains, where a 
 battle was fought on the 28tii Oct. 
 
 Forts Washington an 1 Lee, on the east side of the Hudson, about 
 10 miles above New York, were both taken by the British, Nov. 
 16, 1776. Washington, with 3,000 men, retreated to Newark, 
 in New Jersey, and soon, after across the Delaware River ; and 
 Congress adjournad to Baltimore as tlie British approached 
 Philadelphia. Djc. lo the British took possession of Rhode 
 Island, an I captured Gen. Lee, whose forces (not being taken) 
 Gen. Sullivan conducted to Gen. Washington, increasing hia 
 army to about 7 ,000. 
 
 Djc. 25th, in the night, AVashington, with 2,400 men, crossed 
 the Delaware at Trenton, and took 900 Hessians prisoners, and 
 recrossed the river, losing but 9 men. 
 
 Jan. 2d, 1777, Washington, with a still larger force, attacked 
 the British at Princeton, and took 300 prisoners. The American 
 general, Mercer, was killed in this battle. 
 
 The British retreated to Brunswick and Amboy, and the 
 Americans went into winter-quarters at Morristown, New 
 Jersey. 
 
 In the spring of 1777 the Marquis La Fayette arrived, and 
 joined the American army. He was appointed a Major-Gen- 
 eral. In May, the American army, near 10,000 strong, took 
 its position at Middlcbrook. In August, tlie British army, 
 16,000 strong, under Gen. Howe, landed at Elk Ferry, Mary- 
 land, 50 miles from Philadelphia. Washington met them at 
 Brandywine Creek, where, on the llth Sept., after a hard- 
 fought battle, -he was beaten and retreated to Chester. La 
 Fayette was wounded. 
 
 . On the 26th Sept. the British entered Philadelphia. On the 
 llth Oct. Arnold, with the American flotilla, was defeated on 
 l«ake Champlain. 
 
10 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 lu July, Gen. Burgoyne, with 10,000 men, took Ticondcroga, 
 and a skirmishing party defeated the American rear under Coi- 
 onel.s Francis and Warner, near Castletou. The Aniericon north- 
 ern arnijr, under Gen, Schuyler, retreated to Saratoga on the 
 Hudson. 
 
 The American Gen. Stark defeated Col. Baum at Bennington, 
 Vt., Aug. IGth, 1777. Col. Warner also defeated ihe British 
 Col. Breyman, bringing reinforcements to Baum later on tho 
 same day. 
 
 Gen. Herkimer was defeated and :iliiin hy the Indians near 
 Fort Schuyler [Rome]. But Colonels Gansevoort and Willett 
 defeated the British under St. Leger, with their Indian allies, 
 who retreated to Canada by way of Oswego. 
 ^ Sepr. 18th, tho fast Battle of Stillwater was fought. Oct. 
 7th the seeciid Battle of Stillwater, cr Saratoga, was fought, 
 and Burgoyne defeated, and on the 17th Burgoyne surrendered 
 his whole army prisoners of war. 
 
 On the 4ih of Oct. the Battle of Germantown was fought ; 
 after a hard struggle the Americans were forced to retire from 
 the field. 
 
 On the 22(1 Oct. the Eriti.gh were repulsed in an attack on 
 the Americans at Red Bank, and their general. Count Donop, 
 was killed. E.ed Bank was soon after evacuated by the Jtlmeri- 
 cans. 
 
 In Dec. Gen. Washington took up his winter-quarters at 
 Valley Forge, where he spent the winter of "77 and '78 in a 
 forlorn condition, with his army dwindled down to al;(>ut 8,0(!0 
 men, poorly clad and dispirited. 
 
 On the loth Nov., 1778, "Articles of Confed'eratioT'.-" 
 were adopted by Congress, and soon after ratified by the several 
 States. 
 
 Baron Steuben was appointed " Inspector-General." On tho 
 Gth of February France acknowledged the Independence of the 
 United States. 
 
 June 18th tho British evacuated Philadelphia: thoy were at- 
 tacked by the Americans at Monmouth, New Jersey, on the 
 2Sth, and a severe battle ensued without decisive results. 
 
 The Tories and Indians massacred the inhabitants of Wy- 
 oming valley in Pennsylvania. 
 
 In IVIay, 1779, the A.mcricans and French, under Gen. Lincoln 
 and Count d'Estaing, were repulsed with loss in an assault on 
 Savannah, and Count Pulaski was killed. 
 
 In July, Fairfield and Nor walk, in Conn., were burned by 
 
rOLITTCAL POCKET COMPANIOK. 11 
 
 Gen. Tryon; and tlie American Gen. Wayne took Stony Point 
 by stofin. 
 
 In Sept. Panl Jones, in tha Bon Horarne Richard, took the 
 British li-igato Scrapi,s, after a desperate struggle. 
 
 On the 12ih of MiiVj 17S0, Gen. Lincoln surrendered Charles- 
 ton, S. C, to llio iir:ti.sh under Sir Henrj' Clinton. 
 
 The Americr.n Col. Buford was soon after defeated at the 
 .Waxhaws by Col. Tarleton, -who massacred 250 men after they 
 had surrendered. 
 
 On the IGth Aug. the Americans, under Cten. Gates, were 
 defeated T>y the British, under Lord Cornv-allis, two days after 
 Sumter was he;itcn by Tarleton at the Catawlta Ford. 
 
 The Britisli Maj. Ferguson was defeated at King's Mcuncaln. 
 He was killed, and the Americans took L'OO prisoaiers. 
 
 Sept. 2od Jtiiij, Andre was cnpi;ured, near Tarry to v,n, by Da- 
 vid Wiliiams, John Paulding, and Isaac Jan Wart, three Amer- 
 ican soldiers. An he was hung as a spy, and Arnold escaped 
 from West Point to the British at New York. Soon after a 
 .<:orious mutiny occi;rrcd in Waj'ne's army. 
 
 J.it the 17th of Jan., 1781, Col. Morgan defeated the Briti.sh 
 nnder Col. Tarleton, and took 500 prisoners, and started with 
 them for Virg-inia. 'Coi-nwallis pursued, but did not overtake 
 them. 
 
 On the 15ih of starch Gen. Greene was defeated by Cornwal- 
 lis near Guilford Court-liouse, North Carolina, and again by 
 Lord Rawdun, near Kobkirk's liill, April 25th. He was again 
 repulsed in an attack on the British works at Ninety-Six. 
 
 On the 8th of Sept. the Americans, under Greene, defeated 
 the British, under Gen. Stuart, at Eutaw. Each army con- 
 tained about 2,000 men. 
 
 Fort Griswold, in Connecticut, was taken and its garrison 
 massacred by the British, who, under the traitor, Bkneeict 
 Ahn'old, also burned New London, his native town. 
 
 On the 19th of Oct., 1782, Lord Cornwallis surrendered his 
 whole army, of more than 7.000 men, to the Americans and 
 French at Yorktown, in Virginia, which virtually ended the war. 
 
 In Nov., 1782, prelimin.aries of peace were agreed on by John 
 Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, and Henry Laurens, en 
 the part of the United States, and Mr. Oswald, on the part of 
 Great Britain, at Paris; but a definitive tixaty of peace was 
 not signed until the 8d of Dec, 1783, after the "war between 
 England and France had terminated. 
 
12 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 In Nov., 1783, the patriot army was disbanded. New Yorl^ 
 was evacuated by the British, Nov. 25th of the same year, and 
 Gen, Washington soon after repaired to Congress and resigned 
 hLs commission. 
 
 Congress applied to the States for power to regulate com- 
 merce and collect a revenue from it. New York alone refused, 
 which defeated the project. 
 
 Near the close of the year 178G, in the northwest part of 
 Massachusetts, an insurrection, 2,000 strong, under Daniel 
 Shays, demanded that the collection of debts should be siis- 
 2)ended ! [This was the first attempt to get an act of general 
 insolvency.] They were dispersed by the Massachusetts mili- 
 tia under Generals Lincoln and Shepard. 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION. 
 In May, 1787, the Convention met at Philadelphia to form 
 the United States Constitution. All the States but Rhode 
 Island were represented. George Washington was its- presi- 
 dent. It deliberated with closed doors, and at the end oi four 
 months, on the 17th Sept., reported a Constitution to Congress; 
 which body in turn submitted the same to the several State 
 conventions (or legislatures) for ratification. It was not rati- 
 fied by all the States under two years, the States of North Car- 
 olina and Rhode Island being the last (and Rhode Island the 
 very last) to assent to its provisions ; North Carolina, in Nov., 
 1789, and Rhode Island not until J^iay, 1790. 
 
 The Constitution was drafted by James Madison, Jr., of Vir- 
 ginia, and signed by the delegates of the twelve States repre- 
 sented in the Convention, Sept. 17th, 1787, as follows : 
 George Washington, of Virginia, President. 
 For JSTeio Hampshire. — John Langdon, Nicholas Oilman. 
 " Massachusetts. — Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus King. 
 " Connecticut. — William Samuel Johnson, Roger Sherman. 
 " JVew York. — Alexander Hamilton, 
 
 " JVew Jersey. — William Livingston, David Bre.arley, Will- 
 iam Paterson, Jonathan Dayton. 
 " Pennsylvania. — Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Mifflin, 
 Robert Morris, George Clymer, Thomas Fitzsimons, 
 Jared Ingersol, James Wilson, Governeur Morris. 
 " Delaware. — George Read, Gunning Bedford, Jr., John 
 
 Dickinson, Richard Bassett, Jacob Broom. 
 " Maryland. — James M'lleni'y, Daniel of St. Xhoma^ Je^- 
 fer, Daniel Carroll. 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 13 
 
 For Virginia. — John Blair, James Madison, Jr. 
 " JVorth Carolina. — William Blount, Richard Dobba 
 
 Spaight, Hugh Williamson. 
 " South Carolina.— John Kutledge, Charles Cotesworth 
 
 Pinckney, Charles Pinckney, Pierce Butler. 
 " Georgia. — William Few, Abraham Baldwin. 
 
 William Jackson, Secretary. 
 The Federal Government went into operation March 4th, 1789. 
 
 SOLDIERS OF THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR, 
 The number of soldiers furnished to the continental army 
 during the Revolutionary War, by each of the thirteen States, 
 was as follows : 
 
 New Hampshire 12 ,497 
 
 Massachusetts 67 ,907 
 
 Rhode Island 5,908 
 
 Connecticut 31 ,939 
 
 New York 17,781 
 
 New Jersey 10,726 
 
 Pennsylvania 25,078 
 
 Delaware 2,38G 
 
 Maryland 12,912 
 
 Virginia 26,678 
 
 North Carolina 7,278 
 
 Soutli Carolina 6,417 
 
 Georgia 2,679 
 
 Total 231,791 
 
 THE FEDERAL GOVERNIVIENT UNDER THE CONSTI- 
 TUTION. 
 The Legislative department consists of a Senate and House 
 OF Representatives, styled " The Congress." 
 
 Senate. 
 
 Each State has two United States senators chosen by the legis- 
 latures thereof, who hold their office six years. 
 
 The Senate has a voice in all important appointments to office. 
 Eligibility — 30 years of age, nine years a citizen, and an inhab- 
 itant of the State. 
 1 The Vice-President of the U. States is president of the Senate. 
 
 In case the Vice-President becomes President of the United 
 States, or is impeached or dies, tlie Senate elects from its own 
 body a president thereof, who, in such case, has $16 per day 
 and travel fees at $8 for every 20 miles from his residence. 
 The President of the Senate has no vote except in case of a tie. 
 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 The members of the House of Representatives are chosen by 
 the people in each State every /u>o years [at each presidential 
 
14: 
 
 POLITICAL POCKET C0MPANI02^. 
 
 election, and once ad interim'], and are apportioned among tlie 
 States according to the number of inhabitants in each, as ascer-r 
 tained every tenth (the deeennialj year, deducting two lifths of 
 the slaves. 
 
 Eligibility — 25 years of age, seven years a citizen, and a citi- 
 zen of the State. 
 
 R.VTIO OF Pi,i;PKESENTATIO?«'. 
 
 The ratio of representation and number of meinbers of the 
 House, and the number from each State under each apportion- 
 ment, are shown in the following table, to which, if we add two 
 for each State to represent the senators therefrom, we have the 
 number of Presidtiitial Electors from each, and from, the 
 United States a.t each neriod : 
 
 
 Vear. 
 
 ' 9 
 
 5 ^- 
 
 ;-,o,-;. 
 
 •■iiz- 
 
 2§ 
 
 !oS3 
 
 .2| 
 
 c o 
 
 5 o' 
 
 1-53. 
 
 States. 
 
 ! iiuc of eni. Uiiioii 
 
 z o 
 
 °t 
 
 
 Dec. 7. 1787. 
 
 Dec. 12.1787. 
 
 Bee. -IS, 1787. 
 
 Jan. 2, 17SS. 
 
 Jan. 9, '• 
 
 Feb. 6, " 
 
 April 28, '• 
 
 Mav 213, '• 
 
 Jane n, " 
 
 June 26. " 
 
 Julv 26,' " 
 
 X')v. 21. 17S9. 
 
 >Iav 29, 1790. 
 
 March, 1791. 
 
 June, 1792. 
 
 June 1,1796. 
 
 Kov. 29. 1S02. 
 
 Aprils, IS 14. 
 
 Bee. 11, 1816. 
 
 Dec. 10, 1817. 
 
 Dec. 3, 1818. 
 
 Dee. 14,1819. 
 
 March 8, 1820. 
 
 Man-.h 2, ISii. 
 1 Juae 15,1886. 
 1 Jan. 26, 18-37. 
 
 March 3, 1845. 
 
 Dec. 29, " 
 May 29,1818. 
 Sept. 8, 1850. 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 4 
 3 
 5 
 S 
 6 
 5 
 8 
 10 
 6 
 5 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 5 
 
 2 
 7 
 1-1 
 S 
 C 
 4 
 19 
 10 
 10 
 2 
 2 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 13 
 
 c 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 17 
 9 
 . 8 
 5 
 21 
 17 
 12 
 2 
 4 
 6 
 8 
 
 I'll 
 
 
 
 23 
 6 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 20 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 21 
 
 27 
 
 l.:J 
 
 2 
 
 G 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 e 
 I'^i 
 
 1 
 
 26- 
 
 6 
 
 T 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 22 
 
 84 
 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 1 
 
 ii2 
 
 1 
 
 28 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 S 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 21 
 
 40 
 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 2 
 8 
 5 
 8 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 __ 
 
 242 
 
 1 
 
 24 
 
 5 
 
 S 
 
 4 
 
 lu 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 
 34 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 21 
 
 4 
 
 lu 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 n-i 
 
 1 
 
 Pounsyhania 
 
 Kew j"ersey 
 
 25 
 5 
 S 
 
 Couiutoticut 
 
 MassHC'hustjtts 
 
 4 
 11 
 
 South Car-tliaa.... 
 Kew llanip8!i:ri;. . . 
 
 6 
 3 
 13 
 
 New York 
 
 Niirth C::r >lina 
 
 Pvhodc Islaaa 
 
 S3 
 8 
 2 
 3 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 Ohio 
 
 21 
 
 4 
 
 
 11 
 
 Mi^^sissijipi 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Maine 
 
 7 
 f, 
 
 
 7 
 
 ArUan.sas, (Supi-r- 
 Michiii'an, ) nuni's. 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 1 
 
 Iowa 
 
 2 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 California 
 
 Total 
 
 8 
 
 ^.■34 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 15 
 
 The House of Representatives chooses its oiirai Speaker once in 
 two years, who presides over that body, and iias a salary of $16 
 per day, and mileage the same as other membei'S — $8 for each 
 20 miles. The Speaker has uo vote except in case of a tie. 
 
 THE PKESIDENT AND CABINET. 
 
 Presidential EiLCTORu. 
 
 The Executive power is vested in a President, who is chosen 
 hj " Prosidenial Electors," who are elected in the several States 
 lor that purppse in such manner as the Legislatures of tlio sev- 
 eral States direct, and are equal in number to the Senat&rs -a-nd 
 Eepresontatives in Congress in each and all the States. 
 
 They are now (1865) elected iu all the States oti the same 
 day, which is '• the Tuesday succeeding the first Monday in 
 November." In South Carolina they are appointed by the Leg- 
 is] ;iture. In all the other -States they are 'voted for bv the 
 :>le. 
 
 hey meet in all the States at such places as are designated 
 by tii3 Log'slitures thereof, on i\vi first Wednesday of Decem- 
 ber ; au! the several bodies so assembled are known as "The 
 Elector. VL Colleges," when each college votes by ballot for 
 a President antl Vice-President, and makes three certificates of 
 the result tiiereof, one of which is sent in a sealed envelope by 
 one of their number to the President of the United States Senate, 
 —another to the same per mail, and the third is delivered to the 
 ji.idge of the district whei'e the election is held. 
 Tiie certiiicates of the colleges are opened; and the votes, as 
 ' designated thereby, counted by the President of the Senate in 
 presence of both houses of Congress, and the result announced 
 on the Second Wednesday of February next .after the elec- 
 tion. A majority of all the votes cast is necessary to a choice. ' 
 In case there is no election by the colleges, the House of Rep-, 
 resentatives elects from the three candidates having the highest 
 i number of votes; in which each State has but one vole. 
 I Eligibility of the President to office— a naturalborn citizenj 
 I 85 years old, and a resident in the United States 14 years. 
 The Vice-President holds his office the same term as the 
 President. 
 j The Cabinet consists of the Secretary of State, Secretary 
 I of the Treasury, Secretary of War, Secretary of the Navy, Sec- 
 I retarj^ of the Interior, Postmaster-general, and Attorney-gen- 
 eral, who are the constitutional advisers of the President. 
 
16 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION, 
 
 The President has the power to veto any act of Congress ; 
 after which the same may become a law by a two-thirds vote 
 of each hoxise. 
 
 The President is commander-in-chief of the army and 
 navy, and the militia of the several States when in actaal 
 service. 
 
 In case of the death or removal of the President, the Vice- 
 President becomes President. 
 
 UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT. 
 
 The Judicial, power is vested in a Supreme Court of the 
 United States, composed of a chief justice and eight associate 
 justices [nine in all], who are appointed by the President, with 
 the consent of the Senate, and hold their offices during good 
 behavior. The court is held in Washington, and commences its 
 regular annual sessions on the iirst Monday of Dec. in each 
 year. It has original and exclusive jurisdiction of all civil 
 matters where a State is a party (except between a State and 
 its citizens), a State, and citizens of another State or aliens. It 
 has original but not exclusive jurisdiction in proceedings against 
 ambassadors and foreign ministers, their domestics and serv- 
 ants, and original but not exclusive jurisdiction in all suits 
 brought by them. It has appellate jurisdiction from the 
 United States circuit and district courts in the several States 
 and Territories, and may issue writs of prohibition to tlie same 
 when proceeding as courts of admiralty. United States circuit 
 and district courts are held at stated periods by justices ap- 
 pointed for that purpose in all the States and Territories of the 
 Union. 
 
 Circuit Courts. 
 
 The United States are divided iiito nine judicial circuits, 
 in each of which a circuit court is held semi-annually by a 
 justice of the Supreme Court and the district judge of the State 
 or district in which the court sits. 
 
 District Courts. 
 
 The United States are also divided into forty-six districts, io 
 which district courts are held by thirty-seven judges. 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 1T = 
 
 SEAT OF GOVERNMENT. 
 
 The seat of the Federal Government "vvas located at Washing- ' 
 ton, in the District of Columbia (which 'vvas at first 10 miles 
 square, but now [1855] occupies only the Maryland side of the 
 Potomac), on the IGth of Juh', 17'jO, -where it still continues. 
 
 CoxGRESs MiiETs on the Jirst Jilo/idai/ of December each 
 year. It adjourns every alternate year (when the term of office 
 of the members of the House of lleprcsentatives expires), on the 
 third of March, at midnight, or sooner. 
 
 THE AfiMY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Tlie peace establishment of the army of the United States, 
 commanded by one major-general and two brigadiers, consists 
 of a coi^ps of engineers, an ordnnnce department, two regiments 
 of dragoons, one of mounted riflemen, four of artillery, and 
 eight of infantry. 
 
 The total authorized strength of the United States army is 
 13,821, including officers and men; the actual strength only 
 10,417. 
 
 NAVY YARDS. 
 
 Portsmouth, N. H. V/'ashington, D. C. 
 
 Charlcstown,, Mass. Norfolk, Va. 
 
 Broolvlyn, N. Y. Pensacola, Fa. 
 
 Philadelphia, Penii. Memphis, Tenn. 
 
 WEST POINT ACADEMY, 
 
 By an act of Congress, passed March 10, 1802, the President 
 was empowered to form a corps of engineers at West Point, to 
 consist of . 
 
 1 engineei', witb pay, rank, and emoluments of a mnjor. 
 
 2 ass"t. " " '■ " " " " captains. 
 
 2 other '•' " " " " '• " first lieut's. 
 
 2 " " " " " " " " second " 
 
 10 cadets, with pay SIG per month, and two rations per day, 
 with power to the President to make promotions so that there 
 may be 1 colonel, 2 majors, 4 captains, 4 first and 4 second 
 lieutenants; but the Avhole number of the corps was at no time' 
 to exceed 20 oCicers and cadets. 
 2 
 
18 
 
 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 By an act passed April 29, 1812, the said military academy 
 "was made to consist, besides the corps of engineers and the 
 French teachers, of the following persons : 
 
 1 Professor of Philosophy, with pay of lieutenant-colonel. 
 1 " " Mathematics, " " " major. 
 
 1 " " Engineering, " " " " 
 
 Each of the above to have an assistant, -with pay of a cap- 
 tain. 
 
 The number of cadets at no time to exceed 250, who are to be 
 arranged into companies of non-commissioned officers and pri- 
 vates, and officered from said corps for the purposes of military 
 instruction — to encamp three months per year. Candidates for 
 cadets must be 1-1 years of age, and not over 21 years of age; 
 must be avcII versed in reading, writing, and arithmetic, and 
 must sign articles (witli their parent's or guardian's consent) 
 to serve five years. In 1838 the term of service was increa^^ 
 to eight years. - 
 
 Those who attend this school, being designated by the Presi- 
 dent, and usually the sons of wealthy favorites, being educated 
 at the public expense, tlie eccentric John Randolph called the 
 institution " A charity school to educate rich men's sons in." 
 
 Salary of the Principal, Officers and Appointees of 
 
 THE 
 
 Federal Government. 
 
 
 The PUESIDBNT 
 
 $25,000 00 
 0,000 00 
 
 U. Sta. District Judges, | ( 
 from 2,800 to$l,00i».. (' ) 
 
 $2,500 00 
 
 Vice-President 
 
 1.000 00 
 
 Secretary of Slate 
 
 6,000 (10 
 
 Clerks in the Depart'ts, i ] 
 from 3,000 to, $SoO... j \ 
 
 2,000 00 
 
 " Treasury . . . 
 
 6,000 00 
 
 800 00 
 
 " " Interior 
 
 6,000 00 
 
 1st Auditor Treasury 
 
 3,000 00 
 
 " " Navy 
 
 6,000 00 
 
 2d " 
 
 3.000 00 
 
 « " War 
 
 6,000 00 
 
 8d 
 
 3,000 00 
 
 Postmaster-ojiiiieral 
 
 6,000 00 
 
 4lh " 
 
 3,000 00 
 
 Attornev-weiieral 
 
 4,000 00 
 
 5th " " 
 
 3,000 00 
 
 Chief Justice U. S 
 
 5,000 00 
 
 Auditor for Tost-offlces.. 
 
 3,000 00 
 
 Associate Justices 
 
 4,500 00 
 
 Treasurer, Virginia 
 
 3,000 00 
 
 Senators, per day 
 
 8 00 
 
 Assist't Treas. New York 
 
 4,000 00 
 
 And for '20 miles travel. . . 
 
 8 00 
 
 " " Boston . . . 
 
 2,500 00 
 
 President of Senate, pro 
 
 
 " " Charleston 
 
 2,500 00 
 
 teni 
 
 16 00 
 
 8 00 
 
 " " St. Louis.. 
 Solic. of Treas. New York 
 
 2,500 00 
 3,500 00 
 
 Kepresentalives, per day. 
 
 Mileage for 20 miles 
 
 8 00 
 
 Commiss'r-general Land 
 
 
 Speaker, per day 
 
 16 00 
 
 Office in Kentucky.. .. 
 
 8.000 00 
 
 Chief Clerk State Uepart 
 
 2,000 00 
 
 Surveyor-general, Detroit 
 
 2,000 00 
 
 " " Treas. " 
 
 2,000 00 
 
 
 
 " " War " 
 
 2,000 00 
 
 Customs. 
 
 
 " " Navy " 
 
 2,000 00 
 
 Collector Kastport, Me. . , 
 
 8.000 00 
 
 Asst, Postmaster-general. 
 
 2.500 00 
 
 Surveyor " '• . . 
 
 1,806 00 
 
 Chief Clerk Judiciary 
 
 1,000 00 
 
 Collector Bath, " .. 
 
 1,041 00 
 
POLIHGAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 19 
 
 •CoUec. Portland, Me. . . $2,800 00 
 
 " Burlington, VU... I,fi90 00 
 
 " Gloucester, Mass.. 1,624 00 
 
 " Salem, " . . 2,480 00 
 
 " Boston, " . . 6,400 00 
 
 Den. Col. " '* ■• 1,500 00 
 
 Cashier " " .. 1,800 00 
 
 CoUec. N. Bedford, " . . 2,350 00 
 
 " N. Haven, Conn. . 1,2-27 00 
 
 " Fairfield, " . . 1,10" 00 
 
 " Champlain, N.Y. 1.050 00 
 
 " Oswegatchie, •' 1.4C0 00 
 
 " Cape Vincent, " 1,014 00 
 
 " Saekelts liar., " 717 00 
 
 " Oswego, " 901 00 
 
 " Buffalo Creek, " 1.954 00 
 
 " N. York City, '< 0,400 00 
 
 Deputy, " " " 1,500 00 
 
 Clerk, " " " 1,200 00 
 
 Cashier, " " " 2.5(i0 00 
 
 Auditor, " " '• 8,000 00 
 
 Apprai'r, " " " 2,000 00 
 
 Ass't. '• " '' " 1,500 00 
 
 Storek'r, " " " 1.500 00 
 
 Weigher, " " " 1,.500 00 
 
 Measurer, '• " " l..'"0 I'O 
 
 Gauger, " " " 15 ki 00 
 
 Marker, " " '• 1,426 00 
 
 N.Officer, " " " 5.000 00 
 
 Dep. " " '• " 1.500 no 
 
 Surveyor, " '• " 4.900 00 
 
 Dep. " " " " 1.5110 00 
 
 Collector, Albanv, " 1,095 00 
 
 '• Phihuleipli.l'.i. 6,073 00 
 
 Dep. " " ■• 1,500 00 
 
 Naval Officer, " " 5 oOO 00 
 
 Deputy •• '• " 1.500 00 
 
 Surveyor, " " 4.500 00 
 
 Dep. '• " " 1,500 00 
 
 Appraiser, •' " 1.500 00 
 
 "WriiilK-r, " " 8.691 00 
 
 Depr " " " 1.200 00 
 
 Collector Alexandria, Va. 1 000 00 
 
 N..rfolii. •' 2.327 00 
 
 Measurer, '• '• 1.000 00 
 
 CoUeetor Ocracoke. N. C. 1,000 00 
 
 " Cliarlesiuir, 3. C. 8.9S5 00 
 
 N.aval Officer, •• " 1.569 00 
 
 Collector Savannah, Geo. 1.400 00 
 
 Mobile, Ala.... 8,000 00 
 
 " N. Orleans, La. 6.000 (lO 
 
 Naval Officer, " " 5.(i00 (0 
 
 Survi-yor, " " 4.5M1 00 
 
 Appraiser, " '• 1 iiOO CO 
 
 Weigher, " " 1 500 (lO 
 
 Ciiuigyr, " " l,.'^flO (^0 
 
 Measunr. " " 1,600 00 
 
 Marker, New Orleans, La, $1,500 09 
 CoHcctor Galveston, Te.x. 1,900 00 
 '• Detroit, Mich... 1,600 UO 
 Dep. " " '• . . 1,000 00 
 Lighthouse Keepers— av- 
 erage Salaries 400 00 
 
 War Dep.^rt.ment. 
 
 Indian-Commissioner 3,000 OO 
 
 Pension " .... 2,500 00 
 
 Major-general, per month 200 Od 
 
 lb ratiims per day, 7 
 
 horses iu war, 8 horses 
 
 in peace, 4 servants. 
 Major-gen. aid-de-eamp, 
 
 per month 24 00 
 
 Brigadier-gen. per month 104 00 
 
 12 rations per day, 5 
 
 horsi s in war, 3 horses 
 
 in peace, 3 servants. 
 Brigadier- general's aiii, 
 
 $20 per month, besides 
 
 lieutenant's wages 20 00 
 
 Adjiilant-gen. per month 90 0J 
 
 6 rations per day, 5 
 
 horses in war. 8 horses 
 
 in peace, 2 servants. 
 Inspeetor-gen. \nr month 90 0(J 
 
 6 rations, 5 and 3 horses, 
 
 2 servants. 
 Quartermaster-general pr 
 
 month 104 00 
 
 12 rations, 5 and 3 hor- 
 ses, 3 servant^. 
 Quartermaster per month 60 00 
 
 4 rations, 4 and 3 horses, 
 
 2 servants. 
 Paymaster.-gen. per year 2,500 00 
 Paymaster per niuntli ... 60 00 
 
 4 rations, 4 horses, 2 
 
 servants. 
 Coinndssary-gen. pr mo. 90 00 
 
 .0 rations, 6 and S hor- 
 ses 2 servant a. , 
 Snrgeon-getieral, per year 2,500 00 
 Surgeon, per month .00 CO 
 
 4 rations, 4 horses. J ser- 
 vant. 
 
 Pro. of rhiloso]vhy.prmo. 75 00 
 
 5 rations, 4 horses, 3 
 S'TValits. 
 
 Prof, of Mathemalics. f.er 
 
 month,, ' 6'1 00 
 
 4 rations, 4 h(^^^es, ^ 
 
 servants. 
 Clia|)lain, per month 60 .■01 
 
 4 rations, 4 horstv", 2 t's. 
 
20 
 
 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 Teacher Freiu-h, per rao. $50 00 
 
 4 rations, 3 horses, 1 
 
 sei'valit. 
 Toachir Di'awing, pr mo. 50 00 
 
 4 rations, 3 horses,- 1 
 
 servant. 
 Coi; Of Kiitjiiieprs.pr mf>. 9.1 tm 
 
 e rations. -1 auU 3 horses,.- 
 
 2-servants. 
 Lk'iit -Colonel, per-Tni,.nth 75 00 
 
 5.railoiis,4;;n(.l 3 horses, 
 
 2"scrvant8. 
 Major, per monlfi OJ 00 
 
 4raiioii3, 4 and OhoiSes, 
 
 2 servaiilji. 
 Cajdaiii. per nionlli 50 fO 
 
 4 rations. 3 and 2 horses, 
 
 1 servan'. 
 Captain, per month 50 00 
 
 4 rations. 3 and 2 horses, 
 
 1 strvani. 
 
 Lieutenant, per month. . . 33,83 
 
 4 rations, 2 h(/rses, 1 
 servant. 
 
 ArTILLKRY &, iNF.iNTF.T. 
 
 Colonel, per montli 75 00 
 
 6 rations, 4 and 3 horses, 
 
 2 servants. 
 Lieutenant-roIonel,pr mo. CO 00 
 
 5 rati<'ns,3 and 3 horses, 
 2 servants. 
 
 Major, per month 50 00 
 
 4 rations, 8 and 3 horses, 
 
 2 servants. 
 
 Adjut.Tnt, per month 40 00 
 
 3 rations, 2 and 1 horse. 
 Quartermaster, per nii.nlh 40 00 
 
 3 rations, 2 and 1 horse\ 
 Captain, per monih 40 00 
 
 4 rations, 1 servant. 
 
 First Lif'Uten., per month .30 00 
 
 4 rations, 1 servant. 
 
 Second Liiut., per month 25 00 
 
 4 rations, 1 servant. 
 Cadet, per month 24 CO 
 Sergeant-major, '' " 17 dO 
 Quartcrm. Serg., " " 17 00 
 Principal Musician Infan- 
 try, per month 17 00 
 
 Sergeant, per " 13 00 
 
 Corporal, " " 9 00 
 
 Private, " " 7 00 
 
 Navt Department. 
 Qiief of Bureau, per year 8,500 00 
 " " Repairs, etc 3,000 00 
 
 Captains. 
 Senior Captains, p.Qr yefr 
 
 Cap. of Squadron, " " 
 
 Other Captains, " '• 
 
 CoinnianiJers, " " 
 
 Li's. C<>n.maiid., " " 
 
 Other Lienfs., " '• 
 
 Surgeons, Isl 5 vs. " " 
 
 id '• " " 
 
 « 3,1 '• " " 
 
 .1 4;j, .. u 
 
 " '20 ys.& over, " 
 
 Assist. Surgeons, per year 
 
 I'nr.s. of Frigate, '• " '• 
 
 '■ " S'oop,s, " >' 
 
 Chaplains, " " 
 
 Passed Midship., " '' 
 
 Midshipman, " " 
 
 lioatswain, " " 
 
 Gunners, '• " 
 
 Carjienler.a, " " 
 
 Sail-maker, " '' 
 
 C'tiiff Engineer, •' '" 
 
 Navy Agent, " " 
 
 Mauine Ci'iRPS. 
 Col. Contniand't.. per mo. 
 Lieut. -colonel, 
 Majors, 
 Captains, 
 1st Lieutenants, 
 2d '' 
 
 M IS CELI.AKKOU8. 
 
 Governor of Territory. . •< 
 
 CIc rk H. Representatives 
 Secretary of Senate 
 
 POSTOFFICE. 
 
 Asst. P. M. Gen., per year 
 Chief Clerk, " " 
 
 Topographer, " " 
 
 Clerks, " " 
 
 Sub-postmaat'^rs in the 
 several States 
 
 $4,500 00 
 4,000 00 
 3.500 0(1 
 2,500 ( u 
 1 $00. (in 
 1 500 00 
 
 1 3S3 83 
 1,000 00 
 1,S66 00 
 2.V^S S3 
 2,-100 00 
 
 95« 00 
 3 500 00 
 
 2 000 00 
 
 1.21)0 m 
 
 750 00 
 400 00 
 SOO 00 
 800,00 
 800 00 
 SOO 00 
 
 i,.noo 00 
 
 2,(00 09 
 
 75 09 
 60 00 
 50 00 
 40 00 
 80 00 
 25 00 
 
 2 50O 00 
 
 & various 
 
 3.000 00 
 
 3,00.0 00 
 
 2.500 00 
 
 2,000 00 
 
 1,C00 00 
 
 i' 1.400 00 
 
 1 i,roo 00 
 
 J- various 
 
 Patent Office. 
 Com. of Patents, per year 
 
 Chief Clerk, " " 
 
 Examiners, " " 
 
 As.s. Examiners, " " 
 
 Machinist, " " 
 
 DniughLsman, ' 
 
 Clerks, from 
 
 8,000 00 
 
 1,700 00 
 
 1,51:0 00 
 
 1 260 00 
 
 1.250 00 
 
 1,250 CO 
 
 (- 1,200 01' 
 
 1 800 00 
 
-POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 21 
 
 The Government of the 
 United States is repre- 
 sented by Ministers 
 Plenipotentiary at tha 
 courts of Great Britiiiu, 
 France, iiussia, Prussia, 
 Austria, Spain, Brazil,* 
 Mexico, anJ Central 
 A muri,"i ^9,000 00 
 
 AndOulflt 9,UU0 00 
 
 Kksidest Minis rBii! 
 Charge des Atfaires. 
 
 l^ 
 
 .500 00 
 
 Outfit 
 
 Secretary of Legation 
 Consuls 
 
 At London ■) 
 
 At Liverpool.. .. 
 Sandwich Islands 
 
 $4,500 00 
 2,000 00 
 various 
 2,OU0 (.«) 
 and ffes 
 
 fc-'es only 
 3,000 00 
 
 ReSIDKNT MlNISTEES. 
 
 Turkey 
 
 China — ouilit 
 
 In nearly all other States 
 And ouilit same as salary. 
 See "-Adclenda,'— fitl- pag-e of tlie Index. 
 
 G.OOO 00 
 5,000 00 
 4,500 00 
 
 • PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS. 
 
 The first presidential election in the United States was held 
 on the hrst day of February, 1789. 
 
 At the first four elections the Colleges of Electors wore re- 
 quired to vote for two persons as President, the highest of whom 
 should be President, and the next highest Vice-Pr?sident, of the 
 tcited btates. In consuquence of the equal vote between Jef- 
 ferson and Ban-^ m 18U0, the. Constitution was amended so as 
 to require the President and Vice-President to be voted for 
 separately, as at present. 
 
 1783-riR,ST TERM 
 TKN STATES, ENTITLICD TO T3 VOTES. 
 
 George Washington G9 
 
 John Adams 34 
 
 John Jay 9 
 
 Robert Harrison g 
 
 John Rutledge ' q 
 
 Jo!in Hancock 4 
 
 Gcoi 
 
 George Clinton 3 
 
 Samuel Huntingdon 2 
 
 John Milton ' ' ' j 
 
 James Armstrong ' i 
 
 Edward Telfair ° ....[[ \\[ 1 
 Benjamin Lincoln " . " 1 
 
 pylana were not gi-ven. 
 1792-SECOND TERM. 
 
 FIFTEEN STATES, ENTITLED TO 135 VOTES, 
 
 George Washington ] ?,2 
 
 John Adams 77 
 
 George Clinton ..., 50 
 
 Thomas .Jefierson 4 
 
 Aaron Burr " j 
 
 George Washington-was again unanimously elected President, 
 
22 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 and John Adams, by a plurality of votes, Vice-President. Two 
 votes of Maryland and one of ISoutli Carolina were not given. 
 
 ITOG-TIUKD TERM. 
 
 SIXTEEN ST.i.TKS. ENTITLED TO 189 VOTES. 
 
 John Adams 71 I John Jay 5 
 
 Thomas J ctferson OS 1 James Iredell o 
 
 Thomas Pmckney -^'.^ 1 Samnel Johnson - 
 
 Aaro.i Burr ^^ \ V^orge Washington - 
 
 a;r\£:S::::::::: liihS^-rinckn^y: :::::: i 
 
 George Clinton 'I 
 
 John Adams was elected Presi.lent, and Thomas Jefferson 
 Vice-President. During lliis administration was passed the 
 famous " Alien and Sedition Acts." 
 
 ISOO— FOURTH TERM 
 SIXTEEN STATES, ICNTITLED TO 183 VOTES. 
 
 Thomas Jefferson 73 1 Charles C. Pinckney 64 
 
 Aaron Rurr 73 John Jay 1 
 
 John Adams ^-n 
 
 T<o choico bv the people. The House of Representatives, after 
 baU tn'sx cla'i^on^the thirty-sixth ballot elected Thomas 
 iXrson Presiden . Aaron Rurr was, of course, elected Vice- 
 Se idmt M Sand voted for Burr on the first ballotmgs, 
 aid i'nally ded-knl the Presidency on the thirty-sixth ballot, 
 for Mr. Jefferson. 
 
 1R04-FIFTII TERM. 
 ■ SEVE^'TEEN STATES, ENTITLED T.^ 170 VOTES. 
 Constitution Altereh. 
 
 Thomas Jefferson ir,2 George Clmton ^i 
 
 George Pinckney 14 j Rufus Kmg 
 
 1808-SIXTH TERM. 
 SEVENTEEN ST.VTE^ ENTITLED TO ITO VOTES. 
 
 James Madison ^T: | ST^T^n"'"'' 47 
 
 C. C. Pinckney 4 J 1^'f "^ /ving 
 
 «-geciintou Mjl^J'Eli::::::::: 3 
 
 I James Monroe - '^ 
 
 One of the votes of Kentucky not given. 
 
POLITICAL roCKKT COMPANION. 
 
 1812-SEVENTH TEIIM. 
 
 EIGIITEKN STATES, ExNTITLKD ']•() 218 VOTES. 
 
 23 
 
 rrisidcrit. 
 
 A'icc-lVcsitient. 
 
 James Monroe 18:) 
 
 liufus Kiug 34 
 
 De Witt Clinton m \ j,,,^^ !„gcr.soii ..:::;::; si 
 
 181G-EIGIITIJ TERM. 
 
 KINETi.:EN STATES, JCNTITLED TO 221 A'OTES. 
 
 D. D. Tompkins 1 S-l 
 
 Jdhn E. Jlowaril 122 
 
 Jiiine.s I loss 5 
 
 John Miirshall 4 
 
 IJobert G. Harper ;i 
 
 Three Votes of Maryland and one of the votes of Dehnvare 
 
 1820-NlNTII TERM. 
 
 TWENTY-FOUn STATICS. ENTITLED TO 282 VOTES. 
 
 JamcsMonroc 2;ll | D. D. Tompkins 218 
 
 John Q. Adams . . 
 
 1 I Ricliard Siocklon 
 
 I Daniel ]t(j(hu'y .4 
 
 I Roller t <). Harper ] 
 
 I Richard Rii.sh 1 
 
 1821— TENTH TEKJI. 
 TWENTY-rOUn STATES, ENTITLED TO 2« VOTES. 
 
 Andrew Jackson 99 John C. Calhoun .... 183 
 
 John Q. Adams 84 Nathan Sanford. .. 80 
 
 W. II. Cra\vf„v<l 41 Nathaniel xMacon. . ' "4 
 
 Henry Clay ;!7 Andrew Jackson 1;5 
 
 Martin Van Buren 9 
 
 Ileni'y Clay 2 
 
 No choice by the people for President. The House of Repre- 
 sentatives elected John Quincy Adams. One of the votes of 
 llhode Island for Vicc-Pi-csideiit blank. 
 
 1828 -ELEVENTH TERM. 
 TWENTY-FOUR STATES. ENTITLED TO 2C1 VOTES. 
 
 Andrew Jackson 178 
 
 John Q, Adams 83 
 
 John C. Calhoun 171 
 
 Richard Rush 83 
 
 William Smith 7 
 
:2i rOLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 1832-TWELFTH TERM. 
 
 TWEXTY-FOUR STATES, ENTITLED TQ 2SS VOTES, 
 rresiileiit. Yic^.'-Pri-siJei}t. 
 
 Andrew Jackson 219 
 
 -Hcury Clay 49 
 
 John Floyd 11 
 
 AVilliam Wirt 7 
 
 Martin Van Buren 189 
 
 Joliu Sergeant 49 
 
 William \Vilkins 30 
 
 Henry Leo 11 
 
 Amos Ellmaker 7 
 
 Two of the votes of Maryland were not given ; vacancies. 
 
 1836— TinRTEENTH TERM. 
 
 TWENTY-SIX STATES, ENTITLED TO 294 TOTES. 
 
 Martin Van Buren 170 I R. M. Johnson -147 
 
 W. II. Hari'ison 73 | Francis Granger 87 
 
 Hugh L.White 2v5 John Tyler 47 
 
 Willie P. Mangum 1 1 | WiUiam Smith .... 23 
 
 Daniel Webster 14 | 
 
 R. M. Johnson being tied, the election went to the Senate, 
 where he received 83 votes; Granger 10 — 3 absent. , 
 
 1840 -FOURTEENTH TERM. 
 TWENTY-SIX STATES, ENTITLED TO 294 TOTES. 
 
 W. H. Harrison 234 
 
 M. Van Buren 60 
 
 John Tyler 234 
 
 R. M. .Johnson 48 
 
 L. W. Tazewell U 
 
 James K. Polk 1 
 
 General Harrison died in office, and was succeeded by John 
 Tyler, April 4, 1841. 
 
 1844— FIFTEENTH TERM. 
 
 TWENTY-SIX STATES, ENTITLED TO 275 TOTES. 
 
 James K. Polk 170 1 George M. Dallas 170 
 
 Henry Clay 105 | Theo. Frelinghuysen 105 
 
 1848— SIXTEENTH TERM. 
 
 THIPvTY STATES, ENTITLED TO 290 TOTES. 
 
 Zachary Taylor 163 I MiUard Fillmore 163 
 
 Lewis Cass 127 WiUiam 0. Butler 127 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 25 
 
 Oeneral Taylor died in office, and was succeeded by Millard 
 Fillmoi'O, JulyjlbuU. 
 Martin VauT3uren received 291,678 votes in 19 States. 
 
 1852-SEVENTEENTH TERM. 
 
 TUIKTV-ONK STATE?, ENTITLED TO 2y6 VOTES. 
 
 President. 
 
 Franklin Pierce 254 
 
 Winlield Scott 42 
 
 Majority 212 
 
 Vice-President. 
 
 William R. King 254 
 
 William A. Graham 42 
 
 Majority . 
 
 212 
 
 THE rOPULAR VOTE OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 'TEE rilESIDENTIAL AND STATE ELECTIONS SINCE 1S24 
 
 Plli:SIDSNTIAL, Ex-ECTIOIV — 1B24. 
 
 -Aggregate vote 352,440 
 
 ■ states. 
 
 Maine 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Massachusett.'j . 
 
 Rhoda Island 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 New York 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 Pennsylvania . . . 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Virginia 
 
 North Carolina. 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 -Ohio 
 
 Indiana 
 
 . 30,087 
 
 . 2,145 
 
 7 ,087 
 
 Adams. Jackson. Crawii.rd. 
 
 6,870 .... — .... 2.yao ... 
 4,107 .... — .... 643 ... 
 (By Legislatu-t-e.) 
 
 — G.Mli'i ... 
 
 — .... 200 ... 
 
 — .... 1,978 ... 
 (By Legislature.) 
 
 9,110 .... 10,935 .... l,19r, ... 
 5,440 .... 86,100 .... 4,206 ... 
 
 (■By Legislature.) 
 14,632 .... 14,523 .... 3.640 ... 
 3,189 .... 2,801 .... 8,4R9 ... 
 
 20,415 .... 15,621 ... 
 
 (By Legislature.) 
 
 (By Legislature.) 
 2,416 .... 9,443 .... 1,680 ... 
 
 (By Legislature.) 
 
 1.094 .... 3,234 .... 119 ... 
 210 .... 20,197 ..-.. 312 ... 
 
 — .... 0,453 .... — ... 
 12,280 .... 18,457 .... — ... 
 
 3.095 .... 7,343 .... _ ... 
 
 Clar. 
 
 1 ,000 
 
 095 
 416 
 
 67 
 
 10,782 
 19,255 
 
 5,315 
 
26 POLITICAL POCKET COilPANIOS'. 
 
 Stntes. Adams. Jackson. Crawford. Clay< 
 
 IlUnois 1,542.... 1,901 219.... 1,047 
 
 Missouri ull 987 — 1,401 
 
 Total I05,a22 .... 152,951 .... 47,305 .... 46,668 
 
 Adams' vote ...... w ... .• 1 05,823 
 
 Gra wford's vote ....;....•.•....-.. 4 7 ,305 
 
 Clay's vote. .......-.-.•... 46,668 
 
 ] 99,495' 
 Jacksoii's vote w 152,951 
 
 Majority against Jackson ... ^ . . . .-. 46,541 
 
 Do. do. Adams .141,002 
 
 Jackson over Adams .■ . . ^ .• . . 47,629 
 
 Elpctcirs. Dy Pf^ople. Legislatiircs. Totat. 
 
 Jackson 84 ■; 15 99 
 
 Adams 48 ....36 84 
 
 Crawford 25 16 41 
 
 Clay 33.......... 4 37 
 
 Total 190 .. .■ ..71 201 
 
 The ELI:CTIO^f by the House of Representatives. 
 
 There being no choice, the election went to the House of ReJ)- 
 resentativcs. On the first ballot John Quincy Adams teceive<J 
 tlie votes of thirteen States. Thus : 
 
 John Q. Ad.^ms ........... Maine, New Hampshire^ 
 
 Massachusetts, Rhode Island, 
 
 Connecticut, Vermont, 
 
 New York, IMaryland, 
 
 Ohio, Kentucky^ 
 
 Hlino's, Missouri. 
 Louisiana, 
 
 Andrew jACfKsd?^ ..... New Jersey, Pennsylvanio;, 
 
 South Carolina, Tennessee, 
 
 Alabama, Mississippi. 
 Indiana, 
 
 Wm. II. Crawford Delaware, Virginia, 
 
 North Carolina, Georgia. 
 
 Henry Clay controlled Kentucky, Ohio, Illinois, and Missouri, 
 which would have defeated Mr. Adams, had they not been 
 thrown in his favor. 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 27 
 
 Presidential Election — 1828. 
 
 Aggregate vote. 
 
 Statos Jackson. 
 
 Maine'. 13,920 . 
 
 New Hampshire 20,693 . 
 
 Massachusetts tJ.OlD' . 
 
 llhode Island 'J'J5 - 
 
 Connecticut 4,486 . 
 
 Vermont 8,353 . 
 
 New York 140,763 . 
 
 New Jersey 21 ,929 . 
 
 Pennsylvania 101 .652 . 
 
 Delaware*^ 4,348 . 
 
 Maryland 24,565 . 
 
 Virginia 26 ,752 . 
 
 North Carolina 37,857 . 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 Georgia 19,362 . 
 
 Kentucky 39,071 . 
 
 Ohio 67,597 . 
 
 Indiana 22,237 . 
 
 Illinois 9,560 . 
 
 Louisiana 4,603 . 
 
 Tennessee 44,293 . 
 
 Mississippi 6,672 . 
 
 Alabama 17,138. 
 
 Missouri 8,272. 
 
 
 ....1,162,418 
 
 
 ^—Electors.—, 
 
 A'lams. 
 
 J. 
 
 A. 
 
 ..-, 20,773... 
 
 . i ... 
 
 . 8 
 
 ...•. 24,076 ... 
 
 . ■ — ... 
 
 . 8 
 
 .-.. 29,836 ... 
 
 . — .. 
 
 . 15 
 
 ... 2,548 ... 
 
 . — ... 
 
 . 4 
 
 ... 13,343 .. 
 
 . — .. 
 
 . 8 
 
 ... 24,364 .. 
 
 . — .. 
 
 1 
 
 ... 135,413 .. 
 
 . 20 .. 
 
 . 16 
 
 . .. 23,758 . . 
 
 — . . 
 
 . 8 
 
 ... 50,848.. 
 
 . 28 .. 
 
 — 
 
 ... 4,769 .. 
 
 — 
 
 . 3 
 
 ... 25,527 .. 
 
 5 . . 
 
 . 
 
 ... 12,101 .. 
 
 . 28 .. 
 
 .. — 
 
 ... 13,918.. 
 
 . 15 .. 
 
 . — 
 
 (By Legislature.) 
 
 
 642 . . 
 
 . 9 .. 
 
 . . — 
 
 ... 31,167 ... 
 
 .. 14.. 
 
 . — 
 
 ... 63,396 .. 
 
 . 16 .. 
 
 . — 
 
 ... 17,052 .. 
 
 . 5 .. 
 
 — 
 
 ... 4,659 .. 
 
 . 3 .. 
 
 . — 
 
 ... 4,076 .. 
 
 . 5 .. 
 
 . . -^ 
 
 ... 2,240 .. 
 
 . 11 .. 
 
 . — 
 
 ... 1,581 .. 
 
 . 3 .. 
 
 . . — ^- 
 
 ... 1,938 .. 
 
 5 .. 
 
 .. — 
 
 ... 3,400 .. 
 
 .. 3 .- 
 
 .- — ■ 
 
 Total 
 
 650,943 .... 511,475 .... 178 .... 83- 
 
 511,475 83 
 
 . Jackson's majority. ..139,468 i^o 
 
 * The vote for members of Congress. The Electors were chosen by the 
 Legislature. 
 
 Presidential Election — 1832. 
 
 Aggregate vote 1,270,799 
 
 ^Electors — > 
 States. Jackson. Opposition. J. 0pp. 
 
 Maine 33,984 29,264 10 — 
 
 New Hampshire 2(3,269 19,487 7 — 
 
 Massachusetts 13,933 46,655 — U 
 
■28 • POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 o. , ^ , ^ '—Electors.— > 
 
 States Jaekson Opposition. J, Opp. 
 
 RhodeManl 2,120 8;6S8 — 4 
 
 Connecticut 11,2SJ: 21,063 — 8 
 
 Vermont ,.. 7,870 24,257. — 7 
 
 New York ....lT58,2i3 154.89(3 .... 42 ...'. — 
 
 New Jersey 2:J,859 23^877 8 !!!! 
 
 Pennsylvania 'JO,yS;'. 08,710 30 '.'.'.'. 
 
 Delav.'are 4,1'J4.„.. '4,270...' ]" S 
 
 Maryland 18,448 19,805 ...'. S '."'. 5 
 
 Virginia "ufiiu:... 11,084.... 23 — 
 
 North Carolina 21,:iJ0 4,503 ,15 — 
 
 South Carolina (By Legislature. ) 
 
 Georgia 27,305 .... 25,803 .... -U .... — 
 
 Kentucky 3.J.2I7 43,396 15 
 
 Ohio 81,21!:. .... 77,048 .... 21 .".'.' — 
 
 Indiana CI ,552 .... 25,472 9 
 
 Illinois 14 J"47 5,' 12:) ..." 5 . . ! ! — 
 
 Louisiana 4,049 2528 5 — 
 
 Tennessee 23,740 1,430 15 — 
 
 Mis-.dssippi 5,919 _ 4 
 
 Alabama (No opposition to Jackson, ) 7 — 
 
 Missouri 5,192 4 
 
 Total 087,502 .... 583,297 .... 219 .... 67 
 
 58:;,2;)7 07 
 
 Jackson's majority .. .101,205 152 
 
 RKCAI'ITULATIOrr. 
 
 ■Jaekson -(dem. ) 219 
 
 Clay (whig) 49 
 
 Floyd (vote of South Carolina) 11 
 
 Wirt ( Auti-Masonic vote of Vermont) ....... 7 
 
 Total ,2813 
 
 Two vacancies in Maryland. 
 
 Prcsidtontial Election — 1830. 
 
 \ggregate vote 1 ,502,534 
 
 '—Electors.— s 
 t rce States. V. Diircn. WJig. \. H. Opp. 
 
 Maine 22,990 15,239 10 — 
 
 Now Hampshire 20,097 0.228 7 — 
 
 3Iassachusetts 34,474 42 217 Vi 
 
POLITICAL rOClvET CO^PAIsION. QQ 
 
 FreoSUfes. V. Bnren. WLi^. A^E'"'"^ 
 
 V ermoiit 14,039 ' 20/J'JG _ - 
 
 Rhode Island 2,964..."" *"2'710 4 ' 
 
 Connecticut 19.291 18'749 S Z 
 
 New York 1«6,815 .. .. 138;o43 " " 4->''-- _ 
 
 NewJersey 25,592.... 0(3 137 '"" _ ■"" q 
 
 Pennsylvania 91,475.... 87'lll"'"' 30 "'" _ 
 
 p^'p 96,948.... 105,405 :::■ _"■■■ n 
 
 ]^;^''"}^ 32,780.... 4r.28l.... _ """ q 
 
 Illinois 17.275 . . . 14 '\)2 5 " ' " '' _ 
 
 Micliigan 7,332 4,072..!! 3!."." — 
 
 'I'otal 552,672..... 523,014 .... 109 .... 50 
 
 Slave Slatps. 
 
 Delaware 4,1 53 ... . 4,783 _ <i 
 
 Maryland 22,268 25.852 ' " " ' _ ' " " ' in 
 
 y"'g!'"a 30,261.... 23,468 
 
 North Carolina 26,910 23 '6^6 
 
 South Carolina "(By Legislature.") 
 
 ^^ofgi'-i 22,126.... 24°J3U _ n 
 
 Alabama 20,506 16,612 "" 7 11 
 
 Mississippi 9,979 <j ggg ' " " , " • " " _ 
 
 ^«'^'«^^"'i 3,653.... 8,383 .■;■" 5"""' — 
 
 Tennessee 26,120 .... 35.962 . _ ' ' " 15 
 
 Kentucky 83,025.... 36;687 " _""" 15 
 
 Arkansas 2,400 ... 1 238 " o ' " " _ 
 
 ^Iissouri 10,995.... 8,'337."!;! 4."."!." _ 
 
 Total 212^ .... 274^1^3 . . . . ~61 . . . . Yd 
 
 Total United States .765,068 737,526 170 194 
 
 Van Buren's majority, Free States ... 29 66" 
 l.Iajoi'ity against V. B., Slave States '. 2,'l20 
 
 Van Buren's majority in the United States. 27 ,542 
 Opposition divided — 
 W. H. Harrison. . . ,.„ 
 
 H.L. White ;;;;; '^ 
 
 Daniel Webster (Massachusetts) ." 14 
 
 jVV. P. Mangum (North Carolina) -•!-'."."!.'.".'!"..'."! ." 11 
 
 23 
 15 
 
 Whig Electoral votes 
 
 .124 
 
, Birney. 
 
 ^Electors.-* I 
 
 Abol. 
 
 U. V.B. 1 
 
 . 194 . . 
 
 . 10 ... — 
 
 . 126 . . 
 
 . — . . . 7 
 
 . 1,621 .. 
 
 . 14...— 
 
 . 319.. 
 
 7 — - 
 
 . 42 .. 
 
 . 4 ... ^ 
 
 . 174.- 
 
 . 8...- 1 
 
 . 2,798 . . 
 
 
 .. 69 . 
 
 8 ... — 
 
 . . 343 . 
 
 . 30 ... — 
 
 .. 903 . 
 
 .. 21 ... — 
 
 
 
 . . 9 . . . - 
 
 . . 159 . 
 
 .. — ... 5 
 
 . . . 321 . 
 
 3 ... — 
 
 30 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 Presidential Election — 1840. 
 Aggregate vote 2,402,473 
 
 Harrison. V. Buren. ^=- -vi^....- _ 
 
 T7,.>P St'ites Vih\g. Deal. 
 
 5^r!- ;. 46,^2 .•• ^5':?1 
 
 New Hampshire'. 2b,lo8 ... 3^,^61 
 Massachusetts... ;2 8'4... ol,944 
 
 Vermont 32,440 ... 18,018 
 
 Rhode Island.... 5,278... 3,30 
 
 Connecticut 31,601 - ■ - 25 '2% 
 
 New York 225,817 . . - 212,527 
 
 New Jersey 33,351 . . - 31,034 . . 
 
 Pennsylvania ...144,021 ..-143 672 
 
 Ohio : 148,157 -.■1?4,782 
 
 Indiana 65,302 . . - ol ,b04 
 
 Illinois ..., 45,537 ... 4/ ,4/6 
 
 Michigan 22,933 ... 21,131 _ 
 
 Total 900,061 ... 809,747 ... 7,009 ... 156 ... 12 
 
 Siavc Stales. < o- j 
 
 Delaware 5,96/ ... 4,8/4... - 
 
 Maryland 33,528 . . . 28,752 ... - 
 
 Virn-inia 42,501 . - - 43,893 ... - 
 
 Nor°th Carolina .. 40,376 ... 33,782... - 
 South Carolina . . (By Legislature.) 
 
 Georgia 40,264 ... 31,933 ... - 
 
 Alablma 28,471 ... 33,991 ... - 
 
 Mississippi 19,518 ... 10,9<5 ... - 
 
 Louisiana 11,290 ... 7,61b ... - 
 
 Tennessea 60,391 ... 48,289 ... - 
 
 Kentucky 58,489 . . . 32,616 ... - 
 
 Arkansas ....... 4,302... 6,048... - ... -.- 
 
 Missouri 22,972... 29,760 ... ^- -■■_--- 
 
 Total 374,136 . . . 318,529 — . - - J^ - - ' 
 
 Total, U. S... 1,274,197 . 1,128,276 ... — ... 234 ... 
 
 Harrison over Van Euren l^o'c^.^ 
 
 Harrison over Van Buren and Birney io»,N)^ 
 
 Hari-ison's majority of Electors 1 ' 4 
 
 . 10 .. 
 
 — 
 
 
 OQ 
 
 - - 
 
 
 . 15 .. 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 11 
 
 . 11 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 4 . 
 
 
 . 5 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 15 . 
 
 
 . 15 . 
 
 
 This was the Log-cabin and Hard-cider campaign. 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 31 
 
 Presidential Election — 1844. 
 Aggregate vote 2,753,591 
 
 States. 
 
 Maine 
 
 N. Hampshire 
 Massachusetts 
 Connecticut.. 
 Rhode Island 
 
 Vermont 
 
 New York 
 
 New Jersey.. 
 Pennsylvania 
 Delaware . . . 
 Maryland . . . 
 Virginia 
 
 J. K Polk. 
 Dem. 
 
 45,719 .. 
 
 27,160.. 
 
 53,039 . . 
 
 29,841 .. 
 4,848.. 
 
 18,041 .. 
 237,588 . . 
 
 37,495.. 
 167,245 . . 
 
 5,969.. 
 
 32,676 .. 
 
 50,770 
 
 Ohio 149,117.. 
 
 Kentucky ... .51 ,980 
 
 N. Carolina.. 39,287 .'. 
 
 S. Carolina.. 35,000 .. 
 
 Georgia..... 44,1-53.. 
 
 Alabama 37,237 .. 
 
 Indiana 70,181 ."' 
 
 Illinois 57,920 .. 
 
 Michiga^ ... 27,703 '.'. 
 
 Mississippi.. 2-5,226.. 
 
 Tennessee . . . 59,917 
 
 Louisiana ... 13,782 
 
 Missouri 41 ,g69 
 
 Arkansas . . . 9,546 
 
 Total. 
 
 1,372,809 
 1,318,622 
 
 H. Clay. 
 Whig. 
 
 34,348 . . 
 
 17,866.. 
 
 67,062.. 
 
 32,832.. 
 7,323 . . 
 
 26,770.. 
 232,473 . . 
 
 38,218.. 
 
 161,203.. 
 
 6,257 . . 
 
 35,984 .. 
 
 44,877 .. 
 155,057 . . 
 61,262 .. 
 43,232 . . 
 20,000 . . 
 42,104.. 
 25,635 .. 
 67,867 .. 
 45,-528.. 
 24.237 . . 
 19,136 .. 
 60,030 . . 
 13,083 . . 
 30,634 . . 
 
 5,504 . . 
 
 Birney. 
 Abol. 
 4,836 . . 
 4,161 .. 
 
 10,8.30 . . 
 
 1,943.. 
 
 5 .. 
 
 3,957 . . 
 
 15,812 .. 
 
 131 .. 
 
 3,126 .. 
 
 -Electors.- 
 
 86 
 
 26 
 
 — .. 17 
 
 8,050 . . — 
 
 2,106.. 
 3.-570.. 
 3,6,32 . . 
 
 1,318,622 62,159 170 
 105 
 
 65 
 
 W. 
 
 12 
 6 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 23 
 12 
 II 
 
 105 
 
 Polk over Clay. 54,187 
 
 ClayandBirney 1,380,782 
 
 ^ • 1,372,809 
 
 Polk's minority 
 
 ^ In tins campaign the democratic watchword was. 
 
 7,973 
 
 'Polk and 
 
32. 
 
 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANIOJl. 
 
 Presidential, Election — 1848. 
 
 Free States. 
 
 Cass. 
 
 -Popular vote.— 
 Tavlor. 
 
 Van B. 
 
 ^Electr'l-^ 
 
 
 Dem. 
 
 Whig. 
 
 F. Soil. 
 
 C. 
 
 T. 
 
 Maine 
 
 39,800 . 
 
 35,125.. 
 
 , 12,096.. 
 
 9.. 
 
 — 
 
 N. Hampshire 
 
 27,763 .. 
 
 14.781.. 
 
 7,560.. 
 
 6 .. 
 
 — 
 
 Vermont 
 
 10,948 . 
 
 23,122.. 
 
 . 13,837.. 
 
 — -. 
 
 6 
 
 Massachus'ts. 
 
 35/281 . 
 
 01,070. 
 
 . 38,058.. 
 
 . — .. 
 
 12 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 3,046 . 
 
 0,779.. 
 
 730 . . 
 
 — -. 
 
 4 
 
 CoTinecticut . 
 
 27,046., 
 
 30,314.. 
 
 . 5,005 . , 
 
 . — .. 
 
 6 
 
 New Yoi-k . . . 
 
 114,318 . 
 
 . 218,603 . , 
 
 .120,510.. 
 
 — .. 
 
 86 
 
 New Jersey . . 
 
 36,901 . 
 
 40,015. 
 
 819.. 
 
 — .. 
 
 7 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 171,170 . 
 
 . 185,513 .. 
 
 . 11,203.. 
 
 . — .. 
 
 26 
 
 Ohio 
 
 154,775 . 
 
 . 138,360 . . 
 
 . 35,354 .. 
 
 . 23 . . 
 
 — 
 
 Indiana 
 
 74,745 . 
 
 09,907 . , 
 
 . 8;ioo. 
 
 . 12.. 
 
 
 Illinois 
 
 56,300 . 
 
 53,047 - 
 
 . 15,774. 
 
 . 9.. 
 
 — 
 
 Michigan' . - . 
 
 30,687 . 
 
 23,940.. 
 
 . 10,389 ., 
 
 . 5 .. 
 
 — 
 
 Wisconsin . . . 
 
 15,001 . 
 
 13,7^17 . 
 
 . 10,418 . 
 
 . 4.. 
 
 — 
 
 Iowa 
 
 12,093 . 
 
 11,084., 
 . 925,407 . 
 
 . 1,126 . 
 .291,039 . 
 
 . 4.. 
 . 72.-. 
 
 — 
 
 Total . - . 
 
 810,560 . 
 
 "97 
 
 Slave States. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Delaware 
 
 5,898 . 
 
 6,421 . 
 
 80. 
 
 . — .. 
 
 3 
 
 Maryland — 
 
 34,528 . 
 
 37,702 . 
 
 125 . 
 
 . — .. 
 
 8 
 
 Virginia 
 
 46,586 . 
 
 45,124 . 
 
 9 . 
 
 . 17 .. 
 
 — 
 
 N. Carolina . 
 
 34,869 . 
 
 43,519 . 
 
 85. 
 
 . — .. 
 
 11 
 
 S. Carolina . . 
 
 (By Legislature.) 
 
 
 . 9.. 
 
 — 
 
 Georgia 
 
 44,802 . 
 
 47,544 . 
 
 — . 
 
 . — .. 
 
 10 
 
 Florida 
 
 3,238 . 
 
 4.539 . 
 
 — 
 
 — . . 
 
 3 
 
 Alabama 
 
 31,363 . 
 
 30,482 . 
 
 . . — 
 
 . 9 .. 
 
 — 
 
 Mississippi . . 
 
 26,537 . 
 
 25 922 . 
 
 — - 
 
 . 6.. 
 
 — 
 
 Louisiana — 
 
 15,370 . 
 
 '. 18',217 '. 
 
 1 . 
 
 . — . . 
 
 6 
 
 Texas 
 
 8,695 . 
 
 3,770 . 
 
 3 . 
 
 • o •• 
 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 9,300 . 
 
 7,588 . 
 
 — 
 
 O . . 
 
 — 
 
 Tennessee . . . 
 
 58,419 . 
 
 74,705 . 
 
 — . 
 
 . . . 
 
 13 
 
 Kentucky . . . 
 
 119,720 . 
 
 07,141 . 
 
 — . 
 
 ■ T "■ 
 
 12 
 
 Missouri ..... 
 
 40,077 . 
 
 4"09^402 . 
 
 . 1,219,962 
 
 32,071 . 
 
 - 303". 
 
 7 . . 
 - "55 .- 
 
 — 
 
 Total . . . 
 
 .. 435,345- 
 .. 1,300,752. 
 
 "66 
 
 Total, U. S. . 
 
 .291,342 
 
 
 Taylor over Cass. 
 
 Popular Vote. 
 
 Electr'l Vote. 
 
 Free State 
 
 33-..---.-. 
 
 114 
 
 ,847 
 
 25 
 
 
 Slave Stat 
 
 -cs 
 
 25^ 
 
 140 
 
 ,943 
 
 11 
 
 
 Total .... 
 
 ,790 
 
 '".'.'. 36 
 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPAIS'ION. 33 
 
 Presidential Election — 1852. 
 
 ^, , ^^''■'-■'^- Sc.tt. H.-.Ie. ^Electors.-. 
 
 «5i:Jtc3. Dem. \\h\s. Fr. Soil. P S 
 
 Alabama 26,881.. 15,038 .. — .. 9 _1 
 
 Arkansas 12,173.. 7,401.. — .. 4. 
 
 California 39,6(J5 . . 34,971.. 100.." 4"' 
 
 Connecticut. 33,249.. 30,359.. 3,160 !". 6 ' -— 
 
 Delaware 6,318.. 6,293.. 02 3 ' — 
 
 Florida 4,318.. 2,875.. [[ 3'" 
 
 Georgia 34,705.. 16,660.. — 10 ' 
 
 Uliiiois 80,597.. 64,934.. 9,906.. 11 — 
 
 Indiana.. 95,299.. 80,901.. 0,934.. 13 _ 
 
 Iowa 8,024.. 7,444.. 777.. 4.. 
 
 Kentucky 53,806 . . 57,008 . . 265 . . . ! 12 
 
 Louisiana 18,687.. 17,255.. .. ' 
 
 Maine 41 ,609 . . 32,543 . . 8,030 '.'. 8 ' — 
 
 Maryland 35,077 . . 40,022 . . ' 54 . . 8 . . 
 
 Massachusetts... 46,880.. 56,063.. 9,903.. ..13 
 
 Michigan 41,842.. 33,860.. 7,'237 . . o' 
 
 Mississippi 26,876.. 17,54«.. — '.'. 7 .— 
 
 Missouri 36,642 . . 28,944 . . 9 
 
 N. Hampshire... 29,997 .. 16,147 .. C,6i!5 5 ' — 
 
 New Jersey 44,305 . . 38,556 . . . 350 . 7 — 
 
 New York 262,083.. 234,882.. 25,329 . 35 — 
 
 North Carolina . . 39,744.. 39,058.. 59 10 — 
 
 Ohio 169,220.. 152,520.. 31,682.. 23..— 
 
 Pennsylvania 198,508 . . 179,122 . . 8,024 . . 27 . . 
 
 Rhode Island 8,735 . . 7,020 . . 644 . . 4 .. 
 
 South Carolina . . (By Legislature.) 8 . . 
 
 Tennessee 57,018.. 58,898.. .. — ..12 
 
 Texas 13,552.. 4,995.. -— ' 4 "_ 
 
 Vermont 13,044.. 22,173.. 8,621..— 5 
 
 Virginia 72,413.. 57,132.. — .. 15..— 
 
 Wisconsin 33,658.. 22,240.. 8,814.. 5 .. — 
 
 1,585,545 .. 1,383,537 .. 157,290 .. 254 .. 42 
 
 PiECAPITULATION. 
 TUH POPTTLAR VoTB 01' THE UNITED STATES BINOK 1S2S. 
 
 Tears. Demoeraiic. Whig. Abolition. Scafine. 
 
 1328* 650,943.... 511,475.... — 
 
 im2* 687,502.... 583,297.... "" — 
 
 1 836 * 765 ,008 .... 737 ,526 .... _ 
 
 imj .... 819.203.... 927.213 — _ 
 
 8 
 
34 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 Tears. Democraiic Whig. 
 
 1838 95G,019 .... l,06fJ,712 .... 
 
 1839 1.011,168 972.347 
 
 JS40* ], 128, 176 .... 1,274,197 
 
 1841 .".'..'. 1,048,592 .'... l,02-:;,339 .... 
 
 1842 1,133,938 .... 1,033,828 .... 
 
 1843 1,073,157 983,433 
 
 1844* 1,372,809 l,318.t]22 .... 
 
 1845 1.101,674 .... 1,113,846 
 
 1846 1,165,432 .... 1,132,788 .... 
 
 1847 1,234.409 1,201,376 .... 
 
 1848* 1,219,902 .... 1.3.^.0.752 .... 
 
 1849 1,223,371 .... 1.2:n.:;(;8 .... 
 
 1850 1,298,035 .... 1.2i^5.24:t .... 
 
 1851 1,897.757 .... l,2>^-i),233 .... 
 
 1852* 1,585,545 1,383,537 157,2U0 
 
 * Presulential elections. 
 
 Abolition. 
 
 SoatMng. 
 
 7,072 '.'. 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 .. 21,059 
 
 27,301 ... 
 
 .. 15,484 
 
 50,374 .. 
 
 .. 26,881 
 
 02.159 .. 
 
 — 
 
 02,194 ... 
 
 . . 1,929 
 
 79.979 ... 
 
 78,557 .. 
 
 2;il.312 .. 
 
 ,. 0,313-5 
 
 . . 0,071 
 . . 1 ,035 
 
 99. (■:'.') . . 
 
 7>'-.l-t:'. ... 
 
 .. 3,090 
 
 INVENTIONS. 
 
 The folio-wing "will be found useful by way of re'fevenec : 
 Glass -windows were first used in 1180; chimnays in liouses, 
 1230; lead pipes for conveying Avatcr, 1252; tailow candles for 
 lights, 12'J0; spectacles invented by an Italian, 12t'9; papor 
 first made from linen, 1302 ; woolen cloth first niaiie in England, 
 1331; art of painting in oil colors, 1410; printing invented, 
 1440; watches made in Germany, 1477; variation of compass 
 first noticed, 1540; pins first used in England, 1-543; circula- 
 tion of human blood first discovered by Harvej', iOiO; first 
 newspaper published, 1030 ; first steam-engine invented, 1049 ; 
 first tire-engine invented, 1063 : first cotton planted in the United 
 States, 1709 ; steam-engine improved by Watt, 1707 ; steam 
 cotton-mill erected, 1783 ; stereotype printing invented in Scot- 
 land, 1785; animal magnetism discovered by Mesmer, 1788; 
 Sabbath-school established in Yorkshire, England, 1789 ; elec- 
 tro-magnetic telegraph by IVIorse, invented 1832 ; daguerreotype 
 process, invented 1839. 
 
 laiPORTANT TRUTHS. 
 
 In a work lately published by Lieber, on civil liberty and ^elf- 
 government, he says, "There is no right, without a parallel 
 duty ; no liberty, without the supremacy of law ; no high des- 
 ti?iy, without earnest j^erseveraiice ; no greatness, without self- 
 denial." 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 35 
 
 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, DECENNIALLY, FROM 
 1790 TO 1850, BY STATES. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Fracti's 
 
 Slates. 
 
 i:so. 
 
 l.'OO. 
 
 lao. 
 
 IfSO. 
 
 ISSO. 
 
 1S40. 
 
 IKO. 
 
 over 
 
 Ratio of 
 
 Rep. 
 
 Maine . . . 
 
 00,540 l.M 710 
 
 ':'2s.7(i,5 
 
 29S..3.35 
 
 .?99,455 
 
 501.793 
 
 5S3.188 
 
 20.802 
 
 N. llamp. 
 
 UlySOil'I-'-.Ti;'. 
 
 •J 14.861 
 
 244.161 
 
 269,828 
 
 284,574 
 
 817.964 
 
 86.771 
 
 Vermont. 
 
 S5,41(;:l 4 4i;: 
 
 L' 17.713 
 
 235 764 
 
 280,652 
 
 291,948 
 
 814,120 
 
 82.92T 
 
 Mass 
 
 .37S.71T|i-'--M.- 
 
 47J,040 
 
 523.2S7 
 
 610,408 
 
 737,699 
 
 994.499 
 
 *57.189 
 
 K. Isliind. 
 
 rajlo. I''.'.! -J 
 
 77,1131 
 
 S3,! '59 
 
 97,199 
 
 108,S3( 
 
 147.544*53.813 
 
 Conn 
 
 •2.'H^.14I '■-'.". .1"'--' 
 
 L'i;-.Mi4-.' 
 
 275,202 
 
 '297,675 
 
 809.978 
 
 870.791 *S9.59S 
 
 Iv. York . 
 
 :\U> 1-'' :. -'■..;:- 
 
 :,:;i iiioi.."7'-"-i'j 
 
 1.0s (r S 
 
 •2 <l'2s-92l 
 
 3.097.S94 4 271 
 
 N Jersey. 
 
 1-.|.|:-:"J1 1 'JVJ 
 
 .' 1 :. ."1."),") 
 
 'J77..'"i7.' 
 
 :;-j.i,s'2 
 
 ::7:;.:;<i( 
 
 4S9 555 20.811 
 
 I'enn . ..". 
 
 .|:i I. ,7.: i;;i_' :;(;.") 
 
 siii,(i;M l,(i4;i. ■!.".- 
 
 1 ;i^.2.;: 
 
 l.TJl.e:;: 
 
 2,:in.786 
 
 *62.242 
 
 Delaware 
 
 :.'.! M'l;' r.i .'T:; 
 
 72,074 
 
 72,74» 
 
 76,74,> 
 
 78.085 
 
 91.535 
 
 — 
 
 Miiryl;in(! 
 
 :ll'.l.7■-'■^•■;ll..'.4i; 
 
 3S0.f46 
 
 407.00(1 
 
 447,041 
 
 470.019 
 
 683.085 
 
 n8.282 
 
 A^iraiiiiiu . 
 
 7 H.:;ii^,-sii 2011 974,622 1,0C5,87!1 
 
 1,211.405 
 
 1.2.39.797 
 
 1,427.661 
 
 14.146 
 
 N. c;ar. . . 
 
 :;;!.•; 7.".ri7-i'i3 
 
 555,5' iQ, 
 415,115 
 
 63S.S29 
 
 • 737,987 
 
 753.419 
 
 868:903 
 
 3.690 
 
 S. Car. . . . 
 
 ii-i;i,'^7:;:;i:.r,:ti 
 
 502.741 
 
 5S1.1S5 
 
 594,P98 
 
 668.507 
 
 45.858 
 
 Oeora'ia. . 
 
 V-.'-. 1- ir.j 101 
 
 252,433 
 
 340,987 
 
 516.S:'S 
 
 691.392 
 
 905.999! 3.478 
 
 Keiiuiekv 
 
 7:iii77,J-o.i(j.=, 
 
 406,511 
 
 564.317 
 
 C-7.917 
 
 779.S2S 
 
 982,405*54.483 
 
 Teiin....". 
 
 o5,:ui 
 
 i(i5,(i0--' 
 
 261,727 
 
 422.SI3 
 
 6SI.9.4 
 
 !-29.21( 
 
 1,002,625*68.261 
 
 Ohio 
 
 — 
 
 45.365 
 
 230.760 
 
 58 1.4-34 
 
 937.0('3 
 
 1,519.467 
 
 1.980,408 12.057 
 
 Indiana. . 
 
 — ; 
 
 4.S75 
 
 24.520 
 
 147.178 
 
 343.031 
 
 685,866 
 
 ■988,416*51.106 
 
 Illinois . . 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 12.2S2 
 
 55.211 
 
 157,445 
 
 476.183 
 
 851,470 7.S91 
 
 !Mi?sonri.. 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 20,845 
 
 06,586 
 
 140.455 
 
 3S3J02 
 
 682,043*84.685 
 
 Micliisran. 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 4,762 
 
 S.896 
 
 31.039 
 
 212,267 
 
 897,654! 22.780 
 
 Alabama. 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 127,901 
 
 309,527 
 
 590.756 
 
 771,071 
 
 *72.12S 
 
 Miss 
 
 — 
 
 8.S50 
 
 40,352 
 
 75.448 
 
 136,621 
 
 875,651 
 
 606.555 
 
 13.940- 
 
 Louisiiina 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 76,556 
 
 153,407 
 
 215.739 
 
 852.411 
 
 517,789 
 
 44.900 
 
 Arkansas. 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 14.273 
 
 30,388 
 
 97.574 
 
 2('9,639 
 
 8.8S4 
 
 riorida. . . 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 34,730 
 
 54,477 
 
 87.401 
 
 — 
 
 ■Wis 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 30.945 
 
 305.191 
 
 23.99S 
 
 Iowa 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 43,112 
 
 192.214 
 
 4.752 
 
 Texas.... 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 212,592 
 
 1.S65 
 
 California 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 264,000 
 
 
 
 B. of Col 
 
 — 
 
 14,093 
 
 24,023 
 
 83,039 
 
 39,834 
 
 43,712 
 
 51,687 
 
 
 
 Minn 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 6,077 
 
 
 
 N. Mexico 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 01.547 
 
 
 
 Oregon . . 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 13.293 
 
 — 
 
 Utah .... 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 ~ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 11.380 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 -JH 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 10 
 
 TO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cs 
 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 >q. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total . . 
 
 cT 
 
 LO" 
 
 03" 
 
 ■^ 
 
 rS 
 
 c^ 
 
 (^ 
 
 
 
 
 <z> 
 
 
 10 
 
 «5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 01^ 
 
 » 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cc 
 
 
 
 t.r 
 
 cT 
 
 Cif 
 
 tS 
 
 c*" 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 '— ' 
 
 CI 
 
 Increase in sixty years, 19,397 .89(] — of whites, IG. 458. 274: 
 free colored, 369,193 ; slaves, 2,500,425. 
 
 * Have an additional member on account of larsre fraction.'; in 1S50. 
 
36 
 
 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 CENSUS OF THE SLAVES IN THE UNITED STATES', 
 DECENNIALLY, FROM 1790 TO 1850, BY STATES. 
 
 Fi I e Sti>lM. 
 
 n'jo. 
 
 I; 01). 
 
 isio. 
 
 i.-10. 
 
 I. -30. 
 
 IfJO. 
 
 itso. 
 
 Maine 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 N. Hampshire. 
 
 I.^S 
 
 s 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 — . 
 
 Virinont 
 
 2 769 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 . — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 l:hiide Island . 
 
 i)r>l 
 
 3S1 
 
 l("-8 
 
 48 
 
 17 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 Connecticut. . . 
 
 2.759 
 
 951 
 
 3I( 
 
 97 
 
 25 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 New York.... 
 
 21,824 
 
 20.343 
 
 15,017 
 
 10,088 
 
 75 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 Wew Jersey . . 
 
 11,423 
 
 12,422 
 
 10,851 
 
 7,557 
 
 2,254 
 
 674 
 
 225* 
 
 Pennsylvania . 
 
 3,7>i7 
 
 1,71 6 
 
 795 
 
 211 
 
 403 
 
 64 
 
 — 
 
 Ohio 
 
 — 
 
 l;35 
 
 237 
 
 190 
 
 6 
 3 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 
 
 Indiiina 
 
 -^ 
 
 Illinois 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 ]0S 
 
 917 
 
 747 
 
 331 
 
 — 
 
 Michigan 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 24 
 
 — 
 
 32 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Iowa 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 16 
 11 
 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 
 
 Utah Ttr 
 
 4L»,379 
 
 35,940 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 26 
 
 Total, Fr. Sl.t. 
 
 •;7.,51i 
 
 19 loS 
 
 3,567 
 
 1,129 
 
 251 
 
 Slnve States. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Delaware .... 
 
 S.8ST 
 
 6,153 
 
 4,177 
 
 4,5( 9 
 
 3.292 
 
 2.605 
 
 2,290 
 
 Maryland 
 
 1 ()3.(«6 
 
 1 115,635 
 
 111.502 
 
 107,398 
 
 102 994 
 
 89.737 
 
 90,368 
 
 Virginia 
 
 293.42" 
 
 31.5.79t> 
 
 392.518 
 
 425.153 
 
 469,757 
 
 44S987 
 
 472 528 
 
 N. Carolina . . 
 
 !■ 10.572 
 
 1 3:l,'.'9r> 
 
 168i>>L'4 
 
 205.017 
 
 i 45. 601 
 
 245 S17 
 
 288,412 
 
 S. Carolina. . . 
 
 ll;7,<i94 
 
 14('.,Uil 
 
 190.3(;5 
 
 258,475 
 
 815,401 
 
 327 038 
 
 381,984 
 
 Ceorgia 
 
 29.261 
 
 59,4114 
 
 105,218 
 
 149,650 
 
 217.631 
 
 280 944 
 
 ssi.oai 
 
 Alabama 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 41.S79 
 
 117.549 
 
 253,532 
 
 842,892 
 
 Mississippi . . . 
 
 — 
 
 3,4S9 
 
 17.088 
 
 32.814 
 
 C5,659 
 
 195.211 
 
 S(.9,S9S 
 
 Louisiana .... 
 
 . — 
 
 — 
 
 34,660 
 
 69,064 
 
 1 09.588 
 
 168 452 
 
 244.786 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 8.417 
 
 13,584 
 
 44 535 
 
 80,107 
 
 141,6(13 
 
 183.( 59 
 
 239,461 
 
 Kentucky .... 
 
 11, SOU 
 
 40,343 
 
 80.56 1 
 
 126,732 
 
 165,213 
 
 182,258 
 
 210,981 
 
 Missouri 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 3,011 
 
 10 222 
 
 25,(91 
 
 58.240 
 
 87.422 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1,617 
 
 4,576 
 
 19.935 
 
 48,982 
 
 Florida 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 ^- 
 
 — 
 
 15501 
 
 25.717 
 
 39,3ti9 
 
 Texas 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 58.161 
 
 D. of Columbia 
 
 — 
 
 0,244 
 
 5,395 
 
 0,377 
 
 6,119 
 
 4,C94 
 
 3,687 
 
 Total, Slave S . 
 
 657,527 
 
 857,(195 
 
 1,163.854 
 
 1,519,(20 
 
 2,009,042 
 
 2,487 ,?55 
 
 3,203,843 
 
 '• Free S. . 
 
 49,879 
 697.897 
 
 35,940 
 
 27,510 
 
 19,108 
 
 3,567 
 
 1,129 
 
 251 
 
 t; rand Total . . 
 
 893,041 
 
 1,191,364 
 
 1,538,128 
 
 2.009,042 
 
 2,487,355 
 
 8.204,098 
 
 * Apprentices by the act to abolish slavery. 
 
 t The other Free States have had no slaves since 1790. 
 
 LEGAL RATES OF INTEREST. 
 The legal rate is 8 per cent, in Alabama, Mississippi, Louisi- 
 ana, and Florida. It is 7 per cent, in New York, South Carolina. 
 (1 eorgia, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Iowa. In all the other States 
 it is 6 pei- cent. 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 37 
 
 CENSUS OF FREE NEGROES IN THE UNITED STATES, 
 DECENNIALLY, FROM 1790 TO 1850, BY STATES. 
 
 Free St;it.'a. 
 
 1T'..(I- 
 
 1^00. 
 
 1-10. 
 
 1S20, 
 
 1.--CI. 
 
 l'-<0. 
 
 lt.')0. 
 
 Maine 
 
 .•|:3-! 
 
 818 
 
 969 
 
 995 
 
 1.1 ;io 
 
 l,35f 
 
 1.356 
 
 "N. Hampshire 
 
 C:jl 
 
 S56 
 
 970 
 
 920 
 
 604 
 
 587 
 
 620 
 
 Massachusftla. 
 
 5,460 
 
 6,452 
 
 6.737 
 
 6,740 
 
 7,049 
 
 8,67( 
 
 8.795 
 
 ItliO'le Isl:ind.. 
 
 3,4'J9 
 
 3,804 
 
 3,61.9 
 
 3,598 
 
 3..561 
 
 3.288 
 
 3,669 
 
 Connccliciit . . 
 
 2.S:il 
 
 5.30 1 
 
 6.453 
 
 7 914 
 
 8.(i'7 
 
 8.105 
 
 7.486 
 
 Vermont 
 
 ! -200 
 
 5.=>7 
 
 750 
 
 9!S 
 
 8--1 
 
 73(1 
 
 718 
 
 "New York 
 
 1 4.G5t 
 
 10,874 
 
 25 333 
 
 29.9811 
 
 44,870 
 
 50,027 
 
 47.937 
 
 New Jcrsi^-. . . 
 
 2.7t;2 
 
 4-402 
 
 7,813 
 
 12 6 '9 
 
 18,303 
 
 21.044 
 
 23,807 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 j 0,557 
 
 14.561 
 
 22.492 
 
 32,153 
 
 37.930 
 
 47,854 
 
 5832:3 
 
 Oliio 
 
 1 
 
 337 
 
 1.899 
 
 4.862 
 
 9.568 
 
 17.342 
 
 24.300 
 
 Jniliiuia 
 
 1 — 
 
 163 
 
 393 
 
 1,230 
 
 3.629 
 
 7.165 
 
 10,788 
 
 Illinois 
 
 1 — 
 
 — 
 
 613 
 
 506 
 
 1.0.37 
 
 3,598 
 
 5,366 
 
 Mii.'liigan 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 120 
 
 S05 
 
 2'11 
 
 7(17 
 
 2.557 
 
 Jnwa r 
 
 j . — . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 172 
 
 335 
 
 Wisconsin . . . . 
 
 1 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 185 
 
 626 
 
 California 
 
 ! — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 965 
 
 •Oregon Ter. . . 
 
 1 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 206 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 89 
 
 New Mexico.. 
 
 __ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 Utah 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 34 
 
 
 Total, Frees.. 
 
 27.1i:9 
 
 47,1.54 
 
 78,181 
 
 102,765 
 
 137,530 
 
 170,729 
 
 192,834 
 
 Plsvc St.itcs. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r) -laware 
 
 3S99 
 
 8,268 
 
 13,186 
 
 12.958 
 
 15.585 
 
 16.919 
 
 18.073 
 
 -Maryland 
 
 8,(143 
 
 19.587 
 
 33 927 
 
 39,720 
 
 52 938 
 
 62,078 
 
 74.723 
 
 Virsrinia 
 
 12.7i;6 
 
 211.124 
 
 30.570 
 
 37.139 
 
 47.348 
 
 49,842 
 
 53.829 
 
 North Car.ilina 
 
 4,975 
 
 7,043 ■ 
 
 10.266 
 
 14.612 
 
 19..543 
 
 22,1.32 
 
 27.373 
 
 ■Siiith Carolina 
 
 1,8(11 
 
 3.185 
 
 4,554 
 
 6.826 
 
 7.921 
 
 8,270 
 
 8,900 
 
 Oeorgia 
 
 293 
 
 1,"19 
 
 1,801 
 
 1,767 
 
 2.486 
 
 2.753 
 
 2.880 
 
 Alabama 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 6*3 
 
 1,572 
 
 2.(i39 
 
 2.293 
 
 Mississippi . . . 
 
 — 
 
 1S2 
 
 240 
 
 458 
 
 519 
 
 1.855 
 
 899 
 
 Lonisjana 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 7.585 
 
 10,960 
 
 16.T10 
 
 25.502 
 
 17,537 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 3fil 
 
 309 
 
 1,317 
 
 2 779 
 
 4.555 
 
 5,524 
 
 6,271 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 114 
 
 741 
 
 1,713 
 
 2,941 
 
 4,917 
 
 7,817 
 
 9,736 
 
 Missonri 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 607 
 
 376 
 
 569 
 
 1,574 
 
 2,544 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 77 
 
 141 
 
 465 
 
 589 
 
 Florida 
 
 ' — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 844 
 
 817 
 
 925 
 
 Texas 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 __ 
 
 
 
 
 
 331 
 
 D. of Columbia 
 
 — 
 
 783 
 
 2.519 
 
 4,048 
 
 6.152 
 
 8,361 
 
 9,973 
 
 Total, Slave S. 
 
 32,375 
 
 61.241 
 
 108.265 
 
 1.35,304 
 
 182.070 
 
 215.565 
 
 236.876 
 
 " Frees.. 
 
 127,1(19 
 
 47.154 
 
 78,181 
 
 102,765 
 
 137.5-30 
 
 170,729 
 
 192,834 
 
 Total 
 
 ' 59.484 
 
 1 08 895 
 
 186.446 
 
 2.'?S.069 
 
 319.609 
 
 386,294 
 
 429,710 
 
 The Union must and shall be preserved." — Jackson. 
 
88 I'OLrncAL pocket companion. 
 
 UNFORTUNATE PERSONS IN THE UNITED STATES 
 IN 1850. 
 
 Deaf and 
 
 States. Dumb. Blind. Insane. Idiotic. 
 
 Maine 230.. 201.. 536.. 558.. 
 
 New Hampshire . . 103.. 13G .. 385.. 352.. 
 
 Vermont 144.. 138.. 552.. 281.. 
 
 Mass.ichusetts 364 .. 497 .. 1.647 .. 791 .. 
 
 Rliocb Island 64.. 64.. 252.. 107.. 
 
 Connecticut 389.. 192.. 462.. 800.. 
 
 New York 1.307 .. 1.272 .. 2,580 .. 1,739 .. 
 
 New Jersey 203.. 213.. 386.. 426.. 
 
 Pennsylvania 1 .004 . . 829 . . 1 ,891 . . 1 ,448 . . 
 
 Delaware 58 . . 46 . . 70 . . 101 . . 
 
 Maryland 254 . . 807 . . 553 . . 393 . . 
 
 Dist. of Columbia.. ]9.. 23.. 22.. 11.. 
 
 Virginia 711.. 996.. 1,026.. 1,285.. 
 
 North Carolina .. . 407.. 532.. 491.. 774.. 
 
 South Carolina-... 145.. 222.. 204.. 295.. 
 
 Georgia 252.. 309.. 306.. 577.. 
 
 Florida 22.. 26.. 8.. 37.. 
 
 Alabama 214.. 308.. 245.. 505.. 
 
 Mississippi 108.. 217.. 149.. 210.. 
 
 Louisiana 128.. 218.. 208.. 178.. 
 
 Texas 58.. 76.. 41.. 108.. 
 
 Arkansas 89.. 81.. 63.. 102.. 
 
 Tennessee 377.. 468.. 478.. 854.. 
 
 Kentucky 539.. 530.. 507.. 849.. 777 
 
 Ohio 947.. 665.. 4,352.. 1,899.. 1,07:! 
 
 Michigan 122.. 122.. 136.. 190.. 429 
 
 Indiana 518.. 349.. 579.. 919.. 583 
 
 Illinois 475.. 2-57.. 249.. 371.. 484 
 
 Missouri 259.. 211.. 282.. 833,. 505 
 
 Wisconsin 65.. 50.. 48,. 71.. 238 
 
 Iowa 51.. 47.. 40.. 93.. 44 
 
 California 6.. — .. 2.. ■• 3.. — 
 
 Minnesota — .. — .. 1.. 1.- — 
 
 Oregon — .. — .. 4.. 4.. — 
 
 Utah — .. 2.. 3.. 2.. — 
 
 NewMexico- 28.. 98.. 11.. 38.. — 
 
 Aggregate 9,723 .. 9,702 .. 15,768 .. 15,706 .. 50,353 
 
 I had rather be right, than President,"'— Ci..a.y, 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 39 
 
 POPULATION OF OUR PRINCIPxiL CITIES AND TO^,YNS. 
 
 Albany N. Y.. 50,703 
 
 Alexandria Va 9,967 
 
 AUegliany Pa.... 21,201 
 
 Anclover Mass. . 6,930 
 
 Ann Arbor Mich. . 4,025 
 
 Annapolis Md... 4,198 
 
 Auburn N. Y.. 9,540 
 
 Augusta* Ga 14,072 
 
 Augusta Me.... 8,225 
 
 Austin Texas. 4,0U0 
 
 Baltimore Md. . . 169,05 1 
 
 Bangor Me 14,432 
 
 Bath Me...- 8,020 
 
 Baton Rouge .'..La 4,200 
 
 Beloit* Wis... 1,378 
 
 Bingham ton*..N. Y.. 9,094 
 
 Boston Mass. .136,87 1 
 
 Brattleboro'....Vt.... 3,815 
 
 Bridgeport Conn. . 7 ,558 
 
 Bristol R.L.. 4,010 
 
 Brooklyn* N. Y.. 130,847 
 
 Buffalo N. Y.. 42,201 
 
 Burlington Iowa.. 5,102 
 
 Burlington Yt 5,211 
 
 Cambridge Mass.. 15.215 
 
 Camden N. J.. 9,505 
 
 Carlisle Pa.... 4,579 
 
 Charleston S. C... 42,985 
 
 Charlestown Mass.. 17,216 
 
 Chicago* 111.... 38,734 
 
 Chillicothe Ohio.. 7,100 
 
 Cincinnati * Ohio . . 1 60 , 1 80 
 
 City of S. Lake. Utah.. 12.000 
 
 Cleveland* Ohio.. 25,670 
 
 Columbia* S. C .. 7,254 
 
 Columbus Miss.. 9,312 
 
 Columbus Ohio . . 17 ,883 
 
 Concord N. H.. 8,740 
 
 Covington* Ky. .. 12,154 
 
 Dayton* Ohio .. 16,562 
 
 Detroit Mich.. 21,019 
 
 * From the census of 1850, except those marked *, which were taken from 
 two to lour years later. 
 
 Dover 
 
 .N. H. 
 
 8,186 
 
 Dubuque 
 
 .Iowa. 
 
 3,710 
 
 Elmira 
 
 .N.Y. 
 
 5,019 
 
 Erie 
 
 -Pa... 
 
 12,805 
 
 Fall River 
 
 .Mass. 
 
 . 11,805 
 
 Fishkill 
 
 .N. Y. 
 
 9,185 
 
 Fort Wayne... 
 
 .lud. . 
 
 4,231 
 
 Galveston 
 
 -Texas 
 
 . 6,000 
 
 Georgetown... 
 
 .D.C. 
 
 8,366 
 
 Green Bay .... 
 
 -AVis.. 
 
 1,922 
 
 Ilarrisburg*... 
 
 .Pa... 
 
 12,022 
 
 Hartford 
 
 . Cionn. 
 
 13,555 
 
 Hobokeu* 
 
 -N. J. 
 
 5,527 
 
 Hudson 
 
 .N. Y. 
 
 6,263 
 
 Indianapolis. . . 
 
 .Ind. . 
 
 8,034 
 
 Iowa City 
 
 .Iowa. 
 
 2,308 
 
 Jackson 
 
 .Mich. 
 
 2,360 
 
 Jefferson City 
 
 -Mo. . 
 
 3,721 
 
 Jersey City* . . 
 
 -N. J.. 
 
 20,989 
 
 Kingston 
 
 -N. Y. 
 
 10,233 
 
 Lancaster 
 
 .Pa... 
 
 12,365 
 
 Lawrence 
 
 -Mass. 
 
 18,341 
 
 Little Rock. . . . 
 
 -Ark.. 
 
 4,138 
 
 Lockport 
 
 -N. Y. 
 
 12,323 
 
 Louisville 
 
 -Ky. -. 
 
 43,196 
 
 Lowell 
 
 .Mass. 
 
 33,383 
 
 Lynn 
 
 . Mass. 
 
 14,257 
 
 IMacon 
 
 .Ga... 
 
 5,953 
 
 Madison 
 
 .Ind. . 
 
 8,005 
 
 Manchester* . . 
 
 .N. H. 
 
 16,981 
 
 Memphis 
 
 .Tenn. 
 
 8,839 
 
 Milwaukie 
 
 .AVisc. 
 
 . 20,061 
 
 Mobile 
 
 . Ala. . 
 
 20,513 
 
 Nashville 
 
 -Tenn. 
 
 10,478 
 
 Natchez 
 
 .Miss. 
 
 5,239 
 
 New Albany . . 
 
 .Ind... 
 
 9,873 
 
 New Bedford.. 
 
 .Mass. 
 
 16,443 
 
 New Brunswick.N. J- 
 
 13,387 
 
 New London . . 
 
 . Conn. 
 
 9,000 
 
 New Orleans.. 
 
 .La... 
 
 119,461 
 
 New York 
 
 .N. Y. 
 
 515,507 
 
40 
 
 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION'. 
 
 Newark* N. J-- 45,500 
 
 Newbern N. C 4,848 
 
 JSTewburg N. Y.. 11,415 
 
 Newliuryport. . . Mass.. 9,534 
 
 New Haven Conn. . 20,345 
 
 Newport Ky. . . 0,02G 
 
 Newport R. I... 9,347 
 
 Norfolk Va..-. 14,326 
 
 Norwich Conn.. 10,205 
 
 Ohio City* Ohio. . 7,464 
 
 OregonCity Oreg.. 1,010 
 
 Oswego N. Y.. 12,205 
 
 Paterson* N. J . . 17 ,93 1 
 
 Petersburg Va.... 14,010 
 
 Philadelphia . . .Pa.. . .408,702 
 
 Pittsburg Pa.-.. 40,601 
 
 Plattsburg N. Y. . 5,590 
 
 "Portland Me.... 20,819 
 
 Portland Oreg.. 859 
 
 Portsmouth N. H. . 9,739 
 
 Portsmouth Ohio.. 5,107 
 
 Portsmouth Va.... 8,450 
 
 Pottsvillo Pa.... 7,496 
 
 Poughkeepsie...N. Y.. 13,944 
 
 Providence R.I... 41,518 
 
 Quincy Ill 9,019 
 
 Racine Wis... 5,111 
 
 Raleigh N. C. 4,408 
 
 Reading Pa 15,748 
 
 Richmond Va.. . . 27,482 
 
 Rochester N. Y. . 30,403 
 
 Rome N. Y.. 7,920 
 
 Rosbury Mass.. 18,364 
 
 Sacramento Cal . . . 
 
 Salem Mass. . 
 
 San Augustine. . Flor. . 
 San Francisco*. Cal. .. 
 
 Santa Fe N.M'o. 
 
 Savannah Ga. . . 
 
 Schenectady .. .N. Y.. 
 
 Smithfield R.I... 
 
 South Boston. . . Mass.. 
 
 Springfield Mas.s.. 
 
 Springfield Ohio. . 
 
 St. Louis* Mo... 
 
 St. Paul's Min... 
 
 Stamford Conn. . 
 
 Syracuse N. Y. . 
 
 Taunton Mass. . 
 
 Toledo* Ohio.. 
 
 Trenton N. J. . 
 
 Troy N. Y.. 
 
 Utica N. Y.. 
 
 Vicksburg Miss. . 
 
 Washington D. C . . 
 
 Watertown N. Y. . 
 
 Watervliet N. Y. . 
 
 West Feliciana. -La 
 
 Wheeling Va. . . 
 
 Wilmington* .. .Del. .. 
 Wilmington N. C.- 
 Winchester Va. . . 
 
 Worcester* Mass. . 
 
 York Pa. . . . 
 
 Zanesville Ohio.. 
 
 8,000 
 
 20,264 
 
 2,993 
 34,876 
 
 7,713 
 16,060 
 
 8,922 
 11,380 
 13,271 
 14,760 
 
 5,107 
 94,090 
 
 1.135 
 
 4,963 
 22,271 
 10.441 
 
 0,412 
 10,760 
 28,785 
 17,566 
 
 4,211 
 40,001 
 
 7,208 
 16,679 
 13,245 
 11,391 
 16,163 
 11,218 
 
 4,230 
 20,771 
 
 6,876 
 
 7,929 
 
 FOREIGNERS IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1850. 
 
 Numlcr. IVr cent 
 
 Natives of Ireland 961,719 43.04 
 
 " Germany 573,2.35 26.00 
 
 " England 278,675 12.06 
 
 " British America 147,700 6.68 
 
 " Scotland 70.550 3.17 
 
 " France .54,069 2.44 
 
 "Wales 29,868 1.34 
 
 " Other Countries 95,022 4.47 
 
 2.210.828 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 41 
 
 In Wisconsin, the foreigners constitute one third of the pop- 
 ulation; in Louisiana, one fourth; New York, one fifth ; Mas- 
 sachusetts and Rliode Island, one sixth ; Michigan, one seventh ; 
 Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Illinois, and Missouri, one eighth; 
 Ohio and Iowa, one ninth ; Vermont, one tenth , Florida, one 
 eighteenth ; Maine and Indiana, one nineteenth ; New Hamp- 
 shire, one twenty-fifth ; Kentucky, one twenty-sixth ; Virginia, 
 one forty-third; Alabama, one fifty-third; Mississippi, one six- 
 tieth; GeoT'gia, one eighty -seventh ; Arkansas, one one hun- 
 dredth ; Tennessee, one one hundred and twenty-sixth ; and 
 North Carolina, one two hundred and thirty-second. 
 
 INDIAN CENSUS. 
 According to the census returns, the entire number of In- 
 dians inhabiting all parts of our country amounts to about 
 418,000. Of this number, 30,000 is the estimated number of 
 those inhabiting tlie unexplored territories; 24,100 are the In- 
 dians of Texas; 'Jii.loO belong to the tribes living in New Mex- 
 ico; 32,2ol are in California ; 22,733 are in Oregon; l],-'jOOin 
 Utah. Many of the New Mexican Indians are civilized, and 
 have fixed habitations and towns. 
 
 Presidents of the United States, fhom the Adoption 
 OF the Constitution to the Present Time. 
 
 Ko 
 
 rrcskk-nts. 
 
 Itosidelice. 
 
 Born. 
 
 If |l 
 
 Died. 
 
 OS 
 
 
 1 
 
 Geortri. Wnt^liinL'Ion 
 Gi'(iri;e Wasiiington 
 
 •Ti.liri A.lii.ns 
 
 Tlioiiins .rcfriTSoii. . 
 Tlioni.-is .T-ff.rsin.. 
 .lanic'S M.iilisoM 
 
 Virginia .. 
 
 17:32 
 
 57 : s 
 
 1 
 
 Dec. 14, 17!'9 
 
 17S9 
 1793 
 1797 
 I Si 11 
 'S05 
 18(9 
 1S13 
 1S17 
 1821 
 IS25 
 1J2)» 
 1^3:! 
 1S37 
 1841 
 1S41 
 1S45 
 1849 
 1850 
 1853 
 
 4 
 5 
 C 
 
 7 
 
 Mass 
 
 Virginia .. 
 
 Virginia .. 
 
 1735 
 1743 
 
 (J-2 
 5-1 
 
 'is 
 
 4 
 S 
 
 "s 
 
 •Inly 4, 1S-2C 
 •Iniy 4, 1S26 
 
 June 2S. IS (! 
 
 91 
 i-3 
 
 S5 
 
 S 
 
 •hiiiie.< ^(llllr.l^- Virginia.. 
 
 .laiiHs Muni'oe 
 
 175S 
 
 53 
 
 8 
 
 Jnly 4, 1831 
 
 72 
 
 10 
 1! 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 
 15 
 16 
 
 17_ 
 
 John (^ A'laiiis.... 
 Andrew .Iiii Usrm. . . 
 .\n(lri-w .I:iokson. . . 
 Marlin Van Iiiiri-n.. 
 Win. 11. IIarri.son* 
 
 •IdhnTvler 
 
 James K. Pi.lk 
 
 Zacli.ary Taylor*.... 
 Millard Fiiimore.. . 
 Franklin Pierce 
 
 Mass 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 New York 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Virginia .. 
 Tennessee 
 Louisiana 
 New York 
 N. Hamp. 
 
 17H7 
 1767 
 
 'i7.'!2' 
 1773 
 1790 
 1795 
 1784 
 1800 
 
 5S 
 02 
 
 '55' 
 68 
 51 
 49 
 05 
 50 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 "4 
 
 4 
 4 
 1 
 3 
 
 F.h. 23. 184s 
 June 8, 1S4.^ 
 
 April 4, 1841 
 
 Jiineis. 1«49 
 July ii, 18,0(1 
 
 80 
 7S 
 
 '6S' 
 
 54' 
 66 
 
 * Died in office, and succeeded by tiie Yice»President. 
 
42 
 
 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 Alabama | Montgomery, 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 California .... 
 
 Connecticut. ... 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Florida 
 
 G I'orf^ia 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Maine 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Massaoiiusetts . . 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Missou ri 
 
 New Hampshirt 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 New York 
 
 Nortli Carolina 
 
 Ohio 
 
 I'mnsylvania . . 
 
 iiliode Island.. 
 
 S )uth Carolina. 
 
 TiMiuessee 
 
 i'-'Xas 
 
 Vermont 
 
 V'irsinia 
 
 Vf'iseiinsin 
 
 Little Itock 
 
 Sacramento 
 
 Hartford and New 
 Haven 
 
 Dover 
 
 Tallaliassee . ... 
 
 M:ll,Ml>:Hville 
 
 S|,nn^'tirl,l 
 
 lu'liuniiinilis 
 
 Iowa City 
 
 Franklbrt 
 
 Uaton llouge 
 
 Augusta 
 
 Annapolis 
 
 Boston 
 
 Lansing 
 
 Jacksun 
 
 JeirL-r.son City 
 
 Concord 
 
 Trenton 
 
 Albany 
 
 llaleigli 
 
 Coluinbus 
 
 Ilarrisburg 
 
 Newport and Prov- 
 idence 
 
 Coluinijia 
 
 Nashville 
 
 Austin 
 
 Miinipelier 
 
 Itichmond 
 
 Madison 
 
 $2,500 
 
 1,800 
 
 10,000 
 
 1,100 
 
 1,333 
 1,500 
 3,000 
 1,500 
 1,800 
 1,000 
 2,500 
 
 1,500 
 3,600 
 2,500 
 1,500 
 3,000 
 2,000 
 1.000 
 1,800 
 4,000 
 2,000 
 1,800 
 3,000 
 
 400 
 
 3,500 
 2,(100 
 2,000 
 750 
 5.000 
 1,250 
 
 2 Mo. Nov, 
 1 Mo. Nov. 
 1 Mo. Jan. 
 
 1 W. May. 
 
 1 Tu. June. 
 1 Mo. Nov. 
 
 1 Mo. Nov. 
 
 2 Mo. Jan. 
 Januarv. 
 
 1 Mo. Dec. 
 
 1 Mo. Dec. 
 
 3 Mo. Jan. 
 
 2 W. Jan. 
 1 W. Jan. 
 1 W. Jan. 
 1 W. Jan. 
 1 Mo. Jan. 
 Last M. Dec 
 
 1 W. June. 
 
 2 Tu. Jan. 
 1 Tu. Jan. 
 
 3 Mo. Nov. 
 1 Mo. Jan. 
 1 Tu. Jan. 
 
 May and Oct, 
 
 4 Mo. Nov. 
 
 1 Mo. Oct. 
 In Decemb. 
 
 2 Th. Oct. 
 2 Mo. Jan. 
 1 Mo. Jan. 
 
 1,300 
 1,355 
 
 3,000 
 
 345 
 
 IGO 
 
 1,074 
 
 655 
 
 851 
 
 639 
 
 1,4S5 
 
 669 
 
 1.539 
 
 619 
 
 43 
 
 448 
 
 1,0S3 
 
 1,325 
 
 1.717 
 
 5i.5 
 
 172 
 
 370 
 
 305 
 
 4.JS 
 
 121 
 
 (414 
 
 ■|405 
 
 691 
 
 1,142 
 
 1.803 
 
 556 
 
 130 
 
 1.383 
 
 The following States hold Legislative sessions biennially, viz. : 
 Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Ala- 
 bama, Michigan, jMi.^sissippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Ten- 
 jij.isee, Ohio, Indiana, Missouri, Iowa, and Illinois 
 
 In the United State;? there is one voter to every seven, and 
 (i'le landholder to cvcrv seventeen of the population ; in France, 
 oiio voter to every lour, and one landholder to every eleven; 
 iu Great Britain and Ireland, one voter to every thirty, and one 
 landholder to every G'J8 of the population : 
 
 Population. Voters. Landholders. 
 
 United States 25,000,000. . . . 3,500,000 1 ,500,000 
 
 France 35,000,000 . . . .3,500,000 . . . .3,300,000 
 
 G. Britain and Ireland. .30,000,000. ... 1 ,000,000 43,000 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 43 
 
 STATE ELECTION. 
 
 Maine 
 
 New H;unpsliiro 
 
 Ytnnunt 
 
 ,M;issaclui3et(s. . . 
 
 Khode Island 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 New Yorlc 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 Pennsylvania . . . 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Virginia 
 
 North Carolina. . 
 South Carolina. . 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Misissippi 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Arl;ansa3 
 
 '!\ imessee 
 
 Krntnclcv 
 
 Oil:.. ..." 
 
 Michisr;:!! 
 
 India' a 
 
 li!ii,..:s 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Plorida 
 
 Iowa 
 
 TexMs 
 
 "Wisconsin 
 
 Oregon Territory 
 
 New Jlexieo 
 
 Calif prtiia 
 
 Second Monday in September 
 
 Second Tuesday in March 
 
 First Tuesday in September 
 
 Second Monday in November 
 
 First Wednesday in Ap'il 
 
 First Monday in April 
 
 'J'uesday after first Monday in November 
 Tuesday after first Monday in November 
 
 Second Tuesday in Oitclier 
 
 Second Tnesdiiy in >'ovcnibiT . ■ 
 
 First Wednesd.-iy in November 
 
 Fourth Thursday in May 
 
 First Thursday in Augii<;t 
 
 Second Moniiay in October 
 
 First Monday in OctnlxT 
 
 First Monday in August 
 
 First Monday and Tuesday in Novembi r 
 
 First Monday in November 
 
 First Monday in Ausnst 
 
 First Thursday in August 
 
 i"i r<t Monday in ."iugust 
 
 > coiid Tuesday in (>ct:!ber 
 
 First Tuesday in November 
 
 First Monday in Au^u-t 
 
 T'lrs lay after first Moiii|;iy in Noveiiilicr 
 
 First Monday in August 
 
 First Monday in October 
 
 First Monday in August 
 
 First Monday in November 
 
 'J'uesday after first Monday in November 
 
 151 
 2S6 
 230 
 356 
 
 69 
 215 
 12S 
 
 58 
 
 luo 
 
 21 
 
 82 
 134 
 120 
 121 
 180 
 100 
 93 
 9S 
 
 66 
 100 
 75 
 ■19 
 41 
 39 
 66 
 54 
 IS 
 
 THE GOLD PRODUCE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 It is now about fire years and ten months since gold was dis- 
 covered iu Ciilifovnir;, The sum of $204,000,000 had been de- 
 posited at the various mints up to the 3 1st of Oetober. The 
 exports of OcUiber hnd not been received, which, with that of 
 November and Dccei-ii':Lr, as manifested at the Custom-liOu.se, 
 amounts to $lo,088,"J0'J, v.-hich, added to the previous sum, 
 makes $219,.574,."54. If we estimate that one seventh of the 
 gold dug in C.alifornia has not been coined in the United States 
 Mints, we shall have the total sum of $200,000,000 as theprod- 
 ;ice of tlie California gold-mines. The sum of .'?40,000,000 is 
 probably a low estimate for the amotint of gold-dust triken to 
 foreign countries, used in ornaments and plate coined here and 
 VOL Utah, and still uncoined (in 1854). 
 
44 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 TABLE OF GOLD AND SILVER COINS. 
 Gold Coinage. 
 
 Weiglit. 
 Brazil. dwt. gr. 
 
 Johannes, half in proportion 18 00 . . 
 
 DobTaon .34 12 
 
 Dobra ]8 6 . . 
 
 Moidore, half in proportion G 22 
 
 Crusado 16^ 
 
 England. 
 
 Guinea, half in proportion 5 9.i.. 
 
 Sovereign, " •*• 5 31. _ 
 
 Seven-shilling Pieces 1 19 
 
 Franck. 
 
 D^juble Louis, coined before 178G 10 11 
 
 Louis, " " •' 5 51.. 
 
 D-.ublc Louis, coined since 178G 9 iiU . . 
 
 Louis, •' •' '• 4 22 .. 
 
 Double Napoleon, or 40 francs 8 7 .. 
 
 Napoleon, or 20 francs 3 oj.. 
 
 Coi.oaiBiA. 
 
 D«iubl(jons 17 f \ . . 
 
 Mi:.\icy. 
 
 D.iubloons, shares in proportion 17 S.\. . 
 
 Portugal. 
 
 D.)l)raon "4 12 
 
 Doljra j S G . . 
 
 Johannes ly 
 
 Tvloidore. half in i")roporticn G 22 . . 
 
 Pieces of 1(! Tes'.oons. or 1,600 Kees 
 
 01 1 Crus:ido of 400 Kees, ] ."> 
 
 New " -MSORees lii].. 
 
 Milree, coined in 1755 l<Ji| . . 
 
 Spain. 
 
 Quadruple Pistole, or Doubloons, 1772, dou- 
 
 l)le and single, and shares in proportion. 17 8s.. 
 
 Doubloon. 1801 17 {1' 
 
 Pistole, 1801 4 8}.. 
 
 Coromilla, Gold Dollar or Vinteni. 1801. . . 1 i] 
 
 Bengal, Sicca Rupee, thus iixed by law 
 
 Holland. 
 
 Double Ityder 12 21 
 
 Uylpi' 6 9 . . 
 
 Ducat 2 5-| . . 
 
 Ten Guilder Piece, 5 do. in proportion 4 8 .. 
 
 Stand. > 
 
 n{ 
 
 Aug. '34. 
 
 $ 
 
 c. 
 
 M. 
 
 17 
 
 03 
 
 4 
 
 32 
 
 71 
 
 8 
 
 17 
 
 30 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 56 
 
 
 
 G3 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 (! 
 
 4 
 
 87 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 70 6 
 
 9 
 
 GO 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 84 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 58 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 71 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 80 
 
 G 
 
 15 
 
 53 
 
 8 
 
 .^2 
 
 71 
 
 4 
 
 17 
 
 ;,() 
 
 5 
 
 17 
 
 (1(1 
 
 8 
 
 G 
 
 5G 
 
 
 ^'> 
 
 12 
 
 iS 
 
 
 58 
 
 G 
 
 
 Go 
 
 7 
 
 
 78 
 
 
 IG 
 
 03 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 53 8 
 
 3 
 
 88 3 
 
 
 98 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 20 
 
 5 
 
 G 
 
 04 3 
 
 2 
 
 27 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 03 i 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 45 
 
 Silver Coinage. 
 
 $ c. M. 
 United States Dollars, halves and quarters in pro- 
 portion 1 00 
 
 Antwerp, Amsterdam, llotterdam, and all the Neth- 
 erlands, thus fixed by law, Florins and Guilders .. 40 
 
 A j^sBUiiG Florins 48 
 
 11 VTA VI A ilix Dollar 75 
 
 D:i AziL Guilder 40 
 
 Bine J, Mirks 33 3 
 
 D vRc;:Lo>f A and Catalonia Livres 53 3 
 
 B.I ABANT Florin 34 
 
 Bjmbay, Siccx Rupee - 50 
 
 CriiNA Tale', thus lixed by law 1 48' 
 
 Calcu I'TA Ru ee, thus fixed by law 50 
 
 Caten.me Livres — 7 are estimated equal to 1 00 
 
 Crkveld, Florins 37 29 
 
 Current Marlvs 28 
 
 D:>f.M^RK Rix Dollar, thus fixed by law 1 00 
 
 E iGLA^jD, Pound Sterling, tlius fixed by law 4 80 
 
 France, Francs 18 708 
 
 Livres, thus fixed by law 18 5 
 
 Flohexce, Livres — G} are estimated to equal 1 00 
 
 Gknoa, Livres — Bi are estimatetl to equal 1 00 
 
 Hamburg, Rix Dollar 100 
 
 HALIFAX, Pound 4 00 
 
 LvDiA, Pago la, thus fixed by law 1 84 
 
 Ireland, Pound, thus fixed by kw 4 80 
 
 Jamaica, Currency, £1, is estimated to- equal 1 00 
 
 Leghorn, Dollar 90 76 
 
 Livre— G^ are estimated to equal 1 00 
 
 Leipsic, Florin 48 
 
 Louis d'Or, or Rix Dollar, of Bremen 75 
 
 Malta, Sondes 40 
 
 Naples, Ducat 80 66 
 
 Portugal, jMilreas, thus fixed by law ......... 1 24 
 
 Prussia , Rix Dollar 68 29 
 
 Florin ' 23 
 
 Russia, Ruble*-^estimated at lo' 15-32 pence sterl.t 
 
 Sicily, Ounce 2 40 
 
 Spain, Real of Plate, tlius fixed "by law '."."'..'!"!! " 10 
 
 Real of Colon, thus fixed by law 05 
 
 St. Gall, Guilders 40 §6 
 
 * Bul'ject to the rate of exchange on London. 
 T Tenpence sterling la taken for 20 cents. 
 
4G POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 $ c. M, 
 
 Sweden, Rix Dollar 1 00 
 
 Saxon Dollar 69 
 
 Swiss Livie 27 
 
 Trieste Guilder 47 058 
 
 Ti'scA.w Crown 1 05 
 
 TuRKii^H Pi.isrer, valued by the rate of exchange on 
 
 London. 
 
 The value of coins not fixcl by lav/ arc estimated at the 
 Custom-house in New York. 
 
 ?,IILITIA IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 The numb.^r of militia in the United States, according to a 
 document lately furnished to Congress, is as follows : Maine, 
 41.635; Newilampshive, 27,GG7 ; Massachusetts, 101,781 ; Ver- 
 mont, 23,'.! 15 ; llhode Island, iC,i;5o; Connecticut, 57,719 ; New 
 York, 201, '15:-'; New Jcr.'r-oy, :-;9.171 ; renusylvania, 270,070; 
 Delaware, 9.220; Maryland, 46,804; Virginia, 12i,0il2; North 
 Carolina, 7'.i.4 43 ; South Carolina^ r.'5,20y ; Greorg'<a, 57,812; 
 Alabama, 41. J-iOl ; Louisiana, 4o,82::! ; Missis.sippi, 86,084 ; Ten- 
 nessee, 71.252 ; Kentucky, 'SS,i\-2':) ; Olno, F6,455 ; Indiana, 
 50,913: Illinois, 83,1;;4; "Missouri, Ci,(iij0; Arkansas, 17,137; 
 Michigan, jO,017 ; Florida, 12.122; Texas, 19,7(0: Wisconsin, 
 32,203 ; District of Columbia, 1 ,248. 
 
 ARMY AND NAVY. 
 
 The number of militia in the United States in 1S50, was 
 1,914,101. Regular army, commissioned officers, 882 ; non- 
 commissioned officers and privates, 9,438 : total, 10,320. Navy, 
 captains, 68 ; commandei-s, 97 ; lieutenants, 327 ; surgeons and 
 assistants, 149; midship.men, 438; ships of the line and frig- 
 ates, 25 ; other vessels, 51 : total number of guns, 2,048 
 
 UNITED STATES POST-OFFICE. 
 
 The number of post-offices for the j'car ending June 30, 1853, 
 was 22,320; established within the year, 1,898; mail-routes, 
 6,092; aggregate length, 217,743 miles; annual transporta- 
 tion, 61 ,892,542 miles ; of which, on railroads, 12,986,705 miles ; 
 in steamboats, 6,685,065 miles; in coaches, 21,330,326 miles; 
 and in modes not specified, 20,890,446 miles;- expenditures of 
 
POLITICAL rOCKKT C03>IPANI0N. 
 
 47 
 
 the (Icpavtment, $7,982,750; gross revenue, $5,940,724; leav- 
 ing a deficiency of $2,042,031. The receipts of the year for let- 
 tcr-ppstnge were §4,473,226 ; from newspapers and pamphlets, 
 SGll'.ooo. The rates of postage arc altered so often that it is 
 considered useless to attempt to give a fixed standard. In 1700, 
 the whole number of post-offices in the United States was 75, 
 and postage collected, .S-37,934. 
 
 WEALTH OF THE STATES. 
 Tlie population of the United States is s-t down at 2';,G47,000, 
 in 185;, and the aggrcjratc pei'sonnl r.ud I'cal pv(.poi-:y is esti- 
 mated Sit ::>8,2'J5,5GU,0(''o. Tiic lollov.'ing avo the esniuates : 
 
 Now York 
 I'cntisv \ ;!! 
 
 OIlU)..'., .. 
 
 Iii.li.iiir. ... 
 Trr.iir.-sr. 
 
 l;i:iinis 
 
 A!; Iiuiiui .. .. 
 Mi-sies;)!"! . . . 
 
 S'.uOi r:!iMriii 
 
 M;>s.>iiii 
 
 Maiiio 
 
 I 11-2,rOO.('(0 I ]\Inrviaiul ii,;9r, OC'i.fCO 
 
 S5.M:i;ii,iiiii '■ l.Mii:.<iM'a 1SS(H(V0<) 
 
 T!.'i.iMMi I (I'l Xi w .l.T.M'V 13'i,(ii'(' rni) 
 
 f;i'S,'^Mi.' (' I ; Miclii-tiM ,;, US OO'.'.cfO 
 
 y--f.ri;ii,ii Cwiiiic.-lii-ui l"-i iflfijiiiiU 
 
 ft^.i. (•(■:■. liti.i , \ Cin:";!! 1-2-) ■{)■■.)< D 
 
 ,T(oj;m,..i,(.o I Xuw Ilaiiippi.iiru 1:3 '.OiCi M) 
 
 .". t i.iiiiiijioii ; Arkautas fiiMii'C.. i ■) 
 
 Oi!).i:i;(i.i I'O ' T-\as ' {'i!. (i.^' :•'■ 
 
 y ■().' (10. ('.'.Ill l,,\\:i ,"•_' ^.' : . .::! 
 
 O'UddO l^llil : l.'Uoil.' l-'i-ll.l ."l',' I ':."■ I 
 
 I'Tii.'Hi i.iH.O I Wis.vii-ii; ;;,;,;,;..!,,. 1 
 
 '2r>''> (10.!)! : l>i-lav.- !■.■ : ■.'Ml' .i i'! 
 
 •_'+■-' ^I'O.Hdii I l''l(iri.!a :>l.!'i ("■' i! 
 
 ■l-l , V .1)1 I Disn-^.'t cil- eoUimbia !>.' ll^i.v' i! 
 
 •24!i.!i, (1,0(10 , Oreu-nn ■f,''0!',o;.'0 
 
 KEWSPAPEIIB AXD PERIODICALS. 
 
 Tlje ff/ilowhig table will f;h.ow the number, daily, weekly, 
 monthly, and other issues, v.'ith the aggregate circulation of 
 each class 
 
 Dailies ooO 
 
 Tri- weeklies luO 
 
 Semi-Aveeklies ] 2") 
 
 Y/eeklies 2,000 
 
 Semi-monthlies 50 
 
 Monthlies 100 
 
 Quarterlies 25 
 
 750,roo 
 
 75,000 
 
 80.f:00 
 
 2.875,000 
 
 300,000 
 
 900.000 
 
 20,000 
 
 250. 
 11 
 
 8. 
 149. 
 
 7. 
 
 lo: 
 
 G00.0-;0 
 ,700.(00 
 320.000 
 
 eoo.cco 
 
 200,000 
 
 800,(00 
 
 80,000 
 
 .Total 2,800 ....5,000,000 .... 422,000,000 
 
 424 papers are issued in the -New England States, 876 in the 
 
48 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 Middle States, 710 in the Southern States, and TSt .a the West- 
 ern States. Average circulation of papers in the United States, 
 ],785. There is one publication for every 7,1G1 free inhab- 
 itants in the United States and Territories. 
 
 THE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONS OF THE UNITED 
 
 STATES. 
 
 By the census report, we learn that the following are the 
 agricultural productions of the United States : Acres of land 
 improved, 112,042,(J00; value of farming utensils, $1&1, 820,273 ; 
 live-stock, $5-52, 705 ,238; wheat, 104,799,230 bushels; Indian 
 corn, 591,586,053 bushels; tobacco, 199,532,494 lbs.; ginned 
 cotton, 2,474,2i4 bales, 400 lbs. each; wool, 52,422,797 lbs. ; 
 wine, 14L205gals.; butter, 312,202,286 lbs. ; cheese, 103,184,585 
 lbs.; hay, 13,605,384 tons; hemp, dew-rotted, 62,182 tons; 
 hemp, water-rotted, 13,059 tons ; flaxseed, 567,749 bushels ; 
 maple sugar, 32,759,263 lbs. ; cane sugar, 318,467 hhds. ; home- 
 made manufactures, $27,525,545. 
 
 SYNOPTICAL HISTORY OF THE ORIGIN OF AMERICAN 
 SLAVERY. 
 
 " The European traffic in negroes was established before the 
 colonization of the United States, and half a century before the 
 discovery of America." In 1443, Antony Gonzales, who ha<i 
 brought some Moors to Portugal, was commanded to restore 
 them to their native homes. He did so, and the Moors gave him 
 not only goll, but " b/ark Moors" with curly hair, for their 
 ransom, and negroes soon became a lucrative traffic, and abound- 
 ed in Seville. 
 
 The English traffic in African slaves began in 1563. Sir John 
 Hawkins visited the coast of Africa and took thence a cargo of 
 natives, whom he sold in Hayti. 
 
 A public complaint was lodged against him in England, but 
 he escaped punishment on the ground that he had taken them 
 from heathen barbarism and planted them under the influence 
 of Christianity. 
 
 The second voyage of Sir John was undertaken in 1567, un- 
 der the protection of Queen Elizabeth, she sharing in the profits 
 of the adventure. 
 
 The first traffic in slaves in the American Coloniea was at 
 Boston, in 1645, by two merchants, one of whom was a church 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 49 
 
 member. At one time, white persons as well as black were 
 transported to America and sold as slaves. 
 
 The Scots talien at the battle of Dunbar were sent to New 
 England and sold as slaves by the English. The prisoners taken 
 at the battle of Worcester and Penruddoch also shared the same 
 fate. In 1G85, a thousand of the partisans of the Duke of Mon- 
 mouth Avere transported to America as servants. In 1G88, per- 
 sons coming into the Colonics who were not Christians were 
 subjected to slavery, and remained such imtil they became 
 Christians. 
 
 Slavery was introduced into Virginia in 1620 ; into New En- 
 gland in 1645; Maryland in 1650; South Carolina in 1671, and 
 Georgia in 1749. William Penn introduced slaves into Penn- 
 sylvania. In March, ]71o, a contract was made between 
 Spain and otlicr powers for furnishing slaves to the Spanish do- 
 minions in America. 
 
 In July, 1713, this contract was transferred to England by 
 the treaty of Utrecht, and England thereby ohtuiiinl tin- priv- 
 ilege of tilling the New World with negro slaves. England had 
 the exclusive monopoly of the slave trade for the Gulf of Mex- 
 ico, on the Atlantic, and all along the English colonies. 
 
 The business was carried on by the " Asciento Company, and 
 Philip, king of Spain, took one fourth of the stock, Queen 
 Anne of England reserved one fourth to herself, and the 
 remaining half was divided among her favorites." 
 
 By the treaty assigning the contract, the Queen of Great 
 Britain undertook to bring into the West Indies belonging to 
 Spain, in the space of thirty years, 144,000 negroes, at the rate 
 of 4,800 each year. About the year 1700, England was the 
 greatest slave dealer in the world. 
 
 It is estimated that over 300,000 negroes were imported from 
 Africa to the English American colonies previous to 1776. Ban- 
 croft estimates the number imported into the Spanish, French, 
 and English continental colonies pre\aous to the prohibition, at 
 3,000,000. The gross amount received by the English from the 
 sale of negi'ocg is estimated at four h undred millions of dollars I 
 At one time or another every Christian potentate in the world 
 (except the Pope) has sanctioned the American slave trade. In 
 1787, the convention for framing the United States Constitution 
 gave Congress the power of prohibiting the African slave trade 
 after 1808. In 1774, the Assembly of Massachusetts pas.sed an 
 act " to prevent tiie importation ofniegroes and others as slaves," 
 and the Royal Colonial Governor, Hutchinson, refused his as- 
 sent, and dissolved the Assembly. When Massachusetts became 
 It- free state, she abolished slavery, and had no slaves at tlie for- 
 4 
 
50 
 
 POLITICAL rOCKET COMPANION. 
 
 mation of the Constitution. For an exhibit of the progress of 
 slavery and the present number of slaves in the Union the reader 
 is referred to our statistical tables. 
 
 SLAVERY IN THE COLONIES. 
 
 At the time of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the 
 "whole niimlier of slaves in the colonies was estimated at 500,000, 
 and they were divided among them as follows : Massachusetts, 
 3,500; I'vhode Island, 4,370; Connecticut, 5,0(^0; New Hamp- 
 shire, 629; New York, 15,000; New Jersey, 7,6(0; Pennsyl- 
 vania, 10,000; Dohiware, 9,000; Maryland, 80,000; Virginia, 
 165,000; North Can-lina, 75,000; Sou;h Carolina, 110,000; 
 Georgia, 16,000: Total, 502,144. In August, 1620, the first 
 slaves ever brought to this country were landed on James River, 
 in the colony of Virginia, from a Dutch ship-of-war. 
 
 From 1776 to 1790 the slave population in the United States 
 increassd about 39 per cent. The census of 1800 exhibited a 
 slave population of 893,041; that of 1810, 1,104.364; of 1820, 
 l,638,;i64 ; of 1830, 2,009,031 ; and of 1840, 2,480,355 ; and that 
 of 1850, 3,204,003. 
 
 PRINCIPAL RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS IN THE 
 UNITED STATES IN 1849, 
 
 ACCORDING TO THE LATEST REPORTS. 
 
 Names. 
 
 Churches. 
 
 Ministers. 
 
 Members. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal 
 
 South 
 
 " Prot. and others 
 
 Baptists, Regular 
 
 " Anti-Mission 
 
 " Freewill 
 
 " Campbellite 
 
 " Minor sects 
 
 „ , , . ( 0. S 
 
 Presbyterian ^ w g 
 
 Associate Presbyterian 
 
 8,205 
 2,059 
 1,249 
 1,600 
 
 316 
 2,459 
 1,651 
 
 214 
 
 332 
 47 
 
 480 
 
 3,716 
 1,500 
 
 4,950 
 
 924 
 
 1,076 
 
 1,000 
 
 358 
 
 1,803 
 
 1,551 
 
 120 
 
 219 
 
 29 
 
 850 
 
 629,660 
 
 465,553 
 
 81,000 
 
 667,750 
 
 69,328 
 
 55,323 
 
 127,000 
 
 27,700 
 
 192,033 
 
 155,000 
 
 18,800 
 
 26,340 
 
 Reformed Presbyterian 
 
 Presbyterian, Cumberland 
 
 5,300 
 50,000 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 51 
 
 Namks. 
 
 Churches. 
 
 Ministers. 
 
 Members. 
 
 Presbyterian, others 
 
 490 
 
 l,li71 
 
 276 
 
 261 
 
 1,192 
 
 1,604 
 
 l,i^(JO 
 
 190 
 
 244 
 
 966 
 
 1.5! 
 
 12-3 
 
 400 
 
 310 
 
 1,687 
 289 
 273 
 
 1,497 
 663 
 503 
 300 
 
 1,026 
 1,500 
 
 83 
 240 
 
 44,000 
 
 Congregational (.Evangelical) . 
 Reformed Dutch 
 
 197,196 
 32,840 
 
 German KetVjrmetl 
 
 69,750 
 
 Protestant lipiscopal 
 
 67,650 
 
 Lutheran 
 
 163,000 
 
 United Brethren 
 
 67,000 
 
 Evangelical Association (Ger.) 
 Unitarian 
 
 17,000 
 
 lloman Catholic 
 
 f, 23 1,300 
 
 Christian Connection 
 
 325,000 
 
 Church of God 
 
 10,000 
 
 Mennonites . 
 
 60,000 
 
 Friends and Quakers 
 
 100,000 
 
 Iltcksites 
 
 50,000 
 
 
 
 CABINET RECORD, 
 
 FPvOM THE OPJGIN OF THE GOVEKNMENT IN 1789 TO THE 
 
 PRESENT TI.ME. 
 
 First Administration'. 
 
 George Washington . . Virg. . . April 30, 1789. . President. 
 
 John Adams Mass... " " . .V. President. 
 
 Thomas Jefferson Virg. . . Sept. 26, " . . Sec. of State. 
 
 Edmund Randolph " ..Jan. 2,1794.. " 
 
 Timothy Pickering Mass. . . Dec. 10, 1795 . . " 
 
 Alexander Hamilton N. Y. . . Sapt. 1 1, 1789. .Sec. of Treas. 
 
 Oliver Wolcott Conn. ..Feb. 3,1795.. " 
 
 Henry Knox Mass. . . Sept. 12, 1789 . . Sec. of AVar. 
 
 Timoth}' Pickering " ..Jan. 2,1795.. " 
 
 James McHeury Md. ..." 27,1796.. 
 
 Edmund Randolph Vii-g. ..Sept. 20, 1789.. Att. Geuert.l. 
 
 William Bradford Pcnn.. . Jan. 27, 1704. . 
 
 Charles Lee Virg. . . D^-c. 1 '), 1795 . . 
 
 Samuel Osgood Mass. . . SepJ. 26 , J 780 . . Post M. G en. 
 
 Timothy Pickei'Ing •' ..Nov. 7,1791. '■ 
 
 Joseph Habersham Ga Feb. 25, 1795. . " , 
 
52 
 
 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 Second Administration. 
 
 John Adams Mass.. .Mar. 4, 1797.. President. 
 
 Thomas Jefterson ...".. ..Virg. . . " " .. V. President. 
 
 Timothy Pickering " . . — . .Sec. of State. 
 
 John Marshall '• . .May 13, 1800. . 
 
 Oliver Wolcott Conn. . . — . . Sec. of Treas. 
 
 Samuel Dexter Mass. . . Djc. 31 , 1800 . . 
 
 James McIIenry Md. — — . .Sec. of War. 
 
 Samuel Dexter Mass. ..May 13. 1800.. •' 
 
 Roger Griswuld Conn. ..Feb 3, 1801.. •' 
 
 Benjamin Stoddart Md. ...May 21, 1798. .Sec. of Navj'. 
 
 Charles B?e Virg. . . — . . Att. General. 
 
 Third Administration. 
 
 Thomas Jefferso.v .. . .Virg. ..i\lar. 4, 1801. .President. 
 
 Aaron Burr N. Y. . . " " . . V. President. 
 
 George Clinton " .. " 1805.. " 
 
 James Madison Virg. . . "5, 1801 . . Sec. of State. 
 
 Samuel Dexter Mass. . . — . .Sec. of Treas. 
 
 Albert Gallatin Penn. . . Jan. 20, 1802. . 
 
 Henry Dearborn Mass. . . Mar. 5, 1801 . . See. of War. 
 
 Benjamin Stoddart Md. . . . — ■ . .Sec. of Navy. 
 
 Robert Smith " . .Jan. 26, 1802.. 
 
 Levi Lincoln Mass. . .Mar. 6, 1801. .Att. General. 
 
 John Breckenridge Ky. . . . Dec. 23, 1805. . " 
 
 Caesar A. Rodney Del. . . .Jan. 2(), 1807 . . 
 
 Gideon Granger N. Y. . .Mar. 20, 1802. .Post M. Gen. 
 
 RobertSmith Md. . . . " 3,1805.. " 
 
 Fourth Administration. 
 
 James Madison Virg. ..Mar. 4, 1809. .President. 
 
 George Clinton N. Y. . . " " . . V. President. 
 
 Elbridge Gerry Mass... " 1813.. 
 
 Robert Smith Md. . . . " 6, 1809 . . Sec. of State. 
 
 James Monroe Virg. . . Nov. 25, 181 1 . . " 
 
 Albert Gallatin Penn. . . — . .Sec. of Treas. 
 
 George W. Campbell Tenn. . . Feb. 9,1814.. 
 
 ■William Eustis Mass. . . Mar. 7, 1809. . Sec. of War. 
 
 John Armstrong ..N. Y. ..Jan. 13,1813.. " 
 
 James Monroe Virg. ..Sept. 27, 1814.. " 
 
 William H. Crawford . . . . Ga M ar. 2, 1815 . . 
 
 Paul Hamilton S. C... " 7, 1809..Sec. of Navr. 
 
 WilliamJones Penn... Jan. 12, 1813.. 
 
 B, W. CrownioshieW Mass. ..Dec. 19, 1814, . '• 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 53 
 
 Ciesar A. Rodney Del. ... — . . Att. General. 
 
 William Piiickiiey Md. ...Dec. 11,1811.. 
 
 Kichard Rush l'enn...Feb. 10,«1814.. 
 
 Return J. xMeigs Ohio. ..Mur. 17, 1814.. Post M. Gen. 
 
 Fifth Administration. 
 
 .TAi-urs Monro:-: Virg. ..JIar. 4, 1817.. President. 
 
 D.uiiil D. Tomi-kias N. Y. .. ■' " ..V. President. 
 
 •Idliu Qii^iicy Adauid Mass... '• 5, " .. Sec. of State. 
 
 AV. II. Cr.i wii.i-d (l;i " " . . Sec. of Treas. 
 
 .h)hn C. C: Ihouu S. (".... •' ;", " ..Sec. of War. 
 
 Isaac Shelby My " 7, '• .. " 
 
 r>. W. Cr(Aviiiushiokl Mass.. .Dec. IG, 1817. .Sec. of Na-vy. 
 
 Smitli Th<;iiiisrn N. Y. ..Nov. SO, 1818.. 
 
 Samuel L. South.avd 1<.J.... Dec. 1 (i, 1823 . . 
 
 Kich;iid ihis^'i -I'l'UJi... — ..Att. General. 
 
 William Vs'irt X'.vr. . .D_:v. 10,1817.. 
 
 Juiiii MeLeiu Ohiu.-.July L 182:3.. Post M. Gen. 
 
 Sixth .VijnNir tr atiok. 
 
 .1 lUN QrixcY Adams ..Mass. ..Mar. 4, ISCO. .President. 
 
 .1 'hn C. Calhoun S. C '• " . .Y. President. 
 
 llenryClay Ky. . . . •' 8, '■ . .Sec. of State. 
 
 )'.ich;;rd Ru-sli rviiii... " 7, '• .. Sec. of Treas. 
 
 .Viuics 11 irljoiu- Yiii;\ .. '' •' . . Sec. of V»'ar. 
 
 IVer 15. PorJev N. \'. ..May 2f), 1828. . 
 
 Simucl L. Southard N. .J Mar. 4, lb25..Scc. of Navy. 
 
 \Vriliam V<'irt Yivg. .. " 0, " . .Att. General. 
 
 ..'ol.n .McLean Ohio... " 4, " .. Post M. Gen. 
 
 Seventh Administr.vtion. 
 
 Andrf.u- .TACiff-ov Tenn. ..Mar. 4, 1820.. President. 
 
 -lol.n (J. Calhoun S. C... '^ " .. A^ President. 
 
 Martin Van Buren N. Y. . . " 1838.. 
 
 Edward Livingston La May 22, 1831 ..Sec. cf State. 
 
 Louis McLanc Del. — " 1833.. " 
 
 John For.-vth G.i June 27. 1834.. '' 
 
 Samuel D."lngham Penn...Mar. G, 1829. .Sec. of Treas. 
 
 Lou^s McLane Del. . . .May G, 1831 . . 
 
 William J. Duane Penn... " 29,1833. 
 
 Roger B. Taney Md. . . .Sept. 23, '• .. 
 
 Levi Woodbury N. H. . .June 28, 1834. . 
 
 John H. Eaton Tenn. ..Mar. 9, 1829.. Sec. of War. 
 
54 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 Hugh L. White Tenn. . . — 1881 . . Sec. of War. 
 
 Lewis Cas3 Mich. ..Aug. 1, " .. " 
 
 Benjamin F. Butler- N. Y. .. — 1836.. " 
 
 John Branch N.C....Mar. 9, 1829 ..Sec. of Navy. 
 
 Levi Woodbury N. H. ..May, 1831.. " 
 
 Mahlon Dickerson N. J.. ..June, 30,1834.. " 
 
 John M. P. Berrian Ga Mar. 9, 1829. .Att. GeneraL 
 
 Roger B. Taney Md. ... July 20, 1831 . - " 
 
 Peter V. Daniel Virg. ..Oct. 22,1833.. " 
 
 Benjamin F. Butler N. Y. ..Nov. 15, " .. " 
 
 William B. Barry Ky Mar. 9, 1829 . - Post M. Gen. 
 
 Amos Kendall " ..May 1,1835.. " 
 
 Eighth Administration. 
 
 Martin Van Buren ..N. Y. ..Mar. 4, 1837.. President. 
 
 Richard M. Johnson Ky *' " . . V. President. 
 
 •John Forsyth Ga " " .. Sec. of State. 
 
 Livi Woodbury N. H. . . " " . . Sec. of Treas. 
 
 Joel R. Poinsett S. C... " " ..Sec. of War. 
 
 Mahlon Dickerson N.J " " .. Sec. of Navy. 
 
 .Tames K. Paulding N. Y....July 1, 1838.. 
 
 Benjamin F. Butler " - . Mar. 4, 1837 . .Att. General. 
 
 Felix Grundy Tenn. . . July G, 1838 . . 
 
 Henry D. Gilpen Penn. ..Dec. 1839.. 
 
 Amos Kendall Tenn. . . Mar. 4, 1837 . . Post M. Gen. 
 
 John M. Niles Conn... — 1840.. 
 
 NiNTH Administration. 
 
 William H. Harrison. Ohio. ..Mar. 4, 1841.. President. 
 
 Harrison died April 4, " . . 
 
 John Tyler Virg. ..Mar. 4, " .. V. President. 
 
 John Tyler " ..April 6, " -.President. 
 
 Daniel Webster Mass. . . Mar. 5, " . . Sec. of State. 
 
 Hugh S. Legare 8. C. . . . May 9, 1843 . . 
 
 Abel P. Upshur Virg. ..June 24, " .. " 
 
 John Nelson (act) Md. ..Feb. 29, 1844.. 
 
 John C. Calhoun S. C....Mar. 6, " .. 
 
 Thomas Ewing Ohio... " 5, 1841.. Sec. of Treas. 
 
 Walter Forward Penn.. .Sept. 13, " .. " 
 
 George M. Bibb Ky June 15, 1844.. " 
 
 John Bell Tenn... Mar. 5, 1841.. Sec. of War. 
 
 John C. Spencer N. Y. ..Oct. 12, " .. 
 
 James M. Porter Penn.. .Mar. 8,1843.. 
 
 William Wilkins " ..Feb. 16, 1844.. « 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 55 
 
 George E. Badger N. C....Mar. 5, 1841 
 
 Abel P. Upshur Virg. ..Sept. 13, " 
 
 David Henshaw Mass. . . July 24, 1843 
 
 Thomas W. Gilmer Virg. ..Feb. 15, 1844 
 
 John Y. Mason " ..Mar. 14, 1844 
 
 Francis Granger N. Y. . . " 6, 1841 
 
 Charles A. Wickliffe Ky Sept. 13, " 
 
 Tenth Administration. 
 
 James K. Polk Tenn, . . Mar. 4, 1845 
 
 George M. Dallas Penn. . . " " 
 
 James Buchanan " .. " " 
 
 Robert J. Walker Miss. . . " " 
 
 William L. Marcy N. Y. . . 
 
 John Y. Mason Virg... " " 
 
 Isaac Toucy Conn. . . — 1848 
 
 Cave Johnson Tenn... — " 
 
 Eleventh Administration. 
 
 Zachary Taylor La Mar. 4,1849 
 
 Taylor died July 9,1850 
 
 Millard Fillmore N. Y. . . Mar. 4, 1849 
 
 Millard Fillmore " ..July, 1830 
 
 Daniel Webster Mass... — ■ — 
 
 Edward Everett Mass. . . — 1853 
 
 Thomas Corwin Ohio • — — 
 
 Alexander H. H. Stuart. -Virg. .. — — 
 
 William A. Graham N. C. . . . — — 
 
 John P. Kennedy Md. ... — ■ 1853 
 
 Charles M. Coimid " .. — 1852 
 
 Natlmn K. Hall N. Y. . . — — 
 
 Samuel Hubbard Conn... — 1853 
 
 John J. Crittenden Ky — 
 
 Twelfth Administration. 
 
 Franklin Pierce N. H. . .Mar. 4, 185: 
 
 David Iv. Atcliison Mo. .. " " 
 
 William L. Marcy N. Y. .. 
 
 James Guthrie Ky '• " 
 
 Robert McClelland Midi. . . 
 
 James C. Dobbin N. C '• " 
 
 Jefterson Davis Miss. .. •' " 
 
 James C;impbell Penn. . . " " 
 
 Caleb Cushing M:»ss. .. " " 
 
 .Sec. of Navy. 
 
 .PcstM. Gen. 
 
 -President. 
 -V. President. 
 
 -Sec. of State. 
 . Sec. of Treas. 
 -Sec. of War. 
 -Sec. of Navy. 
 . Att. General. 
 -Post M. Gen. 
 
 ..President. 
 
 .V. President. 
 .President. 
 . Sec. of State. 
 
 . Sec. of Treas. 
 . Sec. of Inter. 
 . Sec. of Navy. 
 
 " Sec. of War. 
 -Post M. Gen. 
 
 — . . Att. General. 
 
 .President. 
 . Act. V. Pres. 
 -Sec. of State. 
 . Sjc. of Treas, 
 -Sec. of Inter. 
 .Sec. of Navy. 
 .S>c. of War. 
 . Post M. Gen. 
 .Att. General. 
 
56 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 CHIEF JUSTICES OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 Names. Reside iico. Tmio in office. 
 
 John Jay New York September 2(], 1 789 
 
 William Cushing Massachusetts. . January 27, 1706 
 
 Oliver Ellsworth Connecticut March 4, 17U0 
 
 John Jay New York DL-ct-niber ]'••, 18(iU 
 
 John Marshall Virginia January o 1 , 1 80 1 
 
 llcger 13. Tan.:>y " Maryland — 1 Srj) 
 
 ; SPEAKERS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 N^inifM. Sl:ilo. Tii'ic in ■ U'v i\ 
 
 Frederick A. Muhlenburgh Pennsylvania. ... ]7f '.)-i7".il 
 
 John Truin! juU Connecticut 17-.il-] 7'. S 
 
 Frederick .V. Muhlenburgh Pennsylvania ]7.;;-i7'.'7 
 
 Jonathan Day ten New Jersey 17'.'7-171-8 
 
 Theodore Sodgwick Massachusetts ... .]7;8-]80l 
 
 Niilhaniel jNLicon Nordi Car(.;i;na . . . R' 01-1 807 
 
 Joseph 15. Varnum ^lassachtisotts .... 1 80; -1 81 1 
 
 Henry Clay Ken'.uckv 1811-181-1 
 
 Langdon Chcvcs S.u.h CaroFna . .. 1811-181;j 
 
 Henry Clay Kentucky lSio-182J 
 
 John W. Taylor Now Jersey 1820-1821 
 
 Philip P. Barbour VirVnia 1821-1823 
 
 Henry Clay Kentucky 1 82.1-182-') 
 
 John W. Taylor New York 1 820-1 827 
 
 .■Viidrew Stevenson Vii-ginia 1 82/ -] 8^5 
 
 John Bell Tennessee 1 8o-")-l 837 
 
 James K. Polk Tennessee 1837-1 839 
 
 Fvobert M. T. Hunter Vir.ninia 1 833-1841 
 
 John White Kentucky.. 1841-1843 
 
 John W. Jones Vi r-inia 1843-1 84o 
 
 John W. Davis Indiana 1845-1 847 
 
 Robert C. 'Winthrop Massachusetts 1847-1849 
 
 Howell Cobb eorgia 1849-1 851 
 
 Lynn Boyd Kentucky . . -• 1851-1855 
 
 * rrtsiiit im-iinibcnt 
 
 MAGNETIC TELEGRAPH 
 
 On the 1st of March, 1851, it is estimated that there were ir 
 the United States about 15,000 miles of the magnetic telegrapl' 
 worked according to the Morse's system, and about 11,000 uiilo 
 wwked chiefly on the systems of House and Bain. 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 57 
 
 TOTAL DISBURSEMENTS, CURRENT EXPENSES, AND 
 AMOUNT PAID ON ACCOUNT OF PUBLIC DEBT BY 
 EACH ADMINISTRATION FROM 1789 TO 1852. 
 
 Washington's Administration from 1780 to 17'j7— 8 yrs. 
 
 (.'iirrciit l':\-p<Mi-("i. r.-ii 1 .>ii i'ni>. Debt. T..i:il Aiiiniuit. 
 
 $1o,8'.J2,708 55 $;](], U'J0,!J4u 1)2 ?51,S»bo,r)o5 47 
 
 John Adajis' Administration from 1797 to 1801 — 1 yrs. 
 $21,318,351 19 $18,957,962 00 $40,300,313 88 
 
 Jefferson's ADr.riNisTnATioN from 1801 to 1809—8 yrp. 
 $4l,100,7t7 as $65,18*3,393 53 $106,2-7,186 21 
 
 ]\Iadison"s Administration fro3I 18(^9 to 1817 — 8 yrs. 
 $144,084,939 76 $83,428,942 78 $228,113,882 54 
 
 Mdnrok's Administration from 1S!7 to 1825 — 8 yrs. 
 
 $104,363,446 63 $101,366,111 22 $205,72J,557 85 
 
 J. Q. Adajis' Administration from 1825 to 1829 — 4 yrs. 
 
 $50,501,914 31 $45,303,533 43 $95,805,447 7-4 
 
 Jackson's Administration from 1829 to 1837 — 8 yrs. 
 $144,546,401 03 $05,532,603 36 $210,079,007 41 
 
 Van Bd'ren's Administration froji 1837 to 1841 — 4 yrs. 
 
 $112,188,692 16 $20,842,146 30 $133,030,836 4u 
 
 . Hahrison's Administration from 1841 to 1845—4 yrs. 
 
 $94,161,952 09 ?29,568,'207 13 $123,838,160 12 
 
 Polk's Administration raoM 1845 to 1849 — 4 yrs. 
 
68 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 PERSONAL APPEARANCE AND HABITS OF THE 
 PRESIDENTS. 
 
 Washington. 
 
 General Washington (says Judge Marshall) was rather above 
 the common size; his frame was robust, and his constitution 
 vigorous. His exterior created in the beholder the idea of 
 strength, united with manly gracefulness. His manners were 
 rather reserved than free, though they partook nothing of that 
 dryness and sternness which accompany reserve when carried 
 to an extreme. 
 
 He was " six feet high, and well proportioned." His person 
 and whole deportment exhibited an unaflFected and indescriba- 
 ble dignity, of which all who approached him were sensible. 
 His eyes were of a bluish gray, and though sometimes languid, 
 were very expressive. His complexion, though naturally fair, 
 was " weather-beaten" after the war of the Revolution. 
 
 John Adams. 
 
 John Adams was of middle stature and full person. His 
 countenance beamed with intelligence, and moral as well as 
 physical courage. His walk was firm and dignified to a late 
 period of his life. Ilis manner was slow and deliberate, unless 
 he was excited, and when that linppened he expressed himself 
 witli great energy. His complexion was ruddy, and his eyes 
 dark. He had an uncompromising regard for his own opinion, 
 and seemed to have supposed that his opinions could not be 
 corrected by those of other men, nor bettered by comparison. 
 He seems to have been deficient in tlie rare excellence of seeing 
 himself as otliers saw him, and he ventured to act as though 
 every body saw him as he saw himself. His patriotism has 
 never been questioned. 
 
 Jefferson. 
 
 Mr. Jefferson was above the ordinary stature, being six feet 
 two inches in height, and well formed, erect in his carriage and 
 imposing in his appearance. His complexion was fair ; his hair, 
 originally red, became white and silvery in old age ; his eyes 
 were light blue, his forehead broad, and his whole countenance 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 59 
 
 indicated great sensibility, with profound thought. His man- 
 ners were simple and polished, jet dignified, and all who ap- 
 proached him were rendered perfectly at ease, both by his re- 
 publican habits and his genuine politeness. He disliked form 
 and parade, and his dress was remarkably plain, and some- 
 times even slovenly. Benevolence and liberality were prom- 
 inent traits of his disposition. He possessed great fortitude 
 of mind, and his command of his temper was such that he was 
 never seen in a passion. In his religious views he was a free- 
 thinker, inclining to Unitarianism. 
 
 Madison. 
 
 Mr. Madison was of small stature, and rather portly. He 
 had a calm expression, penetrating blue eyes, and was slow and 
 grave in his speech. At the close of the presidency he seemed 
 to be careworn, with the appearance of more advanced age 
 than was the fact. He was bald on the crown of his head, al- 
 ways wore his hnir powdered, and generally dressed in black. 
 His iiiaiiiuT u.is modest and retiring, but in conversation he 
 was ploasing and instructive. He restored the custom of presi- 
 dential levees, which Mr. Jefferson had aholisheil. He was, at 
 the time of his death, the last survivor of the Constitution — 
 the part he bore framing that instrument, and his support 
 of its measures, obtained for him the title of " The Father of 
 the Constitution.''' 
 
 Monroe. 
 
 Mr. Monroe was tall and well formed, being six feet high, 
 with light complexion and blue eyes. His countenance had no 
 indications of superior intellect, but an honesty and firmness 
 of purpose which commanded respect. His talents were respect- 
 able, and he was a fine specimen of the old school Virginia 
 gentleman. Though in the course of his public life Mr. Mon- 
 roe had received from the public treasury for his services 
 $357,000, he retired from office deeply in debt. He was re- 
 lieved at last by the adjustment by Congress of his claims, 
 founded chiefly on disbursements made during the war. Sub- 
 sequently his son-in-law, Mr. Governeur, was appointed post- 
 master of New York, chiefly on his account. 
 
60 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 John Quincy Adams. 
 
 Mr. J. Q. Adams was of the middling size, his eyes dark and 
 piercing, his countenance pleasing, and beaming witli intelli- 
 gence ; his mmners rarlier reserved ami distant ; his form full 
 ami robust. II j was accustomed from liis youth to habits of 
 early ris'iug. an 1 always enj yed remarkably god health. 
 His priv ico c'rir.icter was above reproach. In !i;s reliirious 
 tendencies, like his fither, he was inclined to Unitarianism. 
 In 1830 he was elected to the House of Representatives, and in 
 1831 took his seat in that body, and, like the Eai-1 of Chatham, 
 closed his mortal career in the public service, February 23d, 
 1848. Like his father, he was bald. 
 
 Jackson. 
 
 In the person of General Jackson there was nothing of the 
 robust and elegant. He was six feet and one inch high, re- 
 markablyi straight and spare, weighing not more than 140 
 pounds. H!s eyes were dark- blue, and extremely penetrating. 
 His leading characteristic was firmness. No obstacle could 
 prevent his doing what he judged to be right. His eyebrows 
 were arched and slightly projecting, giving him a mnrked ex- 
 pression. In his manners ho was pleasing, in his address com- 
 manding, while his countenance beamed with a strength of de- 
 cision tliat struck tlie behiildcr at first sight. His moral char- 
 acter is without a reproach. Benevolence in him was a prom- 
 inent virtue. He was possessed of remarkable military skill 
 and ardent patriotism. 
 
 Van Buren. 
 
 In personal appearance, Mr. Van Buren is about the middlo 
 size, his f)rm erect, an I inclined to corpulence. IFs hair an I 
 eyes are light, and his features animateii and oqa'fssive. His 
 forehead exhibits in its depth and expansion marks of great ir- 
 tellectual power. T!ie phrenologist would give Iriin unusu.il 
 reflective faculties, firmness, and caution. His private cliarac- 
 ter is above all censure or suspicion. He is remarkable for tlie 
 equanimity of his temper under the most difficult and trying 
 circumstances. 
 
 Hahrison. 
 General Harrison was tall and slender. lie had a fine dark 
 eye, beaming with intelligence. He possessed a benevolent and 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 61 
 
 irrepi-oachable character. He was distinguished throughout 
 his whole cai-eer for disinterestedness, for regard lor the rights 
 of others, liis generous disposition, his mild and forbearing tem- 
 per, and his plain, easy, and unostentatious manner. 
 
 Tyler. 
 
 Mr. Tyler is tall and thin, with liglit blue eyes and prom- 
 inent features, with a remarkable aquiline nose. Hiy ni.uiners 
 are plain and affable, and in private life he is aniiai lo, hospi- 
 table, and courteous. He \f an firm and unyielbng in opinions 
 of what he deemed to be right, and had tlie moral courage to 
 execute, despite the clamors of party demagogues, such mea- 
 sures as he believed the general good demanded, even at the 
 sacrifice of his own popularity. Ejected by the Wliigs, his 
 vetoes of the two U. S. Bank bills sorely disappointed them, and 
 they therefore called him " the Pcisinwwn." 
 
 Polk. 
 
 Mr. Polk was of the middle stature, with a full, angular 
 brow, and a remarkably quick, penetrating eye. The expres- 
 Bion of his countenance was grave, and his features prominent, 
 but his serious cast was often relieved by a peculiarly pleasant 
 smile. He was thin and light built. He adhered to his fixed 
 principles with unyielding tenacity through all the vicissit"des 
 of political party strife. 
 
 Taylor. 
 
 General Taylor was about the middling size, thick set, ro- 
 bust, and hardy, and was not over five feet seven inches 
 in height, inclined to corpulency, and weighed nearly 200 
 pounds. His countenance was plain, frank, resolute, and 
 firm. He had a steady, mild, and intelligent eye, and withal 
 nn air of indiifcrence in his manner that formed a leading 
 characteristic of the man, and which extended even to hia 
 dress and personal appearance. As a general he did not pos- 
 Bess the scientific attainments of Scott, but his bold, resolute 
 daring, and unyielding perseverance in times of diflficulty and 
 danger rendered him equal to every emergency. His person 
 ^ad one striking peculiarity not found in any other of tb» 
 
62 POLITICAL POCKKT COMPANION. 
 
 presidents. His legs were very short in proportion to his body, 
 so that when standing he did not appear lo the same advantage 
 as he did wh'-n mounted on his charger, when he appeared to 
 l)e a much taller man tlitin he really was. He was renowned 
 for his bluntnjss, frankness, and native simplicity. 
 
 Fillmore. 
 
 Mr. Fillmore is a little above the middle stature, of liglit 
 complexion, nud of a florid, mild countenance. His form is 
 full, a little inclined to corpulency. His expression is cheerful 
 and pleasing; his eye clear and brilliant — his manners bland 
 and agreeable. His character lias more firmness than brillian- 
 cy, marked with a large fund of good sense and a sound judg- 
 ment that guides him steadily to the attainment of his object 
 in the fulfillment of his ccTliseientious duties. His habits are 
 rather staid than active, and his moral character above re- 
 proach. 
 
 Pierce. 
 
 Mr. Pierce is below the middle stature, and of rather light 
 build, his suppcsed weight being about loO pounds. Complex- 
 ion ruddy, eyes blue, and beaming with a good degree of intel- 
 ligence. His countenance shows him to be self-possessed, and 
 exhibits strong marks of originality. The strongest trait in his 
 character is believed to be an unyielding adherence to his de- 
 terminations. 
 
 THE PURITANS AT PLYMOUTH. 
 
 On the 11th day of November, 1620, before leaving their 
 ship, the Puritans on board the Mayflower, in CaiDC Cod har- 
 bor, agreed on and signed solemn covenant articles for the fu- 
 ture government of their little colony. The whole number of 
 souls on board was 101. The covenant compact was signed by 
 41 persons, being mostly heads of families. They elected John 
 Carver governor for one year, and landed on Plymouth Rock 
 on the 11th day of December, 0. S., or the 22d day of Decem- 
 ber, N, S. Their names are as follows : those marked -with a 
 star, thus,* brought their wives with tlieni ; those marked 
 thus,t for the present left them in Holland or England ; those 
 marked thus,§ died before the end of March following. 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 63 
 
 Nanifs. Nu. in rmilly. 
 
 Mr. John Carver* 8 
 
 William Cratlford* 2 
 
 Mr. Edward Winslow* 5 
 
 Mr. William Brewster*. ... 
 
 Mr. Isiuic AUerton* 
 
 Capt. Miles Standish* li 
 
 John Allen 1 
 
 Mr. Samuel Fullerf 2 
 
 Mr. Christopher Martin*§. 4 
 
 j\Ir. William Mullins*§ 5 
 
 Mr. William White*§ 5 
 
 Mr. Richard Warrenf 1 
 
 John Howland (of Carver's 
 
 family ) — 
 
 Mr. Stephen Hopkins* 8 
 
 Edward Tillv*§ 4 
 
 JohnTilly*^' 3 
 
 Francis Cookt 2 
 
 Thomas Rogcrt;§ 2 
 
 Thomas Tinker* § 3 
 
 John Ringdalc*§ 2 
 
 Edward Fuller*§ 3 
 
 John Turner§ 3 
 
 Francis Eaton* 3 
 
 James Chilton*§ 3 
 
 John Crackston^ 2 
 
 John Billington* 4 
 
 Moses Fletcher^ 1 
 
 John Goodman§ 1 
 
 Degory Priest§ 1 
 
 Thomas Williams^ 1 
 
 Gilbert Winslow 1 
 
 Edward Margeson^ 1 
 
 Peter Brown 1 
 
 Richard Brittridge§ 1 
 
 George Soule (of Gov. Win- 
 
 slow's family) — - 
 
 Richard Clarke§ 1 
 
 Richard Gardner 1 
 
 John Allerton§ 1 
 
 E'lward Doty, | of Hopkins' 
 
 Edw'd Lester,] family — 
 
 Total who landed 101 
 
 TOMBS OF THE PRESIDENTS 
 
 THEIR FAMILY CEMETERIES. 
 
 The feelings of families and friends have prevailed over the 
 national sentiment in respect to the places of burial of the Pres- 
 idents, and they have all (who have died) been buried in their 
 own family cemeteries, among their friends, at their several 
 places of residence. 
 
 The following are their respective places of burial, with the 
 date of the death and age of each : 
 
 George Washington. . . 
 
 John Adams 
 
 Thomas Jcft'erson 
 
 James Madison 
 
 James Monroe 
 
 John Quincy Adams.. 
 
 Andrew Jackson 
 
 William H. Harrison. . 
 
 James K. Polk 
 
 Zachary Taylor 
 
 Mount Vernon, Va. 
 
 Quincy, Mass 
 
 Monticello, Va 
 
 Montpelier, Va. . . . 
 New York City . . . . 
 
 Quincy, Mass 
 
 Hermitage, Tenn. . . 
 North Bend, Ohio.. 
 
 Nashville, Tenn 
 
 Louisville, Ky 
 
 Date of Di'ceasp. 
 
 Dec. 14, 
 July 4, 
 July 4, 
 June 28, 
 July 4, 
 Feb. 23, 
 June 8, 
 April 4, 
 June 15, 
 July 9, 
 
 1799 
 1826 
 1820 
 183G 
 1831 
 1848 
 1843 
 1841 
 1849 
 1850 
 
 68 
 90 
 83 
 85 
 72 
 80 
 78 
 68 
 53 
 65 
 
64 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 It will be observed that three of the Presidents died on the 
 4th of July ; one other also died iu July, and three in the 
 month of June; one in Februai-y, one in April, and one in 
 December. 
 
 Tmh Tomb of Washington. 
 
 General Washington, iu his -\vJll, made a desire concerning 
 hfs burial in the following words : 
 
 " The family vault at Mount Vernon requiring repairs, and 
 being improperly situated besides, I desire that a new one of 
 brick, and upon a larger scale, may be built at the foot of what 
 is commonly calljd the Vineyard Inelosurc, on the ground 
 which is marked out, in which my remains, with those of my 
 deceased relations (now in the old vault), and such others of 
 my family as may choose to be entombed there, may be depos- 
 ited; and it is my exprL«s desire that my corpse may be in- 
 terred in a private manner, without parade or funeral oration." 
 
 After many years of neglect, this request of Washington has 
 been complied with. A now tomb was erected in 1831, on the 
 Bite designated, on a steep sloping, having a southern exposure 
 upon a thickly-wooded dell. The tomb is built of brick, the 
 walls rising eight feet from the ground, and arched over ; the 
 front is rough-cast, and has a plain iron door, witli a strong 
 casement of freestone. Over the door is a stone panel, inscribed 
 with these words : 
 
 " I am the Resurrection and the Life. He that believeth in 
 me, though he were dead, yet shall he live." 
 
 At a small distance from the tomb there is a surrounding 
 inclosure of brick elevated to the height of twelve feet, with an 
 iron gate in front, opening several feet in advance of the vault 
 door. The gateway is Hanked with pilasters, surrounded by a 
 stone cornice and coping, covering a pointed Gothic arch, over 
 vrhich is a plain slab, with this inscription : 
 
 " Within this inclosure rest the remains of General George 
 Washington." 
 
 In 1837, Mr. John Struthers, of Philadelphia, Pa., at his 
 awn request, made and presented to Mr. Lawrence Lewis, only 
 surviving executor of Washington, a coffin or sarcophagus of 
 marble, of modern form, from a solid block of Pennsylvania 
 marble, eight feet in length, three feet in width, and two feet in 
 height, resting on a plinth, which projects four inches round 
 the base. The top, or covering stone, is of Italian marble, on 
 which is sculptured in the boldest relief the arms and insignia 
 (rf the United Statee, the design occupying a largo portion of 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 65 
 
 the central part of the top surface. Between the armorial 
 bearings and the foot of the coffin is deeply cut in large letters 
 the v/ovd, " Washington." On the foot of the coffin is in- 
 scribed: "By permission of Lawrence Lewis, Esq, this sar- 
 cophagus of Washington was presented by John Sa'uthers, of 
 Philadelphia., marble mason." 
 
 The body of Washington, encased in lead, was taken from 
 the vault in October, 1887, and laid in this beautiful snrcophsv- 
 gus ; and the ponderous top-stone being put en, set in ccauc•n^, 
 the sarcopliagus was jilaced on the riglit of the gateway or en- 
 trance to the tomb. 
 
 Another sarcophagxig, also of marble, containing <he i;ema;ns 
 of Maktha, the ^l^fa of Washington, was placed on the left — 
 both being open to view (througli tlie iron gate) to those ^Riio 
 mjvke a piignmago to Mount Vernon. 
 
 The Tombs of Johw Ad.'IMs and John Qurxcy Adam?. 
 
 The tomb of John Adams, and of his son, John Qu'ncy 
 Adams, iy at Quincy, near Boston, Massachtisetts, the place 
 where the funily residence is situated. 
 
 Under tlie portico of the Unitariaai church in Quincy, called 
 " The Adams Stone Temple" (in comjequence of Jolm Adams 
 having been a liberal benefactor of the church), lie the remains 
 of President John AdMus and Abigail, liis wife. Within the 
 "walls of tlie temple, on the east end, at the side of the pulpit, 
 a mural monument is erected, surmounted by a bust of John 
 Adams, from tlie chisel of Greenough. On the marble tablets 
 beneath the bust are the following ijiscriptions. [The letters 
 D. 0. M. are initials for Deo Vj:itimo Maximo.'] 
 
 LIBEUTATEM, AMICITIAM FIDEM, RETINEBIS 
 D. 0. M. 
 
 Beneath these walls 
 
 arc deposited the mortal remains of 
 
 JOHN AD.VJMS, 
 
 son of John and Susanna (Boylston) Adams, 
 
 Second President of the United Stat-es, 
 
 Born 19 (30th) October, 1735. 
 
 On tlie foiu-th of July, 1776, 
 
 He pledged his Life, Fortune, nnd Sacred Honor, 
 
 To the Lidependence of his Counti*y 
 
 On the third of September, 1783, 
 
(JO rOLITICAL POCKET COMrAKlON. 
 
 lie aflixcl his seal to the definitive treiity with 
 
 vji'eat JJritaiu, 
 
 Tvhich .acknowl'jilged that IndopeU'lence, 
 
 and consuuim-itcd the redemptiuu of liis pledge. 
 
 On the fourth of July, 1820, 
 
 He was summoned 
 
 To the Indepen bnce of Immortality, 
 
 And to the Ju Iguicni of his~God. 
 
 This house will bear wimess to his piety; 
 
 This town, his birthplice, to his rauniliceuce. 
 
 History to liis Patriotism, 
 
 Posterity to the depth and compass of his mind. 
 
 At his side 
 Sleeps till the trump shall sound, 
 
 ABIGAIL, 
 
 His b'^lovel and only -wife, 
 
 Daa^-htcr of WilUiiTu an I li^lizabeth iQuincy) Smith, 
 
 In every rel.ition of life a pattern 
 
 Of lili.il, conjugal, maternal, and social virtue, 
 
 Born Nov. 11 (22), 1744, 
 
 Deceased 28 Oct., 1817, 
 
 iEt. 74. 
 
 Married 25 Oct., 1764, 
 
 During an union of more than half a century 
 
 They survived in harmony, sentiment, principle, 
 
 ani aifection. 
 
 The tempescs of civil commotion. 
 
 Meeting undaunted and surmounting * 
 
 The terrors and trials of that Revolution 
 
 Which secured the Freedom of their Country, 
 
 Improved the condition of their times. 
 
 And brightened the prospects of futurity 
 
 To the race of man upon earth. 
 
 JoHiv QuiNCY Adams was interred in the same tomb with 
 his parents, but as yet no monument has been erected to his 
 laenuH'y. His wife, Mrs. Louisa C. Adams, who died at Wash- 
 ington, May 15, 1852, is also interred here. 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 67 
 
 The Tomb of Jeffersox, 
 at montickllo, virginia. 
 
 Jefferson"s grave is at Monticello, near Charlottesville, Albe- 
 marle County, Virginia, about eighty-five miles northwest from 
 Richmond. Monticello, the seat of Mr. Jeti'erson, is now owned 
 by Commodore U. P. Levy, of the United States Navy, v^^ho is 
 also the proi^rietor of Monroe's estate. " Tlie road from Char- 
 lottesville is very sinuous, and for some distance courses along 
 the margin of a ravine scooped out from the gap between Mon- 
 ticello and Carter's Mountain. At the summit of the gap we 
 passed through a rustic gate, and up a winding, stony road, by 
 the grave-yard on the skirt of the wood, where rest the mortal 
 remains of the author of the Declaration of Independence. It 
 is surrounded by a high brick wall, with an iron gate near the 
 road. Just within the gate is the patriot's grave, over wliich is 
 a granite monument, eight feet in height, shamefully mutilated 
 by thieving visitors. In the southern face of the pedestal was 
 a marble tablet, with the following inscription, written by the 
 statesman himself, and found among his papers after his death : 
 
 HERE LIES BURIED 
 
 THOMAS JEFFERSON, 
 
 Author of the Declaration of American Inde- 
 pendence, of the Statute of Virginia for 
 Religious Freedom, and Father of 
 the University of Virginia. 
 
 This tablet has been taken from the monument and placed in 
 the mansion, out of the reach of depredators. Upon each of 
 the sides of the monument is a grave covered with a marble 
 slab. One is that of his wife, Martha, who died in 1782, ten 
 years after their marriage. It has the usual record, and below 
 it are inscribed two Greeic lines from the sjDeech of Achilles over 
 the dead liody of Hector ; in which, after saying he will never 
 forget Potroclus while he has life, adds : " And though spirits 
 in a future state be oblivions of the past, he will even there re- 
 member his beloved companion." 
 
 Pope's translation of these lines and their adjuncts is as fol- 
 lows: 
 
 Can his dpar imnffp frnm my poiil dcpnrt 
 Lone "S the vital spirits moves my heart? 
 If in the mel.anoholy shades below, 
 The flames of friends and lovers cease to glow, 
 Tet mine shall sacred last : mine, nndecay'd. 
 Bum on through death, and animate my shade. 
 
68 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 The other two graves are those of his favorite daughters, 
 Martha Wayles Kandolph, who survived him, and another 
 daughter, Maria Eppes, who died before hici. 
 
 The Tomb of Madisom-, 
 montpellee, viuginia. 
 
 At Montpelier, the name which Mr. IMadison gave to his beau- 
 tiful residence in Orange Couuly, Virginia, about cno hundred 
 miles northwest of Richmond, and tliirty miles from the grave 
 of Jetferson, are interred the remains of the fourth President 
 of the United iStates, and father of the Constilutiou. The 
 memoi-y of SIi*. Madison has been somewhat neglected in his 
 native State. After his death, in June, 1836, a funeral oration 
 was delivered before tlie citizens of Richmond, Virginia, by 
 William H. MacFarlaud, Esq., of that city, in which he gave 
 an eloquent sketch of his public life and services, but no ac- 
 count of his private life. Mr. Adams was appointed by the city 
 authorities of Boston to deliver an ci-dC'gy on Mr. Madison. The 
 faculty of the University of Virginia paid due honors to his 
 memory. In Congress his death was appropriately noticed by 
 resolutions, and speeches made by Mr. Patton, of Virginia, and 
 John Quincy Adams. 
 
 We believe that the remains of Mrs. Madison, the venerable 
 relict of Mr. Madison, who snrvivcd her husband until her death 
 recently, were also interred at Montpelier. 
 
 The Tomb qb* Monroe, 
 
 at the second stkebt cemetery, new yoek. 
 
 Mr. Monroe was a native of the county of Westmoreland, Vir- 
 ginia, and his family residence was at Oak Hill, Loudoun County, 
 near the Potomac River. We believe that Mrs. Monroe, who di6d 
 a short time before the President, was buried there, as well as 
 other members of the family. Mi-. Monroe left only two chil- 
 dren, both daughters; one was the Widow of George Hay, Esq., 
 of Richmond, the other the wife of Samuel L. Ciouverneur, Esq., 
 of New York. The president died in New York ciiy, at the 
 residence of his son-in-law, Mr. Gouvcrneur, on the 4th of July, 
 1831. He was interred with military and civic honors on Thurs- 
 day, the 7 th of July. The funeral procession moved from the 
 City Hall at 4 p. m., where the body was brought by a guard 
 of honor, accompanied by the immediate relatives and friends 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 69 
 
 of the family. An address was delivered in front of the Hall 
 by William A. Duer, President of Columbia College. The body 
 "was thou taken to St. Paul s Cliurcli, where the funeral service 
 of the Episcof)al Church w;xs read and au anthem sung. In the 
 mean time tlic several societies formed in the Park. The i^all- 
 bearers were Samuel L. Southard, Col. Pdchard Varick, Col. 
 John Trumbnll. John Watts, John Ferguson, David Brooks, 
 Governor Aai'on Ogden, and Thomas Morris (United States 
 Marshal). The procession moved up Broadway to Bleeokcr 
 Street, the military Ibrming a line on each side of Bleecker and , 
 Second streets, while the different bodies and societies marched 
 through and entered the cemetery. The body was then deposit- 
 ed in the vault assigned to it, at the northeast end of the cem- 
 etery in Second Street. 
 
 The body of the deceased was deposited in a leaden cofBn soon 
 after his death, and that in a mahogany cofQn, which bears on 
 a plate of silvei* the following inscription : 
 
 JAjMES MONROE, 
 
 of Virginia, 
 
 Died 4th July, 1831, 
 
 Aged 74 YEAns. 
 
 The usual honors were paid to the memory of the ex -Presi- 
 dent in 'the various cities and towns throughout the Unit-ed 
 States. John Quincy Adams and Judge McLean delivered eu- 
 loaries en Mr. Monroe. 
 
 ToMD OF Joii?f QuiHCY Adams. 
 
 We have noticed the tomb of this President, with that of his 
 father 
 
 Tiin Tomb op Aneuev^' Jacksoiv, 
 AT 'rnn iieumitage, 'kv-au nasiivtub, Tennessee. 
 
 The Hermitage, which was for many years the residence of 
 General JacLson, is beautifully situated on tlio banks of the 
 Cumberland River, about ten miles from the city of Nashville. 
 There the mortal rem.ains of the distinguished General and 
 President, who fdled so important a place in the history of the 
 country, were interred in June, 184j. We have not seen any 
 particular description of the tomb at the Hermitage, but it is 
 known that the General was opposed to pomp and show in com- 
 memoration of the dead. Ho refused to accept of a marble sar- 
 
70 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION". 
 
 cophagus brought from the Mediterranean, -which had contained 
 the remains of one of tlie lieroes of antiquity. He desired to 
 be buried in a plain manner, according to the customs of his 
 countrymen. 
 
 General Jackson was buried by the side of his Trife, who had 
 preceded him to the tomb sixteen years before his own death. 
 The following epitapli on this lady is interesting, as it was writ- 
 ten by General J:iv.-kson himself: 
 
 Here lie the remains of Mrs. Rachel Jackson, Avife of Presi- 
 dent Jackson, who died on the 22d of December, 1828, aged 
 61. Her face was fair, her person pleasing, her temper amia- 
 ble, and her heart kind. She delighted in relieving the wants 
 of her fellow-creatures, and cultivated that divine pleasui-e by 
 the most liberal and unpretending methods. To tlie poor she 
 was a benefactress ; to the rich she was an example ; to the 
 wretched a comforter; to the prosperous an ornament. Her 
 pity went hand in hand with her benevolence , and she thanked 
 her Creator for being permitted to do good. A being so gentle 
 and yet so virtuous, slander might wound but could not dishonor. 
 Even death, when he tore her from the arms of her husband, 
 could but transplant her to the bosom of her God. 
 
 The Tomb of Harrisoi^, 
 
 AT NC'BTII BEND, OUIO. 
 
 General Harrison died at the city of Washington only one 
 month after his inauguration. The funeral took place at the 
 seat of government, on the 7th of April, and was attended by 
 an immense concourse of people from Baltimore, Alexandria, 
 Riclmiond, Pluladelphia, and other places. The civic and mil- 
 itary procession was large and imposing, occupying two miles 
 in length. The funeral service of the Episcopal Cliurch was 
 read by Rev. Mr. Hawley. The body was interred in the Con- 
 gressional burying-ground, but soon afterward removed to the 
 former residence of Gonernl Harrison, at North Bend, on the 
 bank of the Ohio, a few miles below Cincinnati, whei'e it was 
 interred in the family tomb at that place. 
 
 The Tomb of James K. Polk, 
 
 AT NASaviI.LK, TENfT. 
 
 Mr. Polk, before he was elected to the Presidency, had re- 
 sided at Columbia, Maury County, Tennessee, but previous to 
 
rOLITIOAL I'OCKKT COMl'ANIOX. 71 
 
 retiring from office he had purchased a beautiful residence at 
 Nashville, where he took up his abode, after a journey through 
 some of the Southern States, upon the expiration of his term, 
 in March, 1848. Death unexpuctedly shortened his career on 
 the IGth of June, 184'J, and on the following day his remains 
 were accompauiod to their resting-place by a large concourse of 
 his fellow-citizons. His amiable widow has caused to be erected 
 a tasteful tomb over his remains, in the grounds of the mansion- 
 house. The monument is a tablet supported by four columns, 
 with a square pillar in the center, on which the name of the 
 President and other particulars^are inscribed. 
 
 The Tomb of Taylor, 
 
 nea.b louisville, ky. 
 
 General Taylor was the second President who died in office, 
 and his decease took place at Washington city, July 0, 1850, 
 where he was at first interred with military and civic honors. 
 His remains were removeil in the fall of the same year and de- 
 posited in the family cemetery, near Louisville, Kentucky, on 
 the 1st of November, 1850. Colonel Itichard Taylor, the father 
 of the President, removed with his family from Virginia to Ken- 
 tucky, in 1795, and i-esided in the vicinity of Louisville. When 
 General Z. Taylor was appointed to the command of the south- 
 western division of the army he removed his family from Louis- 
 ville to Baton Rouge, Louisiana, where they continued to reside 
 until his election to the Presidency. A simple and plain monu- 
 ment marks the tomb of General Taylor, near Louisville. 
 
 The other Presidents are all living, and in apparent gocd 
 health— 1855. 
 
 The principal libraries of Europe seem of stupendous magni- 
 tude when we regard the number of volumes they contain. 
 Thus the National Library of Paris has 824,000 volumes; the 
 Royal Library at Munich, 600,000 ; the Imperial Library at 
 St. Petersburg, 416,000; the Royal Library at Copenhagen, 
 412,000; The Royal Library at Berlin, 410,000; the Imperial 
 Library at Vienna, 343,000; the Royal Library at Dresden, 
 300,000, and so on through all the various States of the Conti- 
 nent. The majority of these, however, are government libra- 
 ries, and, besides enjoying munificent appropriations from the 
 public coffers, are entitled by law to a copy of every book pub- 
 lished within the States to which they respectively belong. 
 
72 
 
 POLITICAL POCKET C\)MPANION. 
 
 THE FIRST AMERICAN FLAG. 
 
 Soon after the Battle of Bunker HUl, 
 on tlie 20tli of October, 17(7, Colonel 
 liesd, of the Continental army near 
 Boston, suggested a national tiag of a 
 white ground, a pine-tree in the middle, 
 ■with the motto, " An Appeal to Heaven," 
 which was the flag of the N. E. floating 
 Latteries. The suggestion was adopted, 
 and a white flag with a 7^i;i£-treo be- 
 came the Massachusetts colonial flag, 
 April 29th, 1770. 
 Escck Hopkins, who was appointed the fii'st commander-in- 
 chief of the American fleet, Kuvembcr 5, 1775, displayed in 
 177G two flags— one of them the pine-tree flag above mentioned, 
 and the other exhibiting a rattlesnake, with the motto, " Don't 
 tread on me." This latter flag originated either in Virginia or 
 Bome other of the Southern States. 
 
 After the surrender of Bargoyne, General Gates. was repre- 
 sented in a painting ■with an American flag waving over him, 
 with thiiteen red and ivhlte stripes, but no stars. This is the 
 earliest which bore the name of an American Union flag. It 
 is first mentioned as having been hoisted on the western heights 
 of Charleston, in January, 1776. 
 
 The British " Annual Register" of 177G, in describing the re- 
 sentment of the Amorican people on receiving the speech of 
 George the Third, states that they burned the speech, and 
 changed tlieir coIots from a plain red ground, whicli they had 
 hitherto vised, to a flag of t/iirteeji stripes, as a symbol of the 
 number and union of the colonies. This Union flag is mentioned 
 as being ■worn by Commodore Hoplcins' fleet, in February, 1776, 
 but was not the one hoisted by Paul Jones. 
 
 The Union flag of thirteen plain stripes prevailed for about 
 a year and half, when the happy tast« of some unlinoAvn person 
 suggested a new embellishment, and it received an addition of 
 the stars by a resolution of Congi-css, in the following words : 
 
 "In Congress, Juno 14, 1777, Resolved — That tlie flag of the 
 .Thirteen United States be thirteen stripes, alternately red and 
 ■white; that the Union be thirteen stars, white in a jalue field, 
 representing a new constellation." 
 
 As new States were added to the Union, from time to time, 
 new stripes were added to the flag, till the number had increased 
 to nearly twenty. At length, about thirty yeare ago, the stripes 
 were reduced by act of Congress to the original numbex of 
 thirt-con- 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 n 
 
 COAT OF ARMS, AND ORIGIN OF THE NAME OF THE 
 SEVlillAL STATES OF THE UNION. 
 
 MiViWE, so called from Maine, in Franco, in 1683 — called, in 
 common parlance, '• IVie Iron-Bound State." 
 A voter latist have been a resident three 
 months precediSig an election. It is a rough, 
 heavy-timbered country, where industry alone 
 conduces to success, as indicated by its coat- 
 of-arms. The motto is " Uiriso" — I direct. 
 
 New Hampshire was so named from Hampshire, En- 
 gland, where the patentee, who granted it to 
 Captam John Mason, November 27, 1629, re- 
 sided at the time. It is called " The Granite 
 State." Ita present constitution was made 
 in the year 1783. To be a voter, no qualifi- 
 cation required except citizenship and twentv- 
 one years of age. 
 
 Vermont, " The Green-Mountain State," was so called 
 from the range of mountains that runs length- 
 wise through it. Latin — ver {green) ; mont 
 {mountain). First settlement at B-jnufngion, 
 in 1749. Ita constitution was formed in 1793 
 and revised in 1797, and subsequently amend- 
 ed. A voter must have one year's residence, 
 be of a qrdet and peaceable dbiposition, and 
 [swear to] " vote as he shnll judge wiU con- 
 duce to the best interest of the State." 
 
 Massachttsetts, " The Bay State," was named from Mas- 
 sassoit, an Indian chief who lived in the neighborhood, and wae 
 long the friend and ally of the whites. The 
 first settlers wei'e Puritans, who landed, 101 in 
 number, on Plymouth Rock, December 20, 
 1620. The n-itives called Boston '* Shaiv- 
 mnt." The Puritan settlers for a time called 
 it " Trimon's," from its three hills — Fort, 
 Beacon, and Copp's. Courts of justice were 
 instituted in 1643. The present constitution 
 
74: 
 
 rOI.ITICAL 1-OCKJ.T COMPANIOX. 
 
 ■was formed in ]820, being a revision of that of 1700. In 1GS3 
 the colonial Legislature ordered that " toiarco-taLtrs and 
 fowlers be handed to the m<inistrcit(f:." The tirst marriage in 
 New England was that of Edwaid AVinslow to Mrs. Susannah 
 White, in 1621. In 1075 Massachusetts passed a law punish- 
 ing every person found at a Qualcer meeting. In 1C35 Itrass 
 farthings were prohibited from passing for currency, and vnia- 
 ket balls ordered by the Assembly to pnss ftr farthings. The 
 first mint for coining money in the colonics was erected at Bos-, 
 ton in 1652. A voter must have one year's residence in the 
 State, and have paid a State and county tax. The drawn 
 sword and Indian with low and arrow in the coat-of-arms 
 show the former martial character of the people. 
 
 Rhode Island was named from its supposed resemblance to 
 the Island of llhodes in the Mediterranean. Tlie Narraganset 
 Indians lived here. King Pliilip, the famous 
 chief, had his court at Bristol. Roger Will- 
 iams planted this State in January, 1638, at 
 Mosshunssic ,y\\uch he called Providence. Its 
 institution of social government was formed 
 May 19, 1616. A voter must h.ave been a res- 
 ident of the State three months, and own a 
 freehold worth $131. This State is sometimes 
 called " The Land of Jo?i7ii/-ca/{cs." Its anchor of Hope is a 
 noble device. 
 
 Connecticut derived its name from the Indian name of its 
 principal river, which name in English is lo7i^ river. Tlie Pe- 
 quods, to the number of 40,C()0, inhabited 
 the country. The first settlements were at 
 Hartford and New Haven. The charter was 
 obtained in 163*J, and Theopliilus Eaton first 
 governor. The charter was hid bj' Wadsworth 
 in a hollow oak. A voter must have gained a 
 settlement in the State, own a frecliold of $5 
 per year, or done some military <hily, paid a 
 State tax, and taken the prescribed oath [as in Vermont]. This 
 State is known as " The Lund of Steady Habits.'' The in- 
 habitants are proverbially industrious, and her motto, " Qui 
 transtulit Sustinet," is appropriate. 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 T5 
 
 Nsw York ivas so called from its English proprietor, the 
 Duk'j of York. The first settlement was made by the Dutch in 
 1514, at Albany. A convention of delegates 
 from all t.'ie colonies met at Albany, June 19, 
 17o4, to form a union lor the general defense 
 ag itnst the Indians. This ux/v the Jirst jliner- 
 i'-an ConiifL'Si. In 17U0 tlie colonial Lcg'sla- 
 ture passel a law for '• H'ini^ut<f any Pupish 
 pri''st that should come into the province." A 
 voter must have been a citizen of the State the 
 last year, be twenty-one years of age, and have been a resident 
 of the county the last six months. A colored man must hold a 
 freehold of $50, have p lid taxes thereon, and been five years a 
 citizen. This State, from its great population and wealth, is 
 calle^ " The Empire State." Its motto is, " Exact justice with 
 true Q;reatness " 
 
 New Jersey was so called from the Island of Jersey, on 
 the coast of France. It was first settled in 
 lijijl by emigrants from Long Island. This 
 State sufTercLl greatly from the presence of 
 both friends and foes in thewa* of the Revolu- 
 tion. A voter must have been a citizen of the 
 Sti),te one year, and be Avorth .'?250 This 
 State is vulgarly called " The Land of Fan- 
 ca Ves." 
 
 Pennsylvania, was named from its proprietor and founder, 
 illiam Penn, in IGSl [" Penn's M^oody Country"']. The 
 
 Will 
 
 first paper money was issued at Philadelphia 
 in ITiio. The legislative printing is done in 
 German and English. A voter must have 
 been a citizen of the State two years, paid a 
 State and county tax. The sons of persons so 
 qualified, between the ages of twenty-one and 
 twenty-two years, may vote, though they 
 have paid no tax. Pennsylvania is called 
 " The Keystone State." 
 
 Delaware was so called (together with the baj') from its 
 founder, Lord de la Ware. ITie Fins and Sweiles, who first 
 settled this State, landed at Cape Henlopen in 1627, and call»l 
 
76 
 
 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 it " Paradise." The ConBtitution of 1776 
 ■was revised in ]792, aud still exists. A voter 
 must have been a citizen of the State two 
 years, and paid a State and county tax. Per- 
 sons betwedn the ages of twentj'-one and 
 twenty-two years are exempt fi'oni the taxesi 
 This State is frequently called " The Pea- 
 ]>atch," from the quantities of peanuts raised 
 there. 
 
 Matiylan-d was so called from Henrietta Maria, queen of 
 Charles I. The town of tit. M ny's was built in lOol. The 
 first settlers were allowed fifty-six acres of 
 land each in fco simple, and '■'■full liberiy of 
 conscience." In 1782 tobacco was made a le- 
 gal tender, in payment of debts, at one penny 
 per pound, and corn at twenty cents par bush- 
 el. A voter must have had one year's resi- 
 dence in the county to be entitled to vote, 
 
 Virginia, " The Old Domimon," was named after the so- 
 called virgin queen of EngliuM, Elizabeth. The first English 
 settlement was made at Jamv'stown in 1007. 
 In 1686 the Virginians seized the royal gover- 
 nor and sent Iiua home. The first provincial 
 Legislature met at Jamestown, January 19, 
 1619. In 1683 no printing-press was allowed 
 in the colony. The first sule of slaves in the 
 colony was in 1620. A voter must own a free- 
 '~ hold of the value of S2o, having been a house- 
 
 keeper one year, and been assessed. Simie other qualifications 
 are required of those who have no freehold. Her heroic motto 
 is, " Sic semper tyranms" — Thus always to tyrants. 
 
 North Carolina was so call >d in honor of King Carnhis 
 IX. of France. Sometimes it is called " The Old J\orth Slate." 
 The first settlement was mnde at Cnpe Fear by 
 John Yeamans, in lG6-'i. , The first Assembly 
 met in 1669. "There being no clergymen in 
 tlie colony, any two persons going before the 
 governor and council, and declaring their mu- 
 tual assent, were deemed h^iMiand and loife." 
 A voter must have been a citizen of the State 
 one year and paid taxes to vote for members 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 77 
 
 of the House of Commons, but to vote for a senator, must own 
 fifty acres of land. 
 
 South Carolina, named with North Carolina as one tract 
 of country. Port Royal was the first place 
 settled, by Gov. Sayle in 1G70. He founded 
 Charleston in IGfcO, The country was occu- 
 pied by twenty-eight tribes of Indians. A 
 voter nuisfc have liad a residence in tlio State, 
 and in the district where he offors Ids vote six 
 months. South Carolina is luiuwn as " The 
 Palmetto State " 
 
 Georgia was so called in 1732, in honor of George II., who 
 granted the same at that tiuie to James Oglethorpe and twenty 
 others, who, vrith 116 'settlers, landed on the 
 Yamacraw Bluff, Feb. 9, 1733, and founded 
 the present city of Savannah, where, in 1779, 
 Count Pulnsld was killed. A voter must be a 
 -citizen of the State, and have had a residence 
 of six mouths in the county, and paid all 
 taxes ianposed on him. Georgia, from its ex- 
 tensive natural meadows, is called " The Savannah State.' 
 
 luLiNois was named from its principal river, whose signifi- 
 cance in English is said to be " 7-iver of men." 
 Settled by the French in 1749. It is said the 
 early travelers, crossing the extensive praii'ies 
 in this State were obliged to slake their thirst 
 by drawing (or sucking) water through a reed 
 from holes which they foixnd in the ground 
 made by some small animal or reptile. Hence 
 the inliabitants of the State are called " Suck- 
 ers." A voter miist have had a residence in the State six 
 months, and reside in the county where he votes, 
 
 Ohio was so called from the river on its southern boundary. 
 Forty-eight emigrants from Massachusetts 
 and Connecticut settled at the present site of 
 Marietta in the spring of 1787. Fort Wash- 
 ington was built the same year on the present 
 site of Cincinnati. The place was then called 
 LosontivUle. In 1790 the first court was es- 
 tabli3he<:l at LoscntiviUe, and its name changed 
 
7o POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 to Cincinnati, now " The Queen City of the West." A voter 
 must have had one year's residence in the State next preceding 
 the election, and vote in the county where he resitles. The 
 Buckeye flourishes here, and the inhabitants of the State are 
 called " Buckeyes." 
 
 Indiana was so called, in 1809, from the 
 American Indians. The c;irly settlers were 
 supposed to be rough and wild, and were called 
 " Hoosiers." The State is therefore called 
 " The Hoosier State.'' A voter must have had 
 one year's residence in the State immediately 
 preceding the election, and vote in the county 
 where he resides. 
 
 Michigan was named, in 1802, from the lake on its (then) 
 western border. Detroit, on the Eiver Detroit 
 {the strait), is one of the oldest cities in the 
 Union. A voter must have resided one year 
 in the State next preceding the election, and 
 at the time in the county or district in which 
 he votes. The State was at iirst much infested 
 with wolves, and the inliabitauts are vulgar- 
 ly called " IVo/verincs." Coat-of-arms, two 
 bucks fighting. Its motto, " Tiicbor" — I will defend. 
 
 Alabajia was named from its principal 
 river. It was a part of the Spanish Florida 
 territory. A voter must be a citizen of one 
 year's residence in the State, and three months 
 in the county where he votes. jMobile, on Mo- 
 bile Bay, is its chief commercial town. 
 
 Mississippi was so called in 1790 from the 
 river on its western boundary, the name of 
 which is said to mean, '■ whole river, that is, 
 " river made up of many others." A voter 
 must be a citizen, have had one year's resi- 
 dence in the State, six months in the county, 
 and paid taxes or done military duty. 
 
POLITICAL I'OCKKT COMPANION. 
 
 79 
 
 Tennessee Avas named from its principal 
 river, in 1795, Tt/i-as-scc — a croolved spoon. 
 Courts of justice were fust cstablislied in 1777. 
 Present constitution adopted February 6th, 
 1797. A voter must be a citizen, and have 
 had six months' residence in the county ■where 
 be votes. 
 
 Kentucky was so called from its principal river. The first 
 settlement was made by Daniel Boone, at Lex- 
 ington, in 1775. A voter must liavo had itro 
 years' residence in the State, and one year in 
 the county wliere he offers his vote. It is a 
 great corn-growing State; hence tlie inhab- 
 itants are often called " Corn-frackers." The 
 early Keutuckians v/ere renowned for their 
 hospitality, wliich is beautifully expressed in 
 the coat-of-arms. Between 1787 and 1790 the Indians massa- 
 cred or made prisoners of 1 ,500 of the inhabitants of this State. 
 
 Florida was so named by its discoverer, 
 Ponce de Leon, in 1592— "TV/e La7id of Floiv- 
 ers." It is famous for its everglades and In- 
 dian wai's, sustained by the famous chiefs, Os- 
 ceola and "Billy Bowlegs." A voter's qualifi- 
 cations are not known to tlie compiler hereof 
 Its motto is very significant : " Let us alone." 
 
 Louisiana was so called in honor of Louis XVI. of France. 
 It was fii'st visited by De Soto in 1541. Its coat-of-arms is 
 most beautifully significant ; the scales im- 
 ply justice ; the stork, feeding her young from 
 her own blood, implies that the State talves 
 care of and nourishes all its citizens. A voter 
 must have had one year's residence in the 
 county wliere he ofl"ers his vote, and paid taxes 
 ■\vitliin the last six months. New Orlenns is 
 called " The Crescent City," and Louisiana is 
 often called " The Bayou State." 
 
80 
 
 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 Missouri was named, in 1821, from its principal river. 
 Its chief town, St. Louis, was settled by the 
 Frencli in 1759. Its ensign — two bears — is 
 emblematical of the former wild and rougli 
 state of the country. A voter must be a 
 citizen of tlie United States, of one year's res- 
 idence in the State, and three months ia the 
 county, next preceding the election. 
 
 Arkaivsas was so called, in 1809, from 
 its principal river. It is a pai't of tlio Louisi- 
 ana purchase. Its coat-of-arms repi'esents 
 Liberty, Commerce, ~and Agriculture — witli 
 the last of Avliich Industry i^ indicated by the 
 beehive. 
 
 Wisconsin, like many of the other States, 
 was named from its principal river. Tlie 
 growth of none of tlie States has been more 
 rapid and prosperous. In her coat-of-arms 
 she clauns, with fair pretensions, to be both a 
 commercial and agricultural State. Her citi- 
 zens are known in cant phrase as " Badgers." 
 
 lowA was so called from the Indians Avho in- 
 habited that country. Her standard, with an 
 \ eagle bearing aloft the ancient ^venpons of war, 
 'declares (he martial spirit of her pecrplo, indiea- 
 J ting a determination to maintain tlicir rights. 
 The people of this State arc fcometimcs called 
 " Hawkeyes." 
 
 Texas received its name from the early Spanish Mexi- 
 cans who settled in that region. The result of 
 the battle of San Jacinto rendered it independ- 
 ent of Mexico in 18SC>. Alcno and single- 
 handed it maintained its independence r.gnJnst 
 the power of Mexico, adopting the " Lone 
 Star'^ as the significant craLlcm of its stand- 
 ard for nine years, until Dec. 29, 1845, v,-hen 
 she came into the Union. 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 81 
 
 Califorxia was so called by the Mexicans, to ■whom the 
 country belonged until it was ceded to the United ^--^T'sra^ 
 States by the treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo, in / '^'^\^'"- "^^ 
 1847. The discovery of gold soon rendered her /, Ki^'^ 
 
 populous, and she became at once one of the ^-^-:f-:-^ 
 States of the Union, proudly bearing on her fe=^ ~ ' - 
 standard the emblems of her wealth, and adop- 
 ting as her motto, " Eureka !" — / have found 
 it.' She is appro^n-iately called "The Golden State." 
 
 i CONTINUED SKETCHES OF AMERICAN POLITICAL 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 ( In 1789, Wasliington being elected the first President under 
 
 I the Constitution, he should have been inaugurated on the 4th 
 
 of March of that year ; but in consequence of delays incident 
 
 to the iirst organization of the government, that event did not 
 
 j take place until the SOth day of April. 
 
 i In 1789-90, laws were enacted creating the departments of 
 
 i State, Treasury, and War, the secretaries of which, Messrs. 
 
 Jefferson, Hamilton, and Knox, together with Mr. Randolph, 
 
 I Attorney General, formed the fii-st cabinet, which consistal of 
 
 four members. 
 I In funding (or recognizing and fixing the amount) of the do- 
 I mestic public debt, a motion was made liy Mr. Madison, that 
 I the tlicu present holders of all securities that had been sold 
 ! should receive the highest price they had borne in the market, 
 i and that the original holders or payees should receive the rc- 
 I niainder of their nominal value ; but the proposition was voted 
 [v down by the Federalists. 
 
 I The same year (1790), General Harmar, with an army of 
 
 : 1,400 men, was twice defeated by the Indians, near where Chil- 
 
 I licothe novf stands. General St. Clair was sent thither witli a 
 
 ' new army to chastise the savages; but on the 4th day of No- 
 
 ' vcraber, 1791, ho was ambushed and defeated by the Indians 
 
 1 with the loss of 900 men. Three years afterward. General 
 
 ! Wayne (" Mud Jlnthoni/") was sent with another army into the 
 
 i then Indian territory, who, acting with h'-.s? usual impetuosity, 
 
 soon subdued them. The savages could not withstand the fiery 
 
 ai"dor of Wayne, who charged, routed, and pursued them with 
 
 such continued haste as to give them no time to skulk or find a, 
 
 I hiding-place ; and quiet and peace were soon restored. 
 
 ! On the 3d cf March, 1791, a tax on ai'dcnt spirits manufac- 
 
 1 tured within the United States was imposel by the General 
 
 G 
 
82 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 Government. In Pennsylvania its collection was resisted. In 
 September of that year the number of armed insurgents who 
 had collected for that purpose amounted to 7,000 men. To quell 
 this first band of (" higher law'") insubordinates, in the autumn 
 of 1794: the President sent an a.rmy of 15,000 men into the dis- 
 afifected counties, under the command of Governor Lee, of Vir- 
 ginia, which so completely overawed the insurgents that they 
 made no rcsistauce. Some of the leaders were imprisoned, but 
 the mass of the mob were pardoned, and order was soon re- 
 stored. 
 
 June 18tli, 1793, the law requiring fourteen years' residence 
 in the country as a pre-requisite to naturalization, was passed. 
 The enactment also of tlie " the alien law," by which the Pres- 
 ident was authorized to compel suspected foreigners to leave the 
 country ; and " the sedition law" which provided that the au- 
 thors and publishers of false and malicious accvisatious against 
 tlie Pi'csident and members of Congress should be prosecuted 
 and punished, which passed on the liolh of the same month, at 
 tlie time John Adams was President, rendera his administra- 
 tion extremely unpopular. 
 
 Wah tv'ith France. 
 
 In 1796-8, the French Directory refused to receive our ac- 
 credited minister, Mr. Pinckney — Messrs. Pinckney, John Mar- 
 shall, and Elbridge Gerry were accordingly appointed envoys 
 to the French Republic, whom the Directory also refused to re- 
 ceive, and ordered two of them, General Pinckney and John 
 Marshall, ivho were Federalists, to leave France, but suffered 
 Mr. Gerry, who was a republican, to remain. War was accord- 
 ingly declared against France. No battles were fought on land, 
 but two extremely bloody actions occurred on the ocean. 
 
 February 9th, 1797, Captain Truxton, in the frigate Constel- 
 lation, of 38 guns, met and captured the French frigate L'ln- 
 surgente, of 50 guns, after a most obstinate resistance ; and 
 again the same vessel, after a bloody action of four hours, caused 
 the French frigate Le Vengeance, of 50 guns, to strike her colors ; 
 but she managed to escape in the night. 
 
 In the year 1800, IJonaparte being in authority in France, 
 peace was soon restored. 
 
 War with Tripoli. 
 
 The Barbary State** were in the habit of committing acts of 
 piracy on, and also exacting duties from, our merdiant ves- 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 83 
 
 sels trading in the Mediterranean Sea. In 1801 the govern- 
 ment of the United States declared war against those States to 
 correct the evil. In 1803, a large squadron, under Commodore 
 Preble, was sent into tliat sea for that purpose. 
 
 The frigate Philadelphia, of 44 guns, commanded by Captain 
 Bainbridge, while reconnoitering the harbor of Tripoli, ground- 
 ed so effectually that she could not be got off, and the vessel, 
 olScers, and crew were captured. The officers were held as 
 prisoners of war, but all the crew were imprisoned and kept as 
 slaves until redeemed by our government. 
 
 February IGth, 1804, Lieutenant Stephen Decatur, with the 
 brig Enterprise, entered the harbor, biuned the Philadelphia, 
 and escaped v'ith the loss of 1 killed and 3 wounded. 
 
 1804, August 3, Tripoli was bombarded by the United States 
 squadron under Commodore Preble, and again August 7, and a 
 third time on the 24th, and a fourth time on the 27th of the 
 same mouth, a fifth and last time on the 3d of September fol- 
 lowing. 
 
 18U5, April 27, General William Eaton, with 70 Americans 
 and 300 Turks, attacked the Tripolitans in Derne, and took it 
 after a contest of two and a half hours. 
 
 May 18, the Tripolitans, with a large army, fought four hours 
 in endeavoring to recapture Derne, without success, and peace 
 with Tripoli soon followed. 
 
 The conspiracy of Aaron Burr (who in 1804 killed General 
 Hamilton in a dviel at Hoboken) was first discovered in Septem- 
 ber, 1806. On the 22d day of May, 1807, he was arraigned at 
 Richmond, in Virginia, on a charge of treason, and the trial 
 therefor was commenced on the 3d of August following. 
 
 1800, June 22, the American frigate Chesapeake, of 30 guns, 
 while near the coast of the United States, was fired into by the 
 British ship Leopard, of superior force (50 guns), three of her 
 men killed and eighteen wounded. The captain of the Chesa- 
 peake being unsuspicious of an attack and unprepared for re- 
 sistance at once struck his colors ; the ship was boarded, and 
 four of her sailors, falsely claimed as British seamen, were 
 forcibly taken on board of the enemy's vessel. The act was dis- 
 owned by the English government. 
 
 On the second of July, the President, by proclamation, pro- 
 hibited all British armed vessels from entering the ports of the 
 United States. 
 
 1807, December 22, an embargo of unlimited duration was 
 laid on all American vessels. 
 
 1809, March 15, the embargo law was repealed, and an act 
 of non-intercourse with England and France passed. But tu 
 
Si rOLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 the 19th of April a partial intercourse with England Avas es- 
 tablished, and ceased as to France in 1810. 
 
 1811, February 1, non-intercourse with England again estab- 
 lished by Congress. 
 
 December II, 1811, General Harrison defeated the Indians 
 under Tecumseli at Tippecanoe, with great loss on both sides. 
 
 1812, June 16, Avar was declared by the United States against 
 Great Britain. On the 13th of July, General Hull raised the 
 American standard in Upper Canada. 
 
 On the 3d of July, 1812, the American frigate Essex, of 32 
 guns, Captain Porter, captured a British transport. The en- 
 emy's loss was 200. 
 
 July 17, Michilimackinac was taken by the British. 
 
 On the 7th of August, General Hull left Canada and retreated 
 to Dstroit. 
 
 On the 19th, tlio American frigate Essex of 32 guns. Captain 
 Porter, captured the British sloop-of-war Alert, of 20 guns. 
 Captain Langhorno, afcer an action of eight minutes. 
 
 August IG, 1812, General Hull surrendered Detroit, together 
 with the fort and the whole of his army, to the British under 
 General Broclc, without firing a single gun. 
 
 Augu.st 19, the United States frigate Constitution, of 44 guns. 
 Captain Hull, captured the British frigate Guen-iero, cf 38 guns. 
 Captain Dacres, after an action cf twenty-five minutes, in which 
 the British lost in killed 15, and 64 wounded. The American 
 loss was 7 killed and 7 wounded. 
 
 August 30, Fort Wimms was taken by the Britl.'ih and ImJians, 
 and the Wiiolc garrison massacred. 
 
 Sept. 12, 1812, the American forces, under General Jackson, 
 gained a victory over the Creeks and Chcrokees, killing nearly 
 200 of the savages. 
 
 On the 2d Oct. the British boiabarded Ogdensburg for thpco 
 hours without guccess. They made a second attack on the place 
 on the 8th, with forty boats, containing from 400 to GOO men, 
 but wore again beaten off. 
 
 On the same day, Oct. 8th, tv.-o British-armed brigs, the De- 
 troit and Caledouia, were cut out from under the v.-alls of Fort 
 Erie by a detachment cf sailors and volunteers, commanded by 
 Lieut. Elliott, of tho United States navy. 
 
 On tho 13th of Oct. was fought the battle of Queenstown, 
 in which the United States army, com.manded by General Ste- 
 phen Van F>.ensselaer, of the New York militia, attacked the 
 British, killed tlicir general (Brock), and drove them from their 
 entrenchments ; but the principal mass of the American militia 
 at Lewiston refused tg cross the river ; tho enemy, with largo 
 
POLITICAL rOCKET COMPANION. 85 
 
 reinforcements, renewed the action, compelled the Americans to 
 resign their conquest and surrender tiiemselves prisoners of 
 ivar. Among them Avas Lieut. -Col. AYiulicld Scott. 
 
 On the lych of Oct. the Britisli sloop-of-war Frolic, of 18 
 guns, Captaiii Wlunyates, was captured by the United States 
 sloop-of-war Wasj), of 16 guns. Captain Jones, after an action 
 of 4.3 minutes. The Frolic had oU killed and 50 wounded ; the 
 Wa^p, killed and 5 wounded. 
 
 On th3 21st of Ojt. Major Young, of the New York militia, 
 surprised a party of troops at St. iLegis, and took 40 prisoners. 
 
 On the 25th Ojt. the British frigate Macedonian, Capt. Jolm 
 C. Cardjn, of 3S guns, was captured by the Unitid States 
 frigate " United States," Capt. Decatur, of 4-1 guns, after an 
 notion of an hour and a half. The Macedonian had 'M killed 
 and G8 Avouudod ; the United States, 5 killed and 7 wounded. 
 
 Dec. 9, 1812, Gen. Jackson again deicated the Indians with 
 great slaughter at Tallaijoosa. 
 
 Dec. 22d, the United States brig Vixen, of 14 guns and 120 
 men, commanded Ly Capt. George Heed, was caplured by the 
 British frigate Southampton, of o2 guus, Sir James Lucas Yco, 
 after a chase of hours. Both vessels \, ei'C wrecked 5 days 
 lifterward, on the island of Coneepticn. 
 
 Dec. 29th, the British frigate Java, of 38 guns, Capt. Lam- 
 bert, was capLured by the United Spates frigate Constitution, 
 of 44 guns. Captain Bainbridge, after an action of 05 minutes. 
 The Java had G9 killed and 101 wounded; the Constitution, 9 
 killed and 25 wounded. 
 
 Jan. 17, 1813. the United States schooner Viper, of 12 guns, 
 Lieut. John D. Heuly, was captured by the British frigate Nar- 
 cissus, of 32 guns, CajJt. Lumley, after a chase of 5 hours. 
 
 Jan. 22d, was fougiit the battle of Frenchtown, on the lliver 
 llaisin, when Gen. Winchester, with 35 officers and 487 non- 
 commissioned officers and privates, surrendered themselves i)ris- 
 oners of war to the British and Indians, comuianded by Col. 
 Proctor, under a pledge of being protected from the Indians, 
 but which was disregarded, and the whole of ihe Americans 
 Arere massacied by the Indians the next day. 
 
 The Cliesapeake Bay was blockaded by a large British fleet, 
 from -which their soldiers landed and burned several villages on 
 the coast. 
 
 Ou the 22d of Feb. the British captured Ogdensburg, and re- 
 moved or destroyed all the public works. 
 
 Feb. 24, the American sloop-of-\v'ar Hornet, Capt. Lawrence, 
 met and captured the British brig Peacock, of about equal 
 force. In less than 15 minutes after she struck, the Peacock 
 
86 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 made a signal of distress, but she sunk before all her crew 
 could be got off, carrying down 9 Britons and 3 Americans. 
 
 April 27, the An^eiicaus, numbering 1,700, under Gen. Z. 
 Pike, captured Little Yorli (Toronto), in Canada, after a short 
 but severe conflict. As the Americans were storming the main 
 "works, the Ihitish set fire to their magazine, which blew up and 
 destroyed iiuiny of the Americans, among whom was (Jen. Pike. 
 
 May 1, IMo, the garrison of Fort Meigs, under the conmiand 
 of Gen. Harrison, Avas besieged and the fort invested by the 
 ])ritish and Indians, under Proctor and Tecumseh. On the Gth, 
 Gen. Clay, with l,2i)() Kenfuckians, attemptedtorai.se the siege. 
 His troops having dispersed the enemy, ventured too far in the 
 pursuit, Avere beaten by the enemy, who returned to the con- 
 tent, with great slaughter. The American loss was at least 500 
 killed and wounded. On the 8th the enemy raised the siege, 
 and made a precipitate retreat. 
 
 On tlie 2(Jtli of May, the Americans, under Gen. Dearborn, 
 cai:)tured Port George, at the head of Lake Ontario. 
 
 On the 27 th of May, the British, to the number of 1,500 men, 
 landed at Sacketfs Harbor, and made an attempt to take the 
 place; but after some fighting, and a small destruction of 
 property, became panic-struck, and retreated precipitately to 
 their ships. 
 
 On tlie 1st of June, the American frigate Chesapeake, Capt. 
 Lawrence, was captured ))y the British frigate ^hnniion, Capt. 
 Brooke, after a hard-fought action. The brave Capt. Lawrence 
 was killed. When dying, his last "words "were, " Don't give uj) 
 the sJiip .'" 
 
 On the 5th of June, two American generals. Chandler and 
 Winder, in the night, mistaking the British for their own 
 troops, were taken prisoners at Stony Creek. Soon afterward, 
 Lieut.-Col. Boerstler was sent Avitli 500 American troops to dis- 
 perse a body of Britisli at the Beaver Pains, but were them- 
 selves .surrounded and all made priscmers. 
 
 On tlie 1st and 2d of August, Fort Stephenson (which "was 
 but little better than a stockade), commanded by Maj. Croghan, 
 aged 19, Avith only KM) men, was invested by 1,500 British and 
 Indians, who attempted its capture by both cannonading and 
 storming it ; but after a severe contest they were repulsed 
 "with great loss, and precijiitately r.aised the'siege. 
 
 On the 14tli of August, the American brig Argus, Lieut. Al- 
 len, Avas cnpture<l by the British brig Pelican, Avliich "was a ves- 
 sel of superior force. 
 
 Sept. 4th, the American brig Enterprise, Lieut. Burroughs, 
 after a hard-fought action, captured the British brig Boxer, 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 87 
 
 Capt. Blythc, of equal foi'ce. Both captains were killed, and 
 were buried side by side in Portland, Maine. 
 
 Ou the loth of Sept., the American fleet on Lake Eric, con- 
 sisting of 9 vessels and 54 guns, commanded by Com. 0. H. 
 Perry, encountered and captured the whole British fleet on 
 said lake, consisting of G vessels and 63 guns, commanded by 
 Com. Barclay, after an engagement of over four hours. 
 
 On the 5th of Oct., the American troops, commanded by Gen. 
 Harrison, overtook the retreating army of British and Indians, 
 at the Moravian villages on the Kiver Thames, in Canada, and 
 after a short and spirited action compelled them to surrender. 
 The famous Indian chief Tecumseh was killed, and the Bi'itish 
 general, Proctor, made his escape on horseback. 
 
 Jan. 23, 1814, Gen. Jackson encountered the Creek and 
 Cherokee Indians at Tallapoosa, and defeated them ; and March 
 27 til, at " the Horse-shoe Bend," he destroyed their camp and 
 routed them with great slaughter, killing 1,000 or more of the 
 savages. This was the severest blow given them during the 
 war. 
 
 March 28, 1814, the American frigate Essex, Capt. Porter, 
 was captured by two BritisJi ships, the Phcbe and Cherub, after 
 one of the severest actions of the war, which lasted over four 
 hours. 
 
 July 5th, 1814, was fought the bloody battle of Chippewa, 
 between the American forces, 3,000 strong, commanded by Gen. 
 Brown, and a sup;irior number of British troops, commanded by 
 General lliall. The Americans were victorious ; the enemy, 
 having lost 500 men, sought safety behind their entrench- 
 ments. 
 
 On the 2oth July, Lieut. -Gen. Drummond assumed the com- 
 mand of the British troops, and again led them to Lundy's 
 Lane (Bridgawater), where another o))stinate battle occurred, 
 which began before sunset, and lasted until after midnight. 
 The British were again defeated. The loss on both sides was 
 nearly equal. American loss, 8G0. British loss, 878. 
 
 On the 4th and 5th of Aug., Fort Eric, which was occupied 
 and hehl by the American troops under Gen. Ripley (Brown 
 and Soott having both been disabled at Bridgewater), was in- 
 vested by 5,000 British troops, commanded by Gen. Drummond. 
 In the night between the 14th and 15tli they made an assault 
 on the fort, which was gallantly repelled, the enemy losing over 
 900 men, the Americans but 84. 
 
 On the 24th of Aug., tlie British forces on the Chesapeake 
 landed on the coast and marched to Washington ; at Bladens- 
 burg they were met by the Americans under Gen. Winder, 
 
88 rOLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 ■whom tlie^' defeated with a loss of 300 men. At Vv'ajiliington 
 they bvwned the Capitol, President's House, pauI o'her public 
 buildings, and hastily withdrew to their ships. 
 
 Sept. 2d, Gen. Brown assumed the command at Fort Erie. 
 
 Sept. 11th, 1814, the Britisli army, 14,000 strong, under the 
 command of Gov. Provost, made an attack upon Plattsburo-, 
 while the British fleet on Lake Champlain, commanded by Com. 
 Downie, at tlie same time attacked the American flee;; and 
 thus was fought the double " Baitle of Pl-ittsburg." The Amer- 
 ican land forces were commanded by Gen. M'Comb, and the 
 fleet by Com. M'Dt.naugh. Both were successful. The British 
 fleet was taken and dispersed, and their land-fores fled with 
 the utmost precipitation. On the lake the Americans lost 110 ; 
 en land, 110. The British loss on the lake was 1H4 ; on land, 
 2,o00. 
 
 On the 12th Sept., the British forces under Gen. Ross, Ian led 
 at North Point, and marched toward Baltimore, 5,000 strong. 
 Gen. Striker, with 3,000 Americans, was sent to avresi their 
 progress. They met eight miles from the city, and after some 
 severe skirmishing, in r/hich Gen. Boss was killed, the British 
 troops retired to their ships, which had attacked and bombarded 
 Fort M'Henry, though unsuccessfully, while the troops were 
 fighting on the land. 
 
 On the 17th of Sept., a large body of the American forces, 
 under the command of Generals Miller and Porter, made a sor- 
 tie from Fort Erie, and attacked the British forces under Gen. 
 Drummoud ; after an hours close fighting, they returned in good 
 order to the fort, having killed, wounded, and taken 1,000 of 
 the enemy. The American loss exceeded 600. 
 
 Ou the loth Dec, 1814, in answer to a proposition of the 
 General Court of Massachusetts, a convention of delegates from 
 several of the New England States assembled at Hartford, in 
 Connecticut, to devise means of redressing their own grievances, 
 in opposition to the General Government, at which tho traitor- 
 ous proposition of m ihinp; a scpnrdie tjealy with the c.icmy 
 was seriouslii eiittrlained .' The convention sat until the 4 h 
 of January, with closed doors. The following debgates attenl- 
 ed. [The proceedings have never been published.] 
 
 Massachusetts. — George Cabot, George Bliss, 'William Prcs- 
 cott, Nathan Dane, Harrison Gray Otis, Hodijah Baylies, Tim- 
 othy Brigdon, Samuel Sumner Wil le, Stephen Longfellow, Jo- 
 seph Lyman, Daniel Walsh, Jo.sliua Thomas. 
 
 Rhode Island. — Daniel Lyman, Samuel Ward, Bonjim'n 
 Hayard, Edward Marestou. 
 
 C'o«?^et•?/cK^— Chaimcey Goodi'ich, James HiUhoiise, Joha 
 
I'OLITICAL 3'OCKKT COMPANION. 89 
 
 Treadwell, Z-apliauiali Smith, Nathaniel Smith, Calvin Cod- 
 dard, Roger Minott Sherman. 
 
 Counties cf Cheshire and Craftun, JWw Hampshire. — 
 Benjamin West, Miles Olcott. 
 
 Volunteers from I'lrmout. — "'iVilliam Hall, Jr., Jusiah Duu- 
 hiim. 
 
 The Cfoveruor cf PensacoLi, then a Spanish province, Rilowc.l 
 the British to l.in-l troops and collect niilitaiy slcres at that 
 place. Gen. Jackson ui.:rL'Led into the ciiy, sioruied the Ibrt, 
 obtained entire possession, and compelled the British to evacu- 
 ate Florida. 
 
 Jan. 8th, 1815, the British forces, amounting to 12,000 men, 
 commanded by Lord Packenham, attacked Ncav Orleans. Gen. 
 Jackson, with less than half their number, I'cpulsed them with 
 great slaughter, killing Sir Edward Packenham (bi'otlier-ind.iw 
 to Lord Wellington' and 2,500 veterans of the Ponlnsular wars. 
 Tlie Americans lost 7 killed and C wounded. This was the last 
 land battle of the v.'ar, and was fought after peace Avas in fact 
 ratified, which event took place at Ghent, on the 24!.h of Bee, 
 1314, l;y tiie Prince Itegent in England, Dec. £8, 11-14, and 
 Ly the Anerlean President and Senate, on the 18th cf I'eb., 
 I'ilo : and military o^^ierauions on boi:h slues ceas,}d en tlie ll'.h 
 cf March. 
 
 Two additional battles were fought on the ocean. In Febru- 
 ary, the Consdtution, Captain Stev/art, captured tv>-o vessels at 
 cnce, the Cyane and Levant, whose united force exceeded that 
 of the Constitution. In March, the sloop Hornet cax^tured the 
 British brig Penguin, stronger in guns than the Ilornct. Thus 
 ended the war. 
 
 In 1832, the celebrated Indian chief, '■ Bed Bird," gave the 
 settlers in Wisconsin and the North West groat annoyance by 
 plundering and raurder'ng the inliabitants. Be was capUiic 1, 
 and died in prison. Black Hawk, his successor, proved to bo 
 more warlike and cruel than Bed Bad. In July of that year, 
 Black Hawk, with above 1,000 warriors, took pest ai a point be- 
 tween Rock River and Wisconsin. General Atkinson (called by 
 tlie Indians " the White Otter," from his light silken Imir) ad- 
 vanced upon him with a strong force. He retreated into the 
 wilderness. Atkinson pursued, and on tlie 21 of August caine 
 up with the Indians near " Bml Ax" River, on the Mississippi. 
 A battle followed, which lasted three hours ; the savages gave 
 way only at the point of the bayonet. They were defeated with 
 the loss of near 200 killed. Black Hawk made his escape, but 
 was soon after surrendered to the Americans, who took Ll^ 
 
90 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 through the principal cities of the Union, and then liberated 
 him. This war is called " the Black Hawk War." 
 
 Nullification. 
 
 On the 19th day of November, 1832, a convention of the peo- 
 ple of South Carolina assembled at Columbia, in that State, and 
 on the 24th passed resolutions, declaring unconstitutional, and 
 formally nullifying, the revenue laws of 1828 and 1832. They 
 also published an address to the people of the State, inviting 
 tliem to assist in obstructing the execution of those laws. On 
 the 10th of December, 1832, President Jackson issued a procla- 
 mation warning all people to abstain from any attempts to re- 
 sist the laws or authority of the United States, announcing his 
 determination to put down by force, if necessary, all attempts 
 of that nature. The effect was instantaneous and powerful. 
 The Legislatures of most of the States sustained the President. 
 Shortly after Congress met, an act was passed giving the Presi- 
 dent full power to enforce the revenue laws in every part of 
 the repuljlic. In 1833 an act was passed called " the Com- 
 promise Act," for gradually reducing the duties on imports, and 
 the revenue laws went peaceably into effect 
 
 Removal of the Deposits. 
 
 President Jackson was decidedly opposed to the principles 
 and conduct of the United States Bank, and expressed doubts 
 to Congress as to the safety of the public funds in that institu- 
 tion. A committee of Congress examined the bank and reported 
 it to be sound and its affairs well managed. The President, 
 however, caused, by his own authority, the deposits to be re- 
 moved and placed in State banks, selected for that purpose, in 
 September, 1833. Great excitement followed throughout the 
 whole country, but the President remained firm, and soon after 
 issued his famous " Specie Circular," requiring all payments 
 to the government to be made in specie. Those measures caused 
 a great derangement in the business of individuals; but the 
 people soon became fully satisfied of the wisdom and integrity 
 of the President, and the insolvency of tlie bank, soon after, 
 proved the correctness of his judgment. 
 
 In 183o the hostile Creek and Clierokee Indians who had re- 
 tired to Florida, commenced a series of murders and outrages 
 againt the settlers and militarj' establishments of that country, 
 which contimied for several years. One of the most painful 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 91 
 
 events of the struggle occurred in December, 1835, wlien two 
 companies of United States troops, consisting of 110 persons, 
 commanded by fdajor Dade, were attacked near Tampa Bay by 
 n large body of Indians, and all but three were slain. The war 
 continued until 1843, and cost the government many millions of 
 dollars. Generals Taylor, Scott, and other distinguished officers 
 were engaged in the contest. 
 
 War with Mexico. 
 
 At the time of the admission of Texas into the Union, Mexico 
 had not acknowledged the independence of that republic. Troops 
 were therefore sent by the United States to guard the frontiers 
 of that new State and protect it from Mexican aggression. In 
 the summer of 18-to, our little " army of observation," about 
 2,500 strong, occupied Corpus Christi, where it remained about 
 six months unmolested. 
 
 On the 13th of January, President Polk ordered General 
 Zachary Taylor, who commanded that ai-my, to take possession 
 of Point Isabel and other places between the Nueces and Rio 
 Grande rivers, which order was immediately executed. On the 
 24th of March, 184(), General Garcia, who commanded the Mex- 
 ican forces at Point Isabel, consisting of 280 men, set fire to the 
 custom-house and some other buildings, and retired from the 
 town, which General Taylor soon occupied. It was slightly 
 fortified and left in charge of Major Monroe, with a small force. 
 General Taylor proceeded on his way, and on the 28th of March, 
 184G, took post at and commenced fortifying a point on the Rio 
 -Grande, opposite to Matamoras (since called Fort Brown). 
 
 April ] 1, General Ampudia arrived at Matamoras with 1,000 
 cavalry and 1,500 infantry, and immediately sent General Taylor 
 an order to quit his position in twenty-four hours, or in default 
 he should consider it a declaration of Avar. 
 
 On the 13th General Taylor sent word to Ampudia that he 
 was sent there by order of his government, and intended to re- 
 main. 
 
 On the 23d of April, 2,500 Mexicans crossed the Rio Grande 
 above the camp, and cut off General Taylor's communication 
 with Point Isabel, and the Mexican army was largely increased. 
 May 1, General Taylor left a small garrison in Fort Brown and 
 with the rest of the army marched to Point Isabel. May 3d, 
 the Mexicans commenced the bombardment of Fort Brown, 
 which lasted seven days, without success, killing only 2 and 
 •wounding 13. Major Brown was killed. On the 7 th May, Gen- 
 eral Taylor, with about 2,000 effective men (and a long train 
 
92 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 of store ■wagons) , took up liis line of march for Fort Brown. Om 
 tlie 8th Lc met the enemy in battle array, 6,00U strong, at Palo' 
 Alto, and ai'Lcr three or lour hours" hard fighting, iorced the 
 enemy toreiire -with the loss of 4U0 men. The Americans lostj 
 51, among whom were the gallant Major Einggohl and Captain! 
 Paige. 
 
 On the next day, May 9th, within three or itur irdks of Fort 
 Brown, was fought the battle of Picsaca (.'.e la Palma. The 
 Mexicans numbered over 7,00U strong, and ctci.p cd a chosen. 
 strong posie ion. The American offective itree cix; gcd did not 
 exceed l,(jOU men. Tlie battle was tevcic, Iv.t il.e enemy at 
 length gave way, and rushed in a j trlect rtut Itwaid Mata- 
 moras. Captain Mays charge, and the capture cl General La 
 "N'ega, were marked inciden'.s of the battle. TLt Mexicans lest 
 bbiJ men, while our loss was but ]21. Fort Bitv>n was relieved, 
 tnd Matamoras was captured en the ISth cl the Si me month. 
 
 On the Gth of July, 184-j, Ccmmodorc fcloat tock Mmtci'ey, 
 on the Pacific coat:, and about the tame time Colcnel Picmcnt 
 took possession of !L'Om,ra, in California. 
 
 September 21., 22, 28, 24, the Americans Icsxgcd the city of 
 Monterey, and at length captured it. But the Mexican geneial, 
 Ampudia, was allowed to march his army to a place cl taicly. 
 American loss 47(5, Mexican 1,000. 
 
 On the 25th Dec, 1640, and the 28th cf Feb., 1847, Col. Don- 
 iphan, with far inferior force, c.tfeated the Mexicans in tAVO 
 battles— Bracito and El Paso — in which he t;nd his I rave com- 
 rades performed prodigies of valor. In his route Ccl. Doniphan 
 marched more than 1 ,000 miles through an aln est uninhabited 
 wilderness in the winter, and has been tailed by many, " The 
 modern Xenophon." 
 
 On the 22d and 'J3d of Feb., 1847, was fought the noted bat- 
 tle of Buena Vista, near Saltillo, in which Gen. Taylor, with 
 Ijss than 5,000 men, after two days' fghting with 2L',0t0 Mex- 
 icans under President Santa Anna, Iorced them to yield to 
 American prowess, and gnined a decided victory over them. 
 
 Toward the ch^se of 184J Gen. Scott vras cidi^icd to u.Le the 
 chief conanan.l in Mexico. 
 
 On the loth of March the United States military and naval 
 furces invested A'era Cruz, and on the 29th the ciiy and casile 
 KurrenJered, with 4,0u0 prisoners, and an immense tmci.nt cf 
 shot. sh.dls. and military stores. 
 
 On the 17t!i of April the Mexicans, numbering 12.000 men, 
 under Santa Anna, Avere defeated in their entrenched camp ou 
 the heij.'tts of Cerro Gordo, by the American forces under Gen. 
 Scutt. In this baltlo the Americans lost 4.C1 : the Mexicans, 
 
POLITICAL rOCKET COMPANION. 93 
 
 ,000 killed and grounded, and 3,000 prisoners. Gen. Shields 
 jas shot through the breast, but recovered .' 
 
 Two days afterward the army took possession of Jalapa and 
 le Castle of Perote, and pushed forward to Puebla, where it 
 aitod for reinforcements. 
 
 In June, Geu. Pierce landed at Vera Cruz with 2,500 soldiers, 
 nd proceeded to join Gen. Scott at Puebla. At the National 
 irido-c he had a sharp encounter with the enemy, who soon 
 ispersed, and he proceeded on, fighting his way through gue- 
 iUas nearly the whole distance. 
 
 On il\e 2Jth of Aug., our army having reached the valley of 
 lexico, the battles of Contreras and Churubusco were fought, 
 nd glorious victories won, by the American army numbering 
 bout 1 1 ,O0il effective men, over the Mexicans, 32,000 strong. 
 ai armistice of twenty days followed. 
 
 Sept. 8th, the severest struggle of the war, the battle of Mo- 
 no del Roy (King's Mill) was fought, when a D:iaskcd Mexican 
 attery, mistaken for an armory, destroyed nearly 1,000 Amer- 
 ;an3 ; but the xMexicans were beaten with considerable loss. 
 
 On the 13th of the same month the American army stormed 
 nd took the strongly-fortified fort and castle of Chcpultepec, 
 illing 1.0<IO Mexicans, with the loss of 800 men. Two days 
 fterward the victorious army pushed on to the gates of files- 
 !0, and on the evening of the 15th occupied two of them, and 
 ■ere prepare 1 to enter the city by force the next r.^oining. In 
 11 these battl33 Siivta Anna commanded the Meziecn^, and Iho 
 ;ity bein:; no longer tenable, he evacuated it under cover of the 
 ,ight, and on the lGr,h Sept., 1847, the American orniy entered 
 )', in triumph. Tlic Mexican", were conquered, an 1 peace soon 
 jllowei ; the treaty for which is called "The Treaty of ijruid- 
 ^ loupe Hided ;X'>," that being the name of the place in Mexico 
 /here the coinmissi oners met to form the treaty. The treaty 
 • ''as drawn up and signed by the commissioners on the 2d of 
 'cb., 1848. It was modified, and passed the j\Icx;can Senate, 
 
 t Queretaro, ?>Iay 25th, and was ratified at Wasiiington on the 
 th of July following. r>y this treaty the Rio Grande and Gila 
 ivcrs were fixed as boundaries. The United States accpiired 
 few Mexico, Utah, and Upper California, and agreed to pay 
 lexico for such acquisitions the sum of $15,000,000. 
 
 SOLDIERS FOR THE MEXICAN WAR. 
 
 The number of soldiers enlisted in our army, chiefly for th« 
 iHexican war, froni Jan. 1, 1846, to June 30, 18-18, was 43,393. 
 
94 
 
 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
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 .s ^ .5 '■51 « ^ .5 :;; - -. - 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 97 
 
 
 
 
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 Colonel 
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98 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT OF NEW YORK, 
 
 WITH ITS SUBSKQCENT POLITICAL UISTORY. 
 
 Hudson River was discoTorcd 
 and entered by Henry Hudson 
 on the 12th of September, 1C07, 
 who landed on the island of 
 " Manna-liatta," and at sev- 
 eral other places. 
 
 In the year 1621, the forts 
 of J\~iw Jlmsterdam (now New 
 York) and Oraiige (Albany) 
 were built. 
 
 Colonial Governors of New Netherland— New York. 
 Names. Beginning of term. Expiration. 
 
 Peter Minuet from 1625 to 1633 
 
 Wouter Van Twiller " 1633 " 1G38 
 
 WilliamKeift " 1638 " 1647 
 
 Peter Stuyvesant " 1647 .... to August 27, 1664 
 
 Dutch population 6,000. 
 
 English Colonial Governors. 
 
 Richard Nichols from 1664 to 1667 
 
 Francis Lovelace " 1667 " July 30, 1673 
 
 Population of New York city 3,000. 
 
 Dutch Governors again. 
 Anthony Clove from 1673 to 1674 
 
 English Governors again. 
 
 Edmund Andross from 1674 to 1683 
 
 Thomas Dongan " 1683 " 1688 
 
 Francis Nicholson «• 1688 " 1689 
 
 JacobLeisler " 1689 " 1691 
 
 Henry Sloughter «• 1691 to July, 1691 
 
 Richard Ingoldsby " 1691 " 1692 
 
 Benjamin Fletcher " 1692 " 1698 
 
 Richard (Earl) Belmont ... " 1698 " 1701 
 
 JohnNanfan " 1701 " 1702 
 
 LordCornbury " 1702.. " 1709 
 
 John (Lord) Lovelace " 1709 " 17W 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 99 
 
 Names. 
 
 Richard Ingoldsby 
 
 Robert Hunter . ...... 
 
 Beginning of term. 
 ....from 1710 ... 
 " 1710 ... 
 
 to... 
 
 Expiration, 
 
 1710 
 
 1719 
 
 Peter Schuyler 
 
 " 1719 ... 
 
 
 1720 
 
 
 " 1720 ... 
 
 1728 
 
 
 «« 1728 ... 
 
 .... «« ... 
 
 1731 
 
 
 " 1731 ... 
 
 1732 
 
 William Cosby 
 
 « 1732 
 
 .... ^^ ... 
 
 1736 
 
 George Clark 
 
 .... " 1736 ... 
 
 1743 
 
 George Clinton 
 
 .... " 1743 ... 
 
 .... *' ... 
 
 ....1753 
 
 Sir Dan vers Osborne. .. 
 
 .... " 1753 .. 
 
 only 5 day 
 
 S....1753 
 
 
 " 1753 ... 
 
 to... 
 
 1755 
 
 Sir Charles Hardy 
 
 Cadwallader Colden . . . 
 
 .... " 1755 ... 
 .... " 1760 ... 
 
 1760 
 
 1761 
 
 Robert Monkton 
 
 .... «' 17C1 ... 
 
 
 ....1766 
 
 Cadwallader Colden . . . 
 
 " 1761 ... 
 
 " 
 
 1765 
 
 Henry Moore (Bart.) . . 
 Cadwallader Colden . . . 
 
 .... " 1765 ... 
 " 1769 ... 
 
 " •" 
 
 1769 
 
 ..-.1770 
 
 John (Lord) Dunmore . 
 
 .... " 1770 ... 
 
 .... *' ... 
 
 1771 
 
 William Tryon* 
 
 .... " 1771 ... 
 
 .... " ... 
 
 1776 
 
 * Last colonial governor. 
 On the Ist of August, 1776, a constitution for the State of 
 New York was drawn up by John Jay (which was amended by 
 Convention, October, 1801). 
 
 Governor wtkr Committeee of Safety, etc. 
 
 George Clinton was elected Governor, and held said office 
 during the war, being re-elected from time to time until 1789, 
 when he was again re-elected by the people and recognized aa 
 the first State Governor. 
 
 SCHEDULE OF NE^V YORK STATE GOVERNORS SINCE 
 THE ADOPTION OF THE STATE CONSTITUTION, 
 
 with the dates of their terms of service and the 
 number of votes and majorities given for each, 
 and the votes given for their opponents 
 
 Year. Name*. , Votes. , M^ority. 
 
 1789 George Clinton 6,391.. .. 429 
 
 " Robert Yates .. 5,962.. 
 
 1792 George Clinton. , 6,440.. . 108 
 
 '• ....John Jay , ». 8,332.. 
 
100 
 
 POLITICAL rOCKET COMPANION. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Natnoa. 
 
 , V(jti-s , 
 
 Majority. 
 
 1795 .. 
 
 . . John Jay 
 
 13,4S1 . 
 
 
 . 1,589 
 
 
 . . llobert Yatea 
 
 
 . 11,892! 
 
 1798 '.'. 
 
 . , John Jay 
 
 . . llobert K. Livingston . 
 
 10,012! 
 
 13,032 ! 
 
 ! 2,380 
 
 1801 '.'. 
 
 . . George Clinton 
 
 . . Steph. Van llensselaei 
 
 24,808 ! 
 
 2 ),943 ! 
 
 ! 3,965 
 
 1804".! 
 
 . . Morgan Lewis 
 
 80,829 ! 
 
 
 ! 8,090 
 
 ei 
 
 Aaron Burl' 
 
 85,074 ! 
 
 22,139 ! 
 
 
 1807 " 
 
 . . D.micl D. Tompkins. . . 
 
 ! 4,085 
 
 « 
 
 . . ]\Iorgan Lewis . 
 
 
 30,980 ! 
 
 
 1810 !.' 
 
 . . Daniel D. Tompkins . . 
 
 43,094 !. 
 
 
 ! 6,010 
 
 << 
 
 . . Jonas Piatt 
 
 43,324 !. 
 
 30,4S4 ! 
 
 
 1813." 
 
 . . Daniel D. Tompkins . . 
 
 3,000 
 
 «' 
 
 . . Steph. Van Ilcnsselaer 
 
 
 30,718 ! 
 
 
 1816!! 
 
 (I 
 
 . . Daniel D. Tompkins. . . 
 . . Ruf us King . . . 
 
 45,412 ! 
 
 38,047 ! 
 
 ! 6,705 
 
 1817 !! 
 
 .. De Witt Clinton 
 
 43,010 ! 
 
 
 ! 41,831 
 
 (Si^ecial electiou by act of Legis 
 
 ^lature, Tompkins, being Vicc- 
 
 
 PresiUcut, had resign^jd 
 
 ) 
 
 
 1817 .. 
 
 . . Peter B. Porter 
 
 
 1,477 . 
 
 
 1820.. 
 
 . . De Witt Clinton 
 
 . . Daniel D. Tompkins . . 
 
 47,447 ! 
 
 45,900 ! 
 
 ! 1,457 
 
 1822!! 
 
 . . Joseph Yates 
 
 128,403 ! 
 
 
 ! 125,583 
 
 << 
 
 . . Solomon Soulhwiek . . . 
 
 
 2,910 ! 
 
 
 1824!! 
 
 .. De Witt Clinton 
 
 . . Samuel Young 
 
 103,452 !. 
 
 87,093 ! 
 
 ! 10,359 
 
 1826 !! 
 
 .. De Witt Chnton 
 
 99,785 !. 
 
 
 ! 8,050 
 
 <c 
 
 . . William B. Rochester. 
 
 
 90,135 ! 
 
 
 1828!! 
 
 .. Martin Van Buren — 
 
 130,794 ! 
 
 
 
 '* it ■ ■ 
 
 . . Smith Thompson 
 
 ..Sol.Southwick(A.-M.) 
 
 
 100,444 ! 
 33,345 . 
 
 
 1830 !! 
 
 .. EuosT. Throop 
 
 128,842 ! 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 . . Francis Granger 
 
 . . Ezekiel Williams 
 
 
 ' 120,301 ! 
 2,332 . 
 
 
 1832!! 
 
 . . William L. Marcy 
 
 . . Francis Granger 
 
 100,410 ! 
 
 150,072 . 
 
 ! 9,738 
 
 1834!! 
 
 . . William L. Marcy 
 
 .. William H. Seward.. 
 
 181,900 ! 
 
 109,008 ! 
 
 ! 12,892 
 
 1836 !! 
 
 . . William L. Marcy 
 
 106,122 ! 
 
 
 
 (C 
 
 . . Jesse Buel 
 
 
 139,543 ! 
 
 
 " !! 
 
 .. Isaac S. Smith 
 
 
 . 3,498 . 
 
 
 1838 .. 
 
 .. William IL Seward... 
 . . William L. Marcy 
 
 192,882'. 
 
 . 182,401 ! 
 
 ! 10,421 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 101 
 
 Year 
 1840 .. 
 
 1842 
 
 f 1844... 
 
 184G '. '. '. 
 
 . 1848!!" 
 
 it 
 
 ■ 1850 !!! 
 
 1852 !!! 
 1854 ! ! ! 
 
 Names. Vot 
 
 William H. Seward . . . 222,010 . 
 
 William C. Bouck 
 
 Gerrit Smith 
 
 , William C. Bouck 208,070 . 
 
 Luther Bradish 
 
 Alvan Stewart 
 
 Silas Wright 241,000 . 
 
 Millard Fillmore 
 
 Alvan Stewart 
 
 John Young 198,878 . 
 
 Silas Wright 
 
 Henry Bradley (Abol.) 
 Ogden Edwards (N. A. ) 
 
 Hamilton Fish 206,922 . 
 
 Reuben H. Walworth . . 
 
 John A. Dix 
 
 Washington Hunt .... 214,614 . 
 
 Horatio Seymour 
 
 Chaplin 
 
 Horatio Seymour 264,121 . 
 
 Washington Hunt .... 
 
 —- — Tompkins 
 
 Myron H. Clark 156,804 . 
 
 Horatio Seymour 
 
 Daniel Ullman 
 
 Greene C. Bronson 
 
 es. , 
 
 Majority. 
 
 
 . 5,300 
 
 . 216,710 . 
 
 
 . 2,662 . 
 
 
 
 . 21,983 
 
 . 186,088 . 
 
 
 . 7,262 . 
 
 
 
 . 10,033 
 
 . 231,057 . 
 
 
 . 15,119. 
 
 
 '. 187,306 ! 
 
 
 . 12,844 . 
 
 
 . 6,305 . 
 
 
 ! 110,412 ! 
 
 
 . 118,863 . 
 
 
 ! 214,352 ! 
 
 
 . 3,416 . 
 
 
 ! 241.525 ! 
 
 
 . 19,661 . 
 
 
 
 309 
 
 . 156,495 . 
 
 
 . 122,282. 
 
 
 . 33,850 - 
 
 V 
 
 NEW YORK COLONIAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS. 
 
 In 1625, the Dutch " Privileged West India Company" sent 
 two ships to "New Netherland" with a company of Whalons, 
 who settled on Long Island (Brooklyn), with Peter Minuet as 
 governor. 
 
 In 1629 the Company adopted a " Charter of Liberties,'" 
 which was the first organized government for the colony. It 
 contained a provision, that such pei'sons ns should plant a colony 
 of fifty souls, and continue it for upward of fifteen years, chould 
 he acknowledged Palroons — denoting something like lordly rank. 
 They were iillowed to select land for miles in extent, which 
 shoidd descend to their posterity f n-ever. 
 
 In lt]ij4, Charles II. of England, by royal chnrter, granted 
 the colony to his bi-othor, the Duke of York, who took forcible 
 possession, and appointed Richard Nichols governor, who erected 
 
102 
 
 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 a Court of Assizes, which consisted of the governor, council, 
 and justices of the peace. 
 
 In 1683, the governor, Thomas Dongan, " gave orders that 
 an Assembly should be elected by the freeholders." 
 
 This assembly [or legislature] consisted of a council [or sen- 
 ate] of ten, and of representatives [lower house] eighteen, 
 and convened at Hempstead, Long Island, October 17, 1683. 
 
 In 1775 the New York Colonial Assembly refused to appoint 
 delegates to attend the Continental Congress at Philadelphia, 
 and a People's Provincial Congress (or convention) was call- 
 ed for that purpose, and " to assume the government of the 
 colony." May 22, 1775, the Provincial Congress, consisting of 
 seventy members, assembled in New York. 
 
 In July this body assumed the title of " The Reprcsmtativcs 
 of the State of JVew York," and exercised sovereign powers 
 until the establishment of the State Constitution. 
 
 April 20, 1777, the first Constitution for the State was adopt- 
 ed. It was amended by convention in October, 1801, and was 
 superseded by another constitution in November, 1821, which 
 in its turn gave place to the present constitution, November 3, 
 1846, which was adopted by the popular vote of 221,444 for, 
 and 92,643 against it— majority 128.801. 
 
 At the adoption of the first State Constitution in 1777, the 
 State was divided in fourteen counties, viz.. New York, Rich- 
 mond, Kings, Queens, Suffolk, AVestchester, Dutchess, Orange, 
 Ulster, Albany, Tryon, Charlotte, Cumberland, and Gloster. 
 [The last two forming part of what is now Vermont.] 
 
 The British evacuated New York November 25, 1783. 
 
 ELECTION RETURNS FOR THE STATE OF NEW YORK, 
 AT STATED PERIODS AND SPECIAL OCCASIONS, BY 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 Counties. 
 
 President in 1S3C. 
 
 Peesidknt 
 
 in 1S40. 
 
 Governor in 1840. 
 
 V. Durtn. 
 
 Ilarr'n 
 
 V^. IJiiren. 
 
 Iliirr'n. 
 
 BoucW. 
 
 Seward. 
 
 Albany 
 
 4,947. 
 
 4,261 
 
 5,944. 
 
 6,371 
 
 6,044. 
 
 6,233 
 
 Allegany 
 
 2,615. 
 
 2,696 
 
 3,882. 
 
 4,132 
 
 3,442. 
 
 4,079 
 
 Broome 
 
 . 1,642. 
 
 1,405 
 
 2,131. 
 
 2,395 
 
 2,195. 
 
 2,385 
 
 Cattaraugus 
 
 . 1,888. 
 
 1,489 
 
 2,475. 
 
 2,966 
 
 2,546. 
 
 2,922 
 
 Cayuga 
 
 . 4,284. 
 
 3,724 
 
 4,864. 
 
 5,172 
 
 4,963. 
 
 5,066 
 
 Chautauque 
 
 3,095. 
 
 3,895 
 
 3,345. 
 
 5,985 
 
 3,485. 
 
 5,755 
 
 Chenango . . . 
 
 . 3,612. 
 
 2,734 
 
 3,995. 
 
 4,886 
 
 4,077. 
 
 4,316 
 
 Clinton 
 
 . 1,331. 
 
 854 
 
 1,828. 
 
 2,023 
 
 1,848. 
 
 2,0(16 
 
 Chemung . . . 
 
 . 1,724. 
 
 1,000 
 
 2,296. 
 
 1,698 
 
 2,330. 
 
 1,669 
 
 Columbia . . . 
 
 . 3,767. 
 
 2,051 
 
 4,478. 
 
 4,290 
 
 4,517. 
 
 4,272 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 103 
 
 PnTTNTipq Prmident in 1S36. 
 
 t.OTTNTiES. Y jjuren. Harr'n. 
 
 Cortland .... 1,724. 2,017 
 
 Delaware.... 2,823. 800 
 
 Dutchess 3,973 . 2,36G 
 
 Erie 2,661. 4,882 
 
 Essex 1,603. 1,855 
 
 Franklin.... 862. 910 
 
 Fulton and | 
 
 Hamilton j 
 
 Genesee 3,271. 5,060 
 
 Greene 2,976. 1,883 
 
 Herkimer.... 3,036. 1,184 
 
 Jefferson ... . 4,595. 3,761 
 
 Kings 2,321. 1,868 
 
 Lewis 1,094. 411 
 
 Livingston... 1,902. 2,643 
 
 Madison 2,909. 1,703 
 
 Monroe 3,922. 4,: 
 
 Montgomery, ) 
 
 Hamilton, V 4,303. 3,170 
 
 and Fulton ) 
 
 New York ... 17,417. 16,384 
 
 Niagara 2,143. 2,267 
 
 Oneida 5,477. 3,621 
 
 Onondaga... 4,776. 2,981 
 
 Ontario 2,731. 3,435 
 
 Orange 3,541. 2,242 
 
 Orleans 1,825. 1,859 
 
 Oswego 3,105. 1,946 
 
 Otsego 4,627. 2,469 
 
 Putnam 817. 236] 
 
 Queens 1,654. 1,399 
 
 Rensselaer... 4,981. 4,634 
 
 Richmond.... 649. 649 
 
 Rockland.... 1,044. 371 
 
 Saratoga 3,339. 3,013 
 
 St. Lawrence. 3,089. 2.235 
 
 Schenectady . 1,480. 1,149 
 
 Schoharie ... 2,437. 1,422 
 
 Seneca 2,036. 1,501 
 
 Steuben 3,650. 2,384 
 
 SufiFolk 2,071. 1,037 
 
 Sullivan 1,227. 833 
 
 Tioga 1,625. 1,228 
 
 Tompkins .... 2,935 . 2,786 
 
 President in 1840. 
 V. Buren. Harr'n 
 
 2,229. 
 
 3,847. 
 
 5,362. 
 
 3,687. 
 
 1,789. 
 
 1,110. 
 
 2,664 
 2,988 
 5,355 
 6,787 
 2,617 
 1,440 
 
 1,867. 
 
 3,809. 
 3,258. 
 4,350. 
 5,630. 
 3,156. 
 1,755. 
 2,634. 
 4,114. 
 4,834. 
 
 2,08' 
 
 7,057 
 2,991 
 3,118 
 6,257 
 3,293 
 1,718 
 3,916 
 4,266 
 6,468 
 
 GOTERNOB IN 1840. 
 
 Boiick. Seward. 
 2,262. 
 3,921. 
 5,424. 
 
 3,828. 
 1,815. 
 1,141. 
 
 1,907. 
 
 .3,298. 2,828 
 
 21,933. 
 2,219. 
 7,768. 
 6,561- 
 3,451. 
 4,845. 
 2,031. 
 3,907. 
 5,580. 
 1,583. 
 2,450. 
 6,424. 
 861. 
 1,657. 
 3,873. 
 4,751. 
 1,479. 
 3,137- 
 2,472. 
 4,820. 
 3,482. 
 1,679. 
 2,180. 
 3.557. 
 
 20,956 
 2,964 
 7,156 
 6,557 
 4,828 
 4,371 
 2,606 
 4,192 
 4,856 
 920 
 2.52-. 
 5,752 
 903 
 63 
 4,410 
 4,803 
 l,75i 
 2,69'. 
 2.466 
 4,081 
 2,415 
 1,475 
 1,925 
 3,968 
 
 3,908. 
 3,326. 
 4,423. 
 5,736. 
 3,203- 
 1,779. 
 2,080. 
 4,196. 
 4,894. 
 
 3,378. 
 
 22,285. 
 2,290. 
 7,898. 
 6,658. 
 3,490- 
 4,898. 
 2-,082. 
 4,024. 
 5.690. 
 1,593. 
 2,579- 
 5,511. 
 874- 
 1,673- 
 3,970- 
 4,821- 
 1,644- 
 3,544- 
 2,537- 
 4,896. 
 3,518. 
 1,687- 
 2,203. 
 3,632- 
 
104 
 
 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 Counties, 
 
 Ulster 3,658. 
 
 Warren 1,316. 
 
 Washington.. 2,592. 
 
 AVayne 2,968. 
 
 Westchester.. 3,009. 
 
 Yates 1,086. 
 
 President in 1836.j President in 1840, 
 V. Bureii. Ilarr'n. V. Buren. llarr'n, 
 
 2,167 
 570 
 
 3,593 
 
 2,653 
 1,749 
 1,472 
 
 4,280. 
 1.411. 
 3,024. 
 3,990. 
 4,354. 
 2,087. 
 
 Governor in 1840, 
 Uouck. Seward. 
 
 4,491 
 1,306 
 5,070 
 4,309 
 4,083 
 2,972 
 
 4,3J2. 
 1.445. 
 3,067 . 
 4,085. 
 4,401. 
 2,145. 
 
 4,458 
 1,285 
 5,032 
 4,258 
 4,018 
 2,059 
 
 106,815. 138,513 212,519. 225,812 210,710. 222,010 
 Van Buren's majority in 1830.-28,272 
 
 Harrison's " 1840.-13,293— gain in 4 yrs., 41,505. 
 
 Seward's majority over Bouck.. 5,300 
 
 Abolition vote for Jas. G. Birney in 1840, 2,808. 
 
 POPULAR VOTE FOR PI^ESIDENT AND GOVERNOR IN 
 
 1844 IN THE STATE OF NEW YORK, BY COUNTIES. 
 
 PrE 
 
 Counties. p^lj. 
 
 Albany 6,917. 
 
 AUegany 3,640. 
 
 Broome 2,508. 
 
 Cattaraugus.. . 2,634. 
 
 Cayuga 5,202. 
 
 Chautaiique .. . 3,407. 
 
 Chemung 2,592. 
 
 Chenango 4,495 . 
 
 Clinton 2,218. 
 
 Columbia 4,691. 
 
 Cortland 2,3-58. 
 
 Delaware 4,230. 
 
 Dutchess 5 ,627 . 
 
 Erie 5,050. 
 
 Essex 1,998. 
 
 Franklin 1,501. 
 
 Fulton and ) c^ ^^9 
 
 Hamilton . j "' 
 
 Genesee 2,105. 
 
 Greene 3,488. 
 
 Herkimer 4 ,246 . 
 
 Jefferson 6,291. 
 
 Kings 4,648. 
 
 Lewis 2,073. 
 
 Livins^ston . . . . 2,709. 
 
 ESIDENT. 
 
 
 6( 
 
 )VERN0r,. 
 
 
 Clay. 
 
 Birney. 
 
 Wright. 
 
 FilinKirc 
 
 Slew't 
 
 7,109. 
 
 124 
 
 7,019. 
 
 7,044- 
 
 101 
 
 3,913. 
 
 435 
 
 3,544. 
 
 4,098. 
 
 365 
 
 2,661. 
 
 106 
 
 2,530. 
 
 2,049- 
 
 106 
 
 2,743. 
 
 487 
 
 2,664. 
 
 2,791. 
 
 454 
 
 4,908. 
 
 376 
 
 5,189. 
 
 4,856. 
 
 867 
 
 5,012. 
 
 314 
 
 3.4G3. 
 
 5,587. 
 
 314 
 
 1,791. 
 
 106 
 
 2,613. 
 
 1,790. 
 
 97 
 
 4,215. 
 
 243 
 
 4,556. 
 
 4,183- 
 
 237 
 
 1,919. 
 
 410 
 
 2.262. 
 
 1,864. 
 
 431 
 
 4,322. 
 
 11 
 
 4,736. 
 
 4,294- 
 
 11 
 
 2,378. 
 
 543 
 
 2.390- 
 
 2.300- 
 
 Ml 
 
 3,071. 
 
 205 
 
 4,307. 
 
 3,032. 
 
 184 
 
 5,767. 
 
 37 
 
 5,735. 
 
 5,698- 
 
 S3 
 
 6,905. 
 
 415 
 
 5,084. 
 
 6,926- 
 
 0( / 
 
 2,012. 
 
 143 
 
 2,032. 
 
 2,590. 
 
 1-1 Pi 
 
 1.524. 
 
 93 
 
 1,521. 
 
 1,518- 
 
 8J 
 
 2,107. 
 
 100 
 
 2,207. 
 
 2,103- 
 
 103 
 
 3.604. 
 
 298 
 
 2,138. 
 
 3,590- 
 
 295 
 
 2,968. 
 
 30 
 
 3,529. 
 
 2,935- 
 
 31 
 
 2,868. 
 
 008 
 
 4,418. 
 
 2,877- 
 
 5-;o 
 
 5,576. 
 
 712 
 
 6.341. 
 
 5,571- 
 
 717 
 
 6,107. 
 
 77 
 
 4,781- 
 
 5.020. 
 
 63 
 
 1,040. 
 
 154 
 
 2,080. 
 
 1 .055 . 
 
 153 
 
 3,773. 
 
 210 
 
 2,754- 
 
 3,783. 
 
 193 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 105 
 
 Counties. p,,,|. 
 
 Madison 8,848 
 
 Monroe 5,011 
 
 Montgomery . . . 3.278 
 
 New k'ork 28,29(] 
 
 NiagaiM :i,587 
 
 Oflfikln, 7,717 
 
 Onondaga 6,878 
 
 Ontario o.God 
 
 Orange 5,303 
 
 Orbans 2,311 
 
 O.sweg.) 4,332. 
 
 Otseg) 0,050 
 
 Putnam.; 1,731 
 
 Qaeen^ 
 li.'.nis.'jcl.lov . . 
 Kichmond . . 
 
 2,751. 
 5 ,0 i 3 . 
 l.Oi-O. 
 
 KockUiid ],07:_) 
 
 )S-. LivvTjnc; 
 
 0,003. 
 
 Saratoga 4,200. 
 
 Sjlian'jocaly. .. ],U7'J. 
 
 Schoharie 3,523. 
 
 Seneca 2,509. 
 
 Steuben. „ 5.512. 
 
 Suffolk 3.375. 
 
 Sullivan 1,064. 
 
 Tioga 2,543. 
 
 Tompldn.s 4,013. 
 
 Ulster 4.783. 
 
 AVarren 1 .791 . 
 
 AVashington . . . 3,270. 
 
 Wayne 4,040. 
 
 Westchester 4 ,412. 
 
 Wyoming 2,102. 
 
 Yates 2,110. 
 
 President. 
 
 Clav. 
 . 3,683. 
 . 6,873. 
 . 2,849. 
 . 20,385. 
 . 3,100. 
 . 6,983. 
 . 6,405- 
 . 4,508. 
 . 4.020. 
 , 2,600. 
 
 3,771. 
 
 4,743. 
 [179 . 
 
 2,547. 
 
 0.301. 
 
 1.040. 
 794. 
 
 4,072. 
 
 4,550. 
 
 ],814. 
 
 2,980. 
 
 2,&27- 
 
 4,385. 
 
 2,487 . 
 
 1,739. 
 
 1,999. 
 
 3.845. 
 
 4,804. 
 
 1.330. 
 
 5,024. 
 
 3.953. 
 
 4,2-53. 
 
 2,754. 
 
 2,050. 
 
 Birncv. 
 
 1,311 
 
 430 
 
 85 
 11 
 310 
 1.144 
 
 ■732 
 
 435 
 
 37 
 
 .270 
 851 
 4!3 
 
 G 
 
 Wricht. 
 
 3,891. 
 5,730. 
 3,290. 
 29,104. 
 2,003. 
 7,803. 
 0,988. 
 3.718. 
 5,354. 
 2, .3-59. 
 4,445. 
 0,121. 
 
 — 
 
 1,743 
 
 
 
 2,797 
 
 181 
 
 5,750 
 
 1 
 
 1.071 
 
 1 
 
 1,G83 
 
 408 
 
 6,11-4 
 
 119 
 
 4,296 
 
 31 
 
 1,711 
 
 111 
 
 3 515 
 
 124 
 
 2,000 
 
 213 
 
 5, or 3 
 
 14 
 
 3.397 
 
 80 
 
 1,983 
 
 90 
 
 2,502 
 
 322 
 
 4,051 
 
 12 
 
 4,839 
 
 118 
 
 1 ,737 
 
 338 
 
 3,342 
 
 503 
 
 4,151 
 
 19 
 
 4.408 
 
 442 
 
 2,112 
 
 207 
 
 2.158 
 
 15,812 
 
 241,090 
 
 OVERNOn. 
 
 I'Mllmnre. 
 3,654- 
 6,831. 
 2.840. 
 25,824. 
 3.129. 
 0,182. 
 6,476. 
 4,500. 
 4,004. 
 2,009. 
 3,731. 
 4,703. 
 
 972 
 2 504. 
 (5.203. 
 1,014. 
 
 790. 
 4,025. 
 4.499. 
 1,779. 
 2.980. 
 2.316. 
 4,361. 
 2,476. 
 1,745. 
 1,994. 
 3,831. 
 4.787. 
 1,317. 
 4,979. 
 8,970. 
 4.231. 
 2,797. 
 2.034. 
 
 Stew't 
 
 1,317 
 
 387 
 
 82 
 
 86 
 
 800 
 
 1.061 
 
 091 
 
 412 
 
 84 
 
 249 
 
 846 
 
 400 
 
 1 
 
 177 
 
 1 
 413 
 120 
 
 fO 
 
 104 
 
 122 
 
 243 
 
 9 
 
 23 
 
 95 
 310 
 
 10 
 100 
 827 
 507 
 
 18 
 4;;8 
 192 
 
 Polk's majority over Clay 5,100 
 
 Wright's ' ' Fillmore 1 0,033 
 
 The 15,812 abolition votes cast for Birney woul 1 have decided 
 the contest in faA'or of Mr, Clay had they bcLii cast for him. 
 It was therefore said by many that " t/te Abo!itlu)iists elected 
 
 Poikr 
 
106 
 
 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 POPULAR VOTE FOR PRESIDENT, AND FOR GOVERNOR 
 OF NEW YORK IN 1848, BY COUNTIES. 
 
 CotTNTIES. 
 
 ] 
 
 Pbesident. 
 
 
 
 Governor 
 
 
 Taylor. 
 
 Cass. V. Bur'n. 
 
 Fish. 
 
 Walworth 
 
 Dix. 
 
 Albany 
 
 7,068. 
 
 4,002. 
 
 2,408 
 
 7,031. 
 
 3,916. 
 
 2,659 
 
 Allegany .. 
 
 2,789. 
 
 1,283. 
 
 2,040 
 
 2,856. 
 
 1,283. 
 
 2,023 
 
 Broome 
 
 . 2,490. 
 
 1,959. 
 
 777 
 
 2,507. 
 
 2,017. 
 
 766 
 
 Cattaraugus 
 
 . 2,604. 
 
 1,677. 
 
 1,236 
 
 2,625. 
 
 1,745. 
 
 1,212 
 
 Cayuga 
 
 . 4,318. 
 
 1,034. 
 
 4,980 
 
 4.534. 
 
 1,040. 
 
 3,936 
 
 Chautauqua 
 
 4,207. 
 
 1,911. 
 
 1,628 
 
 4,341. 
 
 1,922. 
 
 1,588 
 
 Chemung .. 
 
 1,943. 
 
 728. 
 
 2,165 
 
 1,948. 
 
 770. 
 
 2,212 
 
 Clinton 
 
 1,941. 
 
 1,472. 
 
 1,222 
 
 1,934. 
 
 1,498. 
 
 1,235 
 
 Chenango . . 
 
 3,587. 
 
 2,616. 
 
 1.481 
 
 2,623. 
 
 2,650. 
 
 1,518 
 
 Columbia . . 
 
 3.913. 
 
 2,121. 
 
 1,200 
 
 '3,862. 
 
 2,111. 
 
 2,222 
 
 Cortland . . . 
 
 1,879. 
 
 946. 
 
 1,803 
 
 2,066. 
 
 956. 
 
 1,762 
 
 Delaware .. 
 
 - 2,832. 
 
 790. 
 
 2.980 
 
 1,727. 
 
 .694. 
 
 4,358 
 
 Dutchess.. . 
 
 5,377. 
 
 3.227. 
 
 1,294 
 
 5,428. 
 
 3,315. 
 
 1,340 
 
 Eric 
 
 . 7,647. 
 
 3,360. 
 
 2.357 
 
 7,650. 
 
 3,359. 
 
 2,351 
 
 Essex 
 
 . 2.629. 
 
 1,002. 
 
 1.119 
 
 2.G03. 
 
 1.043. 
 
 1,141 
 
 Franklin.. . 
 
 . 1,353. 
 
 974. 
 
 911 
 
 1,364. 
 
 998. 
 
 905 
 
 Fulton and i 
 Hamilton J 
 
 1,976. 
 
 380. 
 
 1,602 
 
 1,990. 
 
 380. 
 
 1,617 
 
 Genesee 
 
 2.890. 
 
 1,180. 
 
 1,111 
 
 3,109. 
 
 1,244. 
 
 1,001 
 
 Greene 
 
 2,707. 
 
 1,551. 
 
 1,425 
 
 2,673. 
 
 1,616. 
 
 1,445 
 
 Herkimer . . 
 
 . 2,430. 
 
 699. 
 
 3,893 
 
 2.570. 
 
 697. 
 
 3,805 
 
 Jefferson . . . 
 
 4.841. 
 
 2 445. 
 
 4,342 
 
 4,858. 
 
 2.527. 
 
 4.326 
 
 Kings 
 
 . 7,511. 
 
 4.882. 
 
 817 
 
 7,343. 
 
 4,980. 
 
 878 
 
 Lewis 
 
 1,223. 
 
 789. 
 
 1 .258 
 
 1.288. 
 
 804. 
 
 1,210 
 
 Livingston . 
 
 . 3,730. 
 
 889. 
 
 2,100 
 
 3.851. 
 
 922. 
 
 2,068 
 
 Madison . . . . 
 
 2,898. 
 
 1,565. 
 
 2,739 
 
 3,114. 
 
 1,585. 
 
 2,718 
 
 Monroe 
 
 G.53J. 
 
 1.443. 
 
 4,671 
 
 6,686. 
 
 1,456. 
 
 4,629 
 
 Montgomery 
 
 . 2,924. 
 
 1,285. 
 
 1.602 
 
 2,945. 
 
 1.285. 
 
 1,622 
 
 New York.. 
 
 29,067. 
 
 18,884. 
 
 5,106 
 
 27,839. 
 
 18,729. 
 
 5,016 
 
 Niagara . . . 
 
 . 2.828. 
 
 1.313. 
 
 2,080 
 
 2,925. 
 
 1,359. 
 
 2.034 
 
 Oneida 
 
 . 6,032. 
 
 3,585. 
 
 4,816 
 
 6,159. 
 
 3.668. 
 
 4.759 
 
 Onondaga . . 
 
 . 5,442. 
 
 2,229. 
 
 4.942 
 
 5.633. 
 
 2,267. 
 
 4:899 
 
 Ontario 
 
 . 3.848. 
 
 1,272. 
 
 2,627 
 
 4.(:;02. 
 
 1.285- 
 
 2,558 
 
 Orange 
 
 4,172. 
 
 3,170. 
 
 1,434 
 
 4,200. 
 
 3,189. 
 
 1,455 
 
 Orleans 
 
 . 2,402- 
 
 918. 
 
 1,722 
 
 2.472. 
 
 922. 
 
 1,736 
 
 Oswego 
 
 3,(555. 
 
 1,134. 
 
 4,2.54 
 
 3,892. 
 
 1,120. 
 
 4,184 
 
 Otsego 
 
 3,929. 
 
 3,674. 
 
 1,941 
 
 3,926. 
 
 3,722- 
 
 1,976 
 
 Putnam 
 
 816. 
 
 996. 
 
 415 
 
 807. 
 
 1,034. 
 
 418 
 
 Queens 
 
 2,444. 
 
 1,310. 
 
 800 
 
 2,305. 
 
 1,386. 
 
 890 
 
 Rensselaer . 
 
 6,241. 
 
 2,685. 
 
 2,930 
 
 6,148. 
 
 2.761. 
 
 3,112 
 
 Richmond . . 
 
 1,099. 
 
 860. 
 
 123 
 
 1,069. 
 
 879. 
 
 125 
 
 Rockland . . 
 
 918. 
 
 1,064. 
 
 255 
 
 887. 
 
 1,038. 
 
 352 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 107 
 
 ronNTiiK President. 
 
 COUNTIES. Taylor. Cass. V. 
 
 Saratoga 4,438. 2,525. 
 
 Schenectady. 1,716. 1,0G9. 
 
 Schoharie... 2,724. 2,671. 
 
 Seneca 1,767. 1,3(30. 
 
 SuflFolk 2,180. 1,051. 
 
 Steuben 4,357. 1 ,975 . 
 
 St. Lawrence 3,ii(J7. 613. 
 
 Sullivan.... I.!i72. 1,363. 
 
 Tioga 1,782. 1,688. 
 
 Tompkins... 3, COS. 1,270. 
 
 Ulster 4,659. 1,970. 
 
 AVarrcn 1,270. 1,019. 
 
 Washington. 4,486. 1,225. 
 
 AVaj'ne 3,567. 797. 
 
 Westchester. 4,112. 2,146. 
 
 Wyoming . . . 2.381 . 1 ,337 . 
 
 Yates 1,651. 862. 
 
 
 
 GOVEENOP. 
 
 
 Bur'n. 
 
 Fish. 
 
 Walworth 
 
 Dix. 
 
 1,405 
 
 4,383. 
 
 2,669. 
 
 1,331 
 
 444 
 
 1,725. 
 
 1,097. 
 
 434 
 
 654 
 
 2,637. 
 
 2,847. 
 
 749 
 
 1,623 
 
 1,859. 
 
 1,388. 
 
 1,498 
 
 1,400 
 
 2,167. 
 
 1,064. 
 
 1,412 
 
 3,623 
 
 4,379. 
 
 1,977. 
 
 3,677 
 
 6,023 
 
 3,808. 
 
 618. 
 
 6,043 
 
 534 
 
 1,427. 
 
 1,396. 
 
 848 
 
 789 
 
 1,818. 
 
 1,717. 
 
 750 
 
 2,648 
 
 3,115. 
 
 1,312. 
 
 2,655 
 
 2,277 
 
 4,482. 
 
 2,119. 
 
 2,381 
 
 618 
 
 1,260. 
 
 1,167. 
 
 625 
 
 2,021 
 
 4,540. 
 
 1.248. 
 
 2,027 
 
 3,690 
 
 3,772. 
 
 811. 
 
 3,066 
 
 1,312 
 
 4,101. 
 
 2,148. 
 
 1,308 
 
 1,63'' 
 
 2,554. 
 
 1,381. 
 
 ] ,576 
 
 1,483 
 
 1,767. 
 
 8iil. 
 
 3,066 
 
 218,663. 114,318. 120,5101206,922.110,412. 118,863 
 The a<];i;)-ei:;ale vote for Governor, in 1850, was as follows: 
 Seymour, 214,352 ; Hunt, 214,614 ; Chaplin, 3,416. 
 Hunfs majority, 262. 
 
 POPULAR VOTE FOll PRESIDENT, AND FOR COVERNOR 
 
 OF NEW YORK IN 1852, EY COUNTIES. 
 
 Ilnlr. 
 
 13:j 
 (i7S 
 317 
 561 
 916 
 1,146 
 339 
 303 
 245 
 
 roUNTII-S. 
 
 I 
 
 rh-roo. 
 
 ^RKSIHENT. 
 
 Scull. 
 
 Alliany 
 
 . 8,36.;. 
 
 7,246. 
 
 Allegany 
 
 . 4,009. 
 
 3,670. 
 
 Eroonij 
 
 . 3.064. 
 
 2,674. 
 
 Cattaraugus . 
 
 . 3,493. 
 
 3,587. 
 
 Cayuga 
 
 . 4,55:). 
 
 4,838. 
 
 Chautauquc . . 
 
 . 3,703. 
 
 5,612. 
 
 Chemung 
 
 . 3,189. 
 
 3,3-J6. 
 
 Chenango 
 
 . 4,481. 
 
 3.880. 
 
 Clinton 
 
 . 2,812. 
 
 2,286. 
 
 Columbia 
 
 . 4,455- 
 
 4.112. 
 
 Cortland 
 
 . 2,064. 
 
 2.328. 
 
 Delaware 
 
 . 4,052. 
 
 3,289. 
 
 Dutchcs.s 
 
 . 5,600. 
 
 5,405. 
 
 Erie 
 
 . 7,033. 
 
 8,023. 
 
 Essex 
 
 . 1 ,973 . 
 
 2,756. 
 
 Franklin 
 
 . 2,074. 
 
 1,747. 
 
 Fulton 
 
 . 2,070. 
 
 2,171. 
 
 655 
 
 174 
 130 
 115 
 
 G 
 
 L>vn:yi.i:. 
 
 
 cv 111 our. 
 
 ]lhi:i. TomTik>< 
 
 8,230. 
 
 7,102. 
 
 79 
 
 4.0S1. 
 
 3,823. 
 
 487 
 
 3,084. 
 
 2,756. 
 
 317 
 
 3,568. 
 
 3,771. 
 
 452 
 
 4,788. 
 
 2,045. 
 
 550 
 
 3,758. 
 
 5,709. 
 
 1,056 
 
 3,253. 
 
 2,372. 
 
 2(;o 
 
 4,529. 
 
 3,900. 
 
 269 
 
 2,858. 
 
 2.296. 
 
 196 
 
 4,409. 
 
 4,145. 
 
 4 
 
 2,164. 
 
 2,429. 
 
 531 
 
 3,882. 
 
 3,571. 
 
 237 
 
 5.637. 
 
 5,r,38. 
 
 2 
 
 7,041. 
 
 8.081. 
 
 408 
 
 2,014. 
 
 2,755. 
 
 150 
 
 2,101. 
 
 1,753. 
 
 95 
 
 2,113. 
 
 2,171. 
 
 72 
 
108 
 
 POLITICAL I'OCKKT COMPANION. 
 
 CotTNTIES. 
 
 Presidknt 
 
 
 OOVKRNOB. 
 
 
 Pierce. 
 
 Scott. 
 
 U-.ih- 
 
 Sevmoiir. 
 
 Hunt. Tompk's 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 342. 
 
 12G. 
 
 — 
 
 348. 
 
 121. 
 
 — 
 
 Genesee 
 
 . 2,166. 
 
 3,858. 
 
 313 
 
 2,191. 
 
 8,462. 
 
 184 
 
 Greene 
 
 3, 242. 
 
 2,803. 
 
 1:; 
 
 3.2;;5. 
 
 2,824. 
 
 17 
 
 I lerkimer 
 
 . 4,220. 
 
 2,679. 
 
 555 
 
 4,444. 
 
 2,654. 
 
 367 
 
 JelL'rson 
 
 G,27'J . 
 
 5,656. 
 
 757 
 
 t),496. 
 
 5,762. 
 
 507 
 
 King.-i 
 
 10,621. 
 
 8,487 . 
 
 6!) 
 
 10.378. 
 
 9,303 . 
 
 28 
 
 Ljwis 
 
 2,53-3 . 
 
 1,727. 
 
 3Uo 
 
 2,549. 
 
 1,789. 
 
 197 
 
 L:v;n'j;ston . - . 
 
 3,035. 
 
 4,0'.,)6. 
 
 308 
 
 3,055. 
 
 4,2i!(). 
 
 225 
 
 Malisou 
 
 3,435. 
 
 3,379. 
 
 1,58-1 
 
 3,578. 
 
 3.548. 
 
 1 ,369 
 
 Monro J 
 
 . 6,314- 
 
 7,467. 
 
 775 
 
 6,-:-".53. 
 
 7,1)04. 
 
 6!2 
 
 j\Iou'£;oin'j!-y. . 
 
 . 3,373. 
 
 2,995. 
 
 4< 
 
 3,415. 
 
 2,980. 
 
 21 
 
 Nr.v York.... 
 
 34,226. 
 
 23,115. 
 
 20(; 
 
 32,66i!. 
 
 25,-J94. 
 
 218 
 
 Nia-::;u-a 
 
 2,862. 
 
 3,413. 
 
 1,0.3(. 
 
 2.886. 
 
 3,528. 
 
 905 
 
 OiiJidv 
 
 8,636. 
 
 7,831. 
 
 l,03o 
 
 9,308. 
 
 7.07(5. 
 
 016 
 
 O.-unlaga 
 
 6,415. 
 
 6,097 . 
 
 1,701 
 
 6,672. 
 
 6,1 (;0. 
 
 1 ,482 
 
 Oatario 
 
 3,347. 
 
 4,402. 
 
 547 
 
 3,J24. 
 
 4.473. 
 
 408 
 
 0:MngJ 
 
 5,171. 
 
 4,221. 
 
 16 
 
 5J81. 
 
 4 273. 
 
 6 
 
 Orlo.ius 
 
 2,267. 
 
 2,588. 
 
 C05 
 
 2.284. 
 
 2,762. 
 
 423 
 
 v?i-,V0gO 
 
 4,973. 
 
 4,375. 
 
 2,148 
 
 5,12^'.. 
 
 4.532. 
 
 1,310 
 
 O-S-o 
 
 5,486. 
 
 4,454. 
 
 643 
 
 5.610. 
 
 4,482. 
 
 509 
 
 i'iU!i\in 
 
 1,521. 
 
 826. 
 
 — 
 
 1 .54 1 . 
 
 83 ! . 
 
 — 
 
 Q lieu-; 
 
 2,889. 
 
 2.208. 
 
 12 
 
 2,919. 
 
 2,376. 
 
 6 
 
 K.'iisielaer 
 
 6,563 . 
 
 0.1S5. 
 
 218 
 
 6,636. 
 
 6,141. 
 
 170 
 
 Kichmond 
 
 1,324. 
 
 1,147. 
 
 30 
 
 1,313. 
 
 1,148. 
 
 54 
 
 llocklana .... 
 
 1,785. 
 
 733. 
 
 — 
 
 1.789. 
 
 751. 
 
 — 
 
 B irato:^ i 
 
 4,291 . 
 
 4,498. 
 
 71 
 
 4,332. 
 
 4,490. 
 
 53 
 
 Sju>ii.'otady . 
 
 1,900. 
 
 1,654. 
 
 — 
 
 1,908. 
 
 1 ,657 . 
 
 — 
 
 Sjlioharic 
 
 8,846. 
 
 2,958. 
 
 IS 
 
 3,874. 
 
 2, 926). 
 
 15 
 
 Son joa 
 
 2,511. 
 
 2 213 
 
 2(»(; 
 
 2,565. 
 
 2.278. 
 
 100 
 
 Sutf.lk 
 
 . 3,306. 
 
 I'ou'. 
 
 — 
 
 3.279. 
 
 I,'.i97. 
 
 — 
 
 Steuoon 
 
 6,880. 
 
 5,236 . 
 
 345 
 
 7,061. 
 
 '5,288. 
 
 139 
 
 St. Lawrence . 
 
 5,583. 
 
 4,570. 
 
 1 ,386 
 
 5,7 16. 
 
 4,571. 
 
 1,23.:) 
 
 Sullivan ...... 
 
 2,681 . 
 
 2,050. 
 
 44 
 
 2,69r. 
 
 2,061 . 
 
 27 
 
 Tioga 
 
 2,815. 
 
 2,234. 
 
 197 
 
 2,889. 
 
 2.289. 
 
 125 
 
 Tompkins 
 
 3,472. 
 
 3,410. 
 
 862 
 
 3,556. 
 
 3',476. 
 
 700 
 
 Ulster 
 
 5,916. 
 
 5,153. 
 
 2C) 
 
 5.<.(i3. 
 
 5,145. 
 
 17 
 
 Warren 
 
 1,713. 
 
 1,174. 
 
 119 
 
 1,760. 
 
 1,253. 
 
 102 
 
 Uashington... 
 
 3,174. 
 
 4,230. 
 
 451 
 
 3,186. 
 
 4,309. 
 
 378 
 
 Wayne 
 
 4,050. 
 
 4,033. 
 
 941 
 
 4,186. 
 
 4,138. 
 
 731 
 
 Westchester. . 
 
 5,279. 
 
 4,033. 
 
 5:-^ 
 
 5,291. 
 
 4,181 . 
 
 20 
 
 Wyoming.... 
 
 . 2,471. 
 
 3,005. 
 
 727 
 
 2,600. 
 
 3,0',.0. 
 
 510 
 
 Yates 
 
 2,153. 
 
 1,974. 
 
 32-1 
 
 2,292. 
 
 2,031). 
 
 141 
 
 262,083 . 234,382 25,329 26 1,121 . 241,525 . 19,661 
 Maj, for Pierce over Scott, 27,7C1 ; S.'ymour ovor Hunt, 22,596. 
 
POLITICAL roCKET COill'ANlON. 
 
 100 
 
 POPUL/VE VOTE IN NEW YORK FOR SECRETARY OF 
 STATE AND OTHER OFFICERS IN 1853, BY COUNTIES. 
 
 SiiCRiiTARY OF State. 
 
 COUMIKS. 
 
 L.,iMn- 
 
 Clinton. 
 
 Vfr- 
 )-l.il,d,-. 
 
 CilU.NTlKS. 
 
 Li-..v.n- 
 
 Wu.tll. 
 
 Clinton. 
 
 Ver- 
 IJl.inclc 
 
 Alhiiiiv 
 
 C,o5S. 
 
 3,i62. 
 
 2 9G5 
 
 Oiiiarii) 
 
 2,038. 
 
 1,3 6. 
 
 906 
 
 Alk-nany 
 
 Y.hi'J 
 
 MI. 
 
 2,15iJ 
 
 Uraiifir 
 
 . li95S 
 
 2,262. 
 
 1,584 
 
 Brunlllc 
 
 H.IWl 
 
 2,229 
 
 lo9 
 
 Oneida 
 
 5,72(1 
 
 1.895. 
 
 4,579 
 
 Catt;ir;uigiis . . 
 
 2,f,oa 
 
 1 94-). 
 
 577 
 
 0.>\Vll,r.> 
 
 2,G52 
 
 859. 
 
 2,632 
 
 Oayui:a 
 
 3,y5i. 
 
 7S9. 
 
 2,493 
 
 Urk-aiis 
 
 1,702 
 
 942. 
 
 723 
 
 CliaiituiKiue . . 
 
 sous. 
 
 897. 
 
 1,152 
 
 ()ls.-;:o 
 
 2.795. 
 
 1,035. 
 
 3,029 
 
 ClK'iiiUiii; .... 
 
 L611. 
 
 3:5s. 
 
 2 (i:JS 
 
 rninaiii 
 
 4lil 
 
 079. 
 
 237 
 
 Clifiiani;') 
 
 y,7ii7. 
 
 2,1 c;:). 
 
 1,202 
 
 Qn.-.'iis 
 
 1.409. 
 
 1 G07. 
 
 591 
 
 CoiUiiil)i;i 
 
 2.75(1. 
 
 LJ!.9. 
 
 1.411 
 
 LiiisM Uur . . 
 
 4,105. 
 
 2.027. 
 
 2.079 
 
 Oirtliiiul 
 
 hCA. 
 
 843. 
 
 GG5 
 
 i;i(lnnon 1. . . 
 
 G04. 
 
 571. 
 
 240 
 
 Clinton 
 
 1 0:Jii. 
 
 8:;-. 
 
 1.212 
 
 Kockland.... 
 
 510 
 
 1.030. 
 
 j;24 
 
 I)el.i\v:ire .... 
 
 1.9:37. 
 
 525. 
 
 2.053 
 
 Si. l^awrfiico 
 
 2.5(i7 
 
 041. 
 
 3,004 
 
 Dulcht'sa 
 
 3.2i;). 
 
 LOuii. 
 
 1.931 
 
 Sarat' tra 
 
 3 595 
 
 2,2G5. 
 
 1114 
 
 Krie 
 
 5.G51 . 
 
 2oS5. 
 
 3 409 
 
 S.-h.'iK-cla.ly. 
 
 1.203. 
 
 l,i'24. 
 
 300 
 
 I'sSiX 
 
 L007. 
 
 S29. 
 
 512 
 
 Suffolk 
 
 1.8l:^. 
 
 S3S. 
 
 1,554 
 
 Franklin 
 
 1227. 
 
 375. 
 
 1.423 
 
 !^('nl'^a 
 
 1.444. 
 
 510. 
 
 1.0(.!> 
 
 ]"uUi>n Mild 1 
 llauiilioii. f 
 
 2.i:». 
 
 5tG. 
 
 1.504 
 
 Srlioliari(3 ... 
 
 1,918. 
 
 2,735. 
 
 351 
 
 S^ndivan 
 
 1,278. 
 
 92S. 
 
 83(5 
 
 G.'iics.e 
 
 2.n:!7. 
 
 Lf'20. 
 
 4^57 
 
 Slcnl)i-ii 
 
 4.011. 
 
 1,602. 
 
 8,593 
 
 Gn'cne 
 
 21SG. 
 
 7-13. 
 
 1,818 
 
 Tio-a 
 
 1.3^5. 
 
 714. 
 
 1,306 
 
 JIcrkimcT .. . . 
 
 L7(n. 
 
 482. 
 
 2.571 
 
 Tompkins 
 
 2.372. 
 
 1,300. 
 
 1,4:;7 
 
 .TefTiTson . . . . 
 
 3.S42. 
 
 1940. 
 
 2,r,G6 
 
 TTi.si.r 
 
 3.009. 
 
 1.585. 
 
 2.054 
 
 Kintrs 
 
 6,929. 
 
 7,8 4. 
 
 1,291 
 
 Washington . 
 
 2,991. 
 
 1,229. 
 
 1,084 
 
 Lcwi.s 
 
 ].i:9u. 
 
 41i;. 
 
 1,443 
 
 Warroif 
 
 97G. 
 
 1.139. 
 
 440 
 
 Livingston . . . 
 
 2.7r)(l. 
 
 1.220. 
 
 1.(159 
 
 Wayiu- 
 
 2.(i77. 
 
 1.274. 
 
 1.360 
 
 MoiituoMKrv . 
 
 2,^:91. 
 
 1 15V. 
 
 1 154 
 
 Wyoming . . 
 
 1.711. 
 
 1.05,^. 
 
 400 
 
 Ma.lison ..:.. 
 
 1 9-iS. 
 
 1.424. 
 
 1.(1(15 
 
 Wostchc'StiT . 
 
 2 55i; . 
 
 2041. 
 
 l,-!27 
 
 Monroi' 
 
 4riio. 
 
 2.775. 
 
 1.912 
 
 V-fcs 
 
 1,3(13. 
 
 550. 
 
 956 
 
 New York ... 
 
 i('..2:;r,. 
 
 13,14-^. 
 
 11.005 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NiaL'iira 
 
 ].;•:;+. 
 
 1.4r.7. 
 
 Gil 
 
 
 100,553. 
 
 99,835.96,137 
 
 Onondaga.. . . 
 
 4.G13. 
 
 1,424. 
 
 3,122 
 
 
 
 
 
 Canal Commissioner. 
 Gardner. Mnltior. Yatc.s. 
 
 Whig Hard. Soft. 
 
 lG2,U;iO .... 97 ,997 90,1^73 
 
 Attorney-Genkral 
 
 IIolT-inan. Dradv. 
 
 Whig, Ilrird, 
 
 lGG,lG5....92,r)]2 
 
 O rover. 
 
 Soli, 
 
 .97,150 
 
 Controller. 
 
 Crxik. 
 Whig, 
 
 1G4,G28. 
 
 CooK-y. Kelly. 
 
 ILard. S.ifi. 
 
 .92,888.... 97, 130 
 
 Treasurer. 
 
 Rpanlding. Watson. Segpr. 
 
 Whig, llnrd. Soft. 
 
 lG0,3O1....9G,'.J31....97,05i 
 
 State Prison Inspector. 
 Kirk]ialrick, Ileniiidt. Drver. 
 
 Whig, Hard. Soft. 
 
 1.39,G(;7 .... 9S,489. . . . 9G,434 
 
 State Engineer, 
 
 f'l;iik. F.av. 
 
 AVhig, Hard. 
 
 lG-1,949.... 93,172 
 
 Bristol, 
 
 Soft 
 
 97,101 
 
 Abolition Vote. 
 For 3.idg wick 14,9G5, 
 
110 rOLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 POPULAR VOTE IN NEAV YORK FOR GOVERNOR, BY 
 
 COUNTIES, IN 1854. 
 
 Counties. Soymour. Clark. Ullinan. Bronson. Tot. Na 
 
 Albany 5,428.. 3,993.. 4,775.. 849.. 16,078 
 
 Allegany 1,739.. 2,498.. 2,020.. 244.. 7,111 
 
 Broome 731.. 2,434.. 1,170.. 1,370.. 5,722 
 
 Cattaraugus... 1,002.. 1,815.. 3,243.. 244.. 6,308 
 
 Cayuga 2,303.. 3,807.. 2,459.. 325.. 8,927 
 
 Chautauque ... 1,341.. 2,709.. 4,519.. 377.. 8,959 
 
 Chemung 1,467.. 1,067.. 1,613.. 98.. 4,248 
 
 Chenango 1,940.. 3,632.. 801.. 1,050.. 7,433 
 
 Clinton 1,440.. 1,857.. 597.. 373.. 4,301 
 
 Columbia 2,381.. 2,444.. 1,582.. 994.. 7,415 
 
 Cortland 1,627.. 2,401.. 88.. 327.. 4,456 
 
 Delaware 2,828.. 2,772.. 558.. 326.. 6,492 
 
 Dutchess 3,150.. 3,411.. 1,849.. 724.. 9,161 
 
 Erie 5,252.. 2,119.. 7,712.. 442.. 15,551 
 
 Essex 1,063.. 2,084.. 493.. 308.. 3,970 
 
 Franklin 1,481.. 1,557.. 179.. 244.. 3,465 
 
 ^"Hamilton"** [ ^'^^e.. 1,922.. 442.. 325.. 4,325 
 
 Genesee ....... 695.. 1,571.. 2,360.. 453.. 5,098 
 
 Greene 1,707.. 1,385.. 1,760.. 272.. 5,128 
 
 Herkimer 3,113.. 2,615.. 571.. 142.. 6,472 
 
 Jefferson 3,758.. 4,051.. 1,796.. 574.. 10,204 
 
 Kings 8,605.. 5,287.. 6,993.. 1,460.. 22,392 
 
 Lewis 1,587.. 1,549.. 151.. 131.. 3,428 
 
 Livingston 1,126.: 1,959.. 2,672.. 464.. 6,245 
 
 Madison 3,123.. 3,433.. 277.. 457.. 7,371 
 
 Monroe 3,332.. 4,044.. 3,516.. 952.. 11,868 
 
 Montgomery... 2,052.. 2,255.. 475.. 631.. 6,413 
 
 New York 26,780.. 12,233.. 16,588.. 4,766.. 60,515 
 
 Niagara 1,118.. 2,346.. 1,882.. 570.. 6,928 
 
 Oneida 7,870.. 7,521.. 1,068.. 621.. 17,104 
 
 Onondaga 4,558.. 4,740.. 3,064.. 480.. 12,861 
 
 Ontario 1,280.. 2,431.. 3,148.. 383.. 7,267 
 
 Orange 2,187.. 2,775.. 1,790.. 1,343.. 8,111 
 
 Orleans 626.. 1,633.. 1,985.. 276.. 4,427 
 
 Oswego 3,475.. 4,882.. 1,335.. 475.. 10,196 
 
 Otsego 5,061.. 3,039.. 652.. 611.. 9,389 
 
 Putnam 617.. 554.. 638.. 83.. 1,893 
 
 Queens 1,676.. 1,376.. 1,294.. 449.. 4,796 
 
 Rensselaer 3,804.. 2,741.. 3,077.. 480.. 11,110 
 
 Richmond 775.. 685.. 506.. 140.. 2,066 
 
 Bockland 561., 666.. 780.. 278.. 2,193 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. Ill 
 
 C< CNTi' s. Seynioiir. 
 
 St. Lawrence .. 3,071.. 
 
 Saratoga 2,3% . . 
 
 Sch3neotady ... 7o3.. 
 
 Schoharie 1 ,7 1 2 . . 
 
 Schuyler 1 ,3G7 . . 
 
 Sensca 1,201.. 
 
 Steuben 2,478.. 
 
 Suffolk 1,428.. 
 
 Sullivan 1,028.. 
 
 Tioga 1,(;2(1.. 
 
 Tompkins 1,482.. 
 
 Ulster 2,733.. 
 
 Warren 425 . . 
 
 Washington 1,272.. 
 
 Wayne 2,084 . . 
 
 Westchester 2,808.. 
 
 Wyoming 1 ,242 . . 
 
 Yates 1,055.. 
 
 Clark. 
 
 Ullniaii. 
 
 linns 'ii 
 
 Tut. No. 
 
 4,402.. 
 
 947.. 
 
 286.. 
 
 8,742 
 
 3,327.. 
 
 1,733.. 
 
 733.. 
 
 8,197 
 
 1,222.. 
 
 525.. 
 
 525.. 
 
 3,055 
 
 1,833.. 
 
 1,138.. 
 
 1,481.. 
 
 0,180 
 
 1,582.. 
 
 401.. 
 
 IJO.. 
 
 3.475 
 
 1,143.. 
 
 1,493.. 
 
 220.. 
 
 4,074 
 
 2,082.. 
 
 5,001.. 
 
 4,0.. 
 
 10.025 
 
 1,307.. 
 
 2,080.. 
 
 2.i5 . . 
 
 5,057' 
 
 1,001.. 
 
 866.. 
 
 797 . . 
 
 3,700 
 
 1,622.. 
 
 1,019.. 
 
 2U2.. 
 
 4,473 
 
 2,347.. 
 
 1,400.. 
 
 . 401 . . 
 
 5,715 
 
 2,851.. 
 
 2,472.. 
 
 505.. 
 
 8,565 
 
 685.. 
 
 1,408.. 
 
 543.. 
 
 3,066 
 
 3,199.. 
 
 2,025.. 
 
 415.. 
 
 6,925 
 
 3,067.. 
 
 1,516.. 
 
 435.. 
 
 7,137 
 
 2,340. . 
 
 3,413.. 
 
 514.. 
 
 9,153 
 
 2,100.. 
 
 981.. 
 
 540.. 
 
 4,876 
 
 1,043.. 
 
 711.. 
 
 281.. 
 
 3,706 
 
 156,495.. 156,804. .122,282.. 33,850.. 470,595 
 Clark's plurality over Seymour 309. 
 
 NEW YORK STATE CANALS. 
 The Erie Caval., extending from the Hudson River, at Al- 
 bany, to Buffalo, on Lake Erie, 364 miles, was commenced 
 
 July 4th, 1817, near Kirkvillc, in the county of Onondaga, on 
 the middle section. It was first navigated from Utica to 
 Rome, 15 miles, Oct. 23d, 1819. Tolls were first received July 
 1, 1820. The first boat entered the Hudson, at Albany, Oct. 8, 
 1823. The canal was completed in Oct., 1825. The canal, aa 
 originally constructed, had 84 locks, and cost $7,143,789 86. 
 
 An act for the enlargement of the Erie Canal was passed May 
 11, 1835, the estimated cost of which (including canal damages, 
 etc.) is over $23,000,000. The work is progressing (1855), 
 
 Champlain Canal extends from Troy, on the Hudson 
 River, to Whitehall, on Lake Champlain, is 64 miles long, ha3 
 88 locks, and cost $1,257,604 26. There are seven locks rising 
 
112 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 from the lake to the summit, 54 feet, and 14 locks fall to the 
 Hudson River, 134 feet. 
 
 Oswego Canal, was commenced in 1826, and became naw- 
 gable in 182-*. Its length, from Syracuse to Oswego, is 38 
 miles. It had originally 14 locks, and cost §665,437 35. The 
 descent from Syracuse to Oswego is 123 feet. 
 
 Cayuga and Sisneca Canal extends from Montezuma to 
 Geneva ; its length is 20 miles. The descent from Seneca Lake 
 to Montezuma is 73 ^ feet. It cost §236,804 74. 
 
 Chenango Canal, cxteniing from Utica to Bingham ton, 
 •was commenced in 1833, and completed in 1837. The elevation 
 from Utica to the summit level is 706 feet ; the descent from 
 thence to the Susquehanna liiver is 303 feet. Its length is 97 
 miles; it has 116 locks, anl cost $2,270,605 22. 
 
 Chemung Canal was commenced in 1830, and completed in 
 1833. It extends from Jeffei'son, on the Seneca Lake, to the 
 Chemung River at Elmira, and is 23 miles long, besides the 
 feeder, running from the summit level to Corning, 16 miles 
 long. It has 53 locks, and cost $331,61*3 37. 
 
 CRooK;!^p Lake Canal was commenced in 1830, and com- 
 pleted in 1833. It extends from Penn Yan to Dresden, eight 
 milos. It h.as 27 locks, and cost $156,776 90. 
 
 Gi^NESEE Valley Canal extends from Rochester to the Alle- 
 gany River. It is 107 miles long. It was begun in 1837, and is 
 not yet finished (1855). The estimated cost is over $4,000,000. 
 
 The Black River Canal extends from Rome to the high 
 falls on Black River. The estimated cost is over $2,500,000. 
 
 CLOSING OF NAVIGATION. 
 
 The following statQpient from Munsell's Directory, derived 
 from an authentic source, presents the dates of the closing 
 of river navigation for a series of years : 
 
 B:ite ol'ol using. 
 
 Davs closed. 
 
 Date of closing. 
 
 Days clospcl. 
 
 183;]— Dec. 13 . . 
 
 73 
 
 100 
 
 1844— Do 
 1845— " 
 
 z. 11 .. 
 
 74 
 
 1834— " 15.. 
 
 4 .. 
 
 100 
 
 1835— Nov, 30.. 
 
 125 
 
 1846— " 
 
 15 .. 
 
 112 
 
 1836— Dec. 7.. 
 
 Ill 
 
 1847— " 
 
 24 .. 
 
 89 
 
 1837— " 13.. 
 
 94 
 
 1848— " 
 
 27 .. 
 
 82 
 
 1838— Nov. 25.. 
 
 116 
 
 1849— " 
 
 25 .. 
 
 73 
 
 1839— Dec. 18 .. 
 
 65 
 
 1850— " 
 
 17 .. 
 
 70 
 
 1840— " 5".. 
 
 109 
 
 1851— " 
 
 11 .. 
 
 105 
 
 1841— " 19.. 
 
 47 
 
 1852— " 
 
 24 .. 
 
 87 
 
 1842— Nov. 29 . . 
 
 136 
 
 1853— " 
 
 20 .. 
 
 — 
 
 1843— Dec. 9 .. 
 
 95 
 
 1854-5 " 
 
 22 .. 
 
 — 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 113 
 
 It ■will be seen by this statement that during the period of 
 twenty years the river has not been closed by ice in November 
 but three seasons — in 1835, '38, and '42 — and that it has con- 
 tinued open until Christmas but two seasons during the same 
 period of time. 
 
 CANAL TOLLS. 
 
 The following table exhibits the amounts of tolls received for 
 a series of years, on products of Western States, ou products 
 of this State, on merchandise going from tide-water, and the 
 
 TOLT-S ON AGP.ICULTURAL AND OTHER PRODUCTS. 
 Year. Fnnn .illi.T States. From this State. Jler. from tiile-wat. To. on sU Cnnftls. 
 
 1835.... $153,063 .... $884,049.. .. $510,997.. .. $1,548,109 
 
 183G.... 211,750.... 853,022.... 549,564.... 1,614,336 
 
 1837.... 100,116 .... 723,756.... 408,751.... 1.292,623 
 
 1838.... 247.241 .... 803,967.... 539,703.... 1,690.911 
 
 1839.... 310,072..-. 756,723.... 549,587.... 1.616,382 
 
 1840.... 427,480.... 865,758.... 482.510.... 1,775,748 
 
 1841.... 500.630.... 924,326.... 609.927.... 2,084,883 
 
 1842.... 467,792..'.. 827,841.... 453,565.... 1,749,198 
 
 1843 623,287 892.151 566,142 2,081,590 
 
 1844.... 676,032 ....1,088,274...- 682,068.... 2,446,374 
 
 1845.... 677,922 1,240.678 727,582.... 2,646,182 
 
 1846.... 1,01 3,478 1,100,699 641,929.... 2,756,106 
 
 1847 1,583,500 1,213,761 837,943 3,635,204 
 
 1848. ...1,157 ,905 ....1,213,060 881,402.... 8,252,367 
 
 1849.... 1,101,860 ....1,261,229 905,137 3,268,226 
 
 1850.. ..1,137 ,731 ....1,222,877 913,291.... 3,273,899 
 
 1851 1 ,251 ,390 1 .027 ,121 1 ,051 ,213 3.329,727 
 
 1852 J ,:!04,018 1 ,013,990 799,650 3,117,658 
 
 This exhibit is chiefly interesting as showing where the bulk 
 of the tax levied on propc-rty jjassing on the canals to tide-water, 
 falls A largo eharc of it falls on property from Western States, 
 and this share is steadily increasing from year to yeai', while 
 the tax on products of this State falls off. 
 
 COJIMON SCHOOLS. 
 By an act of the Legislature, passed April 9, 1795, this State 
 made provision for the support of " Comm'ni Schools ;" 20,000 
 pounds (equal to $50,000) was appropriated annually for five 
 years for the encouragement of schools. In April, 1805, the 
 Legislature appropriated 500,000 acres of land for that pur- 
 
114 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 pose, which was to be sold, and the monays arising therefrom 
 loaned by the controller until the interest shouli amount to 
 $5O,00U annually, to be distributed lor ili^ support of common 
 schools, which was the commem;emeuc autk loujiJaLion of the 
 system. 
 
 ONONDAGA SALT SPRINGS. 
 
 These springs are situated in the town of Salina, in the 
 the county of Onondaga, and are the property ot the State. 
 45 gallons of water furnish a bushel of salt. [oUU gallons of 
 sea-water are required for a bushel. ] 
 
 The salt is madj by boiling and by solar evaporation at Syr- 
 a«us3, and the villages of Geddes and Liverpool. The water is 
 pumped, by canal water-power, from Avells varying from 72 to 
 230, and even ;300 feet deep. The quantity of salt made is 
 about five and a half million bushels annually. Some blocks 
 contain as many as 80 kettles heated by one lire, and the solar 
 vats cover several hundreds of acres. 
 
 JURORS. 
 
 All white male persons of the age of 21 years, and under 60 
 years, posse.ssing personal property to $250, or a freehold estate 
 in the county, are competent jurors, and liable to serve as 
 such. 
 
 Persons exempt, are, collectors of canal tolls and their clerks, 
 superintendents of repairs ; lock- tenders ; inspectors of boats ; 
 weiglimasters ; the superintendent of the salt-works, and his 
 deputies; keepers of poor-houses; all firemen; and such who 
 have served five years; non-commissioned officers, musicians, 
 and privates of an independent company ; persons in tlie employ 
 of glass-companies; ministers of tlie Gospel, teachers of col- 
 leges, physicians, surrogates, and justices of the peace. 
 
 SLAVERY IN NEAV YORK. 
 Slavery was abolished in the State of New York by an act of 
 the Legislature, which was intended to go into operation on the 
 Fourth of July, 1828, but by a slight mistake in drafting the 
 act, it did not take effect until the Mfth of July, 1828 {''from 
 and after the ith, instead of on and after"]. Hence the negro 
 celebration on the " Fourth July one day arter," that is, on 
 thefifUi. 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 115 
 
 CENSUS OF NEW YORK BY COUNTIES. 
 
 Counties. Organi- J^®- •>'' squTre ^^''''''' O.lored J"^^^ 
 
 zhTw. '"'^n^- ^its l^'-P- Pop. P^P-^^ 
 
 Albany.... 1683.. 10.. 462.. 92,110 1169 93 Vq 
 
 Allegany ..1806.. 28.. 1,049.. 37,683..' '125" St'sOS 
 
 Broome.... 1«06.. 11.. 627 „ 30,241 419" soV^O 
 
 Cattaraugsl808.. 28.. 1,232.. 38,848:: li'" 38%0 
 
 'Cayuga.... 1799.. 22.. 648.. 54,924.. 5.34'" 5.5'458 
 
 Chatauque..l808.. 24.. 1,017.. 50,3-58 id .5049- 
 
 Chemung... 1836.. 10.. 532.. 28,537 "^Sl"" •>sV7 
 
 Chenangc..l798.. 19.. 804.. 40,051.: 2.o" 40311 
 
 Clinton.... 1788.. 11.. 933.. 39,985.. 112"" 40047 
 
 Columbia ..1786.. 19.. 624.. 41776 1 '>m7 ' A-''f\-i 
 
 Cortland, ..1808.. 13.. 497.. ^Im]:''^- t^!^ 
 
 Delaware .. 1 / 97 . . IS.. 1,362.. 39 (i-'8 '^0(> -^Q^Tl 
 
 Dutchess ...168.3.. 19.. 7U5.. 67 ;022 :: 1,970 :: 58'992 
 
 ^I'l*^ 1821.. 23.. 876.. 100,214.. 779 100 993 
 
 Essex 1799.. 16.. 1,162.. 31,098.. 6o"' 31148 
 
 Frankbn...lb08.. 17.. 1,-547.. 25 043 69" 05 ja^ 
 
 Fulton 1838.. 11:. 497.. 20:079" 92 -J' ?f 
 
 Genesee.... IS92.. 13.. 473.. 28.416.. 72"' 28 488 
 
 Greene... .1801.. 13.. 583.. 82,232.. 894:: 33:126 
 
 Hamilton.. 1 835.. 7.. 1,064.. 2,186.. 2 2 188 
 
 Herkimer.. 1791.. 19.. 1,370.. 88,062 182" 38W 
 
 Jefferson... 1805.. 22.. 1,124.. 67,971.. 182:: GSA^l 
 
 ?^°?« 1683.. 7.. 76.. 134,897.. 3,984.. 138 881 
 
 ^ewis 1805.. 13.. 1,122.. 24,424 40 '^4 464 
 
 Livingston.. 1821.. 10.. 662.. 40,690.. 185.. 40:875 
 
 .Madison... 1806.. 14.. 583.. 42,783 289 43 07'> 
 
 Monroe.... 1821.. 19.. 607.. 86,973.. 677.: 87:650 
 
 Montgomy.1772.. 10.. 356.. 31,-579.. 413.. 31,992 
 
 New York.. 1683.. _.. 22.. 602,027.. 13,520.. 515,.547 
 
 Niagara.... 1808.. 13.. 484.. 41,9-59.. 801.. 42,260 
 
 Oneida ....1798.. 27.. 1,101.. 98,913.. 6-53.. 99,566 
 
 Onondaga.. 1794.. 18.. 711.. 85,285.. 605.. 85,890 
 
 Ontario.... 1789.. 15.. 617.. 43,418.. 499.. 43,917 
 
 Orange.... 1683.. 15.. 762.. 54,783.. 2,362.. 67,145 
 
 Orleans.... 1824.. 9.. 372.. 28,-399.. 102 28,601 
 
 Oswego. ...1810.. 22.. 923.. 61,980.. 218.. 62,198 
 
 S^fg« 1781.. 22.. 892.. 48,481.. 157.. 48,638 
 
 Putnam ...1812.. 7.. 219.. 14,008.. 130.. 14,138 
 
 yueens 1683.. 6.. 396.. 33,389.. 3,444.. 36,833 
 
 Rensselaer. 1791.. 14.. 626.. 72,-337.. 1,026.. 73,363 
 
 Richmond.. 1683.. 4.. 63.. 14,307.. 586.. 14,893 
 
116 
 
 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION'. 
 
 Total 
 I'op. 
 in ]&5n. 
 16,902 
 G8,617 
 45,646 
 20,054 
 83,548 
 
 25,441 
 63,771 
 30,922 
 25,088 
 24,880 
 38,740 
 59,385 
 17,198 
 44,750 
 44,953 
 58,201 
 31. '.),'• 1 
 
 20,o'.K) 
 ,097,095 
 
 Population Under. Each Former Census. 
 
 rorsTirs. 1720. isoo. 1,'in. I-an. i-rin. i-jo. 
 
 Album — .. 34,(143.. 84,(i(lt.. 3S,114.. b-ViG^K. CS.rm 
 
 AUegauy — .. — .. I.y42.. 9,:jyo.. iifj.ilS.. 4().9T5 
 
 Broome — .. — .. 8,130.. M.343.. 17,r,S-.>.. 2:2.3:^,8 
 
 CattarauL'iis . . . — .. — .. 45S. . 4,fl9i>.. 16-T-26.. 28.872 
 
 CXvua:a..~ — .. 15,ST1.. 29.&»3.. 3S.S9T.. 47.fl4T.. f;O..S:« 
 
 Chalaiiqiie — .. — .. 2,3S1 . . 15,9GS.. 34.(;57.. 47,075 
 
 Cliomuiio; _.. _.. — .. — .. — .. 2(1,732 
 
 Clienang"o — .. 1.5.0(50.. 21.7(14.. 31,215.. 37.404.. 4(',785 
 
 Clinton — .. 8,514.. 8.002.. ]2(i70.. 19.044.. 2S.15T 
 
 Columbia — .. 3.),422.. 3-2.390.. 8S,330.. 39.952.. 43,252 
 
 Cortland — .. — .. S.S69.. lG.5i7.. 23 593.. 24.G(i7 
 
 Delaware — .. 10.22S.. 20,303.. 2G,5S7.. 82.933.. S5.39fl 
 
 Dutchess — .. 47.775.. M,3C3.. 46,015.. 5<-|.926.. 52.39S 
 
 £rie — .. — •• — ■• — •• 36.710.. 62,465 
 
 Vgsex —..—.. 9.477.. 12,811.. 19,357.. 23,C3A 
 
 i'rankiin — .. — .. 2,617.. 4439.. 11.312.. 16.518 
 
 Fulton..:;.... _..-.. - .. - .. - .. IS.fMO 
 
 Genr-scc - .. - .. 12.5SS.. 5S.f'P3.. 51992.. 59.5-T 
 
 Greene — ■• 12.314.. 19,5.SG.. 22.990.. -9.525.. 30.446 
 
 Hamilton —..—.. — .. 1251.. 1.324.. 1,90J 
 
 Uerkinii-r. — .. 14,479.. 22,0i0.. 31.017.. 85.809.. 87,477 
 
 Jefferson — .. — .. 15.140.. E3!.9.V2.. 4S.515.. 0O.9S4 
 
 Kings — .. 5,740., S,303.. 11,.1S7.. 2u,537.. 47,61.J 
 
 CouNTtra. 
 
 Orgaiii- 
 Zatiiin. 
 
 No. () 
 towns 
 
 C Area: 
 
 squart! 
 ■ nill.-s. 
 
 White 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Colored 
 
 Pop. 
 
 EocklanJ . 
 
 .1798. 
 
 . 4. 
 
 . 173. 
 
 . 16,368. 
 
 . 594.. 
 
 St.Lawrcncel802. 
 
 . 28. 
 
 . 2,717. 
 
 . 68,581. 
 
 36.. 
 
 Saratoga . 
 
 .1791. 
 
 . 20. 
 
 . 812- 
 
 . 45,066. 
 
 . 580. . 
 
 Schenect'y 
 
 . 1809 . 
 
 . 6., 
 
 . 186. 
 
 . 19,667. 
 
 . 387.. 
 
 Schoharie , 
 
 ,.1795. 
 
 . 14., 
 
 . 621. 
 
 . 33,092. 
 
 . 456.. 
 
 Schuyler . 
 
 
 
 Orj 
 
 ganized in 1854. 
 
 Seneca . . . 
 
 .1804., 
 
 . 10-. 
 
 . 308. 
 
 . 25,261. 
 
 . 180.. 
 
 Steuben .. 
 
 .1796. 
 
 . 31.. 
 
 . 1,422. 
 
 . 03,409. 
 
 . 802.. 
 
 Suffolk . . . 
 
 .1083. 
 
 . 9-. 
 
 . 976- 
 
 . 34,809. 
 
 . 2,113.. 
 
 Siillivan .. 
 
 .1809. 
 
 . 11.. 
 
 . 919- 
 
 - 24,990- 
 
 92.. 
 
 Tioga 
 
 .1794. 
 
 . 9 . , 
 
 . 497. 
 
 . 24,083. 
 
 . 197.. 
 
 Tompkins . 
 
 .1817- 
 
 . 11.. 
 
 582. 
 
 . 38,448. 
 
 . 298.. 
 
 Ulster .... 
 
 -IGSy. 
 
 . 17. 
 
 - 1,096. 
 
 . 57.804. 
 
 . 1,581.. 
 
 Warren . . . 
 
 .1813. 
 
 . 10., 
 
 . 912- 
 
 . 17,152. 
 
 46.. 
 
 AVashington 1772. 
 
 .17. 
 
 . 807. 
 
 . 44,402. 
 
 . 348.. 
 
 Wayne . . . 
 
 .1823. 
 
 . 15.. 
 
 . 572. 
 
 . 44,701 . 
 
 . 252.. 
 
 Westchcsterl083. 
 
 23 . . 
 
 471. 
 
 . 50.216. 
 
 . 2,045.. 
 
 Wyoming . 
 
 .1841. 
 
 . 16.. 
 
 . 592. 
 
 . 31,935. 
 
 40.. 
 
 Yates 
 
 .1823. 
 
 . GO. 
 
 . 8., 
 .878. 
 
 . 323. 
 .43,738. 
 
 . 20,442. 
 
 . 148.. 
 
 Total... 
 
 .3,049,181. 
 
 .47,914.. 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 COCNTIES. 
 
 Lewis 
 
 Livingston 
 
 Madison 
 
 Monroe 
 
 Montgomery . . 
 
 New York 
 
 Niagara 
 
 Oneida 
 
 Onondaga 
 
 Ontario 
 
 Orange 
 
 Orleans 
 
 Oswego 
 
 Otsego 
 
 Putnam 
 
 Queens 
 
 llensselaer 
 
 Richmond 
 
 Rockland 
 
 8t. Lawrence. . 
 
 Saratoga 
 
 Schenectady . . 
 
 Schoharie 
 
 Seneca 
 
 Steuben 
 
 Suffolk 
 
 Sullivan 
 
 Tioga 
 
 Tompkins 
 
 Ulster 
 
 Warren 
 
 'Washington .. 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Westchester . . 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 Yates 
 
 0. 1600. 
 
 1810. 
 
 lf20. 
 
 — . 
 
 6,483. 
 
 9.227. 
 
 — . 
 
 — . 
 
 18,444. 
 
 — . 
 
 25,144. 
 
 32.208. 
 
 — . 
 
 — . . 
 
 26.855. 
 
 .. 21.700. 
 
 41,214. 
 
 37.569. 
 
 .. 60,489. 
 
 96,373.. 
 
 123.706. 
 
 — . . 
 
 8 971.. 
 
 22.990. 
 
 .. 22,047.. 
 
 83,792.. 
 
 50.997. 
 
 .. 7.466.. 
 
 25,!tS7.. 
 
 47,467. 
 
 .. IS.'JIS.. 
 
 42,032.. 
 
 SS,2G7 . 
 
 .. 29.;555.. 
 
 34,347. . 
 
 41,213. 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 12,374.' 
 
 .. 21.636.. 
 
 38,802.. 
 
 44.856. 
 
 — . . 
 
 — 
 
 11,2G8. 
 
 .. 16S91.. 
 
 19,336. . 
 
 21.519. 
 
 .. 3IK442.. 
 
 86.309.. 
 
 40.153. 
 
 .. 4.5G3.. 
 
 5.347.. 
 
 6,135. 
 
 . . 6,353. . 
 
 7,758.. 
 
 8.837. 
 
 — . . 
 
 7.885.. 
 
 16.037. 
 
 .. 24,483.. 
 
 83,147.. 
 
 86,052. 
 
 — . . 
 
 10,201.. 
 
 13,081. 
 
 .. 9,808.. 
 
 18,945.. 
 
 2.3,154. 
 
 — .. 
 
 16,6(19.. 
 
 23,619. 
 
 .. 1,783.. 
 
 7.246.. 
 
 21,989. 
 
 .. 19,734.. 
 
 21,113;. 
 
 24.272. 
 
 — 
 
 6,108.. 
 
 8.900.. 
 
 .. 6,879.. 
 
 7,899.. 
 
 16.971.. 
 
 — .. 
 
 — 
 
 20,651 . . 
 
 .. 24.855.. 
 
 26,576.. 
 
 30.934.. 
 
 — .. 
 
 — 
 
 9,453.. 
 
 .. 35,674.. 
 
 44,289.. 
 
 38,831.. 
 
 .. 27,428.. 
 
 80,272'.'. 
 
 82,638'.". 
 
 "— 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — .. 
 
 — •• 
 
 — .. 
 
 14.958. 
 
 27,719. 
 
 o9,(i37. 
 
 49.862. 
 
 43.595. 
 202,589. 
 
 l-,485. 
 
 71 ..326. 
 
 68,974. 
 
 411.167. 
 
 45.372. 
 
 1-773. 
 
 27,104., 
 
 51.372.. 
 
 12.701.. 
 
 22,270 . 
 
 49 472.. 
 7.084.. 
 
 9.3SS.. 
 36,:351 . . 
 38.616.. 
 12 334.. 
 27.910.. 
 21.031.. 
 33.975.. 
 26,780.. 
 12.372.. 
 27,704.. 
 86.545.. 
 36.551 . . 
 11,795.. 
 42 615.. 
 3:3 555. . 
 36,456.. 
 
 iir 
 
 1.510. 
 
 17,830 
 35,140 
 40.003 
 64.9U2 
 85,818 
 312.710 
 31.132 
 85,310 
 67,911 
 43.501 
 50,739 
 25.127 
 43 619 
 49.628 
 12.825 
 30,324 
 60,259 
 10.965 
 11,975 
 56.700 
 40,553 
 17,387 
 32,.35S 
 24,874 
 46.133 
 32.469 
 15.629 
 20,527 
 37,943 
 45,822 
 13,422 
 41,180 
 42,057 
 48,687 
 
 19,091 . . 20,437 
 
 '^^^ 340,120.. 586,756.. 959,049. .1,372,812. .1,918,603. .2,428,921 
 
 THE IMMORTAL SEVENTEEN SENATORS. 
 
 In the winter of 1824, during the administration of Gov Jo- 
 seph t. Yates, a bill passed the Assembly called " T/te Elec- 
 toral Law," providing for the election of Presidential Electors 
 by the People, instead of the Legislature. The bill was defeated 
 m the benate by the votes of seventeen Senators ; being just 
 enough a bare majority of that body, which then, as now! con- 
 sisted 01 61 senators. 
 
 The transaction caused a tremendous excitement throughout 
 the btate, and nearly ruined the political prospects of all of 
 
118 
 
 POLITICAL rOCKKT COMPANION. 
 
 them, as only two or three of them ever afterward regained 
 any thing like their former popularity. Their names are as 
 follows : 
 
 John Bowman, of Monroe Co. 
 Walter Bowne, New York " 
 Alvin Bronson, Oswego " 
 
 Charles E. Dudley, Albany " 
 Jonas Earll, Onondaga " 
 
 Thomas Greenly, Madison " 
 Parley Keyes, Jefferson " 
 John LefFerts, Kings " 
 
 Ed. P. Livingston, Columbia " 
 
 Jas. Mallory, of Rensselaer Co. 
 James MCall, Allegany 
 Ileman J. Redfield, Genesee 
 Farrand Stranahan, Otsego 
 John Sudam, Ulster 
 Jasper Ward, New York 
 Sherman Wooster , Herkimer 
 Silas Wright, St. Lawrence 
 
 AGES OF THE NEW YORK STATE GOVERNORS. 
 
 Name. 
 
 George Clinton 
 
 John Jay 
 
 Morgan Lewis 
 
 Daniel D. Tompkins. 
 
 De Witt Clinton 
 
 Joseph C. Yates 
 
 Martin Van Buren. . 
 
 Enos T. Throop 
 
 William L. Marcy . . 
 William H Seward,. 
 William C. Bouck... 
 
 Silas Wright 
 
 John Young 
 
 Hamilton Fish 
 
 Washington Hunt . . . 
 
 Horatio Seymour 
 
 Myron H. Clark 
 
 Born. 
 July 26, 
 Dec. 12, 
 Oct. 16, 
 June 21, 
 March 2, 
 Nov, 9, 
 Dec. 5, 
 Aug. 21, 
 Dec. 12, 
 May 16, 
 Jan. 7, 
 May 24, 
 
 1739. 
 1745. 
 1754. 
 1774. 
 
 1769. 
 1768. 
 1782. 
 1784. 
 1786. 
 1801. 
 1786. 
 1795. 
 
 — 1809. 
 
 Died. 
 April 20, 
 May 17, 
 April 7, 
 June 11, 
 Feb. 11, 
 March 19, 
 Not dead 
 
 1812. 
 1729. 
 1844. 
 1825. 
 1828. 
 1837. 
 yet. 
 
 August 27, 1847. 
 
 POLITICAL DIVISIONS OF NEW YORK. 
 
 The State of New York is divided into sixty comities [in 
 1854], thirty-two Senate districts, 128 Assembly districts, 
 thirty-three Congressional districts, and eight Judicial dis- 
 tricts. 
 
 The Legislative power is vested in a Senate of thirty-twQ 
 senators, and an Assembly of 128 members. 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 119 
 
 The Senate. 
 
 The State senatcrs are chosen once in tvro years, and hold 
 their office for the same length of time. 
 
 The salary of each is S3 per day lor 100 days only (except 
 when convened by the Governor in extra session), and travel 
 fees of $1 for every tan miles from and to their residences. 
 
 The Senate districts are formed of contiguous territory, and 
 contain, as near as may be, an equal number of inhabitants. 
 No county (except New York and Kings) can, nor could by law 
 be divided in forming the Senate districts. The districts, when 
 formed, remain unaltered for ten yeai-s, or until after the next 
 State census, which is taken the Jifth year of each decennial 
 ten years. 
 
 The present (1854) Senate districts are severally formed of 
 the counties following; : 
 
 1. Suffolk, Queens, Richmond. 
 
 2. Kings. 
 
 3. The 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, 
 
 & 6th wards of New York. 
 
 4. The 7th, 10th, 13th, and 
 
 17th wards of New York 
 
 5. The 8th, 9th, and 14th 
 
 wards of New York 
 G. All the other wards of New 
 York 
 
 7. 'Westchester, Putnam, and 
 
 Rockland 
 
 8. Dutchess, Columbia. 
 0. Orange, Sullivan. 
 
 10. Ulster, Greene. 
 
 11. Albany, Schenectady. 
 12 RenssL'laer. 
 
 13. Washington, Saratoga. 
 
 14. Warren, Essex, Clinton. 
 
 15. St. Lawrence, Franklin. 
 
 16. Herkimer, Hamilton, Ful- 
 
 ton, Montgomery. 
 
 17. Schoharie, Delaware. 
 
 1 8. Otsego, Chenango. 
 
 19. Oneida. 
 
 20. Madison, Oswego. 
 
 21. Jefferson, Lewis. 
 22 Onondaga. 
 
 23. Cortland, Bi<)ome, Tioga. 
 
 24. Cayuga, Wayne. 
 
 25. Tompkins, Seneca, Yates. 
 
 26. Steuben, Chemung. 
 
 27 Monroe. 
 
 28 Orleans, Genesee, Niagara. 
 
 29. Ontario, Livingston. 
 
 30. Allegany, Wyoming. 
 
 31. Erie. 
 
 32. Cattaraugus, Chatatique. 
 
 If the Lieut. -Governor becomes Governor, the Senate chooses 
 a new president thereof from its own body, who in turn may 
 become acting governor. 
 
 The Assembly. 
 
 The State is divided into 128 Assembly districts, each of 
 which annually elects one member. The members are appor- 
 tioned among the counties, as near as may be, according to 
 their respective inhabitants, excluding aliens and colored per- 
 
120 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 sons not taxed. Counties entitled to more than one member 
 are districted by the supervisors thereof, at sucli times as the 
 Legislature directs, after each State census. No town can be 
 divided in the formation oi" an Assembly district. Every coun- 
 ty, except Hamilton, which is joined with Fulton, must have 
 one member ; and no new county can be formed unless its in- 
 habitants shall be of sufficient number (y^^ of the State) to en- 
 title it to a member. The Assembly districts are (in 1855) 
 composed of the counties, as follows : 
 
 The following counties are single districts, and have each one 
 member : 
 
 Broome, Chemung, Clinton, Cortland, Essex, Franklin, Ful- 
 ton and Hamilton, Lewis, Orleans, Putnam, Queens, Rich- 
 mond, Rockland, Schenectady, Seneca, Sullivan, Tioga, Warren, 
 Wyoming, Yates (new Schuyler). 
 
 The following counties are each divided into two districts : 
 
 Allegany, Cattaraugus, Chatauque, Chenango, Columbia, 
 Delaware, Genesee, Greene, Herkimer, Livingston, Madison, 
 Montgomery, Niagara, Ontario, Oswego, Saratoga, Schoharie, 
 Suffolk, Tompkins, Ulster, Washington, Wayne, Westchester. 
 
 The following counties are each divided into three districts : 
 
 Cayuga, Dutchess, Jefferson, Kings, Monroe, Orange, Otsego, 
 Rensselaer, St. Lawrence, Steuben. 
 ^ The following counties are each divided into /owr districts : 
 
 Albany, Erie, Onondaga, Oneida. 
 
 The city and county of New York is divided into sixteen 
 districts. 
 
 The members of Assembly receive the same pay as senators. 
 The House of Assembly elects a speaker thereof from its own 
 body. The clerk, sergeant-at-arms, doorkeepers, and other 
 officers thereof, are chosen from persons who are not members. 
 
 The Assembly has the power of (presentment for) impeach- 
 ment. 
 
 Things Alike Applicable to Both Houses. 
 
 The Legislature convenes at the Capitol, in Albany, on the 
 first Tuesday of January in each year. 
 
 Persons holding a seat in either branch can not be elected to 
 Congress, or hold any office under the United States Govern- 
 ment, nor from the State Governor or Legislature. The doors 
 of each House are to be kept open, unless the public welfare 
 shall require secrecy. 
 
 A majority of either House constitutes a quorum to do busi- 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 121 
 
 ness. A majority is required to pass any bill, and a majority 
 of two thirds may pass a bill in opposition to the veto of the 
 Governor. Neither House can adjourn more than two days 
 without the consent of the other. Members are privileged from 
 arrest (on civil process) during the session, and fourteen days 
 before and after 
 
 Executive Department. 
 The Executive power is vested in a Governor, elected every 
 two years by a plurality of votes at the general election held 
 ''the Tuesday succeeding the first Monday in Abvember," 
 and enters upon the duties of his office on the tirst of January 
 next succeeding his election. To be eligible for the office, he 
 must be a citizen of the United States, thirty years old, and 
 have been a resident of the State for the last five years. He is 
 commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the State. Salary, 
 §4,000 per year, and his private secretary $600— rent and taxes. 
 The Lieut. -Governor is elected at the same time with the 
 Governor, and for the same term. He is ex-officiu President of 
 the Senate. Salary, SO per day, and travel fecs^ 
 
 The Governor, Lieut. -Governor, Secretary of State, Control- 
 ler, Treasurer, Attorney-General, and State Engineer and Sur- 
 veyor, compose the executive department. 
 
 The Governor has a private secretary, and there is a door- 
 keeper of the executive chamber. 
 
 The Secretary of State is ex- officio Superintendent of Common 
 Schools. His salary is perquisites, and, as superintendent of 
 common schoolsi $1,500. 
 
 The Secretary of State, Controller. Treasurer, Attorney-Gen- 
 eral, State Engineer and Surveyor, and Inspectors of State Pris- 
 ons are elected in the same manner as the Governor and Lieut. - 
 Governor, and hold their offices respectively for two years. 
 
 The Governor and Lieut. -Governor are elected each year of 
 even date. The others are elected on any year (either of even 
 or odd date), as the case may require. Their salaries vary. 
 
 Canal Commissioners. 
 Three Canal Commissioners are elected for the State {one 
 each year) at tli^e general election, who hold their office for 
 three years respectively. Salary, $1,700. 
 
 Canal Board. 
 The Canal Board consists of the three Canal Commissionera. 
 
122 
 
 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 TAhe^naFZV'''"^ Surveyor), and the fire commissioners 
 oj me I. anal I'und—m all nine persons 
 
 COMMISSIOIVERS OF THE CanAL FunD. 
 
 The Lieut-Governor, Secretary of State, Controller, Treas- 
 ?W ^"orney-General are commissioners of the Canal 
 
 Commissioners of the Land-Office. 
 
 .f'^.^^'^r^-fT''"^":^' ^P^'^^"^ ^^ t^*' Assembly, Secretary 
 of State, Controller, Treasurer, Attorney-General, and State 
 iingmeer and Surveyor are commissioners of the La?id- Office 
 
 Inspectors of State Prisons. 
 There are elected three Inspectors of State Prisons—one 
 each year— at the annual election, who hold their offices re- 
 spectively for three years. 
 
 CONCREESIONAL. DISTRICTS. 
 
 The State is divided into thirty-three con2;ressionnl districts 
 ■which are formed from the several counties of the State as 
 follows : 
 
 1. Suffolk, Queens, Richmond, 
 except Brooklyn. 
 
 2. Brooklyn, in the county of 
 Kings. 
 
 3. The 1st, 2d, 3d, .^th, and 
 8th wards of the city of 
 New York. 
 
 4. The 4th, Gth, 10th, and 14th 
 ■wards of the city of New 
 York. 
 
 r>. The 7th and 13th wards of 
 New York, and Williams- 
 burg, in Kings County. 
 
 G. The 11th, loth, and 17th 
 wards of the city of New 
 York. 
 
 7. The 9th, 10th, and 20th 
 
 wards of the city of New 
 York. 
 
 . The 12th, 18th, and 19th 
 wards of the city of N. York. 
 
 . Westchester, Kockland,and 
 Putnam. 
 
 Orange and Sullivan 
 Ulster and Greene. 
 Dutchess and Columbia. 
 I'lenssclaer. 
 Albany. 
 
 Washington, Warren, Sar- 
 atoga, and Hamilton. 
 Essex, Clinton, and Frank- 
 lin. 
 
 St. Lawrence and Herki 
 mer. 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 18. Fulton, Montgomery, Sche- 
 nectady, and Schoharie. 
 
 19. Otsego and Delaware. 
 
 20. Oneida. 
 
 21. Cortland, Broome, Che- 
 nango. 
 
 22. Oswego and Madiscn. 
 
 23. Jefferson and Lewis. 
 
 24. Onondaga. 
 
 25. Cayuga and Wayne 
 
 26. Ontario, Sene3a, and Yates. 
 
 123 
 
 Tio- 
 
 27. Tompkins, Chemung, 
 ga, and Schuyler. 
 
 28. Steuben and Livingston. 
 
 29. Monroe. 
 
 30. Genesee, Wyoming, and 
 Allegany. 
 
 31. Orleans and Niagara. 
 
 32. Erie. 
 
 33. Cattaraugus and Cha- 
 tauque. 
 
 Presidential Electors. 
 
 Presidential Electors are chosen by a general ticket through- 
 out the State every four years, equal in number to the senators 
 and representatives in Congress from the State, ihe present 
 number is thirty -five. 
 
 Senators in Congress. 
 
 Two senators in Congress are chosen io7tr at a time) by the 
 Legislature of the State, who hold their office for the term of 
 six years. 
 
 Judicial Department. 
 The Judicial Dv^partmcnt consists of a court of appeals, su- 
 preme court, county court in each county, and courts of jus- 
 tices of the peace. In criminal matters, courts of oyer and ter- 
 miner, general and special sessions; and in most of the cities 
 and large villages, municipal and special courts provided lor in 
 their charters. 
 
 Judicial Districts. 
 
 The State is divided into eight Judicial Districts, which are 
 composed each of the following counties : 
 
 1. The city and county of New York. 
 
 2. The counties of Suffolk, Kings, Queens, Richmond, West- 
 chester, Putnam, Dutchess, Rockland, and Orange _ 
 
 3. Columbia, llenuselaer, Albany, Greene, Ulster, Schoharie, 
 and Sullivan. 
 
124 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 4. Clinton, Essex, Franklin, Fulton, Montgomery, St. Law-' 
 rence, Saratoga, Schenectady, Warren, and Washington. 
 
 5. Oneida, Herkimer, Lewis, Onondaga, Oswego, and Jefferson 
 
 6. Tompkins, Cortland, Chenango, Tioga, Broome, Madison, 
 Chemung, Delaware, Otsego (Schuyler). 
 
 7. Monroe, Ontario, Livingston, Cayuga, Steuben, Wayne, 
 1 ates, and Seneca. 
 
 8. Allegany, Cattaraugus, Chatauque, Genesee, Niagara, Or- 
 leans, Erie Wyoming. ^ 
 
 Supreme Court. 
 
 The Supreme Court is composed of eight separate branches 
 or courts, one in each of the eight judicial districts, having 
 each equal and original jurisdiction, which is co-extensive with 
 the State; but each holds its courts within the limits of its own 
 district. The court in each district has four justices, one of 
 whom IS elected by the voters of the district every two years 
 and holds his office for the term of eight years. Salary, 2 500 
 dollars. ' 
 
 Each justice holds Circuit Courts in his district, and, with the 
 county judge and justices associated with him, courts of Oyer 
 and Terminer, for the trial of criminal causes. 
 
 The four justices of each district united hold " General Terms" 
 of the court for the hearing and trial of appeals from inferior 
 courts, and for other general business. The ferins are fixed by 
 the justices of the district every two years. The county clerk 
 m each county is clerk of the Supreme Court in his own county 
 
 Court of Appeals. 
 
 The Court of 'Appeals is composed of eight judges, four of 
 whom are elected by the people of the State (as such judges), 
 and the other four are drawn from the justices of the Supreme 
 Lourt in the several judicial districts alternately. Of the four 
 elected at large, one is elected every two years, and holds his 
 office for eight years. The other four are elected, one each 
 year, from one of the eight judicial districts, from the justices 
 having the shortest time to serve; they serve in the Court of 
 Appeals, each eight years. Six judges constitute a quorum. 
 Ihis court is emphatically a court of review, as it has no original 
 junsciiction [for the commencement and trial of actions in the 
 nrst instance]. It has four sessions or terms per year, com- 
 mencmg on the first Tuesday of January, fourth Tuesday of 
 
POLITICAL I'OCKET COMPANION. 125 
 
 March, third Tuesday of June, and the last Tuesday of Sep- 
 tember in each year, at the Capitol in Albany. Judges salaries, 
 2,500 dollars each per annum. 
 
 A clerk for tlie Court of Appeals is elected by the voters of 
 tlie State every three years ; his salary is 2,000 dolhirs per an- 
 num. He is cx-ojlicio clerk of the Supreme Court at the seat 
 of government 
 
 County Courts and County Officers 
 
 There is elected in each of the counties of the State, except 
 New York, by the electors thereof, one County Judge, who holds 
 his office for four years. This court has original jurisdiction 
 in certain actions enumerated in the statutes, and appellate 
 jurisdiction in causes tried before justices of the peace in the 
 county. The county judge, with two justices of the peace des- 
 ignated according to law, hold " Courts of (icncrnl Sessions" 
 for the trial of criminal causes. The county judge is cx-officio 
 Surrogate, except in counties where tlie popnlaticm exceeds 
 40,000, in which case a separate person may be chosen surro- 
 gate. The salary of the county judge is fixed ))y the supervisors 
 of the county. He must reside in the county. 
 
 The Slieriii', County Clerk, County Treasurer, and District At- 
 torney are elected every three years. Four Coroners for every 
 county, except New York, which has only one, ai-e elected in the 
 same manner, and hold their ofliices for the same length of time 
 as the slieriff. 
 
 The shcritY can liold no other office, and can not be re-elected 
 to the next term 
 
 Bo.\Rr) OF Supervisors 
 
 Each town (or ward) in "the State chooses one Supervisor at 
 the annual town meeting. The supervisors of the several cities 
 and towns in each county meet annually in their respective 
 counties, at such times as they have fixed on for tliat purpose, 
 and act as a sort of local legislature for the countj'. Tlieir 
 powers and duties are too numerous to be enumerated here. 
 Among them arc the following : They have the control of the 
 corporate property of the county ; may examine and settle all 
 claims against the county, and raise money for that i)uipose; 
 audit accounts of town and county officers (which " must be 
 made out in items," and must be "sworn to''), and direct the 
 raising of taxes to pay the same; to construct, build, and re- 
 pair bridges and county buildings, and make an equitable ap- 
 
126 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 portionment of the taxes among the towns of the county, and 
 fix the time for holding town meetings therein ; to alter the 
 bounds and erect new towns [for which a notice must be pub- 
 lished six weeks next before application], and the like. They 
 also compose the board of County Canvassers. 
 
 Town Meetings and Town Officers. 
 
 Town meetings are held in the several toAvus (and city 
 wards) of the State on some day (varying in the several coun- 
 ties) fixed on by the board of supervisors of the county, between 
 the first day of February and the first day of May in each year. 
 The qualified voters at every third town meeting may, by vote, 
 appoint the place for holding future town meetings. The follow- 
 ing officers are chosen at town meetings : one Supervisor, one 
 Town Clerk, one Collector, three Assessors, one (or two) Overseers 
 of the Poor, one (or three) Commissioners of Highways — to be 
 determined by a vote of the electors — one, (two, three, or four) 
 Justices of the Peace, a Town Superintendent of Common Schools, 
 not more than five Constables, two Inspectors of Election for each 
 election district (a third one being appointed), one Town Sealer 
 of weights and measures, an Overseer of Highways for each road 
 district in the town (except in some of the cities), and as many 
 Pound Masters as the voters deem necessary. 
 
 Justices of the peace preside, and the town clerk is clerk of 
 the meeting, which can only be kept open from sunrise till sun- 
 set, and the minutes thereof must be filed in the office of the 
 town clerk. The names of all officers voted for by ballot must 
 be on one ticket. 
 
 The presiding officers must canvass the votes publicly, and 
 the canvass, when commenced, must be continued without ad- 
 journment until completed. No person is eligible to a town 
 office unless he is an elector of the town. 
 
 Electors — their Qualifications. 
 
 An Elector must be a male citizen (ten days a citizen), twenty- 
 one years of age, and have resided in the State one year next 
 preceding the election, the last four months in the county, and 
 at the tune of voting be a resident of the district in wliich he 
 votes. 
 
 A colored man must possess a freehold estate of 250 dollars, 
 and have been a citizen of the State three years 
 
POLITICAL rOCKKT COMPANIONS'. 127 
 
 Persons who have been convicted of an infamous crime (or 
 felony) are (liyqu:iljfied from voting, unless they have been par- 
 doned previous to the expiration of the term of their sentence. 
 
 GENEnAL Elections. 
 
 General Elections are held on the Tuesday succEEniNG the 
 FIRST Monday in November in each ye:ir, for sucli State 
 and county officers as are not otherwise provided fur by law. 
 Elections are held on one day only. 
 
 Special E/cction-s are such as are held for some special pur- 
 pose, called on proclamation by the Governor of the State. 
 
 The cities of the State are divided by the common councils 
 thereof into convenient Election Districts for the holding of elec- 
 tions. Every ward containing not over oOO votes is one district. 
 Wards containing over 800 voters are divided so that no district 
 may contain over 800, nor less than 500 voters. 
 
 Such division is made before the fast Monday of October in 
 each year, when such division is necessary, and inspectors of 
 election arc appointed until the same are legally elected. The 
 several towns of the State which contain more than 500 voters 
 are divided into a convenient number of election districts by 
 the supervisor, assessors, and town clerli thereof, who may di- 
 vide towns of 500 voters or not in their discretion. Said board 
 meets the first Monday of October in each year for that purpose. 
 
 Elections — now Held. 
 
 Elections are held by the inspectors thereof in each election 
 district at the time and place appointed. The inspectors ap- 
 point one of their number Chairman, who administers the oath 
 to the other two, and one of them then administers it to him. 
 They then aj^point two Clerks of the Poll, who are also sworn 
 by the chairman. The poll is then opened by proclamation, 
 and the time (hour) stated at which the same will be closed. In 
 the cities the polls are kept open from sun7-ise to siinset. In 
 the towns they are opened at any time between sunrise and 
 nine o'clock a. m., and kept open until sunset. No adjourn- 
 ment is allowed from the opening to the closing of the polls. 
 The electors vote by ballot, which must be so folded as to con- 
 ceal the contents, laut expose the heading. The names of all 
 persons voted for, excepting Electors of President and Vice- 
 President U. S., Judges of the Coui-t of Appeals, Justices of the 
 
128 POLITICAL POCKET COkP ANION. 
 
 Supreme CouFt, County Judges, and " Local Officers," must be 
 on one ballot, indorsed " State," and the names of all the per- 
 sons voted for, for officers of any of the courts, must be oil one 
 other ballot indorsed " Judiciary." 
 
 In counties having more than one Member of Assembly there 
 is a separate Assembly Ticket. In the city of New York, sen- 
 ators and members of Congress are each voted for on separate 
 tickets, indorsed respectively " Senate," " Cungress." Electors 
 of President and Vice President are voted for on a separate 
 tickyt indorsed " Elcctois." 
 
 A person who is challenged must take the following oath, 
 whicli is administered to him by an inspector : " You do swear 
 (or affirm) that you will fully and truly answer all such ques- 
 tions as shall be put to you touching your place of residence 
 and qualificatioiis as an elector." One of the inspectors then 
 questions him as to his name, his then place of residence, how 
 long he has resided in the town or ward, his last place of resi- 
 dence, and his citizenship, whether natural or acquired, and 
 where and in what court naturalized, whether he came into 
 town to vote, how long he intends to remain, etc. The vote of 
 any person v,'!io refuses to take said oath mttst be rejected. But 
 if his answers on oath are deemed defective, such defects must 
 be pointed out to him, and if he still persists, an inspector ad- 
 ministers to him another oath as follows: "You i,>. swear (or 
 affirm) that you have been a citizen of the United States for ten 
 days, and are now of the age of twenty-oue years, that you 
 have been nn inhabitant of this State for one yenr next preced- 
 ing this election, and for the last four months a resident of this 
 county ; that you have been for thirty days next preceding this 
 election a resident of this Assembly district (or such district as 
 he offers to vote in) ; that you are now a resident of this town 
 (or ward), and of the election district in which you now offer 
 to vote; ami that you have not made any bet or wager, and 
 are not directly or indirectly interested in any bet o"r wager 
 depending upon the result of this election ; and that you have 
 not voted at this election." If any person refuses to take this 
 oath his vote must be rejected. 
 
 The Inspectors must preserve order, and have full authority 
 to enforce and maintain the same. 
 
 The Canvass. 
 
 Tlie Inspector's of Elections in the several districts are requir- 
 ed to proceed with the canvass of the votes as soon as the polls 
 
POLITIGAL POCKET COMPANION. 129 
 
 have been closed, in the following order : 1. Electors of Preaident and 
 Vice-President; 2. State ofiBcers other than Judiciary ; 3. Members of 
 Congress ; 4. State Senators ; 5. Members ot Assembly ; 6. County 
 and (N. Y. city) olEcen » 6. State and County Judicial oflScers ; 9, 
 Police and Civil Justices. At the completion of the canvass of each 
 box the chairman must publicly proclaim the result thereof, as well as 
 the whule number of votes given and the number for each person voted 
 for. The canvass must be public, and can not be adjourned. The 
 poll lists of the clerks are first compared and corrected. The box is 
 then opened, the ballots are counted unojiencd, and when two ballota 
 are found folded together they mutt be destroyed, if the number of 
 ballots exceeds the number of votes as shown by the poll lists, but not 
 otherwise. 
 
 A ballot found in a wrong box may be counted where it apparently 
 belongs, if such count does not make the number more than the poll 
 lists. If the ballots exceed the number on the poll lists, they must be 
 returned to the box, and the excess drawn out by an inspector, and 
 destroyed unseen. The Board then cauvass and estimate the votes. A 
 copy of the pull lists, when made and certified by the inspectors, is filed 
 immediately in the town clerk's office. A copy of each ballot is pasted 
 on the poll list, and all the rest of the ballots are destroyed, and the 
 board is dissolved. The original statement of the canvass must be de- 
 livered by one of the inspectors, deputized for that purpose, to the 
 supervisor of the town or ward within twenty- four hours ; or if ther* 
 be no supervisor, to an assessor. 
 
 * 7th. Town and Charter Officers. 
 
 Board of County Canvassers. 
 
 The supervisors (or assessors) , to whom the original statements were 
 handed, form the Board of County Canvassers. They meet at the of- 
 fice of the clerk of the county on Tuesday next foUou-ing the elation, 
 before one o'clock i>. m. [There are special provisions as to Hamilton 
 County.] The county cleik (or deputy) is secretary of the board. 
 The members of the board must ba sworn by their chairman, and he 
 by the secretLirj'. A m>ijority of the board ia a quorum to proceed 
 with the business. Ttie lioard can adjourn one day to receive the 
 statements of all the districts. 
 
 The statements of the several districts are xn'oduced , and the votes of 
 the county estimated therefrom ; the statements are then deposited 
 with the county clerk. Sei>arite statements of the votes are also made 
 f(,ir each class of officers voted for, which is certified as correct by the 
 chairman and secretary of the board, and a copy thereof recorded in 
 the county clerk's office, and the clerk publishes it in one or more 
 newspapers of the county. 
 
 Within five days after the board of county canvassers adjourns, the 
 county clerk must deposit in the nearest j)cj3t-office, directed to the 
 Governor, the Secretary of State, and the Controller, each, one copy 
 of the statements of the canvass of votes. 
 9 
 
130 POI-ITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 BoAHD OF State Canvassers. 
 
 The Secretary of State, Controller, Surveyor-General, Attor- 
 ney-General, Treasurer, and State Engineer form the Board of 
 State Canvassers. When a majority do not attend, the Mayor 
 and Recorder of Albany may be called on and sit as members. 
 They meet on the first Tuesday of December, at the ofiice of the 
 Secretary of State, or that of the Treasurer, after each general 
 election. The Secretary of State records the lists of statements 
 sent in by the county canvassers, as the same are delivered to 
 him by the board of State Canvassers, with the determinations 
 of the elections— and without delay transmits, under seal, a 
 copy of such determinations to the persons declared elected, 
 and a like copy to the Governor. 
 
 Courts of Justices of the Peace. 
 
 Justices of the Peace were formerly and originally appointed 
 as subordinate criminal and peace ofiicers. Convenience, at 
 length, dictated it, and they had civil jurisdiction conferred 
 ■upon them to a limited amount. In this State, at present, it is 
 $100. A justice may associate two other justices with him- 
 self, and hold Special Sessions of the Peace to try some petty 
 offenses. 
 
 Court of Impeachments. 
 
 The Court for the trial of Impeachments is composed of the 
 President of the Senate, the Senators, or a major part of them, 
 and the Judges of the Court of Appeals, or the major part of 
 them. But when the Governor is on trial, the Lieut.-Governor 
 can not act as a member of the court. A major part of those 
 qualified to sit as members must be present to form a quorum 
 to do business as a court. All Impeachments must be deliv- 
 ered by the Assembly to the President of the Senate, who there- 
 upon causes the court to be summoned to assemble. 
 
 Judgment can only extend to removal from office, and dis- 
 qualification for holding any ofiice of honor, trust, or profit. 
 
 Oath or Office. 
 
 Each person elected or appointed to office in this State, be- 
 fore entering upon the duties of the samo, nmst take the follow- 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 131 
 
 Ing oath or affirmation : " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that 
 I will support the Constitution of the United States, and the 
 Constitution of the State of New York, and that I will faith- 
 fully discharge the duties of the office of , accordino- to 
 
 the best of my ability." 
 
 Such oath must be taken within fifteen days after beinc noti- 
 fied of the election or appointment, unless a dilierent time is 
 prescribed by law. 
 
 The oath (unless otherwise provided) may be taken before 
 a justice of the Supreme Court, Secretary of State, Attorney- 
 General, Lieut. -Governor, President of Senate ]no ti m. Speaker 
 of the Assembly, Judge of County Court, Mayor or Recorder of 
 any city, and Clerk of any county or city, or of any court of 
 record. 
 
 The oath of a Justice of the Peace must be taken before tlie 
 County Clerk any time after his election, and before the 15th 
 of January next succeeding. ^ 
 
 The oaths of all State officers, when written, subscribed, and 
 sworn, must be deposited in the office of the Secretary of State ; 
 those of Attorneys and Counsellors and Clerks of courts in the 
 office of the clerks of the courts in which they practice, or un- 
 der which they hold office ; those of Notaries Public, Canal Col- 
 lectors, and superintendents of canal repairs, and all local 
 officers (except those of towns), in the office of the clerk of the 
 county in which they reside. 
 
 The oaths of Town Officers (except justices) may be subscribed 
 and sworn before the town clerk. 
 
 Any person executing the duties of his office before filing his 
 oatli, forfeits the office, and is guilty of a misdemeanor ; sub- 
 ject to fine and imprisonment. 
 
 Resignations of Office. 
 
 Resignations by the Governor, Lieut.-Governor, Secretary of 
 State, Controller, Treasurer, and Attorney-General are made 
 to the Legislature. 
 
 By Sheriffs, Coroners, County Clerks, and Register of the city 
 of New York, and all officers appointed by the Governor, to the 
 Governor. 
 
 By Senators and Aesemblymen, to the presiding officer of the 
 house to which they belong. 
 
 By Justices of the Peace, to the Super\'isor of the town. 
 
 By all other officers, to the power that appointed them. 
 
132 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 BRIEF ACCOUNT OF THE RISE AND PROGRESS OP 
 POLITICAL PARTIES IN THE UNITED STATES AND 
 THE STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 The English colonists in America were so far removed from 
 the mother country that they had grown up almost without re- 
 straint, and had enjoyed too much liberty willingly to submit 
 to unexpected and burdensome exactions. 
 
 When the causes that led to the Revolution had developed 
 themselves and become clearly understood, the peopleof the 
 colonies range.l themselves on the one side or the other, m sup- 
 port of the antagonistic principles that divided the British na- 
 tion—the power of the sovereign, backed and supported by a 
 hauo-hty, overbearing aristocracy, seeking by heavy exactions 
 to oppress anl impoverish ; and the hardy and intelligent yeo- 
 manry struggling to resist it, determined to maintain their in- 
 born rights. 1 1 iM J 
 
 As was natural, those possessed of wealth and affluence, and 
 who did not wish the existing order of things disturbed, unless 
 it were for the benefit of the rich, took sides witli the govern- 
 ment, and were designated au'l known in the colonics (as the 
 same class was in England) by the name of " Tories." Their 
 opponents, who contended for popular rights, were called 
 "Whigs." During the vrar these parties engaged in actual 
 hostilities against each other ^\•\i\\ extraordinary virulence, and 
 when the British evacuated the counti-y, many of the Tories who 
 dared not remain in it, were carried by the fleet to Nova Scotia. 
 In the time of the war, the more reckless among the Tories were 
 in the habit of clandestinely driving oif the cattle of their Whig 
 neighbors and selling them to the British. Hence they obtained 
 the name of " Cow Boys." 
 
 During the four years that intervened between the close oi 
 the war and the sitting of the convention to draft a constitution 
 for the United States (from 1783 to 1787), the chief political 
 question that divided the people of the States was the expe- 
 diency of the formation of a federal government by a perpetual 
 union of the States, and the projyriety of calling a convention 
 for that purpose. 
 
 The Tories were anxious to form a " consolidated govern- 
 ment," and favored the calling of a convention for its accom^- 
 plishment. They were therefore called " Conventionists." 
 The Whigs, who had just shaken off one oppressive government, 
 were cautious of conferring on another powers that might lead 
 to a similar result. They hesitated and opposed the calling oi 
 a convention, and were called " Anti-Conventionists." They, 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 133 
 
 however, after mature deliberation, became satisfied that a 
 union of the States, under proper restrictions and safeguards, 
 would be beneficial, and was in fact the true policy of the coun- 
 try, and heartily supported the measure, and the convention 
 ■was at length called without material opposition. The four 
 months' sitimg of the convention is ample evidence of the strug- 
 gle that ensued, not only in that body, but among the masses 
 of the people, between the advocates of " State Rights" and 
 Federative Power, in the formation of the Constitution. 
 
 Those who sustained the measure of the Union witliout re- 
 striction, or with but moderate checks, without hesitation, were 
 called " Federalists." Those who hesitated or opposed the 
 measure were called " Anti-Federalists," which designa- 
 tions continued without much change from 1787 until the year 
 1800. Washington, who had been a stanch Whig, was then a 
 Federalist; but Federalism, as he and his friends held it, was not 
 what it afterward became. 
 
 It was during this era (in 1791) that the first "Bank of 
 the United States" was instituted. By its creation, and the 
 pass.age of the " Alien and Sedition laws," and the exercise of 
 latitudinarian powers by the Executive, the administration of 
 " the elder Adams" became unpopular. 
 
 Part of the people claimed that the Federal Govei'ument had 
 exceeded its powers, was encroaching on the rights of the States, 
 and demanded a reform in that particular. Those assumed the 
 name and were known as " Republicans," at the head of 
 whom was Thomas Jeiferson, whom, in 1800, they elected Pres- 
 ident. In the course of a few years the Republicans were called 
 " Democrats" by their opponents, which title tliey ultimately 
 assumed as their party designation. 
 
 From 1807 to 1815, and even at a later period, the questions 
 that led to and continued the second war with Great Britain 
 deeply agitated the country, and widely divided the then two 
 great political parties of the nation, who each from their op- 
 ponents received in turn different minor political designations. 
 
 The Federalists, who were at the height of their prosperity in 
 the time of the elder Adams (1798-9), wore on their hats cock- 
 ades made of black silk. They were from that circumstance 
 called " Black Cockades." 
 
 Those of the New England States called, and met in conven- 
 tion in Hartford in 1814, for the purpose of deliberating on the 
 subject of making a separate treaty with England ! In conse- 
 quence of those and similar acts of opposition to the war, they 
 were called, by their opponents in New York and elsewhere, 
 " Habtforo Conventionists, Peace Men," and the like. To 
 
134 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 counteract their influence and destroy their measures, the mem- 
 bers of the Order of St. Tammany, a self-constituted society in 
 the city of New York, who, in designation of their love of coim- 
 try and the firmness of their principles as Americans, had 
 adopted tlie name of the renowned Delaware Chief, Tammanend, 
 called their association the '• Tammany Society of the Co- 
 lumbian prder," their place of meeting Tammuny Hall, and 
 the room in which they met "Me Great IVigwam" marched 
 in procession through the streets of the city of New York, wear- 
 ing on their hats the tails of bucks, in the place of plumes. 
 Hence they were called '• Bucktails," and '• J\'ar Men.' But. 
 the old names of Federalists and Democrats were not sui^erseded 
 by any of the minor designations. 
 
 The popularity and success of the war, connected with other 
 important and equally successful measures, had, by the close 
 of Mr. Madison's second term, so effectually destroyed the policy 
 of the Federalists; that that party about that time Yirtually 
 ceased to exist, and in 181*3 made so feeble an effort in opposi- 
 tion to the election of Mr. Monroe, that the party title was never 
 afterward assumed. Mr. Monroe, the leader of the Democratic 
 party, was re-elected by the Electoral Colleges in 1820, with only 
 one dissenting vote. 
 
 In the Presidential Election in 1824 there appeared to be but 
 one political party. The four candidates for the Presidency, 
 Messrs. Adams, Jackson, Crawford, and Clay, all entered the 
 course and rim as Democrats. The people, however, entertain- 
 ed widely diverse opinions in their estimate of the quality of 
 their political principles. 
 
 Soon after Mr. Adams' inauguration, the friends of the de- 
 feate'd candidates, and those of General Jackson more espe- 
 cially, began violently to oppose the measures of his adminis- 
 tration, claiming that his policy was identical with that of the 
 old Federal party in the time of his father, and vehemently de- 
 manded a refoim. 
 
 Mr. Adams' friends early bi'ought him forward as a candi- 
 date for re-election, while his opponents rallied around General 
 Jackson. Hence in the Presidential Campaign of 1828 the con- 
 tending parties were for the time called " Adams Meiv" and 
 " Jackson Men." 
 
 In the time of the war of 1812, General Jackson received 
 from the soldiers who accompanied him in his Florida campaign, 
 the homely sobriquet of " Old Hickory." During the canvass 
 for the Presidency his supporters gave him that title, and in 
 their ardor for his success raised Hickory poles in almost every 
 town and hamlet in the country ; while the Adams men, not to 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION'. 135 
 
 be outdone in either entliusiasm or effort, raised those of some 
 other kind of timber. 
 
 During General Jackson's first presidential term, the second 
 United States Bank, which, by the limitation of its charter was 
 to expire in 18u6, asked for a renewal of its charter, and a bill 
 for that purpose was accordingly passed by Congress, which 
 Jackson vetoed. 
 
 The friends of the bank, with Hem-y Clay at their head, made 
 the Renewal of the Bank Charter, a High Protective Tariff, and 
 kindred measures, leading questions in tiie campaign for the 
 Presidency in 1832. The two principal candidates were Andrew 
 Jackson and Ilonvy Clay. Hickory poles and ash poles (the 
 latter named from Ashland) were the order of the day. Those 
 who supported Mr. Clay assumed tlie name of " National Re- 
 ptJ3i.ic \Ns." The supporters of Jackson were called " Jack- 
 so>j M;:!v," or " Jctc'.soii Democrats." 
 
 The leading questions that divided the parties in 1836 were 
 nearly the same as those of the previous eight years. The Bank 
 still struggled for existence, the Sub-Treasury scheme was under 
 consideration, and those, with kindred measui-es, formed the 
 basis of the contest. The National Republicans selected Gen- 
 eral Harrison as their standard-bearer, and dropping the title 
 of National Republicans assumed that of " Whigs," which (in 
 1855), with some modifications, they still retain. 
 
 The two following Presidential contests, when, in 1840, the 
 Whigs, tlirough the agency of " Log Cabins, Hard Cider, and 
 Song-singing," elected General Harrison President, and the 
 Democrats in turn, in 18^^, " stole their thunder," and sung Mr. 
 Polk into the same office, were probably the most exciting of any 
 since tlio days of JeflJerson ; and a recurrence to the scenes that 
 transpired in those struggles would, doubtless, prove interest- 
 ing ; but, as those events elicited no new principles worthy of 
 note, anl did not materially change the character or designa- 
 tion of tlie leading politicnl parties of the country, a recital of 
 them belongs rather to the history of those times than to the 
 circumscribed limits of the present work. " The General 
 Ba7i7>ing Law," however, as it was called, is worthy of notice. 
 
 In the spring of 1841 an extra session of Congress was deem- 
 ed necessary, and was accordingly called by the President. At 
 which extra session, on the lOth of August, 1841, was passed 
 the famous " Bankrupt Act," by a strict party vote, by the 
 practical operations of which it is estimated thsit four hundred 
 millions of dollars of honest debts were "sponged out" pre- 
 vious to its repeal (which took place March 3d, 1843), by the 
 eame Congress that created it. It was at this extra session also 
 
1S6 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 that Mr. Tyler twice vetoed bills re-chartering the United States 
 Bank. 
 
 In the Presidential contest of 1848, Anti- Slavery, which had 
 hitherto scarcely been considered an important element in the 
 political controversies of the country (although the subject had 
 for some years had its influence with one or both of the chief 
 political parties in the selection of candidates), was brought 
 forward as a leading measure in the canvass by a portion of the 
 Democrats, who, in connection with the Abolitionists '"proper," 
 supported Martin Van Buren for President and Charles Francis 
 Adams for Vice-President on that occasion ; and in the State 
 of New York, where the two sections of the party were nearly 
 equal, John A. Dix for Governor and S. M. Gates for Lieutenant- 
 Governor. They were designated and known by each other as 
 " Hunkers" and " Barnburners," the latter of whom followed 
 Mr. Van Buren. 
 
 Each section of the party held a State convention in the State 
 of New York early in the spring, and each sent a full set of 
 State delegates to the National Convention (of that party), held 
 at Baltimore on the 22d of May, 1848. The Baltimore Conven- 
 tion admitted the Hunkers to be regular and rejected the Barn- 
 burners as such, but invited the latter to sit with them in the 
 convention. They declined the invitation, being unwilling in 
 any way to sanction the previous decision of the convention. 
 The Hunkers also declined taking any part in the proceeilings 
 of the convention, because it in the least countenanced their 
 opponents, and thus New York was virtually unrepresented. 
 
 On the 22d day of June the Barnburners held a convention at 
 Utica, and nominated Martin Vnn Buren for President and 
 Henry Dodge for Vice-President. Mr. Dodge declined the honor 
 tendered him ; and another and more important convention was 
 called, and assembled at Butfalo, on the 9th day of August, 
 1848, composed of aU who chose to attend it from the diiferent 
 States of the Union. 
 
 " The Buffalo Convention" renominated Martin Van Buren 
 for the Presidency, and nominated Charles Francis Adams for 
 the Vice-Presidency, as the Representatives of their distinctive 
 party principles of " Opposition to Slavery, No Slavery in the 
 Territories, No more Slave States, ^ree Soil, Free Labor, 
 and Free Speech." Thus those who were represented at 
 Buffalo became a National Party in support of those measures, 
 and were called " Free-Soilers." 
 
 The Whig party, though rent and torn by jealousies and dis- 
 sensions between the Northern and Southern branches thereof 
 on the same issues, stills in> the wain^ acted as an unit, an,d 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 137 
 
 elected their candidate, General Taylor, whose honors gained in 
 the Mexican War made him very popular, both in the Nomi- 
 nating Convention and at tlie Election. 
 
 In 1849, the two sections of the Democratic party of New 
 York, after having held separate conventions for three days at 
 the same time, and in the same place, August 15th, 16th, and 
 17th at Rome, to try to effect an union, separated without ac- 
 complishing it, being apparently irreconcilably divided on the 
 Slavery question. But on the 5th September following, the 
 Hunkers held their State Convention at Syracuse, and nom- 
 inated a ticket, and at the same time appointed a Committee of 
 Conference with the Barnburners. On the 12th of September, 
 the Free-Soilers met in convention at Utica, and also nom- 
 inated a ticket, with a proviso that the other section might 
 strike out one half of it and fill it up with nominees of their 
 own, which was done, and a sort of union, for the time, was ef- 
 fected, and the party continued to act as an unit until the fall 
 of 1853. Their ditferences were smotlicred, not healed; and 
 the causes of a future and probably final rupture were busily 
 at work. Many prominent men among tlie Hunkers, in the 
 mean time, from some unknown cause, lost their zeal for that 
 section, and became friends and co-workers with the Free Soil- 
 ers. Such were called " Softs." The Hunkers, who remained 
 firm and unshaken in their position, were in turn called. 
 " Hards" and " Adamantines." 
 
 Just previous to and at the time of their rupture in 1853, 
 much bitterness of feeling and a high state of excitement exist- 
 ed between them, insomuch tliat each section of tlie party re- 
 ceived a qualitying syllable to its title, and were then and after- 
 ward called " Hard Shells" and " >'oft Shrlls." 
 
 Similar causes to those which had divided the Democrats had 
 also been at work in performing the same office for the Whigs, 
 witli whom, in New York and some of the other Northern 
 States, the Abolitionists began to exercise an important, if not 
 a controlling inthience. 
 
 In 1850, Congress passed a series of acts known as "The 
 Compromise Measures," among the most important of whicjji 
 were " The Fugitive Slave Law," so called, and acts for the 
 Admission of California into the Union, and the Organization 
 of the Territories of New Mexico and Utah, which it was hoped 
 and supposed by many would forever put to rest the agitating 
 subject of American Slavery. 
 
 On the 16th clay of September, 1850, the Whig State Conven- 
 tion of New York met at Syracuse to make its State Nomina- 
 tions and lay down its platform; in doing which the Anti- 
 
138 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 Slavery men, under the lead of William H. Seward and Tlmrlow 
 Weed, being a majority of the Convention, passed strong Auti- 
 Slavery resolutions condemnatory of the above-mentioned acts, 
 which had been approved by and received the signature of Mr! 
 Fillmore, a Whig president. The friends of Mr. Fillmore were 
 highly displeased, among whom was the President of the con- 
 vention, Hon. Francis Granger, who, with a strong minority to 
 the number of about forty, immediately withdrew in a body 
 and reorganized in another place, appointing Mr. Granger 
 Chairman of the new meeting, who, on taking his seat as such, 
 said " he was satisfied to serve among the Si/ver G'rays." 
 
 Thus the party became divided, each branch claiming to be 
 the true Whig party, calling each other in turn, " Silver 
 Grays" and " Woolly Heads." 
 
 Although the Silver Grays, or " National Whigs," as they 
 are more frequently called, have not been strong enough to 
 keep up an effective separate organization, they have not fellow- 
 Shiped or heartily coincided with the Sewardite branch of the 
 party, as is evinced by the fact that the election of 1851 was 
 sultered to go against General Scott by default. 
 
 The Temperance question has lately entered largely into the 
 contest, and the vote of our Adopted Citizens, known as " the 
 Foreign Vote," has for some years been very large, and has been 
 eagerly sought after by each of the leading political parties of 
 the country, as being sufficient to decide the contest in favor of 
 the party obtaining it. 
 
 To counteract the influence of the Foreign Vote, and correct 
 other objectionable matters claimed to exist in the body politic, 
 a new and undefined element of political power appears, as if 
 by magic, to have sprung into existence, of sufficient streno-th 
 and maturity to baffle for the time all the calculations and 
 efforts of the Old Political Organizations of the country, as the 
 result of the elections of 1854 sufficiently demonstrates. Fu- 
 ture events alone can determine the result. 
 
 BANK OF THE UNITED STATES AND CONTINENTAL 
 MONEY. 
 
 During the Revolutionary struggle the necessities of the States 
 (not then united as now), as well as that of the Continental 
 Congress acting as their collective agent, forced them to issue 
 Bills of Credit— in various ways and of different descriptions— to 
 a large amount, to enable tliem to carry on the war; which 
 bills, at its termination, to the amount of many millions of del- 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 139 
 
 lars, became of little or no value to the holders. After the or- 
 ganization of the General Government these bills were included 
 in and formed the greater part of what was designated by Con- 
 gress as " The Domtstic Debt of the United States." An act 
 was passed, Aug. 4, 1790, funding the same, and fixing the 
 redemption value thereof. 
 
 In the said act the following issues were recognized : 
 
 " Those issued by the Treasury. 
 
 " Those issued by the commissioners of loans of the several 
 States, including certificates given pursuant to the act of Con- 
 gress of the 2d of Jan., 1779, for bills of credit of the several 
 emissions of the 20th of May, 1777, and the 11th of April, 
 1778. 
 
 " Those issued by the commissioners for the adjustment of the 
 accounts of the quartermaster, commissary, hospital, clothing, 
 and marine departments. 
 
 " Those issued by the commissioners for the adjustment of 
 accounts in the respective States. 
 
 " Those issued by the late and present paymaster-general, or 
 commissioner of army accounts. 
 
 " Those issued for the payment of interest, commonly called 
 indents of interest. 
 
 " And in bills of credit issued by the authority of the United 
 States, in Congress assembled, at the rate of one hundred dol- 
 lars ill the said bills for one dollar in sjucie." 
 
 The said act provided for the redemption of the following 
 sums, and no others : 
 
 " In those of New Hampshire 8300,000 
 
 «' Massachusetts 4,000,000 
 
 " « Rhode Island and Providence 200,000 
 
 « Connecticut 6,000,000 
 
 « New York 1,200,000 
 
 " New Jersey 1 800,000 
 
 " Pennsylvania 2,200,000 
 
 " Delaware 200,000 
 
 " Maryland 800,000 
 
 « " Virginia 3,500,000 
 
 « Nordi Carolina 2,400,000 
 
 « South Carolina 4,000,000 
 
 " Georgia 300,000" 
 
 For the payment of which the act authorized a loan of 
 $21,500,000. 
 
 The foregoing comprises a part only of the amount of bills 
 issued. It has been sagely suggested that the sums thus pro- 
 
140 "* POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 Tided for had, previous to tlie passage of the said act, mostly 
 found its way for a trifle into the pockets of those who con- 
 trolled the action of Congress on the subject ; all of which was 
 thus brought up to its par value, except the bills issued by au- 
 thority of the United States, in Congress assembled [that is, 
 those which passed as money, and were mostly in the hands of 
 the soldiers of the war, or by them distributed among the peo- 
 ple], which were made worth only one dollar on a hundred 
 dollars ! 
 
 But the matter did not stop here. The use of the foregoing 
 claims was soon provided for in a way that made them as good 
 or better than ready money, the same being made convertible 
 into hank stock, at par, in the act creating " the Bank of the 
 Uiiited States," whicli soon followed. 
 
 In 1791 a bill was brought into Congress by Alexander Ham- 
 ilton, then Secretary of the Treasury, which passed that body 
 on the 5th day of February, 1791, " to incorporate the sub- 
 scribers to the B.\NK OF THE United States," with a cap- 
 ital of $10,000,000, to continue in force for twenty years, until 
 March 4, 1811. 
 
 When the bill thus passed was presented to the President, 
 General Washington, for his signature, /ic hesitated o?t co7isti- 
 tittional grounds. The four members of his cabinet, Messrs. 
 Hamilton, Jefferson, Knox, and I'amlolph were equally divided 
 on the subject — Hamilton and Knox being for and Jefferson 
 and Randolph against the measure. Mr. Hamilton had a strong 
 hold on the friendship and confKkr.cc of Washington. His 
 counsels at length prevailed, find Wadiingtcn signed the bill 
 late on the last of the ten days allowed him by law for that 
 purpose. 
 
 The Bank was created, and those who held funded certificates 
 were made rich by the operation. 
 
 The United States Oovernment owned one fifth of the stock, 
 whicli gave it, under ordinary circumstances, a controlling in- 
 fluence ; while no other corporation or an individual could hold 
 over 1.000 shares of $400 each, making S4C0,GC0. 
 
 Previous to the expiration of its charter in 1811, Congress 
 passed an act for the renewal of the same, adding a large in- 
 crease to the amount of its capital stock. Mr. Madison, the 
 draftsman of the United States Constitution, who was then Pres- 
 ident, refused to sign it, having doubts of the constitutional 
 power of Congress to create a bank. 
 
 In 181(j, the moaeyed pressure, consequent upon the effects 
 of " the war of 1812," forced upon the country a supposed ne- 
 cessity for another National Bank. 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 141 
 
 Accordingly, on the 10th of April, 1816, a bill was passed by 
 Congress for that purpose, granting a charter with a capital of 
 S35 000 000, for a term of twenty years, until March 3d, lUdb, 
 with provisions similar to those of the first bank as above enu- 
 merated Mr. Madison, who was still President, again hesitated, 
 but the clamor of the people for a change of times, which it was 
 Runnosed a bank would effect, finally induced him to sign the 
 bill But like Washington, he did it on the tenth day after its 
 T)assa<re This was the last Bank of the United States. 
 ^ In Anticipation of the expiration of its charter a demand was 
 made and Congress passed a bill for its renewal, with a capital 
 increased to §50,000,000 and an extension of twenty years 
 time ; which bill General Jackson unhesitatingly vetoed on the 
 
 ^The iJemoc'l-ats'remf^ned in power, and no further effort was 
 made by the friends of the bank for its re-charter until after 
 their success in electing General Harrison to the presidency m 
 1840 Af the death of President Harrison, which occurred April 
 4th, 1841, Mr. Tyler, the Vice-President, succeeded to thePres- 
 
 ^ Shaste of the dominant party for the renewal of the bank 
 and the carrying out of other favorite measures, induced them 
 to demand, and the President to call, an extra session of Con- 
 gress in the summer of 1841. In accordance with the main ob- 
 ict of ftie session a bill was soon passed to charter a bank with 
 a capital of $50,000,000. Mr. Tyler, the new President, tliough 
 elected by AVhig votes, on the Whig ticket, had lormer y been a 
 Democrat, was a Virginian in sentiment, and possessed little or 
 no affinity for the creation of banking or other mouopulies by 
 the General Government. He accordingly vetoed the bill on the 
 IGth Aucrust, 1841. As he did not place his objections to it on 
 constitutional grounds, the friends of the bank still entertained 
 the hope of a satisfactory result. Accordingly another and 
 somewhat different bill was prepared and passed lor the creation 
 of a bank with like capital, to which was given the title _o the 
 '• Fiscal A^ont," which, however, in the result, met with no 
 better success than its late predecessor, and like it was vetoed 
 on the 9th of September, 1841. No further effort has been made 
 to obtain a national bank charter from the General Government. 
 
 THE MISSOURI COMPRO^USE. 
 
 On the Gth of T^Lirch, 1820, an act was passed by Congress 
 authorizing the people of Missouri to form a State government 
 
142 
 
 POLITICAL POCKKT COMPANION. 
 
 preparatory to admission into the Union. When the bill passed 
 the House it contained a clause prohibiting slavery in the ter- 
 ritory included within the limits of Missouri. Tlie Senate struck 
 out the prohibitory clause and passed the bill, which a few 
 months afterward became a law. In the summer of that year 
 (1820) the people of Missouri formed a State constitution in 
 conformity to said act, and applied for admission into the Union. 
 At the next session of Congress (in 1821) the Senate passed a 
 joint resolution declaring Missouii to be one of the States of 
 the Union, which resolution was sent to the House of llepresent- 
 atives for concurrence ; but that body rejected it because it 
 allowed slavery in the new State. 
 
 The opposition to the admission of Missouri into the Union a3 
 a Slave State was so great as to endiinger the stability of the 
 Union. In February, 1821, when the excitement was almost 
 bej'ond restraint, Henry Clay, of Kentucky, came forward with 
 a new compromise. He brought in a resolution for the admis- 
 sion of Missouri as a slave State, and declaring thift slavery 
 should be forever excluded from all territory which had been 
 acquired from France lying north of 36° 30'. This compromise 
 was accepted, and the said resolution was passed by Congress 
 on the 2d of March, 1821. This resolution is known as " the 
 Missouri Compromise." In June, 1821, Missouri accepted it, 
 and on the 10th of August the President, by proclamation, de- 
 clared her one of the States of the Union. The bill passed by 
 Southern and not Northern votes, as follows : 
 
 Ayes. 
 
 Virginia 2 
 
 Louisiana 2 
 
 Tennessee ; 2 
 
 Georgia 2 
 
 South Carolina 1 
 
 Delaware 2 
 
 Kentucky 2 
 
 Alabama 2 
 
 Mississippi 2 
 
 Maryland 2 
 
 I^orth Carolina 1 
 
 "20 
 
 niinois 2 
 
 New Hampshire 1 
 
 Khode Island 1 
 
 24 
 
 Noes. 
 
 Rhode Island 1 
 
 Connecticut 2 
 
 New Jersey 2 
 
 New York 2 
 
 Pennsylvania 2 
 
 Massachusetts 2 
 
 New Hampshire 1 
 
 Indiana 2 
 
 Vermont 2 
 
 Ohio 2 
 
 Is 
 
 North Carolina 1 
 
 South Carolina 1 
 
 Southerners for bill. . 20 
 Northerners against. 18 
 
 Majority 2 
 
 20 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 143 
 
 THE WILMOT PROVISO. 
 
 ■ In the month of May, 1846, when a bill to place $2,000,000 at 
 the discretion of the President, including^a peace with Mexico, 
 ■was pending before the House, Mr. David Wilmot, of Pennsyl- 
 vania, moved to add the following clause to the bill : 
 
 " And be it further enacted that there shall be neither slavery 
 nor involuntary servitude in any territory on the continent of 
 America whicli shall hereafter be acquired by, or annexed to, 
 the United States by virtue of this appropriation, or in any 
 other manner whatsoever, except for crime, whereof the party 
 shall have been duly convicted ; Provided always, That any 
 person escaping into such territory from whom labor or servi- 
 tude is lawfully claimed in any one of the United States, such 
 fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed and conveyed out of said 
 territory to the person claiming his or her labor or service." 
 
 The question was not taken in the Senate at that session, as 
 Mr. John Davis and others spoke against time at its close, and 
 thus staved it off. 
 
 In February, 1847, Mr. C. J. Ingersoll, Chairman of the Com- 
 mittee on Foreign Relations, reported a bill appropriating 
 $3,000,000 for the same object. When it came up in the House 
 for consideration, February 8, 1847, Mr. Wilmot offered his 
 original proviso as an amendment. 
 
 In the Senate the vote on the Proviso was : yeas, 21 ; nays, 
 31. 
 
 On ordering the bill to a third reading, without the Proviso, 
 the vote stood : yeas, 29 ; nays, 24. 
 
 The bill being returned to the House, finally passed as fol- 
 lows ; yeas, 115 ; nays, 82. 
 
 THE TWO-THIRDS RULE. 
 
 When the Democratic National Convention for the nomination 
 of candidates for President and Vice-President h.ad assembled 
 at Baltimore in 1844, the opponents of Mr. Van Buren brought 
 forward and effectually carried through the convention, prior 
 to the nomination of candidates, a resolution that no person 
 should receive the nomination for President unless he received 
 two thirds of all the votes cast by the convention for that office. 
 The rule being established, Mr. Van Buren was defeated, not- 
 ■withstanding he had a majority of the votes on the first ballot 
 The same rule defeated the nomination of Mr. Cass in 1852. 
 
144: POLITICAIi POCKET COMPAlJIOiJ. 
 
 THE COMPROMISE MEASURES OF 1850. 
 
 Iir December, 1849, as soon as Congress was fairly organ- 
 ized, a violent struggle commenced with regard to the organ- 
 ization of the new Territories, the boundaries of Texas, and the 
 admission of California. After considering the subject, a 
 project was brought forward by Mr. Clay for uniting those 
 matters, with the settlement of the slavery question, all in one 
 bill. Accordingly, a committee of thirteen was appointed in 
 the Senate, Mr. Clay chairman, which reported a bill or 
 project, embracing those subjects, known as " The Compromise 
 Bill" called by its enemies, " The Omtjilms." It was long 
 and fiercely contested with desperate resolution. After a se- 
 ries of motions and counter-inoiions had been made and acted 
 upon, the bill was finally divested of all its provisions except 
 the sections organizing the Territory of Utah. 
 
 The measures originally contained in the bill were however 
 all passed in separate acts, with but little alteration, before the 
 final adjournment of the session. 
 
 The act for the admission of California, passed Sept. 9, 1850. 
 
 The act for fixing the boundaries of Texas, " " 
 
 The bill for the organization of New Mexico, " " 
 " Utah, 
 
 And last, though not least, the Fugitive Slave Law, Sept. 18, 
 1850. 
 
 These measures having all been disposed of, it was thought 
 that future agitation on the slavery question would cease, 
 which, however, proved not to be the case. 
 
 The vote on the Utah Bill was — ayes 97, noes 85. 
 " " " adraissionof California, was — ayes 149, noes 56. 
 " " " Texas and New Mexico — ayes 108, noes 97. 
 
 " THE FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW." 
 
 On the 12th of Feb., 1793, an act was passed by Congress 
 " respecting fugitives from justice, and persons escaping from 
 their masters." This act provided for taking fugitive slaves 
 who had escaped, before a circuit or district judge of the United 
 States,, or any magistrate of a county or city where the arrest 
 should be made, and on proof of ownership, by affidavit or oral- 
 ly, to the satisfaction of such officer, he was to give a certificate 
 to the owner, who was thus authorized to take the fugitive back 
 to the place from whence he escaped. 
 
 The said bill not affording sufficient facilities for reclaiming 
 
POLITICAL POCKKT COMPANION. 145 
 
 runaway slaves, a more definite and practical l:iw was pa«sc<l 
 by Congress, Sept. 18, 1850, known as " The Ivi^Hivt Slave 
 Law" which provided for the appointment of commissioner!*, 
 before whom the fugitives may be brought, and makes it incum- 
 bent on tlie oifieers of the General Government, and all otliers 
 called ou by them, to assist the claimants in the capture ami 
 return of fugitives. These provisions being higldy otl'ensive to 
 the Abolitionists and some otliers, the execution of the law hue 
 in numerous instai\ces been resisted, even to the shedding of 
 blood ; prosecutions have followed, and the future alone «an 
 disclose the finnl result. 
 
 Many of those who resist this law profess to be governed by a 
 " Iti^htr /aw,"' the principles of mural right, and claim thru 
 right of judging and resisting the laws of the Governmcitt 
 whenever, in their opinion, they contlict with the principles 
 of justice. 
 
 Said bill was passed by the following vote : ayes 109, no«e "6 
 
 "THE NEBRASKA BILL'- REPEAL OF THE MISSOURI 
 COMPROMISE. 
 
 Early in the session of 1853-4, Senator Douglass, of Illinois, 
 Chairman of the Committee on Territories, reported a bill for 
 the organization of territorial governments for Nebraska and 
 Kanzas, wliich contained, among other things, a clause repeal- 
 ing the Missouri restriction or compromise, in the words follow- 
 ing : " All the laws of the United States which are not locally 
 inapplicable, shall have the same force and efl'cct within the 
 said Territoi-y of Nebraska [and Kanzas] as elsewhere within 
 the United States, except the eighth section of the act prepara- 
 toi'y to the admission of Missouri into the Union [the compro- 
 mise line of 36° 30], approved March Gth, 1820, Avhich was su- 
 perseded by the principles of the legislation of 1850, commonly 
 called the Compromise Measures, and is hereby declared inop- 
 erative." 
 
 Immediately upon the introduction of this provision into the 
 bill, the tocsin of alarm was sounded by the opponents of the 
 measure from one end of the Union to the other ; and of all the 
 bitter contests that have agitated the country, none have ex- 
 ceeded this one, or threatened more disastrous consequences to 
 the Union. 
 
 Remonstrances innumerable poured in upon Congress, and 
 among them one signed by 3,00iij clergymen of New England, 
 who assumed to speak by authority of their sa<?rcd calling. 
 10 
 
146 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION, 
 
 Senator Douglass Tvas burned in effigy in various places, bnt 
 all with no other effect than that of the excitement caused by 
 the occasion. 
 
 The bill received the signature of the President, and became 
 a law on the 29th of May, 1854. 
 
 In the Senate the vote was taken on the 3d of March as fol- 
 lows: 
 
 Ayc3. Nays. 
 
 Southern Democrats. 14 
 
 Southern Whigs 9 
 
 Northern Democrats. 14 
 Northern Whigs GO 
 
 South. Democrat. . 1 — Sam. Houston. 
 
 South. Whig 1— John BelL 
 
 North. Democrats. 4 
 
 North. Whigs G 
 
 North. Abolition's. 2 — Close & Sunin. 
 
 14 
 
 Nine senators were absent when the vote was taken. 
 The vote in the House was taken on the 15th of May, and 
 was — ayes 113, nays 100. 
 
 AMALGAMATION. 
 
 The term Creole is a corruption of the ATord Criollo, which is 
 derived from Criar, to create or to foster. The Spaniards ap- 
 ply the term Criollo not merely to the human race, but also to 
 animals propagated in the colonics, but of pure European blood ; 
 thus they have Creole horses, bullocks, poultry, etc. 
 
 In Europe it is very common to attach to the term Creole the 
 idea of a particular complexion. This is a mistake. The desig- 
 nation Creole properly belongs to all the natives of America 
 born of parents who have emigrated from the Old World, be 
 those parents Europeans or Africans. There are, therefore, 
 white as well as black Creoles. 
 
 The subjoined list shows the parentage of the different varie- 
 ties of half casts, and also the proper designations of the latter: 
 
 White father and Negro mother — Mulatto children 
 
 White father and Indian mother — Mestizo children. 
 
 Indian father and Negro mother — Chino children. 
 
 White father and Mulatto mother — Cuartcron children. 
 
 White father and Mestizer mother — Creole children, only 
 distinguished from the white by a pale brownish complexion 
 
 White father and Chino mother — Cliino-Blanco children. 
 
 White father and Cuarterona mother — Quintero children. 
 
 White father and Quiniera mother — White children. 
 
 Negro father and Mulatto mother — Zamba-Negro children. 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 147 
 
 Negro father and Mestizer mother — Mulatto-Oscura children, 
 
 Negro lather and Chino mother — Zamba-Chino children. 
 
 Negro father and Zamba mothei- — Zamba-Negro children 
 (perfectly bhiok). 
 
 Negro father and Cuarterona or Quintero mother — Mulatto 
 children (rather dark). 
 
 Indian father and Mulatto mother — Chino-Oscuro children. 
 
 Indian father and Mestizo mother — Mestizo-Claro childi-en 
 (frequaiitly very beautiful). 
 
 Indian tather and Cliino mother— Chino-Cholo children. 
 
 Indian father and Zamba mother — Zambo-Clara children. 
 
 Indian fathir and Chino-Colo mother— Indian children (with 
 rather short frizzy hair). 
 
 Indian f Uhar and Caarterona or Quintero mother — Mestizo 
 children (ratiier brown). 
 
 Mulatto father and Zamba mother — Zamba children ( a mis- 
 erable racoi. 
 
 Mulatto father and Mestizo mother — Chino children (of rath- 
 er clear complexion'. 
 
 Mulatto fatlier and Chino mother — Chino children (rather 
 dark). 
 
 WEIGHT OY GRAIN, ETC. 
 The number of pounds of wheat, rye, corn, oats, and barley to 
 the bushel, and the measure of bran and shorts, as given be- 
 low, are fixed by the statute of this State ; the other articles 
 are regulated by tlie custom of dealers or otherwise : 
 
 Wheat 60 pounds 
 
 Rye 56 
 
 Corn 56 " 
 
 Oats 32 " 
 
 Barley 48 
 
 Middlings 45 " 
 
 Bran 12 " 
 
 Shorts 18 « 
 
 Clover Seed 60 pounds 
 
 Timothy " 45 
 
 Flax " 56 
 
 Hemp " 44 
 
 Dried Peaches 33 
 
 Dried Apples 22 
 
 Onions 57 
 
 Salt 56 
 
 Bran and shorts, by measure, 40 quarts to the bushel. 
 
 "MASON AND DIXON'S LINE." 
 
 At the time that line was established, slavery existed on both 
 sides of it. 
 
 As early as the year 1682 a dispute arose between William 
 Penn and Lord Baltimore respecting the construction of their 
 respective grants, of what now form the States of Pennsylvania, 
 'Delaware, and Maryland. Lord Baltimore claimed to, and in- 
 
148 rOLlTICAL rOCKKT COMPANION. 
 
 eluding, the 40tli degree of north latitude ; and William P^n, 
 mildly, yet lirnily, reNi!<ting the claim. The debatable land 
 •WAfi one degree or sixty English mile.s on the south of Pennsyl- 
 vania, and extending west as far as the State itself. The mat- 
 t T was tinilly brought into tlie Court of Chancery in England, 
 iiud afrer tedious delays, on the 16th day of May, 1750, Lord 
 Chancellor llardwick made a decree awarding costs against Lord 
 liultimore, and directing that commissioners should he appoint- 
 el to mark tlie bouu'laries between tlie parties. The wholo 
 imitter was settled by mutual agreecmcnt between the surviving 
 lieirs of tlie litigants. 
 
 in tlie year 17<'i, Mr. Charles Mason, of the Royal Obscr>-a- 
 ttiry. W!is sent to Pennsylvania, with all the neeulul astronom- 
 ical instrunnnts, to nie.isure a degree of latitude. That duty 
 he performed, and a report C'f his proceedings can be found in 
 tlie philosopliic;il transactions of the lloyal Society of Londou 
 for the year 1778. 
 
 This Mr. M tson and Jeremiah Dixon were appointed to ran 
 the I'n^ in dispute, which appears to have been done in conform- 
 ity with the Lord Ciiancellor.v decree. Tlint is the famous 
 " Mason and Dixon's Line,"' smd the hi iindary between Pennsyl- 
 T-.'.nia on the North and Maryland on the South. Any one do- 
 firous of mcjre detailed inioriuMtiC'ii will find it in " Douglass* 
 History of America.'' puldislied in Doston in 1851; " Proud'8 
 Il'story of Pennsylvani:i ;"' " Tlie Memoirs of the Historical So- 
 c'ety of Pennsylvania/' and " 1 Vesey's Reports," 4o'2, Penn vs. 
 Lord Baltimore. 
 
 Little did tlie actors in this matter think that in after times 
 the Ihie established witii so much trouble and expense, would 
 ever be connected with a subject calculated to shake a great 
 Biitlon to its cenler. 
 
 POPULATION OF THE SANDWICH ISLANDS. 
 
 NATIVKS. 
 M.-n. AVoiM^ii. ' Tom). 
 
 Island of Hawaii ]li,U:? 11.75(» 24,188 
 
 Maui 8,<:i05 8,4l25 17,8;») 
 
 Molokai 1,7'Jfl l,7(!u 0,60?, 
 
 Lanai ^17 283 GOO 
 
 Oahu 0,551 8,264 17,815 
 
 Kauai 3,672 ...... 3,054 G,72<> 
 
 " Niihau 392 308 790 
 
 Total 37,079 33,940 71,019' 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 149 
 
 FOREIGKrERS. 
 
 Island of Hawaii — ... 259 
 
 Maui 244 
 
 " Molokai 42 
 
 Oahu 1,311 
 
 264 
 
 Total 2,118 
 
 Natives 71,019 
 
 Natives and foreigners, grand total 73,137 
 
 OLD STYLE AND NEW STYLE. 
 
 In order to make this fully clear, it will be necessary to re- 
 member, that a year is designed to include the exact period of 
 time which the earth takes to make one revolution around the 
 sun. This is accomplished in 365 days and nearly six hours ; 
 but as the calendar must consist of complete days, these six 
 hours are omitted, and in four years they make a whole day, 
 when one is added to the year, making what is called a leap 
 year. This, however, is not strictly correct, for it is ascertain- 
 ed by accurate calculations that a solar year is exactly 865 
 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, and 67-6 seconds; consequently, in 
 putting on the 6 hours, we add 11 minutes, 12.4 seconds too 
 much every year, or 44 minutes, 49.6 seconds in four years. 
 This in the course of I285 years, would amount to 24 hours, 
 or a complete day. If this were loermitted to go on, the first 
 of January would gradually fall back toward midsummer; 
 and in the time of Pope Gregory Xlll. ( 1582), it was found that 
 the vernal equinox, which in A. D. 325 happened on the 21st 
 of March, actually occurred on the 16th. The Pope, for the 
 purpose of restoring the correctness of the calendar, ordered 
 ten days to be dropped that year. This reformation was called 
 *' the new style," while the former calendar was denominated 
 " the old style." Probably on account of the asperities engen- 
 dered by the religious difficulties of the times, the new style 
 was not adopted in England until 1751, when it was found that 
 another entire day had accumulated. An act of parliament 
 was then passed, in which it was directed that eleven days be 
 dropped out of the calendar in 1762. 
 
 In this country the old style was not entirely discarded in 
 colloquial discourse until about fifty years ago. To guard 
 •gaiBst the disarrangement of the calendar in future, chronol- 
 
150 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 ogers now omit the leap year at the end of three out of four 
 centuries, which plan is found to balance the excess of 11 min- 
 utes 12.4 seconds, this being added by making every fourth 
 year a leap year. Every year that can be divided by four is 
 not therefore a leap year as people generally suppose : 1800 was 
 not ; for then one of these intercalary days had accumulated, 
 and was dropped, to the great consternation of many persons, 
 particularly the ladies, who thought that the " almanac makers" 
 had committed a most unpirdonable and ungallant blunder in 
 takin''' away from them what they looked upon as their vested 
 rights. To " take time by the forelock," we respectfully an- 
 nounce to them that they will be in a similar predicament in 
 1000. There ai'e now, therefore, twelve days difference between 
 the old and new styles ; and in order to compute the date of 
 events correctly, and not fall into blunders which even Bancroft 
 has not avoided, we should recollect to allow ten days for the 
 sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, eleven for the eighteenth, 
 and twelve for the nineteenth. 
 
 COSTUME OF FORMER TIMES. 
 
 When Governor Bowdoin reviewed the troops of Massachusetts 
 in 1785, he was dressed in a gray wig, cocked hat, a white broad- 
 cloth coat and waistcoat, red small clothes and black silk 
 stockings. 
 
 In 1782 Governor Hancock received his guests in a red velvet 
 cap, within which was one of fine linen, turned up over the edge 
 of the velvet one, two, or three inches. He wore a blue damask 
 gown, lined with silk, a white satin small-embi-oidered waist- 
 coat, black satin small clothes, white silk stockings, and red 
 morocco slippers. 
 
 The judges of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, as late as 
 1763, wore robes of scarlet faced with black velvet; and in 
 summer, black silk gowns. Gentlemen wore coats of every va- 
 riety of color, generally the cap and collar of velvet of a differ- 
 ent color from the coat. 
 
 1783, General Washington arrived in New York from Mount 
 "Vernon, to assume the duties of the Presidency. He was dressed 
 in a full suit of Virginia homespun. On his visit to New En- 
 gland, soon after, he wore the old continental uniform, except 
 on Sabbath, when he appeared in black. 
 
 John Adams, when Vice-President, wore a sword, and walked 
 the streets with his hat under his arm. At his levees in Phila- 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 161 
 
 Selphia, President Washington was clad in black velvet ; his 
 hair was powdered and gathered behind in a silk bag, yellow 
 gloves, knee and shoe buckles. He held in his hand a cocked 
 hat, ornamented with a cockade, fringed about an inch deep 
 with black feathers ; a long sword in a white leather scabbard, 
 with a polished steel hilt, hung at his hips. 
 
 ORIGIN OF VARIOUS TREES, PLANTS, AND SHRUBS. 
 
 Wheat was brought from the central table-land of Thibet, 
 where its representative yet exists as a grass, with small mealy 
 seeds. 
 
 Rye exists Avild in Siberia. 
 
 Oats wild in North Africa. 
 
 Barley exists wild in the mountains of Himalaya. 
 
 Millet— one species is a native of India, another of Egypt and 
 Abyssinia. 
 
 Maize was found in America. 
 
 Canary Seed was brought from the Canary Islands. 
 
 Rice from South America, whence it was taken to India, and 
 thence to Europe and America. 
 
 Peas are of an unknown origin. 
 
 Lentil grows wild on the shores of the RIediterranean. 
 
 Vetches are natives of Germany. 
 
 Chick-Pea was brought from the south of Europe . 
 
 The Garden-Bean from the East Indies 
 
 The Horse-Bean from the Caspian Sea. 
 
 Buckwheat came originally from Siberia and Tartary. 
 
 Rape-Seed and Cabbage grow wild in Sicily and Naples. 
 
 The Poi)py was brought from the East. 
 
 The Suuiiower from Peru. 
 
 The Lapen from the Levant. 
 
 Flax or Linseed is to Southern Europe a weed in the ordinary 
 grain-crops. 
 
 The Zealand Flax and Syrian Swallow show their origin by 
 their names. 
 
 The Nettle is a native of Europe. 
 
 Madder came from the East. 
 
 Dyer's Weed grows in Southern Germany. 
 
 Safflower came from Egypt. 
 
 Dill is an Eastern plant. 
 
 Hops, Mustard, and Carraway Seed came to perfection as a 
 wild plant in Germany. 
 
 Anise was brought from Egypt and the Grecian Archipelago. 
 
152 POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 Coriander grows wild near the Mediterranean. 
 
 Saffron came from the Levant. 
 
 The Onion out of Egypt. 
 
 Horseradish from the south of Europe. 
 
 Chiccory grows wild in Germany. 
 
 Tobacco is a native of Virginia and Tobago , another species 
 has also been found wild in Asia. 
 
 Fuller's Teasel grows wild in Southern Europe. 
 
 Lucerne is a native of Sicily. 
 
 Spurry is a European plant. 
 
 The Gourd is probably an Eastern plant. 
 
 The Potato is a well-known native of Peru and Mexico. 
 
 The Jerusalem Artichoke is a Brazilian product. 
 
 Hemp is a native of Persia and the East Indies. 
 
 The Garden Cress is from Egypt and the East. 
 
 The Currant and Gooseberry came from Southern Europe. 
 
 The Pear and Apple from Europe. 
 
 The Cherry, Plum, Olive, and Almond came from Asia 
 Minor. 
 
 The Mulberry-tree from Persia. 
 
 The Walnut and Peach from the same. 
 
 The Quince from the Island of Crete. 
 
 The Citron from Media. 
 
 The Chestnut from Italy. 
 
 The Pine is a native of America. 
 
 Horse-Chestnut from Thibet. 
 
 The Hurtleberry is a native of both Asia and Europe. 
 
 The Cranberry of Europe and America. 
 
 Turnips and Mangel-wui-zel came from the shores of the 
 Mediterranean. 
 
 Kohlenbi and White Turnips are natives of Germany. 
 
 The Carrot is by some supposed to have been brought from 
 Asia, but others maintain it to be a native of the same country 
 as the Turnip. 
 
 The Parsnep is supposed to be a native of the same place. 
 
 Spinach is attributed to Arabia. 
 
 White Millet to Greece. 
 
 The Radish to China and Japan. 
 
 The Cucumber to the East Indies. 
 
 Parsley grows in Sardinia. 
 
 Tatragon in Central Asia. 
 
 Celery in Germany. 
 
POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 153 
 
 MAGNITUDE OF THE LAKES. 
 
 Lake Superior is 480 miles long, 80 wide, 900 feet deep, and 
 contains 23,000 square miles. It is 596 feet above the level of 
 tide-water. 
 
 Lake Michigan is 400 miles long, 60 miles wide. 1,000 feet 
 deep, and 578 feet above tide- water. It contains 22,006 square 
 miles. 
 
 Lake Huron is 240 miles long, 86 miles wide, 1,000 feet deep, 
 and contains 20,000 square miles. It is 540 feet above tide- 
 water. 
 
 Green Bay is 105 miles long, 20 miles wide, and contains 2,000 
 square miles. 
 
 Lake Erie is 270 miles long, 40 miles wide, 840 feet deep, 
 and contains 9,000 square miles. It is 495 feet above tide- 
 water. 
 
 Lake Ontario is 180 miles long, 25 miles wide, 500 feet deep, 
 and contains 4.5(»0 square miles. It is ~'o2 feet above tide- water. 
 
 Lake St. Claii- is 20 miles long, 14 miles wide, 20 feet deep, 
 and contains 300 squ'ire miles. It is 520 feet above tide- water. 
 
 American lakes are computed to contain 1 ,700 cubic miles 
 of water — more than half the fresh water on the globe. 
 
 THE CONNECTICUT CHARTER OAK. 
 
 All of her citizens venerate the Charter Oak, the grand old 
 tree that so completely shielded the written Charter which con- 
 tinued to be her organic law till 1818. In song and story the 
 old oak is made famous, and thousands of strangers from abroad 
 annually visit it. The tree stands upon the Wyllys Place, now 
 owned and occupied by the Hon. I. W. Stuart, who has kindly 
 cared for it. A few years since some boys kindled a fire within 
 its trunk, which burned out most of the rotten parts of it. Mr. 
 S. soon discovered tlie fire, and at once had it put out. He 
 then, at considerable expense, had the hollow inclosed by a 
 door, with lock and key. He also had the stumps of branches 
 that had been broken off covered with tin and painted. The 
 tree, from this time, seemed to be imbued with new life, each 
 succeeding spring dressing itself in a richer and denser foliage. 
 On an excursion, the New Haven fire companies, who came to 
 join their brethren in Hartford on the occasion of their annual 
 muster, visited the famous oak. They were, of course, kindly 
 received by Mr. Stuart. To show them the capacity of the tree, 
 he invited the firemen to enter the hollow trunk, when twenty- 
 fcur of the men belonging to Captain M'Grei;or'« 
 
154; POLITICAL POCKET COMPANION. 
 
 (Neptune, No. 6), entered together. They came out, and twen- 
 ty-eight of Captain Thomas' company (Washington, No. 7) 
 then entered. By placing twenty-eight full-grown men in an 
 ordinary room of a dwelling, one may judge of the great size 
 of the famous old Charter Oak. 
 
 THE PRICE OF DIAMONDS. 
 
 Rough diamonds, fit for cutting, are sold at £1 ISs. 4d. to 
 £2 the carat. A carat is rather more than three grains, and 
 156 carats equal to one ounce Troy ; but if the stones are 
 above one carat, the square of the weight is multiplied by the 
 price of a single carat ; so that, for example, a rough stone of 
 three carats costs 3xox, £2 or £18, It is similar with cut dia- 
 monds, and at present (1850) the purest brilliants of one carat 
 fetch more than £8, a brilliant of two carats 2x2x, £8 or £32. 
 When stones are over eight or ten carats, however, this is al- 
 tered, so that they are often valued still more highly. Dia- 
 monds of a quarter of an ounce weight are extraordinarily 
 costly, but still larger are met with ; and one of the largest 
 known is that of the Rajah of Mattun, in Borneo, which weighs 
 nearly two ounces and a half; that of the Sultan of Turkey 
 weighs two ounces ; one in the Russian scepter more than an 
 ounce and a quarter. The greatest diameter of the last is 
 one inch, the thickness ten lines. The Empress Catherine IT. 
 purchased it in the year 1772, from Amstermam, and for it was 
 paid £75,000 and an annuity of £650. Diamonds weighing 
 an ounce exist also in the French and Austrian regalia. One 
 of the most perfect is the French, known as the Pitt or Regent 
 Diamond. It was bought for Louis XV., from an Englishman 
 named Pitt, for the sum of £135,000 sterling, but has been 
 valued at half a million. One of the stones most renowned in 
 the East is the Koh-i-noor, or Mountain of Light, now in pos- 
 session of the Queen of England. It came from Golconda to 
 Persia, and while uncut weighed more than five ounces, but 
 now, polished, only about two ounces. It is valued at more 
 than £2,000,000 sterling. If we look only to the common 
 mode of estimating the value, a perfect brilliant, weighing half 
 a pound, would bo worth £20,000,000. Some have stated that 
 such a diamond exists among the royal treasures of Portugal 
 as large as a hen's egg; according to others, this is only a 
 topaz. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. 
 
 Abercrombie, Gen Page G 
 
 Academy, West Point 17 
 
 Adams, John 8, 11,21,22,41, 
 
 58, 65 
 
 Adams, John Quincy 23, 26, 
 
 41, 60, 65 
 
 Agricultural Productions 48 
 
 Allen, Gen. Ethan 8 
 
 Alabama 6, 78 
 
 Amalgamation 146 
 
 America discovered (Ame- 
 
 ricus Vespucius) 5 
 
 Andre, Maj. John 11 
 
 Apportionment of Con- 
 gressmen 14 
 
 Arkansas 6, 80 
 
 Army 9, 12, 13, 17 
 
 Arnold, Gen. Benedict. ..9, 11 
 Articles of Confederation 10 
 Assembly of New York.. 119 
 
 B. 
 
 Bank of the United States 8 
 
 138 
 
 Baptists 50 
 
 Battles of American Wars 7 , 94 
 
 Baum and Breyman 10 
 
 Bills of Credit 8, 138 
 
 Blacks (Negroes) 36, 48 
 
 Black Hawk (Indian Chief) 89 
 
 Blind Persons Page 88 
 
 Bon Homme Richard 11 
 
 Brandywine, Battle of. ..9, 94 
 Bridgewater, Battle of.. 87, 96 
 
 Buffalo Convention 136 
 
 Bunker Hill, Battle of.. 8, 94 
 Buena Vista, Battle of.. 92, 97 
 
 Burr, Aaron 21, 22 
 
 Burgoyne, Gen. John. . . 10, 94 
 Butler, William 24 
 
 C. 
 
 Cabot, John and Sebastian 5 
 Cabinet and President.. 15, 51 
 
 California 6, 81 
 
 Canals, and Canal Officers 111, 
 121 
 Canvass, Presidential and 
 
 State 128 
 
 Capitol of the U. S. and of 
 
 the several States 2,42 
 
 Carolina, North, South 6,76,77 
 
 Cass, Lewis 24 
 
 Catawba Ford 11 
 
 Catholics 51 
 
 Cedars, Battle of 8 
 
 Census of the U. S. and of 
 
 New York 35,41,115 
 
 Cerro Gordo, Battle of.. 92, 97 
 
 Charter Oak 158 
 
 Chepultepec, Battle of.. 93, 97 
 Chief Justicea of U. S 56 
 
156 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Chippewa, Battle of 87, 96 
 
 Cities and Towns, Popula- 
 tion of 39 
 
 Clay, Henry 23-20 
 
 Clinton, Sir Henry, 11 
 
 Clinton, Gen. George — De 
 
 Witt 21,23,99 
 
 Coin, Gold and Silver.. .43, 44 
 
 Columbia, District of 
 
 Columbus, Cliristopher ... 5 
 
 Commander-in-Chief 16 
 
 Common Schools 113 
 
 Compromise Measures of 
 
 1850 144 
 
 Confederation, Articles of 10 
 
 Congress 7,8, 13 
 
 Congressional Districts of 
 
 New Yorli 122 
 
 Congregationalists 51 
 
 Connecticut 5, 74 
 
 Continental Money 138 
 
 Contreras and Cherubusco, 
 
 Battles of 93,97 
 
 Convention, Constitution- 
 al, Baltimore, Buffalo, 
 
 etc 12,132,136 
 
 Constitution of U. S 13 
 
 Cornwallis, Lord 11 
 
 Crawford, William H...23, 26 
 Costume of Former Times 150 
 Courtsof U. S. andofN.Y. 
 
 State 16,124 
 
 Crown Point 8 
 
 D. 
 
 Dallas, George M 24 
 
 Deaf Mutes 38 
 
 Debt, Public and Domes- 
 tic 57,139 
 
 Declaration of Indepen- 
 dence 9 
 
 Delaware 5, 75 
 
 Deposits, Removal of 90 
 
 Diamonds, Price of 151 
 
 Discovery of America ... S 
 Distance, from Washing- 
 ton, of the Capitals of 
 the States 42 
 
 District Of Columbia 6 
 
 Districts, Senate, Assem., 
 Congr'l, and Judicial in 
 New York ....119, 120,122 
 
 E. 
 
 Election, Pres. and V. P. 15, 21 
 Elections, State, in N. Y.42, 127 
 Electors,of Pres. and V.P. 14,15 
 
 Electors in New York 126 
 
 Election Returns of U. S. 
 
 and New York 25, 102 
 
 Ensign, First American.. 72 
 
 Episcopalians 51 
 
 Eutaw Springs, Battle of 11, 94 
 Expenditures of Gen. Gov. 57 
 
 F 
 
 Ferguson, Gen lit 94 
 
 Fillmore, Millard 24,41 
 
 Flag, First American 72 
 
 Florida 5,79 
 
 Foreigners 40 
 
 Fractions of Population in 
 
 the States 35 
 
 France, War with 82, 95 
 
 Franklin, Dr. Benjamin. .9, 11 
 Free Negroes, Census of. . 37 
 Frelinghuysen, Theodore 24 
 French War, French Pop- 
 ulation in U. S 6,40,82 
 
 Fugitive Slave Law 144 
 
 Funding of Public Debt 81, 139 
 
 G. 
 
 Gage, Gen 8 
 
 Gansevoort and Willett.. 10 
 
INDEX. 
 
 157 
 
 Gates, Gen. Horatio. 10, 11, 94 
 
 Georgia 6, 77 
 
 GerniMns 40 
 
 Gold Coin 44 
 
 GoTernment, U. S , Seat of, 
 
 Stiitcs, Se:it of 17, 42 
 
 Government, States, Seat 
 
 of 42 
 
 Governors of N. Y 98, 118 
 
 Graliiirn, William A 25 
 
 Granger, Francis 24, 138 
 
 Greene, Gen. Nathaniel.il, 94 
 Guilford Court House.. .11.94 
 Griswold Fort, Magsacreat 11 
 
 IL 
 
 Hampshire, New 5. 21 , 73 
 
 Hancock, John 8, 21 
 
 Harrison, Win. H 24,41 
 
 Herkimer, Gen 10 
 
 History, American G, 81 
 
 Hobkirk's Hill, Battle of. 11 
 House of Representatives, 
 U.S 13 
 
 HlinoiB G, 77 
 
 Important Truths 34 
 
 Independence 8 
 
 Indiana G, 78 
 
 Indians 7, 10, 41 
 
 Idiots, Insane Persons, etc. 38 
 Insurrections, Shays', 
 
 "Whiskey' 12. 81 
 
 Interest, L-^al Kates 3G 
 
 Introduction 3 
 
 Inventions 34 
 
 Iowa G,80 
 
 Irish 40 
 
 Jackson, Andrew 23, 41 , 60, GO 
 
 Jay, John 11, 22 
 
 Jefferson, Thos. 21, 41, 58, 67 
 
 Jersey, New 5, 75 
 
 Jones, Capr. John Paul... 11 
 Judicial Districts in U. S. 
 
 and in New York 16,123 
 
 July 4th 9 
 
 Jurors in N. Y.. who quali- 
 fied, who exempt 114 
 
 Justices, U. S 16,66 
 
 Justici s of the Peace, their 
 Courts in N. Y 130 
 
 K. 
 
 Kanzas Territory 6, 145 
 
 Kentucky 6, 79 
 
 King, Riifus 23 
 
 King, William R 25 
 
 Kintr s Mountain, Battle 
 of'. 11,94 
 
 Lafayette, Gen 9,94 
 
 Lakes, Magnitude of 153 
 
 Lexington. Battle of 8,94 
 
 Libraries of Europe 71 
 
 Lincoln, Gen 10, 12 
 
 Long Island, Battle of .. .9. 94 
 
 Louisiana 6, 79 
 
 Lundy's Lane, Battle of. 87, 96 
 
 M. 
 
 Madison, Jas. 12,22, 41, 59, 08 
 
 Maine 5,73 
 
 Magnetic Telegraph 56 
 
 Maryland _- 5,70 
 
 Mason and Dixon's line .. 147 
 
 Massachusetts 5, 12, 73 
 
 Meeting of State Legis- 
 latures ...V 42 
 
 Mercer, Gen 9,94 
 
 Methodists 50 
 
158 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Mexico, War with 91, 97 
 
 Michigan 6,78 
 
 Militia in the U. S 46 
 
 Minnesota Ter 6 
 
 Ministers, Foreign 21 
 
 Mississippi 6. 78 
 
 Missouri 6, 80 
 
 l^Iissouri Compromise 141, 145 
 Monmoutli; Battle of .. .10, 94 
 Monroe, J;mic's. .2:!, 41, 59,68 
 Montgomery, Gun. llich. 
 
 8,94 
 
 Monterey, Battle of 92, 97 
 
 jMorgan, Gen 11 
 
 Morristown 9 
 
 Moultrie, Fort 8,94 
 
 Mount Vernon 64 
 
 N. 
 
 Names of the States, do. 
 
 Political Parties 73, 132 
 
 Navy lind Navy Yards, 
 
 U.S 17,40 
 
 Navy Yards 17 
 
 Nebraska, Nebraska Bill 
 
 6,145 
 
 New Hampshire 5, 73 
 
 New Jersey 5,75 
 
 New Mexico Territory .. . 6 
 New Orleans, Battle of. .89, 86 
 
 New York 5, 75, 98 
 
 Newspapers 47 
 
 Niagara 7 
 
 Ninety-six, Battle of 1 1 , 94 
 
 North Carolina 6, 76 
 
 Nullification 90 
 
 0. 
 
 Ohio 6,77 
 
 Oregon Territory 6 
 
 Origin of Plants, Trees, 
 
 and Shrubs 151 
 
 6 
 
 [ Palo Alto, Battle of 92, 97 
 
 I Parker, Sir Peter 8 
 
 I Paupers gg 
 
 jPeace 11.89,98 
 
 I Pennsylvania 6, 75 
 
 I Pliiladelphia 9 ' IQ 
 
 Pierce, Franklin 25, 41 ,' 93 
 
 Pinckney, Charles C. and 
 
 Tli(jn;as 22 
 
 Pike, Gen. Zebulon 86, 98 
 
 Pitcaira, M;ijor g 
 
 Plattsburgli, Battle of ..88, 96 
 Political Parties, llise and 
 
 Progve-s of 132 
 
 Polk. James K 24. 61, 70 
 
 Population of the U. S. ;ind 
 
 of New York 5, 35, 115 
 
 Population of Chief Cities 
 and Towns 39 
 
 Post Offi:;CS 46 
 
 Presbyterians 50 
 
 Presidents of the U. S., 
 Personal Appearance, 
 Tombs, etc 58, 63 
 
 President and Cabinet.. 15, 51 
 Presidential Elections, 
 
 Canvass, etc 15, 21-24 
 
 Presidential Canvass 15 
 
 Princeton, Battle of 9, 94 
 
 Productions, Agricultural 48 
 Pulaski, Count, killed ..10, 94 
 Puritans, Landing of, etc. 62 
 
 Q. 
 
 Quakers 51 
 
 Quebec 7 
 
 Queenstown, Battle of-- 84, 95 
 
 R. 
 
 50 
 
 Religious Denominations - 
 Representation in Con- 
 gress, Ratio of 14 
 
INDEX. 
 
 169 
 
 Representatives in Con- 
 gress 13,14, 122 
 
 Representatives in the 
 
 Several States 43 
 
 Resaca de Li Palma, Battle 
 
 of 92,97 
 
 Revenue of the U. S 57 
 
 Rhode Island 6, 9, 74 
 
 Removal of the Deposits. 90 
 
 S. 
 
 Salary of Officers of Gov- 
 ernment lo, 18, 42 
 
 Sandwich Islands, Popula- 
 tion of ] 43 
 
 San Jacinto, Battle of. . . . 97 
 
 Saratoga, i^attles of 10, 94 
 
 Savannah ] 
 
 Salt Springs, Onondaga.. 114 
 
 ScliuyU'r, Gen 10 
 
 ScDtt, Gen. W 25, 33, 83, 92, 9 J 
 
 Scotch, Foreigners 40 
 
 Scat of Goverumeut of the 
 
 U. S. and the States. . 17, 42 
 Senate and Senators, U. S., 
 
 and of the Si;ates 13, 43, 117 
 Senate and Senate Dis- 
 tricts of N. Y 119 
 
 Serapis and Bou Ilomrae 
 
 Richard 11 
 
 Shays' Insurrection 12 
 
 Shields, Gen. James.. ..93, 97 
 
 Silver Coin 45 
 
 Slaves and Slavery. 36, 48, 114 
 Silver Grays and Woolly 
 
 Heads 138 
 
 Speakers of the House of 
 
 Representatives 15, 56 
 
 Soldiers 13,93 
 
 South Carolina 6,77 
 
 Stamp Act 7 
 
 States, Settlement of, area, 
 Coats of Arms, Name, 
 etc 5,73 
 
 State Elections 48 
 
 Steuben , Baron 10 
 
 Stillwater, Battle of 10, 94 
 
 Stoney Point 11 
 
 Style. Old, New 149 
 
 Supreme Court U. S. and 
 
 of New York 16, 124 
 
 Supreme Court nf N. Y... I:i4 
 Supervisors of New York, 
 
 Board of 125 
 
 T. 
 
 Tarletoir, Gen 11, 94 
 
 Tax on Tea, Tea Destroj'ed 7 
 Taylor, Zachary 24. 41. 61, 71 
 Tea, Taxation uf. Destruc- 
 tion of, etc 7 
 
 Ti'legraph, Magnetic 5l5 
 
 Ttunossee 6.79 
 
 Texas 6,80 
 
 Ticon'lcroga 8 
 
 Tippecanoe, Battle of 84, 95 
 
 Toinl)s of the Presidents. . 63 
 Town Meetings in N. Y.. . 126 
 
 Trenton, Battle of 9, 94 
 
 Tripoli, War with . . . . 82 
 
 Two-Thirds Rule 143 
 
 Tyler, John. ...24, 41, 61,141 
 
 U. 
 
 Utah Territory 6 
 
 Utica Convention 136 
 
 V. 
 
 Valley Forge 10 
 
 Van Buren, Martin 24, 41,60, 
 
 136 
 
 Vera Cruz, Battle of .. .92, 97 
 
 Vermont 6,73 
 
 Vernon, Mount 63 
 
 Virginia 6,76 
 
 Voters, Qualification in N.Y. 126 
 
160 
 
 / 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Voters in Different Coun- 
 tries 42 
 
 W. 
 
 War, Frcncli, and with 
 
 France 6,82 
 
 War, Revolutionary 7 
 
 War with Tripoli 82 
 
 W:ir of 1812 with England 84 
 
 War with Mexico 91 
 
 Waahington, George 6, 21, 41, 
 58, (53, G4 
 
 Waxhaws. Battle of 1 
 
 Wayne, Gen. Anthony.. 11, 8] 
 
 Wealth of the U. S 4l 
 
 Webster, Daniel 2^ 
 
 Weight of Grain 141 
 
 West Point A cadcmy 11 
 
 White Plainx. Battle of ..0.9 
 Willett and Gausevoort.lO, 9 
 
 Wilmot Proviso 14 
 
 Wirt, William 2 
 
 Wisconsin 6, 8' 
 
 Wolfe. Gen 
 
 Wyoming Massacre...... 1' 
 
 ADDENDA. 
 
 Bt an Act of Congress passo.l March Ist, 1S.'55, the salaries of our Foreigj 
 Ministurs were fixed at the Mlowing rates, to lake effect after June SOllj 
 1S55: 
 
 To Great Britain 117.500 
 
 " France 15,(I00 
 
 •' Spain l-^.OtO 
 
 •' Austria 12,<»tt0 
 
 « Russia 12,100 
 
 " PrusMa 12,(100 
 
 " Swilzorland 7,500 
 
 " Poruisal 7,5(10 
 
 "China 15-000 
 
 .. Peru 1(1.000 
 
 " Argentine Iteixiblic T.5U0 
 
 " Bolivia T.Sno 
 
 " Venezuela 7.500 
 
 " Nicar.;^gua 7,000 
 
 To Rome t7.& 
 
 " Naples 7.5( 
 
 " Sar.linia 7,6( 
 
 '• Belgium 7.5( 
 
 " Uofland 7.5( 
 
 " Denmark 7.5t 
 
 .« Swedeu 7,5(! 
 
 " Turkey 9.0C 
 
 " Brazil 12.0( 
 
 " Cliili 9-0< 
 
 " New Grenatla 7.5(| 
 
 '• Ecuador 7 51 
 
 " iJuateinala 7 6( 
 
 " Mexico 12,0(1 
 
 The sal:.ri.'8 of Secretaries of Legation to those omnlrios varies froj 
 $2,.'j00 to $1,500; those of Resident Ciuisuis from $7,500, as in Great Britaij 
 and France, to $500, as in the Fejee Islands and some other countries. 
 
 By the Act fixing the Salaries of Consul!*, they are entitled :o feis f> 
 services therein mentioned. [See Top of 21st Page— Eepeaeed.]