Iim i ia iWWIIII I W I t l WWIIiBBimtl l Bl i l li BgtWB i iH ruiiimwrdiwin ii iiiMiiinnninn i innTnmiinT i n IHIBWBM«mTlnirTTlT¥irfflWl»1hlrtii^ia^rViifti;j^^«»»Svi>'^-^$;N»^^ # ■#.: C/ gl Wt Permanent English Settlement XIII— The Father of Virginia XIV —Events of Early Virginia History . 'xV.—Earlv History of New York . XVI —Puritans and Pilgrims . . • • XVII —Other New England Settlements . ._ XVIIL-Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania XIX. — Maryland XX.— Carolina and Georgia . • • • XXI. — Louisiana .••••" MI.-PERIOD OF COLONIAL GROWTH XXII —Colonial Jealousies . • • • XXIli.— The Great Virginian • • • XXIV.— The Great Quarrel over Territory ' XXV .—English Defeats XXVI.— English Successes . . • • XXVII.— Results of the War : . • . 13 16 -7 30 33 38- 46 48 50 54 56 59 63 67 71 74 77 80 92 94 97 loa 103. 105 Goittents. IV.-PERIOD OF THE REVOLUTION. XXV'III. — Wh\- the Colonists Resisted XXIX— .Getting Ready XXX.— Tiie First Battle . XXXI. — Driving the British from Bostor XXXII. — The War for Independence . XXXIII.— Washington .... XXXIV. — Gates and Lincohi XXXV. — Greene ..... XXXVI.— The Last Battle of the War V.-PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. rAf;i- . 109 112 117 121 130 1.37 XXXVII XXXVIIl, XXXIX XL, XLI. XLII. XLIII. XLIV. XLV. XLVI. XLVII XLVIII. PART FIRST — ^UXrON. -The Union of States ...... 144 -The Fir.st Four Presidcnt.s ..... 149 -The War of 1812 156 — Land Battles — Naval Battles ...... —The Battle of New Orleans . — The Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Presidents —Tariff — The Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth Presidents — Texas ....... 159 162 166 172 176 179 182 War with Mexico ....... 1S5 The Twelfth, Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Presidents ........ 192 XLIX.— Slavery 195 P.\RT SECOND DISUNION. L. — Leaving the Union ..... LI.— The First Important Battle LIL— The War in the West .... LIII.— The War in Virginia LIV.— The Last of the War .... LV. — The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Presidents 200 206 209 316 223 229 PART THIRD— REUNION. LVI. — The Eighteenth, Nineteenth, Twentieth, and Twen- tv-first Presidents ...... 232 LVIL— the United States of To-Day . . . .238 REVIEW OUTLINES. Review Outline of First Period Relative Time of Discoveries and Explorations 43 44 Contents. Review Outline of Second Period Relative Time of Settlements . . . Review Outline of the French and Indian War Review Outline of the Revolution Review Outline of the War of 1812 Review Outline of the Mexican War Review Outline of the Civil War BLACKBOARD FORMS. The Four Voyages of Columbus The Three Great Discoverers Spanish Discoveries and Explorations Virginia Colon v .... New York Massachusetts ..... Pennsylvania .... Maryland ..... Carolina ..... Georgia ...... Louisiana ..... Causes ot the Revolution Washington's Administration Adams' Administration Jefferson's Administration Madison's Administration Naval Battles of War of 18 12 . Monroe's Administration J. Q. Adams' Administration . Jackson's Administration Van Buren's Administration Harrison and Tyler's Administration Texas Polk's Administration Taylor and Fillmore's Administration Pierce's Administration Buchanan's Administration Causes of the Civil War Battles of the West Battles of the East .... Last Battles . . '. Lincoln and Johnson's Administration Grant's Administration Hayes' Administration Garfield and Arthur's Administration 88 89 107 141 171 191 22S 24 37 62 65 70 79 79 S3 83 8.5 114 154 154 154 154 165 175 175 175 iSi 181 198 iqS 198 204 214 220 226 231 236 236 236 PAGE, The First Signs of Land . Frontispiece Introduction Heading 9 , Period Heading — Discovery . . . 13 I Leaving the Island 17 Statue of Columbus at Genoa . . 19 The Cabots I-anding at Labrador 12 Balboa Discovering the Pacific Ocean 2S Landing of Ponce de Leon ... 31 The Discovery of the Mississippi . 35 LaSalle at Chickasaw Bluff ... 39 Hudson Sailing up Hudson River . 41 Period Heading — Settlement . . 46 The Old Fort at St. Augustine . 49 Croatan 52 Ruins of Jamestown 55 Pocahontas Interceding for Smith . 58 Dutch Traders Selling Negroes . . 60 i Peter Stuyvesant 64 The Mayflower . - 67 1 Landing of the Puritans . . . . 6S Canonicus and Roger Williams . 71 , The Charter Oak 73 Catholics Colonizing Maryland . . 7S Founding of New Orleans . . . S6 1 Period Heading — Colonial Growth . 92 ■Washington and the French Com- mandant 96 Braddock and Captain Jack . . . 100 , Wolfe's Army Ascending the Heights 104 Period Heading — Revolution . . . 109 Boston Tea Part\- Ill J A Minute Man 113 P.\GE, Paul Revere Watching for the Sig- nal 116 Fortifying Breed's Hill nS Continental Paper Money . . . .1:9 Jasper's Heroism . 126 Captain Molly 12S The Outpost 130 Capture of Andre 13S Period Heading — Independence . . 144 Moving to the Northwest Territory . 146 Burning of the Philadelphia . . . r52 Impressment of American Sailors . 157 Croghan's Defence of Fort Steph- enson 161 " Don't Give Up the Ship" .... 164 Battle of New Orleans 167 New England Factory 177 The Alamo 183 " General Taylor Never Surrenders" 187 Crossing the Rocky Mountains . . iSS A Southern Cotton Field .... 196 Disunion 200 Bombardment of Fort Sumter . . 203 " We will give them the bayonet" . 207 Battle of Shiloh ...-.,.. 312 Running the Fire of the Forts . . 3'I3 Lee and Jackson — The Last Meet- ing 2XS The Last Charge at Gettysburg . , 222 Virginia and Monitor 334 Reunion 232 Custei's Last Rally 233 At the Jetties 239 After the Earthquake 340- INTRODUCTION. ^ 1. An account, or < DESCRIPTION', of impor- - tant events happening • ■ ~ in different portions of the world to-day will be found in the newspaper to-morrow morning. A description of events is called a History. A newspaper mav be considered a history of the world for a period of one day. 2. Geography teaches us that there are many nations. Some of these nations have large populations and are rich, strong, and powerful. It has taken them many hundred years to grow and become what they are. The growth of a nation is called its de\'elop- MENT. A written account of a nation's development and description of the events that happen during its growth would be a history of that nation. 3. The first thing to learn about an event is the place WHERE it happened, and next, ^VHE^^ Geography tells where, and Chronology tells us when. Therefore, it lO Introduction. has been said that Geoguaphv and Chronology are the two eyes with which history sees events. 4. The Unitkd States has become one of the great nations of the world. Every boy and girl should know about United States History. 5. Several hundred years ago this country was unknown to white people. Its. only inhabitants were Indians. The people of Europe came to know o£ it through several discoverers and explorers, the most celebrated of whom were Columbus, Cabot, and Vespucci. We are going to learn about the DISCOVERY. 6. After this country was discovered, four nations sent over settlers, or colonists, to take possession of the land, or territory. The nations, that made these SETTLEMENTS were England, France, Spain, and Holland. 7. Some of the territory was claimed by more than one nation. This caused many disputes, which sometimes ended in war. In these disputes the English were generally successful. The English colonies grew and prospered. 8. After a period of COLONIAL GROWTH, the colonists became very much dissatisfied with the treat- ment they received from England, or the mother country. They determined to become independent. This independence was won by a long war, called the REVOLUTION. 9. After the Revolution, the colonies united and became a nation. This nation is now known as the United States. It has made wonderful progress since independence was won. It will be very interesting to learn about this period of INDEPENDENCE. Black-Board Form, — Questions. ir BLAGK-BDARLI FDRM. of QUESTIONS. What is history ? Name some of the nations of the world ?' What is meant by the development of a nation ? What is the history of a nation ? What have been called the two eyes of history ? What does the Chronology of an event tell us ? What does Geography tell us ? What people were here before the whites ? Who were the three great discoverers and explorers ? Name the five periods of United States History. In what period of its history is the United States now ? Write a history of your school room for the period of one day. 12 Period of Discovery. G-EnrxRAFHY gUESTIDNS. PRELIMINARY TO CHAPTER I. Open your Geographies. Tiirti to the Alap of Europe. Where is Italy ? Spain ? France ? In whiat part of Italy is Genoa ? In what part of Spain is Palos ? In what two directions could you go from Spain to the south- eastern part of Asia ? In going west from Spain, what two oceans would you cross before reaching Asia ? Turn to the map of Africa and find the Canary Isles ? What direction are they from the southwestern part of Spain ? Turn to the map of the United States and find the Bahama Islands. What direction are they from the Canary Islands ? b£ 3 The Man That Discovered America. small Spain I. On the third day of August, 1492, three vessels sailed from the little town of Palos, The names of these vessels were the Pinta, the Nina, and the Santa Maria. The captain of the Santa Maria, the largest of the three, was Christopher Columbus. Two brothers named Pinson commanded the other two, but they were under the direction of Columbus. 2. Ninety sailors accompanied them. They were starting upon a very remarkable voyage. They were about to cross an ocean that, to their knowledge, had never been crossed. This voyage made Columbus one of 14 Period of Discovery. the most famous men that ever existed. Let us learn something about him. 3. Christopher Columbus was born at Genoa, Italy. He went to school until he was fourteen years old, then became a sailor, and followed the sea for fifteen years. People in those days did not know as much about the earth as they do now. They imagined it to be flat^ some even supposing it to be not only flat, but square^ and having four corners. 4. Columbus had reason to believe otherwise. While making his voyages he studied over the matter a great deal. He finally came to the conclusion that the earth was not flat, but round. 5. In those days the southeastern part of Asia was known as the Indies. Here were to be found gold, precious stones, silks, and spices. Europeans made long journeys to get these, but always went toward the east. When Columbus came to the conclusion that the earth was round, he thought that perhaps a shorter way to reach the Indies would be to sail west on the Atlantic Ocean. 6. Columbus was very poor. He had no vessel of hi& own. When he spoke of the earth being round, ignor- ant people, and many who were considered very wise^ thought him crazy and ridiculed him. He made many- efforts to obtain assistance. He first went to Genoa, then to the King of Portugal, then to the King of Spain. He could get no one to listen to him or help him. 7. At last Queen Isabella, wife of the King of Spain, was persuaded to help him. She did not have The Mati That Discovered America. 15 the money, but by offering to pledge her jewels she obtained enough to fit out three vessels for Columbus. These were the three vessels with which he set sail from Palos. S. Columbus stopped at the Canary Islands a little while, and then sailed westward. Day after day passed with nothing to be seen but the sea and sky. The sailors became very uneasy, and tried to make Columbus turn back. Not listening to them, he sailed on. At last they became frightened, and threatened to throw him overboard if he would not return. With much difiiculty he persuaded them to give him a little more time. 9. When this time had about expired, signs of land appeared. A branch filled with berries went floating by. and the sailors knew that land must be near. On the night of the i rth of October, lights were seen moving along what appeared to be a shore. When daylight came, all were oveijoyed to find land in sight. The man first to see land was Rodrigo Triana. The land seen was one of the Bahama Islands. QUESTIONS. What were the names of Columbus' vessels ? How many sailors did he have t What ocean was he about to cross r Where did he expect to go ? Why did people in those days go to the Indies ? What did Columbus believe to be the shape of the earth ? To whom did Columbus go for aid ? What queen befriended him ? What islands did he reach from Palos "i What troubles did he have after leaving these islands ? What islands appeared in sight on the 12th of October.^ Who first saw land ? 1 6 Period of Discovery. E-EDGRAPHY QUESTIONS. PRELI.MINAKY TO CHAPTER II. Where are tlie Bahama Islands ? Where is Cuba ? Hispaniola or Ilayti ? What direction is Spain from liayti ? Where is Jamaica ? What direction is Jamaica from Spain ? Spain from Jamaica Where is the Orinoco river in South America ? Where is the Isthmus of Darien ? Where are the West Indies ? CHAPTER II. What Columbus Discovered. 1. When the sailors saw land, they felt very sorry for having caused their captain so much trouble. Columbus was so pleased with having succeeded in his voyage that he gave them all full pardon. 2. When Columbus landed, the first thing he did was to kneel and thank God for his success. He then took possession of the island in the name of Ferdinand and Isabella, king and queen of Spain. 3. He found a race of people on the island that were dark skinned. They wei-e gentle and kind. They thought the ships of the Spaniards were large birds and the sails wings. They looked upon Columbus and his men with great wonder. 4. The natives called their island Guanahani. Col- umbus named it San Salvadok. As he thought he had reached the Indies, he called the people Indians. JV/iai Colutnbus Discovered. 17 5. Columbus began looking for gold and precious stones. Not finding any, lie erected a large cross, left the island, and made other discoveries among the Baha- mas. 6. He soon reached Ctba and sailed along its shores. Then he came to Hayti, to which he gave the name of IIi.sPAXiOLA. Here he left thirty-five of his men to form a little settle- ment, which was named Isabella after the queen of Spain. LKAVINr, THE ISLAND. 7. Leaving them the Santa Maria, with which to make a fort, he sailed for Spain. He took with hnn many things, sucli as animals, fruit, and birds, to show to the king. He also took with him some of the Indians. i8 Period of Discovery. 8. When tlie people of Spain heard that Columbus had returned, and that he had been successful, they paid him many honors. He found no difficulty now in getting ships, and soon set off on another voyage. 9. He reached Hayti, and found that the whole colony of Isabella had been killed. The natives had been mis- treated after the departure of Columbus, and had avenged themselves upon the Spaniards. 10. Columbus discovered Jamaica on his second voyage. On his third, he discovered South America near the mouth of the Orixoco ri\('r, and on his fourth, the Isthmus of Darihx. 11. Columbus died without knowing that the land he discovered was not Asia. A\'e now have two Indies in the world, the Indies of Asia and the Indies that Col- umbus discovered. One is called the East and the other tlie West Indies. Columbus ga\e to Spain a Xew World. STATUE OF COI-UMBUS AT GENOA. Period of Discovery. BLACK-HDARi: FDRM, 4^ (^^i^ui- [6)(2^?iaaed^ of <{ Where Discoveries. When I I I Sail Salvador., 1st Voyage.\ Cuba., ) Hayti. 2d " yainaica. jd " South America. ^th " Isthmus of Darien 1st Voyage., 149 2' 2d " 1493. 3d " 149^. l4th '^ Ij02. QUESTIONS. What name did Columbus give to the island upon which he landed ? What did the natives call it ? How many voyages did Columbus make ? Upon what voyage did he discover Cuba ? Hayti ? Jamaica ? South America ? Isthmus of Darien ? What colony did Columbus plant ? What happened to it ? What did Columbus take back to Spain with him ? How was he received ? Which of the two Indies did Columbtis discover ? What did Columbus give to .Spain ? Write the Black-hoard Form for the four voyages of Colunihus, The Man That Discovered the Main Land. 21 G-ED&RAFHY gUESTIDNS, PRELIMINARY TO CHAPTER III. Tuni to the Map of Europe or refer to a Globe, In what part of England is Bristol ? In what part of Europe is Venice ? What ocean lies between Europe and America ? Turn to the Map of North America. Where is Labrador ? Which is greater, the distance from Spain to San Salvador, ux England to Labrador ? Where are the Straits of Belle Isle ? Where is Newfoundland ? Turn to the Map of the United States and find Maryland What course would a vessel take in exploring tlie coast of America, from Labrador to Maryland ? Trace it. What European nation now owns Labrador ? Newfoundland ? Canada ? * What are the two divisions of the Western Continent ? CHAPTER III. The Man That Discovered the Main Land. 1. About the time that Columbus discovered America, there lived at Bristol, England, a Venetian Merchant named Johx Cabot. When he learned that land had been found by sailing west, he was filled with a desire to go upon a voyage of discovery also. 2. He thought that if the earth was round, the further north the Atlantic Ocean was crossed, the shorter would be the distance. Obtaining permission from Henry VII, King of England, he set sail. 32 Period of Discovery. 3. His son Sebastian went with him. They sailed directly west. After passing throvigh several storms, they reached the Western Continent nt a point a little north of the Straits of Belle Isle. 4. This discovery was made June 24th, 1497, about fourteen months before Columlnis disco^•crcd the main land of South America. The land discover- ed w^as Labra- dor. 5. T h e y found it bleak and barren. They felt sine it was not the Indies, but a New Found Land ; so they returned to England to tell of the discovery. 6. The king was much pleased, and again gave permission to make discoveries. Sebastian Cabot went THE CABOTS LANDING AT LABRADOR. 77/6' JMmt That Discovered the Main Land. 23 upon a second voyage. In May, 1498, he sailed for Labrador with three hundred men. 7. Finding the cliinate very cold when he arrived there, he turned toward the south. He sailed along- the shores of what is now the United States, until he reached the southern boundary of what is now Mary- i.AND. He then returned to England. 8. These discoveries were very important. The Cabots were the first Eui^opeans to reach the main land of the Western Continent, and it was through their discoveiies that England afterwards claimed the greater part of North America. 9. Sebastian Cabot is known in history as a skilful and brave sailor. He has often been called the Gkeat Si: AMAx. If Columbus gave a new world to Spain, Cabot gave to England a great continent. H Period of Discovery. BLilCK-BDARI] FORM, The Three Great Discoverers. ColuDibus. ^ C San. Salvador^ Hayti. I4gj^ yaniaita. I4g8, So/ith Ai)icrica. 1502^ Isthiiiiis of Daricu. A , , \ 1407^ Labrador. Ljabot. I ^' Sebastian \ 14^8, Kast Coast of North L Cabot. I America. QUESTIONS. Who was John Cabot? What was his son's name? What land did John and Sebastian discover? How long was this before Columbus discovered South America? What was the character of the land? When and where did Sebastian Cabot explore the east coast of North America? What did England claim in con- sequence of these discoveries? Does England own any of the territory discovered by the Cabots now? What has Sebastian Cabot been called? Write the Black-board Form for the three great discoverers. TJic Man after whom A/nerica xuas Named. 35 G-ED&RAPHY gUESTIDNS, PRELIMIXAKY TO CHAPTER IV. Turn to the Map of the United States. Where is the District of Cokunbia? In what part of South Carolina is the citv of Columbia? In what part of Ohio is the city of Columbus? Where is the Columbia river? Turn to the Map of South America. Where is the United States of Colombia? Upon what ocean would an explorer sail in exploring the east coast of South America? CHAPTER IV. The Man after whom America was Named. I. Although Columbus discovered the new world, yet his name was not given to it. Rivers, cities, and coun- tries have been named in his honor, but the continent itself is now known as America. It was so named after Americus Vespucci. 3. Vespucci was another who felt a desire to make discoveries after the new world had been found. In 1499, two years after the discovery of Labrador by the Cabots, and one year after Columbus had discovered South America, he reached the new worhl. 3. He sailed along the shores of South America for several hundred miles, and made explorations. He found "the land beautiful and fruitful, and wrote a number of letters giving an account of his voyage and what he had seen. 4. These letters were afterwards published. They were the first published description of the new world. 26 Period of Discovery. Many read them, and came to know about the land across the Atlantic for the first time. ^. People began to speak of the land Vespucci vis- ited as the land, of Americus. In 1507, a German geographer named Wai.dsee-Mui.ler printed a little book, and in it called the land America. It has borne this name ever since. QUESTIONS. After wliom was America named.' Who named it? Name some cities that have been named after Columbus. A river. A district. A country. Were and when did Americus Vespucci make his explorations.'' Who were the three great disco\- erers.' Who discovered America.' Who fir.st saw the main land.' Who was the second to see the main land? GEDG-RAPHY gUESTIDNS PRELIMIX.XKV TO CHAPTER V. Turn to the Map of North Amcricn . Where is Mexico ? What direction from Hayti is the Isthmus of ])arien ? In crossing this isthmus from the Caribbean sea, what ocean would you come to ? Turfi to the Map of So?tth America. Where is Peru ? Where are the Straits of Magellan ? In sailing from Spain to the Straits of Magellan, what direc- tion would you take ? Ttirn to the Map of Asia. Where are the Philippine Islands ? What direction are they from the Straits of Magellan ? How would a vessel go from the Philippine Islands to Spain, without crossing the Pacific ocean ? Spanish ^Explorations. 37 CHAPTER V. Spanish Explorations. I. We have learned something of the man that dis- covered America, tlie man that first reached the main land and the man after whom America was named. 3. These discoverers had only touched along the shores of the countries they discovered. They knew nothing of the interior, or country back from the coast. They did not know how large the continent was, nor anything of the tribes of In- dians that lived in the interior. 3. For a long time after Cabot's discoveries, Eng- land did very little to explore the land he had taken pos- session of in her name. Spain and France were the two European na- tions most active in exploring the interior of the country. 4. The Spaniards were always seeking for the gold they thought was to be found in the new world. The 28 Period oj Discovery. most celebrated of the Spanish Explorers were De Leon, Balboa, Magellan, Cortez. Pizarro and DeSoto. 5. Two of these explorers were most successful in their search. They were Cortez and Pizarro. Cortez with a small army landed on the coast of ; | Alexico m 15 19, and in two years conquered ' that country. Pizarro in 1531, with a much smaller army, went down mto .South America and con- quered Peru. 6. The natives of Mexico and Peru were different from the other inhabitants of America. They were partly civilized. They knew many of the uses of metals and wore BAI.BOA DISCOVERING THE PAC'irlC OfEAN. Spanish Explorations. ornaments of gold. By conquering them the Spaniards became rich. 7. Balboa made himself famous by discovering the Pacific ocean. He went from Hayti to the Isthmus of Darien. Hearing that there was a large body of water on the other side, he crossed the isthmus and on reach- ing the summit of a mountain beheld this great ocean spread out before him. This was in 15 13. 8. Seven years after, Magellan saded around the southern part of South America and crossed this ocean. He discovered the Philippine Islands, where he lost his life in an encounter with the natives. His vessel con- tinued the voyage, and at last reached the port of Spain from which it started. Although Magellan did not finish the voyage, he has the credit of being the first to sail around the world. 9. The discoveries and explorations of De Leon and De Soto were made in what is now the United States, so we will have to learn more about them. QUESTIONS. Who were the three great discoverers .? What did each dis- cover ? What did they know of the interior of the countries they discovered .' What two nations were most active in making ex- plorations .' Who were the most celebrated Spanish explorers .? What was the great object of Spanish explorations ? What two explorers were successtul in this .? What did Cortez conquer ? Pizarro ? What did Balboa discover .? When } Why is the name of Magellan found in history .? What happened to him ? What two Spanish explorers are connected with United States history i Write the Black-board Form for the four voyages of Columbus. Write the Blaek-boarrt Form for the Three Great Diseoverer.s. Period of .Discovery DEDG-RAPHY gUESTEDNS, PRELIMINARY TO CHAPTER VI. Turn to the Map of the West hidies. Where is Porto Rico ? What direction is it from Hayti ? What direction is San Salvador from Porto Rico ? Turn to the Alap of the United States. Wliere is Florida ? In what part of Florida is St. Augustine ? CHAPTER VI. The Man That Discovered Florida. 1. When Columbus made his second voyage to the nev\^ world, there went with him a lirave old soldier named Ponce de Leon. He had fought many battles for Spain. When Hispaniola was reached, he was given the governorship of the eastern portion of that island. 2. He was afterwards made governor of the island of PouTO Rico. The Spaniards of these islands knev^ nothing thus far, of what is now the United States. The part of the world they were in was so new and strange that they were ready to believe anything about it. 3. Ponce de Leon heard that there was a wonderful fountain somewhere. The water of this fountain when bathed in, was supposed to have the power of making an old person young again. As Ponce de Leon was quite an old man now, he felt a strong desire to lind this fountain. The Man That Discovered Florida. 31 4, He at last determined to go in search of it. In 1513, he left Porto Rico with tiiree vessels, .\fter touch- ina: at San Sahador he sailed among the Bahama Islands. Upon Easter Sunday, land was ^ ^^\L LAXDING OF PONCE DE LEON. 5. The shoies were lined with bright green trees. Beautiful flowers were blooming everywhere. The land 32 Period of Discovery. was called Fi>orida. Ponce tie Leon landed a few miles north of the spot upon which St. Augustine was after- wards built, and searched many days for the Fountain OF Youth. The fountain was never foinid. He re- turned to Porto Rico, and the land he discovered was chximed by Spain. 6. To reward him for his discovery he was made governor of Florida. He sailed with two vessels to take possession of his province. When he landed, his men were attacked by the Indians. Many of them lost their lives. Ponce de Leon himself was wounded mortally. He never lived to rule over the land he had found. QUESTIONS. When did De Leon come to the new world ? What three gov- ernorships did he fill ? Why did he sail from Porto Rico the first time ? Why the second ? What name did he give to the land he discovered ? Where did he land ? How was he rewarded for his discovery ? What was his end ? '^ -> The Man That Discovered the JSIississifpi River. G-EDGRAPHY gUESTIDNS, PREI.IMIXARY TO CHAPTKR VIl. Turn to the Map of the So?ithcrv States.. Where is Florida ? What direction is Florida from Cuba ? Where is Tampa Bay ? Upon what gulf would a vessel sail in going from Cuba to Tampa Bay? What direction is the Altamaha river from this bav ? Ogcechee river ? What direction is the Coosa ri\or from the Ogtechee r Where is Mobile ? Where is Memphis ? What direction is Memphis from Mobile ? Where is the Ouachita river ? Into what does the Ouachita flow ? Into what does the Red river flow ? Into what gulf does the Mississippi flow? CHAPTER VIL The Man That Discovered the Mississippi River. I. Among the men that went to Peru with Pizarro was Hernando De Soto. Sharing in the great w^eahli that was obtained from the Peruvians, he returned to Spain to enjoy it. 1. But he did not remain content very long. He felt a desire to excel both Cortez and Pizarro in making conquests. He thought there were races of people like the Mexicans and Peruvians in the interior of Florida, and that gold abounded there. 34 Period of Discovery. 3. He obtained permission from the king to conquer Florida, and, at his own expense, fitted up an expedi- tion. Six hundred men were picked out from the many that desired to go with him. Great preparations were made. 4. De Soto took with him cliains with which to bind captives, many kinds of weapons that were used in those days, and a bUicksmith's forge with which to mend and keep them in good order. He also had horses to ride, blood-hounds with which to pursue the natives, and a drove of hogs to furnish meat for his men to eat. ^. The expedition started from the island of Cuba in 1539. '^^^y I'inded at a point not far from Tampa Bay, and began their march through the forest. ]VIany dangers were encountered. The Indian.: were hostile and opposed his march. 6. De Soto crossed the Altamaha river in what is now Georgia, and reached the Ogeechee. He then turned to the northwest and coming to the Coosa river, near its headwaters, went south through what is now Alabama. 7. All this time his soldiers suffered very much and wanted to turn back, but De Soto was determined to find riches, or be sure that there were none to be found, so he kept on. He soon arrived at an Indian village v/here Mobile now stands. A difficulty arose with the inhabitants, and in the battle that followed De Soto lost eighteen of his men. Turning again to the northwest, he reached the Mississippi river at a point not far from Memphis. De Soto discovered the Mississippi river in 1541. DE SOTO DISCOVERING THE MISSISSIPPI KIVEK. 36 Period of Discovcrv. 8. After crossing the Mississippi, he wandered around the country of the Quapaws in what is now Arkansas. From here he went south down the Ouachita river. He sc)on lost his way among the many bayous near its mouth. Then it was that his courage gave way, and he sought to return. 9. But a fever came upon him, from which he never recovered. In the wilds of what is now Louisiana, with hostile natives on every side, De Soto died. His followers were faithful to the last. They buried him at the foot of a tree ; but fearing his remains would be disturbed by the Indians, the body was taken to the mighty river he had discovered and sunk in its waters. 10. After De Soto's death, the Spaniards, with great difficulty, built several small vessels. With these they drifted down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico, and reached a place of safety. Of the six hundred that 'started in 1539, only three hundred and eleven lived through the four years of hardship. QUESTIONS. Why did Cortez and Pizano conquer Mexico and Peru ? Why did De Soto make an expedition to Florida ? What did he think to find in the interior of Florida ? How many men did he select ? What did he take with him ? When did he start ? Where did he land ? Into what State did he march from Florida ? What river did he cross before reaching the Ogeechee ? NVhat State did he next enter .' To what Indian village did he come ? What hap- pened there ? Where did he discover the Mississippi river ? When ? After crossing the Mississippi, in what States did he wander ? What happened to him in Louisiana ? How many times was he buried ? What became of his followers ? How many men survived the four years' march ? Trace upon tbe Map the March of De Soto. Black-Board Form. 37 BLACK-BnARn FDRM, Columbus. K Spanish Discoveries and Exploratio?is. r ^ 1 49^1 San Salvador. 1493^ Jamaica. 1498, South America. /502, Isthfnus of Daricn. 'Vespucci. — 1499., South America. \ De Leon. — /j/^, Florida. Balboa. — 7J-/J, Pacific Ocean. . Cortez. — IS19. Mexico. j Magellan. — 1520, Straits of Magellan. j Pizarro. — /JJ/, Peru. [ De Soto. — I J 41, Mississippi river. 3S Period of Discovcrv. tEDG-RAPHY gUESTIDNS. PRELIMINARY TO CHAP'l ER VIII. Turu to the Map of British America. Where is Newfoundland ? Where is the St. Lawrence river ? Where is Montreal .'' Quebec ? What great lakes between British America and the United States ? Turn to the Alap of the United Stales. In what direction ironi Quebec is Illinois ? What States touch the Mississippi river on the W'est ? Where is Louisiana ? What States are called the New England States ? Where is Lake Champlain ? Where is Cape Cod ? Where is the Hudson river .? Turn to tlie ]\lup of North America. Where is Davis Strait? Hudson Strait ? Hudson Bav ? CHAPTER VIIL French, English, and Dutch Explorations. I. Not long after the discovery of the mainland of America, the waters of Nkwfounulaxd became known as fine fishing groundo. French fishermen early visited these waters, and thus the attention of France was directed to the new world. 3. Through the explorations of four great French explorers, France laid claim to a large amount of terri- tory. These explorers were Verrazani, Cartier, Champlain. and La Salle. PreiicJi^ Euglish., and Dutch Explorations. 39 3. Verrazani, in 1524, reached North Carolina, and explored the east coast of what is now the United States. Ten veais after ( 1534), Cartiei discovered the St. Lawrence river, and the next year sailed up the river U) where Montreal now stands. 4. New France was the name given to the region explored by C artier. For a long period L.\ SALLE AT CHICKASAW IlLUFF. J\.o Period of Discovery. of more than seventy years, very little was done toward making further explorations. Then, a Frenchman by the name of Champlain came o\er, and founded the city of Quebec. This was in i6oS. 5. .As time passed on, this city became quite an important point from which to send out explorers. A number of explorations were made among the Great Lakes, and the northern part of what is now the United States. 6. The explorers, named Marquette and Johet, in 1673, reached the Mississippi river at a point withir^ what is now the State of Illinois. La Salle, in 167 1, discovered the Ohio river, and in 16S2 floated down the Mississippi. Landing at Chickasaw bluff, he l)uilt a cabin, and then continued on his way until the Gulf of Mexico was reached. All this territory was claimed by France, and it was called Louisiana, after the French king, Louis XIV. 7. While the French were making these explorations the English were not only exploring, but planting col- onies in the eastern part of what is now the United States. We shall learn of these colonies when we come to the Period of Settlement. 8. The most famous English explorers after the Cabots were Frobisher, Drake, Davis, and Gosnold. Frobisher, in 1576, and Davis, in 1585, made discoveries in the northeastern part of North America. Drake, in 1579, explored the west coast of North America. He named that portion now known as Oregon, New Albion. French, English, and German Explorations. 41 9. Gosnokl, in 1602, discovered Cape Cod. He was the first Englishman to land in what is now New England, and his explorations led to its settlement not long after. 10. The only exploration made by Holland was that of Henry Hudson in 1609. He discovered the Hudson river and the island upon which New York is now built. HUDSON SAlLlNfi I V THE UIDSON RI\EI<. He called the country New Netherlands. Hudson afterwards sailed as an English explorer, and discovered, the bay and sti-aits that bear his name. II. We thus see that four nations made discoveries and explorations in the new world. Some of the terri- 42 Period of Discovery toi'y was visited by the explorers of more than one nation. Each nation claimed the territory visited liy the explorers that she had sent out. As long as the territory remained unsettled, there was no trouble. But when the nations began to colonize the new world, quarrels and disputes arose. We shall learn of these in another Period. QUESTIONS. What attracted the attention of France to the new woila .'' Name the four great French discoverers. What explorations ucre made by Verrazani ? Cartier ? Champlain .? Who dis- covered tlie Mississippi river ? Wlien ? Wliere 'i What French explorer was the first to sail down this river to its mouth ? Wlicn .? What river was discovered by LaSalle ? What was the territory claimed by France called ? What is it now called } Name five English explorers ? When and where did each make explorations ^ Who was the on-ly Dutch explorer .'' What did he discover } What did he name the region he discovered .'' REVIEW QUESTIONS. Who were the three great discoverers ? What four voyages did Columbus make ? When was America discovered ? When was the mainland discovered ? When did Vespucci make his voyage of exploration ? Name two Spaniards that made successful conquests } Name two Spaniards that were unsuccessful in their expedi- tions .'' Name two Spaniards whose discoveries were connected with the largest ocean in the world ? Who were the four great French explorers ? Name the explorers that visited the east coast of America ? Who first explored this coast } Write wiiat yoii know of Columbus. Write what you know of De Soto. Write the Black-board Form for Spanish Discov- eries and Explorations. Reviexv Outline of First Period. 43 l^e-ti-c^u!-^ ^u/€iy. i/ne^ of Spa?iis/i. ~j I4g2, San Salvador. Colun^bus. l^^^^' Jamaica _ . I I4ga, South America. 3 /502, Isthmus of Darieii. Vespucci. — ■I4QQ., Stmth America. De Leon. — 1512^ Florida. Balboa. — 15 13., Pacijic Ocean. Cortcz. — 1519, jSlcxico. Magellan. — /520, Straits of Magellan. Pizarro. — IJJI, Peru. De Soto. — 1541 , Mississippi river. Cabot. \ I4gy., Labrador. ) I4g8, Maryland. ' 77 0/ ■ •/ J ^^'(^^^i-'^^'C'-: J 57^- { ^^ortheast Coast of * ' ■ j Davis, 1585. \ A^orth America. Drake., ij7Q. — Oregon. I Gosnohf J 602. — Cai)C Cod. I \ Tr •,-„.) East Coast of \ I'crraza/ii, J 524. \i ,j x^ i ^ ^ -r Aortli America. French . Carticr, 1534. — St. Lawrence river. Champlain., j6o8. — Canada. I j\Larqucttc. \ . rn- • I Joliet. '^73. niinois. J oh \ La Salle. \ Dutch. — Henry Liu d SO)!., i6og. Nezi' York 1671., Ohio river. 1682., Louisiana. 44 Period of Discover^ '^se^i^^em ^^A'G-uM.'n^y' ^T>(i^J^et2't^e4^-t^^ €Mm^ (h^^.U2yla/f'CnJ . Dis^coverics and ExpIojdfioJis 1492, M93' 1498, 1498, H99' 1502, 1512, 1520, ■I524-, 153I' 1534, 1541. ^57P, J 60 2^ '1608, 1609, /(?7J, 16S2, America — Columbus. Jamaica — Columbus. Labrador — -Cabot. South America — Columbus. Maryland — Cabot. South America — Vespucci. Daiien — Columbus. Florida — De Leon. Pacific Ocean — I^alboa. Mexico — Cortez. Magellan Straits — Magellan. Bast ^cast cf C^X. Qnicvica — -vrrara;?/. Peru — Pizarro. St. £aivzcncc ziv&z — 'Saztict. Mississippi river — De Soto. N'. E. Coast of America — Frc^islicr Oregon — Drake. Davis' Strait — Davis. Cape Cod — Gosnold. (£a>iaPa — GfiampCain. New York — Hudson. Ghic zivcz — £a Salfc. cJlYiit c is — dJia tqucttc an? £ciiisia)ta — X'a Saffc. jcrict *In the above, nations are indicated hy tlie style of type. In placing this form upon tlie blackboard colored crayons can be used to great advantage, the chrono- logical arrangement fixing the relative time. Geography Questions. 4 :^ GEDERAPHY QUESTIDNS rRKI.lMINAUY TO CHAPTER IX T7irn to the Map of the United States. What States border upon the Atlantic ? W'liat States l)order upon tlie Gulf of Mexico ? What States border upon the Mississippi River ? What States and territories border upon Mexico ? What States border upon the Ohio River ? Where is St, Augustine ? Santa F6 ? ^1 ^l^#^M>^ 'n^*^ ■ A«k tfLCMtf^Tn CHAPTER 1\. The Nations that Col- onized America I. We hn\ e of the U)iitcd States. Where is Florida ? In what part of Florida is the St. John's River ? Where is the mouth of this riser ? In what part of South Carolina is Port Royal ? In what part of Florida is St. Augustine .' What States border upon the Gulf of Mexico } What countries .' VV^hat large island .'' CHAPTER X. The First Quarrel over Territory. 1. France claimed a large part of Noith America through the explorations of Verrazani. In the year 1562, a number of French Protestants, or Huguenots, under Johx Ribault, sailed from France to found a colony upon what they thought to be French territory. 2. They reached Florida at a point near the mouth of what is now the St. John's River, which they named the River of May. They then sailed north to where Port Royal now stands. They landed, and built a fort. This fort was named Fort Carolina. Ribault left twenty-six colonists in possession, and sailed away. The colony was soon abandoned by those who had been left in possession. 3. In 1564, another party of Huguenots founded a colony upon the River of May. This settlement was also called Fort Carolina. The Spaniards claimed all this territory. When it was learned that the French were The First ^/uyrrc'/ Over Territory. 49 making settlements lu Flor.da, it was detevminea to chive thcni away. 4. Melexdkz de Avii.ks set out from Spain tor t us purpose. He' landed in Flonda, where he estabhshed a town, and called it St. Augustine. This .s the oldest town in the United States. c Melendez marched from St. Augustine to 1' ort CaroHna, and surprised the French. Nearly two hun- dred were murderetl by the Spaniards. A few escape d to the woods. 6. When the people in France heard of this, they determined to be avenged. Doisiixic de GouRGES, in 1567, THE OLD FORT AT ST. AGusTiNE. galled lox Flovida with one hundred and fifty men. .,.,„., V He succeeded in capturing the Spanish fort that had been built near Fort Carolina immediately after the massacre of the French. De Gourges hanged all the Spaniards upon trees, and sailed for Europe. 8 Thus we see that France and Spain were the first nations to quarrel over territory in the new world France af^er this gave up all claim to the territory of Florida. For many years Spain had full possession of all the land touching the Gulf of Mexico. CO Period of Settlement. QUESTIONS. Through whose exploiations did Fiance chiim the east coast of North America ? What were French Protestants called ? What Frenchman attcmjited to settle Spanish territory"? Where was this settlement made ? When? What happened to the colony? Where did the next Huguenot colony attempt to settle ? Wlien ? What happened to them ? What Spaniard founded St. Augustine ? Who avenged the massacre of the French Colonists ? Why did the Spanish and French make war upon one another ? GEDrTRAFHT gUESTIDNS, PRKLIMIXARV TO CHAPTER XI. Turn io llic Map of the U»itcd States. Where is Virginia ? What State south of Virginia ? What is the capital of this State ? Where is Roanoke Island ? Roanoke River ? CHAPTER XI. The Lost Colony of America. 1. France and Spain began making settlements in America some time before England. In 15S4, Philip Amidas and Arthur Barlowe sailed from England to what is now North Carolina, and made explorations. Virginia w-as the name given to all that part of America. It was so named in honor of Queen Elizabeth, the Virgin Queen, who was then ruler of England. 2. Several attempts were made to plant an English colony in this region. Sir M^'alter Raleigh, a good Ilic Lost Colony of America. ^\ and great man, was most active in making these attempts. He was a favorite with the queen. Permission for him to send out colonists to Virginia was easily obtained. }^. Seven ships and one hundred and eight emigrants made the first attempt at settlement. A gentleman named Ralph Lane was apj^ointed governor of the colony. The colonists landed upon the Roanoke island, and began to build a town. This was in 1585. 4. The colonists were not wise in their dealings with the natives, and troubles with them arose. About thi^ time, Sir Francis Drake, the celebrated explorer, came with a large fleet. The colonists decided to abandon the settlement, as the Indians were showing great hostility towards them. They went on board Drake's vessels, and sailed with him to England. 5. In 1587, one hundred and fifty men, women, and children were sent over to colonize Virginia. The go\ - ernor of this colony was John White. They landed upon Roanoke Island also. Not long after their arrival, little Virginia Dare was ^orn. She was the grand- daughter of the governor, and the first white child born in America. 6. White, after a stay of a few weeks, sailed for England for the purpose of obtaining more colonists and supplies. He should have returned immediately. He remained away three years. When he at last reached Roanoke Island, not one of the colonists was to be found. 7. There were no signs to show that they had been killed by the Indians. Only the word Croatan was ■v4t^^t^^t>T (_\« Q ^V.^°°^^':^t2L ,>f,-\ (icograp/iV ^//cstio/is. ex found carved upon the bark of a tree. No one has ever found out what was meant by this, or what became of them. White searclied for them, and Raleig'h sent out man\- expeditions to discover traces of them, but the Lost Colony of America was never found. QUESTIONS What two nations made the first settlements in America ? Wluit two Englishmen explored the coast of North Carolina ': When ? What name was given to this region ? After whom was it named .'' What great Englishman made attempts to settle America .'' Who was the governor of the first colony sent out ? The second .' Upon what island did the first colonists land ? What difficulties did they encoiuiter ? What became of them ? Where did the second colony land ? Who was the first white child born in America ? ^\'here diii John White go ? How long did he stay awav ? What did he find on his return to Roanoke Island ? What had become of the colonists ? E-EDERAPHY gUESTIDNS, I'RELIMINAKV TO CHAPTERS XH, XIII AND XIV. l^urn to the Map of the Southerti States. Where is the thirty-fourth parallel of latitude.? Thirty-eighth? The thirty-eighth parallel of latitude forms part of the boundary between Virginia and what other State ? Where is Chesapeake Bay ? Cape Charles ? Cape Henry ? Where is the James River ? Into what does the James River empty.? Where is Richmond ? Name the States west of Virginia. V»'hich of these border upon the Ohio River ? \Vhich of these border upon the Mississippi ? 54 Period of Settlemeni. CHAPTER XIT. The First Permanent English Settlement. 1. Ill the year 1606, James I was King of England. A patent, or permission, was obtained from him by a company of men to settle Virginia. These men called themselves the London Company. They were permitted to plant a colony upon the territory between the thirty- fourth and thirty-eighth degrees of north latitude, and this territory was considered as extending from ocean to ocean. 2. On the 19th of December, about one hundred and five colonists set sail from London. They had only three small vessels with which to cross the Atlantic. The names of these vessels, in order of size, were the Susan Constant, the Good Speed, and the Discovery. 3. It was the intention of the colonists to settle on Roanoke Island. A storm drove them past this island, and they soon entered the mouth of what is now Chesapeake Bay. The names of Chari.es and Hexi{y were given to the capes at the entrance to the bay, in honor of the sons of the king. 4. They sailed up a beautiful broad river, which they named the James, after the king himself. On the 13th day of May, they landed, upon a little peninsula formed by a bend of the river, and began to lay the foundation of a town. The Pirst Pci'nianciit Jinolis/i Settlement. 55 5. All this region was inhabited by a powerful tribe of Indians. These Indians were ruled over by a king or chief named Powhatan. The Indian village in which Powhatan lived is supposed to have been where the city of Richmond is now. 6. The colonists were composed of men of every rank. The London Company had appointed seven Coun- cillors to govern the colony. They elected one of their number President. The first President of the Virginia colony was Edward Wingfield. 7. Jamestown was the name given to the town founded by the colonists. It is famous in history as being the first permanent English settlement in America. Before the set- tlement of Jamestown, France and Spain had full possession of America. It was now that England was to claim a right to the ter- ritory given her by the Cabots. S. The early colonists KLiNs OF JAMESTOWN. suffcrcd many hardships. Notwithstanding these hardships the colony grew and soon became prosperous. Let us learn something of its early history. 5^ Period of Srtt/oiici/t. QUESTIONS What compaiiv sent settlers to ^'t^gi^ia? Who ga\-e a patent to tliis company? What territor\- was granted to them? How many colonists set sail? What were the names of their \esscls? Where did they intend to lanil? Where did they land? What hay did they enter? What river? After whom were the capes at the entrance of this hay named? After whom was tlie river named? The town that \vas built? Who was the chief of the neighboring Indians? How many coimcillors were appointed to go\ern the colon \? Who was tlie first President of the colony? Whv is the settlement of Jamestown one of the most important events of United States history? CHAPTER XIII. The Father of Virginia. 1. Of the seven men who had been appointed council- lors bv the London Company, only two were fit to ride. One of these was Iiartholomew Gosnold, the man that discovered Cape Cod. He died soon after landing in Vn-ginia. The other was Captaix Johv Smith. 2. The colonists had come to a new world. They were not used to the climate. Many of them had never done any haril work. They had to learn to cut down trees, build houses, and cidtivate the crroimd. 3. But in doing all this they should have been directed, and governed wisely. In Wingficld, the first president, the colonists had little confidence. The second president, who was named Ratcmkfk, was not much better. 4. Then John Smith became the leader of the colo- nists. He was a brave and wise man and seemed to know 'JVic PatJicr of \'inri)iia. 57 exactly what was to be done. Each man was shown the work he was to do; and Smith himself, by his indus- try, set the example to the rest. When food l)ecame scaice, he made ex- peditions into the inteiior, and traded with the Indians. He obtained from them corn, dried meat, and game. 5. S m i t h also made a number of explorations of the country a r o u n d Jamestown. Upon one of these expedi- tions he was cap- tured by the In- dians. They took him to Opechan- CAXOUGH, Powha tan's brother, who C A,T. J„MN SMITH. J.^^^^ ,^j,^^ jj^j.gg ^,.^y^^ not knowing whether to put him to death or not. 6. He was then sent to Powhatan. Here he met Pocahontas, the daughter of the chief, and she and Smith soon became very good friends. She was a great favorite v^^ith her father, and when she interceded for Smith, he was ]:)ermittcd to return safely to Jamestown. 7. Pocahontas often proved herself a friend to the colonists after this. She brought them food several times, i8 Period of Settlement. when they were in much need of it. She afterwards married one of them, a young Englishman named John Rolf, and went with him to Enghmd. Her marriage made Powhatan a friend of the colonists. POCAHONTAS INTliKCEDIXG FOR SMITH. S. The name of Captain John Smith occupies a most honorable place in history. His wisdom and bravery prevented the Jamestown colony from being a failure. He is called the Father of Virginia. QUESTIONS. Who were the best men of the seven councillors ? What had the colonists to learn ? Did the colonists prosper under the first two presidents ? What kind of a man was Smith ? How did the colonists fare under his leadership ? What expeditions did he make ? What happened to him upon one ot these expeditions ? Who was Powhatan's brother .? How was Smitli's life saved ? What became of Pocahontas ? What has Captain John Smith been called? Events of Early Virginia History. 59 CHAPTER XIV. Events of Early Virginia History. 1. After the first few years of hardship, the Virginia colony prospered. At first, in building houses and platit- ing crops the colonists worked together. Whatever was built or raised, belonged to all. 2. As this was found to be unsatisfactory, a better plan was decided upon. Each colonist was given a piece of land upon which to build his own house and raise his own crops. Whatever work he did, was for himself. 3. Tobacco was found to be the most profitable crop tiiat the Virginia settlers could raise. The tobacco plant had never been known to Europeans before the discovery of America. The use of it was learned from the Indians. It was introduced into England by Sir Walter Raleigh, and soon came to be much used. 4. The custom of having slaves, existed in many parts of the world. In 1619, a Dutch vessel landed at James- town, and offered twenty negroes for sale. They were bought by the tobacco planters. This was the first in- troduction of slavery into what is now the United States. 5. The year 16 19 is also famous for the meeting of the First Colonial Assembly, The laws by which the colonies were governed, were made in England. When Sir George Yeardley was appointed governor, 6o Period of Settlement. he allowed the colonists to choose their own law-makers. These law-makers met iit Jamestown, and were called the House of Burgesses. 6. One hundred and fifty young women were sent from England to Virginia in 1620. Tliese became the wives of the colonists. Each colonist paid his wife's DLTCH TKADEKS SELLING NEGKOliS TO THE SEITLERS. traveling expenses from England, which came to one hundred or one hundred and fifty pounds of tobacco. 7. The colonists were now both happy and contented. Their only difficulties were with the Indians. When Powhatan died, his brother Opcchancaiiough became un- friendly towards the whites Twice the Indians fell upon Hvents of Early X^irginia Ilhlory. 6r Virginia settlements, and killed a great number o£ people. These massacres took place in 1633 and 1644. 8. In 1676, the settlers of Virginia numbered many thousands. At this time a man named Berkely was governor. When troubles with the Indians arose, he took no steps to protect the people. 9. When the settlers could stand it no longer, a young lawyer named Bacon took a number of men with him and, without Bcrkely's permission, made war upon the Indians, This caused Berkely to be angry. He raised an army and marched against Bacon. 10. Bacon was successful in the contest that followed. This contest is known as Bacon's Rebeleiox. In this rebellion Jamestown was burned. It has never been rebuilt. A few ruins show the place where it once stood. The settlements, however, were not destroyed, for from these settlements has grown the great State of Virginia. 63 Period of Settlement. HLACK-HDilRr] FORM, I 'irg'inia Colony. i6ig, { 1607, Settlement of yamesioivn. hitrodnctioii of Slavery. First Colo)iial Assembly. 1620., Arrival of Settlers' Wives. 1622, First Indian Massacre. 1644, Second Indian Massacre. /d/d, Bacon's Rebellion. QUESTIONS. What plan did the colonists first pursue in regard to building houses and raising crops ? What plan was found to be better ? What was found to be the most profitable crop ? Who taught the European how to use tobacco ? Wlio introduced it into Eng- land ? What was brought to the colony in 1619 ? Why were these negroes bought by the Virginia planters ? When and where did the first colonial assembly or legislature meet ? Who was gov- ernor then ? What was this colonial assembly called ? How did the Virginians obtain wives ? What were now the only difficulties ? When did the two Indian massacres take place ? Who was governor in 1676 ? What kind of a man was he ? What brave young lawyer rebelled against him ? Who was successful in this contest ? What happened to Jamestown during the rebellion ? Write the Black-board Form for the Virgiuia Colony. Early History of Ncxv York. 63 GEDG-RAPHY gUESTIDNS. I'KKLIMIXARY TO CHAPTER XV. Turn to the Map of Europe. Where is Holland ? Where is Amsterdam ? How would a vessel sail from Holland to New York ? Turn to the Map of the Middle. States and find New York. What river. in the eastern part of this State? What island at the mouth of this river ? What large city is built upon this island ? Where is Albany ? What two States border upon the south-eastern part of New York ? CHAPTER XV. Early History of New York. 1. Seven years after the first settlement of James- town (1614), traders from Holland bnilt a fort upon Manhattan Island. The great city of New York now stands where the fort was built. These traders found it very profitable to buy skins and furs of the Indians. 2. The island of Manhattan was bought for twenty- lour dollars. New Amsterdam was the name* given to the settlement made upon this island, and the territory was called New Netherlands. 3. Large numbers of colonists vveie sent from Hoi land. A trading post was established as early as 1615, near the spot where Albany now stands. In 1624, a number of Dutch Protestants, or Walloons, as they were called, ascended the river, built a fort and made a set- tlement. This fort was called Fort Orange. 64 Period of Settlement. PETER STUVVESANT, 4. The Dutch also established trading posts in New Jersey and Connecticut. All this territory was claimed by them through the discoveries of Henry Hudson. This claim brought them into difficulty with the English, who also claimed this territory. 5. Four Dutch governors had ruled over New Neth- erlands when it was granted to the Duke of York by the King of England. Peter Stuyvesant was the last of the Dutch governors. Black- Boa yd Form. 65 6. He was a brave old soldier, and when the Eng lish ships came to take possession, Stuyvesant was ready to fight them. But his people would not help hnn, and he was compelled to surrender. This was in 1664. y. When the English obtained possession of New Amsterdam, its name was changed to New York. The Dutch did not get along very well with their English governors. One of these English governors was driven away, and a man named Captain .Leisleii put in his place. Another governor was sent fiom England, and Leisler was hung for treason. 8. The early Dutch settlers had many difficulties with the Indians. Their quarrel with the English may be called the second quarrel over territory. Nicholi.s, Lovelace, Andros, and Dongan were the names of four of the English governors of New York. HLACK-HDARD FORM, Settlement of New York. Governors. Events. Dutch . ^ iMi7t7nts. ! Van 7\vi/ler. I Kicft. [^ Stuyvesant. C Nicholh. j^ ,. , j Lovelace. I Enfflisli. < A J j -^ j Andros. I I Doncran. ^ 1614^ Settlemoit of I Ne~v Amsterdam. j6 Period of Settlement. took place beneath a large elm tree, known ever since as Penn's Elm. 8. Penn told the Indians that the Quakers had come to live among them in peace and friendship He made them many presents. They were delighted, and prom- ised that the Indians and the Quakers would live at peace as long as the sun and moon shone. This prom- ise was never broken. QUEST ONS. When was Delaware settled ? Where ? By whom ? What name was given to the territory ? What Dutch governor took possession of it ? Why ? To whom was it afterwards given ? To whom did the Duke of York give it ? To what two lords did the Duke of York give New Jersey ? Where was the first settlement made ? When ? Whv was Pennsylvania given io William Penn ? Why did William Penn obtain possession of Pennsylvania ? How did he treat the Indians ? Where was the first settlement made ? When ? When was Philadelphia founded ? What promise did the Indians make Penn ? Was it kept ? E-EnERAPHY QUESTIONS PRELIMINARY TO CHAPTER XIX. Turn to the Map of Maryland and Virginia. Where is the Potomac River ? What Bay divides Maryland into two parts ? What States touch Maryland ? Where is Annapolis ? Where is Baltimore ? Maryland. 77 CHAPTER XIX. Maryland. I. The Puritans and the Quakers were not the only people persecuted in England on account of their reli> Carolina. r /<5jJ, First Settlement. l66j, Granted to Lords Proprietors ■{ 1670, Ashley Fiver Colony. North C. : 17 2g., Divided into C- ( South C. S ^733' Sa-oannah Founded . Georgia. ankj! of the Ohio River. They then occupied the region with troops and built several forts. 4. In 1753, Robert Dinwiddie was governor of Vir- ginia. He determined to send a written protest to the French against their occupying the disputed territory. The one who carried this protest would have many dif- ficulties and dangers to overcome. 5. Mountains would have to be crossed. Unknown woods would have to be travelled through. The journey would occupy many days. The bearer of the protest would have to be brave, strong, wise, and persevering. Dinwiddie found the right person in a young man of twenty-one. This young Virginian was George Wash- ington. 6. Young as he was, he had already held important positions. At sixteen he surveyed some lands belonging to Lord Fairfax, an English nobleman living in Vu- ginia. At nineteen he was Adjutant General of the northern district of Virginia. 7. From his boyhood up, he was known for his great tiuthfulness. It was this same bra\e, truthful youth that afterwards became the first President of the United States and the Father of his country. 8. Washington carried the message safely to the French. The French General, who was named St. 96 Period of CoIo7iiaI Growth. WASHINGTON AND THE FRFNCH COMMANDANT. Pierre, received him with respect, but told him that the French would not withdraw from the territory ; and with this answer, Washington set out on his return. 9. On his way back, many dangers were met by him. He came near losing his life several times. Once a treacherous Indian guide shot at him. While cross- ing a river, he fell into the water. As it was winter and the river filled with ice, he reached land with great difficulty. The horses gave out before the journey back was finished, but Washington shouldered a knapsack and walked through the snow until he reached Virginia. His pluck and perseverance won him many friends. The Great Quarrel Over Territory. 97 QUESTIONS. What ten-ilory was claimed by Virginia? VViiy did tlie French claim it? What name was given to this territory by the early settlers? How did the French formally take possession of this lerritorv? Who was the governor of Virginia in 1753 ? What did he determine to do? Whom did he send to the French? What dangers were overcome by the messenger? Who was the French general that occupied the Great Woods? What message did he send back to Dinwiddie? What do you know of George Washington? GEDGRflPHY QUESTIDNS, PKELIMINAUY 10 C IIAPTEU XXIV. Turn to the Map of the Middle States. Where is Lake George ? Where is the Niagara River ? In what direction would an army march from Canada to Lake George ? What river between West Virginia and Ohio ? Where is Pittsburg ? At the junction of what rivers is it ? ' CHAPTER XXIV. The Great Quarrel Over Territory. 1. When Washington retin-ned with the answer of the French, it was determined to send an expedition ao-ainst them. A force under command of Washington occupied the disputed territory. 2. When this force arrived near the point where Pittsburg now stands, they surprised and defeated a 98 Period of Colonial Growt/i. party of French under De Jumonvili.e. This is known as the battle of Great Meadows. 3. Washington then built a fort, and called it Fort Necessity. It was not long before a large body of French appeared, and surrounded this fort. The ammu- nition of the English had given out, so Washington was forced to surrender. He and his men succeeded in making their way back to Virginia. This was in i754- 4. The defeat at Fort Necessity aroused the Eng- lish, It made them feel that if they wanted the terri- tory that was claimed, they must fight for it. A war took place known as the French and Indian War. This war was to decide which of the two, England or France, should own the larger part of North America. 5. The four principal British generals that took part in this war were Arercrombie, Amherst, BrAddock and Woi.FE. The French had a very brave general named Montcalm. 6. At the beginning of the war, four expeditions were planned by the English. Two of these were suc- cessful. One of the two was made to northern New York, defeating the French near Lake George, and the other, to Acadia. 7. When the English conquered Acadia some years before, they permitted the French to remain. These gave the English some trouble when the French and Indian War broke out. The expedition that was sent, captured the Acadian forts. The Acadians were put on board of English vessels, and were cruelly forced to leave their homes. Many of them found their way to Louisiana. Geography Questions. 99 8. The other two expeditions were not successful. One was against Niagara, and the other was against the French Fort Du Quesne. This fort had been built where Pittsburg is now. The leader of this ex- pedition was the Commander-in-Chief of the English forces, General Edward Braddock. • QUESTIONS. Who was sent to occupy tlie disputed territory ? What victory did he win ? What was the French commander's name ? What defeat did Washington suffer ? What war began with these bat- tles ? Wlio were the four principal English generals in this war ? Who was the principal French general ? How many expeditions were planned at the beginning of the war? What two were suc- cessful ? Who was the Commander-in-Chief of the English? What expedition did he lead ? GEDGRAFHY t^UESTIDNS. PRELIMINARY TO CHAPTER XXV. Turn to the Map of the Middle States. In what part of Maryland is Cumberland? In what part of Virginia is Williamsburg? How would an army go from Williamsburg to Cumberland: What direction is Pittsburg from Cumberland? In what part of New York is Ticonderoga? Period of Colonial GroxvtJi. CHAPTER XXV English Defeats. I. Braddock's army consisted of looo soldiers from England. These were used to fighting in the wars of Europe, but knew nothing of the Indian way of fight- ing. They were joined by about the same number . of colonists from Virginia, Maryland, and New York. 3. Geneial Braddock was a brave soldier, but he was \erv stuI)Ijorn and would not take advice. He thought that the English sol- diers could do all the tightmg, and that the French and Indians would not be able to stand against them. 3. Although he knew nothing about the country through which he was to travel, he refused the assist- ance of a celebrated BRADDOCK AND CAPTAIN JACK. raugcr aud h u n t c r named Captain Jack. This ranger was used to the Great Woods, and he offered to go with his companions before Braddock, and keep the enemy from surprising him. 4. It was in June, 1755, that the army started from Fort Cumberland, in what is now the western part English Defeats. lOI of Maryland. Instead of traveling as fast as possible so as to ;urprise the French, the army went marching through the woods with drums beating and flags flymg. Much time was taken. The English often stopped to build good roads to march over. , Washington accompanied Braddock. He did his besi to show the general what ought to be done. He was not listened to. The army soon drew near For Du Quesne. It had been watched by Indian scouts all ""^r^'The French commandant of Fort Du Quesne was named De Contrecceur. When he heard that Brad- dock was near the fort he thought to retreat. But one of his young captains, named De Beujeu, offered to go out, and give Braddock battle. The commandant permitted him_ ^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^ were Indians. He posted his men behind rocks and trees. When the English came up, he opened a hot hre upon them. This was not the European way of fight- hfg. Many of the English were shot down. The rest retreated in a panic. 8 The Indians would have followed up the success and massacred the flying soldiers, but Washington and his brave Virginians stood their ground. They had posted themselves behind rocks and trees just as the French and Indians had done. The rear of the reUea - ing army was protected by them. In this battle Brad- dock was mortally wounded, and De Beujeu was kiUeC g In the first years of the French and Indian Wai, the Eno-lish were defeated several times. In 1757 t ort I02 Period of Col enial Growth. William Henry, on Lake George, surrendered to Gen- eral Montcalm, and the English garrison was massacred by the Indians of Montcalm's army. In 175S, Montcalm defeated General Abercrombie at Ticonderoga. In this battle the English lost 2000 men. QUESTIONS. Of what did Braddock's army consist ? What kind of a man was Braddock ? Whose services did he decline ? When did iiis army start from P'ort Ciimberlnnd ? Who accompanied him ? How did his army travel ? What did Washinu;ton try to do ? Who was the commandant of Fort Du Qiiesne ? What young French captain offered to meet Braddock ? How did the French and Indians arrange themselves ? Wb.at was the result of tiie battle ? Who saved the defeated army from massacre ? What other defeats did the English suffer in this war ? What French general captured Fort William Henry ? When ? What English general was defeated by Montcalm at Ticonderoga ? When ? How many men did the English lose in this defeat ? GEDGRAFHY QUESTIDNS, PRELIMINARY TO CHAPTER XXVI. Where is Louisburg? Where is Ticonderoga? In what part of Pennsylvania is Pittsburg? Where is the Niagara River? In what part of Canada is Quebec? Upon what river is Quebec? English Successes. 103 CHAPTER XXVI. English Successes. 1. After Braddock and Abercrombie had been so badly defeated, General Amherst won some very import- ant victories for the English. In 175S, he sailed to Cape Breton Island, and captured Louis.burg. It was not given back to the French this time. 2. The next year Amherst captured Ticoxderoga and Crown Point. These were two strong forts in the northeastern part of New York. While he was meeting with these successes, Washington captured Fort Du Quesne, and the Ens^lish General ^^ ^-%r-. ^ Prideaux took // V^3\ Niagara. 3. The French were thus driven back to Canada. The strongest city in America was Quebec. The English de- cided to conquer Canada, and an expedition was sent out against Quebec. 4. The commander of this expedition was a brave young general named Wolfe. His army consisted of Sooo men. General Montcalm, who had about as many, occupied the city. I04 Period of Colonial Growth. VVOI.I-e's army ascending the HEKrilTS. 5. Quebec is built upon a high bluff, and Wolfe found it almost impossible to reach the top. For two months he besieged the place. At last he discovered a rough, narrow pathway to the top of the bluff. The French thought it would be impossible for a whole army to go up this little path. They did not guard it very well. 6. Wolfe brought his army one night to the foot of this path. They moved so quietly that the French knew nothing about what they were doing. By morning the whole army was at the top of the bluff, and on the Plains of Abraham just outside the city. 7. The Fi-ench army came out of Quebec, and a bat- tle was fought. The English were victorious. Both Results of the War. 105 Wolfe and Montcalm showed great bravery. Both were mortally wounded. Both died contented, Wolfe because his army had won, IVIontcalm because he was not to live to see the surrender of Quebec. QUESTIONS. What English general won important victories? What fortified town did he capture? When? What two forts in New Yoik did he take? When? Who captured Fort DuQuesne about this time? What general took Niagara? What English general was sent against Quebec? How many men did he have? What French general occupied the city? Why was Quebec difficult to capture? What plains are just outside the city? How did Wolfe's army reach the Plains of Abraham? What was the re- sult of the battle? G-ED&RAPHY QUESTIDNS, PRELIMINARY TO CHAPTER XXVII. Turn to the Map of the United States. What States lie east of the Mississippi River? What States border on Canada? What States and territories west of the Mississippi River? What country lies north of the United States? To whom does it now belong? CHAPTER XXVII. Results of the War. I. Peace was made between France and England in 1763. The French and Indian War thus came to an end. In making peace, France agreed to give up all her territory. io6 Period of Colonial Growth. 2. Canada and most of the territory east of the Mis- ssissippi River was given to England, The land west of the Mississippi was given to Spain. Spain afterward gave it secretly back to France. 3. The Indians that had assisted the French did not stop fighting when the French did. An Indian chief named Pontiac troubled the English colonists for sev- eral years. He was at last conquered. 4. The French and Indian War gave the colonists much experience in fighting. England had furnished the arms, the ammunition, and the generals. The Col- onies had furnished the soldiers. These soldiers learned all about war, and this knowledge soon became valuable to them. 5. The expense of carrying on the war was great. It had cost England much money. It had cost the col- onies both money and men. England was paid back by the large territory she had won, but she thought the colonies ought to pay her the money she had spent. 6. The colonists did not think this was right. When England tried to make them pay taxes, it caused much trouble. The success of the colonial soldiers gave the colonists much confidence in themselves. If England was going to treat them unjustly, they would resist. This resistance brought about the Revolution. QUESTIONS. When was peace declared between France and England? What did France lose by the French and Indian War? What territory was given up to England? What help did the colonists give England in this war? What did the colonists learn? What did England gain? What Indian chief gave the colonists much trouble after this war? Review Outline. 107 (-tu/^te. of te'^i.e/i- iznt:/ (^w«?2^.^ t-t^n- 't^4^. r Causc^ Disputed Territory ^^ ND «^ S ^ '^ ;q ►^ s ■ «^ k cq s ^ c:3 r British \ ictories. French Yictories £}ii>iish. French. I I r 1754. Great Meadows. J755i Lake George. r, ( Louisburgr. ''^^\Fort ^759. \ Ticonderoga Dii ^uesne. iderocra. Crown Point. Niagara, ^^itebec. f /7J4, Fort Necessity. ' /7JJ, Braddock's Defeat. 1757 1 Fort William Henry. I 1758., Ticonderoga. f Braddock. I Abercrombie. Amherst. Wolfe. {De Jumonville. De Contreccetir. Montcalm. io8 Period of Colonial Grotvth. REVIEW QUESTIONS. Name four Spanish discoverers and explorers. Name four English discoverers and explorers. Name four French discoverers and explorers. What part of the New W^orld was claimed by France ? England? When was the first permanent French settlement made? English ? Name the three inter-colonial wars. W^hen did each begin? W^hat was the cause of the French and Indian War? When did it begin? Name the French victories. Name the English victories. Who was Braddock? Montcalm? Abercrombie? De Beujeu ? Amherst ? Washington ? De Contrecoeur ? Wolfe ? Prideaux ? TVrite what you know of Braddock. Write what you know^ of the capture of Quehec Write the Review Outline of the French and Indian War. DEDG-RAPHY gUESTIDNS, PRELIMINARY TO CHAPTERS XXVIII, XXIX, XXX, AND XXXI. Where is Philadelphia ? Where is Boston ? Name the States between Maine and Florida that border upon the Atlantic, What direction is Philadelphia from Boston ? How would you go by land from Virginia to Boston ? What States east of New York ? What mountains in these States ? Where is Ticonderoga ? Crown Point ? CHAPTER XXVIII Why the Colonists Resisted 1. From time to time some very unjust laws had been made by England for the government of the colonies. When unjust laws are made and people are compelled to obey them, it is called Tyranny. Brave people seldom submit to tyranny. 2. One of the laws, made as far back as 1660, for- bade the colonists building or using their own ships. Although many things were exported, or sent, to Europe, the law was that only English vessels were permitted to be used. This law was known as the Navigation Act. 3. In 1764, Acts of Trade were passed. These acts compelled the colonists to send their products, such as no Period oj' devolution. sugar, rice, tobacco, and cotton, to England. It j^re- vented them from trading with any other country. At one time the colonists were not permitted to manvifac- ture certain articles for themselves. This was to make them buy these articles, and they could be bought only from English merchants. 4. In order to make the colonists j^ay the expenses of the French and Indian War, different laws were made to raise money. One of these was known as the Stamp Act. It compelled the colonists to put a stamp upon every note, bond, or other writing and upon every news- paper and almanac. The stamps were to be sold by England. 5. Another way by which England tried to raise money from the colonists was to make them pay a tax on the tea they used. Taxes were also imposed upon paint, varnish, glass, and other things. 6. These tax laws were made in England. English laws ai^ made by men from different parts of the king- dom. These men represent the parts they are from, in the Parliament, or assembly of English law-makers. 7. The colonists did not send representatives to this Parliament, and it should not have imposed these taxes, for Taxation without Representation is not right. There were many brave men among the colonists will- ing to fight and die for what they thought to be right, so they determined to resist. 8. The stamps that were sent over were either burned or sent back. When the tax was placed on tea, the colonists stopped using it altogether. A number of men W/iy the Colonists Resisted. Ill BOSTON TEA TARTY. disguised as Indians went one night on board of a vessel loaded with it, and threw all the tea over board. This took place in Boston, and is known as the great Boston Tea Party. 9. England became very angry at the resistance of the colonists. Soldiers were sent over to compel them to obey. These soldiers were quartered in Boston. It was not long before trouble arose between them and the people. QUESTIONS. What is tyranny.' When did England pass unjust laws for the government of the colonies.? What was the Navigation Act.' What were the Trade Acts.' What was the Stamp Act.' What was the Tea Tax.' What other articles than tea were taxed.' How did the colonists resist the Stamp Act.' How did they resist the Tea Tax? Why did they object to being taxed.' What was the Boston Tea Party.' What step did England take to compel the colonists to obey? 113 Period of Revolution. CHAPTER XXIX. Getting Ready. I. Virginia and Massachusetts had taken the lead in resisting England. When English soldiers were sent to Massachusetts, all the colonies were aroused. The colon- ists of Virginia declared that an attack upon Massachusetts was an attack upon Virginia. They also expressed much sympathy for the people of Massachusetts. 3. An eloquent voung Vir- ginian named Patrick Henry made himself famous at this time. His speeches stirred the colonists. They had resisted a long time without believing that war would actually occur. 3. Henry foresaw what was coming. He did much to en- oourage and strengthen the colonists to stand up for the right. He is known as the Pro- phet OF THE ReVOLUTIOX, and his eloquent words, "Give me liberty or give me death," will ever be remembered. 4. On the 5th day of September, 1774, representatives from twelve of the colonies met at Philadelphia. This meeting was called a Congress. It was the First Conti- nental Congress. It was composed of the best and wisest men in the colonies. A MINUTE MAN 114 Period of Revolution. 5. This Congress drew up a Declaration of Rights. an Address to the People of Great Britain, and an Address to the People of the Colonies. It also agi-eed to have nothing to do with England until all unjust laws were repealed. 6. By this time, men in different colonies were organ- izing themselves into companies. In forming these com- panies, the men promised to be ready at a minute's no- tice. They were called Minute Men. 7. The colonists were determined not to be interfered with by English soldiers. They were getting ready to fight if necessary. They did fight, for war soon follow- ed. Let us see how the war commenced. HLACK-BDARn FORM, \ 1660^ Navigation Act. 1764, Trade Acts. Causes J 7651 Stamp Act. of the ', 1767, Tea 7^ax. Revolutio)/. I 1768. The Sendi)ig of Soldiers. 1773^ Boston Tea Partv- 1774, First Continental Congress. The First Battle. 115 QUESTIONS, What two colonies were foremost in resisting England ? What declaration did the Virginia colonists make? Who was the Prophet ot the Revolution? What effect had his speeches upon the colonists? What words of his will ever be remembered? What assembled at Philadelphia, September 5th, 1774? Of what was it composed? What did this Congress draw xip? What did it agree to? What were organized in different co'onies about this time? Why were they called minute men? For what were the colonists jireparing? Write the Black-board Form for the Causes of the Revolution. CHAPTER XXX. The First Battle. 1. On the morning of the 19th day of April, 1775, a body of English soldiers entered the town of Lexing- ton, Massachusetts. They were on their way to Con- cord to destroy some military stores that had been col- lected there by the Americans. 2. General Gage had been appointed governor of Massachusetts. He was also Commander-in-Chief of the British forces. He had about three thousand soldiers with him in Boston. When he heard that the Americans were collecting powder, shot and other military stores at Concord, he decided to send out a secret expedition to destroy them. 3. But the British were watched closely in Boston. As soon as it was learned that an expedition was to be made, and that the British were about to start, two lights were hung up in a church steeple as a signal. A brave i6 Period of Rcvohitio7i. PAUL REVERE WATCHING FOR THE SIGNAL. young Amer i ca n named Paul Revere waited for this signal on the other side of the river, and as soon as it appeared he set out at full speed to warn the people of the approach of the Biitish. 4. The people be- came greatly excited. Minute men quicklv assembled at differ- ent points. Some of these were collected at Lexington when Thev were under the com- the British entered the town, mand of Captain Parker. 5. When the minute men were seen, they were ordered to disperse by Major Pitcairn, of the British. The order was not obeyed. The soldiers then fired upon the Americans, killing seven. The minute men scattered, and the British marched on to Concord. 6. After destroying what stores they could find, they started on their way back to Boston. Three hundred of them never saw Boston again. They were killed on the road coming back. The minute men of all that part of the country had collected together to oppose the British. Driving the British from Boston. 1 17 7. From behind rocks, fences, barns, and houses the British were fired upon. The killing at Lexington was dearly paid for. If General Gage had not sent assistance, none of the British that took part in the Concord expedi- tion would have returned. 8. The battle of Lexington was the first battle of the war that could be put off no longer. When the sufferings of Massachusetts became known, all the other colonies came to her assistance. The people no longer considered themselves colonists. They were .\mericans. They were no longer to resist unjust laws. They were to fight for liberty — the liberty of which Patrick Henry spoke. QUESTIONS. When did English troops enter Lexington ? From where did the V come ? Where were they going? Why? Whom did they find at Lexington .' Who was captain of the minute men ? What did Major Pitcaiin do ? What happened then t Who was the English governor of Massachusetts at this time .'' How many soldiers did he have .' Who warned tiie people of Lexington and Concord that tiie British were coming } What happened to the British on their way back from Concord.-' How many men did the Americans lose at Lexington 1 How many men did the Britisli lose on the return .? In the war that followed, what did the Americans fight for .' CHAPTER XXXL Driving the British from Boston. t. The news that a battle had been fought at Lex- ington soon spread. Many minute men hastily gath- ered around Boston. It was determined to force the 11^ Period oj Revolution. British to leave. The Americans immediately began building fortifications. 2. About one thousand were sent to fortify a hill Not fnt from this near Boston called Bunker Hill. hill was another called Breed's HiLE, to which, by mistake, they proceeded. As they were busily at work, a British force rORTIFVING liKEED'S HILL. of twenty-five hundred men was sent to drive them off. 3. But the Americans were not so easily driven. Twice did the British charge up the hill. Both times they were met with so hot a fire, and so much brav- ery that they retreated. By the time the third charge was made, the ammunition of the Americans had given out. 4. The Americans clubbed their muskets, and stood their ground as long as they could. But. at last, they Driving the British from Boston. 119 were forced back, and were compelled to give up the hill to the British. The victory was dearly bought, for in this battle the Americans lost only four hundred and fifty men, while the British lost more than four times that number. Althougli this battle was fought on Breed's Hill, it is known as the Battle ok Bunker Hill. 5. Before this battle took place, three important events had occurred elsewhere. These events weie the capture of Ticondeuoga and Crown Point, the meeting Six 'S^iOttm.t •"THIS Bill entitles the _1 ^Bearer to xcceivf SIX SPANISH MILLED DOLLARS, OT the "Value t?iErfo/ xnGGLD OT-^ILVERocirardinc; to aRcsoiution of CbN- GRESS pMiUcLt Phi. ladelfshia N^v-Z- ^J/6- I'mm o^ CONTINENTAL PAPER MONEY. of the Second Continental Congress, and the ap- pointment of General George Washington commander- in-chief of the American forces. 6. Ticonderoga and Crown Point were captured by Colonel Ethan Allen. Most of his men were from Vermont. They were known as the Green Mountain I20 Period of Revolution. Boys. The forts that were captured were full of military stores. Cannon and ammunition were sent from these forts to the Americans around Boston. 7. Washington arrived a few days after the battle of Bunker Hill, and took command of the army. Several months were spent in drilling the Americans, and at last they were ready to attack the British. 8. Washington had some strong fortifications thrown up on Dorchester Heights. These Heights looked into the streets of Boston. When the British saw how dangerous it would be to stay longer in Boston, the\' went on board their vessels, and sailed for Halifax. June 17, 1775, the battle of Bunker Hill was fought. In March, the following year, the British left Boston. 9. Open war had now commenced between England and America. Many Ainericans were not in favor of this war. Some even gave assistance to the British. Those who fought against England were known as Whigs, or Patriots. Those who were friendly to- wards the enemies of their country were called Tories, or Royalists. QUESTIONS. What effect had the battle of Lexington 1 What did the Americans determine to do ? To what hill were Americans sent? What hill did they fortify? What did the British decide to do ? How many times did they try to take the hill ? Wii\ did they at last succeed ? What important events occurred before this battle ? Who captured Ticonderoga and Crown Point ? What were his men called ? Why were these points valuable to tlie Americans ? When did Washington take command of the army ? What preparations did he make ? What heights did he fortify "i Why did the British leave Boston ? Where did they go ? W''»a ? Who were the Patriots ? Tories ? The }Var for /^dependence. i3i PRELIMINAPvV 1() lUAITKKS XXXil AND XXXlll. I'l/ifi lo the Miifi of E/tro/>c. Whore is Great Britain? Of what does it consist ? \Vhere is France ? Tiiru to the Map i>f Xortli AiiirHnr mul lliul Nova Scotia Where is i lalifax ? TiiDi to tin- Map of the United States. \\'hLre is New York ? Charleston ? Where is Long Island ? ^V'^here is the Hudson River ? What direction is the Delaware from the lower part of the Hudson Ri\er ? What Stale would be crossed in going from tlie Hudson to the Delaware ? T//r>7 to the Map of the Middle States. ^V'here is Trenton ? Princeton ? NV'here is Philadelphia ? How would you go by water from New York to Philadelphia 'i CHAPTER XXXIT. The War for Independence. r. The war in which the Patriots were no^v enoraored is known in United States history as The Re\'olutio\. It lasted seven years. Many battles were fought. War is very expensive to carry on. Soldiers must be fed, clothed, and paid. The Patriots were poor, and often went without pay. 3. Many times thev suffered for food and clothing. In winter they were often without shoes. But they 122 Period of Revolution. were brave and earnest men, and loved their country. Several times did the British try to buy them over with- out success. 3. Many people in Europe felt great admiration for the Patriots. It took much courage to oppose so great and strong a nation as Great Britain. A number of foreigners came over to help the Ameri- cans. The most famous were Lafay- ette, Steuben, De Kalb, Pulaski, and Kosciusko. 4. De Kalb a n d Pulaski were killed during the war. Kos- ciusko returned to his own country after the struggle was over, and fought bravely for the liberty of his own people. Steuben had learned a great deal about armies in Euro- pean wars. He was of great help in drilling and training the Americans. 5. Lafayette was a brave young Frenchman. In his own country he was a nobleman of wealth. He came over, and shared the hardships of the Americans. He and Washington soon became warm friends. The War of Independence. 123 6. After the colonists had fought for about three years, a treaty was made with France. In this treaty France agreed to help the Americans, and sent over both men and ammunition for that purpose. This treaty was brought about by Benjamin Franki.in, who was one of the greatest and wisest Americans that ever lived. 7. The principal British gen- erals who took part in the Revo- lution were Howe, Clinton, Burgoyne, and Cornwallis. The principal generals of the Americans were Washington, Green, Gates, Arnold, Lin- coln, and Morgan. Besides these, Putnam, Schuyler, Marion, Lee, Sumter, and Pickens were American gen- erals who also became famous. 8. Washington and Greene proved themselves great before the war was over. They were not always victorious, however. Often were they forced to retreat. But they managed with such prudence that their little armies were never destroyed or captured by the larger forces of the enemy. 9. It was not long after the war commenced that a man named Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, intro- duced a resolution into Congress " that these United Colonies are, and of right, ought to be free and inde- pendent states." A Declaration of Independence was then adopted and signed. This Declaration was written by another Virginian named Thomas Jefferson. ^^^^^^^^^^ - What became of Kosciusko ? Who was Lafayette ? What European nation assisted the Amer- icans .? What great American helped to make a treaty with France ? Name four British generals. Name the six principal American generals. What other American generals took part in the war ? Who were the greatest of the American generals ? What resolution did Richard Henry Lee introduce into Con- gress ? Who wrote the Declaration of Independence ? When was it adopted ? Why is the Liberty Bell famous .'' CHAPTER XXXIIL Washington. 1. When the British were driven out of Boston by Washington, they went to Halifax, Nova Scotia. Two expeditions were soon planned. One of these was to Charleston, South Carolina, and the other to New York. 2. The one that was sent to Charleston did not suc- ceed. A fort had been built upon an island at the en- 126 Period of Revolution. trance of Charleston Harbor. This fort was built by Colonel Moultrie of logs cut from palmetto trees. The British began a bombardment of the fort, and the Americans returned the fire. The British soon found Moultrie's fort could not be taken, so they sailed for New York, to join the other expedition. 3. It was at the seige of Fort Moultrie that a brave sergeant named Jasper made himself famous. When a shot from the enemy cut down the flag that had been flying over the fort, Jasper jumped over JASPER'S HEROISM. the fortifications, seized, and put it in its place again. While he was doing this, the bullets flew all around him. He showed no fear of them. 4. When Washington learned where the British in- tended to go, he hastened from Boston to defend New Wash ill o'ton. York. A terrible misfortune here befell him. He had stationed a portion of his army under General Putnam on Long Island. The British landed a large force, and defeated them with great loss. Washington saw that he could not hold New York, so he retreated with his army up the Hudson River. 5. General Howe, of the British, followed him. A battle was fought at White Plains. The Americans were unsuccessful. Washington then retreated into New Jersey. After capturing two forts, Fort Washington and Fort Lee, the British followed. It was early in December when the Americans crossed the Delaware river. Thinking there would be no more fighting that winter, the British went into winter quarters. 6. In their retreat across New Jersey, the Patriots had gone through much suffering. But Washington was not yet willing to rest as the British were doing. Recrossing the Delaware, he surprised a body of Hessiams at Tren- ton and captured nearly a thousand of them. These Hes- sians were soldiers from the little European country of Hesse Cassel. They were hired by the British to fight. 7. The battle of Trenton occurred December zG^ ^^l^- Eight days after, another victory was won by the Patriots. When the British heard what Washington had done at Trenton, a force under Cornwallis hurried to meet him. The two armies soon came near each other, and Cornwallis thought a battle would be fought. Washington skilfully withdrew his army in the night, and marched secretly to Princeton. Here he defeated a British foixe that Corn- wallis had- left behind under Mawhood. 128 Period of RevoluH 8. Washington was now willing to rest. His army spent the winter at Morrtstown, New Jersey. It was at this time Lafayette entered the army. Before long, Wash- ington was called upon to defend Philadelphia. When General Howe, who had sailed from New York, arrived, two battles were fought. 9 These battles were Brandywine and Germantown. In l)r)th. tlic .Xmcricaiis were unMiccessful, so the British CAPTAIN MOLLY. took possession of Philadelphia. Washington's ragged, suffering soldiers spent the winter of 1777-8 at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. It was here that Steuben joined the army, and began training and drilling the men. Wash ington . 129 :o. In the year 1778, the Treaty with France was made. As a French fleet was expected in the Delaware, the British left Philadelphia and marched across New Jersey to New York. Washington followed them, and the battle of Mon- mouth was fought. In this battle the Americans were victorious. The British lost two thousand men in their march across New Jersey. r I . Moi.LV Pitcher was the wife of a Patriot cannoneer who fought in this battle. She was conveying water to him when he fell. With great bravery she took her husband's place at the cannon and remained until the battle was over. Her bravery won for her the title of Captain Molly. QUESTIONS. Where did the British go from Boston ? What expeditions did tliey make ? Which was unsuccessful ? Why did it not succeed ? Who commanded Fort Moultrie ? How did Sergeant Jasper distin- guish himself .'' Who attempted to defend New York 'i What mis- fortune hefel him "i Where did Washington retreat from New York ? What battle was fought } Who was victorious ? What two forts were then taken by the British ? Into what State did Washington then retreat .'' What general followed him ? What river did the Americans reach and cross .'' What victory did they win when they recrossed this river "i What victory was won eight days after .-' Who were the Hessians ? Where did Washington spend the rest of the winter } Where did he spend the winter of 1777 S "i What two battles did he lose before camping at Valley Forge .'' Where did Lafayette join the army ? Steuben ? Why did the British leave Philadelphia ? What battle took place on their retreat to New York ? What woman showed great bravery in this battle ? I30 Period of Revolution. &EDG-RAPHY gUESTIDNS, PRELIMINARY TO CHAPTER XXXIV. Turn to the Map of the Middle States. In what part of New York is Saratoga ? Where is Bennington ? In what direction would you go from Canada to Saratoga ? Tuyn to tlie Map of ttie Southerit States. Where is Savannah ? Charleston ? Where is Camden ? I. CHAPTER XXXIV. Gates and Lincoln. While Washington was so bravely defending Phil- adelphia, a British army under Burgovne marched down from Canada through the State of New York. This army consisted of 8000 men, half ot whom were Hessians. 2. A part of this army under Colonel Baum was sent to Bennington, Ver- mont, to capture some stores and supplies there. Baum and his men were defeated by some Green Mountain Boys under Col- onel Stark. 3. An American army was soon collected to op- THE OUTPOST. Gates and Lincoln. 131 pose Burgoyne. At first this army was under the com- mand of General Schuyler, who made all the prepara- tions and plans of the battle that soon took place. Just as everything was ready, Congress put General Gates in command. 4. Two battles were fought. These battles are known as the battles of Saratoga, or Stillwater. In both, the Americans were victorious. Burgoyne was compelled to surrender with his whole army. 5. General Gates deserved little credit for winning these battles. It was throup-h the efforts of his officers that the Americans were successful. Lincoln, Morgan, and Arnold were generals under Gates in this battle. It was chiefly through the bravery of Arnold that the second battle was won. Period of Revolutioti . 6. When the news of Burgoyne's surrender was heard, it filled the Americans with joy. The victory of the Americans encouraged France to make the treaty with them. Many thought Gates to be a great general to wm such battles. Some even spoke of putting him in Washington's place. This would have been very unfortunate, for he was a man of little ability. 7. The battles of Stillwater occurred in the latter part ot the year 1777. After this battle the war was transferred to the south. The British took possession of Savannah m 1778, and sent armies to overrun the states of South and North Carolina. They were assisted by many Tories. 8. At first, Lincoln was put in command of the Patriot army in the south. He was a brave general, but very unfortunate. He was defeated at the battle of Stono Ferry in 1779. He then tried to drive the British out of Savannah, but was defeated with a loss of 1 100 men. This was the battle in which the brave Pulaski fell. 9. The next year he was surrounded at Charleston, South Carolina, and was compelled to surrender. Con- gress then sent Gates to take command in the south. Lord Cornwallis met and defeated him at Camden. This was the ruin of his reputation as a general. De Kai.b was killed at the battle of Camden. 10. General Greene was next sent to take command. He was opposed by some of the best officers that the British had. You will learn how well he fought for the cause of libertv in the south. Greene. ^ 33 QUESTIONS. •What British general started south from Canada ? H"^^' J^'^'"'-; ,nen had he ? ^ Whom did he send to Bennington ? Why . Who defeated Baum ? Who organized an army to meet Bu. - !Iyne? Who was put in place of Schuyler? What generals tve e under Gates ? How many battles were fought at Stdlwater What was the result of these battles? To whom .s credit due for winning these battles? Where ^^-^J^' ^^^^^^^^^ after the battle of Stillwater? When did the Bn i h take Savannah? .Who tried to drive them out ? What mrstortunes befell Lincoln ? Who was put in command of f ^atnot orces in the south after Lincoln's capture? What defeat did he luffer ? Who was then put in command ? At what battle was Pulaski killed ? De Kalb ? EEDGRAPHY QUESTIDNS, PRELIMINARY TO CHAPTER XXXV. Turn to the Map of North and South Carolina. In what part of South Carolina is Camden ? Where is Cowpens ? In what part of North Carolina is Greensboro ? What direction is Yorktown, Virginia, from Greensboro ? What direction from Greensboro is Camden r CHAPTER XXXV. Greene. I After defeating Lincoln and Gates, the British soon overran South Carolina. They were jomed In many Tories, and great cruelty was practiced towards whatever patriots could be found. . Many patriots escaped to the woods and swamps, and formed themselves into little partisan bands under •34 Period of Revolution. brave and daring leaders. Sumter, Marion, Lee, and Pickens were the most famous of these leaders. 3. These Partisans often attacked and captured bands of Tories and detach- ments of British soldiers. Al- though they were not strong enough to op- pose a whole army, they won some very im- portant victo- ries. One of these victories was won Au- gust 6th, 17S0, at Hanging Rock ; another, October 7th, following, at King's Mountain. 4. General Greene was sent to take command in the south shortly after these two battles were fought. A small army was collected, but the men were ill-clad and poorly equipped. When the British advanced to meet him, Greene sent a part of his army under General Morgan to take up a position at Cowpens. Greene. 135 5. In January, 1781, Morgan was attacked by a force under Takleton. The leader of the British was a man of cruel disposition. He had already won a number of victories in South Carolina, but he met his match at Cowpens, for Morgan defeated him with the loss of 800 men. The loss of the Americans in this battle was only So. 6. Cornwallis advanced upon Greene with his whole army, but the Americans retreated. The retreat was managed so skilfully that the little patriot army was kept well together without being overtaken. Cornwallis fol- lowed the Americans into North Carolina, and when his men were almost worn out with their long march, Greene, whose army had been strengthened, turned and faced him at Guilford Court House, now known as Greensboro. 7. A battle followed. The British were victorious, but their loss was greater than that of the Americans. Cornwallis thought it best not to follow Greene again, so he went on his way and soon reached Virginia. Greene turned and went back to vSouth Carolina. 8. At Hobkirk's Hill, near Camden, the Ameri- cans were attacked and defeated by Lord Rawdon. But it was the same as at Guilford Court House. The British lost so heavily that they paid very dearly for their victory. About this time, Greene was advised to give up and retire to Virginia, but he declared that he would recover South Carolina or die in the attempt. 9. September 8th, 17S1, the hardest fought battle of the war was won by him. This was -the battle of 136 Period of Revolution. EuTAW Springs, S. C. Greene's success compelled the British to retreat to Charleston, and the Americans were left in possesion of the State. QUESTIONS. What state did the British overrun after defeating Lincolii and Gates ? Where was Lincoln defeated ? Gates ? How were the Patriots treated by the British and Tories ? Who were the Partisans ? Name the most famous of the Partisan Leaders ? What two victories were won by tlie Partisans ? When ? What general was sent south to take command ? What did he do when the British advanced ? Who attacked Morgan at Cowpens ? When ? Who won the victory at Cowpens ? After this bat- tle how was the retreat of (rreene's army conducted ? What battle was fought between Greene and Cornwallis ? What was the result ? Where did Cornwallis go after this battle ? Greene ? Wtiat battle was fought in South Carolina between Greene and Rawdon ? What was the result ? What was Greene advised to do after this battle ? What did he declare in reply ? How did he succeed in recovering South Carolina ? What battle gave South Carolina to the Americans ? When was this battle fought ? What is said of this battle ? GEDGRilPHY gUESTIDNS, PRELIMINARY TO CHAPTER XXXVI. Turn to the Map of New Eng-land. In what part of Connecticut is New London ? How would an army march from New York to New T^ondon ? Turn to the Map of the Middle States. In what part of New York is West Point ? Upon what river is Yorktown ? How would an army go from New York to Yorktown ? The Last Battle of the War. 137 CHAPTER XXXVI. The Last Battle of the War. 1. About the time that the battle of Cowpens was fought, a British force sailed up the James river, and overran the eastern part of Virginia. This force was under the command of Arnold, the general that had fought so bravely for the Americans at Stillwater. 2. It was a sad blow to the Patriots when he became a traitor to his country and went over to the British. VV^hile in command at Philadelphia, he had taken money belonging to the government. He was reprimanded for this, btit Washington still felt so much confidence in him as a soldier that he was given the important ]:)Ost at West Point, on the Hudson River. No sooner was Arnold in command than, in revenge, he determined to sell out to the British. 3. The British agreed to give him a large sum ol money and a position in their army if he would surren- der West Point to them. A young British officer, named Major John Andre, was sent to arrange the matter with him. 4. As Andre was returning, he was stopped by three Patriots. They looked upon him with suspicion. He was searched, and the papers that Arnold had given him found. They immediately arrested him as a sp}'. He offered them money to let him go, but they would not be bribed. The names of Andre's captors were John Paulding, David Williams, and Isaac Van Wert. 138 Period of Rcvolutioti. 5. Poor Andre was tried and hanged. Ar- nold escaped to the British CAPTURE OF ANDF^e^ti€u.tt€yyi, . The Revolution. Baltles, Genet: ( ibbo, Nai'igation Act. I 17O4, Trade Acts. I lyt)^. Stamp Act. { i7i>T, Tea Tax. '7^8, .Soldiers sent. /77J, Boston Tea Party. \ 17741 first Continental Congress. f American Victories. British Victories Jtritish. American. f , . \ Fort Moultrie. I ^^770 , Trenton. \ ( Princeton. '777 \ Bennington. 1 ( Stillwater. •( 1778, Monmouth . I ' t King s Mountain. SCoivpens. Eiitavj Springs. Vorktown. ( 1775 I '776 ; '777 Bniil-er Hill. LoNg Is/and. White Plains. Brandywine. Germantov n. \ Stono Ferry. ''^ \ Saz'annali.' g \ Charleston. ' ( Camden. c, S Guilford Courthouse. ''^' \ Iloblurk's Hill. 143 Period of Revolution. REVIEW QUESTIONS, Who discovered Florida ? Who named Louisiana ? What two nations quarrelled over the Northwest Territory ? What was this war called ? Name some of the English generals of this war. French. Name some of the English victories. French. After this war how far west did the English colonies extend .' South ? What unjust laws were made for the colonies by England .^ W^hat were the causes of the Revolution ? Name five American victories in this war. Five British. Name five American generals. Five British. Name two battles in which Washington fought. Greene. Cornwallis. Lincoln. Arnold. Burgoyne. Gates. Morgan. Who were the Partisans 'i Who was Sergeant Jasper 't Molly Pitcher : How long did the Revolution last ? When did it begin ? When did it end ': What was the first battle .' Last battle .' Hardest fought battle? Write what you know of George AVashiiigtoii. Write what you know of Grcueral Greene. Write what you knoAV of General Arnold. Write what you know of the Boston Tea Party. Write what you know of Sergeant Jasper. Write what you know of Molly Pitcher. Write the Black-hoard Form for causes of the Revolution. Write the Black-hoard Form for the hattles of the Revolution. Write the Black-hoard Form for the generals of the Kevolvition. Geography ^uestiotis. i j^ Lak I'RKLIVIIVARV TO fllAPTKK XX.X\II. Turn to tlir M,t/> of the United States. Wliere is Annapolis ? Where is Philadeiphiu ? In what part of Massaciuisetls is Worcester ? Name all the States between the Ohio River and the great FIFTH PERIOD. iiiyLFtrtDfcllCfc • A CHAPTER XXXVII. The Union of States. '^^ 1. The colonies had united fiuliv for the pmpose of resisting England. Now that the war was at an end, the union no longer existed. Each colony, or state, as it came to be called, was under its own independent government. It began to look as if there were to be thirteen little republics in Amei'ica, instead of the large one that we have now. 2. Wise men thought it best to form another union, as many disagreements were about to arise. There was a large debt to be paid, and it was going to be a hard matter for the separate states to decide how it was to be done. At one time Massachusetts levied taxes to The Union of States. 14:^ pay her share. As many objected to paying these taxes courts and officers were called upon to enforce the pay- ment. Lookhig upon these courts and officers as instru- ments of tyranny, two thousand men under Daniel Shavs rebelled. The town of Worcester was seized. It was only after a superior force under General Lincoln was sent that Shays' Rebellion' was put down. 3. Virginia took the lead toward the formation of a union. At her invitation delegates from five states met at Ax.NAPOLis. This was in 17S6. The next year twelve states sent representatives to Philadelphia. These dele- gates assembled in a convention, presided over by Wash- ington. ^^. It was decided to form a union of states, and an agreement, or Constitution, was drawn up. This agree- ment was to go into effect as soon as it had been signed by nine states. 5. In drawing up this agreement, it was hard to sat- isfy all. Some of the states distrusted the others, and the smaller were afraid of the larger. The privileges of independence and . self-government had been bravely foug! t for. and many thought that the general govern- ment would have too much power and would deprive them of some of their hard-earned rights. 6. So it was agreed that each state should have its own government and make its own laws, while the general government would provide for the welfare of the whole country. Every state, whether large or small, was to be represented by two Senatohs, while the people of the whole thirteen vsould be represented by Representa- tives. 146 Period of It/dependence. MOXINC; 10 Jllh NOKTHWliai 1 fc.l< KITOK'i . 7. These Senators and Representatives would consti- tute a Congress, which was to be the law-making, or Legisi>ative, department of the government. There was to be a President, or Executive, to execute the laws ; and a third department, to be known as the Judicial, The U?iion of States. 147 presided over by wise and learned men, who w^ere to be called Judges of the Supreme Court. S. The Constitution was accepted by eleven states, before the election for president took place, which was in 1789, and by the remaining two soon after. George Washington was elected the first president, and the government known as the United States of America came into existence. 9. The United States of those days only extended to the Mississippi River on the west and to Florida on the south. Virginia had ceded to the United States all the' territory lying north of the Ohio River, for which she had fought so bravely in the French and Indian War. This waS called the Northwest Territory. An ordinance for the regulation and government of this territory was drawn up and passed. It is known as the Ordinance of 1787. QUESTIONS. Why did the Colonies unite during the Revolution ? After this war what was thought best to be done ? Why ? What re- bellion took place in Massachusetts ? Who put down this rebel- lion ? What state took the lead toward the formation of a union ? Where did delegates first meet ? When ? How many states were represented ? When did the next convention assem- ble ? Where ? How many states were here represented ? Who presided over this convention ? What did the convention agree upon ? Why was it hard to agree upon a constitution ? Why did many object to a strong central government ? In the pro- posed form of government how were the states to be represent- 148 Period of Iinicpcndcnce. ed ? The people ? Who were to make the laws ? Who was to execute them ? Who were to preside over the third department of the government ? What was this department to be called ? How many states first signed the Constitution ? How many did it require to cause the Constitution to go into effect ? What government came into existence with the adoption of the Con- stitution ? Who was elected the first president ? What was the extent of the United States when the Constitution was adopted ? What was the Ordinance of 17S7 ? GEDGRAPHT gUESTIDNS, PRELIMINARY TO CHAPTER XXXVIII. Turn to the Map of the United States. Where is New York? Philadelphia? Washington? What state west of Virginia ? What state west of North Carolina ? What state west of Pennsylvania ? What state west ot Ohio ? What states border on the west bank of the Mississippi River ? Where is Vermont ? Indiana ? In what part of Idaho is the Lewis River ? In what part of Washington Territory is the Clark River ? Turn to the Alap of Africa . What sea between Africa and Europe ? Through what straits would a vessel sail to reach this sea from the Atlantic Ocean ? In what part of Africa is Tripoli ? The First Fotl, a nephew of General Hull. There was no cowardice about him, however, for he compelled the Guerriere to pull down her flag in half an hour after the battle commenced. 4. Shortly after, Commodore Bainbridge, in this same Constitution, captured the frigate Java ; and the frigate United States, commanded by Decatur, who was now a commodore, captured the Macedonia. More than 3000 prisoners were brought into American ports before the year closed. 5. The most important naval victory was won the second year of the war. Shortly before the land battle of the Thames was fought, Commodore Perry had been sent to help General Harrison, as a British fleet held possession of Lake Erie. 6. Perry had to build his own vessels. When they were finished, he sailed out to meet the British fleet. In two hours the battle was over, and the gallant Perry sent his short and famous message, " We have met the enemy and they are ours," to General Harrison. 164 Period of Indepoidence. 7. Before the year 18 13 ended, Captain Lawrence, in the Hornet, captured tlie British ship Pkacock. He tlien took com- mand of the frig- ate Chesapeake, and sailed out of Boston Harljor to meet the ShannOx. In the battle that followed, brave Lawrence was mortally woun ded. His last words as he was carried below were " Don't give up the ship," but the ship was given up, f o r t h e Shannon was better prepared for battle than was the Chesapeake. 8. During the year 1S14, American victories were won by the Peacock over the Eperviek, and the Wasp over the Reindeer. The British succeeded in capturing the American vessel Essex, off Valparaiso. The Essex fought one of the bravest fights in all naval Naval Battles. 165 history, but she was at hist forced to surrender, as there were two British ships against her. 9. As Harrison was assisted by Perry, so was Mc- Comb assisted at Plattsburg by an American fleet on Lake Champlain under Macdoxough. While McComb was driving Prevost back, ISIacdonough captured the Ensrlish fleet that was under the command of Downie. BLACK-HDARi: FORM, Constitution over Guerricre. " " Java. United States " MaccJoi/ia Battle of Lake Erie. Hornet over Peacock. Peacock " Epervier. Wasp " Reindeer. ^Battle of Lake Chamflaiii. Shannon over Chesapeake. ^1 merican Victories. British T 'ictoriex. I I QUESTIONS. ~ About how many vessels were in the United States navy at \he opening of the war ? What navy had England ? What was tlie principal cause of the war ? What did American sailors I Capture of the Essex. 1 66 Period of Independence. fight for in this war ? What was the first naval battle of im- portance ? Who commanded the Constitution ? What difference was there between him and his uncle ? Who commanded the Constitution when the Java was captured ? What vessel was commanded by Decatur ? What vessel did he capture ? What was the most famous naval battle of the war ? Who commanded the American fleet ? How long did the battle last ? What famous message did Perry send to Harrison ? What victory was won by Captain Lawrence ? What misfortune befell him ? What were his last words ? What naval victories were won by the Americans in 1814 ? By the British? Who was the Perry of Lake Champlain ? Write the Black-board Form for Naval Victories. GEDGRAPHY gUESTIDNS. PREI.IMINARY TO CHAPTER XLII. In what part of Europe is Belgiimi ? In w hat part of Belgium is Ghent r In wliat part of the United States is New Orleans ? L'pon what river ? Where is Mobile ? Pensacola ? In what part of Louisiana is Lake Pontchartrain ? What lake east of this lake ? How would a vessel go from Pensacola to Lake Pontchartrain ? CHAPTER XLIL The Battle of New Orleans. J The treaty of peace that ended the war between the United vStates and England was signed at Ghent, Belgium, December 24, 18 14. There were neither tele- BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS. 1 68 Period of I//depc/idc>/cc\ graphs nor ocean cables in those days. It took some time for news to cross the ocean. Before peace was known to have been declared another battle had occnrred. 2. This was the greatest battle of the wai. It is known as the Battle of Nkw Orleans, and it was fought on the 8th of January, 1815, fifteen days aftei the declaration of peace. The leader of the Americans was General Andrew Jackson, who had already ren- dered his country valuable service. 3. While the United States was busv fighting Eng- land, the Indians that lived in what is now Alabama thought it a good time to rise against the whites. Te- cumseh had been among them, and had encouraged them to do so. The outbreak began in 18 13, and many outrages were committed. At Fort Mims, not far from Mobile, more than four hundred persons were massacred at one time. 4. Jackson raised a force and marched against them. The Indians were defeated with great slaughter at the battles of Talladega, Emucfaw, and Horseshoe Bend, and were completely conquered. When the Spaniards, who then owned Florida, permitted an English force to make their headquarters at Pensacola, Jackson marched against that place, and compelled the English to leave. 5. It was then that he heard New Orleans was to be attacked, so he hurried to the. defence of that city. He had only a few men with him, but the Louisianians, manv of whom were French, were ready to give him BattJe of JVezv Orleans. 169 every assistance in defending the citv. A number of men from Tennessee and Kentucky soon arrived. They were fine marksmen and were of great service. 6. In the southern part, of Louisiana is a bay called Barataria. The shores of this bay were inhabited by jieojDle engaged in smuggling. As their calling was unlawful, they were outlaws and were punished when- ever captured. Their leader was a man of great dar- ing named Lafitte. When the English prepared to attack New Orleans, Lafitte was offered a position in their na\'y and a large sum of money if he would join them. Instead of doing so, he wrote and offered the Americans his services. 7. Jackson promptlv accepted, and a large force of Baratarians joined the American army. For the good services they rendered in the battle that followed, the United States government afterwards pardoned all who would settle down to be law-abiding citizens, which many of them did. 8. Thinking the enemy would 'approach by way of the river, JackvSon built some forts to repel them. The English advanced, how^ever, by way of the lakes that lie back of the city. Jackson built fortifications, and threw up earthworks on the field of Chai.mette, a few miles from the town, and he was soon attacked. 9. The English army was led bv General Pakex- ,HAM. It was one of the best equipped armies that the British had ever sent to America. The men were trained and experienced, having fought on many battle- fields of Europe. When they charged upon Jackson's iJ^O Period of Independence. breastworks, however, they were driven back with great slaughter. lO. , All day the battle raged, but the Kentucky and Tennessee riflemen, the citizen soldiers of New Orleans and the Baratarians stood their ground. The British were compelled to withdraw after losing 2000 of their men. Pakenham himself was killed in this battle. The loss of the Americans was but eight. II. This was the last battle of the war. A few naval fights occurred before peace became fully known. The Federalists had been all along opposed to this war, while the Republicans were in favor of it. The re-election of Madison and the election of his successor showed on which side most of the people were. QUESTIONS, When was the treaty of peace signed "i Where ? What hattle was fought before the news readied America ? Where was it fought ? Who commanded the Americans .' The English ? What services had Jackson ah-eady rendered ? What battles had he fought with the Indians ? What outrage had tiie Indians com- mitted ? Who had incited them against the whites ? Of whom was Jackson's army composed at tiie battle of New Orleans ? Who were the Baratarians ? What offer did Lafitte decline ? How did the United States government reward the Baratarians ? On what field was the battle of New Orleans fought ? What kind of army had Pakenham ? What was the result of the bat- tle .'' How many men did the English lose ? The Americans ? What political party had been in favor of this war .' Who op- posed it ? On which side of the war question were the greatest number of people ? How do you know .' Review Outline. 171 of tlie (c^Uei^ tsJ^ / -} Ft. Stephenson. [ Thatnes. f Chippexva . „ 1 Lundy'' s Lane. '^'"^^ Plattsburg. \_Ft. Mc Henry. J 81^, Neiv Orleans. „ f Del roil. jSi2, - ( Ji>jteenslovjn . ' jSij, Frenchtoivtt. i^ j8/.fi Capture of Washington . Period of Independence. GEOGRAPHY gUESTIGNS, I'RKMMIXAKV To CHAPTHR XLIII. \Vhere is Massachusetts ? Virginia ? Tennessee ? In what i>ait of Africa are the Barbary States ? Where is Flortda ? Mississippi ? Illinois ? Alabama ? Missouri In what part of Florida are the Everglades ? Where is Arkansas ? Michigan ? CHAPTER XLIII. The Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Presidents. I. The fiftli, sixth, and seventh presidents of the United States were James Monroe, of Virginia, John QuixcY Adams, of Massachusetts, and Anduew Jack- son, of Tennessee, Monroe and Jackson served two terms. John Quincy Adams was the son of the second president, John Adams, and served but one term, as did his father. 3. Monroe was inaugurated in 1817. During his administration the country was at peace with all the nations of the world. Our ships could sail upon every ocean unmolested by England. The Bar- bary pirates in 1S15 had been pun- ished a second time by a United States fleet under Decatur for not heeding the lesson taught them by Preble in the Tripolitan war of 1801 . 3. The coimtry was growing and developing very rapidly. In 1819, Florida was purchased, and in the JAMES MONROE. The §th^ 6th ^ and yfh Presidents. 1/3 eight years Monroe was President five new states joined the Union. These were : Mississumm, admitted in 1817; Ili.ixois, in 181S; Alabama, in 1S19; Maine, in 1820, and Missouri, in 182 1. Monroe's achninistra- tion has been called the "'Era of Good Feeling," for there seemed to he no opposition between politi- cal parties. But it was during this administration that the two questions. Tariff and Slavery, arose ' that after- wards caused much ill feeling between the states. For vears this ill feeling grew until it, at last, brought on one of the greatest wars in the his- tory of the world, of which you will soon learn. 4. John Quincy Adams was in- augurated in 1S2: .Duringf his administration, the first railroad in the United States was built, at Quincy, Massachusetts. The year after his inauguration, Thomas J""n quincy adams. Jefferson and John Adams died. Both passed away upon the same day, July 4th, exactly fifty years after the day upon which the Declaration of Independence, that one of them had written, was adopted. 5. Andrew Jackson, the Hero of New Orleans, was inaugurated in 1S29. The Republican party had now changed its name, and was henceforth to be known as the Democratic Party. The party opposed to it was the Whig. Two Intlian wars occurred during Jack- son's administration. One was in 1833, with the Sac and Fox Indians of Wisconsin Territory, who, under their chief, Black Hawk, were finally subdued. 174 Period of Independence. r^^j^ 6. The other was in 1835 with the Seminole Indians of Florida, whose chief was the famous Os- ceola. It was caused by :ni at- tempt to move the Indians from Florida. They refused to leave, and fled to the swamps and Everglades and it was with great difliculty that they were conquered. 7. Two states were admitted while Jackson was Presi- dent, Arkansas in 1836, and Michigan in 1837. His administration was not a peaceful one, for there were many disputes, and the ill feeling that had begun in M,onroe's administration increased. Let us see what one of these disputes was about. '/ /// \NDRtW JACKSON. Black-Board Form. 175 HLACK-BDARn FDRM. t^'Tietyct^ /(^ '^e-'i'pld^. Administration of . Monroe' y. ^. Adams. yackson . { n j hiauguration . '<^n \ Mississippi admitted. 18/8 Illinois admitted. f Florida purchased. ^°^^\Alal>a7na admitted. 1820 Maine admitted. [^1821 A/issouri admitted. [ 182J Inauguration. \ I Death of Jefferson "j ^'^"^ \ and Adams. [ i82y First railroad. C i82g hiauguratioti . 1832 Black Haivk War. \ 1835 Seminole War. 1836 Arkansas admitted. 1837 Michigan ad7nitted. I>j6 Pei'iod of Independence. QUESTIONS. Who was the fifth president of the United States? The sixth? The seventh? How many terms did Jackson and Monroe serve? J. Q. Adams? When was Monroe inaugurated? What were tlie relations of the United States with other nations now? Why were American vessels now permitted to sail in peace? Why were they not molested by England? The Barbary Powers? What five states were admitted while Monroe was president? When was each admitted? What was Monroe's administration called? Why? What two questions arose? When was Adams inaugurated? What two great men died the year after? Why do we remember Jeffer- son? Adams? When was Jackson inaugurated? To what had the two political parties changed their names? What Indian wars occurred while Jackson was president? Who was Black Hawk? Osceola? What was the cause of the Seminole war? What two states were admitted while Jackson was president? Write the Black-board Form for Monroe's Admin- istration. J. Q. Adams'. Jackson's. CHAPTER XLIV. Tariff. 1. England has long been a great manufacturing nation. Her manufactured goods are sent to many portions of the world. When the United States and England were at war, of course none of these manufactured goods were sent to this country. 2. So factories were put up for the purpose of making our own goods. These factories were mostly in New England and the Middle States. They were found to be profitable as long as goods were not imported from Europe. 3. But when the war closed, English manufactures again came to this country. They were cheaper and much Tari-^. 177 better than could be made in the United States at that time. The American manufacturers would have had to stop work had not Congress come to their assistance. 4. A tax, or Tariff', was levied in 1824 upon goods imported, for the purpose of protecting American manu- facturers. This tariff made these goods dearer to buy than those of American make. The states that contained factories were very well satisfied with this arrange- 1^8 Period of Independence. ment, for people bought American goods in preference to the dearer importations from Europe. 5. But many states, particularly the Southern, had but few factories. The people in these states thought that they should not be made to pay more for goods to protect the manufacturers of other states ; so there arose much contention. 6. When J. Q. Adams became president, an additional duty, or tariff , was levied, and the ill feeling and dissatis- faction increased. In 1S33, when the tariff was made still higher, the state of South Carolina passed an act annul- ling the tariff laws and admitting foreign goods free of duty. 7. This act is known as the Nullification Act. Jackson was then president of the United States. He was a man of much firmness. As president, he felt it to be his duty to enforce, or execute, the laws that governed the whole country. The tariff laws were among these, and although he did not believe in high tariff, yet he made preparations to compel South Carolina's obedience to it. 8. Before serious trouble arose. Congress modified the laws so that the tariff would be lowered by degrees. This compromise satisfied all for the time, but the tariff question to this day is unsettled. (QUESTIONS, Why did England send no manufactured goods to this country during the war? What were put up in the United States? In what states were most of these factories built? Why were they not found profitable after war had ceased? How did Congress determine to protect them? What states were satisfied with the tariff laws? Dissatisfied? During the administration of what The 8th ^ gth^ atid loth Presidents. 179 president were tariff laws passed? What act did South Carolina pass in 1832? What was this act? Why did Jackson determine to compel obedience on the part of South Carolina? What did Con- gress do before serious trouble arose? What compromise was effected ? G-ED&RAFHY gUESTIDNS, PRELIMIXARY TO CHAPTER XL^ . Where is Rhode Island? What states touch Canada? What state touches New Brunswick? Where is Florida? CHAPTER XLV. The Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth Presidents. 1. The eighth, nuith, and tenth presidents of the United States were Martin Van Buren, William Henry Har- rison, and John Tyler. Van Buren served but one term. He was inaugurated in 1S37. 2. During his administration, the country suffered from a great BUSINESS PANIC. For yeais before, everything had been so prosperous that much business had been done on credit all over the country by both banks and merchants, as it was thought prosperous times would continue. 3. But a time came for these banks and merchants to pay the large debts they had contracted It was found MARTIN VAN BUREN, i8o Period of Independence, that many had given others credit, as well as received credit, so there was not linich more than debts to pay debts with. Banks were compelled to close, and merchants to go into bankruptcy. The panic was general throughout the country, and much hardship was experienced. 4. Harrison was inaugurated in 1S41. He was the same man that had fought so bravely at the battle of Tippecanoe and in the war of 18 1 3, and was a great favorite. But he died one month after his inauguration, and John Tyler, the WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON, man who had been elected vice- president, took his place. Tyler was the first accidental PRESIDENT. 5 During Tyler's administration the principal events were Dorr's Rebellion in Rhode Island, and the Northeastern Boundary Treaty in 1842 ; the admission of Florida, as a state, and the annexation of Texas ^o in 1845. 6. The Dorr Rebellion was caused by a number of men who objected to a law of the state under which they were governed. This law was a part of the old charter under which Rhode Island was governed when a colony. It provided that none but property owners could vote. The rebel- The 8th ^ gth, and loth Presidents. lSi lion was put down without blood- shed, and the law was afterward§ changed. 7. The northeast boundary of the United States was agreed upon in 1842, In drawing up the treaty, Daxiel Webster represented the United States, and Lord Ash- burton, ■ England. It is known as the Webster-Ashburton Treaty. DANIEL WEBSTER, HLACK-BDilRI] FORM, ^3 ^ Van Bur en. i8jy ( /fiauo-urati'on. Harrison and Tyler. \ Busi iiess Paftic. ^ ( Inauguration. i84i\ \ Death of Harrison. Dorr' s Rebellion. N. E. Boundary Treaty. {Texas Annexed. Florida Admitted. i82 Period of Independence. QUESTIONS. Who was the eighth president ? The ninth ? The tenth ? How long was Van Buren president ? Harrison ? What mis- fortune befell the country in Van Buren's administration ? What was the cause of this business panic? Wiiat was the result? When was Harrison inaugurated ? For wliat had he already be- come famous ? Who was the first accidental president ? What four events took place while Tyler was president ? What was Dorr's rebellion caused by ? How did it end ? What was the Webster-Ashburton treaty ? When was it agreed upon ? By whom was it signed ? Write the Black-board Form for the administration of Van Biiren. Harrison and Tyler. GEDERAPHY gUESTIDNS. PRELIMINARY TO CHAPTER XLVI. What state west of Louisiana ? What country southwest of Texas ? In what part of Texas is San Antonio ? In what part of Texas is Houston ? In what part of Texas is Gonzales ? CHAPTER' XLVI. Texas. I. The annexation of Texas was one of the most important events of our country's history. You will remember that all that part of the United States west of the Mississippi River, not included in the Louisiana purchase, belonged to Mexico. Texas. 183 2. As the United States grew in population, many people moved westward and settled the territories. In this way many Americans had gone to Texas. As time passed on and this number increased, a desire was felt to be indej^endent of Mexico. 3. This independence was won by a Revolution, as the independence of the thirteen colonies had been won years before. The Lexington of the Texas Revo- lution was the fight at Gonzales, between Captain Castanada and Col- nel Moore. This took place on the 2d of Octo- ber, 1835. 4. In the war that followed the Texans fought with the greatest bravery. In 1S36, San- ta Anna, leader of the Mexicans, made an at- tack upon a fort called the Alamo, not far from San Antonio. He had four thousand men, and the Texans, but two hundred. The fort was defended until only six Texans were left, but not until many Mexicans were killed. They surrendered at last, but were cruelly put to death. 5. It was not long after this that the brave General Sam Houston, with a little army of Texans, met Santa Anna. A battle was fought at San Jacinto, and the whole Mexican army was destroyed. Santa Anna him- self was taken prisoner. THE ALAMO. i84 Period of Independence. 6. Texas was now free. A republic was organized and General Houston elected President. In 1S45, it was annexed to the United States. Later in the year, officei-s were elected, a state gov- ernment organized, and Texas was admitted into the Union as the twenty- eighth state. Texas. -\ 1S36 HLACK-BDARI] FORM. 16S5 Explored by La Salle. 1S35 Baffle of Gonzales. Sie£-e of flic Alamo. ^.84,{ Battle of San y acinic Annexed to the United States. Admitted to the Union. QUESTIONS. To whom did Texas belong ? By whom was it settled ? How ■did it become independent ? What was the Lexington of the Texas revolution ? What was the great battle of the war ? Who was the leader of the Mexicans at San Jacinto ? Gonzales ? Who was the leader of the Texans in each battle ? What was the result of the siege of the Alamo ? Who was the first president of Texas ? When was it annexed ? When did it become a state ? Write tlie Black-board Form for Texas. War with Mexico. i8 = GEDG-RAPHY QUESTIDNS, PRELIMIXARY TO CHAPTER XLVII. Where is Texas ? Iowa ? Wisconsin ? What river bounds Texas on the southwest ? In what part of Texas is the Nueces River ? What city near the mouth of the Rio Grande ? Name the States and Territories west of the Rocky Moun- tains and south of Oregon and Idaho. In what part of Mexico is Monterey ? What direction is it from Matamoras ? Where is Vera Cruz ? City of Mexico ? What direction is Mexico from Vera Cruz ? In what part of California is the Sacramento River ? Where ai'e the Rockv Mountains ? CHAPTER XLVII. War with Mexico. I. The eleventh president of the United States was James K. Polk, of Tennessee. He was inaugurated in 1845. Three States were admitted while he was President, Texas in 1845, Iowa in 1846, and Wisconsin in 1S48. 3. When Texas was admitted trouble arose with Mexico. The Texans claimed that their territory extended southwest as far as the Rio Grande. The Mexicans claimed that the Neuces River was the boundary between Texas and Mexico. As Texas was now a part of the United States, President Polk sent a force to take possession of the dis- puted territory. JAMES K. POLK. 1 86 Period of Iiidependence. 3. This force was commanded by General Zachary Taylor. A large Mexican army under General Arista advanced to meet the Americans. Battles wei"e fought at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, and, although Taylor's army was only one-third as large as Arista's, the Mexicans were defeated in both and were compelled to cross the Rio Grande to Matamoras. 4. War had now begun in earnest. Three campaigns were planned against Mexico. General Kearney was to cross the Rocky Mountains and take possession of the northwestern portion of Mexico, which then included California and New Mexico. General Taylor was to cross the Rio Grande, and General Scott was to land at Vera Cruz and march to the City of Mexico. 5. All three of these plans were well carried out. General Kearney and Captain John C. Fremont, with the assistance of an American fleet under Commodore Stockton, took possession of California and New Mex ico without any trouble. Taylor and Scott had some fighting to do before their campaigns were over. 6. General Taylor crossed the Rio Grande, and after taking possession of Matamoras, marched westward into Mexico. With six thousand men he attacked ten thous- and Mexicans under Ampudia, that were posted in the strongly fortified city of Monterey ; and after three days' hard fighting, captured the city and all its fortifi- cations. He then marched on to Buena Vista, where, February 23d, 1847, his greatest victory was won. 7. The Mexican army consisted of 20,000 men. It was led by Santa Anna, the same Mexican general IVar with Alexico. lS; who years before had opposed the Texans. There were hut 5000 men in the American army. Feeling sure of the victory, Santa Anna suggested to a messenger sent by Taylor, that the Americans would do well to surrender, " General Taylor never surrenders," was the answer made to this. The battle that followed was a fierce one. The Americans were completely victorious, for Santa Anna's army was driven in great confusion from the field. 8. After a hard fought contest, General Scott suc- ceeded in capturing Veua Cruz. With 12,000 men he Period of Independence. then began a inarch inland to the city of Mexico. He was opposed all along the route by large Mexican arm- ies under Santa Anna, who had come down to stop him after leaving Taylor at Buena Vista. Brilliant vic- tories were won at Cerro Gordo, Molino del Rey, and Chapultepec, and on the 14th of September, 1S47, Scott entered ?kIe\ico in triumph. 9. This ended the war. February 2d, 1848, a treaty called the treaty of GUADALOUPE HiDALGO WaS drawn up. It was agreed that Mex- ico should give up' all the terri- tory that now forms the south- western part of the United States I for which the United States was to pay $15,- 000,000. 10. Hardly had the war closed before gold was discovered in that portion of CROSSING TtlE HOCKY SlOf.NTAINS. thc McxlcaU pUr- chase now known as California. Particles of this valuable metal were found in the sand of the Sacramento River, B lack-Board Form. 189 and it was not long before the rocks of many mountains were found to contain veins of it. There were no rail- roads across the great western plains in those days. The journey to California was made by wagons, long trains of which crossed the Rocky Mountains with diffi- culty. Notwithstanding all this, people rushed to Cali- fornia from all parts of the world, at first to dig for gold, then to lay out farms and build cities; and now it is one of the most prosperous states of the Union. BLACK-HDARn FORM. to 1845 1846 1848 InaKc^uration. Texas Admitted. Mexican War. loxva Admitted. Wisconsin Admitted. \ Treaty of Guadalonpe Hidalgo. (^ Gold Discovered. ipo Period of Independence. QUESTIONS. Who was the eleventh president of. the United States ? When wa.s he inaugurated ? What states were admitted during his administration ? What troubles arose upon the admission of Texas? Why? Between what two rivers" did the disputed terri- tory lie ? Who was sent to the Rio Grande frontier ? What two battles did Taylor fight before the Mexicans were driven across the river? Who was the Mexican general in these battles? What campaigns were planned? Who were to lead each? How did Kearney succeed ? What town did General Taylor capture after crossing the Rio Grande ? Where did he then go ? What was the result of the storming of Monterey ? What was the next battle fought by Taylor ? What was the size of each army in this battle ? What did Santa Anna expect Taylor to do ? What answer did Taylor send back to him ? What was the result of the battle ? What city did Scott capture before he began his march to Mexico ? How many men did he have ? What victo- ries were won by him ? When did he enter the City of Mexico? What treaty ended the war ? What did the United States gain by this war ? What sum of money was paid Mexico ? What discovery led to the rapid settlement of California ? Write the Black-board Form for Polk's Adminis- tration. Review Oi/tlinc 191 ')ttt'Ci/>' of the tZi Ui-M^-/0 €'^ ^ f^ \ Annexation of Texas. ' \ Disputed Territory. ( Taylor. Americans. <; Scott. \ Kearney. s ^ ^ Mexicans. Arista. Ainpndia. Santa Anna. ^ ^ '-n ^1846, May 8, Palo Alto. \ " ATay g. Resaca de la Pal ma. 1 " Sept. 24^ Monterey. 1^1847^ Feb. 2J, Btiena Vista. 184"/^ March 27. ]'era Criiz. '' April 18, Cerro Gordo. Sept. 8. Molino del Rey. " Sept. /J, Chapiiltepec. •' Sept., 14, Mexico Entered. Period of Independence. &ED&RAFHY gUESTIDNS, PRELIMINARY TO CHAPTER XLVIII. Where is Louisiana ? New York ? New Hampshire]? Penn- sylvania ? In what part of Asia is Japan ? What ocean between Japan and the United States? Where is Minnesota ? Oregon ? Kansas ? In what part of Europe is Ireland ? In what part of America is Newfoundland ? CHAPTER XLVIII. The Twelfth, Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Presidents. I. The twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth presidents of the United States were Zachary Taylor, of Louisiana, Millard Fillmore, of New York, Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire, and James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania. 3. Taylor was inaugu- rated in 1849, but died the year after, and the vice-president, Fillmore, became president. Dur- ing the administration of Fillmore, California was admitted as a state, and three great American states- men died, John C. Calhoun in 1S50, Henry Clay and Daniel Webster in 1853. ZACHARY TAYLOR. MILLARD FILLMORE. The I2t]i^ ijtJi^ l^t/i^ and ijth Presidents. 19 j 3. Pierce was inaugurated in 1S53. While he was president, a treaty was made with Japan by which that country permitted American vessels to land and carry on commerce. A dispute arose with Mexico over the boundary line that runs west from the Rio Grande. It was settled by the Gadsden Purchase, by which JOHN C. CALHOUN. the United States gained a small ad- dition to her southwest territory. 4. Buchanan was inaugurated in 1S5 3/- While he was President, three new states were admitted, Minnesota in 1S58, Oregon in 1859, and Kansas in 1S61. One of the most important events of this administration was the laying of the first Atlantic Cable. 5. This cable was laid under the Atlantic Ocean from Ireland to Newfoundland. By it, mes- sages can cross the ocean from Europe to America in a few seconds. It was a great under- taking at the time, and Cyrus W. Field, the man who laid.it, deserves much credit, for he over- JAMES BUCHANAN. •194 Period of Ijidcpeudencc. • came many difficulties before he was rewarded with success. 6. The administrations of these four presidents were not peaceful ones. There often arose contentions and ill feeling over the question of Slavery, far more bitter than had been excited years before by the Tariff. You will be told of this Slavery question in another chapter. QUESTIONS. Who was the twelfth president ? Thirteenth ? Fourteenth ? Pifteenth ? From what state was Taylor r Fillmore ? Pierce ? Buchanan ? When was Taylor inaugurated ? Pierce ? Buchanan ? Who was the second accidental president ? What three great states- men died while Fillmore was president ? What treaty was made ? What purchase ? What states were admitted while Buchanan was president ? What was one of the most important events of his ad- ministration ? Why were not the administrations of these four presidents peaceful ones r What two questions had caused much ill-feeling for years? GEDGRAFHY QUESTIDNS, PRELIM I XARV TO CHAPTER XL IX. Name the Southern States. Where is Virginia ? Missouri ? Texas ? California ? Kansas ? Nebraska ? Find the southern boundary line of Missouri. Trace the line from the Mississippi River to the Pacific •Ocean. Is Kansas north or south of this line ? Nebraska ? Name the States and Territories north of it. Slavery. ip^; CHAPTER XLIX. Slavery. 1. Negroes were first imported, as you remember, ins i0i.C). The custom of having slaves existed more or less- in all the colonies, but, as time passed on, the labor of these slaves was found to be much more profitable in the South than in the North. They were better suited to the climate and plantation work of the South. Large numbers were purchased, and imported from Africa. 2. As time passed on, the people of the North and the people of the South came to have different interests. The North turned much of its attention to manufacturing, while the South depended on the production of tobacco, rice, sugar and cotton for its prosperity. 3. When the tariff laws were made, as you know, to protect the northern manufacturers, the southern people thought these laws unjust. Then, the idea began to grow in the North that African slavery should be done away with. As slaves were property, to free them would be like destroying so much property, so the people of the South could only look upon it as an attack upon their interests. 4. The ill feeling awakened by the tariff increased, when the slavery question arose. The states were soon arrayed under the headings of Free States and Slave States. Whenever a new state was to be admitted, a contest would arise as to whether slavery was to be permitted in it or not. 196 Period of Independence. A SOUTHERN COTTON FIET.D. ^. In 1S30, Missouri applied to be admitted as a slave state. An angry dispute arose. A bill called the Missouri Compromise bill was introduced into Congress, and Henry Clay strongly advocated it. This bill permitted slavery in Missouri, but prohibited it in svich other states as would be formed from the Lou- isiana purchase north of the line that forms the southern boundary of Missouri. The bill was passed, and, for a while, the question was settled. 6. When, in 1S45, it was proposed to annex Texas, there was opposition from the free states, as slavery prevailed in that territory. This opposition again man- ifested itself at the close of the Mexican war, when the~territory won from Mexico was annexed. S/ar, 197 HENRY CLAY. 7. The same dispute arose when California was admitted as a state, but Henrv Clay, who by this time had come to be known as the Great Pacificator, made a peaceful settlement. Two years before Kansas was admitted a bill was passed by Congress called the Kaxsas-Nebraska Bill. 8. This bill provided that, although Kansas and Nebraska were noi'th of the Missouri Compromise line, the people of those states were to decide for themselves whether there was to be slaveiy there or not. The bill caused additional ill feeling, and, when it was passed, people from both free and slave states hastened to Kansas, each thinking to outvote the other in deciding the slavery question. 9. And thus for years' this angry spirit was growing. In Kansas, the people from free and slave states made war upon each other and blood was shed. Political parties changed. Taylor and Fillmore w-ere the last Whig Presidents. ; The Whigs of the North became a party in favor of abolition of slavery and called themselves the Republican Party. The Whigs of the South joined the Democratic Party. The Democrats elected Pierce and Buchanan, but when it came to electing Buchanan's successor, disagreements arose, and two candidates were put forward. The Re- publicans had but one. The Democratic candidates were Stephen A, Douglas, of Illinois, and John C. Breck- 198 Period of Indcpouience. ENRiDGE, of Kentucky. The Republican candidate was- Abraham Lixcoln. A small number of the old Whig- party voted for a fourth candidate, John Bell, of Ten- nessee. Lincoln ^vas elected. >> BLilCK-HDARn FORM, Hiy^tctAa- ^^€/yi i^. Taylor and Fillmore. Pierce. \ iS4g. Inauguration I f Death of Taylor. J 18^0. \ California Adtnitted. I ( Death of Calhomi . ,852. [Death of {^y7blter. { n. J Inauguration. I -^J • 1^ Gadsden Purchase. \ I o / Japaji Treaty [ ^*-^^- \Kansas-Nebrasha Bill. { jS^j. Tnauguration. oof Mifinesota Admitted. 163s. \j^iifi,ific Cable. iSjQ. ( Oregon Admitted. i860. \ Secession of South Carolina. 1S61. I Kansas Admitted. QUESTIONS. When was slavery introduced ? Where did the custom of holding slaves exist ? Where was slave labor found to be the most profitable ? Why ? What different interests had the peo- ple of the North and South ? What laws were considered unjust by the South ? Why ? What idea did the people of the North Buchanan. Gcog-)-apky J^/i est ions. igg come to have ? Why did not slave owners believe that the slaves should be freed ? What did the quarrels of Tariff and' Slavery cause ? What two classes of states did there come tO' be ? What was the Missouri Compromise ? Who advocated it P Why did not the free states favor the annexation of Texas ? What other territory caused the slavery question to be raised i* What state ? Who settled the question peacefully when California, was admitted ? By what was he now known ? Whv ? What was the Kansas-Nebraska bill ? When this bill was passed what was done ? Where was blood shed ? Who were the last Whig presi- dents ? When the northern and southern Whigs divided what party did each join ? By what party was Pierce elected ? Bu- chanan ? In electing Buchanan's successor what four candidates- were there ? Who were the Democratic candidates ? Who was- the Republican candidate ? Whose candidate was John Bell ?' Who was elected ? Write tlie Black-board Forui for Administration^ of Taylor and Fillmore. Pierce. Buchanan. GEDERilFHT gUESTIDNS PRELIMINARY TO CHAPTER I,. In what part of Virginia is Harper's Ferry? Where is South Carolina? Florida? Where is Mississippi? Alabama? Where is Georgia? Louisiana? Where is Texas? Tennessee? Where is Arkansas? North Carolina? In what part of Alabama is Montgomery? In what part of Virginia is Richmond? In what part of South Carolina is Charleston? ^p^VSE^^^^^ Leaving the Union. I. The ycni' before Lincoln's election, an attempt was made by John Brown to incite a rebellion among the negroes of Virginia. Brown, with twenty-one men, cap- tured the United States Arsenal at Harper's Ferry, but his attempt came to naught, as he was soon taken pris- oner, tried for treason, and hanged. 3. But the event showed how fast the unfriendly feel- ing between the sections was growing. When Lincoln ■was elected, the people of the Southern States saw noth- ing before them but discord. The constitution that had been drawn up years before was an agreement to a tinion that should insure peace and domestic tranquility. 3. So it was determined by a number of states to withdraw, or secede. South Carolina was the first to pass the Ordinance of Secession, which she did, Decem- ber 20th, i860. She was soon followed by the states of Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. Leaving the Ufiion. 30I 4. The seceHed states formed themselves into a con- federation of their own. Montgomery was made the capital, and here deleq-ates met and the s^overnment of ri.i'uii.Ns. the "Confederate States op America" was organ- ized. Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, was chosen President, and Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia, Vice President. Period of Indcfcndciicc. 5-. But it was now that the people of the North de- clared that no state had the power or right to with- draw from the Union. They held that the United States government was above, and had full power over, state governments, and that no state could withdraw with- out permission. 6. The people of the South held that the govern- ment was but a partnership of states; that as it was a republic, the people were the rulers, and had full power of deciding what they should do. A state could secede when the people of that state so decided. *i. So the questions of Slavery and Tariff were left behind, and the quarrel was now about the right of a state to leave the Union. Both sides believed them- selves to be in the right, and it took a long, bloody war to settle the question. 8. By the time that Lincoln was inaugurated, it was. known that an attempt would be made to force the South back into the Union, The seceded states made preparations to resist. Forts and arsenals situated with- in their boundaries were seized. The surrender of Fort Sumter in the harbor of Charleston, S. C, was demanded, but the commandant,. , Major Anderson, refused to give it up. General P. G. T. Beauregard began a bombardment which lasted thirty-four hours. Friday morning, April 1 3th, 1S61, the first gun was fired, and the bom- bardment continued until Anderson surrendered. fe G. T. BEAUREGARD. Leaving the Uiiio)i, BOMBARDMENT OF FORT SL'MTEK. 9. The news of this bombardment flew over the coun- try and produced the greatest excitement. Every one felt that the signal of war had been given. President Lincoln called for volunteers to invade the South. President Davis called for volunteers to repel the inva- ders. 10. The time had come for the other southern ■states to decide upon what side the}- would be. ViR- oixiA, North Carolina, Arkansas, and Tennessee joined the Confederacy. The capital was changed from Montgomery to Richmond, where the southern volunteers soon collected. The northern volunteers gathered at Washington. The first great battle was to be fought at a point between the two cities. 11. And so these states that had stood together ever since they were struggling colonies, that had fought and suffered together for their separate inde- pendence, were now arrayed against each other. Nel- 204 Period of Independence. ther side would yield, and both were ready to fight for what they thought to be right, as Americans had always done before them. In the days of the Revolu- tion, Virginia had declared that "an attack on Massa- chusetts would be regarded as an attack upon Virginia,"' but now Massachusetts troops were among the first to- reach Virginia to war against her. 12. As the French and Indian War had trained many of the patriot soldiers ihat took part in the Rev- olution, so did the Mexican War give experience to many who came to the front on both sides in the approaching war. Among these were to be some of the greatest generals of the world, men ^vhon"! people, now, both North and South, are proutl to know and honor as Americans. Causes of ike Civil War. Sla''cry I HLACK-BDARE FDRM, f 1 619 Introduction. 1S20 Missouri Compromise. 1S50 Compromise Measures. iS>6 Kansas Strus^gles, L 1S59 John Brorvn''s Raid. r 1S24 Tariff Agitation. I 1S2S Tarif Bill. Tariff Bill. Nullification Act. 1 560 South Ca roll n a . 1561 Bombardment of Fort Sumter. Tariff. 1S32 Secession . Geography Question. 205 QUESTIONS. Who attempted to incite the Virginia negroes to rebellion r What was the result? What did the John Brown's raid show? What did the people of the South see before them when it was known that Lincoln was elected ? What did some of the states determine to do ? Why ? What state was the first to secede ? When was the ordinance of secession passed ? What states fol- lowed South Carolina in the secession movement ? What did the seceded states form themselves into ? What city was made the capital ? Who was elected president ? Vice-president ? What did the people of the North now declare ? What opinion did the people of the South hold ? What was now the question upon which there was to be a quarrel ? What steps did the South take to resist any attempt to force them back into the Union ? What happened at Fort Sumter ? Why ? When was the first gun fired ? When it was found that war could not be avoided what four states joined the Confederacy? What then became the capital ? Where did Union soldiers collect ? Con- federate ? Name son>e of the difficulties through which the colonies had assisted each other ? What war had given many that fought in the Revolution experience ? What war trained many who fought in the war that was now to take place ? Write the Black-board Form for the causes of the Civil A\ ar. &En&RAPHY gUESTIDNS. PRELIMINARY TO CHAPTER LI. Where is Virginia ? In what direction from Washington is Richmond ? What States are the most eastern of the Southern States ? Which is the most western ? 3o6 Period of Itidcpciideiicc. CHAPTER LI. The loard Form for Lincoln and John- son's Administration. The Eighteenth, Nineteenth, Twentieth, and Twenty-First Presidents. I. The eighteenth President of the United States was General Ulysses vS. Grant, who was inaugurated in 1S69. He served two terms, and, before his administration came to an end, the Southern States had all been re- admitted, and the country was once more united. 3. The war settled the question of slavery. Since its close, three amendments have been added to the constitution ; one, affirming the emancipation that Lincoln had proclaimed, the other two, conferring upon the negroes certain rights and making them citizens. 3. The principal events of Grant's administration were the completion of the Pacific Railroad, the Death of Robert E. Lee, Chicago and Boston Fires, the wars with the Modoc and Sioux Indians, the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia, and the Dis- puted Presidential Election of 1876. The i8th, iQt/i, 20th, and 2ist Presidents. 33 j 4. The Pacific Railroad \va.s finished in 1S69, and was the first raih'oad built across the great western plains to San Francisco. The Chicago fire took place in 1S71, and the Boston fire in 1873. In both, much valu- able property was destroyed, and gi"eat suffering ensued. CUSTER'S LAST KALLV. 5. The Modoc war took place, in Oregon, in 1873, and the Sioux, in Dakota, in 1S76. It was during the Sioux war that a brave general, named Custer, and his troops were surrounded and massacred, near the Big Horn River, Montana, by a large body of Indians- under their chief. Sitting Bull. 6. When a successor to Grant was to be elected, the Democrats put forth, as their candidate, Samuel J. TiLDEN, of New York; the Republicans, Rutherford- 1234 Period of Imlependencc. RUTIIERFOKD B. HAVES. B. Hayes, of Ohio. Both sides claimed the election ; and great excitement, that threatened trouble, prevailed. An Electoral Commission of fifteen was appointed to decide the matter, and the vote of this Commi^ion stood eight to seven in favor of Hayes, who became -^""z the nineteenth president. 7. Hayes served one term, during which there were Rail- road Riots in Pennsylvania, and two yellow fever epidemics at points in the Mississippi Valley. The candidates to f^ucceed him were James A. Gar- field, nominated by the Republicans, and General WiNFiELD Scott Hancock, by the Democrats. Gar- field was elected by a decided majority and became, upon his inauguration in 18S1, the twentieth president. S. There was every prospect be- fore him of a peaceful, prosperous administration, but, before he was president four months, he was shot by a disappointed office seeker, p ") named Charles J. Guiteau, and ■died from the effects of the wound ^^ ' ^ ■' two months after. james a. garfield. 9. Vice-President Chester A. Arthur was called to fill the unexpired term, and in his administration manifested unexpected ability and wisdom. While he The i8th^ igth^ 20f/i, and 21st Presidents. 235. was president, the Brooklyn Bridge, one of the largest in the world, was completed between the cities of Brook- lyn and New York. 10. In 18S4, the great World's Exposition at New Orleans was opened. The largest buildings ever built in the United States had been erected for the purpose. President Arthur himself set in motion the great machinery in one of these buildings by sending a cur- rent of electricity over the tele- graph wires from Washington. 11. In 1S84, the presidential candidates of the two great politi- cal parties were Grover Cleve- land, of New York, and James G. Blaine, of Maine. Cleveland was elected and was inaugurated in 1SS5, the twenty-second president of the United States and the first Democratic president since- Buchanan. CHESTER A. ARTHUK. 236 Period of Independence. BLACK-HDARn FORM, 'Un^c-c/i^d' /4 Grn?if . Administration of \ Hayes. Garfield and i86g- i8jo- iSji ■ 1872- 1876 [1S77 III a uj^ii ra tio 11 . Pacific Railroad Completed Deatli of Robert E. Lee. Chicag-o Fire. Boston Fire. Modoc War. Centennial . Colorado Admitted. Sioux War. Electoral Commission . Inauguration . Railroad Riots, ^ J \ Tello'M Fever Epidemic. \1877 1 1^-7^ 1881 j Inaugurati \ Assassinat Inausritrated. it ion. /?, 1 ^.P nVorhVs Exposition Arthur. \1S84l at Nezu Orleam Geography Questions. 337 QUESTIONS. Who was the eighteenth president of the United States ? Nineteenth ? Twentieth ? Twenty-first ? When was Grant inau- gurated ? How many terms did he serve ? What question had been settled by the war ? What three amendments had been made to the Constitution by the time Grant's second term expired ? What were the principal events of Grant's adminis- tration ? When was the Pacific Railroad finished? When did the Chicago fire occur ? The Boston ? What two Indian wars took place while Grant was president ? What general lost his life in the Sioux war ? When did this war occur ? Who was the Democratic candidate opposed to Hayes ? What was the Electoral Commission ? What took place in Pennsylvania while Hayes was president? What epidemics? Who were the candi- dates to succeed Hayes? Who was elected? When inaugurated? What happened to Garfield ? How did Arthur administer the affairs of the government ? What two events occurred while Arthur was president ? What can you say of the World's Expo- sition at New Orleans ? Who were the candidates of the two great parties in 18S4 ? Who was elected ? Who was the last Democratic president before Cleveland ? Write the Black-board Form for Grant's Adniinis- tratiou. Haves'. Garfield and Arthur's. EEDGRAPHY QUESTIDNS, PRELIMIXARY TO CHAPTER LVII. Where is the Mississippi River ? What states between this river and the Alleghany Mountains ? Where is Florida ? Alaska ? Texas ? Where is Lake Erie ? Hudson River ? Where is St. Louis ? Brooklyn ? In what state is the mouth of the Mississippi ? •Where is South Carolina ? Charleston ? 238 Period of Independence. CHAPTER LVII. The United States of To-day. I. VoLi now know some of the changes that have occurred in this coui>try from the time of the Discovery by Columbus to the election of President Cleveland. You have read how the country was explored, then colonized, and how the thirteen English colo- nies, occupying at first a nar- row strip along the Atlantic coast, have spread backward, growing in population and in- I creasing in size, as time passed on, until the United States came Ito be as it now is. 2. First, the French and Indian War gave these colo- GRovER CLEVELAND. ulsts uudlsputed Hght to thc territory between the Alleghany Mountains and the Mis- sissippi River; and, after independence was won from England, this territory was increased first, by the Louisiana Purchase, then, by the Florida Cession, the Texas Annexation, the Mexican Cession, the Gadsden Purchase, and the Purchase of Alaska. 3. While this country has been growing in size and population, many improvements have been made and. great inventions given to the world. Among these im- provements may be named the Erie Canal, in the States The United States of To-day. •39 of New York, connecting Lake Erie and the Hudson River, the great bridgf.s over the Mississippi River at St.. THE JETTIES. Louis, and East River, Brooklyn ; and the Jetties, built by Captain James B. Eads, at the mouth of the Mississippi River, enabling the largest ocean vessels to enter from the Gulf. 4. Among the inventions may be named the first STEAMBOAT, designed by Robert Fulton, in 1S07 ; the first RAILROAD, built in 1827; the first locomotive, built in 1S30 by Peter Cooper and used on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad ; the first sew^ing machine invented in 1843 by Elias Howe ; the telegraph, invented by Prof, Morse, in 1S44, and the cylinder printing press, by Hoe ; the telephone, bv Bell; the electric light, by Edison ; and the reaper by McCormick. 340 Period of hidefendence. i^. Before the year 1793. very little cottou was raised on account of the difficulty of separating the lint from the seed. In that year, Ei.i Whitney invented the cot- ton GIN, and the importance of this invention is seen when it is known that almost six million bales of cotton are now raised every year. 6. Since the inauguration of President Cleveland, AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE. several great labor strikes have occurred ; and a num- ber of prominent men, among whom are Grant, McClel- Questions. 241 LAN, Hendricks, the Vice-President elected with Cleve- land, Hancock, and Tilden have died. 7. In the year 1S86, a destructive earthquake vis- ited South Carolina and caused great loss of life and property in Charleston and other towns. Cleveland's administration is marked by a great revival of indus- tries in the South. New towns are springing up, and numberless manufactories are being erected, railroads constructed and rich mines of coal, iron, and other minerals developed. 8. For the rest of this period, the boys and girls who are studying this history must go to the many newspapers that are being published. In them you will read of questions that are now before the country. Among these are "Civil Service Reform," "Protective Tariff and Free Trade," " National Aid to Education," "Relations of Capital and Labor," " Prohibition," and others. See what you can tell your teacher about these for your next lesson. QUESTIONS. How many English colonies were there? What purchase first increased the size of the United States? What was the next territory acquired? What territory was annexed? What territory ceded by Mexico? Purchased? What territory \vas_^ bought from Russia? Name four great improvements that have been made. Where are the jetties? Who constructed them? Name some great inventions by Americans. When was the 'first steamboat built? By whom? The first railroad built? The first, locomo- tive? By whom? When was the telegraph invented? By whom? Who invented the sewing machine? Cylinder printing press? 243 Period of Independence. Cotton gin? When was it invented? Why is this invention to be regarded a great one? What events have occurred in Cleve- land's Administration? What great men have died? What earth- quake visited the country? Where was this earthquake most severely felt? What great industrial revival marks Cleveland's Administi-ation? Where must you go to learn more of this period of history? Name some of the questions that are now before the country. Learn of some of these questions for the next lesson. REVIEW QUESTIONS. When was slavery introduced ? What were the causes of the Civil War ? What was the first battle of this war ? Name five Union generals that took part in this war. Five Confederate. What battles were fought between the following generals : Grant and A. S. Johnston ? McDowell and J. E. Johnston ? Bragg and Rosecrans ? Grant and Bragg ? Lee and McClellan ? McClellan and J. E. Johnston ? Lee and Burnside ? Lee and Pope ? Lee and Hooker ? Lee and Meade ? Lee and Grant ? J. E. Johnston and Sherman ? Sherman and Hood ? Hood and Thomas ? Name two battles that took place in 1861. Four in 1862* Four in 1863. Four in 1864. What was the Valley Campaign ? Review J^uestio7is. 243 How many times did Lee invade the North? What battle preceded each invasion ? What battle checked each invasion ? What was the Red River Expedition ? W^hat was the result of it ? What was the great battle of the West ? What victory made Grant Commander-in-chief of the Union Army ? How was possession of the Mississippi River obtained ? W^hat were " Blockade Runners ? " Why were Southern ports blockaded ? W^ho was President of the Confederate States of America ? Vice-President ? What state was first to secede ? Name a general on each side that fought a battle in Missis- sippi. Tennessee. Georgia. Missouri. Virginia. Maryland. Louisiana. Pennsylvania. What were the results of the Civil W^ar ? Write what you know of Stonewall Jackson. Write what yon know of General Thomas. Write what you know of General R. E. Lee. W^rite what yon know of General U. S. Grant. 244 Period of Independence. GENERAL REVIEW QUESTIONS. Name the Spanish discoverers and tell what each did ? French ? English ? Name ten men connected with the colonizing of America? Name the thirteen English colonies in the order of their settle- ment. Name seven Indian wars. Name two wars in the United States History caused by disputed territory. Name three wars caused by colonial jealousies ? Name five Indians who are famous in United States History. Give the results of the following wars : French and Indian War of 1812. Tripolitan. Mexican. Name ten naval battles mentioned in United States History, and tell in what war each took place. Give the causes of the following wars : Revolution. War of 1812. Mexican. Civil War. What was the lost colony of America. Name all the explorers connected with the Mississippi River. W^hen was Charleston founded ? Captured by -the British 1 Visited by an earthquake ? W^hen was New Orleans founded ? A battle fought there ? Captured by the Unionists ? When did Cornwallis surrender ? W^hat Union general was here held in check for a month ? What territory has been added to the Thirteen Colonies ? Who was the first President of the United States ? Who is now President ? What Presidents served two terms ? Name four accidental Presidents ? What two Presidents died in office ? Were assassinated ? By what name is the Republican party founded by Thomas Jefferson now known ? What party was then opposed to it ? What party now ? Name some great improvements that have been executed in. the United States ? Getieral Review ^lestions. 245 What proclamation did Lincoln issue ? Name five great inventions by Americans ? Name the Presidents in their order. Who was President when the following occurred : The Civil War ? The Annexation of Texas ? The Purchase of Louisiana ? The Invention of the Telegraph ? The Sioux War? The Battle of New Orleans ? The Whiskey Rebellion ? The Missouri Compromise ? The Gadsden Purchase ? The Charleston .Earthquake ? The Raid of John Brown ? The War of 1812? The Burning of the Philadelphia? The Cession of Florida ? The Death of Clay, Calhoun and Webster ? The Purchase of Alaska r The Expedition of Lewis and Clark ? The Admission of Texas .' The Kansas Struggle ? The Bombardment of F9rt Sumter ? The Seminole War ? The World's Exposition ? The Trent Affair ? The Battle of San Jacinto ? The Invention of the Cotton Gin ? The Death of Grant : The Discovery of Gold ? The W^ebster-Ashburton Treaty ? The Battle of Lake Erie ? Write a list of the twenty-live greatest naiues in United States History, and tell why you think them the most famous. (.OflQcially Adopted for the Public Schools of Louisiana.) 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