(it;Nl£.NlMiA ipt.v.i/ ■(. \ A LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, Chap,.: Copyright No. Shelf...,.E:3 5* UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. (X^^ TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM, .A SYNOPSIS OF. The History of Tennessee From its Earliest Settlement on WATAUGA to the present time, witli siiort Biographies of her Most Prominent Men. BY X MARY A. A FRY. CHATTANOOGA, TENNESSEE. JUNE I, i8g6. \ Published by the Author. 'i<\^C\^yf-;| \\ Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year i8g6, by MARY A. A. FRY. In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. TO REV. JAMES PARK, D.D.. of knoxville, tennessee, the 15el0ved pastor and teacher of my youth, is this poem dedicated. an honored son, bearing the name of an honored father, who was one of the pioneers of knoxville. —The Author. '^^ If perhaps these rhymes of mine should not sound well in stranger's cars, They have only to bethink them that it haiypens so with theirs ; For so long as words, like mortals, call a fatherland their own. They will he most highly valued where they are beat and longest known.'' — Longfellow. TKNNESSEE. CHAPTER I. 1769-1783. iFirst settlement on "Watauga — Form of Government Washinsjton District — Treaty with the Indians. Beginning of the Revolution — Annexed to North Carolina — Indian invasion — Washington County established — Tories — Settle- ment of Cumberland — Battle of King's Mountain — Cornwallis's retreat — Close of the War — Independence. •Glory to the Lord of Hosts from whom all glories be, For blessings on this goodly land, this land of Tennessee! One hundred years have come and gone since she was permitted To place her star on Freedom's banner and be admitted Into tiie United States, a Sovereign with her rights. Buried treasures, resources, possessions, hopes, delights. A quarter century ere this, a band of pioneers Planted the germ of civil life, watered with blood and tears. On the banks of the Watauga ; this first settlement Was the cradle of the State, where its infancy was spent. 'Tis true Fort Loudon had been built, besieged, and destroyed, The inhabitants massacred, and their bones employed To build a fence, showing the ghastly boundary line Of the Indians, a savage and expressive sign. Hunters and trappers had made an occasional raid, But so far no permanent settlement had been made. First to bring his family was Captain William Bean Who built his cabin on Boone's creek, for there he had seen Abundant game when hunting with Findlay, Smith, and Boone. Next Carter, Bledsoe, the Seviers, Shelby, and Robertson. Then came the Regulators, fled from the old North State, ;Some to escape punishment, and others more sedate. 6 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. To resist the tyranny of unjust taxation. Both Tories and Patriots sought out this location. About this time a colony settled Carter's Valley, Another moved to Nollichucky and began to rally. Here these settlers lived without protection, and because They believed they were in Virginia, adopted her laws. In convention assembled thirteen commissioners were elected, Who formed the written compact by which they were protected. From these five were made a court which, under a locust tree. Settled all things of import, and made them all agree To take the oath of fidelity to the common cause Of liberty in opposition to the English laws. At first the Nollichucky settlers did not wish to sign The "Articles of Association" and be put in line With the Americans in their struggle to be free; But the Watauga people forced them to sign for liberty! These settlements were called for Virginia's favorite son, First namesake recorded ''The District of Washington." About this time our settlers were thrown into confusion. A boundary line was drawn which dispelled the illusion As to their allegiance to Virginia, their mother. Their settlements were found within the bounds of another, Who slowly and grudgingly extended them protection While they treated with tiie Indians, who threatened ejection. James Robertson and John Boone were chosen to make a lease- For eight years, paying merchandise to the Cherokees. It is generally believed, though it is an error. That East Tennessee swarmed with Indians, a terror To the white people when they first settled the place, But very few ever dwelt here as we know the race. At this time it was the hunting-ground of the six nations,. The Eden of the Red man for past generations. The cause of pacific demeanor manifested To our settlers, who dwelt for three years unmolested^ Was the signal defeat of the Cherokee Nation, Who had crossed the Alleghanies, so says tradition,. And settled upon the Little Tennessee river, Whose near neighbors, the Creeks, agreed to deliver TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. The Shawnees wlien iu battle, their common enemy ; But they secretly joined them, and their base treachery Became known to the Cherokees while celebrating A national festival, when suddenly invading The unsuspecting Creeks, cut them off, were victorious, And in a general war their exploits were glorious. Their frequent successes caused them to be arrogant. But the inoffensive Chickasaws made them suppliant When they attempted to invade their territory: In a terrible conflict lost their former glory, Were defeated and withdrew to their own villages, And this is why our settlers were free from pillages. Daniel Boone now attempted to move into Kentucky, But was attacked by Indians and thought himself lucky To escape with his family to the nearest settlements. Where he remained with a party of other emigrants Till after the battle of Kenhawa, where our men Fought with bravery under Shelby throughout the campaign. The "Treaty of Sycamore Shoals" was soon concluded, Where Oconestota thought the Indians were deluded. His celebrated speech to them then was prophetic, Though his twelve hundred braves ignored his plea pathetic. He foretold their destiny down to the present day. Exhorted them to run all risks nor cede their lands away. His counsels were disregarded, the cession was made, Henderson purchased the lauds and a deed was conveyed. Affairs in the colonies had become exciting ; At last they come to blows, and at Lexington were fighting. The war for Independence was now fairly begun Under the command of the immortal Washington. The Watauga people, willing to share the expense. And scarce five hundred strong, to fight in the defense Of the United Colonies, sent their petition, A document of interest, showing their condition, 8 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. To North Carolina, desiriuj^; annexation, Whetlier as county, district, or other division. Therefore Washington District, Watauga settlement, Was advised by the Council, which was omnipotent. To send their representatives to Congress, who were Charles Robertson, John Carter, John Hale, and John Sevier. Meanwhile the British agents incited the savage tribes. By promises of clothing, plunder, and other bribes. To take the arms they furnished, and to exterminate The Watauga settlers they could not subjugate. This cruel invasion was rendered less destructive By the humanity of one who was productive Of great good to these settlers on several occasions. Who now made known to them the plan of their invasions. When Mrs. Bean was captured and was condemned to die. She was pardoned and restored to friends by this ally. Whoever tells our story, historian or bard, Give praise to the "pretty woman," the squaw Nancy Ward! Proceeding at once to adopt defensive measures. They took their wives and children, the pioneer treasures, Into forts and stations, where they could be protected. Forts Heaton and Watauga, the strongest erected. The soldiers in Fort Heaton marched out and met the foe, Completely routing them and wounding Dragging-C/anoe, While those in the Watauga fort prepared for the surprise Of the Indians' attack next morning at sunrise. Forty men under command of Sevier and Robertson Fought Old Abraham's three hundred, and victory was won. These pioneers were thus bound in common sympathy To unite in resisting the British tyranny. After building their cabins, their forts, mills, and palisade. They built a house to worship the God to whom they prayed. Their first Christian minister, himself a pioneer. Was Rev. Charles Cummings, a Scotch-Irishman without fear. From the time of these attacks whenever he went to church He would shoulder his ritle and put on his shot-pouch ; TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. Likewise his congregation went prepared for affray. The savages had taught them to watch as well as pray. Joint forces of the whites, in return for being annoyed, Burnt the Indian towns, and their harvests were destroyed. For a time they were cowed and the settlements at length Had a time of rest and peace in which to gather strength. The Assembly of North Carolina met and defined Washington District a county, its boundary assigned To be the whole of the present State of Tennessee, From the Virginia line to the Mississippi. John Carter was appointed colonel of the county. Who gave his militia the land they wished for bounty ; Under whose protection the settlements were extended, And from incursions of Indians were defended. Hitherto pack-horses moved their families and goods . Along the trading paths blazed by hunters through the woods. Now a wagon road was opened and cleared after much work From Washington county to the county of Burke. Another source of annoyance was now presented : Tories trom all quarters on the frontier augmented. Committing depredations and defying restraint. Until their behavior was the cause of great complaint. Committees were appointed to inflict punishment, With unlimited power — death, fine, or banishment. In less than two months they were in a safe condition, Tories dispersed, or were in a state of submission. To those pioneers who fought for freedom and glory, It was justly esteemed a crime to be a Tory. Amid such scenes of disorder and mad violence The Christian ministry shed its benign influence. Rev. Tidence Lane of the " Baptist faith and order " Built a house of worship within the county's border, W^hile Rev. Samuel Doak, with his impressive manner. Won many souls under the Presbyterian banner. To counteract the intrio-ues of the British legation And the Tories living with the Cherokee nation. 10 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL TOEM. Governor Caswell appointed a Snperintendent Of Indian Aifairs, a man brave and independent, AVho had saved the colony on several occasions From the horror and bloodshed of Indian invasions. Captain Robertson was chosen for this position, For he could carry a Talk, and give the rendition. Governor Caswell sent a Talk of conciliation To the Raven of Chota, the chief of the nation. Bat the olive branch was to them extended in vain ; The hostile Chickamangas would go to war again. This tribe dwelt on both sides of the river Tennessee, Below Chickamauga creek near the cave Te-calla-see, Known as the Nickajack, the dark and gloomy retreat, Where the banditti of the " Narrows " retired to secrete The spoils and the victims of their cruelty and guilt. In this dismal cavern it is said much blood was spilt. North Carolina and Virginia determined to destroy The towns of these marauders, who did so mnch annoy. They sent Shelby and Montgomery with five hundred men, Whose expedition was successful in one campaign. Jonesboro, the first town in the State, was now surveyed. And seat of justice of Washington county was made ; A new county laid otf and officers elected, And for this the name of Sullivan was selected. Ten years had now elapsed since our hardy pioneers Settled Washington District, when a few volunteers Crossed the Cumberland mountains searching for the rich lands; They pitched theirtentsandplanted corn where Nashville nowstands. After their crop was made, three of their number remained To take care of the cornfields and the stock they had gained. While the balance returned for their families and friends James Robertson built their cabins, forts, and all that tends To make a settlement secure exposed to the raids Of British and Indians, of all tribes and all grades. TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. 11 Meanwhile several boats laden with emigrants and stores Left the Holston river for the more perilous shores Of the Tennessee, Ohio, and the Cumberland, This fleet extraordinary was under command Of Colonel John Donelson, who has left for our view A journal of the voyage of his pioneer crew. Exposed in midwinter to both smallpox ravages And the barbarous attacks of the fierce savages, The distance traversed, their dangers, and their bereavement, This emigration is marked their greatest achievement. Their circuitous wanderings and perils all past, They arrived at the Cumberland settlement at last. Colonel Richard Henderson, the famed treaty-maker, Sold them lands, laid them oif, and was their entry-taker. Their position was one of hardship, danger, and toil ; The winter had been severe, food was scarce, though the soil Was very fertile, and with proper cultivation Would soon return them luxuriant vegetation. They were three hundred miles from the Holston settlement And double that distance from the seat of government. Whose energies were bent in the struggle to be free And had no time to look after a new colony. Dr. AV'alker, the commissioner from Virginia To survey her dividing line from North Carolina, Arrived at the Bluff, 'twas his third expedition, In Seventeen hundred forty-eight; he traced the position Of the mountain range Wasioto, and gave it the name Cumberland, likewise the gap and river the same; All in honor of P^ngland's prime minister we see, Though the river was called by the Indians Shawnee. We will leave the Cumberland settlement and return To the Eastern counties, who were trying to discern How they could best divide their forces for the defense Of wives and children, and their country's independence. British posts were established all through the Southern States, W^hen our settlers were requested to assist General Gates, 12 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. Sevier and Shelby gathered their forces ia great haste ; They were very far away and had no time to waste. Haply for our heroes, their assistance came too late, The battle had been fought and our troops had met ill-fate. At this time deep gloom hung o'er the American cause, Losing Savannah and Charleston brought them to a pause. Again at Camden a second army was defeated ; The troops were ill-fed and clad, the treasury depleted. Those whose time of service had expired were acquitted, Want of means for the war was openly admitted. These defeats seem to have brought the struggle to a close. Estates were sequestered and death denounced against those Found in arms against the King who had taken protection. The lives and property of the Whigs were in subjection To a military despotism, but our men. Fearing them not, gave them trouble every now and again. Patrick Ferguson, a colonel in the King's service, Though a brave Scotch officer, showed himself a novice In sending to Sevier by a prisoner a letter, Threatening that he and other officials " had better Stay at home and cease annoying the King's army, or he Would cross the mountain, burn and devastate their country, Refugee Whigs, from Carolina and Georgia, had come To Watauga and Nollichucky as to their home. The cabin doors were thrown open, and they were assured Of kindness and sympathy with the ills they endured. Among them came Samuel Phillips, the prisoner paroled. Who brought the threatening message I have already told. When Shelby received it, he rode sixty miles to see Sevier, and arrange what their plan of defense should be. They determined to raise all the riflemen they could. Surprise Ferguson in his camp and show him what good It did to threaten to hang the leaders of such men, Who were not afraid to '' beard the lion in his den." A summons was sent to the men througliout the border To meet at Sycamore Shoals on Watauga in order "To raise enough men for the projected enterprise, And leave a force behind to protect their homes likewise. TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. 13^ They all wished to go on this new expedition, So they had to be drafted to see what position They were to assume, and the drafted men were assigned To man the forts and stations and protect those left behind. Many volunteers had no horses or equipments, But were supplied with both by John Sevier's indorsement. Every settler had spent his last dollar for his land, And this money was now in the entry-taker's hand, Who, when informed of their inijwverished condition. Gave it up to buy equipments and ammunition. Shelby and Sevier pledged themselves to see it repaid. The State Treasurer's receipt shows that payment was made, Shelby sent to Vii'ginia for Colonel Campbell's aid ; At first he refused, but a second request was made. He now brought his whole force of four hundred mounted men To co-operate with our heroes in this campaign. Shelby and Sevier had two hundred and forty each. And Colonel McDowell the refugee Whigs in reach. At the camp on Watauga, under that locust tree, Assembled the whole force of what is now Tennessee. Old men came to counsel, encourage, and stimulate The youthful soldier to be brave and win laureate. The wives and sisters, with sighs suppressed, bade them farewell,. While with pride for gallant sons their mothers' bosoms swelled. Methinks I see this brave army, clad in their homespun. With hunting-shirt and rifie bright each gallant horseman. Colonel Campbell, stern and dignified, taking command; Next McDowell, an exile from his own native land ; Then Shelby, very determined, taciturn, and grave ; Now Sevier, impulsive, vivacious, and brave. Before they left camp they looked to God for his blessing. For all of them would not return, some would be missing; Then on they marched o'er mountain, valley, and river. They were determined to conquer and to deliver Their suffering country from the British oppressor, And wait not to be attacked, but be the aggressor. At the foot of the mountain, in the midst of their hurry. They met Colonels Cleveland of Wilkes and Winston of Surrey,. 14 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. Who, with tliree hniulrocl of North Carolina militia, Joined our heroes heart and hand in their dariuo- issue. Further on they were joined by three other officials, Chronicle, Hanibright, and Williams, who took positions. Ferguson had tidings that our Patriots indignant Were marching towards him with intentions malignant. He exhorted the Tories and Regulars combined To fight like men, nor be conquered " by the dregs of mankind.'^ He fell back for aid, but our men kept close on his trail, Till he reached a cone-shaped hill he dared them to assail. Tn Lincoln county, North Carolina, this hill is found, Therefore 'tis useless to debate and measure the ground. In honor of his Majesty, King's Mountain 'twas called. When securely encamped and his officers installed. He declared that " God himself could not drive him from it." He did not think our volunteers would dare to storm it ; But the officers reconnoitered, and the command was made To " dismount, tie your horses," which was promptly obeyed. " File to the right ! encircle the mountain," now they go. '' Face the front, raise the war-whoop ! Advance on the foe !" Hark ! What is that I hear up the ravine; who can tell? Why those are John Sevier's men, and that's the Rebel yell! Now they discover two gaps in the ridge, they enter, When down the enemy fires into Shelby's center ! Undismayed, they return it with terrible effect. Now Campbell ascends the mountain, his men stand erect, They pour a deadly fire upon the enemy, when A brisk charge from Ferguson's men drive them down again. Now the column under Williams, on the other side, Advance up the mountain, charge the Regulars, the pride ■Of Ferguson's army ; they rally, and sad surprise, Make a desperate charge, when Major Chronicle dies ! From side to side the charge is made, now our columns meet; Ferguson is surrounded, his Regulars retreat. Sevier holds the center, Shelby and Campbell the crest. Ferguson blows his silver whistle, gives his behest " Cavalry mount," only to see them fall one by one ! Twice the white fiag is raised, but Ferguson cuts it down. TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. 15 Dupoister begs to surrender. " We are lost, he cries." " No ! never! to raw militia," Ferguson replies. Now he's wounded, falls, immediately expires! Dupoister raises the white Hag, the army retires. Now God be praised, the day is ours. Yes, the work is done ! Glory to his holy name for this our victory won ! This conflict of one hour's length brought a rich reward. The prisoners were disarmed and given a double guard. Our loss was thirty killed and twice that number wounded. The enemy's loss was seven times ours, with prisoners seven hundred. Fifteen hundred stand of arms, horses, wagons loaded With supplies taken from the Whigs and by Tories hoarded. We lost brave Colonel Williams, of the Palmetto State ! Three Edmonsons of Virginia met with the same sad fate ! They bivouacked on the battle-field, the living and the dead. Now " famed eternal camping-ground," though no tents are spread ! The spirits of fallen heroes guarded while they slept ; They thanked God for their victory, and for their dead they wept ! The next morning was the Sabl)ath, and at the dawn of day They arose, buried the dead, and solemnly marched away. Captains Lenoir and Sevier with the wounded were carried ; Robert Sevier died the third day and at Bright's was buried. The flints were taken from the locks of the guns, And the prisoners required to carry them by turns. These victorious troo])s, with their valuable sj)oils, Sought safety in Virginia to rest from their toils. Campbell and Shelby continued the march, while Sevier With his command crossed the mountain to his own frontier. Important results followed this terrible defeat, Cornwallis abandoned his plan and ordered a retreat. (It was on this retreat that Andrew Jackson, when a lad, Was arrested by a British officer and bade To clean his boots, — the insult he resented, when the knave Gave him two cuts with his sword that scarred him to the grave.) Mr. Jefferson said, "It was the turn in the tide Of success that ended the war and gave us our pride. 16 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. Independence," the right to exist as a nation, The position demanded by onr deciaration. The Assembly of North Carolina at its first session After the noted defeat passed a resolution, That for the great services to their country rendered A sword and pistols to both our heroes be tendered, To Shelby and Sevier, a just testimonial, Their children revere a souvenir colonial. Sevier had just returned with news to the wife and mother Of victory in battle and the death of his brother, When he was informed of an impending invasion Of the Cherokees wrought up by British persuasion. It was their policy to attack the western frontier, To prevent the return of the hardy pioneer To the battle ground, and forcing a second retreat. Their policy succeeded, but they met with defeat. Without a day's rest Sevier quickly marshaled his men And hurried to the field of his Indian campaign. At Boyd's creek he met them, a bloody battle ensued, They were defeated and into the swamps were pursued. The next year the Indians so much annoyed. He invaded their country, and their crops he destroyed. At this crisis General Green wrote to Colonel Sevier, Of the state of affairs, and that his suspicions were, That Cornwallis would try to escape by marching back. And begged him to prepare for immediate attack. He accordingly summoned two hundred mounted men, Crossed the mountains and joined General Francis Marion. Colonel Shelby sheathed his sword in answer to the call To represent his county in the legislative hall. Meanwhile Cornwallis surrendered and brought to a close The struggle for freedom; the patriots wrested from their foes Their independence, for which seven long years they had fought. Their liberty they with much blood and treasure had bought. CHAPTER II. 1783-1790. District of Morgan established — North Carolina cedes the Western counties to the United States — The Counties secede from North Carolina — The State of Franklin — Arrest of John Sevier — Trial — Escape — Elected to Congress — Cumberland settlement Sufferings — The District of Mero — Andrew Jackson comes to Cumberland from North Carolina — Death of Anthony Bledsoe — Isaac Shelby moves to Kentucky — Colonel Brown's adventure — Second ces- sion of the Western Counties to the United States. The Assembly of North Carolina directed That Washington and Sullivan counties be erected Into the District of Morgan ; also provided That a court should be held by a judge who presided At Jonesboro. This was done on account of the way Being desolate and uninhabited that lay Across the mountains from Washington county to Burke. Judge Spruce McKay presided first, with John Sevier clerk. Waighstill Avery was appointed attorney for the State, William Cocke was admitted to practice and debate. He was the greatest orator those stirring times produced ; Tall and commanding presence, his language flowed profuse. He had fought in every battle side by .John Sevier, And now in peace, as war, he stood to any man the peer. The Assembly during the present session enlarged The western boundary, but the act also charged That a tract be reserved for Cherokee huutinsr-orouuds, And a treaty held with those in Chickamauga towns. Joseph Martin was appointed the Indian agent, He carried their talks and was the governor's regent. The county of Washington was again divided, A new county erected, and it was decided To name it in honor of General Nathaniel Greene, Under whom they had fought, as we have already seen. 18 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. Peace brought with it new duties, for war's devastatiou Left the country at large in want and desolation. Many patriots of their goods and |)ossessious bereft, Took their families and their freedom, all they had left, And as emigrants from the Middle and Southern States, Joined the Holston and Cumberland settlements, whose gates Were open to receive them, and they were invited To " camp with the neighbors," who were always delighted To have them come and share their home, while they with all their heart Joined in building their cabins and giving them a start. A pair of pigs, a cow and calf, corn and fowls were brought. And given to the beginners, kindness all unsought. Thus encouraged, they labored hard their fortunes to mend, Resolving on themselves and kind heaven to depend. While the country hailed the news of peace with joy unsurpassed, Government felt itself burdened with debts and harassed By public creditors, and for relief it was agreed That such of the States as owned vacant lands should now cede Them to the United States to pay the common debt. North Carolina, therefore, when the legislature met, Ceded to Congress all the land that is now Tennessee, From the Virginia line to the Mississippi. If Congress did not accept in two years, then the act Provided that thenceforward it be of no effect. Members from the Western counties voted for the act, And brought to them the uhws, their first knowledge of the fact, AVhich excited violent opposition and rage, Being left in a state of " political' orphanage." In this dilemma a committee was appointed To devise some active plan for affairs so disjointed. They recommended that deputies to a convention Be elected to meet in Jonesboro and mention The time for the meeting, which was August twenty-third. They met, organized, and when their grievances were heard. Selected a committee of eleven men, good and true, To decide and report the best thing for them to do. TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. 19 After much discussiou they decided to secede From North Carolina, and a delegate proceed At ouce to Congress to represent the situation, And request that body's consent to the formation ■Of a separate government. This report was received And adopted by the convention, who then agreed To inform the crowd in the street of their decision, AVho unanimously consented to this provision. Meanwhile North Carolina repealed the Cession Act, But on account of the remote situation the fact Did not become known until action had been taken, The people were determined and remained unshaken. A new convention was called to form a constitution, And name the Independent State at its formation. John Sevier, however, on the day of the election. In an address begged them to decline further action, But they still persisted in their determination. They met and submitted for the ratification Of the legislature chosen the constitution. Under which the government should be put in motion. "This body met in Jonesboro at the appointed time. They were men of ability, but their names will not rhyme. The State was first called " Frankland," meaning a land of freemen. But changed to " Franklin" in honor of the great statesman. John Sevier was chosen governor, the right man for the place ; Of Huguenot origin, a frank and fearless race, Born in the Shenandoah Valley, where he was reared ; A protege of liord Dunsmore, to whom he was endeared. He inherited the vivacity of the French nation, Was fluent and gallant, and fitted for any station. He was devoted to the interests of his section, And they did honor to themselves by his election. David Campbell was elected judge of superior court, The other oflhces filled with men of like import. The most important act passed this session had relation 'To providing salaries and levying taxation. 20 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. The currency of the coimtry was flax-linen and tow, Woolen and cotton linsey, otter skins, cased or no, Beaver, raccoon, and fox skins, bacon, tallow, beeswax. These peltries at fixed values, paid the land and poll-tax, With whisky, brandy, sugar, tobacco in the collection, The whisky must be good, the tobacco bear inspection. To insure temperance in those who held positions Of public trust, the law specified these conditions : That the salaries of all public officers be paid In skins absolutely, and in mink skins payments were made. An act for the promotion of learning was now passed ; Martin Academy was built and it Avas then classed The principal seat of education in the west; For classical learning and discipline it was best. Rev. Samuel Doak was its founder and president. It was built on his farm where he had long been resident. From the earliest settlement they had the " old field school," Where the master, with a stout birch rod enforced the rule. And taught the '' three R's — Reading, Riting and Rithmetic"— In a little log cabin chinked with mud and stick, Where the light came in through a square opening in the wall. And a long space between the logs, where they sat one and all By turns at a desk, learning to handle the quill pen Made by the master, and mended every now and then. The large fireplace held nearly half a load of wood. Which, despite the open places, kept them warm and good. The girls were buxom lassies, the boys were strong and stout,. And when they wished a holiday they turned the master out. They sat on benches without backs from morn till sundown. And some of those very boys became our men of renown. An act to establish three new counties was now passed. Which shows that our settlements were growing very fast. The constitution which had been prepared for the new State,, When submitted to the convention caused much debate. At last it was rejected by a small majority, And the old State constitution became authority. TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. » 21 .Among its other strange provisions and marked features Was that prohibiting lawyers, doctors, and preachers From ever becoming members of the legislature. This remarkable paper was of such a nature As to be printed in pamphlet form to be preserved. It contained much wisdom and a better fate deserved ; The convention appointed General Cocke to proceed With a memorial to Congress showing their need. Asking admission into the Union as a State. His request was not granted, Franklin was left to her fate. The Articles of Confederation did not provide For the admission of new States. Congress did not deride The State of Franklin, but could not, without assumption Of power, receive her till the new constitution. The town of Greenville was laid off and became the seat Of the legislature and capital of the new State. Meanwhile the Cherokees became hostile and complained To Congress of encroachments on the lands they retained. •Commissioners were sent at once to give them relief; They met at Hopewell in treaty, each town sent a chief. The boundary, the chief cause which had made them complain, Was made to conform with lines of their former domain. General Cocke and Judge Campbell were appointed to go And petition North Carolina the boon to bestow Of separation, and the right to be left alone. But the Assembly decided that they should postpone :Such action until they were in better condition From their numbers and wealth to seek such a position. An act granting pardon and oblivion was passed To the Western counties, who as revolters were classed. On condition that they their allegiance return To North Carolina, and their position discern. Opposition to the new State began to be seen. John Tipton was the leader, ready to vent his spleen On any measure or movement favored by John Sevier. He Avas honest and fearless, with manners austere. With a following sufficient to be elected ilSenator from Washington county, and projected 22 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. The plan to return to North Carolina and wait Until everything was ready to form a new State. He and his colleagues were men of influence and weight, And their opposition foretold to Franklin ill fate. A strange spectacle was now presented to their view — Two governments were exercised, the old and the new. County courts were held hi the same counties under both. Taxes were laid by each government, but they were loath To pay either, so decided to pay none at all. The adherents of both governments displayed much gall. The process of the courts required the sheriffs to go Within the bounds of each other, and they would fight so It became necessary to appoint strong men and true To the office of sheriff, so Messrs. Caldwell and Pugh Were selected, Caldwell for Franklin, Pugh for Tipton's court, And when each was in session they afforded much sport. They would enter the courthouse, seize the papers, and turn The justice out of doors, and as soon as they would learn Where the papers were hid, they would take them by force This caused great confusion, and papers were lost of course. To avoid future trouble, when a marriage occurred, Two licenses were required, — no one ever demurred. A few persons began to turn in the direction Of compromise, and others soon caught the infection. Colonel Shelby was arbitrator, and they agreed To live jointly in harmony, but did not succeed. Shelby then urged that Franklin be forced by arms to return To her allegiance, which steps Governor Caswell did s])urn. Sevier tried to prop his now tottering State, But yielded to conditions which portended its fate. A fieri facias had issued and been placed in the hands Of the North Carolina sheriff, and its demands "Were that he seize the estate of Governor Sevier, Who was then fighting the Indians on the frontier. By virtue thereof he took Sevier's slaves from his farm To the house of Colonel Tipton to keep them from harm.. Sevier hearing what the sheriff had done in his capacity. Resolved to punish the actors for their audacity. TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. 23 He besieged Tipton's house, but he had rallied his clans, And Sevier retired with his forces without his demands. His sword bad often been drawn for his country's good, But he refused to imbrue his hands in his neighbor's blood. At this time of civil discord, a missionary Of the Christian religion, sainted Bishop Asbury, Appeared at Watauga in peace and benignity, Harmonizing the masses with his calm dignity, And converting partisans into friends and brothers, He labored unceasingly for the good of others. Without official power Sevier went as a volunteer, And again repelled the Indians from the frontier. As soon as he reached home he found tiiat, without reason, A warrant was issued against him for high treason. As he always forgave others who offended him. And his merits had brought him into public esteem. He had no suspicion ofthe harbored resentment Against him, so lived in innocent contentment. He knew not that those who had great services rendered Their countrymen and neighbors would be the last tendered Forgiveness for faults, and that envy aggravated The anger of those who his sins exaggerated, Sevier meanwhile all public assemblies attended, When one day at court he some officers offended. They sought Tipton and gave an account ofthe dispute, Who immediately joined them and went in his pursuit. This armed force reached Mrs. Brown's where he was at daylight. She refused to admit Tipton, so to avoid fight Sevier opened the door which brought Colonel Love to view; He gave him his hand and said, "I surrender to you." On his way he requested Colonel Love that he might Be imprisoned in Jonesboro but for one night. Colonel Love remonstrated ; said he, " Tipton will place A strong guard around you there, meanwhile those in your grace Will attempt a rescue, and neighbors' blood will be shed." Sevier was reluctant to leave his friends and homestead. 24 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. When they reached Jonesboro Tipton had him bound in irons ! For shame, that John Sevier be given such environs ! He was permitted to send home for money and clothes, Was then carried to Morganton without repose. As the guard passed through Burke county they met an old friend, Who had fought by Sevier's side in battle to defend His home and country, and when as an exile did roam AVas sheltered and cared for by John Sevier in his home. General McDowell, in turn, now comes to his relief. Is his surety till the court delivers him from grief. The frontier people adored their " Nollichucky Jack," They felt themselves outraged and resolved to bring him back. Major Evans, Mr. Cozby, Sevier's sons, James and John, With a few others followed the way the guard had gone. When they approached the town four of them hid near the road, While Evans and Cozby dared to mingle with the crowd. Evans took Sevier's celebrated race mare and led Her to the courthouse door, with the bridle thrown o'er her head. Cozby entered the house, and there arraigned at the bar Sat his friend, firm and undaunted, as if charging in war ; Their eyes met, and he felt that rescue was at hand. Tears of gratitude flowed, and he could scarcely command Himself when Cozby stepped forward in front of the judge And said, "Are you done with this man ?" which caused a great budge Sevier caught sight of his mare standing at the door. 'Mid the confusion he rushed out, and one moment more He was safely in the saddle, and borne from the crowd ; His comrades followed after, and, with a wild shout aloud Of victory, bore him in triumph and closed the rear. They had made themselves immortal by rescuing Sevier ! These North Carolina patriots now stood around In approving silence and saw Sevier make his bound ; They connived at the rescue and discouraged pursuit. That he was a patriot hero none dared dispute. Sevier first bore the brunt when secession came to grief; Then Jeff Davis, our immortal Confederate chief ! TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. 25 His return home was everywhere greeted with applause, All delighted to honor their chief of the " lost cause." The s"Overnment of Franklin was of four years' duration When the Assembly of North Carolina, in mitigation. Again extended pardon and oblivion to all those Who had taken part in the Franklin revolt as chose To avail themselves of its provisions, but debarred John Sevier, the hero of King's Mountain (such reward) From enjoying any office of honor or trust. His countrymen could not spare him, and so they were just When they elected him next year to the State senate, And petitioned the Assembly, for their hearts were in it, To repeal the former act and restore him his right. The petition was granted, and much to the delight Of his friends, he took his seat and during this session AYas made brigadier-general without opposition. In like manner he was soon elected to Congress, Representing both Cumberland and Holstou progress. Likewise his associates, though all styled revolters, The best men of their day, the firmest supporters Of government, were called to fill offices of trust, Which shows that public sentiment is rarely unjust. During the past eight years while the Holston settlement AVas disturbed by war, and forming a new government. The Cumberland settlers, in terror and consternation, Lived day by day amid havoc and desolation ! The ShaAvnees, incited by the British, took occasion To begin a grand exterminating invasion. But for their forts and stations, built with uncommon strength. They would have succumbed to these renewed attacks at length. At first eight stations had been built, but the population. Disheartened, left five in a state of desolation. Those of the emigrants who had stopped at Red river AVere attacked by Indians and compelled to sever. Those who escaped death were forced to withdraw to the Bluff, And in their journey to this place found troul)le enough. 26 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. Brave Captain John Rains, and Colonel Donelson again Came to the Bluff, the latter just escaped being slain. Time would fail to tell the names of brave men true and good Who were massacred by the Indians in cold blood ! Every foot of ground where our metropolis is built Is holy, consecrated, where heroic blood was spilt ! They were forced to till the ground, for their bread was the yield So some served as sentinels, while others ploughed the field; And when they went to the spring for a drink of water A rifleman stood near to protect them from slaughter. In the midst of these hardships of danger and woe. They found their supply of powder began to run low. They had agreed upon a "compact of government," But discouraged proposed to break up the settlement. Captain Robertson resisted this proposition. And offered to return East for their ammunition. His proposal was accepted, and with a few picked men Kept his promise, and in due time returned home again. James Robertson was to them all a father could be, As John Sevier was father of East Tennessee. The very night he returned he prevented ill-fate. The people in the fort forgot to fasten the gate. The Indians fifty strong crept up to the stockade, The moon was shining brightly, and when a hand was laid Upon the chain that held the gate, Robertson awoke, Sprang to his feet, yelling "Indians!" every word he spoke. Those within awoke and knew what the cry foreboded ; They repulsed them, for they slept with their rifles loaded. The Revolutionary war was ended at length, And additional emigrants gave them renewed strength. The Indian hostilities somewhat abated. But peaceful relations were not yet consummated. They continued to give trouble till Ca[)tain John Rains Managed with his force to quell them in three campaigns. These pioneers underwent trials and were harassed By Indians, in degree and duration unsurpassed TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. 27 By any people ; the Revolutionary war Was a very small matter, iu comparisou thus far. The Assembly of North Carolina passed an act, Giving to each of her surviving soldiers a trai-t Of bounty land according to their office and grade, And directed that Middle Tennessee be surveyed For this purpose. A vast emigration from that State Came soon after, and (»wing to this cause we estimate That nine-tenths of the population of this section. Our very best citizens, came from that direction. Commissioners appointed to lay off bounty land, Accompanied by a guard now came to Cumberland. Tatum, Bledsoe, and Shelby now began to survey. Without trouble from the Indians — the guard kept them away. They laid off twenty-five thousand acres on Duck river, The deed to which they were authorized to deliver To General Nathaniel Greene, which North Carolina gave As reward to that officer so gallant and brave. They also issued certificates of pre-emption To those with rights ; other lands were subject to partition. These duties performed, the commission was then dissolved, And Isaac Shelby at liberty, at once resolved To move to Kentucky, where he afterwards became The first governor of the State, and achieved great fame In the war of 1812, when, with General Harrison, His determined courage then challenged comparison AVith those feats of his youth, when, as a volunteer. He conquered at King's Mountain along with John Sevier, His wife, a Bledsoe daughter, was a woman of rare worth. Accomplished and heroic, though of gentle birth. His memory is perpetuated by this State, In the name of her southwestern county and county seat, Shelbyville, of Bedford county. Sevier and llobertson, Were honored in like manner for deeds of valor done. The Assembly of North Carolina now erected The county of Davidson and officers selected. :28 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. A county court was established and courthouse built, And soon afterwards a prison for those accused of guilt. The town of Nashville was laid off and, like the county, named For a general in the army for patriotism famed. Davidson Academy was opened and endowed With lands for ninety years and taxes disallowed. Superior court was opened, and the judge w'as paid Fifty pounds for each court, and the payment to be made From the treasury of Davidson county. The cost To North Carolina was nothing ; she never lost Anything on her w'estern counties, but was gaining. And in every transaction made them self-sustaining. Captain Robertson requested that a selection Of three hundred armed men be sent for their protection. And that these troops cut and clear a road ten feet wide From Nashville to Jonesboro that emigrants might ride. Davidson county was divided, the new one called For General Jethro Sumner, who was in battle ne'er appalled. The counties began again to be greatly distressed. And the appeal to the Assembly at last impressed Them to send relief, when they knew the troops would be paid By the United States, and no charge to their State made. 'Colonel Anthony Bledsoe had broken up his fort. And moved to his brother Isaac's, a place of import. To Bledsoe's Lick, where one night after he had retired He heard Indians coming, and looking out they fired And shot him through the body; he died the next morning. The savages were repulsed after this sad warning. Esteemed for private virtues, his public services were, Civil and military, rendered the whole frontier. From the first settlement of Holston to Cumberland, No wonder that his loss from their gallant band Was mourned by both settlements, and Colonel Robertson Tried with policy to gain what treaties had not done. The currency of Cumberland was corn, pork, bear meat, .Salt, venison — in fact, anything that thoy could eat. TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. 29' Such was the rapid increase of the population That for the convenience of those whose habitation Was remote from Nashville, it was again decided That Davidson county a second time be divided. The new county thus laid off was at first called Tennessee ; It has since formed two — Robertson and Montgomery. Colonel Robertson gave notice in the State gazette Of North Carolina, that all persons would be met With a guard, to escort those who desired to proceed From Jonesboro to Nashville. They really had need Of a guard, for the road just opened was infested With hostile Indians, and they would be molested. Among those who were waiting for the guard to report Were the new judge, solicitor, and clerk of the court, McNairy, Andrew Jackson, and Thomas Searcy, Since famed in the annals of the State of Tennessee. Now, about sixty families joined the cavalcade. Reached Nashville in safety without being delayed. Mr. Solicitor Jackson met there John Overton, An attorney just arrived, and a friendship begun Which lasted through life. They proceeded to make their home With Mrs. Douelson, who was glad to have them come. Colonel Donelson had been killed by the savages. These young men would be protection from their ravages. The Assembly laid off the Cumberland settlement Into a district called ^Nlero, with a government. It was named in honor of Don Estaphau Mero, Then Governor of New Orleans, a Spanish hero, Who had been their friend and benefactor in the past, And continued such intercourse with them to the last. The most thrilling adventure of those who emigrated To Cumberland was that of Colonel Brown narrated, A revolutionary officer on his way To take possession of lauds given him for pay. Although moving to a wilderness among strangers. He was unwilling to be exposed to the dangers 30 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. Of a laud route with his family; so decided To build a boat ou the Holston, aud have it provided With necessaries for the voyage to Cumberland, And was careful to fortify it with an oak band. His family consisted of a wife, four daugiiters, five sous, Negroes, and with them five young men who could hnndleguns. Near Nickajack tiiey were captured by a savage horde, Who, after robbing the boat, })ut the men to the sword. The mother and little children were separated. Made slaves to the savages until liberated By John Sevier, who soon restored them to each other, The account of which is given by the youngest brother. His life had been spared that he might be slave to a chief. When an old squaw rushed in and said it was her belief " That he ought to be killed, for he would soon be a man, And would pilot an army there, that would be his plan, And have them all cut off," which ]>rophecy was fulfilled When Nickajack was attacked and many were killed. The Indians continued to attack the stations, When General Martin, agent for the six nations. Was appealed to for aid ; he complied with their demands. The troops assembled at White's fort where Knoxville now stands. Colonels Love, Kennedy, and Doherty, with their men, Joined General Martin's troops in this campaign. They had scarcely returned home from this expedition. When three hundred Indians attacked Gillespie's station. The few men in the fort made a gallant resistance. But were overpowered for want of assistance. The women and children were captured, though some were slain, But John Sevier pursued them and brought them home again. The last town established under North Carolina rules Was Rogersville, Hawkins county, famous for good schools. 'Twas called for Joseph Rogers, the first settler who came ; He gave the ground to build the town aud well deserved the name. TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. 31 The Assembly of North Carolina began to make preparation For a separate political organization, By again passing an act ceding her western lands To the United States to satisfy her demands. To the first Cession Act the western counties were loath, 'Twas now the policy of each, and the interest of both. Senators Johnston and Hawkins the deed now conveyed, ■Congress accepted the deed and the cession was made. CHAPTER III. 1790-1796. Territory southwest of the Ohio river — Governor Blount appointed — Treaty of Holston — Settling Indian claims — The first newspaper published at Rogers- ville — Knoxville settled — Made the seat of government — Attack of John Watts and Double-Head — Knoxville defended — John Sevier's Etowah battle and Indian campaign — Cumberland settlements attacked — Nickajack expedition — Territorialconveniion — Census taken, more than the number re nation's tears ! I merely state facts ; his praises have been sweetly sung By Oliver Wendell Homes's celebrated tongue. In La Fayette Square, Washington city, his statue stands, Designed and made by the sculptress, A^innie lieara's fair hands. Two years had now passed. Of Governor Archibald Roane Very little is recorded and not much is known. John Sevier was now eligible and offered again; Governor Roane liked the office and prelerred to remain. 'Twas a personal contest. Governor Roane's only chance AVas to cast at Sevier's good name a poisonous lance. Others were envious and thought the time propitious To join in the attack, and it became malicious. Despite their combined efforts he was now elected. Three times in succession for governor selected. The account of the progress and improvement attained By Tennessee would be incomplete if I refrained Giving account oi" the (/reat revival which occurred At this time, when the Sjjirit came down and all hearts were stirred, The people congregated for more than fifty miles; Sects united their efforts to destroy Satan's wiles. They brought tents and food, and so they originated Camp-meetings, which have been since then per[)etuated. Tennessee and Kentucky each claim the distinction Of holding the first one ; however, the location Is immaterial ; they were held near the same time. The outpouring was universal in every clime. Sinners were converted. Even the scoffers who came Were convicted of sin, converted, praised God the same. As the inspiration spread the demand became great For preachers of ability throughout the State. In this demand the Cumberland Church had its first dawn. For laymen, possessing proper qualification, Were licensed to exhort, and applied for membership In the presbytery. They did not wait to equip 58 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. Themselves with a theological preparation, But preached at ouce, as inspired, to sinners salvation. This excited criticism, and doctrinal points, As a wedge in the hardy oak, divided the joints Of the Presbyterian Church. Five on each side stood, All Scotch-Irish, determined, and all true and good. The stages by which the Cumberland Churcii then evolved From that presbytery requires much space to be solved. McGready, the revivalist who put it afloat, Made peace with the Synod and remained in the old boat. The ministers who preached were William and John McGhee, Presbyterians, with Hoge, Rankin and James McGready; With these William McKindree, John Sale, and ^Villiam Burke^ Benjamin Lakin, these four of the Methodist kirk. While Samuel Doak in East Tennessee held dominion, Thomas Craighead in the West proclaimed his opinion. He was opposed to the revival and excitement, Held heterodox views, so his church framed an indictment Against him. He was summoned to trial, berated, Deposed from the ministry, but was reinstated. He established the first church in Middle Tennessee, And was President of Davidson Academy, Also Davidson College. When through his pilgrimage. At seventy-five years, was buried near the Hermitage. Samuel Doak, the founder of Salem church and of schools, Taught according to the old Presbyterian rules. He took a prominent part in the Revolution, In convention helped to frame Franklin constitution. After an eventful life, he died at eighty-one; Truly it may be said of him, " Servant of God, well done ! " The Methodist Church had already raised her standard. Lambert, Willis, Whittaker and Moore had good work rendered; The circuit rider was a faithful missionary. Reporting to John Wesley and Bishop Asbury. During the last term of Sevier's administration The legislature met for convenience at Kingston. TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. 59* The ordinary routine was each clay trausactetl, Bills were passed with the usual '' Be it euacted." Blount, Hawkins, and Greene desired the college position. The legislature accepted the proposition Of the Blount College trustees, then chartered and endowed The new college with the fund to East Tennessee allowed. This college was located on ten acres of land, In two miles of Knoxville, conveyed by Moses White's hand. Six men were appointed to manage and invest This fund, James Park and John Overton among the rest. Rev. Samuel Carrick for president was retained. He was stricken with paralysis, his long rest gained. During this year, before the dark days to the college had come He was peacefully wafted to his heavenly home. His remains were in the graveyard of the First Church laid, The church he had founded, where he preached, worship.ed, and prayed ,. The pious General White, one of his first elders, died And was buried in this churchyard not far from his side. Sevier had now served the limit of the constitution. Wylie Blount was elected without opposition. He was William Blount's brother, and a man of business. Governor Sevier was also elected to Congress. Louisiana had been purchased by Jefferson, Who appointed as governor W\ C. C. Claiborne. The Supreme court was created, two judges elected ; Hugh L. White and George Campbell were the two selected. Judge Campbell accepted a cabinet position And John Overton succeeded to his high station. Hugh L. White was the son of General White, who founded Knoxville, a man of stainless character, well rounded. He had been Governor William Blount's private secretary. As judge of superior court was exemplary. Now judge of the Supreme court he gave shape to the laws : His opinions were short, the controversy's whole cause Was stated clearly and he decided the question Immediately without labored preparation. 60 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. He was five years Supreme judge and twice State senator; United States district attorney, and commissioner For the States under the Forida treaty with Spain. Was president of the Bank of Tennessee. Again Was three times United States senator, elected Unanimously, without offering selected. John Overton came from Virginia to Tennessee In Seventeen and Eighty-nine, and in Eighteen and Three Adjusted the differences as to the rights of the States, Tennessee and North Carolina public land debates. He succeeded Andrew Jackson as judge of the court, And as Supreme judge has given us the first report. His opinions were clear without efibrt to adorn. And his conclusions show him an " Aristides" born. Judge William Wilcox Cooke succeeded Judge Hugh L. White, And reported the decisions of justice and right. His career was cut short; he died in less than two years. And was succeeded by Judge Haywood, a man of affairs. Born in Xorth Carolina in Seventeen and Fifty-three, And died in Tennesssee at the age of seventy-three. He was a staff officer in the Revolution, And as attorney-general made reputation. He served for twelve years, judge of Supreme court, And Chief Justice Henderson, in making his report, Said: "He disparaged neither the living nor the dead When he named Judge Haywood of the bench and bar the head Of any man who had in North Carolina appeared." In this way his memory in that State is revered. ,He resigned the judgeship there in order to defend A client charged with forgery, who had been his friend. The prejudice engendered at length became so great He determined to remove to the "Volunteer State"; And settled in Nashville in Eighteen hundred and Three, Where he obtained facts for his " History of Tennessee." Sevier, Robertson, and Jackson, three prominent men, And settlers who were Indian fighters, were living then. These things he recorded that posterity might read. And with heroic examples follow in their lead. TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. 61 Those of US who are descended from these pioneers Feel an individual interest, and read it in tears. He wrote " Haywood's Justice " and " Manual of the Laws " Of North Carolina; also reported each cause Decided by superior court for seventeen years. Added to these purely literary work appears — The " Natural and Aboriginal History Of Tennessee," and a work shrouded in mystery, The " Christian Advocate," nearing to superstition. When he died he was engaged in the compilation Of the Statute Laws of Tennessee directed by The legislature. 'Tis sad that useful men must die! Sadder still in his case; like the lawgiver of old The place where he is buried cannot to-day be told. He sat ten years on the Supreme bench of Tennessee. His three volumes of reports are valued as they should be. His grandson has given his history anew to the State; 'Twas out of print, and such a work deserved better fate. In Eighteen and Fifteen a third judge Avas elected, Ex-Governor Archibald Roane was the one selected. He served three years, when he died and was succeeded in kind By Judge Thomas Emmerson, who in four years resigned. CHAPTER V. 1813-1819. 'Tecumseh — The Creek War — The Treaty of Jackson — Major-General Jackson — The Battle of New Orleans — General Jackson treats with the Chickasaws — Death of John Sevier — Joseph McMinn, Governor — Capital moved to Mur- freeshoro — Settlement of "West Tennessee. Tecumseh, a great chieftain of the tribe of Shawuees, Was a patriot hero, though a disturber of peace; Born in the Miami valley, his tribe's ancient seat. Of parents who had migrated from Alabama State. A natural chief, magnificent in aspect and mien. The most distinguished orator among his tribe seen. When his favorite hunting-grounds on the Wabash were sold He conceived a design at once vindictive and bold. And proclaimed the doctrine that no tribe could make cession Of lands belonging to all in common possession. He spent four years preparing the tribe for general war. Constantly in motion traveling near and far ; To-day on the Wabash, then Lakes Michigan and Erie, Next near the Mississippi, neither worn nor weary. Tecumseh had a twin brother, the prophet was called. Once he went to the South and left his brother installed. Like Moses left Aaron when he ascended the mount. He returned in the fall to hear the fearful account, How his brother, forsaking his wise admonition, Puffed up with the importance of his late position, Had rashly attacked General Harrison's army With nine hundred warriers whom he had wrought up to frenzy. And had met with signal defeat at Tippecanoe. Tecumseh's choosen warriors he hoped to lead through His own war were killed or dispersed — he had none to assign To duty; this defeat would have ended his design. TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. 63 At least deferred it until he had time to delve For other plans, but for the war of Eighteen and Twelve. The cause which brought on this war is by every one known. Tecumseh joined the British, and it is clearly shown That he gained their first success and the capitulation Of Hull at Detroit he witnessed with exultation. Hoturuing to Alabama he counseled at midnight With the Creeks, who agreed to join in the coming fight. The Choctaws and Chickasaws, friends now, opposed his plan, But William Weatherford, the Red Eagle, led the van Of the war party; he was a talented half-breed, Eloquent and brave, and such as Tecumseh had need. This chief returned northward, his mission he had fulfilled, And in the battle of the Thames fighting bravely was killed. The people of Alabama built forts for defense. Near Mobile Samuel Miins, a planter of consequence, Built the largest and there the neighbors congregated. Many days had passed, their first terror had abated. When suddenly Red Eagle with his army in wait Effected an entrance through a partly open gate. They massacred the inmates — then followed conflagration. The news of which excited horror and indignation! At Nashville steps were taken to avenge the awful deed. Andrew Jackson was chosen as the proper man to lead. He was in bed from a wound he had received In his shoulder (his own aifair), but it was believed That he could induce more Tennesseeans to enlist Than any other man, so, though wounded, they insist. A year ago at the head of his State volunteers He was ordered to New Orleans — the country had fears Of an attack by the British; he took a river route, And reaching Natchez was halted, and told to muster out Of service his troops at that place, which he did not do. But raised supplies for his men who had been good and true. He walked all the way back, that his sick soldiers might ride, And endured fatigue so well that he received with pride 04 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. The nickname of " Old Hickory " he bears to this day. No wonder they selected him for leader alway. The ladies of East Tennessee sent to these volunteers A beautiful banner, on which this device appears : Implements of war, cannons, muskets, bayonets, drums, Pontoons, swords, battle-axes, on white satin ; then comes The wing of the colors of silk, strewn with flying missiles, Dove color, ornamented with white fringe and tassels. In return General Jackson sent the ladies a flag Taken by his men in battle — though he did not brag Of the "beautiful needlework or elegant stuff" Composing it — that they killed the bearer was enough. The Assembly met in Nashville three years in succession, From Eighteen Twelve to Fifteen, each year held a session. The news of the massacre produced in Tennessee Pity for Alabama and fears for her safety. AVith one voice they decided that the whole force should go And deliver the Southern country from this savage foe. General Jackson addressed his troops with imposing cadence, Hoping none would be kept at home by "sneaking prudence.'^ Governor Blount called for thirty-five hundred volunteers, Who responded at once, though some had serious fears Of General Jackson's ability to take command ; Though too weak to wear an epualette, he went sword in hand. He sent Colonel Cof!ee with five hundred volunteers, Mounted men to Huntsville, whose presence relieved their fears. From Fayetteville he went to Thompson's Creek, built a fort, Left men to protect it, while the army should resort To means to procure food; the men were much depressed, General Jackson's disappointment could not be expressed. The supplies he expected sent from East Tennessee Were delayed by low water, now near the Cherokees. He wrote to the friendly chiefs and agents for supplies, To General Cocke, and Judge Hugh L. White, yet no replies. To Rev. Gideon Blackburn with the Cherokees As missionary near the bend of the Tennessee, TENNESSEE CENTENNIAI, POEM. 65 " There is an enemy," he wrote, '' I dread more than the Creeks, I mean the monster Famine, with hollow eyes and cheeks." He ate acorns for food and nursed a wounded shoulder, Urging the timid to be brave and the brave bolder. General Coffee was sent with a force to Tallushatcbes, Who gained a victory and brought his own dispatches. Colonels Allcorn and Cannon assisted in the strife. And not an Indian warrior escaped with his life. The women and children were brought to the settlement, And were maintained during the war by the government. Fort Strother at Ten Islands was built, when came the news, Friendly Indians asked help — Jackson could not refuse. Their fort at Talladega was surrounded by foes; A chief disguised in a hog skin brought news of their woes. Jackson forded the Coosa and immediately sped. He routed them in battle, but many of them fled. Those in Hillabee Towns surrendered and begged for peace ; Before their messenger returned their troubles increased. General Cocke, ignorant of their peaceful position, Attacked them and killed many after their submission. They supposed General Jackson had refused them quarter. And fought unyieldingly through the war ever after. General Cocke was afterwards court-martialed and acquitted, He did not know these Indians had thus submitted. General Jackson sent Major Lewis home for supplies ; They came while he was waiting for the river to rise. Meanwhile the troops mutinied and tried to return home, Jackson, gun in hand, faced them and forbade them to come. These were brave men, but hungry, sick, and dissatisfied, They were finally discharged and their places supplied. They had really served the time of their enlistment, They did not desert, but had a right to retirement. Courage in a soldier is the first ingredient, Napoleon said it was also expedient That he have a " full stomach and a good pair of shoes," Then when expected to fight, he would rarely refuse. 5 tenn 66 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. Governor Blount called out twenty-five hundred men, And on his own responsibility supplied them again With munitions of war, besides placing the amount Of three hundred thousand dollars to Jackson's account. With this new army reinforced by some i'riendly braves, Jackson concludes the Creek war and Alabama saves. At Emuckfaw and Enotachopco he held the field, Though the Indians unconquered still refused to yield. Judge Hugh L. White left the Supreme bench to bring them aid From East Tennessee, augmented by Coffee's brigade. The entire force of the Creeks collected at the bend Of the Tallapoosa river, prepared to defend The fortifications they had made; they felt secure. Ignorant of the trials they would have to endure. This battle of the Horseshoe now ended the war. The praises of our soldiers were sounded near and far. General Coffee sustained his former reputation, David Crockett was revenged for his deprivation, Sam Houston covered himself all over with glory, 'Twas thought he would die, from his wounds many and gory; He recovered and was made a lieutenant in the army, But he shortly resigned and became an attorney. Carroll, Foster, and many other sons of Teunessee Distinguished themselves in this war for intrepidity. Jackson rested his army on the Creeks' holy ground. Where the Coosa river joins the Tallapoosa 'tis found. The power of the Creeks was broken, half the warriors were dead, Fourteen chiefs surrendered and sued for peace — the rest fled. Weatherford came last — his surrender was romantic; Their women and children were hungry, with grief were frantic. He might have fled to Florida, where friends awaited, But chose to protect the helpless and face the hated Conqueror of his race, and sacrifice his life to save From starvation those whose protectors were now in the grave. He started to Fort Jackson, killed a deer as he went. Placed it behind him, and rode to the general's tent. Jackson accused him of the massacre of Fort Minis, He said he was a warrior and not afraid of him. TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. 67 'That he tried to prevent the massacre, but iu vain, And wliile interceding came very near being slain. The troops cried out, " Kill him ! For he, the invasion led!" Jackson said: "He that kills this brave man would rob the dead." He gave the general his deer, and said he desired peace, Jackson stated the terms, that the Creeks were to release Their title to lands sufficient to have a road go From Western Tennessee to the Gulf of Mexico. The treaty of Fort Jackson was signed by each chief, The government gave the women and children relief, And moved them to the North, where they were told to al)ide. AVeatherford was a planter, and continued to reside In Monroe county, Alabama, twelve years till death, Much respected by his neighbors on his native heath. General Jackson wrote to Governor Blount, that he might learn How the war had ended and the army would return. According to custom, he addressed the troops as well. Praising them for their bravery and bidding them farewell ! Hundreds of citizens met him before he reached town. He was feasted at home, abroad, a man of renown. General William Henry Harrison had just resigned Command of the army ; this position was assigned To Andrew Jackson of Tennessee, Old Hickory, Whose name ever after indicated victory. The legislature of Mississippi gave him a sword. The first of many gifts as military reward. Major-General Jackson, with his staff and small escort, Journeyed to Mobile and New Orleans, the seaport. Napoleon had fallen, the Bourbons were restored. Peace in Europe, the victorious English were aboard For New Orleans ; they had planned to take Mobile Point, Jackson anticipated, and knocked that out of joint. He followed them to Pensacola and took possession, Then wrote to the war secretary for instructions ; But it required a whole month to hear from him again. So he assumed control and fought the Southern campaign. 68 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. General Coffee marched four himdred miles with two thousand men, This marching was made possible by the Creek campaign. At Mobile he was reinforced ; from there proceeded By slow marches to New Orleans, where he was needed. General Jackson arrived on the first of December. The population of New Orleans, remember, Were comparatively strangers to that of other States ; Spoke a different language from the soldiers at her gates, Who came ta defend her against a foe who had gained Victory over Napoleon, now a captive chained. W. C. C. Claiborne, of Tennessee, was governor, Edward Livingston was General Jackson's interpreter, AVho invited him to dine (his wife led society). " What shall we do with this wild general from Tennessee," W^hispered the ladies; his wife was in consternation. He could fight Indians, but his qualification For entertaining ladies at a dinner party Was doubted. His welcome was genuine and hearty, Though they thought for once he would be sadly out of place.. But he entered and met them with dignity and grace, Conversed in a manner fitting such an occasion. The principal topic was the coming invasion ; He begged the ladies to give themselves no uneasiness, That he was confident of victory and success. And they believed him without argument to convince. " Is this your backwoodsman? Why, madam, he is a prince !" Exclaimed the ladies to their hostess, when he had gone. He had captured the women and half the battle won. These women during the attack showed their faith well founded ; They clothed the ragged soldiers, nursed the sick and wounded. And when the cannonade "shook their windows and their souls,'" They prayed to God to protect them from the British ghouls. General Jackson summoned the resident engineers. Who explained the vulnerable points where they had fears Of approaches by the enemy ; the quickest way Of defending each was agreed upon the first day. The bays and bayous were obstructed and a guard placed To give warning at once when the enemy menaced. TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. 69 "The neighboring planters aided in making the breastworks. The gunboats in the lake were to warn where the foe lurked. Two weeks before the battle there were but two thousand men In and around the city to conduct the. campaign. •General Coffee with his army, one-tenth sick, was near; ■General Carroll, with Tennessee troops, all volunteers, Sailed the Cumberland, Ohio, and the Mississippi, Overtaking a boat-load of muskets, which was lucky. Two thousand Kentuckiaus, Generals Thomas and Adair Sent word to General Jackson that they would soon be there. The British had a force of near twenty thousand men Grown gray in victory, and ready to begin again. A fleet of fifty ships, carrying a thousand guns or more ; This armament to be directed against the poor. Ragged, half-starved soldiers who had marched through mire and flood, 'Commanded by a general too ill to taste his food, Who had served fourteen months and faced but one civilized foe. Tennesseeans of to-day, are you proud of him or no? General Jackson placed New Orleans under martial law, Which leading men of the city prudently foresaw. At length the British landed. Major Villere brought the news. General Jackson was determined that they should not choose The battle-ground or the time in which to make the fight, But with sagacity resolved to fight them that night. By this night battle he accomplished all he expected ; Kept the foe at a distance, they never detected The number of troops under General Jackson's command ; This they failed to ascertain though they adroitly planned. General Coffee, Major Piere, and Colonel Ross all three Distinguished themselves that night, honor to Tennessee! But brave Lieutenant Lauderdale, of the Creek campaign, An efficient officer, was mourned among the slain ! 'The next morning the celebrated breastworks were made ^Of cotton bales, though they would not stand a cannonade. *On this busy day, the twenty-fourth of December, Peace between England and America remember, 70 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. Was made and signed at Ghent, yes, three thousand miles away. These foes were friends now, they could have ceased fighting that day, But Oersted, Morse, and Cyrus Field had not yet given To earth the revelation they received from heaven. The British with their heavy guns spoiled the Carolina, But the work was accomplished by the Louisiana. General Jackson had toiled five weeks making preparation; Sick and weary he slept, 'twas a rare recreation. He was suddenly aroused and for his Coffee called, Not New Orleans Java, but his general installed. The British were preparing to make their last attack, Jackson's soldiers at their post waited to drive them back. lu battle array he placed each division with care. General Coffee, General Carroll, and General Adair Together he assigned an important position, Which they held with rare military intuition. Within two hours the British were routed and fled. General Lambert surrendered, for Packenhani was dead ! This battle of the eighth of January the last. Brought Old Hickory's victory, which, for eighty years past,. Has made him immortal, not only in Tennessee, But throughout Europe, Great Britain, and America. The news reached Washington the fourth of February, The city was illuminated, as was customary. John Sevier and his colleagues were congratulated Because Tennessee had England humiliated. The troops from Kentucky, Louisiana, and Mississippi Fought bravely under Jackson. My theme is Tennessee ! After four mouths' absence, he returned home triumphant. Citizens met him, and Felex Grundy, the eloquent. Addressed him in behalf of the State of Tennessee ; Governor Blount presented the sword given by Mississii)pi- The ladies of New Orleans had crowned him with laurel. The president, through Congress, gave him a gold medal. The rest he deserved, after nearly two years' warfare. He received at the Hermitage, under his wife's care. TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. 71 Geueral Coffee, the great soldier, was now promoted. This patriot hero, to his couutry loug devoted. Was made major-geueral and received the thanks of Congress. He soon removed to Alabama, and died near Florence. John Sevier, after having ably represented The Knoxville District in Congress two terms, consented To accept the commission Mr. Monroe tendered, Surveyor of territory by the Creeks rendered To the United States in the treaty of Jackson. He left Knoxville in June, the climate was a tax on His constitution, he sickened and died of a fever In September, Eighteen and Fifteen. 1 doubt if ever Tennessee more sincerely mourned the loss of a son. He lived a life of service, and died at seventy-one. He was buried by United States troops with honor On the east bank of the Tallapoosa river. At an Indian village then called Tuckabatchee, Near Fort Decatur, Alabama. Tennessee, After a lajise of seventy-five years, removed him To Knoxville, near his old home, where the people loved him. His grave they made in the courthouse yard where, protected, A monument by East Tennessee was erected. Governor Blount had served three terms, which was his limit. Though not so brilliant as his brother, he had merit. Without his support General Jackson could not have done The great work he did and such brilliant victories won. He was thanked by three war secretaries, the president, And by the Assembly in his own State resident ; Also by General Jackson, who esteemed him as a friend. Until Eighteen hundred and Thirty-five, his life's end. Five candidates announced themselves as his successor, Jesse Wharton, Robert Weakley, Robert C. Foster, Joseph McMinn, and Thomas Johnson ; the position Was given to Joseph McMinn three times in succession. The Assembly met in Knoxville four years from this date. Governor McMinn's administration, I must relate. 72 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. Was not as successful as his predecessors had been, Caused by the fiDancial condition the State was in. The history of our banks, which began at this time, Is rather elaborate to be put into rhyme. Suffice it to say, that under Judge Hugh L. White's care Our State banks weathered the storms that wrecked others as fair. In Eighteen hundred and Sixteen death released from work The rarest executive in the Wesleyau kirk — Francis Asbury, the greatest American bishop, By whose means was established the Methodist worship Throughout America ; he had labored in Tennessee Teaching her people to be spiritually free. He contracted the power of French infidelity, And defended the church by his great ability Against the false teachings of the worst sectarians, The Universalists and the Unitarians. These hav^e failed signally to gain a foothold their own In this State where the good seed was well and early sovv'n. Besides Calvinists, Methodists, and Baptists there were Scattered all through the mountains, preaching here and there, A sect, " the salt of the earth," wherever they may be. The Primitive Baptists called " Hard Shells," known for honesty. Episcopalians and Catholics came later on. The Jews, God's chosen people, erected temples anon. Another appeared in Eighteen hundred and Thirty-three In Virginia, Kentucky, and throughout Tennessee, Founded by Alexander Campbell, the Christian kirk; Their members have increased, they are doing a good work. Journalism in the State now began to expand. Extending from the Holston to the Cumberland ; Engaging the best talent, men of intuition ; Throughout the century they have held their position. Governor McMinn began to give some attention To internal improvements, river navigation, Laying off public roads, settling ferries, building bridges, Making travel possible in coaches and stages. TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. 73 The county of Rutherford was erected and named For a general in the Revolutionary war famed, Who also engaged in several Indian campaigns, Successfully repulsing them with Captain John Rains. Murfreesboro, the county seat, was named in honor Of Colonel Matthew Murfree, the first settler and donor Of lauds for streets and public buildings, no braver soldier In the Revolution nor Indian fighter bolder. The country was beautiful and abounded with game And fish — no wonder the Indians held to their claim. Here lived and died the bloody Black Fox chief, the renowned. Who, defeated, plunged into a spring and never was found. His last brave had been slain, he could not survive defeat. The spring still bears his name, 'twas a fathomless retreat. The population increased at such a rapid rate From Eighteen and Nineteen, the Assembly of the State, Owing to the central location, met there seven years. The capital moved to Nashville, however, it appears. In Eighteen hundred and Twenty-six, by a close vote; The Cumberland river carried it — travel was by boat. General Jackson was invited to visit Washington ; He concluded at length to retain his commission After consultation with the secretary of war. He was feasted on the way, his fame traveled near and far. At New Orleans in early spring he posted his troops, Renewed old friendships, the citizens thronged him in groups. He journeyed home through the country of the Chickasaws, Who still claimed West Tennessee ; so for peace and because The settlements were extending that way, it appears He gave them ten thousand dollars a year, for ten years, For their claim to the land, and for the sake of good will ; To the Cherokees the same, they returned to Nashville. This was considered a signal service to the State, In opening the best land that settlers might emigrate. The history of West Tennessee is one of growth ; Laying off counties and building towns at once were both ' ■* TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. Immediately begiiu ; the troubles that attended The formation of the State had happily ended. Land speculators and surveyors were first to come, Tracts were ten dollars an acre and double that sum. Hickman, Perry, and Lewis w^ere the first organized ; Named for prominent citizens and settlers who were prized As Revolutionary soldiers or wars of later date; A fighting population settled the entire State. Humphreys, PJeuton, Carroll, and Henry come next to our view. Humphreys was aid to Washington and a poet, too. Benton was a fighter, and General Carroll, renowned For bravery at Xew Orleans, a governor just crowned. Henry for Patrick Henry, Virginia's fearless son, The next for the famous treaty-maker Henderson. Hardin for Captain John Hardin, a hero in war, McXairy for the great judge of the Xashville bar, Gibson county in honor of Colonel Thomas Gibson, Who gained distinction in the Creek war under Jackson. Haywood for Judge Haywood, our honored historian, Supreme court chief justice and of two States censorian. Fayette for the French general who came to our relief. And Madison for the president, then the nation's chief. Dyer for Colonel Henry Dyer, who in battle served At New Orleans ; the county seat he also deserved. Lake county for Reelfoot lake, made by an earthquake In Eighteen hundred and Eleven — a remarkable shake. Houston for Sam Houston, when governor of the State. Obion, Weakley, and Chester for men who had weight. - Lauderdale for he who fell at New Orleans a hero. And Crockett for David Crockett, slain at the Alamo ! As population increased roads were constructed to go From one town to another; improvement was not slow Like that of Eastern countries who fought their way through Indians, British, the old State, and government too. The largest towns were Jackson, Randolph, Brownsville, La Grange, Covington, Bolivar, Somerville; it was not strange TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. 75- That Jackson was most important, had the largest trade; Being ''Old Hickory's" namesake decided its grade. He had one hnndred and seventy-one such when he died. Next to Washington he was the nation's great pride. Here the first newspaper published in West Tennessee ; Here the first court was organized, the first academy. Jackson was the center of political action ; Indians came for supplies, Crockett rallied his faction, And on Saturdays when all came to town to " see the sights," There were half a dozen horse-swaps and as many fights. Madison grew the first cotton in West Tennessee, Had a cotton gin, built frame houses in its infancy. The citizens of Jackson were refined, enterprising ; With such a population it was not surprising That they should contend for the mastery a long while With those building a town on the "American Nile." Memphis, now the county seat of Shelby, was yclept For Memphis the capital of Middle Egypt, And owes her development to her situation. Built at the head of perpetual navigation On the banks of the Mississippi river, the heart Of a rich and fertile country, a great cotton mart ; In fact the largest inland cotton market in the world. The natural position caused flags to be unfurled From forts erected by French and Spanish long years ago, A village called Chisca, visited by De Soto, Occupied the present site of our thriving city. Washington Irviug's description excites our pity For the miserable, infirm, little Indian chief Who, lying ill in bed, arose, ran to the relief Of his vassals, the women and children in the village Subject to Spanish cruelty, their houses to pillage. De Soto made peace with him, restored the stolen goods — His cavalry could not fight the Indians in the woods. The French and Spanish alternately called these forts their own,. When in Seventeen hundred and Ninety-four Washington Protested, called it " unwarrantable aggression " Against the United States' Chickasaw possession. 76 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. After Jackson's victory, General Pike manned one fort. When Wilkinson took command he dismantled it for sport, And bnilt one fnrther down, calling it Fort Pickering. 'Twas kept up to rival Memphis, causing bickering. The purchase of Louisiana settled the cause, Leaving Tennessee to treat with the Chickasaws. General Jackson purchased their claim, the State was then possessed Of this beautiful country, but was still not at rest. For Mississippi claimed Memphis as part of her State. An engineer was appointed to settle the debate ; He located the line four miles south of what we claimed, This settled the question, it has never more been named. The ground on which Memphis is built was owned by two men, John Rice and John Ramsey, whatever their grants may have been. It was fortunate that Rice sold to John Overton, Who watched over Memphis like a father would a son. The Bluff City was laid off on the fourth Chickasaw Bluff. The proprietors from the first had trouble enough With the inhabitants about timber and the mud-bar. The pranks of the Mississippi caused the local war. The United States purchased it for a navy-yard. But after ten years' experiment with no reward Donated it to the city, the proceeds divided Between the claimants, and the disturbance subsided. Meanwhile Raleigh sprang up and was made the county seat, This did not injure Memphis, she added street to street. To " make all pleased with the place by polite attentions" Was Overton's motto ; this increased her dimensions. Randolph on the third bluff, was a rival for awhile, But there was but one Memphis on the Egyptian Nile. When our Memphis was a struggling town unknown to fame She was subject to ridicule on account of her name. The satirist invoked the ^' shade of King Pisostris. " AVhat is fame at last? This great king's name was Sesostris. Overton, though old and infirm, outwitted them all. Crushed the prospects of rivals, saw their schemes and pride fall. He lived till Eighteen hundred and Thirty-three — long enough To see his city advanced to be queen of the bluff. CHAPTER VI. 1817-1836. The Seminole war — General .Jackson Governor of Florida — Death of Governor McMinn — Governor Carroll's administration — -Supreme Judges — Governor Sam Houston succeeded by Hall — Governor Carroll re-elected — General Jackson President — Removal of the Cherokees, Chattanooga Settled — The Ocoee District purchased and settled — New Constitution — Governor Carroll's administration — Biography Felix Grundy — David Crockett. The Seminole Indians began to make trouble, Great Britain made them allies for nothing but bubble. They lived in Florida, to whom the Creeks, who scouted The treaty of Jackson when they were at Horseshoe routed, Sought refuge. Together they indulged the expectation That when peace was made there would be a restoration Of all the lands taken from them by the conqueror. At least they were told this by their quasi-governor, Colonel Nichols, who had felt the weight of " Jackson's arm." He advised them to do the Americans no harm. The governor of Georgia, alarmed, sent a report To the war secretary, and he to the British court. Nichols was summoned to London with all his white troops. He took a chief and Creek Indians, several groups. But left his fort in good order, well armed and well supplied With seven hundred barrels of powder — this is not denied. The prophet Francis was treated with much distinction, Presented with a uniform and a commission Of brigadier-general, with gold-mounted tomahawk, Diamond suuif-box, and money, and permitted to stalk Into the presence of the Prince Regent thus attired; Because he fought Americans he was much admired. The Indians returned home, bearing exhortation And advice from Nichols to the Seminole nation. 77 78 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. Some writers have said he was not the " instigator " Of the Seminole war, he sure! }/ vas '* agitator.'' When Nichols left, fugitive slaves crowded into his fort — Two hundred and fifty men from Georgia ; this report Was sent to General Jackson, asking his assistance, Pensacola was incapable of resistance. General Jackson wrote the president sending the report, Before his order came General Gaines destroyed the fort. While the United States and Spain were negotiating The purchase of Florida, other agitating Agents appeared, filibusters and traders, Instructing the Indians against their invaders. The government ordered General Gaines's command elsewhere And General Jackson to command troops on the frontier. He had a correct opinion of the situation And wrote to the president for his approbation ; Meanwhile Secretary Calhoun, with power to invest, W^rote General Jackson to conduct the war as he thought best. He marshaled his forces in Tennessee ; " promptitude " Was his motto, the government began to conclude. In three months the war was over, troops at home disbanded, The administration perplexed, would have reprimanded General Jackson for invading the Spanish domain, But he was now almost as formidable as Spain. Mr. Adams convinced the administration. The people of the States and the Spanish legation, That General Jackson had pursued the right policy. The House investigated its expediency. And sustained General Jackson in his every action. This silenced his enemies, who were but a faction. The Seminole war was forced upon us by aggression. And necessity '^uiiti^ed its prosecution. ^ These questions settled, General Jackson at once resigned His commission in the array, and was then assigned Governor of Florida to receive her from Spain. He accepted the position and left for his domain With Mrs. Jackson, " the stay and solace of his life," The two Andrews, one adopted, both nephews of his wife. TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. 79 He was govei-uur of Florida almost two years ; His health failed aud he resigned his responsible cares, And started with his iamily on their pilgrimage Home to Tennessee, and their beloved Hermitage. In Eighteen hundred aud Nineteen there was consummated A treaty with the Cherokees for lands located Between the Hiawassee river and the Tennessee, Signed by John Ross, Sleeping Rabbit, Smallwood, Carrohee, Other chiefs, aud John C. Calhouu, war secretary. The legislature at once thought it necessary To organize a new county. McMiuu it was called. For Joseph McMinn, then three times governor installed. Major Walker, an Indian chief, laid off the first town, And called it Calhouu, for the great statesman of renown. It was a trading-post, built on Hiawassee river. Athens, laid off three years after, became, however. The county seat, named for the ancient seat of learning, The capital of Attica. These men were discerning. For Athens almost rivals that of the Grecian State, With her University and other schools to mate. Governor McMiuu was an honest man, but no financier; From a Quaker farmer he became a pioneer, And occupied in this State important positions, According to his desires aud (|ualificatious. When he had completed his third administration He was appointed agent to the Cherokee nation To succeed Colonel Meigs, who had just died at that place. Governor McMinn served as a^ent to the Cherokee race But one year, when at sixty-six years of age he died. And was buried at Calhouu by General Curry's side, In the Presbyterian churchyard, the grave marked by a tree; His monument will be built this year by Tennessee. In Eighteen hundred and Twenty-three Colonel Meigs died In the Cherokee agency which had been his pride For twenty-two years. He was in the Revolution, And for gallaut conduct received honorable mention 80 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. From Washiugton ; likewise a sword aud thauks from Congress, Though sixty years old when appointed to this office, He accomplished much good for the Indians who loved him Next to Rev. Gideon Blackburn till death removed him. Return Jonathan Meigs is an odd, peculiar name ; " Thereon hangs a tale," and 'tis said in this way it came : His father, John Meigs, born in England, loved a Quakeress In Connecticut. She was a beauty, full of gentleness, But kept her lover in a state of anxious suspense. He summoned courage at length, his love was so intense. And made a final visit, resolving to part forever If his suit was unsuccessful, which it was, however ; As he mounted his horse, feeling sad and dejected, She beckoned to him to stop, for she had reflected, Saying '' Return^ Jonathan ! Return, Jonathan ! He won. And these dearest treasured words he named his first born son. Each succeeding generation named a son likewise. A grandson of Colonel Meigs, just before his demise, Visited him, and remained several weeks as his guest ; Was with him when he died and complied with his request To remain and settle up his government aifairs; While engaged in this service he assumed other cares. He located at Athens and became prominent As a lawyer in treaty suits with the government. His reputation thus gained spread throughout East Tennessee, He removed to Nashville at the age of thirty-three. Where he met in legal combat those who were giants. And stootl the peer of each with an array of clients. While attorney-general his reports ranked with the best. The greatest work he left was his three-volume digest Of the decisions of the Supreme court, a legal treat, Without which no law library in this State is complete. The unfortunate Civil war which estranged brothers Caused him to leave this State and seek a home with others. He died in Washington city when ninety years old, *'A great lawyer, scholar, gentleman," when all is told. TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. 81 A new county was surveyed and named for James Monroe. He visited the Cherokees, that their wants he might know. Madison, the county seat, named by first resident For James Madison, of course another president. Sweetwater, named for the valley, is the largest town. Naming rivals for presidents will not keep her down. Two candidates now appeared, each desired to stand guard Over the State's interest, William Carroll and Edward Ward. The newspapers of the State for the first time engaged In a contest of this kind, the battle fiercely raged. Carroll was elected by the people, the masses, Ward's friends were the office-holders and all such classes. William Carroll moved to the State eleven years before From Pittsburg to Nashville, where he opened a nail store. First brigade-inspector, then major of militia, In the Creek war joined General Jackson in the issue. When Jackson in the regular army was needed, Carroll to his office in militia succeeded. Next to Jackson and Coffee he ranked at New Orleans; His popularity as a soldier was the means Of his present election. He was the man for the place. Gifted with foresight he filled it with wisdom and grace. He influenced the legislature to appear in homespun, And the State to practice economy as he had done. This relieved the financial pressure, their wants were reduced, They kept the money their cotton and tobacco produced. Our congressmen then were Sam Houston, Newton Cannon, Thomas Arnold. Our senators John Henry Eaton And John Williams, who after eight years were succeeded By General Jackson, who served until ne was needed To fill a more responsible office and station, The highest conferred by the American nation. Our colleges kept pace, the Cumberland at Nashville, With the East Tennessee located at Knoxville. Philip Lindsley was now president of Cumberland, For twenty-five years his services were in demand. 82 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. These colleges bad been endowed with lands for support By Congress, but the legislature gave their report That the law was not good for the }>eople, so disobeyed And sold the land tracts for half-price Avhen they were surveyed. For want of funds Cumberland College closed several years; The East Tennessee College, though greatly in arrears, United funds with Hampden-Sidney Academy, "SVith Mr. Sherman as president, and his economy Enabled them to exist until a brighter day came, When the legislature gave this college another name. Lotteries were given legal sanction in the Southwest, For internal improvements, were allowed to invest ; The Cumberland College received the benefit too. And the pious town of Franklin — aristocratic blue — Was allowed to procure a town clock in this same way; Lotteries were as common as church socials to-day. Robert Whyte, a Scotchman, succeeded Judge Overton On the Supreme bench, though exacting his opinions won Great respect; a man of honor in the strictest sense. His parents' devotion to the church was so intense That he was educated for this high vocation. He desired to adopt a learned profession; Being denied this he emigrated to " the States," Where freedom is extended to all within their gates. In William and Mary College he became professor Of languages, where he remained till his successor Was found, when he studied law and practiced in the North State. Coming to Tennessee he had not long to wait For recognition of ability, which he maintained Eighteen years, serving with many able men; he remained. On the bench until Eighteen hundred and Thirty-four, When he retired at an advanced age, much beyond three score. He died ten years later, and the minutes of the court Show him a man of learning and judicial import. Jacob Peck was elected to the high position Of Supreme judge, which he held till the new constitution. TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM, 83 'Boru in Viro;inia, his fatlier, Adam Peck, moved here As soon as the roads were opened, he was a pioneer ; Was a member of the first Assembly of the State, A man of learning and ability in debate. Judge Peck was one of eight brothers, all l)rave, knightly men, Of such height and build as we will rarely see again. Several of them gained prominence in the Western States, But it is of Judge Jacob Peck my history relates. Educated in Virginia in Eighteen hundred. He returned home a lawyer; it is not to be wondered That with such advantages he should in time attain Position as State senator, and from there to gain Admittance into the highest court known to the State. He filled' the position with dignity, was sedate, Cultured, studied music, painting, and was devoted To zoology and geology, and was noted For his cabinet of minerals he collected; With these diverse attainments humor was detected, Often in his opinions, though forcibly rendered. Being original his dissent was often tendered. Before an official was appointed to report He published a volume of the decisions of the court. After twelve years of service he retired to enjoy His home in Jefferson county, where, without annoy. He pursued his favorite studies until the great age •Of ninety years he ended his earthly pilgrimage. In Eighteen and Twenty-three a fourth judge was elected, AVilliam L. Brown a leading lawyer was selected. He served one year when he resigned and was succeeded By John Catron. The Assembly also proceeded To supply the place Judge Haywood filled with distinction. Henry Crabb was elected to this high position. He died during the year and Nathaniel Green filled the place. The court was White, Peck, and Green, with Catron Chief Justice. .John Catron, of Virginia, at thirty-three years of age, •Came to Tennessee in time to don the equipage 84 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. Of 11 soklier; was with General Jackson at New Orleans. After serving his time he left the exciting scenes He had witnessed, both iu New Orleans and tlie Creek war, And in Overton county was admitted to the bar. Removing to Nashville, in six years was elected Supreme judge, where he served eight years until selected By President Jackson to fill a place of import, Associate Justice of United States Supreme Court. Judge Catron educated himself; by application Became a learned man, fit to fill his station. His influence caused the Constitutional Convention To punish dueling in this State; we need not mention That the practice had become common in Tennessee — Several instances are recorded in her history. During the war between the States Judge Catron remained In the Union, and his Federal office maintained. Expelled this State by the Confederates, he returned When the Federals took possession and his safety discerned. He died in Eighteen hundred and Sixty-five an old man. Sixteen years beyond the line of life's allotted span. The Supreme judges who served before the convention Adopted the new constitution, were without exception Brainy men, capable of giving shape to the laws. Creating order from chaos ; they did not once pause For a precedent, but laid down the rules to decide Conflicting claims that to-day are referred to with pride. Tennessee was not settled like any other State, Her lands purchased from Indians, the grants a different date. Hostile tribes prevented the State from being surveyed ; Claims covered each other, interlapping grants were made. This caused labor for the judges to disentagle The incongruous web, and settle all the wrangle. These men shared the dangers of others on the frontier. They were brave as they were wise, ignorant only of fear. Governor Carroll was re-elected without opposition. He served three terms, the limit of the constitution. TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. 86 Three caudidates for the office now came to the front, Newton Cannon, Sam Houston, and Ex-Governor Wylie Blount. .Sam Houston was elected and made a good governor, Was conservative ; he had been State solicitor, Then adjutant-general and a member of Congress, Reared in the mountains with the Indians, had made pi'ogress ; A friend of General Jackson with popular address, These combined at that time in the State made their impress. The last year of his administration he married, In a short while his wife went to her home and tarried. Houston resigned his office at once and left the State, ;Sought the Cherokees where they had been driven by fate. From there he went to Texas and bravely led the van Against the hostile Indians — a treaty was his plan. In their effiirt to throw oif the yoke of Mexico He commanded in the battle of San Jacinto; Was president of Texas when liberty was gained ; By his ability the government was sustained. When Texas was admitted he was made senator Of the United States, and afterward governor. William Hall, Speaker of the Senate, succeeded And filled the unexpired term as Houston proceeded. He had been brigadier-general during the Creek war. Was courageous, did his duty though not a fixed star. Ex-Governor Carroll was chosen without opposition Three times in succession till the new constitution. Meanwhile General Jackson was elected president Of the United States, a Tennessee resident. He could not, however, " boast himself of to-morrow," And e'er he took his seat experienced a great sorrow — The death of Mrs. Jackson, his loved, devoted wife, Whom he always called " the stay and solace of his life." This devoted. Christian woman was long mourned and missed, She had a checkered life, — was by fame and fortune kissed. 'General Jackson never recovered from this great shock ! It subdued his spirit, caused him to look to the " Rock 86 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. Of Ages" for refuge, when sick aud o'ercome with grief; He bad many trials while he was the nation's chief! His national acts are irrelevant to this story, He served two terms, aud time has not bedimmed his glory. His most important act connected with Tennessee Was the treaty and removal of the Cherokees. Many of them had served under him in the Creek war, They esteemed him the greatest warrior living, near or far; And we owe it to him that they peacefully removed From their happy hunting-grounds and the graves of those they loved. He had gone to them years before with a missionary, Who preached to them and taught their schools, Cyrus Kingsbury;. Taking the place of Gideon Blackburn, whose fiery zeal Caused him to journey North and South with eloquent appeal ; Collecting thousands of dollars for his favorite mission. He taught and first preached to them the way of salvation. Sent by the Union Presbytery of Tennessee, He labored for them years before he asked for company ; Then infused a missionary spirit into others. Godly men and women to teach these savage brothers. Some went to the Osage tribe roaming through the far west. Others came to the Cherokee mission that he loved best. The largest school was taught near what is now the Byrd's mill place. The government bought the farm from the Cherokee race, Built the mill, dwellings, and school-houses through the agent, Colonel Meigs, who lived with them as government regent. President Monroe visited them then and charged That the first contracts be paid, and the buildings enlarged. Sequoyah, the Cadmus of his race, we call George Guess, Invented the Cherokee alphabet, gave to press The New Testament translated into his own tongue. Making it easier to teach the old and the young. The '•' Phcenix/' their first newspaper, appeared arranged with taste,. Arising from the ashes where their homes were laid waste. Emblem of immortality to their souls given. Where treaties could not move them from their home in heaven. TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. Rev. Samuel Worcester, corresponding secretary Of the foreign board, was also a missionary To Brainard; he came in Eighteen hundred and Twenty-one. Arrived in feeble health, his life's work already done. He died in two weeks, his grave is in the mission ground, Not far from the old mill, where to-day it may be found. A stone from New Haven, Connecticut, marks the place ; It may crumble, but his influence time will ne'er efface. His remains were removed fifty years ago or more To Salem, Massachusetts, where he had lived before. His sou, a namesake and successor to the pastorate Of Tabernacle church, conveyed him to his native State, And reinterred him in Harmony Grove Cemetery, Where another stone marks the grave of this missionary. Another less honored is buried at this |)lace — Samuel Vail, a loved preacher to the Cherokee race. His wife lies beside him, they were co-workers in faith. Living they served together, lie together in death. For thirty-three years these schools were taught ; the young. were old AYho first entered ; fair maidens, men, women, the household, Were educated, accomplished, some wealthy, refined ; Xow these loved homes, schools, churches, were to be left behind. The Trojans left their burning city with tearful eyes. The Moors were expelled from Spain, their earthly paradise. The captivity of the Jews is sad to relate, "Whatever is, is right," God permitted their ill fate. "The depth of the riches of His wisdom" we dare not scout! " His judgments are unsearchable, His ways past finding out !" These Cherokees now left their homes, bade their woods farewell. With broken hearts and tearful eyes, their homes they loved so well ! Those living in lowly huts packed up their scanty stores Of worldly goods, and said good-bye to their cabin doors. While those who were wealthy, refined, and educated Suppressed their .sighs and left their dwellings desolated. The Rosses, Ridges, Foremans, Boudinots, Bushyheads, half-breeds. Every condition and grade, those trained to martial deeds. 88 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. With the cuuniDg and deceitful, assembled at the places Assigned for them to meet — bade farewell — turned their faces Towards their new and strange domain, left their heritage For that allotted to them, and began their pilgrimage. The tract of beautiful land given the Cherokees Was nearly one-third as large as the State of Tennessee. Their treaties have been well and faithfully executed By the government ; they never have been persecuted. No other civilized nation has behaved so well In their dealings with the savage or infidel. The Israelites drove out the heathen and exterminated. The United States both civilized and educated The savages, and still extends to them protection. The journal of their history will bear inspection. Their homes were not left long in a state of desolation. Settlers soon moved in and a mixed population Inhabited the country near the bend of the river. It was called "Ross's Landing," named for John Ross; however, Soon changed to Chattanooga, for a creek of that name, East of Lookout Mountain, and this is the way it came : A Choctaw brave was drowned in the creek, when drawn on shore, The place where they found him called Cha-ta-nu-ga evermore. This is the Indian legend, others now protest. Some say it means "bird's," some "hawk's," some "crow's," some "eagle's" nest. Hamilton county was soon established and surveyed ; Chattanooga was made the county seat, then arrayed In her pristine beauty, surrounded by mountains high, Crowned with majestic trees whose heights seemed to touch the sky. Lookout ever pointing his warning to the stranger Of his approach to " tumbling shoals" and the "suck's" danger. Walden's Ridge frowned then, as now, on all seen below, This mighty wall once severed by Nature's steady blow. The Tennessee, with graceful bend, swiftly glided by, Curving and winding, seemingly a mirror for the sky, Forming an Indian moccasin, yes a giant shoe. Nature stamped their imagery on creek and river too. TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. 89 Across southeast another ridg;e not so high as others, Named for the missionaries who taught their savage brothers. Another hill upheld " the nest " on the river's side, Since named Cameron for the artist, Scotia was his pride. A few men with much foresight bought land here for " a song " — Williams, Legg, Rawlins, Whiteside, and Colonel John P. Long. In Eighteen hundred and Thirty-six a town was laid out Near the river a mile square, or something thereabout. A post-office was established, then a printer came. In Eighteen hundred and Thirty-eight was seen the name Of " The Hamilton Gazette,^' whose first compositor Was F, A. Parham, editor and proprietor. Tri-weekly mail from Nashville by stages came and went ; Steamboats coursed the river, bringing more supplies when spent. The buffalo, the first "civil engineer" that came. Made a direct road, the Indians followed the same. That road became Market street, beautiful thoroughfare, Very few for width and beauty can with it compare. The trade of the town soon outgrew its population, Till a railroad was built, inducing immigration. The Oeoee District included the lands acquired Recently from the Cherokees and were much admired. Bradley county was established, its county seat named For General Cleveland, who fought at King's Mountain so famed. Cleveland was the land office where the district centered. There the official issued grants and deeds were entered. Bradley county when surveyed was in a good condition. Grass grew luxuriantly before its partition. The Indians had cleared the richest places for use. And the white man's industry received a yield profuse. Citizens of the first-class bought lands and settled there; Raised fine crops, were independent, sold a surplus fair. Charleston was the " Cherokee Agency " selected, Where General Scott quartered, and the miliria collected The Indians ready tor march to their distant home ; A large camp was established where they were made welcome. 90 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL TOEM. In Eighteen hiiudred aud Thirty-four a couveution Was delegated to prepare a new constitution. The interests and wants of the people had grown and changed, To suit these exigencies the new one was arranged. The " Western District " began to be assertive then, Though but fifteen years of age brought out some able men. The convention was held during the administration Of Governor Carroll, whose influence made preparation For the changes which resulted and the reforms made. He proved a good governor and statesmanship displayed. His third term expired ; he would not have offered again, His friends insisted, for they needed all such men. The new constitution did not limit the service, Newton Cannon opposed him and was given the office. Hugh L. White and Felix Grundy were then elected United States senators, and both men reflected Much credit upon the State they long represented, Where good men abounded, with these they were contented. Felix Grundy was born in Virginia, and when a child His father moved to Kentucky, then a western wild, " When death was in almost every bush " where the Indians stayed, "And when every thicket concealed an ambuscade." He once said " were he asked to trace his memory back, And name its first impression," 'twould be after an attack ; He saw " his eldest brother bleeding, yes, lose his life, From wounds inflicted by the tomahawk and scalping knife. Another and another killed in this savage way. And his widowed mother reduced in a single day From affluence to poverty and compelled to labor With her own hands, that she might educate and favor Her youngest and then only son." This she faithfully did. He carried the image of this mother in his bosom hid. Being the seventh son, his mother to appease the fates Gave him to Esculapius despite her many straits. After graduation he left medicine for law. His fitness for this vocation he at once foresaw ; Was a member of the Constitutional Convention. The Assembly then listened to him with rapt attention. TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. 9L At twenty-nine years of age was judge of Supreme court, And chief justice the next year — historian's report. He then resigned and moved to Nashville, Tennessee, Where the ablest lawyers acknowledged his ability. In three years he was elected to Congress and returned ; Henry Clay, then speaker of the House, at once discerned His fitness for directing our foreign relations. He upheld the president in his war preparations With England, when she was both defeated and subdued Finally by Jackson, whose motto was " promptitude." He served also in the legislature of the State, Was then elected to the United States Senate ; Was attorney-general in Van Buren's cabinet. But resigned and again took a seat in the Senate. He died in Eighteen hundred and Forty ; the bar yielded Him the scepter of eloquence, which he long wielded. The congressmen were David Crockett, who hunted the bear, James K. Polk, Cave Johnson, Richard Cheatham, and John Blair. - David Crockett was born at Limestone in East Tennessee, Then the State of Franklin. During his early history His grandparents were butchered and slain by savages Who kept the frontier in terror by their ravages. At twelve years of age he was sent to an " old field school," But rebelled against the birch rod which enforced the rule; Later on he returned, learned the rudiments with care. Then married, settled on Elk creek and hunted the bear. He served in the Creek war and obtained all the glory When it came to endurance or telling a good story. He then removed to Giles county and was selected Colonel of militia ; from there twice elected Member of the legislature, served two terms in Congress^ He offered again, was defeated, took his egress For Texas, then in revolt against Mexico, And died in San Antonio defending the Alamo. Many exaggerated stories of him have been told. His life was a wonder. He was but fifty years old. CHAPTER VII. 1836-1849. .John A. Murrell — First Kailroad chartered — Cannon and Polk contest for Gov- ernor — Polk elected — Death of Hugh L. White — Supreme Court re-estab- lished — Biography of Judges Greene, Turley, Keese, McKinney, Caruthers, Totten, Harris, Wright — Whig Convention — James C. Jones — Governor James K. Polk elected President — Death of General Jackson — Dr. J. G. M. Kamsey — Medical Society of Tennessee — Aaron V. Brown, Governor — The Mexican War — Neil S. Brown, Governor — Biography of John Bell. After the Indians departed from Tennessee The thief and the robber seized their opportunity. A baud of robbers, highwaymen, at this time appeared, Organized by John A. Murrell, most by travelers feared. He was born in Middle Tennessee, and his mother Taught him how to live upon the earnings of another. When he was of age he adopted the profession Of robbery, which he practiced, making the impression That he was a speculator, then a teacher ; He knew enough theology to appear a preacher. He studied criminal law to avoid its dangers, And practiced his wickedness always upon strangers. These he murdered after robbing them ; this he confessed To Virgil A. Stewart, the man who caused his arrest. He disguised himself and proposed to join his " Mystic Clan," Attended a meeting of his council, learned his plan ; Returning, gave him up to the judiciary, By whom he was sent to the penitentiary. He became an invalid and imbecile for life. His clan dispersed and robbery was no longer rife After his conviction ; but order reigned throughout the State, And citizens were encouraged when he met his fate. TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. 95- The finances of the State were in a low condition, Throughout the country pervaded the same depression. The crash finally came, the State could not further aid The internal improvements she had advised to be made. The first railroad chartered in Tennessee In Eighteen and Thirty-one was the Memphis Company. The Nashville and Chattanooga was the first finished, We've many others now but their trade has not diminished. The great drawback to Tennessee even then appeared. Sectional jealousies were aroused; each division feared That their revenue was used to build up another, All citizens of one State ; yes, sons of one mother ! Would God these divisions were forever rent asunder ! East, Middle, and West Tennessee, what a great wonder Could be accomplished if they would all pull together ! We would succeed at all times, all storms would weather ! The world does not recognize these marked divisions. We are considered as one despite our collisions. Governor Cannon had served two terms and offered aji'ain, James K. Polk, who opposed him, had been a congressman^ The contest was spirited, the Whig party was young, And Governor Cannon, its advocate, was slow of tongue. James K. Polk in this contest instituted the art Of "stump-speaking," the pride of our politician's heart. He was not a great orator, but quick at retort. And his laughable anecdotes afforded much sport. In this way he taught politicians how to debate. And was rewarded by being made chief magistrate. James Knox Polk, of North Carolina, moved to Tennessee When eleven years old, the tenth of the State's history. His parents were Scotch-Irish, this their names indicated ; When twenty-three years of age he was graduated From the University of North Carolina ; He studied law and began practice at Columbia. First a member of the legislature, then of Congress, Serving fourteen years ; the last four he made his impress -.94 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. As speaker of the House ; he decliued re-electiou That he might attain this executive position. Hugh L. White, while senator, was the Whig nominee For president against Van Buren. Tiien Tennessee Had many distinguished men in active public life, Who made this contest one of purely personal strife. He served three years after in the Senate, then resigned, To the Assembly's instructions he was disinclined. He died four mouths after, was sixty-seven years of age ; No purer name than Hugh L. White's adorns history's page. General Jackson returned home from Washington by stage, He was an infirm old man, then seventy years of age. His friends gave him an impressive and hearty welcome home ; They met him near Lebanon and were glad to have him come. Seventy years old, with ninety dollars in his pocket. Salary, cotton crop, went with the presidential rocket. The new constitution established the Supreme court. Still elected by the legislature we report, Consisting of three judges, one from each division, •Serving a term of twelve years by this provision. In Fifty-three there was adopted an amendment, The sovereigns elected them with eight years installment. Judges Nathan Green, William Turley, and William Reese Were elected for the full constitutional lease. Their predecessors were confined to shaping land laws. Time had perfected such titles; these did not once pause To consider land law, for prosperity had brought Population and wealth into the State, so they sought To regulate commerce and give legal permission To the people and merchants and men of commission. They followed in the lead of the courts of New York State, Thus settling vexed questions, saving labor and debate. They made rules governing torts, settled slavery disputes, Though slaves were largely governed by household institutes. TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. 95 Nathan Greene was born in Virginia in Ninety-two, The " okl field school " fitted him for the work he had to do. As a private he served from Eighteen Twelve throughout the war, At is close studied law and was admitted to the bar; He then entered the " thorny" state of matrimony, Having just received his expected patrimony; Then removed with his eifects to Winchester, Tennessee, Where he was blessed with health, friends, and prosperity. First as State senator, then as chancellor he served. Until called to be Supreme judge, which he well deserved ; He served a term of twenty-two years, only sur|)assed By Peter Turney, late chief justice, governor the last. Judge Green induced Hopkins L. Turney to move and take charge Of his practice at this time, which was lucrative and large. He was the father of Governor Turney, then four years old, Destined to this position and to be a soldier bold. Judge Green's manner was grave and earnest without display ; He could detect the truth dressed in falsehood's array. He was a wise man to retire before age had impaired His usefulness as a judge ; yet he for fourteen years shared The professorship of law with the sage of Lebanon ; At seventy-four he died, leaving his work well done. William Bruce Turley, of Virginia, came to Tennessee With his parents and settled in Davidson county. In Nashville University he matriculated, Where at the age of sixteen he was graduated. He studied law and moved to Clarksville, where his talents Soon brought him recognition and plenty of clients. He served six years as circuit judge, was then selected Judge of Supreme court, unanimously elected. He served fifteen years, then resigned this high position To be chancellor at Memphis. His intuition Decided a cause by the time he had read it o'er. And repeating in consultation was a great bore. Judge Turley was fond of poetry and history, Versed in literature and blest with a good memory. 96 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. When he had been chancellor one year he fell on the street While walking in Raleigh, and attempting to gain his feet Caught on his cane, which broke, and the sharp point pierced him through ; He died from this wound in spite of all that skill could do. He often disagreed with his colleagues, as we've seen ; His last words were, " 1 can never agree to that Judge Green." William B. Reese was a native of East Tennessee, Born in Jefferson county in Seventeen and Ninety-three. His father, James Reese, was a lawyer and pioneer, A member of Franklin Assembly, a man without fear. Judge Reese was prepared for college by Dr. Henderson, Entered Blount, then Greenville College, where as a scholar won High honor and distinction when he graduated. He continued his studies, his zeal never abated, But mastered every branch of knowledge ; his education He made a life business, whatever his vocation. He was one of the most learned men of Tennessee ; Studied law — was first chancellor, then called to be Supreme judge, the first native Tennesseean selected; Without opposition unanimously elected. He measured all causes by fixed principles of law. His opinions were wise and learned without one flaw. When his term of twelve years expired he sought diversity As president of East Tennessee University. He held this position until compelled to resign, His health failed, he died in Eighteen hundred and Fifty-nine. He was a railroad director for variety And president of the Historical Society. Robert J. McKinney, an Irish transportation, Succeeded Judge Reese to his judicial position. Colonel William Henderson said ''an Irishman, Like his tobacco plant, can only develop when He is transplanted. Ireland is his hotbed, and the world Is his patch, which he fills" always with banner unfurled. TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. 97 Judge McKinney's father settled iu East Tennessee, In Hawkins county, near Rogersville, with his family. His son for a few months attended Greenville College. With meager education, he obtained legal knowledge Under his uncle, John A. McKinney's tuition. His early practice did not better his condition. He was diffident though talented, and chance revealed His professional ability which he had concealed. The illness of senior counsel brought him face to face With legal giants, and he managed to gain his case. He assisted in framing the new constitution, And was chosen Supreme judge without solicitation. He presided fourteen years when the court suspended Until after the war between the States had ended. He was one of the Peace Commission to the government, And spent the remainder of his life in retirement. Robert L. Caruthers succeeded Judge Green resigned, A native Tennesseean with a great legal mind. At ten years of age he was left to struggle for himself, First as a field hand, then arranging a dry-goods shelf. To his employer he made himself necessary. And was given charge of a branch store at Woodbury. He hungered for education and saved every dollar, And at Greenville College graduated a scholar. Without means, he was taught by Judge Powell, who foresaw In him a man of talent who would succeed at law. He began practice in his native town of Carthage, And was elected at twenty-seven years of age Attorney -general for his circuit and served four years ; Then a member of the Assembly he next appears. In Eighteen and Forty was elected to Congress, He declined re-election to make legal progress. As Supreme judge he was now by the governor selected. And after the amendment, by the people elected. He served as judge until the Federals made their ingress, Was then elected to the Confederate Congress. 7 tenu 98 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. He was elected governor in Eig^hteeu and Sixty-three, But the Federal forces had charge of Tennessee. When the war closed he practiced law there in adversity, But soon retired to Cumberland University, Where as professor of law he held the position, Until the great age of eighty-two came his transition. As an advocate he made a wide reputation ; Most brilliant star in the Tennessee constellation. Not the greatest orator, his superior mental force Swept away all obstacles in its resistless course. His judicial opinions will be read and preserved. While Tennessee is a State, a memorial he deserved. Judge Turley was succeeded by A. W. O. Totten. Born in Middle Tennessee, he studied law at Trenton, Then removed to Jackson, where Supreme and Federal courts For the western division were held, history reports. He was first appointed, then elected to this office, Served five years, resigned, was succeeded by Judge Harris. Judge Totten was not a man of great ability, But did his duty with conscientious fidelity. His opinions were deliberate, showing much learning; Not original, but always a precedent discerning. William R. Harris was born in Eighteen hundred and Three, In North Carolina. His father moved to Tennessee And settled in Bedford county, on Duck river, But moved to Franklin county, near Winchester, soon after. His father was a poor man, and this son helped maintain The family, which left him but a few months to gain, Between crops, an education in the academy At Winchester. When of age he practiced economy. And while deputy sheriff by studying at night Kept with his class, studied law, and became a legal light. At twenty-four years of age he began to practice, Then moved to Henry county, the county seat Paris. He was one of the first settlers in this community ; Its rich lands caused others to seize the opportunity TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. 99 'To improve their condition. First-class citizens moved tliere. Judge Harris was prosperous and had a practice fair; He served nine years as circuit judge, then moved to Memphis. When Judge Turley died he was appointed to his office. First appointed, then elected judge of Supreme court, He served three years, his term was destined to be cut short ; ■On a Mississippi river steamboat he was killed ! The boilers exploded, his eloquent voice was stilled ! A native Tennesseean, Archibald Wright, of Memphis, Was appointed to succeed Judge Harris in office. He was born in Maury county, settled two years before; Named for Lieutenant Maury, afterwards commodore. His parents moved to Giles, where he was educated. They were both of Scotch-Irish descent and were well mated. In Pulaski he studied law in Judge Bramlette's office. And at twenty-three years of age was licensed to practice. He served throughout the Florida war as a volunteer, Then returned to Pulaski and continued to live there. Until his fame as a lawyer outgrew the location; He then removed to Memphis, where his reputation Caused Thomas J. Turley to make him associate. Their sons are now partners, the ablest tirm in the State. First appointed, then elected to the Supreme court, He served but a few years when the civil war cut short His term of office ; legal business was suspended. At least by the " Bourbons," until the war had ended. Judge Wright's opinions were clear, short, and original; He cared not for precedents, was an individual. He served in the Confederate army throughout the war, Then mended his fortune by practicing at the bar. Like a sturdy oak, he was cut down at seventy-four. Still continuing his work until he was at death's door. The election of Polk as governor of Tennessee Roused the enemy to exert themselves for victory ; The din of preparation was heard throughout the Whig ranki The theme discussed then, as now, iinances and banks. 100 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. The Whig j)arty liad taken root all over Tennessee, And the campaign of Eighteen Forty caused jubilee. General Harrison was candidate for president, And party zeal placed in line every Whig resident. The State was canvassed from end to end ; Polk coined the phrase- From " Carter to Shelby," so commonly used " nowadays." The most notable event was the Whig convention Held in Nashville in August before the election. Henry Clay, the founder of the Whig party, was there, Indiana Whigs brought an Indian canoe as their share. Others, caged coons in log cabins and barrels of cider, Whig emblems suggested by taunts of a derider. Fourteen States were represented in the great parade ; A military company each with coontail cockade, Coon skin cap, copperas breeches, and dark blue hunting-shirt, Suggested pioneer life, flouted as the desert Of General Harrison by his political foes. Banners of unique design over the crowd arose. Porter, the Kentucky giant, said to be eight feet tall, But Henry Clay was most conspicuous of them all. Carriages were procured, the lame, halt, and blind cast their vote^ Tennessee then was of as much political note As Kew York is to-day. Nashville was the gathering place Of the southwest, where plans were made for the coming race. Tennessee gave both parties some of their ablest leaders ; Messages of her governors were given eastern readers. James K. Polk had served his first term and offered again ; The Whigs nominated James C. Jones, and the fun began. They selected "Lean Jimmy" that he might " get after Polk"; "He went straight for him," and mimicked him every time he spoke. The measure Polk meted to Cannon he received again, Jones paid him in his own coin with interest this campaign. Those who elected Harrison with cider and coons. Now elected Jones governor, the prince of buifoons. James C. Jones was born in Davidson county, Tennessee, In Eighteen hundred and Nine. During his infancy TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. IQl His father died, and a proniineut politician, 'Colonel Ward, brought him up under his own tuition. At intervals he attended a country school three years; Being fond of books, he acquired knowledge, it appears, By having access to his guardian's library. But labored on his farm all the time necessary To make the crops; in this way received education .Such as needed in politics and his vocation. He was married at twenty-one, and went to farming In Wilson county where lands were rich, the people charming . Was a member of the Assembly at twenty -eight, In Eighteen Forty an electoral candidate; Was governor two terms, then declined reelection, In Forty-eight was a member of the Whig convention ; In Eighteen Fifty became a Memphis resident, ■Of the Memphis and Charleston Railroad was first president; Served one term as United States senator, and became A Democrat when the Whigs assumed another name. He died in Eighteen hundred and Fifty-nine at Memphis, A remarkable life — almost half spent in office. In Eighteen Forty-four James K. Polk, of Tennessee, Opposed Henry Clay as democratic nominee For president. Polk wah elected, but his own State Gave a small majority to the Whig candidate. The magnetic telegraph, at this time invented By Samuel Morse, sent its first public news, complimented James K. Polk by announcing his nomination. Causing democratic joy and congratulation. Spencer Jarnagin and Ephraim Foster were both sent To the United States Senate, a Whig compliment. Cave Johnson was postmaster-general in Polk's cabinet, A most efficient, well rounded man, a favorite, •One of Tennessee's greatest men, gave service substantial, Such as judicial, congressional, and financial. •General Jackson entertained two hundred guests at dinner In a field near the Hermitage, including the winner. ]^Q2 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. Polk was a follower of Jackson, called ''Young Hickory," He obeyed Jackson's instructions, hence his victory. The annexation of Texas, the bone of contention, With General Jackson's influence, caused his election. The life of this grand old man was drawing to a close, Seven months from this date he closed his eyes in repose. He had been tendered an emperor's sarcophagus Brought from Palestine, that of Alexander Severus, But this honor he gratefully declined to accept — Was a Democrat both in example and precept. He had professed faith in Christ, joined the church at Hermitage,,. Now at seventy- eight years he ended his pilgrimage. At this time was pnblished the "Annals of Tennessee," By Dr. Ramsey, giving the complete history Of events and pioneers forming the settlement On Watauga until four years of State development. This is an able work, and is the best history Written of any State during this century. When the civil war began he had just completed A second volume; before it could be secreted, Together with other rare and valuable papers, The manuscript was destroyed by Union soldiers' capers. Dr. J. G. M. Ramsey was born in Tennessee, In Knox county, the first year of the State's history. He was of Scotch descent. His father was a pioneer, Secretary of Franklin Convention, and a volunteer. Dr. Ramsey was taught the rudiments of knowledge At home, and graduated from Washington College, He studied medicine with Dr. Joseph C. Strong, A pioneer physician, suffering all his life long. He attended lectures in Philadelphia, and bought A medical library from which many were taught; He was interested in internal improvements. Was the father of railroads here and other movements; Was trustee of two colleges, founded an academy, And wrote much on other subjects besides history. TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. IQ-I He was a Confederate, afterwards a refugee — No rebel at that time could live in East Tennessee. He lived eighty-seven years, death at length dividing The lives of a loving pair, past their golden wedding. Other prominent physicians in East Tennessee Were Drs. Cunningham, Nelson, Baker, and Dulaney. Three sons of the latter made medical reputation. Dr. Hodsdeu attended the Cherokee Nation; Dr. Carson of Jefferson, and Gillespie of Blount, With Hoyl, Crozier, Hugh Walker, and Dr. W. Hunt; Drs. Deadrick aud Mcintosh were the first that came; Two sons of the former have made medical fame. The Medical Society of Tennessee Was incorporated in Eighteen hundred and Thirty. Dr. James Roane, of Nashville, was its first president- — The last is Dr. Drake, a Chattanooga resident. During the last sixty years eminent physicians Have held in the society official positions. Drs. Paul Eve, Buchanan, Curry, and Dickinson, Douglass, Dickson, Ford, Evving, Goodlett, and Epperson, Hosliins, Hogg, Jennings, Gillespie, McNairy, and May Were some of the prominent physicians of their day. A. W. Putnam, born in Ohio, a great-grandson Of General Israel Putnam, his reputation won As author of the ''History of Middle Tennessee," Was president of the Historical Society. A lawyer, to literary pursuits devoted. He contributed to magazines, those most noted. In Eighteen Forty-five two candidates of renown Ran for governor, Ephraim Foster and Aaron V. Brown. Brown was a Democrat — had been always consistent, Foster was a Whig and an honorable resistant. Though when seuator he had voted against Texas. Brown now upbraids him on the stump, annoys and vexes With pathetic figures of speech and lofty flights. At all times climbing with Moses to Mount Pisgah's heights. 104 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. Sam Houston, of Texas, then visited Tennessee, And greatly influenced democratic victory. Aaron Vail Brown was born in the Old Dominion, His father moved to Tennessee, showing his opinion. That it was well to be a Virginian by birth, But Tennessee was the best place to live upon earth. He settled in Giles county ; the son was educated. From the "North State" University was graduated. He studied law in Nashville with Judge Trimble and obtained License to practice, but returned to Giles and remained. Polk lived in Maury, the adjoining county, so they formed A partnership, which years into real friendship warmed. He was often a member of the legislature. Supported all measures of a Jackson ian nature. He had served three terms in Congress, was now elected Governor, though Foster's vote showed that some objected. The war with Mexico began at this time and the name Of Tennessee as the "Volunteer State" confirmed the claim. Governor Brown called for twenty-eight hundred volunteers, Thirty thousand came, city men, townsmen, and mountaineers. The cause of the war was the west boundary line between Texas and Mexico ; this caused them to vent their spleen, When President Polk ordered General Taylor to hold In possession the strip of land of which he had been told. General Taylor obeyed, the Mexicans killed his guard, The battle of Palo Alto ensued with reward. At Resaca de la Pal ma the attack repeated. When the Mexican army was again defeated. The United States now declared war with Mexico, Several States opposed it and did not enlist or go. Leaving Matamoros Taylor captured Monterey After four days' fighting; " Rough and Ready" cleared the way He met Santa Anna's army of twenty thousand men At Buena Vista and was victorious again. General Scott captured Vera Cruz and at Cerro Gordo Was triumphant, then marched to the City of Mexico. Prudently resting his army till summer was passed. He gained five battles in one day, then prepared for the last. TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. 105 Chapultepec was fortified, our mea scaled the ascent, The city surrendered and our army was content. Tennesseeans all fought bravely, some drew attention, And for valor deserve particular mention. W. T. Haskell, Colonel Campbell, and Wm. B. Bate, Who but twenty years old served through the war a private. Many others I could name rendered gallant service, But Gideon Johnson Pillow deserves special notice. He was born in Williamson county, Tennessee, And was a graduate of the University ; Studied law and practiced at the Columbia bar. And was brigadier-general in the jSIexican war. He served under both generals; when Vera Cruz surrendered. Was one of the commissioners to whom it was tendered. At Cerro Gordo he was wounded, ihen promoted to be Major-general for his conspicuous gallantry. At Cherubusco, Molino del Rey, Chapultepec, He fought and was severely wounded in the last attack. Was tried for insubordination and acquitted. Jealousy caused the accusation all admitted. After the Mexican war he resumed his law practice, Until the civil war brougcht him a^ain into notice. During the Mexican war an election took place For governor, which brought the two Browns face to face. Neil S. Brown, of Giles county, was the Whig nominee. And Aaron V. then the governor of Tennessee. After a heated contest Neil S. was elected Without political record to be inspected. He was a Tennesseean, born in Eighteen and Ten, Served in the Seminole war, the Florida campaign. After one term in the legislature, elector For Clay in Forty-four, an effective stump-speaker. Now governor two years, then Russian ambassador. Again in the legislature presiding officer. Was a member of the Constitutional Convention, And exerted himself for public education. 106 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. He died in Nashville, lived beyond three score years and ten, Amiable, efficient, one of our self-made men. Our senators then were Hopkins, Turney, and John Bell, Bell was a Whig^, what Turney was I cannot tell. John Bell was born near Nashville the first year of the State, At sev^enteen was a Cumberland College graduate. He settled in Franklin and from there was elected State senator, then retired ten years and collected, From law and literature, a fund of information That enabled him to gain his great reputation. He next appears in politics making the canvass Of the district against Felix Gundy for Congress. Bell was elected and remained twelve years in office, Was speaker one session of conspicuous notice ; Then secretary of war in Harrison's cabinet. Passed from State senator to United States Senate. As senator he represented the State twelve years. And as a presidential candidate next appears. He opposed secession, but went out with Tennessee, At seventy-two years of age death gave him liberty. CHAPTER VIII. 1849-1861. Death of James K. Polk — William Trousdale, Governor — The Southern Con- vention — Andrew J. Donelson — William Campbell, Governor — Andrew John- son, Governor — Gustavus A. Henry — The State Capitol built — Knovv-Noth- ings — William Walker's Nicaragua expedition — Isham G. Harris, Governor — Kailroad men — Dr. Overton, Dr. Ramsey, Dr. Cunningham, E. W. Cole, M. Burns, Campbell Wallace— John Netherland's biography— Secession — Ten- nessee secedes from the Union. James K. Polk had served one term as chief of the Nation, He was not a candidate for renomination. He died three months after his retirement irom office, In the prime of life, having taken off his harness. James K. Polk deserves in the history of this State More credit than has been given him I estimate; ' Tis said that Jackson caused his sudden elevation, 'Twas discretion and energetic application. He was better known than was Lincoln, Cleveland, or Hayes, Joining with public sentiment he received public praise. While he was governor, Polk county was erected And named for the chief magistrate they had selected. His wife long survived him, and every demonstration Was shown her — respect, honor, love, appreciation. The Assembly of the State, on the first of every year. Called upon her in a body ; all others meeting there — Civil, ecclesiastical, and judicial — called; Military companies officially installed, Mexican veterans and distinguished visitors. All paid their respects attended by the regulars. The next canvass for the governorship of Tennessee, By Neil S. Brown and " the War hor.se of Sumner county," Cau.sed a reaction in State politics for two years. William Trousdale was elected in spite of the slurs 107 108 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. Of William G. Browulow, the Whig champion aud teacher, Political editor and Methodist preacher. William Trousdale was a North Caroliuian by birth, Of Scotch-Irish descent, a man of sterling worth. His father moved to Tennessee when he was six years old. He left school for the Creek war and was a soldier bold ; At Peusacola and New Orleans he next appears, In the Seminole war, major-general of volunteers. He took part in four battles of the Mexican war. And at Chapultepec received two wounds as his share; Was brevetted brigadier-general by the president For gallant conduct to this battle incident. He served two years as governor, in Fifty-two was sent Minister to Brazil by Franklin Pierce, president. He lived eighty-two years, a long and useful life, Survived the civil war, but was too old for its strife. In Eighteen hundred and Fifty a convention met In Nashville and its proceedings caused general regret. Andrew Jackson Donelson brought about the meeting, Delegates from Southern States were extended greeting. The convention was composed of democratic leaders. The Whig party, of course, called them Southern seceders. "Squatter sovereignty," and the Missouri compromise, Were the questions concerning which they came to advise. The slavery question began to be agitated. And compromise on this subject was repudiated. Donelson retired and disapproved of its action ; The people amazed, called it a rebellious faction. Andrew Jackson Donelson was born in Tennessee And was graduated from West Point Academy. Was a lawyer and General Jackson's secretary While president, but inclined to be literary. To the Republic of Texas as minister was sent. Then minister to Prussia when Polk was president. He was also minister to Germany, but resigned, To be editor at Washington he was inclined. TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. IQQ, He left the Democratic party, and we next see Him with Fillmore as vice-presidential nominee. After this defeat he sought no other office, But returned after the war and practiced law in Memphis. In Eighteen Fifty-one William Campbell received The Whig nomination for gov^ernor ; they believed That he would redeem the State from the imputation Of advocating secession and nullihcation. Governor Trousdale opposed him ; both cast in the same mold, W^ere men of integrity, conservative and bold. Together they had fought on the plains of Mexico ; Now politely dealt each other a political blow. Campbell w^as elected, another reaction took place; The fatal Southern convention decided this race. William Campbell was born in Eighteen Seven near Nashville. Well educated, he studied law with Governor Campbell, His uncle, in Virginia, returned and was elected Attorney-general ; then in a few years selected As legislator, then as captain in Trousdale's command. Fought throughout the Seminole war with his gallant band. Then served four successive terms in Congress; he defeated General Trousdale twice — the last race no one competed. As colonel of the First Tennessee Regiment served In the Mexican war, nor from a duty swerved. He led the charge at Monterey, his troops raised our banner,. The stars and stripes upon her wall giving him honor. After the war he was judge of the fourth circuit court, Now elected governor, an office of import. He served two years, the last Whig governor selected. Four years later was to the circuit judgeship elected. He refused to join with his State in the civil war. Nor fought against brothers, leaving a fratricidal scar. In Sixty-five he was again elected to Congress, And died at sixty-six years of age while yet in office. At this time James C. Jones and A. O. P. Nicholson Were United States senators succeeded by Johnson. no TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. The next contest for gubernatorial succession Was between Gustavus A. Henry and Andrew Jolinson. Henry was a Whig, and there was now a division In that party, the slavery question caused the collision. Andrew Johnson, the tribune of the people, the masses. Was not popular with the standard-bearing classes. But the sovereigns heard him gladly and they believed him, They had trusted him before and he had not deceived them. His views on national questions were original ; He stood on his own platform an individual. Thus proceeding he was now elected governor Over Henry, known as Tennessee's " Eagle Orator." Andrew Johnson was born in Raleigh, Eighteen and Eight, Like Jackson and Polk was a native of the " North State." When ten years of age he was a tailor's apprentice ; His anxiety to learn attracted the notice Of a fellow workman, who taught him the alphabet ; He was taught to spell and read by an associate. He then worked twelve hours a day and studied at night ; A boy with such ambition will make a shining light. At eighteen years of age he conceived the notion To move to Tennessee, and with filial devotion Brought his mother to Greenville, where he worked and maintained Her in good condition as long as her life remained. After his marriage he was assisted by his wife With his studies before he entered political life. He was alderman three years, then mayor of the town, At twenty-seven was legislator of some renown. A Van Buren elector, then in the State Senate, With the " Immortal Thirteen " was first to begin it ; Who during the session prevented the election Of United States senator, a Whig selection. Then ten years in Congress still laboring for the masses. Was father of the "Homestead Law" — at last it passes. Now governor of the State, he united the strength Of the Democrats, and the Whig party destroyed at length. TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. HI Gustavus A. Henry iu Eighteen and Thirty-three Moved from Kentucky and settled in Clarksviile, Tennessee. He was five times for the State at large, Whig elector, In Eighteen Fifty a Tennessee legislator. In Fifty-three ran for governor and failed to win it But was elected to the Confederate Senate. As an orator he made a wide reputation, Chaste and brilliant in thought, with dignified declamation. The corner-stone of the capitol was by masons laid In Eighteen Forty-five, and the oration was made By Honorable Edwin H. Ewing, a man of import, A lawyer, congressman, and special judge of Supreme court. William Strickland was the architect who attested To its durability by having requested That his remains be placed within its walls when he died ; A monument to him, 'twas an honorable pride. Colonel Samuel D. Morgan received approjn-iations, Made from time to time by the State, and with calculations, Purchased the material to execute the ])lan ; The State required no bond from such a faithful, honest man. It required ten years to build it, and history relates, 'Twas the finest public building in the United States. In Eighteen Fifty-five the " Know-ISothing" party appeared. As it acted in secret, it was publicly feared. It was opposed to foreigners holding office or trust. It died a natural death as all such parties must. Governor Johnson had served one term and offering met Meredith P. Gentry as opposing candidate. He was a Whig and by the *' Know-Nothiugs " supported ; They were not one and the same but often consorted. Andrew Johnson was again the successful candidate. At the close of his term was elected to the Senate Of the United States, where he made the reputation Of a Southern man deserting his State for the nation ; A State that had honored him for more than thirty years. Containing his home, his fireside, and all that endears. ■^-^2 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. Meredith P. Gentry, the defeated candidate, Moved with his father to Tennessee from the North State AVhen four years old, and settled in Williamson county. His advantages were limited, but with hard study He became well informed, and was gifted by nature. At twenty-six was elected to the legislature. There, as an orator he attracted attention, And after serving two terms secured his election To Congress, where he made a national reputation. He served fourteen years, then was given the Whig nomination For governor. Now defeated, he remained in the State ; AVhen she seceded he stood by her for good or ill fate. He was a member of the Confederate Congress And died in Sixty-six holding no other office. In Eighteen Fifty- six the Democrats carried the State, The slavery question now entered into every debate. The Kansas-Nebraska act had now become a law. Causing indignation in the North, which the South foresaw. Some farseeiug men who realized the situation. The downfall of slavery by continual agitation. Sought to add slave territory by expeditions. Against Cuba and Central American positions. William Walker, of Nashville, was one of the most noted, Brave, with natural talents, to the South devoted. He studied law and medicine, seeking harmony. But neither satisfied " the grey-eyed man of destiny." A journalist in New Orleans and San Francisco, He surrendered to officials at San Diego, When his first exploit failed. Was then tried and acquitted For violating neutrality laws ; not outwitted, He invaded Nicaragua and took Granada, And was made general of the forces of Nicaragua. He conquered Costa Rica, and when one year resident Of Nicaragua State was elected president. An insurrection arose, and driven by the fates. He returned for rest and safety to the United States. TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. 113 He was thrice tried by Federal officials and released ; After each failure his desire for adventure increased. He sailed to Honduras where he was captured and sent To Truxillo, there shot by order of the president. In Fifty-seven, Robert Hattou and Isham G, Harris Were candidates for the gubernatorial office. They had each been electors and made reputation, But Hattou had the advantage of education. As a sturap-speaker, however, it was detected That Harris was superior, and was elected. Robert Hattou was born in Sumner county In Eighteen Twenty-seven, and was educated to be A lawyer at Harvard at twenty-two years of age ; Was a legislator at twenty-nine. We should not gauge His executive ability by his success, For in Fifty-eight he was elected to Congress. He served one term and joined the Confederate army, Where he at once made a re{»utation for bravery, For which he was to brigadier-general promoted, And soon killed in battle — was to the South devoted. Isham G. Harris is still living; was born — forsooth I cannot tell, for he maintains perpetual youth. He was born, however, in the State of Tennessee, Though was a clerk in a store awhile in Mississippi, Where he studied law at night after working all day. Such ambitious boys will succeed anywhere, alway. His brother. Judge William Harris, of the Supreme court. Pursued the same course and became a man of import. Another brother prepared for ministerial work. And was an able preacher in the Methodist kirk. Isham G. Harris at twenty-nine had made progress; When six years a lawyer was elected to Congress. Was re-elected, after which declined the office. And in Eighteen Fifty-three he removed to Memphis. He was on Buchanan's ticket as State elector. And now appears the first West Tennessee governor. ^l^ TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. He served with approbation three terms iu succession ; During the war was aid to Albert Sidney Johnston. He served in the Western army after Johnston's death ; When the war closed he feared to lived on his native heath. He spent one year in Mexico then returned to Memphis, Where until Seventy-six he engaged in law practice ; Then he was elected to United States Senate — While he desires the office no one else can win it. We have traced the progress of the State for sixty years And noted public men and measures it appears ; Pioneers, soldiers, farmers, preachers, politicians. Teachers, historians, bank officers, physicians, AVith judges of superior and Supreme court ; Another class I introduce of equal import — Railroad men who exerted their energy and zeal For the State's improvement, and with eloquent appeal Canvassed counties, towns and cities for the enterprise. Many ridiculed their schemes, while others would advise. Dr. James Overton, a man of sagacity, A genius, for once, with business capacity, Wanted to build a railroad (they thought he was frantic) From Nashville to Chattanooga and Western Atlantic. They ridiculed the man, called him a "hocus-pocus"; They could not see Chattanooga as the grand focus At which must converge the lines of the Southern States trade, And with this road such communication could be made. He failed, and was called "Old Chattanooga" till he died — A name of mockery, I now point to it with pride. Extolling his wisdom, sagacity, and foresight, 'Tvvas his misfortune to be gifted with a hidden light. Looking ahead and sowing seed that would germinate And bring forth fruit enhancing the riches of the State. Dr. J. G. M. Ramsey was in the same position; He was called an enemy to river navigation. His heart's desire was a road from Charleston to Knoxville ; 'Twas surveyed but the panic brought it to a standstill. TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. 115 Failing in this with Dr. Cunuiughani united, Undertook another which in ten years requited — The East Tennessee and Georgia, finished in fifty-eight, With Dr Cunningham president to compensate. These three were physicians, men of skill and of learning. With active, progressive minds, the future discerning. Edmund W. Cole, horn in Giles county, Tennessee, Is a prominent railroad man of ability. Losing his father in childhood, his education Was limited. He's a self-made man by application. His first work was farming, then clerk in a clothing store ; As his position advanced his salary was more. In Fifty-one, when but twenty-one years old, was made General bookkeeper, a laborious office well paid. Of the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad. He served Six years, was then made superintendent as deserved. This position he held until Fort Donelson fell. Nashville was evacuated, everything pellmell. Being a Confederate, he moved to the Empire State Of the South — to Georgia, where he lived till Sixty-eight, When he was elected president of his old road. The Nashville and Chattanooga ; then he moved back *' for good." With the Nashville and Northwestern he extended his line To the Mississippi river, the first grand design — Now the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway ; Over this line he presided twelve years faithfully. Several branch roads were built under his administration; For other railroad work he formed a combination. He bought an interest in several roads and thus controlled Two thousand miles of territory — a venture bold. Of the State road, of Georgia, he was long a lessee ; Was elected president of the East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railroad when Wilson resigned, And can control any other to which he's inclined. Michael Burns, a native of Ireland, deserves mention ; A railroad man of ability, without pretension. IIQ TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. Left au orphan at nine years of age, he emigrated To America and is to be congratulated On the rank he has taken in his community, Attained by industry without opportunity. He came to Nashville in Thirty-six and began trade As a saddler, with small capital, but he soon made His business a success, enlarged and added together Saddlery, hardware, coach ware, and all kinds of leather, He became a prosperous merchant, finally retired. For his business methods and integrity admired. He was president of the Bank of Tennessee six years; A director in railroads — responsible cares. When the civil war broke out he was vice-president Of the Nashville and Northwestern road; the president Being without the lines, he assumed the management And secured the aid of the Federal government, Amounting to four million dollars in all received; 'Twas finished for Federal benefit, then they believed. At the close of the war it was at once surrendered To Mr. Burns, who adroitly managed and tendered It to the State, and with scrupulous fidelity Accounted for all funds, showing great ability. While many became rich off the blood of the nation, His conduct deserves the State's highest commendation. Another Tennesseean who gained railroad distinction Was Major Campbell Wallace of honorable mention. Major Wallace was born in Sevier county, Tennessee, In Eighteen hundred and Six; was of Scotch ancestry. His grandfather was a soldier in the Revolution, And was one of the first magistrates given commission In Sevier and Blount counties at their organization. His father, Jesse W^allace, had qualification For business, and placed his son at fourteen years of age With Charles McClung & Sons of Knoxville, who knew the gauj And capacity of young men for such a position. Educated as well as his compeers and condition. TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. HJ He was faithful and became a partner in the business, Which for twenty years he continued with success. He succeeded Judge Hugh liawson White as trustee In East Tennessee Institute and University. Was trustee for the Deaf and Dumb Asylum and met Its financial obligations till it was free from debt. In Eighteen Fifty-three he accepted the position Of president of our railroad in a bad condition. 'Twas finished and extended under his management. He ably assisted the Confederate government, By transporting troops through the East Tennessee section. 'Tis said that Governor Harris telegraphed the question: "Can you transport Duncan's battalion in time for attack?" Major Wallace replied: "Yes, or I'll die on the track!" He transported Bragg's men — sixty thousand in ten days — On his retreat from Kentucky, and received great praise. When the war closed, like many others from East Tennessee, He sought a home in Georgia — one of security. He was pardoned by President Johnson, an old friend ; In Bartow county he farmed awhile, his fortune to mend. In Sixty-six accepted a railroad position — President of Western Atlantic ; its condition Was run down; he restored it, but had much work to do, And in a short while it paid the State a good revenue. He resigned when Bullock was elected governor. Was then of an Alabama road general manager. Was president of a bank; then tendered the position As president of Georgia's first railroad commission. He held the scales of justice with a firm and steady hand, Both shipper and carrier agreed to his demand. This position, after several years' service, he resigned. And spent the evening of his life at home as inclined. He was fifty years elder in the Presbyterian kirk; For twenty years I witnessed his efficient church work. He died in Atlanta at eighty-nine years of age, Loved by all and regarded as her Nestor, her sage ! 118 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. In Fifty-nine Governor Harris was renominated. The Wiiigs and Know-Nothings having affiliated, Selected John Netherland, of Hawkins, standard-bearer — No better stump-speaker, none with reputation fairer. John NetherUind was born in Eighteen hundred and Eight In Virginia, and when three years old came to this State. His family settled in Sullivan at Kingsport, Known as Long Island, the boat yard, a place of import. In due time he graduated from Washington college; From Judge Samuel Powell received his legal knowledge. First elected State senator, then legislator, Was on two occasions presidential elector. In Eighteen Fitty-one a legislator again. He was now defeated by Harris in this campaign. He voted for the Union when the State seceded. And after the war in Hawkins county was needed To prevent Federal soldiers, who were Hushed with success, From imposing on Confederates then in distress. Was a member of the Constitutional Convention, And President Johnson offered him the position Of minister to Bolivia, which he declined ; Practicing law at home then better suited his mind. He died at Rogersville at eighty-two years of age, Leaving an unsullied name — a rich heritage. In Eighteen Sixty Lincoln, as ordered by the fates, Was elected president of the United States, An abolitionist, to whom the South objected ; They believed for this reason he had been elected. The Southern States began to secede, and delegates Assembled and organized the Confederate States. Their representatives had left Washington ; Johnson remained, The only Southern Democrat who secession disdained. The war begun with the authorities at Washington, When they sent the hostile fleet styled the "Relief Squadron," To reinforce Fort Sumter with orders of mistrust, Peaceably if permitted, "but forcibly if they must." TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. 119 Beauregard fired on Sumter when he knew this fleet was near, To prevent being exposed to tire from front and rear. Tennessee hesitated — she was loath to depart, She had fought for the nation — the flag was dear to her heart. But when Lincoln called for troops to chastise her sisters, She voted for secession and joined the resisters. CHAPTER IX. 1861-1866. Tennessee joins the Southern Confederacy — The war History — Biography of some of the leading spirits in Tennessee — Andrew Johnson, Military Governor — Biographies of Generals Polk and Stewart. On the twenty fourth of June, Eighteen and Sixty-one, Governor Harris dissolved the ties — proclaimed them undone, Which had bound Tennessee to the United States. An election was held for congressional delegates To the Confederate States, a governor selected; Governor Isham G. Harris was re-elected Without opposition, and to properly begin it, Two orators were sent to the Confederate Senate — Gustavns A. Henry and Landon C. Haynes, then famed, Descended from a pioneer for whom he was named. The congressmen were William G. Snow, F. A. Keeble, A. S. Colyar, W. H. Tibbs, Joseph B. Heiskell, E. L. Gardenhire, Henry S. Foote, John P. Murray, James McCollum, John V. Wright, Meredith P. Gentry, George W. Jones, J. D. C. Atkins, Thomas Menees, Michael McCluskey, these were first and second congress. It is said that William H. Dewitt served the first year; His name does not on the Confederate record appear. Peter Turney, feeling that soldiers would be needed Raised the First Regiment before the State seceded. There were three Tennessee regiments, each claiming to be first — Turney 's, Maney's and Preston Smith's, raised at the outburst Of the war. Preston Smith at length held to his old score. The number of his militiamen one fifty-four. Maney's soldiers were half from Davidson neighborhood, The rest from other counties of the State just as good. They fought in every department, met with good and ill fate, In Virginia, Tennessee, Georgia, and in the North State. 120 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. 121 From "Carter to Shelby" regiments were organized, Old men, and young men ; Johnson and Browiilow were surprised At the number who volunteered from East Tennessee, Where they calculated to hold complete sovereignty. The Twenty-ninth, Nineteenth, Fifty-ninth and Sixty-first, The Seventy-sixth, Thirty-fifth, Third and Thirty-First, Thirty-seventh, Sixtieth, Sixty-second, Sixty-third, With engineer companies and the Forty-third, Together with several regiments of cavalry. From what I remember to have been their summary, Tennessee furnished one-sixth of the Confederate force. And thirty-one thousand Union men took the other course. Yes, sons of one father, who had nursed the same mother. Were formed in battle, face to face, fighting each other. The roll of honor begins with the private soldier. None were truer to principle, nobler or bolder. A roster of their names I could not write or obtain, But here's to their momory, survivor and slain ! In Tennessee where so much division was noted Both sides were ecjually to their country devoted. The Confederate generals who attained distinction Were the following and deserve honorable mention : N. B. Forrest and A. P. Stewart, lieutenants-general, N. B. Forest enlisted as lieutenant-colonel. Next Major-Generals William B. Bate and John C. Brown, And Major-Generals Frank Cheatham and J. P. McCown. The brigadiers were George Gordon, William E. Jackson, Felix K. Zollicoffer and Robert M. Hatton, Gideon J. Pillow and William H. Jackson, Marcus J. Wi*ight, Henry Rains and Bushrod R. Johnson, Frank M. Walker, R. C. Tyler and E. A. Jackson, AVilliam H. Carroll, Preston Smith, Daniel S. Donelson, John C. Yaughau, Parmer, Humphrey Bate, Thomas K. Jackson, Thomas B. Smith, George Maney, Samuel R. Anderson, Cadmus M. Wilcox, J. M. Quarles, Armstrong, Ledbetter, Of these two last names [ know not the first letter. A name that deserves a prominent place on fame's roll. Is Samuel Davis, a hero with a great heart and soul. 122 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. A private in the First Kegimeut of Teuuessee, Who died on the scaffold for the Confederacy. When the cause of the South was sinking, yes almost lost, To aid his general, crossed the lines of the Federal host. He gathered information from one wearing the blue. Near home was captured, but remained honorable and true. Could have had life and freedom, by betraying the source, Of knowledge obtained, maps, special data, and the course The Federals would take, but could not buy life at such a price, And died for his Southland, suffering for this device. 'Tis said that slaveholders were confined to seceders, There were many slave owners who were Union leaders. 'Tis true that slavery was the principal question. But States rights and the Union deserve special mention. W. G. Brownlow, Horage Maynard, Andrew Johnson, Connolly Triggs, X. G. Taylor, Thomas A. R. Nelson, William B. Carter, John Netherland, O. P. Temple, Emerson Etheridge, Thomas Arnold, William Campbell, And James P. McDowell, with a number of others. Were the leading spirits among our Union brothers. After the conscript law was passed those refused to fight Who held to the Union, so to escape they took flight And with organized regiments joined the Federal army And fought throughout the war distinguished for their bravery. The Tennessee Federal generals were Joseph Cooper, Alvin Giilem, James Spears, William Campbell, Samuel Carter, Andrew Johnson, William Smith, George Spaulding, James Brown- low. These three last were brevetted from a colonelcy below. Tennessee was fated a continual battle-ground. Next to Virginia the number of her battles have been found To exceed those fought in any of the other States. Both armies at the same time took possession of her gates. We cannot recount the battles of the whole war through. It is only with Tennessee that we have to do. TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. 123 As she was theu opeu to the whole Federal force, General Albert Sidney Johnston assnmed a bold course, And occupied Bowling Green, Kentucky, with his men. A well selected position, Johnston thought so then. With General Buckner in command 'twas strongly fortified. Johnston appealed for troops and arms but both were denied. Generals Pillow, Stewart, and Polk were in West Tennessee With a force in Columbus and Hickman, Kentucky. General Grant attacked them at Belmont and met with reverse, Successful at first, his troops were compelled to disperse. General Felix ZoUicoffer was near Cumberland Gap; General Crittenden in East Tennessee had the mishap To attack General Thomas without orders, self-willed, And ZoUicoffer, while trying to aid him, was killed. This battle of Fishing Creek surrendered to the foe. The whole of Eastern Kentucky whether they would or no. Felix ZoUicoffer, courtly, chivalrous, and brave. Was a native of Tennessee, the State he died to save. He was born in Maury county. Eighteen Twelve, and became A printer; this was his stepping-stone on the road to fame. At seventeen he edited a paper at Paris. He next appears in the Knoxville Register office. Published the "Columbia Observer," was State printer. Then soldier in the Seminole war one winter. As editor of the Nashville Banner his light shone. Until throughout the State he was favorably known. W^as comptroller, then State senator, and next was noted As a member of Congress, to the South devoted. Was a delegate to the Peace Congress, nothing was done ; Then Confederate brigadier when the war begun. One of the bright stars in the Tennessee constellation, An example to this and every generation. The Federals next directed their operations Against Forts Henry and Donelson, important station;- The cause of this movement I attribute to its source, Not to good generalship, but to a woman of course — 124 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. To Anna Ella Carroll, a daughter of Maryland, Whose patriotic services were then in demand. A descendant of Charles Carroll of CarroUton, her name Has long deserved to be written on the roll of fame. 'Tis said that when Maryland was about to secede. That she issued a pamphlet and did forcibly plead The cause of the Union ; this attracted attention. And Lincoln gave her a silent cabinet position. The generals thought that the Mississippi river Was the point to attack, but she was sent, however, To St. Louis to ascertain by intuition As to the success or failure of this expedition. She decided and reported that the Tennessee Was the river to attack, not the Mississippi ; That it marked the strategic line, was not fortified. When she presented her plan the Secretray replied : " Miss Carroll, I believe that you have solved the question." Lincoln was delighted but was careful not to mention To the general who assisted in carrying out the scheme That a woman caused the move. They did not for once dream Why they were ordered to move as they did, and received, All the credit for the movement, which has been believed For thirty- four years. Honor to whom honor is due; If Lincoln had not been killed she would have received it too. We know the result. Fort Henry fell but sent its strength To Donelson, which was compelled to surrender at length. But Generals Floyd, Pillow, and Forrest, with most of their men^ Managed to make their escape and were heard from again. These disasters compelled Johnston to unite his forces In Northern Mississippi to obtain resources. General Polk had fortified Island No. 10; After three weeks' resistance surrendered guns and men. The battle of Shiloh or Pittsburg Landing was next fought; At last a Federal victory, though 'twas dearly bought. Here Albert Sidney Johnston was killed, Beauregard took charge, And gave up Corinth, the Federal forces were too large. A fight on the Mississippi caused the fall of Memphis, But the State funds and archives, left there by Governor Harris tp:nne8see centennial poem. 125 Were withdrawn before martial law was proclaimed by Grant, Wbose ruling did all civil authority supplant. Andrew Johnson was then made military governor, Whose despotic reign gave us a taste of emperor. General Buell, with headquarters at Nashville, tried to wrest East and Middle Tennessee, as Grant had done with West. Morgan seized Cumberland Gap and Mitchell tried to hold All below Chattanooga, an attempt very bold. Bragg succeeded Beauregard and resolved to proceed To Chattanooga. Buell raced with him, but his speed Enabled him to reach there first and reorganize His forces for a movement which was then a surprise. General X. B. Forrest, with two thousand men, skirmished Near Murfreesboro, until he had captured and furnished Stores and supplies worth more than a million dollars, With seventeen hundred prisoners, thus starring his collars. After various exploits he joined Bragg's position, Leaving Buell to better his force and condition. Bragg moved to Kentucky and was by Buell pursued. And at Perryville in due time a battle ensued. Where each claimed the victory, thought he had defeated ; Each simultaneously to a safe place retreated. If Buell had been victorious then why needed, He to have been so soon by Rosecrans superseded ? Nathan Bedford Forrest, a native of Tennessee, Was born in Eighteen Twenty-one in Bedford county. His father moved to Mississippi and soon after died. While he was young. When twenty- one years of age he tried Planting, which he followed at Hernando for ten years. Then moved to Memphis. When the war broke out it appears He became a soldier in the Confederate army. And raised and equipped a regiment of cavalry. He escaped from Fort Donelson before it surrendered ; Was at Shiloh and Murfreesboro, afterwards tendered The office of brigadier-general, which he deserved. At Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge he served. ;[26 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. He was transferred to Mississippi and promoted To a major-generalsiiip, and afterwards noted For his capture of Fort Pillow in Eighteen Sixty-four. Then became lieutenant-general — he had but one more Step to take on the ladder of military fame When the war closed. Military men point to his name As the greatest genius the civil war produced. After the war he lived, his circumstances reduced, In Memphis, where he was for several years president Of the Memphis, Marion and Selma road, but with consent, In Eighteen hundred and Seventy-four resigned the office. And died three years later in the city of Memphis. The battle of Stone's river was about such an engagement As the one at Perry ville, a mutual retirement. The Federals claimed the victory, said it was due To the generalship of Rosecrans and Thomas to. Bragg was at Shelby ville and Tullahoma established; Fortified for the winter, his army not vanquished. No battles of consequence for six months more were fought, Though Forrest, when at leisure, two thousand prisoners brought. He captured Coburn's whole force near to Thompson's Station ; His exploits kept the Federals in consternation. In June, Sixty-three, Rosecrans proceeded to attack Bragg in his position ; after fighting Bragg fell back Until he reached Chattanooga, the point he desired. Rosecrans for his bloodless victory was much admired. The Federals now had command of Middle Tennessee ; The Confederates under Buckner held supremacy In East Tennessee until August, Eighteen Sixty-three, When he evacuated that point with propriety. At Knoxville he collected his entire command And moved to Chattanooga, where he was in demand. General Burnside marched to Knoxville and took possession ; Old men who remained there, known to favor secession. Were subject to all kinds of annoyance and behest, And ministers of the gospel were put to the test. TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. 127 An instance I mention of one not a politician, Who was arrested on account of a petition He offered to the throne of grace, as he was wont to do, For the ruler of his Southland — no more than was due : ^^Bless thy servant, the president of the Confederate States." He was arrested and sent at once without the gates! Joseph Hamilton Martin, from that time a refugee, Was a native of Jefferson county, Tennessee, Born in Eighteen Twenty-five, of Scotch-Irish descent. On obtaining an education he was so intent, That at fourteen years of age he was prepared for college. And at East Tennessee University sought knowledge. As a boy among men he entered the freshman class, And leaving, delivered the valedictory address. During his college course he was self-dedicated To the gospel ministry, and when graduated. In New York made the preparation necessary In three years at the Theological Seminary. He then started on his life-work with energy and zeal ; To the seamen of New Orleans made his first appeal. To the church of Huntsville, Alabama, preached one year, Then resigned to visit Europe and Ireland, still dear As the home of his forefathers, where he much improved. His first charge after his return, one he dearly loved. Was the Second Presbyterian church at Knoxville, the same Where he remained thirteen years preaching in the name Of Jesus Christ, and leading a blameless Christian life. The last man who would have joined in political strife. Cast out, he went to Athens, Georgia, with his family, Then labored two years and a half preaching faithfully In South Carolina, then to Virginia was called, And pastor of the Presbyterian church installed At VVytheville. From there to Mossy Creek, East Tennessee, He preached a while in Jefferson, his native county; He was then called to Atlanta, Georgia, his last charge, Where his congregations were appreciative and large. He served ten years, his health failed, he resigned his pastorate. And five years later he received the welcome mandate. 128 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. ^' Come, ye blessed of my Father, enter into the joy " Prepared for those who love me, pleasure without alloy ! Dr. Martin was a poet, published many gems. He loved his native Tennessee, and one of his themes, *' Chattanooga," in blank verse, deserves preservation ; It received, when published, the highest commendation. Two were published in book form, one bearing the tide Of " Smith and Pocahontas," a love-story recital ; The other " The Declaration of Independence," His centennial poem of musical cadence. 'Tis well to turn aside from warfare, carnage, and death To recount the life of one who loved his native heath. Ilosecrans began to collect his forces and supplies In order to attack Bragg. Chattanooga was the prize. He advanced in detachments towards the front and the rear, Bragg's communications threatened, he began to fear. So he withdrew to Lafayette, Georgia, twenty miles. The North was enthusiastic, knowing not his wiles. Rosecrans, deceived and anxious for immediate action, " Completely lost his habitual circumspection." He pushed forward his scattered corps to cut off Bragg's flight ; If Bragg had been obeyed he would have been in a sad plight. Thomas, the " Rock of Chickamauga," saved him first and last ; Both sides see their mistakes after thirty-three years past. In Chickamauga Valley they met in deadly strife. The bloodiest battle, greatest sacrifice of life During the war. The losses were not, as stated, equal. But a Confederate victory was the sequel. Rosecrans retreated to Chattanooga in confusion, He knew he was defeated, it was no illusion. He took refuge behind Bragg's defense, gained his strength. And was superseded by General Thomas at length. Bragg sent Longstreet to Knoxville to look after Burnside, And, with weakened army. Missionary Ridge occupied. General Grant reached Chattanooga with men and supplies. And forced Bragg from his position — 'twas quite a surprise. TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. 129 Lookout Mountain was abandoned, not taken by force, The Confederates on the Ridge were defeated of course. Longstreet attacked Burnside, the battle of Knoxville ensued ; He was repulsed, and his way to Morristown pursued. After spending the winter there he joined General Lee, Bragg moved to Georgia, leaving the Federals Tennessee. Forrest, Wheeler, and Morgan made a raid now and then ; At the battle of Rogers ville Jones captured stores and men. Johnston succeeded Bragg, and during four months' campaign. From Dalton to Atlanta, the Federals did not gain One of the continuous battles or position, Until Johnston moved on to better his condition. In the meantime Johnston was superseded by Hood, Who changed the plan of battle, but did the cause no good. After losing Georgia he returned to Tennessee, The battle of Franklin was fought, of sad memory. Where gallant General Pat Cleburne lay dead on the field, And Strahl, Adams, Gist, and Granbury death forced to yield. At the battle of Nashville Hood's army was defeated, And with sad hearts these gallant heroes then retreated Southward to join Johnston and prepare for another fight, Willing to die " in the last ditch " for what they thought was right. The Federals paid for their position, many were laid low, As the cemeteries in this State still plainly show. Meanwhile General Lee surrendered and brought to a close This fratricidal war, giving us promise of repose. For courage and daring the Confederate soldier was famed. Whether from Tennessee or any other State named ! The annals of time will not present from age to age A record of braver deeds on any history's page ! But grand as her men were, with Spartan heroes classed, They were by their wives and daughters in grandeur surpassed ! The story of their privation will never be heard, For they endured it alone without a murmuring word. They were delicately reared, but managed farm and field. Supported their families and sent the surplus yield J 30 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. To supply the army- Theu sewed, knitted, wove, and spun. Nursed the sick, wounded, and dying when their work was done. At the close of the war, when husbands, sons, and brothers Returned to their homes, wives, sisters, daughters, and mothers Cheered their despondent hearts, bade them be patient and trust In the God of their fathers, while they gathered the dust Of every Confederate hero killed in the battle; With others they had nursed till they heard the death-rattle In the hospitals. They then prepared them such a grave As wives and daughters of heroes can give to the brave. Then onward they toiled nobly, by patriotism led, Till monuments marked these graves of Confederate dead. A matron of Georgia, one with a sad, widowed heart. Petitioned the Southland that a day be set apart To cover these graves with flowers, the heart's offering, The annual memorial of their suffering. Throughout the South when this sad day returns in the spring, Fair ones assemble together and lovingly bring Bright flowers, immortelles, evergreens, the laurel, and bay, And on each patriot grave they proudly, reverently lay Affection's offering to valor. This done they sever. Southern women will do so forever and ever. This harrowing chapter in Tennessee history I fain would pass by, for it brings to my memory How the returning Confederate soldiers were distressed, And Federal soldiers victorious their homes impressed. Even churches were taken that our fathers had built And consigned to the victors — blood continued to be spilt! Harmless preachers were beaten, taken out, tied to trees, And left exposed all night until they would almost freeze. Jacob Smith still lives; he was nearly beaten to death. And has not for thirty years " spoken above his breath." But we have accepted, in good faith, the war's settlement. And Tennessee, as of yore, is loyal to government. Leonidas Polk, although not born in Tennessee, Was here made a bishop ; he helped organize Sewanee, TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM, 131 The University of the South. When the war begun He accepted a commission — his church work was clone. From major to lieutenant-general was promoted, The remainder of his life was to war devoted. With gallantry from the beginning his office filled, And at Marietta by a cannon ball was killed. Alexander P. Stewart, a soldier of distinction, Is now one of the Chickamauga Park commission. He was born in Rogersville, Hawkins county, Tennessee, And graduated from West Point in Eighteen Forty-three. After teaching two years he resigned and was processor In two universities at Nashville, then surveyor. Was a Confederate brigadier in Sixty-one, And made lieutenant-general before the war was done. He fought in all the battles of the western army. And in every engagement was distinguished for bravery. He was chancellor of Oxford University, Is now a park commissioner of authority. CHAPTER X. 1866-1879. Andrew Johnson, President — Brownlow, Governor — Disfranchisement Act — Ten- nessee readmitted into the Union — Kukhix Klan — DeWitt Senter, Governor — Constitutional Convention — Supreme Court — Biography of Judges — John C. Brown, Governor — New counties formed — Harace Maynard — General Cheatham — Public education begun — The State University at Knoxville — Governor Porter— Death of Andrew Johnson — Judge D. M. Key — Governor- Albert Marks. Andrew Johnson often tried with his war element To move the machinery of State government, But the power he desii'ed would not lend assistance. They submitted to him without offering resistance. In Sixty-four he was vice-president elected, And W. G. Brownlow was for governor selected. 'Twas during the war and those to their State devoted Were fighting her battles and only one side voted. William Gannoway Brownlow was a Virginian born, At twelve years old his parents were by death from him torn. At eighteen he became a house carpenter's apprentice ; When of age enlisted in the itinerant service Of the Methodist church, and removed to Tennessee. He engaged for ten years in the gospel ministry. In Thirty-nine he located as the editor Of the " Whig/' which he at first published at Jonesboro, But removed to Knoxville. It had a large circulation. As a Union man his bitter denunciation Of the majority who had voted for secession Was fearful, both in sentiment and expression ! In November, Sixty-one, his paper was suppressed ; After hiding in the mountains, submitted to arrest; Was imprisoned three weeks, then at home under guard ; Was kept two months, then sent to Nashville to his reward.. 132 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. 133 He was a member of the Uuiou State Convention That revised the constitution to his notion. In Sixty-five was elected governor of the State ; Again in Sixty-seven, but with stormy debate. In Sixty-nine to United States Senate was sent ; At the close of his term returned to Knoxville content. He died two years later, had passed his three score and ten, One of Tennessee's prominent, remarkable men. His administration from first to last will remain A blot on this State ; may the like never be seen again ! David T. Patterson and Joseph Fowler were sent To the United States Senate, and the amendment Freeing the slaves was ratified by the legislature. The " Franchise Act," securing members for the future, Was passed with amendments causing much bitter feeling. From Brownlow's despotic rule there was no appealing. The " Disfranchise Act " was passed and an oath required — An oath of loyalty from every one who desired The privilege of voting, which no Southern man could take, A formula which no reasonable man would make. Tennessee was the first Southern State readmitted. The fourteenth amendment was passed before permitted. Two members were arrested and compelled by force, in fact, To be present that they could pass this odious act. Meanwhile President Lincoln was assassinated ; Andrew Johnson, vice-president, was inaugurated. Southern leaders feared from his past public expressions That he would punish all such for Southern transgressions. But he rose to that height that God had ordained him. Erased from his memory past acts that had pained him ; Pardoned all who had sought him, held in cheek all others Who were for afflicting his honest Southern brothers. When arraigned before hostile judges for violation Of his political guide of life — the constitution. He silenced his accusers and won by moral grandeur The praise of the world, and was acquitted from censure. 134 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. In Sixty-seven the Fifteenth amendment was passed, Allowing negroes to vote, with Brownlow's faction classed. During this year conservatives named a candidate Who opposed Brownlow for the office of chief magistrate — Emerson Etheridge, a Union man from first to last. Who tried to live peaceably where his lot was cast. He was born in Carolina, but moved to Tennessee When a boy. A man of prudence and integrity. In Eighteen Forty he was admitted to the bar ; As a Whig served three terms in Congress before the war; AVas clerk of the same body from Sixty-one to three ; Now defeated for the governorship of Tennessee. He was the choice of the majority, but to save life Withdrew from the canvass "to avoid conflict and strife." In Sixty-nine was elected to the State senate, But declined the nominaiion — knew they could not win it; When the Republicans offered him for governor Against Albert Marks, the Democratic competitor. He still lives an honored citizen of Tennessee, Delighted with the State's advancement and prosperity. Brownlow's " State Guards" enforced the " Franchise Law," his- " Force bill." He was re-elected, though not by the people's will. The State debt began to accumulate — no wonder With such rulers encouraging riot and plunder. The Kuklux Klan, a secret, oath-bound association, AVas organized at this time, causing consternation. They believed that action and reaction were equal, I conclude from the terror they caused in the sequel. Brownlow legislated against them, but no matter, They traveled at night and made belligerents scatter. Every act of violence, if committed before, Was attributed to the Kuklux, laid to their door. Brownlow organized " The Tennessee State Guards " and pro-- claimed Martial law to protect himself in the counties named : Jackson, Maury, Giles, Marshall, Laurence, Gibson, Madison, Among the best in the State, including Overton. TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. 135 The Repul)licans, weakened by dissension, Met in May, Sixty-nine, at Nashville in convention. They nominated two candidates for governor, William B. Stokes and Governor DeWitt Clinton Senter. Brownlow had been elected United States senator, And Senter, the speaker of the senate, was governor. He issued certificates ; voters were protected. And supported by the Democrats, he was elected. DeWitt Clinton Senter was born in Tennessee, Eighteen hundred and Thirty-four in Mc^[inn county. His father was a prominent Methodist preacher, His grandfather was also a spiritual teacher. At Strawberry Plains academy was educated, His home was at Rutledge, Grainger county, located. At twenty-three was elected to the position Of State legislator three times in succession. During the war was a Union man outspoken, bold, Was imprisoned by the C\)nfederates and paroled. In Sixty-five was to the State senate elected, In Sixty-seven for speaker of senate selected ; Succeeded Brownlow as governor of Tennessee, Now elected by sixty thousand majority. The Democrats were in power, they had house and senate. For the first time since the war they had a voice in it. The civil rights amendment was by them rejected, A Constitutional Convention was elected In Eighteen Seventy, and the constitution revised ; Such changes were made as the popular vote advised. Reconstruction, that governmental purgatory Through which Southern States passed to federalistic glory, Was averted by submission, Brownlow's purgation Was enough for this State's political salvation. The Democrats at once Supreme judges elected, Six of Tennessee's prominent men were selected. Brownlow commissioned judges only two of import, Andrews and Milligau of the ''apocryphal" court. 136 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. The Supreme court was formed of six judges elected, The chief justice to be from their number selected. The court to sit at Knoxville, Nashville, and at Jackson ; The first chief justice chosen, A. O. P. Nicholson, Was born in Eighteen and Eight, Williamson county, Tennessee. Educated at North Carolina University, In Columbia he was admitted to practice ; Was three times elected to legislative office. Assisted Judge Caruthers in compiling State laws, And afterwards published a supplement to this cause. In Eighteen and Forty was United States senator. Of the Nashville Union was several years editor. Was elected senator again in Fifty-nine, But the secession of Tennessee caused him to resign. Was a member of the Constitutional Convention, For his part taken deserves honorable mention. He died while in office, one of the State's ablest men, A great lawyer and judge, equally great with his pen. James W. Deadrick, born in Jonesboro, Tennessee, Was educated at Knoxville and Danville, Kentucky. He married the granddaughter of that famous pioneer. Governor Shelby, of Kentucky, friend of John Sevier. He studied law with Judge Lucky and began practice In Jonesboro. He was first elected to office In Eighteen hundred and Fifty-one, State senator ; In Eighteen hundred and Sixty, district elector, On the Bell and Everett ticket. When the war began Sent sons to the Southern army — he was too old a man. In Eighteen Seventy under the new constitution He was elected to fill the honored position Of Supreme judge. In Seventy-six, when Judge Nicholson died. He was made chief justice by those who sat near his side. He served sixteen years, retired of his own volition. One of the most impartial who had filled this position. Conservative, patient, polite to the bar and court, A man of erudition and judicial import. .TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. I37 He died in Eighteen Ninety at seventy-eight years of age, At his home in Jonesboro, ended his pilgrimage. Peter Tiirney sncceeded Judge Deadrick as chief justice, One of the most prominent men who hav'e held the office. Born in Eighteen Twenty-seven, Marion county, Tennessee, His father moved to Winchester in his infancy, Where he attended school and graduated in Nashville. He completed his law studies with Major Venable. He was licensed and began to practice at Winchester, Which he continued until he was an elector In Eighteen Sixty as a Breckinridge democrat. W^heu the State voted for the Union, in view of all that. He raised a regiment of soldiers and proceeded To the army of Virginia where he was needed. He was wounded at Fredericksburg; the ball entered his mouth. Passed through his neck, 'twas severe ; he was sent to the South, To Florida, a mild climate, of flowers the land ; When recovered he was then assigned a command. After the surrender he returned to his law practice. In Eighteen Seventy was elected to the office Of Supreme judge, which position he filled twenty-three years, A longer period than any of his compeers. He resigned to accept the distinguished position Of governor, which office he now fills with distinction. Horace H. Lurtou succeeded Judge Turney in office ; He had been seven years Supreme judge, was now chief justice. Judge Lurton was born in Campbell county, Kentucky, In Eighteen Forty-four, is of English ancestry. While a freshman at college war threatened his Southland. He left school at once and joined a Tennessee command. Was captured at Fort Donelson, confined at Camp Chase, But escaped and joined Morgan in a cavalry race. After doing good service he was again captured. And remained in prison till General Lee surrendered. At Cumberland University he took a law course. And began practice at Clarksville, showing legal force. 138 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. When thirty-one years old was appointed to the office Of chauceHor, but resigned and resumed his practice. In Eighteen Eighty-six was Supreme judge elected, And in Ninety-three was for chief justice selected. He served but two months, was then offered the position Of United States circuit judge to succeed Judge Jackson. Benjamin J. Lea succeeded Judge Lurton in office, And served until his death an honored chief justice. Judge Lea was born and educated in the North State In Eighteen and Thirty-three. When his studies Avere complete He removed to Brownsville, Haywood county, Tennessee, Studied law and was elected to the Assembly. He served throughout the war in the Confederate army, His Fifty-second Regiment was noted for bravery. After the war, at Brownsville, he continued his practice. In Eighteen Seventy-eight was elected to the office Of attorney-general and reporter ; served eight years. As speaker of the State senate he next appears. On the death of Judge Eolkes was elected to his office. Then succeeded Judge I^urton in turn as chief justice. He died in Ninety-four, had been on the bench four years, i His opinions were short, where much common sense appears. John Louis Taylor Sneed was a North Carolinian born. While very young he was made his mother's death to mourn. He then removed with his uncle to West Tennessee, Where he studied law and was sent to the Assembly. Was a soldier in the Mexican war, of the first rate, Then attorney-genera) for Memphis, and for the State. He served in the Confederate army two years, Then took charge of Tennessee's Confederate affairs. In Eighteen Seventy was elected to the position Of Supreme judge, then to the court of arbitration. Which relieved the Supreme court of its onerous cares. Those cases which had accumulated unawares. TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. l^Q/ When this court was succeefled by one of Referees, He was made the commissioner for East Tennessee. His opinions were poems beautifully rendered, Showing legal and classical learning engendered. Thomas A. R. Nelson, of Roane county, Tennessee, Was elected Supreme judge in Eighteen Seventy. In Knoxville, East Tennessee College, was educated. Where at sixteen years of age he was graduated. Studied law with Chancellor Williams and began to practice. In Elizabethton he first established his office. First attorney-general, then legislator elected. Was elector for both Clay and Taylor selected. In Fifty-eight he defeated Laudon Haynes for Congress, Where he showed his adaptation foi' legal business. Devoted to the Union, he was again elected. Admitted, and his congressional rights respected. After the war when Teunesseeans were tried beyond measure, Robbed of their rights as citizens, some of their treasure ; He boldly condemned acts of violent oppression And nobly served those who had voted for secession. When Andrew Johnson was impeached he joined in his defense,. And displayed great patriotism and eloquence. The work of Supreme judge was not suited to his mind, 'Twas too confining, and after one year he resigned. He died in Knoxville two years later; the dread destroyer. Cholera, deprived the State of her greatest lawyer. Robert McFarland, at the request of the court. Was appointed by Governor Brown to this place of import. A native of Jefferson, of Scotch-Irish descent — Tennessee is filled with this same sturdy element. Named for his grandfather, who served in the revolution, A young man of perseverance and resolution. At Tusculum College with education was fitted. Studied law with Judge Barton, at Greenville was admitted. He made little noise as a lawyer, was retiring, All the time at study, legal knowledge acquiring. 140 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. He joiued the Confederate army at the war's outburst, V/as major of his regiment, the Thirty-first. He served in the Western army till he was surprised At Vicksburg; when exchanged his command was reorganized, And as cavalry with General Early's command They served throughout the war until ordered to disband. First appointed, then twice elected Supreme justice. He died in Eighty-four, was eleven years in office. His opinions are clear, among the best to be found In our State's reports, where clearness and wisdom abound. In Eighteen Seventy the candidates for governor Were General John C. Brown and W. H. Wisener. Brown was elected, the democratic nominee. He received thirty-seven thousand majority. John C Brown was a native of Giles county, Tennessee, He studied law and was admitted at Pulaski. As captain he entered the Confederate army, But was soon colonel of the Third Tennessee Infantry. To brigadier-general he was shortly promoted, Was captured at Fort Donelson, as before noted. At Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge he served, Was in Atlanta and Franklin, and as he deserved, Was promoted to major-general in Sixty-four. Brave in battle, such a man was needed all the more In Tennessee when the State debt demanded attention. Was president of the Constitutional Convention. Elected governor in Seventy, and in Seventy-two He wished to fund the debt and pay interest with revenue. After serving two terms he was general solicitor For the Missouri Pacific Railroad, then receiver For Texas Pacific, then president and manager. Which position he resigned to be the chief officer Of the "Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company." He had been but a few months engaged in this industry When he died in Eighty-nine, having lived sixty-two years, Constantly engaged in the State's most urgent affairs. TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. ]^4]^ In Eiffhteeu hundred and Seventy several counties %vere framed From the territory of others, and were then named For distinguished citizens of this and other States. The name is significant, showing to whom each relates: Sequatchie for the valley, Unicoi, the mountain; Hamblen for Hezekiah Hamblen, Loudon, Fort Loudon. In Seventy-two Andrew Johnson sought the position Of congressman at large; he was still in condition To serve his country, but Horace Mayuard objected; He was republican candidate, and was elected. The Democrats nominated General Cheatham, of note; This gave Republicans strength by dividing the vote. Horace Maynard was a native of the Bay State, At twenty-four was of Amherst College a graduate; He shortly afterwards removed to East Tennessee, Studied law, then professor in the university. As a Know-Nothiug he was elected to Congress, Next as presidential elector brought to notice. In Sixty- four was attorney- general of the State, Then assisted Brownlow his constitution to create. From Sixty-five he remained in Congress ten years, Then United States minister to Turkey next appears; This position he resigned in order to accept That of postmaster-general in Hayes's cabinet. This position he held till March, Eighteen Eighty-one; He died at Knoxville in Eighty-two, his work well done! Benjamin Franklin Cheatham, of Nashville, Tennessee, Was born in October, Eighteen hundred and Twenty. His horoscope shows Mars to have been his guiding star, Was distinguished for bravery in the Mexican war; At its close was major-general of the volunteers. When the Civil war broke out as brigadier appears. He served at Mayfield, Belmont, Columbus, and Shiloh, Was with Bragg in Kentucky where he was kept on the go; Was then promoted to major-general, as he deserved; At Stone's river, Chickamauga and the Ridge he served, J ^2 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. Followed Hood in Georgia, was at Franklin distinguished; The victory at Nashville he sadly reliniinished. At the close of the war himself to farming betook, Beat his "sword to a plowshare, his spear to a pruning-hook." As consrressional honors were to him lost visions, He was made superintendent of our State prisons. In Eighty-five Cleveland appointed him to the office Of postmaster at Nashville; he died in this service. Tennessee had now emerged from war clonJs and depression, New enterprises began in rapid succession; The farmers were supplied with all modern improvements — Labor was saved by these accelerated movements. New citizens moved in, wealth and population increased ; Her desire at this time was from debt to be released. And to establish public schools that she might educate Her boys and girls that began to accumulate. The Freedman's Bureau began colored education. Now well provided for by our State legislation; Knoxville College, Roger Williams University, Central Tennessee College, and Fisk University Educate colored youth in normal departments, And many have availed themselves of these improvements. The Nashville Institute, a Baptist colored college. Supplies them with needful theological knowledge. The public schools at first did not succeed as desired, They found that a State superintendent was required. The State Teachers' Association rendered assistance — To this body the present school law owes its existence. Appropriation and taxation now well provide For public education, with the help from outside. Nashville alone is prepared to equip and educate The denominations and desires of the whole State. To her university and female academy She has added eighty others, now growing steadily. Embracing medicine, law, science, schools of every kind, Male and female, white and colored, with schools for the blind. TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. ]^43 Every town in the State is furnished with a good school, She has too many denominational as a rule. 'Tis well to have one of each creed within the State; They should stop there, and let their funds all concentrate In the State University, a grand institution. Which for health, morals, and beauty the situation Cannot be surpassed; the faculty ranks with the best; We challenge comparison with North, East, South, and West; Where young men from every State in the Union can come. And receive free tuition in this scholastic home. It is endowed by the United States, and to please Has been from the beginning well endowed with trustees. The presidents from the first were Rev. Samuel Carrick, Messrs. Sherman, Charles Coffin, and Joseph Estabrook, AV. B. Reese and Rev. George Cook, and William Carnes, Then for eighteen years following served Rev. Thomas Humes; Dr. Charles W. Dabney is now the president. No better could be found in any State resident. Three years ago girls were admitted, 'twas their rigiit to claim. They have stimulated the young men to higher aim. In Seventy-four the State debt was warmly agitated. The candidates for governor then nominated. Were James D. Porter and Horace' Mayuard, and the voice Of the people named James D. Porter as their choice. James Davis Porter \yas born at Paris, Tennessee, And was graduated from Nashville University. Having studied law, he was admitted to practice. In Fifty-nine elected to legislative office, Where his " Resolutions " pledging Tennessee's support To the South during the war, made him a man of import. When the war began, with General Pillow at Memphis, He helped organize the army, filling the office Of adjutant-general. He then joined Cheatham's command. As chief of staff, and through the war fought for his Southland. He was engaged in all battles where General Cheatham fought ; Was in good company, no braver man could be sought. 144 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. In Sixty-five, to the law he gave his attention. Next a member of Constitutional Convention. Then elected circuit judge, where he served for four years ; Resigned, and candidate for governor next appears. He was twice elected Tennessee's chief magistrate, Then to National Convention a State delegate. Served four years president of a railroad company, The N. C. & St. Louis, with great ability. In Eighty-five Avas assistant secretary of state, An important adjunct to Cleveland's first cabinet. Served two years, resigned, was appointed in Ninety-three By Cleveland United States minister to Chili. He served one year, returned to his home in Tennessee, Where he now resides at Paris in Henry county. In Eighteen Seventy- five Andrew Johnson was sent To United States Senate, a deserved compliment. He served but one session, returned home, was stricken down With paralysis. Within two days his spirit had flown. Surrounded by his family, his friends and neighbors. He closed his eyes in death, and rested from his labors. Wrapped in the "■ Stars and Stripes," pillowed on the constitution, They laid him to rest, having reached life's consummation. In Greenville, East Tennessee, his grave is to be seen, Where, after twenty years, his memory is still green. The mountains of Tennessee are peopled with his fame; The honest laboring man loves to dwell upon his name, A name that will for ages be an example to men, For what has been wrought by one, may be achieved again. Governor Porter appointed to fill his position D. M. Key of Chattanooga, the man for the station. But President Hayes, wishing to favor our section, Appointed him to place just after his election ; That of postmaster-general in his cabinet. James E. Bailey was then elected to the Senate, And Isham G. Harris, his colleague, then succeeded Henry Cooper, who for a term had just preceded. TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. J 45 David M. Key was born in Greeue county, Tennessee, In Twenty-four. Was educated at Hiawassee; Graduated in Fifty, and chose for vocation The law; then moved to Chattanooga for location, Was presidential elector, twice elected. AVhen Tennessee seceded, though he had objected, He joined the Confederate army, went to Kentucky, And with Kirby Smith's command returned to Tennessee. Was at Yicksburg, at Grand Gulf, and at Champion Hills, At Vicksburg was wounded, captured, suffered many ills. He ranked as lieutenant-colonel, did gallant service, Was a soldier from patriotism, not for office. In Seventy served in Constitutional Convention; W^as then a chancellor of honorable mention. Until appointed to succeed Johnson in the Senate. Was then postmaster-general in Hayes's cabinet, Which position he resigned when appointed to be Federal judge for the Eastern District of Tennessee. This position he held until Eighteen Ninety-four. He was then seventy years old ; though as able as of yore, He retired. In his home, surrounded by all that endears, He will spend in Chattanooga his declining years. The State debt still continued to be agitated; Governor Porter treated with bondholders, his plan stated. But when submitted to the people they did not agree. Albert S. Marks, the next governor of Tennessee, Was born in Thirty-six, Daviess county, Kentucky. Studied law and began practice in Franklin county. At Winchester, when only twenty-two years of age. In Eighteen Sixty warmly supported Breckinridge; In Sixty-one volunteered in the Confederate army; Was elected captain, but soon promoted for bravery, First as major, then colonel ; mid the roar and rattle At Murfreesboro he lost a leg in the battle. His name, by order of the Confederate president, Was placed on honor's roll, a Tennessee resident. 10 tenn 146 TENNESSEE CENTENNIAL POEM. After the war, at Winchester, he resumed his practice. In Seventy and Seventy-eight elected to the office Of chancellor, which place he filled with distinction. Was the same year elected to this high position. After serving one term he declined renomination. His was a firm, wise, and honest administration. He died in Nashville, Eighteen hundred and Ninety-one, His work as lawyer, soldier, judge, governor, well done! CHAPTER XI. 1879-18