Qass. Rnnk .Cy'i;i /rr^ ' \. ^ V f ' < weapon, his lance. His other offensive weapons con- sisted of a sword, dagger, battle-axe, and mace. His helmet, cuirass, coat of mail, shield, &c., constituted 1 his defensive armour. 8. The laws of Chivalry made it the duty of the knight to protect the chastity and honour of the i ladies ; to relieve faithful vassals from the oppression, i of petty lords, and to observe, on all occasions, in 5 a special manner, the virtues of hospitality, humanity,' , and courtesy. Great excellence and skill in all the martial sports and exercises of the age ; the virtues of piety, chastity, modesty, courtesy, loyalty, liberal- ity, sobriety, and, above all, an inviolable attachment 1 to truth, and an invincible courage, were the endow- ments and virtues necessary to form an accomplished i knight. Questions. — 7. What were the equipments, offensive and defensive, of the knight? 8. AVhat were the duties of a knight, and his virtues and endowments ? HISTORY MIDDLE AGES. 119 |[ 9. The favourite amusements and exercises of the mights were jousts, tilts, and tournaments, the most splendid of which were celebrated at royal marriages md coronations, and after great victories. They were ittended by distinguished knights, barons, princes, md ladies of the highest rank; and sm-passed in Gorgeous display, and exciting circumstances, eveiy scenic performance of modern times. ! 10. Chivalry also embraced various orders or asso- ciations of knights, united for specific purposes, mostly of a benevolent or half-religious character. rhese orders figure prominently in history, and some •emains of them exist to this time. The order of the Knights Hospitallers — afterwards called the Knights of Malta — was founded in the eleventh century, at Jerusalem. The order of the Knights Templars was founded also at Jerusalem, in 1118 A. C, and sup- pressed in 1 3 1 2 . The Teutonic order was established about 1190 A. G. 11. The influence of Chivaliy upon society was most important. It gave a noble direction to the ' military spirit of the age, which else would have tepent itself in perpetual war, rapine, and anarchy. ■" War was carried on with less ferocity, when hu- manity came to be deemed the ornament of knight- hood, no less than courage. More gentle and polished Questions. — 9. What were the favourite amusements of the knights ? How were they attended ? 10. What did Chivalry also embrace ? 11. What is said of the influence of Cliivalry upon society? 120 mSTOKY MIDDLE AGES. manners were introduced, when courtesy was recom- mended as the most amiable of knightly virtues. Violence and oppression decreased, when it was reckoned meritorious to check and to punish them." Treachery and hypocrisy became detestable, when loyalty and truth became the distinguishing charac- teristics of the gentleman, and all the low and grov- elling passions of the heart were checked, when its aspirations were directed towards the cultivation of the ennobling sentiments that glorified the sphit of Chivalry. CHAPTER VI. Rise of the Ottoman Empire and Extinction of the Eastern Etnpire of the Romans. From 1300 A. C, to 1453. 1. The Crusades, which for nearly two centuries ? precipitated the Chivalry of Western Europe upon ] the shores of Asia, retarded, but did not prevent, , the encroachments of the Turks upon the European i dominions of the Eastern empire. After the final 1 and unsuccessful termination of those wonderful ex- peditions, the Turks gradually regained their strength and possessions, and concentrated a power which was destined to obliterate the last vestige of the imperial sway of the Romans. Questions.— 1. What happened in the East, after the Crusades ? HISTORY MIDDLE AGES. 121 2. Fresh hordes of Turks inundated the fairest portions of Asia Minor, and swelled the forces of those already in possession. Among the seven inde- pendent chieftains, or Emirs, who conducted the progress of this fierce race, Othman (from whom the Turks derived the name of Ottomans) was far the most powerful. He pursued a victorious career of twenty-seven years, and finally, after the conquest of the most of Syria and Asia Minor, concentrated the sole command in his own person. A. C. 1 300 to 1327. 3. He was succeeded by his son Orcan, under whom the Turks, after the reduction of Pnisium, Nicomedia, and Nice, crossed the Straits of Constan- tinople, and carried their arms into Europe. When Orcan died, in the year 1360, many important places in Thrace, and the city of Adrianople, had fallen into their hands. 4. Having thus obtained a foothold, they continued for a series of years — which present an uninterrupted scene of warfare — to add to their conquests, untij, imder the reign of Bajazet I., surnamed Ilderim, or Lisfhtnino^, the Turkish encroachments had so re- duced the Eastern emphe, that its limits scarcely ex- tended beyond the suburbs of the city of Constan- tinople. A. C. 1396. Questions. — 2. What is said of the Turks in Asia Minor ? Who was their most powerful chieftain, and wliat is said of him ? 8. Who succeeded him ? What is said of the Turks, under Orcan? 4. What is said of the years succeeding Orcan? 11 122 HISTOKY — MIDDLE AGES. 5. Everything appeared, at this period, to an- nounce the downfal of Constantinople itself. But this catastrophe was delayed by the appearance from the East of a far more formidable conqueror than Bajazet, who was now forced to defend himself. The renowned and terrible Timurbek, better known as Tamerlane, a prince of the Usbek Tartars, after hav- ing conquered India, Persia, and a portion of Syria, now poured his barbarous warriours upon the plains of Asia Minor. 6. Bajazet hastened to oppose this formidable war- riour with a large army. A great battle was fought near Ancyra, in Phrygia, which, after three days in- cessant slaughter, resulted in the triumph of Tamer- lane. A. C. 1402. Bajazet, having been taken prisoner, was confined by the conqueror in an iron cage, where, one or two years after, he died. 7. Tamerlane soon after this returned to his own dominions, and the Turks, recovering from their de- feat, in a short time reappeared in the field of con- quest, as powerful as ever. The pacific reign of Mahomet I., who died in 1421, was followed by that of Amuret II., who, in the decisive battle of Varna, in 1444, deprived the city of Constantinople of al- most its last resource ; and, finally, the sceptre pass- QuESTioNs. — 5. What appeared to be inevitable at this period ? What delayed the event ? What is said of Tamer- lane ? 6. How did Bajazet act, and what was the result ? What became of Bajazet ? 7. What became of Tamerlane, and what was the subsequent course of the Turks ? HISTORY ^riDDLE AGES. 123 ins: into the hands of Mahomet II., determined the fate of the Eastern empire. 8. It was in vain that the emperom-, Constantine Paleologus, exercised all his prudence and intrepidity against the bold and ambitious Sultan of the Turks. o The last day of the Eastern empire of the Romans had arrived. The city of Constantinople fell, after a most bloody resistance, into the hands of the Turks, and was given up to rapine and plunder. A. C. 1453. CHAPTER VII. Illustrious Men of the Middle Ages. 1. During the greater portion of the Middle Ages, literature and the knowledge of the sciences were confined principally to the clergy ; and amidst the general, and almost constant, state of turbulence and warfare which the unsettled elements of society produced at that eventful period, learning sought in the sacred seclusion of the monasteries, or convents, a secure and cherished home. To them, under the careful guardianship of the monks, whose noble ef- forts in the cause of instruction, and whose unheard- QuESTioxs. — 8. What was the fate of Constantinople and the Eastern Empire ? 1. What is said of literature and science during the Middle Ages ? For what are we indebted to the monasteries and the monks ? 124: HISTOET — ^MEDDLE AGES. of labours in the transcription of books, have given them a title to the gratitude and admiration of all succeeding time, we are indebted for all the monu- ments we possess of ancient literature and science. 2. One accustomed to read of this period as one of unmitigated darkness and degrading ignorance, will be astonished to discover the brilliant catalogue of distinguished men who illustrated its annals by their efforts in the progress of civilization ; and we conclude this period of our " Outlines" with a brief notice of a few of the most prominent. 3. Beginning with the last portion of the Fifth Century after Christ, when the Middle Ages com- mence, we find Simplicius distinguished as a philoso- pher, and St, Sidonius eminent for his learning, 4. In the Sixth Century flourished the renowned warriours, Belisarius and Narses ; and its annals are illustrated by the writings of St. Ceesarius, St. Ful- gentius, Boetius, and of the distinguished historians, Procopius, Gildas, and St. Gregory of Tours. 5. In the Seventh Century lived the warriours Phil- ipicus and Amri ; the distinguished statesmen, Leger and Ebroin ; Isidorus, of Seville, and Marculf, illus- trious for their learning ; St. Gregory the Great, Pope of Rome ; and St. Augustine, first Archbishop Questions, — 2, What will be discovered with astonishment by certain persons ? 3, What distinguished men lived towards the close of the Fifth Century ? 4, What distinguished per- sons flourished in the Sixth Century ? 5, What distinguished persons flourished in the Seventh Century? I HISTORY — I^nDDLE AGES. 125 of Canterbury ; the poet, St. Fortunatus ; and Cal- linicus, the chemist. 6. In the Eighth Century flourished the distin- guished Pepin D'Heristel, and Charles Martel, ilhis- trious as statesmen and warriours ; the noble doctor and historian, known as the Venerable Bede ; St. Zachary, Pope of Rome ; St. Boniface, Apostle of Germany ; and St. John Damascene, Doctor of the Church. T. The Ninth Century was illustrated by the bril- liant careers of Charlemagne, of France, and Alfred the Great, of England ; by the writings of the histo- rians, Paul of Aquileia, and Eginhard ; and by the learning and erudition of Alcuin ; John Scot ; Lupus, Abbot of Ferriers ; George Syncella, and Anastatius, the Librarian. 8. In the Tenth Century flourished the distin- guished warriours, Bardas, and Geoffery, Count of An- jou ; the historians, Frovard, Eutychius, and Luit- prandus ; and St. Bruno, of Cologne ; Leo, the Phi- losopher ; and Eudes, of Cluni, illustrious for their eminent learning. 9. In the Eleventh Century lived the historians, Leo, the Grammarian ; Herman, the Short ; Glabar and Adam, of Bremen, and Abbo ; Pope Sylvester II., Fulbert, of Chartres ; St. Peter Damian ; Pope St. Gregory YII. (Hildebrand), and Landfranc, all Questions. — 6. What distinguished persons flourished in the Eightli Century ? 7. In the Ninth Century ? 8. In the Tenth Century ? 9. In the Eleventh Century ? 11-^ 126 HISTOKY :MrDDLE AGES. illustrious for their great learning. The leading war- riours and statesmen of this period have already been mentioned as participators in the first Crusade, which took place towards the end of this century. 10. In the Twelfth Century flourished Abbot Se- gur, and Thibault, Count of Blois, eminent as states- men; Hugli, of Flavini ; Sigebert; Nestor; William, of Malmesbury ; Otho, of Freysing ; Wilham, of Tyre ; and Peter, of Blois, distinguished as historians ; and Anselm, of Canterbury ; Yvo, of Chartres ; Wil- ham, of Champeaux ; Hugh, of St. Victor ; Abelard ; Peter, the Venerable; Peter Lombard; and John, of Salisbury, eminent for their learning. 11. The Thirteenth Century witnessed the military renown of the warriours, Chatillon, Couci, and Mat- thew, of Montmorency ; the writings of the historians, Roger Howden, Peter des Vaux, Matthew Paris, Ville Hardouin, Inglebert and Thomas Wick ; the profound learning of Roger Bacon, Abbot Joachim, the great St. Thomas Aquinas, Richard Middleton, and Alain, of Lisle ; and the poetry of Thibault, of Champaigne ■ William, of Lorris, and John, of Me- ung. 12. The Fourteenth Century was rendered illus- trious by the patriotic deeds of William Tell, the lib- erator of Switzerland ; and of William Wallace and Robert Bruce, of Scotland ; by the military achieve- QuESTioNs. — 10. "What distinguished persons flourished in the Twelfth Century? 11. In the Thirteenth Century? 12. In the Fourteenth Century ? HISTORY MroDLE AGES. 127 ments of the Black Prince, Du Guesclin, Clisson, and John de Montfort; by the historical writings of Joinville, John Cantaciizenus, Matthew, of West- minster, and Sir John Froissart ; by the learning of William Oakham and Buridan, and by the poetry of Dante, Petrarch, and Chaucer. 13. The Fifteenth Centmy, during which the Middle Ages close, witnessed the military achieve- ments of D'Armagnac, Talbot, Scanderbeg, and War- wick ; the learning of Alain Chartier, the piety of Thomas a Kempis, the poetry of Gower and Chate- laine, and the enterprise of Faust and Schseffer, the first printers, and of Christopher Columbus, the dis- coverer of America. Questions. — 13. What distinguislied persons flourislied in the Fifteenth Century ? 128 HISTORY MODEEN. PAET THIRD. MODERN HISTORY. CHAPTER I. 1. According to the division of history which we have adopted, Modern History reaches from the ex- tinction of the Eastern Empire, in the year 1453, down to the present time. 2. Immediately after the downfal of the Eastern Empire, in 1453, the progress of improvement in manners, hteratm-e, science, and art, which had been long making a certain and gradual advancement, re- ceived a most wonderful acceleration. The Crusades had awakened a spirit of enterprise ; — Chivalry had refined the manners and the morals of men ; — Com- merce had commenced to stimulate the energies and form the tastes of Europe, and had poured its wealth and magnificence into the Italian cities of Venice, „ Genoa, and Pisa ; and the association of the Hanse i Towns, embracing most of the commercial cities of Europe, had opened a brilhant era in European progress. Questions. — 1. When does Modern History commence? 2. What is said of the progress of improvement after the fall of the Eastern Empire ? What is said of it up to that period ? HISTOKY MODERN. 129 3. In tlie midst of these favourable auspices, the mariner's compass, gunpowder, and the art of print- ing were invented, followed by the discovery of America, and of a maritime passage to India round the Cape of Good Hope — events which gave renewed life and vitality to the restless spirit of the age, and opened an interminable field to the growing and ar- dent struggles of enterprise. 4. The munificent and liberal patronage bestowed, at Rome and throughout Europe, at this period, upon science, literature, and art, contributed, also, to quicken in every direction the energies of the mind, and opened up new sources of ambitious exertion. 5. Thus commenced the present progressive move- ment ; which, although retarded at several periods since by religious divisions and destructive wars, has never been stayed in its onward march. The fuU and steady light of refinement and civilization is now beaming with a constantly increasing lustre upon almost every quarter of the globe. 6. The most powerful kingdoms of Em'ope, at the present time, are France, England, Austria, Russia, and Prussia. The kingdoms of lesser power are Spain, Portugal, Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. It is our intention to speak of all of these before Questions. — 3. What happened in the midst of this state of things ? 4. What further exerted a beneficial influence at this period? 5. What is said of the progressive movement thus commenced ? 6. What are tlae most powerful kingdoms of Europe ? What are those of lesser power ? 130 HISTORY — MODEEN. touching the History of America ; as, also, to glance at the German and Italian States, Poland, the Neth- erlands, Scotland, Ireland, and Tm^key. '7. Most of the modern kingdoms of Europe, how- ever, date their early history and commencement during the Middle Ages, the most prominent features only of which period have already been given. It will be necessary, therefore, in order to give a com- plete outline, to take up the history of those king- doms at a period much earlier than that which marks the commencement of Modern History. CHAPTER II. FEANCE. SECTION I. Its Early History — Merovingian Kings — Carlovingian Kings— from 234 A. C, to QSY. 1. France anciently bore the name of Gaul, which, in addition to its modern dimensions, com- prised the Netherlands and the Western parts of' Germany. It derived its modern name of France < Questions. — 7. What is said of most of the modern king- doms of Europe ? What, therefore, will be necessary ? 1. i What is said of France, anciently ? What is the origin of its modern name ? HISTOET MODERN. 131 I from a mixed multitude of various tribes, inhabiting the country between the Rhine and the Weser, who, when Germany was invaded by the Romans, united in defence of their common country, and styled i themselves Franks, or Free Men. ! 2. The Franks, between the year 234 A. C, when they made their first iriiiption into Gaul, and the year 420 A. C, were, with but occasional interrup- tion, in fierce opposition to the power of the Roman emperours. At the last-mentioned period, however, they obtained, under their leader, Pharamond, a per- manent footing in the province. 3. Pharamond was succeeded, in 427 A. C, by his putative son, Clodion, who, after a reign of twenty-one years, left the throne to Merovaeus, from whom the first race of the French kings takes the name of Merovingian. 4. Childeric I., who succeeded his father, Mero- vaeus, after a turbulent reign, left the kingdom to Clovis, who is propei-ly considered the founder of the French monarchy. A. C. 481. 5. Clovis having married Clotilda, a Christian prin- cess, was converted by her pious endeavom'S to Chris- tianity, an event which was followed by the conversion of his subjects. He made Paris the seat of his gov- Qttestions. — 2. What is said of the Franks ? When did they obtain a permanent footing in Gaul ? 3. Who succeeded Phai'amond ? 4. Wlio succeeded Merovseus ? Who is prop- erly considered the founder of the French monarchy ? 5. What is said of Clovis ? 132 HISTORY MODEEN. ernment, and published the Salique law, excluding females from succession to the throne. 6. From the death of Clovis, in 511 A. C, to the ( year 688 A. C, there were twelve kings of the Mero- vingian line, whose reigns were marked with mucTi 1 discord and bloodshed. At the latter period, how- ever, during the reign of Thierry, Pepin d'Heristel, 1 the Mayor of the Palace, or chief officer in the king- , dom, acquired absolute authority, which he retained i for many years — the king being so merely in name. , Y. Charles Martel succeeded his father, Pepin, ini supreme authority. He is distinguished for having < stopped the tide of Saracen conquest, by signally^ defeating the Mahometans, who had overrun Spain, i and passed the Pyrenees, in the celebrated battle between Tours and Poictiers. A. C. '732. 8. Charles Martel was succeeded in power by hisi son, Pepin le Bref, or, the Short, Childeric III. I being the nominal king. Pepin, being wily and am-i bitious, soon succeeded in having the crown placed ( on his own head, to the exclusion of Childeric andi his sons, and thus put an end to the Merovingian race of kings. A. C. 152. 9. Pepin, who was the founder of the second, on Questions. — 6. "What is said of tlie period immediately suO" ceeding Clevis ? "What happened in the year 688 A. C. ? 7. ' "Who succeeded Pepin ? For what is Charles Martel distin-' guished? 8. Who succeeded Charles Martel ? "What is said i of Pepin le Bref? 9. Of what race is Pepin the foimder? "Who were his immediate successors ? HISTORY MODERN. 133 Carlovingian race of kings (so called from Charles Martel, the father of Pepin), was succeeded by his sons Charles and Carloman. The latter soon after dying, the undi\ided sovereignty devolved on Charles, who is known in history as the celebrated Charle- magne, or Charles the Great. A. C. 111. 10. Charlemagne was by far the greatest monarch of his age, and pm-sued a splendid career of victoiy, which, in the com-se of thirty years, extended his dominion over France, the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, a large portion of Italy, and a part of Spain. So extensive were his conquests, that he was solemnly crowned Emperour of the West by Pope Leo III., at Rome. A. C. 800. 11. After the death of Charlemagne, the empire was divided into three monarchies — France, Ger- many, and Italy. The history of his successors pre- sents a sad contrast to the brilhant career of Charle- magne — presenting nothing but a series of catastro- phes, until the supreme power was finally obtained by Hugh the Great, the most powerful nobleman of France, in the reigns of Louis IV. and Lothaire. 12. Hugh the Great was succeeded in power by his son Hugh Capet, during the reign of Louis V. On the death of that monarch, Hugh Capet usurped Questions. — 10. "Wliat is said of Charlemagne, and the ex- tent of his empire? 11. What happened after the death of Cliarlemagne? What is said of his successors? 12. Who succeeded Hugh the Great ? What happened on the death of Louis V. ? 12 134 HISTORY MODERN. the throne, and terminated the Carlovingian dynasty. He was the founder of the third or Capetian race of French kings. A. C. 987. SECTION II. Capetian Kings, from Hugh Capet to Philip VI., of Valois. From A. G. 981, to 1328. 1. Hugh Capet, the head of the Capetian hne, was an able and pohtic sovereign, during whose reign, which lasted nine years, the boundaries of the kingdom were extended, and several important regu- lations introduced. 2. He was succeeded by his son Robert, who, after a comparatively tranquil reign of thirty-five years, was succeeded by his son Henry I. A. C. 1031. 3. Henry I. was succeeded, after a reign of twenty-one years, by his son Philip I., during whose reign the first Crusade was preached by Peter the Hermit. 4. Louis YI., son of Philip L, ascended the throne in the year 1108, and was distinguished as an ac- compHshed sovereign. His reign was signalized by Questions. — 1. What is said of Hugh Capet ? 2. Who suc- ceeded him ? 8. Who succeeded Henry I. ? What happened in his reign ? 4. Who succeeded Philip I. ? What is said of him and his reign ? HISTORY MODERN. 135 a war with Henry I., of England, in which the latter was aided by Henry V., Emperoiu' of Germany. 5. He was succeeded by his son Louis VII., in 1137, Avho, as we have seen, led the second Crusade. Louis having divorced his wife, Eleanor, heiress of Guienne, she shortly after married Henry Plantage- net, who subsequently becoming Henry 11. of Eng- land, the rich duchy of Guienne became added to the dominions of the English crown in France. 6. Philip II., surnamed Augustus, succeeded to the throne in 1180. He was a most able and accom- phshed sovereign, though possessing many faults. His reign was signalized by the expulsion of the Jews from his dominions, and the confiscation of their property ; the third Crusade, in which he united with Richard Goeur de Lion and Frederick Barbarossa ; and a war with John of England, who was aided by Otho IV. of Germany, in which Phihp Augustus was completely successful. After a splendid reign of forty-three years, he left the kingdom about twice as large as when he found it. v. Philip Augustus was succeeded by his son Louis VIIL, surnamed the Lion, on account of his valour. He seized upon all the possessions of the English on the Continent, as far as the Garonne. Questions. — 5. Who succeeded Louis VI. ? What is said of Louis VII. and his wife Eleanor ? 6. Who succeeded Louis VII. ? What is said of Philip Augustus and his reign ? 7. Who succeeded Philip Augustus ? What is said of him and his reign 1 136 HISTORY MODERN. His reign was also signalized by an expedition against the Albio^enses, whose movements had convulsed the South of France. 8. St. Louis IX. ascended the throne in 1226, at the age of twelve years. During his minority the government was conducted under the regency of his mother, a most accomplished princess. St. Louis was eminently distinguished for his benevolence, piety, and purity of hfe, and combined in his char- acter all the noblest qualities that can adorn a mon- arch. As we have seen, he engaged in the sixth and seventh Crusades, during the progress of the last of which he died near Tunis. 9. Phihp IIL, surnamed the Bold, succeeded his father in 1270, and continued the Crusade against the Saracens in Africa, until he compelled the King of Tunis to submit to terms favourable to the Chris- tians. 10. He was succeeded in 1285 by Philip IV., surnamed the Fair. During his reign a revolt in Flanders was subdued after a bloody struggle, and the celebrated order of Knights Templars was sup- pressed, in consequence of the corruptions and abuses which had for a lonof time disfjraced the institution. 11. Philip IV. was succeeded by Louis X., who reigned only two years. His posthumous child, John Questions. — 8. Who succeeded Louis VIII. ? What is said of St. Louis IX. ? 9. Wlio succeeded St, Louis IX. ? 10. Who succeeded Philip III. ? What happened during his reign ? 11. Who succeeded Philip IV. ? HISTORY — ^MODEEN. 137 I., died four days after being acknowledged king, and the brother of Phihp IV., who was acting as regent, succeeded under the title of Phihp V. His reign was marked by a persecution of the Jews. 12. Charles lY. succeeded PhiUp V. ; and, after a reign of six years, died without issue ; and thus tenninated the Capetian race of kings. A. C. 1328. SECTION III. Branch of Valois, commencing with Philip VIL, and ending with Charles VIII. From A. C. 1328, to 1498. 1. John I., Philip V., and Charles lY., ha\ing left no male heirs, the throne devolved on Philip of Yalois, the cousin of the late king, who assumed the title of Philip YI. The succession, however, was claimed by Edward III., of England, in right of his mother, Isabella, the daughter of Philip lY. — a claim that produced those long and bloody contests between France and England, which are so famous in the history of those countries. 2. During the reign of Philip YL, the English Questions. — 12. Who succeeded Pliilip V. ? What was the effect of his dying without male issue ? 1. Who succeeded Charles IV. ? By whom was the succession claimed, and what •was the consequence ? 2. What happened during the reign ofPhHipVL? 12* 138 HISTORY MODERN. monarch, in prosecuting his claim to the crown of France, was signally successful in his military en- gagements. He forced his way as far as Paris, gained a great victory over Philip at Cressy, and subsequently besieged and took Calais. A. C. 1347. 3. Philip VI. was succeeded, in 1350, by his son, John XL, a good but most unfortunate monarch. He was utterly defeated by the Enghsh, under the Black Prince, at Poic tiers, in 1356, and carried a prisoner to London, where he died in 1364. 4. He was succeeded by his son, Charles V., sur- namod the Wise, a prudent and sagacious sovereign. His reign was rendered illustrious by the achieve- ments of the celebrated general, De Guesclin. The French, under that able commander, recovered al- most all the places conquered by the English. 5. Charles VI. succeeded the late king, his father, in 1380, at the age of twelve years, under the re- gency of his uncle, the Duke of Anjou. His unfor- tunate reign was distracted by civil wars, during which Henry V., of England, invaded France, and gained the famous victory of Agincourt. A. C. 1415. 6. Charles VII. succeeded to the throne in 1422. His claim to the crown being disputed by Henry VI., of England, the war was renewed with great vigour. Questions. — 3. Who succeeded Philip VI. ? What hap- pened during his reign ? 4. Wlio succeeded John II. ? Wliat rendered his reign illustrious ? 5. Who succeeded Charles V. ? What is said of his reign ? 6. Who succeeded Charles VI. ? What happened during this reign ? HISTORY MODERN. 139 and Charles was reduced to the most desperate ex- tremities. At this crisis, however, an obscure coun- try girl, twenty-seven years of age, Joan of Arc, otherwise called the Maid of Orleans, turned the tide of victory. Claiming to be divinely commissioned, she placed herself at the head of the armies of France, and by her address and intrepidity overthrew the power of the English. She was subsequently, how- ever, taken by the latter, and burnt alive at Rouen. A. C. 1431. 7. Louis XI. succeeded Charles YIL, in 1461. Though the author of several wise laws and regula- tions, his character was distinguished for cunning, dishonesty, and cruelty. His nobles, exasperated by his overbearing tyi'anny, revolted, and produced a civil war, called the war of the pubhc good. 8. Charles VIII. succeeded his father in 1483, at the age of thirteen, under the regency of his sister, Anne of Beaugeau. He was a mild, affable, and com-teous monarch. During his reign he effected the conquest of Naples, which kingdom had been claimed by his father. He reigned fifteen years, and died without issue. A. C. 1498. Questions. — 7. Who succeeded Charles VII. ? What is said of Louis XI. ? 8. Who succeeded Louis XL ? What is said of Charles VIIL? 140 HISTOEY MODEEN. SECTION IV. Branch of Orleans, commencing with Louis XIL, A. C. 1498 and ending loith Henry III., A. C. 1589. 1. Charles VIII., the last of the direct line of the house of Valois, having died without issue, the crown devolved upon the Duke of Orleans, the great-grand- son of Charles V., v/ho assumed the title of Louis XII. This monarch was a just and beneficent ruler ; and, by relieving his subjects from many burdens under which they had laboured, obtained the title of " The Father of his People." In his mihtary enter- prises he was finally unsuccessful, though his armies were led by the celebrated Chevalier Bayard and Gaston de Foix. 2. Louis XIL was succeeded, in 1515, by his ne- phew, Francis L, a most accomplished prince, a bold, ardent, and enterprising warriour, and a munificent patron of hterature. On the death of Maximilian, Emperour of Germany, in 1519, Francis, and Charles, King of Spain, afterwards Charles Y. of Germany, became rival claimants for the imperial throne of Ger- many. The ambition of Francis was foiled, and Charles was elevated to the coveted throne. This gave rise to a fierce war between the two monarchs. Questions. — 1. Upon whom did the crown devolve on the death of Charles VIII. ? What is said of Louis XII. ? 2. Who succeeded Louis XII. ? What happened on the death of Maximilian of Germany 2 HISTORY MODERN. 141 which lasted more than twenty years. It finally ter- mmated in favour of Charles : and soon after peace was restored, Francis died. A. C. 1547. 3. Francis I. was succeeded by his son, Henry II., who, without possessing the talents of his father, re- sembled him in many respects. Thirteen years of his reign w^ere spent in war with Charles V. of Ger- many, and Philip II. of Spain, which was ended by the treaty of Chateau Cambresis. During this reign, Calais, which had been in possession of the Eng- lish ever since the reign of Philip VI., when it Avas taken by Edward III. of England, was recovered by the French. 4. Henry II. was succeeded, in 1559, by his son, Francis II., who was the first husband of the unfor- tunate Mary, Queen of Scots. He reigned but one year, and was succeeded by his brother, Charles IX., a boy ten years old, under the regency of his mother, Catherine de Medicis. 5. At this time, the Protestant religion, which had been first promulgated in Germany during the reign of Charles V., had gained many adherents in France, and counted among its leaders the Prince of Conde and Admiral Coligny. Much hostility had been man- ifested towards the Protestants by the government, under the Guises, during; the short reiofn of Francis QuESTioNSi^T— 3. Who succeeded Francis I. ? What happened daring his reign ? 4. Who succeeded Henry II. ? Who suc- ceeded Francis II. ? 5. What is said of the Protestant reli- gion at this time ? 142 HISTORY MODERN. 11. ; and the conspiracy of Amboise, which the Prot- estants had then formed against the king and the Cathohc leaders, and which had been discovered and frustrated, caused that hostihty to increase, and was the origin of severe measvu-es. 6. Two years after the accession of Charles IX., the Protestants revolted against the government, and the horrours of civil war, aggravated by murders and assassinations on both sides, reigned throughout France. At length, after many contests and much bloodshed, the unnatural warfare was crowned by an i awful and barbarous act of cruelty, on the part of t the government. This was the simultaneous mas- sacre of a large number of the principal Protestants throughout France, on the night of St. Bartholomew's Day, August 23d, 1572. 1. Charles IX. was succeeded, in 1574, by his weak brother, Henry HI., during whose reign the sj celebrated League was formed by the Duke of Guise and the Catholic leaders, for the purpose of defend- ing the State against the power of the Protestant party, which was led by the Prince of Conde, and Henry, King of Navarre. After a distracted reign of fifteen years, Henry III. was assassinated by James Clement, a fanatic friar, and with him ended the Or- leans branch of the house of Valois. A. C. 1589. Questions. — 6. What happened two years after the acces- sion of Charles IX. ? What was the result ? 7. Who suc- ceeded Charles IX. ? What happened during this reign 3 What was its termination ? HISTORY MODERN. 143 SECTION V. House of Bourbon, from the Accession of Henry IV., A. C. 1589, to that of Louis XVI., Ill4t. 1 . The house of Valois having become extinct on the death of Henry III., the crown passed to the Bourbon branch of the Capetian hne, deriving its descent from St. Louis IX., and being the next en- titled in the person of Henry III., King of NavaiTe, who ascended the throne of France with the title of Henry IV., afterwards surnamed the Great. 2. The accession of Henry IV., who had been reared a Protestant, was at first opposed by the League, which had been formed during the previous reign, and was now led by the Duke of Mayence ; but Henry, having overthrown that party in the de- cisive battle of Ivri, and having subsequently renounced Protestantism and become a Catholic, effectually silenced all opposition. By the celebrated Edict of Nantes, securing to his Protestant subjects many valuable rights and privileges; by his many ti-uly royal qualities, and the benefits and blessings which his wise and prudent administration conferred on his long-afflicted country, he won the love and gratitude Questions. — 1. What happened on the death of Henry III. ? 2. What opposition was made to Henry IV. ? How was this opposition silenced ? What is said of Henry IV., and what was his fate ? 144 HISTORY MODEEN. of all classes of his subjects. He fell, however, be- neath the hand of an assassin named Ravaillac, a ra- ving fanatic. A. C. 1610. 3. Henry IV. was succeeded by his son, Louis XIII., at the age of nine years, under the regency of his mother, Maiy de Medicis. During the re- gency, the kingdom relapsed into the most fatal dis- orders ; but Louis, after reaching his majority, en- trusted the managem^ent of affairs to the celebrated Cardinal Richelieu, his prime minister, who, by his ; powerful genius and consummate statesmanship, raised i the kingdom to a higher pitch of prosperity than it i had ever before attained, and laid the foundation of ! the glory of the following reign. 4. Louis XIV. succeeded his father, the late king, in 1643, in the fifth year of his age, under the re- gency of his mother, Anne of Austria. During his ■ minority Cardinal Mazarin was prime minister; butt on the death of that statesman, Louis took personal I charge of the government, and entered upon a splen- did career, which rendered his reign the most brilliant t in the history of France. His armies commanded by the celebrated Turenne and Conde, and the finances of his kingdom regulated by the abihties of Colbert, Questions. — 3. Who succeeded Henry IV. ? What hap^ pened during the regency, and after Louis attained his ma- jority ? 4. Who succeeded Louis XIII. ? Who was his prime minister ? What is said of Louis XIV., and his reign after the death of Mazarin ? HISTORY ^MODERN. 145 enabled him to extend his power by foreign conquest, and build up and increase the internal splendour of his kingdom. His reign is styled the Augustan age of France, and is distinguished for the many illus- trious men in every department of literature, art, and science, who flourished at the period. 5. The Edict of Nantes, which had been granted by Henry IV. to his Protestant subjects, was revoked by Louis XIV. in 1685, on account of the many dis- turbances which, under it, the Protestants had ex- cited, and the restless and intriguing spirit they had constantly manifested. This has been, by many, con- sidered an irilpolitic measure, inasmuch as France lost, by the emigration of the Protestants in conse- quence, a large, industrious*, and useful population. But if it was — as the French statesmen of the period certainly viewed it — a measure involving the security and tranquillity of the kingdom, — disadvantages of such a nature should not weigh against it, no matter how much we may regret the circumstances which rendered so stern a policy necessary. 6. Louis XIV. reigned seventy-two years, and died in the 78th year of his age, in the year 1715. His reio-n was the long^est and the most brilliant in the history of France. 1. He was succeeded by his great-grandson, Louis Questions. — 5. What Edict was revoked by Louis XIV., and why ? How has this measure been considered ? How is this objection answered ? 6. How long did Louis XIV. reign, and what is said of his reign ? 7. By whom was he succeeded ? 13 14:6 HISTORY MODERN. XV., in the sixth year of his age, under the regency of the Duke of Orleans. During this regency many thousands of persons were ruined by the Bank es- tablished by Law, a Scottish adventurer, who formed a plan, called the Mississippi scheme, for paying off the national debt. 8, On attaining his majority, Louis XV. chose for his prime minister the excellent Cardinal Fleur}?-, who for twenty years, by his wise and prudent counsels, maintained the peace of France and the rest of Eu- rope. After the death of that virtuous minister, France became involved in the war of the Austrian Succession, which broke out on the •death of the Emperour Charles VI. The rival claimants to the vacant throne were Maria Theresa, Queen of Hun- gary and daughter of the late Emperour, and Charles, Elector of Bavaria : the former supported by Eng- land, and the latter by France and Prussia. The contest, after a struggle of seven years, resulted in favour of Maria Theresa, and peace was concluded by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. A.C. 1748. 9. Seven years after this, France and England be- came engaged in a war on account of the boundaries of their colonies in America, It was terminated by Questions. — What occurred during the regency ? 8. Whom did Louis XV. choose as his minister ? What happened after the death of Cardinal Fleury ? Who were the claimants of the Austrian tlirone ? What was the result of the war ? 9. What happened seven years after the Peace of Aix-la- Chapelle ? How did this war terminate ? HISTORY MODERN. 147 a treaty, at Paris, in 1*763, by which France ceded her most valuable North American possessions to England. 10. Louis XV. died in 1774, having ruled fifty- nine years. A great portion of his reign was marked by tyrannical exactions, odious measures, and destruc- tive prodigality, which paved the way to the terrible convulsions that, during the reign of his unfortunate successor, shattered the monarchy into dust, and shook every throne in Em-ope to its base. SECTION VI. From the Accession of Louis XVI., A. C. 1774, to 1851. 1. Louis XVI. succeeded his grandfather, the late King, in 1774, at the age of twenty years. Pure and upright in liis intentions ; virtuous, moral, and benevolent in his character, and desirous of promo- ting the welfare and happiness of his subjects, this most unfortunate monarch succeeded to a position beset on every side with difficulties and dangers of the most trying and appalling character. Thpse — growing out of the tyranny, abuses, and prodigality which marked the careej; of his predecessor — needed Questions. — 10. When did Louis XV. die, and what is said of his reign ? 1. What is said of Louis XVI., and the diffi- culties he had to encounter ? 148 HISTORY MODERN. the control of a firmer hand, a harder heart, and a more despotic disposition than Louis XVI. possessed. 2. The nation immensely in debt, the people goad- ed to desperation by unequal taxation, the resources of the kingdom utterly exhausted, the state of the finances presenting a frightful deficiency, which could be supplied only by still more grinding exactions from the already impoverished subjects, added to the spread of irreligion and immorality infusing their pernicious influence through every department of society, presented a combination of evils, portentous of the terrible tornado which was about to sweep over the devoted monarchy. 3. Perceiving the distressing and threatening as- pect of public affairs, Louis XVL commenced his reign by kingly acts of munificence, and measures calculated to conciliate the popvilar desires. He re- moved from office the most obnoxious persons ; appointed in their place able and popular ministers, and re-established' the parliaments which had been suppressed in the previous reign. The affairs of the kingdom, however, were desperate. Turgot, at the head of the finance, in attempting his reforms, be- came obnoxious to the privileged classes, and was forced to retire. The celebrated Neckar succeeded him, and shared the same fate ; and the department Questions,— 2. What was tlie state of France at tliis period ? 3. How did Louis XVI. commence his reign ? What is said of Turgot, Neckar, and Calonne ? HISTOKY MODERK. 149 passed into the hands of Calonne, who, abandoning the economy of his predecessors, sought the safety of the State in a show of prodigahty. 4. All this, however, did not allay the irritable state of pubhc feehng, and the restless and feverish desire for a change. In the midst of this, the Ameri- can Revolution broke out, and the French Govern- ment, at the solicitation of the struggling Colonies, aided them in their effort to throw off the British yoke. On the return of peace, in 1783, the embar- rassments of- the kingdom were, as a natural conse- quence, greatly increased, and the passions and feel- ings of the people roused by the spirit of liberty and independence which had characterized the glorious movements in America. 5. At length, after various attempts to extricate the kingdom from its embarrassments, the States- General — a body consisting of deputies from the three orders, the Nobility, Clergy, and Common People — was convoked. The ratio of representation to this great assembly was so fixed, that the revolu- tionary party obtained in it a decided ascendancy. The natural result soon followed. The Revolutionists changed the title of the body to that of the National Assembly ; and, in carrying out their first acts, th«y, in effect, wrested from the King the greater part of Questions. — 4. What was the effect of these measures ? What event happened at this time ? What was the effect of the American Eevohition ? 5. What happened at length ? What was done by the i; evolutionists in the States-General? 13* 150 HISTORY MODERN. his authority, and deprived the NobiUty of their privileges. 6. Great disorders immediately followed. Paris became the scene of friofhtful insuiTCctions — diirinar which the State-prison, called the Bastile, was razed to the gromid ; and the lanes, alleys, cellars, and filthy purlieus of the crowded city poured forth the disgusting forms of the vilest and most abandoned wretches of both sexes, whose crimes and horrid excesses cannot be contemplated without a shudder. 7. The National Assembly, after effecting changes of the most radical character, undertook to form a Constitution, and Avas thence called the Constituent Assembly. At this time the King attempted to fly from the kingdom, but Avas arrested. A Constitu- tion was shortly after determined on, which being accepted by the King, the Constituent Assembly adjourned September 30th, 1*791. 8. The revolution had only commenced. The Legislative Assembly next met; and, its delibera- tions influenced and swayed by the fierce revolution- ary spirit of the celebrated Jacobin Club, the most violent and proscriptive measures were adopted. 9. On the 21st of September, 1792, a new body, styled the National Convention, met, and commenced Questions. — 6. "What immediately followed ? 7. What did the National Assembly next attempt, and what occurred? 8. What was the title of the next Assembly, and what is said of it? 9. When did the National Convention meet, and what did it do ? HISTORY ^MODEEN. 161 their action by abolishing the regal government, and declared France a Republic. This Assembly, swayed by monsters in the shape of men — Marat, Danton, Robespierre, and their confederates — thirsted for the blood of the innocent King. He was accordingly arraigned, and condemned by that infamous tribunal to suffer death by the guillotine. He was executed January 21st, I'ZQS. His Queen, the celebrated Marie Antoinette, and his \drtuous and noble sister, the Princess Elizabeth — the one in October, 1793, and the other in May, 1794 — shared the same cruel fate. The guillotine, in Paris — and throughout France, between 1792 and 1794 — was constantly reeking with the best and noblest blood of France ; and so numerous were the arrests, and so horrid the executions and massacres, that this period is known m history as " The Reign of Terrour," Most of the demons who acted as leaders of the Revolutionary Government at this awful time, in their turn, a very short time afterwards, being condemned by rival partisans, met death on the guillotine, and paid a just penalty for their terrible crimes. 10. During the "Reign of Terrour," the irreligion and impiety which the writings of the French in- fidels had infused throughout France became awfully apparent. Religion was formally abolished by the Questions. — Wliat was the fate of Louis XVI., his Queen and sister ? What is said of this period ? 10. What other enormities happened during the Eeign of Terrour ? 152 HISTORY MODERN. Government ; Sunday, and every thing pertaining to the sacred character of Christianity, incuiTed the hate of the Revolutionists, and were obhterated, and the abominable worship of the Goddess Reason was substituted for the sublime morality and pure dogmas of the religion of Christ. 11. During the progress of the Revolution, several constitutions were formed, but each in turn was set aside. At length, in 1799, one was formed^ which j placed the executive power in the hands of three e Consuls — of whom Napoleon Bonaparte — who had at t that time acquired a distinguished reputation on ac- count of his military talents — was elected the First — Cambaceres, the second — and Le Brun, the third. 12. Previous to this, however, the violent and in- temperate course of the Revolutionists had awakened 1 the fears and enmity of the sovereigns of Europe, ' and caused them at different periods to combine their i efforts for the purpose of opposing the terrible prog- ress of the Revolution, and of reinstating the kingly j authority in France. The firet of the series of coali- . tions against the French was commenced by Austria i and Prussia, in 1792; and they were joined, after ) the death of the King, by Great Britain, Holland,!' Russia, and Spain. The chief command of the Allies n was held by the Duke of Brunswick, who, having} H*- Questions. — 11. What is said of the Constitutions formed>< during the progress of the Eevolution and that in 1799?' 12. What had happened previous to this? What is said of * the first coalition ? What was its fate ? HISTORY MODERN . 153 invaded France, was completely overthrown; and the French, under Dumouriez, flushed with their success, carried their victorious arms beyond the Rhine ; speedily reducing the Netherlands, Holland, Switzerland, and a part of Germany, and afterwards planted their standards on the plains of Italy. The command of the army having been given, in 1Y96, to Napoleon Bonaparte, then only twenty-seven years of age, the war soon terminated in the complete tri- umph of the French by the treaty of Campo Formio, in 1797. 13. After this, Bonaparte invaded Egypt, defeated the Mamelukes at the battle of the Pyramids, and took possession of Cairo and all the Delta. He pene- trated, also, into Syria ; took the city of Jappa, and gained the battle of Mount Thabor, but was repulsed in his attempts upon Acre. Previous to this, the French fleet was completely destroyed by the Eng- lish, imder Nelson, in the Bay of Aboukir, ofl" the mouth of the Nile, in 1798. Bonaparte, soon after his return to Egypt, hastened back to France, where he was created First Consul, in 1799. 14. The second coalition had already been formed ; but, though the Allies were commanded by accom- plished generals, nothing could resist the activity, energy, and talents of Bonaparte. The Austrians, under the Archduke Charles, and the Russians, Questions. — 13. What is said of Bonaparte after the treaty of Campo Formio ? 14. What is said of the second coalition ? What was its success and final result ? 164: HISTORY MODERN. under Suwarrow, gained at first many important ad- vantages ; but the brilliant and decided victories of the French, under Bonaparte, at Marengo, and under Moreau, at Holienlinden, led the way to the peace of Amiens, in 1802. 15. During the peace which succeeded the treaty of Amiens, Bonaparte, who, as First Consul, exer- cised absolute sway over the Republic, procured the establishment of many important regulations. He published an admirable body of laws, called the Code i Napoleon, being a digest of the Civil Law ; restored! the Catholic Religion, which had been suppressed! during the Revolution, and embellished Paris by; the erection of splendid buildings and national monu-i ments. 16. In the mean time he was gradually advancing! towards the summit of his ambition. He first caused;! himself to be created Consul for life, with supremeii power, and subsequently, in 1804, was proclaimed'!' Emperour of France, with the title of Napoleon I.^ and solemnly crowned by Pope Pius VII. lY. During the year previous to his assuming tttei imperial sceptre, war broke out afresh between^ France and England; and in 1805, the third coaB4i tion was formed by England, Austria, Russia, andi Sweden. These were afterwards joined by Prussiaj! Again Napoleon was victorious. He annihilated th^ Questions. — 15. What is said of Bonaparte, after the treaty of Amiens ? 16. What happened in tlie mean time ? 17. Whali happened during tlie year previous ? HISTORY MODERN. 155 power of the Austrian army at Ulm, overthrew the 3ombined forces of Russia and Austria in the mem- orable battle of Austerlitz, and, in fine, forced his snemies to humiliating terms by the treaty of Pres- burg. The glory of these splendid successes, how- ,ever, was someAvhat dimmed by the great naval vic- tory gained by the English over the combined fleets of •France and Spain, off Cape Trafalgar. In this great i battle. Lord Nelson, the English Admiral, was slain. 18. Napoleon, soon after this, dissolved the Ger- man Empire, and formed, by the union of several : States, the celebrated " Confederation of the Rhine :" I he elevated the Electors of Bavaria, Wurtemburg, and Saxony to the rank of kings, and appointed his brother Joseph, King of Naples, and his brother Louis, King of Holland. 19. Napoleon had now attained so imposing and dangerous a power in Europe, that a fourth coali- tion was formed against him, in 1806, by Russia, Prussia, Austria, Sweden, and England. The Prus- sians commenced hostilities ; but before the Alhed Powers could render them assistance. Napoleon, with rapid, prompt, and well-timed movements, overthrew them in the great battles of Jena and Auerstadt, and took possession of Berlin, the capital of Prussia. Questions. — What was the result of the third coalition? "What dimmed the glory of this success? 18. What were the acts of Napoleon soon after ? 19. When, and by what Powers, was the fourth coalition formed ? Who commenced hostilities, and what was the result ? 156 HISTORY MODERN. 20. Subsequently, the French army penetrated mto Poland, and defeated the Russians m the obsti- nate battle of Pultusk. The next year Napoleon fought ■with the Russians the battle of Eylau, in which nei- ther party was victorious ; defeated them in the bat- tle of Friedland f and having taken possession of Dantzic and Konigsberg, pursued the retreating Rus- sians to the Niemen, and there, on a raft at Tilsit, dictated terms of peace to the Russian Emperour, June 25th, 1801. 21. By the peace of Tilsit the King of Prussia lost t a large portion of his dominions, and was, in effect, , rendered powerless. Alexander, the Russian Emper- - our, agreed to concur in Napoleon's great design of f excluding British commerce from the Continent ; and 1 the provinces conquered from Prussia were formed I into a separate kingdom, named Westphalia, of which i Jerome Bonaparte was made king. 22. Having thus subdued his enemies at the North, Napoleon, elated by his wonderful success, soon di- rected his attention to Spain and Portugal. Terrified at the threatening measures of the French Emperour, , the royal family of the latter kingdom emigrated to ' Brazil, in South America ; and Charles IV., King of Spain, was compelled to resign his crown in favour of Joseph Bonaparte, brother of Napoleon. The Questions. — 20. What was the course of Napoleon subse- quently ? 21. What were some of the features of the peace of Tilsit ? 22. Whither did Napoleon now direct his attention, and what was the result? HISTOEY ^MODERN. 157 throne of Naples, Avhich had been pre\iously occu- pied by Joseph, was, in consequence, granted to Murat, Napoleon's brother-in-law. 1808. 23. These high-handed and ambitious measures roused the fierce opposition of the Spanish people, and caused the celebrated Peninsular War, in which the Spaniards were assisted by the English. The contest raged from the year 1808 to 1813; during which period the allied forces of Spain and England, under the command of Sir Arthm* Wellesley — after- wards created Duke of Wellington — gained a series of splendid victories over the French, the most im- portant of which were those of Talavera, Salamanca, and Vittoria. 24. During the Peninsular War, however, Napo- leon's attention was divided in consequence of a new war, which, in 1809, broke out between Austria and France. This war Napoleon conducted in person, and, with his usual fortune, was completely success- ful. At Abensberg, Eckmuhl, and Ratisbon, he drove the Austrians before him, and entered Vienna, the Austrian capital. Soon after he fought the desper- ate battle of Aspern, or Essling, and entirely de- feated the Austrians, under the Archduke Charles, at the bloody battle of Wagram. This war \vas, in a short time after these successes, concluded by the Questions. — 23. What was the consequeuce of »these meas- ures? 24. What divided Napoleon's attention during the Peninsular War ? What was Napoleon's success in the war "with Austria, and how was it concluded? 14 168 HISTORY — MODERN. treaty of Vienna, by which the Austrian Emperour lost large portions of his territory ; and, among other humiliating terms, was compelled to promise his daughter, Maria Louisa, in marriage to his victorious foe. In order to consummate this marriage, Napo- leon afterwards procured a divorce from his wife, the accomplished and celebrated Empress Josephine. 25. During the campaign which ended in the vic- tory of Wagram, Napoleon authorized a barbarous act of tyranny and cruelty, which has left one of the foulest blots on his fame, and which, in a remarkable manner, became the turning point of his fortune, as from that act may be dated his precipitate downfal from the summit of power to a desolate and hnger- ing captivity. This was the dethronement and im- prisonment of the venerable Pope Pius VII., and the forcible annexation of the patrimony of St. Peter and of the Eternal City to the French Empire — the Pope having refused to comply with the arbitrary and un- just demands of the imperious conqueror. This event took place July 6th, 1809. 26. The distinguished historian, AHson, concludes his account of this infamous transaction with the fol- lowing remarkable passage : — " What does the Pope mean," said Napoleon to Eugene, in 1807, "by the threat of excommunicating me ? Does he think the world- has gone back a thousand years? Does he suppose the arras will fall from the hands of my sol- QuESTioNs. — 25. What happened during the campaign of Wagram ? HISTORY ^MODERN. 169 diers?" Within two years after these remarkable words were written, the Pope did excommunicate him, in return for the confiscation of his whole dominions, and in less than four years more the arras did fall from the hands of his soldiers, and the hosts, appa- rently invincible, wliich he had collected, were dis- persed and ruined by the blasts of winter. He ex- torted from the Pope, at Fontainebleau, in 1813, by the terrours and exhaustion of a long captivity, a re- nunciation of the rights of the Church over the Ro- man States ; and within a year after, he himself was compelled, at Fontainebleau, to sign the abdication of all his dominions. He consigned Cardinal Pacca and several other prelates, the courageous counsellors of the bull of excommunication, to a dreary imprison- ment of four years amid the snows of the Alps ; and he himself was shortly after doomed to a painful exile of six, on the rock of St. Helena ! " There is some- thing," continues Alison, " in these marvellous coin- cidences beyond the operations of chance, and which even a Protestant historian feels himself bound to mark for the observation of future ages. The world had not gone back a thousand years ; but that Being existed with whom a thousand years are as one day, and one day as a thousand years." • 2Y. In the mean time the restless ambition of the French Emperour did not flag. In 1812, whilst yet Questions. — 26. What is a remarkable passage quoted from Alison, in relation to this transaction ? 27. What was Napo- leon's course in 1812 ? 160 HISTORY MODEEN. 1 the Peninsular War was raging, lie declared war against Russia, under the pl^a that, contraiy to the provisions of the treaty of Tilsit, the latter power had favoured British commerce. Accordingly, at the head of an immense army, he invaded Russia, defeated the Russians at 'Smolensk, fought the bloody battle of Borodino, and advanced with his victorious legions towards Moscow, the ancient capital of the empire. 28. Here he intended to take up his winter quar- ters ; but he was thwarted by the Russians, who here, by a desperate and sublime act of devotion, at last rolled back the tide of French victory. They set fire to their noble city, reduced it to ashes, and left the French Emperour with no other alternative than to retrace his steps with his dispirited and weary army, through deserts of snow, amidst the intense severity of a Northern winter, and harassed at ev«ry step by fierce bands of Russians, who throughout that dis- astrous retreat hung upon his rear and flanks. Of the 400,000 men who entered Russia with Napoleon, only about 30,000 returned. 29. Napoleon, in advance of his shattered and ruined forces, hastened, disguised, to Paris, and, deter- mined to retrieve his fortunes, levied another vast army ; but he was now opposed by the fifth coaUtion, composed of Russia, Prussia, Austria, Sweden, and Questions. — 28. Wliat was the conduct of the Kussians on Napoleon's approaching Moscow, and what was the result? 29. How did Napoleon attempt to retrieve his fortimes ? By what was ho now opposed, and with what result ? HISTORY ^MODERN. 161 England. Nothing daunted, he advanced against his foes with his usual rapidity — defeated them in the battles of Lutzen and Bautzen — repulsed them at Dresden — but was, finally, completely routed in the terrible battle of Leipsic. 1813. 30. After this overwhelming reverse, Napoleon again fled to Paris, and attempted, but in vain, to rouse the French people. He then rejoined his army, and in vain attempted to oppose the progress of the Allies, who having penetrated, after desperate strug- gles, into the heart of France, at length entered Paris, March 31st, 1814. 3 1 . Napoleon was now solemnly deposed by the Al- lies, but was allowed to retire to the island of Elba ; the Bourbon dynasty was restored ; the brother of the unfortunate Louis XVI. ascended the throne, with the title of Louis XVIIL, and the Pope, after a captivity of five years, returned to Rome. 32. Everything now promised a lasting peace; but before a year had elapsed. Napoleon left the island of Elba, with the determination of regaining his lost power. He landed in the South of France, on the 1st of March, 1815 ; was received with rap- turous enthusiasm by the army ; resumed the title of Emperour, and rapidly advancing upon Paris, entered that city on the 20th of March. Louis XVIIL and his family fled on his approach, and Na- QuESTioNs. — 30. What happened after the battle of Leipsic? 81. What happened after the Allies entered Paris ? 32. What happened before a year elapsed ? 14* 162 HISTORY MODERN. poleon resumed the sceptre without having shed a drop of blood. 33. He was now proclaimed by the Alhes an out- law, and a new coalition was formed against him* Again at the head of a large army, Napoleon strug* gled for the mastery ; but he was finally and com- pletely defeated by the Alhes, under Blucher and Wellington, in the memorable battle of Waterloo, June 18th, 1815. Finding that all was lost, Napo- leon now yielded to his fate. He again abdicated the throne, and surrendered himself to the English Government. He was subsequently exiled to St. Helena, a solitary and dreary island in the Atlantic, where he remained a prisoner until his death, which took place on the 5th of May, 1821, in the 52d year of his age. 34. Napoleon was, unquestionably, one of the most remarkable men who have figured in the history of the world. Rising from obscurity, by the energy of his own genius, to the proudest and most power- ful position ever attained in modern times, he pre- sented to the world, as a warriour, a sovereign, and a statesman, a combination of great and brilliant qualities rarely witnessed in a single individual. But his character had many great defects. He exer- cised over his own dominions a military despotism ; and his insatiable ambition prompted him to sacrifice. Qtjestions. — 33. What followed the return of Napoleon? "What was his fate ? 34. What was his character ? HISTOET MODERN. 163 without scruple, the rights and independence of other nations — so that his downfal was hailed with exulta- tion b)^ the friends of humanity throughout the world. 35. After the second dethronement of Napoleon, Louis XVIII. again ascended the throne : France was restored to its ancient limits, and a constitutional charter was framed, which secured to the people several important privileges. 36. Louis XVIII. was succeeded, in 1824, by his brother, Count D'Artois, with the title of Charles X. The reign of this monarch was rendered memorable by the Revolution of 1830. His government was rendered obnoxious to the hberal party in France through the attempts made to check the spirit of liberty, by influencing the elections, dissolving the Chambers, and restraining the freedom of the press. At length, the people of Paris, in July, 1830, took up arms against the Government, and in three days, ending with the 29th of that month, the Revolution was completed. Charles X. fled; the throne was declared vacant ; the Constitutional Charter was re- modelled ; and the Duke of Orleans, cousin of the deposed monarch, was invited to the throne, and accordingly ascended it, August 7th, 1830, with the title of Louis Philippe, King of the French. Questions. — 35. What happened after the second dethrone- ment of Napoleon? 36. By whom was Louis XVIII. suc- ceeded ? What rendered the reign of Charles X. remarkable? What produced the Eevolution ot 1830, and what was its result ? 164: HISTOKY MODERN. 37. Louis Philippe occupied the throne up to the 22d of February, 1848, when a new Revolution, growing out of causes analogous to those which pro- duced the Revolution of 1830, hurled him from power, and obliged him to fly into England ; and France was declared a Repubhc, of which, in De- cember of the same year, Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, a nephew of the Emperour Napoleon, became Presi- dent. CHAPTER III. ENGLAND. SECTION I. From the Invasion of the Country, by Julius Ccesar, B, C. 55, to the Union of the Saxon Heptarchy and Foundation of the Monarchy, A. C. 827. 1. The part of the island of Britain, now called England, is supposed to have been peopled originally by a colony from Gaul ; but at what time, there is no record to tell us. The Phoenio^ans traded at a very early period with the inhabitants of the southwestern Questions. — 37. Up to what time did Louis Philippe occupy the throne, and what terminated his power ? Who became President of the new Kepublic ? 1. What* are the early ac- counts of England ? When do the earliest authentic accounts commence ? HISTORY MODERN. 165 extremity of the island, for copper and tin, but they did not penetrate beyond the coast, and knew nothing of the interiour of the country. The earliest authen- tic accounts we have commence with the invasion by the Romans, under Julius Caesar, who, fifty-five years before the birth of Christ, crossed over from the Continent, and, with his victorious legions, having forced Cassibelanus, the chief of the Britons, to sub- mit, took possession of the country. 2. But the native princes of the country did not tamely submit ; and in the year 43 A. C, a second invasion Avas made by the Romans, under the Em- perour Claudius ; and Caractacus, the king of the Britons, after a gallant struggle of nine years, was taken prisoner by the. Roman general, Ostorius, and sent to Rome. Again, in the year 59, A. C, during the reign of the Emperour Nero, the Romans, under Paulus Suetonius, struggled for the mastery. The Britons, led by the heroic queen, Boadicea, for a long time kept their enemies in check, and gained several victories over them ; but they were finally defeated by the Romans, in 61 A. C, and Boadicea, to escape from their power, ended her fife by taking poison. The final conquest of the country, however, was not completed until during the reign of Titus ; when the Roman general, Agricola, having defeated Galcagus, subjected it to the Roman dominion. A. C. 18. Questions. — 2. Give an account of tlie subsequent invasions by the Eomans. 166 HISTOET MODEKN. 3. The Romans built three walls across the island, to protect their southern possessions from the in- cursions of the Scots — the fierce and warlike bar- barians of the northern portions of the island — and retained possession of their conquests for about 400 years. 4. At length, in 426 A. C, the Roman legions were withdrawn from Britain, being needed on the Continent to check the fierce armies of the northern barbarians,, who at that time were overrunning the provinces of the empire. The Britons, enervated by their connexion with the Romans, being now left to their own resources, could make but feeble resistance to the incursions of their warlike and hardy neigh- bours, the Scots and Picts, from the north of the island. After a long struggle, however — their ap- peals for aid from Rome being unheeded — they in- vited the Saxons, from Germany, to assist them. This assistance was freely granted ; and a Saxon army, under the command of Hengist and Horsa, landed in Britain in 449 A. C, and soon drove back the Scots and Picts to their homes in the North. 5. But the Britons had only made an exchange of masters. The Saxons, delighted with the country, procured a large accession of forces from Germany, Questions. — 3. What was done by the Komans to secure their possessions, and how long did they retain them ? 4 What happened in 426 A.C., and what was the consequence? 5. What course did the Saxous pursue afterwards ? HISTORY MODEKN-. 167 composed of Saxons, Angles, and Jutes, and, after vain and ineffectual- efforts by the Britons to resist them, completed the subjugation of the country, which they finally divided into seven kingdoms, called the Saxon Heptarchy. These kingdoms were — Kent, Sussex, Wessex, Essex, Northumberland, East An- glia, and Mercia. A. C. 584. 6. During the period of the Heptarchy, which lasted upw^ards of two hundred years, the country was blessed by the light of Christianity. The first Christian missionary was St. Augustine, vrho, being sent by Pope Gregory the Great, landed in Britain with forty other monks, in the year 59*7 A. C. His first convert was Ethelbert I., King of Kent, whose subjects generally followed his example, and grad- ually the pure fight of the Gospel spread through the island. v. The Heptarchy, after a succession of dissen- sions and contests, was finally brought to a close by Egbert, King of Wessex, who, having subdued the several kingdoms, became sole king, and united them into one monarchy, under the name of England. A.C. 82Y. Questions. — Name the kingdoms of the Heptarchy ? 6. What happened during the period of the Heptarchy ? Who was the first missionary and the first convert ? 7. How, and by whom, was the Heptarchy brought to a close ? 168 HISTORY MODERN. EC T ION II From the Foundation of the Monarchy, A. C. 82*7, to the Nor- man Conquest, 1066. 1. Egbert had scarcely consolidated his power, before the coasts of England were invaded by the Danes, a people whose depredations form a prom- inent featm-e in the early history of England. Their excursions, chiefly of a predatory or piratical charac- ter, were frequent and destructive, and their descents upon the British Islands kept the inhabitants in a constant state of alarm. Egbert, after several at- tempts to stop their ravages, finally defeated them with great slaughter, in 835 A. C. He died the next year. Ethelwolf, his son and successor, was also harassed by these fierce pirates, but overthrew them in 851 A. C. On the death of Ethelwolf, and dur- ing the successive reigns of his sons, Ethelbald, Ethelbert, Ethelred, and Alfred, the Danes continued, notwithstanding repeated defeats, to commit their depredations upon the shores of England, and finally obtained possession of a large portion of the island. 2. The last-mentioned son of Ethelwolf, Alfred, justly surnamed the Great, at last reheved his king- QuESTioNs. — 1. What occurred shortly after the establish- ment of the monarchy ? What is said of the Danes, during the reigns of Egbert and his immediate successors ? 2. Who reheved the kingdom from the Danes, and how ? HISTORY ^MODERN. 169 dom from these fierce barbarians. He ascended the throne in 871 A, C. Though at first defeated by the Danes, and compelled to conceal himself, for a time,, beneath the humblest disguise, he finally tri- umphed over them in the battle of Edrington. 3. After having thus restored tranquilhty to the kingdom, Alfred turned his attention to the arts of peace. He divided England into counties, digested a code of laws, established trial by jury, founded the University of Oxford, instituted schools, and, for the in- struction of his subjects, translated a number of works into the Saxon language. He also encouraged agri- culture, commerce, and the useful arts, and, by pre- cept and example, inspired among his people a love and respect for rehgion. 4. The noble character of Alfred the Great has been justly considered one of the finest models of kingly excellence which history presents. His pri- vate and public life were equally distinguished for those shining vu'tues which can alone entitle a man to the epithet of Great. His piety as a Christian, his valour and intrepidity as a warriour, his learning and accomplishments as a writer, his wisdom and sagacity as a lawgiver, and his firmness, humanity, and justice as a ruler, have rendered this patriot king an object of unquahfied praise and admiration through every succeeding age. Questions. — 3. What was the course of Alfred after this ? 4, What is said of the character of Alfred ? 15 170 HISTOEY ^MODERN. 5. Alfred was succeeded, in 900 A. C, by his son Edward, sumamed the Elder, whose reign was sig- nalized by a continued but successful struggle against the Northumbrians and Danes, who were powerful in the North of England. He succeeded in extend- ing and strengthening the power of his rule over dis- tricts which had not owned the sway of his predeces- sors ; and was succeeded by his eldest son, Athel- stan, in 924 A. C, who, pursuing the course of his ; father, succeeded in silencing all oppositicPn to his government in the kingdom, and has hence been con- ■ sidered by some as the first king who effectually es- • tabhshed the kinsrdom of Enorland. 6. After the death of Athelstan, in 940 A. C, the short reigns of Edmund, Edred, Edwy, Edgar, Ed- • ward the Martyr, Ethelred 11. , and Edmund Ironside, , followed in succession, during which but little of P prominent interest occurred, except the reappearance of the Danes in England, in the reign of Ethelred IL, A. C. 994. They were now led on by their King, Sweyn, who in 1013 A. C. — Ethelred having fled to Normandy — took possession of the kingdom, which he governed until his death, when Ethelred was re- stored. On the death of Ethelred, his son, Edmund I Ironside, succeeded in 1016 A. C. Y. But the Danes, having once possessed the Questions. — 5. Who succeeded Alfred ? What signalized , his reign? Who succeeded Edward the Elder? What is said of Athelstan? 6. What followed the death of Athelstan, » and what event happened during the reign of Ethelred 11. ? HISTORY ^MODERN. ITI throne, were not disposed to resign it so quietly ; and Canute, who had succeeded his father, Sweyn, to the throne of Denmark, now asserted his claim to the crown of England. He invaded the country, and compelled Edmund to divide his kingdom with him ; and Edmund being shortly afterwards murdered, Ca- nute was acknowledored sole Kino^ of Eno-land, A. C. 1017. He proved to be an excellent and powerful sovereign, and, from his talents, obtained the appel- lation of the Great. 8. He was succeeded, in 1036 A. C, by his son Harold, surnamed Harefoot, who, after a reign of four years, was succeeded by his brother, Canute 11., or Hardicanute. This monarch was the last of the Danish kings, and reigned but two years. 9. On the death of Hardicanute, in 1042 A. C, the English threw off the Danish yoke, and restored the Saxon line of kings in the person of Edward, surnamed the Confessor, the brother of Edmund Ironside. This monarch was a mild and beneficent king, and received the surname of Confessor in con- sequence of his piety and virtues. He united all the laws of England in one body, which was styled the Common Law. 10. On the death of Edward, in 1065 A. C, the Questions. — 7. "What course was pursued by the Danes on the accession of Edmund Ironside ? What was the result ? "What is said of Canute ? 8. Who were the successors of Ca- nute ? 9. What happened on the death of Hardicanute ? What is said of Edward the Confessor ? 172 HISTOKY MODERN. kingdom was distracted by the claims of several competitors for the crown. Among these were, William, Duke of Normandy, who claimed that the late kinff had made him his heir, and Harold, son of the Earl of Wessex, and grandson of Esthrita, daughter of Sweyn. Harold, having caused himself to be proclaimed king, William of Normandy imme- diately resolved to maintain his claim by force of arms. He invaded the country at the head of 60,000 men ; and having met Harold with an equal force, on the field of Hastings, completely defeated him. Harold was slain in the battle, and the nation submitted to WiUiam, who ascended the throne with the surname of the Conqueror. A. C. 1066. SECTION III. The Norman Family : from William, the Conqueror, 1066 A. C, to the Accession of the Planto.genets, 1154. 1. William the Conqueror, was an arbitrary, but able sovereign, whose character was in keeping with the stern and iron age in Avhich he lived. He elevated his Norman followers to every post of dis- tinction, to the exclusion of the native nobles, in- QuESTioNs. — 10. What distracted the kingdom, on the death of Edward ? Who were among the claimants to the Crown, and what was the result? 1. What is said of William the Conqueror, and his acts ? HISTORY MODERN. 173 troduced the use of the Norman lanoruaofe in the Courts of Justice, and is said to have been the first who estabhshed the Feudal System in the kingdom. 2. He was succeeded, in 1090 A. C, by his son, Wilham II., surnamed Rufus, fi-om his red hair — a monarch whose character is represented as tyranni- cal. He was accidentally killed by an arrow, when hunting in the New Forest, in 1100 A. C. 3. Henry I., surnamed Beauclerk, or the Scholar, the younger brother of William Rufus, usurped the throne, which of right belonged to his elder brother Robert, at that time engaged in a crusade in the Holy Land. The latter, on his return, asserted his right to the Crown, but was defeated, taken prisoner, and confined in Wales until his death. Henry, by his marriage with Matilda, great-grand-daughter of Edmund Ironside, united the Saxon and Norman families, and was an able and accomplished, though ambitious and licentious monarch, 4. On the death of Henry, in 1135 A. C, the suc- cession of right belonged to his daughter Matilda, or Maud, married, first, to Henry V., Emperour of Ger- many, and afterwards to Geoffrey Plantagenet, Earl of Anjou, by whom she had several children, the el- dest of whom was named Henry. But Stephen, Earl of Blois, the nephew of the late king, a man of com- QuESTioNs. — 2. Who succeeded liim ? What is said of Wil- liam Rufus ? 3. What is said of Henry I. ? 4. Who was the rightful heir to the throne, on Henry's death ? Who usurped the throne ? What was the result ? What happened in 1153 ? 15* 174 HISTORY MODEEX. manding popularity, boldly usurped the throne. The spirited Matilda, at the head of an army, defeated the usurper, and seized the crown. She was, however, in turn defeated by Stephen, who again assumed the sceptre. In 1153 A. C, Henry, the son of Matilda, invaded England with an army, and at the end of the same year a compromise treaty was concluded with Stephen, securing to Henry the succession on the death of the usurper. Stephen died in 1154 A. C, and Henry Plantagenet ascended the throne with the title of Henry II SECTION IV. Family of Plantagenet : from the Accession of Henry 11., 1154 A. C, to the Usurpation of the Branch of Lancaster, 1400. 1. Henry II. was an able and useful sovereign, though his character is blemished by many traits of pride, duplicity, and ambition. The most remarkable events in his reign were, the martyrdom of his illus- trious Chancellor, St. Thomas a Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, who, at the expense of the King's favour, boldly resisted the encroachments of the civil power on the rights and immunities of the Church ; Questions. — 1. What is said of Henry II. ? What were the most remarkable events of his reign ? What is said of Ire- land? HTSTOEY MODERN. 1Y5 and the invasion and partial conquest of Ireland, llVl A. C. The odium created against the King on account of the atrocious murder of Becket, was turned aside by a humiliating and public penance performed by Henry, who, too late, discovered and appreciated the noble qualities of his minister. Ireland, from the reign of this monarch to the present time, has suf- fered under the cruel weight of the British yoke ; and though she has, at various periods since, attempted to assert and maintain her rights as a nation, her own divisions, superadded to the overwhelming power of the British government, have thwarted all her eflforts. 2. Henry was succeeded, in 1189 A. C, by his son, the celebrated Richard I., surnamed Coeur de Lion, of whom we have spoken as a prominent and successful leader of the Third Crusade. On his re- turn from this expedition, having been shipwrecked, he attempted to pass through Germany, disguised as a pilgrim, but was arrested by the Emperour, Henry VI., who detained him a prisoner until his subjects ransomed him by the payment of a heavy sum. Shortly after his return, he died of a wound received in storming the Castle of Chaluz. iRchard was dis- tinguished for his great valour and military talents ; but the early part of his reign was marked by a cruel and bloody persecution of the Jews, which has left a stain on his character. Questions. — 2. Who succeeded Henry II. ? What is said ofEichard Coeur de Lion? 1Y6 HISTOEY — MODEEN. 3. He was succeeded by his perfidious brother John, in 1199 A. C. His reign is one of the most infamous in the annals of England. He is said to^ have murdered with his own hand his nephew, Prince Arthur, the son of his elder brother, and the rightful heir ; in consequence of which Philip Augustus, King of France, confiscated his estates on the Continent, whence he obtained the surname of SansteiTe, or Lackland. He was a despicable tyrant, possessing no redeeming quality ; and so insupportable were his arbitrary infringements upon the rights and privileges of his nobles and people, that the English barons, headed by Archbishop Langton, the Pri- mate, extorted from him, on the field of Runny- mede, the famous Magna Charta, which secured to all classes throughout the kingdom many impor- tant franchises and privileges, and Avliich is to this day regarded as the bulwark of English liberty. 1215 A. C. 4. John Lackland was succeeded, in 1216 A. C, by his son Henry III., a boy nine years old, under the regency of the Earl of Pembroke. His reign, which lasted fff^-six years, was characterized by constant contentions with his people and the nobles, but it is distinguished as the era of the commence- ment of the English House of Commons. Questions. — 3. Who succeeded Eicliard ? What is said of John, and what occurred in his reign ? 4. Who succeeded John "i What characterized the reign of Henry III. ? HISTOEY MODERN. ITT 5. Edward 1., surnamed Longshanks, succeeded his father, the late King, in 12*72 A. C. He was one of the ablest of the English sovereigns. As a war- riour, he was eminently distinguished, and his wisdom as a legislator secured him the title of the Enghsh Justinian. He ratified the provisions of Magna Charta, and since his time there has been a regular succession of English ParUaments. He subdued Wales, which had been previously independent of the English Crovrn ; and invaded Scotland, and car- ried Bahol, the King, prisoner to London. Whilst Edward was engaged in war on the Continent, the Scots, roused by the patriotic exertions of the cele- brated Sir William Wallace, attempted to regain their independence. A brilliant series of victories at first promised them success ; but having been de- feated, their noble leader was betrayed into the hands of the English King, by whose orders he was bar- barously put to death. Robert Bruce, however, soon took the place which had been so nobly filled Tsy the lamented Wallace, and, having been pro- claimed King, again drove the English from the bor- ders of Scotland, Edward, roused by this new ad- versary, prepared for a new invasion of Scotland, but died before he reached the borders of that kingdom. 6. He was succeeded by his son, Edward H., Questions. — 5. Who succeeded Henry III. ? What is said of Edward I. ? What were some of the events in his reis:n ? 6. Who succeeded Edward I. ? What occurred iix the reign of Ed ward II.? 1Y8 IIISTOEY MODEKN. who, carrying out the intentions of his'father, invaded' Scotland with a large army. He was met by thei intrepid Bruce on the famous field of Bannockbum,i and completely routed. This great battle secured! the independence of Scotland. A. C. 1314. Ed-i ward, after a weak reign of nineteen years, waaii basely murdered, at the instigation of his infamousi Queen, Isabella. A. C. 132*7. 1. Edward III. succeeded his father, under the* regency of his mother, Isabella, in whose right hen laid claim to the crown of France, in opposition to:^ Phihp of Valois, who had been acknowledged then rightful heir. This claim produced the sanguinary] war which has been already noticed in the histoiy of^ France. It was signalized by the victory gained by^l the English at Cressy ; the taking of Calais, and^ the battle of Poictiers, gained by the Black Princeje in which the French King, John, was taken prisoner. i| During the progress of this war, the Scots invadedi England, but were defeated by the English, under; Edward's heroic Queen, Philippa, and their King,j David, was carried a prisoner to London, where Idi was soon joined by the captive King of France. Th^ reign of Edward III. is one of the most brilliant ini English history. He was an able, accomplished^^ and excellent sovereio-n. Questions.— 7. Who succeeded Edward II. ? What occuiv : red m the reign of Edward III.? What is said of Edward* III. and his reign ? HISTORY MODERN. 179 8. He was succeeded by his weak grandson, Richard II., in 1377 A. C, at the age of eleven years. During his minority, the regency was con- ducted by his three uncles, the Dukes of Lancaster, York, and Gloucester, whose divisions distracted the counsels of the Government. The Duke of Lancas- ter, John of Gaunt, was the most prominent and influential. Shortly after the accession of Richard, the insurrection of the people, headed by Wat Tyler, occurred, in consequence of unequal and onerous taxations. The kingdom was also engaged, during this reign, in wars with France and Scotland. 9. Richard having banished his cousin Henry, the eldest son of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, and on the death of the Duke confiscated his estates, the young Duke, taking advantage of Richard's ab- sence in Ireland, landed in England, raised a large army, and soon compelled the king to resign his crown. Richard was imprisoned, and soon after murdered, and the young Duke of Lancaster ascended the throne with the title of Henry IV. A. C. 1400. Questions. — 8. Who succeeded him ? What were some of the events of the reign of Richard II. ? 9. How did his reign terminate, and who succeeded him ? 180 HISTORY MODERN. SECTION V. Branch of Lancaster : from the Usurpation of Henry Iv%i\ A. C. 1400, to the Accession of the Branch of Yorle, 1461. 1 . Henry IV. was not suffered to hold his usurped authority without opposition. A rebelHon, in which i the Enghsh were assisted by the Scots, under Doug- -j las, and the Welch, under Owen Glendower, was fomented against him. But he crushed it by the defeat of the rebels and their alhes, in the blood;^ battle of Shrewsbury, where Percy, of Northumber- land, surnamed Hotspur, the leader of the insurgents, was slain. Henry's life was rendered unhappy by the extreme profligacy of his son, the Prince of .' Wales. 2. This son, whose early career was so unpromis- ing, succeeded his father in 1413, with the title of Henry V., and astonished his subjects by a sudden and radical reformation in his conduct and habits. He proved himself one of the most heroic of the English sovereigns. Having revived the claim to the crown of France, he invaded that country ; gained the great battle of Agincomi; ; reduced Normandy, and was declared regent of France and heir to the Questions. — 1. "What li^pened on the accession of Henry IV. ? What rendered his life unhappy 1 2. Who succeeded him ? What were some events of the reign of Henry V. ? HISTORY ^MODERN. 181 croA\Ti. His career, however, was cut short by death. A.C. 1422. 3. He was succeeded by his son, Henry VI., an infant, under the guardianship of the Dukes of Bed- ford and Gloucester. During his reign the French recovered nearly all the possessions they had lost, their armies being led by the heroic Joan of Arc ; and 4t was signahzed by the bloody civil war, occasioned by the claim of the Duke of York to the throne. 4. The House of Lancaster, wliich, in the person of Henry IV., usurped- the throne, did so in viola- tion of the righ4 which existed in the House of York. Both houses were descended from Edward HI. — that of York from the third son, and that of Lancaster from the fourth. The Duke of York now boldly asserted his claim, and a fierce and sanguinary war between the rival houses, called the war of the Two Roses, was the consequence. Henry himself was a mild but weak sovereign, totally incapable of meet- ing the exigency ; but he had in his wife, the distin- guished Margaret of Anjou, a Queen who fully sup- phed his defects. The adherents of the House of York, however, obtained the advantage. They de- feated the Lancastrians in the battle of St. Alban's, and subsequently in that of Northampton, where Heniy was taken prisoner. A. C. 1460. Questions. — 3. "VVlio succeeded him ? What occurred dur- ing the reign of Henry VI. ? 4. What was the origin of the Civil War? What is said of Henry VI., and his Queen? What party gained the advantage ? 16 182 HISTOKY MODERN. 5. Queen Margaret fled to Scotland, whence she soon returned with a large army, and gained the i battle of Wakefield, in which the Duke of York was slain. His son, however, with a numerous army, entered London in triumph, and was proclaimed King by the title of Edward lY. A. C. 1461. SECTION VI. Branch of York : from the Accession of Edward IV., A. C. 1461, to the Death of Richard III, 1485. 1. Edward IV., at the moment he was proclaimed, l; King, had much reason to doubt the stability of his i' power, as he still had an active opponent in the field, in the person of the intrepid and courageous Mar- garet, at the head of an army of 60,000 men. He, therefore, with a large force, commanded by himself and the Earl of Warwick, immediately marched against her. A bloody and obstinate battle ensued, at Toulon, in which Edward was completely victori- ous. Margaret, with her son, fled, and, after a series of adventures, reached Flanders. Henry VI., tlie deposed monarch, was subsequently arrested, and imprisoned in the Tower of London. Questions. — 5. What occurred afterwards ? 1. What occur- red after Edward IV. was proclaimed King ? HISTORY MODERN. 183 2. The Earl of Warwick, the most powerful noble- man in the kingdom, to whose courage and great abilities Edward owed his crown, having been offended by the arbitrary conduct of the King, re- volted from his authority, and openly espoused the cause of the Lancastrians. Edward was deposed, and Warwick caused Henry YI., who had been in the Tower for six years, to be restored to the throne. From these acts, he received the title of King Maker. A. C. 1470. 3. This triumph, however, was of but short dura- tion. The next year, Edward, who had fled to Flan- ders, returned ; again deposed Henry ; gained the bloody battle of Barnet, in which the gallant War- wick wSs slain, and afterwards completely routed the forces which the indefatigable Queen Margaret had again collected, in the desperate battle of Tewkes- bury. Margaret was taken prisoner, but was after- wards ransomed by the King of France, where she spent the remainder of her days. King Henry was murdered in prison about the same time, it was sup- posed by the Duke of Gloucester, afterwards Rich- ard III. 4. Edward IV. was succeeded, in 1483, by his son, Edward V., a boy thirteen years of age, under the guardianship of his bloody and cruel imcle. Questions. — 2. What was tlie course of the Earl of Warwick after this ? 3. What happened the next year ? What became of Margaret and King Henry ? 4. Who succeeded Edward IV.? I 184: HISTORY MODERN. Richard, Duke of Gloucester. The perfidious Duke, whose deformed and ungainly person but faintly rep- resented the revolting character of his mind, aimed at the supreme power. Having caused many of the; most distinguished noblemen, whom he feared, to be put to death without trial, he usurped the throne, ' pronouncing his nephews, Edward V., and his younger brother, the Duke of York, illegitimate, and caused himself to be proclaimed King, with the title of Richard III. Two months after, the two young princes were foully murdered in the Tower, where they had been confined. 5. The usurper did not long enjoy his blood-stained crown. The Duke of Richmond, the last surviving* heir of the House of Lancaster, having landed in England, and collected an army, determined to sweep the tyrant 'from the throne. Richard prepared to resist the invader. The two armies met on the field of Bosworth, where a bloody and obstinate battW , was fought, ending in the complete defeat of Richard, who was slain. The Duke of Richmond was pro- claimed King on the field, with the title of Henry ' VII. A. C. 1485. Questions. — What is said of the Duke of Gloucester, and how did he aecoraplish his designs ? 5. In what manner was the reign of Eichard III. terminated ? HISTORY MODERN. 185 SECTION VII. The Tudor Family : from the Accession of Henry VII., A. C. 1485, to the Death of Elizabeth, 1603. 1. Henry VII., the son of Edmund Tudor, was, throufrli his mother, the heir of the House of Lan- caster ; but the adverse and the better title to the Enghsh Crown was vested in Elizabeth, heiress of the House of York, and daughter of Edward IV. Immediately after he was proclaimed King, Hemy married Elizabeth, thus perfecting his title by the union of the two rival houses, and effectually ending the long and bloody strife Avhich, during thirty years, had desolated England. 2. The reign of Henry was prosperous, and was noted principally for the promotion of industry, the extension of commerce, the increase of wealth, and for the general encouragement given to the cultiva- tion of the useful arts. 3. He was succeeded, in 1509, by his son, the in- famous Hemy VIII. , whose reign, like that of Nero, commenced under the brightest auspices, and with acts of mildness and clemency — but at last became Questions. — 1. What was the title of Henry VII. to the crown ? How were the claims of York and Lancaster united ? 2. What is said of the reign of Henry VII. ? 3. By whom was he succeeded ? What events happened in the early portion of his reign ? 16* 186 HISTOKT MODEEN. marked by revolting acts of cruelty, tyranny, and unprincipled rapacity. In the early part of his reign, he enwiofed in a war as^ainst Louis XII., of France, which resulted in no benefit. He was successful in a war against Scotland, which ended in the victory at Flodden, where James IV., the Scottish King, was slain ; and he also acted as an umpire in the disputes which were raging on the Continent, between Charles v., of Germany, and Francis I., of France. 4. During his reign, Martin Luther commenced preaching the doctrines of the Reformation in Ger- many ; and Henry VIII. was so zealously opposed to the movement, that he wrote a book against the Reformer, which obtained for him, from Pope Leo X., the title of " Defender of the Faith" — a title which his successors retain to the present day. 5. His subsequent course is as remarkable as it was infamous. His first wife was the high-minded and virtuous Catherine of Arragon, whom the King sought to divorce, having conceived a criminal passion for Anne Boleyn, one of the Queen's maids of honour. He applied to Pope Clement VII., who refused to grant the divorce, as contrary to Divine law. He was also opposed in his base designs by his prime minister, the celebrated Cardinal Wolsey. The consequence was, that Wolsey was degraded from Questions. — 4. How did Henry obtain the title of " Defender of the Faith ?" 5. What is said of his subsequent course ? What produced disputes with the Pope, and what was the result ? HISTORY MODERN. 187 his high station, and Archbishop Cranmer was ele- vated in his stead. This crafty prelate became the obsequious tool of his royal master. Through his instrumentahty — in the face of the Pope's refusal to sanction the act — Henry was pronounced divorced from his Queen, and married Anne Boleyn. A. C. 1533. 6. For this act he was excommunicated by the Pope, and he immediately abandoned himself to a course of reckless tyranny. He abolished the au- * thority of the Church of Rome ; caused himself to be declared head of the Enghsh Church ; suppressed the monasteries and religious houses, and persecuted both Cathohcs and Protestants. Thus commenced the Reformation in England. Three yeays after his marriage with Anne Boleyn, Henry caused that un- fortunate woman to be beheaded, and on the day of her execution married Jane Seymour. She died in giving birth to a son, afterwards Edward VI. Henry's next wife was Anne of Cleves, Avhom he soon dis- carded. He then married Catherine Howard, whom he caused to be tried for adultery and beheaded ; and, finally, bestowed his royal favour on his sixth wife, Catherine Parr, who, however, had the singu- lar fortune to survive the tyrant. He died A. C. 1547. Questions. — 6. What followed Lis marriage with Anne Boleyn? What became of Anne Boleyn? Who were the other wives of Henry VIII. ? 188 HISTORY MODEEN. Y. Among the illustrious victims of the remorse- ,, less tyranny of this monster, were the venerablt- ij Bishop Fisher, and the noble Sir Thomas More, the High Chancellor, for refusing to acknowledge his supremacy as head of the English Church. 8. Henry VIII. was succeeded by his son, Ed- ward VL, in the tenth year of his age, under the guardianship of his uncle, the Duke of Somerset. His short reign is remarkable for the establishment * of the Protestant religion, to which his father had paved the way. Edward died in the 16th year of his age, having been previously persuaded by the crafty Duke of Northumberland to nominate Lady Jane Grey, great-grand- daughter of Henry VII., his successor, to the exclusion of his half-sisters, Mary and Ehzabeth. I 9. On the death of Edward VL, in 1552, his halfrJ sister, Mary, daughter of Catlierine of Arragon, was ^ acknowledged the rightful heir to the throne. Lady » Jane Grey, who had been proclaimed Queen by the- 3 partisans of Northumberland, reigned but ten days, when she resigned the crown, and retired from public ; life, and Mary quietly ascended the throne. ThC'i Duke of Northumberland was condemned and be- ■ headed for treason, butXady Jane and her husband : Questions. — 7. "What illustrious men were put to deatli darin^H his reign ? 8. Who succeeded Henry VIII. ? What occurrodfll during the reign of Edward VI. ? 9. Who had been pro- claimed Queen, and what was the result ? What became of Lady Jane Grey ? HISTORY MODEEN. 189 were pardoned. The spirit and designs of North- umberland, however, did not die with him ; and shortly after, a second conspiracy was formed for the purpose of supplanting Mary, in favour of Lady Jane. This design having been discovered, the principal leaders, and the Lady Jane, and her husband, Lord Guilford Dudley, suffered death on the scaffold. 10. Mary, who had always remained a firm and devoted Cathohc, immediately after her accession re- established the Catholic religion in England ; but in doing so, suffered her zeal to degenerate into a spirit of intolerance. The severe enactments, however, that were directed against her Protestant subjects, many of which must have been passed without her knowledge, while she was confined to a sick-bed, were dictated by her counsellors, through motives of State policy. The constant intrigues of the Protest- ants to subvert her authority, and the revolts and disturbances which they created, occasioned, and — though these causes cannot justify — they, at least, in a oTcat measure, extenuate the riofour which was ex- ercised. The age was one in which rehgious intoler- ance had been evoked by the fierce strifes and di- visions that accompanied the progress of the Refor- mation, and its dark and implacable spirit operated in many cases upon Catholics as well as Protestants. Questions. — 10. What did Mary do, shortly after her acces- sion ? Wliat is said of the severity exercised against the Protestants ? 190 HISTOKY — ^MODERN. Notwithstanding the reproach which must be charged upon her pubhc acts, Mary is represented as a person free from a vindictive or implacable spirit ; and, in private life, as pious, clement, compassionate, and liberal. 11. In the second year of her reign, she was married to Phihp XL, of Spain, a union Avhich was unpopular among her subjects, and productive of little happiness to herself. In the last year of her reign, the English lost Calais, which they had pos- sessed 210 years. Mary died, without issue, in 1558. 12. She was succeeded by her half-sister, Eliza-* beth, daughter of Anne Boleyn. Shortly after her accession, this Queen declared herself opposed to the Catholic religion — established the Protestant faith as the religion of England — assumed the title of Head of the English Church — and, without any of the causes which induced the severity spoken of in Mary's reign, commenced a systematic and cruel per-, secution of her Cathohc subjects. During her reignj^j;, she framed against them the oppressive penal stat-|; utes, which disgraced the statute-books of England I for nearly three centuries, and portions of which re-. ■ main to this day unrepealed. 13. The celebrated and unfortunate Mary Stuart, Questions.— 11. What happened in the second and in the last year of her reign ? 12. Who succeeded Mary ? What < happened shortly after the accession of Elizabetli ? 13. What is said of Mary, Queen of Scots, and what was her fate? HISTORY ^MODERN. 191 Queen of Scots, grand-daugliter of Henry VIII., having claimed to be the next heir to the English throne, on the ground that Elizabeth, being the daughter of Anne Boleyn, was illegitimate, aroused against her the fear, jealousy, and resentment of the English Queen, Circumstances, of the most tragical and distressing character, having driven the beautifid and accomplished Queen of Scots from her own king- dom, she — relying upon the plausible professions of the Queen of England — sought a refuge from her persecutors at the hands of Elizabeth. The asylum she found was a prison. The stern and cruel Queen of England had dissembled, but had never forgotten her fear and resentment. After a cruel captivity of eighteen years, the ill-fated Queen of Scotland was brought to a trial, which was a mere mockery, con- demned upon base and slanderous charges, and was beheaded by order of Elizabeth. A. C. 1587. This atrocious act has stamped a stain of infamy on the character of Elizabeth, which will descend with her name to the latest posterity. 14. The reign of Elizabeth is one of the most striking and prosperous in the history of England. She was a woman possessed of masculine powers of mind, and singular abilities as a sovereign ; and the splendid though despotic course which marked her policy, elevated England to a more brilliant position Questions. — 14. What is said of Elizabeth and her reip;n ? What is said of the military operations during her reign ? 192 HISTOEY MODERN. than it had ever before attained. She grouped around her throne some of the brightest intellecte that England ever claimed. Among these may b^ mentioned Bacon, Burleig:h, and Walsino-ham, statesmen ; Su- Francis Drake, Sir Walter Raleiglj^ and Robert, Earl of Essex, as commanders ; ani Spenser and William Shakspeare, as poets. Thi mihtary operations of her reign were not extensivei though she enforced, by her stern and decided ruldj the marked respect of the other powers of Europe Philip II., of Spain, indignant on account of the aic Elizabeth had given the people of the Netherlandi! in their revolt against him, fitted out an immena fleet called the " Invincible Armada," for the pur pose of invading and subduing England ; but th vast armament never reached its destination, havii^ been completely destroyed by storms and the brillian seamanship of the Enghsh Admirals, Howard am Sir Francis Drake. 15. Of the private character of Elizabeth, notfe ing favourable can be said. Insincere, treacherouii cruel, and tyrannical, she appeared destitute of ever? gentle quality which adorns her sex. With many c the brightest traits of intellect, she united the darke^i qualities of the heart, which, at an advanced age, up to the day of her death, swayed and controllel her actions. She died in 1603, in the 45th year c her reign, and the '70th of her age. Question.— 15. Wlaat is said of Elizabeth's private charactei HISTORY ^MODEEN. 193 SECTION VIII. The Stuart Family : from the Accession of James I., A. C 1603, to the Death of Anne, 1714. 1. On lier death-bed, Elizabeth nominated as her successor James VI., King of Scotland, son of Mary- Stuart, Queen of Scots, and great-grandson of Henry VII. That monarch accordingly ascended the Eng- lish throne, with the title of James I., and thus united the crowns of the two kincrdoms. The reie^n of this sovereign was comparatively tranquil, though its com- mencement was marked by two conspiracies — one for the purpose of placing his cousin, Arabella Stuart, on the throne ; and the other, called the Gunpowder Plot, concocted by a few fanatics, with the horrible design of blowing up the King, Lords, and Commons, when convened in Parliament. Both, however, were discovered and thwarted. The celebrated Sir Wal- ter Raleigh, after a long captivity, was beheaded, on account of his participation in the first ; and Guy Fawkes, the leader of the second, suffered the just penalty of his crime. 2. James I. was succeeded, in 1625, by his son, Charles I. This most unfortunate and ill-fated mon- QuESTiONs. — 1. Whom did Elizabeth, name as her succes- sor ? What occ«rred during the reign of James I. ? 2. Who succeeded him ? What events transpired during the reign of Charles I. ? Wliat were the consequences of the acts of Charles I. ? IT 194: IIISTOEY MODEEN. arch ascended the throne under apparently favourable auspices. But circumstances speedily developed a : state of affairs portentous of great disasters ; a for- eign war, an empty treasury, a refractory Parliament, and a people distracted by fierce religious dissensions, ii Parliament having refused to grant supplies for thft'^ purpose of conducting the war, Charles adopted theci impohtic course of attempting to replenish his ex-;.\ hausted treasury by levying taxes without the con-i' sent of Parliament. He next attempted to enforce ( upon his subjects throughout England and Scotland,! a strict conformity to the hturgy of the Church of tj England, a measure which was vehemently opposedc by the Puritans, or Calvinists, who at this time were^ quite numerous. These acts produced terrible re-s^ suits. Parhament sided with the Pmitans ; and, re- fusing the demands of Charles for supplies, taunted^ him with his open infringement of their privileges, Im illegal levy of taxes, and his interference with the re- ligious rights of his subjects. Charles, in despair, dissolved the Parliament, and convened another, buti with no better success. The new Parliament causei|< the chief advisers of the King, the Earl of Strafford and Archbishop Laud, to be condemned and b< headed ; and, finally, the rupture between Charl and his Parliament became so complete, that hot parties resorted to arms, and a civil war in every part; r of the king ]om was the consequence. A. C . 1642. Question. — What was done by the new Parliament, and what finally happened ? HISTORY ^MODERN. 195 3. Charles, supported by the friends of the Estab- lished Church, and his Catholic subjects, who were styled Cavaliers, gained several advantages, at first, over the Parliamentary forces, composed of the Pu- ritans, and styled Roundheads. The King's armies were commanded, during the civil war, by himself, the Earl of Lindsay, Prince Rupert, and Sir Jacob Astley ; and the chief command of the army of the Parliament was successively held by the Earl of Es- sex, Lord Fairfax, and Ohver Cromwell. In the bat- tles of Edgehill and Newbury, the King's forces had the advantage, but in those of Marston Moor and Naseby, they were entirely routed. A. C. 1645. 4. The disastrous battle of Naseby having com- pletely prostrated the power of Charles, he tnisted in the loyalty of his Scottish subjects, and delivered himself into tiieir hands. They, however, to their eternal shame, delivered the unhappy monarch to the Parliament, for the sum of £400,000. After an im- prisonment of two years, Charles waa arraigned be- fore a tribunal established by Parliament, and tried, condemned, and beheaded as " a traitor, tyrant, and murderer." He received his sentence from his ruth- less and vindictive judges vnth firmness, though pro- testing against their authority to try him, and met Questions. — 3. What party was at first successful ? Who supported Charles? Who the Parliament? Who were the commanders on both sides ? What was the result of the civil ■war ? 4. What happened after the battle of Naseby ? What was the fate of Charles ? 196 HISTORY — ^MODERN. his fate with a serene and dignified composure, truly royal. A. C. 1649. 5. Soon after this event, which shocked the bet- ter feelings of the nation at large, the regicides abol- ished the monarchy and the House of Lords, and a Republican government was established, with the supreme power resting in the House of Commons. Episcopacy had been abolished after the execution of Laud, and Presbyterianism had become the ascend- ant religion in the kingdom. But now a new party, called Independents, rapidly acquired power from the influence and aid given to them by Fairfax and Crom- well, at the head of the army of the Commonwealth, and finally they absorbed all the authority. 6. In the mean time, the Scots and the Irish people, , and many of the English, shocked at the barbarous murder of the King, rebelled against the authority of the usurpers. Cromwell, leaving the Enghsh reb- els to be dealt with by some of his generals, passed rapidly over to Ireland ; and having there crushed the insurgents, returned, and, advancing against the Scots, defeated them in the battle of D unbar. C harles II., son of the late monarch, however, penetrated into England with an army ; but Cromwell, having rap- idly followed, overtook him at Worcester, where a Questions. — 5. What was done by the regicides shortly after? What became of the ascendant rehgion in the kingdom ? What new party acquired power, and by whom was aid given? 6. What occurred in the mean time ? What did Cromwell do ? AVhat did Charles II. do, and what became of him ? HISTOKY MODEKN. 197 battle was fought, and the Royahsts were entirely defeated. Charles escaped to France with great dif- ficulty, and Cromwell entered London in triumph. A. C. 1651. v. The next year a war broke out between Eng- land and Holland, on account of the Navigation Act, which, while it was the source of the greatest bene- fits to the English interests, bore oppressively upon those of Holland, at that time one of the leading commercial powers of Europe. This war, illustrated by a series of naval battles, terminated in the triumph of the English flag. The English admiral, Blake, and his rivals, the great Dutch naval commanders, Van Tromp and De Ruyter, were the leading heroes in this contest. A. C. 1653. 8. At this time, the Parliament, which had then been in session twelve years, and is known in history as the Long Parhament, incurred the displeasure of Cromwell, who, secure in the attachment of the army, resolved, by terminating its existence, to invest him- self with supreme power. With a body of 300 sol- diers, ready at the first signal to support him, he en- tered the Parliament-house, and, having vehemently upbraided the assembly, declared the Parhament dis- solved, turned the members from the house, and QiTESTioNS.— 7. Between whom did a war break out, and what was its cause ? In what did the war terminate ? Who were the leading heroes in the contest ? 8. Who incurred the displeasure of Cromwell ? On what did Cromwell resolve, and what was the result ? 17* 198 HISTORY MODERN. W^^ locked the doors. Cromwell then called a new liament, composed of narrow-minded fanatics, which, from the quaint name of a leading member — Praise- God Barebones — was styled Barebones' Parliament. This body met in April, 1653, and was dissolved in the following December ; at which time a new con- stitution was formed, and Oliver Cromwell gained the great object of his ambition — a King in all but name. He assumed the title of Protector. He coveted the title of King, but feared to assume it. 9. Cromwell administered the government with great ability, and became the most powerful ruler in Europe. He made the English Commonwealth re- spected throughout the world; and his fleets and armies added new and brilliant lustre to the fame of England. He was one of the most extraordinary men of modern times ; and up to the time of Napoleon, there was no personage in history who equalled hhn in the singular and powerful combination of talents as a warriour and a statesman. His character, how- ever, is distinguished by many traits which render .his name odious, and sully the great qualities which he really possessed. His hypocrisy was only equalled by his ruthless cruelty ; and his unbounded and self- ish ambition prompted him to sacrifice the freedom of his country, and to trample upon those very prin- ciples to the advocacy of which he owed his power, Questions. — What was the new Parliament called ? What did Oliver Cromwell gain, and what did he assume ? 9. What is said of Cromwell's acts ? HISTORY MODERN. 1 99 and to the observance of which he stood pledged before mankind. He was deeply imbued with the religious fanaticism which formed so prominent a fea- ture in the characters of his puritanical followers, and which influenced" the whole tenour of his life. His Protectorate, which forms a short but brilhant period of five years, was ended by his death, which occurred September 3, 1658. 10. He was succeeded in office by his son, Rich- ard CroniAvell, who, possessing none of the abilities which distinguished his father, retired in the course of a few months. The wretched state of affairs which immediately followed called for prompt and decisive action ; and, through the instrumentaUty and ability of General Monk, afterwards Duke of Albemarle, a neAv ParHament was assembled, and Charles II. was proclaimed King, and restored to the throne of his ancestors. A. C. 1660. 11. Charles II. commenced his reign by the pas- sage of an act of general amnesty, but excepted all those who immediately participated in the death of his father. Ten of the judges who had condemned him were accordingly executed. Episcopacy was re-established. A war was declared by England against Holland, in 1664, which lasted for three years, Questions. — What is said of the character of Cromwell ? 10. Who succeeded him in office ? What followed ? 11. How did Charles II. commence his reign 1 What were some of the events of his reign ? 200 HISTOET — MODEEN. and was concluded by a treaty at Breda, by which the Dutch ceded to the English the colony of New Amsterdam, in America, which was thenceforth styled New York. 12. During this war, London was visited by the horrom-s of pestilence and conflagration. Upwards of 100,000 inhabitants fell victims to the Plague; and in the same year the Great Fire -of London reduced to ashes 13,202 dwellings, 80 churches, many hospitals, and other public buildings. A. C. 1666. 13. Charles II. was distinguished by the same des- potic and arbitrary disposition which characterized all the Stuarts. He was, moreover, ruinously prodi- gal, and in his morals loose and dissolute. His court reflected but too truly these characteristics of the monarch, and a general dissoluteness of manners and morals prevailed in the metropohs. 14. During his reign the Catholics were persecuted, on account of being falsely charged by a notorious perjurer, Titus Gates, with being engaged in a con- spiracy against the Government. Among the distin- guished Catholics who fell victims to this infamous falsehood was the Earl of Stafford. The Rye House Plot, although by some doubted as having had any real existence, was detected in 1683. The Duke of Questions. — 12. What happened during this war ? 13. What is said of Charles 11. and lus Court ? 14. What other events occurred in his reign ? HISTORY MODERN. 201 Monmouth, the King's natural son, and Lords Shaftesbury, Russell, Grey, and others, were im- pHcated in this treason, which contemplated the assassination of the King ; and Lord Russell and Algernon Sydney were executed. The passage of the great Habeas Corpus Act, securing all persons from unjust or illegal imprisonment, took place in this reign, in 1678. 15. Charles, having died without legitimate issue, was succeeded, in 1685, by his younger brother, James XL, who, immediately after his accession, made public profession of the Catholic religion. He was shortly after compelled to crush a rebellion, fomented by the late King's illegitimate son, the Duke of Mon- mouth, who aspired to the throne. The rebels were defeated ; and Monmouth, being taken prisoner, was beheaded. James subsequently granted to his sub- jects universal liberty of conscience ; but being too eager and imprudent in his endeavours to forward the interests of the religion he had embraced, in- curred the aversion of his Protestant subjects. They, in consequence, invited William, Prince of Orange, who had married Mary, eldest daughter of James, to supplant him, and assume the government. Wil- ham, accordingly, crossed over to England with a large army ; the principal nobihty and officers joined Questions. — 15. Who succeeded him ? What occurred after the accession of James II. ? What occurred subsequently ? What is this event styled, and how did it result ? 202 HISTOKY ^MODEEN. Hs standard, and James, finding himself betrayed and abandoned even by his own children, fled to France. The throne was proclaimed vacant, and the crown was settled upon William and Mary. A. C. 1688. This event is styled The Revolution, which resulted in the permanent establishment of many important principles of the British Constitution, as it now exists. Catholics were declared excluded from the right of accession to the throne, which was settled on William and Mary, and their heirs ; and the rights of the people and the prerogatives of the King were fully and clearly defined. 16. James, in the mean while, determined to make an effort to regain his lost power ; and, encouraged by the loyalty and devotion of the people" of Ireland, landed at Kinsale, made a pubhc entry into Dubhn, and placed himself in command of a large army. He was, however, defeated by William in the disas- trous battle of the Boyne, and escaped once more to France. A. C. 1690. The battle of Aughrim over- whelmed the hopes of his adherents in Ireland, and that country submitted to the authority of William. lY. On the death of William, in 1702 (Mary hav- mg died seven years before), the crown devolved on Anne, the second daughter of James II. Her reign Vas distinguished for the brilliant military career of Questions. — 16. What was the subsequent course of James? What was the result ? 17. Who succeeded hhn ? What dis- tinguished her reign ? HISTORY MODEEN. 203 the Duke of Marlborough, in the war in which Eng- land, Germany, and Holland were united against France, and which was terminated by the Peace of Utrecht, in 1713; for the Constitutional Union of Eno-]and and Scotland, under the name of Great Britain ; and on account of the flourishing state of science and literature. Anne was the last sovereign of the House of Stuart, and died A. C. 1714. SECTION IX. House of Brunswick : from the Accession of George I., A. C. 1714, to 1851. 1. According to the Law of Succession, enacted in 1701, settling the crown in the hne of the Prin- cess Sophia Palatine, after Wilham and Anne, George, Elector of Hanover, who was the son of the Princess Sophia, and great-grandson of James I., succeeded to the throne, on the death of Anne, with the title of George I. A. C. 1714. 2. The two great parties which had, since the time of Charles II,, divided the kingdom, were styled Whi^s and Tories : the former advocatins" the rinrhts of the people ; the latter favouring those of the Questions. — When did Anne die ? 1. "Who succeeded Anne ? 2. What were the two great parties in England Btyled ? What was George's choice, and what followed ? 204 HISTORY MODERN. Crown. George I., on Ms accession, placed tlife Whigs in power, as they were his strongest advo- cates, and dismissed the Tory ministry. This pro- jji duced a great ferment, and many of the enrageiM Tory leaders took part in the rebellion, which then broke out in Scotland, in favour of the Pretender, Charles Stuart, son of James II. The battles of Preston and Sheriff Muir, however, in which George's forces were victorious, crushed this outbreak. The subsequent part of this reign was generally pacific and prosperous. 3. George I. was succeeded, in 1727, by his son, George 11. , a monarch whose pohcy was warlike, and the military movements of whose reign were numer- ous and important. On his accession, he concluded, by treaty, a war with Spain, which had languished during the reign of his father. Hostilities, however, were revived with that country in lYSO. In 1*744, England declared war against France, and assisted Maria Theresa in the war of the Austrian Succession, which we have already noticed in the history of France. In 1745, Charles Edward, son of the Pre- tender, made a gallant effort to regain the throne of his ancestors. He invaded Scotland, and defeated the royal forces at Preston Pans; penetrated into Northumberland ; took Carhsle, and advanced as far as Derby. The next year he was again victorious in Questions. — 8. Who succeeded George I. ? "What is said of George 11. ? What are some of the events of his reign? HISTORY ^MODERN. 205 the battle of Falkirk; but was finally completely defeated at Culloden, and compelled to fly to France. This was the last effort of the Stuarts to reascend the throne. In 1756, war was renewed between England and France. This war, growing out of the American possessions of the two powers, is known in this country as the French and Indian War. It terminated unfavourably to France, which power was finally compelled, by the treaty of Paris, in 1763, to yield Canada, Nova Scotia, and the island of Cape Breton, to Great Britain. 4. George 11. was succeeded by his grandson, George III., in 1760. The reign of this monarch was the longest and most eventful in the annals of England. In 1762, Great Britain declared war against Spain, and took possession of several of the islands in the Spanish West Indies. In 1765, the British took possession of Bengal, in the East Indies, and subsequently extended their dominions over a vast portion of India. In 1775, the American Revo- lution (of which we treat hereafter) broke out, and ended, in 1783, in the triumph of the American patriots, and the independence of the United States. In 1793, Great Britain declared war against the French Revolutionists, and commenced that series of military and naval operations against France which Questions. — 4. Who succeeded George II. ? What is said of the reign of George III. ? What events happened during the reign of George III. ? 18 206 HISTORY MODERN. have already been noticed in the history of that coun- try, and which ended in the triumph of the Allied Powers of Europe over Napoleon, in 1815. In 1798, a rebellion broke out in Ireland; and in 1800, that ill-fated country was united to Great Britain. In 1811, the King having become insane, his son, the Prince of Wales, was appointed regent. In 1812, the United States of America declared war against Great Britain. This war, which was concluded by the treaty of Ghent, in 1815, will be noticed hereafter. George III. died in 1820, having reigned sixty years, during which some of the greatest men who have illustrated the history of any country were grouped around his throne, as statesmen, generals, philoso- phers, orators, and poets. 5. The Prince of Wales, who, during the last ten years of his father's life, had acted as Regent, suc- ceeded in 1820, with the title of George IV. He was a monarch of considerable abilities, although his early life had been spent in prodigality and dis- sipation. The most important events of his reign were the still further extension of the British Empire in India ; the aid extended by Great Britain to the Greeks, in their struggle for independence, which was secured by the naval victory of Navarino, over the Turks, by the combined fleets of England, France, Questions. — When did he die, and what is said of the men of his time ? 5. Who succeeded George III. ? What is said of him ? What were some of the events of his reign 1 HISTOKY MODERN. 207 and Russia, in 1827 ; and by the passage, in 1829, of the Catholic Emancipation Bill, which relieved the Catholics of Great Britain and Ireland from most of the disabihties under which they had so long been crushed. 6, George IV. was succeeded, in 1830, by his brother, William, Duke of Clarence, with the title of William IV. During the pacific reign of this mon- arch, a great measure of parliamentary reform was passed by both houses, after having long agitated the nation. It related to the mode of representation, and passed in 1832. 1. William IV. was succeeded, in 1837, by Vic- toria, the daughter of his brother, the Duke of Kent, whose reign, if distinguished for nothing else, will be remembered for the injustice exercised under it towards the suffering Irish, and the mischievous at- tempt of a British Minister to array one portion of his fellow- subjects against the other, by procuring the passage of a law, prohibiting to Catholics the use of ecclesiastical titles — a law that from the first was treated as a nuUity by those it was intended to annoy. Questions. — 6. Who succeeded George IV. ? What hap- pened during the reign of William IV. ? 7. By whom was he succeeded ? For what will the reign of Victoria be remem- bered ? 208 HISTORY — MODEEN. CHAPTER IV. SCOTLAND. "m From the Earliest Accounts, to the Accession of James VI. . to the Throne of England. A. C. 1603. , 1. Scotland, wliicli forms the northern portion of the island of Britain, is supposed to have been peo- pled by the Britons from the southern portion, or by the Caledonians, both of Celtic origin, who, previous to their permanent estabhshment there, had been forced by the tide of emigration from the Continent to the shores of Ireland, about a century before the birth of Christ. In the latter country, from this cir- ' cumstance, they acquired the name of Scuyts, or "Wanderers, from which, it is supposed, the modern name Scots is derived. About 320 A. C, a large portion of them, under the conduct of Fergus, re- turned to Britain, and settled on the western coasts^ ' of that portion now known as Scotland, and then termed Caledonia ; and shortly after they appear connected with the Picts, another tribe inhabiting the country, in predatory expeditions against the Romans and Britons inhabiting the south of the island. Question. — ^1. "What are the early accounts of the Scots and their settlement in Scotland ? HISTORY MODEEN. 209 2. After they had been — as we have seen — finally driven back from the borders of England by the Saxons, the Scots, Picts, and Caledonians turned their arms against each other, and carried on a con- tinued Avarfare until about the year 843 A. C, when Kenneth II., King of the Scots, conquered the other tribes, brought the country to subjection, and first gave it the name of Scotland. 3. After Kenneth II., who was the thirtieth King of the Scots in a direct line from Fergus, there were fifteen kings in regular succession, to the time of Duncan, in 1040 A. C, when that monarch was mur- dered by his cousin, Macbeth, who usurped the throne, and, having reigned fifteen years, was killed in battle. The rightful heir, Malcolm III., son of Duncan, then succeeded ; and after him there were ten kings to the time of John Bahol, who was dethroned by Ed- ward I., of England, in 1296 A. C. Shortly after this event — as we have seen — Sir William Wallace made a gallant but ineffectual struggle to regain the independence of his country — a struggle which was, however, afterwards renewed by King Robert Bruce, who had succeeded to the throne, and rendered triumphant on the field of Bannockburn. A. C. 1306. 4. Da-vid II., who succeeded Robert Bruce, hav- QuESTiONs.— 2. What happened after the Scots and Pieta had been driven from England by the Saxons ? 3. What was the succession of Kings to the time of Eobert Bruce ? 4. What happened on the death of David II. ? 18* 210 HISTORY ^IklODEKN. ing died without issue, was succeeded, in 1370 A. C, by his nephew, Robert Stuart, with the title of Robert II. — the first of the Royal House of Stuart, which afterwards figured so conspicuously in the annals of England. After him, there were eight sovereigns of that family in regular succession, who sat on the throne of Scotland, namely — Robert IIL, James I., James II., James III., James IV., James v., Mary — the beautiful and unfortunate queen who fell a victim to the insatiable cruelty of Elizabeth, of England — and her son, James VI. 5. James VI., who ascended the throne of Scot- land in 1587 A. C, governed the kingdom with con- siderable ability, until the year 1603 A. C, when, as we have seen, on the death of Elizabeth, he sue- • ceeded to the throne of England, with the title of James I. Since that period, the two thrones have jl been united, and the history of Scotland became ^ merged in that of England. 1 Questions. — How many of tlie family of Stuart reigned Scotland ? 5. What is said of James VI. ? What happened in 1603 ? What is said of the history of Scotland since then? in 1^ ed HISTORY MODERN. 211 CHAPTER V. lEELAND. 1. The early history of Ireland is involved in great doubt and confusion. The country appears to have been inhabited as far back as 3040 B.C., by a peo- ple called Fermorans, concerning whom there is no reliable accounts. Milesius, with a colony, supposed to be Phoenicians, from the coast of Spain, landed in Ireland, according to some, about IQOO B. C, and, according to others, at a much later period. From his three sons, Heber, Ir, and Heremon, as also from his uncle, Ith, descended all the kin2:s who reined in Ireland, down to the invasion and subjugation of the country under Henry IL, of England. A. C. 11V2. 2. After the colonization by the Milesians, the island was divided among several princes, who governed the different provinces, with the title of Kings ; but its history presents nothing worthy of notice here, up to about the year 430 A. C, when the great Apostle St. Patrick, being sent by the Pope, arrived in the island, and commenced preaching the Gospel. His success was miraculous ; the whole island soon be- came Christianized. St. Patrick founded 355 church- QuESTioNs. — 1. What is said of the early history of Ireland? What are the early accounts given ? 2. What happened after the colonization by the Milesians ? 212 HISTORY MODEEN. es, and consecrated as many bishops. He lived in Ireland sixty-one years. 3. After this period, learning flourished in Ireland to such a degree, during three or four centuries, that, according to the Venerable Bede, an eminent doctor and historian of England, who lived early in the eighth century, the youth of the most respectable families of the various nations of Europe were sent there for education. 4. In the ninth, tenth, and eleventh centuries, however, the incursions of the Danes, in connexion with civil war and domestic dissensions, produced a retrogression in manners and civilization. The Danes were, after long and desperate conflicts, finally over- thrown and expelled from the country by the famous Irish king, Brian Boru, in the great battle of Clon- tarf. A. C. 1039. 5. The evil day of Ireland arrived about the mid- dle of the twelfth century. Dermot Mac Murrough, King of Leinster, having carried off" the wife of O'Rourke, another prince of the country, the kings of the other provinces, headed by O'Connor, the paramount King of Ireland, united to avenge the out- rage. Mac Murrough, being defeated, fled the king- dom, and besought the aid of Henry II., of England, who, though at the time engaged in war with the Questions. — 3. What flourished in Ireland after this period ? 4. What occurred in the ninth, tenth, and eleventh centuries ? How were the Danes expelled ? 5. What were the circum- stances leading to the invasion of Ireland by the English 2 II HISTORY ^aiODERN. 213 Frencli on the Continent, gladly yielded to the solici- tations of the traitor, and authorized the Earl of Pem- broke, surnamed Strongbow, to invade Ireland. Ac- cordingly, Strongbow, with about 3000 men, landed in the country in 1 169 A. C, took possession of Wex- ford, Waterford, and Dublin, and restored his throne to Mac Murrough. Subsequently, in 11 '72 A. C, Henry II. himself, with the flower of his nobility and about 4000 choice troops, landed in Ireland, and forced the submission of all the kings of the country, except the King of Ulster. After the return of Henry to England, however, the Irish arose against the invaders, and, after a protracted and bloody warfare, succeeded in narrowing the sovereignty of England in Ireland to a narrow strip of land on the coast of Leinster and Munster. 6, Up to the reign of Edward II., of England, Ire- land was comparatively tranquil ; but at that time, the Irish, led by Edward Bruce, brother of the fa- mous Robert Bruce, of Scotland, made another des- perate struggle to overcome the English. After va- rious successes, however, they were defeated, and Bruce was slain. During the civil wars between the houses of York and Lancaster, in England, between the years 1453 and 1485 A. C, the Irish people were warm adherents of the house of York, and by their fidelity to that house brought down upon themselves Questions. — Wliat was the result of the invasion ? 6, What happened during the reign of Edward II. ? What party was favoured bj the Irish in the civil wars of York and Lancaster ? 214 IIISTOKY MODEEN. many severe and cruel trials. The measure of their misfortunes was filled in the reign of Elizabeth, who, actuated by a vindictive spirit of religious bigotry, enacted laws for the purpose of extirpating the Cath- olic religion from Ireland. The horrid details of the persecutions under which the Irish people laboured, in consequence of those fiendish enactments, during three centuries, would make the heart sick. Not- withstanding this cruel and inhuman policy, the ob- ject was never gained. On the contrary, Ireland clung with even greater tenacity to the Catholic religion ; and has remained to this day, through all her trials, unswerving and imcompromising in her devoted at- tachment to the faith which she received from the sacred mission of St. Patrick. 7. During the reigns of the Stuarts, Ireland suf- -I fered great misery ; but after the execution of Charles I., and the accession of Oliver Cromwell to power, the unfortunate country passed through an ordeal of remorseless cruelty, unparalleled in the annals of any nation. From that period to the time of James IL, the miserable people of Ireland, stripped of their ^ rights, despoiled of their possessions, governed byj strangers, towards whom they entertained the stroi hate which centuries of cruel wrong had engendei Questions. — What is said of Elizabeth in regard to Ireland, ' and of the cruelty exercised ? What was the effect of this policy ? 7. What is said of Ireland during the reigns of the < Stuarts, and under Oliver Cromwell ? What is said of Ire- land from the period of Cromwell to that of James II. ? HISTORY MODERN. 215 in their hearts, and compelled to contribute towards the support of a religion they despised, made no ac- tive resistance to the power of England. At that time, however, James II. having been, as we have seen, forced to abandon the throne on the approach of William, Prince of Orange, found in the Irish peo- ple his warmest and most devoted friends. The re- sult of their generous struggle is known : the battles of the Boyne and of Aughrim blasted the hopes of James, and entailed upon Ireland additional miseries ; although by the terms of the Treaty of Limerick, which closed the war, and which Avas afterwards grossly violated by the British government, the peo- ple of Ireland imagined that they had secured them- selves from further persecution. 8. The heinous oppression and injustice of the British Government towards the people of Ireland continued, without restraint, up to the period of the American Revolution, when, the coasts of Ireland being exposed to the attacks of American privateers, and the British Government, being unable to guard against them, a large portion of the Irish people ai'med in their own defence, and enrolled themselves under the name of the Irish Volunteers. That noble band, Avith arms in their hands, afterwards extorted from the fears of Britain much that repeated appeals Questions. — What happened at the latter period? "What was the result of their effort iu favour of James ? 8. What happened at the period of the American Kevolution? 216 HISTORY ^MODERN. to her justice had failed to obtain : the power of the British Parhament to bind Ireland was renounced. A. C. 1'782. 9. But this concession proved an inadequate relief; and when the French Revolution of 1*789, and the events growing out of it, were agitating Europe, the Irish people made a gallant but ineffectual effort to obtain that complete independence to which, as a nation, they aspired. This struggle took place in 1798, and is styled the Rebellion of that year. It was speedily crushed by British bayonets ; and two years after, in 1800, through the influence of fraud, bribery, corruption, and intimidation, the infamous Act of Union passed the Irish Parhament ; at once annihilating the independent nationality of Ireland ; reducing her to the degrading position of a province ; and exposing the noblest rights of her people to the arbitrary control of a foreign government, and an unfeeling and despotic ministry. 10. Since that period, Ireland has languished through years of misery and degradation ; and though the passage of the Emancipation Act, in 1829, re- moving many of the disabilities which oppressed her Catholic population, gave some hope that she might yet regain, by peaceful effort, her sacrificed rights, Questions. — What was effected by the Irish Volunteers? 9. What occurred during the period of the French Eevolu- tion of 1789 ? What was the result of the Eebellion of 1798, and what followed it ? 10. What has been the condition of Ireland since ? HISTOKY MODEEN. 217 she still remains a miserable province ; and the noble efforts of Daniel O'Connell, after his triumph in the cause of Cathohc Emancipation, in the year 1829, have yet produced no satisfactory result. The cry for justice, which, from the impoverished and starving miUions of Ireland, has constantly risen to the British throne, has been cruelly disregarded ; and famine and pestilence, with all their attendant horrours, which have stalked through the devoted island — the terrible fruits of British cruelty and injustice — have failed to soften the stony heart, or awaken a feeling of sym- pathy in the bosom of that remorseless government. An attempt was made in 1848, by certain members of what was known as the " Young Ireland Party," enthely to throw off the British yoke ; but, from various, yet obvious, causes, hke all former attempts, it proved a failure, and only added to the misery it was intended to relieve. Questions. — What attempt was made in 1848 ? "What did it prove ? 19 218 HISTORY MODEEN. CHAPTER VI. GEKMANY. From, the Commencement of the Empire, under Charlemagne, A. C. 800, to 1851. 1. Germany, in the time of the first Roman Em- - perours, was inhabited by many brave, hardy, and 1 uncivilized nations, which the Romans could never r entirely subdue, and several of which, afterwards, on i the decline of the Western Empire, made incursions into several of the Roman provinces. But the his- ■ tory of Germany properly commences with the estab- ■ lishment of the new Empire of the West, by Charle- magne. That great monarch, who, as we have seen, succeeded his father, Pepin le Bref, to the throne of France, in 768 A. C, by rapid and splendid successes : brought under the crown of France the Netherlands, , Germany, Switzerland, a part of Italy, and also of f Spain. These vast dominions were styled the New ' Empire of the West ; and Charlemagne was crowned I Emperour, at Rome, by the Pope. A. C. 800. In 843, the empire was divided into three monarchies — France, Germany, and Italy; and in 887, the im- QuESTioNs. — 1. What is said of Germany in the time of the Eoman Emperours ? When does German history properly commence ? What was the commencement of the Empire ? What happened in the years 843 and 887 ? HISTOKY MODEKN. 219 perial dignity was transferred to Germany, which has ever since been distinguished in European history as the Empire. 2. There Avere nine Emperom-s of the house of Charlemagne between the years 800 and 912 ; four of the house of Saxony between 919 and 1024 ; four of the house of Franconia between 1024 and 1125 ; six of the house of Suabia between 1139 and 1269. At the last-mentioned period, the house of Haps- bm'gh, or Ancient Austria, ascended the throne, in the person of Rodolph I., surnamed the Merciful. All the succeeding Emperours, twenty-seven in num- ber, who reigned in Germany up to the dissolution of the empire by Napoleon, in 1806, descended from the last-mentioned house, with the single exception of Adolphus of Nassau, who succeeded Rodolph I., in 1291 A. C. 3. During the reigns of Henry IV. and Henry Y., of the Franconian line, between the years 1056 and 1125, serious quarrels constantly existed between the Popes and the Emperours, growing out of the ques- tions of investiture — the Emperours claiming the right to nominate candidates for vacant bishoprics, and to put elected bishops in possession of their benefices. This right was denied by Pope Gregory VII., Hildebrand, its exercise being considered by Questions. — 2. What were the different houses that reigned in Germany, down to 1269 ? What happened at that period, and what is said of tlie subsequent Emperours ? 3. What occurred during the reigns of Henry IV. and Henry V. ? 220 HISTORY MODERN. him an encroachment on the rights of the Church, During the reigns of most of the Emperows of the Suabian hne, there were also contests and disagree- ments with the Popes, arising out of the claim as- serted by them to hold their possessions in Italy in- dependent of the Emperours. 4. In the reign of Albert I., the second Emperour of the house of Hapsburgh, the Swiss rebelled ; and afterwards, under the patriotic guidance of Wilham Tell, threw off the German yoke, and achieved their independence at the pass of Morgarten. A. C. 1315. 5. But little of general interest appears between this period and that of Charles V., also King of Spain, who succeeded his grandfather, Maximilian I., in 1519. We have noticed the celebrated contest which this distinguished sovereign maintained against Francis I., of France, who also aspired to the imperial throne. Charles V. was successful in the contest, and afterwards pursued a splendid career of victory. During his reign, the Reformation in Ger- many made rapid progress. In 1555, Charles re- signed the Netherlands to his son Philip ; the next year he abdicated the throne of Spain ; and eight months after, to the amazement of all Europe, he renounced the empire in favour of his brother Fer- QuESTioNs. — What occurred during the Suabian line of Em- perours ? 4. "What happened in the reign of Albert I. ? 5. What occurred during tlie reign of Charles V. ? How did Charles terminate his reign ? HISTORY MODEEN, 221 dinand, having reigned as Emperonr thirty-seven years. After his resignation, Charles retired to the monastery of St. Just, in Spain, where, after two years spent in peaceful and pious pursuits, he died. A. C. 1558. 6. Durino; the reip-ns of Ferdinand II. and Fer- es o dinand III., the fourth and fifth Emperours after Charles V., the empire was convulsed by the cele- brated thirty years' war, growing out of the religious dissensions produced by the Reformation. It was terminated by the peace of Westphaha, in 1648, by which the three religions. Catholic, Lutheran, and Cahdnistic, were admitted to the free and unrestrained enjoyment of their several tenets. 7. The next war which distracted the empire was that of the Austrian Succession, already noticed in the history of France and England. The male branch of the house of Hapsburgh having become extinct on the death of Charles VI., in 1*740, his daughter, Maria Theresa, Queen of Hungary, claimed the succession. She was opposed by Charles, Elector of Bavaria, who also claimed the coveted throne, and, aided by Louis XV. of France, succeeded in being elected Emperour, with the title of Charles VII. Maria Theresa, however, prosecuted her claim with great energy, and, finally, being assisted by England, Questions. — 6. What occurred during the reigns of Ferdi- nand II. and Ferdinand III. ? How did the war terminate ? 7. What was the next war ? What produced it ? How did it end ? 19* 222 HISTOKY MODERN. was successful, lier right being recognized by the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1748. 8. The reign of Francis 11. , who ascended the im- perial throne in 1*794, was signalized by the wars of the French Revolution, the chief theatre of which was Germany. We have already detailed these mo- mentous events in the history of France. In 1806, Francis formally resigned the title of Emperour of Germany, and assumed the title of Emperour of Aus- tria. In 1815, a new union of the German States was adopted by the Congress of Vienna, called the Germanic Confederation, the affairs of which are regulated by a Diet, over which Austria presides. Francis was succeeded by Ferdinand in 1835, who abdicated, in 1848, in favor of his nephew. 9. The pohtical convulsions that, in 1848 and 1849, shook Europe to its centre, threatened at one time a violent dismemberment of this great empire. But, though Right might have been on the side of Hun- gary and the revolted provinces. Might was certainly on that of Austria ; and her success in dealing with revolutions emboldened the Emperour, Francis Jo- seph L, in 1851, to declare himself an absolute sov- ereign. Questions. — 8. What occurred in tlie reign of Francis II. ? What took place in 1806 and 1815? 9. With what was the Austrian empire at one time threatened ? What has the Em- perour since declared hhnself? HISTORY ^MODERN. 223 CHAPTER VII. SPAIN. From the Fifth Century, A. C, mo. eloth, 50 llimo. cloth, gilt sides, 7.'' 16mo. cloth, gilt sides and edges, - - - 1 00 YOUTH'S DIRECTOR, or Familiar Tales for Young People, which will be found useful to persons of every age, sex and condition in life. 24mo cloth 31 © — — E. DUNIGAN & BROTHER'S PUBLICATIONS. BISHOP EENRICK'S NEW VERSION OF THE FOUR GOSPELS. THE FOUR GOSPELS. By the Right Rev. Francis P. Kenrick, D. D., Bishop of Philadelphia. 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The plot is mainly laid in the heart of the county Donegal, and the characteristic life of that remote region is beau- tifully portrayed. The fair and the fighting, the ganger and the illicit still— the Orangemen and Eibbonmen— the grasping agent and the sufTeriog cottager— the Priest of the People, and the pro- selyting Minister of the Established Church, are all successfully and strikingly portrayed. Tlie Mew -York Truth -Teller says : — " Through all, and above all, is a tone of pure, healthful religious feeling, not often found in tales of Irish Life, since those of Barrow and Ceroid GriflSn." The Boston Post says : — " This is a tale of the oppressions of Ireland, told by an Irishman and a Catholic. As a mere literary work, it has power, pathos, and rural semblance. Some of the scenes are as naturally and vividly done as the best of the O'Hara Tales, or the most intense of the Stories of Carleton. We know of no American writer of note that could produce the equal of ' Shandy M'Guire,' so full of glowing pictures of Irish life and character, painted by a man of ability, and a warm syTnpathizer for the suffering and outraged." The London Tablet says : — " The story is amusing and contains instructions even for statesmen, if they have but the heart to un- derstand what political institutions can do in the way of good and evil." J ^ ^/