ILADELPHIA HE WORLD WAR JjA/NW^ QI4-1919 GoBTight^i_^/B^5* COFnUGItr DEPOSIT. PHILADELPHIA IN THE WORLD WAR 1914-1919 {?■ RftU Art Studio?. Inr T^hiladelphia in the World War 1914-1919 'jzio' Vuhlishcdfoy The Ph I ladelphiaW^r History Committee Wynkoop Hallen beckCrawford Co. "nVininitj 'Hcitdi^Martcrs " Trodiicevs of Uarl/tstorics 80 Lafayette Street C^ewYorK, ^ PrBMSHFR's Note: Wo ciiniiot let this opportunity pass without taking occasion to t^xpress our thanks and the very great appreciation that we hav(> lor the iine spirit of co- operation which Mr. John Frederick Lewis. Chairman of the Phila(lcli)hia War History r.omniittee. has shown in the preparation and publication of this volume, which is one of such historical interest and value as to be handed down tlirough posterity. In this expression of our appreciation we wish to include also Mr. J. Jarden (nienther. Secretary, and the otiier members of the C.onnnittce. whose whole-hearted cooperation and sustained effort have made the book possible. W'VNKOOr llALI.IliNBIXK C^HAWIOIU) Co. Copyright 1922. I>y Wynkoop HnlleDlM>ck Crawford Co. MAR ^5 1922 ^\\<) FOREWORD Philadelphia's patriotism and unswerving loyalty to the Nation were never more plainly manifested than during the World War. Her people gave without stint, of their time and their means; many were wounded, and some, alas, made the supreme sacrifice at their Country's call. It is ap|)r()|)riate that a record of their work shall be pre- served in permanent form for widespread circulation. Interest and sentiment alike suggest that all information concerning the activities of Philadelphians, whether in military, naval, civil, industrial or financial cii'cles during the war, shall be preserved for historical reasons, and as an inspiration to future generations. The Philadelphia War History Committee, which was appointed September 22, 1919, by the Honorable Thomas B. Smith, then Mayor of Philadelphia, and continued in office during my admiuislration, lias been steadily at work since its appointment, gathering material for a compre- hensive history, and while it has not been possible to bring within the compass of a single volume all the details of the work of our people, it is hoped that this volume will be Avelcomed by every Piiiladelphian as a worthy memorial of the services of our fellow citizens during one of the most vital chapters in the history of the United States. J. HAMPTON MOORE. Mavor CONTENTS PAGE Pliiladclpliias War C.liroiiology .15 Mayor Smith's War ('.oinmitlcfs ... .46 l'liila(li'l[)hia llciiiic Defense Heserve . . . 55 I'iiiladelpliia Sehool M()bilizalii)ri ("nminiltee 60 Joint Conncilnianic ("ommittee 65 Stiidenl Mililaiy iraiiiinir ("amps ... 78 Philadelphia Military Training' Corps ... .81 Military Traininf; in Local Schools and (",olJ(>};es 83 V. of P.; i')rexf'l: Hahnemann; .lell'eison: St. Josephs; 'I'cmple I'einisy Uania \\()nien"s Division tor National Preparedness 90 Local Hejfrian [Relief ("omniittee .93 History of (he 2«lh Division . . 01 Work of the Draft lioards . . .126 History of the T'Mli Division ... . L3 1 HisloiY of Ulher Philaih'lphia Inils L") 1 American I'"i(hl Service; llllh Telcf^'iaph Battalion; 19th Lnjrineers; Airmen of I'iiiladelpliia; \meiicaii l-'oreif^n Lefrion ; Uitli Infantry; Women in the Si'r\ice: Tank Corps; |iK)lh Tele'.'raph I'allalioii; Slate Foncibles; Pioneer Infantiy l^egimenls; First Troop, P. ('.. C; I'. S. .\. .\. S.; Military lnlellif.'enco; Coloied Inils; I'aldwin"-; Silii'rian Contingent. Base Hospital Liiils 201 No. 10; No. 20; No. 31; .No. 38; ll.ispilai I nil A; B<(1 Cross General Hospital No. I. Frankford and Schuylkill .\rsenals . 231 .\rmy Casually List 249 Fourth Naval District Beport and 258 I'hiladelphians in the Navy; Recruilinj; for L. S. N. B. F. ; Naval Intellifienco; Naval Alilitia of Pennsylvania; Camoullage Painting; Naval Base No. 5; U. S. Naval Commissary Schools. CONTENTS— CoM/fViHfrf I'AGE Naval Casualty List 331 History of Philadelphia Marines 333 Marine Casualty List 342 Pennsylvania and Philadelphia Councils of National Defense .... 343 The Port of Philadelphia 357 Work of U. S. Shipping Board and Local Ship Yards 361 Cramps: Merchant Shipbuilding Corp.; N. Y. Shipbuilding ('.orp.; Sun Shipbuilding Co.; Traylor. Manning (lie Merchant Marine 399 Philadelphia Ordnance District 403 Some Wartime Industries of Philadelphia 410 Alexander Brothers; Alteneder; American Metal Works; American Pulley Co.; Baldwin; Bethlehem Steel Co.; Blaisd(>ll Pencil Co.; J. G. Brill Co.; E. G. Budd; Ford Motor Co.; AJjram Cox; Day and Zimmermann, Inc.; Heller and Brightly; Janney, Stcinmetz & Co.; Lupton; Jolm j^ucas & Co.; Fayette B. Plumb, Inc.; Jacob Reed's Sons; Shoemaker and Busch; Smith, Kline and French Co.; Summerill Tubing Co.; J. S. Thorn Co.; .lohn Wood Mfg. Co.; Tacony Steel Co.; A. H. Fox; Taylor- Wharton; Hale and Kilburn; du Ponts; Hercules Powder Co.; Midvale Steel Co.; Niles-Bement-Pond. Bell Telephone Co. of Peiuia 457 Board of Trade 462 Chamber of Commerce 465 Commercial Museums 466 War Industries Board 469 Some Federal Agencies 474 Federal Reserve Bank; War Savings Division: Liberty Loans; Foreign Language Division; Four-Minute Men; Fuel, Food and Railroad (including B. & 0. R. R.; P. R. R.; P. & R. Ry.) Administrations; Emphtyment Service; American Railway Express. The Newspapers' Part in the War 515 The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and Local Artists . . .517 American Red Cmss 523 CO'STE'STS—Conlinued PAGE Emergenry \itl of Pennsylvania 554 Relief Activities 588 American Friends Service Committee; National League for Woman's Service; Navy League; P. R. R. Women's Division for War Relief; Pennsylvania Society, Colonial Dames of America; Women's Land Army: WOtnen's Permanent Ktnerfrency Association of Germantown. Religious Activities 620 Protestant Churches and Organizations. Roman Catholic \i(lidiocese. Jewish Congregations and Organizations. War Time Recreational Work 610 A. L. A.; Free Library: Community Singing: Historical Hikes; ,1. W. R.; K. of C: RenedicI Ser\ ice Club; Salvation Army; United Service Club: W. C. C. S.: War llmergency I nil: Historical Society of Penn- sylvania: V. M. C. A.: Y. W. C. A.: War Welfare Council. Women's Chibs 689 Civic: New C.entiny: Philomusian. Men's Clubs 6Q1 Aero: Art: l']ngineers: Markham; Mercantile; Penn; Philadelphia; Philadelphia Country; Ractjuel; Rotary; University; Union League; Franklin Institute. University of Pennsylvania 711 Bureau of Municipal Research 713 North American Civic League for Immigrants 71 1 Boy and Cirl Scouts 716 British and Canadian Recruiting Mission . . 719 The RetiuM I if Troops .... .... 725 Vocatit)naI Training . 715 War Oeparlmiiits Work for Demobilized Troops 749 The American Legion 756 Military Ord(>r of Foreign Wars 758 Military Order of the World War 759 National American War Mothers 760 Philadelphia's Service Flag 762 INTRODUCTION PHILADELPHIA is probably the most native American of all the larpe cities in the United States, and is certainly second to none in patriotism. Her loyalty has been shown upon every battlefield which has marked the Nation's history — in Mexico, in the Philippines, in Cuba, and alas, in France — and none the less by those who, kept at home, spared neither time nor treasure for those who went away. It is well to record such loyalty and to publish the same, so that the present, as well as the future, may know what was done and may again be done by a united people. This l)ook is such a record. It aims to be a comprehensive history of the part Philadelphia played in the World War. To publish everything her people did is manifestly impossible. Neither Municipal, State nor Federal archives have yet been completed, but it is hoped that in the following pages no important work has gone without mention, and that at least some credit has been given to all the different activities in which her people were engaged. Nearly 100,000 of her young men and women were in the Army or Navy, or in some branch of the Federal service directly connected therewith, and few indeed of her 100,000 homes but witnessed some effort towards winning the war. Philadelphia was the most congested war material producing district in the United States, and the total amount of her output and its varied character are extraordinary. Her ships, her locomotives and her trucks, her guns, rifles and shells, her medicines and chemicals, and her military and naval supplies of all kinds, were produced in enormous quantities, with amazing speed, and promptly sent wherever needed. From the day Archduke Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated, June 28, 191 1, the work of the municipality and her citizens began, preparedness merely, but none the less earnest work against possible eventualities. The War Chnjnology prepai-ed by Mr. Clark and published herewith will give at a glance the gradual sequence with which the road to war was marked. On March 20, 1917, the Mayor appointed a Home Defense Committee, and from that time until February 4, 1921, when the last of 122 ships were deliv- ered by the American International Shipbuilding Corporation from the plant at Hog Island, the city's activities never ceased. When President Wilson, on April 6, 1917, declaied a state of war with Germany to exist, instant support was offered the Government. While the Philadelphia Home Defense Committee was still in session, the Mayor wired the President pledging the ungrudging support of all the men and women of Philadelphia and all the City's resources to maintain the honor and dignity of the Nation and to protect the lives and property of Americans on land and sea, and this pledge was carried out to the letter. The work of the Philadelphia Home Defense Committee was afterwards largely taken over by the Pennsylvania Committee of Public Safety when a Phila- delphia Branch was appointed for the Council of National Defense, and after the termination of hostilities, when the work of the Philadelphia Council was completed, its Chairman, Judge Martin, suggested that the historical research which it had coiKiurtod should ho continued by the appdintnicnt of a Pliiladclphia War History Committee. The Council had collected a large number of photo- graphs showing the war-time activities in Philadelphia, and had commenced the work of securing the war records of Philadelphia men and women in service. A house to house canvass had been made by the Police Department, and some 55,000 records obtained, but much remained to be done. The suggestion of Judge Martin was accepted and a Committee appointed which organized as follows: John Frederick Lewis, t^hairman; J. Jarden (iuenlher, Secretary; Mrs. J. Willis Martin, Mrs. Barclay H. Warburton, Franz Ehrlich, Jr., James E. Lennon, Dr. Edward B. (ileason, John \. I.oughney and Howard A\ayne Smith. This Com- mittee received a small balance of an appropriation which had been made by City Councils to the Philadelphia Council of National Defense, subsequently followed by a small appropriation for clerical and slenographii^ service, and with these funds and the assistance of the WOniens Conunittee of the I'ennsylvania Council of National Defense, all the material in this book has been gotten together for publication. To J. Jarden (Iuenlher, the Secretary of the Committee, acknow ledgnietil is made for faithful and skilful service, but the printing and publication of the book are due entirely to Ihe public spirit and enterprise of the \\ ynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford ('onipany of New ^Ork, which has made an enviable record issuing war histories. John Fredehk k T,i wis. PHILADELPHIA'S WAR CHRONOLOGY By William Bkll Clark =^^]HILADELPHIA"S varied part in tlie World War from Juno. 1011. to the hps'nninfj; of 1021. is here arranged in chronologiial order. The dates of the great national or international events of the same period are shown in iliilics and form a basis of correlation with the local happenings. In no sense is this a complete chronology of the city in tlic war. To attempt to tell everything that happened, even through the medium of a sentence apiece, would re- quire more space than this entire volume. Hence, only the more important events are set forth. For illustration: the histories of the national guard units or the drafted men are not attempted after the departiue IVom the city. Those desirous of following them can d(j so elsewhere in this volume. In arranging the chronology, the files of the local newspapers were used and the compiler sought to refrain from interpolating anything which, censured during the war period, has been made public since. For this reason there will be found little regarding what happened at the Navy Yard after April, 1916. The work of the Yard remained a closed book to the public until tlw war ended. Questions of space made it imperative not to attempt to recount every draft call from the city; every launching at the numerous shipyards; every meeting or rally of the k>an and other campaigns, etc. The principal dates are given through- out in the cases of the loans — opening, closing, subscriptions — and one or two important incidents. The war period, particularly the year 1918, was filled with propaganda. At times it required a nice distinction to ascertain just what was news and what represented press agenting of war activities. This was particularly true in the recruiting campaigns and the many activities under the Food and Fuel Adminis- trations and various branches of the Pennsylvania Committee of Public Safety and Council of National Defense. Undoubtedly there will be many who may feel that their own activities have been slighted or overlooked. To them it can only be said that space was at a premium and all that could be crowded into that space appears in the chronokjgy. 15 1914 June 28 — Archduke Francis Ferdinand, of Austria- Hungary, and his wife, assassinated in Serajem. July 6 — Pennsylvania Naval Militia (Philadelphia Battalion), sails for two weeks' practise cruise on U. S. S. IViode Island. July 9 — First annual German Day, held at Lemon Hill, by Genuan-American societies of the city. t July 2() — L'. S. Destroyer O'Brien launched at Cramps. '•' July 23 — Austria-Hungarian ultinialuni driirered to Serbia. ': German S. S. Prinz .XdallHTl sails with Philadelphia passenger. Dr. Maximilian Roedmann; ship subsequently put into Falmouth, England, and is seized as prize. July 25 — .Auslro-Uungary receiws and rejects Serbia's reply to the ultimatum. July 26 — Austria-Hungary and Russia liegin mobilization. July 28 — Austria-Hungary declares war against Serbia. Paris liourse closed. July 29 — Russia completes mobilization in districts of Odessa, Kier, Moscow atid Kazan. .\ustro-IIungarian Consulate at 8tli and Spruce streets besiegtil by reservists awaiting call to arms. July ',iO— Russia orders complete mobilization in all districts. Philadelphia Stock Market feels first effects of war alarms. July 31 — (iermany sends Russia ultimatum to .ttop every tear measure tcithin twelve hours. London Stock Exchange closed. Philadelphia Stock lixcbange closed. Cancelation of sailing orders for German liner Imperator temporarily maroons a number of Pliiladelphians in Hamburg, including Morris I^. Clothier, Mr. and Mrs. George \\ . Kendrick, 3d, Mr. and Mrs. Herbert J. Tily. Aug. 1 — France orders mobilizalion. Germany declares war against Russia. .\ustro-Hungarian Consulate receives Imperial order calling lidiiie c\ery Austrian and Hungarian, between 21 and 33. .Vmerican liner Merion sails from Philadelphia with 150 passengers. Thirty million in gold transferred from loial U. S. Mint to Sub-Treasury, New York. Aug. 2 — (Iermany demands free iiassage for her trocgin attack on Liige forts. Germany declares war on Belgium. President Wilson issues ,\eutralily Proclamation. .North German Lloyd Uner Krunprincessin Cecilie, after vainly trying to make German port with $10,600,000 in goliL runs into Bar Harlwr, Me., the local pas- sengers on board including Morris L. Cooke, Dr. Francis X. Dercum, Robert Glendinning, Mr. and Mrs. Joseph B. McCall, Joseph B. McCall, Jr., and Miss Lw>nore McCall. British Consulate instructed to inform British ships not to enter German ports. Fifty French reservists leave local ajnsulate for New York. .\ug. 5 — Great Britain declares war against Germany. North German Lloyd liner Bradenhurg reaches port after pursuit off Delaware; left Bremen, July 23d with 387 passengers. Hamburg-.Vmerican Uner Prinz Oskar arrives in Delaware. .\ug. 6 — Austria- Hungary declares war against Russia. Serbia declares war against Germany. Philadelphia Sub-Treasury accepts deposits for .\mericans marooned abroad. 16 All!;. 6 — Mauretania reaches Halifax with the Pliiladelphians who had been delayed in Ham- burg when Imperalor failed to sail. Aufi- 7 — Italian liner Ancoiia arrives at Philadelphia. First Brigade, National Guard of Pennsylvania, leaves for two weeks' training at Mt. Grelna. Aug. fi — Monlenefiro declares W(ir aiiainst Anslria-Humiary. Aug. — Auslria-llurKjary declares icnr nyainsl Monlene — German armies retreat toward the .Xisne. Sept. 11 — German and Auslro-Hungarian Consuls de\ ise plan to give Cential iviiiiirc war news jointly. Sept. 13 — Battle of the A isne opens. Sept. II — Itahan hner Ancoita arrives at Philadelphia with 111 passengers. Haverford. American Line, arrives at Philadelphia with 458 passengers. Sept. 19 — Knights Templar of Pirst (Pennsylvania) Division, at fourteenth Annual Field Day on Belmont Plateau, pray for restoration of peace in Europe. Sept. 20 — First Belgian Mission to the United States, headed by M. H. Carton de Wiart, Minister of Justice, visits Philadelphia. Sept. 21 — .Secretary of the Navy Daniels present at Philadidphia Navy Yard, for opening of work on new .$200,000 shipway. Sept. 22 — British cruisers " .Aboukir," "Hague" and "Cressy" torpedoed and sunk by U-9. Sept. 30 — Battle of the .A isne ends in a draw. Oct. 5 — American liner Merion arrives at Philadelphia with 418 passengers. Citizens' Permanent BeUef Committee, Mayor Blankenburg, Chairman, issues appeal for money for war sufferers to be expended by Bed Cross. Oct. 9 — .Antwerp falls to the Germans. 17 Oct. 12 — ^Mrs. Edward S. Sayres organizes Local Belgian Relief Coniiiiillee. Oct. 11 — Belgian Consul General Hagemans makes appeal in connection with tlie visit of Mme. Emile Van der Velde, wife of the Belgian Minister of State. Oct. 19 — American liner Haierford arrives at Philadelphia with 128 passengers. Oct. 20 — Committee of Mercy, forerunner of Emergency Aid of Pennsylvania, fornu'd at meeting at home of Mrs. Eli Kirk Price. 1709 Walnut Street. Oct. 22 — Child Federation opens booth in City Hall courtyard for Christmas gifts for orphaned little ones of Europe. Oct. 28 — Germans open attack on Ypres front in race fur Cliannel i>orts. Oct. 30 — Emergency .\id Committee of Pennsylvania formed, and headril 21 — British Expeditionary Force lands at Gallipoli (Dardanelles). April 27 — ItaUan liner Ancona arrives with 444 passengers. April 28 — German aeroplane drops three bombs on American S. S. "dishing." 19 .\pril 29 — Home of Dr. Pasquale Gorgas, physician to Italian Consulate, bombed because be rcfusetl to fiivo sick oerlilicates to reservists to avoid war service. May 1 — Germany begins offensive on entire Russian front. American ianker "Gulfluilil" torpedoed, eleven killed. May 7 — Canard liner "Liisilania" torpedoed and sunk off Old Head of Kinsale, soulli of Ireland; 1.153 lost, including 18S .Americans. Pliiladelphians lost on Lusitania: Mr. and Mrs. Paul Crorapton with six children and povemess. Miss Dorothy .\llen. Mr. and Mrs. Harry J. Kesser, Mr. and Mrs. William S. Hodges and two sons. Mr. and Mrs. (^^harles H. Robinson, Mr. and Mrs. E. Booth Jones and two cliildren. Da\id Todd and (ieorge Nicoll. Philadelphians saved on />iisi7af»'a: Samuel .M. Knox, Herman .V. Meyers, Thomas J. W illiams. May 9 — Bailie of .Arlois begins. May 10 — President Wilson makes "Too Proud to Fight" speech at Convention Hall to 1,000 newly naturalized citizens. May !.■! — .America sends first "Lusitania" note. May 18 — Street sale of Polish (lags marks Polish Flag Day observance, under auspices of Polish Conunittee of Emergency Aid. "Peace Day" observed in city schools. Charles P. Weikel is first Pliiladelpliian to enroll in newly created Naval Reser\'e. May 19 — Portugal declares ivar against Germany. Battle of .Arlois ends. May 21 — Italy and San Marino declare tear against Austria-Hungary. May 31 — German reply on "Lusitania" justifies attack on contention that vessel was semi-niililary. June 2 — American liner Dominion arrives with 111 passengers from Liverpool and Queens- town; one dies of fright during sidimarine scare. June 8 — Secretary of State Bryan resigns on eve of second .American note on "Lusilania." June 12 — Baldwin I.o«'ague holds conference on national defense at Raeen taken at sea January 15th by German commerce raider "Moewc." Feb. 8 — Drexel Riddle Bible Class plans reserve regiments in every ward in city to be known as Drexel Riddle Military Corj)s. Feb. 10 — Secretary of War Garrison resigns as protest against American military program. German and .\ustria-Hungarian .Ambassadors announce that after, February 29th, all armed merchant vessels will be treated as auxiliary cruisers. Feb. 15 — .American note to belligerents says this country urges no changes in existing rules of warfare. Feb. 21 — Germans begin attack on Verdun. Pofish law and nunlical students hold ball in Lithuanian Hall for Poli.sh war sufferers. Feb. 28 — First .Vmerican presentation of Polish ()p<'ra "Verbum Nobile," given at Metro- pofitan Opera House, under auspices of Polish Relief Committee of Emergency Aid. March 9 ^Portugal commandeers forty German and Austrian vessels in its ports and Germany declares war as a result. Pancho Villa and band of .Mexican outlaws raid Columbus, N. M. .March 11 — .Major-General Leonard Wood addresses Princeton Club of Philadelphia, on pre- paredness. A. J. Drexel Riddle, by telegram, offers Drexel Biddle MiUtary Corps to nation in case of war with Mexico. March 15 — Austria- Hungary declares war on Portugal. March 18 — Secretary Tumulty, for President Wilson, and Adjutant-General G. W. Read, for War Department, acknowledge Drexel Biddle Military Corps offer. March 23 — Third payment of $15,000, made by Pliiladelphia Committee of American Ambulance Hospital, Paris. March 21 — British S. S. "Sussex" sunk in English Channel; twenty-five American passengers on board saved. 22 March 31 — Navy League begins enrolling civilians for volunteer naval service; headquarters at Racquet Club. April 1 — Navy League secures 1,000 civilian volunteers in first day. A-prU 11 — Chairmen of state branches of Pennsylvania Women's Division for National Pr<'- paredness, meet here to plan extension of work. April 17 — Company A, Philadelphia Reserves, Navy League, drills at Philadelphia Navy Yard. April 18 — American note on sinking liner "Sussex" without warning, sent to Germany. April 24 — Southeastern Chapter, American Red Cross, formed a campaign for 50,000 members. launched with exhibit in Widener Building. German Bazaar opens for week at Convention Hall, Broad Street and Alleghany Avenue, under German Red Cross and German Relief Society. April 26 — Campaign opens to raise $500,000 in ten days to equip citizens' army of 48,000 men as part of Drexel Biddle MiUtary Corps; banquet at Hotel Adelphia, with General Leonard Wood as chief speaker. General Townsend and British force surrender at Kut-el-Amara (Mesopotamia), to Turks. May 2 — Twenty-three Philadelphians leave on Navy League practise cruise on U. S. Battle- ships Missouri, Wiscon.sin and Ohio. May 3 — First City Troop opens classes for rookies to be held each Wednesday and Thursday evenings in May and June. May 4 — German note renews "Arabic" pledges and assurcond Regiment leaves for Mt. Gretna for border. July 1 — \'erJun fighting ends. Battle of the Somme opens. Second Regiment, National Guard of Pennsylvania, passes through B. & O. Station, at 1 a.m.; lunch(H)n served by Pennsylvania Women's Divisiim for .National Prepareflness ; vast crowd greets soldiers after waiting ft>r twenty-four hours. First Hegiment, National (Juard of Pennsylvania leaves Mt. Gretna for border. July 2 — Third Regiment leaves Mt. Gretna for border. July 6 — Four Philadrow Wilson reelected for second term. Nov. 12 — Third pha.ie of Sonmte battle ends. Nov. 17 — German inerchaid sulimarine " Deutschland" in altempting to leave Neu' lAindon, runs doum accompanying lug and is forced to return to pier: Jive of tug crew drowned. Nov. 21 — German merchant submariiw "Deutschland" sails for home. Nov. 28 — Provisional government of Greece decle sunk on sight in war zone, but offering safety for one American vessel weekly to Fatnioutli, England, if given distinctive marks ami forhitlden to carry contraband. Feb. 3 — President Wilson gives German .Ambassador von Bernstorjf his passports and recalls Ambassador Gerard. President Wilson addresses Congress and gives reasons for action. Great crowds watch bulletin boards in all sections of the city. Owners of twenty-three high power motor boats offer them to the Government. Army recruiting stations open recruiting campaign in entire district. Stoneman P'ellowship, at Baptist Temple, pleilge 10,000 men for war duty. Specitd police guard placed around Midvale Steel Works. Pennsylvania Women's Division for National Preparedness announces itself as ready to .serve. Feb. 4 — .Mayor promises police cooperation with federtd authorities in guarding Government property. Southeastern Chapter, Red Cross, is ordered to place local unit on war basis. Philadelphia Navy Yard closed to the pubUc. Feb. 5 — Philadelphia Turngemeinde closes its radio station on Turngemeinde Building, Broad Street and Columbia .Vvenue. (icrnian sailors on merchimt ships in harbor to be arrested if they go ashore. Slate leaders of Pennsylvania Women's Division for National Preparedness arrange for conference of all branches for February 8th. Collector of Port Berry orders no vessel to sail without proper clearance papers. Southeastern Chapter. Red Cross, starts to raise $15,000 for naval base hospital; has two army base hospitals ready. Feb. 6 — William Howard Taft, at dinner of Ixague to Enforce Peace, in Belle\ ue-Slratford, declarc-s that .\merica is being driven into war. Feb. 7 — Delegates to National German Alliance convention here, plwlge loyalty to the United States. Feb. 8 — Forty-tlu-ee branch chairmen of Pennsylvania Women's Division for National Preparedness meet and plan two naval hospitals, one for League Island and one for Fort Molt (Delaware). Crews of German merchantmen alloweil on shore. Feb. 9 — Herbert Hoover, at City Club address, makes appeal for war sufferers of Northern France and Belgium. Feb. 11 — Second .\rtillery. National Guard of Pennsylvania, returns from border. IUhI Cross appeals for $100,000 to establish tlu-ee base hospitals. Ft-b. 12 — Second .Vrtillery. National (Uuird of PemisyKania, parades on Broad Street with fiJl eit Peace MeelinK. adxt-rlisiMi Isiiiertiency Pi-ace Federation. 2i! — Philadelpliia National (juard regiments open recruiting campaigns. 29 — Joseph R. Wilson plans tx) raise regiment of "President's (iiiards" and otTer it to President N\ ilson. First Infantry, National Guard of Pennsylvania, mustered into Federal service and assigned to guarding bridges and munition plants eastof the Susipiehanna. Third Infantry, National (juard of Pennsylvania, sworn into Federal service. Vast patriotic meeting at Inde- penilence Scpiare, addri'ssed by Senator lliram Johnson and others, and preceded by many parades of military, patriotic and fraternal bodies gathering from all sections of the city, for South liroad Street Theater, by Cowrt^^v of Fnink W. Ruhlcr. Stanley Co. of .\inrrlca. Dr. Conwell leadimj in prayer al Pnlritiiic Mceling in Independence Square. 28 April 1 — Philadelphia Military Training Corps, including Drexel Biddlc, Land Title and Macrahean units, hold review at Lantlsowne, and addressed liy Brigadier-General Waller, Marine Corps. April 2 — President Wilson addresses Congress, advisiny deeluralion of war against Germany. Third Infantry, National Guard of Pennsylvania departs in four sections for guard duty in western part of State. War Department accepts offer of International Motor Club of Philadelijliia tender- ing its services. Uecruiting for "President's Guards" opened at 3303 Race Street. Battleships of Atlantic Reser\e Fleet o])en recruiting dri\'e from automobiles. Slate Fencibles establish recruiting booth at City Hall. April 3 — Senate passes State of War Resolution. U. S. Battleship Kansas opens recruiting tent on City Hall plaza. April 4 — Plans made for vohmteer police force of 20,000 men, composed of single men over forty-five, or married men, ineligible for military duty. National Security League, at Scottish Hites Hall, endorses conscription. April 5 — Governor requests Philadelphia Defense Committee to cooperate with State Com- mittee of Public .Safety. April 6 — House passes State of War Resolution. PRESIDENT WILSON DECLARES A STATE OF WAR WITH GERMANY. Hamburg-.\merican liners Rhietia and Prinz Oskar, which had been itlle in port since 1914, are seized by Federal authorities; machinery found damaged. Naval Miiitia ordered to mobilize at First Regiment Armory. All recruiting in city spurred. Proclamation by mayor in ten languages, warns aliens to obey the law. AprU 7 — Cuba and Panama declare war against Germany. Home Defense Committee announces formation of motor transportation corps. Home Defense Reserve to have forty-one companies of about .500 men each. Battleship Ohio opens recruiting tent on City Hall plaza. April 9 — British .Armies open Arras offensive. Philadelphia Naval Militia, 170 men, report for duty at Philadelphia Navy Yard. Engineers' Club gets behind movement to form another Philadelphia engineer com- pany for National Guard (Company E). Austria-Hungarian steamer Franconia seized by Federal authorities in Delaware; machinery found damaged. April 10 — Explcsion of undetermined origin at the Eddystone Amnumition Corporation, near Chester, kills 121 men and women workers, including thirteen Philadelphians, and injures 300, including many from this city. April 11 — Brazil severs diplomatic relations with Germany, and seizes forty-six German ships. April 12 — Belgian Rehef Committee receives .$52,500 from six groups of Chamber of Conunerce for child relief work. April 14 — Navy Department orders all wireless stations in city, whether receiving or sending, dismantled, save those government owned and operated. Three "anti-war" moving pictures withdrawn from circulation by State censors. April 15 — First stage of Battle of ,4rros ends. April 17 — Mayor Smith names Committee of 300 to entertain French and British War Missions. Engineers Club asked to secure volunteers for regiment of engineers for Roosevelt Division. Emergency Aid votes for three-coiu-se dinners for food conservation. April 18 — Mayor and committee call on Secretary Tumulty and Assistant Secretary of State Phillips, at Washington, anil are assured visit of foreign war missions to Philadel- phia. Twenty-nine recruits (enroll at new Bourse Recruiting .Station for volunteer farm work, in wheat and rye fields of Northwest. April 20 — Naval recruiting mass meeting held at Academy of Music. University of Pennsylvania's battalion of 2,000 students is re\ieHed on Franklin Field. 29 CourtMy of Frank W. Buliler. SlanU-y Co, of America. Mayor Smilh and Marshal Joffre. April April \pril April April 21 — Home Defense Coiiimillce plans food consi^rviition army. British High Commission, headed by Sir Arlliur James lialfonr. Secrelary of Slate for Foreign Affairs, arrives in I'nited Stales. Rell Telephone C^ompanv henins organization of battalion for United States Signal Reserve Corps. 22 — Dr. John P. Garber, Su[>erintendent of Schools, outlines plan for school gardens and twenty additional teachers. 2.3 — Second stage of Rattle of .Arras begins. '21 — Military Training Camps Association, at 132 Commercial Trust Building, receives applications for First Ollicers Training Camp at Fori Niagara. Y. M. C. .\ delegates resolve on i?:in0.flnO war fund to bo raised in State within a year. 2.'> — French War Mission, headed by Marshal .Inffre and Vice-Premier M. Viviani, arrive in United .Slates. Captain George F. Cooper, chief of staff to commandant of Philadelphia Navy Yard, appointed lo command Fourth Naval District. Rear-.\dmiral Benjamin Tappan appointed commandant Philadelphia Navy Yard, Vice-Captain Bobert I.ec Russell transferred to other duties. American armed tanker \iirunm sunk, ami iirst two I'hiladclphians killed in action with enemy since beginning of war — Charles J. Fischer and Frank II. Loree. Board of Kducation releases for balance of term all students over fourteen years old engaged in war work. Marines stage sham battle at Broad and .\rch streets. Pennsylvania Base Hospital No. 10, ordered mobilized. Mayor's School Mobilization Committee arranges to send 11.000 schoolboys of sixteen years or over to aid farmers. Jefferson Hospital unit offered to (jovernment. May .5 — Headquarters in W itherspoon Building opened to recniil regiment of engineers from this section. Motor Messengers Service formed by Emergency Aid. April 26 .\pril 29 May 1 May o Mav .3 30 May 6 — Sentry of Company D, First Infantry, fatally wounds man who failed to heed challenge on Pennsylvania Railroad bridge, at 3 Ith Street and Girard Avenue. May 7 — German connnerce raiders taken into United Slates Navy under new names, Krori- prinz Wilhelm becoming Baron mn Slenben. and Prinz Eilel Friederich becoming Baron de Kalb. May 9 — French High Commission atVorded lavish entertainment upon visit to Philadelphia. One killed and eight injured in accident in drydock at Navy Yard. May 10 — Philadelphia olliier candidates begin to leave for Fort Niagara, over period of lhn<' days, the trio of trains being known as the "Red, White and Blue Specials.'" May 11 — Twenty-seven speed boats turned over to Government by Delaware River Power Squadron. Base Hospital No. 10 mobilized at Calvary Presbyterian Church. May 12 — Italy begins Isonzo offensive. May 14 — Theodore Roosevelt accepts State Fencibles as an infantry regiment for his division. May 15 — Governor signs appropriation bill creating Pennsylvania Commission of Public Safety and Defense, with $2,000,000 appropriation. Medical Reserve Corps organized at Cooper Battalion Hall, and plans laid to enlist 3,600 men. May 16 — Philadelphia oilicer killed, and eight enlisted men of Company C, 3d Infantry, made ill by eating poisoned food while on bridge guard at Port Perry, Allegheny County. Baldwin Locomotive works staff takes steps to help complete 9th Engineers. (Later officially designated the 19th Railway Engineers.) May 18 — Conscription bill passes. Base Hospital No. 10 leaves for overseas. May 19 — Sentry of Company C, First Infantry, kills civilian who failed to heed challenge at Schuylkill Arsenal. General William G. Price, Jr., named brigadier in charge of Artillery Brigade, National Guard of Pennsylvania. May 21 — First Liberty Loan Campaign begins; Philadelphia district quota $140,000,000. May 22 — United States Medical Corps (known later as LI. S. A. A. C.) mustered into Federal service at Cooper Battalion Hall. May 27 — Mayor names heads of some of registration boards. May 28 — Mayor completes naming registration boards for forty-two registration districts. May 29 — District Registration Boards meet with Registration Commission and learn duties. May 31— U. S. A. A. C. leaves for Allentown. Jime 1 — Battle of Arras ends. Austria-Hungary counter attacks and stops Italian Isonzo offertsive. Emergency Aid begins food economy drive. United States Army begins recruiting drive to raise 100,000 men in twenty days. June 2 — Municipal military agricultural camp opened at Byberry, with twenty-four boys. Ninth (19th) Engineers mobilized at Commercial Museum. June 5 — National Registration Day. Estimate Philadelphia enrolment will reaih 170.000. June 10 — Theodore Roosevelt, as guest of five railroad brotherhoods, in address at Metro- politan Opera House, declares that man who won't risk life in war should k)se vote. Marines launch national recruiting week with mass meeting at Keith's Theatre. June 12 — hing Constanline of Greece abdicates. Home Defense Reserve begins drills, 2.3O drillmasters acting as instructors at forty centers. June 14 — First Liberty Loan drive ends; Philadelphia raises $145,172,950. June 18— Red Cross Week opens with Philadelphia's quota $3,000,000. 1st Telegraph Battalion (Bell Company) leaves for training camp at Long Branch, N.J. Open recruiting office for candidates for Second Officers' Training Camp. June 20 — Italian Commission, headed by Enrico Arlolta, entertained in Philadelphia. June 22 — Monster Women's Red Cross parade features Red Cross drive. 31 June 2.1 — Pennsylvania \ational Guard and army open week's recruiting drive. I'hiladelphia subscribes S:i.200,000 to Red Cross fund. Fifty-one Philadelphia draft boards named by governor, .luly 2 — (Ireece (Coveriinienl of A Irxander) declares icar against Btilijaria and (irniiany. Company R, Enf;ineers, despatched to Camp Meade, .luly 4 — City holds ollicial Independence Day celebration at Independence Hall, with Dr. Ernest LaPlace and Judge John M. Patterson as orators. July 7 — l.st Regiment headquarters and Isl Battalion move from armory to Camp Hrowii. at ('ommercial Museum. July Q — Police begin can\as to enlist women in Hoover food army. July 10 — Governor names members of two Go\ernment appeal Ixjards. Jidy 1 1 — City observes French Bastile Day with meeting at Independence Square. Jid\ 1.1 — National Guard units not already in serWce. mobilize in armories. Jul\ 17 — Truck Companies Nos. 15 and 4. National Guard of Pennsylvania, go to Mt. Gretna. July 20 — ;Vn/iofifi/ drnfl drairinij lakes place at Washimjion. Thousiuids watch bulletin boards for draft numbers. July 22 — Siam declares war against Austria and Germany. July 2.3 —British Recruiting Mission opens headquarters at 211 S. 9th Street. Philadelphia's first quota for National Army fixed at 14,21.5 men. July 27 — Loial Ixiards send out lirst call to draftees to report for examinations. July 30 —Physical examinations of draftees begin. I'>th Railway lOngineers reviewwi in Fairiiioiiiil Park. JuK '.\\ — lirilish open offensive around Ypres. Kug. 4 — Liberia declares tear against Germany. .\ug. 9 — 19th Railway Engineers leave city before sunrise. \ug. 10 — Food Gontrol bill jmssed. .\ug. I.'} — Company E, Engineers, National Guard of Pennsylvania, sent to Mt. (iretna. List of Fort Niagara conmiissioiis announced. Names of men to go to S-coiid ( tllicers' Training Camp at Fort ( )glethnrpc announced. 2d Artillery, in camp at Camp Wanaiiudicr, Noble, Pa. 6th Regiment goes from .\rinory to Camp I")llis, near Lansdowne. Entire 1st RegiinenI assembled at (]amp Brown. 3d Regiment begins to arrive home from western Pennsylvania, and encamps at Camp Taylor, near Springfield, Delaware County. Aug. 14 — China declares war against Germany and .-Xustria. Aug. 1.1- — Niagara Training Camp ollicers arrive home on special train. Aug. 16 — Company B, Engineers, National Guard of Pennsylvania, with balance of 1st Battalion, ordered from Camp Mi-ade to Camp Haiu^cKk, (ieorgia. Announce pro|M)sed numcriial units of 79tli Division at Camp Meade. Aug. 19 — Italians begin second I sonzo offensive. Aug. 20 — Belgian High Commission, hcjidejl by Baron Ludovic Moncheur, entertained lavishly by city. First City Troop; Battery E, 2d .Vrtillery; Company D. 1st Infantry; Company k. 3d Infantry; and Company I. 6lli Infantry, are regimental advance guards sent to Camp Hancock. Aug. 22 — Two sections carry men to Second Officers' Training Camp at Oglethorpe, Ga. Aug. 28 — War Department halts movement south of 2d Artillery within three hours of de- parture time; equipment held on trains. .\ug. 29 — 2d Artillery li'aves Camp Wanamaker for the Smth. Sept. 1 — Philailelphia holds monster parade in honor of drafted men, guard unit^, marines, sailors, defense units and patriotic organizations in line. Survey of Hog Island is lirst step in proiH)si'd shipyarr Pcimsyl- vanln's Farm Army. March 19 — Phihiclclphia ollicer, one of sixteen killiMl «h(ii destroyer Mnnley is in collision in war zone. Man-b 21 — Ludendorff begins Somme ojfensiir. Corifiresx passes bill girinq President fxmer lo operate railroads lo end of war. March 23 — British caterpillar tank arrives to h(X)st British and Canadian recruitinK cnnipaij^n. March 26 — Marshal Forh apiMiinted Mlied (ieneralissinio. Jud^e llickinson orders Kederal .Jury to acquit two Tayehlatl editors accusitl of treason: to he tried lal(>r on espionage charfic. March 28 — British halt (ierman Somme offensive uitliin ipin ranije of Amiens. Germans repulsed in attack at .Arras. March 31 — First dayliRht savinR law becomes effective. April 1 — Ba.se Ilospitjd i\i>. 20 leaves for France. April 2 — Five hundred men. lirst contingent of si-cond draft quota, leave for Camp Meade. .\pril 3 — Approximately .$.')00,000,000 worth of orders, covering construction of 382 ships. by eleven Delaware Hiver shipyards, annoimced by Admiral Bowles. .\pril 6 — Third Liberty Ixian ' of being eight days prisoners on the U-151. Port of Philadelphia closed for three hours. June 5 — 2rf American Division enters battle against German Marne offensive. Second registration day for men who became twenty-one since June 5, 1917. Sergeant-Major Hyan arrested as bogus war hero. June 9 — Fourth Ccrman offensive {Montdidier-Noyon) opens. June 13 — Emergency .\id asked by Federal aulhoritie-s to supervise welfare problems for women entering war industries. War Chest liUed. Fourth Cernian offensive stopped. June 15 — .\uslro-lhingarian offensive on Italian Piavo line opens. June 23 — .Austria-Hungary begins to retire from Italian front. June 27 — National draft lottery for June 5th registrants held. June 28 — First Liberty Sing held at Liberty Statute, with 1,200 sailors and marines parti- ci[)ating. July 1 — Food AdminLslralion established sugar ration of three pounds per month, per person. Federal Grand Jur>' starts draft scandal investigation. Mrs. I'2ninia C. BergdoU arrested for aiding her son, drover C, to dodge draft duty. July 4 — Six cargo carriers and two destroyers launched as Delaware Biver district's part in the national Fourth of July launching of one hundred sliips. Sixty thousand alien-born march in great patriotic parade. 38 rmirti'sy nf the Atlantic Refining Cu. Tank Sli-anishiji "Ilerhi'rl L. PratI" damaged by a (German Miiw ajj lien and < .Inckni Sltmih. at the entrance to Delaware Bay. July July July July July July July July July July July July July 4 — Naval barracks, at SewcH's Point, N. J., destroyed by mysterious fire. 6 — Pennsylvania Reserve Militia goes to Mt. Gretna to camp for two weeks. 9 — Southeastern chapter. Red Cross, starts drive to enrol 300 nurses. 10 — Fifth Ward draft board suspended by order of President Wilson. 11 — Explosion at Frankford Arsenal kills two and injures six. 12 — Haiti declares tear against Germany. 14 — Bastile Day celebrated at Mass Meeting at Metropolitan Opera House, speakers, including George Wharton Pepper, James M. Beck, and Lieutenant Paul de Perigord, French soldier-priest. Ten thousand people at Valley Forge celebrate Bastile Day and honor Llnitcd States Marines, from League Island and Camp Fuller, Paoli, Pa. Federal agents and marines arrest 400 in Chester vice clean-up, foreruimer of slacker raids. Ladendorff opens fifth offensive (Champagne-Marne) . 28th Division, excluding artillery, engaged south of the Marne. Marines open week's recruiting drive. Foch's counter-attack (Ainse-Marne offensive) stops German drive. 19 — Armored cruiser "San Diego" sunk by mine off Fire Island, N. Y.; sij- seamen lost. Honduras declares war against Germany. 23 — Department of Justice starts hunt for Erwin Bergdoll, draft dodger. 24 — Fuel Administration enforces lightless nights for the first four days of each week to conserve coal. 26 — Twenty South Americsin diplomats inspect Hog Island. 39 1.5 18 Counpay of A I S Mrs. Wilson Clirislening the "Quislconck." .liiK .\ug. Vug. .Vug. .\ug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. 20 — First casualties of the 28tli Division begin to be ri'c. 1Q18. Aug. 26 — Bailie of the Scarpe opens. One thousand two hundred and eighty-one drafted men leave for Camp Lee. New call received for 10,000 men. Aug. 27 — Submarine Chaser No. 209 sunk by Fclir Taussig, in mistake for submarine south of New York; 1 Philadelphians among seventeen lost; five saved. Aug. 30 — Five hundred and fifty men captured in vice raids in city. Sept. 1 — Fuel Administration enforces first "(lasless Simday." Sept. 2 — Ten thousand men, war workers in Labor Day Parade, Sept. 3 — Battle of Scarpe ends. Sept. 5 — District Appeal Board No. 2 dismissed by Provost Marshal (ieneral. Sept. 11 — $300,000 fire in New York Shipbuilding Corporation. Sept. 12 — Battle of I lavrineourt-Epehy opens. Battle of .St. Miliiel opens. National Registration Day for men from eighteen to twenty-one and from thirty- one to forty-five; 210. ,563 registered in city, Sept. 13 — St. Mihiel salient reduced by Isl .American Army. Federal Grand Jury indicts twenty-eight for various draft frauds. Sept. 15 — Allied drive in Balkan.i opens. Sept. 17 — Battle of Harrinconrt-Epehy ends. The Spanish influenza makes its appearance in city wluii fuurtei-ii nurses and five internes, at the Pennsylvania Hospital, are reported ill as the result of observations and research upon six .sailors taken there sulfering with the disea.se. Sept, 18 — One thousand inlluenza cases reported in epidemic at Pliila(lel|ihia Navy Yard. Sept. 19 — Allenby begins final campaign against Turkey, in Asiatic Turhcy. Sept. 21 — Bulgarian armies retreat in Balkans. Sept. 2 1 — Registration of women for new Women's Food Army begun. Sept. 25 — One thousand four hundred cases of influenza reported in city. 41 Sept. 26 — Meuse-Argonne and Champagne offensives begin. 28tb and 79th (National Army) divisions, entering fighting. 27 — Five Tageblalt defendants convicted of having violated the Espionage .\cl. 28 — Pageant on Broad street precedes opening of Fourth Liberty Loan. 30 — Bulgaria granted an Armistice. U. S. A. T. C. Ticonderoga sunk by submarine (U-152), 230 lives lost; twenty-tlu-ee saved and two captured. 1 — Student Army Training Corps becomes compulsory in all colleges and uni\ersities. 2 — Influenza epidemic spreads to all parts of the city. 3 — Board of Health closes public schools; all Liberty Loan meeting indoors called oil'. ■1 — Second stage of Meuse-Argonne offensive liegins. Five hundred and seventy deatlis and 4,061 cases of influenza reported. Board of Health closes all saloons, theaters and churches. 8 — Second battle of La Caleau begins. 9 — ?(i American .Irmv created. 14 — Belgians open Dixmude offensive. 16 — Seven hundred and eleven deatlis in twenty-four hours establishes an inllucnza record for city. 17 — Battle of the Selle begins. 20 — Fourth Liberty Loan ends; Philadelphia subscribes. $311,306,250, Influenza epidemic considere dcrlnri' tin- independence of till' mid-Furopean states. Sept. Sept. Sept. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Courtfsy of the PlilUdi'lphU •■Press." Reading the Declaration of Indepemience of Mid-European Nations, Independence .SV/iifirc. 42 Courtesy of Frank W. Buhler. Slanley Co. i.t Amorlca. Governor Sproul and rncinhfrs of I he Union League at the Liberty Statue \iiu .,/(,, Day, nUS. Oct. 26 — Board of Health lifts quarantine against saloons, theaters and public meetings. Nov. 1 — Battle of Sambre begins. Final stage of Meuse-Anjonne offensine begins. Nov. 3 — Auslro-IIungarlan armies in Italy completely routed. Nov. 4 — Aiuilria-Iluwiary granted an armistice. Italian colony holds great celebration for victory, culminating with meeting in In- dependence Square. Nov. 5 — William C. Sproul elected Governor of Pennsylvania. 43 Nov. 6 — Federal agents and American IVoteitive Leapiie raid OKinpii- l>()\iiif; iluli fin slackers. .Nov. 7 — False armistice reiH^rt stiirls jubilee in city. Secrel^iry of the Navy Daniels, at reieption to Director Scbwali, at Melropolitan ( )pera House, tells Emergency Fleet he fa\ ors lag merchant marine. Nov. IIMIMISTICE D.\Y. President Wiison's Armistice Day ProcUiraation; "My fellow countrymen — The armistice was signed this morning. Kverything for which America fought, has been accomplished. It will now be our fortunati' duty to assist by example, by sober, friendly counsel, and by nialerial aid. in the i'st^d)lishMii'til of just democracy throughout the VNorld. WcMxIrow Wilson." Nov. !.■} — Food \dmiiiistration lifts all wheal restrictions. Nov. 21 — President Wilson signs War Prohibition Hill, making iialion dry after Jul.\ I, I'Uy. No\ . 27 — War Department orders demobilization of Student \riii\ Training Corps. Dec. 1 — British crui.ser Cuni/wT/anrf arrives at Navy Yard. Dec. I — Caplain Alfrtnl F. B. Carpenter, hero of Zeebnigge, is speaker at Bed ( .ross meitiiig at Academy of .Music, opening Bed ("ross Chrislniiis iiicudx'rship drive. D(k;. ."> — First British armed force to parade streets of Philadelphia since Bevolution, is detachment of sailors and marines from II. M. S. Cumberland. Dee. 7 — President Wilson sails for Peace ('imfereiice. 1019 ,lan. .iO -First troopship with returning Anu'riian soldiers to reach this port is \TMcri(an liner llarerfurd. with 2. .")(!(• men of 6.">tli Coast \rliller\; liiit wouiuh'd colori-d enlisted men, and ;iK wounded and sick ollicers. stanlpy Co. of .\:iur.^u. Troops on Ihe " Haverford.' 44 Feb. 21 — American liner Norlhland arrives with 47 Red Cross and Y. M. C. A. workers mid 1,501 fighting men. Feb. 23 — President Wilson reaches Boston, returning from Peace ('onfcrence. March 5 — President Wilson sails again for Peace Conference. March 22 — American liner Haverford arrives with 2,095 American soldiers, including 100 Ponn- sylvanians. April 20 — Victory Loan opens with imveiling of Victory .Statue. April 28 — Transport Mongolia reaches New York with first 28th Dixision units; pari of 111th Infantry. April 29 — Transport Kroonland reaches New York with balance of lUlh Infantry. April :!0 — Transport Finland arrives at New York with 103d Engineers. Transports PocahonUis and Mercury race up the Delaware with Majcjr-General Muir and the II 2th Infantry complete, and 107th Machine Gun Battahon. May 1 — Transport Maui brings 109th Infantry to Philadelphia. May 7 — Transport IJberalor brings 103d Field Signal Battalion, 103d Suj)ply Train and balance of 103d Engineers, to Philadel|ihia. May 9 — Transport Mongolia reaches New York with 53d Artillery Brigade llcadquiirters, 107th and 109tb Field Artillery and l()3d Sanitary Train. May 10— Victory Loan ends; Philadeli)hia subscribed $208,450,500. May 11 — Transport Edgar F. Luckenbacit arrives at Philadelphia with part of 110th Infantry. May 12 — Transport 'Santa Olivia arrives at Philadelphia with balance of 110th Infantry. May 15 — 28tb Division holds last review in nionsterparadeon Broad. Chestnut and Market streets. May 16 — Transport Peerless reaches Philadelphia with lOBth Field Artillery and 10!!th Machine (iun Battalion, too late for the Di\ isional Beview. May 26 — Transport Princess Maloika reaches Ni>w '^ork with first units of 70th Di\ ision — 31 1th Infantry; 301th Field Signal Battalion and 151th Artillery Brigade Headquarters. Transport Tiger arrives in New York with 310th FieUl .\rtillery. Transport Virginian arrives at Newport News, Va., with 312th Field Artillery and 311th Machine Gun Battalion; met by representatives of Philadelphia Welcome Home Committee. May 28 — Transport Edward Luckenbacli arrives at New York with 311th Field Artillery and 312th Macliine Gun Battalion. May 29 — Transport Kroonland arrives at New York with part of 316th Infantry, Divisional Headquarters, 304th Engineers, Headquarters Troop and Di\isionaI Train Head- quarters. Major-General Jos. E. Kuhn greeted at the dock by Mayor Smith and Conmiittee from Philadelphia. Transport Texan reaches Philadelphia with balance of 316th Infantry. May 30^Transport Santa Rosa arrives at Philadelphia with the 315th Infantry (Philadelphia's Own). May 30 — Secretary of the Navy Daniels witnesses launching of five ships at Hog Island in forty-eight minutes. May 31 — Transport Dakotan arrives at Philadelpliia with 304th Supply Train, 79th Military Police Company, detachment of 310lh Field Artillery and Companies L and M, 315th Infantry. June 1 — Transport Shoshone brings final 79th Division men to Philadelphia; Horse Battalion of 304th .\mmunition Train and 301th Sanitary Train. Transports General Gorgas and Canandaigna arrive at Philadelphia with 933 and 1,327 troops, respectively. June 28 — Versailles Peace Treaty with Germany signed by Allies. Sept. 10 — Auslro-Hungarian peace treaty signed at St. Germain. Sept. 26 — His Eminence, Cardinal Mercier, .\rchbishop of Malines, is guest of city. Oct. 27 — The King and Queen of the Bi'lgians and the Duke of Brabant, received by Mayor Smith. Also entertained by the Belgian Committee of the Emergency Aid, and by the Red Cross. The King christens LInited States Army Transport Cantigny, at Hog Island. Nov. 18 — Prince of \\ ales makes brief visit to city. Nov. 27 — Treaty with Bulgaria signed by Allies at Neailly. 45 IMAYOR SMITH'S WAR COMMITTEES William Bell Clark \RGE groups of public-spirited citizens werp twice called into volunteer service by Mayor Thomas B. Smith during the mid-years of his term. Both functioned admirably, the first, in 1916. in caring for the families of the National Guardsmen from this city sent to the border, and the second, in 1917, in encouraging patriotic endeavor, aiding recruiting, preparing for home defense and offering prac- tical assistance to service men and their families. The volunteer organization of 1916 was the Citizens' Soldiers Aid Committee of Philadelphia: the one of 1917, the Philadel[)hia Home Defense Conuniltee. W liile their duties were widely diver- gent, the personnel in each instance was somewhat similar, and the Mayor was Chairman of t\uh. Likewise, the Mayor's reception room was generally the meeting place, and the original oflice personnel remained almost intact through the life of both organizations. For these reasons it has been deemed best to deal with them in a single chapter. In the few years which have elapsed since the days of the Mexican border and those of the World War, confused impressions have arisen regarding the work of the mayor's committees and those of other organizations. Frecjuently the Citizens' Soldiers Aid Committee and the .loinl Councilmanic Committee have been mis- taken as one and the same, while the myriad of mushroom organizations which sprang into temporary existence in I hi' early days of 1917 have resulted in hazy ideas as In just what each did. ly i. li Sniw. Philadelphia Mounted Police. 46 To one seeking to separate "the wheat from the chaff," the files of the Phila- delphia newspapers were the first recourse. Their columns were filled with valu- able information; the early activities of each of the committees were described in full. But the world-wide war news of 1916 emd 1917 could not help but crowd the committee work into narrowing space until it eventually disappeared. This was particularly true when, with the first hurrali at £m end, the organizations got down to routine. Fortunately, the original files of both committees are in exis- tence. Those of the Citizens' Soldiers Aid Committee are in the office of George Wentworth Carr, who was Secretary of both organizations; those of the Philadel- phia Home Defense Committee in the Mayor's fifing room, No. 353, City Hadl. The Citizens' Soldiers Aid Committee On June 18, 1916, a Uttle more than three months after Pancho Villa and his Mexican bandits raided the border town of Columbus, N. M., President Wilson, by official proclamation, called the National Guard into Federal service. Two days later, Brigadier-General William G. Price, Jr., commanding the 1st Infantry Brigade — the 1st, 2d and 3d Begiments, all of Philadelphia — ordered the men under arms in their respective armories on the morning of June 22d, and, on the day of mobifization, the Citizens' Soldiers Aid Committee was formed. Mayor Smith had issued a call for the meeting the previous day and more than 300 representative citizens crowded into Boom 202 (the Mayor's reception room) in response to his request. The mayor, as chairman of the meeting, outlined the purpose — to take steps to safeguard the families of the guardsmen by extending financial aid to those whose income was cut suddenly from a living wage to the thirty dollars a month paid by the Government to an enlisted man. In the course of his opening address he said : "No red tape methods should be permitted to delay temporary relief where the need is apparent. It is far better that an miworthy few should impose upon us, than that the sufferings of the many deserving be prolonged, while a too critical investigation of their cases is being made. Our aim should be quick, effective, but quiet helpfulness For the present, and until experience has indicated more clearly the phases into which our work will develop, our organization should be simple and flexible; and I, therefore, suggest that our officers and committee be limited to a chairman, vice-chairman, secretary, treasurer, an executive committee, a managing committee, and a finance committee. Obviously the first thing needed is money and that in large amounts. If Philadelphia's soldiers should be in the field for a year, we shall need hundreds of thousands of dollars. We cannot start too soon to raise it. Some sources from which speedy responses should be expected have occurred to me. Some of the plans suggested were by large individual sub- scriptions from Philadelphia citizens of wealth; the use of glass bowls in public places, and appeal to pastors of churches to take up special collections." Following the Mayor's suggestions an election was held and the following officers selected; Chairman of the General Committee, the Mayor; Vice-Chairman, Colonel Sheldon Potter; Treasurer, Joseph E. Widener, and Secretary, George Went- worth Carr. In addition it was decided to have a managing committee of the officers and eleven other members ; an executive committee of sixty -five, and finance committee of eighteen. The Citizens' Soldiers Aid Committee became operative on June 24th, within one hour after the first troop train had left the city for Mt. Gretna, when an appli- 47 cation was received from a twenty-year old bride of a few months. She was given immediate assistance and subsequently placed in a lucrative position. Between June 2Uh and July 7th, the Committee paid out $508 without any investigation, following the Mayor's idea that it was better to lose a few dollars than to permit some needy and worthy person to suffer. The first meeting of the executive committee' of sixty-five was held on June 27th, at which time a large sum of money was pledged. The personni'l of the Ex- ecutive Cominittee was as follows: Herbert D. .Mlman. Richanl L. .\usliii, C. C. A. Baldi, John C. Bell, General H. Dal.- Benson. .\. J. Drexel Biddle, former Mayor Budolph Blankenhnrp. Samuel T. Bodine, Charle.s S. Calwell, George Wentworth Carr, Mrs. .Mexander J. Cas.-iiilt. Mrs. J. Gardner Cassatt. Frederick T. Chandler, Morris L. Clothier, Dr. Ru.ssell Conwell, I'jlward M. Cooke, Colonel J. Howell Ciini- mings. C>Tus H. K. Curtis, .\gnew T. Dice, Mrs. (ieorpe Dallas Dixon, Mrs. (Jeorge W. C. Drexel. Franz Ehrlich, Jr.. William S. Ellis, Nathan 'P. Kolwell. Howard R. French, Joseph P. Gaffney. Ellis A. Gimbel. Dr. E. B. Gleason, Colonel Jolm C Gribhcl. Mrs. John C. (iroonie. William Hancock, Charles C. Harri.son, Stevens HiK-kscher, Max Herzberg. Isjiac D. Hetzel, Mrs. Georgia Q. Horwitz, James E. I.ennon, Howard W. I.ewis, Colonel Samuel D. Lit, L. M. Kinnard. Charles H. Krumbhaar, Hugh McCalTrey, Joseph B. McCall, Judge J. \\ illis Martin, Thomas .Martindale, Gustav Mayer. Thomas E. Mitten, Getirge Wharton Pepper. Colonel Sheldon Potter, Eli Kirk Price. Frank P. Prichard, Samuel Rea, Francis B. Rt^ves, Levi I-. Rue, Dr. George E. de Schweinitz, Edgar FalLs Smith. Joseph N. Snellenburg. Mrs. E. T. Stotesbury. E. T. Stotesbury, Edwin S. Stuart, Judgi- Mayer Sulzberger, Charlemagne Tower, Jolin Wana- maker, Mrs. Barclay H. Warburtnii. Joseph E. Wid.'Uer, .VIcxandcr Van Rensselaer and Mayor Smith. On June 30lli. thi' ( Icncral ( ".ommittee met in the Mayor's reception room and the personnel of the finance and managing committees wen- amiounced as follows: Finance Commitlee: E. T. Stotesbury, chairman; Frtxlerick T. Chandler, Morris L. Clotliier, Cyrus H. K. Curtis, Mrs. George Dallas Dixon, William S. Ellis. Natlian T. Folwell, Ellis A. (limbel. Colonel John C. Gribbel, Charles C. Harrison, Mrs. George Q. Horwitz, Howard W. I>ewis, Colonel Samuel D. Lit. Hugh McCalTrey, I>evi L. Rue, Joseph N. Snellenburg, Edwin S. Stuart. .Mexander Van Rensselaer and John Wanamaker. Managing Commillep: Mayor Smith, chairman; all olTic-ers ex-oflicio and John C. Bell, Samuel Bodine. William Hancock. Stevens Heckscher. Max Herzberg. Mrs. A. J. Cassatt, Mrs. George W. C. Drexel, .Mrs. Jolm C. Groorae, Edgjir F. .Smith, Mrs. E. T. Stotesbury and Colonel J. Howi^ll Cummings. As the relief wf)rk progressed an afliliation was elTected with the Home Relief Division of the Emergency Aid Committee, and by July 81 ii the work of the or- ganization had been so extended as to necessitate three departments, the Executive and Hegistralion in City Hall and the Home Melicf Division at 221 S. I8th Street. The i'lxecutive Department received contributions and disbursed the (Jeneral Fund, took care of the general correspondence and outlined l\w policies of the Committee. The Hegistration Department received applications and the Home Helief Division, in charge of the Emergency Aid, made investigations and paid liie allowances to the dependents of the soldiers. The Pennsylvania Women's Division for National Preparedness cooperated with the lOmergency Aid Committee in the home n-iicf work. L ndcr the direction of Mrs. J. Gardner Cassatt, a member of the Executive Committee of the Citizens' Soldiers Aid Committee, twenty -seven volunteer visitors made investigations. These twenty -seven were: Miss Madeline .Vsbury, Mrs. L. C. Black, Miss Ijouise Cochran, Miss Eleanor Solis-Cohen, Miss Judith Solis-Coh(!n, .Mrs. C. L. Card, Miss F^thel Dripps, .Miss Blanche V. Moore, Miss Helen E. Donaghy, Miss Mary .\. Gilbert, Mrs. Francis S. Hoskins, Mrs. Henry L Hyneman, 48 Mrs. Emma Hoffa, Mrs. Hem-y F. Kassebaum, Mrs. George 0. Lummis, Miss Martha C. F. Bent, Dr. H. E. McSorley, Mrs. H. Gordon McCough, Mrs. Mustard. Mrs. Marshall, Mrs. Powers, Mrs. B. Alexander Randall, Miss M. H. Stryker, Miss Amy D. Smith, Mrs. J. Harry Scott, Mrs. J. Frederick Thomas and Mrs. H. Frederick Wilson. The Emergency Aid Volunteer workers were: Mrs. J. Willis Martin, acting chairman; Mrs. John C. Groome, chairman Home Relief Division; Mrs. Rodman E. Griscom, Mrs. Reed A. Morgan, Mrs. F. M. Myer, Mrs. Gibson Bell, Miss Louise Snowden, Mrs. Francis D. Lewis, Mrs. Henry C. Boyer, Mrs. Alexander Ramlall, Mrs. W. Penn Smith, Mrs. J. B. Lippincott, ,Ir.. Mrs. Charles Piatt, Jr., Miss Eleanor Baker, Miss Eleanor E. Carr, and Miss Elizabeth D. Wheeler. By mid-July the r.(inimilt(>o liad received a total of $6,000 and had expended more than § 1,000 for relief work. In addition, by personal subscription outside of the Rehef Fund but within the Committee, about $1,200 had been gathered to pur- chase baseball equipment for each of the thirty-six Philadelphia National (iuard companies then at (^.amp Stewart. El Paso, Texas. On July 18th, when the financial condition became exceedingly precarious, Mr. Stotesbury, as Chairman of the Finance Committee, addressed a meeting of the (ieneral Committee and secured pledges, within a half hour, for $9,540. He showed that the Committee needed between §500 and $1,800 weekly to carry on the work. Pledge cards were issued at the meeting, and also placed in the hands of business and other organ- izations and sent to a large mailing list of reputable citizens. On July 22d, the Com- mittee announced that it had received a total of $15,712.05 and had expended $5,756.10. The overhead expenses were kept tiuDugiiout at a mimimuin. The Pennsyl- vania Women's Division for National Preparedness paid for the services of one clerk and Mrs. J. Gardner Cassatt paid the expenses of a stenographer. Other patriotic women in the Committee personally paid incidental expenses, so that the overhead to the Committee consisted of the salary for six clerks — four at the City Hall and two at 221 S. 18th Street— with a total jiayroll of $91 weekly. By the end of July more than 100 families had appealed for lielp. These were: 213 wives; seventeen fathers; 206 mothers of soldiers. There was a total of 486 dependent cliildren in these appeals and there were twenty-four expectant mothers. At first the persons on the allowance list called at the Home Refief Division for their money, but when the infantile paralysis epidemic became virulent in the summer of 1916. a plan was devised whereby money could be sent by check. In the case of foreign born parents of soldiers, the money was sent in cash to avoid misunderstanding. On August 1st. Mayor Smith made a public appeal for funds to aid the work, and the immediate results were apparent when $984 came in on August 3(1 and $1,658 on August 4th. By August 8th. the Committee had received a total of $27,060.10 and had expended $11,876.10. Through the balance of the month and early September receipts and disbursements grew alike, and on September 7th, the former reached $36,996 and the later $22,322. About the middle of Sejjtember. the Committee learned that the Army Ap- propriation Bin, approved by the President on September 8th, contained an item of $2,000,000 for the refief of the dependents of the soldiers of the National Guard and the Regular Army. At that time it appeared as if the Philadelphia soldiers would remain indefinitely in the field. The Committee, realizing that its funds were inadequate to carry it beyond December 15th, took up the question of another 49 public appeal or securing the relief through the War Department. Fortunately in early October, two of the Philadelphia regiments — the 1st and 3d — returned from border service. There remained at Camp Stewart the 2d Regiment, at that time being converted into the Second Field Artillery. The Committee sent to the Commander of the 2d Artillery the names of the soldiers in the unit whose families were being aided and advised to apply for relief to the War Department under the terms of the act. Negotiations were at the same time carried on with the War Department, and on September 26th, N. B. Kelly, Secretary of the Chamber of Commerce, in- terviewed Secretary of War Baker at Cleveland, Ohio, acting for the Committee while traveling on another matter. Mr. Kelly wired the result of his interview as follows: "Secretary of War Baker advises that you do not seek additional contributions. Have applicants for relief inform their relatives to secure appHcation blanks from their commanding officers at tlie front to be forwarded to War Department. Said department will secure family records through \our conunittee. Said aiiplicants will be paid by (lovernment, if your reports as to their needs are favorable." With the return of two regiments in October the Cdtnmittee found its funds sullicient to continue providing for the 12.") dependent families in the 2d Artillery for a little longer than had been anticipated, and it was not until November 27th that a letter was sent to each of the 12.") soldiers stating that allowances would not be paid after December 1.5th, and instructing tiiem to apply to the War Departnieiil for relief. \Mien December 1.5th arrived the Committee's funds, as had been anticipated, came to an end. From ,Iime 21th to December 1.5th it had raised and exjH'uded, the major part being received from members of the Cominitt(>e, the sum of .? 12,32."}. 17. lis work practically ended on that date. What remained was merely considerable routine endeavor to get the dependent families safely trans- ferred from the payroll of the Committee to that of the War l)ej>artmenl. The Citizens' Soldiers Aid Committee, as an organization, passed into history «illi tlie (Mid of the year 1916. Tim: l*Mir.\i)i.ii'Mi \ Home Defense Committee The Pliiladelplii:! Hume Defense Conunittee grew out of a meeting called originally to I'ornuilate plans to aid the Fourth .\aval District recruit 6,000 men for the Naval Coast Defense Reserve. It was during the pre-war (for America) days, while the nation was awaiting President Wilson's address to the jtendiug special session of Congress, after Ambassador Bernstorlf had been handed his passports, and when all activities centered on preparedness. Captain Robert Lee Russell. C S. N.. Commandant Philadelphia Navy Yard, hafl recpiested public assistance in making the recruiting tam|)aign go, and on March 20, 1917, in response to Mayor Smith's invitation, there gathered in the Mayor's reception room, representatives of many organizations, business, frat(>rnal, social and i)a- Iriotic. The total was close to 400. The gathering saw more before it than I he lecruiting campaign. It sensed the inevitable entry of the nation into war, and it used the opportunity of the public meeting to line up the city in solid front behind the President. Mayor Smith acted as chairman and, a few minutes after the opening of the session, Franz Khrlich. .Tr., President of the Philadelphia Branch of the National German-American 50 Alliance, introduced a resolution pledging the resources of the city and its people to the President. To make the resolution more emphatic in showing the disap- pearance of the hyphen, the seconder was John B. Mayer, President of the German Society of Pennsylvania. Ten minutes later the following telegram was on its way to Washington : "The Philadelphia Home Defense Committee, just organized, and now in session at the Mayor's office, Philadelphia, composed of representatives of great railroads, public utility com- panies, large mercantile and industrial establishments, great commercial and labor organizations, sectional business men's associations, athletic and yacht clubs, and representing a vast majority of all the citizens of Philadelphia, have imanimously adopted the following resolution: "The members of the Philadelphia Home Defense Committee, as individuals and for the corporations and associations represented by them as well as for the people of Philadelphia generally, pledge the ungrudging .support of all the men and women of I'hiladtlphia and all its resources to the President of the tinited States in his efforts to maintain lh<' Imnor and dignity of the Nation and protect the lives and property of Americans on land and sea. "Thomas B. Smith, Mayor." Before adjournment, the newly formed committee pledged its aid to the naval recruiting campaign as outlined by Captain H. A. Bispham, H. S. N., repre- senting Commandant Russell ; decided upon an executive committee to he ajipdiuted by the chairman, and elected the following officers: Chairman, Mayor Smith; Vice-Chairman, John C. Bell; Secretary, George VVenlworth Carr; and Treasurer, Joseph E. Widener. The City beat the State by twenty-four hours in its preparedness work. It was not until the following day, March 21st, that Governor Brumbaugh appointed the Pennsylvania Committee of Public Safety. On March 23d, the Executive Committee having been appointed, met in the Mayor's reception room and considered a vast patriotic meeting as one of the best ways to arouse the people of the city to the emergency. At the same time the Mayor named the chairmen of the standing committees as follows: Finance. E. T. Stotesbury; Home Resenv. A. J. Drexel Biddle; Decora/ions (iml Poslcrs, John Frederick Lewis; Ftecruilimj Stations, William W. Roper. These chairmen, with the officers of the General Committee and the following others, constituted the Executive Committee: Wilham Potter, John B. Mayer, Clarence \^'olf. Edward A. Noppel, Mrs. J. Willis Martin, and Ernest T. Trigg. Likewise a publicity committee was appointed that day consisting of: M. F. Hanson, Colonel James Elverson, Jr., Cyrus H. K. Curtis, Samuel Meek, E. A. Van Valkenburg, W. L. McLean, Thomas D. Taylor, P. \\. Whaley, Gustavus Mayer, C. Lemke and Rowe Stewart. On the following day, Saturday, March 24th, the Executive Committee met at the Poor Richard Club and laid plans for the previously approved patriotic meeting to be held in Independence Square on the subsequent Saturday, March 31st, with a special celebration for the school children in Washington Square, adjoining, at the same time. A Committee on Celebration was appointed with the following members: 51 0»urtL-sy of Frank W Buliler, StAnley Co. of AraerlCA. Prominent Men at Rally al I ntlependence Hull. Chiiiriimn. Wiillcr Loc HDsotibrrncr. Thomas Robins, Mrs. J. Willis Martin, T. Di-W itt Cuyler, Dr. Frank H. Iluslcad, E. A. Wriphl, Jr., Frederick Jones and Dr. H. Evert Kendip. On March 26tli tlic piMsonnel of some of tlic standinf; {•oinmitlees was an- noiincod as follows: Finance: E. T. Slotesbiiry. Chairman; (icordc Iv Hiirtol, Uobert K. Cassatt, Jay Cooke, 3d, Percy M. Chandler, J. Howell Cinnminps, Stanley (i. Flapp. Jr.. John H, Mason, Levi L. Rue, Benjamin Rush. Daniel H. Wentz, George II. Frazier, Ellis D. Gimbel, E various branches of the Federal service to extend recruiting work to all parts of tlie city instead of being confined to certain central localities. The fust Naval Coast Defense Reserve Station at the naval home was soon augmented by a itermanent station in the Mayor's reception room, another in Independence Hall and a third in the Crozier Building. The battle- ships of the Atlantic Reserve Fleet set up recruiting tents on the plaza of City Hall. The National Guard went beyond their armories, centering around the City Hall, and they, with the Navy and Regular Army, conducted Hying automobile recruiting squads, the machines in many instances being secured by the Recruiting Stands ( '.onunitteo. The work of tho Home Defense Reserve Committee, resulting in the creation of the Philadelphia Home Defense Reserve, is fully described elsewhere in this vol- ume, and is only touched upon here to show the connection between it and the Home Defense Committee. The work of the School Mobilization Committee, under the chairmanship of Franklin Spencer Edmonds, is also reviewed elsewhere. While the Home Defense Committee found it unnecessary to take up the finan- cial aid to soldiers' dependents, which had been the function of the earlier Citizens' 53 Soldiers Relief Committee of the Mexican border days, it did find a valuable source of work in tlie establishment of a Personal Service Bureau to aid the soldier and his family to adjust themselves to war conditions, convey messages between them, look up those who failed to communicate projjerly with their homes, forward mail and packaj;es and oiler a general helping hand to service men from other cities located temporarily in Philadelphia. Perhaps the biggest achievement of the Personal Service Bureau, under !\Irs. M. L. Woodruir, was the forwarding of Clu-istmas packages to the Philadelphia sol- diers in American camps in the holiday season of 1917. All that the Home Defense Committee required was that the package conform to War Department rules and be properly addressed. Arrangements had been made with the various draft boards so that packages left with them were forwarded to the City Hall and, during the entire month of December, thousands of packages were sent to the men in the service, the great bulk going to Camps Hancock and .Meade. The detail of this work was tremendous, as the Committee gave a receipt for each package accepted for shipment, issued acknowledgment cards which had to be placed within the pack- age, and then traced those which went astray or which failed of acknowledgment. The PersonsJ Service Bureau remained in existence throughout the war, conducting in February, 1918, a military census of the city. This census lost its value because it was not possible to continue it daily throughout the balance of the war, the great draft exoduses of the subsequent months being too large to per- mit of codifying at the time. The census had an immediate value, however, to the bureau, as it enabled it to dear up (questions of home address and names which were in doubt or confusif)n. Of the other commiltcfs. the work of the Home Di-fense Reserve was also permanent throughout the war, but the Conmiittees for Recruiting Stations, and Posters and Decorations gradually ceased activities through the substitution of the draft for volunteer enlistments, and the establishment of the .State head- quarters of the Pennsylvania (lommittee of Pid)lic Safety in this city. The activities of the State Committee naturally found expression in the col- umns of the local new.spapers; its organization was perfected on a larger scale and gradually it look over much of what the Philadelphia Home Defense Committee had planned. By the time the State Committee found it necessary to establish a Philadel[)hia branch of the Council of National Defense and Committee of Public- Safety, the old Home Defense Committee, save for the Rcirsonal Service Bureau and the Home Defense Reserve, was a thing of the past. Its existence had been comparatively brief, but it had functionefl well in the emergency. And, after all, it was for the emergency that it sprang into being. 54 PHILADELPIIIV HOME DEFENSE RESERVE N the early days of 1917, when the war clouds were gathering thick and fast and it became more and more apparent that this country would soon be drawn into the World War, the formation of a Philadelpliia Home ^ Defense Reserve was suggested. Two preliminary and simultaneous eil'orts were made, independently of each other, which later resulted in one definite movement, under the Mayor's Committee for Home Defense. George Wentworth Carr, afterwards captain in the Ordnance Department, held a series of conferences with Mayor Smith and at the .same time Wm. H. Wilson, former Director of Pubhc Safety, was also working out a general plan to be submitted to the Mayor for his approval. As a result of the efforts of Captain Carr and Director Wilson, a call for 21,000 men was made on April 7, 1917. Cards were printed and distributed widely throughout the city, outlining the general purpose of the Home Defense Reserve, giving the plan of organization and Courtesy of Frank W. Buhler, Stanley Co. of America. Ilonw Di'fviixe rtcxrrivs Pnxs in Bi'i'iew. 55 mobilization, authority conferred and the equipment wliich would be supplied. The appeal furtlier suf,'gested the formation of a motor transportation corps. The response to this call was encouraging, and all over the city the organiza- tion was effected. With so large an enrolment it was soon found difficult to main- tain discipline and enthusiasm; therefore in September, 1917, a meeting was held which was attended by delegates from the different companies and a plan foi reorganization was sul)mitted to the mayor and approved by him. As a result of this suggestion an executiv(> committee of ten was appointed in addition to a chairman, who was to act as Civilian Director of the Reserve, and on October 31, 1917, the following circular letter was issued: I indor ttie plan of reorfjanizalioii, an cxociilivc comruittee of ten, in addition to a cliairman, who will ait as civilian dircitor of the rcsorvt' — and a secretary, in conjunction with Captain \\ illiani 15. .Mills, will elTi-ct the contcniplaliHl reorganization, .\fter cari^ful consideration the following plan has been adopted and unanimously indorsed at a meeting of (ielegali-s held on W ednesday afternoon, October 21, 1917. in room 627. City Hall. The organizalion shall be known as the Philadelphia Home Defense Reserve. The unites of the reserve, now divided into forty-one districts, will <'ontinue in their respective districts, but will be groupinl into four divisions, correspondinf; as nearly as practicable to the five main police divisions of iIk- I'ity. The first division will be east of the Schuylkill I, 10. 11, 12, l)i. 19, 20, 24. 26, 28, 31, 10. The fourth division will be east and west of the Schuylkill Uivcr, north of Lehigh .\venue and Fairniount Park line, and will comprise di.striets 13, It, l.i. 22, 21, 27, 30, 3.5, 36, 39. The liflh division will be wi'sl of the Schuylkill Hiver from the Kairmount Park line, south, and will comprise districts 16. 21. 29. 32. .31!. Ml of (he districts in each division will be fornu'd into a baltaliou. wlii<'h will be under the eonuMand of a major and the whoh' organization of the city will be under a regimental commandiT or c\.>< I'on Mi;\iiti;iisiiii' j\ tiii-: ni;sir:Hvi-: Every applicant shall be at least twenty-one years of age. physically normal, ol good moral, character and shall either be a citizen of the I'niled Stali-s or in possession of his first papers; provided, however, that he- is not an eni-my alien. The Home Defense Reserve will operate upon Ihi' above basis and contiiiue intact in so far as each district is at present constituted and can nmsler a full company in accordaiui' with the above regulations. Such districts as cannot nmsler a full company will be consolidated with the nearest adjoining district in the same division. The members of the reserve will be instructed in general military work and particularly in police duties. Regular drill will be ecmducted and protiiolions made on merit. Members will be sworn in oiilv when ordered to active duty in an emergency and will not carry amis except at drill and when on active duty. Social organizations in aid of the reserve will b(^ ('ncouraged and may coiiiliine in on(^ or mori^ districts. Xo spent was quickly mobilized in South Philadelphia and Cooper Battalion Hall. 2:5(1 and Christian streets, made field headquarters. Un September 28th, the regiment policed Broad Street from Lehigh Avenue to Snyder Avenue during the Fourth Liberty Loan Parade, and on October Uth assisted the Liberty Loan workers in details of two men each in about 600 parades to arouse popular enthusiasm and bring the citizens to a realization of the serious- ness of the situation and of their duties in connection with the loan. All over the City at a certain fixed time, two Home Defense Reservists escorted two Boy Scouts who carried the colors, two four-minute speakers and a town crier with a bell. ProbabU the most self-sacrificing duty performed by the numbers of the Reserve was in connection with the epidemic of inlluenza which swept over our City during the fall of 1918. Members of the fourth division rendered assistance at the Kmergency Hospital at Holmesburg on October i:Uh, 1 Uh and l.'ith. The fifth division was also very active along the same lines in West Philadelphia. The transportation corps of this division took the doctors to their patients during the epidemic, one doctor alone making 200 calls in one day. They also main- tained transportatit)n service in connection with the Emergency Hospital at 18th and Cherry streets. This division was ecjuippcd willi a regulation army ambu- lance which was donated by citizens of West I'liiladelphia. From October 23d to 31st, owing to the number of policemen who were taken down by the epidemic, 150 reservists were assigned each evening to the various police stations and per- formed regular police duty. At the same time about 100 men each day policed the down-town streets of the city in plain clothes, arresting spitters who were summarily fined. This service was particularly valuable during the cpidi'mic and was efficiently rendered, as was demonstrated by the decrease in the mimber ol arrests the second day of duty. Public recognition of this service was made by a resolution of Councils. 58 On November 7, 1918, due to the rumor of the armistice being signed, an emergency call was issued at 3 p.m. and by 6 p.m. the Reserves were on the streets at points designated by the Police Bureau, aiding in handling tiie crowds in the center of the city. This work lasted till midnight. On November 11, 1918, at 3. .50 a.m., when the news of the signing of the armistice was given out, every man re})orted at once to the call and was on duty until midnight, helping to maintain order and handle the crowds in the center of the city and along the important avenues which were congested. On August 12, 1918, the Wingohocking sewer at Broad and Courtland streets caved in, endangering property and Ufa. Members of the fourth division rendered special service in aiding the citizens and police in this instance. October 29, 1918, members of the second and fourth divisions helped police the large fire on Broad Street below Montgomery Avenue. The members of the fifth division guarded the pubhc school at 56th Street and Kingsessing Avenue from January 1 to May 1, 1918, to protect it from in- cendiaries, who had set on fire several other school buildings. This service was especially arduous on account of the severe weather, the thermometer registering as low as six degrees below zero. From February 18 to 28, 1919, the Reserve furnished the PoUce Department with automobiles and men to be used as decoys in an elfort to catch auto thieves and discover the disposition of stolen cars. What threatened to be the most hazardous duty assigned to the Reserves was the order mobiUzing the whole regiment for duty on May 1, 1919. May Day had been set as a day upon which a labor protest would be made over our whole country. No parade permits were issued in this city and no gatherings in public squares were permitted. Tlireats of labor agitators to parade and hold meetings were made and it was feared that force would be required to back up the orders of the PoUce Bureau. The Reserves, fully armed, cooperated with the PoUce Bmeau. On May 15th, the Reserves helped to poUce the line of the parade of the 28th Division, wliich had been engaged in France and had won an enviable record. During the floating of the Second Liberty Loan the Reserve secured $545,050, mostly in §50 bonds. There were about 3,000 individual subscriptions. When the Third Liberty Loan campaign was organized the divisions turned in with a wiU and the results spoke for themselves. In the Fourth and Fifth Liberty Loans, the Reserves cooperated throughout the City with the Citizens' Committee without any definite organization of the Reserves as a whole, although many of its members held important executive offices under the various district directors. In the War Chest and Salvation Army campaigns as in the Fourth and Fifth Liberty Loans, the Reserve was not asked to cooperate in its entirety, but co- operated individually, many of its members holding important positions and contributing largely to their success. The work of the Home Defense Reserve in Liberty Loans was under the direction of Captain W. Nelson Mayhew. After May 15, 1919, the Home Defense Reserve was inactive but always subject to call, until demobilized. 59 I^TELLIGE^CE BuBEAU This bureau, under the personal direction of Captain Joseph B. Seaman, assisted by Lieutenant W. H. S. Batenian, Company C, Fourth Division, consisted of a large number of men of exceptionally high ability and standing. The Intelligence Bureau was in a position, due to its pecuhar circumstances, to do valuable work in securing a voluminous amount of highly interesting in- formation. it is of special note that two foreign governments as well as our own govern- ment complimented Chief Seaman on the valuable information secured by this bureau. The spirit of cooperation was so strong that arrangements have been made to maintain the organization as a permanent agency for the promotion of mutual and government interest. Public .spirited men williin the bureau financed its past and future work. On Saturday, December 27th, a parade was held, and the Pliiladelphia Home Defense Reserve officially passed out of existence at 1 p.m., December 19, 1919. The Select and Connnon Councils of Piiiladelpiiia commended the Reserves for their work and. in view of the patriotic service which they rendered without pay, permitted the members to retain possession of tlieir uniforms. THE PH1L.\DELPIIIA SCHOOL .MOBILIZATION COMMITTEE Immediately after the declaration of war, a group of Philadelphia teachers requested Mayor Smith, to appoint a committee for the purpose of mobili/iiig the resources of the schools for public service to the nation, and in April, 1917, the Phila- delphia School .Mobilization Conunittee was appointed to serve under tlie Pliila- delphia Home Defense Committee. It roiilinueti its work until shortly after the signing of the armistice. The Committee coordinated the resources of the schools along the following lines: (1) The facilities afforded by the buildings, laboratories, shops, playgrounds, etc., of the schools of Philadelphia and vicinity. (2) The services of young men and women, largely pupils in the schools, who desired to work to the best interests of the city, State and nation. (3) The services of teachers, who could be rch^ased from their regular school duties during a part of the school year, to exercise an oversight and direction of these young men and women in patriotic service, either within or without the schools. (4) The services of teachers during the summer vacations. (5) The services of other voluntec^r workers. Head(iuarlers, in the Widener Building, were donated for this purpose by the management, and various commissions were appointed to take charge of the de- tails of the work. At this time William 11. Hall, of New York City, was Director of the Inited States Junior Working Reserve of the I nited States. He met with the Conunittee and aided in the consideration and formulation of plans of classes, which were later developed to a very large extent, not only in Philadelphia but throughout the nation. The Philadelphia School Mobilization Committee was 60 the first local committee appointed with these purposes in view, and therefore, its worlv has special significance. A resume of the work accomplished is as follows: The Commission on Junior Instriidion inaugurated a campaign of education in patriotism and thrift among the pupils of the schools, and indirectly through them to their parents and the general public. Addresses were delivered at the various schools on current war topics, war and Liberty Loan, daily lessons were prepared for school use, instructions in thrift and domestic science were distributed through the schools for home use, and a series of pamphlets were prepared, pub- lished and distributed in conjunction with the P]ducational Committee of the Phila- delphia Chamber of Commerce, the most important being as follows: "Bobby and the War." "Democracy and Autocracy Compared," and "What the United States Stands for in the War. " The Convnission on Comnninily Serrice lent encouragement to the Big Brother and Big Sister movement, estabhshed summer classes in public school buildings for delinquents, and organized committees on the care and feeding of young children. Eventually a large portion of the activities of this commission was assumed by the War Camp Community Service in Philadelphia. The f:nmmission on Science and Technical Training aimed to secure the fullest use of scientifically trained teachers and laboratory equipment for the service of the war, and stimulated instruction for those who desired to enlist in lines of work for which specialized skill was needed. This Commission assisted in the enlarged organization of the Philadelphia Trade School for CJirls. and eventually secured the acceptance of this school by the Board of Public Education as a part of the school system of the city. It also established and furnished teachers and eciuip- ment for classes of sailors and soldiers in cooking, typewriting, French, surveying and navigation; it assisted the Philadelphia Navy Yard in starting apprentice classes in shipbuilding by examining and classifying applicants, securing instructors. and obtaining class-rooms and equipment for these purposes in the South Phila- delphia High School for Boys. It also aided in the development of the Summer High School for Girls in the William Penn High School in the summer of 1018. The Commission on Adult Enlisiment and Census prepared an enniilmcnt blank for the teachers of the city who would volunteer for public service in thcii- vaca- tions and free time. Over .500 applications were received from men and women in the educational institutions of Philadelphia for services in agricultural, indus- trial and commercial work. This Commission supplied the material with which the other commissions worked. The Commission on Farms and Farm Camps inaugurated the nioNemcnt for placing older High School boys upon farms for farm labor, of which there was a great shortage. Permission was obtained from the Board of Public Eduii to excuse from the schools as early as May fii'st those boys whose school standing justi- fied this privilege. Hundreds of farms were investigated, and thousands of acres of unused farm lands in the vicinity of Philadelphia were tested, and agricultural production stimulated wherever possible. During the summer of 1917 farm camps were established at Swedesboro, N. J., and at Paoli, Berwyn, Phcenixville, Glenloch. (Gettysburg, and Byberry, in Pennsylvania. High School boys lived at these camps and went out during the day to work on the farms in the vicinity of the camp, returning^ to the camp at night. The success of the work of High 61 School boys on farms in 1917, not only in Philadelphia but over the whole country, led to the promotion by the Department of Labor at Washington of this method of helping to meet the acute farm labor shortage throughout the country by the organization of the I nited States Boys' Working Reserve. During the summer of 1918 the Philadelphia School Mobilization Committee organized the work of the Boys' Working Reserve for the Philadelphia district, comprising Pliiladelphia. Dek^ware, Bucks. Montgomery and Chester counties under the direction of William J. Serrill. with the Secretary of the Philadelphia School Mobilization Conimitfee acting as Associate Director. Under this organization, Farm Camps organized as Liberty Camps were established at Andalusia, Bustleton, Byberry, Media, kennett Square, ("hclsea, Whiteland. Coiicordvilie, Norristown and llatboro. These Liberty Camps were managed ioially by Pennsylvania State College agricultural students. Pennsylvania State College further contributed largely to the success of these camps and to the farm work of tlie ('ommittee in general by the establishment and conduct of a series of Farm Training Camps for High School boys from all parts of the State. The successive periods of instruction were two weeks in length, and during the existence of the training school more than 1.^0 Philadejpliia boys were taught the rudiments of farm work. The Commission on Junior Enlistmenl and Placement registered over 2,500 pupils in the schools for patriotic service. From among these registrants the fol- lowing services were rendered: (a) More than 1,300 were placed in farm work: of these between 500 and 600 during the summer of 1917, and 800 during the summer of 1918. (b) Mure than 200 boys were placed in industrial and clerical work and in apprenticeship courses in the United States Navy Yard. (c) More than 150 boys were sent to the Pennsylvania State College Farm Training Camp for instruction in farm work prior to assignment to summer farm work. (d) Several hundred girls were assigned to volunteer and paid services in Red Cross activities, food conservation work, community services, and light agri- cultural pursuits. (e) Recruits were selected by c(jnipetitive examination, and sent to Camp Devens, the training camp of the I nited States \aval Reserves. (f) Many hundreds of boys were enrolled in war garden and cooperative garden enterprises. The (hmmission on Inspection investigated the hours of labor, provision for recreation, working and li\ ing conditions before placement of these junior patri- otic workers, and continued this inspection at regular intervals during the period of their service. During the summers of 1917 and 1918 the Commission regularly inspected the boys in farm work, and recommended at the termination of such service in all meritorious cases that full credit be given by the various schools. It also provided supervision in motion-picture theaters for the High School girls engaged in the soUcitation of funds fur the Bed Cross in ,Iune, 1917. The Commission on Food Supply conducted the pioneer campaign for thrift in the use of food, and conducted campaigns for signers of Hoover P'ood Pledge Cards. It prepared and distributed literature, etc., to schools and lK)Uses in the cam- paign of education in food conservation. 62 It conducted series of food canning and drying demonstrations in twenty- one public schools to acquaint housewives with the latest and best methods of drying and canning. It published a daily report of the condition of the wholesale produce market, listing the supply as "abundant," "normal." and "scarce," and thus prevented serious gluts of food on tlie markets with their attendant waste. It also pubUshed wholesale prices of fish daily, together with propaganda for the greater substitution of fish for meat. With the organization of the United States Food Administration in Phila- delphia with Howard Heinz as Director, the Commission was discontinued as a part of the Philadelphia School Mobilization Committee and became a part of the Vo(k\ Administration. The Commission on Manufaciiiring Service organized the equipment in school shops and laboratories for the manufacture of articles and supplies in demand by the government and Red Cross. It supervised the construction of forty food dry- ing trays and apparatus for food canning and drying demonstrations under the school luncheon department of the public schools, the manufacture of ten thousand tent pins for the United States Quartermaster, Red Cross packing boxes, Red Cross bandage rollers and other types of Red Cross supplies. The Commission on Country Chib Entertainment secured the cooperation of twenty country clubs in and near Philadelphia for the entertainment of enlisted men stationed in Philadelphia during the summer of 1917. Each club organized a Saturday or a Sunday party of fifty to one hundred sailors or soldiers, and pro- vided the transportatif)n, meals and recreation for the day. This work later developed into the provision, through other channels, of a country club for enlisted men at Rockledge, Pa. The Commission on Lecture Courses for men in the service organized lecture courses, at the Philadelphia Navy Yard, Camp Dix, Camp Meade and Wissahickon Barracks. The Commission on School Entertainment organized a series of entertainments at the Philadelphia Navy Yard by High School pupils from the South Philadelphia High School for Girls and the Northeast High School. The Commission on the Junior Bed Cross organized the Junior Red Cross School Auxiliaries in the schools of Philadelphia, Rucks, Chester, Delaware and Mont- gomery counties. The national campaign for the Junior Red Cross was held between Lincoln's Rirthday and Washington's Birthday in 1918, and was a great success. The work of the School Mobilization Committee was financed through popular subscription, through appropriations, from the Municipal Home Defense Committee, and the State (Committee on Public Defense, and was supported bounti- fully by all of the public authorities. The private and parochial schools cooperated to the utmost, and the Superintendent of the Parochial Schools in Philadelphia served as a member of the Committee. In large measure the Committee served as an experimental testing station for work among juniors, and as soon as an idea had been tested out and its practicality demonstrated, it was copied in other communities, and by other committees, so that the work of this Committee may be fairly recorded as a pioneer in this line. As a result it demonstrated the tremendous capacity for public work among the juniors, their enthusiasm and sincerity more than making up for their lack of experience ; and it may be fairly stated that among the factors in bringing the 63 war to a successful conclusion, the boys and girls of Philadelphia contrihutcd to their full capacity. The olliccrs of the Coininittfc hikI the members of the Commissions were as follows: Gener.\l Officers: Chairmen. — Franklin Spencer Edmonds. FrankUn C. Brodhead. Vice-Clmirnien. — John C. Frazee. Vjjril, 1*>17, to Septeinlier. I'MT: l.<)iiis Nusbaum, Septem- ber, 1917, to January, 191^. Treasurers. — Jos. E. Widener, April, 1917. In October. 1417; Maurice Fels. Oclolier. I''17, to January. 1919. Finance Manager. — Thomas Holiins, April. 1917, to Scpleinlur. 1917. Secretaries. — Joseph M. Jameson. April. 1917, to June. 1917; Edwin \\ . Adams, June. 1917, to .September. 1917; Haymond I., ("hambers. Septendicr. 1917. to August. 1918; llenvis Roessler. August. 1918, to October. 1918; Charles C. ila/h'l. October. 1918, to January, 1919. Commi.i.tion on Informalion and Puhticily. — Josej)h M. Jameson. Chairman, Commission on Junior Inslruclion. — \\ in. D. Lewis. Chairman, Commission on Comnninily Seriice. — W ni. O. Easton. Chairman. Commission on .Science anil Terlinical Training. — Henry V. Cunuuere. Cliairiuan, Commission on .\dntl EnlislmenI anil Census. — .Vrlhur J. Itowland. Chairman. Conimi.ssion on .Inniiir EnlislmenI iinil Pliicenienl. — Ilenr\ J, (iideon. (Chairman, Commission on Inspeclion. -lAn\\s Nusbaum. Chairman. Commission on FihiiI Supply. — Dr. J. lUi.s.sell .Smith. Chairman. Commission on Farms and Farm ('amps. — l'"dwar in such military and naval service who may be permanently or temporarily quartered in Philadelphia, for the trans- portation of the injured or sick, and for the burial of any who may die while in the service." The personnel of the committee was: P'rom Select Council, Messrs. Lennon (ex-officio), D'Autrechy, Davis, Dugan, Finley, Harris, McKinley, Quigley, Seger, Willard. J. and Hetzell (chairman). From Common Council, Messrs. Gleason (ex-officio), Barnes, Conn, Gatfney, Kelly, C. F., McCloskey, Righter, Roberts, J., Schwartz, F., Siegert,. Trinkle. At the meeting for organization Charles B. Hall was elected secretary. Harry Wittig. sergeant-at-arms and Charle P. O'Conncir, stenographer. The following sub-committees were appointed: Finance: Gaffney (chairman), Segor, Finlcy. McKinley. D'Autrccliy. Sustenance and Relief: Kclley {cliairnian), Dugan. McKinley. (^)uigley, Schwartz. Hospitals and Quarters: liighter (chairman). Trinkle, Harris, Conn, Davis. Burials: Willard (chairman), Siegert, Barnes. Roberts, Finley. Mr. Siegert resigned from Councils and was succeeded by Joseph S. O'Brien who also served on the sub-connnittee on burials. The executive committee consisted of the chairman of the general committee, the presidents of Select and Common Councils and the chairman of the subcom- mittees. This executive committee cooperated with the "Citizens' Soldiers' Aid Committee," appointed by his Honor, the Mayor, to prevent overlapping or duplication of assistance to those in need. 65 Work During the World War When the United States entered into the World War, and it became ap- parent that the National Guard troops in Pliiladelphia and other military and naval orjianizations would bo immediately called into active service and that great recruitin"; efTorts would be made in the city, the duties, powers and juris- diction of the committee were extended by resolution to "meet any other emer- gency that may arise in the future which the committee may bo called upon to consider in connection with the terms of the original resolution under which they were appointed." All expenses incurred were paid out of appropriations to the Clerks of Councils for the purposes of the committee and work was developed and continued until .lanuary 7, 1918. A resolution, similar to the one of June 22d, 1916, was adopted, and the com- mittee for 1918-1919 consisted of the following members: Ex-officio, Jiinies E. Lennon, i)resi(leiit of Scli"(M ("oiincil; Ex-ofTicio, Edward B. Glea.son, president of Conim- W'lttig, sergeant-at-arms, Charles P. O'Connor, stenographer, David W. Harris, stenographer. Sub-Committees Executive Conunittee: Isaac D. Hetzell, chairman; James E. Lennon. Edward B. Gleason, Joseph P. Gaffney, James W'illard. W . W'. Trinkle, John F. Dug.in. Camps and (Quarters: Joseph P. (iaffney. Chairman; Willimii .1. McCloskey, Charles Seger, Joshua Evans, Joseph .'^. O'Brien. Sustenan<(? and Belief: John F. Dugan, chairman; William K. I'iiijrs. Morris Iv Conn. Philip S. Myers, W illiam H. Quigley. John J. McKinley. .Ir.. Freil. Schwarl/. Jr. Hospitals: W'. W'. Trinkle, chairman; J. MiXrlhur Harris. Dennis J. (!race, George W'. Sheehan, Harry H. Davis. Burials: James W illard, chairman; Jellerson Shiel. J. \I( \illiiir ll.irris, William Iv I'inley. Fred Schwartz, Jr. The various committees rendered reports whicli are lieicwilh added. Executive Committee The first meeting of this committee was held on July i:!, 1916, when the (pieslion of taking care of city employees in the military service by payment of their salaries, less the amount received from the Covernment, and the matter of substitute employees was taken up. Mr. Calfney stated that he had had a c(m- ference with the mayor on the subject, and that the mayor had notified his directors to prepare a roster of city employees in the service to approximate the amount that should be set aside for their payment, and to use this for making an appropriation. The following were passed by Councils relative to the payments to be made to those entering the service as well as to substitute employees: An Ordinance Granting leave of absence to city, county and other employees paid on warrant from the city treasury while on military service in the .National Guard of 66 Pennsylvania or in tiie service of the United States Government: providinf? for the appointment and payment of temporary appointees to fill such vacancies. Sect. 1. The Select and Common Councils of the City of Philadelphia do ordain. That leave of absence with pay shall be granted to any employee paid by warrant of the city and county of Philadelphia, who makes application therefor, for the purpose of military service in the National Guard of Pennsylvania or in the service of the United States Government. Sect. 2. That the vacancy created by the absence of any employee on such military service shall exist only until such time as said employee shall return from said military service. Such vacancy may be fdled by temporary appointment thereto, and such temporary employee shall be paid at the same rate of compensa- tion as was paid to the employee to whose position he was temporarily appointed. Sect. 3. The term "leave of absence with pay" as mentioned in Sect. 1 of this ordinance is hereby defined as the difference between the salary or wages of said employees and the salary or wages paid them in the service of the state or nation (where the same is less than paid by liie city), and warrants for such amounts shall !)(• turned over to such persons as shall be designated by them. Approved the 30th day of June, A. D. 1916. Thomas B. Smith, Mayor of Philadelphia. By resolution of July 26, 1916, an appropriation was made and approved by the Mayor. An ordinance later approved July 26, 1916, amended the Ordinance of June 30, 1916, and provided that employees of the city, entitled to "leave of absence with pay" must have been "employed at least three months continuously." The committee met frequently during the period of trouble on the Mexican border and all matters referred to it were given prompt attention. Welcoming Troops Returning From The Border With the return of the troops, authority was given the committee to arrange suitably for their reception and entertainment. The receptions and banquets to the 1st and 3d Regiments returning from the border of Mexico on October 9 and 10, 1916, respectively, were held in Convention Mall, Broad Street and Allegheny Avenue; accommodations being made upon the stage for some 6,000 relatives and friends of the men. A program of one of these receptions is printed for future reference and guidance. CONVENTION HALL, PHILADELPHIA Reception to the :!(i HeKiment, N. (i. P., Tuesday, October 10, 1916. Prayer of Thanksgivinc; Hev. Ttioiiiiis W. Diivis, Chaplain. 3(1 Regiment, N. G. P. Introduction of the Mayor . . .Mr. Isiuic I). Helzell. Address of Welcome Hon. Thonms R. Smith, Mayor of Phila(ielplii;i. Address Colonel George E. Kemp, Conmiamlinfc, 3(1 Regiment, N. G. P. Greetings from Gov. Rrum- baugh (Read by Mayor Smith.) 67 Presentation of bouquet to Capt. Derb, Co. C, from His Fellow-Officers of the 23d Police District Hon. Joseph S. MacLaughlin, Director of Supplies. Address General William G. Price. Mess C.vll The following was the menu furnished at these banquets: ice cream and cuke being served to the friends of the men: Oyster Cocktails, Celery, Olives, (ihorkins. Stewed Snapper, A icnna Rolls, Sweetbread Cutlets, Punch, Broiled Half Spring Chicken, Claced Sweet Potatoes, Peas, Harlequin Ice Cream, Fancy Cakes, Coffee, Cigars, Cigarettes, WTiite Rock, Ginger Ale, Apollinaris. Additional Receptions and Parade On the return of Company B, 1st Pennsylvania Engineers, a reception and banquet was tendered them at the State Fencibles \rmon,' on Saturday, November 4, 1916. In the absence of the Mayor, Joseph S. jMacLaughlin, Esq., Director of the Department of Supplies, officially welcomed the engineers to Philadeiplila. A reception and banquet to the 2d Regiment was held on February 12, 1')1T, in the 2d Regiment Armory, Broad Street above Diamond. Tiie banquet was pre- ceded by a parade of the regiment in full army equipment, this being the first time that Philadclphians had an opportunity of viewing it as an artillery regiment. Ill coiiMcction with tliis parade, tiie conuiiitlee was called upon to furnish 800 horses and mules. These were secured with the cooperation of Messrs. John Wanamaker. I^dwin H. Vare, James Mullen. James Irvin, T. L. Flannigan. Howard 1^. Mucii, Frank Curran, McMahon Brothers. S. A. McClay. the liiited Gas Improvement Company, R. & A. J. Peoples, and the Penn Reduction Ci>iiq>any. The horses and mules were delivered at i:5tli and Callowhill streets on the morning of the parade, February 12, 1917, to Captain Geisel, of the 2d Regiment. Every detail incident to tiie ])arade and reception, such as printing of invita- tions, menu, police arrangements, souvenirs, etc., was conqileted prior to llie arrival of the soldiers, and nothing occurred to mar what was conceded to be a gala event. The ((imiiiittee received a telegram from Major Charles W. Edmunds, commanding tlie Isl Squadron, Penns>lvaiiia Cavalry, conqirising the 1st City Troop, 2d City Troop, Troops A and G, stating that the squadron did not desire any reception or entertainment upon their return from the !\lexican border, as they wished to return to their homes iniiiiediately u])on their arrival in Philadelphia. The approximate number of soldiers who were accommodated and fed at these various banquets was alioul 1. 000. WoRij) W \n Beginning with the mobilization of troops for the World War, the executive (i>iiiinitte(< was constantly called u[ion to dispose of various subjects whii'li were referred to tlicm \>\ the general and suh-rorniniltees. II(m. Norris S. Marratt, President .ludge of (^.ourt of Common Pleas No. 2, called the attention of the committee to the fact that the men in the ;51olh Infantry, an all-Philadelphia regiment at Camp Meade, were without gloves and other neces- sary woolen clothing. The committee visited Camp Meade and learned that many 68 Philadelphians were in the 314th and 315th Infantries; 312th Field Artillery and 304th Engineers. The officers of these regiments stated to the committee that the men were in need of woolen clotiiing, such as sweaters, gloves, helmets, wristlets and stockings. Immediately after the visit of the committee to Camp Meade bids were received and contracts made for the articles mentioned, and as soon as the same were delivered to the conmiittee, they were sent by special messengers to the men at Camp Meade. Many other soldiers who made application for these articles were also supplied. The winter of 1917-1918 was the most severe in twenty-five years, and sweaters, helmets, socks, wristlets, etc., were given away at various camps to the Phila- delphia men. Many pairs of woolen stockings were donated to the committee by the Home Defense Connnitlee for distribution, and woolen wristlets in vast num- bers were knitted by the ladies of a church in Bridesburg of wiiich Rev. August Piscator, 3391 Frankford Avenue, is the pastor. Major E. St. John Greble, connnander of the 108th Field Artillery (formerly the 2d Pennsylvania Artillery) appeared before the committee in March, 1918, and requested the purchase of a machine designed for bathing purposes for the use of the men in the 108th Field Artillery, stating that such a machine was espe- cially adapted for this purpose and for sterilizing the clothing of the men, and was necessary to prevent an epidemic of vermin, and that such a machine would cost about §9,000. The committee innnediately took up the question and unanimously agreed that purchase should be made and an order was given to the Exshaw Company of Bordeau.x, France, to build one. It was later delivered to Major Greble in France, and the conunittee received many letters of thanks for their kindly act in this respect. After the war was over this machine was sold in France for $1,724.14, and the money used by the 108th Field Artillery to defray expenses incurred prior to their departure overseas. On July 17, 1918, the members of the executive committee and a committee appointed by the Mayor received Lieutenant Clarke, five aviators and observers who flew from Mineola, N. Y., to Philadelphia in battle planes, landing at Belmont Plateau. A luncheon was given at the Bellevue-Stratford, their stay being limited, but all the men enjoyed the welcome very much. John Ashhurst, librarian of the Free Library of Philadelphia, urged the com- mittee to appropriate the sum of §500 to defray the expenses incident to furnish- ing books, magazines and other reading matter to the soldiers at training camps, cantonments, etc., stating ;that the citizens of Philadelphia had, in answer to their appeal, sent tons of reading matter for transmission to the men, and that consider- able expense was necessary in the selecting, sorting, pasting, etc., of all this material incident to its being forwarded. The committee, recognizing the worthiness of tiie request, acquiesced. Four tons of this matter was sent to the Navy Yard and almost two tons distributed among the soldiers on the troop trains passing through the city. Beception to the 28th Division The joyous news of the signing of the Armistice in November, 1918, was fit- tingly received, but wlien the report came that the 28th (Iron) Division was headed homeward, Philadelphians felt a deep, personal thrill. This division, composed largely of Philadelphia men formerly of the 1st Infantry Brigade, N. G. P., bore, as 69 its divisional insignia, the red Keystone. It was, indeed, a City and Stale unit and the news of its return strui-k a responsive chord in tiie lieart of every citizen of the Commonwealth. Tlie story of the ])ara(le of liie division, and the general entertainment pro- vided for liie men, will he found elsewhere. Reception Plans for the 79iii Division When word was received that this division was about to return home, a (it V -wide demand was made that it, also, he paraded again. The War Depart- ment was communicated with and expressed entin> willingness to accede to the request of the relatives and friends, but the long drawn out release of the units from France and the intense heat in Philadt^lphia at the time that the distinc- tively local men were at Camp Dix, combined to make a parade physically im- possible. The welcome accorded to General kuhn and his men is described elsewhere. Subsequent to the return of the two divisiiins, the Welcome Home (^.om- mittee continued to function in arranging for the reception of other units. Reception to ( General Per.shing On September 12. 1010. ( ieneral .John ,1. Pershing, commander-in-cliirf of the \merican I'Apeditionary Forces, arrived in Philadelphia and was tendered a magnificent reception by the citizens c)f Philadelphia. The general was met at (ieniTtil I'tTsliing. with Governor Sprtml and Mayor Sniilli. escorted by the "C/ily Troop." 70 North Philadelphia Station by the Hon. William C. Sproul, Governor of Pennsyl- vania; the Hon. Thomas B. Smith, Mayor; a committee of representative citizens, the executive committee, and an honorary guard of Distinguished Service men, whom the general especially recognized. General Pershing, his staff, and the members of the committees then proceeded to Independence Hall, where in the Declaration Chamber, the Mayor presented to General Pershing, with the love of the people, a little golden reproduction of the world-loved Liberty Bell. In his response to the address of presentation, General Pershing said: "It fills me with deepest emotions to be on this sacred spot and it seems especially fitting that, upon the conclusion of the war which was fought for the sacred principles declared to the world by the signers of the Declaration of Independence, we should be here. I feel that I should say a word as to the splendid part taken in this battle for civilization by the city of Philadelphia and by the state of Pennsyl- vania. You have given of your soldierly, young manhood in large numbers; they have carried forward to the battlefields of France the patriotism that they learned in this Cradle of Liberty; they have done a service not only to your state and your city, but a service to the world. We are all proud of them, and I, as their com- mander, desire especially to convey to you this appreciation. I am very grateful, for your thought of me in this connection and thank you from the bottom of my heart for this precious gift, which I accept as a present not only to me, but to the men of the American Expeditionary Force, whom I had the honor U> command, and it is to them that I give the credit. I thank you, sir." After the exercises in the Declaration Chamber. General Pershing and his pai'ty took their places on the stand, erected at the south entrance of Independence Hall. He was greeted by thousands of Philadelphians and responded to their welcome in a brief speech. General Pershing then planted a tree to the east of the hall, the Emergency Aid of Pennsylvania and the Emergency Aid Aides, assisting. Reception to Cardinal Mercier On September 26, 1919, a pultlii' reception was tendered Desideratus, Cardinal Mercier, Archbishop of Malines and Primate of Belgium. A luncheon was served at the Bellevue-Stratford to Cardinal Mercier and his suite, at which addresses were made by Rabbi Joseph Ivrauskopf, Archbishop Dougherty, Bishop Rhinelander and Cardinal Mercier. The Cardinal remained in Philadelphia for several days and during his stay was accompanied by a special committee to numerous institutions, where individual receptions were given. Reception to the King and Queen of the Belgians King Albert and (^)ueen Elizabeth of Belgium, accompanied by the Duke of Brabant, arrrived in Philadelphia on October 27, 1919, and were given an official reception at Independence Hall. Their Majesties were obliged to leave at 6 P.M., but following the visit to Independence Hall, the King christened a boat at Hog Island, and was taken through the Baldwin Locomotive Works at Eddystone through the courtesy of Mr. Samuel Vauclain, a member of the Citizens' Committee. Queen Elizabeth was'entertained at the headquarters of the Belgian Relief Commit- tee of the Emergency Aid and at Bryn Mawr College. 71 SlB-CoMJIITTEE ON Si STENAISCE AIND ReLIEF III 1916, immediately after the National Guard regiments were assembled by the War Department for service on the Mexican border, this committee's attention was called to several cases of desliliition. caused by reason of the main su])j)ort of a family being sent to the Me\i<;in liorder and his income from ci\il life lut olV. Applications for aid were made to members of the committee personally, through the Police nepartmeiil and other public oflicials and to various charitable organizations, who in turn foi« aided them to your conuuittee. The sergeant-at-arms of the committee was given charge of this branch of the work and authorized to investigate each a])|>lication and nuike su17. the ollice of the committee was open for those seeking liiian- cial assistance — many times such a[iplications being mad(^ at night. Hundreds were given advice on subjects of all kinds, viz: locating a relative in service: seeming delayed allotments: adjusting controversies between landlords, agents and tenants; instalment accounts and gaining admission to hospitals for those who were ill. Over 3,000 applications for aid were received and tlie committee worked in harmony with the following organizations to prevent duplication of assistance and fraud : American Red Cross (Home i^elief Division): The Jewish Welfare Board; The Mayor's Personal Service Bureau; Local Draft Boards: The I'olice Depart- ment: The Home Defensi* Bes(Mves. Delayed government allotments caused considerable hardship to the families of those in the service. These delays weic, no doubt, due to the fact that men were constantly being transferred from one branih of the service to another: from camp to camp, or sent overseas, but Dr. Carl kelsey. the allotment officer at Phila- delphia, cheerfully aided the committee in adjusting all such matters. By reason oi the delay in receiving these allotments, many of the dependents receiving aid from the connnittee, were unable promptly to pay their rent, so that landlords and agents, not knowing the circumstances, placed the collection of rents in the hands of constables. Immediately upon nn-eipt, of notices the dependents would rush to the ofiice of the lommittee, complaining of I lie prospective eviction. Not less than two hundred lases of this nature were cared for, and through the kindness of the Philadel[)hia Constables' Association no evictions were made. Henry M. Stevenson, Esq., offered his legal services free to families of soldiers and sailors, and the committee was indebted to him for preventing the eviction of many dependents. In numerous cases arrangements w i-re nuRJe with hospitals for care of a wife, mother or children of men in the service who were unable, through lack of funds, to secure medical treatment, or who were too ill to remain at hctnie. To those who could remain at their home, but wen- unable to pay for medical attention, the committee procured the services of the district doctor free. Many cases were brought to the attention of the committee whi're an order had been made upon a delinquent husband by the Municipal Court. In accordance with the Allotment Act these orders had precedence over other claims, and with the cooperation of the Municipal Court the connnittee were able to have the orders complied with. Several cases were reported to the committee where the man in service was killed and the question came up as to how long the connnittee should carry his dependents upon the committee's list. After careful consideration it was finally 73 agreed to continue payments to such dependents until tliey recei\<'d their first payment from the War Risk Insurance. In the beginning the committee was greatly coiuiTut'd ;is lo the maimer of making payments to the dependents, but through an agrecnieiit wilii tlie City Controller a warrant was drawn for a lump sum semi-montlily and xouchers later filed with his office covering the amount paid to each individual. All payments were made by check which numbered ujiwards of 1.000 semi- monthly, and ollicials of the ('.ontinental-K(iuilahlc Trust Company, through which the ('hecks were paid, were extremely courteous, and rendered a real service. The committee feels that its work was deeply appreciated by those who received financial assistance and that the taxpayers" money was judiciously expended. Sub-Committee on Camps and Quarters Shortly after the I'nited States declared war on Germany a number of soldiers arrived in Philadelphia unannounced, and as no accommodations had been made for them, they were obliged to sleep in one of the city parks in the southern section of the city. This information was received by the committee and the matter promptly taken up by the Mayor and the secretary of the conuuittee. The first motor truck company remaining over night in IMiiladclphia was on January 31, 1918, and was housed at the State Fencibles Armory. Supper and breakfast were furnished to the men and every comfort given them. As the armory was being used for military purposes, it became necessary to arrange other quarters in which to billet the men remaining over night. After giving this problem considerable thought it was decided that the rooms and cor- ridors of Councils (fourth floor, Cit\ Hall) were the most available in whidi to house the companies, owing to the central location. Arrangements were immediately entered into with the Police Department to furnish cots and pillows; new sheets, towels and soap were purchased, and shower baths installed. The following procedure was carried out in preparing for the comfort and convenience of those billeted: I pon receipt of information that a motor truck company would arrive and remain over night in Philadelphia, notice was given the office of the superintendent of police, recpiesting that a motorcycle detail escort the train tc the city's center. The trucks were parked on the Parkway or plaza of City Hall, and many times from 1,50 to 200 trucks were on C.ity Hall Plaza, Broad Street and the Parkway. Thi' doors at the northeast corner of City Hall were open at all times during the night and the elevators kept running continuously. City Hall guards were stationed on the fourth floor and at the entrances, to prevent outsiders from disturbing the men; cots were erected and soap and towels placed in the wash rooms and shower baths. The corridors were lighted, stationery and stamps placed in the writing room set apart for use of the men; free telephone service was given and everything done to make the men feel "at home." A kitchen was equipped on the fifth floor of City Hall where mess was served to companies. In the event of a company being without rations, or in emergencies, the men were fed at nearby restaurants at an average price of sixty cents per meal. This oc'curred freijuently and many times late at night. When a large contingent arrived, too many to accommodate in the kitchen on the fifth floor of City Hall, field kitchens were erected on the plot of ground on 74 Filbert Street, between Broad and 15th streets, leased by the Pennsylvania State Construction Company, which showed a patriotic spirit by permitting the use of this ground and furnishing the necessary wood for the fires. As soon as a company arrived either at City Hall, at the Studebaker Building, or at 18th and Race streets, a representative of the committee was on hand and immediately got in touch with the ofiicer in charge and procured for them oil, gasoline or rations, and telephoned the Fire Bureau, during the winter months, to have a fireman with hose put water in the radiators of the cars, which were emptied immediately upon arrival to prevent freezing. The officers were entertained at one of the hotels or clubs, and it was said by many of these men, that nowhere else in the country were the men treated with such kindness and consideration as they were in Philadelphia. Quite frequently men arriving required medical attention which was im- mediately rendered. Late in 1918, an order was received from the government that all such cases be referred to Major Pollard, who thereafter had general super- vision and gave medical attention to all ill or injured men. A medical officer from the War Department was sent to Philadelphia to in- spect the quarters used by the soldiers. He was given all information asked for, and when he saw that each man was provided with individual towel, soap, comb and brush, and that the cots were arranged so as to leave nearly two feet of space between, he was most agreeably surprised, and informed the committee that the sanitary arrangements and surroundings were excellent and in keeping with the stringent rules of the government. On June 1, 1918, and continuing for about a week, the Emergency Fleet Corporation moved their headquarters from Washington to Philadelphia by motor trucks. This gigantic task was performed by the Motor Transport Corps, their trucks leaving Washington and arriving in Philadelphia without a stop, the trip being made in about twenty hours. Immediately upon unloading the trucks at 140 North Broad Street, the men came to City Hall carrying their heavy laden packs into the corridors and dropping exhausted upon the cots arranged for them. Motor truck companies were housed in City Hall corridors until the influenza epidemic of October, 1918, when Director Wilmer Krusen, of the Department of Public Health and Charities, directed that no soldiers be billeted in City Hall during this terrible epidemic, and suggested that a building be commandeered for the purpose of accommodating motor truck companies. Immediately the new building at the northwest corner of Broad and Brown streets, known as the Stude- baker Building was taken over and within twenty-four hours it was fully equipped and ready for occupation. The lessor of the building desired a two years' lease at a rental approximating .$45,000 per year. This seemed excessive and a search for other quarters was begun. The committee occupied the Studebaker Building for about a month at a cost of $4,500. The four-story property at the northeast corner of 18th and Race streets had been condemned by the city for parkway purposes, and after looking at many other buildings, this property seemed to be the most desirable, as it was near to City Hall, faced the Parkway, on which the motor trucks could be parked, and would not cost the city a penny for rental. It was in a dilapidated condition when inspected by the committee, but within two weeks was transformed into thoroughly comfortable quarters for approximately 350 men. 75 During all the time the committee looked after the housing of these men, it was ably assisted by the canteen service of the American Red Cross, of which Mrs. (ieorge W. C.hilds Drexel was chairman, by Mrs. Harry Michell and Mrs. Zulick, and by Mrs. Rhodes, of the Motor Messengers' service, and her associates. Upon the signing of the armistice and demobilization many soldiers en route to their homes in various sections of the country stopped here, and being without funds, were cared for by the committee. This problem became so acute that at a meeting of the committee held on November 27, 1918, a communica- tion was received from the American Red Cross requesting permission to send demobihzed men to the quarters at 18th and Race streets. The committee decided that to comply with this reqii(>st would interfere witli the activities of the committee in housing the persomiel of motor truck trains by overcrowding or disorder, as these individual men would not be under tiie ccjinmand of an officer. In order to cooperate with the Red Cross in taking care of these men negotiations were entered into with the 1 niversity of Pemisyivania for the use of a building owned by it at 1721 Arch Street. The Trustees of the I niversity tendered the use of this building free of rent in lieu of the committee making all im[)rovements. The committee had tlie house remodeled, and a boiler costing .$1. ()()() was installed, as well as shower batlis, new beds, mattresses, pillows and individual lockers. The l^irector of the Department of Public Safely detailed three patrolmen (.eight hour shifts) to police the building, and the conuuittee employed two janitors, one for day and the other at night, as the building was always open. Cards of admission were ol)tained from the American i^ed Cross, on which was the name and address of the soldier seeking lodging, and this rule was strictly obserxed to prevent promiscuous itinerants gaining admission, which would detract from tlie worthy purpose for which the (piarters were being used. There were 12.661 sent to 1721 Arch Street who made use of the ai conunodalions provided. The total number of men billeted at City Hail, the Studebaker Ruilding and at 18th and Race streets, lunouiited to 20,000. In oilier words, the corninitlee provided foi about 33.000. Sub-Committee on Ho.'ly trans- formed into lunergency Hospital No. 3, where these si.xteen men were taken. Sub-Committee on Burials This subcommittee on bmials took charge o( a nund)er of requests for assis- tance in the burial of soldiers or for their innnediate next of kin. In all cases of death, wIkmc iinancial assistance was requested and given, the committee kept the fact from the general public so that the families of the deceased would not be branded as recipients of charity. Proper v(juchers and bills were filed in the office of the City Controller covering the expenses. When a soldier was buried, the funeral was military in character, and through the courtesy of the commanding oflicers at the various military and naval depots in Philadelphia, firing squads and bugle corps were furnished whenever requested. No words can express the appreciation shown by th(> families of the deceased for the service rendered by the conmiittee to those who had lost their loved ones, and while the number of applications was but small in comparison to the thousands who entered the service, the committee fulfilled, in every detail, the object of its appointment. The committee gave personal attention to the shipment to their homes of the bodies of several soldiers who died during the influenza epidemic and helped to defray the expenses in all such cases. 77 EARLY PREPAREDNESS ME\SURES THE STUDENT MILITARY TRAI.MNG CAMPS Known as the "PLATTsniRr." Camps pi;^ljMESE camps, which proved to bo so enicioiit an clcnioiit in preparedness for national (iefense. were initialed by a h'tler addressed under date of May 10. 1913, by Major-General Leonard Wood, then chief of stalL Inited States Army, to the university and coilep' presidcMits of tii<' country, statinj; that the Secretary of War had decided to hold two exper- imental military camps of instruction for students of educational institutions, during the then coming summer vacation period, and that if these camps should prove to be a success, the intention was to hold them aiuitially in each of the four military sections or nt K. J. James, University^ of Illinois (now retired and succeeded by Presi- dent na\ id kinley): Chancellor . I. 11. kirkland, \ andcrbilt I niversily: President J. Ci. Schurman, Cornell University: Ht. Rev. Thos. J. Shahan, lledor, Catholic University of America: President Henry Suzzalo, University of the State of Washington: President W. (). Thomiison, Ohio Stale I iiiveisity. The men attending the first business men's camps in 191.') formed organiza- tions for promoting the training camps movement, and in .laniiary, 1916, at a joint meeting held in \e\v York City the sliidciits and business men's organiza- tions consolidated, forming the present Militar\ Training Camps Association of the United States, and elected Henry S. Drinker, president of Lehigh University. Pa., chairman of the go\erning connnittce. This association was reorganized in May. 1920. the new constitution pro\ iding for a president, a vice-president from each continental military department of the United States, a secretary and treasurer and governing committee. Dr. Drinkei'. (Expressing a wish to retire (Vom active executive duly, was eleited honorary pri'sident. and ( irenville (^lark. of New ^ ork. who had been the active genius in the organization of the business men's camps in 191.5. was elected president, and Captain \rthur I". Cosby was reelected executive secretary with offices at l'> West i:?d Slr.'ct. New Wuk City. The association in November, 1916. adopted llir following resolution: "Reiohed, That the object and policy of this association is to bring about a system of universal obligatory military training and service for the young men of the United States, un(l(>r exclusive federal cuiiln)!. and that this purpose be publicly announced and folldwi'il as the pnii<\ of the association." On theenteringof the United States into llic World Wai. in I lie spring of 1917, the Military Training Cam|)s \ssociation at once tendered lo Ihe goveriuneni the service of its entire organization anil offices throughout the coimtry lo aid in the enrolment of officers for war service. It is estimated that the graduates of the training camps of 191.3, 1911. 191.T and 1916 furnished about 16.000 much needed officers for active service in the World War. The offi<'ers' camps established in 1917 by the Government at Plallsburg. Niagara falls and other points in that year took the place of the training camps held in the summers of 1913. 1911. 191.'j and 1916, and following the close of the war. the ( ioveriuneiil has substituted the summer training camps for students enrolled in the \\. (). T. C. (Reserve Officers' Training Corps) for those of previous years. Today, 1920, units of the R. O. T. C. are established in many of the universities and colleges of the United Slates, directed by army officers detailed by the War Department for this especial service, and it is a notable fact that this is the only efficient. |>ractical military preparedness movement (outside of the National Guards organizations in the dilferenl Slates) in existence, and it is a direct result and outgrowth of the movement initiated by General Wood in 1913, and which had its main start at Gettysburg in Pennsylvania. 80 THE PHILADELPHIA MILITARY TRAINING CORPS* The Philadelphia Military Training Corps had its inception in the summer of 1015, when it came into existence throujih the untiring energy of Major A. J. Drexel Riddle. The late President Roosevelt was an enthusiastic supporter of Major Riddle's plan for militai y training, and .Tudge J. Willis Martin was a most active worker in developing the Corps. It is interesting to note in passing that the Philadelphia Military Training Corps movement was preceded liy the definite preliminary work of the Drexel Riddle Rible Classes. Major (ieneral Leonard Wood addressed a meeting of the classes, and, by courtesy of the War Department, a non-commissioned officer took charge of the instruction and drills. On October 1, 1915, Major Riddle established an encampment at Lansdowne, Pa., which he placed under connnand of Colonel J. Campbell Gilmore. Through the cordial cooperation of Major General George Rarnett. Commandant of the United States Marine Corps, non-commissioned officers of the I iiited States Marine Corps were detailed as instructors. Sixteen students joined the camp. Courtesy of FiaiiU W. liuiiltT. SUulo Cu. uf America. The first of llic 'idO Coniiiuiiie.'i. The support of a number of prominent citizens of Philadelphia, who convened at a meeting in the home of Alexander Van Rensselaer, made it possible to pay for the maintenance of 150 men at this first camp. After the close of the camp the recruits formed a military organization, known as the Drexel Riddle MiUtary Training Corps, and various societies and business firms formed military bodies in association therewith. These groups became known as the Drexel Riddle Citizens' Army, and were drilled during the winter season at the various drill halls through the kindness of Major Logan Feland, U. S. M. C. (now Rrigadier General, who was in command of one of the marine regiments on the battle front), and under his direction officers and non-com- missioned officers of the I'nited States Marine Corps volunteered their services as instructors in the Officers' School, which was established for higher training and at the drills. Thirty-two hundred (3,200) men had become well instructed in the Citizens' Army when, in April, 1916, A. J. Drexel Riddle opened the campaign for prepared- ness in Philadelphia. During the progress of this campaign the Citizens' Army grew to many thousands and, under- the thairmanship of William R. Nicholson, the campaign met with success. *Sumniarizefl liy ihe Secretary of Ihf Philadelphia \\'ar History Coiiiinittee. 81 Mrs. George W. Childs Drexel was Chairman of the Women's Division, while Mrs. Charles W. Urquhart was Acting Chairman. Although Mrs. A. J. Drexel Biddle was not an officer of the Division, her quiet and effective work and generous contributions aided materially in its success. During the progress of the campaign a parade of the Drexel Biddle Citizens' Army was held in Broad Street, culminating with a mass meeting at the Metro- politan Opera House, which was addressed by the Governor of Massachusetts, the Mayor of Boston and Major Biddle. The Hon. George S. Graham was Chairman of this meeting. Following the campaign a corporation was formed to coiiliiuic tlie work, and William B. Nicholson became President and Major Biddle Vice-President and Treasurer. A deep debt of gratitude is owed to the patriotism of the several thousand citizens of Philadelphia who generously contributed their time and means to the cause of the Corps. During the spring and summer of l')l(). 12. ()()() men were enrolled in the Drexel Biddle Citizens' Army. As a resvdt of this preliminary work and the organization of the Philadelphia Military Training ("orps a bill was inlnxluced in Congress by Representative Butler, authorizing the sum of ^:51.()(H) lo Ije used by the Marine Corps in the establishment of a camp for the training of citizen soldiers. Through the continued patriotic leadeiship and help of Major General George Barnett, and by his authority. General Feland, L . S. M. C. (then .Major), assumed conmiand of Camp Drexel, so named in recognition of the patriotic service and untiring devotion to her country of Mrs. (ieorge W. Childs Dr(>xel. The camp was opened at Lansdownc, Pa., during July and August, 1916. Previous to the opening of the camp several hundred men who had received instruc- tion entered the various branches of the service, including the National (niard of Pennsylvania, the Army, the Navy and L nited Stales Marine Corps. At the end of the camp 179 men signed to enter the new branch of the service recently author- ized by act of Congress, known as the Marine Corps Beserves. At the outbreak of trouble with Mexico more than 100 of the men joined the National Guard. The Philadelphia Military Training Corps was signally honored by the city of Philadelphia, by being chosen as escort to the National Guard on the return of two of its regiments from the Mexican border. Besides the work at the camp. Major Biddle drilled the employes of a large number of banks, trust companies and commercial houses in Pliila(li'l|)liia. The Land Title & Tru.st Company, of which Colonel .Nicholson is President, furnished more men to the government than any other bank or trust company in Pennsyl- vania. Several particularly large grouiis of m(>n who regidarly drilled were the employes of the Pennsylvania Company, Central National Bank, Girard Trust Company, Autocar Company, Packard Automobile Company and the Gomery- Schwartz Motor Car Company. William Freihofer su|)plied a unifoiined regiment of men from his employes. The Bailey, i5anks \; liiddle Company furnished a fully uniformed company; Miss Natalie Sellers Barnes recruited and uniformed a body of 200 men at Bryn Mawr, most of whom later joined the s(Mvi((>; Rev. Father William J. Lallou furnished a company of men from his church; .lacob D. Lit, Isadore Stern and Louis Gerson patriotically recruited a regiment of fully uniformed men. 82 When Major Biddle and General Feland were called away from Philadelphia, the late H. Frederick Wilson, Managing Director of the Drexel Biddle Bible Class movement, took command of the MiUtary Training Corps. At Mr. Wilson's death he was succeeded as Director of the Corps by H. D. Jones, who, with Marine Gunner H. Molloy, had charge of the drills. At Lansdowne, in Philadelphia and vicinity, some 40,000 men were drilled in the Philadelpliia Mihtaiy Training Corps, of which number more than 24,000 entered the Government service. A particularly interesting fact is that several thousand of the men entered the service when most needed, namely, during the few weeks directly after war was declared and before the draft was instituted. The Directors of the Philadelphia Military Training Corps were James M. Anders, M. D., John C. Bell, Livingston Ludlow Biddle, A. J. Drexel Biddle, Col. Quincy Adams Gillmore, George Wharton Pepper, E. A. Van Valkenburg, Bichard L. Austin, Wm. H. Donner, Lee J. Eastman, William Freihofer, Jacob D. Lit, Wm. R. Nicholson, Emile G. Perrot, David B. Provan. MILITARY TRAINING IN LOCAL SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES An effort was made to secure a brief statement from those institutions in Philadelphia in which a Students' Army Training Corps or some other military organization was established, and reports from the following places were received: The LTniversity of Pennsylvania: During the spring of 1917 ahnost two thousand men enrolled in the Voluntary Student Battalion under command of Colonel William Kelly. During the winter of 1917-18 a Beserve Officers' Training Corps was established under Major Charles T. Griffith, U. S. A., in which 900 students enrolled. In the fall of 1918 the University started a four (4) year course in Military Science for students in order that they might be fitted to receive com- missions in the Army and Navy. This course, which was to include a number of carefully selected subjects from the College, Wharton, and Towne Scientific Schools, was intended to prepare students for the degree of Bachelor of Science in MiUtary Science. In connection with the war-time work of the University, it is interesting to note that voluntary enlistments prior to June, 1917, represented 60 per cent of the law school students and two fifths of the medical students. The first United States Ordnance School was established at the University. In the Engineering Department there were given special courses preparing men for the signal service, radio, etc. Most of the members of the Aviation Examining Boards throughout the United States were likewise trained at the Parent Unit organized at the University Hospital, which conducted a number of special courses for nurses and nurses' aides. On July 1, 1918. an Officer Material School was estab- lished in the Engineering Building of the University under the auspices of the United States Navy, which was being conducted for enlisted men in the Navy showing special ability. Each course extended over a period of three months and was attended by a squad of 200 sailors, who were quartered in the ITniversity dormi- tories. In other class rooms of the Engineering Building, a School of Navigation was conducted under the supervision of John F. Lewis, Chief of vSection 2 of the United States Shipping Board's Becruiting Service, and for nearly two years these rooms were heated and lighted without expense to the Government. 83 Induction of Sliulenl.t into the S. \. T. ('... I nirersily of Pcnnsylvanid. Orlohrr I. I9IS. 1 1 is lliiis Mi'ii that several thousand men. Ix'sidc the icf,'iilar I'niversity of l'cniis\l\ania students, were being trained at the Iniversity f()r special branches of the I nited States service. Besides this, the University organized among her sons three ambulance units, a Rase Hospital, several Red Cross luiils. and various detaclied units. Its liospilal set aside 250 of its beds for the special use of tlie Army and Navy. Many of the University laboratories were turned over t( i and \\ ere being used by the Government and its special experts. Vaiious laboratories in llir jjifriiu-criiii: i^uildiug had liccn %%tt.t^-, •• ; ..¥-», I'iniil Iti'vifiv of Aura/ Unit. Liiiier.sily of I'lniinyliniiiii. I )<< lield for the students whicii were followed by "eats." Captain Frazee always seemed to know where to get free music and "feed" for these occasions, which were always enjoyable and for which the Corps was always doubly thankful. While Captain Frazee was fond of discipline, he still had a warm spot in his heart for those who were in trouble and always tempered his justice with mercy. Colonel Lockwood and Captain Frazee were fortunate in having an able 85 stall of assistants, wlio, like the student l)od\, at (ince became devoted and attached to them, and left no stone untmned to make their stay at Hahnemann a most })l(>asant and successful one. The stalT consisted of Lieutenant Sannicl J. Hughes, Personnel Officer; Lieutenant Harold A. Donegan, Adjutant, and Lieu- tenant M. Berkman, Quartermaster. Jefferson Medical College: In the summer of 1917, immediately after the creation of the Medical Enlisted Reserve Corps by the War Department and the Inited States iNaval Reserve Force by the Navy Department, under Presidential authorization, all students and prospective students of Jefferson Medical College were circidarized and urged to join either one nr the other of these organizations. During the session 1917-18, 339 of the 16(i students of JelTerson College were enlisted in the Medical Enlisted Reserve Corps and thirt\-iine in tlie Inited States Naval Reserve Force. Following several conferences with the War Department by Dr. Hoss V. Patterson, the Dean of the College, a contract was entered inlu on September 16, 1918. for the establishment of the Jefferson Medical College I nil of the Students' Army Training Corps. Acting under special orders from the\\ar Deparlinent, \\ . D. Canaday, Captain, Infantry, U. S. A.. \\hn had just successfully completed tlie organization of the Students" Army Training Corps at Williains College. \\ illiamstown, Mass., reported at Jefferson Medical College on October 21, 1918, as commanding officer, and with five lieutenants began the organization of theCnit. The 1 nit was organized with extraordinary rapidity. The medical |)liysical examination was completed within twenty-four hours. Almost the entire medical personnel of the faculty and their assistants were organized iiilo an (examining body and a systematic examination completed in a very short time. The JellVrson I lospital Medical \(!\isory Board, which had been organized for some montlis. and liayurifi i'rucltcf. 86 had examined several thousand referred draft board cases, acted in the capacity of an Examining Board. Induction into mihtary service, through Draft Board No. 4, with whicii special arrangements had been made, was accompUshed with equal facility. The details necessary to the induction of the students were expeditiously handled through correspondence and telegrams with their home boards. This was a task of some magnitude, as the home geographical distri- bution of the student body reached into some forty states. With the exception of two or three cases, the whole matter was very promptly handled and the induc- tion completed on November 1, 1918, when 431 of the 462 students in the College were inducted into service, 398 into the Students' Army Training Corps, and thirty- three into the United States Naval Reserve Force. Of the 398 students in the Students' Army Training Corps, 286 were transferred from the Medical Enlisted Reserve Corps. The majority of those not inducted into service were citizens of foreign coun- tries and those physically unfit for military service. The Inasmuch Mission at 1011 Locust Street, Philadelphia, was requisitioned for service as barracks. A contract for its lease from the Board of Managers was entered into; the building was rapidly emptied, cleaned and made ready for oc- cupancy. Cots, blankets and kitchen suppUes were contracted for and delivered. The students were rapidly placed in uniforms and soon received their entire equipment; and for the first time in the ninety-four years of its history, the student body of Jefferson Medical College was in the uniform of the military forces of the United States. The Recreation Board of Philadelphia placed the Starr Garden Park, 7th and Lombard streets, Philadelphia, at the disposal of the Unit to be used as a driU ground, this being within easy marching dis- tance of the College. Permission was also received for the use of the Third Regi- ment Armory at Broad and Wharton streets for driU in bad weather. Military drill was a pai't of each day's work. Before the barracks had been made ready for occupancy, it became evident to the students and the faculty and even to the commanding officer that any effective medical work would be ruined by putting students together in barracks under conditions entirely unsuitable for study, and in an atmosphere which would be utterly discouraging to scholarly attainment. The Dean made another trip to Washington and succeeded in getting approval of the War Department for the students of this LInit to remain in fraternity houses, of which there were eight, and in the boarding houses in which they had secured quarters before the institution of the Students' Army Training Corps. They reported for drill in the morning at six o'clock, however, and were satisfactorily messed at the Military Head- quarters on Locust Street. Tliere was general satisfaction, reUef and much rejoicing on the part of the students, faculty and instructors upon the demobihzation and discharge of the members of the Students' Army Training Corps. So far as medical schools were concerned, the experiment was a failure, both from the Military and Medical standpoints. It was proved that it was quite as impossible to make both physicians and soldiers of students at the same time as it is to chase two rabbits at once. The error was a fundamental one of conception; impossible administrative diffi- culties were imposed by the plan upon both college and military authorities. The mistake should never be repeated. It was fortunate that the experiment lasted 87 only for a short time and that the discharge of the men on December 18, 1918. gave them an opportunity for the rest of the year to do effective medical work. There was no doubt in the minds of medical teachers that the plan was absolutely destructive of all effective medical work. Whether this would have become ap- parent to the War Department in time to have rectified the blunder is a matter, of course, of speculation. St. Joseph's College: The Student Army Training Corps was organized at St. Joseph's College, Philadelphia. September 26, 1918, and the students were inducted into the I'nited States Army on (October 1st. Owing to the signing of the armistice, demobilization was ordered on November 26th and was completed on December 10th. 'I'hc prevalence of the inilucnza made it necessary to suspend classes from October 4th to 21st; so that in all less than eight weeks were actually employed in the normal activities of the I nit. The primary purpose of the Stud(MU Army Training Corps, as stated by the NN'ar Department, was to utilize the executive and teaching personnel and the physical equipment of the educational institutions to assist in the training of officer can(iidat(\s to meet tlie necd.s of the service. As originally planned in August, the collegiate section was open to registrants, who were members of some authorized college, university or professional school, who were between the ages of eighleen and twenty-one, and who were physically quahiied for general or limited service in the Army. On September .5th a list of twenty-three prescribed subjects of study was drawn up by the War Department for tiie student soldiers fourteen hours of class and thirty-eight hours of study a week being prescribed for their preparation. On September 18th these subjects were grouped into courses appropriate to various branches of the service, and from time to time thereafter until the day of demobiliza- tion detailed syllabi were sent from Washington, setting forth more specifically the grade and character of the instruction to be given in each line of work. To meet these recurring suggestions, many readjustments in the program prepared by the College became necessary. The subjects from which the academic program was to be made up were the following: War issues (prescribed lor ;dli. military law (prescribetl for all), luiglish, French. German, mathematiis. piiysics. chemistry, biology, geologv, psychology, geography, topography and map-making, meteorology, astronomy, hygiene, sanitation, descriptive geometry, mechanical and freehand drawing, surveying, economics, accounting, history, intcrnatidiial law and govciiiriicnt. By a concession of the faculty, work done by the nii'iuhcrs of the Student Army Training Corps in the following subjects was credited towards the requirements of the A. B. degree: War issues, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, astronomy, surveying. The miUtary officers were: Commanding Officer, Lieutenant J. P. Lyons; .\djutant and Quartermaster. Lieutenant L. K. fields; Supply and Personnel Ofliccr, Lieutenant F. P. McC.ardcll; Assistant Oilicer, Lieutenant Kessel; Msiting Surgeon, Michael F. Gallagher, M.D.; Inspecting Surgeon, Lieutenant M. L. Lichtenberg. 88 Temple University: In the early fall of 1918, Temiilo University estab- lished a Student Army Training Corps. It combined with its Units the students from the Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art. The students at Pliitlo Uv i'' <;utukiiiisl. S. A. T. C. ttl Temple Universi'y. 89 Toiiiplc were registered in llie College ul' Libera! Arts, tiie Medical School and llie Dental School. There were 275 men in this unit and ninety men in the Unit from the Industrial Art School. There was an additional Init of sixty-eight Navy men, some of these being Temple students, others taking instruction at the Art School. The Second Regiment Armory located near the University provided barracks for a portion of the men. other large halls being secured in the vicinity for additional barracks and a mess hall. The Samaritan Hospital assigned the large solarium wards and the roof garden ordinarily used for the children to the Corps as an in firmary. Captain Will II. Dietrick was appointed to the official charge of the Unit remaining with the University after the demobilization of the Unit and until it was decided not to continue the Reserve OfTicers' Training Camp wliich succeeded the Student Army Training Corps. Dr. James 11. Dunham, I'h.l)., tiie dean of the College of Liberal Arts, had charge of the educational program. Almost im- mediately after the men went into barracks the influen/a appeared among them and the entire I niversity went into (juarantine. Tiucf inendxMs of tiie Corps died as the result of the epidemic, two l)eing medical sludeuts wlm were serving for tlie time in the em(>rgency hospitals. After tiie epidemic had passed the University settled down lo the new con- ditions. All schedules were more or less made to conform to the regulations imposed by the presence of an Army camp in its midst. Professors and students rapidly readjusted themselves to the new remained in the Reserve Ofiicers' Training C^.orps. the University by the end ol' the school year was in very much the same condition as it had been at the close of the previous year. The University was fortunate in the officers assigned to it, so that there was no friction between the Army officials and those of the University. All cooperated in trying to work out the most stupendous pioldem that has ever been presented to the universities of America. PENNSYL\ANL\ \\( tMlvXS DIVISION FOR NATIONAL PREPAREDNESS* In the early autumn of 1915, Mrs. George \V. Childs Drexel determined to organize the women of Pennsylvania to meet eventualities. With the war clouds in luirope growing blacker, Mrs. Drexel felt that [it was only a matter of lime before tliis country' would become involved in the struggle. Women, she knew, would be called upon to render many and varied services, and it was to meet these new and real responsibilities that she quickly developed her plan. A meeting was held at her town house in September, 1915, among those present being: Miss Marion Diddle. Miss Sophie Cadwalader. Mrs. J. Cardner Cassatt, Mrs. John W. Geary, Mrs. Rodman E. Griscom, Mrs. (i. O. Ilorwitz, Airs. Norman Jackson, Mrs. Thos. McKe^n, Dr. Clara Marshall, Mrs. J. Willis Martin, Miss Mary Mitchell, Mrs. I. H. O'Hara, Mrs. George Wharton Pepper, Mrs. Coriulius •By the Secretary of the Pliiladelpliia War History Committee. 90 Stevenson, Mrs. Robert E. Strawbridge, Mrs. Alexander Van Rensselaer and Mrs. Barelay H. Warburton. At this meeting plans for an organization were discussed. Mrs. Drexel was elected President. The Vice-Presidents elected were Mrs. Martin and Mrs. O'llara. The other women present constituted the Executive Committee. After several weeks, Mrs. Drexel had a series of interviews with Major General Leonard Wood and saw Secretary of War Garrison, both of whom were much impressed with the practical way in which the matter was presented. The next meeting, to which representative women from all the counties in the State were called, was held on November, 191.5, at 18th and Locust streets, when Mrs. Drexel summarized her plans and made her appeal as follows: "The purpose of this Division is to organize women throughout the State of Pennsylvania for preparedness in the event of war, and to be ready for wf)rk in those fields in which women can most efl'ectively aid at such times or in case of State calamity. "The division will be composed of chapters, each with a minimum membership of 500, with a chairman for each chapter. These chairmen, by virtue of their office, will compose the State Council. There will also be officers and an executive committee with headquarters in Philadelphia." About 150 women were present and they returned to their several cities de- termined to organize for work. The State Vice-Presidents were increased to five, the three additional officers being Mrs. Sharp, of Chambersburg, Mce-President- at- large; Mrs. H. Wells, of Wilkes-Barre, for the northeast section of the State; and Miss Adams, of Kane, for the northwest section of the State. Among the original Chapters were: Allentown — Miss Helen F. MacDonald Ariny and Navy — Mrs Francis Howard Williams Bristol— Mrs. Griffith H. Williams Bucks County — Mrs. F. Leroy Coatesville — Mrs. Addison A. Lamb Colored— Mrs. E. B. Leaf Columbia — Miss Lillie S. Evans College Women — Mrs. D. Feidt Delaware Valley — Mrs. Charles A. Parsons Doylestown — Miss Ehzabeth Ross Drexel Biddle Bible Class— Mrs. A. J. llawk- sley Franklin — Miss Gertrude Adams Gettysburg— Mrs. Walter H. 0"Neal Harrisburg — Mrs. Charles Ryder I^ansdowne — Mrs E. Wager-Smith Langhorne — Mrs. Tryon Lancaster — Miss Susan Carpenler Frazier Leljanon — Mrs Harrison Souder Main Line — Mrs. Charlton Yarnall Milton— Mrs. J. Hunter Miller Norristown — Mrs. Martha C. Mecunes Oil City — Mrs Fannie Gaude Old York Road— Mrs Harry E. Asbury Penna. Railroad — Mrs. George Dallas Dixon Phila., General — Mrs. Henry B. Coxe Pittsburgh — Mrs. Harry Brown PottsviUe — Miss Anne E. Ridley SewickJey — Mrs. Alexander Lauglilin Snyder County — Mrs. Schrier State College — Mrs. E. E. Sparks Suidiury — Mrs. H. J. Evans LTrquhart — Mrs. George W. Urtiuhart West Chester — Mrs. George W. I'hillips West Philadelphia— Mrs J. Hamilton Simill Wilkes-Barre — Mrs. Wells Williamsport — Mrs. La Rue Munsoii Wyncote — Mrs. M. K. Neitfer York County — Mrs. J. C. Schmidt Extension of Work As the Pennsylvania Women's Division for National Preparedness developed its work, eight departments were established: Department No. 1. Care of Soldiers' and Sailors' Families and Care of Sajferers from General Calamity — Mrs. J. Gardner Cassatt, Director. In the event of America 91 <>iif;aginf^ in war. soldiers in service would receive SI.") a nionlii: sailors, $20. It was ()b\ ious that this amount would be insufficient to provide even necessities for the families at home. Calamity, such as AockI, earthquake or fire wf)uld produce con- ditions for the relief of which this department would work, but of whicii no estimate could be made as to the service required. The department pledged itself to re- sponsibiHty of the care of soldiers' and sailors' famiUes and of sufferers from general calamity. Department No. 2. Nursing — Mrs. Norman .Tackson, Director. Securing nurses for the Army. Department No. 3. Siin/ical Supplies- Mrs. Hodman E. (irisiom. Director. This department enrolled all who wished to aid in the preparation of dressings, bandages, compresses, etc, to be us<>d in lime of war and calamity. Department No. 4. Convalescent Homes for Ilospiluls .Miss Marion Biddle, Director. The object of this department was to enroll all who would promise to provide and support, wholly or in part, a suitable building to b<' used as a hospital building or convalescent home in tlie e\ent of war or calamity. Fifty-five buildings were offered. Department No. 5. Messrngrr and (Ununuinicdtion Service — Miss Mary Mitcliell, Director, This department organized tlie first service of its kind, and all members wen' required to learn not merely the rumiing of aiituMKiliilcs, but also their care and the making of at least miiioi' adjustments and repairs. A large immber of women were also enrolled who learned to wig-wag. Department No, 6. Firsl Aid and Assistance in Daily Fouline Work of Hos- plldls and Dietetics — Dr. Clara Mitchell. Director. Department No. 7. Emergency Commissariat. (Canteen) — Mrs. Robert E. Strawbridge, Mrs. Thomas McKean and Mrs. Barclay II. Warburton. Depart- ment No. 7 was the first of its kind anywhere, and as a result of the preliminary experiences the subsequent work of the Ued Cross was expedited. Practi<-ally ever>' troop train traveling through I'liiladelphia from Ml. (Iretna Id the Border was met. 23.iil() men were canteened. De[)artment No. 8 A. GovernmrnI Camps Mrs. ( ieorge Wharton Pepper, Director. The object of this section nl I )r|iiu hiiciil \o. 8 was to provide funds for Pennsylvania men who desired to prepare for military service in the training camps at Plattsburg and elsewheri': also, to aid in securing the best candidates for enrolment . Department No. 8 B. Clerical Serricc Miss Sophie Cadwalader. Director. The work of this section comprised bookkeeping, tv pi'wiitiiig. card-cataloging, and oilier kinds of clerical work in the e\enl of wai- or (•alamit>, when j)rofessional workers would bi' hard to obtain. A knowledge of accounts was stressed, as well as a clear and legible handwriting. Department No. 8 C. Sewing — Mrs, Alexander ^'an Rensselaer, Director, The object of this section was to enrol women to cut out and sew upon garm(>nts required by hospitals and convalesient homes, in the event of war or calamil> . In January, 1916, a mass meeting was held in the Garrick Theatre, at wliich 1,700 women from all counties in the State were present, and so great was the de- mand for seats that over six hundred were unable to crowd their way into the building. The piupose of the Division was ex-plained by (leorgc Wharton Pepper and y2 George Q. Horwitz. Major General Leonard Wood made the main address. State Headquarters were established in the Central City Building and spe- cially trained women speakers toured the counties. The number of chapters increased to sixty-two, with a membership of 11,000. Every member was com- pelled to take up one certain form of prepaiedness work and to abide by her choice. The division purchased a portable dental equipment for use on the Mexican Border in 1916 and paid the salary of Dr. C. J. Ilollister. The sum of $25,000 was collected for equipping Base Hospital No. 10. After America entered the weu', it was found best to continue the work under the American Red Cross and the division, as such, discontinued in April, 1917. In practically every case where there had been a chapter of the division, the chair- man became the head of the local Red Cross Chapter. LOCAL BELGIAN RELIEF COMMITTEE One of the first efforts — if not the first — for Belgian relief was organized by Mrs. Edward S. Sayres, who, on September 30, 1914, called on the Belgian Consul and offered the services of the Flower Mission, of which she was President, to collect and ship food and clothing to non-combatants in Belgium. Her offer was accepted and on October 11th notices were read in all Main Line churches that a meeting would be held the next day at "Black Rocks," the residence of Mr. and Mrs. Sayres, and that on the 14th contributions would be received at the Bryn Mawr Reading Room. Twenty persons attended the first meeting, which was addressed by Mr. Paul Hagemans, the Consul General of Belgium. Mrs. Charles C. Harrison was appointed to cairy on the work in Philadelphia and later became Chairman of the Belgian Committee of the Emergency Aid. On the 14th, an audience of 150 contributed 2,091 pieces of clothing and blankets. From (!)ctober 15th to 21st the Committee, assisted by Mrs. Hagemans and Miss Hagemans, received 8,831 gar- ments in Overbrook. The Committee collected .$1,040.69 and purchased new garments and thirty barrels of flour. The 10,922 gainients and other supplies filled an entire freight cai'. The Pennsylvania Railroad Company contributed its services and shipment was made to the Belgian Consul at New York, whence the shipment left on the Rolterdam addressed to The Netherlands Committee for Relief of Belgian Refugees. It reached its destination on November 7th. On April 17, 1919, the King of the Belgians conferred on Mrs. Sayres the Medal of Oueen Elizabeth. 93 PHILADELPHIA AND THE 28th DIVISION William Bell Clark i\E-FOI RTH of the total personnel of the National Guard of Pennsylvania, when it entered the Kederal service to win immortal honor in the W orld \\ ar as tiie 28th Division, came from Philadelphia. Hundreds of the lads who left the City of Philadelphia in the ranks of its (Jiiard Inits made the supreme sacrifice on the battlelields of France. Other hundreds will carry to their graves the scai's of wounds sustained when Pennsylvania's Iron Division wrote <;rim history in a foreif^n land. Those so fortunate as to have escaped the casualty lists will have with them to the end memories of the shorn wheatfields by the Marne and the ()urc(], the ruins that once was Fismes, the gas-swepl plateau overlooking the Aisne, the death- capped ridges beside the Aire and the No Man's Land beyond Thiaucourt. Thus, the "red keystone" of the 28th is an insignia to which Philadelphia's claim is great. Tiie history of the Division, as it is here nnl'dldcd. is written, therefore. RK«®ST.iwi2amo,s, omY Ht. % Courtesy of Frank W. Buhler. Stanley Co. of America. "The Call lo Arms" by ajjuartellf Jruin Ihc htjiiyiiiiciil. A'. C I'. 94 Courtesy of Franl Sranlcy Co. of Anu-vica. Capl. Ward Pierson, tcadijuj his (jompany. with the view, not of slighting the State at large, but to expand 111)011 the iwit played by those who hailed from this city. It is a history of the divisional units; a more intimate narrative of such of those units as were recruited in w liole or in part from Philadelphia. From the Border to Hancock On the day in 1916 when President Wilson decided to ciiastise Pancho Villa for his temerity in attacking the border town of Columbus, N. M., the Pennsylvania National Guard Division began its momentous history. It is a far cry from Texas in the summer of 1916 to France in the summer of 1918, but the events which had their inception with the President's Executive Order of June 18, 1916, marched with steady sequence to their cuhnination overseas. The tour of duty on the Mexican border proved the preliminary training for the achieve- ments of Pennsylvania's Guardsmen in the American Expeditionary F(ine. Down on the sand plains of Camp Stewart, Texas, was begun the transition from militia to a potent fighting division. One day after the President's call, the machinery of the Pennsylvania Adjutant General's office began to operate. General Order No. 21, issued on June 19, 1916, from Harrisburg, directed all National Guard organizations, with a few exceptions, to report for duty at their home stations on Thursday moi ning, June 22d, and to assemble at Mt. tiretna, long tlie training ground of the Guard, by June 24th. At that time Philadelphia had three full regiments of infantry — the 1st, 2d and 3d — forming the 1st Infantry Brigade; regimental headquarters and four companies of the 6th Infantry; a squadron of cavahy — First City, Second City, and A and G Troops, a company of engineers (B), and the Tacony field hospital and ambulance 95 company. To these latter, designated as Field Hospital No. 2 and Ambulance Company No. 2, fell the honor of being first mustered into the Federal service. They passed into the control of the Wat Department on Juno 28th. four days after reaching Mt. (Jretna, and were on their way to the border tlit> following day. Company B of the Engineers was federalized on June 29th; the entire 1st and 2d Regiments of Infantry on June 30th; 1st Brigade Headquarters and the 3(1 Hegi- mentonJuly 1st; the four Cavalry Troops on July 6th, and the Fi(>l(l and Staff, Band, Sanitary Detachment and Companies E, K, L, M of the 6th Infantry on July 7th. Either the day tiu-y were mustered in or the day fdllowiiig. the units started southward in troop trains. If the Pennsylvania Guardsmen dreamed of following Pershings ^Expeditionary Force into the heart of old Mexico aft(M- the wily \ ilia, they were doomed to dis- appointment. Arriving on the border, they were sent to (lamp Stewart, not far from El Paso, Tex., where through the long hot summer they were drilled, drilled, drilled. Nor was this all. The War Department found the Pennsyh anians long (m infantry and short on artillery and ])roi ecdcd to remedy tlie defect by trans- forming two of the infantry regiments, the 2d. of Philadelphia, and the 9th, of Wilkes-Barre and the Luzerne county mining region, into artillery. These, with the 1st Artillery, from Pittsburgh. Wiliiamsport anil Phoeuixville. were formed into an artillery brigade. The 2d Infantry became the 2(1 \rtiller\ and llie 9th Infantry the Ikl Artillery. The Philadelphia artillnMiuM were eqiiiijped with 1.7 Kuns and became the ""heavies" of the brigade. of Frank W- Iltiltler, Stanley Co. of America. Vd/iomi/ ('•unrdsnieti in ('.iiiuii nl .liukiiilnii ti. 96 The War Department found also that some of the infantry regiments and the cavab-y regiment were minus certain units called for on the Army organization plan. Transfers effected in two of these increased the number of organizations credited to this city. In the 6th Infantry, a headquarters company, a supply company and a machine gun company were formed and designated as Philadelphia units, and, in the 1st Cavalry, headcpiarters and supply troops were organized in a similar manner and also awarded to Philadelphia. By early fall the Pennsylvania Guard Division had secured a splendid basic training. There had been divisional maneuvers, brigade maneuvers and regi- mental maneuvers, target practice, bayonet instruction, trench digging lessons, schools of instruction on general military subjects, lectures and so on through a crowded curriculum. However, on September 29th when word came through ordering the 1st and 3d Regiments home, it was received with gladness. Phila- delphia waited with open arms and each organization upon its arrival was treated to a banquet, those to the larger units being held in the temporary Convention Hall at Broad Street and Allegheny Avenue, and to the smaller ones in their own armories or headquarters. The last to get back from the border was the 2d Artillery, which on one of the bitterest days of the winter of 1916-1917 heraldcfl its return by a regimental review wherein it displayed to a proud city its new artillery equip- ment, the heavy 4.7's and their caissons. Philadelphia's Guardsmen donned civilian clothes and began to pick up the threads broken the preceding summer. Some of them remained civiUans for a half year, others — those who came up from the south among the last — for scarcely more than two months. The rumble of the World War was coming daily nearer to the United States. On February 3, 1917, Ambassador Bernstorff was given his passports; on February 14th he sailed for home; on February 26th President Wilson asked Congress for authority to arm American merchant ships; on March 21st the President summoned Congress in extra session on April 2d, and on March 25th. twelve full days before the declaration of a state of war with Germany, Philadelphia's 1st and 3d Infantry were called into the Federal service once more. The Guardsmen reported at theii respective armories for duty at 7 a.m. March 28th and were mustered into the Federal service on March 30th and 31st. The 1st Infantry was assigned immediately to duty guarding bridges, war industries and canal locks in the territory east of the Susquehanna River, with regimental headquarters in the armory at Broad and Callovvhill streets. The 3d was ordered to the western part of the State on similar duty and departed in troop trains on April 2d. By April 6th. the day the gauntlet was cast down to the enemy, both organizations were on the lookout for aliens or alien sympathizers in the vicinity of places of miUtary importance in the State. The disposition of the units of tiie 1st Infantry was as follows: 1st Battalion Headquarters, Broad and Callowhill streets; Company A, headquarters, Neshaminy ; detachments, Perkasie, Yardley and Midvale Steel Works; Company B, head- quarters, Bridgewater; detachments, MorrisviUe and Frankford Junction; Company C, headquarters, Schuylkill Arsenal; detachment. Grays Ferry Bridge; Company D, headquarters, 32d Street and Lancaster Avenue; detachments, (rirard Avenue bridge and Chamounix Lake, Fairmount Park. 97 IJuliIiT. Suiilty Co. ol Amcrivu Trucks parked on City Hall Plaza. 2d Battalion 1 loadquartcrs, Coatosville; Company K, Frankford Arsenal; Company F, headquarters, Coatesville; detachments, Thorndale and Downinglown: Company G. headquarters. West Reading; detachments, Tuckerton and Manayunk : Company II, hcadiiiiartcrs. Phocriixville; delaehments, Xorristown, iManayunk and Earnest. .3d Battalion Headquarters, Columbia; Company I, headquarters, Bockville; dctai'hrncnt. Lemoyne; Company K, h(\'i(l(]uarters, Safe Harbor; detachments, Lcmoyne, Marlic Forge and Cohunbia; ("ompany L, headipiarters, Boone Station near Darby ; detachments, Ivistwick, Eddystone and Remington Arms; (\>mpany M, headquarters, Lemoyne; detachments. Hummelstown, Columbia and Shocks Mills. IIead(}uarters Company, Broad and Callowhill streets; Machine ( am Company, headquarters. Broad and Callowhill streets; detachment, 37th and Market streets; Supply Company, Broad and Callowhill streets. West of the Susquehanna Biver, the 3d Infantry was disposed as follows: Regimental Headquarters, Mtoona, Pa.; 1st Battalion headciusirtcrs, Johnstown; Company A, Johnstown; Company B, Point Marion; Company C, Port Perry; Company D, Bockwood. 2d Battalion Headtjuarters, Huntingdon; Company E. Huntingdon; Company F, Newport; Company G, Spruce Creek; Company H, MilHin. 3d Battalion Headquarters, 11.55 Liberty Avenue, Pittsburgh; Companies I, K and L, same address; Company M, Washington, Pa. Madiine Gun Company, 1155 Liberty Avenue, Pittsburgh; Supply Company, Altoona, and Sanitary Detachment, Altoona. 98 One other Pennsylvania infantry regiment, the 18th, of Pittsburgh, had also been called out at the same time as the 1st and 3d. and was on guard duty in the northwestern quarter of the State, with headquarters at Ridgeway. While the other units of the National Guard awaited the call to Federal service, they and the regiments already on duty conducted spirited recruiting campaigns. The main recruiting stations of both the 1st and 3d Regiments were in their local armories, although all of them set up sub-stations in the various towns where their units were quartered. At the same time the Adjutant General proceeded to organize additional units to fill the complement of the Division. To Phila- delphia fell another company of Engineers (E), a Field Bakery Company. Field Hospital No. 3, Truck Companies Nos. 3 and 4 of the Supply Train, the 2d Com- pany of Military Police, and Truck Companies Nos. 10, 11 antl 12 of the Amnnmi- tion Train. On June 25, 1917, Company B. of the Engineers, reported for duty, was mustered into Federal service the following day and shortly afterwards was sent to Camp Meade, Admiral, Md., for construction work. Subsequently it repaired r.nit.^i .1 Frank W. Buhler. Stanley r-n ,,t m. . i . i Philwli'liiliiii \iiillt'rym<_'ii al JtnkiiilLiuit. to Camp Hancock for similar duty ahead of the balance of the Division which, within two weeks, was called to the colors, each unit being ordered to mobilize at its respective headtjuarters or armory on July 15th. On July 16th the entire Philadelphia Battalion of the 6th Infantry and the field and statT, headquarters, supply and machine gun companies were mustered in, as were all members of the Sanitary Detachment save three who reported on July 22d. On July 17th the Artillery Brigade Headquarters, Brigadier General William G. Price, Jr., commanding, was sworn m at the headquarters in the Liberty Building. Then in sequence came Truck Company No. 3 on July 20th; the Field Bakery Company on July 20th and 21st; Field Hospital No. 2, July 21st: Ambulance Company No. 2, July 21st and 22d; Field Hospital No. 3, July 22d and 21th; Troops A and E (First City), July 23d; Headquarters Troop, July 24th; 2d Field Artillery, July 20th to 24th; Truck Company No. 1, July 24th; Troop G, July 25th; Troop D (Second City), July 26th; First Infantry Brigade 99 Headquarters. July 26tli: 2(1 Ci)iiipany. Military I'olice. August 3(1: Truck Com- panies Nos. 10, 11 and 12. Ainiiumition Train. August 2d: and Supply Troop, August 4th. On August .5. 1917. the I'litire IVimsylvania \ational (luard ni\ision. num- bering 841 oflicers and 2,'). 215 1 men. was nuisteri'd into the National service formally. The following table shows the strength of the I'hiladilphia units on that day: Olliccrs \lon First Brigiide Headquarters 2 ."> \rlillcry Brigade Head(niartrrs Kifid Hakcry \iiil>iilan( r Company Xo. 2. hi. Id Hospital No. 2 I'iild Hospital No. :$ rriick Coinpany NO. 3. Supply Traiii. Truck Company No. t, Supply Train. . Truck Coinpany No. 10. Anununition Train. 'Truck Company No. 11. Ammunition Train. Truck Company No. 12, Vmmunilion Train. Company B. iMiuincprs Company K. Knfrinccrs Second Company. Military Police. , Second Kii'ld Artillery Headquarters Troop. 1st Cavalry .Supply Troop, 1st Cavalry Troop .\, 1st Cavalry Troop D, 1st Cavalry Troop K, Isl Cavalry Troop G, Isl Cavalry 1st Infantry .id Infantry field and Stalf, 6lh Infantry Ileadcpiarters Coinpany. ()th Infantry Supply Company, 6th Infantry VIachin(i Gun ('onipany, Otli Infantry . . Sanitary Detachment, 6th Infantry Coinpany K, 6th Infantry (Company K, 6th Infantry Company L, 6th Infantry (Company M, 6lli Infantry :', 11) 1 62 1 !!1 ", 7'> (1 HO 1 1') 1 16 .■)!! .->:{ .'>2 - 1 1 l.-.H '2 12:? II 1.2152 1 ,-.2 2 .')2 :! «)1 :i 106 :! 99 :! 128 .>.> 1,977 .■>() 1 ,6i!0 9 I 29 O 39 :i 62 ,5 27 :■, 76 ; «1 :i 82 :i 78 Total 232 6,821 Dining the brief period between .August 5, 1917, and the concentration at Camp !Ian(Y)ck,the smaller UTiits.with the exception of some of the truck compani(>s, were held at their loral liead(|uarters. 'The truck c()in|)anies were eitli("r held at the 1st Hegiment Armory or sent to Mt. (iretna for immediate duty. In the case of the 2d Artillery, a suitable site for a temporary camp was found near !\obIe, Pa., on the estate of .lohn Wanamaker. and. in honor of the donor, was namcnl Camp Wanamaker. In mid- August, the 1st and :U1 infantry were relieved of guard duty and began to concentrate in and near Philadelphia, the 1st securing a camp site near the Commercial Museum and naming it Camp Brown after its Com- mander. Colonel Millard D. lirown. The Ml Infantry left the western pat t of the State on August 11th. and the following day arrived home, camping at Camp -A. Merritt Taylor, a short distance beyond the 69tli Street 'Terminal in Delaware County. 100 'Yhv move south liegan in September. The 1st Infantry left Camp Brown 1)> train on September 11th. arriving at Camp Hancock on Friday, September I 1th; the 3d left on September 12th, arriving September 15th. and the other units in order until by the end of the month the entire Division was assembled on the new grounds a short distance outside the City of Augusta, Ga. The ensuing nine months was a heart-breaking period for the ofTicers and men of the old Guard. They saw brigadiers, colonels, majors and captains skilfully eliminated through the action of Army Plucking Boards. Even their Major- Cieneral, Charles M. Clement, was relieved December 11, 1917, and succeeded December 15th by General Charles H. Muir. Historic organizations were broken up or amalgamated with other units. The War Department, with wisdom learned abroad, was making some radical changes in Army organization, particularly with reference to infantry regiments. Under the new plan, the strength of the Infantry was increased from 150 men to a company to 250 men, while machine gun bat- talions, hitherto unheard of in the Ameiican Army, were being established as part of the Divisional Organization. All of this reorganization was not carried on without considerable trouble. Various portions of the State, through their repre- sentatives in Congress, attempted to save their regiments whole, remonstrating against the destruction of former identities. In the case of the 1st Cavalry, it was re-assembled, after the fust break up, as the 10.3d Cavalry and was fmally redistributed to other units. In the final infantry aUgnment, the western part of the State was far more successful than the eastern in saving its regiments, as the 10th, 16th and 18th. all from west of the Susquehanna, were kept intact as the 110th, 111th and 112th Infantry regiments, respectively. (Vmrtesy of Frank \\'. P.uhier, Stanley Co. of AmerirH. NaUunal (huinlsmeii cainiiiny un (lie Wanamaker Estate, Jenhinlown. 101 Infpmatlonal iSlh DiDisiun Men ul Jersey (^ily. Tlio poniM'al order which raiisod all of the Ironblo. and which, iiicidciilally, oslablishod oflicially the 28th Division, was dated .November loth. Its result will be belter understood from the following tabic, which shows the original guard unit, from whence it hailed, and what became of it: National Guard Unit Locality ?lilli Division Imil ]sl Infantry Pliihulclphin lOOlli Infantry. 3(1 Infantry (less band and several liundrod men) Piiiladelphia I lOlli Iiifaiilry. ■tth Infantry: Machine Gun Coni])any, C and D Companies, part of Sanitary Detachment and Supply Company Lancaster, Columbia. AllenloHn KWth IMacIiine (!un Battalion. 2d Battalion and part of Head- quarters and Supply Com- pany Columbia, Allentown. llaiiibiirf;, Sun- bury, Pine Grove, Lebanon KtTth Machine Gun Companies A and B, part of Battalion. Headquarters, and .Supply C'ompany Beading, Allentown. Columbia 1 Ofith Machine Gun Battalion. Detachment Headquarters, Supply and B Company Columbia, AJlentown .'Slid Depot Brigade. 102 filli Iiifiintry (less band) Philadelphia, Pottslown, C;hester, Phoe- nixville, Norristown, Doylestown, Media, West Chester lllUi Infanlry. Hth Infantry (less hand) Harrisburg, York, Tamaqua, Chambers- burg. Mahanoy City, Huntingdon, Carlisle, Pottsville, Bedford, Lewis- town 112lh Infanlry. Kllh Infantry Greensburg,Monongabela, New Brighton, Somerset, Mount Pleasant, Indiana, Alloona, Washington, Waynesburg, Blairsville, Latrobe 110th Infantry. Kith Infantry (less band) Scranton.Wilkes-Barre.EastStroudsburg, Honesdale, Bloomsburg, Moscow 109th Infanlry. 16lh Infantry Oil City, Corry, Meadville, Bradford, Kane, Franklin, Erie, Ridgeway, Weu-ren, Kittaning, Butler, Grove City 112th Infantry. 1 fUh Infantry Pittsburgh 11 1th Infantry. 1st Artillery Pittsburgh, Williamsport, Phoenixville, South Betlilehera 107th Field Artillery. 2d Artillery Philadelphia 108th Field Artillery. :?d Artillery Wilkes-Barre, Hazleton, Pittston, Nanti- coke, Plymouth, Tunkhannock 109th Field .\rtillery. 1st Cavalry: Detachments Headquarters Company, Supply Company, and Troops B, F, I, M, E. . Philadelphia, Tyrone, New Castle, Sun- bury, Lewisburg 103d Engineers. Machine Gun Troop Boalsburg 108th Machine Gun Battalion. Detachment Troop I Sunbury Division Headquarters Troop. Detachments Troops F and H. Newcastle and Pittsburgh 107th Field Artillery. Detachments Troops D, K, I, L, M and Troops A, C, and G. Philadelphia, Lock Haven, Bellefonte, Lewisburg, Simbury, Harrisburg 108tb Field Artillery. Detachments Troops I. K. L. Sunbury, Lockhaven. Bellefonte 109th Field Artillery. Detachments Troops E, B, M Philadelphia, Tyrone. Lewisburg lO.'^d Trench Mortar Battery. 1st Engineers Philadelphia, Scran ton, Pottsville 103d Engineers. 1st Battalion Signal Corps Pittsburgh lOlid Field Signal Bat- talion. Military Police Pittsburgh, Philadelphia 103d Headquarters and Military Police. Supply Train Harrisburg, Lancaster, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh 103d Supply Train. Anununition Train Philadelphia, AUentown, Shamokin, Harrisburg, West Chester, Williams- port, Selinsgrove 103d A ni munition Train. Sanitary Train Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Lancaster, Coraopolis 103d Sanitary Train. Of the remainder, the bands of the 3d, 4th, 6th, 8th and 13tli Infantry were detached entirely from the Division, and the 3d Battalion of the Ith Infantry had months before been sent to tlie Rainbow ( I2d) Division as a machine gun battalion. Once the changes had been made and tlie men settled down to routine, the 103 lime passed slowly on their hands. There were hikes and sham battles, bayonet practice and gas mask instructions, guard mounts and target shooting, trench digging and reviews, rc^gimenlal and otherwise. One of the biggest days was February 22, 1918 (W asliingtun's Birthday), when Secretary Lansing reviewed the entire Division in a morning pai'ade. Rumors of a quick movement overseas began to fK)at around the camp in .January. 1918, and persisted continually until the orders linally came, but it was late April before the 28th bade farewell, and a hearty one, to Camp Hancock. OVERSEA.S .\M) TIIK MaRNE The 28th Division might have spent even a longer time at ("amp Hancock had it not been for the critical situation which arose on the western front in the spring of 1918. The (iermans hail launched two big oQ'ensives, the one which retook the old Sonnne battlefield and threatened to break the British line toward Amiens, and the oilier which endangered the channel ])orts in northern France. Great Britain had made frantic appeal to the liiiti'd States for an army and it ^1 lAirijo Ship Iniill id lion Ishiiiil. was in part answei- to this appeal that sailing orders came to Hancock. The Division was at full war strength when the orders arrived. Some months before, a draft of Peims\Kania selecti\e seix ice men had bi'cn receiveil and had been used to fill in what gaps existed on the regimental rosters. About a week before de- parture another small draft of men. from middle and western states and numbering about .'>(K». was also added to the l)i\ ision. making the litst addition of non-l'cnnsyl- vanians. These men were distributed five or six to the line companies of infantry and soon absorbed. The units of the Division began to leave Camp Hancock by train on April 21st, traveling to Camps Mills, Upton and Merrilt. Of the larger units containing many I'hiladelphians, the 109th Infantry de|)arted fiom the south on April 22d; the llOlh Infantry on April 21tli: the llltli Infantry on April 26th; the lO.'ld Sanitarj' Train on .May 10th and the 108th Field Artillery on May 11th. iiy May l.^th the old training ground was des(Mted save for the ,5.3d Depot Brigade. Twelve British and two American tiansports convoy(Hl the Division overseas. Six ships were in the first convoy, which sailed from New York on May 3d, arriving at Liverpool, England, .May 16th and l"th. They were as follows: 101 H. M. S. C(7y of Cakutla. 107th Machine Gun Battalion and 1st Battalion, 110th Infantry; H. M. S. Aiichises. 108th Machine ( iun Battalion; V. S. S. Corsican. 2d Battalion, 110th Infantry; II. M. S. Ansonia, 3d Battalion, 110th Infantry; H. M. S. Demosthenes. hcad(iuart('rs and auxiliary units, 110th Infantry; H. M. S. (kirnuuiiu, 109th Infantry, and Division Headquarters, with Major General Muir and staff. On May 5th the speedy H. M. S. Olympic departed from Hoboken with the 56th Infantry Brigade Headcjuarters and the 111th Infantry and arrived at South- ampton on May 12th, four days before the slower convoy, which had sailed two days before it. On May 7th H. M. S. Aquilania. with the 103d Train Headquarters, 28th Division Military Police, 109th Machine Gun Battalion and 112th Infantry, set sail and reached Liverpool on May 14th, also ahead of the iirst convoy. Five more ships sailed in convoy from New York on May 19th. They were: H. M. S. (leramic, 103d Ammunition Train; H. M. S. Briton, 103d Sanitary Train: H. M. S. Malugama, 103d Engineers; H. M. S. J«*7icio, 108th and 109th Field Artillery; U. S. S. Salnrnia. 107th Field Artillery. These five docked at Liverpool on May 30th and 31st. The final ship, H. M. S. Khiva, with the 103d Supply Train, sailed from New York on May 27th antl arrived at Liverpool on June 7th. Short time was spent by any unit on the British Isles. Two days at "Notty Ash," a camp near Liverpool, was practically the longest stay, after which the men were loaded on trains for Dover and rushed from the British port across 0)iirtcsv nf Frank W Buhler, Stanley Co. of America. National Guardsmen off for War. 105 U Drkcn ul LilUviluiic liijk I'tanl. tliP .Enfrlisli r.lianncl to Calais. Once in Kraiicc. ra])icl (Iis])osili()n was made of cadi unit. For puijiosos of acnislomitit; it to iiiodcru warfare, the infantry was broken up in battalions and brigaded with the British in the vicinity of Nieles- les-lMecjuiii. This traiiiinfr lasted for two weeks: in oilier words, iinlil the time when the ( leiiiians laiinelied their third olVensive toward Montdidier. Witli the enemy surging Paris-ward in mid-June, the 28th was called hastily from the British seetor and everything, save the artilliMy brigade at ^ annes, assembled in the vicinity of (lonesse, which lies northeast of J'aiis and along highways radiating to either the British or French battle fronts. While at Gonesse, the Di\isi()n heard of the fourth great ("icrman ofTensive of the year, an offensive which, aiming at Soissons and Bheinis, was broken at the latter place but swung down to the Marnc in a pocket which had its apex at Chateau-Thierry. The ejjic of the 7th Machine (lun Battalion of the ."^d Division at the Chaleau- Thien-y bridge-head on May 31st and of the Marines of the 2(1 Division at Belleau Wood and Bouresches on June 6th had already gone down into history when in late June the 2!Uh Division the arlillcrv brigade excluded — was rushed in motor ktriies to south of the Marne with divisional headquarters at Saulchery, and the four infantry regiments encamped eastward from that jioint as far as Montmirail. The first unit of the Division to reach the front line and suffer casualties was Company 1*] (from Philadelphia) of lln' 1 Oikl l<>ngineers, which, (ni the evening of June 28lh, Uist eight men wounded, when a road over which they were passing 106 to tlii'ir hillcls. a sliort distanrc from Chateau-Thierry, was heavily shelled. The entire 2cl Ballalioii of the Engineers, working under orders from the .'58th French Corps, were engaged during the subsequent two days in digging second line trenches south of the Marne near Chateau-Thierry. On the night of June 30th the first infantry engagement took place with two "model" platoons from the 111th Infantry participating. It was purely volunteer work on the part of the Pennsylvania doughboys, who wei'e chosen from A and I' Companies of the regiment to join with the 13;3th French Infantry in an attack on Hill 201, lying north of the Marne and east of Chateau-Thierry. Lieutenant Cedric Benz, of A Com|iany, and Lieutenant ,Tohn II. Shenkel, of B Company, com- manded the two platoons. The attack, launched at night, was a complete success, thirty-eight prisoners being taken, the hill cleaned of machine guns and snipers, and all done with slight casualties and so much individual heroic work that the Ailaiilic Reflning Co, U. S. S. "Fulger" sliowimj anli-Sahmarine Gun forwiinl . French issued about twenty Croix detiuerres and were profuse in divisional and corps commendations of the Americans. From July 1st to 14th the balance of the Division trained in the region south of the Marne, platoons from the other three infantry regiments being sent occasion- ally to the front line. To the westward. Companies A and B of the 103d Engineers and Company C of the 109th Macliine Gun Battalion took over the defense of the Charly bridge-head on July 9th, and between then and July 15th were sub- jected to intensive shell fire and suffered quite a few casualties. A new offensive from the Huns was momentarily ex]3ected. Just where it would strike was a question of doubt which aU the French and American aei'ial observers could not answer. It was figured that it would either be westward on the front between Soissons and Chateau-Thierry, or southward on the east and west sides of Bheims. The F'rencli did not expect a direct thrust acioss the Marne east of Chateau-Thierry and were confident that even if it should come there the 107 1 1 ruuj-ip'.tr! "Siiuiuy, Imill ill (.>(i;/i//.v Shiityurtl. aiiifk-ial (Icfciisfs of barbed wire would slop the advance. Hence the Frencli line was thinnest alonjj the Maine between C.hateau-Thieny and Donnans, while what reserves they had were concentrated back of Soissons and Hheinis. The line of the Marne was lnld I'mm ('.halcaii-lliiin y to Dornians by the 3d American and 125th French Divisions, the I'ornier extending: from Cliateau- Thierry to C.rezancy and the latter from Cre/ancy to Dornians. IJehiiui lliem, on July 1 Uh, was stationed the 28th Division, which had been movinf; up 1)\ easy stages for three days. The infantry line of tiie 2!Uh. in the reserve Ircnclics. three miles soutii of the front, consisted ifrom west to east) of the ll2lii. II lib. ilOth and 109th Infantry, with the lO'nli Macliini-( uiu Battalion in support of the I I2lii and 111th Infantry (the .Idlli Briizade) and the iOiith Machine C.un Battalion in support of the llOtli and Id'Hli Infantry (the r).")th Brif^ade). The 1st Battalion of th(> 10,'kl Engineers was also stationed wilh the 55th Brigade. In this ])osilion the 56th Brigade la> behind the .'id \meiican Division and the 55th Brigade behind the 125th I'rcnch Di\ision. The SmiTielin River, which runs northwestward to emjity in the Marne near Me/y. bisected the 55th Brigade, the 100th Infantrv King to the cast of the ri\cr and the 110th to the west. The Surmdin Bi\cf did moif than bisect the 55tli Brigade, ll marked the boundary between two groups of French armies with the following confused result: The 56th Infantry Brigade was in the .'?8th French Corps of the 6th French \rmy. supporting the ,'5d American Division, of the same Corps, and the 55th Brigade, Sti-Milns. Boston. L. S. S. "W'yomitiii." Jla(islti[> (-. .S'. !\itrlh Sea Ftrcl. Imill iil i^rani/i's Sluiivdnl. 108 while supposedly in the 5th French Corps instead of the 38th French Corps, had one of its regiments, the 110th, operating in 38th Corps territory, and the other, the l()9th, in 5th Corps territory. This was the general situation on the night of July 14th. save that four com- panies, two from the 109th and two from the 110th, had been detailed for purposes of instruction with the 125th French Division several days before and were still in the front Une south of the Marne. These units were Company L, lO'Oth. ( '.aptain .Tames B. Cousait: Company M. 109th. Captain Edward P. Mackay. Company B. UOth. Captain William Fish, and Company C. UOth. Captain W. Curtis Truxal. The total strength of the foin units was 942 officers and men. but, instead of being concentrated, they were scattered along a five mile front with French units between each. The exact disposition is given as follows: Company L, 100th — two platoons on the line of observation alonf; the railroad south of .laulgonne with two platoons in the edge of the woods near the crest of the hill to the south. Company B, 110th, had two platoons on the line of observation imrne l)ravest battles against odds in the histon,' of the American l'>xpediti(>nary Force: Company L, 109th: KiUed, twenty-six; died of wounds, four (one of these a pri.soner); wounded, forty-eight; prisoners, eighty-nine (fourteen of whotn were wounded in :i(lf the llOlli managed to fight liis way back in safety, as did Captain Charles L. McLain of F Company. 110th, but the latter was wounded. On the left, the 3d \meri destruction of the four com])aiii('s of the 28th endangered the entire right flank of the American forces and at the same time fornied a pocket whidi began at Mezy and continued westward to Dormans. In 110 this extremity, the 38th United States Infantry, the most eastern unit of the 3d Division, swung its right wing down the course of the Sumerhn River as far as Coningis, where a portion of the 125th French Division, reorganized, maintained a front extending southeasterly to Monthurel. From Monthurel due eastward ran the hue of the 109th Infantry, thus suddenly thrown from su])port to a front Hue position. To the right of the 109th lay the 20th French Division, a shock unit which had been hurried up when the 125th collapsed. The 110th American Infanti-y, west of the Sumerlin, while exposed to the Hun bombardment, was protected by the French line between Coningis and ]\Ionthur(^l fiom direct attack. The German horde poured down through the Bois de Conde hours behind schedule, due to the splendid resistance of the four companies, and emerged on the front of the 109th late in the afternoon. The 2d Battalion of the 109th, under Major Ralph A. Gregoi-y, faced the oncomers and was reinforced at once by the 1st Battahon of the 103d Engineers and part of the 109th Machine (Jun Battalion. By a ruse, in wearing French uniforms, the enemy appeared in the open and the Pennsylvania men, mistaking them for retiring poilus, withheld fire until it was too late and found themselves driven back by terrific machine gun fire from the Conde woods. At 7.30 P.M. the French counter-attacked toward St. Agnan, but without success. In the meanwhile, on the left of the line. Captain William C. Wilhanis, of H Company, with a small reconnoitering party, crossed a plateau facing Mont- hurel and was in danger of being cut off. Bugler George L. Mcllroy won the Distinguished Service Cross by daring the withering fire with a message for help, and Captain WiUiams seemed the same coveted honor by the manner in which he extricated himself and his men. The Distinguished Service Cross fell also to Captain Edward J. Meehan, of D Company, whose unit had been in an advanced exposed position, and which he saved by determined fighting. On July 16th at 10 a.m. the 109th counter-attacked, using all units save I Company, which was held in reserve. During the night, however, the (Jermans had brought up more machine guns and proceeded to enfilade the line from the direction of St. Agnan. Three impetuous assaults were halted by the terrific fire and the casualties ran high. Captain Walter M. Geaity and Lieutenant Donald MacNutt, of A Company, were killed, as was Lieutenant Henry Q. (iriflin, of C Company. Lieutenant Walter Fiechter, of K Company and Captain Felix Campuzano, of B Company, were wounded. Coiporal J. J. Lott, of B Company, was cited for bravery for the manner in which he twice slipped fijrward and cut barbed wire entanglements, returning each time to lead details through the gaps and not desisting until severely wounded. Gas and shells had added to the casualties in both the 109th and 110th. The Regimental P. C. of the 109th near Conde-en-Brie was struck and Rev. Walter Murray, the Regiment's Y. M. C. A. man, killed. The officers wounded included Captain Roland C. Heisler, Regimental Adjutant; Captain James F. Cooper, of G Company, and Lieutenants George lleni-y West, of L Company, and John J. Owens, Battahon Reconnaissance Officer. In the 110th a whole squad of machine gunners were killed when a shell made a direct hit on their dugout, and another shell plowed into Company A while the unit was marching to position, kiUing four men and so severely injuring two others that they died on the way to a hospital. In the meanwhile, further west, the 2d Battalion of the lUtli Infantry, under Captain William Dunlap, was sent forward on July 17th to refieve the hard-pressed 111 I5()th Infantn*' of the 3d American Division in the vicinity of Crezancy. On that same day the battalion counter-attacked between Crezancy and Fossoy, driving the Huns, who had gained the south bank of the Marne. in disorder across the river. On July 18th. Lieutenant .John H. Burd Quinn. of B Company, llllh Infantry, was killed. Through July 17th the 109th Infantry continued a holding position on the hill north of Conde, while the French again attacked further east. The (iennan heavy guns from along the Marne continued their bombardment throughout July 17th and July 18th. but ceased before the end of the latter day. In tlie meanwhile the l()9th had been reheved at 2 o'clock on the afternoon of July 18th and with- drawn for a much needed rest. The combined Franco-American olfensive. launched south of Soissons at dawn on July 18th. afforded the chance for the relief. From July 18th to July 20th the ( iermans continued to hold the (^onde woods, but their chief desire was to get back across the Marne to safety. For the next three days the infantry regiments of the aolh Brigade rested, receiving replacements. They were particularly needed in the 109th. The regiment was minus 80.'5 men on July 22d, the day the replacements arrived. The.se 803 were accounted for then as follows: killed. 79; wounded. 107: missing, 317. In the llOlli Infantry, where the loss had been entirely from shell lire and gas, save for B and C Couipanies, the casualties for the period were: Killed, 57; wounded, 137; missing. 226; total, 420. \\ liile the infantry rested, the engineers immediately set to work to pn^pare for an advance. The 1st Battalion repaired the roads at Moulius, Courthiezy and Chevaney, just south of the Marne, laboring betw een July 22d and 2.ith under terrific shell fire. At the same time the 2(1 Battalion was busy further west, Companies K and F repairing roads from Aulnois through l-^ssomes and Chateau- Thierry, and Company D building a pile trestle bridge across the Marne at the eastern end of Chateau-Thierry. Through the Heart of the M \hm; Pocket The ,^6th Brigade was the first to start north in pursuit of the retreating (iermans. On the afternoon of July 21st the 111th and I12lli Infantry, passing through Chateau-Thierry, crossed the Marne on pontoon bridges and on July 23d, with the 112th in advance, both regiments jiroceeded toward drande Bue Fme.. where orders were received from Brigadi(>r (ieneral William \\ eigel, of the 56th Brigade, placing the 111th Infantn.^ at the disposal of the 26th (New England National (iuard) Division. The order was carried out by 9 a.m. July 23d and the regiment went into camp in the woods to the east and west of the farm. At 3 .\.M. on July 24th the 2d and 3d Battalions of the 1 1 llli relieved the lOlst and 102(1 Infantry and ])repared for an attack the saiur day at dawn. At 6.45 A. M. both battalions surged forward, but eniouiitrred ru) opposition. In the meanwhile General Weigel had taken over command nl tiie sector from the 26th Division and the 56th went forward again as a biigade. the lllth on the right and the 112lli, under Colonel (ieorge C. Bickards, on the left, (ieneral Weigel named La Croix Rouge Ferme as the brigade ()bje(ti\c. Phe advance contimied. subjected to machine gun fire on the left, until about I p.m.. when, in attacking through the Forest de Fere, a scalding niachine gun lire was nu't. The far end of the lllth's line, and the 112th were "hung up" and four companies of the IlKh — E, H, 1 and K — with Colonel Shannon in the center, pushed ahead in 112 the form of a "V" and were almost surrounded. The men of the regiment call it their "Lost Battalion," as the fom' companies were isolated for two hours until the left and right wings were enabled to close up the gap. As darkness approached and the enemy's resistance redoubled, it was decided to hold the ground so far gained and dig in for the nigiit. Company K was placed in the front Une and the balance of the troops echeloned to the rear. All night and through the following morning the (iermans shelled the position, but without dislodging the defenders, and on the evening of July 25th the sector was taken over by the 167th Infantry and the 111th returned to Courpoil and Trugny woods for a much needed rest. The 111th remained in Trugny woods until July 28th, when it was moved to Vente Jean de Guillame and held in reserve until August 3d. On July 27th the ."SSth Brigade, the 110th Infantry leading, crossed the Marne near Mezy and ])ushed forward to the Foret de Fere in support of the .{Qth French Division. Ahead of the 109th and 110th lay the Ourcq country with the front line, from left to right, consisting of the 42d (Rainbow) Division, the 39th French Division and the 3d American Division. Tiiat same night the 110th Infantry moved ahead to reheve the 156th French Infantry, etl'ecting the reUef by daybreak, when the Pennsylvania regiment was ensconced with the 3d Battalion to the north and west of Courmont, th(> 2d Battalion on the edge of the village and the 1st Battalion in reserve in a woods two kilometers further west. The 110th faced one of the strongest positions prepared by the enemy in its retreat — a hill known as both 188 and 212. depending upon what elevation different maps happened to give it. The crest of the hill was covered by the Grimpettes woods and in this fastness the Hun had assembled one of the choicest arrays of machine guns flanked by light arlillciy and iirotccted by skilfully prepared trenches. /Vlong the south slope of the hill Mowed tiic Oinxtj River, a stream at that season about ten feet wide. The side of the hill up which the 110th was to go was practically bare of vegetation, the only protection being a jiaitially sunken road aliout midway up the slope. Before the first attack could be launched, the Regimental Headquai'ters at Fresnes was struck by a shell whicli killed Liculcnaut Colonel Wallace W. Fetzer and live orderlies. Tliis was on the morning of July 28th. On the afternoon of the same day the 2d Battalion started for the hill. The Ourcq was crossed in small combat groui)s and. reforming on the northern side, the battalion started up, despite a total absence of artillery support. The enemy waited until the advancing doughboys were about 300 yards away and then opened up with rifle and machine gun fire. The effect was deadly. The battalion halted and then the men attempted to work tiieir way forward on their stomachs. Rut the fire was too severe. After exhausting every effort to get closer to the German lines, the battalion was forced finally to withdraw. Three officers were wounded in the course of the afternoon, they being Lieutenants Robert G. Frasier, Rol)ert B. Herbert and Frederick T. Yeager. On the morning of July 29th a combined attack was attempted upon the Grimpettes woods and Hill 230. direttly north of it. The 3d Battalion attempted to storm the latter position, but was stopped by intensive fire from the summit, and the 2d BattaUon fared no better in front of Hill 212. Companies G and E had led off, the former to the west and the latter to the east of the line. Each forced its way upward valiantly, Company G managing to get within 100 yards of the 113 woods before being held up and Company E penetrating the timber for a short distance. Neither could hold the positions gained, however, and by 9 a.m. were back along the Ourcq where they had started. The two attacks had cost the regiment dearly in both officers and men. In E Company, Captain James E. Zundell was so badly wounded that he died the following day, and Lieutenant William C. Stevenson was instantly killed. Lieutenant Earl R. Churchill of F Company was shot to death by niailiine gun bullets. Lieutenant George T. Rodgers was killed while observing with the 37 mm. platoon of Headquarters Company. Lieutenant John \V. Day of the Machine (um Company was so badly wounded by a high explosive shell that lie died of his injuries on September 7th, and two oflicers of K Company. Lieutenants Richard Stockton Bulhtt and Walter B. Riggle, were killed by machine gun bullets along with thirty-nine men from their company. Among the wounded for that day were Lieutenant Frederick R. Bridges, Company H: Lieutenant Joseph R. Chambers, Company A; Captain Wade T. Kline, Company I; Lieutenant Owen F. McDoiniell. (ouipaiiy 1^: Lieu- tenant George W. R. Mai-tin, Company A (who remained on duly and was wounded again the following day); Lieutenant Walter S. Peterson, Company C; and Lieu- tenant George L. Roat, Company \. In the meanwhile, on July 2ytli. tlie lO'Uli lufautr\ liad been .swinging to a support position to the left rear of the 1 10th. The 3d Battalion was in the lead and was advancing during the morning hours under both machine gun and shell fire which was sweeping down the Ourcq \alley from Sergy and further north. .M Company, under Lieutenant Edward B. Goward, advanced to flank a machine gun which was menacing the balance of the battalion, and to do so had to cross the Ouicq. The platoon in the lead came into the radius of other rapid- fire weapons and Lieutenant Goward was mortally wounded. First Sergeant Howard L. Barnes went to his as.sistance and was likewise wounded. At this instant. Lieutenant Thomas B. W. Fales, the oflicer who had brougiit the remnant of M Company back from the Marne and had been out on a patrol, returned to find the men becoming demoralized. Lieutenant I'ales went to the assistance of Sergeant Barnes and then kept on to Lieutenant Goward, but was so seriously wounded before reaching the latter that he died the following day. Despite this setback the 10')th reached a nariow gauge railroad on the west bank of the Ourci) and dug in on the night of July 2'Jth, maintaining the position despite a hail of shrapnel and high explosives. At 2.30 o'clock on the afternoon of July 30th the llOlli made its final attack on Mill 212. The regiment was given artillery support at last and, following a heavy barrage, went forward with the entire 3d Battalion and Company D of the 1st Battalion in the lead, and the 2d Batlalidii in sn])porl. Before the attack started the Regimental Ileadquaiters at CourmonI had again been hit by a shell and seventeen men, including two captive German officers who were being inter- rogated, were killed. D(>s])ite this the ])Iaii as laid down was carried out. The victorious llOtli, losing oificers aiul men in large numbers, but undeterred, pressed forward into the woods and over the summit of the hill, (Jearing it of the enemy and taking hundreds of prisoners. When the fighting was over the bodies of 400 Germans were counted on the ground. Four oificers were killed in the attack and twenty-one wounded, the dead being Lieutenant Thomas Massey of G Com- pany; Lieutenant Wilbur Small of D Company; Lieutenant Nelson Pcrrine of 111 Headquarters Company and Lieutenant Arthur Walters, who had reported for duty the same day and was in Regimental Headquarters when the shell struck it. Among the wounded officers were Lieutenant Marshall S. Barron, M Company: Lieutenant Walter S. Bates, F Company; Lieutenant Henry H. Bonsall, Head- quarters Company; Lieutenant Andrew Boyes, H Company; Lieutenant Philip M. Darby, I Company; Lieutenant Harry M. Foos, Headquarters Company; Lieutenant David Garrison, K Company; Lieutenant LTllman C. Hendler, K Com- pany; Captain John D. Hitchman, Regimental Adjutant; Lieutenant William 0. Holmes, I Company; Lieutenant Joseph E. Kerst, A Company; Major Edward Martin, Acting Regimental Commander; Lieutenant William E. Myers, D Com- pany; Lieutenant William E. Pierce, Brigade Adjutant; Lieutenant R. B. Purman, K Company; Lieutenant Charles C. Schrandt, E Company ; Lieutenant Franklyn E. Waite, K Company; Lieutenant Homer E. Wellman, L Company, and Lieutenant John W. Woodend, L Company. While the 110th was winning the Grimpettes woods, the 109th, on the left, was giving sterhng support. The lOQth crossed the Ourcq, the 2d Battalion leading, and stormed the woods in front of Cierges. On this day Sergeant John Winthrop (later killed in action) won special conmiendation for the way in wliich he took command of Company G when all of its officers had been wounded. Distinguished Service Cross winners of that day were Major Martin of the 110th; Captain John J. Kennedy of the 110th; Major Thomas B. Anderson (deceased), llOth; Lieu- tenant UUman C. Hendler, Company K, UOth and Lieutenant Blake Lightner, 110th. On the night of July 30th the 110th was relieved, the 109th taking over its posi- tion on the crest of Hill 212, and on August 1st the 109th in turn was relieved. Both regiments moved southward to the woods southwest of Le Charmel and there on the night of August 1st a German bombing plane located the camp of the UOth and dropped six bombs, killing twenty-two and wounding eighty men. In the period from July 28th to the air raid the UOth lost ten officers and 220 men killed, 31 officers and 960 men wounded and one officer and 39 men missing. In the same period the 109th lost three officers and fifteen men killed; seven officers and 391 men wounded and 154 men missing. Both regiments had also changed commanding officers. Colonel Brown, of the 109th being succeeded by Colonel Henry W. Coulter, and Colonel Kemp, of the 110th, by Major Martin, the changes being effected by order of Brigadier General Darragh, commanding the 55th Brigade, on the afternoon of July 29th. FiSMES AND Beyond the Vesle Between the 1st and 4th of August the Germans conducted a rapid but successful retreat from Cierges and Sergy to Fismes, on the Vesle, being closely pursued by the 32d American Division which had just swung into the light. On the night of August 3d the 32d had thrown reconnoitering parties into Fismes, but these were driven out the following morning and it was not until nightfall of August 4th that the town was finally won. On the afternoon of August 3d, with the 56th Brigade leading, the 28tli Division staited northward to the support of the 32d, the road lying through the Bois Meuniere, Cierges, Sergy, Chamery, Coulanges, Cohan and Dravegny to St. (liles, just south of Fismes. On the night of August 6th the 2d and 3d Battalions of the 112th Infantry 115 relieved the 32d Division and occupied the woods lyinfi directly south of the town of Fisnies. The space between the woods and the town, known as "'Death Valley,"' was constantly swept by shell fire and, like the tow n itself, almost untenable. The two battalions consolidated their positions in the night of August 6th, and the morning of the 7th, supported by the fire of the 109th Machine (iun Battalion, succeeded in crossing the ^■esle west of Fismes. On the next day the 2(1 Battalion of the 112th fought its way across the river into Fismette, a small suburl) separated from Fismes pioper by tht; 75-foot width of the N'e.sle and connected by a three- arch stone bridge, the northern third of w iiich had been blow n away by shell lire. In the meanwhile the l():5d |-]ngineers hat! not only repaired thi> road south of Fismes, but had built the bridge west of Fismes over which the 112lh had won its way and had also bridged the Vrdrc Biver, a small stream running north- westward into the \ esle and which had to be crossed to enter Fismes. It was in this work that Lieutenant Harry C. Hill, of Company A. was severely wounded on August 7th. while directing the erection of win^ entanglements and grou])s of combat trenches south of Fismes. The 11 2th was being hard pressed in the hamlel on the north side ol' the Vesle and, on .\ugust 8th, the 1st Battalion of the llltli and the one-puunder platoon of Headquarters Company were sent forward to assist. The battalion reached Fisnies early in the morning but was unable to cross the river during, daylight hours of August 9tli. two officers. Lieutenants \nthony Wausnock. Company A. and James B. Wharton. Company C, and about twenty iniui being wounded. After darkness on August 9th. the battalion crossed on the shattered bridge and at I a.m. on the lOlli attacked northward uixm the hillside beyond Fismctte in an elfort to cnlaige tiie iioldings on the north bank. It was a daring effort, but enemy machine guns were too numerous for the small force. Within a few hours the battalion had lost some of its fiucsl officers and men including. Captain Fdmund W. Lynch and Lieutenant Frank .M. (ilendeiiniiig, killed, and Captain James A. Williams and Lieutenants Robert B. Woodbui-y, Frank C. Homer. Myer K()st<'nbaum. Harry J. Keller and Waller I'llinger, wounded. The 2d Battalion of the regiment had started on .\ugusl 9tli to the support of the 1st and on August 10th the 111th took over the entire sector from the 112th. Shortly after midnight on the morning of August llth. the ;5d r>altali(>n tried to throw part of its force into Fismette to the support of the other two battalions. A deadly German barrage stopped the effort after a few men had crossed the river, and these latter remained with the 2d Battalion until \ugus| i:^tli. wlien llic regiment was relieved by the 109th Infantry. The job of keeping open the lines of communication between the N'esleand Divisional Headquarters in Draxegny. devolved \\\um the lOlid l-jigineers, and resulted in severe casualties. On .\ugust 9lli. Captain John II. Ballamy, topographical officer, was killed while acting as liaison officer for the Regimental Commander south of Fismes. Two days later Lienlenant Ibirry D. Thrasher, camouflage officer, was kified near Resson Farm while directing the camouflage of a battery position, and on August 17lli Lienlenant Colonel Frank J. Duffy was struck and instantly killfMl when a shra|)nel burst oveihead as he was enleiing his side car at Courville. His driver died at the same lime. All the engineering companies were suffering heavily, as were the men of the 103d Sanitary, Supply and \minunitiort Trains. U6 For the ambulance section of the Saiiitaiy Train, the evacuation of the wounded from Fismette antl Fismes was carried on under extraordinary difliculties. On August 10th the 110th Ambulance Company (formerly Ambulance Company No. 2 N. G. P.) which, by the way, had been the only ambulance company available for duty at Conde-en-Brie in mid-,July and had evacuated all of the wounded on supply trucks fiUed with straw, had five of its ambulances caught in Fismes under a terrific barrage. All five machines got through safely, one with its top blown away, the success of the achievement jjeing due to the heroism of Captain George E. McGinnis, Wagoner Orignes P. Biemuller, Private James R. Brown, Private James T. O'Neill and Wagoner Harry E. Hoach, who were awarded Distinguished Service Crosses. The 55th Infantry Brigade came up from the vicinity of St. Giles on August 12th, the 110th Infantry relieving a French regiment to the light of Fismes on that night, and the 109th taking over the defenses of Fismes and Fismette on August 13tli. The ]09th at first sent only a single company — I — into Fismette, but two days later reinfoit'cd it with two jilatoons from M Coni])any. During its tenure of the town — until the night of August Wth — the slender force, aided by the fire of the 108th Machine Gun Battalion and Company K of the 109th in Fismes, broke up all contemt)lated counti'r-attacks and enlarged its holdings. The foothold in Fismette was the only place in the sector where the division was aciuss the \ esle. The line of the 110th, from Fismes eastward and to the north of (.(jurville, was 200 meters south of the ^ esle, the enemv havinu' a fortified railniad embankment l(l.'!d Trcnrli Murlnr Baticry arriinwj ut New ^'ork. 117 between the UOth and the river. From August I2tli to August 18th the 1st Battahon of the UOth held the line of resistance, two medical officers. Captains Fred H. Shaffer and Walter J. Shidler, being wounded during the period. On August 18th the :ki Battahon reheved the 1st in the front hne and, on the following day. the 109th was reheved in Fismes and Fisinette by the 2d Battalion of the 112th Infanti-y. Until August 25th the UOth was content with a holding position south of the \ esle, the period being filled with night raids, in one of which Lieu- tenant Augustus Aspenwall, of B Company, was killed. Other casualties of the period included Lieutenant Edward W. Fuge. of A Company, killed August l')th. and Lieutenants Wilham ^ . Harvey, and Cyrus L. Horner of the .Machine Gun Company, wounded August 24th. A determined effort was made before flawn on August 2.'jth to drive the enemy back across the \ esle. the 3d Battalion of the UOth attacking in a three-wave formation which smashed forward to th(> objective, but was unable to hold it because of the overwhelming fire from the heights beyond. Companies I and L were enfiladed also by machine gun lire and were forced to withdraw before M CoinpanN. which, under Captain Iklward .L Stackpole, Jr., held its position until 9.,30 A.M.. when it also withdrew, the Captain wounded, and another officer, {lieu- tenant Leonard .larkson. killed. The battalion lost nmif than one hundred men in the attack. lunboldened by the succe.s.s in driving back the I lOlli. the (lermans, on the Courlttiy uf Frank W. Buliler. Stanley Co. of .\merlca. (i. t. li. W'lerari!! reviewing \\(jrld 11 ur Truups. 118 morning of the following day, descended upon the 112th in Fismette, preceding the attack with a barrage which isolated Companies G and H in the town on the north bank. There is a story that a German, attired in an American uniform, ran through Fismette in advance of the attack, seeking to demoralize the defenders. If the story is true, the ruse was not successful, as G and H Companies started to retire in good order. The bai-rage, however, which prevented reinforcements being sent them, resulted in a total of 111 casualties out of 260 men engaged, the majority being taken prisoner. Captain Edward Schmelzer and Lieutenants Milford W. Fredenburg and Alfred Young were among the prisoners, while Lieutenant Joseph A. Landry was killed. One officer, Lieutenant Benjamin E. Turner, and ten men were the last to evacuate the town, reaching Fismes shortly after dawn of that day. On the night of August 11th the 53d Artillery Brigade, which had completed its training at Vannes, began to reach the lines of the division south of the Vesle, the 107th and 109th regiments equipped with French 75's and the lOStli with 155 howitzers. Batteries from all three swung into position along the front south of Fismes and Villette, reheving French artillery units, and soon making fife unbearable for the enemy to the north. All through the last half of August the 53d Artillery Brigade tuned up with preUminary practice on the enemy in the highlands between the Vesle and the Aisne. Casualties were frequent, principally from gas, but valuable coordination with the tried and true infantry units was established and the precision of the brigade's barrages soon won it the confidence of the remainder of the Division. The first fatality occurred on August 18th at Arcis-le-Ponsart, when Lieutenant Henry Howard Houston, 2d, Aide to General Price, the Brigade Commander, was killed by a high explosive shell. As August waned the pressm-e of the Franco-American forces north of Soissons began to be felt in the vicinity of Fismes. The enemy appeared restless and it was decided to drive them before they again became stabifized. The first step in this, the triumph of the Oise-Aisne offensive, fell to the 111th Infantry. On the night of August 31st it had gone forward to the rehef of the 112th in Fismes and for a short distance to the right of the town. On the afternoon of September 4th the 3d Battahon launched a sudden attack in cooperation with the 77th Division on the left and the UOth Infantry on the right. The attack went home, the 3d Battalion retaking Fismette and driving the defenders pell-mell up the hiUs to the northward. Further east, the 2d Battalion of the llOth on the same day successfully crossed the Vesle and took Basheux, a town some distance up the hill to the north of the river. On September 5th the 3d Battalion of the 110th leap-frogged the 2d, and advanced further up the heights, but with the loss of Major Thomas B. Anderson, killed, and Captain Stackpole and Lieutenants John L. Robinson and James T. Taylor, wounded. That night Major General Muir cfiscovered a gap between his Division and the French units to the east and withchew the 111th Infantry from Fismes, marching it across the front to position on the right of the divisional line in the vicinity of Courlandon. The 77th Division, on the left, took over the Fismes area thus vacated. The stage was set for the final act. The division was ready to attack, three regiments abreast, with the 110th on the left, the 109th in the center and the 111th on the right, the 112th being divisional reserve. At 1.25 o'clock, preceded by a twenty-five minute barrage, the three regiments started forward on what was 119 C.Ikiiii liir \r'ii 'oil Iran iind Slccl (.'). onp of llie inosl dospoiato halllos of the war. From l*"ismotlc tliioiifrh Baslicux to Courlandon Iho air was heavy with jias wavo after jias wave, wliiih the Germans rolled down the slope. In the face of this, and of a tremendous concentration of madiine i,'iin and artillery lire, tlie three rej^imeiils pushed for- ward at the rate of 100 yards every two minutes until by 1 oclock. in tiie afternoon they had advanced approximately three kilometers north of the Vcsle, and patrols from the lOQlii and llOtli liad foujrhl their way into tlie litlie town of ("dennes, on tile very sununit of the i)iateau between the \ esle and the Aisne. 'I'hc attack had been driven home to complete success; the Germans were driven back to the r.hemin des Dames, north of tiu> \isiie: but the result was not achieved without terrific losses. In the 109th, Colonel Samuel \. Ham, who had succeeded Lieutenant C.oionel Coulter, the latter being wounded September 4th, was him- self des])erat el y injured and pained the Distiiif-'uishcd Ser\ice Cross for his inlrejiid conduct. \\ ith Colonel Ham evacuated, Major Martin of the 1 iOth was detaihed to take hold of the 109th, and shortly after he left his original regiment. Colonel Frank TnrnjikiTis. its Commander, was desjx'rately gassed, the command devolving upon Captain .John .\iken, who was also gassed the same day. The 109th's casualties included Captain F. D. Wolfe of D Company and Lieutenants ,Iohn Litschert of II Comi)any. l\arl W. Da\is of F Coin])any and Hazzard Melloy of I Company, killed, and the following oilicers wounded: Captain John M. Gentner, C Company; Captain Edward J. Meehan, D Company; Lieu- tenants William S. Cripps. Harold A. Fahr and C Wingfield Phillips. (■ (4)in]iany; AllV<'d H. Loney, C Company: William T. iianunons, B Coiupjuiy; H. I?. \ an Ostenbrugge, K Company, and William C. Ross and Alexander H. Latta, Head- quarters Company. 120 In the 110th, Lieutenant Jacob Feldman of D Company was killed and Lieutenant Wilham F. Caldwell so badly wounded that he died on October 9th. Among those wounded or gassed on September 6th and the next day, while the regiment was in a holding position on the heights, were Captain William E. Pierce, Regimental Adjutant; Captain John R. Dunkel, Company Vr. Captain William M. Sylvis, Medical Detachment: and Lieutenants Stewart M. Alexander, Head- quarters Company; John F. Allison, Machine (Jun Company: Charles F. Linn and Alvah L. Parsons, Medical Detachment; William W. Moycr, Dental Cor])s; Robert E. Perkins, Company D; Charles H. Quarles, Company F; William Spirko, Company E. and ( "hauncey T. Young, Headquarters Company. Lieutenant Yoimg. who was a Sergeant during the engagement, remained on duty although badly gassed, was promoted for gallantry in action, but died from the elFect of the gassing before his commission reached him. In the 111th Infantry, Captain Louis Fielding of E Company was killed and Lieutenants Carroll Missimer and Joseph B. Roulston were wounded. There weic numerous instances of extiaordinary heroism on tiie part of men of both the infantry and artillery regiments. One of the citations went to Captain (then Lieutenant) Hubert W. Dutton of D Company, 109th Infantry, who single- handed charged a German machine gun nest, killed the oflicei' conniianding, captured the crew of fourteen men and 1,000 rounds of ammunition and turned the gun on its former owners, keeping it in action for five hours subsequently. Another Distinguished Service Cross man was Lieutenant Allan S. Dayton of Battery C, 107th Field Artillery, who led an infantry patrol out ahead of the line to adjust artillery fire on machine guns, held his advanced post for a half hour until telephonic communication had been established with his regiment anrl then helped to carry a wounded officer back of the lines. The Germans tried several counter-attacks on the night of Septendjer ()tli, but all of them were repulsed by tli<; triumphant 28th, which held its position for the next twenty-four hours and was relieved on September iitii by a French division. This operation marked the conclusion of the 28th's participation as part of a French Corps. It brought the following citation, signed by Generals Matter and Pougin, of the French Army: From the beKinniiif^ of the attack llie American (lelachnients were signulizcil liy Ihi ir ardor, bravery and enthusiasm. In spite of the firing of the enemy's heavy and hglit niacliine Kuns. trench mortars and the work of riflemen hidden in trees, lliese men threw themselves bravely on their adversaries. Fierce hand-to-hand fighting resulted and the combat was most violent — the men never ceased fighting during all the operation, fighting in a way to arouse the enthusiasm and admiration of the French commanders and men of the French Army. Another citation, from General L. de Mondesir, reads: American comrades! I am grateful to you for the blood so generously spiileii on llir soil of my country. I am proud to have commanded you during such days and to ha\e foiiglit with you for the deliverance of the world. The Arcjonne Following its relief on September 8th, the 28th Division was marched eleven kilometers south horn the front to a point well below the \ esle, and from there to lipernay. There they were given two days of rest. The next move was on September 13th to Nettancourt. The Division was ordered out on the night of 121 September 17th, and proceeded by stifF night marches northward toward the Argonne, where, on September 20th, it took over the sector in front of the Argonne Forest and across the Aire Valley, leaving a thin screen of French troops on the outpost line. The first great American offensive was about to be launched with the 28lli Division covering 1,000 yards front, extending from Boureuilles on the east to Cote 285 on the west, with its right held by the 110th Infantry on the west bank of the Aire and its left, with the 112th in line, extending deep into the thick woodlands of the Argonne. The 109th Infantry was in the center of the front line and the 1 11th in divisional reserve. Little need be said of the great five and a half hours' artillery barrage which covered the broad Meuse-Argonne front in the wee small hours of the morning of September 26th. It is too old a story to retell. The position of the 28th on the morning of Septend)er 26th lay between the 77th (New York National Anny) Division on the left and the ."i.ith ( Kansas and Missouri National (niard) Division on the right, ("ontact with the 77th was estahlisiicd in the Argonne and the Aire River separated the most eastern regiment of the 2Hth from the most western one of the 35th. It was a dense foggy morning, which a preceding smoke screen served to render more opaque, through which the 28th advanced in the opening hours of the drive. Fortunately, the 75"s of the 107th and 109th and the 155's of the 108th had thrown the linns out of tlieir front line trenches, so there was little machine gun or sniper lire to hinder the men in moving forward. As it was, numerous small groups became hojielessly lost in the clouded atmosphere and several times it was neces- sary to halt and reform. The ground in front of tiic lO'Hh and 1 lOtli was open but exlremeU hilly, ridge after ridge running in parallel from east to west, wiiile in front of the 112th was the thick woodlands of the Argonne. As a result, the two regiments of the 55th Brigade were able to make mor(> rapid progress liiaii the 112th, and before the first day had ended two battalions of the llltli had been called from reserve to fill the gap. Despite the handicap of the country over which it foiiglit. the I 12th made much move rajiid ])rogress than the 77lh Di\isioii on its left flank. On tiie right, the llOlh Infantry stormed the town of \ arennes at tiie ])oint of the bayonet in the late afternoon of September 26th, while the l()9th. in the cetiter, ])ushe(l forward abreast of it. engaging in spirited contest with machine guimers and snipers, and eventually mopping up the suburbs of Yarennes at the same time that the 110th was taking the portion of the town west of the \ire. The 55th Brigade dug in just beyond \ arennes for the night, while the 56lh continued its fight through the woods a kilometer or so behind. Captain John E. Boyle of the Machine Gun Company, 110th Infantry, was wounded this day, as were three Lieutenants from the lOOlh: I'dward \V. Sterling. K Com- pany; Daniel 1*. Lafferty, F Company, and Charles Mi Faddcn. M, M Company. The next day, September 27th, the advance, with Ihe (Jerman resistance stiffening, reached and ])assed Montblainville. a strongly fortified hatiilel lying north of Naremies and on the west bank of the Aire. In the llOth Infantry Lieutenants William S. Bonsai, C Company; Stephen W. I)ick("y, C Company, and l^lmer S. luay, L Company, were killed. The woiuided of the regiuKMit included Lieutenant Frederick (i. Bell, F Company; Lieutenant Thomas L. Cort, E Company; Captain William Fish, B Company (who remained on duty); Lieu- tenant Harry J. Flynn, A Company; Lieutenant .Vrthur ,1. Schratweiser, Ilead- 122 quarters Company, and Lieutenant Harry J. Traphoner, G Company. In the 109th, Captain John J. Owens, of I Company, and Captain Roland C. Meisler, Regimental Adjutant, were wounded or gassed. On the morning of September 28th the 55th Rrigade launched forward along the Aire and stormed into Apremont, while the 56th Brigade, still finding the woodland hard going, was brought to bay before Le Chene Tondu, a hill lying just west of Apremont. The fighting of the day was terrific. Lieutenant Albert J. Oronsteen of Company G, 110th, was killed, and three Lieutenants, Samuel Ilazlehurst, Company L; Joseph S. Ferguson, Company M and Clarence Laird. Company L, were so badly wounded that they died a few days later. In addition the following were wounded: Lieutenant Harry M. Foos, Machine Gun Company; Lieutenant Daniel Fox, Company (J; Captain Albert 0. King, Headquarters Company; Lieutenant George W. Kuhnbaum, Company E; Lieutenant Frank L. Lynch, Company B; Captain Charles L. McLain, Company F; Lieutenant Arthur Robinson, Company G; Lieutenant VVinthrop E. Sullivan, Company B, and Lieutenant Frederick T. Yeager, Company H. In the 109th Infantry, Lieutenant James A. Bonsack, Jr., Company A, was killed, and the following wounded: Lieutenant Harry A Fryckberg, Company E; Lieutenant Herman Goldstein, Company I; Lieutenant Harry R. Sage, Adjutant, 1st Battalion. Apremont had been originally set by General Headquarters as the objective of a two day advance. The brains which mapped out the campaign, however, had failed to take into consideration the nature of the terrain lying between the town and Boureuilles. That the 28th Division accomplished the task set for it in three days was remarkable. It had only done so at a terrific cost of men. Regi- ments were down to half their original strength, and the men surviving were in a bad state from constant exposure and extraordinary physical exertion. Never- theless, the high command decided on another stroke being necessary before relieving the Division. This stroke was needed because of the .slow progress of the 77th Division on the left. Before it could be launched, however, it was neces- sary for the 55th Brigade to consolidate its positions in Apremont and ward off German counter-attacks, which came with frequency during September 30th and October 1st. It was in one of these on October 1st that the gallant remnant of the 110th and a few companies of the 109th withstood the assault of far superior numbers, and Brigadier General Dennis E. Nolan of the 55th Brigade won the Distinguished Service Cross by lighting in the ranks with the doughboys. The Distinguished Service Cross went also to Lieutenant Colonel Joseph H. Thcjmpson of the 110th Infantry and Lieutenant Andrew B. Lynch of the same regiment, who performed meritorious service in repulsing the counter-attack. Lieutenant Leslie W. Horn of D Company, UOth, and Lieutenant Charles R. Rowan of G Company were both so severely wounded that they died within a few hours. On September 29th Lieutenant John V. Merrick, Company D, and Lieutenant Chester A. Stover, Company M, were wounded and Lieutenant Guyon J. Wierman, Company D, was taken prisoner. About the same time that the counter-attacks were being repulsed by the 55th Brigade, the 56th Brigade was attempting, but vainly at first, to take Le Chene Tondu. So strongly fortified were the Germans that tlie position seemed impregnable to an unsupported infantry attack. The 53d Vrtillery Brigade was rendering all the assistance possible, the 109th Artillery, in Apremont, having 123 already been badly gassed and shelled. On October Itli. (^.olonel Asher Min(M' of the 109th Artillery was badly wounded. Such, then, was the situation when on October 6th the 103d Trench Mortar Batten,', its men exhausted after days of toil over the muddy road and harassed by constant shell fire, reached the .i6th Brigade line and for the lirst lime put their wicked mortars into action. On that day the 103d Trench Mortar Battery justified itself completely. Its shells, deluging the ridge aufl the trenches beyond, literally blew the (iermans out of the way so that the 1 1 llii on the right and the 112th on the left were finally able to push forward and take with slight k)ss the position which had cost them dearly enough during the preceding week. The 77th Division on the left was getting info more and more trouble, its "Lost Battalion" having suddenly sprung into history, and it was to save this battalion and also to clear the path for the farther advance of the New York l^ivision that the final phase of the 28th's participation in the Meuse-Argonne offensive began. It was the morning of October 7th. Miead lay the town of Chatel {".hehery. with Hill 223 on the right Hank and Hill 2H on the left. The original plan was for the 327th Infantry, of the 82(1 Division, to the right of the 28th. lo take Hill 223 while the .').')th Brigade captured the town of Chatel ('.hehery and the ,)6lh brigade stormed Hill 2U. I nder this arrangement, the advance of the o'Ah and iJ6th Brigades began on the morning of October 7th, and by 10 o'clock the 109th and 110th were into and tiirough Ciiatel ('.heiiiMy, dri\ing the Huns from house to house at the point of tiie bayonet, while the 1 12th iiifaulry was advancing upon Hill 21 1 and the 111th Infantry was supporting both brigades. However, the 327th Infantry was held up south of Hill 223 and the (iermans, in force on this eminence, were delivering a severe eulilading fire upon the occupants of Chatel Chehery. In this emergency the 2d Battalion of the 109th Infantry was sent to clean up Hill 223 and succeeded after a briiM' struggle. The ll2tli also made history by the way in which it succeeded in storming Hill 211. By nightfall of October 7th the Division, or what was left of it, had cleared the entire region of the enemy, thrusting a menacing salient into the \rgoiiiie which had the immediate result desired -the rapid evacuation of that territory by the Germans, who had been holding up the 77th Division and surrounding the "Lost liattalitm." One day later, October 9th. the entire 2f!lh l)i\ision was relieved Foiirteen-inch i\aval (inn, Itaihvay Mount, in aclion. Huill liy t'lic Hnlihnn iMConialiir Warkx. 12t by the 82d, tlie men beiiiR marched back through Apremont to Varennes and tliere loaded on motor trucks and taken southeastward. The Artillery in Belgium A few days later (ieneral Ileadrjuarters was asked by the British for a sood artillery brigade to act in conjunction with one of the American divisions in Belgium. Two artillery brigades, the identities of which are not given, had failed the 91st American Division on the Ypres front and, according to r<>ports, had delivered barrages which fell short and endangered the advancing infantry. General Head- quarters responded by detaching the 53d Artillery Brigade from the 28th Division and entraining it on October 18th at St. Menehould for a two-day ride half-way across France to Calais and Dunkirk. As the operations of the artillery brigade from then until the end of the war were entirely apart from the movements of the balance of the Division, it will be best to take each up separately. With the brigade of artillery went the horse battalion of the 103d Ammunition Train and all of the units, after detraining, moved into Ypres for the night of October 20lh. They started forwartl the next morning and on October 29th went into action in the vicinity of Boschmolens. Between October 29th and November 11th the brigade was almost constantly in action. Its record shows a string of Belgian War Crosses awarded to the men of the various units for individual bravery, and a brigade citation, which went to Sergeant Major Howard Taylor, of the horse battalion of the Ammunition Train for the way in which he reorganized two sections of E Company, which had been demoralized and damaged by Hun air raiders duriug the night of October 3()th between Boschmolens and Oygen. On Armistice Day the artillery brigade had reached Audenarde, but did no actual firing after November 10th. From Audenarde it inarched through a number of Bi^lgian towns and, after a month spent in the north, en- trained for Le Mans, in the embarkation area, where the rest of the Division joined it in April. 125 THE WORK OF THE DRAFT ROARDS* p^^s^^O group of nien rpiulorod a more arduous, patriotic sorvico in Philadelphia than tlie members of the fifty-one l^ocal and two District Draft Boards and those who cooperated with the Boards in the capacity of Legal and Medical Advisers. It is unfortunate that no resume has been made > if their activities, and the following summary is too frag- mentary to do them justice. However, they have the personal conviction that, called upon to aid in (>nrolling the young manhood of the City for the Ariux and Navy, they served disinterestedly and with signal succt^ss. The Selective Service Law was enacted by (".ongress on May 18, 1917, and June .■>. I') 17, was fixed by the President as the day on which all males, between the ages of twenty-one and thirty years, inclusive, were refpiired to register. Within that short i)eriod of time, a great administrative machine was set up. Following the initial registration many otluT problems were met and overcome, and n.iirt'NV of Frank W T^iililrr, St.inlpv Co nf Amrrir*. h'lilliers (iiiil Suns cherkiiiy nji tlir driift iiiiniliirx. *Surainarized l)y the Secretary of the Philadelplii^i \\ iir History Conimitlee from llie records of Miijor Willlani - Ab il appeared. July 20.1917^ onlheavasiouot'llie riRST ISATIONAL DRAFT Cliia. Corps. It held liaisnii witli llio Itli Division of the 15(1 (^.orps on tiic rifzlit and with the .'JTlli DiNision of tiic otii Corps on the left, licyond llic ;$7tii, on the west lay the 9lsl Division, the left of which n^athed tho lino of tlio 1st Corps. On tlio nifrhl of Sc|)tonibor 2;'Slli. tho 7')th hogan pro|)aralions for tho oflonsivo. The 157th l»rij,'a(lo. (dinniandcd by I5ri>.'adior ( ionoral William .1. Nicholson, and consistin}; of tho IJl.'Uh Infantry (Colonel Claude B. Swoezy) and the 31 llh Infan- try (Colonel William M. Oury). had taken over tho front lino, with the 158th Brigade in support. The 15Bth Brigaflo consisted of tho 3 15th Infantry (Colonel Alden C. Knowles), and the .^Kith Infanlry (Colonel Oscar J. Charles). The Division was formed for an attack on a brigade front, tho 313th on tho loft and the 3Mth on (he right. Behind the 313th lay tho 316th. and behind the 311th tho 315th. Each regiment was prepared to attack with two battalions, holding one battalion in brigade reserve. The lessons at Meade and I'lanlhoy were about to be demonstrated in cold reality. Thi: iMEi.sE-\Kc;o.\Nt; \iv Moatialcon Tho opening blast of the Franco-American artillery on tho morning of Sop- Irrnbor 26th heralded a bombardment never before ecpiallod in warfare. Some 3, ()()() guns of every caliber spoke incessantly on that forty-kilometer front, thun- dering away minute after minute, hour after hour, upon tho lirst, second and third positions of the enemy until, at 5 o'clock, a thick smoke screen was rolled forward from tho American front, followed by a box barrage of 75"s, under whose 140 arcing fire at 5:30 o'clock (H hour) the First American Armji "went over the top," a bhirred glimpse of drab in the haze of early dawn. The day's objective for the 79th Division was Montfaucon, a towering peak nearly six kilometers within the German line, but the American high command had set a schedule beyond human possibilities, as subsequent events showed. The American plan for the whole offensive was for the line to go forward to the first objectives and then keep on, breaking the Kriemhilde Stellung line and routing the enemy before it could recover from the shock. Montfaucon, how- ever, proved the stumbling block in this plan. It had been held by the Germans since 191 1, and had been rendered almost impregnable by long series of concrete emplacements, barbed wire entanglements, and every other defensive measure which the ingenuity of the Boche could conceive. Added to this, it was com- manded by an enfilading fire from the heights east of the Meuse, and the whole country approaching it was infested by machine gun nests and snipers. The 79th made a desperate effort that day to reach the giant hill. That the attempt was a failure was due to the fact that the Army Staff had planned something beyond the possibility of human accomplishment in the short space of time allotted. Getting away at o:?<0 o'clock, the •Sl.'Jth and 31 1th Infantry met their first setbacks when they reached the barbed wire entanglement in front of the deserted German front line trenches and found that the wire-cutters had partially failed to clear the path. For twenty-five minutes the advance was held up until the wire was snipped away. Striking forward again, the 313th, on the left, immediately ran into the Bois de Malancourt, where it met its first serious resistance. Yard after yard was gained but with severe losses. Every tree seemed to harbor a sniper, every clump of bushes a machine gun nest. Occasionally there were open spaces, but these were swept by enfilading fire and proved veritable death traps. Casualties among officers and men ran high. By the time the regiment had gained the western end of the Bois de Cuisy, where it was necessary to halt and re- form, the losses had reached serious proportions. Major Benjamin Franklin Pepper, of the 2d Bat talion, was killed by a sniper's bullet. Major Langley, of the 3d Battalion, was seriously wounded. Officers and men of the shock companies in the advance were dropping everywhere. It was in this first stage that Cap tain Harry IngersoU of H Company; Lieutenant F. Stuart Patterson. Battalion Adjutant; and Lieutenant Thomas D. Vandiver, of B Company, were killed outright or mortally wounded. In the meanwhile, on the right, the 31 1th had swept forward after the barlied wire was cut and met little resistance in the first rush, engulfing the ruined hamlet of Harcourt and finally emerging upon another ruined town, Malancourt, lying well within the original enemy territory. Terrific enfilading fire swept this open aiea. Despite the resistance, the 314th kept advancing, its progress slowing up consider- ably, however. Supreme acts of heroism developed on all sides as the squads rushed or surrounded machine gun nests. The deaths of Sergeant Michael C. Ventura and Sergeant Peter Strucel, and the achievements of Sergeant ( irant U. Cole, Sergeant Joseph Cabla, Corporal James A. Larson, and Private Clifford M. Seiders, are incidents of the manner in which the stalking was done. Late after- noon at last found the 31 1th abreast of the position of the 313th Infantry, with Montfaucon in jjlaiii view beyond. in rourloay of thp Evi-ninc Ilulletin Three Cheers for the U. S. A. Till' l.iSth Brigade, coming up in support, was undergoing heavy punishnienl from shell fire, and its advance units were constantly engaged in mojjping up the snipers and machine gunners whom the first waves had overlooked. In fact, the concealed Boche was even at times enabled to escape detection by the supporting troops, as in the instance of Captain Albert C. Hubel, of the .'501th I'^ngineers. who ran into a Boche machine gun on the road to .Montfaucon, a kilometer or so behind the advance, and won the D. S. f".. by the way in which he silenced it. Shell fire and snipers cost the .'{l.'ilh three ollicer'^and the !?16tli one, in the course of the day — tiios(; killed being Lieutenant William I*. Craig, of the Medical Detachment; Lieutenant Baymnnd A. Turn, (iompany I; and Lieutenant Floyd S. Strosnider, Company L. all of the :51.5lh, and Lieutenant .lohn Harold Fox, Company D, .'516th. I p forward the resistance in front of the :5i:Uh in the Bois do Cuisy was growing heavier with every passing minute, and the result was that by dusk the L")7th Bri- gade was in front of Montfaucon. but some distance behind the Division on bf)th the right and left, which had not met with such desperate resistance. Urders came to the brigade to make one last effort to take Montfaucon that day. The infantry had already outdistanced the heavy guns and the crowded conditions of the single highway -the Avocourt-.Malancourt road — made it impossible to bring up artil- lery. That meant an attack would have to be made without a covering barrage. In the gathering darkness the .'JlSth attacked, aided by two small French whippet 142 tanks which had somehow gotten through. The shock companies in the lead had gotten about 200 yards from the edge of the wood, and up the slope leading to Monlfaucon, when they were deluged with machine gun and artillery fire and hand grenades. The men could not see the machine gun positions nor make any effec- tive return fire. Their leader, Major Israel Putnam, was instantly killed. In the words of the Divisional report of operations, "After suffering heavy casualties for some time in this attempt, withdrawal was ordered to the edge of the woods, at which point the regiment bivouacked for the night. " The IVllth and 312th Machine Gun Battalions had managed to work in some effective firing upon located machine gun nests but only in isolated instances, while the 310th Machine Gun Battalion had been held up by traffic congestion. The road conditions, in fact, became serious from the very opening hour, and the six companies of the 301th Engineers for the ensuing five days were building and repairing roads under continuous shell fire. On the morning of September 27th, General Kuhn, dissatisfied with the dis- position of the units of the 158th Brigade, relieved the Brigade Commander and created a provisional brigade of the 311tli and 315th Infantry, under Colonel Oury, of the 311th. General Nicholson, of the 157th Brigade, thus found his command consisting of the 313th and 316th Infantry. With the 313th and 31 1th reformed during the night, the advance was resumed on the 27th, the latter unit getting ofi" at 4 a.m. and the former at 7 a.m. Between 7 and 11 o'clock that morning the 313th fought a dogged, determined fight u|) the hill toward Mont- faucon. Swept by machine gun fire and heavies, the regiment kept on. Aided by effective fire from one company of the 311th Machine Gun Battalion, the 2d Bat- tafion of the 3l3th reached the outskirts of the town on the hill at 11 o'clock, and at 11:55 completed its occupation. The historic message, sent back to Divisional Headquarters by Colonel Sweezy, gave the news as follows: Tooli tovra of MONTFAUCON llti .5.5, after considerable fighting in town. Many snipers left betiind. Town stielled to slight extent after our occupation. Am moving on to Corps ob- jective and tiope to reach it by 16 h(4 p.m.) From 4 a.m. onward the 314th had been in deadly fighting on the right, keep- ing abreast of the 313th's advance and topping the rises of the Fayal Farm at about the same time its companion unit was sweeping into ]\Ionf faucon. Both regiments suffered heavily. In the 314th, Captain Clarence P. Freeman, of M Company, and Lieutenant Chfford McK. .\lexander, of L Company, were killed, while the lost among the ranks had been so heavy as to interfere with further successful advance. Nevertheless, both regiments tried to extend their operations. The 313th was heavily shelled from the Bois de Beuge to the northwest and finally, toward even- ing was compelled to dig in a few hundred meters north of Montfaucon; while the 314th, after repeated attempts during the afternoon to take Nantallois, a hamlet about three kilometers north of the town on the hill, finally dug in about a half kilometer south of its objective. The 315th and 316th regiments in support had kept close on the heels of the leaders, with the result that elements of the 316th were in Montfaucon within a half hour after it fell. But conditions farther in the rear had grown worse and worse. With but a single highway for the evacuation of the wounded, the bringing up of ammunition and suppUes and the advance of the artillery, it was inevitable that 143 31^ f l'uurtr:«y of llm Kxriilui; liulli-tili. A Wounded Man uf lite 79lh Division being carried from lite Tranxporl "Kroontand." Ilic l)i\ isioiKtl liaiiis slioiiltl become jainincd. l\vo-\vitnesses, liowever. declare that llic congestion was absolutely indcscrihalile. Of i( Brigadier ( ieiiera! \\ illiaiii .Mitchell, Commander of the \ir Service for the Isl Army, states: Althixi^'li lliiTi' was S()mi"(()nt;''-^li<>i' i" olhiT places, it was worse in Ifiis urea (llie \\i>eiiiirl- Malancourt-Montfaiiron roafl) than I liavc ever scon on a l)altleliel(l. The result was that the wounded were retarded for hours in their i)rogress toward the rear and the supplies for the finul line troops simply could not get through. The rations issued on the night of Septeinher 2.')th wore by this time exhausted, and to the fatigue of two days of gruelling fighting were added the dis- comfort of empty stomachs, and the depression caused by an almost incessant rainfall, which soaked every one to the skin and rendered the ground a muddy morass. On the nigliL of September 27th. tiie .'U.'Slh and :!! ith regiments, which had borne the brunt of the first two days' lighting, were relieved and ])assed back into support, the IJUitli moving ahead to the left and the 315th to the right. The morn- ing of the 28th found new men facing the Boche, but men also fatigued and himgry. Nevertheless, the two regiments started otT at dawn, the M'Ah on the east pressing along the highway lowaixl the town of iSantallois, and the 316tli attacking across open ground toward the Bois de Beuge, a cluster of woods which lay to the west of Nantallois. The way led across a valley which ran diagonally from northeast to south- west, and which was exposed over a two kilometer width to an enfilading fire from the heights of the Meuse far over to the right. This withering lire, aided by the myriad machine guns in front and Boche machine gumiers in fast planes overhead, brought the advancing lines to a stop within a few hours. There was a pause and then another advance. The blood of the two regiments was up. The 315th 144 stormed into Nantalluis ;md took it at the point of the bayonet, passing through the town about noon and gaining a hill beyond, where it dug in awaiting word that the .'Ufith was up abreast. But the 3 Kith, on the left, did not come up abreast. A terrible tragedy had occurred, one of those unforeseen disasters v/hieh moulds heroes and martyrs in the short spai'e of minutes. The .3161^ had fought its way effectively through the Bois de Beuge and faced a slight woods beyond. The 3d Battalion, leading the advance, reached the edge of the woods and ran into a strong machine gun position. jVlajor J. Bayard Atwood, commanding the Battalion, called a halt until such time as artillery or machine guns could be brought up to reduce the position. He received a curt command to go forvvard. It was Just such a command which had sent the; Light Brigade to destruction and eternal glory at Balaclava. It did the same for L and M Companies of the 316th on that September day in the depths of the woods. Some one had blundered. Ufiicers and men of the 3d Battalion paid with their lives for the fata! error. I and K Companies were in reserve; L and M Companies made the attack. Two full companies, well-nigh ,500 men, went forward without the slightest bit of aitillery or machine gun barrage to cover them. With them went Major Atwood to his death: with them went Lieutenant Albert Clinton Wunderlich, of L ( '.ompany. Id tlie same fate — officers and men, .500 of them, assaulting in echelon witli not a ghost of a chance, but refusing to quit until both companies were well-nigh annihilated. Three times they drove forward to wither away under the avalanche of fire until iinally the attempt was abandoned. Says the Beport of Operations, "The regiment was badly disorganized at this point after this advance." It was humanly impossible for it to have been otherwise. It bivouacked on the spot and took account of casualties, while over to the right, the 3L5th found two oflicers, Lieutenant Seth Caldwell Hetherington and Lieu- tenant Alfred L. ()uintard, and many men killed. Nightfall found the positions unchanged. All through the da\ on the heights of Montfaucon a little detail of men, headed by Sergeant Thomas M. Bivel, of the Headquarters Detachment, had been earning the ccjnmiendation of (ieneral lv\ihn by their heroism in manning a periscopic telescope which had been captured the day before. The Hun, in his haste, had failed to destroy the telescope, which was incased in a solid concrete structure, and the enemy made every effort during the subsef]uent three days to atone for this mistake. The telescope was said to have been used by the Crown Prince when Montfaucon was the official observatory for the attacks upon Verdun two years before, and now th(> same implement, which had aided the (German observers, was used upon them by Sergeant Rivel and Privates A. J. .McCain and A. S. Roberts. This trio clung to the concrete building while it was being blasted to fragments around them, and their services were rewarded subsequently by the D. S. C. The morning of September 29th found the 315th drawn up in the shelter of a low hill a few hundred yards north of Nantallois — "Suicide Hill" — as it was called by the men. an apt name indeed, as it meant self-destruction to venture over its crest into the raging inferno of machine gun fire from the woods beyond. To their left the 316th still held tlie position north of the Boise de Beuge. The attack was resumed at 7 a.m. The left battalion of the 316th was only able to get about 300 meters north of the small woods which hafi jjroven so disastrous the day before, but the right battalion pushed clear to the western edge of the Bois des Ogons. The advanre was at so high a cost that by noon the regiment was down to 1.000 effectives. At this point the 313th was called from support to the attack, passing through the 316th, which in turn was reorganized as a battalion and held 800 meters behind the advancing line. The 313th made a slight advance and then physical exiiaustion won. The men had expended every ounce of driving power and the oflicers realized it. At 4 o'clock in the afternoon the Brigade Commander ordered the 313th to fall back and maintain a holding line along the northern edge of the Boise do Beuge, and this was effected successfully. However, the bat- talion of the 316th, passing too far to the right, got ahead of the 313th and was through the Bois des Ogons and in full view of the town of Bomagne by late after- noon. The Battalion Commander urged an attack and asked for reinforcements, but there were none to send and his own men were "done up. " {Regretfully he was forced to withdraw to the holding line. During the day the 31.ith, on the right, had been engaged in continuous and deadly lighting. Before it lay the Bois des Ogons, held by the enemy in force. The Divisional .\rtillery had succeeded in getting close enough to shell the woods, driving out the machine gunners and, with this effected, the 31jlh advanced and obtained a temporary hold in the fastness. But not for long. From the Madeleine Farm, a strong point in the woods, and from the Borhe artillery fail lier north, poured such a fire as to make the spot untenable. Finally, after a number of desperate efforts, the 31jth was withdrawn and dug in on the reverse slope of "Suicide Hill." The toll in oflicers and men among all four regiments had been more severe than on any other day. In the 313th. i>ieutenant Charles G. Beilly, of D Company, was killed; Lieutenant William V. M((ioohan, of A Company, mortally wounded: Captain David Bupp. of C Company, killed; Lieutenant David M. Hupp, of (! Company, killed; and Lieutenant William ,1. Walters, of A Company, killed. In the 314th, Lieutenant Ballard (". Linch, of the .Sanitary Detachment, had been killed. In the 31.>th. the killed or mortally wounded were Lieutenant Ceorge N. Althouse. .of H Company; Lieutenant Benjamin Bullock, 3d Battalion Adjutant; Lieutenant James F. Delaney; Captain .loseph (iray Duncan, Jr., of the Machine Gun Company; Lieutenant Herman I). Partson, of Company G;and Lieutenant William A. Sheehan, of Company I". The killed or mortally wounded in th(> .3l6tli were Lieutenant Joseph C. Fit/harris. Company K; C.a|)tain Benjamin II. Hewitt, Company F; Lieutenant Daniel S. Keller. Begimental Staff; Captain Allen W. Lukens, Company (i; and Lieutenant Ivan L. Lautcnbacher, Supply Company. That day back abreast of Montfaucon, where on the Fayal Farm Field Hos- pitals Nos. 31.5 and 316 had established themselves, the Huns deliberately shelled the area. There were between .)00 and 600 wounded men under treatment there when the enemy shelling began. Three tents were struck and twenty-one men killed, including a tierman captain and (!erman private, captives who were beinir treated for wounds. The men of the two hospitals carried those most severely injured back to safety while the "walking easels" limped and staggered along, leaning on the shoulders of burdened orderlies, until the area was cleared without further casualties. Jiefore dawn on the morning of September 30th an order from the ."Jth Corps announced that the 79th would be relieved by the 3d Division during the day. .\s a result it was decided to make no further advance but hold present positions U6 until relief arrived. During the entire day the enfilading fire from the Meuse to the eastward and northwestward from the region f)f Cierges and Romagne beat in upon the Division, causing many casualties, and also inflicting severe losses among the units of the 3d Division which began to reach the front shortly before 11 o'clock. Lender this fire the 314th Infantry lost two oflicers killed. Major Alfred Reginald Allen and Lieutenant E. Thorp VanDusen, of the M achine Gun Company, and had one mortally wounded, Lieutenant Matthew F. Oistein. of the Sanitary Detach- ment. The relief went on steadily under the greatest difiicullies, and by 6 p.m. the last unit of the Division, save two companies of the 311th Machine Gun Battalion, which were not relieved until the following day, had fallen back to Montfaucon for a much needed rest. The 301th Engineers, however, after reaching the vicinity of Malancourt, were recalled and attached to the 3d Division, continuing the road work until October 8th, when they were permitted to march from the area. The 79th in its first offensive had advanced to a depth of ten kilometers and taken 905 prisoners, together with considerable quantities of machine guns and other cannon. Its casualties as computed immediately after its withdrawal from the front, totalled 108 officers and 3,315 men, divided as follows: Officers: Killed, 22; wounded, 77; gassed, 9. Men: Killed, 278; wounded 2,150; gassed, 138; missing, 749. The conclusions of the General commanding, as found in the Report of Opera- tions, are: The 79th Division came under lire for the first time since its organization. More than half of its strength was made up of draftees of not more than four months' service, and considerable loss of actual training, due to time lost in transport from the LInited States and in moving about while in France. So far as courage and self-sacrifice are concerned, the conduct of both officers and men was above all reproach; but, as in the case with all green troops, there was lacking the experience, which comes only from actual contact with the enemy. In view of the difficulties of the terrain and the ine.xperience of the troo[)s, 1 am of the opinion that both officers and men fought well. From Trovon to L.v Grande Montagne For three days after leaving the Montfaucon front the 79th Division was bivou- acked in the area south of the Esnes-Avocourt Road, and on October 4th and 5th marched to the Troyon Sector, lying south of Verdun, and eight kilometers north of St. Mihiel. It received several days' rest and then relieved the 26th Division on October 8th, passing from the administration of the 1st American Army to that of the 2d Colonial French Cor[)s. The new front extended from Fresnes-en-Woevre on the north to one kilometer south of Doncourt-aux-Tenipliers, a distance of eleven kilometers. It was supposed to be a quiet sector. Perhaps it had been before the 79th arrived; but immediately after it hail taken over the line, the Huns began to alternate trench raids, with gas attacks, until the units in the trenches were constantly on the alert. Gas casualties totalled nearly 500 before the orders came to move out. Originally the A. E. F. reports gave the occupancy of the Tro- yon sector as a rest period, but a revision made in the fall of 1920 placed this sector as a part of the Meuse-Argonne, with the result that the 79th Division is now en- titled to credit for participating three times in the great offensive. On October 26th the 33d Division came into Troyon and relieved the 79th, which forthwith^started northward, jjioceeding by marches along the Meuse River 147 to the sprtor on the oast hank of the Meuse. known as La Grande Montagno. four- Iceii kilometers north of ^ erdun. In La (irande Montagne the 79th reheved the 29th and part of the 26th, wliich had just completed the conquest of Belleu Woods (not those of (^.hateau- Thierry fame). Tiie T9th was now a part of the 17th French Corps, and its activ- ities henceforth were interwoven with those of the French. The new divisional front coxered a width of 7.1? kilometers in the form of a cpiadrant. with the left flank facing north and the light flank facing east. Hack at 'i'royon the l.T7tli and 158th Brigades had been reformed. Colonel Oury returning to the command of the 31 Ith Infantry and Brigadier (Jeneral l'>van M. .lohnson assuming control of the l.')8tli Brigade. The IJlhth Infantry was at that time under conunand of Colonel (Jeorge Williams, the .3l3th under Colonel William .1. Rogers, and the 30 Ith Fnginecrs under Colonel .1. Frank Barber, the other units remaining under thi> same leadership as at Monlfaucon. I'lvery organization was bark at war strength, ample replacements having been received and drilled during the stay in the Troyon sector. On October 31st. when the 7'Uli took over the new sector, the l.T7th Brigade moved in on the right, facing east and the l.'iitth Brigade look over the left flank, facing due north. I^ach brigade had both regiments in (he line, the disposition at first being two battalions on the line an began a recon- naissance in force in three columns which opened up severe fighting and resulted in partial success. ,\t 6 .\.M. on \ovember 1th the 316th made its first assault uiMiu the position, the 1st Battalion leading oil'. There was immediate success; but the di\ ision on the left falling back enabled the ( Jermans to counter-attack, and the 316th was forced to relin(piish its hold on the lower slopes of the hill for the time being. Captain Claude Cuiuiinghan). of Company II, was mortally wounded and three officers and twenty-three men of B Company captured, one of whom. Cap- tain Louis C. Knack, died of his wounds. Lieutenant "Maxwell McKeen. of D (^.orapany, also was killed. On November 5th the second attack was launched. Again the 316th fought its way doggedly up the slope. For a time it seemed as though it would have to fall back, but the men ke])t on and finally attained the coveted goal. By this time the fire from the left flank had become terrific. It would have been suicidal to try and hold the hill undcM- such circumstanc(-s. so. although they had taken it, the men of the 316th were forced to return down the southern slope, this time stopping and digging in at the point they had reached in the farthest ad- vance of the preceding day. The attack had cost the life of Major William Sinkler Manning, son of the Governor of South Carolina, who was killed on the bullet- swept slope, and of Lieutenant Lawrence .1. Ayers, of H Company. On the same Hi! day Lieulfiiant joliii \\ Owens, of Ihc .'515th Iiifantiy, was killed during a support attack upon the right of the :]16tirs objective. On November 6th a battalion of the ,313th was ordered to assist the almost exhausted 316th in taking the position, but the newcomers did not reach the as- signed position, until too late in the afternoon for an efl'ective attack. On the 7th, however, after a heavy barrage delivered by the 312th Machine Gun Battalion, the 316th and the battalion of the 313th started up the hill together and nothing could stop them this time. Within two hours they were o\er the crest, and the top of Hill 378 had been consolidated. A French division on the left, which had been ordered to advance and had been held up for three days because the defenses of Hill 378 had not been overthrown, then got under way and put out of business the ma- chine guns that had delivered the enfilading lire on tiie 316lh during the previous days. Hill 378 stands out as the brightest achievement in the history of the 316th. It won a divisional citation for the deed, while both Major General Kuhn and Bri- gadier General Johnson were cited l)y the French for planning and executing it. The advance of the P'rench division had straightened out the line, so that after November 7th the 79th was no longer on a quadrant front. The reduction of Hill 378 enabled the 158th Brigade to pivot until it faced eastward in a line with the 1 57th Brigade, and the divisional front now ran from west of Ecurey to west of Cre- pion, a front of almost ten kilometers. The straightening out of the line resulted in the mopping up of numerous machine gun nests entrenched in the rolling country. On the morning of November 8th the Germans unleashed a terrific rain of (ire along the entire front. They seemed to be pouring everything in the shell line upon the 79th. Hour after hour it continued, until in the afternoon it slackened and finally died out completely. The front grew oppressively silent. The sus- pense was terrific, officers and men not knowing whether an assault was coming or whether the Germans were in retreat. Finally aerial observers brought in word that the Huns were indeed falling back toward Damvillers. The French Corps Conunander, to reduce the width of the 79th"s front, issued instructions to (ieneral Ivuhn on that day with the result that the 314th took over the entire divisional front for a short space of time while the 315th Infantry, the left element of the 158th Brigade, was compelled to sidtvstep to the south. The efl'ect of the maneuver was to change the 79th's front slightly, the line now being from east of Etraye to east of Moirey, Etraye being some distance south of Ecurey and Moirey a short distance below Crepion. The 315th marched four and one-half kilometers at night through underbrush and woods, and reached its assigned position in time to attack on November 9th. On the morning of November 9th, the Division was in position with the 31 1th on the line and the 313th in support on the right of the sector, and the 315th behind the line on the left of the sector, with the 316th coming up in support. As it was impossible to deploy the 315th into line on the then narrow front, the attack at dawn developed entir(^ly upon tlie 31 1th Infantry. This unit, advancing at 6 a.m. took Crepion at 8.20, and Wavrille, (iibercy, Etraye and Moirey shortly after- wards. On the left the 31 Ith ran up against such heavy fire from Hill 356 and the Cote de Morimont that it was brought to a halt, but on the right it progressed to the crest of Hill 328 by nightfall. In the meanwhile a batlaUon of the 315th relieved the left battalion of the 314th in front of the Cote de Morimont, and both 149 brigades were again facing Iho onomy. Major Wan! \\'. Picison, nt' the 315th, was iiillcd that day while cU'ecting the relief. The plans of attack were changed for November I Dl li. liccause of the natural strength of tiie ('.ol(> d'Orne and Cote de Moiimuiit. facing the .Uofii Infantry, it was decided to Hank them from the suiilh and southeast, lliis necessitating a di- rect attack by the laTth Brigade and a feint against the strong hills by the 158th. At 6 A.M. the '^\\\\\ altackcvl on tiie right, (diniiieting the reduction of Hill 328, passing through C.hauniont-devant-Dann illers and, after dusk, capturing Hill 319. In the meanwhile the 315lh had fought its way peirtly up the slope of Cote d'Orne and dug in for the night. The last officer of the Division killed in action died that day, Captain Frank F. Battles, of the Machine (iun Company, 31 1th Infantry. Beginning at 9:30 .\.m. on November lltli the attack was pushed along the entire front. The 31 Ith moved forward against the Cote de Homagne, with a battalion of the 313lli also pressing forward for the same objective and town of Azannes. At the same time another battalion of the 3l3th occupied the town of Ville-devant-Chaumont. and the 31.")th executed a (lanking attack on the Cote d'Orne, one company (l)t pushing up the slope and capturing a ')-inch (ierman can- non. Armistice hour found the Division well on its way to its objectives. Nor had the other divisional units aside fiom the infantry been idle. The 30 Uh Kn- gini'crs had been bridge and road building between \ aucheranville, the Divisional Headquarters, and the front line; the su|)pl> train had been under constant shell (ire for the wholi' ele\en days since taking o\i-r the sector, and even the 30lth .Vmnnmition Tiain had managed to get into the oll'ensive. The horse battalion had been with the Division at Montfaucon. but the motor battalion did not get away from the artiller\ brigade until jus! before the final odensixe. It had reached the sector on \o\(Mnber 3d. aii.t; woinuli-il l.HT; gassiMl. l!75; missing, inrlialin)? I'lipliircil. l()l. To compare the (onchisions with tho.se given after Montfaucon, the following is taken from the Report of Operations; Tlie Division foufjlit with nuiili mure skill, us u resull uf the lirsl experience ut Moiitiaucon. The energies of conilml units were husbanded uml not dissipated so rapidly as on the first olTeu- sivc. Troops were kept well in hand, and strajr^linK was kept at a Kr"t'f>''nK low limit. .Vfter eight days of .st-vere eomliat. the l.")ltlh Brigade, although somewhat depleted, was still capable of further effort. whil<> the l.'iTth lirigadi'. after ihrei' days' oll'ensive, was still relatively fresh, and tlieDiv isionas a whole eould ha\e maintained considerable driving power for a number of days. The .\kmistice Pkhiod .\m) Akti:rw,\rds From November 11th to December 26th, the 79th remained on the battle front, taking over a sector from Dannillers on the north to Fresnes-en-W oevre (the northern point of the old Troyon sector) on the south. They kept up patrol 150 and police duly iliiiiiif,' llial mniilli and a half. On I )c(rtiili('r KMli, hcadquartors of llic :U nil Iid'aiiliy, I lcad(|iiai'l('rs ( '.unipaiiv and niic liallallun piucccdcd lo llic area aiouiid \l(inlnicdy , Slciiay and \ irlon ( l'>('lf;iinii) lur llii' pinposc nf ^qiaidin^' pn)|)<'rty, listing nialcrial and muiritaining ordiM'. On F('l)niaiy Isl, lliis dclarli- incnl rcjoinod the Division in the Sonilly area. It was on DcccndM-r' 27lli tlial the Division had inov('(l to the Sonilly area, where it was i iiispi'd rhi' 7'Mli Division on ;\|iiil ll'tli, mid on rliiil occasion to decorate the standards of your refiiiiicnis and, for f,'allanlry in action, to confer medals u|)Oii certain olTicers and men. Your transportation ana Grande Montagne sector. 192; total 1,120. Casualties: f)eaths, ollicers, 66; men, 2.0.")9. Wounded, ollicers, 179; iiieii, .'>,l.')2. Prisoners, ofTicers, 2; men, 71i. Total, ollicers, 217; men, 7,2J!9. The revi.sed table of battle participations of the TOth Division is taken from a compilation completed May i."), l*Jl!(), by the War' Department, and is as follows: 157th Infantry Brigadi; (complete), l.'SHth Infantry Brigade (complete), .'JOlth Field Signal Battalion and aiOth Machine Gun Battalion: 1. Meuse-Argomie Olfensive, France, September 26 to 30. 2. Meuse-Argonne Olfensive, France, October ii to 25. 3. Meuse-Argonno Olfensive, France, October 29 to November II. 151 304th Engineers, same as Hbove with exception that No. 1 reads: Meuse-Ajgonne Offensive, France, September 26 to October 8. The movement of the T9th Division to the embarkation area began on April 19th, the artillery soinir to St. .\azaire anSVi/i/a /?osfj brought all but two companies of "Philadelphia's Own," 315th Infantry, into their home port, and t)n May 31sl the transport Dakokin also arrived at Philadelphia with the 30lth Supply Train, 79th Military Police, a de- tachment of the 3lOth Field Artillery and r.i)mpaiii(>s L and M, 315lh Infantry. In the meanwhile the transport Pastores had taken the 313lli Infantry to Newport News, so that on .lune 1st the final units of the Division reached America, they being the Horse Battalion of the 30illi \inruunition Train and the 301th Sanitary Train complete. The men who arrived at Hoboken and Philadelphia were sent to Camp Dix, New Jersey, for demobilization, and those who arrived at Newport News were demobilized at Camp Meade and, before the middle of June, 1019, the T9th Div- ision had cr>ased to exist save in history. rniirtrsy of tlio TuMlc I.cikir ('( Home Again. 152 ■ 2 "5. 153 OTHER PHILADELPHIA UNITS units, oflicer HILADELPIII \ iiicii served in practirally every American Divi.sii)n and in all hranches of the st>r\ ice. at h()!ne and overseas. It is. al this time, impossible to review the wt)rk of each unit in which Philadelpliians s(>r\e(l. hut in the follow iiii; brief i-e\iews some idea is given of the way in \\liich the men of the city answered every call of duty. Nor should the work of the woukmi of Philadelphia go unchronicled. They too, responded as they were able. Therefore, as opportunity offtM'ed, the records of those distinctly Pliiladelphia in personnel, or commanded by I'hiladelphia s, were summarized. a.mi:hican field servk.k .Iames a. Develin. Jr. The Vnierican Field .Service owes it.s origin to a small group of \mericans in France, who. at the \ery outset of liie war. iinding a sirici iiciitralit> impossible for themselves, oll'ered their services to France for the tiaiisportatiou of woiuuled at the lighting front. \ gill of ten Ford cars was the nucleus from which the service grew to comprise thirty-five sections of ambulances and, in PUT. fourteen "camion" sections, used in Iransportalioii of amnniiiilioii and supplies foi- the armies at the front. This little group of American \olunteers at no lime amounted to more than 2.000 men. but. al llie time of France's greatest need. tlii'N were a tangible ex|)res- sion of \merican s\mpathy. |-fom the b]nglish Chatmel lo Ihe \ osges Mountains, Fn>nch "poilus" saw \merican xoluuteers wcirking In mud and rain, and under shell lire, to alleviate Ihe sullerings of French wounded, and llie\ knew Ihal these men represented a friendl> spirit in the American people. The American Field Service was composed largely of college men who. coming from every part of the country, were the means of iidluencing a great mmd)ei- of Americans in the Allied cause. Theodore Roosevelt said of those men in 1916: "There is not an American worth calling such who is not under a heavy debt of <>l)lif;alion to ttiese hoys for wliat they have done. We are iinder an ("Vcii gri'aler debt to Ihi'iii than the Freneli and Bcl^iiaiis arc .... Thr most iniporlanl ihinf; Ihal a nation can possibly save is its soul, and thcsi' vounn men have been helpinf; this iialiuii lo savi? its soul." |]arl\ in I'M.'). Ihe French oflicials recognized tlu' \alue of tiie work accom- plished by the few American cars attached to their own Sanitary sections and larger sections of .\mericans were formed and made independent, each one .serving an army division. The light Fords were found to possess splendid qualities for this work. They could dodge through the Iraflic-jammed roads, pull themselves out of mire and shell holes, or could be pulled out by a few w illing 'poilus." Where 154 roads were blocked, they took gayly to the fields in mockery of the heavy French trucks. The work was largely done from "postes de secours" and communication troiiclies to "triage" (sorting) hospitals and Held hospitals. A large part of the driving was done at night and without lights, over shell-torn roads full of trucks, field guns and ammunition caissons, for it was only under cover of darkness that some of the advanced posts could be served. Soon it became the custom to send the most serious cases with the American drivers. Thus the Field Service acquired an enviable reputation for the manner in which it hurried the wounded to the hospitals. Among the first of the seventy or more Philadclphians who joined the service were John H. McFadden. Jr., and Benjamin H. Woodworth. Woodworth. who became a Section leader and was awarded the Croix de Guerre, went to the front with Section 1 in June, 1915, and served with it in Belgium and Flanders. He died in the service on June 15, 1917. Paul B. Kurtz, later leader of Section 18, also joined the service at this time. Kurtz was also awarded the Croix de Guerre. He was killed while in the V. S. Aviation Service. The number of Philadclphians was increased during the fall of 1915 and the spring of 1916 by the enlistment of L. Brooke Edwards, Julian L. Lathrop, Samuel H. Paul, W. Yorke Stevenson and S. M. Stephen Tyson. Stevenson and Edwards were both cited for the Croix de Guerre. Tyson was killed on July 19, 1918, while in the French Aviation Service. The Section served in the Amiens sector, in the Champagne sector near Soissons, and at Verdun in that year. This was the time of the great German drive on Verdun, and the men of the Section were put to a severe test of courage and endurance, serving the postes at Marre and Esnes on roads almost continually under shell fire. In 1915, Section 2 had but one Philadelphian, John R. (Iraliam, who was later killed while serving with the United States Infantry. During 1915-17, Section 2 was stationed in Lorraine, in the vicinity of Pont-a-Mousson. Section 3, also formed in 1915, did difficult duty in the Vosges Mountains, serving the postes which had hitherto been reached only by mules over the narrow, rough mountain roads. The work of Section 3 was S(j dependable that in Septendx-r of 1916 this Section was dispatched to the Balkans at the request of the French Army, and served under difficult conditions at Salonica and later in Serbia, near Monastir, where its training in Vosges mountain-climbing stood it in good stead. Benjamin F. Dawson, Powel Fenton, Henry K. Moore and Albert Nalle joined this Section in 1915. Dawson was cited once and Fenton twice for the Croix de Guerre. Section 4 was joined by George A. McCall in 1915, and by Edward Joseph Kelley in 1916. Kelley, who was awarded the Croix de Guerre, was killed on September 23, 1^)16, a few days after he had reached the front. He was going to a poste near Marre, in the Verdun sector, when a shell exploded directly in front of the ambulance and killed him instantly. The advent of the year 1917 found the American Field Service rapidly increas- ing in numbers and gaining in the amount of contributions to its funds. Individuals, clubs and business organizations donated many cars, and college students and older business men fiocked to do their bit for France. The German threat that all vessels in certain prescribed zones would be "spiirlos versenkt" did not deter a large number of volunteers from going over to form new Ambulance Sections. 155 Scclioii 9 was lorna'd in tlic laltcr purl ul 1910 lu replace Seilioii '.\ in the Vosges. With it were Walter Chrystie, Jr., Arthur Emlen Hutchinson and F. N. Solis-Cohen. Sections 10. 12 and 1.'? were rapidi\ formed in the earl\ nmnths of 1917. No. 10 contained no Phiiadelphians. No. 12 had Wharton Allen. 11. W. Crowhurst and Henry II. Houston, 2d. Houston, who was killed by a shell splinter on August 27. 1918. while serving in the L. S. Army on (ieneral Price's stafl". received the Croix de (iuerre foi' hravcrx under lire iti the Argonne, at \ erdun and in the Champaigne m 1917. Section 1.'? had among its mend)ers Thomas li. Dougherty, for a while its sous-chef and later chef of a T. M. I . Section), i^arnesl S. ( '.lark, James A. I)e\eliii. Jr.. and II. II. Houston Woodward. Woodward later joined the Lafayette Flying Corps and was attached to i'.scadrille <)|. He «as killed in an aerial comhat on Itiiitly lu .\nsii ' i I ■ ' ' .\pril I. I'Ji;;, Section l.'i did its lirsl wmk in llie ( 'lianipaigtie dislrici in llie vicinity of Mont Corneillet, where it was cited in the orders of the Army, and received the Croix de (iuerre with palm, the lirsl case of such a distinction being conferred upon an \nd)ulance Section. .\fter the entry of .\merica into the war Americans came over so fast that there were no places for them in sections at the front in spite of the fact that new- sections were being formed e\('r\ day. Of these men. John \ . Newliii, S. S. ( . 19, has the distinction of being the only Philadelphian to receive the Medaille Mililaire, the highest reward of bravery. He was among five Field Service men to get this citation, and he received the Croix do (iuerre at the same time. On August .'{, I ') I 7. lie was severely wounded in the back by the explosion of a shell at Montzeville in the \erdun sector. He was taken to Paris and operated upon, but died on Vugust .ith. At the request of the French Army, the Field Service undertook to supply volunteers for '"Camion Sections" to serve as transports for the French Army. 150 These T. M. U. groups did very effective work in augmenting and iniproving the important motor transport service. In October, 1917, the Field Service completed its official career with the enrolment of all of its members — a trained and efficient force — in the American Army. In a sense, the members of the American Field Service really comprised the first "American Expeditionary Force." HITH TELEGRAPH BATTALION SIGNAL CORPS "The Galloping Four Fourteen" A signal battalion, composed of men of tiic Philadelphia & Rcadinfj; and Erie Railroads, was organized in November. 1917. (^aptain ?I. C. Evans of this city commanded Company D, which had in it a number of men from Philadelphia, including; Sergeants. First Class. — Stephen C. Gilliarfl, Hiij
  • t, in which he states that about 300 miles of wire were strung; 20,000 post-holes dug and posts set. Members of the battalion served as dispatchers, chefs de gare, operators, linemen and maintainers at about eighty stations covering 300 miles of railroad. After nineteen months of service, the battalion sailed from St. Nazaire on June 17, 1919, on the Julia Liickenhach and arrived in Brooklyn, June 23, 1919. 157 19TH ENGINEERS (R.\ILWAY) B\ LiEL TENANT W. Frederic Todd. Regimental Historian The histopv of the 19th Engineers properly dates from June, 1916. when the possibility of operations in Mexico made necessary a delinite plan for opcMation of the railroads, both as to material and personnel. At this time Samuel M. Felton, President of the Chicago and (Ireat Western Railway, was appointed consulting engineer and adviser to the chief of engineers, U. S. Army, on railway matters, and it was he who conceived the idea of recruiting men for railway regi- ments direct from railway service. When the I nited States entered the European War ami the (pieslion of rail- way operation and maintenance in France became of paramount importance, Mr. Felton was oHicially placed in charge of all preparations for the organization and movement abroad of railway engineers. The pressing need for railroad men at that time is shown in a letter written by Mr. Felton: "The French railways are badly run down and in more or less need of complete rehabilitation: they iiave no men who can be spared to do this work: they want all their men on the firing line; before we can train men to go into the trenches w'e can supjily them as to railroads, and this immediately, (ieneral Jolfre says any men we send over must be soldiers, so the railroad forces . . . must be enlisted men. . . . They are short of men in their shops to repair locomotives and it is proposed to organize a shop regiment ..." The shop regim(>nt referred to in Mr. Felton"s letter, when organized, became the 19th iMigineers (Railway). Interior uf Commercial Miisniiii. ij.mi/i/.s Hiirnivks Iiv llif IHIh ' Unihi'iiyi Eiiijuwits. 158 Recruiting was begun in the offices of the District Engineer, Witherspnon Building, Philadelphia, with Captains Charles P. O'Conner and Joseph Caccavajo as Recruiting Officers. The first enlistment was made on April 20, 1917, but it was not until the beginning of May that an active campaign for recruits was begun. On May 9, 1917, Lieutenant Colonel Herbert Deakyne, Corps of Engineers, arrived in Philadelphia to take command of the regiment, accompanied by First Lieutenant William F. Tompkins, Corps of Engineers, his Adjutant. Colonel Deakyne had served as District Engineer in Philadelphia from 1908 to 1912, conducting important river and harbor work, and his knowledge ot the city was of immense assistance to him in the work of organization. Colonel Deakyne was transferred to the command of the 11th Engineers six months after his arrival in France. In May, 1918, he was appointed Director of Light Railways and Roads and in September, 1918, became Chief Engineer of the Second Army, with the rank of Brigadier Cieneral. Since the regiment was to depend to a great extent upon the railroads for personnel, the need for the utmost cooperation was manifest. W. W. Alter- bury, Vice-President of the Pennsylvania Railroad, not only gave official assistance to Colonel Deakyne but also took an intense personal interest in the regiment. By his instructions, James Milliken. Special Agent of the railroad, devoted his entire time to work among the railroad men in encouraging enlistments, though little encouragement was needed. The "business" quickly grew to such pro- portions that the offices in the Witherspoon Building became inadec[uate and th(^ first two floors of the Hale Building, Juniper and Sansom streets, were taken over. Invaluable aid in recruiting was rendered by the Home Defense Committee of the Master Builders Exchange, under the Chairmanship of W. Nelson Mayhew. This committee, two members of which were on duty at all times, was directly responsible for a very large percentage of the enlistments, for approxi- mately 600 men were enlisted from railroads, the balance coming fiom various other lines of business. Of the men recruited from railroads, .357 were from the Pennsylvania, 11 from the Philadelphia & R(>ading and 10 from the BaltiuKtre & Ohio Railroads. The remaimler came in smaller numbers from twenty-six other railroad companies. The first men were called into active service on June 2. 1917, the barracks being the Exhibition Hall of the Philadelphia Museums, 3lth and Spruce streets. The men were called out in groups of from one to two hundred and assigned to companies according to trades, each company containing, so far as practical)le, all men of the same trade. Alilitary training was begun at once under experienced instructors furnished by the Pennsylvania National Guard and continued to the date of sailing. August 9th. It was understood that the regiment was to move into fully equipped shops and was not to take any tools abroad. A small number of hand tools, ordered as a matter of precaution, were not received until some time after the arrival of the regiment in France. Less than three weeks prior to the date of sailing, the Commanding Officer was advised that instead of going into equipped shops, it would go intf) the new Nevers shops of the Paris, Lyf)n et Mediterrauee Railway, which were thi'u under process of construction. As there was absdiutely nothing in the shops, it was therefore necessary to equip them completely with all necessary 159 niachino tuols. Iravi'lling cranes, air aiul liami tools, steam, water and air piping power and lighting lines and fixtures, install a power plant and furnish steam and install lines for electric current (which was to be furnished by the Continental Kdisun Company from their new plant at (iarchizy. about seven kilometers from the shops), and provide a complete supply of all materials necessary for the operation of the shops for a period of six months. The W ilmington and Trenton shops of the Pennsylvania Railroad were selected as being of about the same capacity as the Nevers shops, and brief studies of the equipment and supplies, were made, resulting in the formation of a complete list of tools, machinery, storehouse, drafting room and ofiic(> eiiuipment : in short, everything necessary for placing the shops in operation and running them for a period of six months. The order for all tools and material was placed by th- Director (leneral of f^ailways. Mr. P'elton. within two weeks of the time that information was received as to supposed conditions in the Nevers shops. It was not until after the arrival of the organization in France that the actual situation was ascertained. In accordance with orders from the port of embarkation, nuuh important equipment was shipped from Philadelphia to New York five days in advance of the regiment, in order to insure its transportation on the same ship. Practically none of this equipment, consisting of clothing, cooking facilities, automobiles. motorcycles, tools, etc., was loaded on the boat, with the result that the regiment arrived in France with no automobiles, motorcycles or field ranges, and very little in the way of suj)plies of tools and clothing. Three days" reserve rations, supposed to be issued at New York, were not to be found, until, upon disembarking at Liverpool, they were discovered buried under hundreds of Inns of other freight. Arriving at Liverpool on .Vugusl 2'.]d, the regiment disembarked the following day and immediately entrained for Borden, about seven miles from .Mdershot, where it remained in ()xney Camp until \ugust 28th. when it moved to South- ampton for embarkation for France. Owing to bad weal her Ihe crossing was delayed until the following day and the regiment landed in l.c Havre on the morn- ing of August 30. 1017. In;; KKGIMK^T Keaches Fr.vni-.e .\t Le Havre it was learned that the shops at Nevers were not ready for oi'cu- pancy and each company was sent to a separate station for work in French loco- motive repair shops. The distribution of the companies was as follows: Company A, Regimental Headquarters and First Battalion Ileachpiarlers to St. \azaire: Company B to Bordeaux: Compauv C to B(>imes; Company 1) to Sotteville-les- Rouen; Company E and Second Battalion Headquarters to St. Pierre-des-Corps (near Tours', and Company F to Oullins. near Lyon. With the exception of Com- pany .\. whose work was locomotive erection, all the companies were engaged on locomotive repairs in the French shops. With Ihe exception of the detachments at St. Nazaire and Nevers. it is a diificull matter to give a detailed account of the work done by the companies in the French railway shops. None of the companies had tools, working clothing, motor transportation or cooking equipment. In one or two instances it was possible to purchase a few .\merican-made tools, bul for Ihe most pari the men had to make out as best they could with antiquated French equipment or to laboriously make for themselves such tools as were absolutely necessary. 160 Every company, upon arrival at its destination, met with an enthusiastic reception at the hands of tlie French authorities — and were looked upon with disapproval by the French workmen with whom they were to be associated. In some instances this disapproval was the result of the French workmen receiving the not unnatural impression that "Ics Americairis" were getting easy berths back of the lines while the French workmen would be released for service at the front. In other cases the French workmen complained that the Americans set a higher stand- ard of production than they could meet and they, therefore, would either have to work longer houis or take less pay. As a matter of fact, the Americans in the shops did more work in an eight-hour day than the French workmen did in a ten or twelve- hour day, though the hours of the Americans were made to coincide with the French as far as possible in order to prevent any complaints on that score. As an instance of fast production by the American railroad men, a case at St. Nazaire was inter- esting. The locomotives erected by the French were usually completed in about three weeks. The first locomotive received by the Americans was erected in three days, with only the tools found on the locomotives themselves. The French shop men declared that it would not run, and great was their astonishment when they saw that it would. Antagonism on the part of the French wurkmen was brief. They met the Americans outside of the shops, in the cafes and in their own homes, and when the companies were withdrawn, there was not an instance in wliich the French, the workmen as well as the authorities, did not protest against taking them away. At St. Nazaire. the only preparation that had been made for the men was the erection of wooden barracks and the placing of wooden bimks. There were no kitchens, wash houses or other necessary facilities. Work was immediately begun on erecting such additional buildings as were needed. The instructions with regard to the erecting shops were for the Americans to get out six locomotives a day. There were no tools whatever, and, what proved to be the greatest difficulty of all, there was no provision of any kind for handling material. It was manifestly impossible to take the locomotive parts as they were unloaded from the boats and put them into the shops. It was discovered almost immediately that when a ship arrived with a consignment of locomotives it might be necessary to have it completely unloaded before there would be enough parts available to start work on a single locomotive. This meant that it was necessary to build storage yards. The French gave the Americans the use of a plot of ground for this purpose, but it was swampy in character and until the roadbed had been put in shape by throwing in ballast until it found a bottom, the locomotive cranes were off the tracks on an average of three or four times a day. There were few tracks running from the docks to the locomotive shops and these were constantly being used by the French to transport their own locomotives and material. As a result, locomotive chassis and boilers had to be left on the docks until it was possible to get other space to store them, lay tracks to the storage yard, get cars to haul them in, and finally, secure cranes to load the parts on the cars. The history of the 19th Engineers at St. Nazaire, like Nevers, is a story of difficulty after difficulty overcome, of work done in spite of apparently insurmount- able obstacles. The situation at the docks was of the greatest seriousness. The only cranes there were being used night and day by the French for unloading of ships, all material being left on the docks, rather than use the cranes for loading 161 cars. On the occasions when the French cranes were available for use by the Americans, there was difficuhy in getting operators to handle them. Finally two thirty-five-ton cranes were assignofi pormanontly to the work; later four more were secured, two of which were used for loading and two for unloading in the yards. Additional storage yard space was secured from the French, more tracks laid down, and on January 1. 1919, there was a total storage space for about one hundred locomotives at one time. In the shops themselves there was space for about six or eight locomotives, the tracks being placed so close together that it was almost impossible for a man to work on an engine when there was another one on the adjoining track, in addititm to which there was so little room for handling material that it was impossible to maintain any great degree of order. There were two large overhead cranes in this shop, the Americans having practically the exclusive use of one of them and the use of the other for lifts that required two cranes. The greater part of the crane work had to be done at night, when the French wen> not working in the shops. The difhculty in getting material to replace parts that were missing from the packing boxes upon arrival made it necessary to send men to Nantes, Angers and surrounding coimtry in an endeavor to secure the material to make such parts. Buying from the French was necessitated by the fact that placing recjuisitions through regular channels did not bring satisfactory results. Eventually the American forces were given the use of another shop, which had been used by the French for the manufactun> of railway guns (which same guns were on one occasion pointed out to a party of visitors as being part of the work of the regiment), and there was a corresponding increase in production. During the period from September 30, 1917, to Detember .'{(), 1918, the men of the 19th Engineers at St. Nazaire erected a total of 1,124 locomotives, in addition to building storage yards, laying tracks, and building from locomotive packing boxes practically an entire new camp, capable of acconuiiodaling over a thousand iiirn. truly a notable achievement. Another phase of the work done by the St. Nazaire Contingent was the repair of steamship boilers by a detachment under Captain T. L. Mailain, the woik being done in such a manner as to merit the highest commendation <>( the na\al author- ities, and which resulted in a citation for Captain Mallam. Time Rkcords Est.\bli.shi:o It has been said that the time consumed by the French in the erection of locomotives was three weeks, and that the fust locomotive erected by the Amer- icans was completed in three days. On December 30, 1918, the average time in which a locomotive was erected in the .\merican shops was twenty-six hours, and the fastest time in which any one locomotive was built was eleven hours imd ten minutes. The situation at Nevers. where the fust men of (he 19th arrived on December 23, 1917. compared favorably with that at St. Nazaire. in so far as lack of material and all working and living facilities were concerned. Vastly larger in scope than the operation at St. Nazaire, with each individual department i)resenting a multiplicity of problems, the results were more than cuMld lia\e been expected of any organi- zation. The shops, far from being completed and lacking only tools and e(iui|)inent, 162 had progressed no further than the laying of the foundations of the main building. No machinery of any kind had been installed and the power plant at Garchizy, instead of being in operation, had progressed only to the point of partial erection of the building, no machinery having been installed. In addition, no arrangements whatever had been made for taking care of the troops, though it had been under- stood that this matter was to have been taken care of by the French. Cars of railway material began to arrive in November, and an organization was estabhshed to handle the unloading and storing of it. During November and December, 270 carloads of material came in, much of this being heavy machinery for installation in the shops. There were no cranes available and all tlie unloading of this machinery and material had to be done by hand. Company E was ordered to Nevers, and upon arrival there was drawn upon for personnel for the stores department, and a gang of mechanics was organized and assigned to the erection of locomotive cranes. By the first of February two cranes had been erected and greatly facilitated the unloading of material, 845 cars of which arrived during January and February. The development of the storehouse work and organi- zation, like that of every other operation at Nevers, was a matter of gradual growth and increased efficiency as new men were trained to the work. It is impossible, in a brief space, to give even a fair idea of what was accom- pHshed. For example, the power plant at Garchizy, which was supposed to be ready to supply power, was finally taken over, the building construction completed, machinery installed and the plant operated by Americans. In the meantime, a complete electrical plant had been installed in the shops by the electrical depart- ment, furnishing light and power to both the shops and the camp. The growth of the various departments is well illustrated by the development of the blacksmith shop. This shop when started in the early part of 1918, con- sisted of two blacksmiths and two helpers, working in a small shed. In August, 1918, the blacksmith shop occupied over half an acre of ground and employed nearly a hundred men. In addition to the work done in the Nevers shops proper, car shops w(ne erected for the repair of freight cars, and a track system laid down with a capacity of 7,50 cars. From September to December, 1918, inclusive, the car shops turned out, repaired, a total of 1,863 cars. lender the supervision of the electrical department was the maintenance of American ambulance trains. The first order consisted of fifteen trains, with two more procured from the French, but finding that the number would be inadequate, an order was placed with the English to furnish thirty-three additional trains. Only four of the additional thirty-three trains had been delivered when the armis- tice was signed, and the order for the balance of twenty-nine was canceled. One of the greatest difficulties in handling the trains was the variation in ecjuipment and parts. There were, in the first fifteen trains received, seven diiferent types, none of the parts of which were interchangeable, necessitating considerable additional work on the part of the supply department, to say nothing of the delay in getting additional parts when needed. Naturally, with the growth of the shops themselves, there was need for in- creased personnel, which, in turn, required additional camp space. Such of the companies still on duty in outlying French shops as could be released from this work were brought to Nevers, where a camp was built capable of housing 4,000 163 men. and additional men, most of them with no railroad experience, secured from replacement camps. Camp Stephenson, as it was named, was midt)ubtedly one of the best in F^rance, with its complete sanitary system, company shower baths. a Y. M. C. A. building capable of seating 1, 100 men, and its well-stocked library. Classes in mechanical subjects were being conducted at Camp Stephenson some time before the organization of the regular .\. K. F. schools. An idea of the magnitude of the Nevers operation may be gained from the fact that the camp itself occupied about twenty-five acres of land, the car shops about twenty acres and the locomotive shops forty-five acres. In February, 1919, the first detachment left Camp Stephenson en route for the United States. The remaining personnel was returned in detachments of about .■jOO men. the last to leave being a small detachnient from the supply depot who remained behind on special duty for the purpose of assisting in tiu-ning over the shops, supplies and equipment to the French. The work accompUshed by the 19th Hegimi'iil of Fngineers is something thai caimot be appreciated except by those I'uIIn acciuainled with the diiliculties that were continually encountered and overcome, both at home and abroad. With few exceptions, officers and men had had no pre\ ious nnlitary experience, their training consisting, on the part of most of them, of dial uhlained during the few weeks spent in barracks in Philadelphia, hut they developed a military organi- zation and left behind a record of achievement, individually and as an organi- zation, of which any regiment may well be proud. AIRMEN OF PIIILADIXPHIA In the brief period that has elapsed since the ending of the World War, it has not been possible to secure complete anfl accurate records of eitli(>r the airmen of Philadelphia or their wonderful feats, i)eil'ormed on bolli llie training camps and figliliuL' fields. Many a brave pilot gave up his life in llie Iraining of llie material that was later to be (lying fighters over the battle lines of France. Heroes all: no mailer the part they took, or whether at the present writing a record of I heir brave deeds 1)1' not obtainable. Philadelphia, standing for years, as one of the great cities foremost in aviati(m, from llie birth of that art, it was but natural that hundreds of its bravest young citizens should enter the air service. In this brief sketch are included as Phila- delphians many familiar names of airmen who actually reside in towns adjoin- ing, but who are known as Philadelphians on account of their close association with the city in business and social life. A greater part of this history has been from necessity drawn IVoni cable and telegraphic mes.sages and some inaccuracies are bound to occur, as oilicial records are not as yet accessible. Much cri>dit is due the press of Philadelphia for the vast amount of material furnished regarding Philadelphians in the air service, their deeds and exploits. The files of all Philadelphia papers have been carefully searched for a part of the records following. The Air Serrice Journal of September, 1917, states that "the complete roster of the Americans who volunteered and were accepted for active duty with the I<)1 French Aviation Service has never been publislied." In the list of names that is given by the Journal, we find the following Philadelphians, some of whom were still in training at the French aviation schools at Avord and Etampes. Charles J. Biddle, Avord School; Juhan C. Biddle, killed in action; Leo J. Brennan, accepted, but not assigned; Lewis Leshe Byers, accepted, not assigned; James A. Connelly, Jr., Avord School; John Armstrong Drexel, Lafayette p]sca- drille; Joseph Flynn, Avord School; Charles Kerwood, Avord School; Upton S. Sullivan, awaiting acceptance; Stephen Tyson, Avord School. On May 5, 1917. Bobert Gleiidinning, prominent banker and aviator, received from Secretary of War Baker, his commission as a Major in the Aviation Section of the Officers' Beserve Corps of the United States Army. Major (ilendinning had long been one of the leading promoters of better aviation service fov the Army. In the autumn of 1916 the Major made a tour of the Army aviation schools of France and shortly after his retui-n, gave a practical demonstration how Phila- delphia might be bombarded from the air, by flying over the City Hall and dropping imitation bombs in the heart of the city. It was through the efforts of Major ( llendinning that the Philadelphia School of Aviation at Essington was taken over by the government as a training school for Army aviators. Major (ilendinning is a native of Philadelphia and was graduated from the University of Pennsylvania, class of 1888. lie is head of the firm of Bobert Glen- dinning & Co., bankers and brokers. He is a member of the Aero Club of Penn- sylvania and a Spanish-American War veteran. For his illustrious services in France and Italy he was later promoted to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. He was decorated by the King of Italy and served in the balloon section during the latter part of the war. The body of Julian C. Biddle of the Lafayette Escadrille who had been re- ported missing and probably killed in action on August 18, 1917, was washed ashore by the tide at Egmond-Aan-Zee, on the north coast of Holland on Septem- ber 2d. The manner in which Biddle met his death has never been cleared up. All that is known is that the aviator ascended at St. Pol, France, to carry dispatches to Dunkirk, and disappeared, nothing definite being known as to his fate until his body was washed in by the sea. How he got over the sea is not understood, as his route was entirely over land. The most probable solution seems to be that the Philadelphia airman became involved with hostile flying forces and that the struggle carried him seaward. The burial of his body in the little coast village was made with due honor. Prominent among the American aces of the Great War stands the name of Major Charles J. Biddle, Pennsylvania's first "ace." Major Biddle's record as an airman is an enviable one. He was first a member of the Escadrille 73 of the French Aviation Service; then of the famous Lafayette Squadron, and later was Commanding Officer of the 13th American Pursuit Squadron. Still later he was made Commanding Officer of the 4th American Pursuit group, composed of four squadrons. It was on the second day of the advance on the Western Front, late in the summer of 1918, that Major Biddle carried out one of his bravest deeds. At an altitude of 18,000 feet Major Biddle lay in wait for a (iernian two-seater, which at once accepted his challenge. After a considerable expenditure of ammunition on both sides, the observer of the German machine was shot through the head. 16,i The (Jernian pilot, hnwever. continued to fight until the synclironizing gear of his mat'hinc gun was disabled. He then attempted to e.scape but was wounded. Major Biddie preferred to capture the German and gradually drove him towards the American lines and tliey both made a j)erf(H-t landing just north of JNancy, in the \ osges. Major Hiddle was cited several times for his bravery. He was severely wounded in May, 1918. during one of his many air battles. Major Biddie has eight official victories to his credit and many dt-coratitjns. High honors were given Captain J. D. Este who served willi the a\ iation section of the Signal Corps in France. He was cited for extraordinary bravery wliile leading his patrol in an oilVnsive over the enemy's lines. The official citation states that on September 13, 1918, while leading his patrol in an olTcnsive at Chambley. his five machines were attacked from above and behind b\ an enemy formation of seven single sealers. It adds: "Although out- numbered and in a very disadvantageous position, he did not hesitate to lead his patrol to the attack." The citation further states that "through the combat that followed Lieutenant l-lste fought with the greatest bravery, in spite of the fact that 111' himself was attacked by two enemy planes, which tired al him from point blank r;inge fiom the rear and above. By his skill and couiage he was able to keep his formation together, and they succeedeil in shooting down three of the enemy planes of which Lieutenant Este himself destroyed one and drove another out of control." Captain l-]ste had the honoi- of Hying the fust American-made aenjplane with a Liberty motor. I Ic enlisted after war was declared and trained at Essington and K(>lly l'"ield. Te.xas. afterward being sent to France. While thi-re he was assigned to training and organization work. Press reports credit Captain Este with live official victories over Hun planes and fully twice that number imollicially. Lieutenant J. Sydney Owen was another Pliiladelphian who serveil in France. Lieutenant Owen received citations in recognition of his work. One of llie saddest incidents at the close of the war was the tragic death of Captain llobail Hare Baker. fimiliarK known throughout the country as "IU)bey Baker." ( ".aplain I'.aker was killed uii his last aeioplane lliglit. shortly after making his plans to return to his home. This was in a practice flight from the aerodrome at 'foul. France, December, 1918. Captain Baker was one of the best known college athletes of recent years. He became interested in aviation and started flying long before the I nited States entered the war. Later he enlisted and was sent to {•"ssington as an Instructor in Aviation. After a few months he went over- seas and became a meniber of the Lafayette I'^scadrille, and later- with the forma- tion of the American flying units in France, he was transferred to one of these, (■lowing tribute was paid ('aptain Baker by Major Charl(>s ,1. liiddle, who was in command of the group in which Baker served. Major Biddie said that Captain Baker during his services at the front brought down three (ierman machines in the last ten days of the war. The last machine attacked by Baker was 20,000 feet in the air and was carrying propaganda leallets to be dropped among American infantry. '"There was no finer man or a better pilot" said Major Biddie. "He was very skilful and particularly fearless. He would have had an even greater record than he did if it had been possible for him to have been at the front more than he was." 166 One of the bright spots of war's gloom are the letters which came to the mother of Lieutenant Charles Wallace Drew who was connected with the Thirteenth Aero Squadron while fighting in France. In September, 1918, he cabled his mother the message: "Well and happy. Have downed my first Boche and am on a three days' permission." Later in his letters he writes: "I am absolutely jolly, well satisfied with my plane, my guns, my squadron, our quarters, life, and best ol all our captain, who is no other than Captain Charles Biddle of the old Lafayette — a splendid fighter and a thorough gentleman." The official confirmation of Drew downing his Hun says he was attacked by four Fokkers. He attacked the first, a plane which was firing on Lieutenant Free- man. He then later attacked a Fokker which was climbing to get on the tail of his machine. He observed a number of his shots made direct hits on the motor and wings of his enemy's plane and he followed same down to an altitude of 600 meters and when last seen the enemy was going down in smoke. Soon after this exploit Captain Drew was shot down by German planes and he was captured. An explosive shell had torn his right arm and he was taken to a German hospital where the arm was amputated in order to save his fife. For his bravery Lieutenant Drew was ofliciaUy cited and awarded the Distinguished Cross. "I am not a hero and I am not an ace," Captain Drew protests when his fellow citizens make a "fuss" over him. "I just did the task assigned to me." Late in February, 1918, General Pershing sent word to Washington of the death in France of Arthur H. Wilson, a cadet in the American Aviation Service. As no details were given it is befieved his death was accidental, as letters re- ceived from him a short period before indicate that he had just finished his test and had not begun combats with the enemy. Wilson, although a Philadelphian, was studying and teaching in New York when war broke out between the United States and Germany — that very day he enfisted and was transferred to the aviation service. He finished his examination and was sent to Cornell where he did his ground work. From there he was sent to France as one of the "honor men," the best in his class. He was a graduate of the Arts Department of the University of Penn- sylvania in the class of 1912. In this short chapter it is not possible to give a record of the brave deeds or even names of all the Philadelphians in the fiying service. At a later date no doubt a more voluminous history will be compiled wherein a complete record of all who took part in the Great War will be given credit for the work they did. The deeds recited above are exploits of some of Philadelphia's most prominent and well-known aviators, but deeds just as brilliant and daring were undoubtedly performed by the other fiying fighters as the following press account will show. Twenty Philadelphia aviators fell to their deaths abroad during the vast operations which marked the domination of the air by the Allies. Nine more were brought down by the Huns and placed in German prison camps until after the armistice. These figures show that in the fighting in the air this city contributed in the same unsparing manner that marked the sacrifice of Philadelphia lads in the battles on the soil of Franc^e. To offset these sad fatalities Philadelphia can lay claim to many signal honors bestowed as the results of the bravery of her sons in aerial conflict. The Distinguished Service Cross of the American Army has been won by thi'ee local aviators, one of whom paid the supreme price in the deed 167 which won lor him the coveted honor. Fiance has pinned the Ciui\ di' (Jueiie on the breasts of three other Philadelphia aviators and one of that trio also has made his last great flight. Four other Philadelphia flyers engaged with the Italian armies during the disastrous campaign along the Piave and later in the splendid victory which thrust Austria from the war have won the Itahan Service Ribbon for conspicuous bravery. Those who died abroad in combat or accident are as follows: Captain llobart Amory Hare Baker, Lieutenant Horace Baker, Lieutenant Julian C. Biddle, Lieutenant David Bispham. Jr.. Lieutenant Mortimer P. Crantv Taeutenant Richard Foulke Day. Lieutenant \\ illiam L. Deetji'ii, Lieutenant Norton Downs, Lieutenant Charles T. Evans, Jr., Lieutenant William F. Gallagher, Lieutenant Norman Hughes, Lieutenant Warren T. Kent. Lieutenant Paul B. Kurtz. Lieu- tenant Harold B. Merz, Lieutenant Wistar Morris, Lieutenant Hilary B. Rex, Lieutenant Philip N. Rhinelander. Lieutenant Walter M. Smyth, Lieutenant H. Pennington Way. Corporal 11. II. Houston Woodward. Of the above. Lieutenant H. Pennington Way wasawarded t lie Distinguished Cross (poslhiimously), while (^.or- poral H. 11. Houston Woodward was awarded the Croix de Guerre after his death. The nine who were brought down behind the German lines and placed in prison camps were: Lieutenant F^arl .\danis. Corporal Lewis L. Byers, Lieuteiuiiit <'.liarles W. Drew, Lieutenant Brooke Edwards, Sergeant Charles Wayne Kerwood, Lieu- tenant Henry Carvill Lewis, Lieutenant Stewart \. McDowell, Lieutenant John Joseph Meredith, l^ieutenant Frederick Westing. The following shows the Distinguished Service Cross, Croix de Guerre and Italian Ribbon awards for Philadelphia. This is the official list as announced by the government: Awarded Distinguished ServiceCross: Major Charles J. Biddle, Lieutenant Chas. W. Drew, Captain J. Dickinson KsU'. Lieutenant H. Pennington Way (deceased). Awarded Croix de (iuerre: Major Charles J. Biddle (with palm). Sergeant Charles Wayne Kerwood, Corporal 11. II. Houston Woodward (deceased). Awarded Italian Service Ribbons: Lieutenant lloiace Drevi'r, Lieutenant George N. Hyland, Lieutenant Earl 1). Banck. Lieuteiianl Richard (ioodman. Major Biddle also received the Cross of the Legion of Honor (French) and the Order of Leopold (Belgian). THE L.\ST FLIGHT O God of France, we pilots pray For France's safety, and obey Thy pointed finger in the gale. Hail to Thee, Master of Storms, .Ml Hail! Keep me this day from sudden sorrow. Spare me today for Fin home tomorrow. Guard me this day gainst the weakened wire. The tiny bullet of flying fire. The treacherous wings that would buckle or liriMk, To drag me down in its whistling wake. The morrow brings respite from fighting and flying — And a breath of the Seine ere day is dying. (Dabney Horton, Sergeant, French Aviation Service.) 168 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN LEGION* Very few civilians realize how varied were the efforts to make the American Army the most efficient fightinj,' force ever produced in the history of the world. One of the problems confronting those in charge of the development of the Army was caused by the number of men, particularly among the draftees, who spoke little or no English, and whose conception of the reasons for America's entry into the war were vague or even worse. For example a National Army soldier con- fidentially told a Philadelphian in the Army ■'^ "' that "The Kaiser, he treat his people so bad we go over to help them." Therefore, an experiment was made at Camp Meade which resulted in the formation of what was popularly known as the "American Foreign Legion." In September, 1918, the Fifth Development Battalion of the 15Uh Depot Brigade was formed and was composed entirely of foreign-born and foreign-speaking men. This unit was organized largely through the efforts of Brigadier (Jeneral E. E. Hatch, who felt that there was merit in so uniting tongues and races that a real esprit de corps would be engendered. About 50 per cent of the men in this battalion were Philadelphians and three of the original officers were from this city: Captain Signmnd J. Laschenski, Captain Eugene Prostrednik and First Lieutenant Hem-y F. Vache. Each company had interpretei's, and companies and platoons were composed exclusively of Italians, Poles and men of other nationalities. The companies were officered by those who not only spoke English but also the native language of their men and the various commands when given in English were repeated in a foreign tongue. In tliis way the men learned how the various commands sounded when given in English and they were taught how to execute the commands by di- rections in their own language. Real Americanization work was undertaken. The men were taught to read and write English, and American sports were explained and played. Great rivalry sprang up between all nationalities which led to great efficiency in many ways. The attention of the (Jeneral Staff at Washington was drawn to the way in which this scheme worked out and although at first it was believed that as a result of this classification a better organized labor battalion only would result, in October, 1918, the battalion was fully equipped for overseas duty and was reviewed as an infantry unit at Camp Meade by ofiicers from the General Staff at Wasliington. The result of this review was that a number of the officers were detached from the battalion and sent to camps elsewhere to aid in the organization of similar units. In November the battalion made final preparations for overseas duty, but the signing of the armistice prevented and soon after November 11th the battalion was demobilized and was the first to leave Camp Meade. THE 1()TH INFANTRY— 1ST DIVISION By Thomas S. Cline, Former Chaplain The story of the 16th Infantry in France is an epitome of America's achieve- ment in the World War. It tells how a regiment, originally composed of regulars, was reorganized for overseas service, whisked from the Mexican border 3,000 *By the Secretary of ttie Philadelpliia War History Committee. Information supplied by Ijieutenant Vactie. Ki9 miles across the country, spirited for another 3.000 miles over the sea. trained in the art of trench warfare by the C.hasseurs. fiance's best, sent into the trenches for its l)aptisni of fire, and tiien after a nK)nth"s rest phmjied into the supreme test of war's crucible. It tells also how the 16th gained all the objectives assigned to it. in each of the great battles that followed — Cantigny. Soissons. St. Mihiel. the .\rgonne and Sedan. The regiment was refilled three times over. The origi- nals were half regulars, half volunteers; the replacements were National Army men. Hul from first to last the morale of the 16th remained constant and unbroken. A nutiib(>r of Philadelphiaiis .served as officers and enlisted men in the 16tli. The regiment sailed from lloboken for France on June 11, 1917, and reached St. Nazaire cm June 26th. The four regiments which landed that day were the first American regiments to land in a luiropean country. On the 1th of July, 1917, a battalion of the 16th was reviewed by Marshal Joffre and President Poincare in Paris. When the parade visited the tomb of Lafayette, (ieneral Pershing uttered the famous words "Lafayette, ive are here." For intensiv(> training the regiment located in the (iondrecourt area, not far lirliind the sector which was eventually to become the Ameriian front. During the first month the battalions were instructed separately. Then followed a month of actual occupation of the trenches with veteran troops in a (luiet .sector. The third month was devoted to training as a complete division, under the direction of their own officers. For teachers th(>y had the \lpine Chasseurs. The splendid effect of the training of these brave and snap|)y Alpinists was evident in the dash and finish of the work not only of the 16th Infantry but of the wlmii- of the 1st Division to wiiich they belong. ihe 16lli Infantrymen were among tiic first Americans to enter the trenches. They were the first to shed blood. This occurred in the Balhlemont raid which took place November 3, 1917. The I6lh had relieved the French in what had been a quiet sector near the city of .\anc>. The (iermans. who had been informed of the arrival of the Americans by traitorous signals from Bathlemont put over a box barrage. They captured several prisoneis and killed three men of Ihe 16th, Gresham, luuighl and Hay. A noble monumi-nt, erected b> the French Ciovern- ment, now marks the place where they fell. The Kith did valiant service in d(>fending the Toid sector and more parlicidarly the .Montdidier sector; but the lirst great oil'ensive battle in which they partici- pated was that of Soissons. The force of the German Chaleau-ThierrN offensiNe had established a deep Marne salient which tempted (ieneral Pershing to make a counter-ofl'ensi\e. In the great surprise attack which he launched on July 18th, the 1st Division was in the forefront. For five days the |6lli Infantry fought a terrible but glorious battle. Whole companies were wiped out in a siiorl time. When oflicers were shot down non-commissioned officers took command of battalions. The cas- ualty list tells the story of hard fighting. Killed. 201; wounded, 910; missing, 590; total, 1,731. Never before nor after did the 16th suffer such heavy losses in the same length of time. They had their objecti\es to take and they did not count the cost. It was somelliing to rect)ver seven or eight miles of the sacred soil of France, but that was incidental. They were helping to win Ihe crucial battle \\liigion Post .^0, yeomen (f). that over 2.000 Phikulelpliia women enhsled in the .\rmy. Navy and Marine Corps. The majority of these were listed as yeomen (f), and they served at the Navy Yard, at the Coinmandaiit's lieadcpiarters. 12th and Chestnut streets, at tlie Na\al Home, in the disbursing ollices, at tlie piers, and at the storehouses, recruiting stations and shipyards. In fact, at any plant or station under government control. \ large number of Philadelpliia women served in Washington and in other parts of the country, as they were all subject lo transfer from point lo point. The greatest number served in various clerical capacities, as stenographers, tele- phone operators, et<'., and in the Camouflage Department. Among tiiose who acted as stenograpliers were some specially trained women who, during the submarine excitement in 1917, served in the Communication ( )f1i(e at [..eagiie Island and t-lsewhere. Time and again these women were on duty for twenlN-four liotiis at a stretch, and a great deal of their normal work was done at night. The only yeomen (f) enlisted in the Fourth Naval District to go over- seas went with Naval Base No. 5. *Sununarized by the Secretary of the Philadelphia War History ("ommittee. 172 There were twelve "mariiiettes" stationed in Piiiladelpiiia, of which nine were residents of thiseity. Tlieir work was at the Marine Recruiting,' Station, at the Quartermaster C.orps" Depot and at the Advanced Base Headquarters, U. S. M. C. Miss Margaret Thomas, whose length of service extended horn April 14. 1917, until January 1, 1920, was a Chief Yeoman, and rendered such dis- tinguished service under Lieutenant Commander Payne as to receive a special letter of commendation from him. Atleastone thousand Philadelphia women served as nurses in the Arm> . The Nurses' American Legion Post No. 412 is being rapidly developed. Miss Caroline Waltemate, who was with Base Hospital No. 10, is Secre- tary of the post. This jjost is known as the Fairchild Post, in honor of Miss Helen Fairchild, who also was with Base Hospital No. 10 and who died in service overseas. Among the Philadelphia nurses who were decorated foi' bravery were two who were with an American Base Hospital attached to the British Army. These women were decorated by the Prince of Wales during his visit to America, one in Washing- ton, D. C, the other in New York City. Courtesy of ri.LiiU VV. Bulilii. Ilic .Slaijliy Co. of An Miss Lorella Walsh of Pliiladelphiii. FirsI Yeoman if). Siinint in March '?.>, I'.tl7. PHILADELPHIANS IN THE TANK CORPS The original plans for tlic I nited States Tank Corps called for ten heavy and fifty light tank corps battalions. However, only a few were organized and a still smaller number went overseas and got into action. In the light tank corps battalions a number of Philadelphia men served, particularly in the 339th, 344th and 345th. The recruiting which was done in Philadelphia during the summer of 1918 was largely for the light tanks. Those men who did serve in these battalions used French tanks with double Mercedes engines. The men recruited in Philadelphia and elsewhere during the special efforts made to increase the personnel of the "Treat 'em Rough" Corps were sent both to Tobyhanna and Gettysburg in Pennsylvania, and also to Camp Polk, at Raleigh, N. C, and to Camp (ireene, at Charlotte, N. C. Of the heavy tanks corps battalions, the 301st was the only one to get into major actions. It operated with the British Army in support of the 27th and 30th United States Divisions in the second Somme offensive, and also with the 3d and 5th Australian Divisions. These heavy tank corps battalions operated foily-eight 17.3 tanks of British make, driven by a specially designed Recardo engine, which re- placed the Daimler tractor engine in the original British tank. The 301st Battalion, United States Tank Corps, was largely recruited at Cam]) Meade, and Company A was mostly Philadelphian in personnel. From Camp Meade the battalion went to Camp Merritt and sailed in March, 1918, for France. It saw service in four major actions: first, at the Hindenburg Line, in the Bellicourt-N'aury sector, September 29. 1918: next, in the second battle of Cambrai. in the Brancourt sector, Octob(>r 8, 1918, and in two major actions in the LaSelle River. October 17 and 23. 1918. After tiiis date it was held in reserve at the second battle of Mons, and remained with tlie British forces imlil the signing of the armistice. FIRST (later 406lh) TELEGKAPII BATTALION. S. W. C. By p. L. Schauble When by Congressional action, just before our country declared war. a Signal Reserve was created. Philadelphia took the lead, and as a result the plans for organizing the First Telegraph Battalion S. W. C. were made in this city. Although the name was changed later to the UKitli Telegraph Battalion. S. C, IJ. S. A., its original name was far more appropriate. There are many reasons. It was the first reserve telegraph battalion to be organized: it was the fust reserve unit to be ordered overseas; it was the first complete signal unit to arrive in France; it was the first technical unit to be attached to General Headquarters, A. E. F.; when the First Army Corps was formed, it was the first technical unit designated as a part of the corps. Congress created the Signal Reserve. The War Department organized it. It was but natural for the Bell System, as the largest communication busiiK^ss in the world, to be called on to assist in the work. Plans were made llirough the co- operation of the \merican Telephone and Tilegraph Company, the f)arent organi- liiillaliun III hi,l,i„n>l,ii,i Hull. .Inn, Is. I'.ll,' 171 zation of the Bell System, for the recruiting of several battalions from the asso- ciated Bell Companies. It was due to the enthusiasm of its Mce-President and (leneral Manager, Leonard H. Kinnard, who later became its President, that the Bell Telephone Company of Pennsylvania, with its two associated companies, which operate Delaware and southern New Jersey, were the lirst actively to start the work. Out of 6,000 male employees, 1,400 volunteered. As a result, a battalion was organized, one company from Philadelphia and the eastern territory and the othei- from western Pennsylvania. Practically the entire roster of this organization, comprising 215 men and ten officers, was drawn from the employe body. The battaUon was sworn in during the latter part of April, 1917. By the middle of June they were in camp at Monmouth Park, New Jersey, later known as Camp Alfred Vail, and on August 7th were on shipboard, arriving at St. Nazaire on the 21st. In less than four months these raw recruits with no previous military experience had been wliipped into shape as splendid soldiers and landed in France ready for any emergency. Just a word as to the quality of the personnel of the organization. Is it not significant that three men from this organization were picked to accompany General Pershing when he left the United States to take up his duties as Com- mander of the as yet embryonic A. E. F.? Is it not worthy of note that from the handful of men in the battalion, there developed prior to the end of the war, two lieutenant colonels, five majors, three captains, eight first lieutenants, nine second lieutenants and more than a score of non-commissioned officers? After a few days at Base Camp No. 1, in St. Nazaire, the battafion was assigned to Chaumont to equip with telephone service the buildings which in a very few days were to be used for General Pershing's headquarters. While part of the organi- zation was rushing this work, the remainder began the construction of a line from Chaumont to Neufchateau. This was a long and tedious task. American tools and materials were not yet available, as the battalion had come to France with one of the earliest convoys, and before any amount of equipment had begun to arrive. However, the line was completed on September 27th. While Company E of the battalion extended the line south toward Langres from Chaumont, Company D wired various training areas preparatory to the arrival of American divisions who were to be trained in this section. The entire winter was spent in this preliminary construction work. The area in the vicinity of Vaucouleurs was completely equipped and a line run from Vaucouleurs back to Chaumont. It was similar to work back home, and yet it was dilTerent. The boom of guns could be heard in the distance. Not far away men were falling, wounded or dead in the very cause which had brought these men with their "spurs" and pliers to France. There was no need to urge the men on. They were called the "battalion of hand picked men" and they knew why they were there. Telephone lines went up as by magic, switchboards and telegraph equipment were installed in jig-time. They were there for business. There was some diversion during that first winter on foreign soil. There were parties at Hallowe'en, at Thanksgiving and at Christmas. These parties were very much helped by the use of a mess fund which had Ijeen contributed by the employes of the telephone organization and which had l)een turned over to the battalion before it went to Monmouth Park. 17.S It was during this winter that the battalion lost the name in which it took so much pride. But pride could not be considered in the waging of war and the First Telegraph Battalion became the 406th mider which name it operated until it was demobilized. In January the 406th which had become scattered over the Chaumont area on various cnnsliuction jobs, was mobilized at Neufchateau preparatory to forward work. In February, it was assigned to the First Army Corps as the Head- quarters Telegraph Battalion. The next couple of months were spent in divisional work, Company D building lines to the front and Company E doing construction work in the rear areas. From March until June, details from the battalion were assigned to listening post work for the radio intelligence service in the \ icinity of Xivray and Seicheprev. This involved the stringing of lines over PSo Man's Land and maintaining them, constantly under (ire. Several times during this period the enemy raiding patrols advanced past the dugouts in which the signal men were intercepting hostile radio and wire messages, but were diiven back by the counter-attacks of liie allied forces. In June, the First Army Corps was transferred to the Marne salient, there to prepare to meet the next German drive on Paris. This marks the beginning of the concentration of American troops for active service under American command. Many American divisions had seen service with various French and English units but now an Ami'rican Army Corps, under- Xinerican ((unniaiid. was to take the field. The battalion spent the next month in preparing the lines of conununication for the coining battl<'. Headquarters was at La Ferte-sous-Jouarre. The battalion took over the oiteratioii of all the telephone exchanges in this area and kept the lines in repair. In addition to the telephone operation, repaii work, and construc- tion work, the ballalioti motor sections were called on to assist in tli(> transporta- tion of troops and aintnunition to the front. The battle is a matter of history. The (Jermans made an attack on July l.^th. The Americans with their Allies could not be budged, and on the 18lh, the great coimter offensive began which drove the Hun back and removed the menace to Paris. As the battle progress(>d and the (lermans retreated Corps Headquarters was advanced from jjlace to place, first to Montreuil. then to I5uin> and later to Chateau Moucheton. The battalion installation men rushed th(^ switchboards and wires aliead sometimes arriving at the plare forced to content them- selves with the thought that witiiout the lines of conununication which they were carrying forward, the battle could not proceed successfully. The Marne salient was wiped out. When the \'esle was reached and the battle line became stationary, the First Army Corps hurried to new fields. It was next to take part in the great attack which was to drive the (iermans out of the St. Mihiel sector. Corps Headquarters was established at Saizerais about the 176 middle of August, and until early in September preparations were made for the attack. All of the forward exchanges were taken over by the battalion men and on September 12th, the battle began. The orders provided that after three days the First Corps was to be withdrawn and transferred to the Argonne sector to assist in driving the Germans back in that region. Tiie St. Miliiel offensive pro- gressed so rapidly that the Hun was completely on the run by the time the First Corps left the battle line. After a very brief period spent in equipping the new headquarters at Rare- court in the Argonne sector, and in taking over all of the advance telephone and telegraph offices, the attack began which was to continue almost without interrup- tion until the enemies threw up their hands on November 11th. As the forces became engaged with the Germans in the Argoime, the construction of a telephone line was started, following on the vet y heels of the advancing troops, to maintain commu- nication to the rear. This line was built from salvaged poles from Boche camouflage screens and in places from lines abandoned by the enemy. The advance was so rapid tliat at times it was impossible for the signal men to keep up with it. At such times they jumped ahead and resumed work again just in the rear of the fighting forces. This line followed the entire advance through the Argonne. An advance '"P. C," the code name of which was "Bonehead," was estab- lished in a huge dugout at Cotes-de-Forimont. This was an important office and a large part of the battalion force was stationed here to operate the telephone and telegraph equipment and maintain the lines. As the Argonne was cleared of tiie enemy, lines were built in wiiat were now the rear areas for the handling of trains on the rebuilt railroads. A lull in the advance was followed by a renewal of the offensive on November 2d. Grandpre. after a terrific struggle fell to the Americans, and the telephone hne was rushed on toward St. Juvin. Corps Headquarters was established at Harricourt to wliich place the battalion moved. The (memy was now on the run and the American forces rushed after them toward Sedan, .lust two days before the armistice was signed, the First Corps, including the 406th Telegraph Battalion, was relieved. The battalion had seen practically continuous service since the first American offensive began in July. During that period of nearly four months on active fronts, the men had engaged in nearly every kind of work. They had constructed conununication lines to prepare for the various attacks. And when the actual battles started they were occupying the front line telephone exchanges. This sounds like rather prosaic work. Let one of the men dispel any such illusion. The Marne ofl'en,si\e was just starting. The 406th had installed a switchboard in a dugout at Montreuil. It was being operated and the Unes in the vicinity kept in repair by the same organization as the attack began. It was the night of July 17th. "About 11.30 all our lines to the Yankee Division went out of service. Two of the men left the dugout to find the break. Shells were dropping by the ton. Down the hill in the pitchy darkness the men stumbled. They fell into a huge cavity. It was a shell hole. The shell had fallen on the telephone line. Nearly a hundred feet of the wires had been shot away. A quick repair was made. No sooner had they r-eturned than all lines to the rear went out. This cut us off from headcjuarters. A detail started out and found the line almost completely broken down by shell fire. Repair after repair was made. Many times, the same. 177 j(il) had to l)e repeated as shells lore down the newly repaired wires. It was not until the iii'xt evening that these men ifliirned to the dugout. "While they were fjone. the operators at the switi'h- lioard were having a "hot' lime. ( Xhcers at the rear were (lemandiiii; conneetions to the (rout. Ofiieers at the front w ere asking for eonneetions to I lie rear. Next was an order ( liaiiging the direction of allaek. And every rail was an emergency call." Such was life at the ad- vance exchanges. In the rear the motor sections with .some sixty to eighty \ chicles of xarious vintages in their care had no light task. Hauling signal corps material by day, snatching an hour now and again for repairs, and spending the night hauling troops and ammunition to the front, these chauffeurs and repairmen had a strenuous time. The Telt^giaph Battalion had been in l'"rance a year and a half. It had made such a reputation for itself that when Colonel Yoris, Signal Officer of the First Army r.f)rps was ])rej)aring to enti'r the ()ccui)ation Zone in Germany, he pleaded to be allowed to lake this "liattalion of llxperts"" as he called it. He agreed to dispense with the additional signal unit which was allowed to an .\rmy Corps, if he could have these Pennsylvania Hell men. The Chief Signal OfTieer ruled that these men had already done their sliaic in the war and were not to join the Army of Occupation. So winter quartei-s were taken up at Tonnerre. The question np]iermost in the minds of every man in France now was, "When do we go home?" During this winter the men of the battalion had their first "vacations" since they had arrived in France. During this ])eriod, too, a Horse and Motor Show was held in the I'irst Army Corps and four motor vehicles were entered by the battalion. Ivach of the four was awarded the Blue Bibbon in its respective class. One of the four received the Cirand Prize for all classes. On April 8th, the battalion boarded the Sealllr at Brest. Faster Sunday found the ship in New York harbor, and at midnight the battalion arrived at Camp Upton. Three days later it was transferred to Camp Dix for demobiliza- tion. On .\pril 26th the signal men were finally mustered out of service. The 406th, which many of its friends and members still called the First Tele- graph Battalion, ceased to exist as an active military unit, having completed ju.st two years of service — twenty months of which had been sp(>nt overseas. These ITli rliiito I.T r>. Snrront Rell. Final lievieiv of llie 'lOGIIi TfUiiniph HallalUtn. men had laid down their telephone tools to serve their country. After two years of absence they again took up their work, richer by their experience in having shared in the fight to preserve democracy. THE STATE FENCIBLES IN THE WORLD WAR* The State Fencibles, having responded to every call for duty since its organiza- tion in 1813, and seeing the part the United States were destined to play in the World War, passed a resohition on March 28, 1917, requesting authority from the Mayor of the City of Philadelphia to increase the command from a battalion of four com- panies to a full regiment. This permission was granted on April 2, 1917, and recruiting was at once begun. By April 14, 1917, the regiment had been fully organized, recruited and partly equipped, and on that day, 1,200 men were paraded and reviewed by the Mayor of the City of Philadelphia and by members of Councils and citizens generally, from the West Plaza of City Hall. The services of this regiment were immediately tendered to the Governor of the State of Pennsylvania to form part of its quota, and to the President of the United States; also to Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, who was at tliis time attempting to form a division, to be known as the Roosevelt Expeditionary Forces, for immediate service in France. At the opening of the war the authorities at Washington found themselves divided into two groups, one favoring the volunteer system, and the other, the selective draft. The final decision of Congress, in favor of the selective draft, made it impossible for the State Fencibles' Regiment to enter the service as a unit. The regiment up to this time had been recruited to 1,960 officers and men. "I regret," said Colonel Theodore Roosevelt in a letter addressed to the State Fencibles, "from the standpoint of the country that your services were not utiUzed. But the country has every reason to be proud of the zeal, patriotism and business- like efficiency with which you came forward." The Fencibles later deemed it advisable to permit the various members to select other branches of the service so that the organization would be properly represented in this conflict. The members of the Fencibles later entering the service were mustered at Fort Allen, Camp Brown, Columbus Barracks, Camp Dix, Frankford Arsenal, Camp Green, Camp Hill, Camp Hancock, Camp Humphreys, Camp Jackson, Camp Johnston, Fort Jay, Camp Lee, Camp Meade, Camp Merritt, Philadelphia Navy Yard, Camp Slocum, Camp LIpton, Camp Vail and Wissahickon Barracks. Its members were represented in the United States Regular Army, National Guard, National Army, United States Navy, Marine Corps and Naval Reserve, serving in England, Italy, France, Germany and United States. Of the number origiTially recruited, it has been found impossible to trace all, but from the records now available, 960 entered the service during the war. Of this number thirty-seven were killed or died of disease and 186 were wounded. To the members of the Fencibles there were awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, British War Cross, Italian War Cross and Croix de Guerre. 'Summarized from "Spcctemur Agendo" l)y Colonel Thumbs S. Lanard. 179 After the close of the war twenty-eight men remained in the service and were transferred to the regular Army and Navy. PIONEER INFANTRY REGIMENTS Ry Major Louis L. Tafel Among the {".ombatant Troops bearing an important part in the great American drives which helped to end tlic war were numerous regiments of Pioneer Infantry — a combination of infantry and engineers — among whom were many ollicers and men from Philadelphia and its vicinity. Major (I. W. Davis, in his "Story <>f the 1st Pioneer Infantry, T'. S. A.," has given the following concise and excellent description of this new branch of the ser- vice : "Pioneer troops, as the term was used in our Army, may be described as regi- ments trained and equipped as infantry to be used as troops of emergency, either for combat or simple engineering construction. The American General Staff, lat(^ in 1917, decided to form a number of iiil'anti y regiments to be attached to the headquarters of the Armies and Army Corps then in process of format ion, and to call these Corps and Army Troops 'Pioneer Infantry.' Infantry regiments had always been attached to Corps and Army headquarters and. as has be(>n shown, it was a logical step to call them Pioneers. The regiments could be used for such special work as the Army or Corps Commander might direct, trained and armed for con- struction or combat, and instantly available in any emergency without destroying the tactical solidarity of the divisions." He adds: "The general idea of the European armies was to use as pioneers those troops who would be more skilled in the requirements of simple field construction than infantry and not so technical as the engineers; the heavy losses in purely technical troops having seriously inconvenienced their operations." On the 1th of .Tanuary, 19U), under an order of General (iuy Garleton, com- manding the I'rovisional Depot for Corps and Army troops, at Spaitanburg, .S. (',.. there was organized the 1st Pioneer Infantry from what remained of the old 1st New York, under command of Coloni-l .las. S. Rover. The 2d. .■?(!. llli an (), 1918, wlicn il was a,s.si{;iicd to Corps and .\ini;s troops, majors and captains from National Guard camps all over the country arrived and were assigned. They were followed by a (juota of first and second lieutenants from the Reserve Officers' Training Camps and others who had been commissioned from the ranks in the Regular Army. I nlil .lune. the officers and specially selected non-commissioned officers at- tended engineering schools to fit them for the work they were to do later in a practi- cal way overseas. In .luly it received .'?,.'}00 selective service men, chiefly from Minnesota and Pennsyhania, and the training immediately began. The regiment left Camp Wadsworth on August 20ih. ani\ing at Newport News thi> following day. It embarked foi' France on tlic lrans|>orls Diicd d'AosUi and the dusrrld tlie troops being commanded by Colonel Hates and Major Simp- son, respectively — on August 29th, and ai-rived at Brest, Seplemlx i 12th, where it remained in tlie rest camp area until September 17, «licn it cnli allied for the the Is-sur-Tille area. After a three-day train ride, further mo\ement was stopped when the regi- ment arrived at Port d'Atelier, and at this point a shelter tent camp was pitched to await further orders. This happened on September ilOth, and the following day "tin hats" and gas masks were issued. This meant no training. On Septem- ber 22(1 the regiment, after spending one day in gas-mask drill, again entrained for the front. September 2,'5d found it at Fleury-sur-Aire, where it detrained at 3 p.m., and immediately took cover in an adjacent woods because the Hoche planes were reconnuitering overliead. Spending that night and all of tht- following day in the same woods, without fires for cooking or any other lights, it finally received orders at 7 I'.M, to pack up and move for the advanced zone of o|)erations. .\t precisely 9:30 p.m. a march of 13 kilometers began, with the Clermont wdods in the .\rgonne forest as the objective. The "hike" was made in six and a half hours, along with other units in the one general direction in which all trafiic was m()\ ing. On September 2.5th, while bivouacked in the Clermont woods, the regiment not onK recei\cd its official assigmneiit as Isl Army Troops for engineering work, but also its baptism (jf fire. Its initial battle orders called f(jr it to follow the 2!ith Division when it made its "jump off" on IIh; morning of September 26th. Subse- (|uent orders assigned individual com|)anies to special lines of engineering work. Companies D and M were sent to Aubrey ville to assist the 1 Uh and 21st I'^ngineers in the construction of narrow-gauge railways, and push forward as the advance zone moved northward. The rest of the regiment was assigned for duty with the 23d (road) I'ingineers. I'lom the opening to the close of the Meuse-Argonne ofTenaive, September 26th to \()vemb(>r 11. the regiment remained in the Argonne. constantlv subjected to shell fire and nightly air raids. It operated as companies alwa>s within range of the Roche artillery, especially in and around Varennes, Apremont, Montblain- ville, Baulny, Charpentry. \er\, Malancourt. ("unel and other strategic points in that .sector. Its designation as Army Troops subjected it to being ordered for road work with most of the divisions in the west sector of the Meuse-Argonne offensive. 18J It operated with the 28th, 35th. 79th, 77th. 78th, 12(1, and 2d and with the 1st Division in its six weeks in the Argonne. On November 1st. when th(> big chive was started in the Argonne, the regiment followed up the fast moving infantry, and repaired roads that had been badly damaged by the American "million dollar" barrage which drove the Boche back towards the Rhine and brought about the signing of the armistice on November 11th. As fast as the infantry moved ui>, the various companies took stations in Landres-et-St. Georges; Verpel; Champignelles; Immicourt. Buzancy and Beau- mont in the western sector, and the 2d Battalion was sent to Vauchreville on the Verdun front. At these points the several units operated until November, 15th when ordin's were received to concentrate at Dun-sur-Meuse. Assigned to Army of Occupation All through the night of November 15th and the early part of November 16th the various companies began to arrive at Dun-sur-Meuse, and the same day it was assigned to the Army of Occupation. The various divisions of the Army of Occu- pation were marching towards the Rhine, and the following day the regiment took its position in the column as the last element. As a part o( the colunm it did not last very long, because orders were received by the Commanding Officer to detach his battalions for various duties while en route, either to do some road work or concentrate and guard war munitions and villages but recently vacated l)y the Germany Army. The regiment was first assigned to the 7th Corps, and its several battalion Commanders received orders as follows: 1st Battalion to Virton, Belgium; 2d to Briey; and the .3d to Longwy, and await further orders. The 1st Battalion concentrated, guarded and took inventory of all German property in its area: the second battalion ditl likewise, and also guarded the iron mines in its vicinity; the third battahon had the task of the regiment. It entered Longwy and took over from the 11th Infantry, the 1st Engineers and the 13th Machine Gun Battalion all of the work these organizations had l)een performing, which included the following: (iuarding forty miles of railroad ; establishing a civilian prison for the French who had been friendly to the Boche during their fifty-two months' stay in Longwy; guarding and taking inventory of the largest German ration dump and warehouse in France; an aviation field with all equipment; a manufacturing plant for gas shells; a mine-throwers' school, and the big "clearing house" for repatriated prisoners of war. These prisoners were mostly Russians, who had been confined in Boche prison camps since 1911, and they had to be bathed, deloused and fed. Every five days a train load of 2,500 was sent with an American Army guard and with American rations to the Allied Commission at Verdun. Bemaining at these three points, until December 16th, the Relief orders called for another regimental concentration at Longwy, when it was relieved by the 34th Infantry at Longwy and 110th infantry at Briey. Still under orders from 7th Corps Headquarters, it proceeded to the vicinity of Wittlich. Germany. It arrived at Salmrohr, Germany, on December 22d, where it was billeted in fifteen small villages awaiting instructions. On December 29th, in pursuant to orders by courier, the regiment was detached from the 7th Corps, 183 and assif;n«'d to the 3(1 Army Hfadquarters, with instructions \i> fiiiivli tlio rest of thf trip to the Rhine by rail. It entrained in three sections between 3 p.m. iiiid *> i'.m. neceinber 29th, and arrived at ('oblenz on December 30th at 3 p.m., making a fifty-seven mile trip by rail in twenty-four hours. Arii\ing at Coblenz the regiment was again shattered. Regimental Head- quarters, Supply Company. Medical Detachment and Companies \, R, and ('. with 1st Rattalion Headquarters were stationed at ("obleiiz-.Neundorf. Company D went to Wallersheim, 2d Rattalion Headquarters; and Company E to Kessel- heim. Company F to St. Sebastian. Company Ci to Irmitz; Companies H and K to Mulheim: Companies I, L and \I and 3d RatUdion lleadipiarters to Rubenach. Spending all of the winter of 1918-19 in the Rhineiaiid at drill, or furnishing details for the several quartermaster depots, and scpiads for demolition of hundreds of thousands of Cerman hand grenades, the officers and men of the regiment soon recuperated from the hardships endurefl in the gruelling days of ttw \rgr)nne drive, with its long marches, constant subjection to shell lire, bombing and machine gun fire from the air, and soon became a smart, snappy well drilled, equipped and dis- ciplined body of men. After 'sitting on the World," as the men termed it, for seven months, orders were received to detrain for the LeMans Kmbarkation Center on May 23, 1919, and the regiment concentrated and entrained at Coblenz-Lutzel on .May 24th en route for home. 1 1 arrived at LeMans May 28th, had its Memorial Day exercises at Regimental llea of inspections and farewells among the otlicers, who came from forty-two states of the In ion and the men who hailed from forty states of this country and eight Kuropean countries, it was broken up. Irre- spective of previous com[)any designation, it was divided into three groups: the New York men and New Englanders going to Camp I pton. New York; the Pennsylvanians and New Jersey men going to Camp Dix, New Jersey: and all others, including Regimental Headquarters, going to Camp (iranl, Illinois, for final muster out. The Philadelphia contingent, numbering .'J82 officers and men, were brought t« Camp l)i\ 1)\ Major IJavid R. .Simjjson, of Philadelphia, who coinmanded the 3d Rattalion, but whose command was entirely from Miimesola. The Pliiladel- I)hians served in the 1st Rattalion. \11 were demobilized on July 1st, but awaited the last man's discharge so that they could come home in a body. This they did. They were met at Market Street Ferry by the Philadelphia Police Rand and escorted to the 1st Regiment Armory, where they were dismissed. During the service of the regiment it lost many men by death, either killed 181 or from disease, to say nothing of the men wounded. In the list of Philadelphians killed or died of disease are the following: Company R: Corporal James M. Smith, 121 W. VVyominj? A.veniie. Private I'asqualle Balassone, 2340 Mereilitli Street. Private William B. Pfrommer, 1221 S. .57th Street. Private William J. Perkins, .i2 19 Knox Street. Company C: Corporal Joseph J. Maguire, 1801 E. Adams Street. Bugler Harry .McCain, 1832 K. Wisharl Street. Private John B. Wilkinson, .')30 Brinton Street. Company D; Private WiUiam Buckius, 2.'528 Martin Street. Private Harvey Fitzgerald, .5161 Marvin Avenue. Private Edward I. Garrity, 4089 Lancaster Avenue. Company H: Private Lantus Johnson. 11525 McKean Street, died aboard IJ. S. S. Caserla, en route to France. FIRST TROOP PHILADELPHIA CITY CAVALRY 1917-1919 The First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry has had a continuous iiiilitary existence since November 17, 1774, when it was organized in anticipation of the American Revolution, and has taken part as an organization in every war involving the United States in which volunteer troops were employed. During the Revi)hition it t(j(jk part in the battles of Trenton and Princeton and served during the advance to winter quarters at Morristown, N. J., acting The Kim/ of tlw Belgians wilh Mayor Smilh, escorted by the "City Troop. 18.5 as personal escurl to General Wasliingtuii; later it took part in the Battle uf lirantls- wine and rendered many other services during the war. In the War of 1812, the Troop, four days after news of the declaration of war reached Philadelphia, otlered its services to the Federal (iovernnient and was accepted, its principal ser\ice was in 181 1, when it was on duty in the neij^hborhood of Elkton, Md,, and Chesajjeake Hay, f^iiarding against the advance of the British troops which at that time held \\ ashington. In the Civil War, the Troop volunteered on \pril 15, 1861, and was accepted in May for three months' service, it heing the only volunteer cavalr> fully etjuipped with horses anti arms ready for immediate service. I pon the completii)n of this service practically the entire personnel received commissions and served as officers of various ranks. In the Spanish War in 1808 it \olunteered and s(MV(>d as a unit lluoughout the entire war: it took i)art in the Porto Bican campaign, being attached to ( ieiicial Brooke's column. .lust prior to the declaration of war ui)on (ii'rmany by the I iiited Stales in l'M7. the Troop, under the command of Captain ,1. Kranklin McKadden. its nini'tcenth Captain, had returned from Camp Stewart. Ill Paso, Texas, after six months' active service on the Mexican border as a unit of the National Cuard of the I nited States, and was mustered out of Federal ser\ ice into .State service on ,laiiiiar> 21. I'MT. In Mar< h, I') 17, in anticipation of tlie war against (leiinany. praclicalK all the enlisted uKMubers of the Troop applied for- examination and appointment as reserve odicers. \\ iicii these examinations were suspended shortly after the declaration of war. about half of tin- Troop had already taken the examinations and had been n'commeiuled for commissions. They and tht has ing obtained discharges fiom the National (luaid for that ])urpose. and at end of the three moiilhs" training were commissioned or rei-onmiissioned in various branches of the service. A large proportion of these officers were assigned lo the TOth Division, and served with it throughout lh(> war, though many served with other organiza- tions. \ considerable number of other Troopers seived with the ;50')lli Cavalry at Fort Sam Houston, Texas, from the lime of its organization, and when it was disbanded were transferred to the ."iOth and .■)7lh Begimenis of I'ield \rlillery. The .\cti\e Boll of the Troop, as it was on the return from the Mexican border, including those who volunteered for border service, supjjlied ninely-six olfic'ers in the service of the I'nited Stales. Included in this nund)er are two lieutenant colonels, fourteen majors, forly-six caplains. twenty-eight first lieutenants, four second li(>utenant.s and two officers in lln' Navy. In addition. Ihe non-active and honorary membership of iheTrooji liuiiished thirty-five olliceis from the grade of colonel lo that of lirst lieutenant. Three others served as ollicers in the Navy. Dkcoratio.ns and Citatio.x.s For gallantry in action and for meritorious service a numbi'i' of decorations and honors were awarded to members of the Troop. Harry Ingersoll and l^llingham B. Morris, Jr., received the Distinguished Service Cross; Harold M. Willcox. the Navy Cross; (ieorge McFatlden. Ihe Distinguished Service Medal; .1. Franklin McF'adden, John Houston Merrill. lOflingham B. Morris, Jr., and Barclay H. War- burton, the Cross of the Legion of Honor (French); John C. Croome, the Order 1K6 of the Bath (British), the Distiiifjiiisiicd Order ol'St. Mirhaei and St. George (Brit- ish), the Order of St. Vladimir (Russian), the Order of tiie Black Star (French). the Croix de la Liberte (Esthonian); Robert Glendinning, the Order of the Crown of Italy; Schofield Andrews and Effingham R. Morris, Jr., the Croix de Guerre (French): and Norton Downs, Jr., the Italian War Cross of Merit. For faithful performance of duty, Schofield Andrews was cited in General Orders by the Com- mander-in-Chief. American Expeditionary Forces; for especially meritorious and conspicuous service, John Houston Merrill was awarded a certificate by the Com- mander-in-Chief. William W. Bodine, Joseph N. DuBarry, Edward Law and Edward W. Madeira were mentioned in orders by their Division Commanders. Seventy-nine members of the Troop served overseas and fifty look pait in engagements. Three Troopers fell in action and three others died in active service; seven were wounded. Those who lost their lives in the war were; Phinehas P. Clirystie, Captain, :U2th Field Artillery Norton Downs, Jr., First Lieutenant, \it Service Thomas Graham Hirst, First Lieutenant, l.'>lst Fielil Xrlillery Edward Ingersoll, Captain, Air Service Harry Ingersoll. Captain, 313th Infantry Frank F. Battles, Captain. 31Hh Infantry The \'olunteer National Guard Troop In order to replace in the National < luard Tioop, the members of the Old Troop who had been discharged to accept commissions, the Troop Oflicers, in April, May and June, 1917, enHsted 102 volunteers. This Volunteer Troop, under the name of "First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry'" commanded by Ca])tain George C. Thayer, the twentieth Captain of the Old Troop, was drafted into Federal service in August of 1917, as one of the component units of the First Regiment of Cavalry of the Pennsylvania National Guard Division, with which it went to Camp Hancock. Georgia, where the Division was reorganized as the 28th Division. In November, 1917, the cavalry regiment was disbanded and the Troop assigned as Head- (piarters Troop, 28th Division. It served in this capacity for only a few weeks before it was replaced, and the personnel of the Troop transferred to the lOlkl Engineers. Shortly afterwards the former officers and men of the Troop, with additional personnel from other troops of the former cavalry regiment, were assigned to the lO.kl Trench Mortar Battery of the 53d Field Artillery Brigade (28th Division). In the course of the winter all of the Troop Officers were transferred to other organizations, and a considerable number of the men at- tended officers' training schools and received commissions. Practically all those who were commissioned were assigned to the 28th Division, which rendered gallant service in France. The Battery, after a long period of training went to France with the 28th Division in May, 1918, and served in the line near Fismes on the Vesle in Au- gust; and in the Meuse-Argonne offensive, just east of the Argonne Forest, from September 26th to October 9th. It was then sent to Belgium and served there, until the armistice, with the 53d Field Artillery Brigade, which supported the 91st Division in the Ypres-Lys offensive. Of those who volunteered in 1917, forty -nine in the course of war were com- missioned officers. Six fell in action ; three others died in service. 187 Those who lost their lives were: .laiiii's A. Bonsaok, Second I.iciilfn.int. lOOth Infantry William S. Honsal. First l.iiMitcnant, llOlh Infantry Itichard Stockton Bullitt, Second Lieutenant. UOth Infantry ()r\ille S. Kidwell. Serp'ant First Class, Ouartermaster Corps Dallas \V. Koons. Private. (^i)ni[)aiiy \. ,'l(l2d Tank Battalion Nelson \V. Perine. Second Lieutenant, llutb Infantry Frederic B. Prichett. Second Lieutenant. 109th Field Artillery Carl Daniel Sclimolze, Buffler. 10;$d Trench Mortar Battery Taylor Kverly Walthour. Corporal, 103d Trench Mortar Batti^ry riif tuiitl (Diiliibution of First Troop I'hiladelphia City Cavalry to the military and naval service of the I nited Stales in lln- World War was 242 men, of whom 18.'5 were commissioned oihcers. The present olTuers of the Troop (1921) are: Captain, Clement B. Wood (the twenty-second Captain): First Lieiit'iiant. W. West Frazier. Ikl: Second Lieutenant, i^fllngham H. Morris. Jr.. and Cornet, .lulin B. Thayer. Tin: I MTKD STATES \ini^ \MBL LANCE SERVICE P>v Fn\N(is F. BoDiNE In the summer of 1918. during the heijiht of America's activities in the World War. an officer on the deneral Staif at (liaimiont was heard to query. "What in the devil is the I nited States Army Ainhulance Service?" The amials of the part played by America in the World War would tend to show that this ig- noran<-e of the identity of this nrfianization prevailed in many quarters, notwith- standiiifj the fact that tiie I nited Slates Army Ambulance .Service was not the least in importance of the various units of the A. E. F. The Inited States Army \mbidance Service was an orpanization formed originally for the purpose of stippl\ing ambulance unit*; to the French Army. After the sailing of the third overseas contingent for France, it was decided to send a contingent of thirty ambulance sections to Italy. The French branch numbered about eighty-one sections; the Italian branch thirty sections; and eacii maintained its own headquarters under the command of a chief of service with the rank of colonel. W'hen the first French High Connnission arrived in Washington in May, 1917. deneral Jolfre was asked by the then Surgeon General what the L'nited States Army Medical Department could do for France: his reply was a request that the United States should undertake the responsibility of handling thc^ wounded of the French armies at the front. As a result of this request, the organization of the L nited States Army \mbulan<"e Corps (later known as service instead of corps) was effected. During May. 1917. a recruiting headipiarters for the Ambulance Corps was opened in Cooper Battalion Hall. Philadelphia, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel K. K. Persons, whfi chose for his Aides Dr. Clarence P. Franklin and Dr. Arthur W. Vale. Philadelphia was for a time the center of the recruiting for the Corps: but appeals were sent out to men of the universities and colleges all over the country, who responded in large numbers, in many instances forming entire units. 1RR The site chosen for the training camp of the Ambulance Corps was the Fair Grounds at Allentown, Pa., which were situated on the edge of that city and made an ideal place for a camp. The large exhibition buildings, stables, etc.. were easily transformed into exceUent barracks; the large brick grandstand had a great area beneath the seats which was utilized as a mess hall; while the race track proved a natural drill grounds. It would be difficult at this time to give separately the part played by indi- vidual Philadelphians and Philadelphia units in the Ambulance Corps. Suffice to state that there were a number of entire units from Philadelphia. At the open- ing of the camp in June, 1917. Philadelphia units were the first to go into training. Upon the removal of Clolonel Peisons' headquarters from Philadelphia to Allen- town, the Corps was organized on the basis of sections of thirty-six men each com- manded by a first lieutenant. Several sections formed a battahon. commanded by a captain, one of which was commanded by Captain Ward Rrinton of Phila- delphia. Later these sections were increased from thirty-sL\ to forty-five men. In France, the strength of each section was reduced to thirty-seven men. Twenty P'ord ambulances comprised an ambulance train. In France, these sections went under the French designation of S. S. L .j Shortly after the organization of the Corps, a personnel was sent to France to establish a headquarters for the Corps there. Brigadier General Kean. who was later succeeded by Lieutenant Colonel Percy L. Jones, was assigned as Chief of Service. An early task confronting him after his arrival there was the absorp- tion of the American Field Service by the Ambulance Corps. In the assimilation of the American Field Service the Ambulance Corps had now within itself several ambulance sections comprised of volunteers who. serving without pay. had carried more than .500.000 French wounded between the years IQll and 1917; men whose unselfish devotion to a then foreign cause, and whose valor and heroism had won citations from the French Government for their units mon^ than fifty times; and upon more than 2.50 of the dri^ers wa^ conferred the Croix de Guerre, while five others received the Medaille Militaire. the highest honor for military valor given in France. In the meanwhile at Allentown the Corps was thoroughly organized on a firm uiilitary basis, equipped, and uniformed. The time was given to foot, stretcher, ami ambulance drills, sanitary lectures, and hikes. A militai-y band was formed under the supervision of Lieutenant W. F. Raken. a Philadelphian. to instill in the breasts of the rank and file that proper military enthusiasm which martial nuisic never fails to inspire. The first contingent of ambulance sections sailed for France in August. 1917. The second was scheduled to leave a short time later: but after preparations were complete the sailing orders were canceled, the second contingent hioken up. a portion of which sailed in October, while the remainder, with other settions. formed a third contingent, which sailed in January. 1918. from New York on the Carman id. reaching France by way of England. Of the activities of the French and Italian liranches of the Corps (now called Service), lack of space prevents UKtre than a cursory touch being given. The French branch first maintained a base camp near Paris, but in Februar>. 1918. the base camp was changed to a famous old monastery in the village of Ferreriers. sixty kilometers from Paris. Headquarters was maintained in Paris, as was also the garage. 189 With the signing of the armistice on JNoveniher 11, 1918. the Ambulance Ser- vice in France had established an enviable record for service on the front. Am- bulance sections had served in practically every important engagement, and on every portion of the battle front from the Dutch border to the southern end of the line. For the most part, these sections served with French divisions, but at times several operated with American divisions. In an attack ambulance drivers would be on the road day and night incessantly, operating from a point well up at the front to a base hospital distant from the lines anywhere from twelve to fifty miles. The roads these ambulances traveled over were usually rough, broken, muddy affairs (in Flanders, in the vicinity of ^ pres. the ambulances iinariably wallowed through seas of mud). The French branch of the Service paid a heav> toil in dead and wounded. The casualty list was a long one; many sections, too, sufler(>d heavy losses in am- bulances destroyed by shell fire. The record for gallantry in action was also a long one. Many citations were niade for entire sections, while 80 per cent of the |)er- sonnel of the entire Service were cited in the orders of the French (iovernment; in a number of instances awards of the Distinguished Service Cros.s by the American (iovermnent were received. The first of any American unit abroad to receive the famous French fourragere was an ambulance section, S. S. I . 616, which won that decoration for work in the attack at the Chemin des Dames in October, 1917. Sections .")0I. .")()2. .")(li5. and .'JOI. all Philadelphia sections, received sectional, and many indivitluals. citations for the Croix de Ciuerre. A ver>' conspicuous part was performed, during the heicht of a( lixitiis, by a Philadelphia section. S. S. T. .^02. I nder the conunand of l.ieiitrtiaiit D. !,. Ilalli- way . thi^ section was working with an American division in the ^ icinity of ( lialeau- Thierry. During an attack. Lieutenant Ilathway and fifteen men were overcome by mustard gas. and Private Arthur L. ("armon was killed: but the rennianl of the section "carried on" to such a ilegree that the Division Surgeon wrote a letter to the Commanding Oflicer of the Division calling attention to '"the superb work of Lieutenant llathway and S. S. I . r>02 duiing the battle of ,luly 18-2."?," going on lo state that "the.se ambulances liaNe been veritable nn'ciiMnical litter-bearers, traversing zones hitherto considered passable cmly by lilter-bean-rs on foot." It is regrettable thai lack of time prevent-^ Ihe liislnrian from securing more information concerning the activities of other Pliila(ii'l|iliia sections, and the con- spicuous action of Philadelphians, on the French front. Names of Philadelphian ambulance drivers appear on the list of those cited for valor: many, loo. appear on th(> list of those whose names are set apart in immoilal distinction Ihi! wounded and the dead. I ndci- dale of .lane 2'). PM8. Ihe iievvspa|)ers of Ihe rnilcd Slates carried a Washington dispatch to the elfecl that "an American 1 Api'ditionary Force has arrived in Italy." This body of troops referred to was the Italian branch of the Fniled Stales Ainiy Ambulance Service, consisting of thirty an)btdance sections under the command of Colonel I'ersons, who had oiganized the Service in Allentown. I poll the debarkation of the Ambulance Service in (ienoa, Italy, a headipiar- ters was (>stablislie Camp Crane for demobilization; but their hojjes were not realized, as the War Department at Washington decided to I'M close the camp, which «as (Uine by Colonel Piclianl Slee on \pril 10, !')19, at 12 o'clock noon. I'lllLADELl'UlA BRANCH. MlLlTAin INTKLLICjEACE DIVISION, GENERAL STAFF In August. 1917. John W. Geary was app()int(> and successfully contributi-d to the war we wagtnl on the 'Ilun at Home'." "If the whole story of the war could ever be written, the country would know something of which you and your officers, non-commissioned officers, clerks and agents accomplished. Such a story is impossible, and this letter seems a poor substitute for the reward to which you all are entitUil." OFFICE FOUCK, NOVEMBEU 11, 1918. Major John W. Geary, U. S. A., Commanding Officer. Captain Geo. W . Elkins, Jr., U. .S. .\. First Lieutenant Joseph llaincs, Jr., l\ S. .\. Captain Edgar W. Baird, U. S. A. Second Lieutenant ^^'. S. Stokes, U. S. .\. Captain Ralph Dudley, V. S. \. Second Lieutenant W. T. Tiers, U. S. .\. First Lieutenant E. Marshall Scull, U. S. .\. Second Lieutenant J. Morgan Lister, U. S. ,\. First Lieutenant .M. II. Fetterolf. V. S. A. Volunteer Aides (Full Time. $1.00 a Year): Geo. L. Harrison. Jr., M. 15. Burton. \\ . li. Landis, J. L. I_/!mgsdorf, M. A. Apple, C. M. Rain.sford, E. B. Colket, J. S. Levering, C. P. B. Jeffreys, M. A. Schoettle. Out of Town Agents: Grant Weidman, B. Dawson Coleman, Lebanon, Pa.; Bruce Bedford, N. Petty, S. Dickinson. Trenlon, N. J.: J. S. Parsons, II. 11. Gilkyson, Jr.. J. B. I'.mack. Phoi-nix- ville. Pa.; Stanley Bright, G. Howard Bright. Beading. Pa.; lx>uis C Madeira, ;i(l. Wilkes-Barre. Pa.; T. I. Snyder. Beading, Pa.; Cornelius Mundy, W. (i. Jones. Jr.. \\ ilmington. Del.; \\ . S. Emiey, Atlantic City. .\. J.; W. V. Barnes, York, Pa.; Parke Davis, Easlon, Pa.; Mbert G. Ban. Bethlehem, Pa.; H. B. (iummcy, Jr., Downington. Pa.; George Bright, Pott.sville, Pa.; W. P. Fisher, Hamburg, Pa. Volunteer Aides (.Special Servdce): Dr. C. D. Hart, H. A. Lewis, C. J. Schmidt, John C. White, J. .M. Beynolds. .Martin Bergen, Everett Brown, Dr. Eric Bernhard. I nresl itialors : J. II. Spark.s, \V. G. Petry, J. Ijiskey, Thomas .\. (Jrady, Bobert A. Fleming. Clerieal Force: The Misses D. Bigg, E. Moore, A. Ryan, M. Davidson, L. Neice, P. ShcalTer, A. Kennedy, Mrs. .\. M. VAy, Private Mohr. Sergeants Inlelliyence Police: Sergeants Gillespie. Hill, Hughes, C. Davis, McLaughlin. Wills, Burnside, Booth, Warren, .\dler. Allen, Polk, Salvalori, Haines, Mathews, MacHain. D. Davis, Downey, Unfreed. THE COLORKI> MK.X OV IMIILADiiLPIIIA ANSWER THE CALL* The colored men of this city were found in inaiiv bianclies of the service and won for themselves high commendation. The 02(1 and 9!?d Divisions were coinpiiscd of colored men. Tlie 9lid Division was originally made ii]) of colored Nalionai Guardsmen and the ')2d Division of National Army men. 368 rii Inf.\ntry. The /568th infantry was a iinil in the 02d Division and in it were many colored men from Philadelphia. 'Summarized by the Si'crelar\ of I lie Philadelphia War History (Minimi t tee from data supplied by Dr. De Haven Hinkson, Captain. M. R. C. (inactive) and Lieutenant F^gbert T. Scott, M. C. l')l This regiment was organized and trained at Camp Meade. Maryland, its first complement being furnished by the first draft. After general routine infantry training, the regiment left Hoboken, N. J., on June 18, 1918. on the George Wash- ington, and arrived at Brest on June 27, 1918. It remained at Camp Pontanazen until July 1, 1918. and moved to its training area with Regimental Headquarters at Chatillon-sur-Saone and Divisional Headquarters at Bourboune-les-Bains (Haute Marne). On July 21. 1918, Colonel W. P. Jaekson. then Regimental Commander, was promoted to Brigadier General and assigned tf) the 7 Ith Brigade, of the .37th Divi- sion, being succeeded by Colonel Fred R. Brown on August 20, 1918. On August 12. 1918, the regiment moved with the entire division to the St. Die sector in the Vosges Mountains. On August 21, 1918, a portion of the regiment took up its first position in the lines near Docelles (Vosges), and on September 4, 1918. the first two Cerman prisoners were captured by the regiment. On September 20. 1918, the entire Division left the St. Die sector for the Argonne. They were relieved by the 81st Division. On September 26, 1918. the Argonne Drive began with the 92d Division in reserve. The 368th Infantry was ordered into line and began its work by capturing eight prisoners. On October 1. 1918, the regiment moved back from the line and started for the Marbache sector just south of Metz. At that time this was a defensive sector, and offensive operations as planned were halted by the signing of the armistice. The regiment was among the first to enter Metz after the armistice, much to the admiration of the citizens, many of whom had never seen men of dusky hue. Some actually thought that the color was due to paint placed on the skin, and there were instances where the curiosity was so great that attempts were made by the people of the city to rub the supposed coloring from tlie faces of these colored Amer- icans. In December, 1918, the regiment started back to Brest, but. owing to the con- gestion it was sent to the Department of Mayenne, arriving there about Christmas Day. About the middle of January, 1919, the men were sent to LeMans for delousing and then started for the port of embarkation. After about ten days at Camp Pontanazen. Brest, the regiment sailed on February r>. 1919. 1 pon its return to the 1 nited States, it was sent to Camp Meade and there demobilized. Although additional citations have been made since disbanding, nine Distin- guished Service Crosses and one Croix de ( Juerre are known to have been received by members of the regiment. The regiment itself nM'iMved the following citation from (ieneral Burand (French) for the captur(> (tf Binarville (in the Argonne) : "The prize of the honor of the capture of Binarville rightly goes to the .368th Infantry, V. S. A." 813th Pionker Infantry The 813th Pioneer Infantry had many Philadelphia colored men of the second Draft. The regiment had but little over a month's training at Camp Sherman, when it was ordered to France. It left for Camp Mills on September 8, 1918. On September 1 1th. it proceeded to Hoboken and embarked on the transports Pocahontas, Finland and Martha Washington. These ships sailed on the following 19.1 day. with four other sliips in their convoy. Arrivinj; at Brest. France, on Septem- ber 28. 1918. they remained at Camp Pontanazen for six days, and then went by rail to the training area assigned to them in the vicinity of Braux. On October 25, 1918. they proc(>(>ded to the St. Mihiel sector and helped with road construction, often under fire. After the armistice the regiment went up near Metz to fill in shell holes and to salvage e(]uipment. etc. On February 28, 1919, it was sent to the \rgonne to help clear up the battleground and rebury many of the men whose bodies ha miles wide, on the east bank of the Moselle. It had been supported by the French Artillery and by an American Artillery Brigade. These were withdrawn and replaced on October 20th by the 167th Brigade. Up to this time the sector had been known as a quiet one, into which not more than 500 shells a day were thrown and from which about the same number of shells were sent. With the arrival of the colored troops, conditions changed. On November 1st all the guns were properly placed and from 2,000 to 3,000 shells were fired daily. In order to deceive the enemy as to the number and place of guns, each battery was divided into silent and active platoons, the latter of which did all the firing and was constantly changing its location. Enemy raids soon began and the artillery iiad its first real opportunity to send over a curtain of fire for protection. On November .'Sth sdnie of the Infantry of the Division made a raid in force. The notice of this attack was so short that it was necessary to move a regiment and a half of the Light Artillery and a half a regiment of Heavy Artillery into new- positions, from which a rolling barrage was sent over by map calculations, a feat which called for the highest ability in the use of artillery. On November 8th, although the (ierman Envoys were within the American lines, arranging for the terms of the armistice, plans were made for a general offen- sive, which was made at dawn on the 10th. After a heavy preparatory fire, the Infantry of the Division advanced the American front lines three kilometers and captured Frehaut and Vouvrette Woods, strongly fortified positions, which had resisted two previous attacks by other divisions. On November 11th an attack on the heights, which were the main defense of Metz on the south, was about to be started when hostilities ceased. Speaking of the 167th Field Artillery Brigade, Brigadier General John H. Sherburne, who commanded it. said: "The brigade never failed to do creditably any task it was called upon to do. and many appreciative and flattering things were said about it by the militaiy authorities who observed its work. Perhaps the best testimony is the fact that when the intelhgence officer of the German Division opposite came into our lines at the close of hostihties, he refused to believe that the artillery supporting the colored infantry was not French Artiflery. "But perhaps beyond and above the performance of the merely technical duties was the splendid morale of the brigade. The courage of the men under fire was without criticism. In many instances, gun crews and telephone line men showed a notable courage and determination under fire. At all times and under all conditions, the men showed a fine cheerfulness and willingness. Their conduct was almost flawless, and tliey left each billet with the good will and affection of the French civilians." 197 .'iWTH Light Field Artilleky Philadelphians in this regiment were trained at Camp Dix an(i were com- manded by Colonel O'Neil. .■?51.ST Heavy Field Artillery The men in this regiment were trained at Camp MeaiU' and cuiiimanded by Colonel Carpenter. TIIK BALDWIN LUCUMOTU K WOKkS" CO.NTLNCIENT TO .SIBKKIA That Philadelphians served in practically every United States military and naval unit, at home or abroad, is common knowledge. However, it may not be known that at the tiin(> when the first divisions of American troops were sailing eastward, and before the great convoys were rushing men and supplies to liie eastern front, a picked group of technically trained I'hiladfipliians was proceeding westward for service in Siberia. The Baldwin Locomotive Works Contingent of the Russian Bailway Service Corps, a brancii of the I nited States l'>ngineer Corps, comprised of seventy-five mechanical and constructing engineers, all skilled in their respective work and care- fully selected from The Baldwin Locomoti\e Works, was formed October 17, 1917, and each man commissioned an officer in the luigineer Corps, L nited States Army, November I. 1917, commissions ranking from second lieutenant to lieutenant colonel. This contingent was to supervise the re-erection of locomotives and to assist in any manner possible to relieve the chaotic conditions in Siberia, and was formed on the reconmiendalion of Sanuiel M. \ audain. ("hairman of the Committee of National Defense, now Presidi-nt of The Baldwin Locomotive Works, and S. M. Felton, Director Cieneral of Military Railroads. This force left Philadelphia, Pa., November 9, 1917, accompanied by thirty- three Russian interpreters, arrived in San Francisco, Cal., N(>\end)er IL 1917, and was joined at that point by a contingent of 215 officers, railway experts from various railroads in the Lnited States, commanded by Colonel (■. ]\1. Emerson, (leneral Manager. Credit Northern Bailway. The unit sailed from San Francisc(j. ( al.. November 19, 1917, on the Liiiled .Slates Army transport Thomas, destina- tion \ ladivostok, Siberia, stopping at Honolulu. T. H., November 26, 1917, leaving November 30. 1917. and taking a direct route to \ ladivostok, via Pacific Ocean, Tsugaru Straits, Japan Sea and Bay of Peter the (ireat, arriving December 14, 1917. The American Consul, with several Russian officials, came aboard and advised that the Rolslunik parly was in complete control of that city ami condi- tions were critical, as there was ccmstant danger of serious outbreaks. \ ladivostok at this time was in a very congested conditiim; freight, such as locomotives, machinery, tractors, munitions and etjuipment, wire, etc., was piled in the town and on thi' hillsides. The Bolshevik controlled the railroads; and being very unfavorable to any attempt to enter Siberia, it was decided to proceed to some j)ort in .la{)aii to acquire additional supplies and await developments. Leaving Vladivostok, December 17, 1917, the contingent arrived at Nagasaki, Japan, December 19, 1917. Till' Bitlllirlll ( iililinijrnl. As time progicssed, cuiKlilidiis In Siberia ii'iiiaiiu'il uiuiiangrd. antl instruc- tions were received to quarter in Japan until further orders and to allow the trans- port to return to the T/nited States. The Baldwin contingent was quartered in Obama, Japan, thirty-five miles from Nagasaki, until April 15, 1918, when arrange- ments were made to return to the United States, as it was unlikely that they could fulfill their mission for several years, owing to the disastrous conditions existing in Siberia. During the stay in Japan, the commanding ofticers of the Baldwin contingent proceeded to Harbin, Manchuria, to go over the Siberian situation with Colonel Emerson and John Stevens, of the Bailroad Commission, but were unable to make any arrangements for the contingent to commence their duties. The Baldwin contingent sailed from Nagasaki, Japan, April 16, 1918, stopping at Yokohama and Honolulu, arriving at San Francisco, Cal., May 6, 1918, and Philadelphia, Pa., May 10, 1918. Some members of this contingent were trans- ferred to various branches of the Army and the naval gun batteries, others were held in reserve. The following men of The Baldwin Locomotive Works were commissioned: I.ieuleiutiil ('oloiicls: F. Jaspersen. Chas. W. Werst. Majors: 15. F. I'aist, J. A. Trainor. Caplains: J. ('.. Unjokc. .1. A. Clarke. B. Douglas, W. C. Kipe, Win. I.. Lloytl, W. Byrd Page, J. D. Rogers, H. .Soiuiiierville, G. A. Supplee, M. F. Welsh. First Lieulenanis: W. L. Fagan, C. Grow, J. W. Hutchinson, P. T. Jones, A. W. Machunas, G. Pflueger, G. F. Prendergast. A. Russell, H. B. Snyder. !iecond Lieulenanis: J. Ashenfelder, F. .\tlee. F. BaihlT, J. A. Barrett, J. J. Brown, R. PW Butler, H. Carter, C. Chapman, Rajinond Colesworthy, W. H. Cox, C. Grouse, H. Grouse, D. Dougherty. Geo. J. Dougherty, G. Eberhardt, G. L. Eby. 11. Fuiik, R. Gray, F. Haney. G. Haney, W. W. Harrison. Richard James. Robert .lames. Roberl Johnson, A. W. Kelly. Earl McComsey, F. MoGeehan, I,. T. Martin. \. B. Mahan. R. I'atton. E. J. Powers. J. Bureell. H. L. Raffetto. R. D. Ree.se. L. .\. Rehfuss. W . C. Relifuss. M. Replogle. I'. B. Slielm.r.liue. W . .Shraek, v.. Scheetz. \\ . .\. Snyder. J. W. Stapletoii. R. Sloyer. J. F. Stowe. E. J. Tieriiey. IF. \ eifz. Albert Wagii.T. E. B. \\ agner, E. A. Welsh. B. I'. Winn. Waller Wils.m. J. A. ^onni;blood. In October, 1918. Samuel M. \ aiining in llie dining- saloon, which were largely attended. i-Jarly Sunday morning many attended a celebration of the Holy Conununion in the ship's library, and a crowded general service was held afterwards in the dining-room. On Saturday, .Ma\ 2()tli. at about 9 o'clock in tiie morning, Destroyer No. 59, of the .\merican Navy, was sighted, and was greeted with cheers. Later in the day another American destroyer joined the fu-st. After a few hours the.se destroyers departed, and Hritish destroyers took their {)lace. The St. Paul, in aijpmaching the Irish coast, was .so well guarded that no trouble was experienced from the sub- marines which infesU'd those waters. On Sunday. .May 27th, the ship entered the Mersey, and at 6.15 p.m. docked at Liverpool, too late for Base Hospital i\'o. 10 to disembark. On the following morning. May 28th, the Unit left the ship at 7.,'iO. The enlisted personnel and a few officers were sent to Blackpool. The officers and nurses were provided with acconunodations at the Northwestern and .\delphi hotels, respectively. Colonels Begbie and Johnson of the British .\rmy were in charge of the reception and accommodations, and everything was done promptly and efficiently for the Unit's comfort. The l-lnglish people gave the I nit a cordial welcome wherever it ap- peared. They openly showed their pleasure at the sight of American uniforms, the Unit being one of the first American outfits to go overseas in the (ireat War. At Blackpool the enlisted men received instruction in the use of gas masks and were put through the Utter drill. Amusements and entertainments were pro- 202 vided for them. It was said that tliey made a most favorable impression on the British officers and men stationed there. The detachment remained in Blackpool twelve days. It was then sent on by train to Southampton. At Oxford twenty minutes were given for refreshments. The detachment was embarked on the Northwestern Miller (a ship which in peace times had plied between Philadelphia and London), her cargo consisting of 1,800 men, 750 horses and mules, and her hold fiUed with high explosives. The Northwestern Miller reached Le Havre on June 11th. The officers and nurses left at Liverpool had a few days there, and were then sent by train to London, where they became the guests of the British Government, and were royally welcomed and entertained. Advantage was taken of the time in London by medical officers, the chaplain and the nurses to visit some of the great military hospitals, in which much information was to be had. On June 10th the Unit left London, reaching Southampton the same day, and embarked on a hospital ship, formerly one of the Castle line. German submarines were evidently anxious to give the first American troops to go overseas a warm reception, for a British destroyer sunk one of these pestiferous craft, just outside of Southampton, and a French transport was torpedoed by one of them just astern as they were going uito Le Havre. The hospital ship on which the Unit was transported was fortunately well guarded by British destroyers. The Unit reached Le Havre on June 11th, being the third American I nit to reach France, two other hospital units having preceded them by a few days. In London, Base Hospital No. 10 had been turned over to the British Govern- ment, the British Army being then very short of doctors and nurses, the casualties in the medical corps having been greater in proportion to its size than in almost any other branch of the service. When, therefore, the Unit arrived in France it practically became a part of the British Army. "Nurses" became "sisters." The chaplain became a "padre", and a good deal of other nomenclature had to be changed. For a while a British colonel presided at mess. Colonel Thurston, of the British Army, their commanding officer for some weeks, endeared himself to every member of the Unit. From Le Havre to Le Treport Base Hospital No. 10 was sent from Le Havre through Amiens and Beauvais to Le Treport, a long tiresome journey. Le Treport is in the Seine Inferieure, not far from Dieppe, Abbeville and Eu. Above the town on the cliffs there was a Hospital Group, Canadian No. 2, British Bed Cross No. 10, British General Nos. 3, 47 and 16, and the Isolation Division for Contagious Diseases, and a large Convalescent Camp. The American I nit was placed in charge of British (ieneral Hospital No. 16, a well-equipped hospital with over 2,000 beds, and of the Isolation Division for Contagious Diseases. The llnit had expected to take over about 500 beds. Nothing but its fine personnel and splendid organization saved it from failure. These two and other qualifications, however, saw it through, and enabled it to leave a great reputation for efficiency in the British Army at the end of the war. Beinforcements were at once asked for on reaching Le Treport. Accord- ingly eight officers and forty-seven enUsted men from Philadelphia, under the com- mand of Dr. H. B. Wilmer, sailed on the Aiirania on August 18, 1917, and thirty 203 nurses, under the ctjinmand of Dr. J. Paul Austin, sailed soon after on the liallic, the one group arriving in Le Treport on September 7th and the other on September 21st. Base Hospital No. 10 remained at Le Treport throughout the war and for several months after the armistice. From time to time its oflieers, nurs<'s and enlisted men were detached temporarily for special service. Occasionally members were detached permanently from the I nit. Five of the enlisted m<"n received com- missions. A MuLile I nil was organized under Dr. Hodge to move along the front. Dr. Arthur H. Gerhard was attached to the British Tank Corps. Dr. Taylor served for a time with the military hospitals in London. \ luimber of the oilicers, nurses and enlisted men served at Casualty Clearing Stations along the front. Dr. Dillard and others served with British fighting units. Dr. Drayton was one of the nerve speciahsts in the Magiiidl Hospital in Kngland. and also .served at the front. Drs. Norris. (iibbon. Cadwalader, Pack- ard, Knowles, Earnshaw and Cruicc were all transferred to highly impt)rtant posi- tions in th(! .\merican Kxpeditionary Forces. Dr. Sweet was assigned to advanced research work. The Chaplain ser^(■d from time to time as Chaplain of British and Canadian hospitals, British labor battalions, .\ustralian Infantry. British Tanks, American hospitals and the Hea(i(|uarters Troops of the ,'5d Army. Nearly every officer in the I nit and some of the nurses and enlisted men were at times detached for special service at the front or elsewhere. Dr. Harte, the Directoi of the L'nit, and later its commanding officer, and Dr. Mitchel. for some months its commanding officer, took their turn at the front. Dr. \au\. Dr. Wilmer. Dr. ()ulerbridg(\ Dr. Nolan, Dr. Austin, Dr. Flick, and nearly all the other surgeons and doctors did the same. All who were given the opportunity lo serve at the front did so eagerly. General Hospital No. 16, of which Base Hospital No. 10 had charge, was in the form of half a wheel, w ith the operating room at the hub aiid the wards or huts radiating like spokes from this center. The most serious surgical cases were in the huts nearest the operating room. The medical huts were at the })eriphery. The Isolation Division for Contagious Diseases was remote from the rest of the hospital. Le Treport was situated on the Channel, and during the winter the climate was severe, with high winds and cold rains. The sick and wounded wen; brought as far as Le Treport by hospital trains, and from the town to the hospital by ambulances driven by English ladies attacluHl to the Women's Motor Convoy Service. The hospital was evacuated by train and ambulance through the Chan- nel ports to England. When the (iermans reached .\miens, tht; entire hospital area had to be evai-uated in a few hours, so far as the patients were concerned. This was done only with great suffering to the patients and at the cost of many lives. There was no help for it. however. From June 13. 1917, to December 31, 1918, there were admitted to General Hospital No. 16, 47,811 patients, of whom 22,431 were wounded, and 24,222 were sick. Of these 398 of the wounded and 1 10 of the sick died, making a total of .538 deaths. Such a great number of patients with so few deaths gave the Unit one of the lowest death averages of any hospital in France. The patients were chiefly from the British Expeditionary Forces, English. Scotch, Irish, Australian, South .Vfrican, Canadian, New Zealand, and West In- dian. Three thousand and twelve American soldiers were admitted, of wht)m forty-four died. 204 The Dental Department of the Hospital, under Dr. Jack and Dr. Edwin Shoe- maker, was very active. It elicited the admiration of the British Medical Corps. There were 15,926 patients who received treatment in this department. The X-ray Department was extremely important too. Under Dr. Knowles and Dr. WiUiam T. Shoemaker and Sergeant Cressy 5,852 patients were X-rayed. The Pathological Laboratory, under Dr. Krumbhaar and Dr. Cloud, assisted by Mrs. Krumbhaar and Privates Le Boutillier, Stevens and Smith, medical students, was responsible for 18,878 pathological and bacteriological examinations, including 318 autopsies. The nursing of the patients was under Miss Margaret A. Dunlop of the Penn- sylvania Hospital. Philadelphia, and her able assistants. No praise could be too high for the work of these women. There was no more efficient or able hospital matron in France than Miss Dunlop, and she was supported by a magnificent corps of nurses. Their patience, sympathy and skill saved hundreds of lives, and the "American Sister" will long be an expression to conjure by among British soldiers. Miss Fairchild died as the result of her work at the front. Miss Stam- baugh was severely wounded, but happily recovered, and many of these women sacrificed their health and strength permanently in the performance of their nerve- wrecking and heart-breaking duties over there. Army regulations place the social and educational work among troops (under the commanding officer) in the hands of the Chaplain of the Organization. Dr. Wilmer, specially assigned to this duty, and the Chaplain of Base Hospital No. 10 gave a great deal of their time to this side of their work. Baseball, hockey, tennis, football, cricket, boxing were made possible and encouraged. It was a surprise to British soldiers that this Unit could meet them on even terms in their national sport. Philadelphians, however, have always been good cricketers. A reading- room was provided. A dramatic club was formed. Lectures on history, hygiene and social questions were given at regular intervals. ICvery week an entertain- ment, known as "the Padre's Party," took place. At these parties such refresh- ments as were obtainable were furnished and some special program was presented. Dancing was allowed. Concerts were given frequently, the ladies of the Motor Convoy Service usually assisting. A great deal of attention was given to the amusement of the patients. Ward concerts were given almost daily, French artists, nurses, officers. Red Cross workers, British Y. M. C. A. and Salvation Army workers and the enlisted personnel and convalescent patients assisting. In the British Army the work of the Chaplain is taken seriously, and every possible provision is made for such work. The Church of England put at the disposal of the Chaplain of the Unit a well equipped church hut for public services for the personnel and the convalescent patients. Several services were held every day in this hut. On Sundays the hut was crowded, so crowded that often many had to be turned away for lack of room. Services were also held by the Chaplain in the Y. M. C. A. and Salvation Army huts. Ward services for the sick and wounded were part of the reguleu" routine. Services were also held for the sick and wounded German prisoners in their stockade. The burials took place in the British Military Cemetery of Mt. Huon, not far from the hospital area. Every soldier, officer or private, who died received a dignified burial with miUtary honors. The MiUtary Cemetery was beautifully kept. 205 The graves were carefully marked with a cross bearing the name, rank, organiza- tion and date. Even a brief sketch of Base Hospital No. 10 in France would be incomplete without reference to the band, which was trained and led by Dr. Beebe. The in- struments were procured and paid for by the Commanding Officer, Dr. Harte. There was much musical talent in the Unit, and before it had been long organized, it did the Unit much credit. On .January 12, 1919, the I Hit consisted of thirty-nine officers, 125 nurses, and .327 enlisted men, 491 in all. Those who had not been in service for a year were ordered to various camps in the A. E. F. On February 3d, all patients were transferred to General Hospital No. 47. Early in March the nurses were sent to f'louharnel in the heart of Brittany, near Vannes. On March 12th they were sent to Brest, and on April 3d sailed on the RoUerdam for New York, arriving April 12th. .\ few days afterwards the nurses received their back pay, a bonus of §60. and their oflirial discharge. On March 4th Dr. Sweet, with twenty-five officers and 154 enlisted men. left Le Treport for Plouharnel; Dr. Mitchel and Dr. Newhn. with twenty-five enlisted men, remaining at Le Treport to complete the closing of the hospital. The latter contingent left on March 12th. On the 23d all were sent to Camp Pontanaza at Forest. General Sniedley D. Butler, commanding officer of the camp, later wrote to G. II. (). that I5as(' Hospital No. 10 was the best outfit of its kind that had come under his charge. The I nit embarked on April 6th on the Kuiserin Awjiista- Vidoria, sailing on the 8th, and arriving at Hoboken .\pril 17th. On the 18th the Unit was sent to Camp Dix. New.lersey, and was demobilized on April 22, 1919. Some of the officers, nurses and enlisted men reinained in France longer, and were scattered. Some came home with other organizations, and some returned as "casuals." It was not long, however, before nearly all of the original outfit were home and honorably discharged. BASE HOSPITAL NO. 20, U. S. A. B^ LiKi'TEN.\NT Colonel Eldridge L. Eluson U. S. Army Base Hospital No. 20 was organized at the I iiiversity of Peim- sylvania. Colonel lulward Martin, the first Director, resigned in April 1917 and was succeeded by Lieutenant Colonel John B. Carnett. who supervised the organization of the Unit, under the auspices of the Xmi^ricati Med Cross. Preliminary work proceeded simultaneously along three main lines; the selection of the personnel; the raising of funds; and the purchase of equipment. Lieutenant Colonel Carnett. ts and the spe- cialties. A dispensary or "ambulatory" surgical department treated all minor walking cases, thus relieving the work in the ward dressing rooms. From .lune 8th to December 20lh. I\\ent>-lhree additional li .^. 1918. The personnel of Team No. 62 was: Lieutenant Colonel John B. (^arn(!lt. Surgeon in Charge; Captain George M. Laws, Assistant; Captain N. R. Goldsmith, Anesthetist: Helen Pratt. A. B. N. C; INlarie Bergstresser, A. B. N. C: Sergeant First Class de Bemieville Bell; Private Rufus B. Jones. After a short stay at Base Hospital No. 15 and at Evacuation Hospital No. 1. on the Lorraine front, the Team reported to the 1 17th Sanitary 'i'rain of the 12d (Rainbow) Division and was assigned to duty with Alobile Hosjjitai No. 2 at Bussy-le-Chateau, on the Champagne front. From July 15th to July liUh, the Team operated with Evacuation Hospital No. I at Ecury and then rejoined Mobile Hospital No. 2 at Yatry, accompanying it to Lizy-sur-Ourcq on the Chateau- Tliierry front. On July 31st the Team was sent to F.vacuation Hospital No. 2 at La Ferte .Milon. went with it to Crezancy, on the IMarnc, and rejoined Mobile Hospital No. 2 at Coincy. on August 6th. On August 25th. the Team proceeded to the St. Mihiel front and located at Recourt, on August 30th. On Sepl(>nd)er 25th. it left for Chateau Salvange. near Froidos. on the Argonne front, and re- mained there until it returned to ('hatel (luyon on November 21th. Subsequently each member of Team No. 62 received a copy of a letter of com- mendation from General Pershing. On Septend)er 3d. Captain Laws was detached and placed in charge of Surgical Team No. 562. taking Mat (ireinille. A. M. N. C... from Team No. 62. Major F. E. Keenc aiirs and excellent meals were provided for their exclusive use. \ice was und()ubt(>diy the Mecca, and whatever the route traveled the traU inevitably lead to that n\sort. French War Orphan Funt> The French War Orphan F'und was initiated by the Stars and Stripes as a special Thanksgiving donation in l')Il>. ( liaplain Rogers Israel acted as treas- urer for Rase Hospital No. 20. and a sum of 7. .')()() francs represented the collectidii from the oflicers, nurses, and enlisted men: no patients in the liospilal were allowed to contribute. Base Hospital No. 20 adopted fifteen French war orphans. Medical Society Soon after the hospital opened a Medical Society was formed which met bi- monthly, and to which other hospital stall's were invited. Bas(> Hospital ]\o. 30 accepted the invitation to join. At these meetings papers and reports of work done were presented by the oflicers. The meetings were fully attended and nuich profit obtained from them. Classes After the armistice. Lt. Col. l-^liason arranged for a course in anesthesia. Twenty nurses availed themselves of this opportunity and obtained practical iuul didactic instruction from Lieutenant N. R. (loldsmith. Further lectures were arranged for on niilitary surgery and medicine, and several talks were given by stall members on French history. Classes in various subjects were being organized for the enlisted men when orders arrived to leave Chatel-Guyon. Celebration of the Armistice On November 10th. many rumors reached Chatel-Guyon that the armistice had been signed. The French believed it to be true and an imjjromptu celebra- tion was started. In the evening the real celel)ration commenced. About twenty- five American con^alescent soldiers started to parade. This number soon in- creased to several hundred Americans, and an equal number of French men, women and children. As they passed each hosi)ilal there was a general turnout of all patients who could walk, so that by the time they reached the main street there were over 1,000 in line. As no drums were to be had four large hard-tack tins were secured as a result of a raid on the Mess De|)artnient. The next morning oificial news that the armistice was signed was received, and the Mayor ordered all church bells to be rung. The town was decorated, and that night another parade was organized led by a real band. 212 Auxiliary of Base Hospital No. 20 The Auxiliary of the University of Pennsylvania Hospital Unit of the Red Cross, known as No. 122, was organized under the direction of Mrs. Wm. Woodwai'd Arnett on April 11, 1917. The seventy women who were present at the first meet- ing pledged $6,000 to purchase supphes and material for the equipment of a 500-bed base hospital. The actual work of making up supphes was begun on April lUth, con- tinuing for ten months five days a week. Within three months from the time the auxiliary was organized sixty-six boxes of patients' equipment containing 22,244 articles and about .35,000 surgical dressings were completed and boxed. The original seventy members were increased to 256, and the $6,000 promised soon totaled $10,000, nor was it difficult to secure additional funds as rapidly as needed. Welfare Committee In|February, 1918, the Welfare Committee of Base Hospital No. 20 was organized and undertook to aid the hospital in many ways. It pledged itself to represent the hospital on this side, to distribute a semi-monthly community let- ter from France to friends and relations of the hospital, to transmit funds to the hospital, to supply it with reading material and to aid in many other ways. During its existence Base Hospital No. 20 was under the command of four different officers, Lieutenant Colonel T. H. Johnson, Lieutenant Colonel G. M. Piersol and Lieutenant Colonel J. B. Carnett. When the organization was split up at embarkation area, and the officers sent home as casuals, the command of the Unit fell upon Major PhiUp Williams' shoulders. Officers, men and nurses returned in separate small detachments during April and May, 1918. After demobiUzation of Base Hospital No. 20 the University of Pennsylvania Hospital received letters from the American Red Cross at Washington, D. C, and from the Surgeon General commending Base Hospital No. 20 for its "readiness for service, patriotic devotion to duty and exceUence of professional personnel." A further letter of commendation for exceptionally meritorious and conspicuous services was sent to Dr. J. B. Carnett. Base Hospital No. 20 Association The Association was formed November 14, 1919, in Philadelphia, and provision was made to hold a reunion each year. The first reunion was held in November, 1920. BASE HOSPITAL No. 34, U. S. A. By Lieutenant Colonel Ralph S. Bromer During the early months of 1917, the Medical Department of the Aim y and the Red Cross, Colonel Jefferson R. Kean, M. C, in charge, organized fifty base hospitals for service with the American Army. The idea was eaily conceived of forming one at the Episcopal Hospital. Dr. Charles H. Frazier was first appointed Director, with Dr. Astley P. C. Ashhurst as Chief of the Surgical Service. Funds were raised and friends of the hospital gave liberally in contributions to the Red Cross until a sum of $65,000 was obtained for the equipment of the hospital, George H. Frazier serving as treasurer and disbursing officer. 213 Tlic months ul March aiul carls April. 1917, were occupied with these pre- liminaries. Late in April Dr. Krazier. owint; to inability to leave his University duties, very reluctantly rcliii(|nishc(l his charjie of the hospital and Dr. Ashhursl was appointed Director. Proj^ress in the procurement of eciuipnient w as rapid. In late May, Malcolm Douglas became afliliated with the hospital as Registrar. T nder his charge the work of enrolling the enlisted personnel progressed most speedily. Applicants were many, and men were secured of excellent caliber and of varied vocations, foreshadowing success in the eventual operation of the hospital's different departments. By June .'!Olh, the (>ntire quota of 1.52 men had hein sworn in and I'lilisted in the Medical luilisted Reserve Corps. In the meantime the hospital w as formally accepted by the Medical Depart- ment and was given the number of "31." In July, Captain Raphael I. L(>vin, (^)uarterinaster Reserve Corps, was assigned and reported for duty as tjuarter- master. As fast as equipment was bought it was assembled and stored in the Larkin Uuildiiig, 20th and Arch streets, and at the I-]piscopal Hospital. The organization of the nurse corps personnel was entrustcel to Miss Kathcrine Brown, Superintendent of Nurses, Episcopal Hospital. During these same months she was busily (>ngaged in recruiting and enlisting sixty-five nurses. By August she reported a full (luota. Mention should be made of the men who attended the early meetings at Dr. Frazier's office and who devoted much time to the purchase of supplies for theu" rcs[)ecti\e departments. Besides Drs. Krazier and Ashhurst, there were Drs. Emory G. Alexander, Geo. P. MuUer, Jos(>ph Macfarland, John B. Carson, Ralph S. Bromer and Mr. Malcolm Douglas. Of lliese Drs. Muller and Macfarland unfortunately could not serve with the unil. The assistance and advit-e of Dr. Richard II. Harte, of the Boanl nf Managers of the hospital, and Captain E. N. T.eiper, the Superintendent, were also gieatly appreciated, \fter the r(>tirement of Dr. Frazier, Dr. Ashhurst strciuiously pushed the preparation of the organiza- tion for active duly, and by llic lime oiders were receiM'ii fur its mobilization it was in a state of excellent preparedness. On Septend)er 7, 1917, the organization was mobilized al lh(> Episcopal Hospital and Major Ralph (J. DeWie. Medical Corps, United States Army was detailed as commanding officer, assuming lonwiiand September I, 1917. Cajilaiii R. S. Bromer was delailed as atljutaiU. On September 7, I9f7. the organization iiinxed Id llic ( '.oncentralion (amp of the United Stales Army .Vmbulance Ser\ice at Allenlown, Pa., later called Camp Crane. Here two numths or more were spent in e(|uip|)ing and training the men. Instruction in first aid, Medical Department diill. bandaging, etc., was routinely given. On November 21st, the command moxed In Camp Mills. Long Island, and remained there until l)ecend>er I ilh, awaiting instructions for embarkation. These finally arrived, after thre(> w(>eks of most severe weather spent in the tents of Camp Mills. On the l.'jtii. the organization end)arked on the Leviathan, the nurses included, they, in the meantime, having been mobilized and equipped at b^lis Island. The voyage was uneventful and on Decembei 2ltfi, at noon, Liverpool was reached and debarkation immediately begun. The nurses were sent to Southampton on a separate train from that of the officers and men. Southampton was reached midnight of December 21th, the nurses being quartered at hotels and the oniy the ( iermans, after the aimistice. The nurses crossed on the George \\ asliiiKjiou and the enlisted men on the Waller A. Lnckenbach. Major A. P. C. Ashhurst, the Director of the Unit, was promoted colonel and was assigned surgical consultant of the important hospital centers of Nantes, Savenay and St. Nazaire. During the course of the organization's existence in the A. E. F., Major R. G. DeVoe, the Commanding Officer, was promoted colonel and was placed in command of the Nantes Hospital Center, Major Emory G. Alex- ander became Surgical Director of the Unit, Captain Ralph S. Rromer was promoted Lieutenant Colonel and assumed command of Evacuation Hospital No. 36, the organization sent to replace Base Hospital No. 34. Major Rutherford L. John was made Chief Orthopedic Surgeon of the Nantes Center and Major John P. Jones became Chief of Surgical Service of Evacuation Hospital No. 36. Captain John W. Moore was promoted major and placed in charge of the laboratories of the Nantes Center, and Miss Katharine Brown, Chief Nurse, was made supervisor of nursing for the same. While in service in the A. E. F., Reserve Nurse Alice Ireland died at St. Nazaire, Base Hospital No. 101, of pneumonia. Private Joseph F. Covert died of septicemia at Camp Hospital No. 15. and Private James L. Murray of influenza at Base Hospital No. 34, A. E. F. The hospital furnished its quota of "teams" for front line work, as the organiza- tions of surgeons, nurses and orderhes sent from base hospitals in the rear to front line hospitals were called. The first of these sent out was Surgical Team No. 23, headed by Colonel Astley P. C. Ashhurst, M. C. He had with him as his assistant Captain Henry S. Kerchner and Nurses Margarita Andrews, Ethel P. Kandle and (irace E. Stephens, and Privates Winsor Josselyn and Joseph E. Miles. They left Nantes, early in April, 1918, going to Crevecoeur-le-Grand where they served with Auto Corps No. 6 of the French Army until July. On July 18th, they arrived at the American Red Cross Hospital No. 1, Neuilly sur Seine, Paris and remained there until August 14th. They were then transferred to Evacuation Hospital No. 6, American Army serving with it during the Argonne Campaign. On Novem- ber 18th, Colonel Ashhurst was transferred to Savenay as consultant in surgery and Major Emory G. Alexander, M. C. was sent to reheve hiin. Surgical Team No. 21 was composed of Major Chas. D. Lockwood, M. C, Captain Irvine M. Boykin, M. C, and Captain Louis W. Frank, M. C. The 217 nuises and eulLsted men composing il were rSiiises Anna IJeliinan and kallieiinc Holler and Sergeants Horace B. Austin and Harry G. Bostick. This team served with the American Army in the Champagne and the Argonne sector, being stationed with several American evacuation hospitals. During the course of the summer a gas and shock team in charge of First Lieutenant, later Captain Boyal E. Durliani. M. C. was dispatched to the front. The nursing and enlisted personnel of these teams routinely (■()nsisling of one cacii, Nurse Jane D. Nicholson and Private William ^ ogel were detailed for the duty. It was first sent to the central laboratory at Dijon for instruction purposes and from there was sent to the IVonl. serving with one of the American evacuation hospitals. No. 8, during the Argonne Drive. During the course of tlie lalti'r (hive, tlie second team was broken up. Major Lockwood, Captain Frank and Miss Holler foitned the nucleus of one, and Captain Boykin, was placed in charge of the other with Lieutenant Simon and Miss Behman. Itjunediately after the termination of hostilities the various teams of the A. )•;. !•'. wi're returned to their resp(>ctive organizations. During late November and early December all the personnel returned to Nantes, and was re-attached to the liospilal for return In the Cnited States. BASE HOSPITAL NO. 38 U. S. A. By Colonel W. M. L. Coplin War is the summation of all tragedies, — the pinnacle of all follies, the abysmal ileplli of all hdrrors: the conjoined, coordinate, contemporaneous su|)reinacy of llanie and famine, of holocaust and hale, of dis(>ase, disaster and deatii, of slaugliter and starvation. Il is the insanity, liie infanticidal, homicidal, suicidal mania of nations — the daikness of doomsday out of which shines but one lone star, red — and purple-rimmed liie light of the Samaritan who feeds and clothes, arrests bleed- ing, binds wounils. bears anesthetic, sedative, and opiate, nurses with tender hand, brings water to lips atliirst and dying, wipes olf the sweat of agony, takes the last faltering m(>ssage to loved ones at home and. when comes the end. clos(>s staring eyes, composes limbs, enshrouds and cofTms, covers with the (lag which the soldier loved and for which he died, and bears the fallen victim to his last rest, his dream- less sleep of peace eternal. Tlies(^ piuveyors of mercy and kindness. — all out of harmony with the fields in which they labor — amid scenes no pen can describe, ply their calling from shell-torn trench to bomb-wrecked hospital far in the rear, along lines of conununication, at ports of enil)ai'kation. on hospital ships in port and at sea, until, at last, the restored soldier rests on the bosom of loved ones at home, or bivouacs forever on Fame's eternal camping ground. -Much, if not most of this work was done by llios(' who enlisted to serve in base hospitals. Ofiicers, nurses and hospital corps men — often detailed from an original base hospital — at one time or another served in every position from firing line back through the apparently unending labyrinth of "comnumications. " I'o bear its share of the burden Base Hospital No. 38 of the .lelferson Medical College and Hos- pital was organized. Founded in I82.'j, and nearing the centenary of its existence, lh(; work was not new to the institution which, through almost one hundred years, had sent its graduates to every balllefield and into every disaster in the nation's history, had 21» given Silas Weir Mitchell and William Williams Keen to the work of the great Civil conflict, and in the World War its graduates to the number of 1, 162, while more than 370 undergraduates worked in every professional capacity from Surgeon General Merritte W. Ireland (Class of 1801), to the humblest positions in the service of their country. Organization The Jefferson Medical College Base Hospital, organized untler the direction of the American Red Cross and known as Base Hospital No. 38, was rendered pos- sible by the generous contributions of Adeline Pepper Cibson and Henry S. ( Jibson. Organization was begun May 3, 1917. Before the summer had ended officers and enlisted men had been selected, necessary commissions obtained and most of the preliminary work completed. The personnel, included thirty-five officers, 100 nurses, five civilians, and 200 enlisted men. Major W. M. L. Coplin was designated Director, and Chief of the Laboratory Division; Major J. Norman Henry, Chief of the Medical Division and Major Charles F. Nassau, Chief of the Surgical Division. Major .John S. Laml)ie, M. ('., U. S. A., was later detailed as executive officer. Mobilization and Training The organization was mobilized October 15, 1917, and went immediately into training at the 2d Regiment Armory, Philadelphia. The novitiate in Philadelphia extended from the date of mobilization to June 21, 1918, when the unit embarked for France. During this period of preparation it was decided, at the suggestion of the director, to inaugurate a new and hitherto untried plan of preparing enlisted men for hospital duty. It had previously been the custom to assemble the per- sonnel of base hospitals at some training camp, for example, Allentown, where militai->' and certain didactic instruction could advantageously be given. Obviously the functions wliich hospital corps men aie supposed to perform diQer materially from those of any other military unit. Necessary though a knowledge of policing and military drill may be, the men should know something of hospital organization and the care of patients; consequently it was decided to institute two courses of mstruction — didactic and practical. The former was inaugurated (October 29, 1917) by an introductory lecture by William W. Keen, M.D., Sc. D., LL.D., Hon. F.R.C.S. (England and Edin.) Emeritus Professor of Surgery, at the Jefferson Medical College, in which he out- lined the history of hospital organization and duties as he knew them in Philadel- pliia and in army hospitals during tiie Civil War. This was followed by lectures given by members of the staff and others, covering problems of hospital admin- istration, the care of jiatients, treatment of injured, transportation, sanitary science, antisepsis and on other subjects bearing directly upon the functions of base hospitals. Through the courtesy and cordial cooperation of the Jefferson Hospital, Pennsylvania, St. Agnes, St. Joseph's. Philadelphia General, Philadelphia Hospital for Contagious Diseases, Frankford, Episcopal, Lankenau, Presbyterian and Samaritan hospitals, valuable instruction was given to small groups of men de- tailed to the institutions named. They were assigned to laboratory, operating I'oom, dispensai'y, ward, and accident room, and saw useful practical service. The courses were continued throughout most of the winter, thus affording the men an 219 exlerulod knowledge of the work they would be called upon to perform. Con- currenlly, ollicers improved in every possible way their knowledge by special work in laboratories. X-ray departments, surgical and medical clinics, and the specialties. Some of tiie officers were detailed to the Rockefeller Institute, New York, for special training. Equipment To tlie foundaticm of •S.'jO.OOO given by Adeline Pepper Gibson and Henry S. ( ;ibson, generous citizens of Philadelphia, contributions by others — including .$5,000 given by .Mrs. Thomas P. Hunter for operating rooms, l)rought the total to .§79,- 992.39, practically all of which was e.xpended for equipment. In addition to cash contributicms many gifts were made directly. These included an ambulance by the residents of Logan, another by employes of the Phila(lel|)hia llapitl Transit Com- pany, another by the Philadelphia Teachers" Association, another by the West Philadelphia Auxiliary iNo. 1 of the American Red Cross, another by the Fotterall Square Association and one given by Mr. and Mrs. Arthur H. Lea — a total of six ambulances. Through the ellbrts of Mr. Norman L. Barr and Mr. William C. Haddock, Jr., and their friends, a delivery truck was supplied. The American Red Cross, Washington, D. C. gave a carload of dressings; the local Red Cross and many auxiliaries aided also. The I]inergeacy Aid assisted generously. The con- tributions including cash of .'?79,992..'59, a special fund given nurses S8,00L.5I*, and supplies valued at $:H,;H8..58. make a total value of $122.3 12.,') 1. Skrvii:!'; in thi-: American Kxpedition.vry Forces On June 21, 1918, six officers and 192 enlisted men under tlie commanil of Lieutenant Colonel John S. Lambie, M. C, U. S. .\., embarked on the S. S. \iil)(ilin. New York, and twenty-nine officers under the coinmatid of Major Coplin. boarded the S. S. Presidenl Grunt. The latter, on account of an accident to the refrigeration plant, was compelled to return, sailing finally on June 30, 1918. Passengers on the S. S. IVopalin landed at P.resI July .ith, left July 10th. and arrived at Nantes, France July lllh; on Julj 17th they were joined by the remaining officers. The nursing corps had sailed from New York on May 18th, and upon arrival in France the nurses w'ere assigned to duty in base hospitals at Nantes, or to stations nearer lh(> line of condjat. Location At Nantes, a quaird and beautiful city on the Loire, designated as one of the .\merican hospital centers, was also stationed Rase Hospital No. 34, which, at the time ■"38" arrived, was receiving patients. Rase Hospital No. 38 was located in the Crand Rlottereau which was later to receive three other hospital organizations. The (irand Rlottereau is a park surrounding what had been a small gem of a chateau with its ex(]uisite grounds, partly wooded, containing tall trees, veritable monarchs, small shrubs and hedges, and all intervening types of woodland growth. Along one side extended a beautiful walled road of rural France, no longer in good condition. On another side was a small tributary of the Loire, and just beyond the slowly moving majestic river. On another side were the botanical •Tliis embraced gifts specificiilly for nurses, and is not included in the Director's reports. All otlicr contributions have been accounted for to tlie .Vinerican Red Cross, Washington, D. C. 220 and agricultural gardens of Nantes, and off from a corner the town of Doulon, really a part of the historic old city. The Hospital in France Physically, the plant included twenty-one wards, also diet kitchens, per- sonnel barracks and mess hall, officers' barracks and mess hall, nurses' barracks and mess hall, ablution sheds and barracks, receiving wards, quartermaster supply buildings, mess supply building, operating pavilion, and laboratory, a total of about fifty buildings, all of temporary construction. They were supplied with electricity and running water, and an emergency sewage system was installed which became inadequate on account of the unexpected nmnber of patients and the unanticipated floods which inundated that region of France and impeded drainage. The original barracks were constructed of composition board, felt roof and concrete floors, with adequate window space. The overflow, amounting to more than 2,000 patients, administered to by the organization, was sheltered in tents erected on a contiguous section of the park. The extraordinary rains of 1918 in France rendered the soil so soft that the temporary roads soon became a veritable mud-plant through which officers, nurses, convalescents and enlisted men waded for weeks; part of the plain was under water for many days, but the hospital, more fortunate than one of its neighbors, was not reached by the high water. The buildings which "38" was to occupy were only partly completed when the organization arrived; officers and enlisted men proceeded to assist in the construction. As early as July 22d, 132 sick and injured from the Soissons front were received and cared for, although the buildings were not finished until several weeks later. By September over 1,000 patients had been admitted. It was originally contemplated that for each base hospital pro- vision for 500 patients would be adequate. Before leaving the United States the personnel had been increased to that of a thousand-bed base, shortly after arrival in France it became obvious that it might at any time be required to shelter 2.000 incapacitated soldiers, and early in November. 1918, the daily census included 2,412 patients. It is believed, however, that every possible attention was given and that the enormous expansion did not weaken the efficiency of the organization, notwithstanding the fact that, at one time, only ten officers remained at the base, three of whom were largely occupied in administrative capacities. Because of pressure at other hospitals and the urgent demand for nurses, practi- cally all of those belonging to the unit had been transferred to needy centers at Nantes and elsewhere in France; therefore, shortly after "38" was placed in opera- tion, Miss Clara Melville, Chief Nurse, had only seven nurses to assist in operating rooms and to care for approximately 1.000 seriously wounded and sick soldiers; later the number reai'hed more than 2,000. Nevertheless it nuist be universally recognized that the depletion of nurses was one thing from which the organization suffered intensely; the loyal and unflagging devotion of officers and enlisted men did much to ameliorate conditions, but in a great hospital, containing many seriously ill and wounded, no one fills the place of a properly trained nurse. Our nurses were performing more important duties with operating teams at the front, in hos- pitals on the field and along the line of communication, and on hospital trains, so that whatever the original organization may have suffered, the benefits to the 221 service in the A. E. F. were no doubt greater; consequently our lt)ss was borne though less patiently than would have been decorous. Detached Duty Shortly after arriving in France, and in common with all other organizations wliicli included highly trained specialists, we suffered severe losses from dctach- incnt of important uflicers to more active, and it was believed more iniportanl. duties nearer the front and elsewhere in the stricken country. Indeed some highly eflicieiil men had been detached before ]5ase Hosi^ital No. 38 left the T'nited States. Originally Captain J. Torrence Rugh was chosen for the orthopedic division of Base Hospital No. 38. The Surgeon General's office requested his release as an orthopedist of established repute was needed to direct the proper care of enlisted men in this country. Heluctantly the release was granted, his work was well done, and his promotions continuous to and including the rank of Colonel. Captain E. J. G. Beardsley, who had Ix^cn a member of the "Medical Reserve Coi-ps since 1909, was also transferred U) a larger held. The .Sxirgeon ( ieneral's office recognized in him a man of unusual attainments, a capable teacher and an experienced clinician. He was detailed to thi' Army Medical School, later to train- ing camps, became Chief of Medical Service, Base Hospital No. 89, Camp Sheridan, and joined the A. E. F. in France. His promotions passed through the grades of Captain, IMajor and Lieutenant Colonel. Captain (ieorge 1^. Price preceded the unit and was on duty as consulting neurologist in Paris; later succeeded by Major M. A. Burns, who was also detached for pennanent duty in the capital city. Major Thomas C. Stellwagen had also sailed in advance of "38," and was on observation duty at Queen's Hospital, Sidcup, England; later transferred to I'^vacuation Hospital No. 1, to Field Hospital No. 27, acting as surgeon for non- transportable cases, to Evacuation Hospital No. 5, with Field llos[)ital No. 112, and for three months served with Mobile Hospital No. 1. After the armistice he resumed duty at Base Hospital No. 38 as Chief of Ihr DcpartrTicnt of Oral and Plastic Surgery. Major W. M. L. Cojjlin, Director, and Chief of the Laboratory Division, later Lieutenant Colonel and Colonel, was detailed to Headquarters, Laboratory Service, A. E. F., Dijon, later becoming Lal)oratory Oilicer, Hospital Center, Beaune; December, 1918 transferred to the 3d Army as Director of Laboratories, accom- paiuing the Army of Occupation and having charge of t«rnl\-seven laboratories, with headcjuarters at Coblenz, Germany. Major J. Norman Henry, Chief of the Medical l)i\ ision. was detailed to the Army Sanitai-y School at Langres. August 19.1'H8. to headiiuarlers at Toul. to the 89th Division where there were uimsual opportunities for studying the prob- lems of a division in action. After his return early in October, lie became Com- manding Officer of Base Hospital No. 38. Major Charles F. Nassau left the Base Ho.spital early in July, 1918, for ob- scrs'ation duty in Evacuation Hos[)ital No. 1, at Toul, to the Red Cross Hospital in Paris, where he was joined by other members of the operating teani consisting of Captain Mark 1). lloyt. Lieutenant Louis I). Engleitli, Miss Amanda Boyer, R. N., and Privates Edward G. Huth and Herbert W. Duke. From Paris Major Nassau went to Evreux, .\merican Red Cross Hospital \o. It)'*: in Septendier to Evacuation Hospital No. 7, Souilly; to Mobile Hospital No. 1, Esnes, returning to Souilly, and aftor the arniisticp resumed his position as Chief Surgeon with "38." Captains Frank H. Hustead and Charles E. Hays joined Major Stellwagen in the assignments detailed al)ove and served in the Argonne and St. Mihiel drives. Lieutenant Colonel John S. Lambie detailed by the Medical Department as Executive Officer of Base Hospital No. 38, left the organization on September 2, 1918, becoming commanding officer of the hospital center at Puy de Dome and later inspector of hospitals in the A. E. F. Major Joiui B. Lowman was left in command, but shortly thereafter on account of illness, was relieved by Major J. Norman Hem'y, who became Commanding Officer, and continued in this service until Novem- ber 22, 1918, when Major Lowman returned and resumed connnand. Major John B. Forst passed through the St. Mihiel and Argonne offensives with Mobile Hospital No. 2, serving as Ophthalmologist with this organization on the Aleuse, returning to the base in October. He was in command of Base Hos- pital No. 38 when the patients were turned over to Evacuation Hospital No. 31, returned with the imit and was mustered out with the boys at Camp Dix, New Jersey, April, 1919. Captains Borzell, Burns, Hays, Mohler, Musser and Tyson at different times were off on observation duty or on other details. Our Heroic Dead Every great adventure lias its tragedy and the experience of Base Hospital No. 38 was no exception. While in line of duty the call to higher reward was answered by five members of the unit. Every death was due to the stress of ac- tivities upon which the worker was engaged. The nurses in travel to detailed stations or on duty, a physician going from ward to sick-bed under war conditions where the comforts of a modern hospital or of a home were not available; enlisted men dying from disease — all falling in line of duty. In each instance it is reason- able to beUeve that, had the unfortunate one avoided the rigors of wai- and the hardships of service, life might have been spared. They are heroes and heroines who fell outside the glamour of attack and screeching shell, but none the less gave their lives for the cause. Adeline Pepper Gibson, benefactress of Base Hospital No. 38, while on active duty contracted pneumonia and died at Nantes, January 10, 1919. Through the many trying days of effort, Mrs. Gibson gave unsparingly of all those things worth while. There was no opportunity to do good that was too laborious, no time of need when her interest was not aroused and her helping hand was not ex- tended, no weariness of body that arrested her enduring endeavor, no situation she did not see, and seeing act. To officers and men, to nurses and patients often she brought cheer and sunshine where before existed despair and gloom. Her life with us was one continuing period of smiling, patient, helpfulness, and her passing weighed upon us as an unforgettable sorrow of our adventure. A stranger to all the wearying sadness of hospital life under the shadow of grim war, the things she did and the way she did them won the hearts of all. There was a noble sin- cerity in her life best known to those near enough to see the warp and woof of the cloth of gold woven in the loom of duty before which she daily and hourly cast life's flying shuttle. A world peopled by such souls would be sunshine and cheer, 223 without pain or sorrow — a veritable paradise. A history of Base Hospital No. 38 is being published as a fitting memorial to our lamented benefactress. Captain M. Mauney came to the organization a stranger, detailed by the Surgeon (ieneral's office when the personnel was increased. He endeared liiniself to all the men with whom he worked and was faithful, devoted, serious minded and capable. During the influenza epidemic he continued at work in the wards wlien lie should have been in bed, and it is the feeling of those about liini that his devotion to duty made certain the tragedy of his death which resulted from pneumonia on November 1. 1918. Meryl Grace Phillips died Ma.\ li!. I'>I8. i)f pneuninnia. llicday licr companions sailed for France. She was a graduate of the Willianisport Hospital, an accom- plished nurse, a woman of uiuisual attainments and possessed a delightful per- sonality. Nellie Jane Ward died on .luly .i. I'>18 of piKHunouia contracted while on duty at Chaumont. France. Because of her attaiiunents and superior (]uali(ications Miss Ward had been assigned to the work at (liauuidul. She was a graduate of the Massachusetts General Hospital, lung kiniwii lur the high grade of women prepared in its halls. kennetii B. Charlton of Washington. D. C... a member of th(> enlisted per- sonnel, while home on leave, was stricken with pneumonia and died in the Walter Reed Hospital. Washington. D. C. .January 1.?. 1918. Keinieth ,1. FIlis of Philadelphia, an original member of the unit, contracted pneumonia while training, and died in the Pennsylvania Hospital. Philadelphia, .March 7, 1918. Both Charlton and b]llis were men of the nobler type, esteemed by all who knew them and popular among their fellows. Their memory will ever be with us. Su.\rM.\RY OF Work Done Aside from the nearly 9,000 patients who passed through operating rooms, wards and convalescent camp, the officers, nurses and men of Base Hospital No. 38 administered to the sick and injured al the bases at .\antes. St. Nazaire. Dijon. Beaune, Langres. Saumnr, Paris, Dancourt. Kvreux. Esnes, Souilly, LaTouche, Euverzin. Loney, Chaumont. Toul. in the Argtmne and St. Mihiel drives, and after the armistice, with the 3d Army at Prum. Trier. May(>n. Neuenahr, lOhren- breitstein, Coblenz and elsewhere — a continuous hne of faithful workers extend- ing from the parent institution in Philadelphia across paths of conmiunication, to ba.ses in Europe, to the baltli'-delds of stricken France and Belgium, and beyond to the remotest outposts of the Army of Occupation along the Rhine, and in the bridge-head area to the most advanced relief station in Germany. A SKETCH OF THE SERVICE OF HOSPITAL UNIT A John H. Jopson, M.D. Hospital Unit A, the first of the Red Cross units of this tyjjc to be authorized by the Red Cross, was organized and equipped by the Presbyterian Hospital of Philadelphia, as its contribution to the sanitary service of the United Stales Army during the World War. It was felt that a unit of this character was a wise addition to the considerable number of base hospitals already under process of organiza- 224 A Siirfiiral Drrssin;i rtoimi. tion at other hospitals in Philadelphia, some of which, especially the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania and the Pennsylvania Hospital, had drawn heavily on the personnel of the Presbyterian Hospital staff. Tht> organization of the nnit was authorized by the Red Cross, and guaranteed by the board of managers of the hospital early in the spring of 1917. The officers as originally selected were all connected with, or had served as members of the staff of the Presbyterian Hospital, some as visiting physicians and surgeons in the house, others in the same capacity in the dispensary, and tli(> juniors as recent internes. The nurses were all graduates of the training school of the same insti- tution, including the Chief Nurse, Miss Kate Liddle. The enlisted men were from Philadelphia and the vicinity, and were selected by Dr. Henry P. Brown. Jr.. one of the original officers of the unit, who was transferred to the 77th Division before the unit was mobilized. The equipment conformed to that prescribed by the Red Cross for this type of organization. While awaiting mobilization, a number of the officers were called to active service, and assigned to the training camps for medical officers at Fort Oglethorpe and Fort Benjamin Har- rison. The writer, who was director of the unit, was included in the second class of observers at the War Demonstration Hospital of the Rockefeller Institute in September, 1917, where Dr. Alexis Carrel had started his course of instruction in wound sterilization and treatment to which officers were assigned for a two weeks' course of instruction. This course was a most convincing demonstration of the value of the Carrel method. The clinical and laboratory instruction as given by Dr. Carrel and his associates, some of whom had extended practical experience in the sanitary organizations of the French Army, was carried on with a freshness and enthusiasm that was contagious. 225 The unit was mobilized at the Presbyterian Hospital on November 6, 1917, and three days later proceeded to Fort Porter. Bull'alo, X. \ .. for equipment and training, preparatory to service overseas. Three of the officers had been transferred from the training camps to other organizations, or to service with troops, and their places were taken by others assigned by the Surgeon General. The twelve medical officers ordered to Fort Porter included Major John II. Jopson as (^.om- manding Officer, Captain John Speese, Captain Charles A. Fife, Captain CUfTord B. Farr, and First Lieutenants Albert G. Mitchell, Ralph W. Walker, Douglas N. Forman, Douglas P. Murphy, George K. Tweddell, Percy D. Moullon, William C. Powell and Waller H. Holmes. Lieutenant .Mitchell was Adjutant. There were forty-seven enlisted men. The twenty-one nurses were assembled at Ellis Island in ciiarge of Miss Kate Liddle. Cliief Nurse. In addition to Hospital Unit A, there were assembled at Fort Porter, Hos- pital I nits F and K, from the Harlem Hospital. New York and Council Blufl's. Iowa, respectively, under the conunaud of Majors NelT and MacRae. The station was under the command of Major T. D. Woodson ol the Regular Army .Medical Corps. The unites remained in training at Fort Porter until January 10. 1918. when they were ordered to Camp Merritt. New Jersey, and on January 1.5, 1918, left there for the port of embarkation, Iloboken, N. J., and embarked and sailed the same day on the Cunard Line S. S. Carpathia. officially designated in orders as Transport 509. The Nashville, Tenn., Unit S was also on board, under conunaud of Major Barr. There were all told about 2,000 troops on board, nearly 100 officers and 84 nurses. The commanding officer of troops was Colonel Symmonds. of the Cavalry Corps of the United Stales .\rniy. Two days later stop was made at Halifax, N. S., to join a convoy of seven vessels wliich was made up there, and which left January 19. 1918, under the escort of U. S. S. San Diego and the British converted cruiser Victorian. The commanding officer of Unit A was transport surgeon. After the fust three days out the sanitary arrangements were satisfactory, although the presence of so many newly enlisted men necessitated constant vigilance until they could be brought into familiarity with their surroundings. The ship was filled to capacity and there were double tiers of bunks on both lower decks. There were three rooms below decks available as hospitals with accommodations for fd"ty- eight patients, and the cases of illness developing on board were at once segregated when indicated, and admitted to one or the other of these hospitals according to the nature of the disease. They were fairly well filled during the voyage and the cases of contagion included influenza, measles and nunnps, and one case of German measles. Ten men were landed at Halifax, N. S.. according to instructions, cases of contagious illness of the above tyjies, and sent to the military hospital. The severe epidemic of influenza, which led to such high mortality and morbidity on the transports, liad not as yet appeared, and the cases of this foim observed were mostly ot a mild type and few in number. There were eighty-nine cases of all tj'pes of disease and injury treated in hospital and (juarters during the voyage and of these, thirteen were classified as influenza. There were i^leven cases of measles and twenty-one of mumps. Twenty-six cases remaining in hospital on arrival at Glasgow on January .'JOth, w ere transfernnl to the hospital at thai port. These were mostly cases of mild contagion of the above types. One case of in- 226 sanity developed during the voyage. The presenee of a large innnber of medical officers on the ship rendered it possible to conduct the inspections, to administer the hospitals, and to run the dispensary, which was at once established, in a thorough and satisfactory manner. Special dispensaries for treatment under specialists were conducted, and the services of oculists, aurists, and surgeons were freely drawn upon at all times. One death occurred during the voyage. The entire convoy made the trip across safely. No submarines were sighted, and although there was some excitement when a strange ship was sighted, and was pursued and called on to lay to by a shot from one of the cruisers, no enemy was seen. An extreme northern course was followed, and the escort of destroyers was met three days out from land. The convoy then divided, two, including the Carpathia, making for Glasgow, the remainder for Liverpool. The unit landed at Glasgow on January 30, 1918, and proceeded to Win- chester Rest Camp where it remained until February 3d, when it embarked at Southampton and landed at Le Havre, France, the following day, February 4, 1918. The same evening the enlisted men, under the command of the Adjutant, Lieutenant Mitchell, were ordered to Base Hospital No. 18 at Bazoilles sur Meuse, which was the John Hopkins Unit, and the following day the remaining officers, eleven in number, were ordered to the casual officers' camp at Blois. It was, perhaps, unfortunate that the original idea of the Red Cross and the Surgeon General's office as to the function of units of this type could not have been better understood and carried out at this time. These units, while small, were so selected as to be capable of taking over a small hospital, or to reenforce a large one. It was also considered an advantage to secure groups of men accustomed to working in cooperation in civil life. Where an emergency requires the cjuick induction of a Red Cross unit into active service, there can be little doubt as to the wisdom of such a method of organization. It is quite otherwise when time permits of building up and training a personnel winnowed out after experience in existing military hospitals. In common with some of the other hospital units arriving in France at this time. Unit A did not function as a united organization after its arrival. The enlisted men were attached to Base Hospital No. 18. This hospital had at this time an abundant supply of its own officers and ninses. Unit A nurses, originally assigned there, were at once sent back to Paris and distrilnited among Red Crf)ss Hospitals Nos. 1, 2 and 3 in that city. After a few days in Blois, the officers who had been ordered there were sent to various stations, including Tours, Langres and Paris. The history of the unit was thereafter merged with that of the various organizations to which officeis and men were ordered. The enlisted men remained at Bazoilles throughout the war, and returned to the United States with Base Hospital No. 18 in February, 1919. Their first commanding officer was Major Cieorge Edwards, and later, when the hospital group was constructed at this place. Colonel Elmer Dean. One of the first hospitals to go overseas, and functioning most of the time as a base. No. 18 was utilized as an evacuation hospital during the Argonne-Meuse offensive, and was at all times one of the most active organizations on the line of communications. The enlisted members of Unit A earned, by their di^portment and work, the highest praise from their conmianding officers at this hospital, and Major l^]d wards was always most enthusiastic over their work, and pronounced them as among the 227 finest ho had ever commanded. A number of them, including Atlee, Coleman, Mellor, Teal and Brice, were promoted to sergeants. Teter, who died, and Brewster were corporals. The WTiter was on temporary duty at this hospital during February and March of 1918. On April 3d, he proceeded to Evacuation Hospital No. 1 at Sebastopol near Toul. with the first group of observers, six in number, assigned there for instruction in front line surgery. Ordered to assemble a team and remain there, he secured the services of four of his associate officers of Unit A, Captain Speese and Lieutenants Walker, Murphy and Holmi's. and of two of the nurses. Miss Acldams and Miss Barnsley, and two orderlies of the same unit, Walters and Johnson. His team remained on duty at this place until after the armistice. Captain vSpeese soon headed a team of his own and went through most of the engagements of the American Army with one or the other of the evacuation hos- pitals or mobile units, being finally Cliiel' nl' {Iw Surgical Service in Mobile Hospital No. 8. l>vacuation Hospital No. 1, the first to be formed in the American Army, and the first to take its place in the line, originally behind the First Division in the St. Mihiel sector, was, in the spring and sunmier of 1018. the chief instruction center of operators in the Army in France. A large number of otiiccrs who after- ward themselves became the heads of, or members of operating teams, as well as many X-ray and laboratory specialists, were assigned here for observation, usually for a two weeks" period. The hospital, organized at Fort Biley, was commanded at \arii)us times by Major Davis and Colonels (losman, Haiuier and Marrow, the greater part of the time by Colonel Cosman, and was at all times a model of administrative efficiency. The surgery was under the direction of Colonel John H. Gibbon during most of the period of activity, and this hospital was the first to receive systematic evacuations of freshly wounded soldiers from the American Line. The original operating staff at this time (April, 1918) was composed of Pool, lleuer, and M(Wiliiams, and later Vaughan and Jopson and their assistants, while many teams were added for temporary duly before the St. Mihi(^l Drive, for which this hospital was designated as one of the main ones for the reception of severely wounded. Twenty-six teams were on duty with Fvacualion No. 1 atid Mobile Hospital No. .'5 during the drive in Septeniljer. Later Percy, Dorrance, lleyd and Hetzel operated for long periods at this station. The surgery was moulded by and modeled after the teachings and practice of the leading French. Belgian and British operators, under whom the first operators here had been trained. The location of the hospital nine miles behind the line on the Verdun road was a favorable one for the speedy reception of freshly woundcnl soldiers, and the type of buildings in which it was housed, a French cavalry barracks, was well adaiiled to the definitive treatment of the wound(>d. It was not a iiiobile type of con- struction, but tlr> necessity of moving did not develop. In regard to technique and methods of instructitm, which latter, it is generally agreed, are better carried out in the technical branches of a military surgeon's education in the field, it suffices to say that the methods of the clinics and hospitals of DePage, Willems, and LeMaistre, in regard to debridement, primary and secondary suture, were taught and practised, as far as the exigencies of the military situation permitted. The sterilization of unclosed and grossly infected wounds 228 by the Carrel method was at all times employed, and with the most satisfactory results, and to most of the observers was an enlijjhtenment and revelation. The results as tabulated in monthly reports for the Chief Consultant, showed that the results of primary and secondary sutui'e, joint closure, and other radical inno- vations of the Belgian and French schools, could be duplicated by American surgeons. The Carrel method, at iirst condemned as a teilious and impiacticable measiue in front line work, was not only shown to be a life-saving but a time- saving measure. Captain Theodore C. Beebe, in charge of the laboialory, and Captain Lockwood, Director of the X-ray department, were responsible for the training of many officers in these specialties. The fact that almost 50 per cent of the oflicers of Hospital Unit A served at this hospital renders proper this resume of its work. Of the remaining officers, Farr was attached to the Chemical Warfare Service, Fife was at the Attending Surgeon's office in Paris, later attached to Evacuation Hospital No. 4 and iinally Chief of the Medical Service at Base Hospital No. 34 at Nantes. Moulton was at the aviation center at Isidun, Forman and Tweddell were at Tours, and Powell was with the lOth (By.) Engineers. Mitchell was Medical Chief at the Bed Cross Hospital at Neufchateau, and later with the 19th Machine Gun Battalion (Bainbow Division), during the St. Mihiel and Meuse- Argonne offensives, and with the Army of Occupation. Nearly all received promotion. The head nurse. Miss Liddle, was Cliief Nurse at Base Hospital No. 202 at Orleans in the latter part of 1918 and several of the unit nurses joined her there. Up to that time, in common with the f)ther nurses except those on duty at Evacuation Hospital No. 1. she had enjt)yed an active and useful service in the Bed Cross hospitals in Paris. One of our nurses. Miss Jeanette Watkins, was decorated with the Medaille d" Honneur by the French for notable services during the influenza epidemic. The unit lost one member by death, Corporal Horace E. Teter, who died at Base Hospital No. 18, in March, 1918, of pneumonia. He was a fine soldier, extremely efficient, and popular with the entire unit. In conclusion it may not be amiss to point out that a unit of this size could be organized in peace times along the lines which have been found so adaptable for mobile warfare, namely as a mobile hospital. The rapid rise in favor of this type of hospital, the smaller number of officers, the Hmited equipment as compared with a base hospital, and the ability to utilize it either in civil or military emergencies suggests it as a good type upon which to model a certain number of emergency organizations. The average hospital could build up from its staff a skeleton organization along the lines of a mobile hospital, staffed by young but experienced surgeons, capable of sustaining the severe strain thrown upon them duiing periods of active fighting, or the occasional emergencies or great disaster in times of peace, and due to natural causes. In fact, the second mobile hospital in the American Army, Mobile Hospital No. 1 (Mobile Hospital No. 39 was the first), was staffed in the main by Hospital Unit A. BED CBOSS GENEBAL HOSPITAL No. 1 Previous to the entry of the United States into the war a portion of the Medico-Chirurgical Hospital of Philadelphia had been taken over by the City and condemned to be torn down to make room for the Parkway, the remaining portion 229 o( the buildings liaving been acquired by the I niversity of Pennsylvania. Upon the declaration of war it was deemed inadvisable to curtail any hospital accom- modation then in existence, and the City and University then agreed to allow the buildings to rcniain intact until the termination of the war, or as long as they might be required for military purposes. The National Red Cross therefore agreed to take over the entire hospital and maintain it for the \a\"y under the designation of Red Cross General Hospital No. 1. It was turned over to the Navy on June 21, 1917. Captain Frank Ander- son, M. C, U. S. N., was placed in command and shortly afterwards Lieutenant Thomas M. Kelly. .M. C, l". S. N. R., was ordered as his assistant. It was the intention of the Navy Department to use what accommodation might be required by the Navy and gradually eliminate the civil patients to make room for those of the Navy. No change was made in the organization or general administration of the hospital. The professional and nursing staffs continued in their duties as before the transfer, and likewise the same civil employees were retained. During its occupancy by the Navy the two commissioned naval medical officers above mentioned, together with a pharmacist, were attached to the hospital for purposes of naval administration, and in all about seventy naval hospital corps recruits were sent there from time to time for training and instruction. Fourteen graduate trained nurses, assisted by about thirty undcTgraduates of the IMedico- Chirurgical training school for nurses, performed all the nursing duties of the hospital for both civil and Navy patients. David Milne, who had for some years been treasurer of the Medico- Chirurgical Hospital, consented to continue in the same office when it became a Red Cross hospital and was appf)inted by the National Red Cross as its financial representative for the institution. During the ten months of its existence as a Red Cross hospital, about 150 naval patients were under treatment, the average at any one time being about fifty. The great majority of these patients were such cases as occur in the ordinary service of peace times; only a few had seen service on the other side in the war area. As the full capacity of the hospital was not required by the Navy, it was possible to continue the admission of civil patients. Emergency and accident cases especially were accepted and in this way valuable service was rendered to the civil population of the neighborhood as well as to the Nav>'. With the increasing accommodation afforded by the regular naval hospitals of the Philadelphia Station, the necessity for maintaining this Red Cross hospital no longer existed, and, therefore, on May 1, 1918, all naval patients were with- drawn and its use by the Navy was discontinued. The most willing and conscientious professional attention was at all times rendered to the patients by the medical and surgical staff of the hospital, and it was to their regret that a greater demand could not have been made upon their time and services. Apart from the strictly professional work much was done for the comfort and entertainment of the men by the social service committee of the hospital. Extra clothing was hberally provided, a recreation room was fitted up for use by convales- cents, a piano and phonograph contributed, and diversion furnished by theatre parties and automobile tours, 2.30 PHILADELPHIA ARSENALS HE two arsenals in tlie city, the Frankford Arsenal and the Schuyklill Arsenal, were old established government works when the ^^orld War broke out. With very little delay the personnel was increased, new buildings erected and — new problems solved. Some interesting developments occurred. For ex- ample, before the War the optical departments of the Frankford Arsenal ]>urihased its finest glass from Ger- many. \Mien the supply there was cut off, the necessary material was secured from France. Finally, when the marine warfare made it difficult to get the glass with any degree of satisfaction, it was found that it was quite possible to get an equally high grade glass at Pittsburgh. Penn. THE FR.\NKFORD ARSENAL By L. W. Boody The Frankford Arsenal Reservation, located in the northeastern section of Philadelphia, comprises an area of 91.5 acres, and is a portion of a tract of land which was transferred by patent from John, Thomas and Richard Penn, proprietaries, to Andrew Hamilton on May 19, 1742. The territory on which the arsenal reservation is now situated was sold and resold at various dates until the United States Government made an original pur- chase of some twenty acres thirty-four perches in 1816. A final purchase of twenty- three and a fraction acres was made in March, 1917. |t That portion of the present arsenal reservation which was fu'st acquired by the United States Government as above described is located on the Bridge Street side of the grounds and extends from the Frankford Creek along Bridge Street to Tacony Street. Arrowheads and other Indian rehcs have been found in the vicinity of the mouth of the Frankford Creek, showing that Indians had a camp there. They lived there as late as 1755 and inspired such names as Tacony, ^^ issinoming, Tacawana, Wingohocking, etc. The Frankford .\i-senal was established under the general authority providing depots to be established in various parts of the country as contained in Section 9 of the Act of Congress February 8, 1815, viz.: "That to insure system and uni- formity in the different public armories, they ai'e hereby placed under the direction of the Ordnance Department: and the colonel of the Ordnance Department, under the direction of the secretary for the Department of War, is hereby authorized to establish depots of arms, ammunition, and ordnance stores in such parts of the United States and in such number as may be deemed necessary." The fii'st commanding officer of the arsenal was Captam Joseph H. Rees, Ordnance Department, who took command in 1816. Since that time it has been under command of officers of the Ordnance Department. 231 An interesting event associated with its early history was a visit by (ieneral Lafayette, described as follows: "On the 26th of September. 1824, the 1st City Troop left the town (Pliiladel- phia) and at Holmesburg it was joined by the 2d City Troop and the 1st and 3d County Troops; the whole squadron being under connnand of Captain J. R. C. Smith, of the 1st City Troop. "The next day at Morrisville, where the governor had delivered an eloquent address of welcome to Lafayette, they were joined by the 2d County Troop and the Bucks County Troop. They met and escorted (ieneral Lafayette and (Governor Schullze to Frankford, where they slept for the night at the L nited States .\rsenal. The people of Frankford were very much disappointed at the escort arriving when it was yet too light for illumination and still too dark to give a favorable view of the procession. "Lafayette visited the village the next morning and was received by Isaac Worrel, town clerk, who made a speech second or night shift worked four hours on Saturday after- noon, but on February 9, 1918, the Saturday afternoon work was discon- tinued. The total number of employees in the Small Arms Department at the start of the war in April, 1917, was 1,101, and in November, 1918, when the armistice was signed, there were 2,651 employees. When it is taken into consideration that the manufac- ture of military ammunition requires trained employees, the magnitude of the task of training the new employees is appreciated. That it was possible to train these new employees quickly and correctly was due to the loyalty and interest of the old employees in the Small Arms Department. During the war the morale of the employees was of the highest order; they always had for their motto: "More and better ammunition." As the war progressed, operations which had previously been performed by men were performed by female operators, thereby releasing all available men for the Army. It was the policy of the Small Arms Department to ask exemption only for those male employees who. because of the nature of their work, could not be spared. Edward L. Uhl was the civilian head of the Small Arms Department from March 26, 1917, to October \5, 1917, when he was succeeded by H. B. Vande- grift of the Small Arms Department. A. H. Hallowell was the civilian head of the night shift for several months. He was transferred to the day shift as assistant to Mr. ^'andegrift and was sent to France in August for three months as the arsenal representative of the manu- facturers' association. Mr. Hallowell visited various arsenals and ammunition factories in France and England, and also visited testing stations and airdromes. W. Rowley succeeded Mr. Hallowell as civilian head of the night shift. The following foremen were in charge of the small arms shops during the war: (iaiuiimj 'i-incft cases before packinih Day Shift Night Shift G. P. Kappler Box, gauging and packing C. H. Gibbs J. Matthews Loading — bullet assemble J. Costello M. F. Cleary Case shop J. Wilhelm Thomas Hess Draw press shop Harry Penn Wm. Ashworth Blanking and cupping shop Harry Penn W. C. Smith Tool and machine C. Robinson 237 Chas. McCann Sorting shop J. G. Schneering Proof house C. F. Hogue H. F. Schwind Tracer shop S. Carliss C. Partridge Incendiary shop R. S. Wolford Lieutenant Colonel Lionel D. Van Aken (then major) succeeded Colonel Munroe in October, 1917, and was in charge of the Small Arms Department until April, 1918, at which time Colonel Van Aken was transferred to the production division for duty. Major W. B. Doe (then captain) succeeded Colonel Van Aken in April, 1918. The following oflicers were assigned to duty in the Small Arms Department: Capt. R. Fenton Fisher, Capt. Thomas L. Page, Capt. Julius M. Lonn. Capt. Seymour P. Houghton. Capt. Dwight F. Alorss, Capt. Harold S. Wilkins, 1st Lieut. 1-:. P. Harris, 1st Lieut. Nicholas V. S. Mumford. 2d Lieut. Lee H. Williams. The following ollicers were assigned to duty in the Small Arms Department for a few months: Major Julian S. Cravely, .Major S. A. Sten Hammar. Capt. H. S. Mcllvain. ('.ajjt. John H. Buckley, Capt. Joseph F. Sees, Capt. H. B. Allen, 1st Lieut. Alvin R. W hitlock. Artillery Ammlmtio.n Department The entrance of the United States into the European War in Ai)ril. 1917, found the organization in the .\rtillery Ammunition Department greatly depleted of experienced shop superintendents and foremen, as the flood of oidiiance work which came to this country at the outbreak of the war in 191 1 caused commercial manufacturers throughout the country, who undertook this work without any j)revious experience, to search for men actjuainted with this type of work. These commercial establishments paid, in many instances, more money than such em- ployees were receiving at this arsenal. The result was that the .\rtillery Anmiuni- tion Department lost practically all of its experienced men, es])ecially tlutse en- gaged here for any length of time in an executive capacity. Immediately after war was declared steps were taken to have a suitable tool and gauge design depart- ment established at this arsenal. In the late spring of 1918 tlie new addition to the fuze shop was completed, and many machines from the old fuze shop were moved and relocated in th(> new fuze shop, the did fuze shop lia\iiig been too crowdi'd «itli niacliines for satisfac- tory operation. Production of combination time fuzes for the months of April, May, June, July, August and September of 1917 amounted to 81,000 fuzes. On or about .Se])lember 8, 1917, there was a serious explosion of the dryhouses and powder blending houses, together with a large quantity of primers and various other components necessary for the manufacture of fuzes and complete rounds of artillery ammunition, and this seriously affected the jjroduction of fuzes during the months of October and Xovember and December of 1917 and Jaiuiary of 1918, when production was cut down to 26,000 combination time fuzes for the four months. However, during that period arrangements were made with the DuPont Company to load and dry primers and detonators, and with the Artillery Fuze Company to load time train rings. This permitted the resumption of the assembly of fuzes in February, 1918. Production from then on to the first of iVovcmber. 1918, was 155,000. In October of 1918, the last month of the war, production 238 Intfniad.itKil W'orkinri on llif larijrr fiiiris. reached a total of 35,000 for the month. During this pciiod. in conjunttion with the manufacture of combination time fuzes, there was also carried on the manu- facture of base detonatin"; fuzes and miscellaneous primers. In connection with the Artillery Department short sketches might be given of the shrapnel shop, case shop, forge shop, primer shop, assembUng shop, and so forth, the same as has been given relative to the fuze shop, but owing to the desire to condense this article as much as possible this will be omitted. It is thought it may be interesting, however, to the reader to know that, loaded artillery ammunition was produced at this arsenal at the rate of 100,000 rounds per month at one time during the war. The Artillery Department was very ably handled by Major Joseph H. Pelot, the officer in charge. Instrument Department The Instrument Department was from the beginning of the war until May 1.3, 1918, under the supervision of Lieutenant Colonel Harry K. Rutherford. On that date he was reheved from duty in the Instrument Department and assigned as officer in charge of production and the management of the Instrument Depart- ment was placed under the control of Captain W. C. Hamilton. The articles manufactured by the Instrument Dejiartment, Frankford Arsenal, are panoramic sights, quadrants, telescopic sights, drill cartridges, plotting boards, range finders, gun sights, fuze setters, telescopes, tools, fixtures, etc. Repairs to various instruments sent in from the service are also made. 239 Stock Department At the beginning of the war Major Bricker was in charge of the Stock Depart- ment, and his force was increased somewhat to take care of the increased amount of material (Ieii\ered. .limes Hill was in charge of the R(>ceiving and Stock- keeping departments, and Peter .Sullivan was the Chief Slock ("lerk. Major Bricker was relieved in June and Major G. B. McClcllan. fiiinierly Mayor of New ^'ork ("ity, took charge. Major McC.Jelian was soon rciicNcd l)\ (laptain \V. W . \ewcomb, who took up his duties in the Stock Department in July. In February Captain Newcomb was relieved and Captain J. A. Stone as- signed to take charge of this department. Admimsthatiyk Dkpartment The Administrative Department of the arsenal during the period of the war may be briefly described as follows: Colonel (Joorge Montgomery was Conunanding Officer of the arstMial until March of \9\H. when he was relieved, and Colonel Samuel Hot was detailed as Commanding Officer. Major Bricker (now colonel) was the oflicer in charge of Adiiiiiiistration Division at the begining of hostilities. lie was superseded by Major (i. B. McClellaii. who served in that ca})acity but a short time, when he was superseded by Lieutenant Colonel P. J. O'Shaughnessy. L. \\ . Boody served as Chief Clerk of the arsenal throughout the period of the war. At the beginning of hostilities a certain number of reserve oflicers, upon their appointment in the Ordnance Department, were sent to the Krankford Arsenal for instruction in War Dei)artment and Ordnance DepaitmenI regulations, admin- islrati\(' methods. proj)erty accountabilit> , etc. Lewis \\ . iiooch , Chief Clerk of the arsenal, was first assigned as instructor and performed such duty for some time, or until tlie a|>p(iintment nf Captain (now Lieulcuanl ('olnnel) W. V. I'xiwicj, . The disbursing office of the arsenal during the months from .\pril, 1917, to November. 1918. inclusive, expended — for material and labor S 10. 16:?, 16:?, 61. In regard to the personnel of the arsenal, from a general point of view, it is thought that the most interesting -development is the extent to which women were utilized to fill jxisitions formerly occupied by men. On March 1. l')!T. just liefdrc the expansion which occurred, and when it was clear that war was imminent, there were employed at Frankford Arsenal 3,2:J8 employees — 2,372 men and 866 women; the men constituted 7:? per cent of the total and the women 27 jH'r cent. On November 1, 191}!, when the aitivilies of the arsenal were almost at the high(>st point, there were 6.171 employees, not including the 100 inspectors then under the jurisdiction of the Philadelphia District Oidnance Office, Of these 6,17 I there were 3,781 men and 2,:5'»(l women; the men at this time constituting only 61 per cent of the total and the women 39 per cent. The labor situation at this arsenal was not as bad as at other i)laces, due to the large number of old and steady employees who acted as an example to the newer ones, and there was a very small turn-over, so far as labor was concerned. For the last six months of the war the turn-over was not more than 8 per cent per month. 240 WORK AT SCHUYLKILL ARSENAL. By Clarence M. Rusk Exi'cnlive Assistant, Q. M. C. By Act of Congress April 2, 1794, it was directed that "three or four Arsenals with magazines shall be estabUshed in such places as would best accommodate the miUtary forces of the LTnited States." The present site of the Schuylkill Arsenal was purchased soon thereafter, and the foundation stone was laid in the year 1800. In 1802, it was reported to Congress that the cost of the buikUngs at "the laboratory," or barracks, as the buildings were called, was up to that time (they being imfinished) $152,608.02. The buildings were fln- ished in 1806. There were four large storehouses of brick set at some dis- tances apart, tluee stories high, and forming a hollow squai'e. There were also on the premises several other buildings, including a brick house for the residence of the Commanding Officer, a powder magazine, and other smaller constructions. The (Irays Ferry Road buildings were in use for storage as early as 1806. For more than one hundred years this estabhshment has been used as a place of manufacture for supplies for the Army, in which nearly everything coimected with the comfort of the soldier, his uniform, bedding, blankets, tentage, were prepared and stored. Coats, trousers, breeches, overcoats, stockings, shoes, gloves, caps and hats, etc., have been manufactured here in immense quantities or purchased from contrac- tors, and inspected and stored in the warehouses. A writer of the early 80's says of the Arsenal : "For many years the Schuylkill Arsenal was a great workshop, at which cloth and other material for clothing, etc., were cut and made up on tlie premises or dehvered to tailors and tailoresses outside, who made them up and delivered them. Frequently from 700 to 1,200 women were employed at this work, and from 100 to 150 men. During the Rebellion the disbursements at this depot were from $20,- 000,000 to $35,000,000 a year. The amount of property in storage is frequently very large and valuable. The area of the ground is eight acres." Thus, the Schuylkill Arsenal continued its work along general lines. It was used as a supply base during the Spanish-American War, and with the entrance of America into the World War was developed to its present size. In 1917 the Sciuiylkill Arsenal, locatefl at 2620 Grays Ferry Road, comprised twenty-two buildings, with a gross floor capacity of 1.265.175 sijuare feet. The twenty-one buildings of the Schuylkill Arsenal at the present writing 241 Ji^ .1 Finiik W. Buhler. Stanley <'r Main Enlnmce. hi^iP C'uurtcsy I>;iy A ZlmmtTmann. Inc.. Engineers. Airplane View, U. S. Army Supply Hasp. Ctreenwich Point. (1920) arc occupied hy the Salvage Division of tlic Army, tlio Factory Oporatiiii: Division and the Finance and Transportation Services. The expansion of the Schuylkill Arsenal activities under a Oeiiot Quarter- master diuiuf,' the WOrld War included the ( Jeiieral ( hiarlertuasler Interior Depot, 21st Street and Oregon Avenue, leased from the Girard Estate, comprising 60.7 acres. The work there started in February, 1018. and the first stores were moved in about May, 1918. When completed the buildings numbered thirty-two. Th(> five main ware- houses had a total of 912,000 square feet of storage space. 1 nder the supervision of the zone supply odicer, the following warehouses, etc., were included in this zone: Pillsbunih Storage Warehouses. tOlli find Biillcr streol.s. I'iltsliiirKli. Pii. Ford Building, Broad Street and I^eluph Avenue, on lease the third, fourth, f if 111, sixth, seventh and eighth floors, eomprisinp 38, .300 square feel per floor. I'sed for reserve storage supplies, equipment, subsistence, etc. Reed SIreel Faelory, 26th and Heed streets, on lease, a five-story and basement fireproof building was entirely used for maniifarturin(i, in.speetion, baling, offices, etc, Commereial Museum, ,3'Hh and Ispnii'e streets, leased at $1 per year, one story liigh, but equivalent in storage space to a three-story liuilding. Port Storage. Pier No. 78, south wharves, was not used until after the armistice. Nearby were four warehouses with a total area of 271,000 square feet. Pier 38, comprising 194,698 scpiare feet, leased during the war. Pier No. 57 was also used in the beginning and there was some loading at Greenwich Point. In February, 1918, Pittsburgh was made an independent depot and in ,lune, 1918, again transferrenls. Stock Maintenance Distribution. Manufactured Products Inspection Inspection, Laboratory. Stores Administrative Personnel, Publication, Time and l'a> roll. Operatinf; Cost. OlTice Ser\ ice. Order Entering and Regis- tering Stock Maintenance Order Service Inventory, Domestic, Foreign. Warehou.se Receiving. Placeinent, Packing, Shipping. Labor Property Property Accounts, Audits, Depot In- voicing. Sales and Issues Ollice Supply and ICquipiiicul . Conservation and Reclama- tion Vdniinistrati\c I'lTsonncl. l'Ml)lii alidii, TiMic am I Pa j roll. Operating Cost. Oflice Service. Receiving and .S)rling . . . . Salvage Clothing Repair Hat Repair Shoe Repair I.aumlrie-s and Dry Clean- ing Tents, Tentage, Cots, etc. . Warehouse Finance and Accounts ,\dniinistrative Personnel, Publication, Time and Payroll. Operating Cost. Ollice Service. Apportionments and Money Accounts Apportionments, and Muncy Accounts, Cost Accounting. Cash Cash and Sales, Payroll Audit. Voucher Vendors' Invoice, Vouchers Audit, E.\- pense Account, Mi.scellaneous Service. Plant Service Administrative Personnel, Publication, Time and Payroll, Operating Cost, Office Service. Building Design Construction and Repair Permanent Equipment Power, Heat and Light Plant Supplies Plant I)(piipment Plant Protection \dministrative Personnel, Piibliartinent. It was also the source of supply for tal)leware and kitchen utensils for all posts in the Northeastern, l^astern, Southern and Central Departments, excepting posts in Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming, North and South Daktita and Missouri. In addition to the above equipment, the Philadelphia Depot also supplied all band instruments and band instrument supplies to the entire Army. All rt'(|uisitions for clothing and equipage supplies were forwarded direct to llie I'iiiladelphia Depot, and the distribution was elfected entirely from this city. The three Disciplinary Barracks, located at Fort Jay, New York, Fort Leavenworth. Kansas, and Alcatriz Island, Cal., also depended on Philadelphia Depot for supply of such prisoners' clothing as was not manufactured at the prisons, Fort Jay forwarding their requisitions through the Kastern Department; Fort Leavenworth, being independent, through the O. !\I. G. 0.; and Mcatriz Island, through llie San Francisco Depot. Being an independent station, directly under the supervision of the Quarter- master (ieneral. numerous requisitions for the replenishing of stocks of clothing and equipage at New ^'ork, St. Louis, Fort Sam Houston and San Francisco were forwarded to the Philadelphia Depot from time to time. Stocks of supplies at the Philadelphia Depot had been considerably drawn upon, due to the mobilization on the Mexican bordcir in June, 1916, and practically the entire stock of the Field Supply Depot No. I was depleted by the spring of 1917. In April. 1917. after the declaration of war the number of requisitions received averaged about 120 daily and increased until the requisitions numbered 150 daily, each containing increased quantities of supplies. 246 Storage CAPAciTi' — Schuylkill Arsenal In April, 1917, the storage capacity of the Philadelphia Depot consisted of 3,017,966 cubic feet, scattered over eight buildings: Number of Shops, Storehouses, Quarters and Other Public Buildings on the Groupojs April ], 1917. and Their Use Shops S-A Building Manufacturers of clolhinf< and sponging plant 2 Building Manufacturers of flags and tcntage 1 1-A Shed Carpenter and box shop 9 Tin and paint shops 1 Basement, cooperage repairs 21 Blacksmith shop Storehouses 5-A Building — Basement and second floor Storage of materials 2 Building — Basement Storage of equipage 1 Building General storehouse 3 Building — Basement General storehouse First floor Dispensary and general storehouse Second floor Storehouse Third floor General storehouse 4 Building Storehouse and inspections 5 Building General storehouse 10 Building Genera! storehouse 12 Building General storehouse 6 Building — Basement General storehouse First floor Inspections, laboratory Second floor Museum 8 Building — (old magazine) Stable and general storehouses Quarters No. 1?4-A Officers quarters No. 2 -A Officers quarters Other Buildings 7 Boiler House 14 Oil House 15 Scale Shed 16 Main Office 17 Gate House With the acquisition of the Inland and Pier 78 warehouses, and otlier points, th(> carload storage capacity increased tenfold, until approximately 30, 000, 000 cubic feet were available for storage purposes. Some idea of the magnitude of the work may be had from the figures showing the yardage received and issued or stored. 1917 1918 Melton O. D 16 and 20 ounces 7,246,501 12,893,669 Melton O. D 30 and 32 ounces 4,477,013 5,232,913 Shirting flannel 6,716,316 11.963,191 Cloth cotton O. D 19,454,430 15,265,657 Duck, khaki 12.4 ounces 9,411,437 20,432,926 Duck, khaki 8 ounces 5.779,967 9,218,643 Duck, shelter tent 6,957,857 9,890,474 247 Reserve Stock of Subsistence In Juno. 1918, arrangements were made by the Q. M. G. 0. for storage of reserve stocks of subsistence of 15,000,000 rations to be divided among Philadelphia, Baltimore and Newport News. Shipments here arrived at the rate of twenty carloads per day and required 200.000 stjuare feet of warehf)use space. This was the first instance in tlie history of Philadelphia Dept)l tliat it handled subsistence in such quantities, as it had always been known as a clothing depot. Value of Phodcction Drpol Factory Reed S(. Factory Clothing. $i:!.:iH9.{)2«.0y St,;}1.5,,568.37 Chevrons. I'.-jii, 142.00 Flags Xi9,6:U.W 132,068.84 Tents 7,8:!2,:U:i.2K $21,819,177.86 $4,447,637.21 Total.. .$26,266.81.'">.07 The L.uiGEST Shipment During the War The largest shipment made during the war on one recpiisition was in Janu- ar\', 1Q18, in favor of the Expeditionary Forces, and called for the bulk of the subsistence at that time at the Philadelphia Depot. This shipment consisted of 105 carloads and 1.600 truckloads, and was completed in ten days. The second largest shipment also covered an overseas requisition and was made about July 25. P)18. consisting of 102 cars and comjileted in ten days. Itemized list of this re(]uisili(in is as follows: 400.000 undershirLs, wool: 600,000 undcrdniwcrs, wool; 2.960.000 piiirs slockiiigs. w(k)I. light weight; 1,.>00,000 ptiirs stockings, wool, heavy weight ; 7.5.000 overcoats: 37."), 000 trousers, wool; 3,000,000 pairs gloves, wool; 125,000 coats, wool; 100,000 jumpers, deniuL It is interesting to note that all band instruments from the .\merican Expedi- tionary Force were returned to th<^ Schuylkill .Vrsenal for storage or sale. In- deed, the salvage department of the arsenal has always been one of the most im- portant branches of the service, and during the period of the war handled 5.0Q6.538 articles, of which 2.210,491 were reissued. ToNNAIJK HaNDLKU at THE ArSENAL F. Y. 1914 9,708 Urns F. Y. 1918 719,512 tons F. Y. 1915. 8,511 tons F. Y. 1919 187,929 tons F. Y. 1916 12,9.50 tons F. Y. 1920 105,970 tons F. Y. 1917 36.400 tons F. Y. 1921 (Estimated) 300,000 tons Expenditures at the arsenal during the period of the war anioimted to $318,753,837.12. Personnel In 1917, six olTicers were on duty at the Schuylkill .\rsenal and 1.815 civilians were employed. These numbers increased in 1918 to 1 10 oHicers and 9,827 civilians. With the signing of the armistice, the policy of retrenchment decreased this numbei- to sixty-five officers and 4,025 civilians. On January 1, 1920, a further reduction of personnel decreased the number to nineteen officers and 2,800 civilians. 248 ARMY CASUALTY LIST fHE following names of Philadelphians, who died while serving with the United States Army, were copied from the list issued by the ( iovernment for use in the prepara- tion of the Frencli tiovernment Memorial Certificates. It was the most authentic and inclusive list available at the date of its publication. The Government has appropriated several million dollars to check up all lists so that as quickly as possible all men — and women — who were killed in action, or died of wounds or from other causes, will be properly listed. At the same time the records of all who were wounded, or who were sent for treatment to hospitals, will be listed. When the records are complete, the lists will be turned over to the Adjutant General of the several States. They, in turn, will no doubt list the men and women of their respective commonwealths according to locality. Abrams, Albert L. Abrams, Joseph A. Achternmn, Kilwani Adair, A. Adams, Earl Adams, Hiram Adams, Thomas H. AfiUano, Pasquale Agostini, Joseph E. Aitkins, Charles Aitkins, John Akins, Frank L. Alberts, John Archer Albrecht, Carl J. Albridge, Frank Akope. Otto Alden, William Aleander, Gail II, Allen, Alfred R. Allen, Edward Allen, John B. Allen, John J. Amandola, Giovanne Amodei, Anthony Anderson, Harry U. Anderson, John Anderson, Robert L. Andrews, John H. Archer, Etlward T. Archer, Joseph D. Armoo, Carlo Armstrong, Elmer 11. Armstrong, George M. Arnold, Harry Ashmore, Donald Ashton, Alfred 'I'. Ashton, James K. Aspell, Bernard Astbury, Thomas W. Attica, Herman Atwood, Walter Aiichenbath, Henry W. Auritsky, Samuel Aiiritt, Nathan Ayre, Jr., John Backley, W. E. Bailey, Henry Bain, Josejih Bainbridge, Howard C. Baird, Joseph A. Baker, George B. Baker, Howard S. Balasone, Pasquale Baldrick, Joseph J. Baldwin, Jessie 1'. Balinsky, William Ballay, George Ballentine, .Samuel L. Bambrick, \ ineet Bamford, Edward (!. Banhof, William Barker, Edward J. Barnitz, Reed W. Barr, Edwin Barr, Robert Barrett, William F. Barron, John A. Barry, James J. Barry, John J. Barry, Stanley H. Basile, Edward L. Baskin, Andrew Battista, Ermindo Battles, Frank Bauer, Frederick E. Bauer, George H. Bauraan, Frederick Baumeister, Frederick Baumgartner, Fred. J. Beanchionelle, G. Bealty, Charles L. Beatty, George Beaumont, Fred. A. Beck worth, Eugene Bedingfiekl, John C. Bedingfield, John J. Behrend, Charles Belfatto, FeUx Bell, George E. BeUi, Frederick F. Belza, Michael Benedict, Hyman Bender, John X. Bender, Wilham Benischeck, Clem M. Benner, Rubin Bennicker, Charles N. Bensing, Fred W. Berkowitz, Louis R. Bessano, James Biddle, Julian Cornell Bieri, Otto J. Billing, John L. Billitt, Richard S. Birney, Knox B. Black, Robert E. Blaszkiewicz, Julian Blein, Wilham H. Blotts, Domenick Bock, Charles J. Boehn, Frank R. Boldezar, Lawrence J. Boles, Matthew H. Bolte, Raymond Boltersdorf, Edward A. Bolto, Louis Bond, Mark V. Bonlivare, William Bonsack, Jr., James A. Booth, John Borowski, Theodore Borucki, Anthony V. Bosbyshill, William L. Boss, John G. Bowden, Frank Bowns, William H. Boyer, John Boyer, Oscar D. Boyle, Charles J. Bradley, Charles D. Bradley, John Brady, Edward J. Brady, John Brady, Joseph Henry Braham, Albert 249 Braker, Jr., George E. Brantz, Harry M. Bratcher, George Brawley, Jr., James C. Braxton, Earl Bray, Harry Brazek, Leon Bree-n, Bernard F. Breidenficld, John Brenner, Frederick Brett, John J. Brewer, Arthnr S. Brigginan, Charles Briggs, Birne, FJngelbert H. B>rne, M, P, Hyrne, Vincent Hyrnes, Joseph .\, Hysin, Harry Cabaldo, Frank T. Cahill Lawrence A. Cain, John W, Calhoun, John IL Callaghan, James M, Canierote, .Vntonio (^ammarata, Arthur (-ampbell, Edward M. Cann, Samuel Cannon, Antonio ('anserano, Basilio Cant/, Edward J. Canvate. W illiain Capony, Joseph Caramanna, Salvatore Carlile, \\ alter W. (]arlin, James A. Carraange, Michael Carmelo, V. Carney, W illiani J. CaroUne, Robert K. Carpenter, James D. Carr, Bi-rnard A. C.!u-r, Johnson I). Carr, Thomas \. Carrigan, Sniythe B, Carrigan, Thomas L, (Carroll, Ronnie ("arson, Frank Carson, John Carter, W illiam ("arlin, CJiarles Casey, BiTuard J. Casey, Charles Joseph Casey, Clifton M, Casey, Harry Martin Cassady, Samuel L. C'assel, Frank 15. C.assel, George H. Cassia. Domenico Cassidy. James J. Cas.sidy, Thomas Jos, Castor, John H. Caslrigiana, Sostino ("aville, Francis I>eo Chamberlin, Carl B. Chancier, Joseph A. Chanen, Samuel Cherry, Joseph 11. Chillis. Edgar S. Cholerlon. Harry C.iccone, Daniel J. Cimino, Tony Cindis, John D, Clair, Frederick S. Clark, Early R. Clark. Patrick Clark. William 11. Clark, William J. Clark, AVilliani Joseph Clauser, Robert L. Cleary, William J. ( 'obiir. Peter Coccia, Alphonse Cochran, JauK's Joseph Coen, John J. Coll'an, Howard 11. Cohen, Morris Coleman, Earnest Coleman, Jaiues J. Colio, Guiseppe Coll, James .\. Collins, Frank Collins, Frank T. C.olhns. Hugh \. Collins. Joseph B. Collilon. Ignatus J. Conunaker, Mberl Condran, John J. Conley, Francis \. Conley. William M. C.onlin. Antlrew A. Conlin. Matthew Connell, Carl J. Connelly, Edward T. Comior. Edgar Connor. W illiam Connor, \\ illiam iV. Conroy, Harry J. Contriciano, Frank Conway, Harry J. Conway, John H. Conway, Peter J. Cook, (Jeorge D. Cook. Harry Anthony Cooney. Jt)hn Michael Cooper, J()sei)h W . Corbett, Francis W . Corcoran, Daniel J. Cornish, George T. Corr, John Costello, Frank P. Costello, Jolui A. Costigan. James Thos. ("otter, W illiam P. Cotton, William O. Covelle, F'rederick Coyle, Charles ("oyle, Charles J. Coyle, Joseph .\. Coyle, Samuel J. Coyne, Charles Cozzie, Victor .\. ( "raig, George A, Craig, William F, Crawford, Francis J. ("raw ford, Joseph P. ("rawford, Sanniel W. Crispi, Nicolo Crocco, Jerry Crossen, Joseph A. ("rossley, Harry Crowe, Charles H, Crutc. William ("abler. Raymond J. Cucinolta. Pantalione ("ullen, Thomas J. C.ullen. Walter J. (Aunmings, Orville S. Cunningham, Claude C, Cunningham. Wm. M, Cupitt. Harold D. Curran. John Currie. Richard J. ('urry. William L. 1) Allessandi, Guiseppe Daily, Leonard J. Dakin, Bichard E, Dalbey, Joseph L. Dallas, John M. Dallon, Jose()h II. Daly, Edward J. Danig, (Jeorge Darrell, John E. Daul. Joseph Y, Davis, Earl R, Davis, Harry F. Davis, H, G. Davis, Stanley D, Dawson, (ieorge .\. Day, Joseph A. Day, Richard F. Decker, Calvin W . Dei'ker, Warren J, De Flavia, l"rank Delani'\ , Law rence De Lulla, Michael Dempsey, John A, D(!pue, James H. Desimore, Generino Devenny, James V. Devine, tieorge S. Devlin, Charles J, Dewees, Charles G. Dewees, Herbert K. Diamond, David Diamond, Harry Diamond, Harry F. Diamond, Thomas E. Dickenson, (ieorge F, Dieterle, (ieorge J. Dielz, Benjamin F. Dignan, John D. Di Marcia, Guisline Dinan, James F. 250 Di Nardo, John M. Dino, Thomas L. Di F'lHudo, Antonio Di Pictro. Constant,'" Di Sciscio, R. DistltT, Walter H. Di Vito, Anthony Dixon, \\ iUiani S. Dohhins. Reubin Dobrowt)lsl4i, Bolesaw Dolan, \\ ilhani F. Doland, Frank Doland, Morris J. Dolfo, Anthony Donibrouski, Jolin Doniinico, Geort;e Donaghy, James A. Donaghy, John L. Donaghy, Joseph Donahue, George M. Donalme, James J. Donald, George Donnelly, John Donnelly, John F. Donnelly, William Dooley, Kyrien J. Dooney, Thomas Dougherty, Charles J. Dougherty, George Dougherty, George P. Dougherty, Hugh F. Dougherty, James A. Dougherty, Joseph Dougherty, Thomas F. Dougherty, Win. L. Dowd, John J. Doyle, John J. Doyle, John J. Downs, Jr., Norton Draper, Arthur M. Druding, George J. Drum, Robert I. Dubs, Valentine Dudzik, Andrew Dullel. Reuben Duffy, Charles H. Duffy, Frank J. Duffy, James Duffy, John I. Duffy, INlichael Duffy, Patrick Dugan, Walter S. Duncan, Howard Duncan, Jr., Joseph G. Dunn, Howard K. Durando, Caniillo Dutill, Arthur Dzikouski, J. Earner, John J. Eberle, H. E. P^bner, Frank Eckels, Lauren S. Eckert, Henry Edgar. Harry D. Edward, Joseph S. Egan, Patrick J. Egerter, John Eidani, Frank Eisele, John A. Elhott, Charles F. Ellison, Asberry Emery, Thomas F. English, Wilham H. Entwistle, Zachary Eplcr, William I!. Erb, Frank E. Erb, Henry E. Erdwein, WiUiam (i. Ernest, Howard Ernst, WiUiam A. Erpert, Ike Escandel, Charles A. Esher, George W . Essing, Arthur T. Evans, Jr., Charles T. Evans, Horace I^. Evans, Richard Everhart, Jr., E. E. Faber, William C. I'^agan. Francis Fakey, James P. Fales, Thomas H. \\ . Falls, Frank I'^anean, Bernard E. Fantacona, Nicholas Faracca, Attilio Farrell, Lewis A. Farrell, Patrick J. Faunce, Wilmer Faust, Ste[)hen Fay, John P. Fearn, Jr., Josepli J. Fecca, Daniel Fee, James Ferguson, Clarence P. Ferguson, Joseph S. Ferguson. Robert J. Ferriter, Josejih Ferry, Alphonseous Ferry, Michael Fickerson, Elmer Fiechler, Jacques Fielding, Louis H. Fields, Percy Fife, John Fineburg, Joseph Fink, Wilbur K. Finn, Bernard I'^innegan, Michael G. Finnegan, Thomas F. Fischer, Benjamin II. l""ischer, Bernard A. Fischer, Herbert \. Fischer, John J. Fishburn, Anion E. Fitzgerald, Edward Fitzgerald, Harvey P. Fitzharris, Joseph C. Fitzpatrick. Louis II. Flanigan, Thomas I'leckal, Frederick J. Fleisch, I'jdward Fleming, James G. Fleming, Joseph F. Fleming, William Fleming, \\ illiain Fleming, William Fleming, Jr., VVilliaiii Fleshman, Albert N. Fletcher, Arthur Fletcher, Frank Florio, Humbert Flynn, Charles Mynn, John J. FoM. Harry R. Foley, Edward II. Foley, John J. Fontanini, Charles Forbes. ( Miver 1). Ford, Harry J. Ford, James J. Ford, William Forsyth, Albert E. Forsyth, Matthew Foss, Rudolph Foster, Francis Foster, Joseph P. i'oster, Lee M. Foster, Leon R. Foulke, Walter L. Fox, Elmer F-ox, Fred R. Fox, Harry L. Fox, James Fox, John H. Fox, Joseph Fraim, John Francis, Josei)h Francis, Raymond Frank, Charles Frank, Frederick J. Frank, Harry Frazier, Edwaril P. Frederick, John Freed, John B. Freedman, Nathan Freihofer, Wm. A. Friedc^l, Jr., Alexander Friedman. Isidore Friel, Harry Fritz, Stephen G. Fudala, Fred J. Fuller, Harry J. Fullcrton, Joseph P. Fulton, Stewart Furlong, Charles Furman, Thomas J. (iabrack, Miketar ( iabriele, Andrea F. (iabriele, Joseph Gakle, Wallace H. ( ialgiordi, Lugi ( iallagher, James L. (iallagher, John L. ( iantz, Frank C. Garan, Frank M. Garland, John P. Garner, Robert E. Garrity, Edward I. GaskiU, Joseph E. Gaskins, John F. (iaumer. .\lbert H. Gavaghan, James F. < iazzara, John Geever, Michai'l J. Geib, Adolph (ieiger, William D. Geller, Samuel Gemmell, John J. Gerhardt, Jr., George Gerngross, John A. (ieyer, George H. (jibson, .\lbert E. Giholte, Fraidi J. Gilbert, Noble H. Gilchrist, Alexander Gdland, John V. Gillen, Jacob (iillen, Jacob (Jillen, .Sanuiel W. Gillespie, Harry J. GiUespie, Jerry GiUian, WiUiam M. (iiordano. Dominic N. (iiordano. Vincent 251 Girnischeid, Joseph T. Givons, Horace (iivens. Jolin Givcns. Joliii ,1. (ilashofer. Philip (ilasspn. Andri'w J. (Jlt-ndon, Martin Glenn. Frank Peter (ilentworth. John H. Goderiici, John Godshall, Walter M. (ioering, Henry L. Gold, Isaac (iold. Louis Golden, John J. Golden. Thomas \I. fJolden, William 1 1, (ioldfiis, lyouis Samuel (ioldman. Max Goldman, William Goldstein, Morris Goldstein. Hoherl GoUmer, David Gooiian, Michai'l J. GofMJridp'. Philip H. (iordon, Louis (iordon. Nathan Gordon, Hoherl I'. Gorman, Kdward < '.. Gosner, Geortre H. (Joward, lCd«aril H. (i, Gowen, Kdwin A. (irady, Jr., Michael J. Grair. .John Charles Ciraham. John H. (irauhert. Isadon- 1 1. Graves. W arren \ . Gray, Cnloh Gray, John II. fireeley, Kdward Greeley, Haymond K. (ireen, CKman ('., (ireen, Herbert GreenlxTK. R. (ireenway. Frank W . (ireenwood, Harry L. (Jreenwocxl, John Gregory, John H. Grejber, John H. Grillin. Joseph F. Grilliii, William \. (irifiull. Otto F. (irimm, W ilhur K. Grinnan, Thomas P. GrochowskI, Boleslaw (irosholy, .\lfred (;. Gross, Alfred Gross, R. (iross, Russell C. Grosz. Jacob C. (irout. Leo M. firove. Leroy R. (iruber. Oscar H. ( iiiida, Pas(|iiale (iuiliana, Antonio Guinana, Philip \. Guise. CJeorge J. (niUioyle. William F. Gunsallus. Frank J. ( iustave. Stanley Haas. La\vrenne. James Al(( ioni^'lc. James B. McCiolhaii. Wni. B. McGralii. Joseph \. McGreal. Joseph II. Mc(!uipin. Kiigene I. AIc(!iiire. ,Iosei)h J. McHufil). Joseph Mcllvaine, James Mclnlyre. Michael J. McKee, Joseph L. McKenna, Edward P. McKenna, Francis McKeon, Thos. Jos. McKernon, Chas. H. Mcl.aufihlin, John McLean, (ieorpe McMackin. Jolm J. McMahon, John 1'. McMenamin. P. J. McNamara, J. J. McNearney. John McNellis. John J. McPeak, Frank J. .McPolin. Jolm J. McSharry, Francis P. McTiiillan. Edward McVey. Joseph A. MacXriliiir. John S. .Machelle. Kirk \\ . Macken, Charle.s Madden, Frank A. Madenford, Walter Mafjarahan, James Mapee, John J. MaKiiire, Francis A. Maher. ICdward F. Mahler. Leslie James Maleahoka. Samuel Maleczerski, Ix)iiis Malloy, John L. Malloy, Thomas B. Malone, Charles F. Malone, Edward J. Malone. Boy W. MaUmey, Baymond Mancine, LawTence Mancnsi. Frank Manger, Henry B. Marano. Frank Marauer. Charles Alarchesano, Carl Martin, Edward T. Martin. John P. Martin. Bobert J. Martin. \ incent Martin. William Monahan. Edward Mondelli, James Mondress. Harry Monroe, Shadrick Moonan. James F. Mooney. Jolm P. Mooney. I'eter E. Mooney, \Mlham Moore. Clarence P. Manichella. l'"iTdinando Moore. Peter Massey. Thomas Mastropiese, Palo Matthews, Arthur W . Mayer, Andrew \\ . Maylie, Jacob L. .Mazkewi/. I^ouis Meaney. Harry Meell, Ceo. WinlicM Meisle. John Meli(k. Phillip (i. Mellon. James M. Mellory. Hazzare Alelvin. Frank J. .Mengel. Harry Menlz, Morris B. Mercer. Wilbert Mericke. Slcjihen Merkle, William J. Merrian. Frank Merz, Harold B. Mesteyky, Joscl Meyers. Harvey F, Meyers, \Mlliam Michalski, Stephen Milor K. Wallman. Morinan \\ ankmiller, Frank Wanner, .\Jfred II. Waples, J. Douglass Ward, .\nfln'w J. Warren. ;\rthur J. \\ arriek, Linwood W arriek. Thomas Warriner. Herbert \\ arusliok, John Wasser, Charles B. Waterhouse. ('.has. M. Waters, George James Wat.son, ('harles E. Watson, James C. Watson, ,Tohn S. Watson, Joseph J. Watt, Graham B. W eber, Alfn>d W eber, George J. Weber, Joseph 11. Weber, Stillwell K. Webster, Thomas S. Weer, Milton B. Weight. Charles E. Weisbrod, Harry Weiss, Bichard (;. Weiss. Bichard J. Wells. An.lrew J. W ells, W all.r Welsh, Jr., John 11. Wel.sh, John Williams Wentz, Lenuiel K. Wernikove, lx>uis West, Dennis West, (iordon 15. Welherstine, Harry II. Weyersburg, Walter Whaley, Bobert \. W heatley, Bichard W liite, .Vlbert B. W hite, James W hite, John W hite. W illiam T'. W hilehursl. \\ illiarii Whiteside, ( ius W hitson. (ieorge I". Whorowski, Zigmonl Wiegand, Walter J. Wilkinson, Edward Wilkinson, John B. Wilkinson, Josejjh M. Willowilch. Frank Wilson, .\rllii]i Wilson, Arthur li. W ilson, David Wilson, John P. C, 256 Wilson, Louis M. Wilson, William C. Wine, William E. Winnals, Walter E. Winston, Erskin Witsil, Earle Wolf, George R. Wolf, Horace J. Wolfe, Frederick P. Wolperl, John .1. Wood, T. E. Wood, William Work, Jr., John W. Wortliington, Frank E. Wright, Reuben O. \\ right, William M. \^ rigle>, Charles E. \\ yborski, Charles C. Wyoitka, Antonio Yannuzzi, Guiseppe Yarak, John Yearsley, Edward F. Yekle, Joseph O. Young, Adolph L. Zack, Peter Zakaroska, Paul P. Zaun, Jacob Zeissing, Dan Ziegler, Conrad W. Zuendel, William II. Memorial Wreaths, '^Sth Division Parade. 257 REPORT 0\ WAR ACTIVITIES FOURTH NAVAL DISTRICT April 6, 1917 to February 1, 1919 George F. Cooper. Captain, V. S. N. James A. Campbell, Jr., Lieutenant-Commander, U. S. N. (Ret.) Frank J. Gorman, Ensign, U. S. N. R. F. ^^^^ MBUED with the spirit of patriotism which inspired the founders of the nation assembled nearly a century and a half ago in this city, the history of the Fourth iVaval District reads true to the high ideals of Americanism eiiuiuiated when this nation was born and upholds to the fullest the best traditions of the naval service. From a civilian population, peace-loving by Quaker teachings, there was created a conmiissioned and enlisted personnel .second to none, representatives of which found their way by the ever-changing needs of the service into every branch of its activities, afloat and ashore, at home and abroad. There were given to the Navy without stint man power, money and possessions, that the war nu'ght be prosecuted to a successful conclusion. Even industrial activity which had its inception and its existence in peaceful pursuits was converted to war-time needs and the Navy was the recipient of this bounty and cooperation. On the Atlantic Coast, from liarnegat on the north to Assateague on the south and backward into the great industrial, mining and maiuifacturing cities, and from the largest to the smallest centers of population, the people stood staunchly behind the Navy; no call was unanswered. Men in every walk of life dropped their normal pursuits and the (lower of young manhood forsook institutions of education to don the Navy blue. And wherever assigned and to whatever duty, they acquit l(>d themselves honorably, ably and wilhout liinching. Tlie inl('iisi\c activities of the Fourth Naval District may be properly said to have had their origin in the promulgation to the naval service of the President's Neutrality I'roclamations of August 1 and .^, 1911. These were contained in the Na\'y Department's (ieneral Order No. 113 of August 7th, of the same year. The necessity for subdivision of control of naval activities naturally prompted tile system of district organization. In making the territorial liiiiilalions of naval flistricts, the established navy yards were consitlered in coujuuctiou with the natural water-ways, the ports that were to be defended, and that were to be utilized for offensive military jiurposes. The careful study and investigation made of th(! subji'cl were embodied in concrete form in the regulations for the government of the naval districts of the United States, which were made elfective by the pronuilgalion to the naval ser- vice of the Department's General Order .No. 36 on August 20, 1909. As far as it was possible, each district contained one port of recognized importance, and one established navy yard. 2.i« The Fourth District embraced the coast-liiie from Barnegat Light, N. J., south to Chincoteague Inlet in Virginia, and the Delaware Bay and Biver. At the junction of the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers, and at the soutliernmost extremity of the city of Philadelphia was located the important Philadelphia Navy Yard, protected from attack, as was the city itself, by land forts on l)oth banks of the Delaware, manned by the Coast Artillery Corps of the United .States Army. The Fourth Naval District's northern boundary extended in a general north- westerly direction from Barnegat to Tr(Miton. where it intersected the boimdary line of Pennsylvania, which line bivame the boundary of the district, so tiiat the entire State was included with the exception of a small section bordering on Lake Erie. The district was made to include also the entire State of Delaware and a rectangular portion of Maryland bounded on the north l)y tlie southern boundary of Delaware, on the east by the coast-line, and on the southwest by a line drawn from the southwestern corner of the State of Delaware southeastward to Assa- teague. These boundaries remained fixed, with slight changes, until the (>nd of the war. Before there was even an intimation of the great European conllict. and many years before there was any thought that the ITnited States would be engaged in it, preliminary infoTination and tentative jilans wcic foimulated by the Navy Depart- ment for the utilization of prop(Mties ashore and equipment afloat as auxiliaries to the regular naval establishment. The several commandants of the Fourth Naval District, prior to the war, had in their possessitin descriptions of coast-guard stations and of lighthouses. riioto by Rerilogle. Delaware River Front. 259 /Vary )'ard. l(X)kirui ca.il. Oc'.obcr. 1917. with coinnK'nts as to tlicir availal)ilit\ in liiiu' of war as iia\al paliol hascs and as visual signal and reportinfj stations. Data woi(> collected and corrected from time to time as to the vessels habitually I'ound in the district with a view to their conversion and employment in harl)or cntiance and olT shore patrol duties, in mine-sweepinj; and in other necessary naval purposes. Plans for arming these auxiliaries, for strengthening their decks for gun mounts, for fitting magazines and necessary other incidental changes in their construction and ecpiipment were perfected and standardized. Later on, when logical preparedness dictated more advanced steps in this dii-ection. owners of power-boats constructed craft along the standard lines as indicated by the Navy Department. In fact, the ultimate utilization of pleasure boats in the event of war had a marked effect upon the designs of large sized power- boats constructed within recent years. Inland water routes were investigated and charted and their availability in war times reported upon. The resources of local ship repair yards, and particularly those equip])ed with docking lacilities, ship chandleries, wrecking companies and the locations of wharves and docks, with depths of approaches thereto, were care- fully catalogued for ready reference in war time. I ndefended harbors and possible landing places were surveyed with a %iew 260 to tlieir defense by mines and nuthilc lurces. Anchorages suitable for tlie use of district patrol vessels of deeper draft were gon(! over, while minor inlets and refuges for small craft that might serve an enemy purpose were not neglected. Most careful consideration was given to the telephone and telegraph facilities within the naval district, and what changes would be necessary to adapt these systems to strategic naval use with particular reference to the extensions necessary to cover outlying points adequately. The collection of information as to privately owned and amateur operated radio stations proved to be a considerable task, as it was not realized until this in- vestigation was concluded liow widespread the amateur interest had become in radio telegraphy. It was found that hundreds of these stations with small antenna; were scattered through the district, not any of them of a considerable range, but all of them a detriment to the smooth and perfect operation of war-controUed radio, and capable of being of service to the enemy if operated by alien enemies. Statistics as to pilots, tug captains and local mariners, information as to hospitals, both mimicipal and private, and their availability for treatment of navy personnel, all found a place in the comprehensive pre-war data. Last, but most important, as the plans of the district took shape, there were ap- proved tentative complements of personnel and plans for its distribution through- out the Fourth Naval District in connection with possible war-time requirements. So that there might be a minimum of duplicated defensive elTort, the Com- manding (Jfhcer of the Artillery District of the Delaware, comprising the fortifica- tions at Fort DuPont, Delaware; Fort Mott, New Jersey; and Fort Delaware, Delaware, furnished the Commandant of the Fourth Naval District with charts, plans, and data indicating the arcs of gun fire, the areas covered by seai'chlights, and other necessary information concerning the defensive and offensive characteris- tics of the posts under his command. The presence in the port of Philadelphia of the interned German ships Prinz Oskar and Rhaelia, and of the Austrian steamship Franconia, and the operations of the commercial radio stations at Cape May and on the Wanamaker Building, and of the transatlantic station at Tuckerton, N. J., imposed upon the Navy the necessity of carrying out the instructions contained in the orders of the Secre- tary dated January 1, 1915, and as subsequently modified April 21, 1915 and March 3, 1916. These instructions prohibited the transmission of any information by radio that might be considered as unneutral in chai'acter. It prohibited the receipt or transmission of cipher or code messages from ship stations of belligerent nations by any radio shore station. Communication of any character with warships or belligerent nations was prohibited except calls of distress, messages relating to weather, or hydrographic information. Operating companies were charged with the responsibility for the enforcement of these regulations where such companies were neutral, but in the case of the transatlantic station at Tuckerton which operated with certain other commercial stations in Germany, navy censors were stationed to prevent the transmission of unneutral matter between that country and the United States. Lieutenant E. A. Lichtenstein, LI. S. N., was assigned to this duty. The first officer ordered to duty in the Fourth Naval District in connection with the enforcement of the President's Neutrality Proclamation was Lieutenant 261 Charles H. Bullock, U. S. N., who reported January 12. 1916. Tliis officer was made responsible for the inspection and sealing of radio outfits on board belligertMil and neutral ves.sels arriving at the port of Philadelphia, and for the suppression of unneutral activities of the amateur and conunenial stations in the district. Of the latter there were two, one on the W ananiaker Building. Philadelphia, the other the .Marconi Station at Cape May, N. J. In addition, he was charged with the inspection, at least once a week, of the German steamers Priii: Oskar and Rhaelia. and the Austrian steamer Franconia. The work rapidly assumed larger proportions and [inasmuch as l.iculcTianI Bullock was also in charge of the Hydrographic Ofiice, Lieutenant II. 11. Portci. LJ. S. ^'. (Het.). and Knsign F^arl W. Jukes, U. S. N. (Ret.), were assigned lo the duties of the neutrality enforcement, and made their headquarters at the braiuli hydrographic ofiice. In 1916 Captain Robert L. Russell, U. S. N., was Commandant nl tin- hunlli Naval District, and of the Navy ^ ard. Philadelphia, as well. In October of thai year the district pre-war activities became so numerous that luisign Jukes was detached from the branch hydrographic ollice, and was ordered as aide to the com- mandant of the Fourth Naval Distiict. (leorge W. Carney, who had pn'\ inusly been designated as Cliief Clerk to the Connnandant of the Fourth Naval District, assisted materially in the preparation of the revised plans and the statistics found necessary b> the changed conditions due to later developments. The necessary i'holo by Ri-, : .: .1 IJry Dork al the Navy Yard. Odoher. 1917. 262 clerical assistance at that time did not keep pace with the rapid increase of work and John Heisler, chief clerk to the Commandant of the Navy Yard, cooperated with the district force by placing his clerical organization at its disposal whenever possible. The plans for the use of physical property and floating equipment were practically completed, and toward the end of the year the war slate, which embraced the assignment of reserve and retired officers to war duty was com- pleted after frequent conferences with Captain G. R. Marvell, U. S. N., who was then Director of Naval Districts, with headquarters in Washington. Utilization of coast-guard stations was the subject of considerable correspon- dence between the Connnandant and Captain F. S. Boskerch, U. S.C.G., with head- quarters at Atlantic City, and who was in charge of the coast-guard stations located within the district. The necessity for control over and censorship of radio activities was early recognized, and plans were formulated for taking over the commercial radio stations in the district, and for the dismantling of amateur stations. This followed the appointment in December, 1916, of Ensign Jukes as Aide for Information and District Communication Superintendent of the Fourth Naval District. On April 11, 1917, Lieutenant James A. Campbell, Jr., was assigned to duty as Conmiunica- tion Officer at the Navy Yard and on June 13th relieved Ensign Jukes as District Communication Superintendent. In the early part of 1917 the expedient of borrowing yeomen from the receiving ship to perform the necessary clerical duties in connection with the district proved unsatisfactory. Effort was made to enroll yeomen in the naval reserve force, but with no definite prospect of war, the reserve force did not prove attractive. Finally on Maich 2, 1917, Clarence G. Supplee, the first man enrolled in the reserve force of the Fourth Naval District, was accepted and reported for active duty the follow- ing day. He was later commissioned as ensign in the reserve force, and performed valuable duty at the District Headquarters. Captain Harrison A. Bispham, U. S. N. (Ret.), reported for duty in the Fourth Naval District on March 15, 1917. On March 28th, on the eve of the declaration of war. Captain George F. Cooper, U. S. N., reported as Clrief of Staff of the Fourth Naval District, and immediately undertook with zeal the organization of the forces, and the further development of the plans for the establishment of the naval district organization on a war footing. International developments followed rapidly at this time, and with the war but a matter of formality, a recruiting raUy was held in the reception room of the Mayor of Philadelphia in City Hall on March 20, 1917. Publicity was given to the need for recruits, and citizens were requested to assist immediately in the recruiting campaign that was opened in the same room the following day. The plans previously formulated for the organization of the naval reserve force were outlined at the meeting by Captain Bispham, representing the command- ant of the Fourth Naval District. The Mayor of Philadelphia, Thomas B. Smith, pledged the city's loyalty and cooperation as did others prominent in civic affairs and in the activities of the German-American Society. The publicity given at this meeting gave great impetus to the work of traveUng recruiting parties sent throughout the Fourth Naval District. While the actual enrolments were not commenced until late in March, the 263 lipadquarters of the Fourth Naval District, when war seemed probable, was flooded willi verbal, wiitten and telephonic ofFeis from men in every walk of life, and of every occupation. Owners of power-boats and of steam yachts l)ast(>ned to ascer- tain whether their particular craft could be utilized, and whether they could or could not was paramount over the conditions under which the (io\ernment would accept them. Palatial pleasure craft were offered to the Government outriixht. and in order to give the acceptance formality, a dollar a year contract was formulated, fiivinj,' the (iovernment the use of vessels that could not have been chartered in peace times for thousands of times that amount. These offers were carefully catalojmed and their availability was determined in advance by the Joint Board of Inspection of Merchant \ essels. Commander C P. Nelson, U. S. N., senior member. When the declaration of war actually was made it found the district in posses- sion of much auxiliary material which needed only the formality of taking over. Coincident with the perfection of organization of the district, and while the nation's activities were restricted to those of purely a defensive nature, merihant ships were equipped with guns for defense against German submarines if attacked. Tiie lirst of the armed guard crews wliich manned and operated these defense batteries was commanded by commissioneil olHcers of the I nited States Navy. As the armed guard crews became thorouglily drilled in their duties, command was given to warrant ollicers and to chief petty ollicers. The mounting of these guns, the preparation of suitable ammunitit)n rooms, the installation of lire control, the fitting out of augmented crews' quarters on the ships that cleared from this poit and the training and assignment of gun crews, constituted one of tin; most im- portant of the pre-war activities. During the entire period of the war, due to the large number of sliips building on the Delaware, and by the large increase in ship])ing entering and clearing the ports of Philadelphia, Chester and Wilmington, tills continued to be a most im- portant function of the district. As international (■om])li(ations might be precipitated at any lime by llii' actions of these crews, the men assigned were carefully selected with regard to their train- ing and dependability. The fust ships so outfitted that cleared the Fourth \a\al District were the steamships Pohirine and Petrolite on March 11, 1917. The training of armed guard crews was carried on at the Navy Yard, Phila- delphia, under the direction of Commander II. T. Kays, IJ. S. N., and later Liiulenanl C. II. Sl(jer, U. S. N. H. F. In all 120 such crews were trained. Of this number forty-three guards were placed on merchant vessels, twenty-six were sent to vessels of the Naval Overseas Transportation Service for manning the batteries of those vessels; twenty-seven were transferred overseas and to other stations, and twBnty-four complete armed guards, thoroughly trained, and ready for inunediate assignment to merchant vessels were awaiting orders al (he lime the armistice was signed. Batteries, necessary fire control apparatus and am- munition stowage facilities were installed cm thirty-three merchant vessels touching at this po-J. After preying upon Allied commerce in the Western Atlantic the (ierman raiders, Prinz Eilel Friedrich and Kronprinz Wilhclni. made port at Norfolk, and as they remained there beyond the time prescribed by international law, they 264 were interned at the Navy Yard. Temporary living quarters were established ashore, wooden huts boinp; constructed for the accommodation of the officers and crew. The necessity for room at the Norfolk Navy \ard and the aflvantage of having the hulls, while idle, rest in fresh water, caused the transfer of these two ships from Norfolk to the Navy Yard, Philadelpliia. They were moored in the reserve basin. The huts were transferred and reerected within the Ciovernment Reservation on the south shore, and these quarters were afterwards generally referred to as the "German Village." As the relations with (iermany became more delicate it was felt that the presence of the men and officers of the ships constituted a menace to the large industrial and naval establishment at the Navy Yard. Accordingly they weie interned at Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia. Until the actual declaration of war made it possible for the United States Government to take physical possession of these sliips, which had the status of men-of-war, it was not possible to prevent the crews from doing serious damage to the machinery. Formal notice that a state of war existed between the United States and Germany was received here at 4 p.m. on April 6, 1917. Tluee words flashed over the telegraph wires from Washington simultaneously to every Naval District started the war. it had been understood in advance that upon receipt of these three words "Mobilize war slate," all prearranged war activities should be set in motion. F^oUowing the receipt of this message telegrams were sent immediately to all officers on the retired list ordering them to report for duty at their predetermined stations. All naval reservists who had been enrolled were ordered to report at the Receiving Ship, Navy Yard. The Navy Yard was closed to the public, guards doubled, and everytliing placed upon a war footing. It became necessary immediately to establish a Communication Office at the Navy Yard, and on the night of the day that the President declared that a state of war existed between (iermany and the United States of America, the following officers reported for communication duty: Lieutenant Joseph L. Tinney, U. S. N. R. F., Ensign Frank J. Gorman, "u. S. N. R. F., Ensign William H. Morse, U. S. N. R. F., and Ensign WiUiam S. Baker, U. S. N. R. F. These officers were immediately placed upon a continuous communication watch. Lieutenant H. R. Leonard, V. S. N. R. F., had reported some days previous to the outbreak of the war, and had been given duty in connection with the mobiliza- tion of what was then the National Naval Volunteers and Naval Militia. Lieu- tenant Leonard formulated plans for the quartering of these bodies of men, but the number that actually came to Philadelphia subsequently was so far in exi'ess of anything that had been anticipated that it was found necessary to use tiie battleships lowo, Indiana and Mossaclniselts as tenders to the receiving ship. The headquarters of the Fourth Naval District were originally located in the old Board Room Building No. 6, Navy Yard, and the small private office belonging to the inspection officer was occasionally used. The business of the district grew by leaps and liounds. To meet the increased demand for accommodations, the Commandant directed that the entire northern 265 end of Building No. 7 should be outfitted as the headquarters of the Fourth Naval District. The conditions conccniinf; administrative work there were anytliint; hut ideal. Partitions separated one oflice from another, hastily constructed ction Rase. He was succeeded by (.onuuander ,1. !'>. I'atton. I. S. ]\. (Ret.), wlien Captain liispham was detailed as Commandant of the naval unit of the student army training corps at the University of Pennsylvania. i'lic expeditious results accomplished in the establishment of a section base at Cape May were duplicated at Lewes, Delaware, it being intended that this base should guard the southern entrance to the Ray. wliilc Cape May protected the north end. Shdrtly after noon on \{)ril 12, l'M7. a board consisting of Paymaster R. T. Jellct. I . S. \. R. F., Lieut<-iianl 1". F. Royd. I . S. N. 1^ F.. and Pay Clerk M. \. Hunt. I . S. N. R. F.. met iii Lewes with James Thompson, the ^hlyor of the city, and considered the availability of properties located about one mile west of Cape Henlopen, Delaware, as a base for mine-sw<'e|)i[ig operations. Lieutenant Conunander l]arl Farwell, IN. N. V., Lieutenant (j.g.) II. T. Williams, Assistant Surgeon J. T. White, Ensign J. L. Murray and Ensign S. H. McSherry, LI. S. N. R. F., were the first officers to arrive, and headquarters were immedi- ately established in the Federal Ruilding, at Lewes. The outfitting of vessels for district service progressed rapidly at the Navy Yard, and as these vess(>ls became availabl(>. they were maiuied by naval reservists fresh from civil life and with little training or experience in naval affairs, except what had been secured in amateur yachting or in previously organized auxiliary training schools. In this connection mention might be made of the training cruise 26i! made by naval reservists during the preceding summer, when through the efTorts of Thomas Newhall and W. Barklie Henry, both of whom subsequently became Lieutenant Commanders in the reserve force, regular naval vessels were made available for training purposes. The needs of the service brought into active service many of those who had taken advantage of this short course. The need for commissioned personnel was immediate, and it was necessai'y, therefore, to give a commissioned rank to those whose knowledge of navigation had been obtained on navigational cruises conducted under the direction of officers detailed from the regular service to regular yachting organizations, among which were the associations embraced in what was known as the Delaware River Yacht Racing Association. Many of those who entered the service as enlisted men were subsecjuently com- missioned, after the completion of courses at training schools established at the various bases; they constituted a considerable (Contribution to the service corps of commissioned officers, and saw duty far outside the confines of the Fourth Naval District. The department originally planned class four of the reserve force for duty within naval districts, but the plan of confining the activities of such promising personnel within naval district boundaries was soon recognized to be not feasible and to be restrictive of the opportunities of these men. All who had so enrolled were given an opportunity to volunteer for general service without restriction as to territorial limits, and it is a matter of pride that the personnel in this class in the Fourth District volunteered almost without exception. The mobifization of what were then the National Naval Volunteers and the tremendous recruiting that was under way at the outset of the war soon exhausted the receiving ship's facilities at tlie Philadelpiiia Navy Yard. It was felt that the activities at the section bases, both offensively and defensively, would be interfeivd with by paralleling their well-defined purposes with a training station of sufficient size to take care of the incoming raw recruits. The activities of the receiving ship at the Navy Yard were concentrated largely toward meeting drafts for personnel for duty abroad and for the replacement of personnel aboard vessels of the fleet; and it was constantly transferring trained personnel overseas and to armed guard details. A distributing barracks and receiving ship for the Fourth Naval District were early found to be essential to I fie district activities; the Municipal Pier, No. 19 North Wharves, Delaware River, which was opened May 28, 1917, as the District Supply Department, was later also used as a distributing barracks for district forces. Tlirough the District Supply Department the various bases were outfitted as they were established, and during the war the entire district oiganization and its outlying activities, together with the district vessels, were suppfied. The Massachusetts, Indiana and Joim were supplied when stalion(Ml here as tenders to the receiving ship, as were the U. S. S. Savaniiali, as flagship of tlie Com- mander, Division Eight, SubmEU'ine Force, and the destroyers and subchasers that constituted the several hunt squadrons. A total of 165,161 items was handled aggregating 12,2.57,664 pounds. Out of the Naval Emergency Fund "for the purpose of training members ol the Naval Reserve Force for vessels of the coast patrol" the Secretary of the Navy on May 22, 1917, allotted $780,000 for the construction of training stations. The Naval Training Association of the United States, which was the result of the 269 battleship cruise in 1916, greatly aided in the estabUshment of these naval training stations. That the Fourth Naval District received so generous a share of the total amount available was largely through the untiring efforts of Lieutenant- Commander Thomas Newhall. I '. S. N. R. F.. who, prior to his enrolment in the ser^^ce, worked indefatigably to secure a large training station for this district. Six days after the larger fund was set aside, S.'JOO.OOO was apportioned for the establislmient of proper iaciUlies in this district. Later an additional sum of S.30,000 was added. It was understood that none of this money was to be expended for the purchase of ground and it was necessary, therefore, to secure a contribution of a site. Professor William Kasby, Jr., of the Lniversity of Pennsylvania, and H. S. Farquhar, a civil engineer, volunteered their serN-ices as a selection board, and after considering the suitability of three sites from the standpoint of health and accessibility to naval centers, determined upon a farm near Cape May owned by Messrs. Henry Ford and James Cuzens of Detroit. Mich. This ground, which became the site of Wissahickon Barracks, was leased to the (u)vernment for the sum of one dollar per annum. The original purpose of Wissahickon Barracks was broadened by the necessities of the service, and it contributed trained personnel to the Navy withoul regard to any consideration except its needs. There were estab- lished at Wissahickon Barracks an ollicers' material school and schools for training coxswains, quartermasters, gunners' mates, yeomen, hospital corpsmen and armed guard. 1,.529 men were received from other stations and 6„577 recruits were received, making a total of 8,106. Of this number 897 graduated from the armed guard school and saw duty in this capacity afloat. The remainder were transferred throughout the district to meet the needs of its activities and to the listeners' school at New London, Conn., signal school, Hampton Uoads, \a., and engineering school for ofTicers at Pelham Bay, and elsewhere. The outfitting of district vessels kept pace with the other rapidly expanding activities of the district, and at the end of .\pril, but tluee weeks after war was declared, eight district patrol craft were in commission. The first scout patrol vessel to pass out the Delaware Capes duritig war time was the 1". S. S. Nevada, S. P. 61, which patrolled the waters of the district north of Cape .May to Barncgat. This cruise served a double purpose, in encouraging recruiting in coast towns. The promptness of the response to calls for pleasure boats for conversion as scout patrol vessels is evidenci'd by the fact that during the month of May eighteen additional vessels were placed in commission. The rapidly increasing district forces afloat made it i)ossibl(> to estal)lish harbor entrance patrols to the northward and to the soulhwai'd, so that any hostile craft might be intercepted. Similarly expeditious results were accomplished in the commencement of mine-sweeping operations in the Fourth Naval District. On June II, 1917, but two months after commencement of hostilities, the channel lidrii Brown's Shoal buoys to Overfalls Light Vessel was swept by the V. S. S. Mrkrpirr Bmlhers. S. P. 68 1, the I . S. S. McKeerer, S. P. 683 and the 1 1, S. S. Beholmlh. then known as M. S. No. 1, which was subsequently ordered overseas and foundered off the English coast. Mine-sweeping operations were continued with vigor, thoroughness and withoul ci'ssation, being interrupted only when the severest weather conditions and floating ice made them absolutely impossible. The fact that no vessel engaged in this arduous work sustained damage by contact with an enemy mine merits comment. The I'. S. S. Kingfisher, however, did strike 270 a mine while sweeping off Barnegat in the fall of 1918, but it failed to explode and the mine was destroyed. The carefully thought-out pians for the control of tin" operation of radio in w£ir time were but a skeleton of the activities that ('entered about the communica- tion service. Instantaneous service was essential between district headfjuarters by land wire and by radio, so that instructions and information might be trans- mitted with secrecy and despatch. The first step was the suppression of all amateur radio stations, and a circular letter was sent to all those of record as operating such apparatus. With but a few exceptions, the request of the department for the dismantling of the stations and the taking down of the antennie was complied with. Such as doubted the earnest- ness of the < lovernment were rapidly convinced by the inspectors who traveled from one end of the district to the other. Leased telephone lines and leased tele- graph wires emanated from the communication office at the Navy Yard, and sub- sequently from the headquarters of the Fourth Naval District to every sectional point of activity. A perlect system of radio connnimication was established between district vessels afloat and the Naval Radio Station at Philadelpliia, and tlie Marconi Station that was taken over and operated as Navy Radio, Cape May. The estabhshment of a district radio station to communicatf^ with patrol vessels was authorized at Lewes, and in advance of the ecpiipnicnt d(^signated by tlie bureau, a set designated for a district vessel was temporarily placed in opera- tion uiitU replaced by the navy standard apparatus. As an efl^ective check upon the unautliorized opiMation of radios two listening- in stations, not used for transmission, were established, one in the Parkway Build- ing, Philadelphia, and the other in the West Philadelphia High School. A second district radio station was established on the Million Dollar Pier at Atlantic City which subsequently proved to be a most reliable outpost. Navy Radio, Philadelphia, continued as the transmitting station imtil the office of the district connnunication superintendent was moved to the district stall headquarters in October, 1918. Shortly after this date a distant control station was established in the White Building. Distant control of Navy Radio, Cape May, was established about the same time, the control station being operated from the section base. To expedite the transmission of routing instructions lightships were ecpiipped with radio. Five Fathom Bank Ligiitship was put in operation July 25th, and Fenwick Island Light Vessel was equipped November I, 1918. The V. S. S. Falcon, which was already equipped with radio, was stationed, after the signing of the armistice, fifty-two miles due east of Five Fathom Bank Lightship as a route ship for incoming troop tiansjjorts. A strict censorship was imposed to prevent the movcmc^nts of naval ships or of naval units becoming known to the enemy. The transaction of virtually all Navy business was in confidential codes. As a further safeguard the transmission of personal messages to personnel on major ships as well as on district ships was handled through the department, and although this caused much inconvenience, it was recognized by the Navy personnel as a necessary war measiu'e and was rigidly adhered to. The big transatlantic station at Tuckerton, which was seized at the outbreak 271 of the war, was operated under naval control, and a substantial force of marines detailed to protect and safeguard this property were at the same time a formidable outpost force on land in the northern end of the district. Tliis station, in charge of Lieutenant O. F. llaslar, U. S. N., operated cuiitinu- ously as an important factor in the transatlantic communication service. The radio service contributed directly to the safety of ships in many ways during the war. During the entire course of the submarine activities off the At- lantic coast, war warnings were sent broadcast through the air to all ships, in luiglish. and for ships passing within range of the radio stations at Pliiladcl|)hia and Cape May, this service enabled them to avoid the immediate locality of danger. In addition there was sent out nightly by the broadcast method, hydio- graphic information concerning lightships otV stations, gas buoys that were not lighted and positions of derelicts and obstruitions that were a menace to navigation as well as information in regard to mine fields. For ships of the Navy more d(>failed and more confidential iiifnrinalion was sent in code, so that every lighting unit was promptly apprised of the latest develop- ments in the submarine campaign. Naval radio operators were assigned to vessels of the Naval Overseas Trans- portation Service, I nited States Army transports, all merchant vessels operated by the United States Sliipping Board and all other I nited States merchant vessels of 2.>'jfl0 tons or greater. In connection with the ilaylighl saving bill, which was etl'ective, as far as clock changes were concerned, at 2 a.m. Sunday, March 31. 1918. care was exer- ci.sed to i)revent confusion in convoy meetings and in clock times used in con- nection with dispatches by radio. The daylight saving bill set the clocks at aft naval stations and on all ships in the territorial waters of the 1 iiited States ahead one hour at the time before mentioned, (ireenwich mean time was einjjloyed. how- ever, in designating the times of railio broadcastings of radio watch kee])ing on ships having one or two operators. In comnnmication between Mlird naval vessels and shore stations and Allied merchant vessels, (Ireenwich mean lime was con- tinued to Ix' employed. Greenwicli meridian sunnner civil lime was emi)loyed on the North Atlantic Ocean in ail communications between United States naval forces concerning contact between forces passing designated positions at sea and rendezvous, when such forces were east oT the KMh meridian: when west of the 40th meridian. 75th meridian summer ci\il liiin' was rniploycd between the dales prescribed in the daylight saving bill. The seizure by the United States of all vessels belonging to Holland, in ac- cordance with the executive order of the President of the United Stat(>s, resulted in th(> taking over of the Dutch shi]) Thrmislo. then in the port of Philadelphia. A guard was placed aboard the steamer at Pier 28. South ^\llar\('s. Delaware River, March 20, 1918. On March 27th the commandant was directed to release the ship to the shijiping board, as the vessel was to be manned by a sliip[)ing board crew. This was done. The seizure was carried out without incident, and the several regulations prescribed to be followed under the circumstan(«s were executed. During the early months of the war th(> district forces had no actual contact with the enemy. The rigid discipline and training and the actual experience afloat and ashore welded together a formidable district force at the same timi^ as the district contributed its full quota in every other direction. Plioto Ity Reiilogle. U. S. S. "I)cl\a!h, III Addv Yard, Si'iilfiiibiT, l!HS. shoivimj Pdramne Skcij. Major ships were lepaired. ])Ia("e(l in commission and manned at the Navy Yard. The big interned (ierman raiders, tlie hronprin: \\ ilhclni and the Prim Eilrl Friedrich, afterwards bearing the Tiames of two revolutionary heroes of Ger- man birth, sailed from Philadelphia as the T\ S. S. DrKalh and U. S. S. Von Sleuhen for overseas ports crowded with the first complements to leave this section. The losses suffered by our Allies made the need for mine-sweeping vessels in European waters imperative. The District was requested to furnish its quota of such vessels, and the Cily of Lewes, S. P. No. 383, and the Behoboth (sunk), S. P. No. 384, intended for district use, were designated for duty overseas. In addition, the U. S. S. Akedo was placed in commission on April 20th, and was sent to the war zone, where she was later torpedoed and sunk. The U. S. S. Chipper, S. P. 1049, and two scout patrol vessels, the U. S. S. Elf, S. P. 81, and the U. S. S. Little Aie, S. P. 60, were fitted out and transferred to the Fifth and Seventh Naval Districts, respectively. The U. S. S. Siulia and the V. S. S. Lyndonia were also fitted out and assigned to duty elsewhere, the latter returning some months later, renamed the IT. S. S. Vega. The U. S. S. Henderson, a navy transport, built at the Philadelphia Navy Yard, was completed with despatch, and sailed on her maiden voyage with no trial trip, except that between Philadelphia and New York. Everything proved so satis- factory that she was immediately employed in transport duty. About the same time that the U. S. S. Henderson sailed, the 5th Regiment of Marines, commanded 273 by ColdiK'l ('.. A. Doven. V. S. M. ('... embarked at the Navy Yard. Tliis continpent was distributed on the U. S. S. St. Louis, L . S. S. Cliarleslon. U. S. S. Hancock and the U. S. S. DeKalh. which was making her maiden voyage under American colors. At INew York, the marines on tlie T . S. S. St. Ijnil.^ and the V. S. S. Cliarleslon were transferred to the I . S. S. Henderson, which transported them to France. Every available piece of ground at the Navy Yard was utilized, and there .s])rting uji in record time a seaman's barracks, a well-organiz(>d hosjjital. and a naval aircraft factory tliat was destined to turn out naval air-iighting machines for duty at home and abroad. Such open spaces as were availabh^ were piled high with stores destined for overseas, and gigantic storeliouses su]>]ilcmented those at the \av\ ^ ard. whidi were soon found to be totally inadequate (ny tlie demands made upon tliem. Everj' available docking space was crowded with ships under repair, being out lilted, or loading with stores. The imi)erative necessity for the maximum number of destroyers to operate in European waters gave precedence at the Navy ^ ard to work done on this class of vessels. \\'iien the I'. S. S. Stewart. V. S. S. MacDonough, V. S. S. Hull and l. S. S. Hopkins arrived, on the last day of the year of I9IT. at tlie Navy Yard, they were inunediately inspected and a conservative estimate was made of th(^ time necessary to ])iace these vessels in condition for offensive operations abroad, and for the transatlantic cruise necessary for them to reach their base of operations. It was found that at least two months would be recjuired to com])lete the ri'jjairs tlio\ight necessary according to pre-war standards. The reception of this report b\ the chief of naval operations brought from him a characteristic reply as follows: "Delay of two months in fitting out destroyers of Divisions A and H may defeat object of present orders, as the need of our destroyers in luiropean waters is immediate. (Thirty-six hours after receipt of orders, U. S. S. .Alywin sailed for distant service, and the dej)artment ho]ies to receive a similar hearty reply from Divisions A and B.) It is the desire of the de])artment that as many of the de- stroyers of these divisions as possible proceed to I Ik; Azores within one week and with the assistance of the l'. S. S. Proniellieus. to (>(|uip there for duty in French waters. The I . S. S. Stewart shall inform the department of the destroyers that can sail from Philadelphia as soon as the ice clears, and also of the dates that the remaining destroyers can follow." i'liis conipeinng ajjpeal caused an iuuurdiiite revision oi tlie plans that had been made, with the result that on the following day the chief of naval operations was advised that the \ . S. S. Stewart, the I . S. S. Hopkins, the I'. S. S. I^aiil .Jones, the r. S. S. Warden, and the V . S. S. MacDonomjIi would be ready to sail from the Navy Yard on January 15th, two weeks after tin- majority of them had arrived for overhaul. He was advised that the U. S. S. //»// would follow on the 1st of Feb- ruary and the Prelite on February loth. Considerable of the time required for the (jverhaul was consumed by repairs of damage sustained from ice, during the ])assage of these vessels from Hampton Roads to Philadelphia. The same speed demanded in the outlining of combat ships was also expected in the conversion of merchant vessels to naval auxiliaries. On the last day of the year 1917, the department outlined its policy in this particular, as follows: "The conversion of merchant vessels to iia\al auxiliaries and their upkeep 274 shall be considered of the greatest importance, and every energy and resource shall be used to obtain this end. Vessels must not be unnecessarily delayed and only repairs that are demanded by sanitation, safety and efficiency of vessels should be undertaken for immediate accomplishment. Desirable alterations should be laid out so that they may be undertaken while vessels are in port between cruises." This policy prevailed in the taking over and the outfitting of ships subsequently operated by the Navy for the several governmental accounts, and vessels that were taken over and operated directly by the Navy. To this end the resources of the Navy Yard and of the large shipyards were utilized to the fullest. At the same time this work was so arranged as not to interfere with the new construction so urgently needed. The urgency of repair and outhtting work at the Navy Yard and other causes resulted in the suspension of actual Cf)nst ruction work, for a time, on the program of combat vessels. Resumption of work on the necessary ways, buildings, etc., for this purpose was as prompt as circumstances would permit. The Fourth Naval District assisted in and was responsible, to a great extent, for the assembling, organization and shipment of the material and jjcrsonnel for the Northern Bombing (iroup, a naval aviation unit which opeiatcd in the northern part of France, near Calais, and which bombed the German U-boat bases at Zee- brugge, Bruges and Ostend. This group had a personnel in the held of about 2,000 men, marines and blue- jackets, and nearly all of the latter were selected and assembled on the receiving ship in the Navy Yard. The material for the group was also assembled on the docks of the Yard. This included about 200 planes, DH-4 type, equipped with Liberty motors which were constructed in the United States, assembled and boxed for shipment from Philadelphia. This group operated under the general direction of \ ice- Admiral H. keyes, R. N., commander of British Naval Forces operating against the Belgian coast; headquarters, Dover. The late fall and early winter of 1917 saw many ships actually engaged in overseas transportation, both of troops and supplies, and on December 27th, at 1 P.M., the U. S. S. Stockton, the first of the new type of destroyers to be delivered during the war, arrived at the Navy Yard from the William Cramp & Sons Ship and Elngine Building Company, where she was constructed. She was placed in commission immediately and sailed three days later. The contribution made to depleted world shipping by the yards boi'dering on the Delaware River, and the construction of various types of war vessels, constitute one of the most effective coincident war efforts prosecuted in the District. The early establishment of the Hog Island Plant of the Emergency Fleet Corporation on the Delaware River, south of Philadelphia Navy Yard, and the governmental control exercised over every other yard, made necessary cooperation easy. There was at all times a close weave of interdependency that made the prompt and efficient performance of the responsibilities imposed upon the Commandant a matter of prime importance. The taking over, (outfitting and manning of the ships, the inspection and testing of their radio equipment, the movement of hulls before they were able to operate under their own power, might be emnnerated as among the most important. The successful operations of enemy submarines in the vicinity of the Azore 275 Islands prompted the Government to secure from the Portuguese Government a concession which enabled tliis Government to establish naval bases on these islands. The first shipment of stores and personnel for the new naval bases, established a( Ponta Delfrada and Horta Fayal. were transported from the Navy Yard. Phila- dcipiiia. aboard the \J . S. S. Hancock. When the llanrock sailed, she flew the llaj; of Rear- Admiral Herbert 0. Dunn, who was assigned to command the naval forces operating in the Azores. On December 24, 191", th(> department directed tlic loading of the Hancock and instructed that she should proceed to Ponta Delgada, where stores and personnel for that base were to be unloaded. I'pon completion of the discharge the Hancock was directed to proceed to Ham])ton lioads, \ a. The L'. S. S. Beak and the L'. S. S. Terry were detailed as escort for the U. S. S. Hancock and were further directed upon aiiival to report to \ ice-.\dniiral Sims for duty. At 11 A.M., January 9th, the Hancock, escorted by the U. S. S. Beale and the I . S. S. Terry, sailed from the Navy ^'ard. Philadelphia, to the Azores, under escort. The majority of the shijis attached to Detachment :{. Scpiadron 5, I'atrol Force, was outfitted at the Navy Yard for duty overseas. The detachment was command- ed by Commander David F. Boyd, I . S. N., with the 1. S. 8. .Xokonti.'^ as his flag- ship. The tletachment was made up in its entirety of vessels that had been con- verted for this duty, and at various times between December 17, 1917, and December 22, 1917. the detachment sailed from the Navy \nv(\ for the Azores. The ships included the following: I . S. S. .\okonus, U. S. S. Concord, I". S. S. Cypsiini Queen. I . S. S. i\'aliunl. I . S. S. Mariner, U. S. S. Nokomis II, L'. S. S. Barnegal, I'. 8. S. Montank, U. S. S. Penobscot, U. S. S. Lyndonia and V. S. S. Venelia. Changes in the characteristics of certain bailie cruisers made available for other service a number of 1 1-inch, .50 caliber naval guns. The plan of converting these into land batteries by placing them upon railway mountings resulted in the organization of this unit, under the connnand of Hear- Admiral Charles P. Plunkett, I . S. N. And the I nited States Railway Batteries in France subsecjuenlly did terrific execution at an effective range of thirty miles and contributed largely to the demoralization and iiilernr])tioti of communication far in the rear of the German lines. In action these guns threw a heavier projectile with greater accuracy and to a greater distanie than any guns previously placed on mobile shore mounts. The gun mounts were conslrucleii in Philadelphia by the Baldwin Locomotive Works, and the material and personnel were assembled in the Fourth Naval Dis- trict, and shijjped from here to St. Nazaire. France, at which i)orl tin- material was assembled and promptly put into action. The liistory of this project from its inception in America until the first shots were fired into ( lerman defended teiritory is an e\am|iie ol (lie speed that won the war. The project was first discussed in November, 1917. On December 26th the Hureau of Ordnance instructed the naval gun factory to ])i-epare plans and sjx'ci- fications for the gun mounts, locomotives, cars and other necessary e(piipment. The work was finished in thirty days. The equipment included five 11-inch railway mounts, six locomotives and 276 five complete trains of cars — seventy-five in all. Bids were opened February 6th, but were rejected because of the time of delivery demanded. On February 13th new bids were submitted and the awards made the same day. The Baldwin Locomotive Works undertook the delivery of the gun cars by June 15th. The first mount was completed and moved from the Baldwin Shops on April 25th, seventy-two days from the day of the award, and the last of them one month later or ten days ahead of the contract time. All the cars and special equipment were delivered June 1st, only 155 days from the time the project was conceived. General Pershing directed the shipments of the expedition to St. Nazaire. The first shipment was made June 20th. Trained personnel had been assembled and preceded the material. The first shipment arrived overseas July 8th, and the last of it on July 21st. Erection work began July 20th, and the first gun train left f(jr the front August 17th. The first gun fired was on September 5th, and continued in action until the signing of the armistice. The guns weighed ninety-eight tons each and fired a projectile weighing 1,470 pounds with a range of twenty-eight miles. The mobility of the guns heightened the impression of the Germans that the AlUes were ecjuipped with hundreds of them. They were extremely effective in interrupting vital supply railroads and main lines of communication. The winter of 1917-18 was the most severe in more than a decade, and despite ice conditions in the Delaware River that were almost unprecedented, the steady progress of navy ships and of transports was uninterrupted. But few of the district vessels, however, were able to operate, and many of those of wooden construction were of necessity laid up out of reach of the ice packs that extended for miles to seaward. Such vessels as could possibly be expected to operate under these conditions were kept in service and it is worthy ot mention that despite the rigors of the winter, patrols were maintained in the defensive area, at the harbor entrance and well otT shore, without interruption. This work was carried on by the following scout patrol vessels: U. S. S. Emerald, S. P. 177; U. S. S. Susanne, S. P. 510; U. S. S. Absegami, S. P. 371; U. S. S. Gaivota, S. P. 436; U. S. S. Edorea, S. P. 549 and U. S. S. Virlor, S. P. 1995. The severest test was imposed upon the vessels detailed to the offshore patrol. The U. S. S. Emerald, S. P. 177, and the U. S. S. Siisamie, S. P. 510, commanded by Lieutenant Maxwell Wyeth (j.g.), U. S. N. R. F.. and Ensign Samuel Wetherill, U. S. N. F., respectively, ai-e deserving of high commendation for the maintenance ot this duty, which re- quired them at times to proceed to their stations through ice floes extending eight miles to seaward. The mine-sweeping fleet, consisting for the main part of converted fishing boats, swept the entrance to Delaware Bay throughout the winter, whenever weather conditions made it possible. The vessels depended upon for ofi'ensive and defensive action were of great variety both as to size, construction and power plants. At the outbreak of hostili- ties any vessel that could be utilized was taken over. These included steam yachts, steam tugs, steam fishing boats and pleasure craft, with almost every make of gasohne motor represented. The upkeep of this machinery constituted one of the greatest problems. It was impracticable to keep in stock repair parts for every 277 make represented, and in this connection a machine and repair shop estabhshed at Cape May did excellent work. Later, when subchasers were made available, it was possible to standardize repair work for them. Considering the demands made upon ail the vessels, the consistency of performance is remarkable, and is a tribute to the engine room forces of this fleet. That some of them weathered conditions that they were forced to meet was a surprise to even those who manned them and a tribute at the same time to the eflii'ient manner in which thcv were handled. But one vessel, tiie Annie Gallup, a mine sweeper, was totally lost out of the entire fleet tiiat operated for a period of nearly twenty months. 'Die durability and cruising of the subchasers are also «(irtii\ nf note. Nearly all of those attached to this district have covered ov(>r 12, ()()() miles since they were commissioned. A coastal air station was established at Cape May early in the war and maimed by the I nited States Marine Corps. On December 1. 1917, it was taken over by the \avy. and operated as a patrol station for the protection of the coast against dejjredations by iiostile submarines. At tiiis time. Cold Spring Inlet was com- pletely frozen over so that no flying could be done, and this condition prevailed until the latter part of the month of February, 1918. As soon as the weather conditions became at all favorable for Hying, ten additional pilots were ordered to the station and the complement was raised to 2.'i8 men. Twelve R-type seaplanes were at the station and in operation. Syste- matic patrols were established when definite information was received that enemy submarines might be expected off the coast. These machines were ecpiipped with .Mark-.'5 bombs for offensive purposes. The patrols normally consisted of two machines, although at times four traveled in company. Paralleling the District activities, but in a sense separate from them, were what migiit be considered the overseas contributions. Piiiladelpiiia, the district headijuarlers, was one of the ports of eiid>arkation, and through it during the entire progress of the war there flowed personnel and a vast (juanlity of stores and supplies manufactured in Philadelphia and its environs. The systematic and ellicient handling of these stores and the outfitting and commissioning of the ships taken over, constructed or operated for the army and navy account, brought into being the .Naval Overseas Transportation Service. This service was created by chief of naval operations, .January' 9, 1918. Commander F. W. Hoffman, N. N. V., was ordered as District Supervisor on January 21, 1918, and continued as such until relieved by Commander M. H. Simons, I . S. N., on September 2, 1918. The safe routing of ships overseas required secrecy and the closest cooperation between this country and the forces abroad, and it was early recognized that this was an activity that rc(juired the cooperation b<'twe(!ii naval district and naval forces abroad so that the locality of every navigation menace might be avoided and every system of safeguarding overseas convoys might be utilized. This prompted the creation of routing offices in each naval district. On June 2, 1917, Captain F. S. Van Boskerck, U. S. C. G., was appointed American Routing Officer. All vessels leaving port were required to re])ort to the ship routing oflice, prior to putting to sea. From the day of its creation until the submarine activities commenced along the coast, the routing ofTicer's functions were limited to the dissemination of information to outbound shipping, and until the distribution of 278 confidential publications was taken over in its entirety by the issuing ollicer acting under the direction of the district communication superintendent, the routing officer issued to American vessels, other than commissioned navy shi}) ., such confidential instructions as the department desired them to receive. The actual routing of shi])s oxerseas was done by the British routing officer of this port, Lieutenant-Commander R. H. Reade, R. N. R. All vessels bound overseas, however, were given such information as was in the possession of the district authorities relative to enemy raiders, movements of submarines, locations of mines, and obstructions to navigation. All ship owners, masters, customs officials and shipping agencies were advised of the contents of the circular letter of instructions issued May 1, 1918, by the chief ot naval opera- tions, relative to the steps to be taken for the protection of ship]jing in the event of enemy submarine activity on the Atlantic coast. The British routing officer was invited into conference, and when it l)ecame necessary for the district authori- ties to assume control of coastwise shipping to save it from the danger of enemy mines or from contact with enemy submarines a perfect system of coastal louting had been devised. On June 3, 1918, the department directed the Commandant to assume control of coastwise shipping, and handle traffic in accordance with the instructions previously given. Coastal routings were made effective immediately and continued until October 16, 1918, when routing instructions were revoked. Subsequent to this date, how- ever, shipping was routed so as to avoid known mined areas. Supplementing the system of coastal routings were the speaking stations established on Five Fathom Bank Lightship and Fenwick Island Shoal Lightship. These light vessels were equipped with radio, and necessary day and night signaling apparatus gave routing directions to passing ships. Tiiese signals were put in effect September 16, 1918. In addition, a vessel was constantly stationed at McCries' Shoals Buoy on the same duty. This vessel gave information to ships proceeding inbound on courses that would not take them in the vicinity of the lightships previously mentioned. Winter Quarter Shoal Light Vessel was ec[uipped with a S])ecial large size light for distance signaling, thus enabling ships to pass well inside of the light vessel. The policy carried out in the main was as follows: First, that shipping was not to be delayed by the activity of submarines. Second, that they should be directed through areas tliat had been swept, and which were reasonably certain to be free of mines. Third, that shipping should not be unduly alarmed by unau- thenticated reports of enemy activity, and fourth, that they should be given the maximum protection possible by convoys. The sinking of the Diamond Shoal Light Vessel by a submarine led to the belief that light vessels in tliis district would share the same fate, and during the entire submarine activity these ships were afforded as much protection as was consistent with the other military necessities of the district, and with the com- plement of vessels that was available. Submarine patrols were established for a time in the immediate vicinity of the lightships, upon the assumption that such location would be the likely one to make contact. It is worthy of mention that no ship routed out of the district suffered any mishap, and the only sizable ship that was lost inbound after routing instructions 279 were effective was the U. S. S. Saetia. which at the time was out of the routed channels. As soon as it was definitely determined that enemy submarines were operating in this district sliipping was afforded the protection of convoys. Convoys proceeding south were escorted by the vessels of the Third Naval District to the vicinity of Barnegat Light, where these craft were relieved by vessels of th(> Fourth District, and in turn escorted to the \ icinity of Winter Quarter Lightship, where the escort was in turn assumed by ships attached to the Fifth Naval District. The same practice prevailed for northbound conv<.)ys. The commandant of the district in which the convoy was made up arranged with the next adjacent district for the relief of his escort, and each succeeding district arranging in turn for its relief. These aiiangements were made through the communication service, details of the convoy, the meeting places, and other matters of a confidential nature being transmitted in code. The successful consummation of this work meant tiiat a ct)nsiderable ilect of escorting vessels, usually subchasers of fair speed and fair armament, should be available at all times, and in many cases it meant that tiicy had no sooner returned to the base for fuel and supplies than they were ordered t)ut on new duty. The escorts were furnished under all circumstances, except in the most violent weather, when the navigation of these small ships was impossible. The successful meeting of convoys, one relieving the other, was a good test of the seamanship of the men. Tiie use of radio to make contact was seldom resorti'd to. and the fact that liulh the escorted vessels and the convoying chasers ran without running lights made these meetings in absolute darkness doubly dillicult. It is a matter of congratulation that no ship escortvd tiirough the waters of the Fourth Naval District suffered any misiiap. and wiiilc no convoy was attacked, it can be safely said that the presence of these miniature men-of-war meant security to the very essential cargoes, both in men and niatcrial, tiial were frequently being transported up and down the coast. From the day that the escort system was inaugurated imlil llir day it was no longer felt to be needed, convoys were escorted through the waters of the Fourth Naval District northward and southward. The spring of 1918 found the Fourth Naval District thoroughly organized for offensive and defensive ])uii)oses. In November, 1017. two subchasers, the No. 209 and the No. 211, were added to the District foices. and these were the first vessels especially built for submarine work available in tlic District to date. In the months that liaakwater on May 24th, passing Fenwick Island Lightship about noon. \t about 1.30 p.m. on May 25th the schooner was fired on by a (ierman submarine, wiiich afterwards proved to be the L-15L The enemy \essel overhauled hei', remo\ cd the crew to their vessel, bombed the schooni'r, and alter leaving her in an apparently sinking condition, submerged and went in ipiest of (itli«a' vessels. The Edna did not sink, but was taken in low by the Clyde Line steamer Mohaitk near Winter (Quarter Shoal Lightship. The schooner's towing bitts carried away and she was abandoned by the Mohawk and subsequently picked iqi l>> llie tug Arabian and towed into IMiiladt'lphia, arriving NLiy 29lh. Investigation made by the aide for information disclosed that there were two holes in tin; vessel's hold, twenty to thirty inches in diameter, abovi' the turn of the bilge, evidencing an external explosion. \ time fuse was found, the evtreme end (jf which was shattered by an explosion. On June 6th the master of the Edna arrJNcd in IMiiiadelpliia and was examined by the aide for information. From hirn it was learned that the damage to the schooner was infiicted by the crew of the I -151. I pon reaching the Ij-151 the master of the Edna found already aboatd her the masters and crew of the schooners Haltie Dunn and flanppauge. Both of these schooners had been sunk and the crews taken prisoners. It was learned that the Ilauppaiuje 282 had been bombed and sunk in latitude 37 degrees 46 minutes, longitude 75 degrees 5 minutes. On June 2d at 10.30 ,\.m., they were placed in a boat taken from another vessel just sunk, and set adrift seventy miles east of Atlantic City, N. J., and allowed to make their way to land. The description of the submarine as given by Captain Gilniore was most complete and proved that the U-151 was armed with two 15-centinieter Krupp guns, each about twenty -seven feet long, and that the vessel was also equipped with mines. Valuable information as to the submarine's dimensions, her personnel, her movements and destination were obtained and forwarded to the department. The Fourth District, therefore, was the first to establish definitely the identity, characteristics and other important information as to the first (ierman submarine to operate off the Atlantic coast. This inforination was disseminated to all naval forces by the department on June 7th and the military characteristics of the German submarine U-151 were given as follows: length, 213 feet; breadth, 29 feet; surface draft, 14 feet; dis- placement, surface, 1,700 tons; submerged, 2,100 tons; engine, 1.200 horsepower; speed, eleven and a halt knots an hour, surface; eight knots submerged; fuel storage, 250 tons; endurance, 17,000 miles at speed of six knots an hour on the surface, fifty miles at speed of seven knots an hour submerged; armament, two six-inch guns, two twenty-two pounders; one machine gun, six torpedo tubes, four in the bow and two in the stern; complement, eight officers, sixty-five men; type, Denhchland, vessel converted merchantine submarine type; ammunition capacity, limited number of torpedoes, maximum twelve, may be equipped to carry and lay forty mines; 400 rounds of anununition for each gun. On May 28th, Cape May Radio received radio information from the steam- ship Adellieid, that she had sighted a submarine in latitude 36 degrees 45 minutes north, longitude 73 degrees 38 minutes west. The depredations of the enemy raider continued, the ship making its appearance at first one place and then another. The Isabella B. Wylie, a schooner of 775 tons gross was bombed on June 2d in latitude 39 degrees 10 minutes north, longitude 73 degrees 7 minutes west, and tiie same day the schooner Wiiinecoime, of 1,869 tons gross, was destroyed in the same manner in latitude 39 degrees 26 minutes north, longitude 72 degrees 50 minutes west. The following day the schooner Jacob Haskell, 1,778 tons gross, was sunk by bombs fifty miles east true of Barnegat Light. The American Steamship Texel, operated by the United States Shipping Bocird, encountered the enemy at 4.21 p.m., Sunday, June 2d, in latitude 38 degrees 58 minutes north, longitude 73 degrees 13 minutes 30 seconds west. The submarine announced her presence in the vicinity by a solid siiot fired over the vessel. The ship was immediately manoeuvered in the manner prescribed in war- time instructions and the aggressor was brought directly from the stern of the Texel, headed full speed ahead. A shrapnel shell was next fired which exploded on the water to the starboard of the vessel. The first and second shots were fired at a range of approximately 2,000 yards. The Master of the steamer A". B. Lowrie reportetl subsequently that a second submarine came to the surface directly ahead of the Texel, 1,500 yards distant. With two enemy vessels, one on his bow and the other astern, the Master decided to heave to, rather than expose his crew to injury or loss of fife. Two additional shots were fired by the submarine engaged in the stern chase, the first 283 Iiittiiifj a lifeboat (Jii the starboard side under the bridge, carrying it away and shattering the starboard wing of the upper bridge. The second shot passed about 100 yards forwaid of the bow and exploded. Twenty-five minutes after the sub- marine was first sighted an under-heutenant and tliree (ierman seamen boarded the vessel and demanded the ship's papers. All papers and ^»avy instructions had been thrown overboaid during the attack. The ship was abandoned with Absecon Light bearing 29,5 degrees true, distance fifty-eight and one-half miles. Three bombs were set at the base of each mast and others in the engine and fire rooms. The master left the ship with a German naval officer of the rank of lieutenant at 5.10 p.m., the passengers and crew previously having shoved off in the ship's boats. At 5.18 p.m. the bombs exploded and the ship sank rapidly by the stern, listing to starboard and going mider the surface completely tiiree miimtes afterwards. The submarine disappeared in the haze, running on th(> surface, taking a course east-southeast. The Master adrift in one of the shi()'s boats heard firing at 6.20 p.m. and again at 7.20, but had no knowletlge of what had transpired. \o vessel was encountered by the boats of the Texel as they proceeded toward the shore. On June 3d the boats were bciched at Absecon Light and the survivors, thirty-six in number, were landed at Allanlic City, where they were met by coast guards, and arrangements made for th<'ir accommodation during the night. The description of the sub- marine tallied in general witii that given by previous victims. This was the first instance of where two submarines were reported acting in company. Ml of the passengers and crew of the vessel were saved. The firing heard by the survivors of the Texel at 6.20 p.m was in all probability the shots fired at the steamship Carolina, proceeding from San ,Iuan, Porto Hica, to New York. The steamer, which belonged to the Porto Hican Steamship (com- pany, was halted by three shots fired over her bow and by two shots over the stern at about 6.15 p.m. the same day. At the time of the attack the ship was in latitude 39 degrees 10 minutes north, longitude 73 degrees 7 minutes west. When the ship hove to the submarine came alongside and ordered that the ship be abandoned im- mediately. Ca{)tain Barber, the Master, disend)arked the women and childniii who were passengers in the first boats. As each boat was loaded it was directed by the submarine to lay astern of the Carolina. Three shells were fired into the ship amidships and others into the bow at short range. She immediately began to settle, going down bow first at 8.15 p.m. The crew of the (jerman raider lined the decks, waved a farewell and disappeared in the mist. The ship's niotorboat took the lifeboats in tow, but after a short run the towing line parted and the lifeboats became separated from the motorboat in the fog. Twenty-nine survivors landed through the surf at the foot of South Carolina Aveiuie, Atlantic City, N. J., at 1.45 P.M on June 1th. This number included eight women passengers and ten men passengers and eleven of the crew. Sixteen men and two women were picked up by the British Steamer Appleby and brought into Lewes, Del. Sixtefni were lost from one lifeboat that capsized at 12.15 a.m., Monday, June 3d. The other boats that reached land survived a violent sunnn(>r storm that tossed them about during the early hours of the morning of June 3d. While the ship's boats were making their way to land they were sighted, on J I me 3d, twenty miles southweird off Barnegat, steering westward by the S. S. 284 Mexico. Late that night the Carolina, before being sunk, reported by radio that she was attacked and that she had stopped. Unfortunately, however, the ship failed to give her position, and a request for this information from Navy Radio, Cape May, evidently reached the ship after her capture. The commanding ofiicer at the Section Base at Lewes was directed to stop all outgoing vessels, and the Commander of Cape May Section reported that all men away from base had been recalled, and all vessels at the base had been ordered to stand by for imme- diate sea duty. The U. S. S. Rathburne was ready to proceed on her trial trip the following day. That the ship might be equipped for offensive and defensive purposes, even before she was commissioned, one hundred rounds of four-inch ammunition was placed aboard of her together with depth charges, and the officer detailed to com- mand her was instructed to use his own judgment as to taking command in an emergency. The port of Philadelpliia was closed temporarily on June 4th, until such time as all outgoing ships could be afforded the protection of convoys, and until the Commandant was assured that the channels to sea were safe and free from mines. The schooner Samuel C. Meugel was destroyed by bombs in latitude 38 degrees 8 minutes north, longitude 7.3 degrees 38 minutes west on June 3d. The Norwegian Steamship Vinland was sunk June ,5th, in latitude 36 degrees 32 minutes north and longitude 73 degrees 58 minutes west. On the same day the Carpathian was chased in latitude 36 degrees 16 minutes north and longitude 74 degrees west and the Eidswold was bombed and sunk in latitude 37 degrees 12 minutes, longitude 73 degrees 55 minutes. On June 8th an underseas craft was reported in latitude 36 degrees 2 minutes north, longitude 71 degrees 20 minutes west, and on the same day it sunk the steamer Pinar del Rio in latitude 37 degrees 42 minutes north, longitude 73 degrees 56 minutes west. Subsequent to this date, for a time, the enemy raider pursued her activities in other waters. The alai'm given to shipping gave rise to many false rumors that were amusing except for the fact that it involved ceaseless activ- ity on the part of patrol vessels in running them down. A dead whale, sighted two miles north of McCries Shoals Buoy, was once reported as a well-authenticated submarine. The Commandant was warned that the enemy might resort to the old trick of scattering dummy periscopes at sea, and in certain instances it was believed that mines might be attached to these false periscopes in the hope of attracting a ship into a danger zone in an attempt to ram the supposed submarine. To heighten the interest in the search for a submarine base, if such did exist, the Secretary of the Navy, on June 19th, offered a reward of a thousand dollars to any person who might furnish authentic information which would lead to its location. The Department received information which led to the behef that a submarine base existed in the back sound north of Cape May. This report was investigated on August 23, 1918, and found to be without foundation. The entire vicinity of Cape May was so thorouglily patrolled that the establishment of such a base would have been impossible even had there been water sufficient and it had been possible to elude the naval patrol maintained. Lp to this time the district was without the services of a vessel of the destroyer type. On June the 4th the U. S. S. Walke was instructed to take up patrol on a 285 line ad joiiiinj.' the folldwinp limits: Latitude '.W dofirees iKuth. loiipittiHe 71 degrees 10 niiiititos; latitude 15 1 degrees 20 minutes north, longitude 7 1 degrees 155 minutes. The Walke was detailed to escort the steamer Czar and the U. S. S. Matsonia from the Delaware I^reakwater to W inter Quarter Shoals on June oth. and sul)se(|uenlly she was attached to the district and operated under the direction of the ( '.om- niandant in prosecuting searches for submarines. A capital ship of the Navy was onl\ once attacked within the waters of the Fourth .\a\al District by an enemy submarine. \t .").15 a.m. on June 'Mil the 1 . S. S. South Carolina was in latitude 38 degrees 26 minutes north, longitude 71 degrees 10 minutes west, when a periscope was sighted and fired upon. The Soiilli Carolirui was escorted by subchaser 231. which inunediately headed for the periscope, discharging depth bombs from her "\" guns over the spot where it had submerged. The Soiilh Carolina proceeded at full speed and made her esca[)e. The position of attack was fixed as 110 degrees true from Fenwick Island Lightship, distant live miles. The submarine sighted was evi(lentl> proceeding south at the lime of the attack, as the \orwegian Steamer Luna reporli'd at the Delaware Kieakwaler. the same morning, that she had sighted a submarine at 2 A.M. leu miles east-southeast from Winter Quarter Shoal Lightship. Kvery pre- caulinn had bi'en taken to insure the safely of the ship in approaching the Delaware l?reak«ater. The approach chamu'ls had been swe|)t and subchasers had been detailed to (>scort the battleship in. and mine sweepers sent nut to nirci the ship aii radio to a\oiil the \icinil\ of Oxerfalls Lighl>lii|). 'Fhese precautionary measures against mines were dictated bv the fact that six (la\s pre\ ions the steamship Ilrrhrrl L. Prall. an oil tanker, struck a mine in the neighborhood of ()\erfalls Light \ essel while proceeding Inward the Delaware Breakwater. The damage to the Prall was the first occasioned by enemy mines laid ill the waters of this district. The vessel was proceeding to the shelter alforded b\ llie I larliur of Hefiige at the Delaware ( .a|)es in accordance with radio warnings sent broadcast, advising that enemy submarines were operating olV the coast. and directing all ships to make the nearesi port. When Overfalls Lightship was bearing \. by K.. ^.j Iv and ('ape Henlopen W . by IN., "s iN., both magnetic, at 3.3.5 i'.m., the ship suffered severe vibrations from a slight explosion. At first it was believed thai she had been torpedoed, but the iioards of Investigation appointed to delermiiie the cause of the damage determined from the character of the damage done and from all other facts in its possession that it would have been impossible for a submarine tf> have operated with success in the character of water through which the ship was proceeding at the time. The belief that the damage was from a torpedo was heightenetl for the time b\ a report made by the Conimanding Oflicer of the S. P. .')'>1. Mirainar, a patrol vessel of the Fourth Naval District, that was in the vicinity immediately after the shij) struck. The Commanding Oflicer of the Miraniar reported having sighted a periscope wake. He gave cha.se. firing .several shots, after which the surface disturbance disappeared. The /Vrt// sailed from \b'xico on .May 26, 1*)I8, commanded bv 11. II. Mennett. Master Mariner, with a full cargo of crufle oil in bulk and a crew of thirty-eight men. At 8.00 A. VI. on .luiie 3d. when off Winter (,)uarter Shoal, radio warnings of 28f> tlif> operation of enemy submarines were received on board ship by wireless. Every precaution was taken and a sharp iooiiout kept wliile proceeding toward the Delaware Capes. Immediately following the explosion the ship was headed toward the beach. The life boats were manned and S. 0. S. calls sent by radio that the shi]) had been cither mined or torjx'doed. In the fifteen minutes that the ship was able to retain steerage way she proceeded far enough into .shallow water so that when she went down by the head her bow rested in ten fathoms, and her stern remained afloat. The ship was then abandoned. \s evidencing the thorough patrol that was maintained the Master of the Prall, in liis statement made subsequent to the fKcurrence, may be quoted as follows: ■'We then left the shij). .lust ]jrevious to this I hailed a guard boat, I don't know her name or number, and ordered her to stand by, that I was sinking. This guard boat was approximately 2,000 feet on my port side. He signalled me 'All right.' They stood by until we left in the boats. I was placed aboard the guard boat and the crew was placed aboard the j)ilot boat. On the return to Cape May we met another guard boat and hailed him. We then turned around and started for Cape Ilenlopen." At 3. 1.5 p.M the following S. 0. S. was received at Cape May from the Prall: "Overfalls Lightship Delaware Breakwater have struck a mine or am torpedoed." The patrol vessels referred to by the Master of the Prall were the S. P. 591 Mir- arnar, tlic S. P. Georgiaiia 111, and the S. P. lulorca. These vessels were on patrol in that vicinity and themselves intercepted the S. O. S. and proceeded to the scene. Mine sweepers engagi'd in sweeping from Overfalls Light Vessel to Five Fathom Lightship, and for a distance of live miles beyond were ordered to return imme- diately and sweep in the vicinity of the mined steamer. At 6. 15 P.M. an object resembling a mine was swept up and tlie Coast Cuard Cutter Morrill stood back to examine it. A boat was lowered and the mine photo- graphed by Third Lieutenant \ On Paulson. It was subsequently sunk by a shot from a six pounder at a range of one hundred \ards. It did not explode. A sea- plane patrolling in the neighborhood signaled another mine two miles to the southward. This was reported by the commanding officer of the S. P. 683 as a moored mine. It was sunk by rifle fire. The following day the S. P. 68I swept up another mine of the same type, which exploded when hit by a shot from a six pounder. It was located one and four-tenth miles southeast of Overfalls Light Vessel. On June 9th, while sweeping between McCries Shoal Buoy and Overfalls Light Vessel, a mine was swept up and sunk by a shot from a six pounder at a range of 600 yards. A partial explosion occurred and the mine disappeared. The r. S. y. ]] (sfo/i'.fA!, which was about to proceed to sea from the DelawEU'e Breakwater, was ordered back, in view of the imminence of danger, and instructed to anchor at Brandywine Shoals. A thorough search in the vicinity failed to show any evidence of the presence of a submarine, other than that seen by the lookout on the Miraniar. The following day, due to the efforts of Naval Constructor Davis, the Prall was taken in low by the Navy Tug Tasco and brought into the Delaware Break- water. Naval Constructor Davis happened to be at Lewes, Del., engaged in salvage operations, and his effort and the equipment at his disposal was imme- diately applied to salvaging the Prall. Steam had been kept up on the Prall and 287 Courtesy of the Atlantic KellntiiE Co. liiiiniring liamaije to the "IIitIhtI I,. Pratt." hor pumps were set to work to empty (ho forward tanks. She was subseijuently rif:liti'(l and ran to the Navy Yard. Philadelpliia. under her own steam, where she was placed in dry dock and where (he following', wlio were appointed as a Board of liKjiiirN to determine the cause of the daniajie, viewed thesliip: \rmistead lUist, (Captain, I . S. \. (Bet.), Senior Member; Maurice (i. Belknap, Lieu(enant, U. S. N. R. F., Member and Recorder; I">nest L. Bass, Assistant Naval Constructor of lliifiineers, U. S. C G.; ¥. C. Wells, Third lieutenant. Member; and Joseph J. ribbelts, L. S. N. Member; Carpenter, L. S. i\. R. F., Member. The conclusions of the board were as follows: A submarine to have fired a loipcdo would have had (o bo oporadnfi be(ween (ho frail and (ho Hen and Chicken Shoals. The ten-fathom curves show a sort of fuimol-like entrance of deep water from the sea from the southeast to the locality between Overfalls Light Vessel and Hon and Chicken Shoals. This is plainly the chaimol in which shif)s enter (ho bay. For (ha( reason it is plainly a place where mines would be planted by an enemy who had the opportunity to do so. On the other hand, the fact that it was a locality where war vessels of the I nitod States mifiht be expected, would present grave elements of danger to the operation of a submarine in the day time, the water being too shoal to permit diving without danger in case of pursuit. Minos planlod in (ho locality would serve as a menace for a long ])orio(l unless they wore suspc'ctod and dragged for. The use of a torp(>do would be, of course, more certain, but the operation of a submarine in such a locality at that time of day would present almost prohibitive risks which would make it unlikely that 288 such a course would be taken. For these reasons the board is of the opinion that the damage to the Pratt was caused by a mine and not by a torpedo fired from a submarine. Tlierefore, the most intensive mine-sweeping operations were carried on. Approach channels were laid out and swept and the regulations for the local control and safeguarding of siiipping as set forth in the instructions of operations, under date of May 18tli, and as amended by fuither instructions received on June .5th, were rigidly adhered to. The Department enjoined upon all commandants the heartiest cooperation, especially between districts that were adjacent, in the dissemination of proper information, control of coastwise shipping and in offensive actions against the enemy. These instructions were carried out to the letter, S. 0. S. calls received by radio were immediately transmitted to adjacent districts by telephone and subsequently confirmed by dispatch over the leased telegraph lines. The districts were constantly in touch with each other by telephone, so that their activities might not conflict or overlaj). Information as to the move- ments of coastwise shipping was given and every fact of possible value or of possible assistance in the conduct of the campaign was forwarded to adjoining districts for their information. While offensive action was prosecuted to the limit of the resources of the district in the destruction of mines, defensive action was taken so that mines should not be planted by vessels operating under neutral flags. Neutral vessels were boarded and inspected, so as to make absolutely certain that no mine-laying ecjuipment was aboard, and the further direction that neutral vessels were to be followed in and out by patrol boats, and their actions observed, was complied with in certain instances. It was the opinion of the department at this time that possibly two sub- marines were operating oti the Atlantic coast and the widely separated reports of activities seemed to confirm this possibility. The department's views were expressed as follows: "From the character of those enemy operations, the enemy's mission is estimated to be primarily political with the object of causing us to in- augurate such an offensive campaign as to prevent us placing our naval forces where they will operate to best military advantage. If tliis estimate of the enemy's primary mission is correct, it is reasonable to ex]3ect the enemy submarines to shift their base of operations fretjuently, both to gain added victims and also to create the impression that more submarines are on this coast than are really here." The mine-sweeping squadron which cariied out these operations at this time was organized early in the war, and among the first vessels taken over were a number of steam powered wooden hulls which had heretofore engagetl in the so- called Menhaden fishing operations in waters adjacent to the Delaware Breakwater. The vessels originally taken over were the Delaivare, S. P. 467; Breakwater, S. P. 681; Garner, S. P. 682; McKeeirr Brotl>ers. S. P. 683; E. J. McKeever, S. P. 684; S. W. McKeever, S. P. 1169; Fearless. S. P. 724; Annie Gallup, S. P. 694; Vester, S. P. 686; Brown, S. P. 1050. The vessels were purchased outright and rapidly converted at the Navy Yard to the purpos(? intended. TIk^ latter two after some months' service were detached from this duty, after their unsuitability had been demonstrated. The U. S. S. Teal, mine sweeper 23, and the V. S. S. Kinfifisher. mine sweeper 25, were added to this fleet on August 20, 1918, the former being constructed at the Sun Shipbuilding Company, and the latter at the Puget Sound Navy Yard. 289 These vessels were specially constructed for this purpose and their power, sea- worthiness and adaptability constituted a considerable contribution to the fleet. The coast defense cutters Morrill and Itasca were at various times assigned as flafiships of the mine-sweeping squadron. lixchisive of the flagships, the \ . S. S. Teal and Kingfisher, the ships averaged about 200 tons gross. They were fitted to sweep in accordance with the English system, in pairs, with wire between each boat, and using one kite. A mine-sweeping fleet was based at Lewes, nd.. until May 6, 1918, when it was transferred to Cape May. The limited number of vessels made it necessary in the beginning to sweep prescribed channels rather than definite areas. This channel extended generally from Overfalls Light ^ essel to a position one-half mile south of Five Fathom Bank Lighfshi[). Latterly, sweeping operations w(>re shifted and carried on intensively, as information was received indicating the probable location of mined areas. When the (ierman submarines commenced their operations at the latter end of May, 1918, the mine-sweeping fleet concentrated its efforts u[)on clearing certain approach routes to the Delaware Bay. Daily sweeping operations covered a distance of from sixty to eighty miles, and to insure the safety of ships a channel 600 yards wide was covered. The Departmciil carlN diiccted attention to the delayed action of (Icrman mines, and pointed out that "in connection with sweeping of channels, it is no guarantee tliat the channel is dear after having been swept the previous day." This involved continuous sweeping, and it was therefore entirely possible that in the wide areas to be covered a mine laid would rise after the identital area had been swept. The next ship to make contact with an enemy mine \\ilhiii (lie waters of the Fourth \a\al District was the U. S. S. Minnesota. The ship was proceeding to the Navy Yard, I'liiladilpliia. when she struck, at .5.00 A.M. on September 29th. in latitude 38 degrees 1 I minutes ,'?0 seconds north and longitude 71 degrees 11 minutes 5 seconds west. She was convoyed by the I . S. S. luracl. T\w mine exploded on the starboard bow below the water line, tearing a hole from thence downward to the keel. The forward compartments were Hooded, compelling a reduction in speed to ten knots. The shi[) proceeded under her own steam and without assistance. Innnediately upon her arrival at the .Na\\ ^ ard at 7.30 p.m. the same day, she was placed in drydock and tem- porary repairs made, so as to enable her to be undocked at noon on Octobei- 2(1. I pon receipt of information that a mine had been discovered in this locality two seaplanes from the Naval Air Station, Cape May, scouted in that vicinity without result, and four mine sweepers, including the L. S. S. Teal and l. S. S. A infijislier. sw ept for a distance of five miles ar< )und I he position wit hout discovering additional mines. The majority of mines .swept up conformed lo the dest iii)tion of those laid out of torpedo tubes by the U-151. 1"he dimensions in the main w(M(< tliamctcr 19}/^ inches, length, exclusive of horns, 4 feet 9|4 inches, holding in their center a charge of api)roximately 200 pounds of trinitrate of tohiol. They were usually of the four-horned variety with a single mooring. The varying tactics employed by the mine layers necessitated sweeping of approach routes as far as the hundred fathom curve, and in order to safeguard the routes followed by ships huggine the 290 coast, to avoid submarines, sweeping operations were necessary from Barnegat south to the vicinity of Winter Quarter Shoals. The immediate vicinity of North- east End Lightship, Five Fathom Bank Lightship, Fenwick Island Shoal Light- ship and Winter Quarter Lightship were constantly investigated by patrol vessels. Regular sweeping operations were interrupted by the necessity of detailing certain sweepers to investigate localities where mines were reported. Such reports rarely proved to be accurate, and in order that mines sighted might be immediately destroyed by passing ships, the Department on September 18, 1918, directed that all vessels be instructed to sink lloating mines by rifle fire, and that steps be taken to determine definitely whether the suspicious object was a mine or not. Prior to the issuance of these instructions, it had been customary for merchant ships to report the mine sighted, leaving it as a constant menace to any ship that might pass in its vicinity before mine sweepers could reach the locality. The \ . S. S. South Carolina, proceeding south at 1.00 p.m. on September 7. 1918, cut ofl^ a mine which came to the surface. At the time Barnegat Light was six miles distant, bearing 290 degrees. The coast guard cutter Morrill, with two mine sweepers, searched the area, sweeping Iwelve hours for a distance of eighty- four miles, without encountering anything. A month later, the LI. S. S. Teal swept up and sunk by rifle fire a mine in latitude 39 degrees 43 minutes north, longitude 71 degrees 1 minute west. The loss of the LT. S. S. Seaiia, a cargo carrier, operated for the army account, on November 9, 1918, concluded the damage done by enemy mines. The Seatia sailed from a French port bound for Philadelphia, and had been given instructions by the American routing oflicer at the port of clearance, as to the lines of approach to use when nearing the United States coast. By reason of bad trim, foul weather and an accompanying northeast gale, the steamer found herself, on the morning of November 9th, six miles to the southward and westward of the approach line of the inner position, and hauled up to make the lightship. At 8.30 p.m. she struck a mine ten miles south-southeast from Fenwick Island Lightship, one of the many that had been laid by a Cierman submarine from and to the south- ward and westward of the lightship. Although the ship stayed afloat but a short time all of the crew were saved. A number made their way to the coast south of Cape Henlopen in Ufeboats, and the remainder were picked up by S. S. Kennebec and subsequently transferred to district vessels hastening to the scene. These latter survivors were landed at the Secticm Base, Cape May. A total distance of 1,085 miles was swept in the vicinity of Barnegat. Prior to the signing of the armistice, nine mines were accounted for in this area. With the signing of the armistice, information was received from Vice-Adniiral William S. Sims, commanding the United States Naval Forces in European waters, that charts showing the positions ol nnne fields in this country had been turned over to the Allies. From this information, it was indicated where mines had been laid in areas located within the Fourth Naval District. The actual arrival of the enemy off the coast was promptly followed by the assignment by the department of the U. S. S. M-1, an American submarine, which took up a periscope patrol. Inasmuch as no suitable tender was available, it was determined to base the submarine at the Cape May Section Base and she was accordingly transferred to 391 Cold Sprinjr Inlet. After minor repairs had been made, she was assigned to patrol an area which would cover the approach to the Delaware Bay. The value of submarines for defensive purposes was realized and the Department ivas requested to detail two additional vessels of the same type for like duty. The duration of the patrol was fixed as six days. The operation of the M-1 early emphasized the tremendous responsibility imposed by the operation with safety of our own submarines. While they were instructed to remain submerged during the day and to come to the surface only at night, there was constant danger that th(^y might be mistaken for an enemy craft by patrolling seaplanes. Contact by district vessels was constantly made, emd to insure the safety of our own submarines it was necessary that most complete and accurate information should be disseminated to all naval v(>ssels and to ad- joining districts so that they might not be mistaken for enemy vessels. The British steamship Sorereign. on June 19th, sighted an American submarine and could have sunk her by gun-fire. Fire was withhf^ld when the American flag was displayed, and the fact that she was friendly was confirmed by the action of the submarine in proceeding away from the merchant ship without further action. On .lune 2.'jth, the I . S. S. N-7 was assigned to the Fourth Naval District, arriving at Cape May on July 23d, at t p.m. She was followed shortly thereafter by the l. S. S. N-4, but due to the salting of her engine while proceeding, she was not a\ailal)le for ])atrol until repairs had been made. The I . S. S. Saniniiah. flying the flag t)f the conunandcr of Division 8, Sub- marine Force, arrived at the Delaware Breakwater at 1 1 .\.m. on Sunday, August 1th. The ships of this division were rapidly assemliled at thi' Dela\\aic Breakwater, where it was found that the ground swell coining into the llarboi- of Befuge from seaward made that rendezvous, in the judgment of the commander of Division 8, not onl\ unsuitable but also dangerous to the ships of his division. IVrmission was recpiested to shift the division's base to Cold Spring Inlet, Cape May. Before the U. S. S. Savannah and her accompanying submarines were permitted to enter Cold Spring Inlet, a careful inspection was made and soundings taken. It was found at low water there was a depth of eighteen feet with a tide rise of four feet six inches. The U. S. S. Savannah has a length of 116 feet and beam of forty-six and maximinn flraft loaded of twi'iity-three feet six inches and maximum draft light of sixteen feet. It was determined, therefore, that it was entirely feasible for the Savannah to enter Cold Spring Inlet, as while acting as tender her maxinuim draft was eighteen feel six inches. The adaptability of Cold Spring llarboi' as an operating base for submarines was enhanced by the ability of the communication service to run direct lines, both telephone and telegraph, from the shore to the tender. The Saraiinah arrived at Cape May on August iiOtli. Two subniaiines of this division were constantly on patrol in designated areas, while (he waters adjacent were utilized for targ(^t prai^tice, torpedo practice and submerging tests. The r. S. S. 0-6, one of the ships of this (ii\ isioii, was badly dainagetl by gun- fire when she came to the surface astern of a convoy she was escorting, being mistaken for a hostile submarine. She proceeded to the mother shi]) in Cold Spring Inlet, where repairs were completed August 29111. It was considered that exceptional work had been done by the tender in repairing the damage, and the work of the Savannah's officers in this particular was the subject of a con- 292 gratulatory letter IVoin the coniniaiuler of the Submarine Force Atlantic, on Aiifiust 30th. The presence of the Savannah and her tli vision, tlie coincident fliglits and landings of seaplanes from the coastal air station, and the comings and goings of district vessels made Cold Spring Tnlet one of tiie busiest coastal bases at this time. Submarines exercised daily, particularly in torpedo practice and submerging tests. One of the latter, carried out on October 10th by the U. S. S. O-IO was of ninety-six hours' duration, at the conclusion of whicli the boat and crew were in excellent condition. The operation of the division from this point proved highly satisfactory, permitting the closest cooperation between district forces, and placed at the disposal of the submarine force commander the latest information available through the communication service established at Cape May, as well as the supply and repair facilities of the section base. In the late spring the hunt squadrons were organized to supplement the dis- trict activities. On June 6th the Connnandant was advised that the U. S. S. Joiiell with a force of more than a score of subchasers had been instructed to en- deavor to engage and maintain touch with the enemy submarine operating off the coast with the objects, first of destroying her, and second, failing in that, to track the enemy to his base of suppUes in the western Atlantic. To that end the Jouell and its force was instructed to follow him to the full exttmt of their resources. Information received by the Department when the Piiiar Del Bio was sunk was to the effect that the submarine was accompanied by a freight steamer, pre- sumably acting as a decoy and supply ship. This freighter was described as being 4.50 feet long, of 6,000 tons, painted gray, with a funnel amidships and two well decks. After a cruise out of Hampton Roads to the northward, the Jouell and her force based at the Delaware Breakwater until pmsuit of the (Miemy took them tci the northward, Provinc(>town, Mass., that becoming their base of operation. The basing of the Jouell and her force at the Delaware Breakwater placed upon the Commandant the responsibility of refueUng and resupplying these ships, and it should be noted that u])on their arrival there w as awaiting them a store of fuel more than sufllcient for the entire squadron, and tliis service was maintained for the Jouell and subsequent hunt squadrons that based there and at Cape May. The activities of the (ierman submarine practically ceased toward the end of the month of June, and it was indicated that she was proceeding eastward by the fact that the 1 1. S. S. \'on Sleuben was attacked by torpedo, but escaped in latitude 38 degrees 12 minutes north and longitude 61 degrees I') minutes west, on June 18th, and by the .sinking the same day of the steamship Dwin.sk in latitude 30 degrees 30 minutes north and longitude 61 degrees 16 minutes west. Five days later the Norv^egian steamship Augvald was sunk by torpedo in latitude 38 degrees 30 minutes north and longitude 53 degrees 50 minutes west. The survivors of this ship were brought to Philadelphia, and their statements were secured by the aide for information. No activities were recorded within the waters of the District after those above mentioned until several weeks later. It should be noted that the last three of which mention was made were far to the eastward of any waters that might reasonably be expected to be patrolled by the District vessels. The absence of enemy activity, however, caused no relaxation in the vigilance maintained. That such might be expected was evidenced by a dispatch received on June -4th, 293 llioto by Kfi'l'isl'' C.rt'ir ttf I . S. S. nut Shtilnii tin " 1 ii-^jitfltttn," _\tiiftist 'i. llfl^. I'lniii tlio chief ol naval operations, who desired that all forces should be impressed li\ I hi' iiecessily of vif^ilant patrols both in the air, under water and on the surface. riie section commanders at C.apt- Ma> and at Lewes and the conunaudiuf; oflicer of the naval air station at Cape May were enjoined to strictly carry out these instructions. Patrol vessels were cautioned to be vif;ilan1. and all possible boats were kept on patrol and mine swee])ers continued the sweejjiiif; of jjrcscribed channels. That tiie enemy raider would be promptly relii'ved was indicated about the middle of ,lui\ by information received from the Department to the ed'ect that the I -156 was proceeding towards this coast, and that a submarine cruiser of a possibly later type would accompany her. Further information indicated that the next raid would be one calculated to create terror along the seacoast by bombardment. .lust prior to the receipt of information that a renewal of submarine acti\it> might be expected, virtually all the temporary structures that had constituted the Cape May Section Base were destroyed by fire on Independence Day, 1918. 'rh(> fire, which was of unknown origin, started at about 10 a.m. under the inside corner at the rear of the sleeping tpiarters. The fire extinguishers and bucket brigades were unavailing against the rapid spread of the flames through the flimsy wooden structure, thoroughly dried after years of use. Over half the com- plement of the base was participating in the Independence Day celebration in Cape May proper, and the parade in progress was hastily disbanded and the men returned to the base for fire fighting by every available conveyance. A strong 294 wind blew from the harbor side, driving the flames directly toward the magazines, and the splendid courage exhibited by the men in removing tli(> contents of the magazine is deserving of praise. Within less than half an houi' the structure was in ruins. That the salvage work was carried on thoroughly, efliciently and with great dispatch is evidenced by the fact that the records of the commanding officer, executive officer, comnuniication officer and most of tlie valuable records of the paymaster were saved. No one was killed and injuries sustained by enlisted personnel were of minor character. The total loss to the Government, including the amount expended in improvements, provisions, clothing and small stores, general stores issued and awaiting issue, was estimated at $327,000. The activities of the base were continued without interrujjtion, except for the time required in fire lighting. The ruins were still burning when telephonic and telegraphic communications had been reestablished with the district head- quarters. The section base headquarters were established in the Corinthian Yacht Club adjacent to the original site. Personnel was quartered at Wissahickon Barracks temporarily, until a camp was estabfished. No vessels were damaged, and while the routine ot the base was interrupted in minor details, offensively and defensively, until conversion of the yacht club had been completed the base was in a position to meet immediately any enemy submarine activity. During the entire war, but one fire occurred outside of a (iovernment reser- vation that seriously menaced the progress of naval affairs. This occurred shortly after 8 p.m. on September 12, 1918, at the plant of the New York Shipbuilding Company in Camden. The fact that the new superdreadnought Idaho was at that plant nearing completion, and the further fact that a number of destroyers were on the ways in various stages of completion caused prompt action to be taken to safeguard the Government's interests. The U. S. S. Modoc and the U. S. S. Sanioset from the Navy Yard were dispatched innnediately, and every major ship at the yard had a detail of one hundred men standing by ready to place aboard the Idaho, in case it should be found necessary to move that vessel out of the path of the flames. Auxiliary tugs were engaged and were ready. The fire was controlled, however, without serious damage to any of the construction work under way, and as additional protection to the plant during the excitement, which attracted great crowds, a detail of 150 marines were placed on guard on the shore side, and district vessels patrolled the river front. On July 8th a submarine was believed to be in the neighborhood of latitude 40 degrees north and longitude 50 degrees west. The railway between Barnegat and Beach Haven, the fuel ofl depot and the radio station at Tuckerton, and prom- inent landmarks along the coast, such as lighthouses, water tanks, etc., were said to be the objects of bombardment. Upon receipt of this information, the guard at the Tuckerton radio station was doubled, as acts of sabotage in conjunction with these efT(jrts were expected. A constant patrol was ordered to be kept from Barnegat to a point five miles south of Atlantic City, scout patrol vessels being assigned to this duty. The patrol boats were instructed to attack submarines on sight, and although it was realized that they would be no match for the large cruising submarines in a standup tight, Fourth District vessels were ordered to fight to a finish. Tlu-ee section patrol vessels equipped with fistening devices maintained a 295 constant listening patrol, and an additional vessel cruised in the vicinity of Winter Quarter Li^iit. The commanding officer of the air station at Cape May was instructed to have planes patrol constantly, as far north as Barnegat. Mine-sweepers were instructed to be paiticiilarly cautious and to perform their duties with the utmost ellicien<'\. as it was believed that the activities of a German submarine operating in the fore- noon of .luly 21st, off Cape Cod, was for the ])iu-])ose of diversion to enable others to lay mines at points further south. That the submarine was not coniining its activities to the vicinity of Cape Cod, and that another than this one was proceed- ing to the westward was indicated by the messages received on July ."JOth, by radio, that the S. S. Kermanshaw at 5.4.5 p.m. was being pursued by a submarine, which had fired two torpedoes at her in latitude 38 degrees lr> minutes noitli, longitude 68 degrees west. The presence of an enemy submarine in the vicinity of I'ire Island, N. Y., prompted the Department to order the U. S. S. Jonetl, then at Lewes, Del., to proceed with her force forming a scouting line east and w(>st from the coast to the 73d meridian and to scout northward covering the area to Long Island, IN. Y. She sailed on July 20th and from that date until late in August the district was without the services of a hunt squadron, until th(> I". S. S. Pallersou. with the I'iflli Distriit Hunt Squadron, was ordered northward to search the area from the latitude of the capes of Mrginia to the capes of Delaware Bay and west of the One Hundred Fathom Curve. The Pallersori and the sc^uadron arrived at Delaware Breakwater at 4 p.m. August 23, 1918, and carried on operations for about one month. That the enemy submarine was again operating in the w^aters of the Fourth iN'aval District was evidenced by an S. (). S. message received at 8 p.m. on August 13th, to the effect that the steamer Henry S. Kellogy had been torpedoed thirty miles south of Ambrose Light Vessel. As the location given was outside of the boundary of the Fourth Naval District, and nearer to the headipiarters of the Third Naval District, the information was immediately telephoned to the conuuan- dant of that district. In an endeavor to intercept the submarine if it proc(H'ded southward, a listening patrol was inuncxliatcly ordered to be established at the extreme northern boundary of this District. Scout patrol vessels were ordered to cruise in the vicinity of the wreck to locate any survivors and a seaplane patrol was ordered at daybreak. The U. S. S. Henderson, which had sailed from the Navy Yard, l'hiladel])hia, proceeding to New York, was warned by radio of the presence of the enemy raider in that vicinity and was advised that a ship had been sunk by it off the north Jersey coast. The conunandant of tlu; Third Naval District advised that tliirty-five survivors had been landed in New ^ Ork and that seven ol the crew had been lost. On August 14th, shortly after noon, inroiniation was rccei\('(l that an cncniN submarine was shelling a schooner live miles southeast of Northeast ImhI Light- ship. This information was contained in an S. O. S. from the Schooner II ilUani (ireen, which was proceeding with all speed toward the Delaware Breakwater. The schooner attacked proved to be the Dorothy BnrreU, j)roc(M>ding from Norfolk t(» Boston with a cargo of coal. At 10.00 a.m. on .\ugust 1 Ith the submarine sud- denly appealed and fired a warning shot. The master and crew abandoned ship in a motor boat, and proceeded toward the submarine, which submerged, the motor 296 boat then starting towards Cape May. At this time the submarine chasers 71 and 73 were exercising; fourteen miles southeast of Cold Spring Inlet with the U. S. S. N-7. The mine-sweeper kiiKjtisher was in the vicinity but not in siglit, searching for a wrecked seaph^ne. The schooner's boat sighted the Kingfisher and the master boarded her, while the boat and survivors continued toward land. At 11.50 A.M. the kiiif/Jisher sighted what was thought to be two submarines in chase and she opened fire heavily. The submarine chaser 73 was attracted by the firing and proceedetl noith and intercepted the S. 0. S. sent two hours after the occurrence from the schooner 11 illiuni Green. The schooner had for self preser- vation kept her wireless silent until she had passed out of the danger zone. The Green was intercepted liy the submarine chaser 73 at 12.50 a.m. Securing the correct ])ositi(>n of the Dorothy Barrett she proceeded to the then burning and sinking schooner, arriving alongside at 1.15. The receipt of the S. 0. S. at the Section Base, Cape May, was followed almost immediately by the sailing of the submarine chaser 144 and the seaplane 1859. Fifteen minutes later sub- marine chasers 180, 210 and three other planes left for the scene. Scout patrols 177 and 372. returning but a short time later from escort and patrols, were dis- patch(Hl also. Th(> seaplane upon arriving detected bubbles on the surface 600 yards south of the wreck. The plane released bombs over the spot and directed submarine chasers to it by gun fire. Depth charges were released from the chasers and sweeping with trailing device was resorted to without contact being made. On a radial line to the southwest from Five Fathom Lightship the area was searched by submarine chasers 71, 210 and 114. The U. S. S. N-7 and sul)marine chaser 72 were sent to patrol off Northeast b]nd Lightship. The Barrett sank six miles southeast by south of Northeast End Lightsliii) in fifteen fathoms. Her sails were partly set and the topmast and twenty feet of lower mast showed above water. Pending her destruction, which was after- wards accomplished, a buoy was placed to mark her position. The cessation of enemy activity about this time caused the department to call attention to the fact that much of the raiding on this coast had occurred on Sundays, and that September 2, 1918, was a legal holiday following a Sunday. All forces were cautioned to be on the alert and prepared for any emergency. In response to these directions, shore leaves were withheld and liberty was not granted, so that during these two hohdays the entire forces of the District ashore and afloat were ready for any emergency. During the entire time of the submarine activity described in detail many reports were received by the section aide for information of signaling by improvised blinkers from shore to seas. Flickering lights in looms of seashore hotels and rocket signals sent up at isolated points along the Jersey shore and along the shore south of Cape Henlopen early resulted in the establishment of coast patrols. Land forces detailed from Cape May and Lewes augmented the regular patrols of the coast guard, the navy personnel being stationed at the several coast guard stations. No actual contact was made with any persons upon whom responsibility could be fixed. The problem was a particularly difllcult one and the occurrences reported so widely scattered and of such varying character as to be almost beyond detection. These occurrences came to a climax at 11 p.m. on August 30th, when three cream-colored rockets were observed in the air in the neighborhood of Coast Guard 297 Station No. 126, located in the northern end of Ocean City, N. J. At about the same time, L. J. Meehan, apprentice seaman, on guard to the north of the station, encountered a civiUan acting suspiciously on the beach in a locality distant from habitation. The guard ordered him from the viiinity and in order to emphasize the military character of his command, discharged his pistol into the sand. The directions were repeated without cnnipliance, and the civilian attempted to dis- possess the guard of his sidearm. In th'' resulting encounter the civilian was shot and killed. Nothing subsequently found upon his person indicated any connection with alien activities, nor was any exijlanation available for his suspicious action. After a period of inactivity .so far as the enemy was concerned, information was received from the department on September l.'Uh that a large German sub- marine with about forty-live mines aboard might lay olf the important ports along the Atlantic, and the conunandants of all districts were enjt)ined to carry on intensive sweeping operations. This was complied with. \t about this time radio S. (). S. calls intercepted indicated that the enemy raider was operating in the Fifth Naval District. The Sabiit^ Sun reported on September 11th, at 8.30 a.m., that she was being gunned south of Diamond Shoals Light X'essel. The captain of the American S. S. ./. E. OWcill reported having sighted a submarine on September 6lh, near Fenwick Island Lightship. The .sinking of Diamond Shoals Light \ essel, on August 6th, led to the belief that similar action would be taken against one or all of the lightships located in the Fourth District. The enemy, however, failed to pursue the sinking of light- ships further, but in the latter part of September such operations within the District as were noted were in the vicinity of light vessels. Five Fathom Bank Lightship reported on September 23d that a periscope and wake were seen about three miles astern of the U. S. S. Jupiler and about .">00 yards off the lightship itself. The JupHer had passed the lightsliip shortly before 1 P..M. and sighted the periscope at the same lime as it was sighted on the lightship. The collier speeded up and the periscope disappeared. During the entire afternoon, seaplanes and subchasers scouted in llic xicinily «llliout, how- ever, sighting anything. Seaplanes 1757, 1210 and 1931 were dispatched on special duty, and their search was augmented by seaplanes 116j and 17;?3 already on patrol in that neighborhood. Two days previously a submarine appeared at 9 .\.m. off Winter Quarter Shoal Lightship. She signaled the lightship her identity as that of the \ . S. S. Orpre and took a course north-northeast. Inasmuch as no Lnited Stales sub- marine is idenlilied by name but by letters and by numbers, it was thought that this was a case of mistaken signaUng, and that the ship was in reality the U. S. S. ()-!K then returning to her base at Cape .May. When the U. S. S. 0-9 arrived at her base, the commanding officer reported that he was in the vicinity of the lightship at the time mentioned, but that he had not signaled, but had idenlilied himself by raising his standard, it was impossibh; to reconcile the conflicting facts, and the commandant was of the opinion that the vessel sighted belonged to the enemy and not to the Lnited Slates naval forces. That there was an enemy submarine to the north of this vicinity shortly afterward was proved when contact was estabhshed by the U. S. S. Patterson and her hunt squadron on September 25th. The Patterson and her squadron 298 had left Cape May a short time previously and was cruising northward when the subchaser 234 advised the flagship at 1 a.m. that he had made sound contact in latitude 39 degrees 26 minutes north, longitude 73 degrees 46 minutes west. All listeners in the force agreed that the sound was that made by a submarine. The prescribed form of attack was made and depth bombs launched. After the attack all sound ceased and the conmianding ofiicer of the U. S. S. Patterson advised that in his opinion the submarine was resting on the bottom in sixteen fathoms. Doubt was expressed as to damage having been done to the submarine. The chasers anchored about the spot and listening patrols were maintained. Subchasers 71, 72, 74 and 278, attached to the district forces, co- operated with the U. S. S. Patterson and the hunt squadron, when the flagship the following day was compelled to return to the Cape May Section Base, on account of an epidemic of influenza aboard. The U. S. S. Emeratd, S. P. 177, attached to the Fourth Naval District, relieved her as support ship. A listening patrol was maintained for sixty hours. During a gale that broke on the night of September 26th, the District forces and those of the Patterson's hunt group were badly scattered. Chasers anchored on the spot of contact broke adrift and lost the position. For several days subsequent to tliis event, the U. S. S. Philip relieved the U. S. S. Patterson as flagship, that ship being unable to operate because of the depletion of the crew by influenza. Submarine activities subsequent to this date were negligible. On October 3d the Oakley C. dnrtis reported sighting a submarine north of Winter Quarter Shoal Light Vessel. An investigation of this area by the F. S. S. Philip and the chasers of the hunt squadron based at Cape May failed to disclose its presence. Again on October 9th the enemy was thought to be present when reports were received that a merchant ship seven miles olF Coast Guard Station No. Ill and headed south had been firing her guns for some time. The U. S. S. Philip and her force investigated this also. On October 17th the S. P. 591 reported by radio that the S.S. Mohican had sighted a submarine ofl" Winter Quarter Shoal Light \'essel. This was the last report received of the presence of a submarine. It proved to be one of our own. All of the activities, both of an offensive and defensive nature, were continued without diminution until the signing of the armistice on November 11th, although from the middle of October until that date there was no indication of the presence of hostile crafts. That the menace was no longer one that might be regarded seriously was evidenced on October 31st, when the burning of dimmed side lights and stern lights was permitted west of the 40th degree of longitude, and the foUowing day coastwise shipping was ordered to burn a single masthead light and side lights undimmed. The utilization of every sizable ship in war work and the employment of coast guaid cutteis as patrol vessels imposed upon the commandants of naval dis- tricts the duty of rendering assistance with district vessels, wherever possible, to ships in distress. Where in peace times the well-known signal of distress, the S. 0. S. was accepted without question, there was ever present, especially during the activities of German submarine, the fear on the part of every ship that an S. 0. S., might have been sent by a German submarine to decoy the rescuing ship 299 r:,olo by llci IokU'. Maktnfi repairs on IJ. S. S. Kanawha and "Subs." to a given point, where she might be easily and successfully attacked. The fact that these were the only messages permitted lo be sent in luiglish radio during war time made this deception more easy of execution. When it is considered that many ships were traveling out of regular channels and that navigation was without the conventional aid of running lights and that zigzag courses were sailed for safely against attack and that war vessels, troop transports and cargo carriers w ere constantly cros.sing the coastwise lanes of travel without a glimmer of light to indicate their position, the nnmb(>r of accidents from the ordinary hazards of the sea was extraordinarily few. The most serious of these was the sinking of the steamship Poseidon by the I nited States Shipping Hoard steamer Somerset. The Poseidon sailed from Boston on July 30, 1918, for Norfolk in ballast. .\t 11.30 p.m., July 31st, when about five miles north northeast of Five Fathom Mank Light \ Cssel. the collision occurred. The night was rainy and misty and the visibility was extr(>mely low. Both vessels were running without lights. S. (». S. calls were intercepted at the section base, Cape May, the first being received at 11.3.^ p.m. The two ships were in constant radio communication for about thirty-five minutes, when the Poseidon sank. The Somerset , due to weather conditions and fog, was unable to locate the sinking shi[). The coast guard cutler Morrill sailed from the settion base at Cape May at 1.15 .\.m. on .\ugust 1st and she was followed by the S. P. 681 and S. P. 467, the ships proceeding as rapidly as weather conditions would permit, it being deemed unsafe to send the smaller ships until the weather had moderated after 300 daybreak of August 1st. In addition to being engaged in their regular duties there were minor calls for assistance due to stormy weather that reduced the number of available vessels at tiie time of tiie occurrence. The coast guard cutter Morrill rescued one survivor ;ind lecovered three bodies. The S. 0. S. call was also intercepted by the tank steamer James McGee, en route from New York to Baton Rouge. The ship cruised in the vicinity of the collision and at 7 a.m. August 1st, while steaming back from Fenwick Island Light Vessel to Five Fathom Light Vessel and when about five and a half miles from the scene of the collision, survivors were sighted on rafts, clinging to u])turned boats and floating wreckage. Thirty-two members of the crew were rescued, including the master, who subsequently died from injuries and shock, when landed with the others at Li^wes. Delaware. At 9.30 a.m. the McGec spoke to the coast guard cutter Morrill and a naval surgeon was put aboard the tanker to render medical aid. The greatest loss of life of navy personnel resulted from the foundering of the v. S. S. Cherokee, at 8 a.m., February 26, 1918, in about latitude 38 degrees 38 minutes north, longitude 74 degrees 38 minutes west. This position was twelve and one-half miles north northeast magnetic of Fenwick Island Light Vessel. The crew ct)nsisted of thirty-two men and the shij) had a complement of six officers. Of these but one officer and nuie men were saved. She was originally assigned to duty with Squadron 3. Division .5, Patrol Force, but was diverted and retained for coastwise service. On February 26th she sailed from Newport for Washington, taking an offshore course after lea\ ing the vicinity of Barnegat Inlet. The ship was hove to fiom M BSSSfrj ? . -T \ l-hulo by Iiei.ki(;ie. U. S. S. "Kanawha" in Dock. 301 midnight. Fobrnary 26th. until she sank. Storm warnings were received aboard, but the course was kept b\ the commanding oflicer. At 7.30 a.m. the ship sent an S. 0. S. call, giving her position as fifteen miles southwest of Fenwick Island Lightship. At this time she was leaking badly and thirty minutes before founder- ing the steering gear was carried away. The weather was extremely cold and although the steamship British Admiral was promptly on the scene, but eleven of the crew and C.liief Boatswain Sennot were found to be afloat. Two of these died of exposure. The survivors and bodies were brought to the Navy Yard, Philadelphia, aboard the rescuing steamer. The sinking ot the subchaser 209. and the consequent loss of lives, by the armed guard crew of the steamship /•>/(> Taussig at 2. .'50 a.m. on August 27th was a matter of sincere regret to everyone connected with the Fourth Naval District. The subchaser 209 was placed in commission November 28. 1917, and was attached to the Fourth Naval District from that date until June 21. 1918, when she was ordered to New London. Conn., to be fitted out for distant service. Subsequently she was diverted from the duty originally intended upon her detachment and was attached to the hunt squadron of which tin- I . S. S. Patterson was the flagship. The officers and crew were recruited in this dislricl. and when she was de- tached she sailed under the command of Lieutenant (j. g.) Henry J. l5owes, U. S. N. R. F.. her original connnander. The steamship /•>//> Taussig, a cargo transport, was proceeding from France toward New York. She had reached a position some twenty miles south of Fire Island Lightshij). latitude 10 degrees 8 miiHi(es north, longitude 7.'} degrees 18 minutes west, when the unfortunate chaser was sighted and mistaken for a (ierman submarine. Five shots were fired by the armed guard crew aboard the Taiixsig. four IVom I he forward gun and one from the after gun. Both the conunaMding ollicer and Lnsign Handolpii. the executive; officer. went down with the ship. Of the crew eleven were lost with the vessel. The sub- chasers 188 and 270, also altai-lied to the hunt sepiadron. were .soon on the scene, together with the flagship, the I . S. S. Patterson, and picked up the survivors. The Felix Taussig proceeded to her destination and on ,\ugust 28th sailed from New York for Philadelphia, arriving at the Navy Yard. Philadelphia, at 10 \.m. on August 29th. At various times the dangers of inshore navigation b>, large ships was em- I)hasized by groundings. However, there were but two Distrirt vessels that sutl'ered nnshap. The U. S. S. Callup, S. P. 694, went ashore February 21. 1918. on Cape Henlopen during a gale. The hull was a total loss. As much of her machinery as was worth it was salvaged, together with the stores, supplies and equipment. The I . S. S. Mary Garner. S. P. 682. went ashore on Broad Kill Beach, about five miles from Lewes, Del., on the night of \]n\\ 12. 1918. anchors dragging in a heavy blow. .She was salvaged and restored to service. With the signing of the armistice, all war activities ceased. Convoys, patrols, both air and wat(>r, were suspended and district vessels were placed out of com- mission and returned to their respective owners. The base at Lewes was abandoned and demobifization was begun and carried out promptly. Expenditures for new project^s were stopped even before the armistice and 302 contracts for war matprial were canceled whenever possible. Curtailment of ex- penditures and reductions in complements are still being made. Effort has been made within reasonal)le compass to review the main features of the war-time activities of the Fourth Naval District and to record those facts which would merit interest from the broad standpoint of naval affairs. To that end they have been separated from the more detailed accounts of the activities of tlie various bases and the several district departments. MAINTAINING THE MORALE AT THE NAVY YARD In January, 1916, Chaplain Curtis H. Dickins, Captain ChC, U. S. N., reported for duty, and, as Chaplain of the Yard, was immediately placed in charge of the mental, moral, physical and religious welfare of the men of the Navy and the Marine Corps. After over twenty years spent in the naval service, ashore and afloat. Chaplain Dickins was especially fitted to handle any problem arising in his department. The Navy Yard, always a busy military center, became more so when, in April, 1917, American seamen were ordered to take their places with the Navies of the Allies, and the U. S. Marines crowded to their standards to prepare for their memorable part in the struggle which was to bring to them such undying fame in military annals. The men came in such numbers that the e(]iiipment of the Chaplain of the Yard proved totally inadequate to meet the emergency, and, as a result of a conversation with the Reverend Dr. James A. Montgomery, of the University of Pennsylvania, a luncheon was arranged where the situation might be discussed. In response to the suggestion that a large tent, costing about $1,000.00, was a pressing need, Dr. James Mockridge, Rector of St. James, and Dr. E. M. Jefferys, of Old St. Peters, in one voice said: "(Jo ahead! Order your tent and anything else you need." The tent came and was known as tiie "Bee Hive Tent" Thus the wf)rk began, and with the equijiment came workers. Space forbids that record be made of how widely and promjjtly the call for workers was responded to. Allen Evans, Jr., Loyal (iraham. Fred Halsey, Russell Hart well, Albert H. Lucas, Tom Merriweather, James Midgeley, A. V. Borkey, and others, repre- senting the Divinity schools of Philadelphia. Berkeley, and Drew, coupled with local clergymen, all reported immediately for duty; and to this number. Rev. A. H. Haughey, Rev. Dr. A. W. Henzell, and the well-knowti architect. Walter S. Bauer, were added within a week. All of this prej)arali(in to uK^^t the emergency took place the early part of May, 1917. Then came help from another important source. Through the interest of Bishop Rhinelander, Bishop Garland, Bishop Berry, Fathei' Lallou. Dr. Kraus- kopf, Dr. Ferry, Dr. Delk and others, a Conunittee representing the leading religious bodies of the city was organized to meet two pressing needs: first, imme- diate workers in the field; second, the making of preparations for winter quarters. As a result of the Committee's activity, several religious bodies immediately put paid workers in the field, and in some cases this work was kept up for a year or more. Two outstanding workers who came to the support of the Chaplain of the Yard were Father George C. Montague and Reverend A. C. Carty, the 303 latter still continuing the work. No task was ever too great and no hours too long for these workers, who strove for the interests of the seamen and -Marines. The first tent. 10 feet wide and 140 feet long, soon proved inadequate, and it was then that the Philoinusian Club took up the work and provided a tent of equal size, with an abundance of equipment, which they maintained until winter weather made tent life impossible. July, 1917, had not passed before plans were laid for providing winter quarters, the Navy Department having given, in the meantime, its carte blanche to Chaplain Dickins to meet the situation in the most eilicient way possible. Buildings were planned. The Church Connnission, of whith Uisliop (iarland was Chairman, pledged the several represented bodies to raise a fund of six thousand dollars ($6,000.00) for new buildings to house the welfare work. The enlarged requirements meant a call for further help; consecpiently interested citizens were consulted and they gave their enthusiastic support. In the meantime the bankers of the city had become deeply interested, and through their representative, Richard \i. Norton, a series of out-door smokers was staged, at which the bankers provided both smokes and shows and which were usually attended by more than six thiiusaiid men in an evening. \\ hen the new and larger housing scheme was laid before theui, the bankers Committee immediately and generously responded. The buildings were planned and constructed under the direction of Walti'r S. Bauer, which fact in itself guaranteed jjerfection. The two buildings, still in active service (.1921), were opened respectively in November, 1917, and in February, 1918. The buildings, 'iO feet wide and 1 !.■) feet long, provide a librarv : a chapel; an auditiiriuin; writing facilities; a canteen, witii soda and ice cream stands; pool room; bowling alleys; school rooms; in fact, everything that goes to make the Yard life of the men useful and happy is to be found in these buildings, and these advantages have been enjoyed by over 2.000.000 men. Splendid support was given by Mr. and Mrs. E. T. Stotesbury; Messrs. Arthur E. and ClemiMit B. \nr> Brinton (^oxe; Mr. and Mrs. Wm. M. licld; Miss Clara G. Chase; Holstein DeHaven Fox; Albert H. Hoxie, who devoted his whole time as song leader: the Colonial frames, wlio outfitted the game room; the New Century Club; the I'hilomusian Clui); Kelly Street Business Men's Associa- tion, and numberless other organizations which responded so generously to the calls for help. It is impossible to mention, by name, all who gave without slinl ol' llicii time and talents, but a tribute must be paid to the earnest work of Mis. Caroline A. Moore, who is known to thousands of seamen and Marines under' the alfectionate term of '"Mother Moore." Somewhere, in the silent waters, there rest in peace those sailors whose spirits never forget; on the sh(>il-torn hills of France, in fair Picardy. at the Somme. in the .\rgonne, and elsewhere, little white crosses mark the last resting places of men whose souls forever stand guard; they, and their companions who fought and returned, remember that Philadc'Iphia was a happy though temporary home. In the "City of Brotherly Love" they found friends, whose motto was the one made glorious by the men in the service : Sempkr FiDIiLIs! 3()t PHILADELPHIANS IN THE NAVY William Bell Clark APPROXIMATELY ten thousand five hundred Phila- delphia men and women served in the naval forces (jf the United States during the World War. The exact figure is not available. The approximation is established by ratio based upon the exact fatalities for the City and State. Philadelphia lost 208 in the navy and Pennsylvania lost 618; the city's mortality thus was .336 per cent. The Navy Department's statistics show that there were 31,063 from this state in all branches of the naval service — regular, reserve and National Naval Volunteers. Working out the ratio would give Philadelphia 10.437, or 10,500 in round immbers. In setting the figures of both enlistments and fatalities, the actual boundary lines of the county have been adhered to strictly. Consequently, the compilation excludes all those who came from suburban towns. Thus, in preparing a table of naval deaths, it was deemed best to consider Philadelphia's honor roll as made up of residents of the forty-eight wards only rather than embrace adjoining counties wliich have or will prepare their own lists. Many of those from Montgomery, Delaware and Chester counties, who surrendered their lives while in navy blue, were in business or employed in this city and Philadelphia might, in a measure, lay claim to them. However, the counties where they resided rightfully have the prior claim, and rendering them that due will avoid duplication, confusion and contention. Where They Served To attempt to tell in detail how, and where, and when the Philadelphians in the navy served their country in the World War would mean writing practically a history of the American Navy for 1017 and 1018. Few were the vessels in the service, from subchasers to battleships, which at one time or another in the course of the war did not have a Philadelphia name and address on its roster. Men from this city who enlisted long before the eventful days of March and April, 1917. were among the first to face the enemy either among the armed guard on American cargo vessels, or on the first destroyer contingent which reached Queenstown on April 26, 1917, less than a month after hostilities began. The first Philadelpliia lives lost in action with the enemy were those of naval men, members of the armed guard on the tanker Vacimin. The Vacuum, sunk by a submarine on April 28, 1917, in .57° 00' north, 10° 45' west, was the second American vessel attacked after the declaration of a state of war, the first being the Mongolia on April 19th. Eighteen members of the Vacuum's gun crew perished when the tanker was destroyed, Charles John Fisher, one of the Philadelphians, going down with the ship, and Frank Hazleton Loree, the other, succumbing on May 2d to exhaustion after days in a small boat. Thus, in the first month of the war, before the recruiting campaigns were really underway, liefore the naval reservists had begun to concentrate for training, before even the plans of naval cooperation with the Allies had been worked out, the effect of the war on Phila- delphia lives was first felt. 305 Courtesy of the Atlantic ReflnInK Co, . 1 nli-Sulmuirine Ciu>. Elsewhere in this volume are descriptions of the recriiitin<; campaip;ns for the reserve and the regular navy, the mobilization of the naval militia and Ihe intimate history of the 4th Naval District, the area best known In IMiiladclphia. Dis- missinji them, therefore, with merely a mention, this article aims to jio further alield, to touch briefly upon the broad scope of naval work where l^hiladclpliians always were to be found. Diirinf; the first year of the war, the brunt fell upon the regular navy, aug- mented by the earliest classes of the reserve. The first base established by the destroyers at Queenstown in April, 1017, was followed by the arrival in ,Iune of the same year of a contingent of American yacht,s at Brest. Numbered among these was the Alcedo, formerly the private yacht of deorge W. Childs Drexel, which, some months later, cm November .t, 1917, was torpedoed and sunk. Two I'hiladf^lphians. l^nsign W. Frazier Harrison, 1633 Locust Street, and Pharmacist's Male Richard William Rudolph, 1830 Orleans Street, were among the rescued. In August, 1917, a third base was established at Gibraltar, and these three functioned throughout the war as the ports from which sailed the destroyers, yachts and cruisers on convoy duty in the war zone. In the meanwhile, an American fleet under Rear Admiral Capcrton was despatched to the South Atlantic and in June, 1917, relieved the British and French vessels on duty there in guarding South American waters from a chance raider or submarine. In November. 1917, the first contingent of battleships, headed by the New York, steamed out of the Chesapeake to rendezvous several weeks later with the British Grand Fleet at Scapa Flow and to remain for fifteen months on guard .306 riioto by lU'i'Iogle. Suhnnirines nt l.eariiic Inland. under Admiral Beatty (British) and Admiral Rodman (American) while they waited in vain for the German High Seas Fleet to come out from behind Helgoland. In the early winter of 1917-1918 another force of battleships proceeded overseas, basing at Bantry Bay, Ireland, and engaging in convoy duty in the Irish Sea as well as backing up the destroyer forces at Queenstown. By this time the swelling personnel of the Navy was being trained rapidly and centers, like Wissahickon Barracks at Cape May and the Great Lakes Naval Station in Micliigan, were beginning to turn out the men wherewith to provide complete naval crews for transport and cargo boat. At the same time the 75-foot sub-chasers were coming into being, and their crews recruited at New London and other bases. Convoying had already grown extensively. The first convoy with Pershing's original Expeditionai-y Force consisting of four groups reached St. Nazaire be- tween June 25th and July 2d, and there were Philadelphia men on the two dozen cruisers, yachts and destroyers which guarded the first troopships. From then on until the armistice the overseas service grew, the convoying being conllned at first to troopships exclusively and afterwards to cargo vessels as well. There are Philadelphians of the navy who will tell how they sailed on convoying cruisers from Boston, or New York, or Philadelphia, month after month and never saw England or France. The system as perfected provided a flotilla of fight vessels and one cruiser to escort the convoy to a certain point off the American coast where all but the cruiser put back to home ports. The cruiser continued across the Atlantic, on guard until refieved on the edge of the war zone by the Queens- town, or Brest, or Gibraltar detachments. Thereupon the cruiser also turned 307 homeward. Aside from the convoying ships, the navy provided crews for 150 transports, and not one of those transports, hut what contained at least one Phila- delphian. Then there weie Philadelphians among the crews of the first seven suhmarines which went abroad on August. 1917: i'hiladelpliians on the "suicide fleet." the coal carriers out of Newcastle. L^ngland : iMiilad(>iphians on the subchasers at Corfu and Queenstown: Piiiladelphians with the great naval batteries on the western front and Philadel|iliians in llie \a\al Air Seivice at home and overseas. In brief, 10. .■)(»() Piiiladelphians were scattered wherever a naval detachment was to be fomid and the navy, in addition to the duties previously enumerated kept (]uite a few thousand men busy guarding America's own coast from sub- marines, to say nothing of those held in reserve at the naval bases from Maine to California. How TiiEV Skrved Some deeds of Philadelphians in the na\ \ came to the attention i Medal of Honor) Medical ( 'orps. V. S. N. R. F., for e.\traoi(liiiar\ heroism beyond llii' call of dul\ while serving with the .")lh Megi- ment of I iiiled Stales Marines in France during the attack on the I'lois de Belleau, . I line 1 1, I'll!'.. W hilr under lire of heavy explosives and gas sIhIK in the town of Lucy, where his dressing station was located, he attended to and e\;icuated the wounded under most tr_\ing conditions, lljiving been knocked to the grounil by an e\[i!i>(ling gas shell, which lore his mask, lie discarded the mask and courage- ousIn continued his work. His dressing station being hit and demnlislied h{> per- sonally heljied carr\ ( '.a]>tain Williams wounded, through the shell lire to a place of safety. Staidey V. Moman. 2()'i] Belgrade Street : For exceptionally meiilorious and distinguished ser\ ice as member of the crew of the L . S. S. Mc(aiII. ( )n September •). I •)!!{. the ("anadian Pacific S. S. M is.ianahie was torpedoed twice by a (iernum submarine. Hoinan with other in<'mbers of the crew rescued the survivors of the Missd/iahif at iniminenl risk of life and for this hi-roic duty should be considered as having performed distinguished ser\ ice in the line of duty. Joseph S. Marcio. 760 S. W'arnock Street: Member of the crew of the U. S. S. Snillli. On Deceinlier 17. 1')I7, during the worst gah' of its kind for eight years, Marcio .juniped overboard and saved a sliiimiate who had been washed over- board. Harry 1^. (iibson, .5210 Locust Street: ("onmiended for licroir coiKluct following the sinking of the Jacob Jones on December 6. l')17. Displaxrd (hrciliij ci induct and was an inspiration to the rest of the crew. l^nsign William T. McCargo, .)()I2 Malcolm Axemie: For exce[)ti(mally meritorious and distinguished service on dul> in c(jnnection with the important and hazardous work of clearing the Xorth Sea of mines while in command of sub- chaser 16 L Lieutenant-Commander R. (i. LeConle: For distinguished service in the line of his profession in the organization of Naval Base Fnit 5. Lieutenant-Com- mander Le Conte \olunteered for service at the front at critical periods and per- 30a funned very valuable surgical wuik lor the wounded on tiie occasions of the battles of Chateau-Thierry, Belleau Woods and Pierre Fonds. Ensign Benjamin Lee (deceased): For distinguished and heroic service as an aviator operating with the United States aviation forces, foreign service, engaged in patroling the waters of the war zone, escorting and protecting troop and cargo ships and oyjerating against enemy submarines. William Robert Hansford, '2'.V,M) N. 26th Street: For gallant action in jumping into an icy sea and risking his life to save W. A. Wells, another seaman, who fell overboard and was drowned January 30, 1918. David (ioldman, 109 Moore Street: For heroism in leaping overboard from the U. S. S. O'Brien and, at the risk of his life, rescuing Arthur (i. Palmer, a fellow seaman, on October 30, 1917. James Fulton Miller, 6708 Leeds Street: For jumping overboard from the U. S. S. Iowa March 23, 1918, and rescuing a drowning man. Charles J. Steel, Jr., 812 N. Jlst Street: As a member of Base Hospital No. 5 submitted to a blood transfusion operation in an elfort to save a wounded sailor. Harry Albert Marynowitz, 1231 Lee Street: One of nine enlisted men who volunteered for inoculation with influenza for the purjiose of learning specific facts regarding the epidemic. How They Died A total of 206 Philadelphia men and two I'hiladelphia women lost their lives in the naval service during the war. The influenza ejiidemic. beginning in August. NIS, was far more deadly in its eifects than the worst elforts of the enemy, and disease, as a whole, laid claim to approximately 75 per cent of this city's fatalities. The following table shows at a glance just how the 208 men and women died: Enlisted onicers Personnel Total Killed in action 17 17 Died in accident 5 18 23 Lost at sea unheard of 6 6 Drowned 8 8 Suicide 3 3 Influenza epidemic 14 94* 108 All other diseases 4 39* 13 Total 23 185 208 *Including one woman. Taking up the most serious factor in th(^ table, the inlluenza epidemic, the figures represent the number who died from the Spanish influenza and also from pneumonia, which was generally fatal if the influenza had not been. Of the 208, ninety-four of the victims died on this side of the Atlantic — some few in their homes, others in hospitals throughout the country, and the majority in the Phila- delphia and Great Lakes, 111., naval hospitals. Numbered among those who died in the Philadelphia Naval Hospital was Miss Mary Gertrude Lowry, of 805 S. 49th Street, who had enlisted as a landsman for yeoman on September 6, 1918, and succumbed to the influenza on October 19th of the same year. Only four 309 Philadelphians fell victims to the epidemic overseas and two of these four diod in this city's own naval hospital (Navy Base No. 5) at Brest. France. The remaining ton who lost their lives through the scourge died on shipboai'd. The cliief causes of the forty-three deaths due to diseases other than influenza were tuberculosis and pneumonia (contracted prior to the epidemic). The oilier Philadelphia ) oung woman who died in the navtd service comes in this classification. She was Miss May Adele Turner, of 3213 N. 6th Street, a chief yeoman, who died June 21, 1917, of cerebral meningitis. There was a total of twenty-five men who died through self-destruction, falling overboard from naval vessels, in quarrels, or in accidents ashore, and thirty-two. whose deaths came either in action with the enemy or in the perils of collision, storm, etc., while at sea. In the cases of the latter, their stories form a part of the threads from which is woven the fabric of the naval history of the country during th(> war. How the first Pluladelphia lives were lost in action with the enemy has already been told. They were the two members of the naval gun crew on the tanker Winmm, wliich was torpedoed on April 2?, 1917. Five were killed on the U. S. Destroyer Jacob Jones, which was torpedoed on December 6. 1917, in 49° 23' north, 6° 13' west. The Philadelphians among the sixty-two lost on the destroyer were, Dock Johnson, cabin cook: Bernard Joseph .Mckeown, fireman, first class; (ieorge C.iuistian Merkel. machinist's mate, first class; George Washington Pole, oiler, and John Thomas Tufts, blacksmith. The tragedy of the naval tug Cherokee, which sank in a storm off the Dela- ware Capes on February 26, 1918, cost twenty-three li\cs, among which were numbered three Philadelphians, one of whom was the vessel's commander, Liiiitenant Edward Dolliver Newell. The other two were llerlxMl Martin l)i(l(lle, quartermaster, third class, and Sylvester Bernard \oland, fireman, third class. An explosion of a shell on the transport \'(>n SIciihen on March 5, 1918, resulli'd in three deaths, one of whom, a Philadelpliiaii, was I'jarl (".rouse Martin, seaman. second class. The second i'hiladelphia oilicer to die in an accident was Lieutenant-Com- mander Bichard Met 'all Flliot, Jr.. who was killed with thiity-two m('nd)ers of iiis crew on the U. S. Destroyer Manley, when it collided with a Brilisii tiansporl. on March 19. 1918. the coUision resulting in the explosion of a depth charge on llu; stern of the American war vessel. Four Philadelphians were among the forty-five killed in action on the cargo steamer Lakemoor, which was torpedoed by a submarine on April 11, 1918, when about tiu-ee miles off the Scottish coast near Crossley Light. They were Charles Bernard Hiller, seaman, second class; Thomas Aloysius Mclntyre, seaman, second class; Joseph Francis Byan, seaman, second class and Philip Henry Stein, Jr., seaman, second class. When, on April 21, 1918, the Navy Department announced the naval colfier (lyclops, as being lost at sea unheard of with its crew of 293 men, there were six Philadelphians among the missing and they are missing today. The IWclopx left the Barbadoes for Philadelphia on March 3, 1918. It was due in Philadelphia about March 13th, and it never arrived. The naval men from this city were John Herbert Blemle, machinist's male, first class; Percy Leon Carpenter, chief water 310 tender; Anthony Glowka, fireman, third class; Samuel Goldstein, seaman, second class; Louis Minch, fireman, third class and James Arthur Shooter, seaman. Two seaplane accidents cost Philadelphia lives in May and August of 1918. In the first, on May 31, 1918, at Miami, Fla., Ensign George B. Evans, Jr., plunged to his death and, in the second, on August 23d at St. Trojan's, France, Quarter- master John James McVeigh was so badly injured that he died shortly afterwards. Just twenty miles south of Fire Island, N. Y., on the morning of August 27, 1918, the armed cargo boat Felix Taussig spotted what it supposed to be an enemy submarine and fired three times upon it. The shots were fatal to the craft, but in- stead of a submarine it was American sub-chaser No. 209. It sank carrying down with it seventeen men. The destroyer Patterson and sub-chasers Nos. 188 and 270 picked up the survivors. Four Philadelphia boys were among the seventeen lost. They were Harry Sawyer Denney, gunner's mate, first class; Leonard Alonzo Haskett, Jr., boatswain's mate, second class; John Alexander McBride, quarter- master, first class and Irwin John Sheehan, oiler. Two Philadelphians were killed in an encounter between the transport Mt. \^ernon and an enemy submarine on September 5, 1918, while 250 miles off the French coast. The Mt. Vernon, although torpedoed, managed to get back to port. Thirty-six men were killed including Harry Nealson SkeUy, engineman, second class, and George Joseph Sofian, fkeman, second class. There was one Philadelphian who died on the army cargo boat Buena Ventura, which was torpedoed and sunk on September 16, 1918, in 44° 36' north, 13 10' west, the total death toll being sixty-four. The Philadelphian was James Mahathey, water tender. One of the most tragic episodes of the war, the attack of the U-152 on the navy cargo carrier Ticonderoga on September 30, 1918, in 43° 5' north, 38 43' west, took the lives of three Philadelphia boys. A total of 216 men perished on the Ticonderoga, either killed by the shelUng, or drowned in eflbrts to escape in shot- riddled boats. The Philadelphians were: Benjamin Baylor, wardroom steward; Uhich Joseph Thomas Charette, seaman, second class and William Frederick Miller, plumber and fitter. When the Herman Frasch, a small army transport, sank on October 4, 1918, in coUision with the navy cargo boat George C. Henry, a Philadelphian went down with the sixteen men lost. He was Joseph Howe Vasensky, water tender. The final Philadelphia naval officer to lose his fife in accident was Ensign Benjamin Lee, who was killed at the naval air station at Killinghome, England on October 28, 1918, after having served for many months in the bombing squadrons based there. RECRUITING FOR UNITED STATES NAVAL RESERVE* Approximately 32,000 men were enrolled in the United States Naval Reserve Force in the Fourth Naval District, of which number, according to Lieutenant Maurice Saville Tucker, district enroUing officer, 20,000 were from Philadelpliia. About March 17, 1917, a recruiting office was opened in the mayor's reception room, 202 City Hall, in charge of Ensign Jukes. As the work developed Ensign *By the Secretary of tfie PhUadelphia War History Coniiiiitlee. Inforinalii)n supplied by Lieutenant Tucker. 311 roiirtrsY of Frank W Tluliler. Slnnloy Co of Amrrlca. Ii,rriuliii!i lially hI City Hull. Jukes was succeeded in turn l)\ Mnsijin Ignatius F. Cooper and Mnsign Wesley B. Johnson. On April 2d. Lieutenant M. S. Tucker reported for duty and remained in charge at City Hall until June 22. 1017, when all recruiting for the United States Naval Reserve Force in the Fourth Naval District was susiKMided, e\ce])1 for some special units of the service. Later there was also special recruiting at the Liiited States Naval Home on (irays Ferry Road, in charge of Lieutenant-Commander F. W . Payne, L'. S. N. (Ret.), who was Senior l^nrolling (iflicer in the Fourth Naval District. Among the branches in which men were enlisted at this time were the Medical Corps and Aviation Corps. Special eilorts were also made to enlist ex-service men. The rapidity with which various recruiting stations were established is exem- plified by the following incident: \lmost simultaneously with the opening of the main recruiting station in City Hall, the commandant of the Fourth Naval District desired to open another branch in the Crozier Building. At 9 p.m. a telephone message was sent by ]\Irs. Barclay II. Warburton to John F. Lewis, who was one of the original live members of the C.cjmmillee on Municipal Defense, with the peremptory request that he have an oflice ready for business the following morning at 8 o'clock. In spite of the fad that he was ill in bed at the time, he telephoned to William Cowdery, caterer, and asked liim if il would be possible to have a number of large screens, sulTicient to make four dressing rooms, and some two hundred chairs sent to the Crozier Building by 8 o'clock the next morning. This Mr. Cowdery did, and refused to make any charge for the rental of the equip- ment which he supplied. A night call to the Wanamaker Store resulted in the 312 Toilrfi^sv of Frank W Btililfr, Sl.-inli-v Co iif Aiiuiiia Tlironijs 111 11 Hcrriiffinii Htilly. delivery of sufficient oflice furnitiiie and tlie lirst recruits were examined and accepted before the general oflices in the huildinj; were opened the next niorniny. In December, 1917 (1st to 15th), there were special drives for recruits for all classes in the naval reserves, and on February V). 1918. Lieutenant Tucker was made District Enrolling Officer, and offices were again opened in the mayor's recep- tion room at City Hall. At about this time the recruiting offices for the regular navy, particularly the one at 15th and Arch streets, were directed lo enroll for the naval reserves as well as for the navy. In April of 1918 a recruiting office was also opened at 52d and Sansom streets, and during the period between April 15 and May 15, 1918, 2.500 men were enrolled in the Fourth Naval District. The enthusiasm of the men for this work is well exemplified by a man who enrolled in Philadelphia but who originally came from the Pacific Coast. He was especially fitted to handle the Deisel engines, but was rejected because of a serious physical disability. Upon examination and assurance that he could be fitted for work by an operation, he submitted to it and was ready in three weeks to be discharged from the hospital. In a fit of enthusiasm he slipped while still at the hospital and seriously injured liimself, necessitating another operation, with a five weeks continued visit at the hospital. By the time he was ready for dis- charge all recruiting had stopped, but through special efforts of Lieutenant Tucker he was accepted in the reserves and later became an officer. Many other men sub- mitted to operations of major or minor character in order to qualify for enrolment. When the recruiting first started, practically all of the men were sent to their homes to await further call. However, mechanics, clerks and others with special qualifications were immediately sworn in. Large numbers of men upon being 313 called to active duty were sent to Washington Barracks, Cape May, to League Island and also to Norfolk. Others went to Pelham Bay or to the officers' school at Washington, D. C. Some Philadelphians were among those who took the special three months' course at the United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md. Until the Navy Department at Washington completes its records it will he difficult to trace with any degree of accuracy the subseciuciit history of Philadelphia men in the United States Naval Reserve Forces. "IF" Dedicated to the United States Naval Reserve Force (With apologies to Kipling) If you can keep up heart when those about yon Believe all na^-y rumors to be true; if you will give no man a chance to doubt yon. Yet never make a statement you will rue. If you salute each officer who passes, .\o matter what liis place in civil life. And never make excuse of "need for glasses," Nor give — nor wish to give — a cause for strife. If you can see a stupid man commissioned Because his second cousin's son has pidl. And though your officers have all petitioned Iliiih rank for you, such places then arc full; If you can wait, and wait, and keep on waiting. Til! golden opportunity is past Move on, nor waste your energy in stating That, hook or crook, you'll "get" that man al last. If you can give the best of all that's in you And work from dawn to dark, just to be told The one who cringed for fear in every sinew Was sent across, and merits stripes of gold ; If you can listen to returning sailors From Navcd Base at Pauillac or Bordeaux Recount sea tales of trench and German jailers, And never tell the pests where they can go. I f you can see your least loved comrade given Release, who played and "passed the buck" the wliile. And now receives the place for wliich you've striven In your old firm and yet you dare to smile; If you obey all rules, howe'er chaotic, I f you are merely glad the war is won, .\nd are, in spite of hardsliips, patriotic. You're ready to be canonized, my son. Patricia F. Crosby, Yeoman 1st Class, U. S. N. R. F. 314 BRANCH OFFICE OF NWAL INTELLIGENCE The Oilice of Naval Intelligence, of the Navy Department, Washington, had its first representation in Philadelphia by the appointment on April 16, 1917, of W. Barklie Henry as Confidential Representative, Mr. Henry having previously volunteered his services to Franklin D. Roosevelt, Assistant Secretary of the Navy. From the beginning the work grew rapidly, and additional help and space were required, and various men of prominence in the Philadelphia business world were added as assistants. On July 18, 1917, the oflice was located in the Morris Building and fully recog- nized by the Navy Department and assigned certain definite duties to perform. From this time on, tlie personnel was rapidly increased as additional duties were delegated, the personnel including conmiissioned officers, volunteers to the United States Government with salaries at Sl.OO per annum, enlisted persons assigned to the office by the Navy Department, and salaried civil employes, until at the time of the signing of the armistice about seventy persons were directly connected with the office, and more than 1,000 indirectly connected in various capacities as confi- dential representatives throughout the Fourth Naval District. The work at first consisted of certain investigations as specifically requested l)y the Secretary of the Navy. Later on it consisted of investigations of the activities of suspected German agents in nmnition plants and other companies with navy contracts, acts of sabotage and various other suspected activities, leading to internments or continued surveillance oi' proof that the suspicion was unfounded. Many investigations were made of commercial and shipping houses and enemy goods in storage. In the above duties, the office cooperated with the Aide for Information of the Fourth Naval District, Military Intelligence Section and the Department of Justice. Many investigations were made at the request of the Cable Censor and of various other Branch Offices of Naval Intelligence in the other Naval Districts. A Plant Protection Section was established which, in addition to investigations of acts of sabotage and various suspects, required various protection measures, with the view of preventing interruption of the completion of the navy contract on whicii the jilant was engaged. This protection included investigation of and installation of fire protective measures, guarding by watchmen, adequate fencing and lighting, patrolling, and inside agents to detect unrest or suspicious acts. Food canneries supplying goods to the Army and Navy were added eventually to the work. Here the quality of materials used, the source of water supply and general cleanUness were investigated and. if necessary properly improved — all this work for the purpose of safeguai'ding such supplies. For a short time, investigations were made for the Postal Censorship authori- ties, but this work was later transferred to the Aide for Information and Military Intelligence Section. Upon the close of the office, after the signing of the armistice, the Investiga- tion Section had covered and reported on approximately 2,000 cases, and the Plant Protection Section had inspected and reported on 468 manufacturing plants and thirty-four canneiies. In all this work it was necessary to combine speed and accuracy, as quick work was often necessary to frustrate some enemy plot or catch suspects before 315 there was time for their escape. A uumher of internments were proemed and no explosion or serious fire occurred in any of the protected plants. The work done received commendation from the ^^a^■y Department, and several members of the staff received commissions. Mr. Henry being made a Lieutenant- ( Commander of the I nited States Naval Reserve Force on March 8, 1918. and J. Shipley Dixon, his assistant, a Lieutenant (j. g.), on April 12. 1918. and later promot(Hl on October 11. 1918. to a Lieutenant (s. g.). The ollice had branches in Altoona, .\tlantic C.it>. Bethlclicm. Chester, Harrisburg. Lancaster, Lebanon. Pottsville. Reading. Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Willianisport. Wilmington, and "^ Ork. this work being in charge of luisign Malcolm (ioldsmith. The departments of the office were in charge of the following : Officer in C.lmrye. -\V. Barlilio Henry. I.i(Mitcnant-('(iiiiiiiaiicier, U. S. N. H. !•'. Assistant to Officer in Charge. — J. Shipley l^ixon. Lieutenant. V. S. N. R. F. Office Management. — Kane .S. Green, Chief: W . Howard Pancoast, As-sistant. Supplies and .\ccounls. — John R. Maxell. Irnesliyalions. Ilallowell Irwin, ('hief. (Mr. Irwin succeeded Charles F. DaCosla. Esq.. «lio had been a|)(Miinteil Special Assistant to the I'nited States District \ltorney.) I'lanl Protection. — Howard F. Hansell, Jr.. (Ihief; W . Carlton Harris, Assistant, Chief Yeo- man, r. S. N. R. F. Motor Service Department. — Eaton Cromwell, (^hief Yeoman. U, S. .\. R. F. Some time after the office was discontinued the \a\> Department awarded Lieutenant-Commander Henry a special letter of commendation, with the right to wear the silver star in recognition of his meritorious service in organizing and establishing the Branch Office of Naval Inlelligence in Philadelphia. THE NAVAL MILITIA OF PFNNSYLVANIV Rv LiEiTENA.NT Hknhv C. McIia aine. Ji«. The Naval Militia of Pennsylvania, at the time of the outbreak of tiie war, consisted of one (I) battalion composed of four divisions or companies, two in Philadelphia, and two in Erie. On April 6, 1917. the battalion was called into active service and mobilized at League Island Navy Yard, together with various naval militia imits from other States. All divisional and e\ en State lines were wiped out: units were broken up; offi- cers separated from tlieii- men, and each assigned to duty according to rank or rating to fill vacancies existing on ships, and in shore details. Of the 1,51 men in Philadelphia divisions, fifty were assigned to the I'. S. S. Chicago, which had been theii' training ship; 101 were assigned to the V. S. S. Iowa, and liiree were assigned to .shore duty. Of the eight officers in Philadelphia, including staff officers. Commander Harvey M. Righter (M.C), Lieutenant Henry C, Alcllvaine, Jr., and Lieutenant Henry S. Austin served on the L. S. S. CJtiruqo: Lieutenant Walter M. (iorham, ,Ir.. and Lieutenant (j. g.) Edward O. Rurke on the V. S. S. Iowa; Lieutenant Thomas W. tiudderow on the T . S. S. De Kalh; Commander Thomas T. Nelson. Jr.. and Lieutenant Albert L. Ryrnes (S. C.) were assigned to shore duty in the .Navy Yard. It is impossible to give the story of the Pennsylvania Naval Militia as a unit. Officers and men after mobilization were transferred from one |)lace and from one duty to another. However, due to the fact that the members of the Naval Militia 316 r ir ^mmmmm were already preptired for efficient service, when war was declared all of tlu' officers and men were ready and served in the majority of cases on comhatani ships on foreign service. It is interesting to note that the only Naval Militia Ollicers assigned to the Destroyer Force, based at Quecnstown, were Lieutenants Thomas W. Ruddorow. Henry ('.. M{-llvain(\ Jr., and Henry S. Austin of the Philadelphia divisions. Lieutenant Waller M. tiorham. Jr., was later transferred to the mine- sweepers operating off the French coast and based at Brest, w here he had command of the U. S. S. Anderton. CAMOL!FL.\GE PAINTING ON THE DEL.VWARE By William Bell Ci^vrk The application of camouflage painting in the Delaware River District began on April 2,t, 1918, approximately one month after the newly created De|)ar(ineiil of Camouflage of the Emergency Fleet ('orporation, and the Bureau of ("ou- struction and Repair of the Nav>' Department had agreed to discard all other previously aiijiroved methods, and concentrate on bafTliiig the (lerman submarines with the English "dazzle"" system, with its principle of ilislortion, rather tiian concealment. During March, 1918. Lieutenant Commander Norman Wilkinson, R. N. V. R.. had (>xplained and lectin-ed in this country u|)on the ""dazzle"" idea, a system which he had invented, and which had already been used ell"ecli\ely iti I'^ngland. \ll patterns of the "dazzle" system were based upon Ihe Iheory of geometrical jierspeiliM'. lines drawn gradually, and increasing in width from sI(mii to bow, and broken up into checkers, increasing in size, the whole creating an im- pression to the eye that the vessel was proceeding in an entirely different direction than its actual course. In the month of April, 1918, the nucleus of the camouflage branch of (lie Delaware River District Office had been formed, with Harold E. Austin as District Camoufleur, and one assistant, Frank \ . Smilli. loaned from Ihe New Yoik Dis- trict, where he had been under the instruction of ComtTiaiider Wilkinson, to aid in the organization of the Philadelphia office. District Camoufleur \iisiiii was serving in the Navy, and could not report for duty until diseiirolment. In the interval between the application for .\ustin"s disemolmeiil March 2.'). 1918, and the date of his actual appointment as District Camoufleur, several days after April 1.3, 1918. few steps were taken looking toward the creation of a catnoullage organization in the District. I ncertainty in all minds as to the scope and juris- diction of the new Camouflage Department tended naturaUy toward marking time, until matters were made clearer, and the District Camoufleur arrived. Several additional local factors also entered into the situation. First, was the existence of the Agency Yards, the American International Shipbuilding Corporation a I Hog Island, and the Merchants' Shipbuilding Corporation at liristol, wliieli. about two months before, had been removed entirely from the jurisdiction of the district office. Second, was the presence of the Philadelphia Navy Yard, within the Shipping Board District, which might or might not have to depend upon the district oflice for camouflage jjainting. Fleet Corporation and navy circular letters, issued on March 19th and March 29th, helped to clear up numerous points regarding the respective duties of the two government departments, but left other questions still obscured. In fact, as late as April liUh. the home oflice, writing 3IK Photo by W. N. Jennings. Camouflage Corps, Delaware Fiver Ihstrui Ao. !0. to F. H. Grogan. at that time Delaware River District Officer, referred certain inquiries of his to the District Cainoufleur, "Whom we expect will report to you for appointment within a few days." The Delaware River District, or District No. 10, as it was then known, had not the large area it later attained. As has been said, the Agency Yards were excluded from it. In addition, the Traylor Woodship Yard, at Cornwells Heights, Pa., was under the jurisdiction of the Second District (New York), and the Pusey and Jones and Harlan and Holhngsworth Yards, at Wilmington, Del., were in the Third District (Raltimore). This left but six active shipyards in the Delaware River District, namely, the William Cramp and Sons Ship and Engine Building Company, Philadelphia; the Sun Shipbuilding Company and the Chester Ship- building Company, Chester, Pa.; the New York Shipbuilding Corporation, Camden, N. J., and the Pennsylvania and New Jersey yards of Pusey and Jones, Gloucester, N. J. At Cramps, and the New York Ship, also, a large part of the output was devoted to Navy contracts, over which the Shipping Board District Office had no control. In fact, a list of vessels estimated for delivery before July 5, 1918, shows that the District's management extended over just sixteen ships nearing completion at that time. The question was. woTild the new camouflage organization in the District confine itself to the limited total under control of the District office, or, would its painting go further, to the Agency Yards and naval vessels."* As will be shown, the camoufleurs were not even halted at that Doint, as every vessel enterinsr the 319 ■~-1 F C. I . .N. .^. " l.siihii." I iiniouflaged uniliT llir liireclion of Hit- I'lun lilt iplun i . .S. .N. /.'. /:,■. F. C. port of Pliiladi'lpliia. under charter (tr nwiicrship of tlio Sliippiiii; Board. Navy Departiiiciil. War Ocpartment or llailroad Vdiiiinistratioii. was sid)soqiiently adorned with the weird geometric patterns of the "dazzle"' system, applied under supervision of District r.ainoiiflour Xustin's force. An oflice for lli<- District Caniouileur was provided in Ihc same buildinj; which housed the district ofTue, the Medical Arts Building. By April 25th he was ready for husiness, and on lliat da> tlie newly completed tanker ./. M. C'oHH<'//v. was painted as the lirsl canionliagiiig jol) on the Delaware. This ship, a vessel of 7.000 Ions. Imilt at the IVnnsylvania yard of llic Pusey and Jones Company. (Iloucester. \. J., was painted as she lay heside her filting-oiit pier, the event heinf; the occasion of the testing of a new device, a pole with chalk, clamped on liie end. to trace the outline of the design o\rr the areas not reached by stagings. The (ic\ ice worked so W(>11 that it was recornnicnded to tlie liome ollice for general adoption, particularly in shipyards not c(iiiippe(l with siiilici(>nt floats and stagings. An announcement from the home ollice that stringent orders soon would be issued b> llie l)i\ision of Operations making the "dazzle" system mandatory for all vessels sailing into the war zone came while the ./. \l. Connelly was being painted, as did a further definitiot) of the res|)ective duties of tii(> \aN y and Fleet Corporation regarding camoullage. This latter circular establisiied finally that district cam- oufleurs were to be advised and consulted whenever naval vessels were to be ■'dazzle" painted. The letter further instructed District r.amounenr \ustin to call upon the Comnumdanl of the roiuth \a\al District and the Commandant of the Philadelphia Navy Yard. During the second week of active work in the district, Austin completed the camouflaging of th(> ./. M. (Umni'Uy: called at the Navy Yard and was assured, although not seeing the Conunandant. that he would be notified a day in advance of all camouflage jobs; made arrangements with Port Captain Abbott, of the Division of Operations, to be given ample notice of all vessels entering the port, and secured from the manual training branch of the Philadelphia })ublic .schools the promise to build him wooden ship models for exDerimental work. On September 18th, the Railroad Administration decided to camouflage its 320 coastwise fleet and shortly afterwards the District Camoufleur received plans for the painting of several vessels of the Clyde and Merchants and Miners Lines. Work was started shortly afterwards on these vessels. An increase in the duties devolving upon the camouflage branch came also on September 18th, when the two shipyards at Wilmington. Del., were added to the Delaware River District. The first ship launched at Hog Island, the Quistconck, was ready to be camou- flaged on October 14th, and was completed on October 29th. The Watonwan, the first ship at the Bristol plant, had the painting started on October 9th and was finished on October 11th. George W. Lawlor, who was given the rating of Chief Camoufleur, was placed in charge of all camouflage work at Hog Island. At the time of the armistice there had been 111 vessels camouflaged in the Delaware River district, including a few which had been merely retouched. The official telegram on Armistice Day, ordering that all camouflaging cease, was followed by a telegram which instructed the District Camoufleur to cut down his force. Almost all of the camoufleurs were discharged from the service on Novem- ber 15th, being given accumulated leave and paid to December 1st. In notifying them of the end of their work, the District Camoufleur sent a complimentary letter to each. On November 16th, before departing for their homes, tlie camoufleurs presented a letter of farewell to District Officer William ( i. Coxe. Chief Camoufleur George W. Lawlor resigned about November 21st, and the District Camoufleur was transferred on January 1, 1919, to the chief inspector's office, remaining in the Fleet Corporation service until August .31, 1919. On May 6th, Albert Rosenthal was added to the camouflaging force in the district, and Paul King joined the same day as an assistant camoufleur. Camou- fleur Smith was ordered to Boston, to report May 13th, but before leaving super- vised the painting of the second ship, the 10,000 ton navy caigo boat Radnor, mak- ing necessary changes in the design which caused some discussion subsequently, and led to stringent orders that camoufleurs should never alter designs for naval vessels. To continue with the personnel of the camouflage branch of the Delaware River District, a new camoufleur, George W. Lawlor, was added on May 15th, and a few days prior to that the stafl' had been increased by tiie arrival of Camoufleurs Oscar de Clerk, Paul King and Earl Selfridge. On May 24th, Camoufleurs George McLaughlin, Harry W. Moore and Fred J. Thompson were ordered from New York to Philadelphia. The same day, de Clerk and King were ordered to New York. On July 1st, also, Camoufleurs Wilson V. Chambers and Ralph P. Coleman were transferred from New York to Pliiladelpliia, as was Camoufleur Franklin C. Watkins on July 9th. Two more camoufleurs, Leo Kernan and Hamilton D. Ware, airived from New York about July 30th, and a third. Warden Wood, on July 31st. Camoufleur Wood was ordered back to New York after a stay of about ten days, and, on August 13th, Camoufleur Selfridge was sent to JacksonviUe. Camoufleurs McLaughUn and Moore were transferred to Boston on July 30th, and Camoufleur Rosenthal left the service August 23d, reducing the total staff at that time to nine. Three other men also served in Philadelphia: Camoufleur Robert D. Gauley, Camoufleur Mitchel R. Buck, Camoufleur Arthur D. Carles. To return to tlie actual progress of camouflage, tiie third vessel painted was the Gidjland, an oil tanker at the New York Shipbuilding Corporation, and while the work was in progress on it, the Avondale, at the Chester Shipbuilding Com- 321 pany; the Themislo, at Pier No. 2; the H. C. Folger, at Point Breeze, and the Mimdale and Meuse, at Port Richmond, were also undertaken. It was necessary to settle a number of questions regarding vessels already in the sen-ice. and which had been camouflaged under the old designs approved by the Ship Protection Committee prior to the adoption of the English "dazzle.'" The district camoufleur, on May 25th, pointed out, for example, to the Atlantic Refining Company that it would be necessary for the Pioneer, one of their tankers, to be repainted with a "dazzle" design. During the week ending June 10th, the Camouflage Theater received twenty- live wooden models for experimental purposes. A conference of the camoufleurs of the district was held on the night of .June llth in the studio of Mr. Austin, at which time it was decided to procure a tank for the experimental work so that the camoufleurs could develop atmospheric effects by means of flexible arrange- ments of electric lighting. This tank was also constructed by the manual training branch of the Philadelphia public schools. During the month of July, the camoufleurs were busy in all sections of the district. They were painting oil tank(>rs at Marcus Hook and Point Breeze; Navy cargo boats at the various piers along the Delaware in {Philadelphia; newly completed ships in the yards at Cramps. New York Shipbuilding Corporation. Sun Shipbuilding Company, Chester Shipbuiitiing Company, and Pusey and Jones Gloucester Yards, and were also being called upon to place "dazzle" designs on Army quartermaster vessels at Pier 78. South. Ihe first step in camouflaging the fabricated ships from the Hog Island and Bristol Yards came in August, when complete plans were prepared for the Walon- nan, the first ship to be launched at the Merchants' Plant. That same week District Camoullcnir Austin made arrangements with both the Merchants' and American International for future camouflage work. He established positively that while from a constructive standpoint the Agency Yards might not come under llic district, for camouflaging purposes the district camuullenr was supreme. Toward the end of August, rienr>' C. Grover, Manager of the Camouflage Depart- ment, asked the opinion of Mr. Austin on a plan that would place all camouflaging — even to th<> purchase of the paint and the eniplo>,ni('nt of the painters directly under his department. A week or so later Mr. Austin gave it as his opinion that such a plan was impracticable because it would cost "more money to handle the work of our own force than to pay the shipyard for painting the boat." In the same letter he made mention of a plan he had devised to arrive at a comparative cost tal)le, and this plan was later adopted and carried out through the months of S(>plenili('r and October. Mr. Austin did reconunend that the Camouflage Depart niciil purchase its paint direct, but the district oflicer vetoed it. NAVAL JiASi: HOSPITAL No. 5 Ry Dr. Leon Herman In .\|)iil. 1017, the Methodist Episcopal Hospital of Philadelphia, through Dr. Richard II. Ilarte, of the Southeastern Chapter of the American Red Cross, was asked by Surgeon-General William C. Braisted, United States Marines, to or- ganize a Naval Base Hospital of 250 beds for foreign service. 322 Biiilthriifs in lirrsl. Dr. Robert G. LeConte. who liad served in the United States Navy during the Spanish-American War, was selected as (^.ommander. The Board of Trustees of the hospital formally voted to comply with the re- quest of Surgeon-General Braisted and a committee, consisting of Dr. Richard Norris, Frank Freeman and Charles Scott, ,Jr., ('hairman, was appointed to pur- chase the necessary equipment and to enroll the required personnel, to be com- posed of a surgical and medical staff of forty and an enlisted personnel of ninety. The estimated cost of the equipment was $25,000, but the actual expenditures far exceeded that amount. It was decided that the expense should not be charged against the funds of the hospital and, therefore, the financial problem was impor- tant. It was solved, however, by contributions of about $20,000 received from the Methodist churches of the city, from personal contributions amounting to $5,000 and from an appropriation fiom the Southeastern Pennsylvania Chapter of the American Red Cross amounting to about $15,000. There was, moreover, a large number of additional contributions. On June 1, 1917. the equipment for a 250-bed base hospital, as well as the equip- ment for the personnel, was purchased, packed and stored ready for shipment. In recruiting physicians, surgeons and nurses, the stafl" of the Methodist Hospital was largely drawn upon. Practically all of the doctors had been or were connected with the hospital and 80 per cent of the nurses were Methodist Episcopal graduates. Miss Alice Garrett, Superintendent of the Nurses Hospital Training School, was appointed Chief Nurse. Training was given to the enlisted personnel at the Navy Yard and Naval Home, and thus everyone connected with it received special hospital training. 323 On Thursday, September 13. 1917. a telephone message was received from Washington ordering the L nit to be ready to sail on the transport Henderson on the following Saturday, September 15th. At ten o'clock on the morning of September 17th. after reporting to Dr. Le Conte, it was learned that five of our oflic?rs. Dv. James Talley, Dr. George Ross, Dr. ^'ince^t Lyon. Dr. Grayson McCouch and Dr. John Hugo, together with the enlistefl personnel, had been ordered away on the \.. S. S. Henderson. wliile tiie remaining oflicers. together with the niH'ses, were to "stand by." On board the Henderson the group was met by (\)mmander H. C. Guil. who liad been assigned to the Unit as Commanding OlTicer and who guided our fortunes tiu'oughout the war. Navy Base Hospital \o. 1. from lirookiv n. \. ^ .. was aboaid. with a full personnel of twelve oflicers and forty lun'ses. The military atmosphere of the ship was much enhanced by the presence of the 2d Battalion. (>th Begimenl, I nited States Marines, under the command of Major Hughes and seven fellow ollicers. These men were destined to make history at BelleauWood. and such are th(> strange workings of fate that .some of them came under the care of our operating teams when the latter were on duty at American Military Hospital NO. 1, in Neuilly, in June, 1918. On Tuesday morning. September 18th. the ship's company awoke in New York Harbor. There they remained until 8 p.m., Sepl(>mber 22d. The delay was caused in part by a fire w^hich began in the aflerhold among a ton of Y. M. C. A. literature. At eight o'clock on Saturday evening. September 22d, the good ship Henderson silently glided out into the darkness of the Vtlantic. No lights were showing, but forms of the other ships in the convoy including two other large transports, two destroyers and an armored cruiser could be made out. The newly made group of civilian .soldiers were deeply impressed witli llie strangeness of their new life, but all was forgotten for the moment as the lights of the Statue of Liberty disappeannl. The weeks of impatient waiting for orders, the considerable task of giving up the old life and preparing for the n(^w, the sad farewells to families and friends — all had been complet(Kl, and notv at last the great afiventure was begun. Next morning the shi|) was again in New York Harbor! \1 10:1.') on Sunday evening, September 23d, another start was made, and by seven o'clock next morning the convoy was well u|i toward Nantucket shoals. The day opened overt ast. and by el(>\eii in tiie moining a nasty "Soulhwester" sprang up wlii( h soon knocked out at least one-third of the Marines, hospital corpsmen and nurses. A seasick marine expressed his desire to "bayonet the guy who inxenlcd the ocean." The convoy consisted of eight vessels: two destroyers, the Roe and Monaghan, the cruiser .SV;/( Diego, transports Finland. Aniilles, Henderson and Lenxipe, and the oil (anker hoimlmwa. '■.\bandon ship" drills were regularly performed and Ihn strictest orders were enforced regarding the u.se of lights. On Tuesday morning. September 2,'Sth. it was found that llie Lenupe and konu- hawa had gone astray during the night, and to this misfortune was added the sig- naled news of "man overboard" from the .San Diego. \11 of the ships hn\(> to for 32t three-quarters ut' an huiir, but the unfortunate sailor was not to be found and we again got under way. This was the fust casually. On the early morning of Wednesday, October 3d, five ( nited States di^stroyers met the east-bound ships, and several hours later the San iJieno and the two destroyers turned back and headed for America. It seemed like (lardng with the last ties to home and country. Immediately the order was given for all on board lo don life preservers and to carry or wear them night and day until [)ort was reached. That night an impromptu dance was given on the hurricane deck, nuich to the disgust of at least one line officer, who was heard I'cmaik. "This certaiidy is a hell of a warship." A rather heavy sea was ruiming and some ini|)i()vised steps were introduced. On Friday morning, October 5th, at 1:1.5, Bell Isle Light was sighted on that little plot of land fust fortified by Porthos of Three Musketeers fame. Forty miles to the east lay the French coast and safety. Leaving the Bay of Biscay with its dangers, the Ileiulersoii entered (^)uib(Mi)n Harbor and thence into the Biver Noire. The town of St. JNazaire was reached in the late afternoon. Here a hearty welcome was given by the natives and a group of United States Marines. It was good to learn that Navy Base No. 5 was among the first 100,000 Americans to land on French soil. The few succeeding days wcie spent iu unloading the stores and putting theni in a warehouse assigned by the Army lor the purpose, and in getting settled in Army Camp No. 1. Commander Curl had left for Paris innnediately after disembarking, and returned October 10th, with the news the 1 nit had been ordeied to Brest. Our future troubles in business negotiations with th(> natives, not to mention difficulties with the language, were anticipated in the arrival of M. Heau as official interpreter. Orders to proceed to Brest arrived iu the morning of October 17th, anil by night the Unit reached that place. After one month of impatient waiting, having heard in the mean time of the safe arrival in France of the advance guard of our Unit, the icst of the Unit left Philadelphia on October i5th on the S. S. iS7. Louis, afterwards the U.S. S. Louis- ville, and, as the sun was sinking low in the west, we waved our farewells to families and friends whose faces and forms were soon lost in the thickening shadows of the evening. Doctors Le Conte, Darby, Kerr, Ilewson and Herman, together with the nursing staff of forty-one women, answered the loll call. The S. S. SI. Louis was still in the passenger service and the majority of voyagers were in "mufti," although many, and perhaps the majority, were on war missions. Prominent among the latter was a grou]) of CongressmiMi en route to France. A group of tliirty-fi\e army aviators, fine young Americans every one of them, and among the first bird-men to embark for foreign service, were aboard, but, like our own, their names did not aiipear on the i)asseng(M- list. The future experiences of this group of men has added a lin(> chapter to American heroism. Among them was Mr. McLanahan, a Philadelphian, who later did meritorious combat work with the troops, and who fought side by side with (^)uentin Boosevelt on the day that he was killed. 325 The atmosphere of the ship was quite peaceful, uotwithstancling the arma- ment on deck and the lack of lights by night, until October 17th, when all were ordered below decks while the guns blazed away in target practice at imaginary submarines. On the morning of October 23d a hghthouse was sighted, and soon the coast of Wales loomed up in the distance. Next morning tlir |)il(it guided us up llic river to Liverpool, where we docked at 9 a.m. By four o'clock in the afternoon we had rescued our luggage and were im a special train en route to Southampton. The great furnaces of !5irniingliani opened their doors and lit up the sky as if ti) bid us welcome and good luck. We reached Southampton at 11 p.m. While marching through the rain and nuid to the great military camp we iiKiuired of our young soldier guide his native city. '"I'm from Philadelphia — Wolf Street, just opposite the Methodist Hospital," lie replied. On October 26th. Dr. LeConte and the nurses crossed the Channel, and after spending a day in Le Havre proceeded to Hrest, where they arrived at noontime, October 29th. Doctors Darby, Hewson, Herman and K(>rr lingered, through no fault of their own, in the camp at Southampton for sexcral days. Crossing the Chaimel one night on a boat otherwise filled with sleepless horses, they took up a brief resi- dence in the camp at Le Havre, famous for its mud and Scotch. On Novendx'r 2d they, too, arrived in Brest via Paris. Base Hospital No. 5 began its work in a small "sick bay" which Dr. (ilarrison of the regular Navy had established, sometime before the arrival of the Lnit. in a nunnery in the town of Brest, to meet the need of the "American lleet" of yachts and the earliest arrivals of the destroyer fleet w hich had been assigned to the port. Brest, now familiar to thousands of veterans, was at that time reposing in its ancient solitude. But few American sailors were to be seen and only an occa- sional soldier. However, conditions in Brest were found to be quite satisfactory, with reasonable prices for necessities. 'I'lie ^ ilia Maria, a large })rivate dwelling, was procured and transformed into a dormitory for our nurses. The officers found lodgings at first in hotels and later in pensions or apartments. Buildings suitable for hospital purposes were not many in Brest, and it was only after considerable eU'orl that we were able to procure one that could by any stretch of the imagination be considered at all desirable. Further delay was caused by the temporary occupation of the first two floors by a school and orphan- age. We were ejected in due, if slow, course by the local courts of justice. On October 18th the U. S. S. Antilles was torpedoed and sunk 380 miles out of St. Nazaire. Some of the survivors were brought to Dr. (larrison's hospital, which was locally known as Hospital No. 9 and were atlendeil by our surgeons. On the morning of October 29th, survivors arrived from another torpedoed trans- port, which proved to be the Finland. The search for suitable hospital quarters continued and proved to be disap- pointing, and it became more and more evident that we were to be deprived of our quarters in the or|)hanage. In the meantime, the staff had been completed with the arrival in Brest of the group which had come by way of Lngland. Moreover, there seemed Uttle opportunity, or need, for creating a fine hospital in a place where the Navy's activities were apparently very slight. No niw could 326 foretell the lemaikable growth of our Navy in foreign waters, a growth that pro- ceeded with extreme rapidity until our Flag Office under Admiral Wilson, was second in importance only to the Lonilon Office. After considerable effort, an ancient nunnery was leased from the French, who had occupied it as a Convalescent Hospital since the early days of the war. This institution, which was locally known as No. 4, was taken over by our unit on Novem- ber 10, 1917. The hospital was situated in the Rue de Kerfautrau, in the extreme eastern section of the city, just off tiie Rue de Paris, the main thoroughfare. That portion of the building whicii was to be used for hospital purposes was entirely unprepared for the reception of patients, and so far as the uninitiated could determine the possibility of ever getting it into fit condition seemed ex- tremely remote. In addition to the repeated scrubbing necessary to remove the universal filth, provisions had to be made for the installation of heat, gas, electricity, running water and modern plumbing. The main building could accommodate only several iumdred patients, so that it was necessary to provide barracks and tents for the contagious cases and to relieve the overflow from the main building. It was originally intended that the repairs should be made before the hospital was put into commission, but the arrival of about one hundred patients, frt)m a group of four large transports, which had arrived with 14,000 troops, necessitated a change in our plans. On November 12, 1917, half of the patients in Dr. Garrison's hospital were moved to Navy Base Hospital No. 5 and on this day, therefore, the hospital began its own real work. The erection of barracks for the contagious cases proceeded rapidly, so that we were soon able to take care of this class of patients without the assistance of the French, who had up to this time admitted our contagious cases. Groups of patients continued to arrive from the transports, and in the mean- time the work of making the hospital habitable went on apace. To describe accurately this hospital is a difficult task. The institution was surrounded by a stone wall, perhaps ten feet in height, enclosing a plot of land a half an acre or more in extent. Numerous human thigh-bones, the bones of de- parted Sisters, so the story goes, were incorporated in the walls, projecting for about half their length. These the '"gobs," whose liberty was restricted, irreverently used as stepping-stones to their stolen freedom. There were many beautiful trees within the enclosure, and these, as was the agreement, were carefully preserved, although this necessitated a rather irregular distribution of the tents and barracks which it was necessary to erect for our grow- ing family. The main building was situated at the eastern extremity of the property, occupying approximately one-third of the area, with a small courtyard in front sepa- rating it from the wall and street. This httle courtyard had served as the means of entrance for the populace to the public chapel, which was the largest room in the Iniilding and which we used as a surgical ward. To the left of the courtyard just mentioned was a two-story building, which was utihzed for the executive offices. Here also was stationed the druggist in charge of the United States Naval Medical Supply Depot, which, in April, 1919, began the distribution of suppUes to our numerous stations in France and to vessels in the Mediterranean and Adriatic. 327 A small pri\ ate chapel for the inmates of the nunnery, situated behind the big chapel, was transformed into a surgical ward with fourteen beds. The remaining portion of I he building was constructed in the form of a hollow square surrounding a central courtyard. It was three .stories in height and divided into many rooms of all sizes and shapes, far too intricate for detailed description. The southern side of the first floor was devoted to small surgical wards, operat- ing rooms and the X-ray Department, wliile the remaining portions were taken up by the oHicers' and nurses' dining-rooms, storerooms. gallcN and carpenter's shop. The spacious corridors served as a dining-room for the crew. The second floor was used for the most part by the medical stafl' with wards and a small private room for sick officers. Two large dormitories were used as living quarters for the crew. Large double walled tents were secured from the French and us(>(l as wards, thus bringing our bed capacity to 800. The facilities of the hospital were, when completed, thoroughly adequate for first-class work. A pathological laboratory, together with the dental office, hospital pharmacy and diet kitchen, were situated on the second floor of the main building, and these departments, which were fully equipped, contributed largely to the success of the institution. In the operating room the same cxceUence of equipment prevailed, and a general mortality rate of 2.0.5 per cent in surgical cases bes])eaks the efficient organization and ('(piipment of this department. Dr. LeConte had been appointed Liaison Medical Officer, representing the .Navy in luirope, and a considerable part of his time and energies were taken up with duties in other places than Brest. By the beginning of the new year, 1918, the hospital was functioning normafly. The ancient buildings had been transformed into a really modern hospital with all of the physical convenience, but lacking, however, in architectural attraction. The professional work was much I he same in amount and kind that we had been accustomed to do at home. Impending American activities at the front were foreshadowed by the receipt of an order to organize operating trains. which were to be prepanul for distant service. No call came, however, until June, when three operating units were ordered to .Vmerican Military Hospital No. 1 at Neuilly. Twenty-five hundred cases were admitted to the hospital during the first three weeks of June, the majority being Marines who had been wounded at Belleau Wood and Chateau-'lhierry. On the last day of June the operating units returned to Brest and two days later the .^20 survivors of the L . S. S. Covington became our guests. On July ITth the operating teams again left Brest and were on active service at the front for one month. The evacuation of the American wounded was now assiuning considerable importance and our hospital bore its share of this work. About the same time the influenza began to take its awful toll of our .sailors on the incoming transports and the hospital became very much overcrowded. These eventful days passed rapidly, and on November 7th the false armistice was duly celebrated in Brest. On November lltli the true news was received. I'^ighteen days later the officers of the organization were at sea homeward bound. The I nit was not I'oiinally demobilized, as some of its members had been returned to the States as "casuals." Navy Base Hospital No. 5 had the unique distinction of having served our 328 Navy in French waters during almost the entire period of America's participation in tile war. The great majority of Navy men who were injured in foreign service came to our hospital. We also treated the survivors from the vast majority of the American ships which suffered at the hands of the enemy. The operating teams were the only ones from a naval base hospital able to serve with the Army at the front. We take a pardonable pride in Base Hospital No. 5, feeling that it played well an important part in the war. Personnel of Navy Base No. 5 when organized: Medical, Surgical and Nursing Staff Director, Ijieutenant-Coininander Robert G. LeConle, M.D. Assistant Director, Lieutenant-Cominander James E. Talley, M.D. Staff: Lieutenants J. H. A. Cleaver; George Darby, D.D.S.; Leon Herman, M.D.; William Hewson, M.D.; John A. Hugo. M.D.; P. M. Kerr, M.D.; B. B. Vincent Lyon. M.D.; Grayson P. McCouch, M.D.; George G. Ross, M.D. Chiej Nurse, Alice M. Garrett. Assistant, Mary S. Young. Operatinq Room Nurse, Alice L. Hurst. Anspsthetist. Faye L. Fulton. UNITED STATES NAVAL COMMISSARY SCHOOLS By Mrs. M.\ry A. Wilson There had been great difficulty in securing cooks and chefs for the Navy, or at least men who could prepare palatable and nutritious meals, and on June I. 1916, Frederick R. Payne, Lieutenant-Commander, U. S. N., retired, acting for Captain Hetherington, Commandant, United States Naval Home, conferred with Mrs. Mary A. Wilson, instructor of cooking, in reference to the establishment of a school in which cooking could be taught. The first class was started by Mrs. Wilson on Junt^ 5, 1916, with fifty recruits of the United States Naval Reserve forces. After the fust class was trained and sent to ships and stations and produced palatable meals, the Regular United States Naval School at Newport, R. I., sent a detaclunent of fifty men to the school. The men trained for the first six classes were used as cooks for Naval Base No. 20 in France, on the coast patrol boats in the Fourth Naval District, and on Pier No. 19. The success of the school soon spread, and Chaplain Tirbou, then on Common- wealth Pier, Boston, Mass., sent his daughter to investigate and to ask Mrs. Wilson to help them at Boston, where there was a great shortage of dependable cooks. William Rush, commandant of the First Naval District, urged Mrs. Wilson to spend part of the time in organizing a school there, which she did in the fall of 1916. Harry Schiffman, cook, first class, who was a salesman before he enlisted for the cooking school in the Fourth Naval District, was sent with Mrs. Wilson on leave of absence, and there on Commonwealth Pier started a school similar to the one in Philadelphia, alternating weekly between Boston and Philadelphia. The quality of the food and the splendid records of the men, caused the Secretary of the Navy, Mr. Daniels, to send Rear Admiral Albert E. Ross to investigate, and his report, after a rigid inspection of the class, to the Surgeon- 329 An -Ml rhih,U,'Ii,l,ia" Cla.-^s. General of the Navy at Wasliintrtnii. I). ('.., waslliat ho t'oiiml llir nu'ii well berthed, though in ti'iils, and the food was ol' splendid ( liaiactcr. The men were willing and earnest and look great priile in their work. The variety and quantity of food far surpassed other stations in the Navy, and at a cost of 28 cents per day per man. In Boston, .Mass., Admiral \\ood, upon the inspection of bread made by the boys in the commissary school of which .Mrs. Wilson was instructor, inquired the cost of the bread, and was told it averaged about .^' o cents per jiound, not counting the cost of the labor and heal, lie then issued iirders that men were to bake sufficient bread to supply the boats patrolling the coast as well as the five or six thousand men on the pier, and lie remarked tliat he would give the order because of the quality of the bread, even though it should cost 1() cents per pound instead of 53^ cents per pound, and because he believed that men should have good bread whenever possible. This school made IJ.HOO pounds of bn^id daily. In a short time it was found that this iionie-made bread was not only econom- ical in price, but also that when the bread pincliased on cttntracl was used 25 per cent of if was wasted, against oniv ' 2 per cent of the bread made on the ])ier — so the coimnaiidant decided that was a splendid ;id\;uitage of the na\y; the con- tracted bread cost 12 cents per pound, and bread mad(; on the pier cost dJ^ cents. The fame of the naval cooking school in Philadelphia spread, and Lieutenant- 330 Commander Parker of New London, Conn., urged Mrs. WUson to come to the fort, there and establish a school. The Food Administration and the other organizations active in war woriv in Philadelphia were constantly seeking to have the boys sent out to display their ability witii cooking as an incentive to the housewife in her patriotic duties. During the "llu" epidemic the cooking school of the United States Naval Home manned the numicii)al hospital and other places, helping out in emergencies. Harry Stinger, who in 19 1(), before enlistment, was a boxmakcr, is now the United States Naval Commissary steward at the United States Naval Home at Philadelphia. James A. MacAnally, now steward for the Philadelphia Klectric llecreation Club, Llanerch, who before the war was an inspector for the electric light com- pany, went right from the ITnited States Naval Cooking School to become stewai'd to the United States Naval Home and held this position during the war. Mrs. Wilson closed her own school in Philadelphia and devoted her entire time, day and night, to the training of naval cooks, from June 5, 1916, to December 31, 1918, without compensation of any kind. She used the equipment of her school, including ranges, tables and bake ovens, utensils, etc., and from June until October pmchased such supplies — flour, baking powder, eggs, shortening, etc., for the classes to work with. After October, Captain (ieorge Cooper, upon an in- spection trip, ofl'ered a y(>onian"s wage to cover expenses, but his ofl'er was declined. Captain Ernest F. Bennett, Chief of Bureau of Navigation, Washington, D. C, gave Mrs. Wilson mucli valuable information on the naval mess, and Secre- tary Daniels personally commended her for the meritorious work done. Mrs. Wilson's title was instructor of cooking in the United States Naval Commissary Schools. No other schools of this character were recognized by the United States Naval Department at Washington, D. C. Two or tlu'ee attempts were made by other commissaries to run schools, but they were turned into mess galleys. The Bureau of Navigation at Washington recognized the United States Naval Commissary Schools at Philadelpliia and Boston as the only schools of their character outside of the training stations at Newport, R. I., where cooking instructions were abandoned during the war. PHILADELPHIA'S NAVAL ROLL OF HONOR Bellak, Joseph Fausett Calhoun, Charles Raymond Cheney, Richard H. Duke, Leo E. Edwards, Joseph Francis Elliot. Richard McCall Evans, George B., Jr. Feely, James Francis Achalz, John AUander, Charles Aim, Edwing Alfred Anderson, Otto Arnold, Edward Frederick Ash, Joseph Mansfield Baker, Albert Francis OFFICERS Fry, Charles Grover, Joseph McKinney Hagood, Walter Brown HiU, Richard Franklin Kendall. Charles S. Lee, Benjamin Montague, Harold Edgar Neuberger, Gilbert M. ENLISTED MEN Balfour, Alexander Bartlett, John Frederick Battersby, Robert Schultz Baylor, Benjamin Becker, Leonard Bennett, Thomas Joseph Bennis, Edward Francis, Jr. 331 Newell, Edward DolHver I'atlon, Thomas Bustard Roberts, Albert Charles Slamm, Charles W. Small, Joseph Chandler Steel, Basil L. Zeckwer, Jamard Richard Berman, Benjamin Riddle, Herbert Martin Bish, Walter Benjamin Blemle, John Herbert Boyce, Howard Charles Boyle, John James, Jr. Brearey, Richard Joseph Brenizer, Clarence Bruct; Brickley. Joseph George Brister. Robert Fitch Broepger. Joseph \N illiam Brown, Bernard Uiirton. K\an \\ illiam Burton. Bicharii. Jr. Callahan. James \\ illiam Carpenter. Percy Leon Charette.l Irich Joseph T. Cherry, Joseph .\n Glowka, .\nthony (iodshall, Fred Goldstein. Samui-l Golphin, ICugene Prince Gordon. W illiam Itcif Graham. Joseph W ilson Greasley. Mark W infield Haskett, Leonard Alonzo. Jr. Hedges. W iUiaiu Henry Henry. W illiam Thomas Hill, Boherl (;ray Hiller. Charles Bernard Hoover, Frederii k Hoyle, Harr\ Jenkins. John W m. Harrison .lohnson. Dock Johnson, John Oscar Jordan, Matthew Harsoii Jo.seph. Thomas F^dwanl Kelly. James Vincent kenne\. Thomas Joseph. Jr. Kanuer. Henry (iarhi-r Kroui)a, Frank LaylxUd Kynoeup(>ld, Theodore Philip Linilsey. John Ij)ree, Frank llazellon I>owry, Mar\ (iertrude Lynns. Daniel Joseph MiBride. John Alexander McC'ann, (ieorge Henr\ .McCarthy, Boherl Florence McCorkle, Henry McCullough. James \lrD(,ugall. William J.. Jr. MclneruN. John Alo\sius Mclnlxre. Thomas Aloysius .McKeown, Bernard Joseph .Mcknight, John Joseph M<\ eigh. John James .Maclntyre. John .Mahathey, James Martin, F2arl Crouse -Mason, Charles Kugene .Meagher. Joseph Merkel, (ieorge Christ iaii Messang, John Peter Mlirrl Mickelson. Ix)uis .Mickuni. Martin Wilem Miller. Arthur lla>mon under the command of liieutenant-Colonel Macker Babl). These barracks acted as a clearing house for most of the Marines that were sent overseas and to the other foreign posts where Marines were serving. When the war was over a large number of returned Marines passed through the barracks. When it became apparent at the beginning of the war that the present Marine Corps Recruit Depots would be unable to handle the large number of rt>cruits daily enlisting, it was decided that a new depot would be necessary and Phila- delphia was chosen as the sit(^ for this new Recruit Depot. A Recruit Depot was therefore opened at Philadeljjhia on April 16, 1917, under command of the Post Commander, Colonel Charles G. Long, Major John C. Beaumont and Sergeant- Major John F. Cassidy reporting for duty at this Depot on April 19, 1917. The *Summarized from data received from Major-General L. W. T. Waller, U. S. M. C, Colonel William B. Lenily, U. S. M. C. and the Historical Section, U. S. M. C. 333 Photo by Keplonlo. \lfxx Hull. Murine linrracks. Dccetnher, HHS. camp was located at the Barracks reservation and was opened with a|iiirn\itii:itrlN 180 recruits, tiiis nnnilier, however, steadily increas(Ml nnlil, during .lime, 1')I7. I he maximuin of 1,700 n^cruits was reached. The maximum capacity of tiie Depot was 1,.500 men. Durinj; the period that the Depot was in operation approximately .l.OOO recruits passed throu<:h. receiving their preliminary training there. Dining the war the training period of a recruit covered seven weeks, including target practice, averaging about 5^4 hours of training per day. The Dejiot was dis- continued about September I. 1')I7. and dining the five months of its operation was noted for the excellent discipline maintained, there being but thirteen oll'enses committed during this time. The First Advanced Base Force was organized in the latter part of 1912, and it izradually developed until it reached its present high standard. It took part in the occupation of \'era Cruz. Mexico in 1911, and in the o(-cupation and pacifica- tion of Haiti and Santo Domingo in 191.T and 1916, respectively. Field telephone and wireless outfits, mine planting and field signal service are important branches of the advance base training gi\('n to I nited Stales Marines in the Advanced Base Force. Marines attached to the Isl Megiment are ct)ached in all branches of advaiici'd base work. This work is dislinctivi; in many respects from the regular (expedi- tionary duties undertaken by the Marines from time to time. \n advanced base may be permanent or temporary, advanced or on (lie line of ((unmiinicalions. at 334 home or at a naval base elsewhere. Its work is the establishment and holding of a certain base, situated at a coastal point. The Marines at Philadelphia during the World War, who were available for advanced base duty in connection with the Atlantic Fleet, were trained especially for that duty. It is true that our ex})editionary forces have accompanied the ad- vanced base regiment on sundry expeditions in the past, and have carried out operations in which both forces joined. However, the work of the advanced base, according to military authorities, includes heavy and light artillery, engineering, signaling and mining forces, but not necessarily large bodies of infantry. Moreover, they are subject to call at a moment's notice to perform operations under the direct command of the Commanding Officer of the Fleet. During the working day at the barracks during the World War one saw more of the workmanlike dungaree than the regulation khaki or winterfield. Outside of hours for drills, the majority of Marines wore those rough-and-ready working clothes and fell in for mess without changing garments. One of the most interesting departments of the advanced base was the " search- light outfit. " All of the apparatus, including the searchlights and the dynamos for their operation, were carried on huge trucks. The searchlights were mounted on platforms fitted with pneumatic-tired wheels, and were lowered to the ground on rails, inclined from the platforms of the trucks. They carried several hundred feet of cable that jiermitted the light to be stationed and operated at points in- accessible to the large trucks. The field telephone was different from the old single-line all'air and, by the aid of a switchboard, the operators were able to maintain conununications with several Unirersilv of Pfrinsyli'nniu Marine Rccruils Icni'trxi for Mnrinr Bnsr al f^aris fslari^ii. .iff: Maniu's til J'rtml of Marine iitirrack:< at l^aijiie Isiatui. dillcrciit points. 'I'lic linonion. loo. wen- ("xpcrts in Ihrii Imsini'ss. One of tlioin pi'i'foi'inrd :i lilt of stunts while swiiifjinfj from a lelefrraph pole, and completed tlie exhiliilioii 1)\ coming' down (lie jiole head foremost. The wireless, or field radio, was equally up-lo-lht -rniniile. The Marines carried their ap]jaraliis out on the field, connected up the pole, ran out the wires (or antennae) and were ready to operate wiliiin a few minutes. Tlieie were also mine planters, artillerymen, enfrineers and other specialists in adxaiiccd hase work. The old Philadi'Iphia Barracks and Navy Yard changed with the times. Dur- ing the WOrld \\ ar there were three brick barracks where formerly there was only one. The old wooden barracks to the n^ar were occupied b\ "rookie" sailors, large numbers of whom were in training at that station. Major-(!eneral Littleton W. T. Waller was in command of the \d\anced Hase Force during the entire war. with Head(]uarters at No. 210 Soulii liJth Street. Phila- delphia. ( Jeneral Waller's staff consisted of the following officers: Adjutant- (leneral. Colonel Louis J. Magill: Paymasters. Colonel William (i. Powell. Cap- tain S. F. liirthright; ()uartermasler. Captain W. C. Harnaby: Aides: Captain (). R. Cauldwell, Captain Maurice G. Holmes, Licnitenant William Herbert Derby- shire, {^.aptain Wethered Woodworlh. Lieutenant Vndnnv \.. W. (Gordon, and Lieutenant Ceorge Bower. The Signal Battalion was one of the largest and most interesting of the I Inits of the -Vdvanced Base Force. \t the beginning of the war. the old Third Company, at the Navy ^ ard. Philadelphia, represented Ihe total number' of signalmen under' the jurisdiction of the Marine Corps. With the commencement of the recruiting campaign, the force was (piickly developed and the company so increased that it had to be divideil and another company, the 87th. created, p'urther recruiting eventually led to the formation of six companies in all, the .'5d, 87th, 100th, 147th. 1 tSth and l.'iSth. These companies were or'ganized into a l)attalion under the com- 336 mand of Major James J. Meade, U. S. M. C, which was charged with a course of training of the most thorough and intensive character: this training was accom- plisiied at the Navy Yard, Pliiladelphia and during the period June 19 to November 7, 1918, at Camp Edward C. Fuller, at Paoli, Pa. The battalion was extremely fortunate in the site chosen for its work, its camp, known as Camp Edward C. Fuller, which was maintained through the summer season of 1918, at Paoli. Pa., oflering all the necessary advantages for work of this particular kind. Th(! people living in the neighborhood were helpful in every way, giving the battalion the advantages of their beautiful homes and estates, so that the whole region was at the service of the battalion for their maneuvers. The Y. M. C. A. was on hand from the day the men aiii\ed in camp and a secretary was placed in charge of the work. The Signal liatlalion. as an organization, was not privilei;cd to reach the battle lines, to tlie very deep regret of its members and those who had had the duty of Fifth Bi'iiimcnl. V. S. Marines, hnrinq for France. training it. but many men were taken from its ranks and attached to nearly every expeditionary force that went abroad. The needs of the entire Marine Corps for signalmen were supplied from this battalion. The 5th Regiment of Marines, which made its imjjerishable fame at l^elleau Wood, took its signalmen contingent from this battalion and these men had their full share in the world famous work of that historic unit. The battalion also furnished signal detachments to various other organizations that went to France, including the 6th. 11th and l.'Uh Regi- ments, and other detachments went to tropical expeditionary forces. From July 11, 1798. when the Maiine Corps was authorized in its present form by Congress, the Depot of Sup|)lies, or a corresponding organization, has been continuously located in Philadelphia, and it was Captain Franklin Wharton, a noted Philadelphian and later Commandant of the Marine Corps, who was the officer fust placed in charge of this important post. During the World War. Rrigadier General Cyrus S. Radford, was in command of the Depot of Supplies, located at No. 1100 South Rroad Street, Philadelphia. 337 General Radford was (iecorated l)y tliree did'erciit iialioiis t'oi- dislinf:iiisli('d ser\ice. receiviiif; the Navy Cross I'ldiii his own country, the Medaille Militaire t'roni the Republic f)f Haiti, and from the Republic of Cuba the First Class Military Mitit .Medal. The fnllowini: officers served at the Depot of Supplies for all or part of the period of the \\ orld War: Major iNornian (I. Rurlon. Major l^dward 11. ( '.on^'ei'. Major \\ illiarn J. Crosson, Captain Rudolph C. Rasnuissen. Captain William 1>. Rile\. Ca|>tain Walter Woodinj:. First Lieutenant Claude T. l>>tle. First Lieu- tenant W illiaui L. ^ ork. Second Lieutenants Napoleon L. Mourict. Charl(>s P. Hill. Patrick II. I\(H>. .losephus Daniels. .Ir.. Charles 11. Lovett. Mien C. Williams. Marine ( iunnei' William A. Frajrner. and the followinj.' (hiarti-rmaster Clerks, William L. Ouaster. Robert Falconer. Russel S. (Jarland. Charles W. (iriesing, Rarney W. .lolmson. Charles F. Shisler. W'illiani \I. W(>llen»eyer and Joseph S. Kinfj. DurinfT the period of the war the Depot outlined and e(|uipped thirt.\-si\ e.xpedilionary units for service in Frame and the We.st Indies, and over ;? 1. 000. 000 pounds of various kinds of supplies were shi|)p(Hl on fiovernment bills of ladiufj;. 'Ihe Depot departments were so orjranized that it was only necessary to expand each division of the office forces and increase the nund)cr of employes and machines in lh(> manufacturint: departments in order to meet Ihe increased demands during the war. The personnel of the Depot on .lune M). I'M'*, was as follows: thirteen commissioned officers, seven warrant ollicers. two ci\ilians. 102 cnlisicd nien of Courtesy of Frank W. Tliihler. Stanloy Co. of America. Maririr \'eliTiiii qri'i'ls irontuM Marines. 338 the regular service, twenty-one i-eservists and 1.095 otlier employes of all classes, making a total personnel of 1.2 10. During tiie period of the World War there wer(> enlisted at the recruiting offices in Philadelphia and the surrounding towns 4,110 men. Many of these Marines served in France and in actual battle against the Germans. The first organization of Marines to leave the United States for service in France during the World War was the 5th Regiment, and it was organized on June 7, 1917, at the Marine Barracks, Navy Yard, Philadelphia, Pa. This regiment consisting of seventy officers and 2,689 enlisted men, approximately one-sixth of the entire enlisted strength of the Marine Corps, sailed from the United States on June 11, 1917, forming one-fifth of the first expedition of American troops to France. Many Philaddphiaus w<'re a jjart of this reginwiil. Between April 6, 1917, and Novemlicr 1 1, 1918, there was a total of 331 officers and 13,593 enlisted men sailing from Philadelphia on hoarfl the following vessels for service overseas: Henderson I t() Dfliccrs 7,266 enlisted nwn De Kalh Hf) oincer.s 2.821 enlisted men Von Sleuben .^0 (jflieers 2.0 11 enlisted men Hancock 37 officers 999 enlisted men SI. Louis 9 officers 346 enlisted men Newport News 1 officers 120 enlisted men Total 331 officers 13,593 enlisted men Three Marine officers and fifty other Marines from Philadelphia died overseas. That Philadelphia Marines performed their share of heroism during the war is evidenced by the award to those who claim Philadelphia as their residence of one Distinguished Service Medal, five Distinguished Service Cro.s.ses, ten Navy Crosses, and twenty-nine t'roix de Guerre. Major Pere Wilmer was awarded a Croix tie Guerre and a Na\y Cross for "exceptionally meritorious and distinguished service as Battalion Commander, 2d Battalion, 6tli Regiment. At the attack of the 19th of July, 1918, near Vierzy, he showed great courage and an utter disregard of danger in crossing with his battalion an ex'posed terrain for a distance of three kilometers under intense artillery and machine gun fire. He led his men on by his example." "On June 6, 1918, be displayed remarkable courage and coolness tinder violent artilli>ry and machine gun fire, gi\ing fine example to men placed under his orders, many times exposing himself to the bombardment of the enemy in order to discover machine gun emplacements." Captain John Henry Fay was awarded the .Navy Cross and the Distinguished Service Cross while serving with the 5th Marines. "At Chateau-Thierry, France, on Jiuie 6, 1918, he displayed extraordinary heroism in the disposition of his machine gims under particularly didicidt conditions opposed by superior forces; his utter indill'erence to per.sonal ilanger furnished an example which inspired his men to success." Captain Frederick C. Wheeler, for service with the l)tli Marines, was awarded a Croix de Guerre. Navy Cross and Distinguished Service Cross. "On June 5. 1918, near Bouresches, he was conspicuous for bis bravery in remaining in action although twice wounfled, refusing to be evacuated until wounded a third time, and then endeavoring to return to his conunand." Captain Wheeler was also cited for bra\ery on July 19, 1918. First Lieutenant William Paul Henchel, for service with the 6th Machine Gun Battalion of Marines, was awarded the Croix de Guerre. "During the combats of Jidy 19, 1918, near Vierzy, he displayed absolute courage and devotion, charged with supporting a nearby regiment he followed the attack under violent artillery and machine gim fire, encouraging his men and giving them an excellent example of coohiess under most difficult circumstances." 339 First Lieutenant Robert C. Pitts was awarded the Croix de Guerre and Navy Cross "for attackingenemy out of his sector, June 6 to 9, 1918, thereby assisting the 116th Infantry of France." First Lieutenant Carl Robertson Dietrich served on the staff of Brigadier General Wendell C. Neville, participating in every engagement in which the .ith Marines took part, was awardeth Marines, was awarded the Navy Cross. "On Jime 8th, in Belleau W o•• feel more before falling In his heroic effort to carry out his mission." The Croix de Guerre was also awanlc'lh Marines. Died of uounds recelxed In aclloii, 7-.'iO-17. Sergeant l.angdou \uslln CiM)k. Olh Marines. Sergeant Frank (iray. .ilh Marines. Sergeant Thomas James Kelly, 6th Marines. Sergeant John Stapleton, ."jth Marines. Corporal William Feaster, .^th .Marines. Corporal Kdward Bussell Quay. 6th .Marines. Private, First Class, lulward Marry Bllfert. ."illi Marines. 340 Trumpeter James Loiiis Toner, 5th Marines. Private Edward Dorsey, 5th Marines. Killed in action, 10-5-18. Private Charles Tlu>odore Alton, 5th Marines. Private Elwood Francis Engle, 5th Marines. Private \\ illiani M. E. Hess, 6th Marines. Private Milton Ernst Horn, 5th Marines. Private Daniel Joseph Littley, 5th Marines. Private Walter Morris, 5th Marines. Private Jack Pierce, 5th Marines. Pri\ate Warren Morgan Piatt. 6th Marines. Private Jose[)h Francis (^)iiiiin. 5th Marines. Died of wounds, 10-1-18. Private Morris l?ol)ert Unckel, 5th Marines. F'ri\ate William Edward Waiiipler, 6th Marines. Ainoiip; other nf (li(> many Marine oIFk ers not mentioiipd above who were from Philaclelpliia, and who served with ciedil in the Marine Corps during the war, are the following: Major General William P. Biddle (retired), recalled to active .service, performed duty as President of a General Courl-Marlial Board at San Diego, Gal., from May 20, 1918, to May 24, 1Q19, when he returned to the retired list. Lieutenant Colonel William L. Uedles, awarded Diploma of the Uh Class, Order of the Rising Sun, by the Emperor of Japan, " as an expression of his benevolence for the excellent service performed by him for the Empire of Japan while assistant naval attache to the American Em- bassy at Tokyo during the World War." Lieutenant Colonel Hamilton D. South served as Commanding Officer of the Marine De- tachment, American Legation, NLinagua, Nicaragua, from the begining of the war until April 16, 1918, and as officer in charge of the Marine Otfieers' Training Gamp at Quantico, Va., from May 2H, 1918, to the end of the war. Major Clayton B. Vogel during the period of the war served as an Inspector in the Haitian Gendarmerie in Haiti. Major Edwin N. McGlellan at the beginning of the war was in conunand of the Marine Guard of the U. S. S. Arizona of the Atlantic Fleet, and on December 29, 1917, was transferred to the U. S. S. Minnesota as Aide to Vice-Admiral Albert W. Grant, Commander, Battleship Force One, Atlantic Fleet, and in conunimd of the Marine Regiment in that Force. Major McGlellan received the following letter of conmiendaliou from the .Si-crelary of the Navy, which is authority for him to wear a siher star in his Victory Medal: "As Aide to Connnander, Battleshii) Force One, Force Marine and Discipline Officer, performed distinguished services and rendered imusual assistance in connection with inspections, communications, legal work and other stalf duties: and in conunand of the Force Marine Regiment. While ser\ ing on the Minnesola, when that llagshi[) was mined by the Germans, September 29, 1918, his services, among others, were such as to cause the Board of Investigation to express the opinion that officers and crew deserved the highest praise for the manner in which the ship was handled after the explosion, for maintaining order, for localizing the injury to the ship, and for successfully navigating her to port." The Commander, Battleship Force One, Atlantic Fleet, recommended Major McGlellan for the Navy Gross on the following citation: "For distinguished service in the line of his profession while Aide to Connnander Battle- ship Force One, and Discii)line Officer, having direct charge of all legal work, courts and proceedings pertaining to Naval Administration of the Force. The percentage of trials by General Gourt- Martial in Battleship Force One was about four-tenths of one per cent, or one trial for every four hundred men in the force. As evidenced by this extremely low percentage, the maintenance of discipline without resort to such trials is a mark of the efficiency of the Force Discipline Officer. It was largely through Major McClellan's efforts that the number of prisoners serving sentences at Naval Prisons on shore was reduced." Major McGlellan also served with the A. E. F. in command of the Ninth Separate Battalion, and on a second tour of duty abroad served with the Historical Section, G. H. Q., at Ghaumont and with the Fourth Brigade of Marines in Germany. Major Harold F. Wirgman at the beginning of the war was Marine Officer on the U. S. S. Pennsylvania, and on August U, 1918, was transferred to the U. S. S. New Mexico, where he served 341 :is rorcc Marim- Olliccr, Halllcship Force Two, and aide on slall' of Vnnv Coiniiuiiulor, until Sep- tcnibiT 1, lyl)i. wlicn he served as Division Marine Olliecr, Division fi, Atlanlie Fleet and aide to Di\ ision (lonniiander until the end of the war. On October I 1, l^m, aboard the .'Vcj Mexico. His Majesty the Kin^ of the Belf;ians, conferred the decoration of "Olticer of the Order of Leopold 1 1 " u(M)n -Major \\ irpnian, stating that the decoration was conferred by his Government in n-cog- nizance of the invaluable services to the \llied cause rendered by the InitiKi States Navy duriiif; the war with Germany. .Major Samuel P. Budd served with the 2d lirigade U. S. Marin<\s in Santo Doming) at the oulbreak of (he war until June 3, 1917, when he was transfern-d In lhi> 10th Regiment at Quantico, \ a., where he remained to the end of the war. Major \. J. Drexel Biddle served witJi Headquarters. .Xdvancwl Base Force, Philadelphia, at Paris Island. S. C, and at (hiantico, Va. Alajor Bips for service in the war zone. Major B. B. Ilogan was stationed at the Navy ^ ard. Philadelphia, in command of the I'.ngiiicer Fnit of the \d\anced Base Force. In June. i')\H. he took the 2d Casual Beplaci'iiicnl Battalion to France and returned to Philadelphia in October. I'MK, to organize a full regimint of engineers. Captain Miles R. Thacher .served at Paris Island. S. C., at (.)uantico. Va., and willi llu \merican I'.xpeditionary Force in France. Captain Maurice S. Berry commanded tlu' Marine (iuard on I . S. S. \\ ihniitijtoti. on Itic Asiatic station: was transferre. Va., lie joineil the .5th Marines in France and participated in the Meuse-Vrgoniie olVensi\e. Captain John II. Craige sailed for France with the 1 1th Marines as Begimental .\djiilanl and Intelligence Ollicer. After the armistice, he was appointed Athletic Ollicer of the Tours District in the Service of Supplies. While the Ith Brigade of Marines was stationed in Ger- many. Captain (-raigi- was attached to it on spwial tem|)orary duty. Captain David II. Miller served with the Haitian ("onslabulary until October IH. 1917, when he was transferri'd to Marine Barracks. Norfolk, Va., where hr remained until November 9. 1917. when he joined the I'. S. S. Florida as Marine Ollicer; hi' was transfi'rred to tlu' C S. S. ScalUe as Marini'OIIic-er.on November Ui. 1917, and remaini'don that vessel during the remainder of the war. Second Lieutenant Krrol While went to France with the hirst ICxpeditionary h'orce, serving with the .")th .Marines, participating with them in the St. Mihii'l oirensi\e. PHILADELPHIA'S U. S. M. C, HONOI? I?()LL TIiiW! Marine ofTicors and fifty other Marines from I^liila(lf'l|)lii;i. died Dverseas: \rnoll, James Barnes Hausler, Walter Aiilh(>n\ Howan. Bernard John Atkins, Harold Dewey Hewitt, Charles Wilmer. Jr. Itubinson. Harry Berman, Benjamin Jones, Feli.x William Budd, Frederick .\shlon Black, William B. Lacey, William Josei)h Sacks, Howard Bulinan. William H. I^wis, W heatley Dale Seifert. Julian Henry Cabell. IJlward Klvin Ix)gue, Frank C. Souder. Herbert Hibbs Corbin. Francis Bernard Ijowe. John William. Jr. Spearing. Walter Joseph Cununings. Brinton Snuth Mcllhenni'y. G. V. Stanton, Paul \iidrew l)i\lin. Bi-rnard Joseph McMi-namy . Charli's Stirling, Hugh \lc\anur>, Captain C. W. Brown, A. C. Dinkey, Spencer ('.. (iilbcrt. H. .1. Hayden. .1. H. McAllister, Dr. S. B. McCormick, Mrs. .1. Willis Martin, A. W. Mellon. E. B. Morris, Arthur E. Newbold. Allen V. Pgislature promptly jjrovided a war work fund of §2.000,000, control of which was a.ssigned to the Pennsylvania Ct)ni- mission of Public Safety and Defense, composed of the Governor, Lieutenant (Iovernor, Auditor (Jeneral, Adjutant (ieneral and State Treasurer. The Council (at that time the Connnittee of Public Safety) became the functioning arm of this Commission, and its numerous war emergency undertakings were approved and financed to total appropriations of more than $L000,000. To review the comprehensive work of the Council would be to enumerate almost all of the noteworthy war-time achievements of the State. Its far-reaching program gradually led to an assimilation of all of the important civilian service essential to successful prt)secutioii of the war. The condint of its work repre- sented a concentration of effort not paralleled at any other time in Pennsylvania's 3i:5 history and probably unexcelled by any other State mobilization of potential resources. Splendid as were its physiral accomplishments, perhaps the jjreatest service rendered by the Council was its fusing of the patriotic endeavor of all creeds and classes into a singleness and unanimity of purpose — that purpose a lixed and unseKish resolve to spare no effort and to shirk no duty that would help to win the war. Mever before in Peinisylvania has this unanimity of public aim been achieved. The Council was able to bring about liiis result b(>cause of its State-wide organiza- tion and its solitary objective — success of the national war program. Much of the work undertaken was of a constructive character, and its value was so appai'ent that some features were continued after tiie general activities of the Council were terminated. Among these w<>re: Americanization: work for the foreign-born: Food Supply and Food Conservation work; Employment Ser- vice and Child Welfare acti\ities. The work of tlie Council was con- < hid I'd under a plan which coiicciilrali'd all arli\ilies in (i\c (li\ isioiis. with appropriate separate departments, all nntlcr central executive control. Majni- di\isi((ns directing actixilics wi'ic: Administration: which included I lie Departments of Finance, Publicity, Legislation and Legal Xdxisory Oe- parlment: Relief: including the Departments of Medicine, Sanitation and Hospitals and Civic Relief; I'^liiipmeiil and Supplies, with the Depart iiieiits of Food Supply, Con- struction and Materials, and lligiiways Transport Committee; Service: with the Departments of Civilian Service and Labor. Mililar\ Seivice. \aval Service, and NOhmleer Home Defense Police: rians()orlaliipii: with the Departments of Maihoads, hlleclric Railways and Motors, and Highways anri Waterways. The Council, ihi'refore. had a working scope covering practically every (leld of useful endeavor. riie Directors, Chairmen and Chiefs of the several Departments, Committees and Bureaus, included: Fiimiicr — Director. Vrtliiir E. Nowlmld. I'lihliiily anil Kdiicdliim 'Dim-loT. l>r. Williiiin McClcllnn; (liii-f of Hurisiii of l'iil)licity, lliTiiiMii l>. ( '.iilliiis: ('liicf (if S|)c;iki'rs' Hiiremi. Uriijiimiii It. I.iiillow ; Cliicf of l,il)irl> Sinn Huri'iui, .loliii \'. IJnuiii: Cliiifof Hiiri-iiii iif \iiicTi(;ini/:ilii)ii. K. !■;. Biicli; Cliief of IJiirciiu of \\ iir ( '.Imrilie.s, .SydiU'V L. \\ ri/;lit. h-ni.slalion — Director. Iloii. Krank (iiiniiiM)!!. lA-yal Ailvisury De/mrlment — Director. Jolin Hampton Barnes. .Mediciiw. Sanilalion and llospUats — Director, Dr. Mol>art A. Hare; Nice-Director. (!liarltoii ^ ariiull. Civic Belief — Director. Col. Lxjuis J. Kolb; Vice-Director, Dr. .Saiimcl McC. Ilaiiiill. Ci.virlcsy laiular(l ol' licr si>r\ ire oil the haltlc front. THE PHILADELPHIA COUNCIL Ol NATIONAL DEFENSE On \iif.'ust 1:5. I'nS, the Philadelphia Council of National Defense was oifianized under the Chairmanship of the lion. .1. \N illis Martin. Its other officers were: John II. Mason, \ ice-Chairman: (ieorije Harrison Krazier. Treasurer: lr\iii L. Stone. Secretary. Robert D. Dripps was appointed l-Aecutiv(> Manager lojrellici with J. Jarden (menther and Raymond M. Slotter as As-soeiate Managers. I pon the resignation of Mr. Dripps in February. PJl*). he was succeeded by Mr. ( lueiitlur. The offices of the Council were in the Liberty iiuilding and were given, rent iVee. b\ the I Ion. John Wanamaker. The E\ecuti\e Conmiittee included, in addition In the officers: Chester N. Farr. \rthur \. Morton. Samuel Rea. John A. \ oil. Mrs. John ('.. (Iroome. Mrs. Henry I). Jump. Mrs. Louis C. Madeira, William West. The membei's of the Pliiladeli)hia Council weic: Jay Cooke. :5d. John T. Windrim. Sydney L. Wright. Knu-^l T. Trigg. Mrs. Rarclay II. W arburton. J. I). Sutherland. Ir\iii L.Stone. Frank Ronui. Miirllui P. (>uinri, Fli K. I'riic. Mrs. (leorge Whaitoii Pepper. Lewis 11. Parsons. Mis. Win. L. McLean, Mis. ( ieorge XLFaddeii. Mrs. II. (i. McCouch. Win. McClellan. Horatio (1. Lloyd. Dr. W ilnier Krusen, Jos. A. Jami.y, Bayard Henry, Lt.-Col. C. R. Ilatcli, Charles R. Hall, Mrs. F. R. (Jeraghty. Ceo. II. Frazier. J. \. Flaherty. Ldward J. du Mee. Rev. Kdw. Heyl Delk. J. Howell Cummings. Herman L. Collins, Charles Riddli-. The purposes of the Philadelphia Couniil were to cooperate willi llir work of the State ('ouncil of Defense and to deselop other activities to meet local needs. As its work expanded the following departments were created: Speakers" Bureau, including the Four-Minute Men: Publicity Department; Civilian Service and Labor: Public Service Reserve: I nited Stales Roys' XAdrking Reserve; Transportation: Civic Rehef; Construction and Material: Lnilcd Stales Homes Registration Rureau: Farm Service Bureau: Liberty Sing; As.sociated Federal Labor Roards for Philadelphia: Committee on .Soiial Il\giene; Niilnnleer Plac(>- iiienl Rureau. \lmost immediately after being organized, the Council was ( all<'d upon to aid in the iiilliienza e()idemic. It acted as a coordinating force and as a clearing house for general relief work. Ry courtesy of the Stiaw bridge and CU)lhier store, it operated a switchboard for the purpose of giving information in regard to doctors, nurses and undertakers. Its Iransportatioii (le|)artnieiil. with the assistance of the Automobile Club of Philadelphia, the .Vuto-Car Company and other auto- mobile agencies, provided special ambulances and. later, with the cooperaticm of several of the di'parlment stores and local truck owneis, supplied motor trucks for llie removal of bodies. The Council secured the release, on liiiloiigh, of men in Camp Dix and other nearby cantonments, who previous to their service in the army had been employed in undeitaking eslablishmeiils. So great was the moitalily in Philadelphia during the epidemic that ihousanils of bodies had to be handled with the greatest possible speed and, therefore, the undertakers were, in many cases, unprotected in the matter of payment. The C.ounr llii^ family was iinaV)l(' Id pay. The sorvicfs rnndeicd in this tinip of crisis elicited expressions of sincere gratitude from scores of beieaved people. The signing of the armistice on November 11th made the spirit of Thanksgiving Day. 1918, very real, and throughout the city Thanksgiving services were ("on- ducted in forly or more of the puljlic squares by clergymen. The Council had printed a special program which contained the President's Proclamation, a message written for the occasion by (ieorge Wharton Pepper and a number of paliiotic hynuis and songs. A song-leader and cornetist led the nnisic at each place. A nation-wide observance was asked for Saturday, Decembers, 1918, in honor of (ireat Britain. The British Admiralty dispatched H. \I. S. Cuntherldnd. under connnand of ( >aptain Blackett, to Philadelphia, and a series of events were arranged foi' the entertainment of the ofiicers and men. Three hundred and sixty sailois and marines, including a band from the Ciimtirrlaiid. escorted by sailors from League Island and a navy band, marched through the streets in the center of the city, and were reviewed in Rittenhouse Square by Major General McLachlan, f)f the British War Mission, and by Ameiican naval and military officers. The officers were entertained at a luncheon at the Navy House, East Ritt(>nhouse Square, and the men marched over to the United Service Club, 22d Street below Walnut, where sandwiches, colfee, cakes and cigarettes were served. It is interesting to note that this parade of men from a British ship was the first timi^ since the American Hevolution that British troops, under arms, had marched through the city. 347 A football fiaiiie was stafred at Franklin Field in the afternoon, and between halves the visiting navy men paraded around the field and were given a great ovation. After the game the men marched to Houston Hall for a "'smoke," and then proceeded on special trolleys to the War Camp Community Service Canteen, where supper was served by a committee from the National League for \\ Oman's Service. llie officers of the ship were the guests of Lewis S. Sadler, Executive Manager of the Pennsylvania Council of \ational Defense, at an informal dinner at the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel. In the evening a mass meeting was held in th(^ Metro])olitan Opera House, and so great was the crowd that an overflow meeting was hurriedly arrangcfl and .speeches were delivered from the Poplar Street steps of the building. In December. 1919. Bayard Henry, a member of the Council, suggested that the Council secure permission from the British Bureau of Information, of which Sir (ieoffrey Butler was the head, to exhibit in Philadelphia the collection of British naval ])iiotogiaphs in color. These photographs, the largest of which was 2b feet by 12 f(>et, disclosed every phase of modern naval warfare, and a number of them, taken by American sailors, sh(jwed the .\merican fleet on duty. I'ermission having been obtained, liie pictures were ])lac(>d on exhibition in the galleries of the Pennsyhania Aiademy of the Fine Arts. A .small entrance! fee was charged and, at the request of the British authorities, the net proceeds were donated to \merican war charities. Over .'i.'i.OOO people vi(>wed the exhibit, of which number were some 8,000 school children, wiio were admitted free and who had the pictures personally explained to them. The gentlemen in charge of the i)hotograi)hs were H. N. D. Talbot and Lieu- tenant H. T. C. Walker. Mr. Walker was one of the heroes of the Zeebrugge light. On January 19, 1919, the Council assisted the British Committee of the l-'mergeiicy \id of Pennsyhania in arranging for a meeting at tlie Academy of Music, addressed by Sir Arthur Pearson on behalf of St. Dunstan's Hospital for blinded soldiers. In February, 1919. .Tiidge Martin appointed a committee to plan for welcoming the troo])s which were soon to return to Philadelphia. The city govcrmnent was represented by (he presidents of Select and Common Councils, the Hon. James E. Lennon and the Hon. Iv B. (deason; Isaac D. Het/.ell and Charles B. Hall, Chair- man and Secretary respectively of the Councilmanic Committee for the relief and sustenance of soldiers" families. Other members of the committee, as originally appointed, represenleil (he Y. M. C. \.. ^ . W . C. \.. Knights of Columbus. Jewish Welfare Board. Sahalion \r-m\. Vnierican Bed Cross, and the War Camp Com- nfunity Service. Vn information bureau was established in charge of Mrs. W. L. Mann, riie names of transports listed in the mimeographed brdletins from the port embarkation oflice in lloboken were caid indexed. This enabled the bureau to give information as lo the movement of all troops as soon as they had left a foreign port for horrre. The Navy ^ aid stationed a radio o])eratoi- in the Libei'ty Building, and messages were received for immediate transmittal from th<' wii(>Iess station at I^eague Island. Whenever I'hiladelphia men rt'turried on transports not docking at their home port, the committee wirelessed a greeting to the commanding officers and men of such units. When transports docked at Philadeli)hia. the committee chartered sufficient boats 318 to take the relatives of the men down the river to meet them. The poHce boats Ashbridge and Slokley were always available and the police band was carried on the former. At one time it was necessary to provide accommodations for 3,000 people. All committee boats were fiaily decorated and bore large banners with the words "City of Philadelphia Welcome Home Committee." Several signal men from the Navy Yard were nsually detailed to go on each committee boat and thus relatives were able to have messages wigwagged to the men on the transports. Frequently it was jiossible to steam so close to the ships that greetings could be called back and forth. A service that was greatly ap- preciated by the officeis and men of t)ther citii's returning to the port of Phila- delphia was the gift of home-town newspapers. When the government bulletins showed that men from other states and cities were due on a certain transport, the committee telegra]ihed to the (iovernor of the State or to the Mayor of the City and asked that newspapers 1)(> sent at once. These were distributed at tlie pier by the Red Cross or, in some cases, were sent to Camp Dix in care of one or more of the welfare agencies. With the news that the 28th Division was about to return, plans were im- mediately made to give it a reception worthy of its war record and the committee was reorganized. An account of [\w work of this larger connnittee will be found in the chapter devoted to the story of the parade of the 28th Division. On Mai-ch 21, l')l*». the Rev. Hugh Birckhead, a former Red Cross chaplain overseas, delivered an address in the Academy of Music on the subject "America's Courtesy of Frank \V. Bulili-r. Stank-y Co. of America. Men from U. S. S. "Ilaverford" paradimi in I'liildilrlphia hcfiirf nitniinirKi for f'ttni/i Dix. 349 Oppoitimity." The other speakers of the eveniiifj were Lieutenant Colonel D.J. McCailhy. who had recently returned from ser\ ice in Hussia. and Majoi- ( liarles .1. iiiddle. IMiiladelphia's first "Ace." The meeting was under 1 lie joiiil auspices of the Council and the Emergency Aid of Pennsylvania. Memorial Day. 1919. was observed by services in the public sipiares \ery similar to the exercises on ThanksgiN ing Day. 1918. They were arranged b> th<' Council and the programs included President Lincoln's "(Jetty.sburg Address." Kipling's "Hecessional." national hymns and })o])nlar songs of the three ware — the Civil. Spanish-American and World War. \t the conclusion of the exercis(vs "Taps " was sounded. At a time when a strike among the textile wmkcrs df I'liiladelphia pidniJM'd to assume menacing proportions, a committee of conciliation was appointed 1p\ the Chairman of the Council. They entered earnestly into the work <>[ bringing the employes and employers together. \ compromise was cll'cclcd between the parlies, and the strike ended willidnt disurder or di'slrucliuii of property. Turbulent uprisings of a serious revolutionary character lia\ ing been Ihrealciicd foi' Ma\ 1st and July tth. the Lxecutive Council was con\ened and aiiangi'ments were made with the authorities to call upon the local police, the Home (luard. volunteer police, the reserve militia, and a body consisting of 7,500 .sailors and marines. (Iiiards were placed in banking institutions near the threaten(>d scene of disorder. The preparations proved suHicienl for the emergency, and the days passed without incident. In the spring of 191'). at the re(|uesl of thi' Pictorial Section. Historical Kranch. W . 1'. I).. Cicneral Stall', Washington, t). ('.., the Council secured, in duplicate, about three thousand pictures, showing war-time activities and conditions in Philadelphia. One set of these pictures was sent to W asliinglon and the dllier set lilcd lor reference. Mrs. Thomas Hobins acted as Cliaiiinan of the committee! aiui Mrs. Albert K. Peterson, Jr., had general charge of collecting the photographs. In .lune, 1919. Charles B. Hall was appiiiiiltrnor William C. Spidul was Chairnian. pro\ ided llie record l)lanks and a house-to-house can\ ass was made by the I'olice Department. Asa result of this can\ ass over liftN thousand records were secured, it is estimated that at least eight. \ lo ninety thou.sand men and women fiom lhiscit> served in the \rmy and "\a\>. but until Ihe War Depart- ment sends copies of its list^s lo the Adjutant < ieneral at I larrisburg. which will be a mattcM- of .some years in all probabihty, it w ill be impossible to issue a correct list. The Philadel])liia Couiuil closed its oflices on July 1."). 1919. Its hislorical researi'h work was continued b\ the aj)pointment, at the suggestion of Judge Martin, of Ihe Philadelphia War History Committee. The Executive Manager of Ihe C.ouncil became the Secretary of the new comtnillce and I his bonk is Ihe residl of the History Committee's work. The Staff of Ihe Council iiu hided, besides the I'^xeculive Managei and !ii(> A.ssociate Managers: A. C. Wright. Mrs. W. L. Mann, Miss Miriam Moses, .Miss M. Iv Desmond. Miss Sara Mays Taggarl, Miss Agues C. iMcCarm, Mrs. Jane llli. Mrs. \. M. Wlixle. Mi» lllsic Mandell. Miss T. R. Jacobs, Miss Krantz, James I-;. Corneal. Miss Anne McDonough, .Miss M\illc ]■'.. Dutui. Miss Elsie 35(1 Biirghart, Miss Nann McLaughlin, Miss Hilda Kaplan, Mrs. E. R. Smith, Miss F. LaefT and Mrs. A. H. Bollman. Among others associatod in the work of the Council were: Henry V. (iumniere, Henry S. Drinker, Jr., W. J. Wheatley, John Huneker, Clarence S. Cates, Henviss Roesseler, Charles C. Hazlett, E. E. Hogle, James O'Neill. Arno P. Mowitz, Miss Edith Sheldon. Dr. Caroline Colvin, Dr. Sarah Kingsbury. Miss Edith Lowber, Miss Leslie B. Stewart, Miss Jane Hanratty, Miss E. Eh- land. Miss M. E. Kern, Miss E. F. Mclntyre, Mrs. N. S. Belts, Miss G. F. Mulchrone, Miss Elsie Gilbert, E. R. Cheney, G. E. Williams and C. L. Buck- mum. WOMAN'S PHILADELPHIA COUNTY COMMITTEE COINCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE, PENNSYLVANIA DIVISION Chairman: Mrs. Henry D. Jump. Vice-Chairmen: Mrs. (ieorge A. Dunning. Mrs. A. A. F]shner. Mrs. I'rank T. Griswold, Mrs. George McFadden. Miss Clara Middlelon. Mis. Paul I). Mills. Miss Mary M. Rivinus, Mrs. E. T. Stotesbmy. Secretary: Mrs. George A. Piersol. Chairman of District Committees: Miss Beulah Fennimore. Mrs. BowTnan Leaf. Mrs. B. F. Richardson, Mrs. Wilmer Krusen. The Woman's Committee, Council of National Defense, fur Philadelphia C^.ounty was organized in October, 1917, following the lloo% cr campaign to conserve food, which was carried on during the summer months by a splendid body of women who came forward to assist in the distribution of the Hoover food pledge cards. A registration of 30.5,000 Philadelphia women was sent to Washington. The State (^.hairman. Mrs. J. Willis Martin, naturally turned to this group for leadership and appointed Mrs. Henry D. Jump as Chairman for Philadelphia County. An organization of women covering all parts of the city was innnediately started, and the colossal task of house-to-house visiting, arranging the streets, wards and districts of the city in card catalog form for future reference was tirelessly caTiied on during the hot summer months. This campaign jiroved to be one of the most constructive pieces of work accomplished by the Philadelphia Council. All clubs and organizations of women were called upon to helj). regardless of color, creed or condition; everywhere the chairman received hearty cooperation and generous offers of assistance. From this group of women the chaii'man apjjointed an efficient executive committee, as well as district chairmen in all parts of the city, with directors for all departments. The Council, the State and (!ity (twe a dei'p debt of gratitude to Mrs. Edward T. Stotesbury, througli whose geneinsity it was enabled to maintain headciuarters and an adetiuate office force at IbOT Walnut Street, until such time as the Committee of Public Safety invited it to share their offices in the Finance Building, and paid all overhead charges. Registration Dep.\rtment, Mrs. George A. Dunning, Director. .Mrs. Dun- ning splendidly organized this department, but was obliged to resign early in the year-, after which the first active piece of work was the registration of women, under the efficient direction of Mrs. Louis B. Taylor. This campaign was conducted by means of special drives and then by organized committees 3.51 Wonirii iforkirifl on \rmy lifils at tin' John ii. Slt-lstm ( '.u. in the various wards until llw total of 'J.!, 000 women had si-incd these cards. The work of (iliiif: them was alone an enormous task. They were filed and eross-liled undei- occupations so thai a woman recjiiired for a certain piece of work could he immediately obtained. From this de()artment munition workers, and recruits for all sorts of war acti\ities were ohtained. and re<:islration proved its value in mnnerous ways. The Director of Hejiistration l)ccamc a member of the I'Vderal llmployment Bureau, and used these files very actively in her work. Wh(>n this source of assistance became {generally known, many and fre(|uent calls were made upf)n it by fjovernment as well as by the local industrial ])lants. Not the least interestinf; feature of this work was the recruiting and placin;: of women on the land in cooperation with the Woman's Land Army, and an anmsing incident occiured when an actress registered for farm work, stating that she was ready to work all the year round, but was naluralh untrained. Shortly after, a \M>maii farmer applied to the l)e|)artmeiit of Women in Industry for a helper willing lo do all-t he-year-round work in any and every capacity. She was a wee bit skeptical about taking an actress whose sole qualilication was an altogether untested love of the outdoors, but at last consented, and the registrant, seizing the opportunity, went on the land early in February. After a three months' trial, a letter came from the farmer, enchanted with the enthusiasm, earnestness and skill of her assistant, and begging for a woman who would be willing to do the houscnvork. Again the iiles were consulted, and though domestics, in th(! ordinary 352 sense of the word, were not on the hsts, it was found that a patriotic woman of fifty who had had her own comfortable home, but was otherwise untrained, stood ready to answer the call, stating in cheerful terms that as she too was an untrained worker she was willing to do a bit of drudgery as her share of war work. Few reach such heights of patriotism ! These cards became extremely valuable during the influenza epidemic, when those who had registered as willing and able to nurse were sum- moned to answer the many I'alls that came to us fr( )in all parts of t he city. Four hun- dred and eighty women were written to, fifty per cent of whom reported at the office. Food Production Dep.\rtment, Mrs, George H. White, Director. While there was not a great deal of ground available for cultivation within the city limits. Mrs. White was able to do valuable work in establishing school gardens in vacant lots throughout tiie city, some of which are still in operation, and much was done among the school children in stimulating their interest in backyard gardens and food conservation. Food Conservation Department, Mrs. H. C. Boden, Director. Perhaps no department had a more colossal task than that of the Food ( '.tmservation Department, to whose lot fell the education of every class of society in the necessity of self-denial in the use of every available foodstuff. This depart- ment was fortunate in having as director Mrs. N. D. Hitchcock, instructor of home economics at Temple liniversity, who began the work assigned, but was obliged to resign when called to New York, and her able assistant, Mrs. H. C. Boden, was appointed to the vacancy. Mrs. Boden devoted much time to the opening of food kitchens in different parts of the city where daily demon- strations were given in the making of war breads and the use of wheat Hour substi- tutes, and was tireless in her efforts to present food conservation in its most agreeable and practical form. Thousands of posters and recipes were distributed among the foreigners, written in the language of each nationality; the drive for food conser\ation among foreigners became the next important phase of the work, and in Philadelphia alone, during three months, more than four thousand people of aUen birth were visited. The work began primarily as a war measure, but led often to permanent Ameri<'anization propaganda, devc'loping. as it does, a certain unity of thought between the foreign element and our native population. The foreigners were powerfully influenced by the knowledge that, as a result of war's devastation, they could not return again to their native countries. The method of approach was through the medium of informal meetings; demonstrators who had the ability to "mix in," and were experienced in social service work, oiganized neighborhood groups of Italians, Poles, Bussians, Lithuanians and Boumanians. Surveys were made of conservation work done in the hospitals, showing that hundreds of loaves of bread per day and hundreds of pounds of butler per week had been saved, and that the consumption of sugar had been reduced more than half. Later the department of food became federalized, and went under the Federal Food Administrator for Philadelphia. A remarkable food army of thousands of women was organized and was doing active service when the armistice was signed. A war bread shop was run in the center of the city where all sorts of war bread and muffins were sold and war bread recipes were distributed. Women in Industry Department, Mrs. Thomas Bobins, Director. It was soon discovered that all over the State the call for women workers was 3.')3 bcconiinj.' more and more insistont, so that this dopaitnipnt had a diniciilt tinio to fill all the applications made upon it. Certain standards were insist<'d upon hy the director of this department and women were recruited t>nly for those plants in which living conditions were good, serious basic needs such as housing and transportation were carefully studied, and a booklet was published giNirig a list of boarding houses, cafeterias, places of amusement, churches, et< .. I'nr the cf)nvenience and protection of strangers and itinerant workers. The aim of this department was not only to secure work for women, but in so doing to improve the conditions under which they worked ; to advance woman's position economically, politically and socially; to ask from th(> working woman a s|)irit of cooperation and loyal .service; to arouse ail women to the fact that the savings of every worker are an asset to the country, as well as a guarantee of her own econfmiic security in the future. This d(>partment did valuable service in familiari/ing its("lf with the rulings of the Secretary of I.,al)or and the Secretary of War on questions of women's work, as well as state laws, and insisted that the\ be carried out in all plants, both governmental and jirivate. where women were employeil. A very notable piece of work accomplished by the director of this department acting with a committee of public-spirited men and women in Philadelphia under the direction of Dr. Lucy W. Wilson, was a War lunergency Summer High S( liool. opened to give intensive training; and for this jjurpose the use of the building of the W illiam Peim High School for girls was (jU'ered by the Hoard of Kducation. This school was patronized by workers of all ages, and the pupils w'ere taught the reading of blue prints, stenography, typewriting, stenotyping. filing, etc. No class of Pennsylvania citizens responded more proniptly and more patrioti- cally to the call to work than the colored women of the Slate. Approximately four thousand were employed in arsenals, chemical plants, oil and sugar retineiies, the railroads, and the numition and ritle plants. The Department also undertook to recruit the rel|ui^ite number of workers lo establish several unit.s for the Wt)man's Land Army. aii health and maintaining iMitrition of the child up to pre-school age. This ileparlment gave hearty support and active a.ssistance to those committees working for an increase in mothers' pensions. Departme.nt of Ldi cation. Dr. Maude llan.sclie. Director. Dr. Ilarische established a Speakers' Bureau for patriotic purposes and had th(> full cooperation of the superintendent of public schools in the work of Americanization. A survey was made of the IVireign people in the city and very ell'eclive work was carried out among the Poles, Italians, Hebrews, Russians, etc., who responded loyally to every patriotic measure. The State Director was fortunate in securing speakers, 354 wlio jjreatly stiniiiltitrd prndurtiuii in llic plants tlioy visited hy jjraphic d(>st'ripti()ns of the Wdi'k heiiif; done h\ the iMiglisli: sliowinj; what a pt)weiful asset tlie women of the British Isles had become to the j,^)\ ernment. An Ameiieanization Conference held in conjunction with the Liberty Loan and Food Departments proved of jireat value in l)rint,'infr toj;ether men and women promin(Mit in \mericanizatit)n work from all over th<' country, who spoke of the work then carried on by the government as well as j)rivate agencies among the foreign population in this country, not the least important feature of which was the stimulation of patriotism among our own people. Perhaps this need had not occurred to us before, but became a real issue to stem the tide of pro-( ierman propaganda. Mary Antin was a forceful and interesting sjjeakei' at the conference. Ciiving an eloquent account of her first experiences in America, she demonstrated what the foreigner can contribute to this country as well as receixc from it. and strongly urged for the foreigner free expression of his native arts and talents, which would make for his greater happiness and the greater develop- Mienl of this country. Liberty Loan Department, Mrs. Barclay H. Warbuiton. Diiectdr. While the organization of the women for this work was not begun until the Second Liberty Loan was well under way, Mrs. Warburton reported the sale of .$1.5,000.000 worth of bonds. In the Third Loan, under the direction of Mrs. Walter S. Thomson, the women of Philadelphia raised §.511020, 8.50, which was 31}/^ per cent of the quota. In the Fourth Loan, despite the ravages of influenza, a total of $72,020,115 was raised, with over 8,000 women oiganized and working on various committees. The chairman of the Philadelphia County Committee of National Defense was chosen chairman of the Woman's Liberty Loan Committee for the Third Federal Reserve District. Great interest was shown in the Liberty Loan Conference held jointly with the Food Department when the Philadelj)hia committee invited the chaiimen of all of the sixty -seven counties in the State t(i attend the three-day session. Department of Foreign Relief, Mrs Hutton Kennedy, Director. This department acted as a coordinating agency to bring together all the \^'ar relief organizations in the Slate, working in unison and reducing to a minimum all duplication of efVort. Department of Health and Recreation, Miss Theodora Butcher, Director. This Department was closely associated with the Committee on Recreation for girls affected by war conditions. Its function was to stimulate recreational interest and to develop recreational facilities, laying emphasis on the need for patriotic service and the necessity for higher standards among the young girls. A colored woman was appointed for the extension work among the colored girls and frequent consultations were held with Mrs. T. W. Lay ton of the Protective Association for Colored Women in regai'd to improving the conditions under which C(jlored women were th»>n working. All activities having to do with women and girls were brought together and worked in full accord. Outdoor neighborhood gatherings in parks and open spaces were [ilanncd where frecjuent concerts and Community Sings were given. Many industrial plants showed notable cooperation in providing recreational diversions and patriotic demonstrations among their employes, Samuel Flei.sher himself heading a Liberty Loan parade in which the workers in his factory took prominent 3.'>5 part. This department in conjunction with other committees working for pro- tection of women and girls was instrumental in luuing women vigilance oflicers with police power appointed by the nia\or to patrol the streets in lonely sections at night. Department of Publicity and Information, Mrs. Arthur W. Sewall. Director. By means of a weekly News Letter, this Department undertook to inform the public of its purpose and aim in the field of war work, and to publish the reports of all that was being accomiilished by the (litlerent departments. It was also a useful medium for communicating the necessity for hearty cooperation with government requirements, which were printed in original form from time to time as seemed advisable. Later on the reports received from all the counties in this State were published in the News letter and proved a stimulating encouragement to all branches of the work. A very fine piece of work was a directory of \ocational opportunities for women in the State of Pennsylvania, issued by the State Director of this Department, which bmuglil i'drlli most favorable comment and became of lastinsr value. M'he development of district connnittees formed a notable achieNcnient : two were doing active work along all lines, and others were in the process of formation. Forty-two wards out of the forty-eight were organized, with special groups of women ready to take up active work. \ special organizer had personally visited these groups in order to prepare them for future emergencies. One ward was organized and ready to work with both men and women. In September, a war work conference was held in Philadelphia, in which the Philadelphia County Committee played an active part. It called together the first woman's war rally ever held in the Inited States, and included munition workers and industrial workers as well as volunteers in war activities. All groups of women and women's organizations attended in large numbers and listened to a remarkable program of patriotic expression. Prior to this, the only rally of the kind ever held had been the one reported in Paris a few days before. The drive for 2,5,000 Army nurses, recpiesled by the I nited Slates Surg(>oii Ceneral. was conducted in July and August of l')l«. Philadelphia County, whose (]uota was 110, went over the top with an enrolment of ov(>r 600, with recruiting stations in all partes of the city. In this rally and four-minute speakers and all the various men's and women's organizations were used elleclively. A big Liberty Sing was held, and a strong appeal for enrolment made. During the epidemic of inlhienza the Woman's Commillee of the Council of National Defense called on all organizations and groups of women for volunteers and heljiers to private families. Th(> Woman's Connnittee at all times held itself ready to meet the emer- gencies that might arise, and to call upon the various organizations of women in the city for help in different lines of war work. It is most grateful to the men and women in the city for the financial support which they gave since the beginning of 1918, and which enabled them to do the necessary work. Mut for the signing of the armistice a big and active group of women and women's organiza- tions would have been ready to direct their ser\ ices in the furthering of the war. This same group could be easily used to further other civic problems. 3.'.r. THE PORT OF PHILADELPHIA* HERP] was a time when it was said that the Delaware River was the "Clyde of America," but the time has come when the Clyde may be aptly called the "Delaware 1^ llllll of ( ireat Britain." Such a claim need not be considered extravagant "" when we consider the recognition given the port of Philadelphia during the period of the war, and when we further summarize the maritime interests of the port. Within the limits of the city of Philadelphia and in the immediate vicinity are established the following ship- building ct)mptmies: Merchant Shipbuilding Corporation; Wm. Cramp & Sons Ship & Engine Building Co. ; New York Shipltuilding Corporation; Sun Shipbuilding Co. ; Chester Shipbuilding Co.; Pusey & Jones Co. and the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Company. During the war, the following companies had plants in or near Phila- delphia: American-International Shipbuilding Coiporation; Traylor Shipbuilding Cor]3oration; Pennsylvania Shipbuilding Co.; New Jersey Shipbuilding Co., and Jackson & Sharp Co. The port of Pliiladelphia, as defmed for customs purposes, comprises such waters of the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers bordeiing on the municipality of the city of Philatlelphia as are navigable. The nmnicipal limits of Philadelphia on the Delaware River, as defined by the Director of Public Works, extend from a point immediately south of Fort Mifflin, below the mouth of the Schuylkill River, to the mouth of Poquessing Creek, innnediately north of Torresdale. The authority of the Board of Commissioners of Navigation extends from the State line on the south to the head of the navigal)le water of the Delaware River on the north. The customs district of Philadelphia as defmed by law (March 3, 1919) comprises all that part of the State of Pennsylvania lying east of seventy-nine degrees west longitude, all of the State of Delaware, and all of that part of the State of New Jersey not included in the district of New York, with district head- quarters at Philadelphia, in which Philadelphia (to include Camden and Gloucestei' City, N. J.), Thompsons Point, Tuckerton. Chester, Wilmington and Lewes shall be ports of entry. The tonnage shipped through the port of Philadelphia establishes the posi- tion of this city as the second port in the 1 nited States. Figures compiled ollicially show the following totals of trade at Philadelphia: TONNAGE 1018 1919 1920 I>)mestic 1.3.1()7,81.'5 7.527.72:5 10,105,068 Foreign 5,895,820* 11,632,437 14,961,736 Totals 21.003,6:55 I<), 160,160 *lncludes 508,325 tons of war material not passed tliruugb Customs House. 25,066,804 'Summarized by the Seeretary of the Philadelphia War History Committee from the reports of the Philadelphia Maritime Exchange, and from various publications of the Department of Wharves, Docks and Ferries. 357 \ALLi;s Domestic $1,909,279,986 Sl.TTl'.r.l I.J1(> S; 1, 755, 193,364 Foreign 686,817,078* 676,265,606 733,201,047 Totals .'i:2..'>96.097,06 1 $2,448,779,822 $2. 188.39 I, II 1 'Includes .$145,000,000 in value of war material not passed throufili Customs House. Figures annoiincpd 1»> tlio Surveyor of the I'ort showed that llie sum of $16,610, 7.'?!?. 72 was received in import duties at Philadelphia in 1'^I8. He also stated that this port is the cheapest from which lo ship goods lo foreijjn countries, a statement home out by fact*; and (if:ures coniijiled hy the Treasury l)ei)artinent. The import duties received in 1919 and 1920 amounted to $20,019,617.71 and $22,301,096.70 respectively. In 1918 the export shipments of frrain from this port reached approximately thirty million bushels. The capacity of the port is far greater but the shipment,s were decreased last year because of lack of tonnage. In 1916 a ti)tal of 17.2.')0.().'>9 bushels were shipped from this port, and in 1917, i;{,09.'), 189 bushels. In l'>19 the number of bushels was 50,983,856. The export of petroleum products from the ("ustoms District of Philadelphia during 1918 amounted to 385,031.111 gallons, inchiding lllinninating, faiiricating, parafline and fuel oils, and gasoline and naphthas and in 191'), 312,031,052 gallons. The sugar receipts at this port in 1918 totalled 180,312 tons, 22.11 per cent of the total received at North Atlantic seaports. In 1919 the tomiage was 699,1 17. During the year 1919, a total of 7,003 vessels enteicd and cleared this port. In the foreign trade the exports were valued at §522.391,091, and the imports at $1,53,871,515, a total of $676,265,606. During 1920, 8.350 vessels entered and cleared at Philadelphia. The export^s had a value of $151,013,216. and the imports a value of .$282,157,831. a total of $733,201,017. This Iraflic involved the handling of 1,827.092 tons of freight, of «liirh approximately 2.185.000 tons were of petroleum and by-products; 367.000 tons iron and manganese ores; 523,118 tons coal: 592,301 tons grain and 56.600 tons general merchandise. hut one other port in the Inited States did a greater business, and there the congestion caused delay, heavy los.ses, and nnich annoyance to shippers. .'Miout 800 more ves.sels from foreign ports visited Philadelphia during 191') than in any other similar period in the history of the port. A sullicient amount of ship tonnage arri\ed and cleared during that year to move approximately .32.163.170 deadweight tons. The port of Pliiladel|)hia. with iLs present facilities, is in a ixtsition to handle annually 50.000.000 tons of commerce. 'Ihese facilities ai'e being extendrd under a comprchi'nsis e piati nf dc\el()p- inent entailing a cost of millions of dollars. The extensions are based upon the present enormous volume of trade, with the future in view, and ha\ing in mind that within the last lhirt> years the import and export trade at the port of Phila- delphia ha\e increased in \ alue from $92,000,000 to more than .$676,000,000 per year. PIERS The city owns twelve piers, now used for shipping oversea and coastwise car- goes. The semi-public and private piers on the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers 3.58 iiK-lude 33 for foreign trade; 10 for coastwise trade; 2 for river and bay trade; 12 eoal piers; 13 miscellaneous cargo and industrial piers; 4 ore piers; 3 grain piers; 6 lumber piers; 11 railroad water-front freight stations, and various sections of improved bulkhead frontage. The great shipping base built by the United States Government, upon the Delaware River, at Oregon Avenue, as a Quartermaster's Terminal, will become a part of the shipping facilities at the port of Philadelphia. This base has cost to construct, including the purchase of the land, about $13, .500, 000. There are, in addition to the piers, adequate railroad facihties for freight transportation, a power plant and an electrical substation. There is also a general storage ware- house constructed at an estimated cost of .$3,408,973, and an expeditionary storage depot completed at a cost of $1,023,550. The capacity of these piers is over one milhon square feet. Plans for municipal piers were interrupted by the war, but during the year 1918 Pier 78, South Wharves, was completed and taken over by the Government. This pier is two stories in height, 900 feet long and 250 feet wide and cost $1,730,000. It is flanked by 300-foot docks on each side, constructed of reenforced concrete and steel, and is the fu'st of a group of ten to be known as the " Moyamensing Group." Work was also started on dredging the sites for piers at Porter and Wolf streets, each of which will exceed in length Pier 78 by 100 feet. Over lifty steamship lines have offices at this port, which means that Phila- delpliia products are carried under many flags to practically every port throughout the world. If it is asked why Philadelphia has attained the rank as a United States port second only to New York City, the following reasons may be advanced: Pliila- delphia is a fresh-water port, wliich of itself is a financial asset. When a ship docks in fresh water the barnacles and other salt-water growths on its bottom drop off and the expense of scraping the keel is minimized and the life of the ship lengthened. The cost of lighterage is almost entirely ehminated here. Ships docking at any one of the 267 piers unload on cars, wliich can then be run over a belt line connecting with the Pennsylvania Railroad, Philadejpliia & Reading Rail- way and Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. Moreover, cargoes intended for export are hauled directly on to the piers and hoisted from car to hold. There are three graving docks at the Philadelphia Navy Yard. The dimen- sions of these are: No. 1. 459 feet 10 inches long, 23 feet 4 inches depth on sill; No. 2, 731 feet 10 inches long, 30 feet depth on sill; No. 3, 1005 feet long. 39 feet 1 1 inches depth on sill. The drydock of the Kensington Shipyard Co., which is adjacent to Cramp's Shipyard, has an extreme length of 432 feet; length at bottom, 412 feet; breadth at entrance, 70 feet; and depth on sill, 20 feet. The Philatlelphia Ship Repair Company's floating dock is 250 feet long, with a breadth of 86 feet at flie entrance, 17 feet depth on sill, and a lifting power of 3,500 tons. The same Company's pontoon dock has a length of 184 feet; breadth at entrance, 85 feet; depth on sill, 16 feet, and a lifting power of 1,400 tons. A new floating drydock over 900 feet long is now in use at the plant of the Sun Shipbuild- ing Company, at Chester, Pa. A Delaware River channel 800 feet wide, with a (low water) depth of thirty 359 feet, connects the city with the Atlantic Ocean. Work on a thirty-five-foot channel has been under way since 1910. Coaling is an important matter, and here again Philadelpliia offers unique ad\antages. From the Aast wealth of I'eiuisylvania's mines comes the cheap hunkered coal over a relatively short haul to twelve coaling piers, and thus with a minimum cost it is placed on board the ships. There ai'e also fuel oil stations at Point Breeze and Marcus Hook, supplied by the great pipe lines of the Standard Oil Company. Among the many other advantages offered by Philadelphia to maritime in- terests may be mentioned the 797 acres of anchorage spaci'. seventy derricks and cranes of various capacities, twenty or more large warehouses and twt) grain elevators capable of storing 3,225,000 bushels. Furthermore, the old canal systems which connected our city with the iiorlli and south are being reorganized, and during IVIK the New ^ ork and Delaware Steamship Corporation began to carry cargoes between Philadelphia and New- York by way of the Delaware and Raritan Canal. The dail> ser\ ice wliicli completes the journe> in either direction in twenty houis started with live steam- ships and two barges. The exigency of transportation during the war did much to re\i\if\ interest in the develo()inenl of the inland walerwavs systems of the cotmtry. The merits of Philadelphia as a port were established and pi(»\eu {lining the war. While we may feel that the future of the port is assured, the rapidity with which it will be developed depends upon the aclixc and hearl\ coo[)eration nf all local maritime interests. LIOLI\i I !»»••»•» " WE MUST BUY! BUY!! BUY! ?» Courtesy of Frank W Bilhlpr, St.Hnley Co. of America. .1 lihvr Aids in the liecruHinij (^iiiiiixiiyn. 360 SHIPBUILDING FOR WAR AND PEACE TIMES Work of the United States Shipping Board Emergency Fleet Corporation By W. J. Bollenbeck* p^]HILADFXPHIANS may well be proud of the part played by their city in the wai', because from this city was directed the vast and unprecedented shipbuilding activity of the United States which convinced (iermany that her unrestricted submarine warfare would not bring the ex- pected victory over the Allies. The executive work connected with the biggest single industrial enterprise ever attempted was conducted in this city: namely, the work of the United States Shipping Board Emergency Fleet Corporation, and with this city as central head- quarters the world's record was broken for speedy construction of ships to serve as an auxiliary to that valiant body of men constituting our Army and Navy, fight- ing for right and civilization. Not only did Philadelphia house the "brains" of this vast undertaking but it also did its share in the actual production, for in this vicinity nearly 20 per cent of the total tonnage on the shipbuilding program was produced. Philadelphia may justly be regarded as the foster-mother of America's revival as a siiipbuilding nation and of the resultant merchant marine. American Shipping Before the War It will be remembered that this country was more or less of a maritime power in 1860, but that there was a steady decline or, rather, no increase proportionate to the rapidly growing trade demands, although sporadic construction was carried on. This may be better illustrated by recalling that while from 1850 to 1860 the average yearly tonnage built in this country was .559,572, it gradually fell until it went as low as 338,596 for the period of 1890-1900. There was a slight spurt from 1900 to 1909 (921,324 deadweight tons in 1908 being the largest yearly pro- duction before the war), but for the period 1910-1916 the average was only 445, 165 deadweight tons, despite the tremendous increase in our foreign trade. Of the total world's merchant tonnage of approximately 73,859,540 deadweight tons in August of 1914 this country owned about one-seventh. While in 1810 we were carrying as high as 92 per cent of our foreign trade in our own bottoms, we could boast of only 9.7 per cent in 1914. In other words, we were 90.3 per cent de- pendent upon foreign shipping for transporting our impf)rts and exports. What this decline meant to the industries of this country, not only from the viewpoint of foreign markets for our surplus but also because of transportation charges, was foreseen by those who took the initiative in the creation of the United *Foriiierly Executive Assistant to the Director of Construction and Repairs, Emergency Fleet Corporation. 361 I'uiirlcsy of A T .,' Ilnj Ishuid. States Shipping' linanl in 1916. Tlii' liclplfssiicss of this coiinlry as reirards a proper merchant iiiaiiiie to he used as an auxiliary to the Army and Na\\ soon became evident willi the war raging in Europe, and it beiame a stern :m(l iitipliasaiil reality wlu'n the submarine devastations of tli(> enemy began. Creation ok SmppiNfi Bovkd \m> I;mi;h(;i;\c.v Flf.et (.ohporation The I nited States Shipping Hoard was created by an \ct of Congress on September 7. 1016. '"For the purpose of encouraging, developing and creating the na\ai auxihary and naval reserve and a merchant marine to meet tlie requirements of the commerce of the I nited States with its territories and possessions and v\itli foreign countries: to regulate carriers by water engaged in the foreign and inter- state commerce of the I nited States, and for other purposes." The original act did not contemplate ship construction work, biil increls to etu'ourage it. The Shipping Hoaid was to regulate merchant inaiine matters the same as the Interstate C.onnnerce C.onunission exercised jinisdi Typical Lighiing~-W:30 P. M.—ul lion Island fighters to destroy the morale of the enemy and hrinj; about a realization that vic- tory was a forinrn hope. The shipbuilders of the coiinlry responded to the eall and exerted their utmost to provide llie nuich needed lonnajje to transport troops, munitions. f(K)ds and suppHes. They constituted the "second line of defense." 1'hobli;m.s to Mket Tiie |>r<)i)lems lonfrontin^' the officials in charjic of producing ships were not only those of actual ship construction but many related activities, such as expanding tlic existiiiLr and erecting additional shi|iyards. securing additional shi|)yard workers. pro\i(hng for their iiousing. safety, sanitation and transportation, puriiiasing and transporting vast quantities of materials, securing and training executives to superx ise tlie work, attending to letting of contracts, safeguarding the legal rights of the (iovernmenl, handling and supervising all linancial mailers, setting up a proper and correlated organization, defining the methods and procedure, securing office space and a force both in the Home and Field offices: in short, attending to tile multitudinous details of setting up a business larger than any ever existing, and have it functioning almost immediately. It seemed like a superhuman task, bill, thanks to Yankee phick and skill, it was performed almost overnight and America again became a shipbuilding nation. Sim>Y\nn Faciuties and Worker.s P>efore the war there were less than sixty shipyards in the I'nited States capable of constructing ocean-going merchant vessels. These had a total of 2.'?,5 shipways. '1\) increase shipbuilding ten-fold it was necessary to greatly expand the facilities, 366 and by November of l*^!!} (here were 190 yards, willi 1,020 sliipways, eiij^'affcd in government const luction in this counlry. and fourteen in the Orient. [n 1'*I6 tiieie were inil .")(), 000 experienced siiipyard workers. Throiijili tlie labor recruiting and tiie training policies the nurnijer was increased to 38.5,000. Actual Ship Construction The original war program called for a total of 15,270 vessels of 18,107,276 deadweight tonnage. When the war emergency passed, contracts for ships required for the war but not needed for a well-balanced merchant marine, and others on which construc- tion had not proceeded too far, were suspended, followed by cancelations wherever a saving could be effected. In this way the program was icdiiced by 9.58 ships of 1,770.56,5 deadweight tons, leaving an active program of 2,:! 12 of 13, 6156, 711 deadweight, or a decrease of 25.8 per cent. (liiKiiwAi. A,\i) \( rivi; I'lioiiuwi ( )iii(aNAL I'rogham Cancki.isd Deadweight Deadweight Class Number Tons Nuiiilier Tons lifqiiisilioncd sici'l 419 2.%3.106 .!.) 276.110 Contract sti't'l 1.741 ll,')ll.f)7(l i:!2 2.i»f!6.')7.5 Contract wood 1.017 ;!.()32,200 I2H 1, 166, 'ISO Contract composite .50 17.5.000 ;!2 112,000 Contract concrete 4.3 .•i02.000 .U 228,500 Total .■?.270 IH, 107.276 958 4,770,565 Active Nunilier Deadweight Tons .■?8t 2,687,266 l..!09 8,927.695 589 1 ,885,250 18 6:!. (too 12 7,3,500 2,312 13,636,711 The firesent active program by ty|)e ol' ship follows: AcTIVK I'llDCMAM BY TvPES Cargo Tanker Refrigerator Transport Pa.ssenner and cargo Barges Tugs (ocean) Tugs (harbor) Hulls converted to barges I'^inished hulls Hulls converted to sailers Barges converted to schooners. Harbor tugs Com- Cim- Steel Wood posirc rn'le .1,429 301 138 1 19 6 46 8 Total 28 13 56 56 115 8 1.693 589 " \ " No tonnage given on lugs Total Deadweight Tons 1 1,755 10,777,431 8 117 1,127,730 19 161,100 oo 179,775 25 308,972 34 93.200 59 A 61 A 56 20(),000 115 117.700 « 30.500 O 1.000 6 A 18 12 2.312 13.636.711 A total of 204 ship\ards (including fourteen in China and Japan) were en- gaged in shipbuilding for the ]'>niergency Fleet Corporation. 367 The fact that the Government took over ships already under construction in American yards made it possible to deliver some of these so-called requisition ships more rapidly than the contract ships (those directly contracted for by the Corporation). Accordingly, the first requisitioned ship had its keel laid April 20, 1916, was launched April 21. 1917, and delivered August 30, 1917. The keel for the first ship contracted for by the Corporation was laid on ,luly 29, 1917; the first launching was on November 21, 1917, and the first delivery January' 5, 1918. By July of 1918 a total of 129 keels were laid per month. This was the record month for keel layings. This was also the war record month for launchings with 121 ships, although the highest number was 131 in May, 1919. The world's launching record for one day was broken on .luK 1. 1918. when ninety-five ships were launched in American yards. I'hiladelphia has the record for the greatest number of indi\idual launchings in one day, namely, seven in approximately ninety minutes. This event occurred at Hog Island on July 21. 1920. when the last of the 122 vessels built by the \mciican International Ship- building Corporation were sent off the vva>s in tin' prescnct' of several thousand people. The war record for deliveries was seventy-six (39.').22.i (ieadw(>ighl tons) in October. 1918. The greatest deliveries were l.'jl (811.88(i deadweight tons) in September. 1918. // trill he noled thai Ihis roiinlry ii'a>< dclireriim more xhipx in onr ntorilh IIkui had been biiill in any one year inimedialely i)recedin(i the war. This exceeded lirilish conslruclion by some WO per cent. It not only shows thai ire were making npfor lost Ciiiriesv fif A.-l. S C. Record Pile-driring Crew, linymoud Concrete Co.. al lUxj Island. One Imndrcd sixty-five GO-foot piles driven in nine and oue-ijiiiirlfr lioiirs. 368 lime by luii hcirifj prepared, hut also how well we were prepared lo carry on the war for an indejiiiile ])eriod. Bui for the fact thai the armistice was signed just when sltip- tniildinq was " f filling its Stride." eren this rerord-lireakinfi achiercmeni would hare tieen surpassed, t)ecause this country alone was nol only produciiaj enough ships to overcome the enemy's destruction by "li" bouts, tml a comforlalile excess. II was a record which many hoped fur but few crpected to see accomplished. The speed with whirh iii(li\ iihial sliips were finished illustrates American ingenuity. Ttie Tuckahoe, a 5,500 ileadweiglit ton steel collier, built at the New York Shipbuilding Corporation at Canulen, N. J., required twenty-seven working diJys from keel laying to delivery, and was in operation within thirty-seven days from date of keel laying. The Aberdeen, a 4,000 deadweight ton wood ship built by the Grays Harbor Motcir Sliip ( .orporalion, (irays Harbor, Wash., was completed witliin twenty-seven days. The Crawl Key.i. a 3,350 deadweight ton steel largo ship, built by the Great Lakes Engineer- ing Works, Ecorse. Mich., required but twenty-nine working days from keel laying to dehvery. Production h^xc.EEUED all F^xpectations At the liejiinning it was feU that if 2,000.000 tons of shipping could be delivered in 1918 and .5,000,000 tons in 1914 it would he a record to be proud of. These estimates were considered the "peak of accomplishment, "" and not a few doubted the possibility of its attainment. This record was exceeded by more than 1.000.000 tons each year, as is evident from the folhtwing table of deliveries of the (".orporation, by years, to the end of the fiscal year, ,lune :?0, 1921: Sliips Deadweight Year t)eh\ere(l Tons miT 50 305,215 1918 .533 3,025,806 1919 1,180 6,384,423 1920 173 3,129,567 1921 (6 months) .52 514,900 2,288 13,359,911 Note. — Dec line in 1420 and 1921 due tii c urlailriiriil of (irogram after war emergency made same possible. By November 11, 1921 (Armistice Day), a total of 179 vessels of over 2.7.50.000 deadweight tons had been constructed and delivered, and by the end of that year the total had reached 583 and the deadweight tonnage ;'..:531,021. (This was exclusive of seized ex-enemy ships and other existing merchant vessels which had been commandeered, all of which were in operation, and covers only new vessels constructed for (iovernment account.) Further convincing evidence that the ( '.orporation was pushing shipbuilding beyond all expectation is the fact that by INovember 1, 1918, a total of 1. 129 keels had been laid for vessels of 7,664,045 deadweight tons. Of this number 470 com- pleted ships had been delivered, 276 were being outfitted in the wet basins and 683 were on the ways being made ready for early launching, a record of speed and progress never before equalled. The total ninnber of merchant ships and deadweight tonnage for (iovernment 369 account for the entire active program, by districts into wliich the country was divided for ship construction purjjoses, follows: Deadweight District No. Tons North Atlantic 386 1.978,130 Ddiiwnrc River 317 2.633.381 Midillc .Vtlantic 13.i 978,660 ( Jiilf 202 881.100 I'licilic 7.->9 .->,2.-> t,l.-)0 (irent l.iikes 179 I,62,i,000 Japan and China M 283,290 2.312 13,636.711 The enormity of the shi|)liuilding |)rof;ram is shown 1)\ the following original estimates of costs to complete the program: Ships S3. 31 9.000.000 I'lant and property . 1 77,000,000 IlousinK 7.1.000,000 Forei^rn sliipyards const met inn .i.i.OOO.OOO Drydcx k and marine railways 2.), 000. 000 Tran.s(M)rtali()n 20.000.000 ToTAi $:J,67I.00(I,(I(M) \(it all (if this money was expended, and of tiiat which was expended a con- siderahlc aiuounl, loaned to shi])yards. pid)lic utilities, realty companies, etc, was retiirnahle. At the time of this writing the figures for the clos(> of the fiscal year are not available and therefore I lie above original approximations are given. ,\t the time of greatest activity tiieoulla\ ranged from S:$. 0110.000 to S."), 000.000 pi-r da>. (The war cost the I nited Slates .s.-,0,(l()0.0()0 a da\.i Sti:i:i. Siiics Of the 2, 1512 ships of K5,6IUi.711 tonnage built or being built on the active program, 1.693 with a deadweight tonnage of 11.61 1,961 are of steel construction, divided as follows: Kind Nuiuljer Cartfo 1,120 Innki'r 138 Hefrigerator 19 Transport 22 Collier 9 Passenger-cargo 2.") Barge 6 Tug (ocean) 46 Tug (harbor) 8 Total 1,693 The superiority of steel for ship couslruction [)urpf)ses is rccogiii/ed. and only the necessity for speed and fear of inability to secure enough steel during the war period made it necessary to resort to other materials, but their use was discontinued as soon as possible after the war emergency. 370 Courtesy of A. -I, S C. Keel Blocks of Sliipiray No. 1. Wool) Ships On account of the necessity of producing ships as rapidly as possible during the war, the use of wood was resorted to and a total of 1,017 wood vessels of the original total prrigram of 3,270 ships were planned. Of this number 128 were subsequently canceled, leaving 58') to be completed, or partially completed. There has been considerable criticism of this class of construction, but at a time wlien there was a demand for' any kind of ships, especially when the mills were filled with orders for steel needed for other purposes, it became imperative to turn to wood as a temporary means of bridging the emergency. After the armistice, cancelations were ell'ectefl wherever possible, and conversions were made. as follows: 115 were finished as to hulls only; lifty-six were converted to barges; eight were changed to sailers, etc. Therefore, the wood ship construction was not a total l(jss. Some of the steamers have been sold and others are now in the pro- cess of being disposed of by sale or otherwise. C.ONC.RETE ShIP.S The pressure and demand for tonnage caused the experiments in concrete for ship construction. As this class of construction was only in the experimental stage, but forty-three vessels of 302,000 deadweight tons were contemplated. Later, the program was reduced to twelve vessels of 73,500 tons. Of these. ff)ur are cargo ships and eight are tankers (for oil). In comparison with steel this class of con- struction, though intended to be more economical, is not as satisfactory. 371 Passenger and Cargo ^'^ESSELs \ total of l\vfMil\-three steel combination |)asson>,'(>r and cargo vessels of 2'>'),(l()0 (leadweighl tons are being built to round out the lucrclianl marine. Of these, sixteen are being built at the New York Shipbuilding Corporation at Camden, N. .1. These ships were origiiialK intended for troop transports, and after hos- liUties ended Ihey were con\ cried to passenger-cargo ships. They are of the latest design of passenger ships, having every comfort and convenience. Of the twenty- three shijjs of this t>pe. sixteen are of .518 feet length and 11?. ()()() deadweight Ions. They have accommodations for 260 first-class and -WO third-class passengers. 210 officers and crew and 7,000 tons of cargo, of which 2.7)W cubic feet t an be used for cold storage freight. They have a speed of 17\ knots per hour. The seven smaller vessels are of .)02 feet length and have accomiiindatii)as I'oi 7!i lirsl-class passengers and 118 officers and crew, in addition to 9SW) tons of freight, of which .52.300 cubic feet can be used for refrigerated cargo. The speed is liftecn knots per hour. (Some of these also ha\e third-class passenger accom- modations. ) All of these passenger ships are of the oil-l)urning variety. Inasmuch as they are to operate in the Kuropean. South American and Oriental trade, in competition with foreign ships, no effort has been spared to make them attractive to the trade. They are provided with the latest maritime equipment and elaborate furnishings and are modern ocean liners in every respect. More than ,')0 per cent of these ships have be<'n delivered, and are in operation, while the othcMs are being cdiupleted as the "wind-up" of the ( Governments ship construction program. The S. S. Isryslone Stale, named in honor of I he State of Pennsylvania, is typical of these passenger vessels. The keel was laid May 115. U)19. and the huincliiug was on May 1.5, 1920. The sponsor was Mrs. M. A. Neeland. wife of the I'rcsitlcul of the New "^ Ork Shipbuilding Corporation, the builders. Delivery was on .May 28, 1921. \l this writing the heyshne Skite has completed her voyage from New York through the Panama Canal to Seattle, and is about lo proceed on her maid(>n voyage lo the Ori(-nt. her ports of call being llonohihi, Yokohama, Kobe, .Shanghai, Manila and Hongkong. She will he operated in the Pacific trade, from Seattle to the Orient. Fabric \Ti:i) Ships Fabricated ships «ere built at the three so-called \genc\ ^ ards of the (ah'- poration. namel\. al the Ameiican 1 nternalioiud Shipbuilding Corporation at Hog Island. Pa., the Merchant Shipbuilding Corporation at Bristol, Pa., and the Submaiine Boat Corporation at Newark, N. ,1. 'l"he fabricated steel ship was a radical change IVom acccple. 1919, 372 rtiiirtrsy of Win TI Tlaliiwin. U. S. S. "Liberty (llo." aflcr hearhini]. and was beached on tlie roast of llollaiul. On accouiil of the severe gale and \\m\\ seas, the vessel parted in two: but the after part was salvaged, needed material to replace 190 feet of the bow-section was sent from Philadel|)Iiia. and the vessel was practically rebuilt and is again in as good siiape as originally. The report of Captain John Stousland, liec bra\i' master, who stood by his ship when only the aftei- section remained and after most of the crew had abandoned the vessel as lost, reads hke the wildest of sea "yarns'" of olden days. This intrepid skipper, who faced almost certain death during this ordeal, had the satisfaction of steaming up the Delaware in the spring of 1Q2I on the liridge of his ship. Needless to say, he was given a heai'ty reception by his associates and achnirers. Yards, Docks and Marine Railway Construction As explained earlier, the large expansion of shipbuilding facilities from some (>() lo 201 shipyaitls in the United States required large investments for plant coiistiuctioii and twtension. Even though the expenditures for all plant con- struction, inchiding yards owned entirely by the Corporation, were less than 6 per cent of the cost of ships, 179 yards, including installation plants, were given liiianciai assistance. All of this work was supervised by a carefully selected corps of plant engineeis. After the armistice all such work ceased and the task of liciuidaling the in- vestments was started. The s[)eedy completion of ships brought about the neces- sity of increasing the drydocking and repair facilities of the country. All ships require periodical docking (usually every six or eight months) in addition to docking for underwater repairs necessitated by accidents at sea and other causes. A com|)let(' survey of such facilities in the United States was made in conjunc- tion with the Port and Harbor Facilities Commission, and the minimum ie(|nire- ments were determined as follows: t'lcinliriK ilrydocks 17 Marint' riiilways 13 (iraving flocks 2 373 Work on the above was started under various forms of contract, and most of it is eompieled. Those uwiicd li> the ("oriioratioti have been or are heinf; sold. Housing A^D Transportation Proper housing and transportation of shipworkers, especially on the Atlantic roast where these facilities close to shipyards were iackiufr. had to be provided. Of the ;{!!.!, (lOOshipworkiMs many were linuiirht from their huiue cities, and the short- age of houses had to be remedied. I'nder Act of Congress, approved in March of 1918. an appropriation of $50.0()().()()(l was made for housing projects. This sum was latcM- increased to §7.5.000,000. The sum of . IkiIcIs (t lioardinK liouscs They also included cafeterias, stores, power houses and miscellaneous buildiuiis. In nearly every case the type of house construction was permanent. so that the projects became substantial additions to the existing l seveiit4'eii shipyards. Street railway extensions built or financed in eleven other shipyards. Helaid street-car Iraclis and loops in seventeen yards and linanceil this work. Increased power plant facilities in seventeen shipyards and niantiracturin^' plants. Chartered thirty steamboats for use in cxinnection with twenty shipyards ami iustltiileil sixty special steam railway trains to serve twenty-six shipyards. Of the 19,190.982 expended for transportation improvements, the sum of $1,;566,081 was expended in and aroimd Philadelphia. I'hcse special activities were: j Driaware Courtly Electric Company — Installation of adtlilional equipment. Suulliirn Prnnsvlrania Triirlion C'oHipufi.v —Purchase of twcnty-lwi) passeiifier cars: re- habilitation of one and one-half miles of street-<"ar track; construction of six miles of sinj.'Ie track and roadway along C.hesler Pike bi'tween Darby and Kddystone. I'hiladrlphio liupiil Triin.iil Cimipiiiiv Purchase of one hundred sln-el cars; installation of track and |Hiwer equipment and terminal facilities. I'hiliiililpliia Itaihidys Company — Purchase of thirty strei-t cars, installation of track and power equipment. St ppi.v Ph()bli:m The problem of oblainiiif.' shippiiif: material was as great as securing ship\;trd labor at a lime when the (io\ermnent was mobili/ing an army of I. ()()().()()() men. .Steel mills and other industries were working at full capacity and ttansportatioii facilities were taxed to the limit. Nevertheless, the ( ioverninent was able to secure enough steel and wood to keep ;ill the ship\;u(ls supplied, luioiigh steel was |)m'- chased and distiihuled to build iiJ.bUd miles of railroad. SiiHicienl lumber was obtained to build a solid "bridge of ships" 2.") feet wide to reach from \rnerica to France, with about I. ()()(), OhO feel of hMiiber iiiuised. In spite of railroad congestion, and shortage of rolling stock, steel shipments alone aggregated I l').2'M Ions a week during the rush period. To insure maleri;tls being on hand it was necessar\ to have a large number of trallic experts, siipplv men and numerous warehouses. The activities extended to the rolling mills, boiler and engine factories, lumber camj)s and to numerous other industries. (^.ONTACT WITH ()tiii:r A(;k\cies Close relations and contacl witii other ( iovernment dei)artments and agencies were necessary. The Shipjiing Moard I'ilhi'r had representation on them or worked in close harmony. Among these were the Allied Maritime and Transport ('ouncil. which exercised central control o\ er the worlds ship|)ing and especially transport work; the War lnduslr\ Ko:u(l. which controlled and had charge of the allocation of fundamental materials re(|uiri'd from industries: the War Trade lioard. which controlled the import and export i>olic\ of the I iiiled .States; the Labor Policies Board had charge of the control labor recruiting, and the Exports Control Committee, ,376 Ojurtesy iif A. -I. S. r. Pri'siilfiil Wtlxdii null Mrs. Wilsiin nrririiiij al lliiij Ishinil. which determined tiie freight to be exported for the war, tiie best means of trans- portation to ports, etc. Close contact was maintained with tiie War. Mavy, Justice, State, Treasm'y. Commerce and Labor Departments, and the Railroad Administration. In addition to this outside contact numerous "inside " committees and organization units were maintained. Protection of Ships During War Various methods for protecting \rneiican mert'hant ships during the war were adopted. One of these was to equip the vessels with guns, "fore and aft." for battling submarines, and with dejith bond)s foi- suijatjueous explosions. Another was the use of the "otter gear," the presence and working of which were secretly guarded until after the war. This device was an English invention and was known as the "paravane" there, but in America it was called the "otter gear." The "paravane" was a torpedo-shap(xl steel structure (tiie resemblance of which to an otter gave it the name used here) which was attached to the ship's bow by cables so arranged that tiie "paravane" was drawn through the water at a constant distamc from the shi|)"s side and at such a deptli thai the towing cable, leading from the "paravane" to the stem (extreme forward end) of the ship, would catch the moving cables of the mines below the mines themselves. When this cable came in contact with a moving mine, tlie mine was dragged along the cable until it reached the "paravane" (or "otter"), the mooring was severed, the mine rose to the surface and was exploded by gun fire. The low percentage of marine losses through mines is unquestionably due to this protective device. 377 A third method was to deceive the enemy by means of camouflage paintinjr. Tlie idea was to bewilder the enemy as to the movement of the ship and not so much to hide the ship, as is generally supposed, but to m&kc it diflicult for the submarine to know in what direction to send torpedoes. Numerous bold and striking designs, planned in the headquarters in I'hiladelphia, were in use. Some 150 camolleurs were utilized in this work. About l.OOO American vessels were given a '"dress" of camouflage in variegated colors. Ship Construction in and Around Phil.vdelphi.\ Of the total number of ships on the active program of the JMuergency Fleet Corporation approximately 20 per cent of the tonnage and II per cent of the ships were or are being constructed in and around Philadelphia, designated as the Delaware Hiver District. The total number is 317 ships with a deadweight tonnage of 2.633,381. Of this number 155 were built at contract yards and 162 at the so-called agency yards, namely, Hog Island and Bristol. The distribution, by yards, follows : Vessels Constrcctki) in rm: Oim.awahk Mivkh Disthk t .NuinbiT Dfiulwcifjhl Naiiio of Builder "f Ships Tonnage VVni. Criinip \ Sons Ship iinii Enj;ini- Building ('onipiinv (Philadelphia). 13 102,097 New York Shipbuilding Cor(M)ration (Camden) .11! 393.995 Pusey iV Jones (tilouresler) 20 19 1..-)00 Pusey \ Jones (Wilmington) It .'>«, K)0 .\nieri(iin Intertialional Shipbuilding Corporation (Hog Island) 122 921,(101) Merchant Shipbuilding Corporation (Bristol) tO 3()(l,0()0 Menhant Shipbuilding Corporation (Chester) 28 2.")0.I79 Sun Shipbuilding ('orporation (Chester) 18 199, 100 Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation (Harlan Plant, Wilmington) 21 153,810 W: 2,633,381 Approximately $600,000,000 was expended for ship I'onslruclion in this Dis- liicl. There was also expended .$1,566.0!!! for transportation and §16,283,762 for housing, and with the expenditures for salaries ;md ollice maintenance and sup- plies for the shipyards and Home Ollice of the lunergency Fh^et Corporation the total amounted to nearly three-tpiarters of a billion dollars. In addition. Phila- d(>lphia also had the l)ene(it of the money expended by shipyard workers and ollice employes of the Fleet and their families, many of whom came her(! for war work. .Nearly 100.000 shipworkers were engaged, of whom 35,000 were at Hog Island. Probably 10.000 more were engaged in administrative work in the \;irious shipyards. The total lumdjer of ships delivered, by years, in the Delaware Hiver District to .lime 30, 1921, follows: ^ rliT 1917. 1918 1919 1920 1921 'I'OTALS To deliver Total to completion of program 378 nber Deadweight hips Tonnage 1 40,280 52 380.806 135 1,105,925 104 855,470 14 146.900 309 2,.529.381 8 1 01,000 317 2,633,381 Cimtesy iif A -I. S Mr.1. Wil.siiii CJirixInuiiij Ihe "Quislconck.' In addition to tiie above, eleven wooden ships of 28,000 dcadweigiit tons were built in this District by the Traylor Shipbuilding Corporation, Cornwells, Pa., but under the jurisdiction of the North Atlantic District Office. The actual total for this vicinity is, therefore, 328 vessels. Hog Island The largest shipyard in the world was built at Hog Island. This was generally referred to as the " eighth wonder of the world. " The original program at this yard called for 180 fabricated ships, but this number was reduced to 122 of 921,000 deadweight tons after the armistice. This yard aiose Aladdin-like from an almost useless tract of marshy lowland, south of the city, and in less than a year was a gigantic, energetic industrial plant the like of which had never been known. The contract for ships was signed September 13, 1917. Actual construction of the yard was started September 20, 1917. The fu-st keel was laid February 12, 1918. The first ship, the Ouislnmrk. was launched on August .5, 1918, in the presence of President Wilson, officials of the Shipping Board and the Emergency Fleet Corporation and more than 75,000 others. Mrs. Wilson was the sponsor of this vessel. The fir.st ship {Qnislconck) was dehvered December 3, 1918, and thereafter ships were launched at the rate of one every 3/5 working days or 28/5 working hours, and dehvered at the rate of one ship every 4J^ working days or 36 working hours. Without going into details of the manner in which this tract of swamp land 379 was Iransroiiiicd into a vast industrial til > . « illi lis nu ii piiMic iilililics. a few iifxiiri's will be given to show its size and activit>. Area. 917 acres; IcriKlli of water fninl. 2.25 miles; iiiiiiilier of shipways. 50; nuiiiher of out- fitting piers. 7; length of railroad traek, K2 miles; number of warehouses. 36; floor space of build- ings, 10.} acres; lumber used on plant. l.')0,000,()00 B. M. F.; piles driven, 151.000; water nerally conceded that Hog Island played an imiiorlanl part in convincing (ier- m;ui\ of the fiilility of its hopes of victory, and in that respect alone it was worth all it cost. 380 Other Yards Around Philadelphia The spcond best record was by the Merchants Shiphuilchiif.' Coiporation, at Bristol, with a record of forty vessels of .'UiO.OOO deadweifiht tons. This plant, with its model housing project, was built diiriiifi the war. The one with the next largest production was the New York Shipbuilding Corporation, with thirty-eight vessels of 39;5.99,5 deadweight tons, of wiiich sixteen are the modern condiination cargo-passenger shi|)s now in process of completion. Ad-Mimstration ok Shipblilding Per.sonnel In addition to the force of :5!i.").()0() wurkmen requiriMl in the yards I'ur the (^lovernmenl's shipbuilding program, a large administratis' force was needed to plan and super^ ise the work. Starting with twenty-one employes in April of l"^)!", an office and field force was built up. and a month before the armistice a total of }).27.'5 men and women were engaged, divided about ecjually between the Home and District offii'es. in- cluding field forces. When the ("orpoiation began and expanded in Washingldii in I'UT the offices were housed in twenty-three buildiirgs. Becau.se of the great inlhrx of war workers there and the crowded conditions, it was decided to remove the headcjuarters to Philadelphia. This was done the latter part of May. 1418. Within a few days, and scarcely without serious interruption to the work, the task of transporting the records and the families and household goods of the office employes was accom- plished. Augmented by necessary additional employes engaged in Philadelphia, the Home Office force on June 1, l')18. consisted of '.>.'-)'~)l |)eo|>le. The main office building was the ten-story structure at the northwest (»rner of Broad and Cherry streets, consisting of approximately 27.5,000 sqirai'e feet. This building had been erected as a display room and warehouse for a local automobile concern, but before occupancy all but the first floor display room was taken over l)y the tiovernment and converted into a modern ofirce building. The nine-story building at 2.53 North Broad Str'e(>t, and space in four other- office buildings in Philadelphia, were later r(>quir-ed to horrse all the cmploNes of the Home Office, who numbered nearly 5,000. The rapid expansion of shipbuilding required a constantly growing executive and supervisory force, which is indicated by the growth of the payr'oll for the Home and Field forces from .'!!.?5,751 annually in 1917 to SI 1.507. 569. 0!< at the time of the armistice. Organization A fair \cloa of the numerous and com])|ex activitit>s connected with carrying out the vast shipbuilding program will be obtained by indicating the main organi- zation units, or departments, among which the administi'ative work was divided, in the Home Oflrce, as follows: (ieneral administration, financial, legal, contracts, plant protection, publication and information, requirements, supply and sales, planning and statistics, industrial relations, shipyard plants, cancelations, claims, transportation and housing, and steel, wood and concrete ship construction. A model organization was set up in the Home Office and this organization plan was followed in the districts, of which there were eleven. A special stafT of experts 381 was engaged to plan the organization and methods and procedure, and all dupli- cation and overlapping of authority was thereby avoided. In spite of the rapidity of its growth, the Corporation endeavored to function as efficiently as any long, well-established private business, and did so. Conclusion From the preceding account of the ship construction activities of the Emer- gency Fleet Corporation it will be <'\ ident that a two-fold purpose was accomplished: first, the building of ships for war purposes and later for the nuich desired merchant marine. The construction of the remaining twenty-four vessels constituting the program is nearing completion. There has been considerable agitation, pro and con, as to the value of the (iovernment's work as a shipbuilder, and no little criticism. Some of it un- doubtedly was merited, but much of it was not. and it is extremely doubtful whether those who have been loudest in their criticism could have done as well in meeting the problems and requirements, had they been called upon, as those who were in charge. Like everything else, when the three years of intensive shipbuilding are considered in the retrospect, it is no dillicult matter to point out weaku(\sses in methods w^hich could now be improved. No one is in a better position to profit by this experience than the men who were directly concerned. However, tails of procedure, refinements of accounting, closer inspection, etc., for which then* was no time when lives were at stake, could be given minute attention if the work was done again, but at the time the cry of our nation and the \llies was for ■"ships, ships and more ships." and the echo was "give us ships at any I'osl," it was not onK necessary but most vitally essential that all else be subordinated to the tiiain purpose; namely, turning out ships at any cost and regardless of consecjuences or fear of criticism. The construction work of the Emergency Fleet Corporation has been carried on in a business-like manner, despite the fact that it was a herculean task to engage in a practically new cnterjirise in\ olving e.x'jx'nditures ten times greater than involved in the construction of the Panama Canal, and under most trying conditions due to shortage of materials, absence of experienced workers, congestion of Irauspoilation and necessary rush incident to war. It was a most remarkable a(hie\ement and the biggest constructive achievement of the war because, even if a large part of the expenditures is writ li'n off as war cost, the same as the money expi'iided for training men and supplying urnised munitions and niatcMials. there is still a tangible asset in the form of an American Merchant Marine whirh is now an established fact and the advantages of which will again bi'come evident when normal trade condi- tions are reestablished. Due to the efforts of the I nited States Shipping Board, and its agency, the EmergencN Fleet Corporation, America has reestablished herself as a maritime nation. The Meet of merchant vessels which she owns, with privately owned vessels under American registry, gives her a merchant tnaritie of nearly 2ft, 000,000 dead- weight tons. She is practically independent of foreign nations in shi[)ping. These ships increased the percentage of tin- foreign trade carrii'd in our own bottoms from 9.4 per cent in 1914 to 44.8 in 1920. and we are in a position to carry practi- cally all of it, even with the increased trade which will come when foreign condi- 382 tions improve. New trade routes have been developed and new markets for our exports have been made available. Our foreign trade increased unexpectedly in 1920, and undoubtedly would have shown a greater increase for 1921 if business conditions had not slumped temjjorarily. The increased foreign trade meant greater prosperity iV)r us. Our merchants were no longer at the mercy of foreign ship owners as regards rates, facilities, routes and markets. Greater employment was given to oiu' own seamen. Pioneer work has been done to lighten the load and task of American ship operators who will eventually own the Oeet. Many other benefits, direct and indirect, resulted and are yet to come. The T'nited States is now the largest single owner of merchant vessels in the world. The total tonnage under her flag is exceeded only slightly l)y ( ircat Britain. From an unimportant place in maritime matters she has come into the greatest prominence and has attained the distinction which has not lieen hers since 1)560. The policy of this country in regard to shipping was provided for in the Mer- chant Marine Act of .Tune. 1920. Under it the merchant marine is expected to be fostered and to grow so that we will be independent of foreign countries in shipping matters, as we are iuflependent in other respects. The shipbuilding record of the United States for war purposes has never been equalled, and probably never will be. The establishment of the American Merchant Marine, which followed, will lead to untold benefits to this country and its people. WORK OF THE CRAMP SHIPYARD DURING THE WAR By Francis L. Cramp The Cramp Shipyard as it existed at the beginning of the World War in 1911 was the result of the growth begun by William Cramp in 1830, and it is now and for many years has been the oldest shipyard in continuous existence in America. The Cramp Company was incorporated in 1872 as the William Cramp and Sons Ship & Engine Building Company and in its pres(Mit form it represents the combination of a number of industries in a single organization. The Shipyard at the Beginning of the Woiu.n War At the outbreak of the war in August. 191 1. shij)biiil(ling in the I riited States had diminished to small proportions. The Cramp Company employed in all departments during the summer of 1914 a total of about 4,600 men, a figure which gradually decreased until the low ebb of 2,506 was readied in March, 191.5. In the early summer of 1^)15. however, a complete change took place in the ship- building situation and great activity became manifest in all the shipyai'ds along the Atlantic coast. A heavy demand developed for the construction of cargo- carrying vessels which continued to increase at a rapid rate. The growing effects of the World War on American shipping were so far reach- ing that by the summer of 1917 the industry had attained a position of prominence such as a few years before would have been thought impossible. The loss of ships by submarines and the heavy demands of the war had filled practically all of the American shipyards to capacity, and the demands exceeded the available facilities. The Cramp Company had under construction at the time of our entrance into the war two torpedo boat destroyers, the Conner and Slockton, for the United 383 WiVk- lJes(ri)\rrs in !• illinn-oul Dorkx. Stalos Navy, and a niiinber of tankers and fn'if:lil jiiid passonjrer vessels for coin- incrcial interests. The War Program of the C.kkmi' ^ vkd One of the most vital requirements of the Navy at this time was the rapid increase in its flotilla of torpedo boat destroyers for the protection of transport's and shipping afiainst the submarine menace. The ("ramp Company ollered its services to the ( lovernment. and 70 per cent of the full capacity of the yard was immediately assi^rned to construction for our Navy. and this capacity was increased to 95 per cent during the war. The r'ifrhl biiildinfi slips were rearranged so that as many as thirteen destroyers could be under construction simultaneously. In addition tfi the two destroyers then under way. the Navy Department placed with the Cramp Company contracts for forty-six destroyers and five scout cruisers, till' destroyers beinj: friven precedence on account of their vital importance. The cf)mmercial contracts which the (!ompany had were all commandeered by the I nited States Shippinj; Board ijnerfjency Fleet C.or[)oration in Au^iust. IQIT. so that from that date all of the Comi)any's shipbiiildinir facilities were de- voted to work for the (lovernnient. The frjllowinL' statement shows the result of operations friim the outbreak of the war. Julv. 191i. to April 6. 1917: Keels laid J..iiiiiii'lii»l Delnered Destroyers .■) 6 6 Fri'idhl.s HncI pa.ssenKer land lraiis[H)rl.s; . ft I I Oil tankers .5 .3 .3 Krcifthters. . .3 .3 2 Car ferries . I 2 2 Yarhl I 1 1 Dump barges ( Panama Canal ."? 3 3 Total. 24 22 21 384 Lminchimi of U. S. 6'. "Barney." September 5, IHIS. The t'ollowing statenifiit shows th(> ic. l^HT. ihc (late of Vmerica's entrance intu the war. to December 31. l^W: Keels laid Lauii li\ which ( 'ramp's shi|)s [I. .S'. .S'. "Cole." (in In, II m I. iiiiiiiii'iininfi a speed of 'it. i Knots lirliimi I'l-Fiilhom Hunk and lirandyuine Stmiits Liuhl. maintained tlie traditions of tiie ('.om[)an\. "It inailr IwiiitN trips through the war zone in war time, completed 72.000 miles in ten iiKnilhs. and established the world's record round trip to Kurope — 12 days, 1 hour. 3.') minutes. "It beat the Leviathan by three hours in a 3,200-mile race from Brest to .\m- brose Channel on the homeward leg of the eighth trip. "It stands number oni^ in the transport service, ha\ing laiuh-d nioie \nierican troops per day, per 1.000 tons, than any other troopshi|). "It completed the tenth round trip, November I8II1. and landed about 30.000 troops in France during eight months' period ending November 1 1. 1018." In addition to these, many other Cramp built vessels were utilized by the Allies during the war. The steamers .1/ns.sar/Hi.sr//.s- and Banker Hill, built for the trade between New York and Boston, were successfully used in mine-laying in the North Sea. The St. Louis. Kronnland. Finland and Mnhaivk were among the transports, while the Havana and Saralo(]a. built for the Ward Line, were transformed into the hospital ships Comfort and Mercy. Another vessel designed and built here became famous from the manner of her 386 "taking off" and is noted as the "Mystery Ship." Thi< was the coUier Cyclops, concerning whose end no tidings have ever been received. The manner in wliich these vessels served the needs of the ( lovernment can be best judged from the reports of those in command, similar in tone to the one quoted concerning the Great Northern. It should be noted that the Leviathan and the Great Northern and Northern Pacific made their trips in company, the latter two ships being the only ones in service as transports that could maintain or exceed the speed of the tremendous and powerful Leciathan. The Work of the Kensington Shipyard Department One of the imperative needs of the (iovernment was the fitting of merchant vessels with guns, gun foundations, mine-sweeping apparatus and accommodations for the armed guard operating the guns. The large amount of work of this nature which had to be done in the early stages placed the Kensington repair yard and drydock on a plane of the greatest importance, and it was essential that its facilities should be utilized to their fullest extent. The record given below shows the scope of the work for two years, from April (>, 1417, to April 6, \^)W: Vessels in drydock IH t Vessels on railways 28.t Vessels fitted with mine-sweeping devices 1- Veseels fitted with guns, foundations and magazines for navy equipmtiil ;!(l Vessels repaired for the United .States Shipping Board. Naval Overseas Transportation Service and l!niled States Quartermaster's Depart- ment I ''- Commercial vessels repaired '•'" Propeller Wheels This Company having contracted with the Navy Department fur the con- struction of forty-six destroyers, it became necessary to provide a large number of propeller wheels. These are made of manganese bronze and so designed as to transmit the force of the propelling machinery through two wheels for each vessel, the total shaft horsepower of the installation being about 28,000. As the pro- pellers are driven at high speed, it is necessary that they should be accurately machined and balanced in order to run at the required revolutions without setting up vibrations. Eight sjiecial machines for finishing these propellers were developed and built by the Cramp Company. An entire bay of one of the machine shops was devoted to machining and finishing, in order that the manufacture of propellers could be completed as rapidly as the ships were being built. Having successfully provided this special equipment for our own requirements, other shipbuilders under contract with the Government for destroyers and miscellaneous vessels arranged with us to manufacture and machine the propellers for them. So far as known, no undertaking of the nature and magnitude engaged solely in the manufacture of propeller wheels, from the design and casting to the finished article, has ever been accomplished except at this yard. The wheels approximated 1,000 in number. It is enough, perhaps, to state that they were successfully made and in no instance was a vessel held up through delay at Cramp's in supplying its wheels. 387 Pettv's Island One ol' tlic most serious restrictions afrectiiif; tlic work ol the slii()\urd. due to lack of space, was insuflicienl storage capacity for material. To meet this difli- cuUy. the proi)ert\ on Petty's Island, directly opposite the shipyard, which had been ac(]uired just previous to the war. was utiliz<'d for a large storage yard. Labor and Matkrim. 'I'Ik' liistor> of the rise in price of labor and material due to war conditions is so will known that it is needless to refer to the matter in detail, (>xcept to note that in the three years from 19U) to l')l'* labor had a(lvaiie<-d some 178 per cent on an average and material about 1.50 per cent. This, of course, made the cost of the finished product greater than has ever been known iti the history of this country. Through the sysl(Mn adopted by the Navy Deparlmenl in allocating tiic |)roduction of steel structural materials to the \arious mills throughout the couidry, such material was supplied to us without any embarrassing delay. Inspection hi addition to our own foice of inspectors, all Government work was done under the supervision of its insix-ctors both in hull and machinery, and where the vessels were built for the Merchant Marine tlicN wimc under the inspection of the classification societies. The cooperation and assistance of the naval ri-prestMitatives assigned to this xard during the war contributed measurably t(j the success and rapidity with which the work was carrietl on. TIIK Mi:n("ll\\T lieiM-ating its histor\ during the last three score years, the Chester "^ ard of the Merchant Shipbuilding Corporation played an important part in the World War. The history of this yard, situated on tin- Delaware Hiver. a few miles below Philadelphia, within a stone's throw of when' William Peim (irst landed in Peimsyhania. has invariably borne a markedly close relationship to the American \avy and Merchant Maiine. With keen patriotic foresight W. \. Ilarriman. a Noung genius in railroa. hoach. in PM)7. The xard was idle imtil it \\a^ purchased from the Poach heirs in l'»l.") b> Charles P. M. .lack, a marine engineer of New ^ ork Cit>. who in turn sdid it to the Ilarriman interests. During the Reaney regime several war craft weie built for the Navy. Mr. Roach in his lime built ten vessels for T'ncle Sam. and during the WOrld Wai the 31i8 Photo l>y J. E. GYeen. Chester. Ta, One of Die Fiiur Mine Swreiierx Iniill by llie McrelianI Shii^hiiililinii I'.iirpiiniliiui. historic shipyard ilclivcrcd tlic mine-sweepers Turkey. Wdddrork. Quail and PaHridf/e. Thirty 0.000 D. W. T. tankers and freifjhters. ftiiir mine-sweepers, and two 10,500-ton cargo-passenger vessels have been built at the Chester Yard since Photo \>y .T E, rrre AiKilher Ship for Uncle Sam. 389 1915, under the present management, operating seven ways, and delivered to the Shipping Board. Two 10.000-ton tankers, two 11.000-lon cargo-passenger ships and one iire-boat were under construction at this lime. September, 1921, I'ur private contract. The Ilarriman Yard at Bristol. I'a.. was built by the Emergency Fleet Corporation on a tract of 260 acres owned by the Merchant Company and oper- ated by that company as agent. Mr. Harriman revealed his inherited genius for organization in the Harriman project, inasumch as the shipyard had to be erected before ships could be built: and before the shipyard could be operated a town sufli- ciently large to house ."J.OOO men and their families — the (Mpiivalent of a population of 1.5.000 — had to be created. This town, said to be the largest town site linanced by the Kmergency Fleet Corporation, contained a posl-oilice, hotel, hospital, 206 group houses, 26 single houses. 2.5 duplex houses, and 212 apartment houses, besides a large number of boarding houses, bachelor quarters, etc. The llaniiuaii Yard, which was the farthest of any of the shipyards up the Delaware Hiver. delivered to tlir Shipping Board forty 8,800 D. T. standardized fabricated steel freighters designed by the Chester Yard organization and ecjuipped with Wesliiighouse ;i.000 horse-power turbines, together with three Babcock & Wilcox oil binning boilers. i\o. Annie Type hdiinvhrl DeHicreil Malniiinper Tmikir «-26-16 2-10-17 (idhui Taiik.r 11-25-16 6-29-17 Siicllnir> FmgliltT <( 2')-17 3- .'5-18 Ovcrhrook Tanker II 17-17 i-26-18 \\.>ii .339 .i 3 10 1 311 5 312 6 313 ~ 31t 8 3 15 9 3 16 10 317 11 318 12 .3 19 13 350 11 351 15 352 16 353 17 356 18 357 19 358 20 359 2t .360 o*i 361 23 362 21 363 25 365 26 366 27 367 28 368 29 369 30 370 31 13 32 14 No. 33 15 34 16 35 380 36 379 37 381 38 382 39 383 40 384 U 385 12 386 13 387 Name Type Launcheil Delivered U. S. S. Quail Mine-Sweeper 10- 6-18 4-29-19 U. S. S. Partridge Mine-Sweeper 10-15-18 6-17-19 Mt. Carroll Cargo- Passenger 1-10-21 3- 5-21 Mt. Clinton Cargo-Passenger 2- 8-21 2- 8-21 Puente Oil Tanker 4-28-21 6-14-21 Playa Oil Tanker 6- 4-21 Robert E. Hopkins. . . Oil Tanker 8- 6-21 Samuel O. Brown .... Oil Tanker 385 Cargo- Passenger 386 Cargo-Passenger Fire-Boat NEW YORK SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION Spectacular and cfiicient as were the yards built by the Cioverninent to meet the war-time emergency for ships — and none of these yards was more conspicuous in accomplishment than the Hog Island plant below Philadelphia — the main brunt of the huge task in l)uilding America's bridge of shi|)s fell upon the old line yards with their plants already developed, their corps of workers already emoUed and their reputation for the construction of ships already established. Conspicu- ous among these plants is that of the New York Shii)building Corporaticjn. which now spreads for a mile along the Delaware River in South Camden, and Gloucester, N. J. Starting at the beginning of the twentieth century, when the idea of large scale production and efficient operation through labor-saving machinery was lirst begin- ning to develop, this plant had taken an important part in the construction of such deep-sea merchant tonnage and of warships for the Navy as were built in the first fifteen years of the century. In 1916 the original company was bought out by new interests, which formed the New York Shipbuilding Corporation and started immediately upon a program of expansion. This was hardly under way when the United States entered the war, and all vessels on the ways in American ship- yards were commandeered by the newly created Emergency Fleet Corporation. Some measure of the task involved will be seen from the following brief record: In October, 1917, the Navy Department ordered ten destroyers; three months later it ordered an additional twenty destroyers of a slightly larger type, and authorized the company to construct on its own property a complete destroyer-building unit of six covered ways, four open ways and appurtenance shops. At about the same time the Emergency Fleet Corporation ordered three troop-ships of the 535-foot type, seven troop-ships of the 522-foot type, and then an additional six ships of the 535-foot type, and authorized the construction of a plant which is virtually a good- sized yard in itself, consisting of four ojjen ways (103 feet broad by 750 feet long) and complete shop facilities. Illustrative of the speed with which ship construction was maintained, de- spite the inevitable dispersion of energy and the confusion occasioned by the plant expansion, is the record of the collier Tiirkahoe, 5,500 DWT, which was completed thirty-seven days after the laying of her keel, and on the fortieth day was carrying coal between Atlantic Coast ports. The production record of New York Shipbuilding Corporation for 1917 and 1918, the years of our active participation in the wai', totalled twenty merchant 391 I\ip\rlshl I lilpiiiiMliiK rorp. ICIeven destroyers- in one iif the irel ilrnkx at lite Ciiimteii iiUiiil. ships of ITS.Qh.') |)\\ r, and the I . S. \imi> \liiir I'hiiitrr (triienil Win. \. (inilidni. \\u- li->l iri.liKl.'d M\.ii hiiikcis of 78,2:11 I )\N 1. tni (ollicis ol'itl.^^T Ions, and tlircc frci^'litcis ol' l(i.r)()7 Ions, and those were llic I \ prs of ships w hich I lie world was ci^inf; lor to tuoi Iho ^lav\ ovoisoas and l incieasinf; slalV. In meet this pnibjitu llie ICinergency Fleet (".oipoiati(Hi aiilliori/ed the (',onipan> to put lhrouf;h an exlensi\(- liousinj; piojeet. embracinf.' what were known as Motfran \ ilhifre and ^ oikship \ iilafje. with a total of 1,600 homes within easy walkm;: distance of the yard. Morjian \ illajre, the smaller jjarl of this de\ elupmeiit. consists of 200 brick houses built where\(M' vacant lots i-oidd be obtained aldtii: the stteels back of llie jilant. They are unpretentious in de.sifrn, but are well built and comfortable, and were quickly erected. Yorkship \ illa^'c. which has since been lenamed i'airview. was dc^sijined to provide somelhinj: more than mere li\infr acconunodalions modern homes in permanently allracti\e suri()undin;.'s. \ 2.50-acre farm within lln' cily limits of ("amden was b(>uj:hl and de\elope(l into a self-contained "f^aiclen city." The archilecl enliiisled with the |)roject. desif:ned a |)ieasinf,' \ariel\ of brick. Iranie and sIuccd iiouse from a basic colonial desiiiii lo form a \illaf,'e of l,!51U) houses. .i() aparlmenis and a dot class and four of the nine ,T!5.5-foot class. The signing of the armistice within such a few months after the Emergency Fleet Corporation got its shipbuilding program under way, found New York Shipbuilding Corporation coming into the full swing of its increased productive capacity. The best index as to how the plant grew in answer to the demands put upon it by the Covernnient is in the personnel figures at the yard. At the begin- ning of 1417 this force consisted of I. .500 men. by the end of that year the number had grown to 7, .500. by the end of 1918 it had increased to 12.000, the year 1919 closed with more than 17, ,500 men employed, and with the end of 1920 the peak of nearly 20,000 was reached. The reason for this continued increase in personnel after the armistice was largely the immense work involved in completing the troop- ships as passenger liners. The physical plant of the Corporation, in the mean time, increased ahnost threefold, the number of shipbuilding ways having been enlarged to a capacity of twenty-eight vessels, and the shop facilities and outfitting basins having been correspondingly expanded. Thus New York Shipbuilding Corporation now stands as the largest of its kind in the Western Hemisphere, and equal to the largest establishments of the Old World. THE SUN SHIPBITILDINt; COMPANY B\ William (i. Daniels, Publicity Manager Looking backward but five short years, we see the uninviting Delaware River frontage of one-half mile extending eastward to the Ridley Creek, a haven for mosquitoes, greenhead flies and frogs — with reed birds in season. Development was a stupendous task, due largely to the impending stiife when, on August 1 1, 1916, it was apparent that the United States of America would 393 I I'lirtuil \ ieif of llie Suit Sliii>huililiiiii ('.iiiiijr -.s fnnu. lie drawn into the world's greatest conflict. Man-power was at a iircniiuin; the voiitli of \nierica. drawn into the vortex to such extent tiial indiislriis. which (le\eloped o\ernight. were all'ected by dearth of avaihihle men. Necessity brought ideas, and emergency pointed to a sohitimi fur. in due lime. sliipl)uilding was under way with hundreds of worliers who liad lac k<'d e\|(erience iiiil in \ iew of the spirit of it all. were soon studiously and ent>rgeticall> turning out steamships which became factors on the seas, and ultimately merged into the composite whole which made possible the turning of the tide of events and the emancipation of the world from autoi'ratic rule. Kive shipways of concrete were erected uri piling nf cdiu icle and capable of building shijis up to 550 feet in length thereon. \\ailable for use, almost at the lirst stages of (dn>lruction. was the power- house, in which structure, at that lime, were but four air-compre.ssors, capable of producing 10,000 cubic feet of compressed air per minute, whereas, shortly after the plant was well under way, war-time needs compelled an addition to the original structure and five air-compressors, each of 5,000 cubic feet capacity, were installed, thus augmenting the original power by 250 per cenl. In the powt-r plant, hydraulic energy was created to the exlnil (if l,.")OU pounds to the s(]uare inch by means of an accunudator. operated imder 225 tons pressure. .Ml of the air-driven and hydraulic machinery throughout the plant was derived from this power plant. The capacity of the power |)lant was 8,500 kilowatts. I'muucatinc; Plant: The fabricating plant. ;i structuic of steel 160 feet in width by 600 feet in length, comprised the laying-out department, the fabricating plant, proper, the heavy blacksmith and anglesmith shops, the great bending floor, with cranes and mono-rail system to provi there were two wet basins at the Sun Shipbuilding Company's plant, the original one being at the eastern end of the area set aside for them. Basin No. 1 is 600 feet long. 394 Wet basin No. 2 has an inland depth of 500 feet from the river front and a width of 250 feet. Wet liasin No. 3, of recent construction and greater ai'ea, is 960 feet in lengtli with a width at the river end of 385 feet for a distance irdand of 500 feet; thence at right angles to an inland depth of 160 feet for a width of 250 feet. It is of an average depth of 10 feet. Cranes: Alongside of Wet Basin No. 1 a Hammerhead crane is located. This mechanical appliance is 100 feet from the ground (to extreme top 137 feet), with a boom 120 feet long with a range of lifts to 120 tons. At a point 60 feet from the fulcrum 120 tons may be lifted. Lumber Yard and Mill: During the period of emergency, on an area of Gve and one-half acres, seasoned lumlier was stored, mainly for construction of the staging around and about the shipways and for temporary structures elsewhere. The lumber mill was capable of handling everything needed in its particular line, as also the joiner shop wherein woods of sundry classes were stored ready cut, painted and varnished for installation in cabin furnishings and fittings, or shif)"s furniture, etc. Paint Shop: The paint shop was the center of the directing energies of its foreman with 300 to 400 men, in the many branches ot their work. Stork Room: The structure, sul)stantially liuilt of steel and concrete, was 200 feet by 100 feet, with a mezzanine lloor extentling around the four walls. This building had stored within entire outfits for all the vessels built at this yard. Outfitting of vessels was done with thoroughness and dispatch. Pipe Field: Adjacent to the storeroom and contiguous to the pipe shop, an enclosed area of about one acre was given over entirely to the storage of sundry classes and sizes of pipe, standard and wrought ircjn, steel and steam, and other grades. Wetherill Plant: A great factor in attaining and maintaining the Ship- building Company's status and invaluable to complete operations, ship and engine building, foundry work and repairs, engine boilers, etc., for sundry types of steel steamships, cargo, passenger ships and bulk-oil tankers was the Wetherill plant, with a prestige earned after sixty years of business and unlimited facilities for constructitm work, engines, shafts or duplicate parts, propeller blades, or any internal mechanism. Summary of the steel ships built. Below is appended a list taken from the books of the company: CONT. No. Name CoNT. No. Name 1 S. S. Clwsler Sun 10 .S. S. Sol Navis 2 s. s. Sabine Sun 11 S. S. Hanover 3 s. s. Radnor 12 S. S. Dryden 4 s. s. Lancaster 13 S. S. S. B. Hunt 5 s. s. South Bend 14 S. S. Geo. H. Jones 6 s. s. Marica 15 S. S. Conshohocken 7 s. s. Neponset 16 S. S. Cajacel 8 s. s. Deerfield 17 S. S. Sunbeam 9 s. s. Edellyn Ami three Mine-Sweepers 18 S. S. Sunshine 22 s. s. Widgeon 24 S. S. BranI 23 s. s. Teal 395 Thf "Dnrnni" — Oiu- ul llif Wimdin SItiiis. \\\\\ I.OH l\ Till'; W \H (\. B. LlVINOOOD* Tho Traylor Kngineering & Maruifacturinf; ('oinpany, of Vllentown, Pa., and ( '.()iinv(»lls. Pa., was in tlio forefront of the many patrinlic Vnicrican corpora- lions to olVcr its facilities in entirety, to lirinj; the (ie\aslatin^' World War to a successful conclusion. The (irsi expression of ser\ i<'e thirs offered was its entry iirlo a conlraci with the Hritish ( Joveriunent. in .laiurary. I')l.'). for sirpplyinj; 1. 0(10. (»(»() :{.2'*-iiic,h eiflhteen-pounder, high explosive shells. The ener'fry with which tlie wor-k was prosecuted rua\ he a[)pieciated when it is noted that within fort\-live days from the sijiriirij; of the coriliacl the Hrsl shell was finished, and production thereafter was on such a scale dial shipment was completed three days ahead of the stipulated conlra(l lime of lliirlceri months. This icmaikahle showing, on the |)arl of a shop not orifriiialK or'f,'ani/ed for work of this sort, hi'ought insistent demands for other si/.es of shells, notahle among llie orders for which were 100.(100 1-inch Hiitish \dnrirall\ high ex- plosive shells, and 60.000 .5-inch Jiritish high explosive shells, not to meirtion numerous items of army. navy, tai'get and test shells for- I he I nited Slates ( ioverriment. Four contracts, aggregating forty-seven. 1. 100 horse-power, \ertical. triple expansiorr iiraririe engines were awarded to the Vllentown plant. WOrk was started Sejilenrher. I'MT. with a stipulated delivery of two engines per nrorrllr. to start March. 1918. In .lanuary, 1918. the first engine was shipped, aird it was also llie first completed by any of the maii\ manul'aclrrrers in the I'rriled Slates ha\ing siirrilar contracts. After the first shiprrreni deli\er\ wiis made at lire rate of three per mouth until completion of the contracts. SimirllaneousK. irr oilier departments of lire plant, there were huill complete. * Assistaiil Sales Muiiager, Travlor Enginoerinn \ Maiiufaituring Coinpaiiy. 396 fifty 500 horse-power horizontal water-tube boilers, to be used in conjunction with the above-mentioned marine engines, two with each engine. Award of the contract to the Tray lor Company was made in September, 1917. Delivery was started in December, at the rate of three per month, later increased to six per month, the contiact being completed at the same time as tiie last of those f'ui- engines. In addition to building engines on its own contracts, the company supplied many engine parts such as cylinders, crankshafts and difficult small parts to other contractors engaged in the same work, such parts aggregating perhaps 2.5 per cent of the completed work built on its f)wn account. Also, during the building of the boilers, the company furnished forged steel plugs and dogs foi- closing the clean-out holes of the boiler tubes, to the number of 282,000, being the quantity required for fitting one-half, or ?>aO including its own, of the total number of boilers of this size purchased by the l']mergency Fleet Corporation. These plugs and dogs were shipped to different parts of the United States with the exception, of course, of those required for the company's own boilers. It might be supposed that with the contracts enumerated the plant was continually filled to capacity, but such was not the case, and although it was always in those days difficult to secure a sufficiency of labor and materials, the plant somehow found time to do a little work for other (lOvernTnent departments. Thus, during a part of the period noted, there were finished 3,000,000 of 1-inch shell lifting plugs for the \rmy. During another, motor truck manufac- turers were hard pressed and called on the company for thousands of small parts. Again, there was manufactured a large number of air-drying units and parts thereof for the Ignited States Explosive Plant at Nitro, W. Va. In addition, there were, hterally, hundreds of other orders, each a mere drib- let it is true, but aggregating a large tonnage, for parts of equipment for some war activity. Necessarily, particular mention of these must here be omitted, but one further contract, almost the last, is worthy of notice. In the last Allied otfensive of the war, the troops were handicapped by the absence of roads, and it was determined at American headcjuarters that suitable ones must be built forthwith. This demanded the ciiiploN inent of stone crushing machinery, and the servic(> dictated the use of portable equipment. A survey of the American market by the Army engineers, speedily demon- strated that only the Traylor Company possessed the combinatif)n of experience in the manufacture of such crushing machinery and pi()p(»r appreciation of the importance of war-time production. Accordingly, in mid-October, 1918, a contract was awarded the comjjany for eight 11-inch portable gyratory crushers fitted with elevators. The conditions of the contract made delivery in sixty days imperative, in order tiiat shipment abroad might i)e made by New ^ Car's Day. The fact that the work was completed by Deceniher. 10, |9|8. is ample evidence that the con- fidence of the engineers was not misplaced. The crushers were of a new and improved design upon which the Traylor Company had been working for some 397 time beforo, and wpre thus the first to he used of the now world-famous Traylor Bulldog gyraton- crusher. The Traylor Shipbuilding Corporation was formed in 1917 as a subsi- diary' of the Traylor Engineering \ Mamifacturing Company, for the purpose of building ships for the United States Shipping Board. Kmergency Fleet Corporation. \ site was acquired at Cornwells. Pa., in \|>ril. I'HT. and by energetic prose- cution of the work of converting an industrial iilaril into a shipyard, it was possible to lay the first keel less than five months later, and to lamich the first ship in a little le.ss than nine months thereafter, in the face of hearthieaking delays in the delivery of machinery and construction material. The contract was for ten '^.'■^^)^) ton Ferris design wood cargo-carrying steam- ships to be built and completely fitted by the Tiaylor Shi[)building Corporation. Delivery to the Government was started in Septembi'r. I'»l!{, and completed in June, 1919. at the rate of one ship every thirty days. The statistically inclined reader will enjoy a few figures, expressing in some measure the vast quantities of material consumed in the company's various war activities. riie building of the ships reipiired nearly Iwenly millions ol' feet of limber, or a sufTicient quantity to cover with 2-incli planking, the right of way of the Pennsylvania Railroad between \ew ^ Ork and Philadelphia. The boiler tubes, if laid in line, would form a speaking lube from the Bronx to the Battery, New York City, and the sheet steel in the boilers would cover an a<'re of ground with a ''s-inch thick steel carpet, or form a strip of steel, 's-inch thick and I inch wide, of sutlicient length to reach fiom .New ^ ork to Buffalo. Fifty-two millions of pounds of metal were consumed for all purposes, suflicient to build 2.5.000 motor cars, or to form a solid cube liflN feel in each dimension, or to gird the earth three times with niimlM r four lrli>;:rapli wii-e. To make .shipment of this material would require nearly se\eti Inimheil large si/c freight cars, formini; a train nearly six miles long. However entertaining figures and comparisons may be, they are likely to pall, and they cannot tell the more important story of how \merica, by reason of war- lime exigencies, came to realize her woiulerl'ul potentialities. The various experiences and the numerous accomplishments of the Traylor Kngineeritij; & Mamifacturing Company, may be considered |o be typical of .\merican industry as a whole, arul can therefore be used as an illustration of what can be accomplished when necessity urges. This articl(> is fittingly closed by naming the men whose ability and energy made possible what the Traylor Companies were able to accom|)lish. Samnpl W. Trnylor, Chairman of ttie Board of Dir<><'tors: W. .1. KoImtI.-s, President; Hnrr> HattiTshy, Vice- President and Treasurer; I'. \V. Hopkins. \ ice-Presidiiit and Secretary; H. I. -Miller, General .Manager; Riehard Bernhard. Chief i;nv,'ineir. Traylor Shipbciluinc; Ct)ReoHATi<)N Samuel \V. Traylor, President and General Manager; S. \V. Traylor. Jr.. Vice-President and Assistant (ieneral Manager; F. \V. Hopkins, Vice-President and Secretary; Ftarry Battershy. Treasurer; B. B. .Shafter, General Superintendent. .198 PENNSYLVANIA'S PART IN THE MANNING OF THE NEW MERCHANT MARINE Under John Frederick Lewis, Chief of Section No. 2 By Joseph M. Davis Among the pressing problems which the country was obliged to face during the war was the building and operating of ocean tonnage in the shortest possible time. To this end the United States Shipping Board was organized ostensibly as a war organization. The scope of its work, generally speaking, resolved itself into three main divisions — construction, (►peration and recruiting officers and crews. Edward N. Hurley was made the Chairman of the ITnited States Shipping Board during the war. At the head of the Division of Operations was John H. Rossiter, formerly of the Pacific Steam Mail Packet Company, and at the head of the Recruiting Service was Henry Howard, President of a large Boston chemi- cal company, who volunteered to make possible the manning of the American Merchant Marine. It is with this particular branch of the Shipping Hoard work that this report is concerned, and to show the extent to which Pennsylvania aided in it as well as being the leading state in ship construction. Mr. Howard, in order to marshal most ed'ectively the full strength of the country in supplying men to man the ships, conceived the idea of dividing the country into eight sections. Each section was placed in charge of one appointee, who should have complete control and be responsible for the supervision of its entire work. The Middle Atlantic Section was very fortunate in being able to have as its chief John Frederick Lewis of Philadelphia, a well-known admiralty lawyer and international law authority. Purely from patriotic motives Mr. L(>wis assumed a hard task fraught with difiicult and peculiar questions. This section, known as Section No. 2, comprised New York, Brooklyn, Jersey City, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Norfolk, and surrounding country, and embraced therefore the greater part of the nation's shipping sections. The work resolved itself into securing seamen, firemen, coal passers, oilers, watertenders, stewards, cooks and messmcMi. Besides this, the ships, because of our laws, had to be manned with officers who were LInited States citizens, with the exception of such aliens as were able to have their licenses endorsed during the period of the war. Therefore, it was highly desirable to have American officers, and also from a standpoint of national sentiment, the idea of an American Mer- cantile Marine ofiicered by foreigners was intolerable. If one will pause and think that added to this nearly all of the m(>n were subject to conscription and had to be exempted, when scarcely any provision had been made for it, some idea may he had of the magnitude of the work. This perplexing problem of the draft through the initiative of Mr. Lewis was finally solved for the country, and Mr. Crowder had inserted a section in the Draft Law exempting mariners in training. This enabled the Recruiting Service to secure men and train them for duty aboard ship. A training ship was sent from the Boston headquarters and placed at Mr. Lewis's disposal at Philadelphia. Over 500 apprentices were recruited for the new merchant marine and sailed away for training. Many hundreds of Pennsyl- vania men afterwards went overland to the Boston headquarters. 399 l*rohal)ly the must iiiipurtant pari ol' llic work was the tiainiiif; of mm to hccoiiie duly lice^nsed navigators and marine engineers. Schools were established by Mr. Lewis in all of the before-mentioned cities comprised in Section No. 2 for engineers and navigators. These schools were schools of a high order, and the instructors were university trained astronomers and practical navigators as well as mechanical engineers witii marine experience. Section No. 2 at the time of this writing has luriicd out i.tt\'.\ navigation graduates, of whom l..")0.5 secured navigators" licenses, and 2,1.58 engineering graduates, the most of whom now hold marine engineers" licenses. Probably two-tliirds of the engineers are natives of i'hiladelphia. and about one-fourth of the navigators come from Philadelphia and its vicinity. Section \o. 2. unrler the indefatigable efforts of Mr. Lewis, turned out over li\e-si.\lhs of the oHicers for llie new mi'rchant marine in the face of llie draft, and the great increments of men needed in llic war industries. It is all the more re- markable when it is to be remembered that of late years \meiica has not leally been a sliii)piiig nation and that practically all deep-sea loimage has been registered under alien flags and manned by alien crews. Today, America is in a fair way to become the leading maritime nation of the world, and Peiuis\ l\ aula may feel justK jiroud of its contribution to that end. Mr. Lewis succeeded, as Chief of Section \o. 2, Professor ('.. C. Thomas, of ,l Hopkins I niveisity. who had been ajtpointed ,lun<' 2th of that year to enter the emplovmenl of the I'imergi'ucy Kleel ("or- poration. Mr. Lewis served continuously from the latb-r date until November 1, I')l'>. when he was succeeded in turn by his then assistant. .b)sepli M. Davis. Till' llcad(iuarters of the Section had bi'cn in Itallimore; but after Mr. Lewis was appointed, he moved llif Headquarters to Philadelphia, and his law firm gave to the (lovermnent, ficeofrent. the fifth lioor' of the oflice, 108 South Loiulh Street. Navigation and l']ngineeririg Schools vveic organized at different places in the Section as the need therefor became more urgent. ,\ Navigation School was organized in New ^Ork at the Seamen's ( '.huich institute, and another at I I lniark"s Nautical Academv. A Navigation School was opened at Urooklvn. anolherat Baltimore, Atlantic City, Newport News, Jersey City, lloboken and Norfolk; while I'jigineeriiii: Schools were organized in Hrooklyn. New ^ ork. .lersev ("ily, iloboki-n. Philad<'lphia and Baltimore, Itiere being at the height of the demand a lolal 111' twelve schools in the Section. Ml students who entered the school were exempted from draft by the Chief of the Section, and thus competent material was obtained for the service, and the power was subscipientU entrusted to the Section Chief to reipiisition men actually in tin- \ifnv. provided they possessed (pialilica- tions as navigators or marine engineers, which made them more valuable to the (iovernment in those capacities than by mere servii-e in the \rmy. Pun. \L)i:lpiii \ School or N\\m;\ti()\ The U. S. Shipping Board School of Navigation began in Philadelphia. .July 9, I'M 7, in charge of Professor Lric Doolittle. Professor Doolittle was taken ill during the lirst week anri the school was closed foradav oiso: bulvvas resumed the second week under the charge of Professor S. \. Mitchell, of the I niversity of \ irginia, assisted by Dr. 11. W. Smith, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The School lirst held sessions in the Franklin Institute building, but was later too removed to the Engineering Building (Room 229) of the University of Pennsyl- vania. The first session of the School had about 25 men enrolled for the morning class and about 40 men for the evening class. The last week in July, Dr. Smith was sent to Savannah and Professor W. R. Ransom, of Tufts College, took his place. Sixty-four men continued throughout the first session of the School. There was some uncertainty at the end of the first session as to whether the men should take examinations innnediately or not. A supplementary week of forenoon work was given to those who felt they were not quite ready for the examination. No attempt was made to keep track of these men at first, and many of them may have gone to New York or to Baltimore to take their examinations. Up to Sep- tember 1, 1917, only twenty-three had received licenses in Philadelphia. A few men from the first session applied for re-admission to the second session. The general plan of the school work was as follows: First week: Correction of compass, use of logarithms, and plain sailing. Second week: The other sailings and day's work. Third week: Determination of time for a noon sight and working out of Meridian altitude. The rest of the time the School was divided into two classes: Men eligible only for third mate took up chart work and distance from fixed object, with plenty of review of former problems. The advance class took up latitude by Polaris and Meridian sights with other stars, longitude by the sun, azimuth, and ampUtude. During the second session of the School it was found necessary to have evening classes only. Only two requests for morning classes were received. During the last two weeks of the course arrangements were made by which six men at a time were taken to Franklin Field with a sextant apiece and given two hours' piactice. from ten until twelve, in handling the instrumiMit. The curve of altitude was plotted in advance; and men took longitudes sights for an hour, being checked by the instructor's reference to his plotted curve. Some vertical and horizontal angles were measured and then a series of sights, like noon sights, were taken on signal from the instructor, closing with a genuine latitude sight at noon. The Philadelphia School of Navigation was always conducted at the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, which allowed its classrooms to be used free of rent, and was, from time to time, in ciiarge of the following instructors: S. G. Barton, Stanley P. Sliugert, Robert L. Lucas and Karl H. Fussier. Mr. Barton, who served as Director from September 17, UM7 to February 1. 1919, was succeeded by Mr. Sbugert. Besides instruction in navigation, Mr. Lewis lectured upon the iiules of the Road at Sea, as he did in other schools of the section. Lectures were also given upon Practical Stevedoring by Daniel (]. Murphy. The School was largely attended by students who desired to quahfy to become deck officers in the Merchant Marine, and it continued until after the war and when the need of navigators for the Merchant Marine had been completely met. The school enrolled about 800 students. Philadelphia Free School of Marine Engineering The Philadelphia Free School of Marine Engineering was stai'ted as a result of a conference between Emil P. Albrecht, President of the Philadelphia Bourse, and William G. Rice, Chief Engineer, who subsequently became identified with the Sea Service Bureau. Correspondence was had with Mr. Howai'd of Boston, 401 and the school opened following a visit from Professor Miller of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. An Advisory Committee was appointed, consisting of Walton Clark, John M. Lukens, together with Mr. Albrecht and Mr. Rice. Clinton E. Shaw was appointed Principal of the School, and the following acted from time to time as instructors: John Bernard, Walter S. Carman, Earl CoUmer, Wiiliani J. Cotternll, Samuel Crossley, John Ebauph, Robert W. Given, Fred P. Hall, John T. Landolt, Robert P. Sanborn, John B. Shoe, George H. Smith, \\ . Westley Stevenson and Rodger Taylor. Arthur Littleton, William J. Taylor and Anna W hartonby served as Enrolment Secretaries. Classes were begim in the public school building at Howard Street and Girard Avenue. August 20, 1917, with about twenty-four day students and about seventy in the night class. The School was subsequently transferred to one of the city ice- boats which was moored at Race Street pier, and about the middle of November, when the city prepared to put the ice-boat into service, the classes were moved to the Philadelphia Bourse, whose directors allowed free of rental the use of its main floor and also a good room on the second floor. The quarters were finally transferred to the Buchanan Building, at 120 Sansoni Street, where they remained until February 5, 1919. The Federal Board for Vocational Education then took over the school, and it ceased to be identified with the Shipping Board. The last day class finished in March, 1919, and the last night class in July of that year. The Philadelphia Free School for Marine Engineering, as it was called, was the largest Marine Engineering School under ( iovernment auspices, in the entire section, from Connecticut to Norfolk. Students came to it from all parts of the country to obtain instruction in Practical Marine Engineering. About 1,000 students were graduated. Pliiladclpliia seemed to be pecidiarly advantageous as a city for obtaining student* in Marine Engineering; her rail, river and bay lines all served as sources of supply, and all the railroads entering Philadelphia were especi;illy liclpln! in putting up posters in stations, and by disinterestedly bringing to the attention of their employes the urgent necessities of the Merchant Marine, and the advantage which accrued from obtaining a marine engineer's license. Cradtiates of the school, after being qualified for examination, appeared before the local inspectors at Philadelphia, and were then passed and hcensed, usually as third engineers, sometimes as second, and sometimes as first. The Sea Service Bureau The work of placing officers and men on shipboard fell at first upon Mr. Lewis as Chief of the Section; but it grew to such enormous proportions that it became necessary to organize a separate Bureau to take charge of it, and Sea Service Agents were appointed in the larger cities in Section No. 2. These agents were delegated to meet the needs of the ships in officers and men. The Agent at Philadelphia was Chief Engineer William (i. Bice, who worked for the Covernment gratuitously imtil the Recruiting Service determined he should be salaried, when he was paid a nominal compensation. During ,Mr. Bice's service as Agent at Philadelphia about L.'iOO men were shipped during the war period, between February, 1918, and November, 1918; but the totals up to August, 1921, show that over 30,000 men were shipped, about 600 marine engineers and 300 deck officers. The Bureau still continues. 402 ARMY ORDNANCE— PHILADELPHIA DISTRICT WO billion dollars' worth of ordnance was supplied by the Philadelphia District, or one-sixth of the total amount produced in the United States. The fact that such quantities of supplies could be furnished within a limited time is but another conclusive proof of the importance of this city as a manufacturing center. Although not all of the ordnance of the district was actually produced within the territorial limits of the city, nevertheless, a high percentage of it was made here, and practically all other production was directed from Philadelphia offices. The committee is indebted to Colonel M. D. King, Ordnance Department, Washington, D. C, for permission to reprint certain matter from the handbook prepared by Clark B. Firestone, of the Historical Branch, Executive Section, office of the Cliief of Ordnance. Special acknowledgment is due to Colonel James L. Walsh, Executive Assistant to the Chief of Ordnance. The facts dealing exclusively with the Philadelphia Dis- trict were supplied to Mr. Firestone by Wm. Bradford Williams. The Philadelphia ordnance district reflected to a noteworthy degree activities, problems, casualties and militant spirit of the fighting front, with just an echo of Plioto by Replogle. Seven-inch duns. Murk V.. Calerpillar Mounis, al Navv Yanl. 103 its tumults. It was a district in which large tilings were done and large difliculties surmounted: a district which started with unusual advantages, many and varied, and its contribution to nearly all the major items of the munitions program was of the first importance. ^\ ith the exception of artillery carriages and small arms ammunition, its ordnance production was almost all-inclusive. It was the chief rifle district. It was the chief explosives district, it was the district where the Allies obtained most of their American gun forgings. It was the big bolo district. In a sense it was the .sole helmet district. It was an immense loading district. Incidentally, it was the great influence district. This area contained the only two private ordnance plants in the country — those of the Bethlehem and Mid vale Steel Companies. It had also several powder and high explosive plants wiiich had various shell plants which had learned to make munitions under entente tutelage. The Bridgeport and l'liila(lel])hia ord- nance districts entered the war to something belter than a standing start. But Philadelphia had transportation problems almost equal to New York's and certain difliculties that in their magnitude were pecuhar to itself, for it was the theatre of a lival governmental ])rogram of equal proportions. More than 10 per cent of all America's war shi})buil(ling was in process at the same time in the same area — the Hog Island cnteq)ris(-, and new cunstrnction for the navy and emergency fleet, which kei)t the riveting machines busy in the shipyards hning both sides of the Delaware River for sixty miles and which absorbed the output of .'5,000 plants making jiarts in various sections of the country. This ])rogiam made its own demands on machinery, labor, fuel, power and transportation. In the Restricted Area Philadelphia was one of the congested centers in the restricted area, and so figured in the maps of 19 IK. It was thought at one time that it was saturated with war orders and that it could not do any more work. But this opinion was combated by representatives of tiie ordnance district, the Navy, the \\ ar Industries Board, the regional Director of Railways, and the Fuel and Food Administrations, who held weekly meetings to discuss common objects during the war; and the district was permitted to shoulder additional burdens. It received one not in its calculations when the great Morgan loading plant at South Amboy, N. J., was destroyed by an ex])losion five weeks before the armistice, and immense additional requirements were ])ut upon the loading plants near Philadelpliia. At the same time the influenza epidemic broke with unusual virulence disabling nearly 10 per cent of the district oflice force and making ravages among annnunition employes. The Philad(>lphia district may be described^and therefore exjilained — as the on(^ steel region in the country that reaches tide water. It comj)risc(l an area of less than 30,000 scpiare miles, including the eastern half of the State ol' Pennsyl- vania, the southern half of New Jersey and all of Delaware. Its western boundary in Pennsylvania coinciiling roughly with ihi' coiiise of the .limiata «as the eastern boundaries of the counties of Franklin, Huntingdon, Center. Clinton and Potter. Its New Jersey section covered all counties save those included in the N<>w York ordnance district elsewhere enimierated. The Pliiladi'lijliia disliict has a popula- tion of about 5,200.000 persons. Among its industrial centers of consequence outside the city of Philadelphia aie Wilmington, Del., Camden, Trenton and Bur- 404 Mdriiic Boilers maniifarliiml by llic liivlruliiuixi'n BoiIit (ji. lington, N. J., and Berwick, Bristol, Ciiestor, Downington, Fraiikluid, llanisburg, Plioenixville, Scranton, South Bethleliem and Wilkes-Bano, Pa. On March 13, 1918, John C. Jones, President of the Harrison Safety Boiler Works was made production manager of the Philadelphia ordnance district, later becoming ordnance district chief. The production section ot the old carriage division had had an office in Philadelphia .since January 16, 1918. District offices were in the ^'ulcanite Building. 1710 Market Street. Philadelphia. The office also occupied space in the Middle City Post Office Building, 34 So. 17th Street, and further overflow space in a three-story building 1726-1728 Ludlow Stre(>t, and one floor of 1712 Ludlow Street. Civilian personnel rose from 2,09.5 in June. 1918, to 4,475 in November. The enlisted detachment increased from 144 men in June to 409 in July. Commissioned personnel had reached 86 in October. Allotments to cover payments on contracts placed in the district approximately .17.50,000,000. of which about .$250,000,000 was expended between the months of April and Decendjcr, 1918. On November 1, 1918, there were 1,196 contracts outstanding, calling for .§184,897,000. An Ordnance Bourse Philadelphia developed an institution which promoted cooperation among contractors and accelerated production and which was peculiar to itself. This was the Ordnance Manufacturer's Exchange, which may peihaps be better and more biiefly styled the Ordnance Bourse. The idea came from Captain F. S. Guerber, manager of ammunition, explosives and loading, and he had it from a peace-time ■105 commercial experience in Bels;ium, where he found that instead of making repeated railroad trips throughout Flanders to see certain producers in the iron trade, he could meet these same men by attending a central point where their bourse was located. Instead of going after them, they would come to him. This plan was appUed in Philadelphia in order to bring contractors into inunediate and intimate contact with the men who could supply their necessities, whether tools, materials, or components: in order to bring contractor and prospective sub-contractor together. The Manufacturers' ("lub provided space, and every Wednesday from 11 a.m. to 1 P.M. the Ordnance Bourse had a session. Word was sent to the newspapers, letters were sent to contractors, enclosing a season ticket and meetings began with an attendance of 300 persons. Six hundred were at the second meeting, and hnally attendance reached 1,000. There were placards for the dill'ercnt production sections of the ordnance office. A returned soldier was etjuippcd with a megaphone from which he issued such messages as "Can any one here furnish box shooks ?" Instead of trips taken or letters sent over the 30.000 square miles of the district, or over outside industrial areas many times its size, business was done by an informal conference under a single ri>of. Meanwhile men in some government capacity, competent to discuss fuel, draft problems, priorities, plant protection, labor, and various production matters spoke at the formal meetings. L.\BOR.\TORY .\iND ScHOOL In connection with explosives there was establislicd in this district a super- visory and control laboratory which remained uiuicr Washington direction and the function of which was to inaugurate control and (heck methods of analysis to standardize clicmical e()ui]iment and apparatus, to i)re[)are standard solutions and reagenl.s and lo act as referee in case of disputes among chemists. .\ tech- nological school for chemists was opened at the Carneys Point plant of the Du l'..nl Cu. Iran-Nloruiatiuii ot plants in this area included among others the following shifts from peace-time to war products: From locomotives to shell, from corks to shell, from motors to shell, from (iltiTs to shell, from oilcloth to shell, from steam pipes to shell, from piunps to adapters and boosters, from window sash lo trench mortars, from tin cans to gas masks, from candy to fuze containers, from pianos to guii-^locks. from fruit-jar Ut\)s to explosive bullets, from doll stockings to silk anuuunition bags. Gun Making <^Jun making in the Philadelphia ordnance district is the story of three great plants, two of them experienced through prior contracts with the Army and Navy and with the Allied governments, the other .swiftly passing through the stages of construction and ecpiipmi-nt of a new enterprise on to production. One of the two veteran plants furnished to America and the Allies almost as many hnished cannon as the entire artillery purchases of this country from France and tireat Britain, its output being equivalent to nearly *)9 per cent of all the foreign guns used by the American Expeditionary Forces. Counting forgings mainly shipped to France for assembly there, its output of hnished and unlinisheil cannon was four times as great as General Pershing's entire artillery eiiuipnient. These figures cover also the plant's production for ,\llied orders before America entered the war. 406 Courtesy of the HiniUey Gear Co. Eleoeii-iiu-li Siillon Trench Morliir. This plant was the Bethlehem Steel Company, which had 35, 000 men employed in its great works at South Bethlehem, Pa., 21,000 on ordnance and AUied contracts, the remainder on Navy contracts. Teamwork with the French Goverrmient began shortly after the war started in Europe. Until near the end of the war it was the sole American producer of forgings for French cannon (this does not apply to carriages, recuperators and miscellaneous parts). Its output of forgings for French order reached 2,000,000 pounds a month under the arrangement with the Ordnance Department that the production for the French, begun before April 6, 1917, should continue thereafter. At the close of the war the shipment of gun forgings to the French, who were fmisliing them and assembling them for the American Expeditionary Forces was sufficient for about 900 guns per month. Forgings were also made for the British and Italians. The war shipment of ammunition to other governments by this company reached about 1,000,000 rounds per month. Railway Mounts Seven companies carried the entire ordnance project to avail of the most substantial feature of American miUtary preparedness — the use of the great guns and mortars with which the seacoast fortifications were defended and of other guns, naval included, that were on hand when war came. The seacoast guns were intended for defensive purposes alone and the other guns for the mobility that a battleship affords by its own evolutions. The program was to make both types of weapons available for off'ensive operations and mobile on land by putting carriages under them and car trucks under the carriages and railroad tracks under the car wheels. The mounts were of three kinds — the barbette, revolving in 407 a complete mount, in wliich the gun can be pointed up and dow ii in a vertical plane and traverse, or swing from left to right, must be secured by building curved railroad tracks, the recoil being absorbed by the retrograde movement of the car along these tracks; and the BatignoUes type, a modification of the Schneider, pfirmitting a slight horizontal traverse, and cushioning the reaction of lin^ both by the movement of the gun in its cradle and by the use of a special true k to which the car is bolted, with spades driven inio the ground to assist in taking up recoil the unit remaining stationary in action. The Baldwin Locomotive Company, the American Car & Foundry Co. (Ber- wick, Pa., plant 1. and the Ilarrisburg Manufaituring and Boiler Co., of llarriburg, were in the Philadelphia district. .\s the result of the joint ell'ort of the seven companies railway mounts were provided for tw elve 7-inch rifles, eighteen 8-inch guns, twenty-two 10-inch suns, twelve 12-inch long-caliber guns, forty-five 12- inch mortars, eleven 11-inch guns, the latter under -Navy supervision, of which six were turned over to the Army, and one 16-inch howitzer. No more powerful guns than the larger of these, and few so powerful, were to bo found on either side of the lighting fronts. Loading With New York and Baltimore, the Philadelphia district carried the loading burden for nearly all American shell production, and its operations were of great interest and consequence. In rifle cartridges and in artillery ammunition up to that for the 1.7-inch gun, the projectile is fired by fixed ammunition, the shell being fixed in a metal container holding the powder. In guns about t. 7-inch tin- projectiles are fired by unfixed ammunition powder loaded in silk bags and placed in the breech of the gun behind the projectile. Silk is used because other textiles might leave a smouldering frag- ment in the bairel of the gun, causing a premature explosion. Munition Workers There were about 250,000 ordnance workers in the district. Labor unrest, particularly among the machinists, labor itineracy, the scarcity of skilled labor and the drafts of the Navy, and emergency fleet building programs on labor sup])h were obstacles to fidl production, and housing conditions at points like lOtldystone and Chester became so congested that for a time no further contracts were let in that area. The latter conditions were eased somewhat by invoking the aid of the liiited States Mousing Corporation. Twenty-seven vestibule schools were opened to train men and women in mechanical operations. A production engineer, used to handling men on a large scale, was appointed by the district to give to wage and overtime problems the benefit of skilh^d direction. The propaganda <»f patriotic appeal was brought to bear from every angle on war workers. Some ,5„500 .soldiers were released on industrial furlough for duty in the new loading plants. In this district, as elsewhere, the woman munition worker was a late recruit and proved a vastly welcome relief to the employment problem. Women from home condi- tions ranging from the simplest to the most luxurious volunteered for shop tasks of both drudgery and hazard and performed them with skill and fidelity. Mon> than 60,000 women and girls worked on ordnance contracts and it was in the planning to double the number and more, if needed. 408 The organization of the Philadelphia Ordnance District Office was as follows : District Chief, John C. Jones; John Dickey, Jr., Special Assistant to Chief: Execu- tive Officer, Captain H. J. Adair; Production Manager, Lieutenant Colonel R. A. Green; Inspector Manager, Lieutenant Colonel W. M. Schwartz; Finance Manager, Captain Charles McC. Matthias; Stores and Scrap Supervisor, Captain A. G. Peter; Property Manager, first: Captain C. N. Jackson, then Captain (later Major) M. F. Ewen (who was also Contracting Officer and Acting District Chief), and then Lieutenant H. E. Abbott; Procurement Manager, Major R. W. Appleby; Personnel Manager, Captain (later Major) Thomas Moore; Engineer- ing Manager, Captain (afterwards Major) J. J. Johnson. Employes at the Trojan Chemical Works. 41)9 THE INDUSTRIES OF PHILADELPHIA DURING THE WAR p^^^HE story of Philadelphia's industrial development diirini: the ^^"orld War is a record of American invention and accomplishment worthy of the city known for so long as "The Workshop of the World." For many years Piiiladelphia-made products have been carried on Philadelphia-built ships to every port. There- fore, when the storm of war broke over the Continent of Kurope, its nations turned to this city for aid. No call was iHiheedcd and no demand too peremptory, nor too frreat to be answered. New buildinj^'s were erected, new eiiuipinent installed, and contracts were completed in record time. In his admirable summary of the accomplisliineiils of tlie Ordnance Depart- iiifiit iti Pliiiadelphia. William Uradford Williams. Ilic Historian of tiie Ordnance Dt'partnit'iit. likens the ultimate results to the piecing together of an old-fashioned picture puzzle. Every part, large and small, had its place, and the perfect whole was de])eii(lent upon the proper dovetailing of these countless pieces. America had the monev and the men. Ten millions of the latter were ready rnurt(^v (tf Wilson H Brown. Tnc. Making Hpirai Piilties. 410 for any duty. Witliin the territorial limits of the United States were vast stores of raw materials. It was American training that made it possilile to develop officers and men in record time, and it was American ingenuity, like the wand of a genii, that provided the buildings and equipment. Thus was the potential mass of raw material transformed into the sinews of war. To attempt to tell the complete story of the industrial contribution which Philadelphia made would be impossible. However, in the following pages a few typical kinds of work are reviewed in order that some idea may be had of the remark- able way Philadelphia and her citizens answered the nation's call for industrial aid. ALEXANDER BROTHERS C. M. Kembrey, Advertising and Sales Promotion Manager Up to the time the United States entered the World War, Alexander Brothers had never made any harness leather. On the night that diplomatic relations were broken off, the Executive Council gathered at the plant and discussed what Alex- ander Brothers, as an organization, should do in tlie emergency. It was decided that, although they had not manufactured any harness leather, that the currying was essentially the same as that of belting leather, and that it was the duty of Alexander Brothers to do their part to supply this great essential of war work. It was, therefore, determined to start at once to curry harness leather, to submit samples for approval, and to proceed with this work in as large a volume as possible. Samples of russet harness leather backs were |)ut through and submitted to the Army Ordnance Department on May 16th. Alexander Brothers received woi'd that the four "backs" which they sent out as samples were satisfactory, and it was suggested that they make quotation to the Chief of Ordnance for transmittal to the Council of National Defense, on the quantity of leather of the difTerent kinds which they were able to produce. Two additional backs were submitted to Rock Island Arsenal, and on June 13th, the firm of Alexander Brothers received a letter advising that this leather w as found to cut very satisfactorily, and the halters made up were found to be first class in every respect. It had been the plan of Alexander Brothers to finish what leather they might be able to handle in their 3d Street plant. They figured they might be able to finish 200 backs per day, refitting some of the lofts for hanging backs. When they found that the requirements for the first year of the war would be about 65,000,000 pounds of leather, they reafized that 200 backs a day would not amount to very much. They began to look around for floor space for rent, or ground for a building. It was decided, however, that they would not be abl(> to build a plant (juickly enough for the work. They finally secured the sixth floor of the finishing building of the Quaker Lace Company, at 22d Street and Lehigh Avenue, with an option on yet more space. While they had been experimenting on the leather they had tirclercd machinery. They had the machinery instaUed and started the wheels turning on the 1st of July, and on the 5th of July started work in the 22d Street plant. Alexander Brothers had been currying some smaU quantities of leather at their 3d Street plant, and had reached production of about fifty backs per day. In 411 SoptenibtT tlicy rciilcd the liflh tlocir and took over llio scvoiUh lloor, thus giving them three doors of about 100. 000 square feet of floor space. Vlexaiuler Brothers received their first contract for harness leather on Jun(> 22. 1017, although the formal contract was not received until August 15, 1917. The work progressed and other contract.s were added. About the fust of the year 1918 it became desirable that the Government work be divorced from Alexander Brothers. The Alexander Leather r.omf)any was then formed, which was C. O. Alexander trading as the \lexander Leather Company, and all leathers and con- tracts with the Government were handled through th(> Alexander Leather Company. .\lexander Brothers contracted with the Alexander Leather Company to do all its work, both currying and office work. The number of employes ran up to 210. The plant was in charge of (i(H)rge Glendening. with William Frazer and Joe \'ettcr as curriers. (Jreat credit is due to these men for their work. In June. 1918, it became necessary to employ women, due to the scarcity of male labor. About sixty woin(>n were hired with great success. Production was increased to about twenty-three hundred backs per day during the sunnner and fall of 1918. and steps were being taken to increase this production si ill furl her. On the 16th of November, 1918, five da>s after the armistice was signed, Alexander Brothers received telegraphic orders from Washington to stop pro- duction. It was impossible to stop the work short, but in two weeks' time they stopped entirely working on material, and stopped the work on that in process as soon as the leather was in condition where it could be allowed to stand. Alexander Brothers were later ordered to resume work and finish the slock in process. To secure leather for this large (|iiatitil> of work, tliey used belting butts as far as possible, and made special arrangi-menls with tainieries lo diaw all iheir clear backs in the fifth layer and linish them as near belling butt finish as possible. They took the entire product of Armour. Kisller-Lesli Co.. kistler Leather Co. and the I nited States Leather Company, which niel the < Joveriuneiil specifications for selection. Krom start to linish Alexander Brothers drew from thirty-four tanneries. THi:oDOBi-: altkm:i)i;h & sons Almost up to the lime that the United Stales entered (he World War there could be little coiueption of the strain that was soon to lie thrown upon so many industries essential to the winning of th(^ war. Among the industries that were to be called into recjuisition was the piodiK lion of drawing instruments. At first thought, tlu' importance of this indiistrv to ihc Goverrmient would quite naturally be underrated; yet a little consideration will serve to show how pivotal it is in the general scheme of manufacture. I'or nearly all things start on the drafting board. This isobviou.sly true of ships, of aircraft, of guns, of munitions, of locomotives. It also will be readily understood that in every phase of war activity — such as ecpiipment. the construction of cantomnents and cam|)s, the building of means of transportation — all start with the employmeiil of drafling instruments. In recent years the needs of this country for drafting instnmients have been mainly supplied by German manufacturers, more than 7.') per cent of all the 112 instruments used in the United States being imported from Germany. In former years' Swiss instruments formed an appreciable proportion of the imports, but they were steadily crowded out by the lower priced, and generally inferior, German product, which later for a time masqueraded as "Swiss Instruments," until the facts were advertised and this couise became inadvisable, and, later on. impossible, when the "Made in Germany" label was inccjrporated into our tariff laws. As a matter of interest, it may be stated that England, France, Italy and jiractically every coimtiy in the world obtained a very large proportion of its draft- ing instruments from (iermany. At the outset of the war, long before the entrance of the United States, there was an abundant supply of drawing instruments in this country, either in the hands of importers or on the shelves of dealers. L nlike many other lines of merchandise, these stocks seemed to have little bearing upon the activities in which they were soon to take so fundamental a part. For a considerable period the demand remained practically normal, and was only slightly accelerated by the re(juirements of such American plants as were engaged in munition work for European governments; and there was no ajjpreciable advance in price. With the dwindling of the supply from abroad came a loss of confidence in Germany's ability to make deliveries, and a "taking of stock" and stiffening of prices ensued; but it was not until the entrance of the United States into the war, with the consecpient sudden expansion of war industries, that there came the realization that the supply was virtually at the point of exhaustion, and the facing of the fact that for any new supply to meet the Government's needs there was but one establishment in the United States engaged in the manufacture of drawing instiumenls: that of Theodore Alteneder & Sons, Philadelphia. This industry was established in 18.50 by Theodore Alteneder, a craftsman of the highest skill, purposes and standards. It was Theodore Alteneder's conviction that instruments for the draftsman should be so perfect in every detail that they should become, in fact, a part of the draftsman himself; that in the intricate work which the draftsman was called upon to p(Mform, the tools should respond with no conscious thought on the part of the user. It was indeed fortunate for the industry that Mr. Alteneder's sons so heartily imbibed and shared his ideals and knowledge of the craft. In fact, at an extremely early age these sons began their apprenticeship and soon became an important factor in the new establishment, supplementing their father's skill and knowledge of the craft with a new business vision. Their entiance into the enterprise may be said to have been its first step, from the stage in which it was the individual efl'ort of a master craftsman at the bench, toward the stage in which it became a modern business. This new blood could perhaps see more readily than the founder the prob- lems presented by foreign competition. There was, first of all, the problem as to labor. In the manufacture of fine drawing instruments much skilled hand work has always been necessary because of the character of the design of the various instruments. It was this that made the difficulty in combating foreign competition, which had at its command an almost inexhaustible supply of mechan- ics, expert in the use of the file and other hand tools. The difficulties may be better appreciated from the fact that though a number 413 of attempts were made to establish this industry in the United States, the Alteneder plant was the sole survivor. It was to this plant that the Government turned for many thousands of sets of (Iraftinfr inslrunicnts. How suddenly the load fell upon this single modest estahlisiuuent. can be realized by the fact that prior tu America's entrance into the war. the facilities had been used in part in the making of munitions. It was a fortunate fact that prior to this period the factory had been modernized b\, the introduction of the highest type of machines tools to take the place of hand work wherever this could be done without affecting the efficiency of the instruments. \\ liile there were necessary advances in prices, it ma> be safely asserted that the percentage of advance was extremely low in consideration of the increased cost and general conditions. The requirements of the Inited Stat<>s l\ngineer Ocpai Inieiit. the \avy De- partment, the Ordnance Department and other ( iovenuiiciil (liparlrncnts greatly increased. Indeed, the requisitions that poured in upon iIk^ modest factory from every quarter, were in some instances so large as to be \ iewcd by the liriu as being due to clerical errors in Washington. It will be plain that the physical possibilities were ina(le(|iiali' to (ill the enor- mous (lovermncnt orders and those of private concerns. .\ serious problem was thus presented. .Should the establishment bi' lurried ov(>r to the making of a radically new product that could be turned out in larger quantities.^ It was realized that such an attempt under the critical conditions might cripple, rather than increase, jiroduction. It was therefore determined not to lower the slandaid <<( production, but to eliminate private orders, and work for the (loverinnenl alone. The establish- ment «as wurked to full capacity, days, nights and Sundays, and so ell'ectively tli:il niriely pei' cent of the needs of the ( ioveriuuent were lilled. AMERICAN WKVW. WORKS III the beginning of ]9Ui. the French were producing an II mm. incendiary bullet, turned on lathes from brass rods. In February. I'M!!. Cdlonel Clay, of (he Frankford Arsenal, submitted to Frederick R. Swope. Ihe President of the company, a French II mm. incendiary bullet, with the reiiuesi that the company consider Ihe manufacluring and loading of it. This bullet was a lathe product made from brass rdds. After experimenting for the Frankford .\rsenal, we produced a bullet from sheet brass by a series of press operations. The drawn type of bullet was adopted for fiilur-e use by the I nited States Government, iheicfor-e, this gave us two types of I I nun. incendiary bullets, one classified as "drawn" and the other as "turned". Owing to Ihe necessity of immediate production, we pi-oci'eded with the manu- facture of the turned tyi)e. but w(>re given contracts for the pioductiou of 20, 000, 0110 bullets in all, the majority of which were to be of Ihe "drawn" type. This 1 1 inni. bullet was known to the Ordnance Department as "Mark \I." The productions of these bullets, which had not been manufactured before in this country, necessitated the development of new processes and the changing of (lidVj-ent nrachines to make them adaptable to these processes. W liile the Frankford Ar.senal was perfecting Ihe incendiary compound for Ihe Mark XI bullets, we executed a contract with (hem to load 2,000.000 ;^0-cahber 4U tracer bullets, with the stipulation that we were at any time to change over to the loading of Mark XI incendiary bullets. The manufacturing and loading of bullets was not a part of our business before the war and will not be continued by us. The American Metal Works was engaged in general steel stampings and the Chelten Electric Company in the manufactiu-ing of electrical wiring specialties. The American Metal Works and the Chelten Electric Company are owned by the same persons and occupy the same building. The facilities of both plants were offered to the ( iovernment. The contract for the Mark XI bullets was taken in the name of the American Metal Works, and the contract with the Frankford Arsenal for loading 2,000,000 .30-caliber tracers was taken in the name of the Chel- ten Electric Company. The factory of the American Metal Works and the Chelten Electric Com- pany is located in Germantown, Philadelphia. It was therefore necessary, for practical reasons, as well as on account of city ordinances, to erect a loading plant outside of the city limits. A field was leased at Cheltenham and New Second streets. Oak Lane, Pa., and a powder and loading building was erected, and roadways and necessary facilities installed. The powder for both types of bullets mentioned above, retjuired a great deal of care in liandling on account of its highly inflammable nature. It was necessary, therefore, to build separate buildings and to separate the different processes, such as weighing, mixing, baking, blending and storing. Also, before loading, it was neces- sary to construct individual two-piece dies in which to hold the bullets while the compound was loaded under several pressures. After the bullets were filled with incendiary compound and the igniting composition placed on top, the base was crimped over on the press, and the bullets were then ready for inspection and load- ing into cartridge cases. In May, 1918, we started the loading of .30-caliber tracer bullets, and in ,Iune and July we also loaded 100,000 Mark XI incendiary bullets — both styles of bullets going through the plant at the same time. We completed the work of loading 2,000,000 30-caliber tracer bullets in the last of December, 1918. Immediately after the signing of the armistice the Ordnance Department issued a suspension order on the Mark XI contract, reducing the quantity to be delivered from 20,000,000 to 500,000. Although we had successfully produced the Maik XI incendiary bullet by the drawn process, the reduced requirements prevented any quantity production. At the time of the signing of the armistice, additional buildings and equip- ment were being constructed and were nearly completed. The enlargefl plant would have enabled us, within a very short time, to have produced over 300.000 bullets per week. THE AMERICAN PULLEY COMPANY Like most other industrial concerns, the American Pulley Company began to feel the result of the demand created by the World War some time about the beginning of the year 1915. As business in this country became increasingly active, the orders for "American" steel spht pulleys constantly increased in numbers. 41.5 Not only was the domestic demand unusual, hut the Alhod countries also needed the products of Philadelphia's big pulley factory, lui^land in particular was eager for shipments, and for many months, until submarines and dearth of ships made it impossible, a steady stream of "American" pulleys cro.ssed the \tlanlic (o transmit power in the great munition shops of the British Isles and to assist in lurning out the sinews of war for that hard-pressed nation. \ little later, from the office of the French Commission in \ew York, came an inquirN for 20.000 steel reels upon which to wind telegraph and telephone wire I'm- u.se on the battlefields at the front. These reels were Uke big spools, with heads about two feet in diameter. It was known that the American Pulley Company made other j)ressed steel articles besides pulleys, and they were called in con- sultation and asked to design a reel. A design was made and a sample was taken to I'rance for inspection. Word came back that the sample* was approved and immediately the order was placed with inslruclions lo The American Pulley Company lo speed production. The company was already rumiiiig day and night making (Milleys. and the factory buildings were filled to overflowing. The question was how to obtain space (luickly to |)rovitie for the assembling and linishing opera- tions on the thousands of reels which must be completed and shipped in a minimum of time. The company owned a vacant lot back of their warehouse, and in short order two or three big canvas tents were run up and concrete floors provided, so that ample assembling space was obtained at a small cost and in record lime. The entire original order for reels was made and another followed. I*]v(>r\ reel passed ins|)ection and the French (lovernment accepted the reels, with ap(irccialion of the excellence of the work and the speed with which delivery was accomplished. When the I nited States joined the \llies an order for 2.'). 000 reels was given b\ I he (lovernment. A little later the Bureau of Air Craft Production, War Department, plated an order for some thousands of antenna? reels to be used in connection with the wireless service in the airplanes. These were a new article, devised to fill a need created by the war. For the American Pidley Company the job was necessarily somewhat exptMimental; but the work was done, the (liffiiiillies wcr(> o\ercome and the reels produced and accepted for service. One day a representative of the American Pulley Company dropped in at the Trench Mortar .Section of the Ordnance Departments Purchasing Office at Wash- ington. He was shown a good-sized, heavy, steel-stamped piece called a Livens Projector Base Plate, and was asked if he could make it. Th(> answer was "Yes." A price was named, an order for something over fifty thousand of these bases was given and one thousand of them were shipped within thirty-one days there- after. These bases were irregular in contour, and experimental work had lo be done on the forming dies before the final working tools could be produced. Drawings of these tools had to be made, patterns, castings and forgings obtained, and hun- dreds of tons of one-quarter inch special steel plate were needed from which l( (his city, lurn(>d out the one- quarter inch plate, the War Industries Board giving an A-l classification The company lived up to it^ promises, and a hotter of congratulation from the Ordnance Department followed. These special \N ar Department orders were interesting and somewhat spec- 416 tacular, but the really hi^ job that the Pulley Company did was in its own staple Une of pressed steel belt pulleys. During the war period it increased what prior to the war appeared to be a maximum production, by one-third, and maintained it in spite of difficulties. There were some anxious moments for a time on account of the serious shortage of steel in the country, but the company was placed upon th(> "Preferred List" of the War Industries Board, and was given the necessary priority certificates to make their supply of raw material sure. There was hardly an arsenal in the United States but had orders placed for "American" pulleys. "American" pulleys went to France to equip a great United States Arsenal in that country. Most, if not all, of the great shops from the At- lantic to the Pacific used "American" pulleys in considerable quantity. The answer was plain: "American" pulleys "had to be made" and they were. The number of men who entered the service from the company's employ was sixty-four, of whom three lost their lives. THE BALDWIN LOCOMOTIVE WORKS The most striking thing about the war activities of The Baldwin Locomotive Works is the fact that in si)ite of the enormous work done in the Philach^lphia and other plants, the pre-war equipment was so great that not a day was lost in taking over governmental contracts. Moreover, a comparison of summaries of personnel, buildings, etc., of 191.3 and 1919 shows that in many important ways but little increase was made even to meet what to the average mind seemed insurmountable difficulties. Of course, there was a big develoi)ment at Eddystone and certain additions to the Philadelphia plant but, by and large, it is an amazing connnentary upon the wonderful world-wide work of the Baldwin plants that when war came they were ready. Naturally, when one speaks of "Baldwin's" one thinks of locomotives, but " lialdwin's" part in the war was not confined to the making of these iron horses, important as they were. It was General JolTre who said, "This is a railway war. The battle of the Marne was won by the railways of France. " LIpon second thought the above statement is not an exaggeration, for victory or failure depended very lai'gely upon the rapidity of mass movements of troops and the way in which ord- nance and quartermaster supplies were carried. F'or example, in the attack and defense of Verdun, approximately 60,000,000 shells, representing 3,000,000 tons fiiiirlrrii-incli i\('(l in l)rinf:iii.i,' to pass a speedy victory. In 1914, the pressing need overseas was for ordnance, ammunition and other supplies. France and (Ireat Britain were seriously liandicapped in this respect, and the way in which The Baldwin Loconioli\(' Wdrks met the need will lie told in later paragraphs. At the beginning of the war, Russia, because of its great distances and dcs|)erate shortage of motive })ower and ecjniimient. turned to this [ilaiit for iiHiiH'diate delivery of locomotives. Samuel M. \ anclain, w Im was then Senior Vice-President, visited Russia in the autumn of 1914. and also early in 191,'), and secured from Russia and other countries large contracts for locomotives and other war material. To quote from the interesting and attractive booklet, known as "Record No. 93," we read: The first order for locomotives, resulting from Mr. ^ au- dain's overseas visit was placed in \()\end)(>r. I*) II, and called fur thirty Mallet locomotives of the ()-h-6-()- type, 't'hese were of a gauge of !5 f'ril (> indict. :iiid wcic Navat Gun, Calerpillar Mount. •118 For use wilh llic - 1 . /i. F. ■Diniilii'r fur lirilish Railroad rapidly completed and shipped for use on the Vologda-Archangel Railway, connecting the broad-gauge railways of Russia with the port of Archangel on the White Sea, the only water outlet in the west after the closing of the Rlack Sea. This order was followed by others for large numbers of heavy Decapod locomotives of a gauge of 5 feet: for gasoline locomotives of a gauge of 75cm. (2 feet. 5^2 inches); and for gasoline trucks and tractors. As it was impos- sible, on account of the Bolshevik i revolution, to deliver all of these IJ^^* ^ ■■ M a Decapod locomotives to Russia, one H(^ ^ '^"^^Ml hundred of them were converted for ^B '■-'™il temporary use at home and were pur- ^ ^ chased by the United States Govern- ment. The gasoline locomotives, when properly used, emit practically no smoke, and for this reason are well adapted for trench service, as they are less conspicuous, especially during the day, than steam locomotives. The French Government, late in the summer of 1914, sent a mission to the United States to make certain purchases. On November .^d the mission received cable instructions to purchase twenty tank loroniotives (if a gauge of 60cm. (1 foot, 11^ inches), and on November 21st they were all completed and shipped. Other orders followed in rapid succes- sion. With the advent of trench warfare, during the winter of 1914-15, it became necessary to develop a vast system of narrow-gauge railways on the west front in order to handle troops and supplies. These lines were built by the French to a gauge of 60cni., which was later adopted by the American and British armies. The track was so built that it could be quickly laid or shifted lo meet sudden re(|uirements. F^or this work, the French ( iovernment purchased 2)50 locomotives of a special type known as the Pechot. of French design, and built throughout to the metric system. Carried on two steam-driven trucks, or bogies, these locomotives have unusual flexibility and excellent track- riding qualities. In addition to the above orders, the French tio\ernment purchased a large number of gasoline locomotives and also several fireless steam-storage locomotives. In this latter type, the boiler is replaced by For III!' Rnxsian Hailivavs Buill for the French (iovernnieiil. 4ly a rylindrical roservoir, which is rhargod with hot water and steam at ]iii,'h press- ure from a stationary plant. The pressure of steam is reduced before it is used in the cylinders, and as the steam is drawn off the water in the reservoir fji about e\|)losive plants and in other localities where all fue risks must be entirely eliminated. In addilioM to the orders enumerated above. The Baldwin Locoinotivi' Works built heavv freijxht locomotives of th<' Mikado (2-8-2) tvpe for the I'aiis. Lyons & Mediterranean Railway and for the Nord Railway. These locomotives liavc balanced com|)ound cylinders and were di'sifrned and luiilt in accordance with French practice. At the outbreak of the «ar the l'>iiti>h ( i(i\ criMucnl. in addition lo usiuL: French eiiuiprneiil. f(>iried acioss llie Channel several lumdred loconioti\es taken from servici' on the Hrilish railwavs. \s the operations of the British armies in France increased, however, (Ireat Britain became a heavy buyer of Vmerican locomotives, the great majority of which vvei'c ordered from the Baldwin plant. The total number contracted for was 960, of which [').■) were of a ,ii;auf;e of (lOcm. (type 1-6-0) and the remainder of vaiious types and of standard paufie. From the sununer of 1917 until tin- termination of hostilities the I niled States (iovernment entrusted The Baldwin l.ociimotivc Works with what were probably the larfiesl and most urgent locomotive orders ever placed in the history of locomotive building. The first of these ordtM's was received on .luly 17th and called for l.'jO standard gauge locomotiv(-s of the C.onsolidation (2-8-0) type. A remarkable record was marie in shipping these locomotives, as the liist one was completed on August lOlli and the last on October Isl. SubsecpiiMitdrders included large numbeis of similar locomotives which became po|)ularly known as "Pershing engines," .\ nundier of these were liansferred while undi'r construction to the French Government. Through the energy and initiative of S. M. I'dton. Diicclor ( leneral of Mil- itarv Bailways, and his mechanical aide, Coloiirl Millikcu, an iuleresling method was devc^loped of shipping the Peishing locomotives to France, erected comph^te with the exception of the smoke-stack, cab and a few other details. The locomotives and tenders were placed in the holds of the vessels on their own wheels and when miloaded at St. Nazaire. i'rance, were prepared for service with l)ut little delay. This was a matter of importance, especially during the last few- months of the war; because as the Allied armies advanced and the (iermans re- ceded, the transpdilalion recpiirements of the former naturally increased and the need for additional locomotives became more and more urgent. Had it been necessary to carry active military operations far into Germany, the need of ad- ditional locomotives and railway equipment would have become still more (iress- ing. \t the conclusion of hostilities, (he building |)rogram of The Baldwin Loco- motive Works called for lh(> completion of 300 Pershing engines per month; and in consideration of the diflicidties in obtaining materials promptly and ii\ securing an adeiiuati' supply of labor, the record made in the construction and delivery of these locomotives was unprecedented. In addition to the I'ershing engines, orders from the (iovernment included narrow-gauge steam locomotives of the 2-6-2 type, and three sizes of gasoline locomotives, th(! largest of standard, and the other two of narrow gauge, 120 Tims Pliiladolpliia-inade locuniotives sorvod on tlie wosUun I'lont. Tlu'rc is Iilll(> (l(iiil)( I hat wlicii (iciicral Alk-nhy and his nion frood Palostino from tlic 'links, it, was a Baldwin cnjiinc that was pnllinii np IVoin Jall'a to Jeiiisaleni, bearing not American tourists but American relief supplies as well as ordnance and munitions for the Allied forces. Summarizing the shipment of locomotives from lialdwin's to all belligerent countries, including our own, the following figures are given: Broad-gauge steam, various types ;i,246 Narrow-gauge, steam, various types 1,146 Broad-gauge, gasoline 20 Narrow-gauge, gasoline 1,139 .'>,551 The Baldwin products which were supplied to the Allied governments were not confined to locomotives, as orders were taken for the machining of a large number of shells, varying in caliber from 4Ko inches to 12 inches. These shells were furnished to the British and French governments. They were manufac- tured in such of the locomotive shops as were available for the purpose, and also in new shops specially built and equipped for this kind of work. In connection with the manufacture of shells, mention should be made of the construction, in 1915, of two large plants on the Eddystone projjcrty of The Baldwin Locomotive Woiks. One of these plants was leased to the Bemington Arms Com- pany of Delaware, afterwards acquired by the Midvale Steel and Ordnance Com- pany (Eddystone Bitle Plant), and was first used for the production of l']nfield rifles, model of 1914, for the British Covernment. Subsequently the plant manu- factured rifles for the United States Government, .300 caliber, U. S. model 1917. The capacity finally reached more than 6,000 rifles per day, and the plant supplied nearly two-thirds of all the ritles used in combat by the American Army in Fiance. This was a notable achievement, and the capacity of the Eddystone Plant at the termination of hostilities exceeded that of any other rifle plant then in operation. The total number of rifles manufactured at the Eddystone rifle plant was ap- proximately 2,200,000. The second plant referred to was erected as a result of the receipt of large orders for complete ammunition from the British Government. This ammimi- tion was manufactured by the Ivldystone Ammunition Corporation, a company organized for th(> purpose by S. M. Vauclain, and owing its existence to his energy and directive ability. The operations of this company were satisfactorily termi- nated in ] 917. The United States Government requested at this time that the equip- ment and machinery of the cf)mpany be kept fully employed in its service. A new corporation was accordingly organized under the title of Eddystone Munitions Ct)mpany, and to it was leased the propeity formerly occupied by the Eddystone Anununition Corporation. The new company manufactured large quantities of amnumition for the I inited States Government, and continued in operation until after the signing of the armistice. Its entire capital stock was owned by The Baldwin Locomotive Works. 'Jlie plants leased to the Midvale Steel and Ordnance Company and the Eddystone Munitions Company were so designed that the buildings could, at the expiration of the leases, be utilized as locomotive shops. The construction of these plants and the results achieved through their operation constitute one of the great industrial achievements of the war. 421 Shells Iiicludiiig those mamifai-tiircd by the Eddystone Ammunition Corporation and Ihf Kddyslone Munitions Company: 3-inch shrapnel 2.:!00,000 75 mm. shells. . :!. 3,5 1,5.55 1.7-inch shells 225,399 5-in(h shells 150,281 6-incli shells 1 .068,157 12-inch shells 1 12,.553 12-inch forninKs 9,000 220 mm. shells 213.015 270 mm. shells 13 1,795 Total number of shells 0.565.355 Cartridge cases 1,863,900 Miscellaneous unnnuiiilinn items 1,905,213 \\ Ml U \1 ( it N Mol NTS Among the most inlorcstini.' piuducls dI" The Haldw in l,ciinni()ti\ c \\ orks since the entry of the L iiited States into the war, lia\e been the laihvay gun mounts for the United States Na^^^ These mounts were buill to carry It-inch rifles, 50 eahbers in length, wliich liad bei-n furnished by tlie .Navy. The complete de- signs of the mount were prepared at the I uited Slates >iaval tiun Factory, Wash- ington Nav-y Yard. The mounts were erected and the guns assembled with them at the Ividystone Plant of The Baldwin l,ocomotive \\ orks. The (irsi five mounts were ordered (m February 18, 1918; the iirst one was completed and shipped to Sandy Hook Proving Grounds on April 25th, and the last on May 23, 1918. These mounts were shipped to France b\ th(^ \avy, and were effectixely used in action against the German lines of communication for several weeks prior to the signing of the armistice. \\ hen firing at low angles tlie entire weight of the gun is carried by the trucks; but when tirmg at angles of from fifteen to forty-five degrees, a structural steel foundation surrounding a pit is necessary for the purpose of absorbing a portion of the shock, and also providing room for lh(> recoil of the gun. The weight of the gun is transferred to the foundation by means of jacks. Tiiese foundations were also supplied by The Baldwin Locomotive Works. An improved l\pe of moimf for 11-inch guns was built subsecpient to those just described, in this type no separate foundation is net-essary, as the gun can be fired at angles up to forty-three degrees without relieving the sup|)orting truck of its weight. The Baldwin Locomotive Works has also been engaged in the construction of 7-inch "caterpillar" mounts for the United States Navy. These mounts have broad caterpillar treads, similar to those used on tractors, which an; designed to operate o\er rough roads and soft soil. They were designed at the I nited States Naval (inn Factory; and The Baldwin Locomotive Works contracted to furnish them complete with the exception of the gun and breech mechanisms, which wen- supplied by the gun factory. This mount complete with gun weighs about 72,000 pounds, and the bearing 422 pressure under the treads is approximately ten pounds per square inch. The guns are transported in the field by means of Holt tractors of 120 horsepower. In addition to building complete mounts, The Baldwin Locomotive Works constructed several styles of railway trucks for gun and howitzer mounts. At the time hostilities closed, preparations were being made for the manufacture on a large scale of heavy tanks equipped with Liberty motors. These were intended to destroy the wire defenses and machine gun nests put up by the Germans in their retreat. After the signing of the armistice, however, the order for these tanks was canceled. 14-inch railway mounts 11 Foundations for 14-inch mounts 20 14-inch railway mounts, improved type 2 7-inch caterpillar mounts 38 Trucks for gun and howitzer moimts, sets 5 The aggregate value of the war contracts executed and delivered by The Baldwin Locomotive Works and its associated companies, the Standard Steel Works Company, the Eddystone Ammunition Corporation, and the Eddystone Munitions Company, was approximately $250,000,000. COMPARATIVE DATA OF THE BALDWIN LOCOMOTIVE WORKS As of September 1, 1919 and 1913 Based on Capacity of 3,000-3,500 Locomotives per Year, 1919 Philadelphia 1919 Shops 1,975,057 square feet Offices... Yardage. . Gtu'age ... Stables ... DweUings . 193,777 square feet 115,535 square feet 17,904 square feet 12,684 square feet 50.492 square feet Totals 2,365,449 square feet Increase. 1919 over 1913, of 379.163 square feet. 1913 1,699,423 square feet 138,397 .square feet 84,990 square feet None 12,684 square feet 50,492 square feet 1,985,986 square feet 1919 1913 Acres of ground — Philadelphia 19.332 17.812 Eddystone 596.38 225.59 Floor space — Philadelphia 54 4 45 . 5 Eddystone 88 6 18.6 Number of men employed 21,500 19,000 Horsepower employed — Steam 16,700 14,890 Oil 3,400 4,850 Horsepower electric motors employed for power transmission 57,400 27,624 Number of electric lamps — Incandescent 14,000 8,900 Arc None 1,590 Number of motors in service 3,450 2,355 Electric power purchased 8,500 b.p Consumption of coal in tons, per week 4,200 3,850 Consumption of fuel oU in gallons, per week 175,000 125,000 Consumption of iron and steel in tons, per week 6,500 6,000 Consumption of other materials in tons, per week 3,000 2,500 Number of machines 12,800 6,829 423 KimvsTONE Truck .25 miles 1 1 miles Buildings (costing $1,000 or more) IS.") 2.5 Boilerp lants .S (85 Boilers) 2 (21 Boilers) Standartl-iiaiige cars 43 16 Narrow-gauge cars 73 34 Cranes (power) 117 75 Standard-gauge locomotives II 4 Narrow-gauge locomotives t '• ^ Ijoconiotive cranes . 2(t i! Oil lines 1' > miles None THE Bi-:riiij:iii;\i >\\:\:\. ( o. The Bethlehem Steel Co.. before its first liiiropcaii order eaine, in the autumn of 1914, had been at work for years on gun forgings, gun mounts, disappearing-gun carriages, fiuislied gnus, firing mechanisms, shields, lialllcship barbettes and turrets, coast-dt'lVnsc moimts. arm<>r-j)ier(ing projectiles. Held carriages, limbers, caissons, armor plale for battleships, and battery range finders. l'"very process in the production of war inalcrial was inidertalvcn by ils organi/a- tion, from tiie mining of the ore in the C.liilcaM liills and its shipment norlhward, through the Panama Canal, to the camouflaging of the completed cannon after a series of melallnrgical and meciianical operations. In addition to its contract engagements it was in eil'ect an immense ordnance college", providing trained men — superintendents and foremen — for other gun. -.Iicll. and machine plants. With a working force (piadru|)led in four years, it was necessary to house ils m<>n in towns from twenty to thirty miles distant and to guarantee railroad trains and arrange a .special trolley service to transport them to and I'lom Ihrir tasks. For the entire war. including the inter\al before April (), I'HT. the sicel plants of the Hetlilelicm ( '.or|)oralion shijjped to the l. S. Army or to the Allies. !5. .")"() finished guns, 7,582 finished gun carriages, limbers and caissons, .")')') finished naval gun luouuts. about 11.000 forgings for gims. IS. 178.000 roimds of complete field-gun anumitiition, 1,710,000 projectiles for amnuinition, 9,.">27,0()0 jioinids of air-flasks for torpedoes, 69,110,000 pounds of aiiiior plate, and 897,000 gross tons of shell steel. Finished and iinliuishcd. the gun product of this plant amounted to about livi'-sixths of the entire artillcrv c(|uipmi'nt of the ( lerinan Arm) at the height of its power in the early smnmer of 1918. The companv conducted loading at nedinglon. Pa., at New Castle. Del., aiKJ at Mays Landing. N.J. The latter plant was built to order for ( Irdnance. The other two had been working for the Allied (lovernments. The Bedington plant lurni-d out 106.000 shells of 9.2-inch caliber. 1 16,000 shells of 8-inch caliber, and 1.000 shells of 2 10-millimeter caliber. On the 9.2-incli shell, it reached a capacity of 1,000 per day. There was a labor force that reached about 700. The New Castle plant made :?.')0.000 pomuls of tetryl and loaded :?.."j00.000 boosters and 8.'),00() 10-iiich and 12-inch shells. Its maxiuuun mindier of emploves was about 1.100. The jilant at Mays Landing was bcgim in liic middle of \pril. 1918. and within ten weeks, the first lo.i-millimeler shells were loaded. Two thousand workmen were employed and the plant had a dailv loading capacity of 2."). 000 shells of 75-millimeter caliber, 12,000 shells of 155-millinieler i aliber and 4,000 of 8-inch or larger caliber. 421 15LA1SDELL PENCIL COMPANY* Even a lead pencil helped win the war. On the day war was declared in April, 1917, the Blaisdell Pencil Company of Philadelphia ofl'ered its facilities to the Government. The humble lead pencil played a part in munition plants every- where in Government offices, where countless thousands plied them daily, and in the fast-filling camps and on shipboard for the soldiers who wanted to write home. In addition to the ordinary usage of the pencil there were many unusual kinds of pencils sought after by the Government; special pencils for many purposes that are unknown to the average person. At the beginning of the World War certain colors and ingredients necessary in the manufacture of pencils, crayons, and marking materials had been imported, among them a number from (lermany. In fact, most of the leads used in pencils were foreign productions, being placed in the familiar wooden casing in the various pencil plants in the United States. The Blaisdell Pencil Company has been in business since \Wy.'>, and its pind- ucts and its slogan, "Nick and Pull," are familar in every clime. When conditions in this particular field of manufacture were chaotic and the need of pencils became acute, the Blaisdell Company placed their staff of chemists and experts on their hardest task. Suffice it to say that in sixty days' time they were able to declare themselves independent of any foreign source of supplies or equipment. Their machines were built by their own men, and their colors and raw materials prepared in their own laboratories here in Philadelphia. One of the first calls on the Blaisdell Pencil Company came from the American Red Cross. They wanted pencils for the doctors and surgeons which would mark on the skin. Skin-marking pencils are widely used by the medical profession in diagnosing, operating, etc. But skin-marking |)encils had never been made in the Ifnited States. They had always been a pnxluct of Germany, and since the war had been on for nearly three years, the supply of skin-marking pencils was exhausted. The need was urgent. The supply was nil. The American Red Cross asked that a supply of red and blue skin-marking pencils be defivered at the docks in New York City for shipment to France in twenty days' time, and the Blaisdell Company ac- comj)lished the task. The field medical supply depot icciuisitioned large quantities of Blaisdell wax pencils. These pencils are used for marking on china, glass, metal and all polished surfaces. Later there came a demand for another German product which had never been made in the United Slates. And this demand came from the chemists, the scientists and the laboratory workers of the United States. They wanted a pencil with which they could mark a beaker or retoit or glass, and place it in the laboratory fire, and after heating or burning to a high degree, still have the mark remain. The Blaisdell Company successfully produced this highly technical article and it, too, has already become a staple article in the Blaisdell Company's manufacture. So, while many have made their mark in the Great War that is over, the same may truly be said of the products of one of Philadelphia's well-known industries, the Blaisdell Pencil Company, whose products are not only "Made in America," but also one more indispensable article "Made in Philadelphia." *Reprinted by permission of William Bradford Williams. 42.''> Ti..' J i: iiri;i i\. Eleven-inch Trench Morhir. Till-: J. (i. r.iiii.i. (oMi'w^ i"(pt n '^i:\H>' W \n I'lioDi ( Ti()\ Oni- |)niiiiiiitiit I'liiladclphia (•oiiccrn wliicli t;iil> ili\ cried its faeilitip-s to the production of implements of war was the J. (i. Urill (".ompany, whose plant Incatcd at 62(1 .'^tn-cl and Woodland Vvciiuc. has been eiifrafied for many years in the production of electric railway cars and trucks. It was readily recognized that the thirty-acre plant of the Brill Company, and its steel and woodworking machinery, necessary for the production of its peace-time products, were admirably adapted to the production of a wide range of products essential in the conduct of war. Soon after the outbreak of the World War in 1911, and before our Government had entered the conflict, the Brill Company c(iiilracti'd with the Bussian Military Connnission visiting this country for the construction of various types of auto- mobile bodies, including motor lorries, portable machine shops, portable kitchens and storage vans. Similar equipment was subsecjucntiy built for the British, Krench anil Belgium governments. These, however, took but a portion of the facilities of this large car building plant and the company quickly adapted itself to the production of three and six-inch high-e.vplosive shell forgings for Bussia and (ireat Britain. Subsequently, a large contract was obtained from the Ordnance Department of the United States Government for 4.7-inch shell forgings for de- livery to the Frankford Arsenal, Philadelphia. 426 During the year 1916 when our troops were ordered to the Mexican border, in view of the disturbance across the Rio Grande, the Brill Company furnished a large number of automobile bodies to accompany them. Transport bodies, am- bulance and portable machine shop bodies were included in this equipment. When the United States Government entered the war in April, 1917, it quickly availed itself of the facilities of the Brill Plant for the construction of a very wide range of products. Nothing was too large or too small for this company to handle. It is, therefore, sufficient to say that included among the vaiious equipments built by this company for the United States (iovernment were the following: Motor truck bodies of various designs, including repair trucks, hoisting bodies, telephone bodies, machine shops, work shop bodies, printing press bodies for carry- ing six-color presses for turning out officers" daily maps, radio tractors, service trucks, stake bodies, and several designs of ambulance bodies, signal corps wire carts, six-horse battery wire reels and carts. 21-inch portable searchlights, a 60- Sij-lcrii-incJi Ilmriher Raihriiy Mininl. inch portable searchlight mounted on a 30-foot revolving tower on a standard railroad flat car, engineers' tool wagons, saddlers' chests, carpenters' chests, meat racks, 16-inch howitzer railway car mount, firing platforms, trench mortars, 8-inch howitzer limbers. United States Liberty motor cylinder forgings, and 3-inch, and 1.7-inch high e\-])losive shell forgings. The first contract which the Brill Company received for a 21-inch portable searchlight outfit, called for the development of a satisfactory limber for carrying the power plant, consisting of a gasoline engine and direct-connected generator of about 5-kilowatt capacity, and a caisson for carrying the elevating tower and searchlight, as those previously developed did not satisfactorily meet the require- ments. One of the largest Government contracts executed by this company was for some 2,400 six-horse battery wire reels and carts for the Ordnance Department. This is another type of equipment which had to be developed and tested out before 427 pioduclioii in quantity was stai-ted. These oiildts, in addition to caiiunf; tlic licit! telephone wire for use in communication between field halteri(>s, consisted of the field l)attery cominiinication, range finding, shot i)lotling, and lire control e(]uip- ments. This large contract, in particular, was responsible for the expansion of the company's plant in the erection of new buildings in which several thousand men were employed, and many new tools and equipment were purchased in (irder to properly execute it. Early in 1918 the plant of the Brill Company was busily engaged in practically 100 per cent war material production, including large orders of cars and trucks for the Emergency Fleet Corporation, for transportation of employes to and from shipyards, and had contracts with practically every bureau of the \\ar Department. In fact, the company established an office in Washington which t'U)sely cooperated with the tJovernment in connection with the various details pertaining to these contracts. This greatly ex-pedited production and enabled the lirill Company to complete most of tlie contracts which it had made with the (lovernment for war material. Through this close cooperation witii the various departments of the service, as its facilities were so varied, the company was asked at various times to furnish minor items of equipment which were retjuired for quick deliv(>ry. These consisted of carpenters' chests and saddlers' ihests for the Ordnance Department, tent squares for the tops of tents for the Quartermaster's Depart- ment, sujiply wagons for searchlight troops, repair wagons for the Medical ('orps. tent slips, adaptors for 12-inch siiells, heavy tool wagons for Engineers, and numerous items of small parts of equipment. The executives of the J. (I. Brill Company during the war were: Sanniel M. Curwen, President; \\ . li. Heulings, Jr., First \ ice-1'residenl; J. W. Hawle, Second Mce-President ; Henry C. Esling, Secretary; Edward P. Rawle, Treasurer; Fred W. I^rill. Assistant Treasurer; and \^. B. l.iddill. (ieneral Manager. EDWARD C. Bf DD MWI I \CTrBINC, CO. The steel liclmcl, or "Doughbov's Irnn Lid" of World War lame, was one of the many articles of equipment designed for the American Expeditionary Force produced by the Edward G. liudd Manufacturing Cotnpatu. I'liihidrlpliia. Pa. In August, 1917, work was begun and the lirsl shipment made within a period of four weeks, during which lime the proper grade of sheet steel was purchased, and dies designed and built to press the sheets into the proper shapi' to lil over the head. The material used was a high grade manganese steel, which was received at the plant in squan> sheets 16 inches by 16 inches. l*]very sheet was inmiedialcl> subjected to a l)reakage test by impressing in one corner a small l)all-sliape(l {)uiich. II the metal broke under the punch the sheet was rejected, but if the sheet showed a sound cup-shaped depression, it was passed on to a double action |)rcss, in wliicfi the punch drew the flat sheet into the die and forniiil the liowl or helmet shape. The next step involved the triiiuniiig die, whirh ( iil lln' ritu to proper size and shape. A metal edging was then put around tlic rim to coNcr the raw (>dge of steel left by the previous trimming operation, and electric welded at the joint. The edging was then clinched securely to the helmet under a press. Holes were then pierced in the helmet to receive the rivets for holding the 428 lining as well as the loops on both sides to receive the chin straps. The loops were attached by riveting in a small punch press. After buffing the welded joint of the edging to make a smooth finish, the manufacturer's identification number was sten- ciled on, and every helmet submitted to the inspector for rigid examination. The United States Government maintained a corps of inspectors at the works who would pick out a certain number of helmets, approximately one in every fifty, for a ballistic test. This was accomplished by attaching the helmet to one end of a 10-foot pipe, 6 inches in diameter, in such a position as to receive a blow on its convex surface. At the other end of the pipe a 45 caliber army revolver was mounted. The bullets would make an indentation in the helmet of from '4 inch to 3^ inch deep without breaking the steel, and would often rebound the entire length of the lO-foot pipe to the revolver mounting. After passing inspection, the helmets were loaded on trucks, and deli\ered to the Ford Motor Car Company, Broad Street and Lehigh Avenue, Philadelphia, where they were painted, had the linings attached, and were packed for shipment. The Budd Company shipped a total of 1,160.829 helmets, and when the war operations ceased had orders on their books for approximately a million and a quarter more which was subsequently canceled. FOBD MOTOR COMPANY* From the triangular-shaped, ten-story Ford plant, at the corner of Broad Street and Lehigh Avenue, there was shipped every steel helmet sent abroad to the American forces. Every doughboy of the millions that helped to hurl back the German horde has reason to thank the Philadelpliia branch of the Ford Motor Company for whatever portion was allotted to him of the 2,719,600 steel hats that deflected many a death-dealing bullet and saved many an American life. In the experimental field also, the (,)uaker City plant did its share of the work. When the War Department endeavored to produce a fuither safeguard for our soldiers abroad, namely, the eye-guards, 35,622 were manufactured at Broad Street and Lehigh Avenue. A body armor that recalled bygone martial days, 10,000 suits of it were also assembled, enameled and shipped from the local plant of the P^ord Company. All of the foregoing does not take into account some .'581 Ford machine gun trucks that were thoroughly repaired, overhauled and shipped abroad to the American fighting forces. l\o Phofit to Accbuk 111 considering the work clone by the Philadelphia branch on its various helmet and other contracts, the distinctive fact must be borne in mind that it was all accf)m|)lished under Ilem'y Ford's specific instructions that no profit was to accrue from any of the work performed. Before the Philadelphia Ford branch was approached by the Government officials as to its willingness to undertake helmet contracts, the lowest bid tendered by other concerns was thirty-one cents per helmet. Thf> ccmtract for the first million helmets was drawn with the understanding that the maximum price wmild be thirty-one cents per helmet, but that if the production cost proved less. \\w dill'erence would be refunded to the (iovernment. *Reprintcntry into the war. each day at the Philadelphia Ford branch saw the building of lops, bodies and llie paint- ing and upholstering operations for the assembling and shipment of 150 complete Ford automobiles. Among the Ford equipment at the plant was a liighl\ dcM'lopcd special depart- ment, where fenders and body stock received treatment that transformed them frf>m the raw steel units, such as indi\i(hial fenders and cnmplcted bodies, to the enameled and highly polished lltiislied products that enter into completed automobiles. In doing this work, among other etiuipment. a battels of the largest and most carefully constructed ovens in the Fast figured as most iiiiportanl. Plant Investig.\tion September. 1917. after an investigation of llie eniuiielini: e(|ui|iiiient in tliis s(>ction of the country, by several represi'nlali\ cs of the Ordnance Department, had produced no delinite results, the Philadelphia branch of the Ford Motor Company was visited and inspected by these same (Government ollicials. A (luick sur\e\ of the facilities there prornptK c<>n\iMr more and more helmets. Offi- cers of the Ordnance Department consequently approached the Ford plant, asking if it were possible to still further increase production. When advised that production had now reached the stage where it was only a cjuestion of receiving the necessary material to reach almost any figure necessary, they promptly stated they would see to it that the materials were supplied. A steady stream of material permitted an increase to 10,000 helmets per day. At this stage the local plant, if called upon, could have reached a maximum pro- duction of 7.5.000 helmets per day. It was just about this time that the armistice was declared. The Ford Com- pany still had contracts for the completion of almost 2,000.000 more helmets. Notwithstanding this, they immediately informed the Ordnance Department that they were willing to release the Government from the contracts, which offer the Ordnance Department quickly accepted. While engaged on the helmet contracts, the War^Dejjartment. in December, 1917, collected from all the National Guard regiments, mustered into the regular army, 384 Ford machine gun trucks. AH of these trucks were shipped to the local 431 plant of the Kord Company and were put into first-rlass condition as speedily as received and shipped abroad to the waiting tijiiitiuf: forces. r-]YE-fIuARDS AND BoDV \rM()H Mioiit this time the Hnjiineerinj; Bureau of the Irench warfare section of the Ordnance l)(>partrnent was engaged in experimental work on eye-guards and body armor. At the request of the official in charge of this work, a contract was aw arded the Ford plant to paint, assemble and pack for shi|)ment over IJ.l.OOO eye-guards. .">,()()() suits of front body armor and .'),()()0 suits of back body armor. Being work of purely an experimental nature, changes of specifications wer(> numerous, causing unforeseen delays. \ evert hi'less. the job was compicli-d In the entire satisfaction of the Kngineering Bureau. To summarize, the following was the ctrntribiitinn <>{' the Philadelphia I'cml plant towards the winning of the world conflict: Steel helmets, 2,719,600; eye-guards. I}.'). 622; besides ."i.OOO suits of front bo(K armor. .l.OOO suits of back body armor, 381 machine gun trucks repainnl. \Bn\M COX STOVF COMl'W^* At the time this country entered thi' war in \pril. I'' 1 7. the Abram Cox Stove Company was engaged in producing tli(> well-known Novelty lin(> of boilers, furnaces, ranges and stoves and Fortune gas ranges and gas water- heaters, the only product this Company had manufactured since it was estab- lished in 1817. The first war-time contract executed was (he su|)pl>ing of room-heaters to the various canltmments in the early fall of 1917. Similar heaters were used to heat the vai'ious catitniunent buildings and were used iu large nund)ers. They pro- vided ample, lieallhl'iil heal for the "bo\s." Ml goods ordered by the (iovernuuMit for this purpose were manufactured and shipped on the dates specifled. Shortly after suppK iiig the room-heaters to the cantomnents, the Company received orders for supplviug luruaces and ranges in the homes, iheii in course of construction by the Kmergency Fleet Corporation, and practicallv all of ihejic homes in this local- ity and the surrounding section are equipped with "Novelty" apparatus. \l the same time main hundreds of heating stoves were being shipped to various ship- yards, munitions and ordnance plants in various sections of the country, all de- liveries being made on the dates siiecified by the Ciovernment. Later, orders began to be received from various shipyards for castings for ship parts from anchor works; for chain dies castings to be used in ordnance buildings; parts for nautical instruments: ecpiipment for powder mills, and orders from oilier shipyards for torpedo-boat fittings. Various other manufacturers, having h(\»rd of Ihe exceilenl (|iialil> of Ihe Company's casting, sent orders for machinery to pumh ship plates, parts for niliale plants, castings to repair Government automobile trucks, ordnance machinery, airplane parts. In fact, practically every branch of war-work requiring gray iron castings was represented in the orders, *Reprinle(l l)y permission of William Bradford Williams 432 Many thousand airplane marker bombs were made for a large local concern, where they were maihined and furnished for army ordnance. An order for a different kind of work was for a number of ethyline tubes to be used by one of the arsenals for making "mustard gas. " These tubes weighed about 1,400 pounds and were nearly 10 feet long, about 14 inches in diameter and 1 inch thick. In order that they would properly perform the work required of them it was necessary that the castings should be free from all flaws and defects. After carefully testing the iron used in the work, the arsenal officers awarded the Com- pany the order foi' these castings. In exai'tly one week after receipt of the order it had made pattern core boxes, neci^ssary flasks, and produced several castings of a piece that it was thought could not be produced in a very much longer time. Another line of war activity which was also brought to a finish before the completion of the signing of the armistice was the preparation to produce Newton- Stokes trench-mortar shells in large quantities. Much time and effort had been spent, and a very considerable amount of ex- pense incurred by this C.onipany, in devising and perfecting a method of producing these shells rapidly and accurately, and experiments proved the method a success, but the termination of the war rendered further work in this line unnecessary. The Abram Cox Stove Company also a,ssisted in jjroducing foodstuffs by supplying castings to several manufacturers of agricultural machinery. DAY cSi ZIMMERMANN, INC., ENGINEP^RS Condensed to few words, the war activities of this large Philadelphia engineer- ing organization included work for the Army, Navy, Shipping Board and for the Alien Property Custodian, as well as for industrial establishments in various lines of industry to enable them to meet the needs of war production. The work em- braced a wide range of engineering activity and was carried through at various points in the country. In quite another connection, this engineering organization contributed direct and material aid to war-time industry in the supply of electric power by the many public utility properties under Day & Zimmermann management, in some seven States. Besides, there was the supply of energy to Army camps. To this should be added the large part played by one of these electric generating systems, that of the Penn Central Light & Power Company, in the supply of power for Pennsyl- vania coal mining, the power generated by this system being responsible for the yearly output of about seven million tons of coal. Conservation of fuel in New England mills was another line of activity. Through the application of engineering betterments in textile plants, radical fuel savings were effected. In this particular work the interest of the Federal Fuel Administration was secured and favorable priorities obtained for industrial power plant apparatus. To increase powei- facilities at a time when these plants were hard pressed for additional capacity, this engineering organization carried through both expansion and development work at various points in public utility power plants. In their retained capacity by the War Depaitment, Day & Zimmermann, Inc., were the supervising engineers during the construction of the United States 433 I . ^- \rrii\ Siipjilv liiisr III I ,rirnirich I'aiiil. Army Sii|i|)ly liasc at Pliila(l('li)liia. sitiialfd on llio Delaware River at Greeiiwicb Point. 'I'liis port terminal (ieveioiniient, comprising tlie lar{,'esl piers in tlie port of Philadelphia, has warehouse storage capacity for 115,000 tons of cargo, or the equivalent of the contents of a freight train over fifly-five miles long. Along the wharves at the Army base, thi're can he accommo(lal(Hl at one time seventeen ocean freighters of the Hog Island type, to load or unload. Some id(>a of the scale of this project is gained from the extent of the ("lovernmeiit reserva- tion set apart at Greenwich Point during the construction period, a reservation roughly twelve city blocks wide by twenty blocks long, enclosing an area to walk around which took one a distance of seven miles. Furlhermore. it refjuircd (ifly acres of land on which temporarily to stoie the mass of conslruction malcrials. Three more examples of war-time construction «ill lie referred to, each of a difTerent character of engineering. The first, a forge and steel phnit on a large scale; the second, a shi|>building plant; and the third, a modern central station for an electric public utility. 1. A few months aft(>r our entry into the war the V.v'w Forge and Slivl Company was awarded a contract for United States Navy gun foigings and destroyer shafts, and it was necessary to design and build a plant at Erie, Pa., to produce this ma- terial. Day & Zinnnermann. Inc., were engaged to cf)operate with the client's officers and chief engineer, and with the representatives of the Navy, in the design and supervision of construction including preparation of jjlans and specifications. It is noteworthy that work having been begun on November I. 1017, ihe first heat of steel was poured in the open-hearth plant on May 17. IOI!{, a <|uile remark- able conslruction record, especially in view of the exceptionally severe winter of 1917-18. 434 The project comprises a complete forge and steel plant, including large open- hearth plant, forge shop, machine shop, heat treating building, large boiler plant and an electric sub-station. OfTice building, commissary, hospital, storehouses, police and employment building and tool rooms go to make up the complete phys- ical equipment of a large plant. 2. The Baltimore Dry Dock and Shipbuilding Company, at the outset of the war, had two plants in Baltimore, Md., one an old ship repair yard with auxiliary shops, and the other a shipbuilding and repair plant at Locust Point, adjoining Fort McHenry. The latter yard had one dry dock and two ship- ways, but was not adapted to the construction of the large ships required by the Emergency Fleet Corporation at that time. It was, therefore, decided, in the spring of 1917, to erect a new shipbuilding plant for the production of the standardized cargo carriers up to 500 feet in length and 7()-foot lieam. This yard had four concrete shipways and an outfitting dock to accommodate four ships at a time, together with a complement of auxiliaiy shops. The site selected was a reclaimed marsh, with an area of some twenty-three acres, necessi- tating the use of piling under all walls, column footings and heavy machinery foundations. Day & Zimmermann, Inc., were engaged to develop a layout of the entire plant in conjunction with the shipyard's naval architect. The work by the engi- neers included also the checking of detailed plans and specifications for the steel work, the design of the very complex system of piping for compressed air, fire protection, cold water, salt water, etc., heating, storm water, drainage and sanitary sewage disposal systems, machinery layout, supervision of construction work, etc. In addition to shipways, outfitting dock, shipyard buildings of steel frame construction and the handling system, including traveling revolving tower-cranes, derricks, etc., there are included as a part of the layout a boiler plant of 1,000 horse- power capacity, an air compressor plant and an electric transformer substation. The project was designed and constructed in less than a year, the first ship having been launched on July I, 1918. 3. After increasing its output at an extraordinary rate for several years, the Erie Lighting Company found itself confronted in 1917 with still greater demands for electric power from the expanding industries of Erie, Pa. An admirable water front site was secured, and Day & Zimmermann, Inc., were authorized to proceed with the greatest possible speed to design a 120,000- kilowatt plant that could be built in com])lete sections as required. Reliability of service was the first consideration in the design of the station, and the second was overall operating economy. The latest ideas of tested engineering practice were applied throughout. The first section of the power plant contains two turbo-generators, one of 10,000 kilowatts and one of 7,500 kilowatts capacity. Each unit represents prac- tically a complete independent power plant in itself from coal bunkers to outgoing feeders, but cross connected at vital pf)ints with the adjoining main unit. The boiler plant contains large double-end boilers ecjuipped with automatic stokers and every modern device for economy of fuel burning. 43.5 The operating results at this Front Street plant of the Erie Lighting Company have been very gratifying, and have even exceeded the expectations of the engineers. The plant was actually put into operation in ten months from the time ground was broken. The above serves as some indication of the variety of demand for service made upon a large engineering organization during war time. HELLER & BRKxHTLY* When the United States entered the conflict, a problem of great magni- tude came up for solution. Our nation had depended upon foreign sources for its optical glass and material used in the fabrication of gun-sights, range finders, periscopes, panoramic sights, naval gun-sights, telescopes and otiier instruments n>quiring lenses and prisms of optical glass. The firms of Krupp of (lermany, Scliott & Cenossen and Skoda of Austria, practically controlled tlie mannfactino of optical glass, which meant that these glass factories were sulisidi/cd and iiad developed, under governmental supervision, to their highest efficiency. In the Ignited States no such state of affairs existed, the nearest approach being the department for this purpose at the Naval (inn Factory, Washington, D. C, and at Frankford Arsenal, Philadelpiiia. If there is one science where all tli(^ rules and principles of physics are applied, it is the science of gunnery. With- out tlicsc instruments of precision for computing range, vekx-ity, pressures and elements governing successful use of artillery, the status of artillery would have remained the same as in our Civil War. when sighting or range finding was an opeialion depending upon the unaided iuunan eye. It can readily be seen that the shot that hits is the one that counts. A large caliber projectile and propellant will cost from S500 to SI, 000 or more per shot. Tlie sighting mechanism of a large gun may cost from §2,000 to $3,000. Its value depends upon its accuracy and size. It must be of absolute perfection, nothing nuist be left to chance or taken for granted. When the fateful call came, "America to tlie Front," the firm of Heller & Brightly, for fifty years makers of optical, engineering, surveying and astronomical instruments, was in the first line of volunteers. Not only did this firm tender all the experience, technical and professional skill which it possessed to the Ordnance Department, as well as its factory and laboratory equipment, but it also sent a large number of skilled workmen to the Frankford Arsenal to aid in developing a stalT of ex|>erts there. Previous to our entry into the World War. Heller & Brightly supplied gun- sights for the British 1.7-inch gun which, by reason of taking care of the angle of drift or deviation to the right or left of the axis of fire, made for more accuracy in fire control of this well-known piece of ordnance. Perhaps the most important piece of work turned out by this lirm was the designing and making of graduated mirror and window devices for determining the range for anti-aircraft guns. In determining the ranges, four mirrors. 30 inches by 30 inches and 20 inches l)\ I.") iiuhes. are used, two on a horizontal plane at certain distances apart and two on a vertical plaMc These are graduated by engraved lines intersecting at right •Ht-priritcd l)y permission of William Bradford Williams. 136 angles making a series of squares. The relleetion of a range shot at an airplane into these mirrors by mathematical computation gives the range and elevation to be used. These are used in all high angle fnlng. Our Army experts have pro- nounced these superior to any that have come under their observation. The deviation of a hair's breadth in any graduation on an Army sighting instrument means a rejection. The system of leveling must be accurate, and this firm designed and perfected improvements along these lines. In order to make the mirrors used in the spotting devices, the surfaces are required to be absolutely flat and parallel. Only about seven plates out of 200 examined fulfilled the severe requirements for accuracy. If the ground plate glass is not absolutely perfect, the reflected spot of the range shot wiU appear double. Apart from this highly important device. Heller & Brightly also produced pro- tractors and pocket extants; large bronze circles for testing gun-sight quadrants for ITnited States Army aviation; steel scales for aviation machines and centers and handles for United States Navy range finders. About 25,000 pieces were produced for the Government. Another testing instrument, designed by this firm, registered automatically the speed of a projectile in the bore of a gun to the l/5000th part of a second. JANNEY, STEINMETZ & CO. For twenty-five years the firm of Janney, Steinmetz & Co. has been largely identified with the production of drawn, pressed and formed shapes in seamless steel, specializing in gasoline tanks for automobiles and drawn cylinders lor trans- porting high-pressure gases and explosives. From a pre-war experience of furnishing special materials to the Rock Island and other arsenals and in the making of drawn steel war heads for Navy torpedoes, the firm early took its place in designing and developing the tools of warfare for the Ordnance and other branches of the national defense. The extensive use of motor trucks and tractors in the war called for designs of strong and sturdy shock-proof fuel tanks, and these were furnished of seamless drawn steel construction in large numbers for the front line automotive units and ammunition motor transport. Development of the trench warfare requirements of the Ordnance Department quickly determined a very large need for high-test seamless steel leakless con- tainers for the toxic gases. The whole problem was new and the need was urgent, for without shipping cylinders to transport the gases and the smaller portable attack containers for field service the poison gases being produced in ever-increasing volume could not be cariied against the enemy positions. Janney, Steinmetz & Co. discontinued peace-time production and tinned their entire capacity over to the needs of the Ordnance for seamless steel poison gas portable containers and appointed Samuel Hewes Mattson in charge of the procurement. Production was at its peak when the armistice was declared. Use of toxic gas in cylinders was one of the new features of modern warfare and gave broad opportunity for novel design and special secret features, inspired by a knowledge of the enemy's equipment through service reports. The Germans moved up their gas cylinders under cover of night to avoid 4.'57 aerial observation and to eseape drop-buinh attack, but their opeiations were frequently detected by the loud noise of the heavy steel cylinders l)anging together and clanking. It was necessary for our Ordnance Design Section to solve the problem of a cylinder for noiseless approach, and the question was linally answered by Mr. Steinrnetz, to whom U. S. patents were granted for noiseless cylinders. After the various combinations of poison gases were transported overseas in bulk, it later became necessary to distribute the contents in small portable field carriers, known as single-man containers, to permit the entire advancing line to deliver a gas attack at the favorable moment. These single units consisted of seamless steel tanklets. about 8 inches diameter b\ 1« inches long, and the total load, including the coutaiiicd liiiuid toxic gas, averaged about fifty pounds per man. The Jaimey-Steinmetz seamless steel air pressure tanks were used exten- sively in the Great War, as compressed air motor starters for various types of airplanes, and particularly for starting the motors of the large Navy seaplanes that patrolled the submarine infested waters of the North Sea and around the British coast. The fuin furnished large numbers of seamless drawn steel chambers for the explosive charges of the Navy depth mine that so elfectively put a stop to I he enemy's submarine activities and assisted in the design and production of similar units. A new grenade patented by the Company, as to details of liring mechanism, fulminate, fuse and bursting charge, was similar to the Mills-liritish but, instead of a cast iron or malleable body of limited fragmentation, the outer body shell was com|)osed of several layers of sharpened steel wire nails or dowels, greatly increasing the luunber of fragments. A barb wire shooter cutter was anotlur patent. This was a small crotch shape device In (lamp onto the bayonet to biing the stiands of barb wire into direcl line with the bullet's course, the tremendous .speed when lired cutting the stec^l wire and thus offering the Infantry a possible means of shooting their way through a Held (if wire entanglements. A soft nose Infantry bullet with solid steel core developed a new practice by giving belter penetration through alloy steel .sheets, helmets, light tank armor and aiiplane protection plates. In the late summer of 1918 there developed a shortage of link chain |)roduction in the 1 nited States which threatened to handicap certain branches of Govern- mental activities. A conference of the War Industries Board Chain Section was called in sessit)n with representatives of Ordnance, Kngineers, Navy Shipping Board, Bailroad Administration and other chain users, to consider a proposition submitted by .lan- ney. Steinrnetz and associates for the making of weldless chains in long lengths in link-forming rollers from cruciform hot steel bars. The need was urgent and the process then operating in certain Scotch and British plants was indorsed as of sufficient importance for investigation, and Mr. Steinrnetz was selected to go overseas to transplant the industry to America to meet the threatened shortage of link chains. 13K While abroad Mr. Steinmetz was commissioned Major of Ordnance and was later assigned to the Ordnance Reserve. Duiing 1917 and 1918, Joseph A. Janney, Jr., was Ciiairman of the Industrial Section of Eastern Pennsylvania, under appointment by the Treasury Department, in the direction of the War Saving Stamp sales. S. Hewes Mattson, W. H. McCormick, Jr., N. W. Schlater, of Janney, Stein- metz and Company, also served as executives in war work. DAVID LUPTON'S SONS CO. Trench Mortars From ventilation apparatus to the production of trench mortars is the story of David Lupton's Sons Co., Allegheny Avenue and Tuhp Street. About the time that America entered the war the magazines were telling about a "depraved little gun" which was making a fair amount of trouble for the front line trenches of both sides, with small expense to the trouljle-makers. That gun was the trench mortar. Originally it was just a piece of 3-inch steel tube mounted in some crude fashion so that a specially made bomb could be dropped into its open mouth. A small detonating charge at the lower end of the bomb was exploded when the bomb struck the bottom of the tube, and propelled the bomb across "No Man's Land." One man could handle it — all he had to do was to drop the bombs into the tube, one by one. If 3-in(h bombs could be tossed so easily into the enemy's trenches, why not Ainiiiiiiiilion lioi. 439 larger ones? Wliy 1)p limited to costiy field pieces several miles behind the lines, with airplanes and observation stations and telephones necessary to tell the ^runners the range, if the ammunition could be ino\ed up by night to thefroni line henches and heaved across by contrivanci-s costing not one-tenth as muchP The Germans took all kinds of trouble to prepare three monster guns to drop 93^-inch shells into Paris at a seventy-five mile range. Reduce the range to a half mile or less, and shells of equal size could be made witli much thinner walls and with explosives substituted for most of the steel. The destructive effect of such shells would be terrific, and the cost of throwing them very small. Why not place hundreds — even thousands — of these super- l)oinb-throwers in the trenches, and by u simultaneous attack make miles of the enemy's line immediately untenable? Such were the thoughts of odicers. The people, of course, heard nothing of them; but it was not long after w(> entered the war that plans for new trench mortars, more powerful than anything yet used, were brought here from I'lance and England, and a hunt made for concerns to manufacture them. There were two sizes of mortars. on(> of 6-inch bore, the other of 210 mm., or approximately 9/2 inches. The 6-in(h mortar was designed for niaximuni porla- bility. Portability indeed was essential for both, because they hat! to be moved quickly and secretly by small squads of men. It would not do to defend a trench simply for the equipment it contained, or to be obhged to abandon equipment costly or hard to replace because of a sudden attack. The 6-inch mortar, being intended for use in the largest numbers, consisted simply of a barrel with a hemispherical seat at one end. This end rested in a bowl socket in the base plate, and three stayrods with lurnbuckles tilled the raised nmzzle in any direction. The 240 mm. mortar, owing to its size and weight, was a more elaborate all'air. It consisted first of a sub-base of heavy timbers. On this was mounted the base proper, built up from steel plates and structural angles assend)le(l by riveting and oxyacetylene welding. On the base was a flat circular steel plate graduated into degrees, over which swiveled the framework or "racer" supporting the barrel. This allowed the "racer" to be aimed in any horizontal direction. Changes in range were provided for by tilting the barrel of the racer. For this purpose the barrel was mounted on trunnions, and a pair of g<>ars mounted on the barrel caused them to travel o\er stationary gear segments allaclied to the "racer." The effect was to elevate or depress the muzzle over the wide range of movement required. The following is a partial summary of contracts on the war program, all of which were outside of normal Lupton production. On normal production the company furnished large quantities of steel sash, doors and partitions for build- ings in the .\avy Yards, (Jovernmenl warehouses and hangars in Frame. Trench .Mort.\r Contracts Three hundred and twenty-seven complete units, 210 nun. tn^uh mortars (except barrels and carts for transportation). The I^upton contract included steel base and racer, firing mechanism, timber base and accessories. Sixty-live units 210 mm. trench mortars, including the work described above; 546 units 210 mm. trench morteu-s, work as described above. Contract suspended after partial com- 440 liiivlin;/ Biisr liinf; mid Base Plulc. ?'iO mm. Trench Morlar. stability. pletion; 500 units 6-inch trench mor- tars, Mark No. 1 — Mortar, base and accessories furnished complete by Lu[)- ton's, except barrels. This contract was completed. One thousand live hundred and seventy-seven units 6- iiich trench mortars Mark No. 1. Ct)ntract partially completed. There were numerous improvements in design, particularly on the 210 mm. trench mortar. Chaufies were made as a result of firing test at Aberdeen on the French sample, and later develop- ments in testing the lirst production from the Lupton plant. Other changes were made to improve structural and manufacturing conditions, which in- cluded making the base ring and plate in one sohd rolled section, milled to proper dimensions. The absence of rivets reduced distortion and increased strength of base. Oil the 6-inch there were changes in the traversing guys and other improvements for greater Ship Accessories Contracts One hundred and ten complete uptakes and stacks for 7,500-ton ships constructed at Hog Island. The uptakes accommodate three boilers, and weigh appioximately 23,000 pounds each. The stacks weigh ajjproximately 10. 000 pounds each. Seventy complete stacks and uptakes for 9,000-lon ships con- structed at Hog Island. The uptakes each accommodate six boilers and weigh 52,000 pounds each. The stacks weigh approximately 16,500 jjounds each. One hundred and ten water-tight (leek hatches, complete with fittings, for use on the one hundred and ten 7.500- ton ships which were contracted for at Hog Island. These hatches weigh ap- proximately 1,000 ]K)unds. Also, nine hundred and ninety water-tight doors and frames, with fittings for booby hatches and deck houses, for the same ships. These doors and frames weigh approximately 450 pounds each. 441 L pliihi- null linxr jiir /.fiOU IJ. /•'rfiijlil Carrier. Ton Two hiiiulred steel anti-aircraft ammunitiun boxes for use on the Eagle Ships constructed by the Ford Motor Co., Detroit. These boxes were made of heavy plate and angle construction and were approximately 2 feet wide, 4 feet long and 3i 9 feet deep. They weigh about 800 pounds each, and were galvanized after fabrication. Complete sets of cowls and ventilators for ten ships built by the Downey Shipbuilding Company, ten ships built by the Pensacola Shipbuilding Company and fifty ships built by the American International Shipbuilding Company. Forty water-tight steel doors for ten ships built by the Federal Shipbuilding Company. Besides the above, approximately 150 tons of steel shapes and plates were fabricated for the superstructures of the first lot of fifty ships built by the .'Vmerican International Steamship Company. THE W.\R .\CTlVnTES OF JOHN LUCAS & CO., INCORPORATED Paint and varnish, and their related products, as agencies for the prosecution of the war against the Central Powers, early assiuned importance as war materials, equaled only by steel. As a protective coating, paints, varnishes and enamels were on every article used by the Army and the Navy. From the most advanced outpost in the front battle line to the training camps and war material manufacturing plants at the rear, on battleship and transport, on subchaser and cargo bctat. paints and varnishes were as necessary to cllicient operation as per- sonnel, fuel and plant equipment. Without paint and varnish, motor trucks would not have been able to function, and aeroplanes would not have been able to lly. Shells, guns, every kind of ammunition, accoutrements and e(jui|)ments needed paint and varnish, always as a protective coating, but often as an essential to its proper functioning as war material. The art of camouflage, developed during the war, required paint and \arnish, and many special paints and shades were manufacttued to meet the demand for the protection of equipment, ships and men by this uni(]ue method of vision deception. The experience, skill and manufacturing capacity of .lolm Lucas & Comiiany, Incorporated, was early in the war requisitioned by the tiovernment, antl the demands made upon the Company for war supplies in the shape of paint, varnishes, enamels and dry colors sonn taxed the capacity of the plants so that a large jier- centage of the manufacturing facilities were devoted solely to the making of materials for war needs. When the war created a demand for men of experience to assist in guiding the business activities of the (jovernmenl, the services of the Vice-President and General Manager, Ernest T. Trigg, were given the Government. His most signal service diu'ing the war was as I\egional \(h isor of the War Industries Board for the Fourth Region. This duty involved important functions r<'laling to the mobilization of the manufacturing capacities of the IMiiladelphia Industrial District. Mr. Trigg also served as a meMd)er of the War Service ( '.onunittee of the Cham- ber of Commerce of the United States, and was often called into lonfcrence by the authorities in Washington as a technical adviser on paints and varnishes, and also in matters concerning the Philadelphia Industrial District. 442 Other members of the staff of the Company donated their services. J. W. Lucas, the President of the Company, served as chairman of important committees in connection with all of the Liberty Loan Drives. George Johannes, another member of the staff of the Company, devoted all of his time to work in the office of the Regional Advisor of the War Industries Board for the Fourth Region. E. W. Storey, the Factory Manager, acted as a member of the advisory committee which standardized the war paint requirements. From time to time, as occasion arose, many of the Company's other technical experts served in an advisory capacity to various boards and purchasing depart- ments and assisted in the preparation of specifications for paints, varnishes and enamels for peculiar war uses. In the laboratories of the factories much work was done to assist the War and the Navy Departments, the Emergency Fleet Corporation, the Housing Cor- poration in developing and testing out formulae, making practical tests of mixtures prepared according to theoretic specifications, and aiding in the preparation of standard specifications and standard samples. This work in collaboration with other paint manufacturers finally resulted in the preparation of a set of standard paint specifications which governed the buying of paints and varnishes for the Government war needs in all its branches. Especially important was the cooperative work done in fixing upon standard colors for use in camouflage. When the war made it impossible to obtain many products essential to the paint industry, the technical departments of the Company concerned themselves with the development of products made from raw materials obtainable in the United States and thus not only aided war requirements, but also helped industry generally. This work related especially to dyes, chemicals and oils. In the handling of its labor in the interest of the war work, the Company successfully met most adverse conditions in keeping a factory organization in workable shape in the most congested war material producing district in the United States. Through the skill and resources of the management of the Company, the financing of all its war work was done without calling for Governmental aid in the way of advances of public funds. In meeting the needs for increased production the Company did not increase its building or machinery capacity, but met the increased production by a more intense use of existing facilities. In this it recog- nized the need of the Government for every possible facility for production of maciiinery and buildings in other war industries. As an aid to the war finances of the tiovernment, the Company and its em- ployes subscribed liberally to the various Liberty Loans, the War Chest Fund of the City of Philadelphia, the War Fund of the Red Cross and other Special War Service bodies. The Company aided employes in financing their payment for war purposes, where necessary. Employes and officers of the Company were represented in the Home De- fense League and the American Protective League, both of which rendered meri- torious service as auxiliaries to Governmental agencies in prosecuting the war, protecting property, especially war plants, and aiding in the ferreting out and suppression of persons not loyal to the American cause. The Government's demand for men to join the colors was met by the Com- pany in a spirit of hearty cooperation with the men who desired to enlist for service. 443 All siuh were given leave of absence, and the Company continued paying such sums, wlieie they had dependents, to equal with war pay their salaries, and also continued paying the premiums on tlie life insurance policies carried for them by the Company. Similar action was taken with regard to those who answered the country's call through the draft. Korty-five members of the 0)mpany staff an- swered the call to the colors, and of this number two paid the supreme sacrifice. During the entire war period the Company faithfully carried out its pohcy. adopted at the beginning of the war, to aid the (iovernment to the fullest e.xlent; to shirk no sacrifice in men, profits, material or service, and to support the (govern- ment's war activities. Its war record is regarded as a bright page in the history of the Company. FAYETTE R. PLUMB, INC.* Manuf.\ctl'rers of Trench Tools, Bold Knives, Etc. An instance showing the way in which Philadelphia factories made a (juick turn-over from a peace to a war basis is that of the plant of Fayette R. Plumb. Inc.. at Bridesburg. which firm, for over sixty years, had been manufacturing luunmers. hatchets, picks, sledges and axes. While all of these were required for the American Army, there were other articles of which the Government stood in more vital need. These the Plumb Company were able to manufacture by mak- ing certain cliaiigcs in their plant, and as the result of experience in the maiuifac- ture of certain trench tools, etc., fur llir \llicd gii\erinniMits. during llie period of I'll 1-17. W ilhin two months after the declaration of war by the liiited States, inlrcncli- ing pick mattocks and intrenching hand axes were shipjjed to mobilization points. llmul At. Enlreiiching Pick Malluck. yj^^^y iiulwithslanding the exacting requirements of the Coverinnent and the fact thai this concern had never previously made any of these particular items. Additional shipments followed rapidly and 1.200.000 were furnished by November, 1918. Mnely-live per cent of all the intrenching pick mattocks, hand axes, bolo knives and picket pins that were furnished during the war to the A. E. F. and to the men in training in this country were made by Fayette R. Plumb. Inc.. of Philadelphia. Previous to the war, the Covernment itself had i)een making bold knives, *Heprint«l by permission of VVilliani Bradford Williaius. 444 both for the artillery and the infantry. This knife had been evolved from the old Philippine bolo, and in France it proved to be not only a very handy camp and trench tool but also a very effective weapon of defense. During the summer of 1917, the Plumb concern was ordered to make 20,000 bolos of the artillery model. While these were being manufactured, changes in design suggested themselves that would lower the manufacturing cost and speed up production. One of the principal defects of the old model bolo was the catch which was used for locking it in its scabbard. This catch was not only difficult to make but it proved very impractical in use, and it was later eliminated from the bolo itself and a spring was placed in the scabbard which solved the difficulty. This was called the 1917 bolo. All of these changes, suggested by the Plumb engineers, were worked out by the engineering staff of the Ordnance Department, which, making actual tests in the field, could decide in a few days whether or not the changes were practical. While the Plumb concern was furnishing bolos as fast as the (iovernment required them, the Ordnance Department was experiencing considerable difficulty in obtaining a satisfactory scabbard for them. ,\ bolo scabbard is a sheath fastened to the soldier's belt and made of wood and leather with a metal mouthpiece. The wood and leather parts of the scabbard could be easily obtained, but the metal mouthpiece had to be made with precision in order that the liolo would fit snugly and not rattle. The success of the Plumb concern in turning out in volume bolos made to close measurements resulted in orders for the metal mouthpieces, 121,000 of which were furnished by Plumb before other manufacturers were ready to take over this work. Production of intrenching picks and camp axes had also been speeded up and the monthly production of these items in November, 1918, was 10,000 f)f the picks and 4.5,000 of the hand axes. This volume of tools was obtained with only a 70 per cent increase in the working force, and of this increase approximately 50 per cent were women. Such work as drop forging, the drop hammers giving 1.500- pound blow, and working on a furnace with a heat of 1,400 degrees Fahrenheit, are examples of the work that was done by women during the latter part of the war. Among other problems given to the Engineering Division of the Ordnance Department to solve was that of wire-cutters. It developed early in the war that when our troops advanced under cover of darkness and attempted to cut the German wires they had invariably to turn back and let the artillery open the way, as the wire-cutters with which they were equipped would either break or the edges would turn and dull. Samples of the German wire were obtained and found to con- tain an alloy which made it harder and tougher than any of the wire-cutters that the Allies used. A wire-cutter was developed over there in the field and sent to Amer- ica to be reproduced in quantity. Manufacturers who had been making wire-cutters rejected this new model as being too diffuMilt to produce from a commercial stand- point. Again the Ordnance Department turned to the Plumb Company and placed the proposition before them. It was accepted and complete wire-cutters exactly like the model were ready for shipment to France when the armistice came. From 1914 to 1918 the Plumb plants turned out considerably over 5,000,000 different tools directly for the Allied governments, this quantity being over and above any of the articles which they regularly manufactured and which later found their way to the battle front of Europe. The following list shows not only the volume, but also the diversity of the items maufactured: 445 SUMMARY OF ORDERS 191 1 — France. . . 1915 — Franco Great Britain Serbia . . Russia 1916— Belniiim Initetl States. 1917— I'niled Stales 191T-18— I nil.'.! Slat. ToT.\L. . 60,000 trench tools 2.600 trench tools l.iiOO engineer tools 160.()()0 bayonets l.iO.dOO bayonets 1.000.000 trench tools l.>0,000 bayonet-s 2.000 trench tools l.029,7.'50 trench tools 180,750 infantry equipnienl 160,160 cavalry equipnienl 20.000 artillery equipment 188,150 infantry IkjIos 200,000 wire cullers . 1,43.3,190 miscellaneous tools ..338,900 Till-: w AK \(ri\nii> oi .iacub rkkds s()\>, \\c. On April .), 1917. when it was known that a dorlaiation of war was a inatler of only a few hours, Irving L. Wilson, President of the (irni of Jacob Reed's Sons, calicd uiion the Army Dejiot (Jiiart(>rmaster, at the S above represents 3,200,000 prescriptions. In a similar way many other staple articles were sujiplied, such as: Silver nitrate solution, soap liniment powder, castor oil. saiulalwudd oil, cod liver oil, cresol, guaiacol, boric acid. etc. The total of these items in I'M!! alone was over 80.000 packages of various kinds. The dilTerent operations were not intricate nor especially dilTicull fur Ihe laborers, but continuous supervision was necessary. Vdditional e(iiiipineiil of various kinds was ordered, some was installed but much could not bi" delixered. Actual mamifacturing was done by men and boys. Weighing, filling, corking and labeling by girls and women. Active, capable girls found more renumer- ative work elsewhere, but the pay ofl'ered attracted older women. th(> wdrk being suite in charge of the work included: Henry Paul Busch, tieorge E. Spanglcr, .lohn Devitt. Henry B. Williams, (leorge Smyrl. The changes of the war periwl showed little permanent iiillueu<'e on Ihe or- ganization, which quickly resumed its regular activities as soon as it*; war contracts were completed. SMITH. KT.IM: & FBFNCll C.OMI'WV The activities of any American business house in the great World War natu- rally fall into two classifications, the war work doni- b> the concern ilself, and the indiv idual efforts of the various men and women in its employ. Under both these classifications Smith, Kline & French (.onipany, wholesale 44K druggists and manufacturing pharmacists, can justly point with pride to its war record. One of the largest houses of its kind in the United States, it devoted much of its energy to Government work, and was able to ship thousands upon thou- sands of pounds of medical supplies to the various Army and Navy depots through- out the country. Some of the chief items of the company's manufacture were lanum, extract of licorice, aiid, chief of all, aromatic spirits of ammonia. Of the latter, the company shipped almost one million bottles, one of the largest amounts supplied by any house in the country. Many shipments of drugs and similar supplies were also made to the American Red Cross in F'rance and Italy. From president to office boy the whole force threw themselves heart and soul into this governmental work, and all that was necessary to increase production and quicken spirits was to pass the word along, "It is a war order!" As a firm, Smith, Kline & French did this splendid service, and the record of its employes as individuals does not suffer by comparison. No less than fifty-six enterefi the service of their country in the Army or Navy, and of these two were wounded, and two others, Nathan Shute and Tunothy Haw, met their death. Those who still carried on in civil life did their full part to back their comrades in the service, and this desire to do their bit was responsible for a rather unique organization, "The Soldiers Club." This was founded by one of the employes, who was himself a veteran of the Spanish-American War in the Philippines, and who therefore knew the needs of the fighting man. The club kept in constant touch with those who had left in response to the call to arms, and made them feel that their one-time comrades were backing them to the limit. Thousands of newspapers, magazines and books were mailed to the men at the front and in the camps at home, and throughout the year gift-packages, "smokes," and the candy, so loved by the American soldier, were constantly for- warded. A regular secretary was also appointed to keep up a constant correspon- dence with the company's service men. The final work of the Soldiers Club was the erecting of a bronze tablet, " In Honor of Our Associates Who Left Their Daily Tasks and Entered the Naval or Mili- tary Service of the United Slates in the World War." This tablet is now placed by the 5th Street entrance of the company's general offices. The company and its employes did their full part in the Liberty Loan campaign, the War Chest drive, the Victory Loan and the Salvation Army drive. Many patriotic meetings were held, sometimes with outside speakers and sometimes led by the officers of the company themselves, for these latter were always behind every patriotic drive with a 100 per cent Americanism, and gave of their time and money to the utmost. SUMMERILL TUBING COMPANY By S. L. Gabel The Summerill Tubing Company was started in a very small way in Phila- delphia in 1899. The only space needed for machinery was one room about 20 by 30 feet on the third floor of a building on North Broad Street. As a partnership the business made substantial progress as a redrawing mill. It made a specialty of precision tubing in steel, and its reputation as a manufacturer 449 in this field brought to it much business in other metals — brass, copper, alumi- num, nickel-silver, etc. In 1910, the company was incorporated, and its business moved to Bridgeport, jNIontgomerj- County, Pa., where a suitable site had been obtained. This move brought about rapid development. Much additional machinery' was immediately installed and new lines of business in the regular commercial field wne entered upon. In l')12, the company started to make tubing for the Remington Arms Com- pany, and through this connection it was prepared to swing right into heavy production when the war broke out in lOli. In 1916, an additional building was erected which more than doubled the draw- ing capacity in what is known as \ho Small Tui)o Department. Tliis is tlie line in which the company made its reputation. Tubing is made in various shapes and in various walls. It can be made so tliin that it must be packed in boxes for shipment to customers, yet it has pliysical (jualities that to the layman simmu impossible of attainment. At a meeting in Washington, November 5, 1917, called by Government officials, tubing manufacturers were told of the nniuirements in seamless tubing for 1918. These figures were far beyond the capacity of tlie mills as tlien ei]uippe(i. 1'lie shortage was particularly serious in the "small tube" capacity, tlic line in wliii li this company is engaged. The president and vice-president of the company were both at this meeting, and they were urged to take immediate steps to increase their output and not wail for (lovernment a.ssistance. On the return from Wasliington tliat day tentative plans were made, and on November lOtli. five days after the meeting, ground was broken for an additional unit. Applications for priority certificates were sent in to the fiovernment, and at the same time oilicials of the company traveled to ditrerenl places to make per- sonal pleas for haste. As a result some of the machines were dehvered before the priorities came through from the Covernment. To start on their schedule of e(iuipinent of this unit, one draw-bench was started about 5 p.m., December 31st. It may be recalled by our readers that the winter of 1917-18 was one of the most severe in the memory of our oldest citizens. This severe weather was a serious handicap. Ctmcrete mixers sometimes nearly froze up and men at times were unable to work more than twenty or thirty minutes. Fires were built in places around the new building to provide relief. The contractor in charge and all his force deserve great credit for their cooperation. The new unit was completed and in full operation on February 1, 1918. From that time on until December 1, 1918, a period of ten months, the company furnished to the Iniled States (iovernment 3.;{.V?,:582 feet of light gauge tubing. The reader cannot well realize what 1. ()()(), 000 feet of tul)ing means. It means 200 miles, half the distance between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. The quantity above does not tell the extent of the company's work. Most of it was drawn to a variation of two one-thousandths of an inch. This accuracy was necessary, inasmuch as the tubing was used in connection with inter- changeable parts of rifles and thereby eliminated machining. Much of this was used for magazines on rifles and bombs that were dropped from aeroplanes. In one month alone the out))ut was 128.329 feet, most of this on the so-called smoke bombs. This accuracy ctmld be only attained by a skilled force of men. expert in this line of tube drawing. These same skilled men. besides speeding up production, had to train green hands to man the additional machines. The output of this company would mean more to the reader if it is recorded that it delivered to the (iovernment in ten months of 1918, when its entire plant was in operation, 665 miles of tubing. Reference was made early in this article to smoke bombs. They were drojjped from the aeroplanes, and big orders were allocated to this company, and the orders carried with them high priorities. The contractor who made these bombs for the Government asked for delivery of so many thousand feet of this tubing per week. Notwithstanding the fact that the company was up to its capacity, it speeded up production in this department and the first week of November it furnished 20 per cent more tubing on this contract than was asked for by the contractor, so that there would be no delay in delivery. The contractor, located in Brooklyn, sent over his own trucks and on one of these trips took 45,000 feet of tubing on one truck. The company was fortunate in having at the beginning of the war a good working organization of trained men. It encouraged enlistments by oU'ering to its men payment of their full wages while in the Army. This enabled some to respond at once, and the company carried out its promise to them. Otherwise its working organization was maintained and perfected continually. While 150 men was the regidar complement, 100 were added and trained in with the crew, so that two shifts were operating at full capacity most of the time. The company is also to be given credit for its foresight in the war in providing a large stock of raw material. Notwithstanding the great increase in manufac- turing capacity, it was able at all times to deliver the kind of material that was asked for by the Government. J. S. THORN COMPANY J. S. Thorn Company, before the war. was engaged in the manufacture of fireproof doors and windows, steel sashes and architectural sheet metal work, the equipment consisting of light and heavy power presses, punches, shears, forming and bending presses, rolls, flanging and seaming machines, and a complete machine shop e(]uipment for the manufacture of stamping and forming dies, special tools, jigs and templates. Upon America's entrance into the World War, the firm found that nearly all its equipment was adapted to produce war material of some kind, so that after the war was under way, it practically turned its entire works at the request of the Government, into the production of war material. The following is a list of the principal articles manufactured for Government use: For the cantonment at Wrightstown, N. J.: Smoke stacks, floor plates, ventilators, etc. This was a large proposition, amounting to many tons of material, and was completed in the extremely short time of fifteen days. For the Cramp Ship and Engine Building Company — For vessels and de- stroyers: Thousands of forged straps for hulls of destroyers Nos. 450, 452, 45.3, 454 and 455; and 1,500 fireproof doors for vessels, together with hardware; 100 special vegetable lockers for use on shipboard, with hardware for same; 100 plate- iron ammunition boxes for carrying large size shells on shipboard. 451 For the New York Shipbuilding Company, Camden, N. J.: All the corrugated iron covering on their destroyer ways was furnished and erected. For the Sun Shipbuilding Company, Chester, Pa.: Fireproof doors and skylights. For the Merchant Sliipbuilding Corporation, Bristol. Pa.: 600 radiator shields. For the American International Shipbuilding Company: All the structural and plate-iron work entering the lamp and paint rooms and carpenter shop, for sixty ships: also the plate-iron conduits with covering for the electric light wires for sixty ships. For the Commissary Department: 8.000 soup kettles, coffee kettles, frying pans, water jackets and kettle lids. These were all large in size. For the Navy Department, League Island Yard: 2,700 sets of plate baskets, cup baskets and bowl baskets, used in dish-washing machines on .shipboard. Navy Department: A large number of Tlierinofan Casings and linjiellers, used in the ventilating system on shipboard, and V)b pole props for gun carriages. For the Quartermaster Department. United States Marine Corps: 500 sets of tin cooking boilers. For Schuylkill Arsenal: 100.000 lent pole plates; 1.000 tent pt>le sleeves. For Frankford Arsenal: All the roofing, sheet metal work, fireproof doors and windows for six buildings, and erected same, and 2.000 sheet metal packing boxes. For Navy Yard Storehouse at Newport News. \a.: Fireproof doors. For Philadelphia Warehouses at 22d Street and Oregon Avenue: 231 large fireproof doors, twelve feet high by ten feet wide. For Yorktown, \ a: Gas plant and all the corrugated iron roofing and siding and metal work for three heater houses and one boiler room, and erected same. For the \Vest \'irginia Pulp i*i: Pajier Company: Provided and erected all the corrugated iron roofing and siding, fireproof windows and doors for its new chemical plants at Tyrone, Pa., and Mechanicville, N. Y. For a Coverntnent Building at Fort Monroe, Virginia: All corrugated iron work and steel sasli and fire doors, and erecting same. For Several Government Buildings at Washington, D. C: All corrugated iron work and the steel sash and fire doors, and erecting same. JOHN WOOD MWIFACTURING COMPW^ H. Lee Koenig, .\ssistant Manager Chief among munition plants in efficiency, and one which merited the com- mendation of the War Department on many occasions, was the John Wood Manu- facturing Company of Conshohocken. Pa. This plant, their peace-time operation being the manufacture of range boilers and tanks, successfully completed contracts aggregating •? L.'SOO.OOO. consisting of steel powder cases for the 8-inch, 10-incli. 12-inch, 1 1-inch and 16-inch guns, both for our seacoast defense and for our mobile artillery. To provide steel containers for powder charges for our large seacoast guns at all forts alr<'ady established along our coasts, and in our insular possessions, it was necessary very early in 1917 to make a contract with sonic |)lant engaged in somewhat similar manufacture. 452 Therefore, early in April, 1917, as the John Wood Manufacturing Company of Conshohocken, Pa., had offered (heir plant to the (iovernment some time previously, it was decided, after a tiiorou^di in\('stifiatioii of the held had heen made, to place a contract with this firm for approximately ."J^.OOO steel jjowder containers, ranging in size from 10 inches in diameter to approximately 4 feet long, I8J2 inches in diameter to 9 feet long, equipped with a quick-closing device, cover and gasket so formed as to provide an absolutely air-tight receptacle. The contract called for steel powder containers for the 8-inch, 10-inch, 12-inch, 14-inch and 16-inch seacoast defense guns, and these cases form a container for the powder charges of these guns until such time as they are rolled from the maga- zine, opened, and the charge drawn for use. Every fort in the country on all tlu-ee coasts, and in our possessions, were shipped a full complement of these cases in sizes corresponding to their armament until sufficient storage capacity for our powder at various points was secured to provide for any emergency. The regular business of the John Wood Manufacturing Company, prior to the war, comprised the manufacture of galvanized range boilers, pressure tanks of all descriptions up to 5,000 gallons, and in pressure to 500 pounds, either black or galvanized, also a large number of special welded shapes. Their former peace- time production was about 1,000 boilers per day. The company had been very successful in their peace-time business and were foremost among the manufactm'ers of this country engaged in the same Une. The company realized that it was up to them to help out In the great emer- gency, and they felt that there was some paiticular line of manufacture that would best suit their own shop. Therefore, when it was found by the Government that the facilities for the proper storage of the gun charges were inadequate for the emergency, this plant decided that to provide the necessary facilities for this pur- pose was not only their desire but also their patriotic duty. It was a big task to tiu-n over the working personnel and the plant from its peace-time line to the quick action activity of a war plant engaged on tremendous production, and much energy and time were devoted to the consummation of just such a feat. The active heads of the organization were Victor Mauck, Chairman of the Board, H. S. Mauck, Vice-President, and Frank Sutcliffe, President, men who had made a success for many years in range boiler manufacture, and who were well equipped, mentally and financially, for the task at hand. These executives at once realized that a reorganization of their methods, their labor and the plant equipment was absolutely necessary if they were to produce in such quantities as the urgency of the case demanded. Acting on this realization, new machinery was at once installed, and a sys- tematic eflbrt was made in each department to educate the plant labor up to a full realization of just what was demanded, in order to produce under the extremely "high pressure" everything that was recjuired. In this, the men responded to the fullest extent, so that the production of steel cartridge cases gradually increased from an initial production of 500 cases at the beginning of the contract, to over 70,000 per month, all within a period of approximately a yeai- and a half. The Government placed as their representative in the plant in charge of pro- duction and inspection, an ordnance officer, Captain H. Lee Koenig, of Birmingham, 453 Ala., wliu I'oi' iiiariN Noais had been connoctcd wilti llic Uiiitod States Steel Cor- pftratiuii in tlicii- l^iislcy plants. A force of thirl \ inspcctor.s was ijuickiy organized, and every possible method for the im r<-a>e of production was tried out. The working hours of the plant were clianged until all available hours in the week were occupied. Three eight-hour shifts, seven days a week, were at once inaugurated, and the plant employes increased in number until over three times the normal force were employed. The loyal response from the various labor organi- zations in the plant was such that inunediate success was at once assured. The Engineering Department of the plant did remarkable work, not only in designing new machinery to expedite their own manufacture, but also in placing the service of theii' designers at the (lispt)sal of the (iovernment. President Sutcliife spent a great deal of his time in \\ashington, conferring with the Ordnance Department engineers on the design of niclal powder conlaiiiers best suited to the Government requirements. \ ictor Mauck. the chairman of tlie l)oard. well known as one of llie indus- trial engineers of the district, worked out in his own plant nian> of llie designs for powder containers that were finally adopted by the (loNcrnmenl. So eflicient was the service rendered along (his line, thai this coinpaiu was able to change llie original design toone whith was not onl> a betlei- nianul'acluting possibility, but which functioned much more elliciently in the service for which it was intended. This concern can well point with pride to its war record as attested by War Depart ment liles, and the rapidit> witii which the plant was turned to the ser'\ ice of the cf)untrv is a witness to the loyalty and ability of its entire organization. Pbolo Ijy H. Parker Kolte Boring 240 mm. Howitzer lube, at the Tacony Ordnance Co. 454 OTHER PRODUCTION The Tacony Steel Company, before the war, manufactured side rods and propeller shaftings for railroads and shipyards. Fiom this organization, the Tacony Ordnance Company was formed and, as an agent for the Government, constructed a steel plant, covering twenty-five acres, adjoining its original plant. May 15, 1918, seven months after construction began, the buildings, costing $3,000,000, were complete and ready for operation. One month later, the first carload of gun forgings was shipped. By December, 1918, seventy-five forgings for the 155-miUimeter guns and thirty-four forgings for the 240-millinieter howitzer had been made. to 1914. had been Enfields The a. H. Fox Gun Company' manufactured shotguns previous In 1915, it made Mauser rifle barrels for the Serbian Army, which, earlier, supplied by Germany. Later, the Serbians were armed with English and then the firm made over 100,000 magazines for Russian rifles, before the Russian war effort collapsed. It then received American contracts for .^—^^tm parts for Colt automatic pistols and ^ .^■^^■flM mL-^-^ was prepared to produce 2,500 sets per day when the armistice was signed. By that date the fiiin had also reached a daily production of 500 Very signal pistols. The Taylor- Wharton Iron and Steel Company, successors to a firm that dated back to 1742, executed contracts for the AUies and received from the American Government orders for over a million forgings for 155-milli- meter shrapnel, 6-inch high explosive shells and 9.2-inch shells. Half of the requirements had been met when the orders were canceled, following the termination of the war. Taylnr-Wl^non iron ar,d steel Co Four-inch jiirkel, fnmi biUell to Jinished gun. The Hale andKilburn Company made all-steel reconnaissance and machine gun truck bodies. The truck equip- ment, complete, contained seating space for sixteen men with compartments for machine guns and field instruments, with rifle racks and entrenching tool equipment. This Company also produced bodies for 60,000 Mark II drop bombs and 50,000 Mark III drop bombs for use in air raids. It also did experimental work on helmets. The E. I. duPont de Nemours Company is one of the best known manu- facturers of explosives in the world. In 1914, the Carneys Point, N. J., plant produced 12,000 pounds per day. This amount was increased to 900,000 pounds. 455 The Carneys Point plant and the one at Deepwater. now used for niakinp dyes, comprised over 3,300 acres and nearly a tliousand buildings. T\vent\-ti\(' thousand men and women were employed to accommodate whom an industrial town was l)uilt. Forty different kinds of powder wimc made at ('.arne>s Point to meet Allied specifications and the American orders more than douliled thai number. The smaller kinds of powder ran to about 12,000 pieces to the pound, each piece a minute cyhnder containing from one to seven longitudinal perforations. The Hercv i.ks Powder C.ompany had plants in Philadelphia and in lour other Ordnance Districts. This company supplied smoki'less |)owder, T. N. !'.. nitrate of ammonia, and black powder, and it developed from kelp a suflicienl amount of potash to meet the natioiuil black powder nHpiiremenls. At the maxinuim of production, this company produced 2 !."),()()() [lountls of smokeless powder and 280,000 pounds of T. IN'.T. per da>. It also developed a new pyro powder for the Army pistol, an improved stitched powder tube to contain the pro- pelling charge for the Stokes trench motors, and a smokeless ignition powder to replace black powder as a priming charge for large caliber rifles. The Midv.\le Steel and Ordnance Company, for over thirty-fi\e years has worked on Ciovernment contracts at its !\icetown plant. In October. 1')!.^, it began work for the British, Canadian and Krencli govermnents. providing shells, howitzers, and steel for bayonets, rifle barn'ls, etc. I^ater it made steel for American small arms and furnished more than 1,'),000 gross tons for war auto- mobiles and motor trucks. It also forged and finished P)l 8-inch howitzers l)y the end of 1918, and forged guns of the largest caliber, which were linished later at the Watervliet Arsenal. The total steel output of this plant between April b. P'lT. and Novcriilici 1 i, 1918. was over 300.000,000 pounds. For the entire i)eriod of the war il eiuplosed 11,500 persons, an increase from 3,300. the number which il employed before the war. At its Coatesville, Pa,, plant, the Midvale Company had a contract foi- 110,000 shells of 8-inch caliber and 250,000 shells of 155-millimeter caliber. To meet this contract, it obtained some of the shells from its subsidiary, the Cambria Steel Company, at Johnstown, Pa. lietween Octobei-. 1915. and December 31, 1918, the Coatesville plant shipped 853,000 gross tons of steel plates. It also made for the Navy, caps for about 15,000 12-inch shells, 20,000 ll-inch shells and 11.000 16-inch shells, lis labor force of 2,500 was doubled in order to carry on the work. The Niles-Bement-Pond Company was assoiiatcd with .Mid\ulc in liie manufacture of 16-inch howitzers, sixty-two of which were ordered to be finished within twenty-one months after the order was given in .luly. 1918. No tools to machine the forgings were available, and the Niles-Bement-Pond Company agreed to furnish engineers, make designs for the tools — which would cost $100,000 apiece — to locate the necessary plants for lluir maiujfacture and to take no profit. This was the first time that an attempt was made to fabricate major machine tools in more than one place and to assemble them. The signing of the armistice altered the arrangements but Ihei-e was every indication of com- plete success had they been carried out. 456 ACTIVITIES OF THE BELL TELEPHONE COMPANY OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE PHILADELPHIA DISTRICT By p. L. Schauble Before America's entry into the war, the teleplione service in this country was taken for granted. The service was of a cjuality unknown in other countries. FaciUties were such that, almost regardless of location, an application for service was met with a prompt installation. Those outside of the business gave no thought to the foresight, engineering and study necessaiy to a maintenance of this "readiness-to-serve" poUcy. When it is understood that every telephone must have direct connection by a pair of wires to a central office, a better idea may be had of what this pohcy of always keeping ahead of the demand involved. Development studies, as they ai'e called, were projected for every exchange of appreciable size. These may be well explained by a specific illustration. The city of Chester, south of Philadelphia, had, prior to the war, enjoyed a certain normal growth. Studies based on this growth and the business activities of Chester showed that certain telephone plants within the city and certain toll line facilities to outside points were necessai-y at fixed periods, in order that expected growth might be met, and also that a reserve might be available at all times to meet the unexpected. With the beginning of the wai', a condition absolutely unforeseen and which, by no rule of thumb, could have been foretold, caused such a rapid development that all fundamental plans were entirely upset. Chester became one of the most important centers in the State for shipbuilding and for the manufacture of wai' materials. The telephone traffic and the demand for service became so great that not only were reserve facifities entirely used up, but the tremendous increase in toll service made the existing toll lines entirely inadequate. Under the circum- stances it was necessary to rush the building of additional plants within Chester, and also to string circuits wholesale for toll service. No commercial organization could be prepared for what happened in 1917 and 1918. True, during 1914, 1915 and 1916, due to war work for the Allies, there had been an unprecedented demand for telephone service. But because our country had not yet entered the conflict, and om- Government had taken no hand in production control, the Telephone Company was able to get the necessary materials to keep safely ahead of the demands. With America's entry into the war a new condition arose. Now it was a case of "win the war." An army is absolutely dependent on its communication facili- ties. Immediately there was a demand for men and material for telephone and telegraph service in France. The demand for war materials caused an embargo to be placed on many of the elements that go into the construction of telephone plant. Worse still, freight embargoes made it almost impossible to move sup- plies. As a result, the normal growth of the plant ceased. Fortunate indeed was this country that its telephone plant was so constructed that there was a large amount of reserve plant ready in place. Practically every plant in and around Philadelphia began to demand additional service. New plants were opened and switchboards had to be provided to give them adequate service. As the spare facifities became more and more nearly exhausted, it became necessary to question all demands for service, to be certain 457 that only .such telephones were installed as were actually necessary in the w iiininf^ of the war. This caused some unavoidable inconvenience and ciiticisni. All Government toll calls, including all departments and ofTicials, were given precedence over commercial business, the giving of this special service requiring extraordinary action on the part of the telephone officials e\cr> where, which included the special drilling of some 12,000 long-distance operators all over the country. Rush In.stai.i.ations To attempt, in ihc space allotted hcie, to cover the "rush"' jobs lur new i)iants which were opened for Ihc manufacture of war materials wdiilil be imf)ossible. I'ractically every established factory in the cil\ «as (Migaged in some form of war work, and nearly every one of them demanded additional ti'lephone facilities Add to this situation the new factories and their demands for complete new telephone systems, and some idea of the situation confronling Ihc company may be had. The result was a scouring of the entire teriitory for every bil of ('(iiiipment which was not of immediate use in the place where it was located. Switchboard ('(luipment, which had been ordered for enlarging central oflices and which had been shi|)ped, or even in some cases deli\('i traffic became a matter of the most serious proportions. But the task was accomplished. No girl despaired, no one lost heart or nerve, but all worked together; although not shoulder to shoulder, for there were many empty positions. In the I'venings there came the office and stall people of the Traffic Department to help. Tiiey did anything — clerical work, desk work; they even supervised, and sometimes they operated. The em|)loyment manager sat again at the switchboard. She had not operated for years, and soon realized that it is easier to teach than to practice. The same experience came to others who so readily volunteered their help. They may have blundered at first, but soon, with a little practice, they were helping mightily. It was indeed an inspiration to observe the volunteers, private branch exchange opcralors, luauN of them former employes, who pitched in to do what they could while the epidemic raged; office and staff' people, instructors from the operators' school, and even volunteers from the general public, all gave of their best. Several school teachers, actuated by a fine public spirit, proffered their services and worked in some of the offii-es. The Philadelphia Toll Central office felt the strain of the epidemic, too. Whh a great inmiber of the operating force absent, the supervisors were busy all along the board. .\o sooner would signal lights disappear in one section than another part of the board would be ablaze. Particularly heavy was the traffic to and from Camp Dix. Anxious parents were calling to learn how their soldier sons were; ofltimes the news was disheartening, and yet the girls kept on plugging just as fast as they could — and as long as they could. That the public's response saved the situation there is no (juestion. With abnormal traffic and the force depleted so far bek>w normal it would have been ex- tremely difficult, if not impossible, to keep things going at some points. The public generally was q\iick to realize that the emergency was unusual. Never 460 before had the Telephone Company, nn matter what confronted it, departed one whit from its avowed purpose of giving service to all whether the calls were of a business or social nature, important or unimportant. But it readily understood, first and for all, that the needs of the sick must be served and that if there must be a sacrifice of normal service it should not be by those who suffer. The Operating Force The services of the women of this country during the war were of the most signal distinction, and with the women whose activities were among the foremost in usefulness stood the telephone operators. During the dark period in the early part of 1918, when the news each day indicated that the enemy was pressing back the armies of the Allies, when each day the casualty Ust showed an ever increasing number of our boys slain or wounded, it was no easy task for the telephone girls to come to work each day, answering calls with a cheerful "Number, please," at the same time wondering if anything had happened to the husband, brother, sweetheart or other loved ones and during relief periods scanning each bit of news from the front, for information. The service rendered by the telephone operators was the more genuine because of its lack of the spectacular. The work was not recorded in big headlines in the newspapers. It was not accompanied by brass bands. Nor were there uniforms for the "soldiers of the switchboard." There were many organizations (organizations whose work was invaluable to the war) which were making every effort to recruit women from all walks of life. The telephone operators received so many requests to enlist in service other than telephone operating that a doubt was created in their minds as to their duty. They were in doubt as to whether their present duties as telephone operators were as urgent as Red Cross work. Land Army work. Liberty Loan campaigns and the like. When they raised the questit)n of the way they could best serve their country it was gratifying to see most of them decide that they would continue telephone operating. They were satisfied that their duty lay in "plugging up calls" rather them doing other work in which they were possibly less experienced. Everyone was anxious about our boys and the length and outcome of tlie war. Telephone operators were not immune to this nervous tension. A need was felt for something that would give the operators relief from the strain under which they were laboring. The Telephone Company, therefore, provided a phono- graph in each of the rest rooms in the larger central offices. Records were care- fully chosen so that only the more cheery selections would be heard. At 12 o'clock noon each day the "Star-Spangled Banner" was played, which was foUowerl by a minute of silence, at which time everyone in the rest room stood at attention and thought of the loved ones who were "Over There" fighting for their country, their homes, and every institution held dear by all Americans. This minute of silence was very impressive, and few were the eyes that were dry. It gave an outlet to the pent-up emotions that were held in check at other times. As the summer wore on and reports from the front became more optimistic, even those in the operating force who had received word of the death or wounding of some one held dear, were buoyed up by the knowledge that our boys were fighting a winning battle, and that the end of the war was a matter of months and not years. 461 It was 2 o'clock in the morning when the report of the armistice was received. The telephone "soldiers" did not join the merr>^ throng to celebrate the happy event. They rushed to their respective oflices as fast as they could, knowing the tremendous number of telephone calls that would be made as soon as it was learned generally that the war was over. Seventy-five per cent of the operators' positions were occupied by 5 \.m. They came to work unsolicited, while everybody else was on the streets celebrating. It was a great demonstration of the spirit and loyalty of the operating force — a demonstration that could only be made at a time such as this. An enormous number of calls was handled on that never-to-be-for- gotten day. And it was "'voice with the smile" service indeed! In summing up the work of the operating force, it may be said that in spite (jf their trials, they handled the trafTic and handled it well, with loyalty and cheer- fulness. It is a matter of record that telephone performance including the efli- ciency, technical .service, tone and courtesy did not go back during the war. PHILADKLPHIA BOARD OF TRADE By W. B. TicKKH The transition of business from a war to a peace basis brought into play all of the American genius for expanded enterprise, patient endurance and successful achievement. Discerning the ultimate demands that would be made upon the city, the Philadelphia Board of Trade shaped its activities during the five years of hostilities with (iermany and the Central Powers in accordance with a policy which would first and most cvpeditiously induce a victorious peace for the Entente Allies and. that having been accomplished, find the industries of the United States in the best possible position to meet elfeclively and successfully the culminating strain of a peace-lime readjustment. Realizing that in the membership of the Board of Trade was represented those iiidnstri(\s most efficiently developed in the Philadelphia district, and which were sup|>l\iiig direct to tli(> battlclVoiits of Europe those sinews of war prirnaiily and imperatively needed in the successful prosecution of the conflict, it should be also understood that the functions of such a trade organization are of necessity more or less confined to the dissemination of opinions and llie slia})ing of national legislation. Therefore national, state and niuiiicipal records show that the Board of Trade was most aggressive in performing its usual functions. As the whirl- wind Argonne campaign progressed it became more than ever obvious that peace was in the near foreground, and thereupon the Board of Trade concentrated the wisdom and experience of its wise councilors in the direction of a reconstruction program. Huge plants, which had been engaged in the manufacturing of war materials had tf) be turned over to the products needed in the ordinary counse of business and industry. This transformation had to be made as (piickly as possible to prevent idleness and unre.st which was — and still is — threatening a large part of Europe. Thousands of men who had been under arms had to be given speedy and profitable employment, (ioveriuiK'nl regulations which had interfered with a normal course of commerce and business had to be so modified as to give the greatest freedom to individual and corporate initiative, .so that business might 462 again be placed on a sound footing and be in a position to grasp the opportunities which were offering for foreign trade. For the previous three years our commercial life had been diverted from the natural channels of supply and demand, and artificial conditions created by legislative authority had prevailed. Under normal conditions business camiot thrive with such restrictions. Liberty Loans: The Board of Trade used every means available to aid in the successful flotation of Liberty Loans during the war. Stickers and stamps were used on its literature, and noliws put in all corres- pondence urging citizens to "Buy Bonds." While the Revenue Bill was under discussion, the attention of the Board of Trade was called to the fact that several clauses were contained therein that would adversely affect the flotation of the Fourth Liberty Loan, which was then about to be put on the market. A meeting of the Committee on National and State Revenue and Taxation was called, and the Secretary was authorized to write the two Senators from Peim- sylvania and the Congressmen from Philadelphia, opposing the incorporation in this bill of measures restricting the sale of Liberty Loan bonds, and to favor tiiat portion which allowed an exemption from taxation up to a certain amount. The restriction on the sale of bonds was eliminated and the exemption provision retained. Early in the year, when there were frequent reports of outrages committed in this country by spies or enemy agents, the Special Emergency Committee made a report which was endorsed by the Board of Tiad«>, which urged publicly that industrial necessity demanded that the death penalty be meted out to spies and that alien sympathizers be strenuously dealt with, in order to stem the tide of treason and sedition that was spreading throughout the country. War Contracts: Llnder stress of war conditions when time was essential, many Inisiness men enteretl into contracts with the Government without contracts being formally signed, so that the materials needed in the speedy prosecution of the war could be had without undue delay. Believing that the business men, who through patriotic and unselfish motives were willing to make their interests subordinate to the public good, shoidd be protected, the Board of Trade, in conjunction with other trade organizations, urged upon Congress the passage of the Hitchcock Bill. This l)ill provided for the legalization of informal defective orders for war supplies and materials, for the Ccmcelation of orders and contracts, for the re- imbursement of contractors and manufacturers, for the adjustment of claims on canceled or partly filled contracts and orders, antl provided relief for contractors pending final determination. Reconstruction Commission: As all of the nations engaged in the war, with the exception of the United States, had appointed commissions to study after-war problems as they related to business, so that the transition from war to peace trade would be accomplished with the minimum of distiui)ance, the Board of Trade urged upon Congress the necessity of the establishment of such a commission in the LInited States. On September 25th, a memorial was sent to Congress urging it "To create a commission and to investigate the problems of reconstruction." On Referendum No. 23 of the Linited States Chamber of Commerce, a pro- posal to discriminate against Germany in trade after the war, if necessary for self- 463 defense, the Board of Trade declined to vote on this referendum, considering the time inopportune to pass on a proposition involving a question of policy, which might ultimately conflict with that of the government of tlic T'nited States in reaching terms as a basis for peace negotiations. Federal Trade Commission Law: In 1915 the Board of Trade opposed the passage of the bill providing for the creation of a trade commission for reasons set forth, stating in conclusion, that "wisdom and sound judgment requinni that the I'lfcct upon the country of commission supervision of the public service corporations be carefully noted over a series of years before any attempt should be made to extend that system in any degree beyond its present limits .... In the mean- time both public and private rights are amply guarded by existing law," and respectfully submitted that "The Interstate Trade r.ouunission Bill siiould not receive favorable consideration.' The bill became a law by the signature of the President, September 2(). I'M I. \\(ir Risk Insurance: During the consideration of the bill aiitiiorizing the establishment of a Bureau of War Risk Insurance, the following telegiam was sent to the President of the United States: "Pliiia(iel|)liia Board of Trade believes the present emergeiu-y justifies tiie goNeriimi'tit of the I nited States assuming premiiun of insurance on war risks on American hulls and cargoes bound to European and other ports where such lisk has not been already covered by the countries of destination, and trusts your inlluence will be exerted to that end." Seamen's Bill: The Board again placed itself in opposition to the passage of the bill known as the Seamen's Bill, believing that its provisions would work additional hardships upon the owners of oin- merchant marine and still furthei- cripple this service. Chesapeake and Delaware Canal: The Board gave its endorsement of tiie movement for the purchase of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal by the I iiiled States, in a memorial sent to Congress in May, 191,5, aft<^r the House iiad passed the Bivers and Harbors Bill, provided in the bill. Frunkford Arsenal: The Board of Trade a(ti\el\ pailicipated in a delegation to Washington on April 17, 1915, which appeared before the Senate Committee on Pidilic (iroimds and Buildings and the House Conunitlee on Appropriations, to urge the favorable adoption of bill appropriating $15 1.000 for tli(> |>urriiase of additional land for the Frankford .\rsenal and in advocacy of appropriations for the construction of additional buildings, which were greatly neederl for the economical and proper conduct of the business of the arsenal. United States Armor Plate Plant: The Board at its May, 1917, meeting ordered transmitted to Congress a protest against the establishment of a (iovernment armor plate plant, arguing that existing armor plate plants of the coinUry are fully eijuipped to supply the immediate and future demands of the (iovernment; that there is believed to be a moral obligation on the part of the I'nited States Govern- ment to utilize the private armor plate plants, as they were virtually brought into existence on the demand of the (iovernment, and to serve it alone. Threatened Railroad Strike: (;)n August 22. 1917, in view of the conditions then existing between the railroads and their employes, the President of the iioard again addressed a connnunication to the President of the I nited States, urging that the dilferences which had arisen between the management and 101 employes of the railroads be arbitrated either by the "Interstate Commerce Commission or under the Newlands Act, thereby maintaining and promoting the principle of arbitration and preventing a disaster, which seems to be menaced by a refusal to arbitrate," National Preparedness: At the .lune, 1917. meeting the following action was taken by a unanimous vote: "Ftesolvpcl. That the Philadelphia Board of Trade, fully cognizant and approving of the splendid spirit shown for jireparedness, not for war but against it, by assisting our country in preparing against war to thereby insure peace, do endorse as a body all that is being sincerely done in this great movement, and in the hope that all business men will encourage their employes to join the National Guard of Penn- sylvania, or to attend military or naval training camps or schools, under the auspices of the T'nited States (iovernment, as in the Board's opinion the experience, health, general information, and especially the discipline thus oljtained, all work for greater efficiency, for promotion and success." PHILADELPHIA CHAMBER OF COMMERCE During the progress of the war the various bureaus of the Chamber of Com- merce kept in close touch with the Government, and on many occasions were able to furnish information to the War Department concerning the industries of Phil- adelphia, terminal facilities, warehouse space, sources of needed supplies, etc. The War Shipping Committee, of which Howard B. French was chairman, was especially active among the shipyards, and was able to perform effective work in helping thi> (iovernment to handle the labor situation. When the great need foi' labor in the shipbuilding industry made itself felt in the early days of the war, employers of labor, whose training made them useful in the shipyard work, were appealed to to loan their employees to the (iovernment during the period of the war. The connnittee ke|)t in intimate touch with the shipyards along the Delaware, holding numerous meetings at which the representatives of the shipyards were present, which enabled the ciunniittee to discuss intelligently, the problems con- fronting each establishment. In addition, the shipyards were visited by the com- mittee in order that all data possil)le might be in their hands. A campaign of education was carried on through the nio\ing picture houses to awaken a realization by the general public of the need of giving whole-hearted support to the shipbuilding industry. Special films were prepared; the first showing of which was made at a mass meeting held in the Academy of Music, which was attended by many prominent government officials, the Hon. Bainbridge Colby being the piincipal speaker. The connnittee took up the housing situation and cooperated with the various agencies of the (iovernment in securing lists of available vacant houses then ex- isting in Philadel|)hia. as well as suggesting the erection of additional houses, especially in the \ icinity of Hog Island. In this connection the following resolution was adopted 1)> the committee at its meeting held on December 26, 1917: \\ liereas. The Government of tlie United States, througti the American International Ship- huitfling Corporation is constrncting a large shipbuilding plant at Hog Island, located upon the Delaware Hiver, immediately adjoining the city of Philadelphia; and 165 Whereas, Said plant to be effective must have a roqiiisilc aniounl of iiicu cmpldyod and said men should ha\e proper li\ing facilities: and Whereas. Allhoufih suflicient houses are not available in Ihat iuuiicdiale seition of Phila- delphia, near-by land with street improvements larficly made is available: and Whereas, Some of the operative builders of I'hiladelphia hM\e a^'reef tlic riiamher of Coiimicice, and many iucihIh'is of llu' .stall' took an active part in the various Liberty Loan Canipaigns. THE (.(niMKRCIAL MUSEUMS I?\ l)n. \\ . I'. Wll.XPN, DlttKCTOR Tiie Pliiladelphia Museum, coiniiKHiK known as the C.oininercial Miiseiiin of Pliiladelphia. is an institution established by ordinance of City Couneils, January 1.'), 18') 1. to operate under a board of truste(>s consisting; of twenty mem- bers, eight of whom aie City and State oilicials and Ihr balance leading citizens appointed for life. This board administers the property of the iiisiliulion \\hii h. al present, has a plant of live large buildings with surrounding gardens, located at IVlth Street below Spruce. The buildings house the extensive exhibits of law prodiicls fiom all parts of the world: the industrial exhibits: the lecture room, in wliicli illuslialed lectines are given to school chiklren, students of higher schools and imi\ersiti(^s, and the general public: the administration oflices; the workrooms; print shop; power house; large exhibition hall for conventions and leniporary exhibitions; and the free reference library of commerce and trav(>l. Ihe olTicers of the institution are: Sydney L. \\ right, I'rcsident: Howard B. French, Vice-President and Treasurer: Wilficd II. Scholl', Secretary and Assistant Treasurer; Director of the .Museum, Dr. W . 1'. W ilson, who originated the idea of the Museum and under whose direction it has been developed to the present time. The work of the institution falls naturally into three principal lines: The 4 Enyineers in (Jump ul llie Comnim'ial Miisfuru. exhibitions, or the imiseuni proper; the cdueational work; and the Foreifin Trade Bureau — the free reference Hbrary being an adjunct to all three hues of work. From the foregoing, it may readily be seen that the institution was fitted to give aid in a variety of ways during the World War. First: The Commercial Museum was 100 per cent in all Liberty loans. It organized and maintained a War Saving Stamps Society. Four of its young men served in the army, three of them in service abroad. At the beginning of the war its large temporary exhibition hall. xhibits of raw products from all parts of the world in f)rder to answer inquiries or help business men to lind necessary ma- terials to carry on our industries. \ aluable help was obtained from such exhibits as those of coco fiber, flax, brush fiber, gums, etc. .Motion pictures showing war activities were lent friM-. These films, placed in the Museum by the Bureau of luhication. are still in frc(jiicnt use, esjM'cially by schools in Pennsylvania. Sets o( lantern slides and lectures showing the building of ships, airplanes. trench warfare and many other war subjects were loaned free, and were greatly in demand. Ilxhibition was made of a large collection of coal tar products showing the dcNelopment of American industry in the manufacture of dyes, medicines, ex- plosives, etc.. as influenced by our needs in the war. In the line of the Foreign Trade Bureau, during the war, the Commercial Museum was actively engaged in helping to maintain the exports of the country in so far as it was possible to do so without \iolalioii of the rules and regulations of the War Trade Board. It also worked actively with a view to the further develop- ment of export trade after the n>moval of such restrictions— a work universally acknowledged to be extremely important in its effect upon the welfare of the country at large. In dircH't war work it olfeicd its facilities fVe(>l\ Id the (iovernment and co- operated especialK with the \\ ar Tiade Bureau in identifying enemy firms abroad. It dcNnted. without charge, the outside cover page of its Weekly Export Bulletin during the lime of the war to the advertising of l^iberty Loans. War Saving Stamps, etc. It also cari'ied (iii. tlnougli its |iul>liiations doninirrridl Aniericd and Anieriru domrrridl (Spanish), a continuous projiaganda in foreign couiiliies li\ [>ublishing the various messages of the President and of articles designed to counteract ( ierman propaganda. The curators and others of the staff of the Museum were fretpiently called upon for lectures to aid in the entertainment of the soldiers and sailors in camps iiearbv, and to act as four-mimite speakers at public enli'riainments. In geneial, the institution and its employees stood read\ to aid in all possible ways during and after the war. •16H WAR INDUSTRIES ROARD FOR REGION No. 4 (( '.ompiising the Philadelphia Industrial District) By Geor(;e Johannes The Resources and Conversion Section of the War Industries Board, of which the work of the regional advisor in Region No. I was a part, was organized under the direction of the Chairman of the War Industries Boaixl, and exercised functions as delegated to it by the Chairman in accordance with the instructions of the Presi- dent of the United States in a letter dated March 4, 1918, in which the functions and duties of the War Industries Board were briefly stated. The work of the Board as specifically outlined by the President consisted of the following : 1. The creation of new facilities and the disclosure of new or additional sources of suiiply. 2. The conversion of (listing facilities, where necessary, to new uses; 3. The studious conversion of resources and facilities by scienlilic, coniniercial, and indus- trial economies; 4. Advice to the several purchasing agencies of the Government with regard to the prices to be paid; .'>. The determination, wherever necessary, of priorities of production and of delivery and of the proportions of any given article to be made inuuediately accessible to the several purchas- ing agencies when the supply of that article is insullicient, either temporarily or permanently. 6. The making of purchases for the Allies. Under this authority of the President, the Resources and Conversion Section of the War Industries Board was organized with Charles A. Otis of Cleveland, Ohio, as chief. In a coninumication dated .lune .3, 1918. addressed to the President of the Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce, the chief of the Resources and Con- version Section advised the organization of that section and detailed a plan l)y which the Government should receive in its activities the cooperation of the various regions and industries throughout the United States, and requested the perfeitinn in the territory outlined in the letter of a business men's organization to aid the War Industries Board in its work. The headquarters of the regicjn were fixed in Philadelphia. The letter also instructed the nomination of some one to represent the War Industries Board in the Philadelphia region, who was to be formally appointed and whose title was to be Regional Advisor. The territory designated above by the Wai' Industries Board was to be known as Region No. 4, and was composed of the eastern section of the State of Pennsyl- vania, the southern section of the State of New Jersey, and the whole of the State of Delaware. A conference was immediately called of men thoroughly representative not only of the industrial activities of the Philadelphia region, but also of its territorial divisions. Tliis conference met on June 14, 1918, and recommended that Ernest T. Trigg, Vice-President and General Manager of the John Lucas & Co., Inc., be appointed Regional Advisor for the Philadelpliia District, and he was authorized to proceed with the organization of the War Resources Committee of the Philadel- phia District, the division of the territory into sub-regions emd to make all other necessary arrangements for the speedy beginning of the work, which this organi- zation was to undertake as an auxiliary in Philadelphia of the War Industries Board in Washington. A formal appointment as Regional Advisor was issued to Mr. Trigg by the War Industries Board and he took the oath of office prescribed by law for officers of the Government. 469 The organization ol' the Philadclpiiia War Kosourccs Committee proceeded on the following plan: The menihership ol' the committee was composed of one representative of each of the eleven sub-regions into which the region was divided, in addition to one representative of each of seventeen major industrial groups repre- sented in this region. A further detailed organization was provided for by the appointment by each member of tiie \\ ai" Resources Committee of a committee to assist in his work, of which he then became the chairman. Members of the War Resources Committee, to act as chairmen of sub-regions, were selected at a meeting called for that j)urpose in each sub-region to which representatives of each com- mercial and civic organization in the sub-region were invited. The industrial chair- men were selected after a most careful consultation willi representative men in the various industries. The Fourth Region was divided into eleven sub-ri'gions. for each of which a sub-regional chairman was appointed. The Philadelphia sub-region included the counties of Philadelphia, MontgomcMji . Delaware and Bucks. The industrial at'tivities of the region were divided into seventeen groups, the names of the chairmen of w hich are given below- in conncvtitm w ith the names of the industrial groups which they represented: ("a.s7iVif/.< — HodiH'v Tiiylor, President. P<'iiii Seal)i>aril Steel ("i)r|Kiration. (Uiemicats, Oils. Paints — Milton li. Caniphell. President, il. K. .Mulford Company. Clay, Slone and Brick Products — O. W. Kelchani, President, Builders' Exchange. Copper, Brass. Tin and .Similar Metals — \\ . M. Weaver. Electrical — II. 11. Seabrook. District Manager, Westinghonse Electrical and Maimlac lining' (Company. Engineering and Professional — John 11 /iiiiiiiiTiiian. of Day \ Zininierinan. Inc. Erplosires — Frank H. McC^orniick. of Iv I. dn Pont de \einonrs Co. h'unjinfis and Stampings — C^harles C. t)a\is. President. Peiuisylvania Forge Co. Finance and Insurance — \V. A. Ijiw, President. First National Bank. Philadelphia. Iron and .Steel I'roilucis — Horace A. Beale, ,Ir., President, Parkershiirg Iron Co. I.eatlier Products — Spencer K. Mnlford, President. England, Walton & Co. Lundter Prinlucls — W. II. Lear. Machinery and Machine Products — W . II llirman. PresilH'r I'rmlucis — J. .\. Lambert, (^leiieral Manager, .\cnie Rnbber Mfg. Co. Textiles and Clothing — Da\i .lolin M. Stetson Company, was elected Chairman, and N. B. Kelly. (i(>n(Mal Secre- tary of the I'hiladelphia Chamber of ConuiKnce, was elected Secretary. The work, not having any financial support from the Government, was financed by the industries of the region, under a plan worked out and perfected by a fmaiK'e com- mittee of which Samuel M. Curwen was temporary chairman, and Frank II. McCoritiii k permanent chairman. In addition to the committee organization outlined aho\c the Regional Advisor on \ugust 12, 1018, organized the Philadelphia War ( 'abinet. This cabinet consisted of the chief of each L iiitcd States (iovern- ment War Activity in the Philadelphia region, and its chairman was the regional iidvisor for the region. Its organization gi'ew out of the realization that all of the ( io\ erninenl's activities in the Philadelphia region coukl not be I'oordiuatiul into an ellicient well working whole, unless there could be frequent meetings for 170 the discussion oC varying prolilenis of those interested in the governmental activi- ties in the region. Without such discussion of the Governiuent's problems in tlieir larger aspect, there was grave danger that the zeal of one branch of the Government in carrying out its functions might seriously handicap another branch in its work, and that actual competition between two or more brani'hes f>f the government might seriously interfere with the general war program. The Philadelphia War Cabinet provided a place where each member by understanding the other's problem could so arrange his activities as not to interfere with other gf)vernmental opera- tions in the region, prevent competition between different l)ranches of the Govern- ment and aid in furthering the general program. The membeiship of the Philadelphia War Cabinet consisted of the following: Enienjcncy Flcel Corpurulion. — ('.linrlt's M. Schwali. Director-General; Charles Piez, Viee- President, Howard Coonley, Vice-President; J. L. Ackerson, Vice-President. Federal Reserve System. — E. P. Passmore. Governor. Third Federal Heserve District. F(umI Adniiiiislraliori. — Howard Heinz, Federal Food .\dniinistrator for Pennsylvania; C. J. Criitchfield, Assistant. Fuel Adniinislration. — Joseph W. Wear, Assistant Federal l''uel Administrator for Penn- sylvania. Labor Adminislralion. — E. C. Fellon, Federal Labor Administration for Pennsylvania; John C. Frazee, Assistant. Navy Deparlmenl.—Bim']am'm Tappin, Pear Admiral II. S. Navy, Connnandant U. S. Navy Yard, League Island; Charles Frederick Hughes. Rear Admiral LI. S. Navy, Commandant U. S. Navy Yard. League Island. Ordnance Department, U. S. Army. — John C. Jones, Chief, Production Division, Philadelphia District; John Dickey, Jr., Special Assistant. Pennsylmnia Council of National Dejense. — George Wharton Pepper, (Chairman; Lewis S. Sadler, Executive Manager. Navy Department. — Benjamin Ta|)p!n. Rear \dmiral U. S. Navy, Commandant U. S. Navy Yard. Quartermaster's Department, U. S. Army. — B. j\l. Holden, Depot Quartermaster. Huitroad .\dministration. — C. H. Markham, Regional Director; C. R. Capps, Traffic Assis- tant to Regional Director. Regional Adviwr's Office. — Ernest T. Trigg, Regional Advisor; Powell Evans, Chief, Di^ ision of Industrial Stinuilation; Percival E. Foerderer, ChicL Priorities Division; George Johannes. Oflice Manager. War Resources Committee. — J. Howell ('.unuviings. Chairman: B. N. Kelly, Secretary. The plan of having an organization in each region like the Pliiladelphia War Cabinet was so well thought of by the War Industries Board that the other regional advisors were instructed to organize similar bodies. To facilitate further the operation of the office, the Regional Director, with the approval of the War Industries Board, made appointments for special duties to be confirmed l)y formal appointments issued l)y the War Industries Board. These appointments provided for the establishment of bureaus in the office of the Regional Advisor with specialists at the head of each. In the selection of chiefs of these bureaus, the Regional Advisor was fortunate in obtaining men to serve who were particularly qualified hy reason of previous business experience and training effectively to carry on tli(^ duties of their positions, and who were able to give a large part of their time to the work. Powell Evans and Percival M Foerderer, as noted before, were appointed Chief of the Division of Industrial Stimulation and Chief of the Priorities Division respectively. W. H. Harman became Chief of the Division of Plant Facilities and Charles W. Neeld acted as Chief of Industrial 471 Statistics. These men worked without sahiry. jrave freely of their time, ami Itieir services in many cases were coiitimiouslx used for long periods. Tiie regional advisor commenced active work upon his appoinlnienl. V separate oflice was estabhshed July 1. 1918. to do such work as was necessary for the War Resources (Committee and the ^^ar Industries Board. The oflice staff was moved three times to different offices, each time taking larger quarters, the size in each instance necessitated by the <;rowth of Ihe work and tiie stall" necessary for its performance. Two important surveys were laid out under the supervision of the Hegional Advisor: one was completed and a report sent to Washington, and the other hail been well started when the signing of the armistice put an I'lid to its activities, and made unnecessary its completion. The lirsl nl' the sin\eys was the War Production Sur\e\. whiltalion and Ihe I nited Slates Housing ( Corporation. Ihe sur\ey was designed to cover all producing plants in the I'hiladelphia region, and was also designed to develop all facts relati\e to Ihe labor situation in the plants. The di\ersit\ of information required to be developed by the oflice is best illustrated by a few typical cases showing spei'ial investigations made. .\ survey was mad(> to determine what locomotive cranes were available in the regitm for supplying a shortage of such cranes at war producing plants; steps were taken to develop information as to the capacity in the region for the manufacture of semi-steel shells for the Ordnance Department of the .\rmy (this included consultation with manufacturers antl advising with lh(>m with a view of having them coiimmI |)ii'senl facilities lo the making of semi-sleel shells): manufacturing capacity was di'\ eloped for marine boilers, ci'ulches. klaxon horns and caterpillar tractors; a member of the olVwf of the Hegional \dvisor made a very cotnprehensive report of possible electrical water [)ower sit(>s on the Atlantic coast available for the establishment of a Goverimient nitrate plant (this report involved a thorough 472 knowledge of eleiliical enniiieeriiig. in addition lo transportation (acilities both water and rail). Many in\('stif;ati()ns wcie niatle of tiic hiiildinf; n'(|nir('nicnts of the war pro- (hicing plants in the region with a view of aiding tlie Faeilities Section of the War Industries Board in the work of deciding properly on api>lications for permission to construct huiidiiigs at war plants. At tiie reciuest of the ( hiartermaster's Depart- ment, investigation was made for the purpose of developing suitable candidates for commissions as officers in the Quartermaster's Department of the Army. Much help was alforded manufacturers in getting proper information to the Draft Boards to exempt key-men, especially efTicient in certain industries. Property was ap- ]5raised under the supervision of the Regional Advisor for thi^ Housing Corporation, to enable them to form an (estimate of real estate values for construction jnnposes. Available storage facilities were listed to give information to militai'y authorities as to possibilities of assembling war material here. During the war the Fourth Retjiviial Advisor was published daily. This gave prompt and authoritative information to business men on all phases of activity of the Government in whicii they might be interested and advised them of lulings and decisions all'ecting their w(jrk anti relations to the Government. rcnirti'sv of tlie riiiladelpliia W (iiiu'ii \\ orktrs J'ruiii llic Fninkfnrd Arseniil. 473 THE FEDERAL RESERVE RANK OF PHILADELPHIA By William G. McCreedy, Acting ConlioUfT* HE Federal Reserve Act. under which the Third District was organized, was approved on December 23, \'->\'.'>. "to provide for the estabUshinent of Federal Reserve banks, to furnish an elastic currency, to afford means of rediscounting commiMcial paper, to cstablishaniorecnectiM' supervision of banking in the United States, and for other purposes." The country was divided into twelve districts. The Third Pliiladclpliia District originally inchidcd: All of New Jersey, all of Delaware, all of Pennsylvania east of the western boundries of McKean. i'^lk, Clearlicid, Cambria and Bedford counties. Later, the district iiu'Iuded tiie same territory in Pennsylvania, all of Delaware, and all of New Jersey south of the norlhein boundaries of Mercer and Ocean counties. The "Reserve Bank Organization Committee," consisting of the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secreteiry of Agriculture and the Comptroller of the Currency, took preliminary steps resulting in the election of thr(>e Class A and three Class B directors by the qualified banks in District No. 3. The first active steps looking to the organization of a Federal Beserve bank in (lach district were taken on August 10. 1911, when the members of the Federal Reserve Board took oath of ofiice. 'I'he boaid then appointed three Class C directors for each distiict, naming Richard L. Austin as Chairman of the Board and Federal Beserve Agent, George M. LaMonte as Deputy Beserve Agent and Vice-Chairman. and George W. Norris as third member of that class for this district. On October 8, 191 1, the Directors of the Third Federal Beserve District met to organize the Board and elected as Governor Charles J. Bhoads, Director of group one. Class A. On October 26th the Federal Beserve Board issued notice to the ini-iubcr banks of the Federal Beserve system, calling upon them to pay in their first instal- ment of capital stock, as of November 2d, and, at the same time, the Secretary of the Treasury fixed November 16, 1914. as the date for opening the Federal Beserve banks and for readjusting the reserves of member banks to tlu; basis required by the Federal Beserve Act. in 1917 the real test came. The first three months of the year were com- monplace, excepting that discount operations had gradually increased through the lightening of money rates, brought about by the demand for funds to finance foreign loans. The bank had been acting as fiscal agent for the I iiited States tjovernnient, having been so designated as of January 1, 1916, but tlie extent of its services was the payment of checks. However, after the state of war with (^lermany had been declared, conditions were entirely changed. The batik was notified of the part it was to lake in the prosecution of the war. This district was *The final paragrapli of ttiis article, on Certilicates of Indel)le(lnps.s, was written by W. J. Davis, Assi.slanl (Cashier, Fent covering campaign expenses. The bank, in common with the rest of the nation, was thoroughly unprepared to handle the work (>fficipntly. The bank's quarters at 108 Chestnut Street, then almost unbearably overcrowded, were entirely inade- quate. In the Lehigh Building, 108 South Fourth Street, where the fourtii lloor 475 had hccii leased for Iransil work, the first and second floors were rented for duties in coiHiection witli the Liberty Loan work. The vohime of the regular business of the bank began to expand, partly as an indirect result of the Liberty Loan, so that it became necessary to increase the clerical force in all departments, the number of em[)loyi's at tlie end of the year being 186. The loan work had grown so over- whelmingK that it became necessary to call upon -Messrs. Lybrand, Ross Brothers & MontgomerN. certified public accountants, for assistance. The most pronounced changes occurred in 1918. The building occupied at present, 925 Chestnut Street, was acquired, and extensive alterations were made preparatory to its occupation on March I."!!!!. Much to the regret of those asso- ciated with him. (iovernor Rlioads teuden^d his resignation in order that he might take up war woik with the ^ . M. ('.. \.. and on February 8, 1918, the board accepted his resignation with great reluctance and elected 1-]. P. Passmore to succeed him. The year 1919 brought forth a marked change in conditions. The armistice had been signed and the war. with its attendant doubts and uncertainties, was a thing of the past. Preparations looking to llie llnlalion of ihe \ ictoiN Loan were in progress. The whole financial system of the nation had become more and more de- pendent upon the Federal Reserve system. The Reserve bank, as a part of that sNstem. acciimulaled by September .'JOth about SI 28. 0(10. ()()() in gold, which, logethii willi Ihe gold held by the other Reserve banks, was the basis for piaclically all of Ihe counliv's circulation and the entire credit structure. Cjiiirtpsv nf Krnnl< \V. Tttilitcr. Stanley Co. of America. .1 n Emerijency A id A iite does Iter pari. 476 In the five loan campaigns the bank was given a total quota of SI. 515. 000. ()()() of bonds to be sold and turned in subscriptions aggregating •'^1, 996.112, 750, gt)ing "over the top" each time. The total amount of the First Liberty L(jan was $2,000,000,000. and with the thought in mind that the entire subscriptions re- ceived by this bank were only a Irille short of that sum, the value of the bank to the entire nation can be appreciated. The use of Certificatesof indebtedness played a very important part in ( lovern- ment financing. Preceding each Liberty Loan, the Treasury Department issued Certificates of Indebtedness, which are short-term obligations, running for a period of three to five months. These certificates were always issued in anticipation of a Loan and provided a method by which a bank could invest its funds picparatory to the Loan. A more important reason for issuing these Certificates of Indebted- ness was that they supplied the Covernment with credit to conduct its o]i(Mations between Liberty Loans. The Fourth Liberty Loan was practically spent before received, as it was from the proceeds of the Fourth Liberty Loan that Treasury Certificates of Indebtedness issued in anticipation of the Loan were redeemed. Prior to the Fourth Liberty Loan approximately .$4,000,000,000 of certificates of indebtedness were issued, which gave the Government the net proceeds of about .*i;5. 000.000.000 from the Fourth Liberty Loan. During the first three Liberty Loans there was no set basis or quota on which the banks wei'e to purchase certificates, but preparatory to the advent of the Fourth and Victory Loans the Treasury Department fixed a certain basis or quota for which banks should subscribe; as, for example, the Secretary of the Treasury notified all banks and trust companies that they were expected to take 2 per cent of their resources fort- nightly in Certificates of Indebtedness to be issued in anticipation of the Fourth Liberty Loan. The same procedure was followed relative to certificates issued in anticipation of the Victory Liberty Loan. THE WAR SAVINtiS DIVISION OF THE WAR LOAN ORGANIZATION THIRD FEDERAL RESERVE DISTRICT Casimir a. Sienkievvk.z Under authority of an Act of Congress, approved Septemljer 21, I') 17. the Secretary of the Treasury ofi'ered for sale •S2. 000. 000. 000 worth (uiaturil> \alue) of War Savings Stamps. This amount was later raised to $ 1,000,000,000. As provided by the first Treasury Department circular letter, dated November 15, 1917, ''the United States War Savings Certificate, series of 1918, is an obliga- tion of the Llnited States when and only when one or more United States War Savings Stamps, series of 1918, is affixed thereto." Each of these certificates had space for twenty War Savings .Stamps of the same issue, and each of these stauq>s so affixed had a maturity value of $5 on January 1, 192.'5, which accordingly gave to each certificate a maturity value of $100, each stamp bearing interest at 4 per cent per annum compounded quarterly if held until matuiity. No one person was aUowed to hold at any time stamps of any one issue of an aggregate maturity value of more than $1,000. In case of redem[)tion prior to maturity the holder was i'e(|uired to give ten days' notice to any money-order post-office where th(> surrender of stamps was to be effected. It was possible to register these stamps, but such registration was optional. 477 I'h.ll., .., 1. School Children in Liberty Loan Pwjrdiil. The Stamps were not transferable, and were not to be reeeixcd as security for (lej)osits of public money. They did not bear the circulation privilege. They were tax exempt both as to principal and interest except frt>m estate or inheritance lax, surtaxes and excess profit and war profit taxes then or thereafter imposed by the I nited States upon the income of individuals, partnerships, associations or corpoi-ations. To make easier the jiaynients on account of War Savings Stamps, Thrift Stamps were adopted. These stamps had a value of twenty-five cents, but bore no interest. They were not redeemable directly, but each Thrift Card, with six- teen Thiift Stamps allixed thereto, was converted into a War Savings Stamp upon payment of the dill'erence between the actual value of the sixteen Thrift Stamps and the then current price of the Wai" Savings Stamp. Mi;riior» ok Distribution and S.\le The War Savings Stamps and Thrift Stamps were on sale in all Post Offices :ui(l federal Reserve Banks. There were also other agencies divided into two classes : 1. Those especially authorized b> the Savings Division of liie Treasury Depaitmcnt. who were permitted t<) buy stamps for re-sale to an amount iml exceeding $1. ()()(). 2. Incorporated banks and trust companies who obtained their stamps from the federal Reserve Bank for sale to the public in excess of .?1.000 at any one lime of one issue. This second class was reiiuirrd lo put up collateral security or actual cash in order to qualify. 3. District and local committees were ellrcicd lor llic purpose of extending a campaign, a National (^.ommittee being formed uruli'r the cliairniaiisliif) of Frank A. ^ anderlip. with head([uarters at Washington. Kor easlein Prims\lvania Robert K. Cassatt was appointed Slate Director on November 20. 1917. The Director for western Pennsylvania was James Francis Murke. of Pittsburgh. 47K On November 26. 1917, the eastern Pennsylvania headquarters were opened at 1321 Walnut Street, and within a week the campaign was actively inaugurated. Messrs. Cassatt and ]>urke created a State C.ouncil, with the assistance of which a chairman was appointed in every county, who, in turn, organized such committees as were necessary to carry on the campaign in their several counties. Meetings were held, sjieakers were sent to theaters and other public places, parades were arranged and personal solicitors sent out. War savings societies were formed, particularly in schools and industries. On November 11, 1918, eastern Pennsylvania led the I nited States in the number of such societies, having a total of 2,094. The school children in Philadelphia were organized in 817 of these societies, and were urged to convert their pennies into "baby bonds," as the Thrift Stamps were called. Associated with Mr. Cassatt were Joseph A. Janney, Jr., Chairman of the Industrial Committee and afterward assistant state director; William West, Philadelpliia County Chairman, later acting state director; J. Curtis Patterson, who had charge of the War Savings Societies; and Benjamin H. Ludlow, state director of the speakers' bureau. The allotment of sales for Philadelphia County for 1918 was $35,000,000, and for eastern Pennsylvania district $116,000,000. By the end of 1918 the forty-eight counties of the eastern Pennsylvania Dis- trict had piactically met their assigned f(uota of $20 per capita. At the close of 1918 Carter Glass, the Secretary of Treasury, announced that the savings stamps movement would continue indefinitely. Substantially the same securities were od'ered in 1919. The same kind of Thrift Stamps were used, but the War Savings Stamps bore the head of Benjamin Franklin instead of George Washington, and were smaller in size than those of the 1918 issue. As the campaign progressed, it was found that some one certificate to take the place of a collection of stamps was in demand. Therefore, on July 1, 1919, War Savings Certificates, designated as Treasury Savings Certificates, in denom- inations of $100 and $1,000 were i.ssued. Their terms as to the price, rate of interest, marketability, redemption, tax exemption, etc., were substantially the same as the War Savings Stamps. They were issued in book form, and were auto- matically registered at the time of purchase. This protected the holder against loss by theft, fire, etc. In the beginning of 1919, the work of the Savings Division, in each Federal Reserve district was placed under a more direct control of the governor of each of th(^ F'cderal Reserve banks. Fl Pusey Passmore was in charge of the movement in the Third Federal Reserve District, and together with his co-workers established an admirable record in the district. He worked jointly with John H. Mason, who later became the National Director of the War Loan Organization. On January 1, 1919, Governor Passmore appointed E. McLain Walters (State Chairman of Pennsylvania Committees of the various Liberty Loans) as director of the War Savings Division. J. Curtis Patterson was appointed as associate director, in charge of savings societies in industries, schools, etc. Casimir A. Sienkiewicz, who had been E.xecutive Secrt>tary of the Foreign Language Division for the Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Liberty Loans, and who was then associate member of the Legal Advisory Board for Draft District 9, 479 l'liila(l('l|)liia. likewise became associate director, in cliaiire of sales and orjianiza- tion as well as ficneral executive. William II. P. McCoy was appointed chaiirnan nj' the Saviiifjs \\ork in Ihr ci(\ of Pliiladelpliia. I ndcr the new arrangement the Icniloix was ciianged. The grouping was made by the Federal Reserve districts instead States as before. The Third Kederal l^eserve District comprised forty-eight counties of eastern l^'imsyivania. nine counties of southern New Jersey and the Stale of l>elaware. This territory was divided into six groups. After the armistice it was found that the redeinplion of stanijis swelled to a great Nolume. This, of course, was explained parllv bv the fact that peuple had f)urchased stamps to help win the wai-. and partly by the fact liial willi Ihi' cessa- tion of hostilities, and as a result nf iiuiuslrial n-aclion. nianv wi-ie cotnprllrd to couNcrt their savings into cash. Therclorc during the campaign nl I'M'' emphasis was placed upim llic d and value of a continued movement for thrift and econonu. In conclusion, it may be interesting to note that from December. I''I7. to the end of 1914 approximately seven milhon people in eastern Pennsylvania, southern .\e» .lersev and Delaware bought altogether a total of about -S-'iT. ()(•(». (KM) \\in[\\ of the Thrift Stamps. War Savings Stamps and Treasury Savings ( '.crlilicales. The national sales during the same period were $1,126, 180,7.51. The expenses of o|)eration in the I"]aslern District in connection with the selling of the slanips during Ihis period did not exceed ..'58 of I per cent of lhemoiie\ boirowcd. As Mrs. Woodniir Wilson and prominrnt I'liilwlrliiliiniis cte(i by a ("entral (".oniinittec composed of sixl(!en members, as follows: Ctiarlcs J. Hlionds. Cluiirniiin; Hichard I-. Austin, Vice-Chairman; E. T. Stotesbury, George II. Frn/ior. K. W . ('lark. Levi L. Rue, K. V. .Slianbackcr, FITiti);liiim B. Morris. W. D. Cirange, Frederick T. Cluindler, Edward B. Smith, Hichard Y. C.ook, William I', (lest, .lohii II. Mason, Frank M. Ilardl, Waller ('.. Janney. This bod\ acted as a Roard of Directors. Mr. .Tanney. as its representative, assuminj; active control of the details, assisted b; the (icneral Committee. Mr. Janney was a member of this latter body, ex-oHicio. The other members were: l.ewi^ II. Parsons, ('hairnian; T. .Johnson Ward. \ice-C.hairmaii; J. Ooshy l$ro«n. Percy .M. Chandler. Philemon Dickin.son, C. C. llarri.son. Jr.. John J. Henderson, (ieorge \\ . Kendriek, 3d, Grenville D. Montgomery, Caspar W. Morris, nichard E. Norton. George K. Reilly. In the Second Loan, October 1-October 27, 1917, the first expansion of the ori.'anization occurred. Mr. Janney became Ciiairman of the I'^xecutive Com- mittee, wiiicli tr the res})ectiv(> leadership of Ceorge K. Reilly, Philemon Dickinson, and Levis I^. Mann. Ivxecutive secretaries were appointed for these ( ".om- mittees and bore the brunt of the work. These Secretaries were : K. McLain Watters for Pemisylvania. and Howard S. Kinney for New Jersey and Delaware. Messrs. Watters and kinney became the Chairmen of these Committees in the N ictory Loan. One of the most important factors in the following campaigns was started under Carl N. Martin in the Third Loan. This was the Citizens' Conmiittee. which carried the campaign to the homes of the pi'ople. The Clearing House Committee, under Jo.seph C. Wickham. was formed to collect and tabulate subscriptions. The (juarters in the Lincoln Building were not adecjiiale. so this (^.ommittee was housed at 13th and Cherry streets. The j-'oreign Language Division was brought to a high d(>gree of organization in this Loan imder John J. Henderson, with the assistance of Casimir \. Sienkiewicz, and just prior to the opening of the Loan, a house organ, known as The IJherly Line, was started. ( leorge H. Hynson was Lditor-in-Chief. Mr. Bodine assisted in collecting and editing the material, as well as directing the activities of the Boy Scouts. This organ continued a successful existence tludiigh thirty-eight numbers to the cl(tse of the \ ictory Liberty Loan. The Publii'ity Division was also more highly organized in this campaign, under the din-clion of Mi-. Norton, with the establishment of the following subdivisions and bureaus: News, Thomas .1. Muixey and \\ illi:iiii \'. O'Donnell; (.il\ IVoriiol ion. Ihonias, I. Warren; (lonnly Promotion. Irvin I'". Paschall: Par.idi' l?iin'au. 10. .). Herlet: I'ealnre. (iill)ert K. (Jable; Motion Pictures, Lawrence D, Beggs and Frank \V. Huhler; .Service, J. Howe Stewart; Business, Lewis It. Gwyn. Other committees formed for this drive, the greatest up to this time, and second only to the Victory Liberty Loan, were: ('.lul)s. li. M. Slinson; DepartnK'nl and Ctiain Stores, P. _\L (!liaiidler; tire Insurance Brokers and Agent-s, C. V\ . Churchman; Fire Insurance ("onipanies, Benjamin Hush; Information, .\. B. iMiller; Investment Bankers, (ieorge If. Fra/ier; Life Insurance Companies. George K. Johnson; Life Insurance Llnderwriters, Thomas L. Fansler; Mass Meetings, G. E. Nitzche; Miscellaneous, Thomas Duncan Whelan: Partial Payments, C. C. Harrison, Jr.; Professions, Tristram C. Colket; Hailroad and Public Utilities. Caspar \V. .Morris; Savings Fund, G. C. Purves; ISuilding and \jtan Associations, C. .\. .Simpler; Schools, \. G. Neary; Speakers. John M. Denison; Slock Kxchange, William D. Grange; Transportation, Lewis l\ Gwyn; Trust Companies, Kflinghani B. Morris. 484 C'>nrlPsv (if F-nnlt ^^■ lliililer. Slanley Co. of America. Wo'iifri in rlidnii' of [jhrrlv Loiiii IUkiIIi Organizations were also formed in all the counties of the thr<'e states, with chairnien and secretaries for each. These leaders in the outlying; secti((ns k(>pt in toucli with headquarters through th(>ir respective Advisory Coniniittees. The Fourth Loan, which opened September 28th and closed October 19th, was the first to be floated in three weeks. This campaign brought fuither expansion of the committees, but addetl few new ones. Where one person had attended to the work in the Third Loan there now sprung up, in many cases, a force of men. The quarters in the Lincoln Building became inadequate, and the oveillow went into the Liberty Building next door, where the Philadelphia Council of National Defense had ofTices. (iovernor Passmore became a member of the Executive Committee, which otherwise remained the same. Four new members were added to the Central Committee, and three dropped out. The new members were: William A. Dy(ssitated the expan- sion of practically every committee. Hichard Iv Norton. W. Morgan C.hunliinan and a|i|)ii\ anion;: lliat luimbor of nationalities roprcscnli'd in Ihc city, and a \riy l)rief stalcincnl of carli committee is lierel)\ ^'i\en. Ai.baman: The I{ev. Mark Kondoli i-eporti(l Ihal I he 70(1 Mhanians in Philadelphia liad contributed S13.:5.')0. Akmkman: \ram K. Jerreliian liniied (i\ei- siiliscriplions amounting to S46,75() for the Kourlh Liberty J>oan. This amount does not include subscrip- tions made to other agencies which amounted to SUH). ()()(). It is interestinj; to note that in the Third IJberty Loan the \rmenians of Philadelphia led in the per <'a()ita subscription. Chinese: I nder the dii-ecli(jn nl' ihe He\ . I lon^' i^ee. Ilie ( Chinese subscribed $8,000. Czecho-Slovak: About 10.000 Czecho-Slovaks are residents of this cil\ and the committee sold l>.iberty bonds to the amount of SiJO.Ji.iO. and an additional amount of about §170.000 was purchased b> Ihe ( .zecho-Slovaks in factories, shops and other places. French: Professor P. F. (iiroud, with the coopeialion of a very ell'ective women's conniu'llee. reported a total sale of §89.000. (Ii:i\m\n: Vtnong the men in charge of the Liberty Loan Camf)ai^'n for w^ork with Americans of German birth or descent, were John B. Mayer, Chairman; Louis \. .Schmidt. Treasurer: Franz b^hrlich, ,Ir.. Secretary. In the amount of subscriptions this conuniltee led the division: their linal report showing that they raised directly or indirectly, §20,600.000. ti!H Greek: The (irock colonv of about 2,000. uiulii- llw (liicctidii ul' Or. S. Vilaras and C Sl('|)liaii() punhaspcl $135,000 of hoiids and llms led in tlic pec capita subsciiptioii fur tlic Knutlli Loan. Hungarian: Among the officers of the Hungarian ('.ornniittce were Samuel Folkman, wlio organized a committee with the Rt. Rev. lulwin F. Neuriher as chairman, and iMigene ,1. Ilandelsniann as secretar.y. 'Pliis conunittee raised du'ectly $31,000 and was instrumental in raising $175,000 adchtional in coopera- tion with other agencies. At a single meeting held on the first Sunday of the campaign. Septendier 2'*. 1918. bonds worth $5,000 were sold. Most of the sub- scriptions were f(jr $50 bonds, Italian: Frank Roma was chairman and R. ,1. Neri. Secretary, of the com- mittee which carried on a very active and successful work. The conunittee [aised directly $5,636,450 and the total amount which could be credited to the 70,000 Italians subscriptions to the Fourth Liberty Loan is over eleven and a half million dollars. Japanese: Doctor Shinkishi Hatai, as chairman of this committee, assisted by Mr. Seno, sold $10,000 worth of the Fourth Liberty Loan bonds. Many of the subscribers were Japanese students. Lettish : The officers of the men's conunittee were Andrew Werbel. Chairman, and K. A. Rahwin, Secretary. Of the women's committee. Augusta Hausman. was Chairman, and Betty Pelitt, Secretary. The 2,500 Letts exceeded their (juota in the Third Loan by $3,950, and in the Fourth Loan tlieii- direct subscriptions amounted to $26,700 through the men's committee, and $11,500 through the women's committee, making a total of $41,200. Lithuanian: The Lithuanians of Philadelphia, about 8,000, are chiefly located in two sections of the city, and two Liberty Loan commit- tees were formed. Charles Miklas reported for the two conunittees that $50,000 was secured directly, and $50,000 additional indirectly. In checking up the subscriptions for the Fourth Liberty Loan, the committee discovered that the Lithuanians should be credited with the purchase of $400,000 worth of bonds. Polish: This committee coordi- nated the efl'orts of seven Polish churches, and over 186 fraternal and social organizations. The Chairman was Joseph Slomkowski, and the other officers were A, Ziernicki, Vice-Chaii'- man; Leo Alexander, First Secretary: and E. Schurgt)t, Second Secretary. There were nine subcommittees, 1.1. Flaclun III' h'riiiiir (iihI his Sl'AI) in Liljcrly Loan Canipiiiijn. 489 which turned in total subscriptions of •?."). 801. 000. The devoted response of the P((lt's was exemplified by the widow of the first IMiiladelpiiia i\ile who was killed while serving with the American Army in France. Tliis woman. , Mrs. Maiy Trojan, subscribed $550 to the Fourth Liberty T-oan. which icpresenled the full amount reieived by her as an insurance preniiuui after the death of her hushand. Hoimanian: John A. Petku was the Chairman of a committee representinfj the 1.000 Roumanians in this city who subscribed directly or indirectly S 15.000, Hissian: The work in the Russian colony was directiHi by Nicholas Kwsh- nirolf. and raised S25.000 directly, and an additional sum of S82.000 indirectly. Scandinavian : This committee included people of Danish. Swedish and Norwegian birth, or descent. C. A. .Moldrup was Chairman, and Anna Peteisen Secretary. As a result of 8.000 personal appeals they secured §15,'5,900. Serbian: lovan Stamoyev. Chairman, organized committees and addressed mass meetings among th<' Serbians of Philadelphia and \iciiiit\. who raised directly $8,000. Syrian: There were about 800 to 1.000 Syrians in this city and under the leadership of the Rt. Rev. Joseph Kazbek. Risliop (if the Syrian Cliunli, sub- scriptions to the amount of $10,000. \\lii men in the trenches and on the seas, which amazed all I'lurope, was k(>pt up by the almost equally amazing morale of the people home. How they were kept in line, and how their- determination and sacrifices in men and money and conveniences were t<)(( courtesy of Frank W. Buhler, Stanley Co. of America. Douijliis Fairhdiiks, Miiry Pickford (mil Clinrlic Clinpliii al Libi'riy Loan Ittilly. (■(loidiiiatfd to assist the Government in carrying on the war. were features of tiie eonflicl tiiat cannot be told too mucli in detail. Foreign oiiservers wiio were in America at tiiis time were almost as much impressed by what the citizen body volunteered to do and did do to gain the desired end, as they were by what the fighting forces were doing on the other side. Suffice it to say, that in all this civilian work the public and professional men of Philadelphia acquitted themselves in no uncertain manner. What they did was done, not from mere loose enthusiasm for the cause but through an organization perfectly equipped as a whole and intact in all its parts. In Pennsylvania the task of keeping the public informed and securing their whole- hearted and unquestioning support for all the projects of the Government, financially and otheiwise, fell upon the Pennsylvania Four-Minute Men, which was officially organized by the Committee on Public Information, with the appointment of Owen ,1. Roberts as State Director on December 1, 1917. Henry B. Hodge, who had previously been appointed by the I'reasury Department as Chairman of the Liberty Loan Speakers' Bureau for the Third Federal Reserve District, was appointed Chairman of the Philadelphia Four-Minute Men. On January 1, 1918, Henry B. Hodge succeeded Mr. Roberts as State Director and appointed the following staff assistants: Benjamin H. Ludlow, Vice-Chairman; Jacob Warner Rtiine, Executive Secretary; Harry D. Wescott. Chairman for Philadelphia; HaR>ld H. Heitler, Chairman of Committee on Enrolment of Speakers; EUiott \V'. Stin.son, E.xecutive .Secretary of Philadelphia Branch; E. C. _ Morey, Chairman of Pittsburgh Branch. The Four-Minute Men was from the beginning a voluntary organization 4'n rcroivirif,' no appropriations whatever from the Federal (ioverinnent. IJcaiizint,' the importance oC the spoiien word and tlie fireat nsel'iiiness to which the Four- Minute Men could he put. and knowing that an eflicient organization ct)uld not be ellected without funds with which to pay oHice and administration expenses, the Committee of I'uhlic Safel\ offered to take the Four-Minute Men into its organization as one of its correlated branches of war activities, placing at the dis- posal of the State Director of the Four-Minute Men an appropriation from the Pennsylvania Defense Fund, which was to pay the office expenses of the organiza- tion and traveling expenses of the speakers. With this necessary aid from the ("ommittee of Public Safety. Mr. Hodge and Mr. Ludlow immediately organized a branch of the Four-Minute Men in every county in Peimsyhania. appointing county chairmen to act in cooperation with the chairman of the county branches of the Committee of Public Safety in their respective counties. They then en- deavored to establish local branches of the organization in eviMy city and town in the State. In April. 1<)18. sixt\ counl\ branches and o\('r lOO local braiulies were well establislied. In Philadelphia. Mi-. WcscDtt and Mr. Beitlcr had succeeded li\ the brginiiiiig of the Third Liberty Loan Campaign, April (). 1918. in perfecting an oiganizalion of 200 Four- -Minute Men who were trained speakers. The entire burden of suj)- plying Liberty Loan Speakers during the Third Liberty Loan Campaign fell upon the F(jur-Minute Men. Their activities were not limited to the theatres. They were sent to all kinds of public and private meetings, to industrial plants, churches, schools, open-air mass meetings and, in fad. to every ready-made audience thai could be utilized. During the Third Liberty Loan Campaign llii' Philadelphia branch of the I'our-Mimile Men furnished speakers for over 1.200 meetings, including theaters. During this I'ampaign. the State headipiarlers of the Foui-Minute Men supplied speakers of national prominence for over one hundred nia.ss meetings in Pennsylvania outside of I'hiladelphia. The effectiveness of the work done by the P(Mmsylvania Four-Mitnile Men as a speakers' bureau was recognized by those in charge of the war acti\ ities within the State, and consecjuently. at the close of the Third Libeily Loan Campaign, all speaking activities in the Slate of Pennsyhania were jilaced uneh-r the dircrlion of the Peims>lvania Four- .Minute Men. The work done by the Four-Minute Men acting as the speakers' bineau of I he Pem)s\lv;niia Council of National Defense, formerly the ConMiiillec of Public .Safety of I'eimsylvania, in the speed-up production work in annnunition plants and coal mines, was a particularly valuable one. During the War Chest Cam- paign held in ^hly. PM8. llarr\ I). Wescott. chairman for Philadelphia Count >. perlected what was known as the Mien Squad, composed of a detail of I niled Stales soldiers in full e(]uipment. all being of foreign birth representing different nations engaged to some degree in the war. The value of this Sfpiad of soldiers for Americanization purposes was inestimable. After having been used with splendid results in the Philadelf)hia district, the stpiad was sent to the Pittsburgh dislrici under Ihe direction of .lohn II. t)weii. and a two weeks' tour made through- out th(! Pittsburgh coal and industrial section. Actual increase in production was shown both at the coal mines and industrial plants after a visit of the Alien S(juad. The work done by the Four-Minute -Men in connection with this speed-up 492 CoTirtosy of Frank W. Buhler, Slanlt y Cn nf Amerira. Pliiladeljjlua "Mumnwrs" parade for llie Lihcriy Loan. production work was coinniPiKlcd in a special Icttcc from (he I iiitcd States Or(lnanc(> De|)aitni<'nt. In AufTiist. 1018. Henry B. Hodge, havinji combined practically all of the war activities of the speakers' bureau into the one organization. namel>. the Pennsyl- vania Four-Minute Men. resigned as State Director to take uj) a connnission as Major in the United States Army. At the time of his resignation, the Pennsyl- vania Four-Minute Men was the largest and most effectively organized State branch of the Four-Minute Men in the Fnited States. The organization was composed of approximately (i()() local liranches throughout the State and over 4.000 speakers. Benjamin H. Ludlow was appointed to sncceed Mr. Hodge as State Director of the Pennsylvania Four-Minute Men. and the speakers" bureau of the Pemisyl- vania ( 4)uncil of National Defense, by the joint appointment of the Pennsylvania Council of National Defense and Committee on Public Information. Mr. Ludlow began immediately to extend further the activities of the Four- Minute Men and to increase the organization. He a]i|)ointed the following asso- ciate directors to assist him: Harold B. Beitler. Philadelphia; Henry S. DrinkcT'. Jr., Philadelphia; (ieorge S. Lloyd. Carlisle; Harrison H Nesbit, Pittsburgh; .lohn M. Harris, Scranton; Harry D. Wescott. I'liiladeljihia. On the first of September. 1918. the Philadelphia Division of the Four-Minute Men was separated from the State Headquarters. The Philadelphia Head- 49:i (luaiiors were thereafter made at the Liberty Building, and the entire Philadelphia l)i\isi(m was reorganized and the personnel doubled by Henry S. Drinker. .Jr.. tlie Associate Director in charge of the Philadelphia district. Although the Four-lNIinute Men were j>atiently tolerated by the audiencf-s of the theatres during the first two or three months of their activities, the interest of t lie people steadily increased in what these men had to say, and the abiUty of the men to make good speeches increased by leaps and bounds on account of their special training, so that by the latter part of the summer of 1918 the Four-Minute Men were regarded as a feature at the local moving-pictme houses and eagerly welcomed by the theatrical managers. T'nder Mr. Drinker's persistent efforts, the per.somiel of the Philadelphia organization was increased to about three hundred and fifty speakers. These speakers were classed according to their respective abilities and used for the particular kind of work for which they were best adapted. A mnnber of the men. while unable to make a good four-minute speech on account of the briefness of the time, were able to make splendid speeches of a lialf-hour"s duration. Some men were particularly adapted to speaking at industrial plants, while others were })articularly adapted to speaking in churches and schools. A system of criticism was also instituted in order to increase the efliciency and worth of the speakers. The aid of a number of prominent men was enlisted to hear the speeches and to constructively criticise them. .Several men volunteered their services as critics and faithfully attended the Iheatic^s and moving-picture houses Courtesy of Frank W. Riihlor. Stanley Co. of America. Girl Scouls Lead Lil>erly Imuii Parade. 491 to which they were assigned to listen to four-minute speakers. In this way the faults into which some of the speakers had drifted were brought to the attention of the speaker and (eliminated, and the entire body of Four-Minute Men were given the view point of the audiences by means of these critics. By the beginning of the Fourth Liberty Loan Campaign, every theatre and moving-picture house in I'hiladeiphia was enthusiastically cooperating with the Four-Minute Men in all speaking campaigns which came under our direction. A committee of leading theatrical managers of Philadelphia was appointed with Harry Jordan of Keith"s Theatie acting as Chairman. Tuesday and Friday nights were set aside as Four-Minute nights at theatres and moving-picture houses, and every theatre and moving-picture house in the City was covered each of these nights by four-minute speakeis assigned to the respective theatres. In addition to the work in theatres, the Philadelphia Four-Minute Men were called upon to send speakers to practically every meeting which was held in the City, for any purpose, dining the period of the war. At times as many as two hundred speakers were assigned for a given day. Immediately prior to the Fourth Liberty Loan Campaign, an educational cam- paign was carried on by the Four-Minute Men to show people the many concrete reasons why it was necessary for them to support the Loan to the extreme of their ability, so that, by the time the campaign opened, the Four-Minute Men changed their tactics and began to actually sell the bonds in the theatres. In the last week of the campaign every theatre and moving-picture house in the city conducted a nightly drive for bonds, these drives sometimes taking up thirty to forty-five minutes. The theatrical managers kept an eagle eye on the audience and the drive closed as soon as the interest began to wane, but the remarkable feature was that the audience seemed to enjoy these drives as nmch as the show itself. At the end of the first week of the Fourth Loan Campaign the pubUc health authorities banned all meetings, Ijoth indoor and outdoor, on account of the influenza epidemic. Many features that had been airanged for Philadelphia, such as the concerts of the Great Lakes Naval Band, mass meetings with moving- picture stars, including Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks, William S. Hart and Charfie Chaplin, had to be omitted. Sousa's Great Lakes Naval Band was assigned to Philadelphia during the first week of the campaign and contributed a great service to the drive. On account of the ban on meetings and the fatal character of the epidemic, it was found in the last week of the drive that Philadelphia was far behind its quota, and the Four-Minute Men were called in to devise some means to reach the people in an appeal for support. Mr. Ludlow and Mr. Drinker devised and carried out a scheme of sending around the city upwards of two hundred speakers, armed with megaphones and cow-bells who were to go as "town criers." These "town criers" walked or drove slowly through every street in the City during early and late evening hours, and talked to the people at their homes. The results following the efforts of the "town criers " were marvelous. People, knowing through them that Philadelphia was in danger of losing her prestige of being first in aU patriotic endeavors, journeyed to the nearest bank or Liberty Loan Headquarters and placed their subscriptions, so that in a brief space of three or four days the entire quota for Philadelphia was subscribed. The national emergency being over. President Wilson ordered the Four- Minute Men to demobiUze on December .31, 1918, and requested that they at no 49.5 future timo reoifianize. nor porinit tlio namo ■"Four-Minuto Mon" to be used for any purpose other than goveriiuieutal assistance in a national emergency. There is not suflicient space in this short sketch to give (hie iiuiividual credit to the great number- of professional and business men of Phihideiphia who served as four-minute speakers. .Snllice it to say. that at the close of the year 1^)18 the Philadelphia Four-Minute Men was recognized b> the authorities at Washington as the most complete and eflicient spiviking organizaliun in tlu" 1 nited States. Bo(i(h at WesI Philadelphia Slalioii in chan/e of P. H. Ft. \\ (mien's Dirision for War Belief. 496 THE FEDERAL FUEL ADMINISTRATION N August 10, 1917, President Wilson approved the law passed by Congress, known as the Lever Act, which con- ferred upon him the power to deal with the fuel situation. Administrators were appointed throughout the United States and the work in Philadelphia was placed in charge of Francis A. Lewis. (ieneral plans, dealing with the conservatit)n of fuel — coal, oil, wood or any other substance producing heat — were formulated and cairied into effect. First was the order for "Heatless Days," which directed that on Mondays of each week, from January 21 to March 25, 1918, all use of fuel, except by consumers classed as absolutely necessary, was prohibited. This order was revoked after the observance of the third Monday, except in New England, where fom- "Heatless Days" were observed. The voluntary obedience of motorists to the Fuel Administrator's request to conserve gasoline on Sundays, in the summer of 1918, is one of the most outstand- ing contributions by patriotic Americans in the vicinity of Philadelphia to the psychology of patriotic suggestion. In Philadelphia a Skip Slop system was adopted as a war measure by the Philadelphia Rapid Transit Company. It was ordered by the Fuel Administration that from .Tune 1. 1918 to May 21, 1919, no fuel of any kind could be used on a private yacht for any purpose save galley fuel. In order to save coal in ofiice l)uildings, no passengers were carried on elevators, during a certain period, from any one floor to the floor immediately above or below. "Lightless Nights" were inaugurated by the Fuel Administration, November 15, 1917, for the purpose of conserving the fuel supply of the nation. On December 11, lightless nights were restricted to Sundays and Thursdays. On April 22, 1918, this order was temporarily suspended. On July 20, 1918, a new order was issued, effective July 24, which stipulated that the use of light produced by the use of coal, gas, oil or other fuel for iUuminating or displaying advertisements, announce- ments or signs, or for the external ornamentation of any building would be dis- continued entirely on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday of each week within New England and the states of New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland and the District of Columbia; and, on Monday, and Tuesday of each week in aU the remainder of the LTnited States. The order excepted bona-fide roof gardens and outdoor restaurants and outdoor moving-picture theatres. The use of light for illumination for display in shop windows, store windows, or in signs in show windows was discontinued from sunrise to sunset, and discontinued entirely on the "lightless nights" designated by the order. Street illumination in all cities was restricted to the hours between sunset and sunrise, and the amount of public hghting in any city reduced to that necessary 497 for safety. Th(> order rharpod loral V\w\ Arlministration ofTirials with llie duty of arranging willi niuiiicipal authorities for the regulation of public hghtiug. in accordance with the provisions of the order. Mr. Lewis, as local \dniinistrator, organized three Bureaus in I'hiladelpliia. ^'he Bureau of l)istril)ution. under Harry !'. Sheldon, helped to sol\e the proli- lenis of dealers who found it diflicult to secure coal and of houschnldiMs. and nllicis, wlio had little or no coal on hand. "The deteiniination of a proper allotment to buildings, such as chuiches. theatres, oflice buildings, etc., was referred to the Conservation Division, where it was acted upon by a ( "ommittee of Fuel [engineers and others thoroughly conversant with heating apparatus and heating problems. Thc^ intention was to apportion to each building, and particularly to each dwelling, a suiheient amount of coal for its usual reiiuirements to maintain a temperatmc of sixty-eight degrees and to provide necessary coal for cooking and other domestic uses, louring the period of March 2\, 1918 to February 1. 1919, when this Bureau was discontinued, 800.(100 orders for coal, for more than ;5:»i.000 buildings williiii llii' limits of the city, were passed upon." TiiK Bi REAi; OF lloi siNC. of which l)a\ id Wallerstein was Counsel, and Thomas M. Jlyndman. Associate Counsel, was established in ,Iune. 1918, and up to December ."51, 1918, handled 1,12.? recorded cases of what was [)opuIarly known as "rent profiteering." Because of war-lime conditions, rents were almost every- where raised, houses, usually for rent, were taken olf the market and held for sale only — at greatly increased prices — and old tenants were ordered to vacate in order that higher rates might be put into ellect, or the hous<> held for sale. In some cases juslifial)le increases were made but the Bureau W'as able to prevent much injustice. The activities of the Bureau were so well known by the general public, that a large nund)er of cases were settled among llir persons in\ol\e(l with- out appeal to the Bureau for aid. The Bureau received active cooperation IVorii llie IMiiladelphia Real Estate Boaid of wliicli I Milliard B. Wdtiell was Pr-esident. from .John Ihlder. Secretary of the IMiiladelpliia Housing Association and from many other similar organiza- tions. Tmi; Bi hi.m (IK Bi:t\il Disriuiu i kin. was in charge of lloraci' II. Fiitz, who organized this department in August. I*)I8. The pmpose of this Bureau "was to exercise a general supervision over all who sold coal in quantities below (piarler-ton lots and these distributors represented three distinct cla.sses: j)ed(llers, store-keepers and baggers." In September, 1918, the heads of the \aiious Bineans of Weights and ]VIe;isures, in Pennsylvania, met and decided that all dry products, should be sold by weight only. A brief (>xperiment proved this impracticable in r(^gard to coal and a ten- quart, galvanized iron bucket was adopted as a standard unit of measure. These buckets held a mathematical (piarter bushel of coal. The City was (ii\ided into eight dislriits, which aided the inspectors lo carry out the xarious regulations. The Biueau I'ornndaled the sinipl(>st plans of o|)eration. issued placards giving gi'ueral information and inserted a number of ad\ eriisements of its work in the English, "^ iddish and Italian newspapers of the Bureau, licenses — issued free — were reipiired 498 of all peddlers, store-keepers and baggers. Thus a check was had on those dealing in these capacities. Licensees were given posters wliich wer<> ordered placed on each side of a cart or wagon. Prices were fixed which allowed a reasonable profit to the vendor. A charge of sixteen cents was permitted for a ten-quart bucket of nut coal or thirty-one cents for two buckets. The cost of pea coal was fixed at fourteen cents for one bucket or twenty-seven cents for two buckets. Thirteen hundred and thirty-one licenses were issucfl t-o store-keepers and 359 to peddlers. Only five licenses were revoked and but nine violators of reg ulations fined, a total of less than one per cent of the entire number of licenses. The Federal Fuel Administration rendered an important service at a time when the general public was willing to cooperate in every plan to win the war but when some suggestion and supervision were needed. THE FEDERAL FOOD ADMINISTRATION FOR PENNSYLVANIA The Federal Food Administration for Pennsylvania, of which Howard Heinz was Administrator and J. S. Crutchfield. Vice Administrator, began its work in August, 1917, and closed on February 1.). 1919. The Executive Secretary was Harry C. Hall. It was created under Act of Congress, August 10, 1917, although, in Pennsylvania, a somewhat similar work had been started under the ('.onmiittee of Public Safety, appointed by the Governor, in March, 1917. Headquarters were establislied in the Finance Ruilding and Jay C.ooke was appointed Administrator for Philadelphia, and a niembci' of the Executive Council. Bulilor. Stanley Co of Aineriea, Signing Lpjur Siiyiir. t99 The following Divisions were created, the chiefs ol' which, as well as nieiiilx^rs, were largely drawn from this city. Law and Kiiforccnient — Chief Counsel. (Charles .1. llepliurn. Xssoeiales: Slacv B. Lloyd. John A. Naiiman. Rej-nolds D. Brown, F. Markoe Hivinus. Balph C. Stewart. \\ illiaiii Barclay Lex, Henry Pepper NorrLs. Distribution and Market.* — Chief. J. S. Crulclifield. Assoeialos: R. P. Sniilh, Josepli P. Brown. K. H. Bellis. A. B. Ross. Conservation —Chief. Thomas Shalleross, .Ir.. succeeded li\ Thomas R. I'^icock. .Ir. C'ounly Administrator — Chief. Harry H. Willock. County Inspector — Chief. Houston Duim. Press \ews -Director, (-ol. Ceorge \ox Met'ain. News Ivhlor. II. \l. ICalon, succeeded l)\ S. I.. Laciur. Lducation — Director. Mont^'omery II. \\rij,'hl. \ssociates: I.. \\ . Wheclock. Miss I'lori-uci' Hulini^s. K. J. \octon. Hotels. Eating Houses and Clubs — Chairman: J. Miller IVa/iiT. \\onien's Division — Cliief. Mrs. Charles M. l.,oa. Licenses. Reports and OITiee Management — Chief, W . ('. MncMriile. succeeded li\ .1. \. Finley. Chief Clerk, Martha L. Poulton. Bakeries — Chief. Fred C. Haller. Farmers' Inlerest.s — C. J. Tyson and M. 1.. Philips. (irain Threshinp — Representative, ("harles (iarlier. Dairy Interests — Milk Conuuissioner. Dr. Clyde 1.. King; Dair\ llusliaridr\, Prof. Fred. Rasnius,sen. .\uditing — (^hief, Herbert C .Slockwell. Sugar Distribution — Secretary. J. E. Bacon. Price Interpretation — Cllicf. A. F. Geling. .sueceede\K ^MK^T Ol" LABOR \llhoiigh no report of the general acli\ itics of Ihe I . S. |-;in|)loynient Service, in reniisylvania, has been prepared, the following Ijrief statenii-nl is given in order that mention may be made of this Federal agency. The afhninislrative unit of the iMnployinent Service was Ihe Slate. In Penn- sylvania, E. C Fellon was appointcxl Federal Director and ollices were opened in the Finance Building on August 1, 1918. Mr. Felton was succeeded on December 1, IQIR, by Charles K. Stokes, who continued in charge of the Service, as State Director, initil .Mar( h 22, 1919, when the oflice was closed. During the less than eight months that the Kniployinent Service functioned. 360,000 men and women -were placed in positions. WOMEN'S DIVISION EUGEPOE OeLHAF I'rior to 1911 verv little had been done to find work lor unemployed women in Philadelphia, except through private agencii's. In the lalter part of 1911. how- ever, when iimnigration from foreign ports had almost ceased, and many men and women were out of work in this coimtry, Secretary Wilson of the United States Department of Labor, directed the Commissioner (ieneral of Lnmigralion to 500 iiistriic't tht^ roiiiinissioncis of inmiij^raLioii al tlic \at'i(iiis |kiiIs uf ciilrv in this foiintry. to open cniployinciil oilic(^s and assign certain eniployecs of (lie Uuieau of Immigration to that work. On February 17, 1915, Commissioner KImer E. Greenawalt and Assistant Connnissioner James L. Hughes opened an employment oflice at 135 South 2d Street, with Henry A. Gehringer in charge of the Men's Division and Mrs. E. G. Oelhaf in charge of the Women's Division. There was no special appropriation by Congress for this worli, so in one small office with very meager e(|nipment, the United States Employment Service was launched. The service was free, no charge to employers or employees, and circular letters were sent to all employers throughout the city, advising them of the new service, and then the advertising cokunns of the newspapers were scanned for work and workers. The women's division grew slowly, for the textile mills usually employ those residing in the immediate neighl)orh(H)d, a board hung out on the l)uilding with the words "weavers wanted" or "spoolers wanted," etc., being usually sufficient to meet their needs. There were many applications from clerks, stenographeis and office workers and we were very successful in placing them; also domestics, both white and colored. So we plodded on until April, 1918, when war was declared and our big job was on. Congress appropriated a large sum out of the war i)udget for the JMuploy- ment Service and President Wilson added still another sum for the furtherance of the work. James L. Hughes was appointed assistant to the Director Cleneral for this district, including i'eimsyhania. New Jersey, southern part, and D(>laware. Mrs. Ethel S. Slater was sent uj) from Washington to assist Mrs. Oelhaf and to establish a school for training workers in the new service. Advertisements were inserted in the newspapers and Mrs. Slater selected for training a very fme group of women, many of whom were afterwards assigned to special work in our central office in Philadelj)hia and some of them were put in charge of the local offices opened in various districts of the city. When the first call for needle-women to make shirts for th(> Army came from the Schuylkill Arsenal in April, a pi-om|)t response was made by the women of Philadelphia. This work was to be done at home and that appeaW-d to the mothers whose sons would enlist, and also to those women who wished to help Nohintarily, but were unable to do so. Nearly all those who applied first, told us that they took pride and interest in the work because their fathers, grandfatluMS and great grandfathers had fought in the wars of the United States. The central office, women's division, was located at 1.51 S. M Street, where many women were registered and through tlie courtesy of the Emergency Aid, its offices at 1128 Walnut Street were thrown open and large numlx-rs registered there. In May and June teachers fiom public and private schools, graduates and undergraduates from the coUeges nearby cam(>, and with splendid spirit took jobs in the National Biscuit Company, the candy factories, wrapping chocolate, and large groups went to Carney's Point, N. J., to make smokeless powder in one of the DuPont plants. Other girls and women from the towns nearby were sent to the Bethlehem Loading plant below Wilmington. Del.; to the bag loading plant at Woodbury. N. J.; many clerks and stenographers were directed to the 501 Shipping Board of tlie Emergency Fleet: to the bag loachng plant al \iikiIoI. ]\. .)., and to numberless other plants that had Govermiient contracts. The situatit)n in Philadelphia was the same as it was in Reading. Allentown, Easlon and other points in the eastern part of the State, also in the Pittsburgh district from luie on the north to Washington, Pa., on the south, so that each city and town had a sulTuient number of women for its needs in the factories and plants that had taken (iovernment contracts. At the Frankford Arsenal, where the making of munitions was greatly increased, several large buildings w(M'e erected temporarily to accommodate the large number of women workers, the latter recruited from Philadelphia and surrounding towns. Schuylkill Arsenal did th(> same, so that at no time iluring the period was the transportation of women workers from one county to another necessary. To register and place women applicants for war work, however, required a greatly increased force of paid workers, so from an oflice force of two women we grew to the number of sixty-one in the main and local offices throughout the city. The main office of the I'nited States Employment Service, Women's Division, was located at 1311 1:513 Arch Street. This was headcjuarters of the state stall', of the training school for workers, and was the principal point for registration of women workers. The slate staff included: Eugenie G. Oelhaf. Emily Leonhardt, Elizabeth Davies, Beatrice Millhouser, Marie B. llaughey. Grace I']. Keenan, Anna L. Kerwin. Jessie L. Peters. Mary \. Brosnahan. Margaret Durr. Irene (ireenawalt. I'^lizabeth Falotico. M. liatigiiani. Marion Sindler. Edilli .lelden. L. (".. \ andegrifl. I'^lhel S. Slater. M;uu women registered at the local offices, but the heaviest registration was made at the central office, 1311-1313 Arch Street, reaching its peak with l.()()» applicants on September 9, 1918. We had a large corps of recruiters, who, in booths at Willow Grove, in the Fair (Jrounds at Trenton and elsewhere, by speeches and literature, advised women of the need of their country for them, and of the Iniled Slates b]mplo>ment Ser- vii-e. which could place them in immediate touch with all kinds of war work. One of our recruiters. Mrs. Roberta K. Tubman, was particularly .successful in per- suading women not only to do war wt)rk of any kind, but also to stay on their jobs, when nearby munilions plants beckoned them with the lure of higher pay. \\V made a complele survey of the woman labor of the Slate by Movember Isl. and weic preparing to use the information thus obtained to improve the ser- vice, when, on November 11th. the armistice was signed, hnmediately after- wards, when the need for women and girls in the arsenals, the \avy Yard and the large nnmilions plants was over, we obtained information as to the time of the lay-oil's, and sent some of our best examiners to these plants, to sit in with llic (Mnployment managers, and as the girls were dismissed, to direct them to oilier places where work was still to be ftiiind. Our workers were also sent to Allentown, l^aston, Reading, Wilkes-Baire and Sci-antori in an endeavor to show the women of these cities the value th(> I'^mploy- ment Sei'\ ice would be to them in the future. They spoke before clubs, churches. and in special meetings and much enthusiasm was aroused. The need of the service as a place of registry for trained nurses was especially stressed, when it was 502 discovered that in a town of 60.000 inhabitants, one druggist would rail up a nurse when he heard of a case and charge her $1 for it! The women's division had heen, up to this time, under tlie special direction of James L. Hughes, who. in December, was assigned to the (Conciliation Bureau of the Department of Labor by Secretary Wilson, and E. (".. Felton, Federal Director of the I nited States J^lmployment Service for Pennsylvania took charge of the women's division. In January, 1919, he appointed Miss Juliet Stackhouse Assistant to the Fed<>ral Director of Pennsylvania for women's work. Instructions from Washington were being received to reduce the force and curtail expenses, and it was seen in February that Congress would not appropriate any money for the continuation of the Employment Service, although the women's divisitm had many splendid letters of commendation on their work dining the war time by foms to whom we had supplied workers. Acting under orders from J. B. Densmore, Director General of the T'nited States Employment Service, Miss Stackhouse obtained funds from the National War Work Council of the Young Women's Christian Association and from one of the clubs of Philadelphia to continue the service for a few months longer. In November, 1919, the whole service ceased to exist, with the exception of a small (jflice force in Wasliington, D. C. We had not only a corps of very efficient paid workers, but during the "rush" period of the war, we had also many able volunteer woikers, among whom may be mentioned Miss Edith T. Fisher and Miss Alice lungerich. who registered women applicants. We were also aided in reaching factories and plants in remote places in the suburbs by the Motor Messenger Service of the Emergency Aid, occasion- ally, and by the use every week during the whole period of the wai' of the cars of Mrs. Franklin Spencer Edmonds and Mrs. FCredeiick M. Shepard, who drove their own cars, and aided us very greatly in reaching the mills of Frankford, Torresdale, Manyunk, Falls of Schuylkill, Darby, etc. The social welfare of the women workers in the arsenals was well taken care of by a bureau of trained workers in the War Depaitment, sponsored by Secretary Baker. In the DuPont plants, where thousands of women were employed, dormi- tories, dining halls and recreation rooms were built for the comfort and enter- tainment of the girls. In our plants in Philadelpliia, especially those employing large numbers of women and girls, an employment manager and welfare woiker seems t(j be an absolute necessity. The war emphasized the need ot such an official and, since its close, several of the women workers of the Philadelphia branch of the United States Employment Service have been offered sucli positions and have accepted them. True to its tradition and history, Philadelphia gave a splendid report of itself in its women workers, and the part they jjlayed in the great World War. Whether in the ether-laden atmosphere of the smokeless powder room; in the dangerous priming of the huge shells in the arsenal; in the hot rooms of the Biscuit Company packing cakes ; by the close application of eye and lingers to t he assembling oi the delicate electric instruments; or, in the unaccustomed work of electric welding, all acquitted themselves s(ilendidly. Out of appit)ximately 150,000 applicants from April t(j November in the Philadelphia offices, probably 60 per cent of whom were placed, very few 503 returued to iind any faidt, and then it was usually because the spirit was willing, but the body not strong enough. The spirit was that of true Americanism everywhere, a fine willingness to "tackle the job and put it across" to the best of her abihty. FEDEIL\L RAILROAD ADMINISTI1\TI0N E. J. Cleave The need for the utmost utilization of railroad facilities to handle the extraor- dinary tiadic imposed by war conditions was esp(>cially applicable to tcM'tninnls at large cities. Because of the high value of properly, and other dillicultics, terminal facilities generally have not expanded in the same proportion as other railroad facilili(>s. with the result that the capacities of our railroads are in many cases limited by inadequate terminals. I'nder date of December 26, 1917. President Woodiow Wilson issued his famous jiroclamation. taking possession and assiuning control DecemlxM' 28. 1917, of every system of tran.sportation within the boundaries of the United .States, and appointing William G. McAdoo as Director-General of Railroads. The railroads of the I nited States were first divided into three regions, but this was later changed, and live regions created. On June 1, 1918. ('.. 11. Markhani, formerly president of the Illinois Central Railroad, was appointed Regional Director of the \llegheny region, with headfjuarlers at Broad Street Staliiiii. Philadelphia. The railroads serving Philadelphia were included in this region. Philadelphia was no exception to the general rule, with respect to inadequacy of terminal facilities. With its important export trade in provisions, munitions of war, coal, grain, etc.. together with the need of adequately su|)plying the ex- tensive manufacturing district, the necessity of coordinating existing facilities was recognized, and on Septendier 1. 1918. Ernest ,1. Cleave, foiinerly siiperinlendi'iit of the iMiiladelpliia Terminal Division of the Peimsylvania Railroad, was appoitiird Terminal Manager, with headquarters in the Reading Terminal Building, ami in charge of all railroad facilities within the eidarged terminal liriiils. including the Pemisylvania Railroad, Philadelphia \; iieading Railway, I'lallimoic tV Ohio Railroad, and Philadelphia Belt Line Railroad. .1. M. Jones, formerly assistant superintendent of the Philadelphia MtMininal l")i\ ision of Ihe Pennsylvania Railroad, was appointed Assistant io the Terminal Manager. Robert \i. Nace, formerh agent at Mantua Transfer Station, Pennsylvania Railroad, was made Freight Supervisor in the new organization, and J. A. Wicketihaver was appointed Chief Clerk. The duties of the terminal manager were administrativ(> rather than super- visory. His chief function was to weld the terminal facilities of all I lie railroads involved into a unit, and to see that each facility was so used as to most benefit the whole. Weekly meetings were held by the terminal manager with lixal operating officials of the different railroads, including Ihe following: .\. M. I'lirkcr, Sii]iii. Pennsylvania Kailroail. C H. McCracken, Supervising Agent , Pliiladelphia TiTininal I>i\ isidn. Pennsylvania Kailroail. J. C. Peters, Superintendent, Pliiladelphia Division, I'liiladelpliia \ Mi^ading Hallway. A. T. Owen, Supervising .Vgent, Pliiladelphia Division, Philadelphia \ Hcsiding Hailway. l\. B. White, Superintendent, Pliiladelphia Division, liallirnore tV Ohio Hailroad. J. D. Gallery, Train Master, Philadelpliia Division, Baltimore & Ohio liailroad. 504 Numerous other officers of the respective raUroads occasionally attended these conferences. P. H. Haiinum, assistant freight train master of the Pennsyl- vania Railroad, in charge of their exi)ort traffic, and 0. H. liegeman, who had charge of floating equipment and Port Richmond operations of the Philadelphia & Reading Railway, were particularly in touch with the terminal manager's organization, and were especially helpful. These meetings provided opportunity to consider and give such relief from one railroad to another as was found practicable. They furnished a medium for dis- cussing matters of general interest, and aided in disseminating information as to advantageous practices on one road, which could profitably be adopted on another. They also brought the local operating people of all the railroads into close harmony. Meetings were held by the Terminal Manager at frequent intervals with the Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce, Regional Committee of the National Industrial Traffic League, Commercial Traffic Managers, Team Owners' Asso- ciation, etc., as questions arose interesting patrons of the railroads in Philadelphia. No action was taken during this time, affecting the interest of the city, without the full support of these bodies thus obtained. Daily detailed reports were maintained in the office of the Terminal Manager, showing the traffic conditions at each point within the terminal, and these, together with daily inspections made of all yards, piers, stations, engine houses, etc., placed the terminal manager in position to divert trtiffic from congested points on one road to convenient stations or piers on another, which were able to expeditiously handle the business, and also to place at the service of one road needing the same such facilities as were available on other roads. In addition to the beneflts thus obtained, substantial savings were effected by consolidating duplicate facilities. Export With the prevailing shortage of vessels and railroad equipment, it was of prime importance to have proper cargoes available at piers when steamships arrived, and at the same time avoid undue delay to cars. As the terminal facilities were limited, this subject necessarily received most careful attention. Close cooperation was maintained with steamship agencies, representatives of Allied governments, and Fnited States Army and Navy officers, which, together with close supervision, occasional exercise of embargoes, and storage of inactive freight, made it possible always to have desired freight available, and prevented unchie accumulation and consequent delay to cars. Free usage of joint facihties was of marked advantage in handling export freight. Among the many coordinate activities, special benefits were obtained by the movement of freight between Pennsylvania and Philadelphia and Reading Piers via Philadelphia Belt Line ami River Front Railroad in lieu of the former method of hghterage ; and also by the utihzation of Pennsylvania Railroad ground storage facilities for Philadelphia & Reading inactive freight, and Philadelphia & Reading pier space for Pennsylvania i^ailroad freight. (^iRATN On account of the two grain elevators, one located at Port Richmond, on the Philadelphia & Reading Railway, and one at Girard Point, on the Pennsylvania 505 Railroad, tin' volume of grain moved thioiifih the port of Philadelpliia for export was very heavy. Night shifts were arranged at both Port Richmond and (iirard Point when justified. Close cooperation with the (Irain Corporation of the Ignited States Food Administration insured advance information of the arrival of vessels, making it possible to assist the situation by holding grain out on the lines at times, other times expediting its mo\ ement to the port. Incoming vessels wore in some cases relieved of sand ballast by the railioad people, who made good use of the same in connection with their .South Pliiladelphia improvements, and made the ves- sels more (juickly available for their cargoes. \ es.sels were also occasionally trans- ferred from one eU;vator to another, thus providing greater elasticity of service. .\t no time was the operation of the elevators or railroad facilities inadequate to meet the prompt disposal of grain to vessels. Gener.\l Large bodies of troops were constantly moving through the district, and passen- ger business was heavy at all times, due to the abnormal stiumlalion of business activities, troop movements to and from camps, etc. Coal, grain, foodstulTs, shells, trucks and all kinds of munitions of war moved through as fast as vessel capacity was provided. There were no serious wrecks or accidents within the district, nor aM\ labor troubles of consequence, with the excepticm of temporary shortage of men. Pri(jrity was given to war trallic. which was properly accepted by local business interests, and with reasonable allowance, therefore, the domestic demands were satisfactorily met. Unstinted ell'orl on the part of railroad employes generally, ellicient super- vision, and splendid cooperation of all hands enabled Pliiladelphia to meet the extraordinary war demands. Tin; i',\i,riM()Hi; \ oiiio iuilhom) compw'i I5y .1. \\. Teal, Special l^ngineei- By reason of the territory traversed b.\ tlu' Baltimore iV>. Ohio it w;is <'niineiitl\ capable of serving the country throughout the period of the World Wai'. It handli'd coal from the great coal fields of West \ iiginia and Peimsylxania to tidewater, for transport overseas or to the many hundreds of industries located in the Pittsburgh district and east, at Baltimore and Philadelphia, where thousands of tons of war materials and supplies were being turned out daiK. It served as one of the great east and west tnmk lines in com eying troo|)s to points of embarkation. Two of the largest cantonments in the I nited States were located on the Baltimore & Ohio. Canq) Meade. Maryland and ( .ain|) Sherman. Ohio, where as many as 100,000 young men were in training at one time for service overseas. .\ number of other smaller camps were located near the Baltimore & Ohio lines in the vicinity of Baltimore, Washington, and at other points, such as Camp (!rant, in Illinois, etc. The Baltimore & Ohio lines served the great steel industries in llic Pittsl)urgh district, as W(>11 as the valley districts in northern Ohio. It transported millions of tons of iron ore from the lake ports, Fairporl, Cleveland, Lorain and Toledo, to the furnace districts in southern Ohio, Kentucky and Virginia, as well as the above-mentioned districts. 506 Finished war ])roducts were hurried to seaboard, and other manufactured products were taken to jioints where they were assembltMl or icqnired in other war inchistry activities. Many industries located in the vicinity of I'hiladelpliia met the great emergency brouglit on by the World War, and were turning out thousands of tons of war materials and munitions long before the I iiited States (Jovi^inment entered the conflict. The record made by the Baltimore & Ohio in handling trf)ops in and out of Philadelphia is an enviable one. During the period of the war, from July, 1917, to November, 1918, a total of l,8Ki troop trains, consisting of 23,117 cars, and carrying 715,203 soldiers and sailors, were handled without a mishap. To bear this burden of humanity safely and expeditiously through the Philadel- jjhia Terminals, it was necessary to have a well regulated and efficient working force. Unless this force had been trained and made competent to tackle any problem, no matter how large, the wheels woukl have ixvome clogged when the extraordinary pressure was brought to bear. The movement of troops began in July, 1917, when thirteen trains, carry- ing 3,237 men, passed through the Philadelphia Terminals. There was no confusion among the Baltimore & Ohio officers, as the extra trains were handled, and it was realized that there would be an increase, which came like an avalanche until it reached the peak in September, 1918, when 272 troop trains passed through Philach'lphia carrying a total of 120,281 men on their way to ports of embarkation. Practically the first of the troo]i mov(>ments from Philadelphia was the hand- ling of the regiment of the 27th Pennsylvanians, who were moved from Philadelphia to Camp Hancock, over the Baltimore & Ohio. Facilities were provided and cooperation extended to the Red Cross workers who met all trains with sandwiches, reficshments, tobacco and other articles of the like for the soldier boys. Conditions were somewhat complicated by the great movement of drafted men from East Pennsylvania and Philadel])hia to the Maryland camps, but so smoothly did the wheels move that not an accident occurred. The greater part of this movement was handled over a two-track railroad, and druing the time when extensive improvenrents in the vicinity of the Chestnut Street Station in Philadel- phia wei-e under way. A sununary of the movement of troop trains by the Baltimore & Ohio Rail- road, fr-om the begiiming of the war rmtil the armistice came, November II, 1918, is shown in the following tabulation: Month Trains Cars Men Jiily, 1917 August, 1917. . . September, 1917 October. 1917 November. 1917 December, 1917 January. 1918 February. 1918 Marcli, 1918 April, 1918 Mav, 1918 i:i 121 :i.237 12 r>:!7 9,630 t .") 1.28(1 23.816 :i9 m:-, 12,89.) (lO 777 21.568 :.i .)6(1 20,810 .")2 686 1 1.707 :m .'■i28 17,183 89 i,(:ir,(i 33,565 I2:i 1,181 16,163 172 2,260 88,324 507 Monlli Truin.s Cars Men June, 1918 I'M) 2.290 78.599 July, 1918 187 2,101 87,0.-):i August. 1918 Ui.'> 2,:510 8.V090 Scpteiuber, 1918 272 3,173 120,281 October, 1918 197 2.321 f).->,801 November, 1918 19 .V.l 16,178 Total... 1,816 23.117 715.203 There were many heavy days in the handling of troops, such as Thanksgiving Day, 1917, when a lioliday was given to the Pennsylvania iioys who were at ("amp .Meade, Mar>land. These boys moved lo I'iiiladelpiiia on special trains, and it was in the evening, when they assembled at the 21th and Chestnut Street Station, that the crowd b(>catne so enormous that it was practically impossible to handle it. For every soldier returning )o the camp thi're were one-haH' dozen or more of his friends at the station to bid him Inrewi'll. and llic gnat iiiirulin of people assembled can easily be imagined. In addition to the handling of lioops through tlie I'liiladclphia Terminal, the lialtiniore <& Ohio was required to give special passenger service in the handling of workmen to and from the Baldwin Locomotive Works (Remington \rms ("om- pany) plant at luidystone. Fiv(> passenger trains were operated dail\ each way. having an average of from nine to ten cars in each train li> handle the workmen aggregating 2.000 men to and from this |)lant. Independent of the heavy movement handled 1)\ the Haltiinorei& Ohio between IMiiladi'Iphia and luldystone, the Philadelphia ('l the pressuii' of business which followed the outbreak of the World War. and natural!) the railroads, which served the \arious interests of this great city, were early ralird u|i(i[i to assume responsiiiilil > in the matter of handling IralTic. The construction of Hog Island Ship Yard added greatK to the responsibilities of the Philadelphia Division, and this, in connection with other large shipbuilding plants at Chester, together with many othiM- industries located at that point, increased the activities of the di\ision to the limit. At that time Hog Island and Chester were reached by a single track line, fourteen miles in length, and the enormity of the task in handling traflic to and from these busy centers may be estimated when the fact is considered that for two years or more, the average munber of freight cars moved over this single track line was 700 per day. This ic(]uired from fifteen to eighteen freight trains each day, with a passenger schedule of not less than thirty trains daily. The passiMiger trains were operated for the accommodation of workmen to and from the Hog Island and (^.hester plants, and carried passengers to the nu?nber of a|)pro\iinately 10.000 every working day. It was of the utmost importance to deliver these trains at their destination on time each morning, and this was accomplished almo.st to 100 per cent efriciency during the entire busy period, while not one passenger was killed or injured through any neglect of the company or its employes. \a.sl quantities of raw material inuuediati'ly began to flow in from all direc- tions -all of which had to be assend)le(l in the classification yards al Helmont. and from there dispatched to their destinations. Belmont was s(H)n buried beneath this avalanche of traflic. and its facilities were inadequate to meet the re(]uirem(>nls. which necessitated the inauguration of oilier and newer methods of handling the liallic. oueof which was to conunandeer all of the available space on the division, including the large storage yard at Wcjod- lane. for the purpose of holding cars consigned to the various establishments and then move them as facilities would permit. llowc\er. Hog Island and the Chester concerns were but a single item in the operation of the division during the war-time period for. aside from these, a large t of 1,700 cars, at which point are located great piers for the export of freight and coal: Willow and Noble streets, one of the largest freight stations and points of import on the system, and the ever in- creasing movement of troops, taxed the organi/ation to it-s utmost. Traflic to the Port Richmond Terminal flowed with great volume, and the .same may be said of the entire division, .so that the gateways to the ports became congested, and every manner of inventive idea and constructive plarming liecame necessary to f)rovide means by which the numerous channels of trans[)ortation might be kept open and free for successful operation. Then came the troops to be moved with safety and expcrdition, and their .510 presence upon the line increased, not only the responsibilities, but also the difTi- culties. During the entire progress of the war, no less than two thousand trains with at least one million, one hundred thousand troops passed over the Philadel|)hia Division, and as each train moved, it meant a temporary halt in the movement of freight. Sometimes for hours, freight traffic was kept at a standstill, which in the end concentrated so much business at certain given points as to seriously handicap the dispatch of commodities which were often as badly needed for the manufacture of munitions as were the troops to use them. This can be readily understood when it is noted that at the height of the troop movement as many as twenty trains, with ten or more cars each, were dispatched within the hour at certain periods, during which a daily regular passenger schedule of no less than three hundred and twenty-live trains was operated. The division is divided into five districts, and in order to handle the traffic it was necessary to have each district function in such a manner as to provide harmony and cooperation throughout. The task was made more or less difficult by reason of the ranks being depleted — after our entry into the war — by those who enlisted and those who were called by the tlraft. A feature which entered largely into the operation was that of motive power. The winter of 1917-18 was of such severity as to be exceedingly hard on locomotives on account of frequent prolonged spells of freezing temperature, and with the enormous number of cars necessary to handle daily, the engine factor became a serious one. This can be better understood when one reah'zes that for many months the averge niunber of heavy freight and coal trains handled over the division was about one hundred each day, totaling about 6,000 cars, but the daily performance often ran up tfi 8.000 cars and more. Trains came in one after the other, each to its own assigned terminal, and the amount of work that was required to break up these trains, switch, and deliver the cars to their final destinations would be hard to estimate, yet it was the daily program and, juflging from the voliune of material that was being conveyed, it was not easy to understand how the centers of con- sumption managed to dispose of it. The Philadelphia Division is fed by five rail connections, viz.: the Reading Division, from which comes all of the coal and freight; the New York Division, which consists of two main branches, one reaching to Bethlehem, connecting with the Lehigh Valley Railroad, the other reaching to Jersey City and New York, where direct connections are made with the New York Central and New Haven systems; then the Pennsylvania Railroad, connecting at Belmont; and the Balti- more & Ohio at Park ,1 unction, not mentioning the water routes with their docking piers at Port Richmond and Noble Street. AMERICAN RAILWAY EXPRESS Stanley W. Todd* If a complete record of the part which th(> railroads and transportation companies, which served Pennsylvania's greatest metropolis during the war, could be written it would occupy many volumes. Unfortunately, however, the record is necessarily incomplete, as every transportation man was devoting his attention *Director, Educational Service Bureau, American Railway Express. 511 to the task of helping to win tho war rather than that of noting what was going on at the time. No period in the history of American railroads and of the express companies, whicli have been operating upon them for nearly three-cpiarters of a century, has had compressed in it the many instances of patriotic service thai came when the (ireat War started in 191 1 and threw this country into a fever of war-time prepa- ration. >\ hil(> the T iiited States was not immediately involved, nninition making hecamc its chief industry, and transportation, both railroad and express, was depended upon to carry the supplies so greatly needed to the Allies. Philadelphia became the center of the most important munition plants and shipyards iu the Mast. In April. 1917. numerous training camps sprang up in the environs and they. too. required the daily service of the transportation lines, and all the carriers responded without reserve. The railroad freight service was called upon to handle the bulk shipments: the express service was required to expedite the movement of the small(>r and more urgent conmiodities, both for the (Jovernment and for the private plants engaged in manufacturing war supplies. Among the principal war depots in Philadelphia was. fur instance, the head- quarters of the Depot Quartermaster. This branch of tlu- \riny had tli<> task of supplying the training camps and the many companies of troops getting ready for embarkation to France. The very exigencies of the limes required that no moment be lost in transportation. Kxpress service was constantly used to move food and emergency supplies to the camps and the express people were kept busy responding to the demiuids of the .Vrmy oflicials. It was at a lime when there was a serious shortage of cars on the railroads and the express people were often at their wits' end to prevent the clogging of express terminals and keep the freight moving. Hundreds of "through cars." carried in speiial trains or in regularly scheduled passenger trains, transported out of Philadelphia tons of war material. Thousands of cars, soUdly loaded, passed through the city on the way to the seaboard. What was in these cars was not always known. In one instance an express car train loaded with depth bombs, on its way to the seaboard, pa.ssed through Philadi'li)hia. It carried a load of ammunition for an outgoing destroyer that was wailing in New York Bay for it. It was to convoy several transports across IIk; dangerous seas infested by (lerman submaiines. The I)ond)s went through safely, although they kept the express olTicials up nights worrying about ihem. Steel rods went to the mills by express; percussion caps to I he stci'l plants; acids, gas appliances — these and almost everything else traveled by express some time during ihe war period. In every case the expn'ssmeii realized their resi)oii- sibililies and took pride in the pari which they played to help the nation mobilize its forces and equipment, so that .\merican soldiers could take their places on the battle fronts in France in the shortest possible lime. The training camps sjirang u|) in all parts of the country and became military cities, requiring a constant How of food and oilier supplies, while the enlisted and selective service men were stream- ing into them by the thousands. These men retpiired clothing: the baggage which they had brought with them had to be returned; the commissaries and camp kitchens need(>d perishable food. All of these commodities required the swiftest nKncment and the express service was relied upon to furnish it. 512 The Philadelphia Navy Yard, more familiarly known as League Island, was also a heavy user of express, hoth inbound and outbound, and for a considerable period averaged from five t(j ten cars of express matter a week. Carloads of clothing were required for the sailors on warships getting ready to sail under orders. The Navy Yai-d required thousands of articles in a hurry and the express wagons and motor trucks deliveied tons of matter every month. At the office of the Depot Quartermaster, the American Railway Express Company, the unified organization which took over the express business for the Government soon after the Federal authoiilies took charge of the railroads, was one of the chief agents of transportation. Officials of the carrier placed themselves at the beck and call of the Army and approximately four hundred cars were sent from Philadelphia, by express, each UKinth. loaded to capacity with Army supplies destined to various points throughout the country, where Army camps were located. Countless special express trains slipped out of the city with cars consigned to points as far west as San Francisco. The principal special trains were "made up on" Camp Sevier, Camp Humphreys and Camp Greeideaf located in the South. Hog Island, the great .shipbuilding plant, used vast quantities of articles in fabri- cating the ships which were on the ways — and as a railway had extended its lines to the yard, express service was readily available emd constantly used. In fact, the yards received several carloads of express matter each day, via the Philadelphia Gateway. Philadelpliia was one of the centers of the production of gas masks. The Hero Manufacturing Company, a war-time organization, had its principal plant in the city and turned out the bulk of the gas masks for the troops serving in France and even for those in Siberia. There were, at times, thirty to forty car- loads of these gas masks for Hoboken, Newport News, and other ports and also a solid train-load of six cars for San Francisco, shipped to the American troops in Siberia. How the express served the munition plants was shown in the case of the Eddystone Plant of the Baldwin Locomotive Works, where large guns were manufactured for the Government. The large naval guns mounted on railway cai'riages were made here, and it is interesting to note that most of the material used in their manufacture had to be forwarded by ex^iress, in order to expedite the completion of the guns, so that they could be transported to France forthwith and be used to batter down the German offensive. With this epitome of the part which the express service of Philadelpliia played during the wai' it is interesting to review briefly the history of the various carriers during the conflict. Up to the first of 1918, when the Ciovernment took over control of the railroads, Philadelphia was served by three of the large express companies. There was the Adams Express Company, operating express business on the Pennsylvania Railroad; the Wells Fai'go Company operated on the Baltimore & Ohio system; the American Express Company had its relationships with the Pliiladelphia & Beading and Central Bailroad of New Jersey system. Thus, Philadelphia was an important "common point" for all of these companies, and they maintained large operating organizations, had big terminals and offices and transported vast quantities of express matter on the roads with which they had contracts. But when the Director-General of Railroads assumed control of the rail carriers 513 of the country, the express contracts with the roads were made inoperative ami the express companies were instructed to form a single unified organization which could handle the express business of the entire country and act as the agent of the Director-General. In this way was brought into existence the American Railway Ex-press Company, and the day when this event took place, July 1, 1918, will long be a memorable one in the express business, as it brought together 135,000 express- men under one banner, ready for a big patriotic task. \\ lien the new express company began, it announced its official organization thus: George C. Taylor, president of the American I'^xpress Company, became president of the American Railway Express Company, while R. D. Caldwell, president of Wells Fargo & Company, was elected chairman of t he Roard of Directors of the new company, and W . \I. Rarrett, president of the Adams Expn>ss, retired from active participation in the express business. All of these officials continued as presidents of their companies, in most cases largely holding companies, except the American Express Company, which proceeded to (li'\r|ii|i and expand its large foreign, financial and travel business. Speaking of Pennsylvania generally, the express business catne undrr tiie jurisdiction of Holiert E. AI. Cowie. who, as vice-president and general manager of the new company, assumed control of the express business in the i>ast. Mr. Cowie had held a similar position with the American Express Compaiu. II. E. Huff, who had been vice-president and general manager of the b'ast for the Adams Express Company, was made assistant to Mce-Presidenl Cowie, while V. J. Mickey, formerly general superintendent for Wells Fargo & Company Express, at New York, became general manager of the Anx-rican Railway Express Company's Alleghany department, with his headquarters in Philadelpiiia. In the City proper, A. G. Gurney, formerly of the American l']xpress, was appointed Cilv Manager for the new company, while 11. G. Ransbiirg. formerly with the American Express at llarrisburg, continued as superintendent for the American Railway Express Company of its l^^astern Pennsylvania Division. The expressmen of Phila(l(^lphia did theii' part in llie war as soldiers or sailors of the I nited Stales. Hundreds volunteered for tiie Army, many werecali(>il into the selective draft camps, and others went into various war industry plants. d( - pleling the express ranks to such an extent that their loss was keenly felt. The men wiio remained, many of them veterans of the business for twenty-live years or more, stood by their posts and participated to the full in Ihr I jlnrly i.uan drives and various patriotic movements. While the records are meagre, it is known thai the express ranks in Phila- delphia sent many men to France. Several of them saw active service and received Distinguished Service crosses. Exjiressmen were represented in llie American Army in tin- Argonne Forest, at Chateau-Thierry, St. Mihiel. and oilier famous battles in whirh the American troops were engaged. Tlic war period will never be forgotten by express officials and express veterans in Philadelphia. Tliey are i)roud of the record of thi> express carriers and iia\e welcomed back to their ranks the men who carried the express spirit into liii-ii- fighting in France. , 514 'COLUMN. RIGHT" The Philadelphia Newspapers and the War John L. Murray fHETHl']H niiiTfir or mould of jnihlic opinion, liic jurss of Pliila(l(>li)hia so wrote itself into the city's record of the years of lonllict that Philadelphia's part in the World War gains no little honcjr from her newspapers, l)oth English and foreign language. Evim t he { lerman language journals spoke the ct)nunun th((uglil of undivided patriotism once the United States had entered the war. Scorning that subterfuge, noted elsewhere, of only reluctant and passive compliance with laws made to cinb the recalcitrant of their kind, they made a positive stand for America and American arms, with only one seeming exception, for the Tugeblatl, which was put out of existence and its Cflitors jailed, was in reality the propagandic mouth of rabid socialism. The real newspapers, with no exception, helped to silence that single alien and seditious voice. Getting the news and telling the news with no distortion of coloring, no hall truths of sinister suppressions, none of the skulking, covert misuse of journalism that, coiled in the flag, hissed and struck at our Allies, Philadelphia's newspapers upheld the best traditions of the Fourtli Estate. But getting and telHng the truth was only their old function, and keeping their integrity only their old duty performed more carefully to meet the demands of a nation at war. They did nK)re than mere duty. In standing staunchly behind the men overseas. Allies and Americans alike, they carried the flag of Philadelphia into the foremost rank of all the big American cities in zealous patriotism, for tlie editorial record of the press of no other commun- ity shows more conspicuously all those fine, new functions that journalism achieved for itself in the war. Advocates of sound preparedness, even when preparedness was not a po[)ular cry, counselors of forbearance as long as tolerance of attack was honorable, the press of the city went into the war with the ri'al s]iirit of Americanism, and became something vastly greater than news tellers or editorial mirror-nioukls. The immense sums of money raised b\ Lilicrly Loan campaigns, the relief funds, the welfare work at home and at the front, the food and fuel conservation, all the public inteUigence machinery that required (|uick and extensive and simultaneous utterance and reiteration of Government edict or plea, all the means of America's rapid cooperation and concentration on the work of war, even and especially the selective service that gathered together her armies, would have been impossible without the functions of journalism, so admirably performed by America's newspapers and nowhere exceeding Philadelithia's. The war value of the sustained enthusiasm of the newspapers to make successful every war move of the (Jovernment could not be computed in any terms, not even 51.5 in terms of money, for the extra space dtnoted to systematic aid of tlie execution of war measures, beyond the dictates of news values that ordinarily would govern newspaper practice, runs into incalculable millions of dollars. Perhaps the most difficult task of all, the task that meant for the first time in American history the stifling almost of the very breath of native journalism, the suppression of the journalistic instinct and purpose to criticise, was performed the more signally because of it,s contrast to journalism's wonted rights to the exercise of such liberty. All through the time of great promises that lingered on obscured by secrecy and mifulfilled, that still were receding hopes when the armistice came, all through the weeks and months of ineptitude that the sudden plunging of a peaceful {)eople into conflict finds in any war, the press of Philadelphia forebore the comment and censure that might haw. discouraged its own citizens and given comfort to the enemy. Never a line or word from this city in editorial observation of the American participation in the war impaired an administration in Washington particularly and remarkably intolerant of criticism. American papers, freer than any press of liurupe liefore the war. were as re- stricted in the war days as the most surveilled, with the great difference that the American press was its own censor, not only for the suppression of military infor- mation that might ha\e helped the enemy, which was an obvious duty, but for the restraint from any animadversion against the censure-deserving that might be con- strued as partisan attack and national rift at a lime when all the world must see America united in every sense and part. The columns of Philadelphia's press marched as truly and as courageously against the enemy hordes as those columns of khaki that baptized France and Flanders with American blood. If doubt or misgivings ever seized the hearts of those who wrote her counsel and comment. Pliiladelphia's press never showed it. or failed in that greatest of wartime press functions to hold Ihe morale of the pe(»ple high and unwavering. 516 THE PENNSYLVANIA ACADEMY OF THE FINE ARTS EFORE the United States entered the war an interesting incident occurred in connection with a portrait of George Washington, painted by Rembrandt Peale. Tt was brought to this country by James Stuart Sloan, from whom the Academy purchased it, Mr. Sloan intending to devote the proceeds in the defense of France, his adopted country. It seems that the portrait had been presented to Lafayette as a token of gratitude for what he had done in the defense of America, and after Lafayette's death tiie portrait passed to 1\L Roux de Rochelle, at one time Minister from France to tlie Lhiited States, and from wiiom the porti'ait descended to Mr. Sloan, Mr. Sloan's grandmother ujxm his mother's side being the niece of M. Roux de Ro- chelle. It is significant tiiat this portrait, presented to Lafayette in tokcMi of grat- itude for his services to America, should finally be sold and its proceeds devoted to the service of France. The corporate action of the Academy's management in the nuttter of war work was chiefly confined to subscriptions to Liberty Loans. The activity of the officers and flirectors was varied, and is more or less referred to in other places in this book. President Lewis was appointed by Mayor Smith a member of the Fxecutive Committee on Home Defense on March 23, 1917, and Chairman of the Committee on Posters and Decorations. Ry reason of the duties this work entailed ujion him, the directors of the Academy, at a meeting April 2, 1917, authorized the employ- ment of an assistant to the President to act as Executive SecretEiry. On October 26, 1917, Mr. Lewis was placed in charge by the United States Shipping Roaid of the Government Schools of Navigation and Marine Engineering, established by the Roaid between the Connecticut River and Norfolk, \a., his headquarters being in Philadelphia. A Navigation and a Marine Engineering School were organized in Brooklyn, two Navigation Schools and one of Marine Engineering in New York, one Navigation School and a Marine F^ngineering School in Jersey City, similar organizations in Philadelphia and in fialtimore, and a Navigation School in Norfolk. There were twelve schools in this section and they required much of Mr. Lewis's time. The effect of the war on the schools of the Academy was necessarily dis- organizing. About sixty per cent of the young men enlisted or entered Govern- ment service, and probably all of the young women and all the rest of the young men were directly or indirectly engaged in war work. All students in (iovernment service who applied for free tuition were given scholarships, and the service flag which was hung in front of the building contained ninety red stars and, alas, one gold one. The exact number of students in the service was probably greater than the flag recorded. The galleries of the Academy were thrown open at all times free of charge to soldiers and sailors in uniform, and free admission granted them to all entertain- ments. 517 At the Academy's Summer School at Chester Springs entertaiiiin(>iils wen' given for the ambulance fund and war purposes, and instruction imparted in camouflage, the class being greatly stimulated by personal visits I'roni representa- tives of the Camouflage Department of the I nitcd Stales Shipping Board. More detailed information is included in the ri'port of the Academy's Fellow- shij). War Work of the Academy FELi.owsiiif \inety-five members of the Fellowship were in acli\e (iovernnienl scrxice in the army, navy, marine corps, air ser\ ice and the medical corps. Of this nund)er many were officers, and a large nundiei- ser\cd «illi llic (aiiadian oi- Hiitish forces before the T'nited Slates entered the war. Most of the nicmbiMs scr\ed overseas and were in action at Chateau-Thierry, in the Arguiine and other well-i^nown battles. Alfred Smalley was killed in action at Sedan and Halpli \lrl\ illc died of disease. (Icoige Harding was one of the ollicial artists loi- thi' 1 nitcd Slates (iovcrn- menl. sharing the hardships and dangers of those in acliial sei\ice, lie was later (oininissioned Captain and was the Philadelpiiia representatixc of the eight Amer- ican artists who were selected lo make ollicial sketches for the \nierican {'Expe- ditionary Forces. The Fellowship kept in touch wilh its mendiers in the service: sending them packages of chocolate, maple sugar, tobacco and knilled garments. Lelleis were also wiitten to llieni and special remembrances were sent at Chrislmas and Ivisler time. Col-vrlRlil.-.l i;.nrc.' Uirun^ First Day of the SI. Mtliivl Offensive. .->18 The civilian members of the association also made a good showing, many of them organizing and conducting Red Cross units. They taught French classes for soldiers and sailors, studied to teach the blind and acted as assistants to nurses in the hospitals. A number worked as farmers and '" farmerettes, " while some of the girls acted as mechanics' apprentices in motor shops, {preparatory for overseas service. Men and women drove ambulances in this country and abroad — in fact, aknost every kind of war work was done by members of the Fellowship. Soldiers and sailors were entertained at the Academy on several occasions and entertainments were given at League Island Navy Yard and individual members also arranged parties for the soldier's and sailors in Philadelphia. To meet the expenses of the Fellowship Ambulance Fund, three entertainments were given. The first, "Masks'" by Miss Blanche Dillaye, was given at the Academy by "Plays and Players"; the second was "A War Benefit" by the students of the Academy, and the third was a nmsicale and auction of aml)ulance ])arts. As a result of these entertainments four ambulances were presented to the Red Cross for overseas service. These were known as: The Henry J. Thouron, the Thomas Eakins, the Thomas P. Anschulz and the William M. Chase Ambulances. A fifth, the (ieneral Pershing Ambulance, was later given to the Italian-British Hospital Unit on the Italian frtmt. Artists of Philadelphia, most of them members of the Fellowship, painted portraits for the Third, Four and Fifth Liberty Loans and many of them made posters. For the Victory Liberty Loan, the Philadelphia artists were given the use of "The Biggest Little Street in the World" — South Camac Street, between Locust and Spruce streets. They were given a quota of $50,000, but as a result of their efTorts over $3,700,000 worth of bonds were sold. Among those who assisted were: H. Devitt Welsh, Joseph Pennell, Herbert Pullinger, Charles Paul, Florence W. Fulton and Virginia Wright (iarber. Twelve large sighting canvases were painted under the auspices of the Fellow- ship and presented to Camp Dix. A number of other similar canvases were painted by individual artists and forwarded to Camp Dix. French and Belgium orphans were adopted and contributions made and solicited for various war relief funds. The students of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts formed a war service club. They published monthly The Academy Fling, which was sent regu- larly to all members in the service. The students also supplied various packets for the men and knitted a large number of supplies, the wool being furnished by Mrs. John Frederick Lewis. In conclusion, it can be confidently stated that the members of the Fellowship of the Academy and the students there, unitedly and individually, rendered fine service during the entire period of Wcir. WAR WORK OF PHILADELPHIA ARTISTS* In connection with war work, an appeal was made for posters, and among the Philadelphians who contributed their work, were the following: Joseph Pennell — Third Liberty Loan — Battleship I'oster — '"Provide the Sinews of War." *Note: Summarized by the Secretary of llie Philadelphia War History Committee from the records of 11. Devitt Welsh. 519 Fourth Liberty Loan — Statue of Lilx-rls Poster — "Thiit Liberty Sliall not Perish from the Earth." Three (wisters for the War Fihns: oni- 1-slieet poster; one 3-sheet jmster and one 8-sheet poster. .Mr. PciiiH'll ;iJs() provided a nianiiiiutli poster lor the I iiiU'd States Shipping Board, as well as a number of other posters. \V.\i,TER H. Everett — The jxjster "Mother and Children," for the Fourlli Liberty Loan. F. W.VLTER Taylor — Committee on Public Information — po.ster "America Gave You All That You Have to Give. Give It — She \eeds N'ow." M. L. Blumenthai. — \\ ork with tlie Wut Savings Conmiittce. (iF.oRCE GiBBs AND JosEPH CoLL — Both made drawings for I nited States Sliipping Board. H. Devitt \\ Ei.sH — Among the jxisters for llu" Four-Minute Men, by Mr.Welsh, was the one used in front of all theatres authorized to rineive ollicial mes- sages from the Committee on Information. Mr. Welsh also sujjplied [Histers for till- Deparlnient of \gricullure. Tlu' War Savings ('onunitti'c and The (^onunittee of Training C.auip Vctivities. In thi- First Liberty Loan. Phiiadoipliia artists under the direction of Charles H. Paul, jiainted a number of bill lioards. eiglit feet by twenty feet, in front of the Liberty i^uildiiif.'. Among the artists were (ieorge Harding, Frederick \N agner. \L L. Hliimenthai. John Dnli. Herliert Piillinger. Charles 11. Sykes and li. Devitt Welsh. In the Foiirtii Liberty Loan a number of [lorlrait painters, unih'r tlie direction of Theodore Weidersheim, made paintings of all who bougiil $10,000 or more i-iberty Bonds. Among the artists were: Leopold Seyifert, .Joseph Sacks. Lazar Maditz and \dolph Bori(>. In the Fifth Liberty Loan drive the artists of IMtiladeipiiia put on a show in Camac Street under the caption of "The Biggest Little Street in tiie World." Cooperating with Mr. Welsh were Charles B. Paul and Herbert Piillinger. The committe(> in charge included: Mr. and Mrs. Joseph IVnnell, Mr. and Mrs. F. Walter Taylor. Mrs. Charles R. Wood, Bichard J. Beamish. .lohn .Sinberg, Harry T. .Ionian. Piof. William (iray. Judge John M. Patter.son. The artists of the city alst) arranged for the decorating of the streets sur- rounding City Hall, the general scheme being known as the "Court of the Allies." In planning for their work the artists took as their motto the words: "Con- ceived in \ ictory and Dedicated to the Proposition that all Men are Created with an Appreciation of the Beautiful." 'i'his wiirk was under a subcommittee of the Advisory Council and iiicliided : Thornton Oakley. Chairman; Joseph Pennell, \ iolet Oakley, Charles (irally, .John McClure Hamilton, INicola DAscenzo, Charles Z. Klauder, J. Frank Copeland. Wilson l*;yre. This connnittee was seriously handicapped b_\ the l)rief time in which it was necessary to finish the work, and it seemed as if this lack of time, coupled with the insullii'iency of funds, would be insurmountable. However, the results were so picturesque thai tens of thousands of men, women and children passed through the "Court of the Allies" and the adjacent streets from early morning until late at night. A description of the decorations is in order: .520 "'The Court of the AlHes" with its Statue of Winged Victory was the radiating center of the Victory Loaii decorations. "Looking up Broad Street from tlie I inion League the eye was caught by the central figure of the Victory Statue framed by the great sunburst on the City Hall fagade. This background was shaded to produce ilaini^ color in daylight. The statue, which was tiie design of Albert Laessif, wiio also designed the ( iolden Eagle over the speaker's stand, was not white as many people seemed to think. Init was a shade of cream wliicli ajjpeared dazzling in tlie daylight. This was one of the Cuiirti'sy of Ihe i'liiiadelphia "Press." Decorations for Ihe Victory Liberty Loan — looking nurtti an Broad Street to tlie \ ictury Statue. 521 color motifs which had to be studied out and various shades were tried before the correct one was found. "Special note should be made in regard to the base on which was mounted the French airplane in S. Broad Street. This was the work of Nicola D'Ascenzo. "The committee first outlined a plan to have Broad Street at the statue ceilinged with enormous colored canopies, but this plan had to be aliaiuidiied as wind ^)r(^ssure would have been too great. "The committee was also confronted with the problem of safety and the liual solution decided upon was to place poles on bolh sides of Broad Street carrying the flags of the Allies. These poles, fifty feet in height, were sunk eight feet in steel sleeves and permitted a sway of at least six inches in any direction. "The coiimiittee which had charge of this particular part of the decorations were: Bichard K. Norton, Chairman; John B. (ianlz. (i. K. Liable, and Richard A. Humphreys. "The national flags as they appeared in "The Court of tiie \llies' were arranged as follows: "Around the City Hall Plaza— the flags of the United States; from Cliistinil Street south on Broad Street to Walnut Street the Hags of France; from Wahiiil Street to Locust Street on Broad Street — the flags of Italy; from Broad Street to Juniper Street on Chestnut Street — the flags of Great Britain; from Juniper Street to i;5tii Street on Market Street— the flags of Belgium; fn.rn i:?th Street to 12th Street on Market Street the flags of Italy; from the North Plaza to .\rch Street on Broad Street — the flags of France; from Arch Street to Race Street on Broad Street — the flags of Great Britain; and from Broad Street to ir)lh Street on Chestnut Street — the flags of Japan. "It is interesting to note that the number of flags used in these decorations amounted to I7..')00. which, if placed i^nd to end would make a streamer of inter- national colors reaching fifty-live miles. "All the decorations, including the Victory Statue, were placed in fourteen (lays, re(iuiring the labor of l.")() men, some nf wliniii were hrought from cities as far distant as Chicago. "These men worked for tift>-fnur hours without sleep, so that the decorations might be s|»rung as a surprise on the city, in the painting of the great "N ' on iiroad Street in the 'Court of the Allies," fifty men worked from midnigiit until seven o'clock the next morning." 522 AMERICAN RED CROSS PENNSYLVANIA-DELAWARK DIVISION URING the sunimer of 1917, National Headciuarters of tlie American Red Cross decided to divide the coinitry into divisions for the purpose of taking care of tiie great voUinie of Red Cross woriv which had resulted from the entry of this country into the war Late in August, 1917, Charles Scott, Jr., of Philadel- phia, was appointed manager of the proposed Pennsylvania Division which had for its territory the States of Pennsyl- vania and Delaware, and the county of Camden, N. J. The cfuinty of Camden was attached to the Atlantic Division about October 1, 1917. On October 1, 1917, the Division began its ofTicial existence with hi>ad- quarters in fourteen rooms of the Medical Arts Building, 134 S. 16th Street, Phila- delphia, and 15,000 square feet of warehouse space at 1015 Filbert Street. Tiie first piece of constiuctive work was the issuance of a chart and [jamphlet to the chapters within the jurisdiction of the Division, outUning to them the new plan for organization and operation. Field secretaries were at once appointed and during the last three months of 1917 did Tnost intensive work, educating the chapters to the necessity for an adequate organization, both chapter and divisional, properly to meet the demands being made on the Red Cross. Two institutes for the instruction and training of home service workers were at once opened, one in Philadelphia and one in Pittsburgh. Immediately upon the organization of the Division and the establishment of headquarters the following departments were organized: Division Manager, Ctiarles Scott. Jr. Assistant to Manager, Alan D. Wilson. Bureau of Development. — Director, Stephen Fuguet; Assistant, Rictiarti E. Wilson. Woman's Bureau. — Director, Mrs. J. Willis Martin. Surgical Dressings, Superintendent, Mrs. E. Walter Clark; Hospital Garments and Supplies, Superintendent, Mrs. James C. Newlin; Knitted Articles, Su[)erintendent, Mrs. Henry B. Coxe. Bureau of Nursini). — Director, Susan C. Francis. Bureau of Civilian Relief. — Director, J. Byron Deacon. Bureau of Supplies. — Director, Frederick H. Strawbridge. Bureau of .Accounting. — Director, Jf)hn V. Porter; Assistant, Chester T. Da\ is. Bureau of Junior Membership. — Director. F. CorUes Morgan. Bureau of Canteen Serpice. — Director, Mrs. G. \\. C. Drexel. In December of 1917, a committee was appointed to have charge of the Christ- mas Membership Campaign, which was to be held by the Red Cross throughout all divisions. J. Heron Crosman, Jr., was the Acting Chairman of this Committee. In January of 1918 a Bureau of Camp Service was organized with J. Hartley Merrick in charge. In February of 1918 a Bureau of Personnel was estabUshed to take care o( the enrolments for overseas service with the Red Cross. H. W. Moore was Director and Mary A. L. Neilson was Asscjciate Director, in charge of female personnel. The warehousing space had now increased from 15,000 to 65,000 square feet .523 and supplies were moved to 253 N. Inroad Street, a separate bureau being formed to take charge of this work, under WilHam M. Field as Director. In March of 1918 a sciiool for instruction of division field instructors in surgical dressings, etc., was formed, and a Bureau of First Aid established with Dr. Hairry Toulmin as Director. A Division Committee was appointed to handle the Second War Fund Drive of the Red Crf)ss, Major Edgar Munson acting as Executive Secretary. In May, 1918, in recognition of the splendid work done by the people of the State of Delaware for the Red Cross, it was determined to change the name from the Pennsylvania Division to the Pennsyh ania-Delaware Division. In June, 1918, a divisional medical director. Dr. John H. Ciiapman, was appointed in connection with the work of the Bureau of Personnel. At the same time the Bureau of Chapter Production was established with T. Williams Roberts as Director. W. W. Hepbuin was appointed Director of the Speakers' Bureau, under the Department of Publicity, with Harry A. Thompson as Director of the Publicity Department. In June, 1918, the Department of Military ReHef was formed, to have under it and reporting to it the Bureaus of Camp Service, Canteen, First Aid and Motor Corps. The director of this department was apijointed later. The Bureau of Communications and Prisoners Rehef was formed in 1918, with Richard E. Wilson as Director. The following chart of the organization on June 30, 1918, shows the many changes which were made owing to the increased activity. The personnel increased from 46 in October, 1917. to .'52.5 in .lune, 1918, of whom 112 were paid and 213 were volunteers. The payroll had grown from $2,218.57 to $8,832.41; the office space had increased from 3,762 square feet to 5,434 square feet and warehouse space from 15,000 to 65,000 square feet during the same peritid of time. To distinguish between those units reporting directly to the management, and those reporting to other units of the organization, it was decided to call the first "departments" and the latter "bureaus." The services of the executive heads of ail d(>partments and bureaus were without ex-pense to the division, exclud- ing the two technical departments of Nursing and Civilian Relief. Organization — June 30, 1918. Division Mniuiger. Charles Stott, Jr.; Assistant Di\ ision Manager, Alan D. Wilson; Coun- selor, F. Corlie.s Morgan; Medical Dirertor, Dr. .Tolin tl. Chapman. DeparlmenI of Development. — Director, F. Corlies Morgan; Associate, J. Barton Towiiscnd. Bureau Chapter Organization. — Director, Richard E. Wilson. Bureau Cliapler Production. — Director, T. W. Roberts; Executive Secretary, Mrs. II. A. Dresser. Surgical Dressings — Superintendent, Mrs. E. W. Clark. Hospital Garments and Supplies — .Superintendent. Mrs. Benjamin Rush. Knitted Articles — Superintendent, Mrs. Henry B. Coxe. School of Instruction — Superintendent, Mrs. A. H. Reeve. Model Work Room — Director. Mrs. Charles .Scott, Jr. Bureau of Junior Memhersliip — Director, Louis Nusbaum. Boys" Work — Superinteiulent, Millard D. King. Girls' Work — Superintendent, Mrs. Anna C. Green. Department Civilian Relief. — Director, Cheney C. Jones; Associate, John S. Newbold; Assistant, Mrs. Martha J. Megee. Department of Supplies. — Director, James Hancock. Bureau Transportation and Warehouse. — Director, William M. Field. 525 Department oj Xcnmrds. — Director, John V. Porter; Vssoiiale. Henry (J. C.owKill; Vssistanl. Chester T. Davis. Department of Publicity. — Director, Harry A. Thompson. Speakers' Bureau. — Director. \\'. \V. Hepburn. Department of !\'ur.^in)). — Director, Mis,s Susan C. Francis. Insinic licm (Masses — Assistant, -Mrs. Klizahcth H. .Schnabel. Nurses' Aid — .\ssistant. Miss Letitia \\ iri(ll<-. Department of Military Relief. — Awaiting appoinlnieiit of Director. liurean of Camp Serrice. — Director. J. Hartley Merrick: Field Director. Hanilolph F. Justice; Field Director. John K. Laniond; Field Director, Hobert (".. Brooks. Bureau of Canteen Service. — Director. Mrs. G. W. C. Drexcl. liureau of Motor Corps. — .\cting Director, J. Hartley Merrick. liurean of First Aid. — Director. Dr. Harry Touhnin. Department of Personnel. — Director, H. W. Moore; Associate, Miss Mary .\. I., \cilson, liureau Communications and Prisoners' Relief. — Director, Richard Iv \\ ilson. Second War Fund Campaiijn. — Executive Secretary, Major lOdgar Munson. Speakers' Bureau, \V. \\ . Hepburn. Publicity. John C. Gilbert. Finance Committee. — Chairman, K. T. Stotesbnry; Nance McCorniick, A. \\ . Mellon. Pierre S. Du[)ont. Cuhi. \\. F'epper. J. Benj. Dinmiick. Christmas Mernhersliip Campaign. -Chairman. \\ . II. ( .onyngham; \ ice-( 'hairnian. J. Heron Crosman; Major IMmuml Mile lull. W . II. Foster. DiifiiiL; the nine iiioiillis IVdiii Octcilicr. I''17. In .liiiir .'!(). I')|!!, il is ohvioiis that a frrcat dral of conslriiclivc ()rf.Miii/alii)ii wuik «as done. Slaitiiig in with l(l."> cliaplcis. and h\ a pioct'ss of coiiiliiniiif: small ones add I'stalilisliiiij; new ones, llic same mimlicr was maintained. This icquired hard win k and nmcli tiaveling. I he teal pictiiic is shown in llie ^rrowlli of llie blanches and aiixiliaiies, \\/..: Ffoin 1. 101 to IMIT; in the f:fowth of llie adidi mendieisliip I'loin .')I.'),«I2 lo l,82:5,()(i:5 and in Ihe junior niembrrship from iiolliiiif: to 'l.~?)'.\ aii.xiiiai'ies with 782,221 mcmheis. This made a total ni\ision inemheiship on .June iJOlli or2.f)(ir),2J! I. Dnr- ing Ihe Chiislmas Campaign of I')1T Iheie were cmiilli-d I.!i7:!.2:{| and duriiif; the Second War Kimd Campaign §20,89 1, 126.26 was raised. Tlie I?e|i,'ian clothiiif: campaign in March, 1018, resiilled in Ihe collection of l.'M.O.jO prnnids of clolliing. 'I'he total (jrodiuiion for niiii' moidhs was as follows: .Surt;i* I.i; knitted articles. 727,922; refugee garments, 21.710; miscellaneous articles, 7'>.'W(). C.niiid total. 1 7. ')9 1. ()!<). The sale of raw materials to chapters for October, I'MT. and June, 1018, gi\es some idea of the growlli in acti\ilN. OctolMT, 1917 .'>l».I%..il June, I9I« 2f>.'>.Ji7.'...'.l The [{mean of Camp Service distribiilcd 2,112 sweaters in October, 1017, and I.'). I 1 1 sweaters in December of the same year. The work of this Hiireaii also inchided conliniioiis activity among the men at the Navy Yard here and at the \arioiis camps and hospitals throughout Pennsylvania and Delaware. The liureau of Canteen Service started in with six canteen stations in October and by .Itine the ntnnber had increased to sixty-two. In Philadelphia alone there were nearly 3,0(10 women active in canteen work. During the nine months' period mentioned the Canteen fed .501,139 men. The hincau of Motor (^.orps was not established until some time after October, but in .lune they reported four chapters organized for the work. 526 The Bureau of First Aid reported for the nine months' period: 156 classes formed; 2,676 students enrolled; 978 students examined; 1,171 certificates issued; sixty-five instructors appointed; fifty-four examiners appointed. The Department of Civilian Relief was the only one in tlie country able to report all chapters in the Division organized for home service. During this nine months' period, a fiood at Lock Haven and a fire at Loganton, Pa., were both han- dled by the Department of ('i^ilian Relief. In October. 1917, there were ten cases cleared through the Department of CiviHan Relief and no families dealt with. In June of 1918 there were 431 cases cleared through the Division office and 7,2.52 home service families dealt with. The Department of Pubhcity began with the irregular pul)licati(ni of a four- page Division paper and grew to a twelve-page edition published twice a month with a circulation of about 9. 000. Motion-picture service has also been added to the work of the Department. The Department of Personnel up to June 30 had completed forty-three files for male personnel and thirty-nine files for female personnel for overseas service. This Bureau was rated by the National Director in Washmgton as being the best organized and operated in the country. The Department of Nursing organized eight eiuolment conunittees throughout the State, established instruction classes and organized a department for Nurses Aids. There were 800 nurses enrolled in this nine months' period. The Department of Accounts reported total expenses for the Division for the first nine months of $152,526.01, and total sales of raw materials for the same period of $1,159,446.83. From July 1, 1918, when the organization was as shown above, until Decem- ber 31, 1918, the following important changes were made: The Division now had two warehouses, one for finished products and one for raw materials. George W. Childs Drexel accepted the position of Directoi' of Military Relief in September, 1918. Anita Phipps accepted the position of Director of Motor Corps Service at the same time. In October, 1918, at the request of Washington a nursing survey was insti- tuted. The influenza epidemic in Philadelphia first broke out in the Navy Yard and, realizing the seriousness of its (>H'ect on the civilian population, a Connnittee on Influenza was appointed composed of representatives of the various Division departments concerned, with Joseph W. Sharp. Jr.. as Chairman. This connnittee gathered together the resources of the Division and arranged for the distribution of supiplies. A number of Professors were appointed Temporary State Directors to look after the men in the S. A. T. C. at various I'olleges and schools. A Division cutting plant was instituted in October, 1918. In November, 1918. after the signing of the armistice, the Rureau of Conserva- tion, which had been formed to take charge of the collection and conserving of articles wanted by the ( Jovernement, was no longer needed and so was at once disbanded. A school of instruction foi' Division field instructors in hospital garments and knitted articles was established at 1512 Spruce Street, under Miss Girvin. 527 The work of the Department of Personnel was now over with lh(> exception of completing their records, the Director and his associates resigned and the per- sonnel was reduced from fourteen to four. The Department of Nursing, preparing for future peace aclivit,\. formeil the Bureau of Public Health Nursing, with Mrs. F. B. Downing as Director. Miss Flora Bradford was made Field Instructor in Home Hygiene and care of the sick. Francis Farquhar, of \ork. Pa., was aiipointed Division (".liairman for the Christmas Boll (]all of 1918, which he directf^d from York. Owing to the complete cessation of surgical dressings wdik. T. WilUams Boherts, Director of Chapter Production, resigned. After the signing of the armistice the Manager of the Division felt that he was not justified in asking those associated witii hitn as volunteers to disregard their personal affairs for the Bed Cross and adjuslmctils were made as (]uickly as possible to enable them to return l;er, Alan 1). Wilson; Assistant Division ^[anaRer. I"". Corlies Morgan: Counselor, K. Corlies Morgan: Medical Advisor, I^r. .lohn l\. Chapman. Drpnrlnirnl of Develoimiviil. — Director, F. ("orlies Morgan; Asso(;iale, ,1. liarlon Townsenil. Bumiii Chapter Organization. — Director, Uichard \\. W ilson. liiircnii C.liaptrr Production. — Secretary, Mrs. II. \. Dresser, StiniirnI />c,s-,s-iVi(/.v. -Superintendent, Mrs. Beujaiiiin Busli: Chief Inspector, Mrs. Harry Bailey. Ilo.spildl (iarnicnts and Suptilies. — Su|)erinleudeut, Mrs. Benjaniiu Bush; .\ssistaiit Super- intendent, I jla Fisher; Chief In.speclor, Mrs. M. B. Fine. Knillt'd Arliclr.^. — .Superintendent, Mrs, Henry B. Coxe; Assistant Superintendent, Mrs. Charles Scott, Jr.; Inspector. Mrs. (ieorBe Frazier; Chief Inspector, Constance I,eo, School of In.itrnrtion. — Mary Girvin, Bureau Junior Membership. — Director. I.ouis \us1phuiii. 1!o\s' Work. — Millard D. kin^;. Girls' Work. — Mrs. Anna C. Green. DeparlinenI Cirilian Itelief. — Director, Cheney C. Jones; Associate, John S. NCwlxjId; As- sistant. Mrs. Martha J. Megee; Case Supervisor. Helen V. White; Field Superv isor, Helen Bliuitoii. Department of Supplies. — Director, Jamc-s M, Beed; Associate, J. G, Bittenliou.se; A.ssistanl, 1. C. McLaunhlin. liepartment of .\erounts. — Director. Henry G. Cowgill; Assistant, Chester T. Davi.s. Department of Puhlicity. — Director. Henry .\. Thoinpson. Speakers' Bureau. — Director, \V. W. Hepburn. Department of Nursing. — Dire<-tor. .Susan C. Francis. Bureau Pul>lic Health .\ursing. — Director. Mrs. Florence Downing. Instruction Classes. — .\ssislant. Mrs. l-lli/.abeth Schnahel. Nurses' .Aides. — Assistant. R. l>. llirsli. Deparlment Mililary Relief. — Director, G. W . C Drc.vel. Bureau Canteen Service. — Director, Mrs. G. \V. C. Drexel. Bureau Motor Corps. — Director. Anita Phipps. 528 Bureau First Aid. — Director, Dr. Harry Toulmin; Field Directors. — John K. T.amonfl, Robert G. Brooks, J. V. S. Bishop. Division Chairman Chrislnias Hall Call, December. 1918. — Francis H. Farquhar. Division Supervisor Nursinn Survey. — William (). Easton. During the six months covered by the period of July 1st to December ^l. 1918, the development of Red Cross service and operation was at its height. A number of campaigns were held, including the campaign for graduate nurses, in which 1,023 nurses were enrolled, the Belgian Clothing Campaign, in which 6.52 Ions of clothing were actually shipped by the chapters of this Division, the Linen Shower, during which, in spite of t\w fact that the influenza epidemic hampered all activities throughout the chapters, there were nevertheless 57,4.32 pieces col- lected; Red Cross Calendar Campaign, when 1,042 Red Cross calendars were sold; the Christmas Roll Call Campaign, with a total enrolment of 1.670,860; the Nursing Siu'vey in 45 chapters and the Christmas Carton Campaign, during which there were fdled, inspected and sent overseas by this Division 173,672 cartons. The Bureau of Chapter Organization, etc., accurately defined the territory of seventy-one out of the 105 chapters. This necessitated much field work and personal adjustment. A statistical department was organized for the purpose of accurately deter- mining the productive capacity of each chapter. The school for division instruc- tion in hospital garments and knitted articles was instituted in order to improve the general standard of the chapter work. The production of the Bureau for this six months was as follows: Surgical dressings, 7,303,067; hospital garments and supplies, 1.060,914; knitted articles, 668,797; repaired garments, 227,912; miscellaneous articles, 12,566. The estimated value of this production was .$2,855,065.11. The Bureau of Junior Membership rendered invaluable service in all campaigns held during the six months' period. The Bureau of Conservation was formed in an effort to have the chapters help in the conservation of articles desired by the Government. Affairs were progressing most satisfactorily when the armistice was signed. The Bureau of Communications handled 11,871 communications regarding prisoners and wounded men, as well as soldiers who neglected to write home. They also handled 454 A. E. F. inquiries and 339 letters from foreign territory. The Department of Supplies had, in August. 1918. about 90.000 square feet of warehouse space in each of two warehouses, making a total of about 180.000 square feet. Total sales to chapters by the Department of Supplies amounted to $1,521,968.46. Total shipments were: Export, 7,438 cases; domestic, 2.976 cases; Government, 1,854 cases. The following is a summary of the Military Relief Department activities for these six months: First Aid classes held 83 Attendance 1.756 Number canteens organized ^2 Number motor corps organized 27 Number military estal)lishmenls in tiTritory 5 Number naval estal)Iislimenls in Icrrilnry 4 Number military hospitals in dix isiim 4 Number naval hospitals in di\ ision 3. 529 Number articles distributed in camp service 156,320 Value of these articles $320,867.50 Number nurses homes None Number convalescent houses None Value hospital suppliis dislributrd §23,819.13 The Bureau of Canteen Service summary : Canteens organized 62 Canteen workers in division 4,039 Canteen huts 11 Shower baths 14 Information and rest rooms at 32 stHtimis Numl)er men served 9 11,103 Sick men removed to hospital 20 Sick men aided 16.,i86 The Bureau of Motor Corps reported an increase from four orfianized corps to twenty-eight, with a total of 496 active workers. Durinj; tlic epidemic they rendered most vahiable and ellicient service. Influenza l-^pidemic. — The care of this situation was probahh the best piece of work done in the Division during these six months. All possible resources were gathered and the chapters wer(> instructed to render every possible aid along general lines. .\t the request of the Acting Commissioner of Health in the State, the .\,ssislant Manager went to liarrisburg, and either he or some on(> else from the Division lonstantly occupied a desk there until the epidemic was over. The chapters did excellent work, numbers of emergency hospitals were equii)ped and opened at short notice and great quantities of supplies w(>re given to all existing hospitals. The medical supplies were in great demand and volunteers travelled througiioul the Division and made prompt deli\("ry of them. The Department of .Niusing allotted the nurses on hand and also enrolled man^ w lio had retired. In addition, a large number of nurses' aids were sent out und(>r the graduate nurses. Great praise was given the chapters for their help in all local emergencies and a very appreciative letter was sent the Division by the Acting Conunissioncr of Health. The Department of Civilian Relief cared for 8.8!{.{ families during the month of July and 21,338 in December, thus showing the growth in activity. During the six months they organized in all 105 chapters for home service. The total ex- penditures for home service cases were .?21 l.0Ui.()6: '*'),610 families were helped. The Department of PubUcity issued fortnightly Clippings, the Division paper, with a circulation of 10,729, together with special editions in connection with vari- ous campaigns, etc. Four hundred newspapers throughout the Division were regularly supplied with news by this department. The Speakers' Bureau supplied speakers for all campaigns, meetings, etc. Thi- Department of Accounts, in addition to its regular work, made system- atic ell'orts to get financial statements from chapters and their branches; also statement of the raw materials on hand in the chapter territory. The total receipts in the Division for these six months were $1,557,130.94. The total expenditmes for all purposes of Administration were: §289,673.09. Following the period of time covered by the above history, the Division Organization concerned itself with the finishing up of the war work and the carrying 530 out of the peace program of the Red Cross. The former, of course, was a dimin- ishing activity, while the latter was a most constructive piece of work, including the working out of cooperative arrangements with the State Department of Health and its various sub-departments, the estabUshment of public health nursing services, baby clinics, health centers, etc., throughout the State of Pennsylvania. On April 1, 1921, as part of a nation-wide plan to return the Red Cross organ- ization to a pre-war basis, the Pennsylvania-Delaware Division was abolished and the supervision of all Red Cross activities in Pennsylvania and Delaware trans- ferred to the Atlantic Division, with headquarters in New York City. SOUTHEASTERN PENNSYLVANIA CHAPTER AMERICAN RED CROSS The organized life of the Southeastern Pennsylvania Chapter American Red Cross dates from March i. 1916, when approval of its organization was received from National Headcjuarters in Washington. A meeting was held at the residence of Mr. and Mrs. C-harles C. Harrison, 1618 Locust Street. Philadelphia, on January 22, 1916. At this time efforts were being made throughout the country to arouse interest in the reorganized and enlarged American Red Cross. The Hon. William Howard Taft, Chairman of the Central Committee, Eirnest Bicknell, Director of Civilian Relief, and Colonel Jefferson Kean, Director of Military Relief, of the National Red Cross, were present at the meeting and, following their suggestions, a temporary executive committee was elected with Dr. Richard H. Harte as Chairman. Negotiations for the recognition of the Chapter and the adjustment of its relations to the National Organization were carried on and brought to a successful conclusion through the efforts of a conunittee consisting of Di'. Alfred Stengel, Chairman, Dr. D. J. McCarthy and Colonel Samuel D. Lit. The territory assigned to the Chapter included Bucks, Chester, Delaware, Montgomery and Philadelphia counties. Public attention was turned toward the proposed activities of the Chapter by an exhibit, which was held during the month of April, 1916, in the Widener Ruilding, a part of which was afterward transferred to the Connnercial Museum in con- nection with a civic exposition called "Philadelphia Today and Tomorrow." Further publicity was secured through a leaflet printed at the expense of Mrs. Arthur H. Lea. Out of the Widener Building exhibit grew the establishment of the instruc- tion classes in first aid, elementary hygiene and home care of the sick, and dietetics. Shortly after this, the first membership campaign was undertaken by a com- mittee under direction of Colonel Samuel D. Lit. This drive brought the member- ship up to 16,000 by the end of July, 1916. The organization of a base hospital in Philadelphia claimed attention in June, 1916, and subsequently Dr. Harte reported that he had received from the Women's Committee on Preparedness the sum of $25,000 to be used for such a hospital. Out of this grew Base Hospital No. 10, with which Dr. Harte later went abroad as director. The personnel of this hospital was drawn from the Pennsylvania Hospital. Other base hospitals were formed in the University of Pennsylvania, Jefferson and Episcopal hospitals, with a naval base in the Methodist Hospital and a field hospital unit in tiie Presbyterian Hospital. All of these were later called into service, and while the chapter was in no sense directly responsible for them, it 531 acted as custodian for some of tlieir funds and cheerfully supplied whatever ma- terial was requested. Until October 31. 19 16. the alfairs of the chapter were managed by the executive committee as originally appointed, with additions from time to time. \ arious committees of this body were entrusted with specific duties as the needs arose. But in the fall of 1916 a more definite plan was adopted, under which a board of directors was elected and its Chairman authorized to appoint the necessary com- mittees in order to secure proper division of labor. The key to the structure was the Kxecutive Committee, on which Dr. Ilarte. the Chapter Chairman, appointed the following members: Dr. Charles J. llatlield. Chairman. C. W. C. Drexel, C. J. lUioads. Colonel S. D. Lit and Dr. Alfred Stengel. This conunittee. changed somewhat in its personnel by resignations and appointm(>nts. served until October 15. 1917. when its functions were tak(>u over in large part by the Executive Director and the Special, afterward (ieneral. Committee. A noteworthy achievement of the j-]xecutive Conunittee was the creation and installation of a carefully wrought out scheme of departnu'ntal organization and business management. This was the work in the main of Captain J. Franklin McKaddeii. whosi' business acumen was a most \aliialile asset to the Cha])tf'r dur- ing this year of intense activity and rapid growth. The first oHice of the Chapter was at 608 Chestnut Street, afterward transferred to 1119 Walnut Strc<-t. and later to 221 S. i«th Street, until removal to 161,') Chestnut Street in the summer of 1918. Nutwithstanding tiie size of the liUh Stn-et house, loaned to the chapter b> Mr. and Mrs. E. T. Stotesbury in most generous fashion, and the larger i|uarters on Chestmit Street, it was at no lime pos- sible to put all the departments of the Chapter under one roof. At the high tide of work, seven buildings were in use, 221 S. 18th Street, 218 S. 19th Street, southwest corner 18th and Locust streets. 1607 Walnut Street. 170.3 Walnut Street, 1609 Walmit Street and 1.3 1.') Market Street. The active participation of women in the chapter work is marked by the appoiiituienl. on .luiie 27. 1916. of Mrs. \rthur II. Lea as Chairman of a Woman's .\uxiliary Conunittee. with authorilv to select other members. .\t no time since have Red Cross women failed in llnir marki'd devotion to the cause. Unstinted praise is due the uuillilude of women \olunteers who served in the Chapter depart- ments and iti the branches and auxiliaries. uund)ering at least ,')0,0()() iti all. As the scope of the Chapter's activities enlarged, it was found advisable to adopt a policy for subsidiary organization throughout the five counties. In the sumnu-r of 1916 it was therefore agreed that the term " Branch " should be us(>d geographically, and membership in such branches was made inclusive of all in each particular localil> who wished to become inendiers: and that the term " \uxiliary" be used as an administrative delinition to apply to groups of individuals only, subject to I lie direction of the Chapter. Si\t\ branches, some with dependent auxiliaries and others with sectional or group subdixisions. were organized. The ruunber of auxiliaries identified with branches was lO.'i. In Philadelphia 32 6 auxiliaries were recognized, with five auxiliaries at large in as many outlying districts. Of vital importance to the Bed Cross was the inauguration of the First War Fund, for which it was proposed to raise throughout the country $100,000,000, the Chapters share being !? 1.1 2.5. 000. The week of .lime 18 to 2.5. 1917. was designated SA2 as the period of the drive. Interest in this campaign was aroused by the visit to Philadelphia of H. P. l^avison, C.iiairman of the Red Cross War Council. E. T. Stotesbury was elected Chairman of the Chapter on May 31, 1917, in succes- sion to Dr. Ridiard H. Harte, resigned. Mr. Stotesbury served as Chairman for the War Fund Campaign. The sum finally raised in the Chapter amounted to $2,800,000. Prior to the launching of tiie Second Red Cross War Fuufl, a War Welfare Council was organized in the territory of the Chapter for the purpose of making a concerted effort to secure the funtls for war relief work apportioned to Philadelphia and vicinity through the national relief organization, including the American Red Cross. The War Chest movement relieved the organizations of the Chapter from any active participation in securing contributions. It resulted in the raising of over .$6,000,000 for the Second Red Cross War Fund. By the time of the anmial election of officers in October, 1Q17. the Chapter was in the full swing of its war relief work. There was a great increase in activities and two important steps directed toward a closer coordination of departments and a greater degree of efficiency were taken. A special connnittee of the board, later known as the general committee, authorized on October 15, 1917, and consisting of Randal Morgan, Chairman, Mrs. Arthur H. Lea. Dr. Charles J. Hatfield, Mrs. Thomas Robbins anfl John B. Townsend, Secretary, was appointed. It was made the duty of this connnittee "to review the work of the chapter and report to the board." A series of con- ferences with the heads of the fourteen departments of the chapter was arranged. The amount of information brought to the bt)ard by the committee and its authori- tative character were of inestimable value in guiding the work of the Chapter through all that period. No reconnnendation of the committi'e, which altogether held thirty -six meetings, ever failed of adoption by the board. The (luiet, strong leadership of Randal Morgan, the Chairman, deserves far more than the single sentence here written in its recf)gnition. The other important action in the autumn of 1917 was the appointment of the recently elected Secretary of the Chapter, John Barnes Townsend, to the position of Executive Director, in which he served with rare skill and energy until January, 1919. The Red Cross owes its success to such volunt(H>r workers as Mr. Townsend and his colleagues in the direction of the Chapter activities. When the war-time leaders, Mr. Stotesbury and Mr. Townsend, relintpiished theii' official positions they left a Red Cross organization in every way equipped and nicely adjusted to carry on the less strenuous, though equally important, peace program. Department of Membership.s. Branches and Auxiliaries Prior to July 1. 1917. the solicitation of memberships, apart from the special campaigns, was in the hands of a Committee on Memberships. Paralleling the increase of memberships, the development of branches and auxiliaries went on throughout the chapter under the direction of the executive connnittee. On July 1, 1917, these two phases of extension work were united in the Deitartment of Memberships, Branches and Auxiliaries. The committee consisted of Dr. Charles D. Hart, Chairman; Mrs. John White (ieary. \ ice-Chairman of Memberships, and Mrs. Joseph Leidy, Vice-Chairman of Branches and Auxiliaries, who later resigned. 533 \v. Iliihlor. ' An Irresisliijlc \ppciit. Howard Wayne Sinilli. laler Execu- tive Secretary of the Chapter, was appointed Extension Manager in May, 1917. On Januan. 1, 1917. there were 18.000 members in the Chapter. A small campaign conducted in the spring increased the nuinhi^- to 100,- 000. Tiie first roll call, held from December 17th to 2lth. raised the total to 125.000 members. The 1918 Christmas roll call was held from December 16th to 23d, directed by tiic following committee: Dr. Charles D. Hart, Chairman; Marshall S. Morgan. Treasurer: W. llinckle Smith. Colonel Samuel D. Ml. James M. Willcox. Early in the sunnner of 1918 the Committee on MendxMships was placed in charge of a campaign for the enrolment of nurses for service in the Army and Navy. Although this campaign was begun at an unseasim- ablc time of year, after most of the nurses' training schools had held their commoncements, meetings were held, iilcrature was distributed, personal appeals were sent to all nurses whose names could be secured, and every available prospect was solicited to I'liiol! for service. Appeals for help were sent to the various nurses' training schools in tiiis vicinity. The cjuota assigned to th(> Chapter was 100. and 262 were finally seciu'cd. This ecpialed the av(>rage through- out the Inited States, where 20. 191 were enrolled out of a national (pu)ta of .50.000. The outbreak of influenza in the city prevented a vigorous prosecution of the campaign, as even,' available nurse was drafted for service in the battle against the epidemic. Dr. Hart having resigned in the early part of i'*l'>. Mrs. .lohu While (leary became Chairman of the department. Department of WOhkhooms In .lanuarN. 1917, Mrs. Thomas Potter, .Jr.. was appoiulcd Chairtuan of llic Women's Working Committee. Oth(>r members of the committee were: Mrs. Charles C. Harrison. Mrs. Alfred Stengel. Mrs. \rthur H. Lea. Mrs. Charles W. Nevin. Mrs. William R. Mercer, Mrs. Charles .1. Hiioads. Mrs. Horace Binney Hare, Miss Emilv U. Smith, Miss Henrietta Ely. Mr>. H. W. I'orter Bradford, 534 Miss Emily B. Fox, Miss Susan C Francis, Mrs. Richard H. Harte, Miss Hannah Wright and Mrs. John W. Geary. On February 12, 1917, the Working Committee opened rooms on the street floor of 221 S. 18th Street. At that time there were no auxiUaries or Inanches, and the Committee was obHged to do the work as well as finance itself. This was done by generous contributions of $1,000 each from Mrs. Harrison and Mrs. Lea, to wliich others added some $3,000 during the following two months. The first work undertaken was the equipment, wholly or in part, of the five base hospitals whicii went from Philadelphia. In March, 1917, the board of directors authorized the financing of the Committee from the general Red Cross funds. The Committee, in the early days, did its own buying and its own cutting and, aided by friends, undertook all sewing. In the beginning the Working Committee made surgical dressings, the Surgical Dressings Committee making sample boxes and inspecting the work of the auxili- aries and branches. Four rooms were set aside for surgical dressing use on the second floor of 221 S. 18th Street, where classes were conducted for four months under the supervision of Mrs. Charles W. Nevin. The Workrooms Department was then asked to add to its other work a class of instruttion in surgical dressings. This work was promptly got under way witii two classes daily, numbering twenty members each. On July 12, 1917, the surgical dressings rooms were turned over to the Surgical Dressings Department, and the instruction classes were, about the same time, transferred to the Department of Instruction. As the work increased the department moved twice, in each case to larger quarters; first to rooms at 1417 Walnut Street and then to Chapter Headquarters, 1615 Chestnut Street. In July, 1917, came the fust demands for larger quantities of knitted articles. Wool was sold at cost to those who would return the finished products to the Red Cross. Within a few months it was determined to distribute wool without charge, and a time limit was set for the return of the completed articles. Mrs. WiUiam Henry Trotter, Chairman of the Wool Committee, assisted by Mrs. J. Rutherford McAUister and Mrs. Walter Ross, Vice-Chairmen, did splendid and generous service in this department. Early in the fall of 1917 a MisceUaneous Supply Department was established under Mrs. Albert Fink Smith, to cai'e for the accumulation of articles wiiich were not authorized by the Red Cross nor made from accepted Red Cross patterns. This department was housed at 1419 Spruce Street, and the articles handled by it were primarily for the use of the Home Service Section, although thousands of articles were given to other relief committees and to the Red Cross Bmeau of Camp Service. Through the summer of 1917 the thousands of garments needed in the work were cut free of charge through the courtesy of the tailors of Philadelphia and of the Snellenburg Company. Soon the work assumed such proportions that it was necessary to establish a separate cutting department. This was done in December, 1917, at 1419 Spruce Street, the house being loaned for that purpose by Mr. Francis A. Lewis. Mrs. John HaUowell was placed in charge of this work, which was con- tinued with great success and economy until October, 1918, when National Head- .535 quarters arranged that all cutting: be done by the various divisions, and the ("utting Deparlinenl was then transferred to the Pennsylvania-Delaware Division. In December, 1917, the Pennsylvania-Delaware Division found itself witii thousands of garments in its warehouse which, on account of some minor defect, could not be shipped. Transportation dilliculties made it impossible to return these garnient.s to the chapters by which they had been made. On this account the Department of \^orkroonls opened a Correction Department at 1119 Spruce Street, to assist the division. Mrs. Henry D. Paxstm was placed in charge of the work, to which was added the making of model garments for the division, 't'his work was discontinued in October. 1918. During that month the workrooms began making refugee garments. On several occasions the department faced situations demanding swift action. During the influenza epidemic 500 chihlren's night dresses were made one Sunday and were ready for distribution Monday morning. Later, 3,000 knitted undervcst sweaters were supplied within twenty-one days for the use of nurses serving in MorthiMn France. .\t another time 9,000 w ind-proof paper-lined vests were needed for shipment to Siberia within three weeks. \n interesting variation in the work was a linen shower for France held during October and -November, 1918, in order to replenish depleted lu)spitals. The call was for 350,000 sheets, towels, napkins and handkerchiefs. The response from the auxiliaries and branches was generous and gratifying. \ paid force facilitated the system of supply at the workrooms, but liic burden of the work was assumed by volunteer workers, some fifty in all. whose promptness, elliiiencN and tireless devotion made it possible to nieel the constantly increasing ileniands of the work. The following figures do not include the 75,000 knitted articles and comfort kits which were distributed indi\i\ Ihc branches and auxiliaries In the local Draft Boards, or the French linen shower: Chapter Production From l)ianili(>s and auxiUaries: Hospital garments , 16.670 Knitted garments 252.529 liefugee garments 9 1.817 .Miscellaneous supplies 8,105 1,002,121 ^ olunteer factory 22,933 Junior Hed Cross . 25.135 1,050,489 Mrs. Thomas Potter. Jr.. as executive head of the departnieiil and \ i( i-( 'hair- man, was actively in charge of its work from the beginning. The depaitmenl had four chairmen: Charles J. Mhoads. Charles F. McKeehan. Leonard P. Beale and Mrs. Thomas Potter, Jr. DEPARTMK^T OF In.sTRI I :TIO^ This department had charge of the education activities of the Chapter, and be- gan operations July 1. 1916. when it was established in the temporary headcjuarters 336 at 1417 Walnut Street, under direction of the Activities Committee, consisting of Dr. Alfred Stengel. Dr. C. H. Frazier, Dr. C. L. Furhush and Dr. R. H. Harte. In the fall of 19L6 the work of the department was divided. Dr. H. M. R. Landis becoming chairman of the ('ommittee on Instruction for Women, while Dr. Stengel, i-emained chairman of the First Aid (^.ommittee. Later the whole work of instruction in the Chapter was consolidated at the Teaching Center under the chairmanship of Dr. Joseph S. Netf. The department grew rapidly after it moved with headcjuarters to 221 S. 18th Street and in June, 1917, was installed in the Teaching Center, at 218 S. 19th Street. The first classes took up the study of elementary hygiene, home care of the sick and first aid. Later classes were formed in surgical dressings instruction, dietetics, with an ecjuipped kitchen, the making of hospital garments and the inspection of hosjjital and refugee garments. The records show that 426 classes were formed with an enrolment of 3,183. The course for Nurses' Aides, designed to teach prompt and intelligent action in emergencies, was given to 185 classes. The proof of its efficiency appears in connection with the remau'kable work done at the time of the influenza epidemic. Surgical Dressings Department This department was organized in April. 1917. In eighteen months of work, 9,267,380 surgical dressings were made. These were packed and sent to all branches of the service, including battleships, destroyers, base hospital units, army camps and evacuation hospitals. During the influenza epidemic the department made 55,000 face masks and 500 pneumonia jackets. At the close of hostilities, when the department ceased work, the balance of dressings on hand was distributed among the locid hospitals, a portion, however, being reserved for use in disaster reUef. The splendid record of the dejiartment was achieved through the cooperation of women workers in the Surgical Dressings Departments of the branches and auxiliaries. Constant changes in the types of dressings were made necessary by the character of the wounds inflicted by modern warfaie and the dill'erent kinds of treatment. The navy sent many requests for shell-wound dressings, which were promptly filled. When the Allied medical officers in France ordered the standardization of all dressings it necessitated the j)roduction of the larger types. The committee included Mrs. Rodman E. Griscom, Chairman; Mrs. John H. Gibbon, vice-chairman; Mrs. Francis R. Packard, Secretary, and Mrs. J. Alison Scott, in charge of inspection and packing. Home Service Section At the meeting of the board of directors, held March 28, 1917, plans for a depaitment of soldiers" and sailors" famihes were presented by Stevens Heckscher. The name of the depai'tment, of which Mr. Hecksher became chairman, was after- ward changed to Department of Civilian Relief. A sub-committee for the care of the families of the soldiers, sailors and marines was formed, of which Mrs. Henry C. Royer was made chairman. This committee became known as the Home 537 Tn the office of the Home ■'ierrire ^rrlinn. Service Departmeiil uf ihc Chapter, and pcrfoi'ined llir rmictions originally assigned to the Deparlnienl of Civilian nelief. Karly in April, 1917, the Home Service l)ej)artiiient started work in two small rooms at 1119 Spruce Street, given the Red Cross by Francis A. Lewis. The cf)mmittee, two or three volunteers, one stenographer and one social service worker were thought suJlicient to do the work, hut the department became one of the largest in the Chapter and was of incalculabli^ importance in maintaining the morale iif the soldiers in the trenches and camps by giving Ihcm Ihe assurance tlial their families received every care and consideration. Instead of two rooms, the Home Service used the very large house, 1607 Walnut Street, generously donated by Mrs. Campbell Harris, as an adniinislialive office, the ollice for the After Care of the Discharged Soldier and also for the Information Service. In various parts of the city eleven district oflices were opened. The Clothing Committee was housed at 218 S. 19th Street and the committ(>e in charge of the Home Service work of the branches at the same place. From 109 applica- tions and 97 families under care during April, 1917, the work increased to 6, .5 15 applications during the niontli of March, 1919, and 10,. 'JO.') families under care on \pril 1, 1919, a total of 38,112 applications having been received from families during these two years. The stall' of workers increased correspondingly to a total of 170 |)aid clerical workers and 162 volunteers. The work of the Home Service was "everything"' linancial aid, health, em- ployment, education and recreation. When a soldier left home it sometimes took from six weeks to two months before his family received his first pay and govern- .i:w ment allowance. The Home Service saw that the family was given enough money to live on. When the allotment and allowance reached the family, it was not always enough to cover expenses unless fuither assistance was given by the Home Service. \ loan was sometimes needed to pay interest on the mortgage or insurance and to tide over a bad time. Bad housing conditions must be reported; medical and hospital service often had to be secured; someone in the family might be ill, con- valescent care was needed, an operation necessary, or tuberculosis suspected. In the matter of health the Home Service was ably assisted by Dr. Edward Parker Davis and a committee of volunteer physicians. The hospitals and dis- pensaries were most cooperative. Dr. R. Hamill Swing helped the Home Service frequently with advice and service whenever dental work was necessary. Summer outings were arranged for, and in the summer of 1918, 750 women and children were sent to the country or seashore for a two weeks' vacation. Whenever it seemed likely that, because of the absence of the man in the service, a child would be compelled to leave school and go to work to help support the family, the Home Service Section gave a scholarship and arranged for vocational guidance through the White-Williams Foundation so that the child's education need not be inter- rupted. Clothing for the family was a big problem. After the family was able to manage its finances a clothing allowance was given. Before that time the Clothing Committee undertook the work of supplying the family with neces- sary garments. From September, IQIT, when this department was started, .'M,168 garments were distributed. Providing coal for the famiUes of soldiers was a necessary service, particularly in the severe winter of 1917-1918. In two years $17,778.07 was spent for coal. Of this amount, .$1,287.80 was refunded by the families. The Information Service gave information in regard to allowance and allot- ment, casualties, the location of men in the service and application for the bonus allowed dischai'ged men. In this department, besides the superintendent, ten interviewers and eighteen clerks, there were a notary public and a lawyer, the last two donating their services daily. For about six months a worker was on duty at Broad Street Station seven nights a week, giving information and assistance to enlisted and discharged men applying to the Canteen Workers. The officers of the executive committee were: Mrs. Henry C. Boyer. ( "liaiiiiiaH; Mrs. Gibson Bell, Treasurer; Henry H. Bonnell, Secretary. Canteen Department The Canteen Department, organized in the fall of 1917 by Mrs. G. W. C. Drexel, was composed of seventy-eight auxiliaries and branches, 2,700 workers, fifty-seven captains and fifty-four lieutenants. Two million, thirty-three thousand, three hundred and seventy-five men were cared for from September 20, 1917, when activities began, until November 1, 1919, when the Canteen went on reserve. Of tliis number 1,718.260 were cared for at railroad stations. The captains and lieutenants with their workers were in charge of the various services from 6 a.m. to 9 P.M., serving light refreshments, which consisted of fruit, chocolate, cigarettes and ice cream, or sandwiches and coffee, often providing lunches or dinners at the request of commanding officers. The Motor Truck Transportation Service began January 1, 1918, with Mrs. 539 J. SoniPis Rhodes, captain in charjip. Motor inpssengers met convoys at llic city line and learned their requiremenLs from the commanding officer, eilhi'i' taking the men to Broad Street Station and i:i\iiif.' liiem a hot meal or sending jam and jellies, fruit and cigarettes to City Hall, where the men were billeted. During the period of service 30.000 men were served. The first transport sailed from the port of Philadelphia May 6, 1918, which marked the beginning of the Embarkation Ser\ ice. with Mrs. Henry Pepper Vaux. laplain in charge: 29.602 men were served with colfee. rolls and cigarettes, and were pro\ ided with books, papers, magazines and games. Debarkation began January 19. 1919, with Mrs. Henry Pepper Yaux. captain in charge: .53.825 men were returned to this port and were served ice cream, I'ake and cod'ee. The wounded and sick men were transferred from the ships to the various hospitals throughout the city by the Canteen Motor Corps. Iluspital trains began to pass through the city in August. 1918. Mrs. George B. Kvans, \ ice-Commandant, in charge. Hot meals, consisting of roast beef or chicken, {)otatoes. peas, colfee. rolls and des.sert. were serv(>d to the men at the request of the commanding officer. These meals were served for a period of three months, imlil the government sent out fully equipped trains. The nw-n were then given fruit, milk, ice cream and cake, reading matter and games. One hmidred and fifty-six thousand and eighty men were taken care of on hospital trains by a specially trained corps of workers. The Hospital Train Kscort Service, with Mrs. ( ieorge \\ . Hovd. \ ice-Command- ant, in charge, took up its duties on Novendier 1. I'M8. Twenlv-six thousand five hundred and thirty-one .sick and wounded men weic cared for b\ the escorts on hospital trains throughout this division. The information booths at railroad stations were opened on NuNcinber 1. 1018, Mrs. (ieorge W. Boyd. ^ ice-Conunandant. in charge. This conunitle(> cared for baggage and gave aid and information to 173.212 men. Twelve thousand four Inindred and forty-six men were sent by the Canteen Department to the (.it\ Council Barracks" sleeping quarliis at 1721 \rrli Striel, ftdui .laiiuarv. I0|9. to .November. 1919. On May 15, 1919, at the request of the city of Philadelphia. 16.000 men of the 28lli Division were given a hot dinncT at Shibe I'aik after their- parade, the service bi'ing performed by 300 women in 110 minutes. During the period of activity 17.956 hot meals and 25.181 luiu lies were served on troop trains at the re([uest of conunanding officers, and dr-aftees leaving Phila- delphia were provided with a box luncheon at the recpiest of the (^ity Council. The donations to the service from the auxiliaries and branches in the South- eastern Pennsyhania Chapter amounted to ^20.192.68. I'ersonal cash donations amounted to SPJ, 101.72. Donations of salaries and wages of employee's, telephones, and part equipment for piers and railroad stations amounted to S3 1.622.62. The special donations were head(|uarters for offices, workr'ooms. and store- rooms, fully ('(piipped, k)cated at southeast corner of 18th and Locust streets, Philadelphia, three information booths at railroad stations, two canteen huts, and two canteen kitchens. The Canteen Motor Transportation Corps. .Miss Marian K. Johnson, captain in charge, donated the use of cais and services of drivers for the transportation of wounded men, canteen workers and supplies. 5 to 511 On November 1, 1919, fifty-four auxiliaries and branches, and 1,555 workers of the Canteen Department, went on the reserve to be called out in case of emer- gency or disaster of any kind. Shipping Department The duties of this department were to coUect and ship all articles and to take care of all transportation required by the Chapter. The committee had charge of receiving, sorting, packing and shipping clolhiiig for the Belgian relief drive, in March. 1918. and the transportation of the clothing received during tlie second Belgian relief drive, in October, 1918. The committee arranged for the collection and shipping of all goods received li\ lilt" Conservation Committee. The \ olunteer Factorv" received from the Junior RihI Cross, 25,135 refugee garments, and made themselves 18,42.3 refugee garments, and 4,510 articles of hospital supplies, all of which were transportivl by the shipping committee. The Shipping Department took charge of the storing of the equipments of the following base hospitals: Pennsylvania, No. 10; University, No. 20; Jefferson, No. !?8; l-]i)isc<)i)al. No. 34; and a part of the eciuipment for Methodist, No. 5; and the Presbyterian Unit. The equipment consisted of 30,000 crates, some of the crates weighing from one to two tons; in all, there were approximately Ufty carloads of material, weighing about 300 tons. Tiie equipments were storc^d. checked anil in\entoried and turned over to the United Slates Covernment when re(]uired. The Shipping Department received, inspected and placed in cases for ship- ment, 19,723 Christmas packages, to be sent to the troops abroad and at the various cantonments in the United States, during the Christmas season of 1917. The surgical dressings were packed by the Surgical Dressings Conuniltee, the boxes being transported by the Ship})ing Committee as directed. The number of surgical dre.ssings forwarded was 6,318.809 in 5,897 boxes. The Shipping ("i)inmittee was also charged with the duly of storing and i)ack- ing all the hus[)ital supplies and knitted goods produced by the Chapter, and for their distribution. This committee also arranged to have in stock at all times suflicient articles readily obtainable for emergencies. The quantity of hospital gaiments, supplies and knitted goods received, stored and packed amounted to 1,094,369, divided as follows: Hospital supplies, 444,054; hosj)ital garments, 393.574; and knitted goods, 256.611, shipped in 3.295 cases. That the Chapter was able to forward all articles promptly after being made and inspected, and that the great work for which the articles were intended, of furnishing relii^f tnt all emergency hosjjitals during the influenza epidemic, and disposed of this equipment at its termination. Sold a large numher of Red Cross Chiistmas calendars. Ordered all service badges. Arranged for paiking and storing of surplus stock of materials and wool, without charge to the Chapter. Obtained from the department stores the use of motor trucks for deUvery. Maintained a small force of paid and volunteer workers who were constantly at llir service of auxiliaries and others interested in Red Cross activities. Dkpartmeat of Mending Soldiers' Clothes When the Quartermaster's Department of the United States Army asked the Red Cross to help with reclamation work — namely, the patching of soldiers' gar- ments, and the sewing on of buttons — a department for mending soldiers" clothes was organized on September 12. 1918, Mrs. Henry D. Paxson. Chairman. This was located at 1122 Walnut Street, where the entire building was taken over for offices, a distributing depot and central workrooms for volunteer laljor. These rooms, under the management of Mrs. Franklin Bache, i)roved a re- markable success, and thiity women worked there daily. They were also used as an instruction center for the chairmen of branches and auxiliaries. Soldiers who passed and saw the sign came in to have small repairs made, and officers dropped in to have chevrons or service stripes sewed on. From the Schuylkill Arsenal the department collected all soldiers" clothing which needed mending. The articles were distributed to the branches and auxili- aries and, when finished, were returned again to the arsenal. From Septemlicr 15th to February 15th the department received and mended 292,169 garments. In addition to these, the arsenal received and delivered several thousand garments du'ectly to auxiliaries. An artistic postei-, made especially for the department b> Miss Edilh.Emerson. was widely distributed through the State in response to requests received from pul)lic libraries and schools. Transportation was an important part of the work, and was hantllcd liy volunteer private cars and trucks from the arsenal and Red Cross. Navy Auxiliary At the request of the Secretary of the Navy, the Navy Auxiliary of the South- eastern Pennsylvania Chapter, American Red Cross, was organized by Mrs. Edward T. Stotesbury in October, 1917 to make knitted garments and supplies for men in the navy and to safeguard their interests in every possible way. Headquarters were opened at 221 S. 18th Street, and the policy of the 513 Ojjicers and Members of the Navy Auxiliary on Parade. oifiani/alion was shaped by the oHiceis and cxmitivc l)(iaintinfr Ui.OOO workers drawn from all sections covered by the ("hapler. The Navy Auxiliary Motor Corps was formed in March. I")I7. with thirty-live members under the command of Mrs. Milton llerold. I'.ai li member owned and drove her own car and paid the cost of op(>ration. The chief duty of the corps was the delivery of supplies, but the cars wen> also placed at the disposal of naval officers for urgent ofTicial calls and. whenever pos- sible, cars were supplied to the Home Service Department of the Red Cross, and all the allied war orjzanizations. During; the inlluenza epidemic the mendiers often served fourteen hours a day. The Stonemen's Fellowship offered the use of one of their ambulances to the corps, and this was used to transfer sick men from th(> ships and Navy \ ard to the hospital. The corps likewise trans|)orled physicians and nurses and carried food from a district center to families of inllu(>nza victims in sections where the epidemic was especially severe. One motor tar was used as a liearse, when none could be procured, and on two occasions, a detail of cars carried soldiers from their barracks to the funeral of a comrade, who otherwise could not haN e been buried with military honors. .514 During the epidemic the auxiliary cooperated with the Medical Corps of the Fourth NaveJ District in opening two emergency hospitals at 48 S. 22d Street and the adjoining building, which were cleaned, renovated and made ready for use in two days. The Country Club for enlisted men at Fox Chase was opened as a convalescent hospital. The auxiliary supervised the work, and the section of Fox Chase, under Mrs. F. H. Argo, constituted itself the Hospitality Committee. A Hospital Committee was formed which provided comforts for sick men in all naval hospitals in Philadelphia. Crates of oranges, jellies and ice cream were sent to these hospitals. In addition. 150 daily newspapers were distributed to the patients, and the men were provided with games, victrolas, magazines and picture puzzles. Coincident with the organization of the auxiliary, workrooms were opened at headquarters, and were maintained under the direction of Mrs. William A. Piatt. The wool room, in charge of Mrs. .lules Mastbaum, supervised an output of 73,000 knitted garments, which were made by the sections. The knitted garments, when inspected, under the direction of Mrs. William Ridpath, were sent direct to Assistant Paymasters Rembert and Ivehoe, at the Red Cross Supply Station at League Island Navy Yard. All requests from individuals, from ships, or from adjacent training stations, were promptly fdled by these officers. The method of distril)ution insured prompt acticju and eliminated duplication. A Reclamation Department, opened later under Mrs. Joseph Israel for the repair of clothing, reclaimed more than 1,000 garments for the government. In May a sewing room, under the direction of the Navy section, was opened at headquarters, and 2,538 hospital garments were made. In October a surgical dressings room was opened; 6,589 miscellaneous articles were made. A. special department for comfort kits turned out 1,000 completed bags and "housewives." The armistice found the auxiliary members preparing Christmas packages for men in foreign waters. Mt)re than 7.800 boxes were shipped to Rrest, France, Guatanamo Ray and Cuba, filled with socks, candy, tobacco and Christmas cards. The Navy Auxiliary was the only organization of this character in Philadel- phia, where some 50,000 sailors were continuously located. In fulfilling its pur- pose to safeguard the navy interests, it constantly gave advice and assistance to the sailors in their personal affairs. The personnel of the auxiliary included the following members: Mrs. E. T. Stotesbury, Chairman; Mrs. Alfred M. Gray, Vice-Chairman; Mrs. John Gribbel, treasurer, and Miss Julia Rush, secretary. The committee chairmen were; Mrs. George Fales Raker, Miss Julia Rerwind, Mrs. Kllis (iimbel. Mrs. Milton Herold, Mrs. Samuel Lit, Mrs. Jules Mastbaum, Mrs. William A. Piatt, Miss Caroline Sinkler, Mrs. Joseph Snellenburg and Mrs. George W. Urcpihart. Lieutenant- Commander F. R. Payne was the naval aide. Volunteer Factory On February 28, 1918, Red Cross Factory Service No. 1 came into existence. A two months' test was ordered by the Chapter to determine whether the pro- duction of refugee garments on a factory basis was entirely satisfactory. Recog- nition and approval were accorded before the eight weeks expired. The enormous 54,5 gain in prf)duction and the saxing in time and labor proved the advantages of the factory method and the power machines. The factory was estabhshed at 1315 Market Street, with Mrs. Grenville D. Montgomery in charge. The leading merchants and manufacturers of the city donated the entire equipment, furniture, madiinery. motor power, Ught. and even the time clock. John Wanamaker gave the floor space for the factory, rent free. Two floors were used. Thirty-eight electrical power machines lined the center of one floor. Shelves and bins were provided for work in different stages of completion. There were long tables for cutting and assembhng gtirments, and storage closets were loaded with bales of uncut material. The women came in hundreds. The factory opened with two shifts daily, lasting three hours each. During the next week evening shifts were arranged on Tuesdays and Tluusdays to accommodate experiimced operators, who volunteered their services, despite a day's driving work in their own factories. Originally it was planned to handle refugee garments only, but in ,Iuly tiiese were laid aside because of the inuncdiate need for surgeons" operating gowns. In response to this "hurry call" 4.510 were made. From the opening day until January 9. 1919. the factory production, including the operating gowns, totaled 22.933 completed garments. Twenty-four thousand six hundred and twenty garments were cut for the factory and an additional 650 for the division. The work was augmented by the opening of a receiving station for the work of the Junior Red Cross, which was added to the above production. Many of thes(> articles were sent by various high schools, where the students responded euthusiasticaily to the call for volunteers. From this .source alone a total of 25,135 garments was received up to January 1st. Of this number 22,288 were inspected, packed and shipped. Mrs. Montgomery was aided in iier work by many efficient helpers, who acted as assemblers, instructors and inspectors. Among them were Mrs. James Newlin, Mrs. K. S. IViggs, Miss Frances Crawford and Mrs. I'^avenson. Motor Cohivs Tlie Motor Corps of the Chapter began work on June 25. 1918, at the time the rusii of government production was at its height. There were 103 women volunteers in the corps, all owning and operating their own cars. Primarily, the corps had been taken over to facilitate Hed Cross work by quick and economical transportation. Special service was rendered to the Canteen Department, which handled wounded soldiers returning from overseas. .\t the outset. lK)wever, the cars were placed at the disposal of goviMiuuenl ofiicials. to whom time was valuable, and the corps members acted as chauH'curs for members of the Secret Service, the Ordnance and the Quartermaster's Depart- ments. In six months the corps fdled 2.373 calls. Tlic tola! mileage was 69,948. There were 370 stretcher "cases" handled by the corps, and the members assisted at ail embarkations and debarkations at the port of IMiiladelpliia. An ambulance service was organized with nine ambulances. During the influenza epidemic these were kept busy night and day, and were driven only by 516 Photo by L. R. Snow. Motor Messenger Corps. members of the corps. On Septemlier 28tli, another ambwlanee was presented by the pupils of Miss Wright's School, and the new vehicle wa.s used immediately for emergency work. All women drivers of Motor Corps ambulances were trained in iirst aid and military stretcher drill, and had to have mechanical certificates, chauffeurs' licenses and health certificates. The work of the Canteen Deparlincnt became especially hea\ > with the arrival of many men wounded in the war. A truck was obtained and two others were given to the corps. It became necessary to establish a night service to answer emergency calls. The officers of the corps were: Mrs. Thomas Langdon Elwyn, Captain; Miss Helen Dougherty. Adjutant; INIrs. W. Morgan Churchman, Quartermaster; Mrs. Nathaniel Knowles, Mrs. Sidney Thayer, Mrs. Norman P. Sloan. Mrs. J. Somers Rhodes. Mrs. George Dallas Dixon, Jr., Mrs. I. M. Loughhead, Miss MadeHne Asbury, First Lieutenants; Mrs. Nelson Warwick, Mrs. Stevenson Crotliers. Mrs. Spencer K. Mulford, Mrs. Ralph C. Scott, Mrs. S. Leonaid Kent, Jr., Second Lieu- tenants. Junior Red Cross When President Wilson proclaimed a junior membership in the American Red Cross on September 1.5, 1917, the opportunity to foster a spirit of service among the children and to permit them to translate it into terms of activity was 5t7 rocofrni/t'd and oiicourarrpd by sdiool officials. Ilenry J. Gideon, a raember of tho Department of Superintendence of Philadelphia Public Schools, and officially in ihar<;e of the Bureau of Gompulsory Education, became chairman of the de- partment. Individual memberships were not reipiired nor received from pupils. The membership nnil \\as the school itself or the school district. When a public, parochial or pri\al(' school fulfilled the necessary requirements and joined the .Junior Red Cross all the l)o\s and t:irls automatically became members. ShcirtK after the establishment of the Nojiinteer Factory, at 131.5 Market Street, a recei\inf.' station was opened for the products of th(> Junior Red Cross. Between l'"ebruar_\ . l')IH. and the first of l'U9. 2."). 13.5 garments were received and 22.288 were inspected and packed and shipped. William C. \sli. director of NOcational Education. Phila(lel|)hia Public Schools, reijorled the followiuf; list of articles made by the schools in the Southeastern Pennsylvania C.hai)ter: 8 eight-foot tables. II six-foot tables, ."J:} benches. 10 tabourets. 2.5 folding tables. 10 ink wells. 200 tableware chests. 100 plain bread- boards. 100 folding brearl-boards. .5,000 veneer s|)lints (12 to package), 21 drawing boards; a total of 5.521. Three thousand nine hundred and thirty waterproof cases were completed, and th(> entire output was turned into the factorv before the end of the winter sihool term. Miss Mice L. Keech. supervisor of Domestic Art. Philadelphia Public Schools, had oxersiglil of the making of hos|)ital garments and supplies and refugee gar- ments. Dis.\STER Relief \mi Kkluenz.v ICpidcmh In the pre-war days of the Red Cross the Department of Disaster Relief was one of the two important sections into which the national work was divided. When the Chapter came to be organized in March. I'M(). there was appointed a committee, v^ith Theodore J. Lewis as Chairman, on the subject of Disaster l^elief. ihis committee had but little to do until the influenza made its appearance in th(> fall of PM8. \t this time a new conmiillee was in process of organization under the leadership of .lohn C. Bell. Chairman: Dr. (leorge H. Meeker, V ice-Chairman; Joseph v.. W idener. Treasurer: John Ihlder. Secretary. The commillee look inunediate action, and iMnergency Hospital No. 2. as it was called, was completely furnished within forty-eight hours in the Medico-Chi- rurgical Hospital, a building which had been t(>mi)orarily vacated beciuise of the building opeiations on the new Parkway. The hospital and all its furnishings were placed at the disposal of the committee by the Ini versify of Peimsylvania. They, in turn, olfered it to the Mayor of Philadelphia and to the l^irector of Public Health on behalf of the Red Cross. The oiler was gratefully accepted, and the building was ecpiipped for jili. I0:5. 10. The contribution was of inestimable value. Ordinary agencies were entirely unprepared to cope with the pestilence, which caused hundreds of deaths each day. and piled up a mortality record of 13,000 for Philadelphia. Conditions were aggravated b> the .scarcity of physicians and luirses. War service had depleted their ranks, and those who undertook to answer the many calls were soon weakened by fatigue and succumbed to the epidemic. 548 On Wednesday, October 9tli, just three days after a committee meeting had been held to discuss n'licC nielliods, th(> liuspital opened its doors. There were 200 beds, and the stall' included a force of 270 persons, the majority of whom were volunteers. Miss Anna Rogers, supervisor of the Department of Instruction, acted as superintendent. All patients were treated without chaige, and the institution saved scores of lives b> providing care that was alnKjst impossible to obtain other- wise in view of the prevailing conditions. Operating expenses to cover the cost of food, drugs, wages, light and heat I'oi- Emergency Hospital No. 2 totaled .S 11.338.81. The cost of equipment and main- tenance was $25,827.80, and operations were concluded finally on Saturday, Novem- ber 16, 1918. twelve days after the last patients had been discharged. During the inlluenza epidemic of 1918, the members of the Red Cross at home were courageous and zealous in lighting the mysterious disease. Tiiey scrubbed floors, nursed the sick, fed thi' himgry. ciimforted the dying, and performed, with gentle hands, the last rites for those who died among strangers. At Chapter headquarters, thickly piled reports from chairmen of the depart- ments, branches, auxiliaries, organi/.atioiis in the counties and the small groups in churches and schools tell of the tireless work done. Some chairmen report with sorrow the death of workers who contracted the disease while nursing. For the greater part, however, the work was done ■■unofficially,"' without mention — often without recognition — by men and women eager to help. The money expended in fighting the plague and the supplies furnished by the South- eastern Pennsylvania Chapter totaled $100,000. Inside of forty-eight hours, the L'nited Service Club, t)n S. 22d Street, and the adjoining building were transformed into an emergency hospital, under the direction of the Navy Auxiliary. Similar dispatch was used at Rryn Mawr, where, within three days, an old inn was completely equipped; and at Kennett Square, where an academy in bad repair was made ready in twenty-four hours for oc- cupancy. Wherever an emergency hospital was needed, the same speed charac- terized the work, and in all, there were thirty-two established. Altogether help was extended to sixty-seven regular and emergency hospitals. Emergency Corps Originally the Emergency Corps was under the direction of Dr. William R. Nicholson. In May, 1918, when he was unable to remain in anything but an advisory capacity. Dr. Mercedes A. Roberts became director. The records of the corps show a large amount of service rendered in the com- munity which was outside of Red Cross activities, but which might properly be termed disaster relief. The directors of the Free Library of Philadelphia loaned the 65th Street and Haverford Avenue branch for the lectures, quizzes and practical demonstrations in dietetics which Dr. Roberts gave each Tuesday. The sessions ended with an army drill. Arrangements were made to admit the young women to the West Philadelphia Homeopathic Hospital as substitute nurses and helpers in the clinics, and they each averaged six hours a week. When the epidemic came, members of the corps left their places of employ- ment and went into Emergency Hospital No. 2, on the Parkway. Those whose 54') emplovers insisted nii part time worked from four in the afternoon until midnight in the hospital. Uthers went on duty from 11 p.m. until 6 a.m. The Emergency Corps had an ambulance, the gift of the Chapter, which was housed at 63d Street and Girard \venue. Department of Conservation The Conservation Department was established October ,3, 1918, to collect certain materials which the government deemed essential for war activities. This department was under the direction of the following conuniltee: C. llarlman Kuhn, Chairman, Samuel Bell, Jr., Edward llsley. W. Hinckle Smith, Paul Thomp- son. T. R. Tunis. The work moved with such rapidity that the Ikst carload, containing 27,.500 pounds of peach and prune stones, sent to the Gas Defense Division, U. S. A., at Astoria, N. V.. was acknowledged by them as the first shipment received from any Red Cross Chapter. By November I9th the total shipments reached 97,100 pounds of fruit pits and nutshells. Further collections were check(>d by the signing of the armistice. Between 300 and 100 pounds of lead and tin-foil on hand at that time were sold, and th(> proceeds turned over to the (Chapter. The lirst metal donation, oddly enough, was a silver medal struck olV in com- memoration of tlie fifteenth anniversary of the former Kaiser's wedding. Through the courtesy of the I nited Gas Improvement Company and the Stedman Bent Company, truck service was suppUed to the department at cost. The .\rmory Board furnished storage space in the basement of the Scpiadron Armory at 32d Street and Lancaster \ venue. Belgian Clotiii\(; Bklief Committee The Belgian Clothing Relief Committee had its beginnings in calamity, when calls for help from Belgium came to \nierica. In ^larch and Sei)lember, 1918, two campaigns for the collection of clothing for the people of the devasted country were made. More than 167 tons were shipped abroad. Mrs. J. (iardner Cassatt was Chairman of the March Committee, which in- cluded Mrs. Albert Lucas, Mrs. Bayard II<>nry. Bawl Thompson. Stockton Townsend, Miss Elizabeth N. Cooke, Mrs. Horace Brock, Mrs. Edward S. Lewis, Miss Bryce, Miss Gertrude McCall, Mrs. W. .1. Willcox. and Miss I^lizabeth Washington. G. Heide Norris was Chairman of the September Committee, which included Mrs. Bayard Il(>nry, Mrs. .1. (lardner Cassatt. Paul Thompson and Stockton Tow'usend. Christ.\l\s Package Department The government plan for sending Christmas parcels through the Red Cross tfi soldiers and war workers overseas was put into operation on November 1, 1918, when a committee on Christmas parcels was appointed, with Livingston K. Jones as Chairman. Through II. B. Harper, of the Overland-Harper Company, central head- quarters were opened at 1627 Arch Street. More than 7.5,000 cartons were distributed through the Chapter to the rela- 5.50 tives of fighting men and war workers overseas. Each cai'ton was opened and ex- amined to see that the contents complied with the inspection rules. This work was in charge of a special committee, headed by Mrs. Randal Morgan. The packages were weighed, wrapped, sealed and sent to the post office. From then on, the department and military officials overseas were responsible for delivery. Nursing Survey In spite of handicaps, the Nursing Survey for the Chapter, conducted by Dr. S. Lewis Ziegler, was achieved through a vigorous campaign, and 2,300 nurses and 190 midwives were registered. Sixty-nine hundred c[aestionuaires were issued, and 900 clergymen were asked to annoimce the survey. Circulars were sent to 1,500 physicians. Department of Accounts and Records With monthly disbursements of .$1.'50,000 and the compilation of a mass of records listing names of more than 500,000 members, the Department of Accounts and Records had a most important part in the functioning of the Chapter. The most insignificant item in the Chapter's huge flow of financial transactions was recorded. The expenditure of every dollar was checked. The pinchase of each yard of material was noted. Financial reports from the branches and auxiliaries were collected. The lust Chairman of this department was C. H. Krumbhaar, Jr., who was succeeded by Marshall S. Morgan. Livingston E. Jones was tiie Vice-Chairman of the committee. Bureau of Communications A weKare message sent by a civilian in Philadelphia to a relative in Germany marked the opening of the Bureau of Communications on May 10, 1918. This department forwarded communications to persons living in enemy countries and received and distributed answers. It also handled inquiries about prisoners and the non-receipt of soldiers' mail, as well as casualty reports. Three hundred and seven persons were advised how to send money and pack- ages to those in service. The Bureau forwai'ded 730 communications to Austria- Hungary, 823 to Germany, 311 to Russia, 25 to Turkey, 9 to Belgium, 12 to Rou- mania, 2 to Bulgaria, 1 to Italy, 5 to Siberia and 4 to Asia Minor. Many replies were received, and a great number of unclaimed messages sent from abroad were successfully delivered by the Bureau after the post office had failed to do so. General Service Badges In recognition of the loyal service given by women and men workers of the Red Cross, certificates were issued carrying with them the right to purchase and wear the Red Cross service badge. For women workers this is a badge with a ribbon bar, and for men it is a button to be worn in the coat lapel. Awai'ds were made to those who gave minimum service of 800 hours for not less than six months. Certfficates bearing the signatures of the chairman of the Chapter and fac- similes of those of President Wilson, president of the American Red Cross and 551 Hpiiry P. Davison, chairman of the Hcd Cross War Council, were issued, "in rccofjnition of service faillifuilv iierfornied in behalf of the nation and her men at arms." A total of !5.8I() such cerlilicates were awarded. Information Departmknt An Information Department at Chapter headcjuarters was maintained to answ'er all (piestions relating to Red Cross work. In December. 1917. Mrs. J. Alison Scott was asked to oversee the bureau, and under her direction ,Mrs. Beauveau Boric, ,lr.. became actual head of the department, pivinj; \irtually all her time to this service. In one year, 10,000 individuals asked everything; from how to trace a man in the army to advice on sweater patterns, and how to j;»^t a divorce. Two-fifths of the visitors were referri'd to appropriate bureaus and the re- mainder were given information direct. The department also handled member- ship enrolments and received donations. A branch desk, which su|)i)lied the same sort of service, was maintained by th(.' Chapter on the lirst iloor of the Wanamaker store. OFFICERS AM) l'.n\Hl) (iK DIHKCTORS— I'Mfi-I'MT ( )ffic i:ns Hkliard II. Iliiric, M.D., Cliiiirinmi I rcsi^rm-d May II, 1')1T): E. T. Stotcslmry (<-l<.. l.-d Alav :il, 1917); .Mfroit Slciigcl, M.D., \ iri'-C.hairmaii: (ii-orfri- W . C.hilds Orcxcl. Sfcri'tari, (ri'.sigm-d .\pril 2,5, 1917J; Francis B. Reeves (eleili-d \1a\ 7, I'>I7 i; ('.. ('. Harrison, Jr., Treasurer. BoAiii) OK nii(i;cT<)Hs liirliard I,, .\iistin, Mrs. .\. .1. ('as.sall. C.vnis II. K. Curtis. T. DeVVitt Cuyler, (ieor^e \\ . Cliilds Dre.vel, .Mrs. George \\ . Childs Drexel. Charles II. Fruzier, AM)., C. Lincoln Knrliush. M.D., C. C. Harrison, Jr., Charles D. Harl, M.D.. Richard II. Harle, M.D., Charles J. Ilatlield, M.D., Stevens Ileckseher, (ieorge (Jnintiird Horwilz. Mha B. Johnson, H. R. M. Lundis, Theo- dore J. Lewis, Samuel D. Lit, D. J. MiCarty. Ml).. J. Franklin .McFadden, Charles L. McKeehan. Otto T. Mallery. William B. Mercer. Jr.. William R. Nicholson, Ceorce Wharton I'epper, Mrs. Thomas Potter. Jr.. Francis B. Rei-M's. Jr., Charles J. Bhoads, Walter (ieorge Smith, K. T. Stote.shury. .Mrs. Iv T. Slotesl>ur\. Mfriil Sleiidel. M.D.. Paul Thompson. John B Idwiisend, Rohert G. Wilson. OFFICERS .\ND BOARD OF niRECTORS 1')I7-1')!J! ( (KFICKHS E. T. Stotesbury, Chairman; Mrs. .Vrthur II. I.eo. Viee-Chairman; Jolm Rarn<'s Townsend. Secretary; Thomas S. Gates, Treasurer. BOAHI) oc DlIlECTOns Mrs. .\. J. Cassatt, Charles W. Churchman. John P. Connelly. Mrs. Norton Downs, Mrs. Georpe W. Childs Drexel, Samuel S. Fleisher, Charles J. Hatfield. M.D., S. Pemberton Hutchin.son, Walter II. Johnson. Randall Morgan, Mrs. H. S. Prentiss Nichols, Mrs. Thomas Potter, Jr., Mrs. Thomas Robins. W . Ilinckle Smith. Mrs. E. T. Stotesbury, Ernest T. TriRg, Mrs. Barclay H. Warburton, Mrs. Charlton Yarnall, J. Franklin McFadden; John Barnes Townsend, Exeet want at home and abroad, united ell'orl was necessary. The peril at our door and the agony across the sea combined to bring about the formation of the p]mergency Aid. On October 19, 1911, INIrs. Barclay II. Warburton, Mrs. Norman MacLeod. Mi-s. (icoige (). Horwitz, Mrs. John C. Croome, Mrs. William J. Clothier, Mrs. J. Willis Martin, Mrs. Edward K. Bowland, and .Mrs. Edwaid Browning met at Mrs. Warburton's house and resolved "That a Phila(li'li>liia Women's Committee be formed to meet the emergencies resulting from the war in Europe, and to devise such relief as may be deemed w ise and efl'ective. " At a larger meeting, held a few days later at the n'sidence of Mrs. Eli K. Price, the organization was perfected and the name "Emergency Aid Committee"' was adopted. (ieorge H. McFadden generously placed his large house, No. 1128 Walnut Street, at the disposal of the Committee, and the headquarters were opened on Friday, October ;50th. Even before the formal opening, contributions began to pour in. The devas- tation of Belgium made a strong appeal to those who were still enjoying hberty and peace. The desire of the Committee that independrnt movements in aid of sufTering should affiliate with the Emergency Aid, was quickly realized. The formation 554 of the Working Committee for Belgian Relief, the French and British Committees, the Home Relief Division, Supply Conmiittee, Committee for Immediate Relief and American Red Cross, Allied Arts Fund, American Woman's War Relief Fund in England and the American Ambulance were organized, followed by the afhlia- tion of all committees formed for European War Relief. A German Committee, for the relief of (iermans and Austrians, was also organized and continued until relations between Germany and the United States became strained. An Advisory Board of Men, of wliich Samuel S. Fleisher, George H. McFadden, Efiingham B. Morris, George Wharton Pepper, Samuel Rea, Edward T. Stotesbury and Rodman Wanamaker were members, has given much valuable advice to the Executive Committee in matters of importance. Mrs. Horwitz assumed responsibility for the Department of Publicity. The {lublic gave liberally and expected a detailed report of what was being done. This was made daily, with the hearty cooperation of all newspapers. Executive Committee Mrs. Alexander J. Cassatt, Chairman Mrs. J. Willis Martin, \ ice-Chairman Mrs. CorneUus Stevenson, Vice-Chairman Mrs. Charles C. Harrison, Vice-Chairman Mrs. Edward T. Stotesbury, Vice-Chairman Mrs. J. Norman Jackson, Treasurer Mrs. Eli K. Price, Recording Secretary Mrs. Edward K. Rowland, Corresponding Secretary Administration of Funds All overhead expenses were borne by contributions macU; for that special purpose, which linally developed into a long list of members paying annual dues. Receipts for Relief Work Money raised in the beginning was by designated contributions and by means of generous publicity in the newspapers. The fust '"Made in America" Bazaar, in 19M, realized $58,235.65: the second, in 1916, netted $9.3,169.59. On February 12th, 1915, "Self-Sacrifice Day" was observed in Philadelphia, when the public was asked to sacrifice fo; a day their personal pleasin'es. There was $101,639 collected for the relief of the city poor and disbursed by the Home Relief Division. In 1917, th? War ReUef Rummage Sale raised .$18,000. After tliis, money was also obtained through concerts, entertainments, fairs and rummage sales held under the auspices of the separate committees. Ruildings lent to the Emergency Aid were as follows: Buildinys Occupied by Lent by Lincoln Building (Basement) Home Relief Division John Wanamaker 1519 Walnut Street Supply Conmiittee (Sewing Rooms). Mrs. B. F. Clyde 1524 Walnut Street Belgian and British Committees Richard Cadwalader 1522 Walnut Street Fatherless Children of France Clement Wainwright 709 ,\rch Street French War Relief Committee Charles M. Lea 555 556 1122 Walniil Street Fronch War Belief ('cminiillir Mr. Paekard (Pennsylvania Company) 1 QOl Walnut Street French War Relief Coniniittce Roberts' Kstate 1336-3!! Walnut Street American Overseas Committee. Joseph E. Widener 1317 Walnut Street American Overseas Committee Dr. Charles Hart (Soldiers' and Sailors" Club) 1332 Walnut Street Victory Service Star Comniitlce Mis< Helen Fleislier 1721 Chestnut Street National Surgical Dressing's Corii- mittee (Committee of Supplies) Mrs. li. Frank Clapp l.'SOl Walnut Street Emergency Aid Shop, . Samuel F. Houston 221 S. Hth Street Italian Connuittee (Workrooms). Frank Rosatto ')lh and Walnul Slrcrls Trade School for Girls I.E. Caldwell Company 221 S. 18lh Street Ollicers' Club Mrs. Edward T. Stotesbury 1519 Arch Street Home Relief (Employment I5iin;iii i ..Kuan! <<( ImIik alion Form of Com.viitti^e ()r("..\niz.\tion Kach Committee took charge of all relief work in •■omicclioii willi llir Country for which it assumed responsibility, and activities in coiinertion with thcsp ( '.ountries concentrated under the auspices of the Emergency Aid as siil)-comniiltees. The chairman of each Committee was appt)inted by the Ciiairman of tlie b]mergency Aid. l)iit once formed, these committees acted inde]jen(icntly. being responsible for the collection and distribution of all fluids, and for the policies which were carriinl out in so far as the general control was necessary to insure harmonious cooperation. Branches The Branches of the Emergency Aid were formed one after another in Phila- delphia and Pittsburgh, as well as in various other counties of the State. I\lrs. II. S. Prentiss Nichols, in December, 1915, in her letter as Chairman of the Ivtstcrn District, State Federation of Pennsylvania Women, to the chil)s of the twtMity counties in eastern Pennsylvania, suggested aiifl urged that i^ach club form an Emergency Aid branch. These branches worked in cooperation with all committees for Foreign and Home Belief, giving active assistance whenever calletl ui»on. They responded to appeals for medical supplies, clothing and money. They were active in taking part in Liberty Loan Drives, and could be coimted on to man booths, help with bazaars, or to respond to sudden calls during periods of epidemic. The Emergency Aid Council, composed of chairmen of Branches, met on the second Friday of each month with the Executive Committee, when reiiorts of Committees and Branches were presented. Bnuicli Chairman Agnes Irwin \lunm e Mrs. Charles Piatt Ardmore-Wynnewood Class Mrs. Ilutton Kennedy Altoona Sunshine Society (Emergency Aid Branch) Mrs. W. K. Baird .\ndrew-Hamilton tinit Miss Janvier Bedford Count y Emergincy ,\id and Branches Miss Jessie B. P.arcla > BufTalo Mills Unit Mrs. George Hillegas Cumberland Valley Branch Mrs. Ida Doyle Defiance Unit Mrs. Harry C. Mellott Everett Unit Mrs. D. F. Ashcom Hopewell Unit Mrs. Charles Cunningham .'■..-)7 i Imler Unit King Unit Loysburg Unit Manns Choice Unit New Enterprise Unit New Paris Unit Osterburg Unit New Buena Vista Unit Friends' Cove Brick Churcli Unit Biddlesburg Unit Bainsburg Unit Schellsburg Unit Six Mile Run Unit Waterside Vnh Woodbury Unit Wolfsburg Unit Bedford Volunteers (colored) . British-American Class of ( ieriiiaiitiiwri Calvary Church Branch. I'illsburf,'li. I'a Camp Hill Branch Clarion County Branch Clarion Unit Rimersburg Unit Chester New Century Club Mrs. Dando's Class Downingtovvn Branch Emerson Club Branch Erailie Branch Farm Women's Association (Alliliatcd uilh Enit'rgency Fox Chase Branch Frankford Branch Gla.ssboro Branch Glen Biddle Brancli Gerniantown Branch Hathaway-Shakespeare Club Branch Houtzdale Branch Brisbin Unit Huntingdon County Branch Alexandria Unit Franklinville LInit Graysville Unit .Juniata College Unit Mill Creek Unit Petersburg Unit Saltillo Unit Spruce Creek Valley Unit Hunting Park Branch Holniesburg Branch International Committee, New Century Club Jenkintown Branch Johnstown Branch Lancaster Branch. Logan Branch Main Line Branch Manheim Committee. Mercersburg Branch Fort Louden Unit Mrs. Roudabush Mrs. G. R. Shoemaker Mrs. G. W. Dittmar Mrs. Wesley Pleacher Mrs. O. S. Kegaris Mrs. H. G. Shoenthal Mrs. .1. P. LnliT Mrs. E. C. Kitniiicl Mrs. Clayton Sniilh Mrs. A. H. Deyo Miss Stella Sparks Mrs. F. A. Bellas Mrs. W. B. Mclntyre . Mrs. P. K. Brown . . Mrs. Fannie S. Stayer Miss Edith St uckey Mrs. Isabelle Shawley Mrs. W. H. Wignall Mrs. James A. Bobinsijn Mrs. Carl Deen Mrs. J. W. P. Wilkinson Mrs. Edward S. Wllhelm Mrs. J. W. Kerr Mrs. George West Mrs. T. S. Dando Mrs. William Potts Miss EHza Bacon Miss LIdle Wilson Aidj Mrs. Frank Black Mrs. F. H. Argo Mrs. John W. Moyer Mrs. Eleanor Townsend Mrs. Horace S. GrUfith Mrs. W. B. Gurley Mrs. W. C Chambers Mrs. J. Connel Mrs. E. W. Moyer Mrs. H. C. Chlsohu Mrs. J. Cloyd Corbiii Mrs. Mary W. Newlin Mrs. John Archy Mrs. Harvey Brunibaugli Mrs. W. H. Stonebrakcr . Mrs. Charles Campbell Mrs. Harry Fleming Mrs. Richey Mrs. Fred Mayer Miss Alma Brown Mrs. Charles Nevin Mrs. Henry M. Fisher Miss Florence DIbert Mrs. John A. Nauman Mrs. Morris (iibb Mrs. Charlton Yarnall ]Mrs. E. E. Denniston Mrs. C. F. Fendrick Mrs. WllUam Senseny 559 Lemastor t'nit Welsh Run t'nit Mount Airy Bandage Class Milton Branch Morion-Rut ledge Hramh Middletown Branch. Media Branch New Hope Group North Philadelphia Branch Palethorpe Memorial Branch I'alriotic Citizens of Kails of Schuvlkill. . Pennsylvania Railroad W omen's \\ ar Relief l)i\ isinri (Mlilialed with l^niiTfiency Aidl Piltsliurt;h Kmerfjency Aid (Overseas Branch) Ridley Park Circle Somerlon Branch Stetson Relief Committee Swarthniore Branch Stroudsburn Branch I Ipland Branch Wallintrford Branih West ( 'hesler-Brandywine Class Women's Permanenl I'^mergency Association of (ierinaiilottii. (Mlilialed wilh I'^merfiency Aid^ WesI Moschannon Branch .Mrs. (luy Zinunernian .Miss \ irfjinia Bowles Mrs. (ieorfie Henrich Miss Sarah (.hapin Mrs. S. S. Ilaring Mrs. Ira Sprinf;er Mrs. Wni. Irwin Cheyney Mrs. (jeor^e W. Hanshaller ..Mrs. Walter Nash Mrs. L. M. (;ross Mrs. B. Dohson .\lti inus Mrs. ( ieor^e Dallas l)i\ou Mrs. II. Norton \ an Voorhis Mrs. K. K. Ne'lson Mrs. .\. K. Houseman Countess Santa Kulalia . Mrs. Fre \id \idcs, a sli^'hllv dillerent uniform was assifined to thiMU. -\ blue cap and apron of suitable material were worn by workers. The Key- stone, the emblem of the State, appeared on I he collar of the luiiforni and on the caps of the workroom dress. Special .Xctivitiios .\t the time of the Halifax disaster, nin(>ty-(ivo (95) carloads of clothing and food supplies, as well as .^20.000 in cash, were collected and delivered within two weeks of the time of the disaster. The Ivxecutive Committee raised §10, ()()(), which was given to Ihe Y. iVl. C A. for a hut in France, which was to bear the Fmergency .\id's name. A d(Mital ambulance was oqui[)pe(l for the use of the 28th Division, during the six months it was encamped at Camp Hancock. Two rooms were furnished and ecpiipped at the L nited Service C.iid). IMiila- delphia. and kept supplied with the necessary stationery, etc. A Bureau of Information was established, with the object of inforniing (he .■>()0 families of returning soldiers as to the time of arrival and place of destination of retm^ning troops. Agreement with American Red Cross In 1917 an agreement was arrived at between the Emergency Aid and the War Council of the American Red Cross, by which the Emergency Aid was enabled, during the entire duration of the war, to ship tobacco, candy, preserves, and com- fort kits for the use of American men overseas to the Soldiers" and Sailors' Club- house in Palis. This was of great assistance because of the general policy of the Red Cross, wliich made it necessary that goods could not be designated. Soldiers' and Sailors' Club Ry ]3roclamation of Governor Rrumbaugh, August 10, 1917, the Emergency Aid was made the official agency in Pennsylvania for forwarding comforts and supplies to the Pennsylvania men overseas. Foreign headquarters were therefore established at the American Soldiers' and Sailors' Club, 11 Rue Royale, Paris, with Dean Frederick W. Reekman in charge. Packages for Pennsylvania men were consigned to the Club and were forwarded to the individual men by Dean Reekman. A letter of appreciation of the work of the Club and of the Emergency Aid's part in its success was received from General Pershing by Dean Reekman in May, 1919. Motor Messengers The Motor Messenger Service of Philadelphia, which was organized in April, 1917, by Miss Letitia McKim and Mrs. Thomas L. Elwyn, had its office in the Emergency Aid headquarters until July, 1918. The Motor Service was closely affiliated with the Emergency Aid, and the captain of the service was a member of the Executive Roard. Emergency Aid Aide Service One of the most efficient and effective departments of the Emergency Aid was the Emergency Aid Aide Service, organized and directed by Mrs. Norman MacLeod. It is difficult to estimate to what extent the services of this group of young women made for the success of the organization, as the members were on call for work of all kinds, and responded willingly and efficiently to all demands made upon them. Woman's Advisory Council of the Depot Quartermaster's Corps This committee of which Mrs. Rarclay H. Warburton was Chairman, was appointed in June, 1918, for the purpose of assisting the Quartermaster at the Schuylkill Arsenal, Reed Street Factory and Inland Arsenal. The Committee had chai'ge of the canteen, reclamation and welfare work. A large number of women, under the chairmanship of Mrs. Griswold, served lunch to 6,000 employees every day. The Emergency Aid Aides, under the direc- tion of Mrs. MacLeod, worked daily in the different arsenals in the rest rooms, assisting the doctors. 561 The recruiting office opened by Mrs. Thomas Robins assisted in providing these arsenals with 6,000 employees. On July 22d, Benedict M. llolden. the Depot Quartermaster, requested that the Woman's Advisory Council take enlin* charge of the reclamation work for this depot. Two days later the iirst workroom was opened by the Committee of SuppUes of the Emergency Aid, under Mrs. Price, which received 200 overcoats to be mended. This was followed by the opening of fifty-four more workrooms of our own and of other organizations. The total nund)er of articles mended in the workrooms was 11,631 overcoats, 2.287 uniforms. .').!!78 underclothes, making a grand total of 19,799 garments. Tiic rfdamation work of the Red Cross through the State was also under the supervision of the committee, and the total number of garments finished by all organizations amounted to 71,381. Emergency Aid's Paht in Celebr.\tion of Return OF 28th Division Mrs. Rarclay W'arburton. then Xcliiig Presidful of the Emergency Aid, was Ciiairinan of the Woman's Welcome Home Committee, with which all women's war relief organizations in Philadelphia cooperated. The lunergency Aid. represented by Mrs. llutton Kciuiedy. was in charge of tiie seven Eirst \id stations located along the line of march of the parade, each station being manned by an Emergency Aid woman in charge, a doctor, city nurse. Warden attendant, and h'niergency Aid Aide nurse. The l-^mergency Aid Aide Motor Corps provided fioiii forty to sixty iimlors for transporting wounded soldiers in the parade, most of these cars being iii\ \(iiiif (if Hill Endowed Hy Hill. i:ii/.al)eth Mcholl (Wanl. 10 beds), (In Memory) The lialdwin School, Hr\ii \lii«r, Va. University of Pennsylvania (Ward. 12 beds) Hiddle, Dr. Thomas (In Memory) (2 beds).. .Miss Emily Biddle Brock, Mrs. Robert C. H Mrs. Robert C. II. Brock Binney, Josephine Younji Mrs. George Biddle Bromley. Josei)h II .loseph II. Bromley C.assatt, Mrs. \. J Mrs. \. .1. Cassatt Cassatt Bed. The RoIhtI K. C.assatt Chandler. Percy M Percy M. Chandler Coxe, Mrs. i:ckley B Mrs. Ivckley B. Coxe Coxe. Henry B Henry B. Coxe Ilevelin. James .\ James .\. Develin Dolan, Mrs. Thomas J Mr. and Mrs. Thomas J. Dolan Doyle.stown Bed Cros.s Mrs. William .Mercer Drifton Bi-d, The Mrs. Charles B. Coxe " Ksciilaimis" Dr. Thomas Birnwiiing Treasurer Sub-Committees Mrs. Wilham (J. Warden Tobacco Committee Mrs. Wilham J. Clothier Jam and Chocolate Committee Mrs. Trenchartl K. Newbold Home Service Committee Mrs. Dobson Altemus Ways and Means Mrs. .John C. Norris Service Wool Shop Mrs. Norris S. Barratt Service Star ( '.oinmittee The committee was organized .hily 2(i. P»I7 by Mrs. Edward K. Ilowland. Purpose — To supply our mini overseas with tobacco, jam, chocolate and com- fort kits. 565 Governor Brumbaugh's Proclamation Whereas, The Knicrt;<'iin branches in various cities of the I nited States. The Philadelphia Commillee of the British-American Wai' Relief Fund was organized in the autumn of 1915, and became airdiated with the Emergency Aid of Pennsylvania, having its olTice and workrooms in the Etncrgcncy \id ITi'ad(iuarlers. .Mrs. Robert E. Strawbridge was chairman of the Philadelphia Committee, and the other officers were: Mrs. Charles Wheeler, Jr., .\cting Chairman Mrs. George Stuart Patterson. \ ice-Chairman Miss Elizabeth Tyson, \ ice-Chairman Mrs. Edward Browning, Treasurer Miss katherine PalmiT, Secretary During the years 1915, '16, "17 all supplies were shiiipcd througii the British- \tMcrican War Belief Fund Headquarters in New York City to hospitals in England and France. In 1915 two motor ambulances were donated to tiie fund, and quantities of hospital supplies, half-worn clothing and new garments were forwarded. A bed in the American Women's War Belief Hospital at Paignton. England, was endowed with fimds received during the lirst three months of tiie connnittee's existence. In l'M() (|iKintilics of hospital supplies and garments were forwarded through tiie .New \ ork lieadquarters of the fund and diri'clly to hospitals in England and France. The sum of S.oOO.OO was donated to (lie lirilish-American Booth at the Allied Bazaar in New York. At the second "Made in America" Bazaar, held by the Emergency Aid in December, 1916, the British-American War Relief ( .ommitlee had the (lower booth, at which $1,750.75 was raised, this money being used to endow a room in the Officers' Hospital at Lancaster (Jate, London. In May an Allied Ball was given in Philadelphia, the proceeds amounting to $13,0()(). In 1919 surgiial supplies, garments and materials in the piece were forwarded to England. France and Siberia. A Ijed was endowed in the Dreadnought Sea- man's Hospital at Greenwich, England, in memory of the gallant seamen of the I'ritish Nav>. lost in the war. One thousand dollars was given to Mr. Porter, British Consul in Philadelphia, for the British Patriotic Fund to relieve British soldiers who had gone from Phila- delphia. British Relief Committee This Committee was organized October, 1911, under Mrs. E. Burd (irubb, Chairman, and Miss Kate Forrester Robertson, Secretary and Treasurer. 570 Shipments were consigned to the London depot of the Committee, in care of Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel Theodore Dyke Acland, their representative, who distributed money and supplies to: Northumberland Fusileers Convalescent Home, Seton House, Felton, Northumberland The War Hospital, Princess Christian. Ennlefield (ireen, Surrey, England Red Cross Hospital, Abereystwyth, Cardiganshire, \\ ales Lieutenant-Colonel Frederick Browning, Munitions Department, War Office, F^ondon The Shepton Mallet Hospital Royal Naval Hospital, Shotely General Hospital, Base M. E. Force, Alexandria, Egypt King's Lancashire Military Convalescent Hospital, Blackpool The British Red Cross Society, the Star and Garter, Richmond Belgra\ia Workrooms and War Hospital Supply Depot V. A. S. Hospital. .37 Porchester Terrace, W. Lady Osier, Oxford The Mission to Seamen, Marine Villa, Falmouth Equipment Dept. for Foreign Service. 2ti Si. Andrews Stj., Edinburgh Colchester Hospital, Colchester Princess Christian, Engletield tlreen. Surrey King George's Hospital, London Tooting Military Hospital St. Dunstan's Hospital for the Blind Royal Infirmary Aberdeen Inlirmary F'ieve Hospital. Beaushire Scottish Horse Headquarters. Dunkeld Mine Sweepers at Cromarty and various East Coast Stations Salonika Army Hospital Wimereaux Hospital. France Soissons Hospital Arc-en-Barrois Hospital, Haute Marne A large number of regiments on the various British fronts Various homes and institutions for those who have been injured in the war, both officers and men of all forces and others. In 1917 the work of the Committee aroused so much interest in England that Princess Christian, His Grace, the Archbishop of York, and Lord and Lady Reading became Patrons of the Committee. In 1918 Mrs. Arthur E. Newbold became Chairman of the Committee and Mrs. E. Burd Grubb and Miss Kate F. Robertson were appointed Vice-Chairman and Acting Chairman. The sub-committee and classes of the Committee were led by Mrs. Woodvilie Bohlen, Mrs. Henry Middleton Fisher, Miss Shand, Mrs. Lovatt. Mrs. Lister, Mrs. Wignall and others. The packing and shipping were gifts of Messrs. J. E. Caldwell & Co. and Messrs. Furness Withy & Co. In 1919, when Miss Robertson went to England to establish the Orphan Fund, Field Marshal Lord Haig was so deeply interested that he became President of the Board of Trustees of the fund and made it a sul)-comniittee of his own great com- mittee, embracing all relief for the care of soldiers and their families. Colored Women's Committee In the fall of 1917 a group of colored women of Philadelphia, on learning of the needs of the colored troops in camps in this country, asked permission to organize a branch of the Emergency Aid, through which they might forward supplies to the men of their race in the United States service. 571 Mrs. Edward Browning and Mrs. \V. Howard Pancoast. iiKMidx-rs of llic Executive Committee of the Emergency Aid, acted as Hont)rary C.luiinnan and Honorary Vi(e-( .hairman. Under their direction, on November 9, 1917. the South- western Branch, Chester Branch, and the Patriotic Committee of tiie Union Baptist Church came into existence. Shortly afterwards, the Siiiloaii Church Branch, Central iirain h of Harrisburg and the Organized Charity Conunittee were formed. Money was raised to supply comfort kits, knitted aitides. tobacco, baseball outfits, gloves, musical instruments, sheet music for one of the colored l)ands, a new player piano, and many other necessities. The women also visited families of the service men and reported to the Red Cross any who needed assistance. Tlie Organized Charity Branch conducted a rest room in the basement of St. Thomas" ( 'hurch, at 12th and Walnut streets, which they maintained for a year with great success, giving a place in the central part of the city for the colored service men to go for lunch and recreation. The total receipts of the various units of th(> committee are as follows: Southwestern Branch (Mrs. Thomas .lames, Pres.) S2.()18.23 Chester Branch (Mrs. Fannie Nicholson, Pres.) .').'50 . 51 Patriotic Conunittee of Union Baptist Church (Mrs. Nancy Douthit. I'res.) 339.39 Central Branch of 1 larrisburg ( Miss Bertha Zedricks, Pres.) 676 . 78 Organized ('harity Branch (Mrs. S. \. Keen, Pres.) 6,55.99 Shiloah Baptist Church Branch (,Mrs. F. I'ollard. Pres.). . 125.52 $.5,216.42 Committee of Supplies Executive Committee: Mi>. Eh k. Price, Chairman Mrs. Robert C. Wright, \ ice-Chairman Miss Catharine 11. Dixon, Secretary Mrs. Charles S. Starr, Tr(>asurer Mrs. Henry P. Baily, Miss G. Madeleine (luernsey, Mrs. .1. Howard Rhoads. Mrs. Henry B. Bobb. Mrs. \\ . O. Rowland, Mrs. Percy Simpson, Mrs. Hugh I. Wilson. Established in October, 191 1, with the object of supplying cut garments to women who needed work to support their families, the Committee distributed from November 1, 1911, to April 23, 1915, 172,736 garments. Eater the Committee was known as the National Surgical Dressings Committee, with .Mrs. Rodman E. Griscom as Chairman. During the years 1915, '16, '17, with the valuable assistance of its branches, it made and distributed to foreign countries dressings and garments amounting to 1,312,591. In May, 1918, the Nati(mal Surgical Dressings Committee disbanded and became the Committee of Supplies of the Emergency Aid. Its object is to resjiond to demands made upcju it from hospitals and tuberculosis sanatoriums; to provide outfits of clothing to those tubercular patients going to Mont Alto from the city of Philadelphia, and to make garments of all kinds for the tubercular children in the open-air schools at Mont Alto. It has, since the above date, made and distributed 189,101 articles. 572 Emergency Aid Aide Service The Emergency Aid Aides, a seiiii-militaiy organization consisting of two hundied and fifty girls, was organized by Mrs. Norman MacLeod, on November 9, 1917, for the purpose of serving in any emergency. The battalion was in command of a major and consisted of three companies, each under a captain and two lieutenants. FCach company re[)orted two days every week making an active daily working force of over eighty girls. The officers were: Director, Mrs. Norman MacLeod; Major, Miss Gretchen Clay; Captains, Miss Margaret Dunlap, Miss Margaret Berwind, Miss Mary Brown Warburton; Lieutenants: Mrs. H. F. Ilansell, Ji., Adjutant; Miss Peggy Thayer, Miss Marys B. Clark, Mrs. C. A. Heckscher Wetherill, Mrs. Wallace Roberts, Miss Sidney Franklin, Miss Margaret Hughes and Miss Agnes Brockie. During the Liberty Loan (Campaigns the Aides assumed entire charge of the central city booths; collected pledges for bonds, and attended to all other matters jiertaining to the canvass. They also manned the Central City Booths during the Wai' Saving Stamps Drive. Their sales were as follows: Third Liberty Loan, $12,060,000; Fourth Liberty Loan, .$7,169,000: Victory Loan, .$10,067,650; Salva- tion Army Drive, .§48,000. The Aides assisted daily in the Red Cross Warehouse, Red Cross Factory, and at the Navy House Cafeteria. They served lunch daily in the Schuylkill Arsenal and during the summer of 191}! at the Frankford Arsenal. The Aides furnished clerical work for the Home Service of the Red Cross and worked daily at three of the local draft boards, also at the college settlement, and assisted in the child labor investigation. They helped at many sales, and took up collections at theaters conducting benefits for various war reliefs. Several entered nurses' aides courses in the different hospitals, and worked through the influenza epidemic; others worked in the diet kitchens of the hospitals. During the influenza epidemic many volunteered their services as nurses. Under the direction of Mrs. MacLeod, the following branches were organized, with a membership of ,5,50: Falls of Schuylkill, Swarthmore, Media, North Phila- delphia, Northeast Philadelphia. Logan. Wallingford, Navy League Branch. EmergeiK V \ nl \ nlc 573 The Motor Corps was organized in the fall of 1919, being commanded by a captain and three lieutenants. About ten cars worked daily carrying crippled children to dispensaries and taking wounded soldiers from trains to convalescent hospitals. The Motor Corps eJso carried doctors, nurses and supplies during the influenza epidemic. In the parade of the 28th Division, this Corps drove o\er forty cars carrying wounded soldiers. The oflRcers of the Corps were: Captain, Miss Kitty Brinton; Lieutenants, Miss ( Iciicite Faries, Miss Constance Vauclain, Miss Ethel TliDuipson and Mrs. \\ illiani Simpson, 3rd. JuMOR BH\^clll•:s of tiik I;mebc;encv Aid Mrs. John G. Clark, Chairman, Andrew Hamilton I Hit, Miss Jan\ier \r(lrni)ri'-\\ ynncHood Class. Mrs. Efl. Flanncry Hcdford .liiiiiors. Miss I'Jizabctli Ihonipson ChesUiul Mill Mranch, .Miss Elizabeth Morpin DowniiiK'loii .luniors. Mrs. William Potts Iluiilinnton .luniors. Mrs. H. C Chisolm lltinliii),' I'ark Juniors, Mrs. Grandy Little Aiders. .Mrs. \V. W. lUioads The Emergency .\id Juniors consisted of girls between llie ages of nine and fourteen years, and the purpose of their organization was to arouse in iheni a Lopan Juniors. Miss Klora Mager Medi.i Juniors. Mrs. Win. Irwin ('lie\ne\ Mercersburf; .liniiors. Mrs. ('.. K. I'endriek Mill ("reek Juniors. Mrs. W. H. Stonebraker Morlon-Hulledfie Juniors, Miss IjOnimo Philadelphia Mranch, Miss l.oiilie Thomson Wolfsliur^' Juniors. Miss I'Milli Stuekey I'holo !)>■ H, E. Oelssinscr. One of the most Active Branches, .'574 serious interest in the great undertakings brought about by the war. It was organized in many units, each under a definite name, and was self-supporting. The membership of the various units totaled about one thousand children. During the war the children worked on surgical dressings, made garments, comfort pillows, etc., and knitted warm articles for the men in hospitals and at the front. Emergency Aid Reserve Corps Mrs. Frank T. (Iriswold, Chairman This committee was composed of women who were willing to respond to every kind of emergency call which came to the organization. Six captains were appointed by the Chairman, under whom the members of the corps worked. The women were particularly helpful in the work at the cafe- teria conducted at the Schuylkill ArseneJ, where they helped daily to serve thousands of women employed by the depot quartermaster of the United States Government. Each morning a government truck came to the Emergency Aid Headquarters, and took a group of twenty or more women to the arsenal to be on duty during the luncheon hours. Before taking up this work, each woman took an oath of loyalty to the T United States Government. During the Liberty Loan, Salvation Army, Y. W. C. A., and other drives, members of the Emergency Aid Reserve Coi"ps manned many central city booths. Emergency Aid Shop Miss Mary R. Conover, Chairman Through the generosity of Samuel F. Houston, an Emergency Aid Shop was conducted at L501 Walnut Street from March L5, 1918, to April \, 1919. Articles from the various Allied countries were on sale, and the proceeds were turned over to the Emergency Aid Committees for their relief work. The total receipts from sales by the committees amounted to $42, 310. .50. During the summer of 1918, a small shop at Cape May was lent by the Mayor of the town. Fatherless Children of France The Committee of the Fatherless Children of France was organized December 10, 1915, at the home of Mrs. John Markoe, the following officers being elected: Chairman, Mrs. John Markoe; Secretary. Mrs. Arthur Riddle; Treasurer. Mrs. Joseph Leidy. L^p to January 1, 1920, five thousand four hundred and ninety children were cared for. Food Economy Committee The Food Economy Committee of the Emergency Aid was organized in the spring of 1917, with Mrs. Charles M. Lea as chairman. This committee was the first in the field as an organization to take up the work of food conservation. In January, 1918, the Food Administrator asked that the Food Economy Committee become an integral part of the Federal Administration. Under this plan, all of the sixty-seven Counties were organized, fifty-eight of which were working in every township, borough and hamlet. 575 French War Relief Comaiittee 1911. — The French War ReUef Committee of the Emergency Aid of Pennsyl- vania was organized in 1914, with Mrs. Harold E. Yarnall, Chairman, for the "Mad(^ in America" Bazaar. The French Committee cleared $2,600, which formed the nucleus of the fund. Mrs. Yarnall left the city at the beginning of January-, 1915, and Mrs. Cornelius Stevenson took her place. 1915. — By the beginning of January, 1916, the receipts had risen to a total of .$90,521. During the year the Committee worked for the French hospitals, as- sisted by an Advisory Committee composed of Dr. W. W. Keen, the late Dr. J. William White, and Dr. Joseph Leidy. Surgical instruments, supplies, and apparatus to a value of $16,000 were collected and sent. In July an urgent request came from ChatalaiUon, near La Rochelle. for a surgeon, and Dr. Frank C. Abbott, offertHl his serx-ices. The Committee defrayed his traveling ex]5enses to ChatalaiUon and return. Dr. Abbott was later transferred to Vendomc. He was placed in charge of fifty surgical patients, besides super- vising 500 beds in smaller hospitals in the town. Dr. Abbott was provided by the Committee with $500 worth of serums and instruments at the start, lie was supplied on request with all necessities. The following year other surgeons were sent over on the same terms: Dr. Reese, Dr. Moore. Dr. David R. Morgan, Dr. F. V. Cowen. Dr. Parke and others. 1916.— By January, 1917, the Conmiittee had collected $108, 1 1;5 and hundreds of thousands of bandages and dressings, surgical instruments and much clothing had been forwarded to 250 hospitals. It also forwarded to the Ministry of War large quantities of ana?sthetics, portable baths, water beds, rubber goods, and other supplies for the army. 1917.— In July it opened a Bureau of Distribution in Paris. Mrs. Rodgers, Miss Hayden, and Miss Richards — the two latter as car diivers — went over to represent the Philadelphia Committee. Mrs. Hayden presented a Ford, and the president and vice-president of the \uto Car Company a truck. The French Govermnent placed at their disposal Bastion .\o. 55, Boulevard Lannes, and assigned to Philadelphia the care of five communes, later increased to eight, as follows: \'ille(iuier-Aumont. Tgny-le-Cay, Frieres. Fallnncl. Fa \euville, Beau- mont, Rouez, and Guyencourt. For a period, nine more communes were added. The four first-mentioned localities have named their main street "Rue de Philadelphie." From that tinu' the main work of the Committee was the caring for the un- fortunate inhabitants of the invaded regions. Two portable houses, respectively of six ami funr ruoiiis. were provided by two of the officers of the Committee, \ illequier-Auuiout becoming the headquarters on the Aisne of the Philadelphia workers. 1913. — About February 1st, the French Army at that section of the front, was replaced by the British Army, and on March 21st occurred the great German offensive, which for the second time drove everything before it. At that time the Committee in charge of \ illequier and the other connnunes had been rein- forced under Mrs. Rodgers, by Miss Ellen Church, trained nurse, and Miss Juliana Wood; Miss Hayden driNing alternately the truck and the Ford; while 576 Miss Wharton, Mrs. Donnell Swan, and Mrs. Work took charge of the Bureau of Distribution in Paris. It fell to Miss Hayden's lot to evacuate the inhabitants, including the mayor and his family and archives, to Noyon. After the evacuation, Mrs. Rodgers, Miss Church, and Miss Hayden repaired to Compiegne, which was the position of greatest need on the line of defense, and there for days and nights worked incessantly. Miss Hayden's services and those of Miss Church and Mrs. Rodgers were acknowledged officially by Gen. R. Butler, 111th British Corps, before Com- piegne. 1918-1919. — On the return of Philadelphia's scattered charges to their ruined homes, they were at once given a tractor, seeds, farm and household implements, cows and other animals, and barnyard fowls; and during the summer of 1919 they not only were able to feed themselves, but raised enough food stuffs to sell to their neighbors. This was mentioned with highest approval and received with ap- plause in the Chamber of Deputies by the representative from the Aisne. A Committee for the Rehef of Tuberculosis in France was formed under the chairmanship of Mrs. Maurice Heckscher, with Dr. Charles J. Hatfield as Vice- Chairman, and Dr. Thomas McCrae, Dr. H. R. M. Landis and others as advisors. They undertook the support of four trained nurses in the District of Tours. The New Century Club of Wilmington, Del., under the chairmanship of Mrs. Arthur Patterson, sent $1,150 for the equipment of schools at Villequier and La Neuville. Mrs. Frederick W. Abbott, President of the Matinee Musical Club, under- took the care of Ugny-le-Gay, for which purpose $10,000 was raised. During the period of exile from their homes, the Committee, as far as possible, followed up its scattered villagers, adding fifty per cent to the government allowance per capita. The American Committee for Devastated France, with Mrs. Herbert L. Clark as Chairman, was formed to assist with Miss Aime Morgan, and to represent Pennsylvania on her committee. Still active remains the Committee on "Women Victims of the Hun," formed to assist Madame de Sainte-Croix with her tragic work in France, and of which Mrs. Louis Bregy is Chairman. A balance of funds in the hands of the French committee on April 1st will be applied to another permanent improvement for Villequier-Aumont. where the headquarters of the Committee have been situated since August, 1917. On January 1, 1920, the total reported by the Treasurer, Mrs. Joseph Leidy, and sent over by the French War Relief of the Emergency Aid, including its sub- committees and Paris Bureau was $1,514,872.87; $885,005.17 in cash; and $629, 867.70 in gifts. To Charles M. Lea, to the William H. Kemble Estate, and to the heirs of the Roberts Estate, thanks are due for the loan of valuable properties during the course of the war. Officers of the Committee were: Mrs. Cornelius Stevenson, Chairman; Mrs. Edwin vS. Balch, Secretary; Mrs. Francis T. Patterson, Corresponding Sec- retary; Mrs. Joseph Leidy, Treasurer. The Sub-Committees were — American Committee for Devasted France: Mrs. Herbert L. Clark, Chairman; American Field Ambulance: Miss Caroline S. Sinkler, Chairman; Anaesthetics: Mrs. Norman MacLeod, Chairman; Artificial 577 Limbs: Mrs. George Wliarton Pepper, Chairman: Comfort Packets: Miss Edith M. Peters, Chairman; Food for French Wounded: Miss Ellen Mary Cassatt, Chairman; Fatherless Children of France: Mrs. John Markoe. Chairman; Enter- tainment: Mrs. Harold E. Yarnall, Chairman; Society of Little Gardens: Mrs. Charles Davis Clark. Chairman; Ice Flotilla and Condensed Milk: Mrs. John B. Thayer, Chairman; Lafayette Kits: Mrs. W. S. ElHs. Chairman; Live Stock Agricultural Implements: Miss Gertrude S. Heckscher, Chairman; Packing: Mrs. Richard S. Edwards. Chairman; Pied a Terre du Marin: Mrs. George Biddle, Chairman: Reconstruction Work : Mrs. L. Willard Rodgers, Chairman: Training in Suitable Trades the Maimed Soldiers of France: Mrs. Edward T. Stotesbury, Chairman; Tuberculous Soldiers and Children of France: Mrs. Maurice Heckscher, Chairman: "Ouvroir" Supplies for Frciicli Refugees: Mrs. R. H. Bayard Bowie. Chairman: Igny-le-Gay, Reconstruclit)n \\ork: Mrs. Henry Gordon Thunder, Chairman; Women Victims of the Hun: Mrs. Louis Bregy, Chairman. Home Relief Division The Ht)me Relief Division, witli Mrs. John C. Groome, Chairman, Mrs. J. WiMis \Iarliii, \ ice-Chairman, and Mrs. Thomas Robins, manager of the ofTice. was one of tlie first committees to bei-ome active. Owing to the labor depression beginning in the fall of 1914, and continuing until the spring of 1915, many Phila- delphia families who liad formerly been self-supporting and independent sulfered from extreme poverty. It was for the relief of these people that the Home Relief Division of the Emergency Aid was formed, and the following statistics show just what was accomplished for their relief by the lieved. In September. 1918. the C.hairman of the Home Relief Division was called to a conference of leading physicians to discuss tht> aj)i)roaching epidemic of influ- enza. The Emergency Aid of Pennsylvania undertook the recruiting of nurses and mirses' aides, and this work was conducted with the cooperation of the Red Cross and the Council of National Defense. Italian Relief Committee This Committee (Comitato pro Italia") was organized in September, 191.'). with Mrs. Benjamin Miller, Chairman, Mrs. (Jeorge Harrison Fisher and Mrs. Robert B. Haines as Mce-Chairmen. and Miss Mary C. Beath as Secretary. The Com- mittee was inaugurated under the advice of Ambassador and Mrs. Page in Rome, and the Royal \nd)assador Count Macchi dc CcUerc and Countess Dolores de Cellere in Washington, and. during the first two years of the war. was the only one in the I nited States working solely for Italy. Through the courtesy of the Italian (lovernmenl and llic Italian steamship lines, the Connnittee enjoyed unlimited and continuous free shipping privileges. Hospital dressings and supplies, clothing, shoes, surgical and dental instruments, artificial limbs, glass eyes, blankets, rubber goods. Carrel-Dakin machines, anes- thetics, yarn and material in bulk were forwarded by the Committee. Special contributions of materials were sent for the workrooms of Mrs. Thomas Nelson I'age in Rome and Mrs. Whipple at Ragni de Encca. Supplit^s of money were forwarded to the American Hospital for llalian wounded at Florence. Christmas. 191,5. a gift of Sl..i41 (10.000 lire) was sent to Queen lllena for her hospitals. Christmas. I'flh. the siun of .$2,500 was forwarded ihiuugii the Counless dc Cellere for the National Fiuid lur liliiidcd and nisal)led Sojdii'is. June. 1917, a purse of gold (SI, 000) was presented to the llalian cn\uys fur the Italian orphans by the Chairman of the Committee. In the fall of 1917. at the lime of the fall of Caporelto, large sums of money were cabled and quantities of supplies were forwarded for th(> refugees. Six ambulances, at a cost of $2,500 each, were provided through the American Poets' Andiulance Fund. In 1918. during the spring drive, §3,000 was cabled for the sulTerers in the Piave. In November, 1918. a Victory Fund of S8.000 was raised and cabled to Italy to Count Crimani, Mayor of \enice. .580 In the month of February, 1918. the National Fund for War Orphans of Italy was organized with Mrs. Benjamin Miller, President, and Drexel & Company, Treasurer. To this fund $148,660.49 has been contributed to date through the Comitato pro Italia of the Emergency Aid. In April, 191'9, Mrs. MiUer visited Italy and was received in private audience by her Majesty, the Queen. The diploma of merit with silver medal was conferreil on Mrs. Clara Huston Miller "for distinguished services in war relief work in Italy." In the winter of 1920, by subscription, a perpetual scholaiship in the Woman's Medical College of Philadelphia, for the education of an Italian woman doctor, was established as a testimonial of the gratitude of the Italian residents of Pennsyl- vania for Mrs. Miller's work for war relief for Italy. It is called the " Clara Huston Miller" scholarship. The Comitato pro Italia of the Emergency Aid reorganized April 14, 1920, to continue as a supporting committee of the National Fund for War Orphans of Italy, which was started by Mrs. Benjamin Miller, November, 1918, under the patronage of the Royal Italian Ambassador at Washington, and the American Ambassador at Rome. This fund was laimched by Mrs. Miller with a personal gift of $100,000.00. Montenegrin Committee The Montenegrin Committee was organized in January, 1916, to represent the Emergency Aid on the Committee formed by Dr. Charles B. Penrose to raise funds for the suffering Montenegrins at the time when the little kingdom was overrun by invading troops, and the populace was pitiful through lack of food, clothing and medical supplies. Mrs. John C. Groome was Chairman of the Committee. In recognition of the efforts of the Committee, Queen Milena confeired upon the Chairman the decoration of the Montenegrin Red Cross. Navy Committee The Navy Committee of the Emergency Aid was organized on July 5, 1918, with Mrs. Edward T. Stotesbury, Chairman, and Mrs. Dobson Altemus, Acting Chairman. The Committee supplied phonographs and records, pianos, pianolas and other musical instruments to a large number of training camps, clubs for enlisted men and government ships. Over $2,000 was expended for the purchase of phonographs alone. Warm woolen articles were also supplied by the Committee. Under the auspices of the Navy Committee, a club for Army, Navy and Marine Corps officers was opened in Pliiladelphia on December 7, 1918. Mrs. Stotesbury offered the use of the lai-ge mansion at 221 S. 18th Street for an officers' club. The building was renovated and remodeled, and was furnished and decorated throughout, Mrs. Stotesbury personally bearing all the expense of equipment and furnishings. The Army and Navy Officers' Club has been termed the finest of its kind in the United vStates. The upper floors of the building were devoted to private bedrooms and dormitories, offering accommodations for sixty men, made pleasant by attrac- tive furniture and bright chintz hangings. Shower baths and a well equipped barber shop were conveniently located on the dormitory floor, and a private locker was provided for each man. A fully equipped tailor shop with a competent tailor .581 HiUiard liiKim — \rmy and Navy Officers' Clnh. was installed in tlic liaseiiKMit. \ library on llio second llonr liad many com- I'urtable eliaiis and a qnantily (if hunks and inaf,'a/ines of all kinds. The ballroom, card room, billiaid muni, wrilinj; rooms, typewriter rooms, and fjeneral ofTice were on the lirsl lloor. Tliis oHiee was as compiele as any hotel oiliee. The ollice of Mrs. Altemns. who personally supervised (he chib, was also on this lloor. Ill I lie large ballroom weekly dances w^ere gix en ( >ii Wednesday evenings, and the dansanls on Saturday aflernoon.s. to which oilicers invited their friends. Mrs. Altemus was in charge of these dances, and was assisted by membeis of the Emergency Aid Aide Service. Motion-picture shows and concerts were held Sunday evenings. A popular feature of the Club was the cafeteria, where excellent luncheons and dinners were served at moderate prices. Mrs. Frank T. driswold was in charge of the cafeteria, assisted by members of the Emergency Aid Reserve Corps, who served the men in the evenings, and by the Emergency Aid Aides, who were on duty during the luncheon hours. The cafeteria was open to the public for luncheon, while only oilicers and their friends were served at night. Many oilicers of the Allies enjoyed the hospitality of the Club, one of the most distinguished guests being Captain A. V. B. Carpenter, V. C., of 11, M. S. Vindictive. When celebrations in honor of the Keystone Division were held in Philadelphia in May, I'Jl'J, the hospitality of the club was extended in the oilicers of the division. By installing cots in the balliooms and other rooms, sleeping accommodations were provided for 250 oflicers. Lounge Itooni, Army and Nai'al OJJU'ers' Club. Comlucled hv the Navy Conunillee. Polish Relief Committee This Committee was organized in February, 1915, by Mrs. Robert von Mosch- zisker. Chairman; Mrs. Campbell Madeira, \ ice-Chairman; Mrs. George Q.Horwitz, Mrs. Norman MacLeod, Secretaries; and Mrs. W. Howard Pancoast, Treasurer. In May, 1915, a local drive for Polish relief raised several thousand dollars. During the winter of 1916 a Polish opera at the Metropolitan Opera House was attended by Ignace J. Paderewski and Mme. Paderewski. The Committee has cooperated in bazaars, rummage sales, and other efforts to raise funds; the last effort was aided by a visit to Philadelphia of Prince Casimir Lubomirski and Princess Lubomirska, who came to the city at the invitation of the Executive Committee of the Emergency Aid. The total amount was $212,154.99. In the beginning the money was sent to Henry Sienkiewicz, head of the Polish Victims' ReUef Fund in Switzerland. Afterward, money was sent to the head- quarters of the same fund in New York, and contributions were made to several other Polish bodies, including Mr. Hoover's American Commission to Feed Starving Children of Poland. Contributions have been made directly to the Polish Army, raised in this country during the war. when these forces were encamped at Fort Niagara, and numerous shipments of clothing, tobacco and other comforts were sent to the encampment. Many boxes containing clothing, hospital supplies, etc., have been shipped to the Polish refugees in France and to the children's homes under the care of Miss Alma-Tadema in England. 583 The several Philadelphia committees of American citizens of Polish extraction, with whom the Polish Committee has cooperated, have sent a large part of their contributions to the Pohsh National Department at Cliicago. The Polish Com- mittee of the Emergency Aid has at all times cooperated with the Central Citizens' PoUsh Committee of Philadelphia, and various other Pohsh organizations, and has been the recognized guiding body in ctmtrol of Polish rehef work in this city since its organization. The officers are: Mrs. Robert von Moschzisker, Chairman: Mrs. Norman MacLeod, Vice-Chaiiman ; Mrs. W. Howaid Pancoast, Treasurer: and Mrs. Edgar M. Church, Secretary. Red Cross Division of the Emergency Aid The Red Cross Division of the Emergency Aid held its first meeting on Novem- ber .0, 1911. at 1 128 Walnut Street, at which time Miss Henrietta Ely was elected Chairman and Miss Emily Fox, Secretary. In Jaiuiary, 1915, Miss Ely resigned and Mrs. Reed \. Morgan was elected Chairman in her place. A quantity of surgical shirts and pillowcases were made by school children from cut-out material suppUed by the Committee. Surgical dressings were made in the Red Cross workroom, and surgical supplies of all kinds, hospital garments and nutternity kits wer(> prox ided by auxiliaries of the committee and church societies to be forwarded to the various warring countries. A workroom, where graduate nurses came when they were off duty and made hospital dressings, was conducted by the Red Cross for some time. in January, 1917, a Red Cross Chapter having been fornu'd in Philadelphia, tliis division became the Foreign Relief Division of the Southeastern Pennsylvania Chapter. From November 5, 1911, to January 1, 1917, the number of cases of supplies shipped abroad was 481. Three nurses were sent abroad and their traveling ex- penses and salaries paid; four ambulances were donated and four French orphans adopted. Roumanian Committee Under the auspices of the American Overseas Committee, Mrs. Waller S. Thomson, Mrs. George McFadden, and Mrs. Edward Browning sent an appeal to mend)ers of the Emergency Aid anil the various branches of the Federation of Women's Clubs for clothing for Roumanian children. During the early winter of 1917-1918, this Committee of Three sent to the (Jueen of Roumania, through Doctor llarle, of the Y. M. C. A., one huntlred and twenty boxes containing new and second-hand clothing, and expended .?2.98 1.1 1 for new clothing. As a result of the conditions in lioumania during the war. no acknowledgment was received from the Queen until March, 1920, when the Inllowing letter was received by Mrs. l^dward Browning, fmin the ()ueen"s secretary: Palatul Cotbocf;ni. Man h 2.'-), 1920. Dear Madam: Hn a present and a Christmas tree was provided for every ward. Since that time the Committee supplied a moving picture each week and sent chocolate, tobacco, jam, etc. 586 TOTAL RF.r.EIPTS OF EMERGENCY \ID COMMITTEES TO APRIL, 1910 Committees Allied Arts American Military Hospital No. American Overseas Armenian , . Belgian British British-American Colored Women's (A)Committee of Snpplies (B)French (C)General (Overhead) (D)German-Auslrian Home Relief Itahan Montenegrin Navy Polish Red Cross (E. A. Division) Roumanian Russian Serbian Victory Service Star Total Money Receipts $6,000,()() 126,:U3.17 210,852.90 6.''),864..'S8 716,010.:!.'') 72,69.5.17 i:i,270.92 5,216.12 22,989.02 911.97.5.97 99.058.9:! 10,298.25 211,106.11 269,281.90 2,000.(10 2,000.00 212,151.99 29,110.97 2,984.11 15,800.00 :15, 500.00 :!5,:580.25 Value of Gifts $:i2,192.1l 25,000.00 :!6,400.00 405,19,3.00 188,:!24..53 107,242.52 570,096.90 58,448.55 29,271.06 21,000.00 Total Money and Gifts $6,000.00 158,805.31 235,852.90 102,264.58 1,121,233.35 261,019.70 43,270,92 5,246.42 130,231.54 1,514,872.87 99,0.58.93 10,298.25 214,406,14 327,730.45 2,000.00 2,000.00 212,154.99 58,412.03 2,984.14 15,800.00 56,500.00 35,380.25 $3,142,254.07 11,473,468.70 14,615,522.77 (A) Includes receipts of Pennsylvaniu iVational Surgical Dressings Committee, November, 191,5, to May, 1920. (B) Includes Fatherless Children of France receipts. (C) Includes special contributions for overhead, dues to Ways and Means Committee, money raised for Halifax, and other special funds. (D) Committee disbanded in spring of 1915, 587 AMERICAN FRIENDS SERVICE COMMITTEE pHE American Friends Service Committee was organized on April 30, 1917, for the purpose of developinfr those kinds of service which the Society of Friends by heritage and faith was best fitted to render. Suhsecjuent to organization it engaged in rehef and reconstruction work in France, Servia, Poland, Russia, Germany, Austria and Palestine. About 700 workers have been sent into these fields and S2, 000, 000 contributed in money ;iiid sup- plies. .\n opportunity for service presented itself among the civilian po[)ulations of the war-devastat(>d regions. Huined villages, unlilled iields, millions of refugees, made the undertaking of no small extent. The ofiicers of the ("ommittee were: liufus M. Jones. Chairman; Alfred (i. Scattergood, Mce-Chairman; W ilbur K. Thomas, Executive Secretary ; Charles F. Jenkins. Treasurer; Howard H. Brinton, Director of Publicity; Elizabeth T. HiKiads, Women's Work; William B. llar\cy. Associate Secretary; J. Barnard \\ allon. Associate Secretary ; W alter C. \\ oodward, Associate Secretary. In the spring of 1917, J. Henry Scattergood and Morris E. Leeds, both of Philadelphia, were sent as commissioners to study conditions overseas. These Friends were also members of the American Ucd Cross Commission to France and while there they effected a merger with the English Friends E.xpedition and organized the Friends Bureau of the Bed Cross. This latter work resulted in the training at llaM-rford College of a unit of one hundred men representing twenty states, and including carpenters, farmers, civil engineers, mechanics, architects, doctors and social workers. Of this work Dr. James A. Babbitt, a member of the faiulty at llaverford College, was in charge and assembled his men on Jid> 17th.' The cooperation of h.nglish Friends. \iiii'rif all French physicians, this work met a particular need of the civilian population. Medical aid was rendered by the erection of 200 houses in a tubercular settle- ment maintained by the American Red Cross at Malabry. Plans have been made to build and endow a Maternity hospital at Ciialons-sur-Marne at a cost of 1,300,000 francs as a permanent memorial. IV. Emergency Relief: The distribution of clothing, furniture and bedding to famihes who had lost all belongings in their hurried llight formed the largest part of emergency relief work. These supphes were usually sold at about two- thirds of the cost, a plan which proved more satisfactory to the independent French peasant, and which resulted in a large number being helped. Employment, chiefly sewing and embroidery, was found for the women, and attention was given to educational work among the children, the largest undertaking of the latter kind being at LeGlandier, where 600 Belgian children were cared for. In those villages to which the peasants were able to return after the war, the relief department of the mission visited all families and ministered to their needs. Hostels were erected in some of the villag(>s where the refugees were taken care of until permanent homes could be built. A great quantity of supplies was dis- tributed, and during the winter workshops were established to furnish remunerative occupation for those who could no longer work out of doors. Classes were con- ducted in carpentry for boys and the teaching of cooking for girls. V. Transportation: In the first year this department was called upon to establish a record for efficient work during the Picardy and Champagne offen- sives. At these times the entire transportation department of the mission parti- cipated. The work consisted chiefly in assisting persons out of the danger zones, providing for their needs in canteen service at large centers, loading them on trains for points farther south and east, and furnishing food for them at various stations en route. To render effective aid in the Verdun region as outlined above necessitated the cooperation of the transportation department, as the raikoads were lacking in personnel and equipment to handle freight besides being still burdened with the transport of troops, prisoners and supplies. To meet the retjuirements of all of these activities the department operated about eighty machines, many of which were Liberty trucks on loan from the United States Army. From July, 1917, to June, 1918, the American Mission had grown in member- ship to 314 men and 98 women. Valuable cooperation was given by the Men- nonites both in personnel and money. 591 Charles Evans of Philadelphia succeeded J. Heiir> Scatlergood as head, and was in turn succeeded by Charles J. Rhoads who resigned his position as President of the IVderal Heserv e Bank of Philadelphia to direct the affairs of the Friends Unit during the second year of its work. Early in 1918 the Friends were asked to take entire charge of all relief and reconstruction work in the cantons adjoining ^ erdun on the west. The only available place for headquarters in tiiis new territory was the large farm known as Grange-le-Conite, situated about one and one-half miles east of Clermont-en- Argonne. This farm had been used by the French. Italian and American forces as Army headquarters and the barracks that iiad been wrecked were made available to house the workers. Some of the old centers were discontinued in other sections, but relief work was continued in fifty villages in the Marne; the cquipes had moved northward from the river valley toward Hheims. One equipe ran a hostel and canteen for returning refugees in Rheims. where a night's lodging was given to 2,980 people in one month. The middle of 1918-1919 marked a distinct change in llie work of the mission. Up until then the work had been carried on under war-time restrictions and actual reconstruction work was limited to areas devasted in the earlier days of the war whiih had been later recovered and restored to France. Up to December, 1919, a total of 657 workers had been sent from this country. Mioul .'jOfl were maintained in the field during the summer of 1919, and 250 re- mained until the spring of 1920 for work with the families of the refugees. In closing, a brief word should be .said about the work done in countries (iIIkm than France and Belgium, after war-time restrictions liad been removed. The Serbian Unit of the .\merican Friends Service Committee consisted of thirteen workers engaged in three enterprises — the reconstruction of destroyed villages, the operation of an orphanage, and a medical dispensary. The villages in the Toplica \ alley district were devastated by the Uulgarians during a revolt of the Serbs uiidri the Hulgarian occupation. The Friends workers, aided by the 200 Bulgarian |)risoners at their disposal, by Decendjer, 1919, had built about one hundred houses. The orphanage was op(>rale(l near Lescovatz as an agri- cultural school farm. The two doctors with the mission conducted a mcnlical dispensary and later established a hospital at Pec. The first (ierman 1 nit, consisting of sixteen members and headed by Alfred Scattcrgood. of Philadelphia, sailed for Germany on the KUli of Decendicr. 1919. The group contained a number of men of wide business experience. This unit has b(H'n sent in response to a request of Herbert Hoover, that the \merican Friends Service Committee organize service in (iermany, on behalf of the (liildren suffering from sidjuormalily. due to the contimied undeitiuuiishmcMl there, and become the repository of any funds which might be raised for this purpose. Mr. Hoover's organization furnishes transportation for relief supplies and also acts as purchasing agent. The relief work deals entirely with children and nursing mothers. The Austrian Mission regularly supplies condensed milk and cocoa to children in the hospitals of \ ienna and infant welfare centers. Clothing contributed through English and American Friends has been distributed to the needy, a dairy of three- 592 hundred cows is niaintainod and the milk distributed to cliihhen, and relief is cxttmded to the middle class and to the aged. The Service Committee sent early in December, 1919, a commission of six to investigate conditions in the Baltic provinces. The Friends Russian Unit of about thirty, after two years' vigorous work with refugees in the Samara govern- ment, was forced to suspend operations in the fall of 1918. Some of the workers went to Omsk and took part in relieving conditions in the crowded refugee harracks there. Five Philadelphians: Esther White, Lydia Lewis. Nancy ,1. Habb, iMiiily C. Bradbm-y and Anna J. Haines won high praise from the Bed Cross for tlicij- work in Bussia and Siberia. The last named, Anna J. Haines, has returned to Bussia where, in cooperation with English Friends, she is distributing milk, soap aiul fats to the most needy children in Moscow. The Polish Mission has engaged in various types of relief woik, including feeding children, improving the milk supply, agricultural reconstruction, and a de-lousing campaign to fight the spread of typhus. Besides the work done in the countries outlined above, several Friends are doing relief work in Palestine, where a Friends Mission has been in operation for a number of years. After the signing of the armistice, plans were made for sending workers into Mexico. At home, the American Friends Committee has been active in .stimulating interest, and 600 sewing clubs were organized among the women members of the various meetings to make clothing for distribution by the workers abroad. THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE COMMITTEE NATIONAL LEA(;ilE FOB WOMAN'S SEBMCE By Mrs. Edcar W. Baird and Mrs. James Starr, Jr. The National League for Woman's Service was a vohmteer organization. It was non-sectarian and non-political, national in scope, with state and city branches operating in nearly every state of the Union. The plan of organization was based on the thought '"That each and every woman joining this League must be ready to learn and to perform; that she must be ready to sacrifice self to the finer- idealism of service: that this League for Woman's Service shall be kept free from self-seeking and from politics." It took foi' its slogan— "FOR GOD— FOB COUNTBY— FOR HOME." AttheCongressofCon.structive Patriotism, held in Washington, I), ('...on Jan- uary 26, 1917. the National League for Woman's Service was organized with the following officers: Chairman, Miss Maude Wetmore; Vice-Chairman, Mrs. Coffin Van Rensselaer: Treasurer, Miss Anne Morgan: Commandant, Miss Grace Parker. After the program of work of the League was formulated, it was offered to the Council of National Defense, at Washington. D. C. by Miss Wetmore. It was accepted and Vliss Wetmore seived as a member of the Woman's Committee of the Council. Among the Philadelphians who attended this Congress and who were after- wards associated with the National League for Woman's Service were: Mrs. J. Willis Martin, Mrs. John C. ( uoome and Mrs. James Starr, Jr. Mrs. Martin served on the National Board, while Mrs. Groome and Mrs. Starr served on the State Board. Photo by Joseph N. Pear Members oj the Junior .Scrticc (.'or/i al W ork. 'I'lic olijcci of the Lcajjuc was "to coordinate and standardize the worl< of the women of America along lines of cons(rncti\e patriotism: to develop the resources and to pioniote the elTiciency of women in meeliiif; Iheir cvory-day responsibili- ties to home, to stale, to nation and to humanity: to jirovide organized trained •rronps in every eomnuinity to cooperate with th(> Red C.ross and other agencies in meeting any calamity — fire. Hood, famine, economic disorder, etc. — and in lime of war to suf)|)lement the work of the lied Cross and the Army and Navy; and to deal with (jiiestions of women's work and women's welfare." Wherever a large enough group of women was found who desired to laki- up a nundi<-r of the acli\ ilies in the national program of work, a branch was organized. The chairman of each branch at once became a member of the State Committee, making a monthly rejxirt to the State as well as to the national hcad(piarl(>rs in INew ^'ork. thus coordinating the work. The .\alional (^.ommitlee prepared regis- tration blanks and other literature for widespread dislribulioii and use. The Pennsylvania State Connnitfee was organized on April 23, 1917, with the following temporary olTicers: Chairman, Mrs. John C. Groome; Treasurer, Mrs. Charles M. Lea: Secretary, Baroness Meyer de .Schauensee. On July 2d it was reorganized with the following permanent officers: Chaii- man. Mrs. I'^dgar \V. Baird: \ ice-Chairman. Mrs. .lames Starr. ,Ir; Treasurer, Mrs. Ilcmy S. Jeanes; Secrelarx, Mrs. William (uay Warden. To these were added later in the year Mrs. Alexaniler J. ('assatt, who served as Honorary Chairman; Mrs. Hodman E. Griscom, Second \ ice-Chairman ; Mrs. 591 J. Bailey Browder. Becording Secretary and Mrs. William Hayes, Corresponding Secretary, succeeded by Mrs. William G. Bhoads. The following ladies consented to act as an Advisory Committee: Mrs. John C. Groome, Mrs. Charles W. Henry, Mrs. Arthur H. Lea and Mrs. lulward T. Stotesbury. The Committee itself was increased to include Mrs. Horace Brock. Mrs. Edward W. Clark, Mrs. .John White Geary, Miss Mary K. (iibson, Mrs. N. D. Hitchcock, Mrs. Joseph B. Hutchinson. Mrs. A. M. Lewis, Mrs. H. Gordon McCouch, Miss Clara Middletijn, Mrs. John B. Oakley, Mrs. A. H. Beeve, Mrs. William Gray Warden, Mrs. Howard W. Lewis and Mrs. William Jay Turner. At the annual meeting in March, 191'). the following officers and directors were elected : Honorary Chairman, Mrs. Alexander J. Cassatt; Chairman, Mrs. Ed^ar W. Baird; Vice- Chairmen, Mrs. James Slarr, Jr., Mrs. Rodman E. Griscom, Mrs. tlorace Brock, Mrs. Charles W. Henry; Treasurer. Mrs. Henry S. Jeanes; Recording Secretary, Mrs. J. Bailey Browder; Corrcs- ()onding Secretary, Mrs. Morris Dalletf; Advisory Committee, Mrs. .John C. (iroome, Mrs. Arthur H. Lea, Mrs. Edward T. Stotesbury; Executive Secretary, Mrs. Ivlward T. Parker. Directors, Mrs. Harry A. Bannon, Mrs. Edward Walter Clark. Mrs. (ieorge \\ . Elkins, Jr., Mrs. John White Geary, Miss Mary K. Gibson, Miss Catherine tiuilford, Mrs. Francis Hager- man, Mrs. Arthur M. Lewis, Mrs. Howard \V. Lewis, Miss Clara Middleton, Mrs. Henry D. Pax- son, Mrs. H. O. Peebles, Mrs. Thomas Reath, Mrs. A. Henry Ree\e. Miss Soijhie Ross, Mrs. Horace E. Smith, Mrs. C. B. Staples, l\lrs. William Jay Turner, Mrs. \\ illiam Gray Wardi'n, Mrs. Horatio C. ^^ ood. In the autumn of 191') tlic Ghait Mrs. r>aii(l, was obliged to resign on '^^' (>J]icers of llii- Pciiiixylrania Slate Cunuiiillef. 595 account of the press of other urgent duties. Her loss was deeply regretted by the Coiumittee and her place was not (illed, the Vice-Chairmen completing the work of the League. The Secretary was succeeded by Mrs. H. (). Peebles, and the Treasurer by Mrs. Horatio C. Wood. The first headquarters of the Pennsylvania State Committee were located at 331 Presser Building, secured through the courtesy of the Pennsylvania Society of Colonial Dames of America. Later, on account of the growth of the work. it became imperative to find larger (piarters. On July 20, 1917, the headquarters were moved to 17i:5 Walnut Street, where Mrs. Johns Hopkins, the owner of the property, gave the offices rent free. In May, 1918, it was again necessary to se- cure larger quarters, when offices were opened at 1703 Walnut Street. Through the generosity of the owner — HerlxM't D. Vlhnan — no charge w'as made for the first five months, and only a nominal rental charged after October 1, 1918. The original program of the National League was adhered to in Pennsylvania with minor changes and adjustments to meet local needs, one of the principal aims being '"to train the untrained and to use the trained as volunteers." The first l)ranch of the National League for Woman's Service in Pennsyhania was openetl in (Jermantown at "' Little Wakefield." under the chairmanslii]) of Mrs. James Starr, Jr. As the work developed fourteen other branches were organized throughout the Stat*! as follows: Cli.sliiiil Hill IMrs. ]•:. W. Chirk Cli'arlk'ld Mrs. (iraiil II. 'I'liniupsoii Cynwytl Mrs. H. (). IVel)lfs nowniiidlown Mi. Mr-. W illiniii 11. Mill North Ivisl Delaihineiil Mrs. ( '.orrion \\ ri^lil I'hilailelphia C.eiilral Mrs. H. Gordon McCouch Slrouilshur); Mrs. ('. B. Staples Towaiida Mrs. Franeis Hagerman West Philadelphia Mrs. Harry .\. Banium Kollowing is the P(>nnsylvania program with its fifteen divisions operating under the Stale Committee, together with the names of their chairmen: 1. SociM. \M> W'Ei.FAnK. — Mrs. .\. Henry Reeve. Coniforl Fiitiil ('ommiltee. — ('.liairiiian. Mrs. ( ieorjje Ross; Treasurer, Mrs. Fred Ni.vuii- Nirdlinner. Hironls (iiiil (ianifs C.ommillfc. -Chairnian, Mrs. Peregrine \\ ilriier, succeedi'd by Mrs. .1. Howe \dains. War Ilnspilal l.ihniry Commillee. — Chairiiian, Miss Mar\ Dale ( )wen. succeeded by Miss .Sydney V. Wilson. 2. r.ANTEEN. — Mrs. Kdftar \\ . Baird. Navy y'nr .'V Home Economics. — Mrs. Ncviid:! D. TlitchiUK-k. Dehytlralion Ej-liihiliim. —C.li:i\rnmn, Mrs. Pliillipus Miller. Byherry Fair. — ClliHirniaa, Mrs. Edward N. Wright. Dielary Surrey. — Umler tlif siipiTvision of the Division C.hairiiiiiri. llic work IjciiiK done hv appointed nienilK'rs of the Brandies. t. Agriculture. — Mrs. Howard W. Lewis. 5. Industrial Division. United States. Employmenl Service. — Miss Clara Middleton. 6. Motor. — No State Chairman. 7. General Service. — No State Chairman; work supervised by the Stale odiee. 8. Health. — Massage. — Chairman, Mrs. Clarence C. Zantzinger. Blind. — Chairman, Mrs. Austin Purves. 9. Wireless. — No State Chairman. 10. Home and Overseas Relief. — No State Chairman; special chairman appointed for various work. 11. Publicity. — Mrs. Arthur M. Lewis. 12. Amewcanization. — No State Chairman. i:i Reclamation. — Mrs. Henry D. Paxson. 11. Volunteer Aids. — Mrs. H. Gordon McCoueh. Organization of School, of Occupational Therapy. l.T. Junior Service Catlu>r collar was on the jackel. The League insignia was embroidered on the left sleeve. To the Ciiestnul Hill l'>raiicii belongs the distinction of liist having named its headquarters the ".SerNice House." a title adopted by all the branches in the vicinity. Some of the organi/;»tions willi which the National League for Woman's Service cooperated were the American Hed Ooss, Woman's ("ommiltee of (he (x)uncil of iSational Defense. Committee of Public Safely. School Mobilization Committee of Philadelphia, Connniltee on ('.i\ilian Service and Labor, Civic Club, lunergency Aid of Pennsylvania, Women's Permanent I'.mergency Asso- ciation of (lermaiitown. ^'oimg Women's Christian Association. Young INlen's Christian Association. Council of .Jewish Women, the \ncient Order of Hiber- nians, and Philadelphia Council of ?Sational Defense. I ruler the Social and Welfare Connniltee. with Mrs. \. Henry Reeve as Chairman, was carried on soiial club work in the vicinity of military camps. Clubs were formed for working girls; lists of inl(>rpreters were sent to the Council of National l^efense and scores of women did clerical work for each branch of the League, for the Red Cross. Liberty Loan and War .Savings drives. War Chest, ho.s- pilals and day nurseries. Council of National Defense and for the War (^.ami) Community Service. A Records and (lames Connnittee was organized undi'r the chairmanship of Mrs. I^-regrine Wilmer. who was succeeded by Mrs. J. Howe \dams. Thousands of records were collected and distributed to battleships, cruisers, camps and hos- pitals. Cames. magazines, victrolas and even pianos were obtained and gi\('n 5; 1,000 for the pleasure and comfort of the enlisted men. through the Y. M. (>. \.. the Knights of Columbus, and other recognized organizations. Tiie patriotic and generous spirit of American wnmen was expressed nowhere better than through the creation of C.anlcen Heath for the men of the Marine Signal Corps Battalion. I . S. \.. at Cami) l^dward ('.. Fuller, Paoli, under Mrs. Theodore W. Reath as Chief of the Canti-en. and Mrs. J. Howe \dams. Ca])tain of the workers. At Cedar Hollow Station, not a half mile from Camp Fuller. Mrs. .\dams was able to secure for immediate service the large living room, halls and porches in the splendid old home of Mr. and Mrs. William Hughes. The interest, suggestions and cooperation of C.olon(>l Hatch and Major Meade, made the establishment of the many necessary comforts for rest and pleasure, fr(>e from (lifTicullies and saved much valuable time. At the suggestion of .1. P. C.o|)e Morton, a Itilliard table was donated by the I nion League. Canteen Heath was named in honor of Sergeant Thomas Roberts Reatli. son of its Chairman, the brave young oflicer who saciiliced his life for his country the day before the canteen was opened. While Mrs. Harry L. Cassard was organizing the lleadtpiarters Canteen at 170.! Walnut Street, there came a call "to arms"' to help fight the "■flu" epidemic. Hurried plans were made and carri(Ml r the successful management of Mis. Horace E. Smith, succeeded by Mrs. Chuiihill Williams, served hot meals daily from 11 A.M. to 2 P.M. This canteen was aided linancially by the W^ar C.amp Commu- nity Service. In this canteen, particularly, the .lunior Service Corps did most eflicienl work. The Arch Street Canteen was the second canteen in the I niled Stales to be opened for twenty-four hours' service daily, it was run on the cafeteiia plan in cooperation with the War Camp Conununily Service. Mrs. George l-^lkins. ,lr.. was Chief of the Canteen. The canteen at the "Kosey Korner Kliili" was a Sunday canteen, sei\ing hoi dinners from I until 7 p.m. No man in I lie service was refused a meal, biil- if "in fund,s" was expected to pay tw(-nt\-live cents for each meal. Credit for its success was largely due to its Chief. Mrs. John DeCoursey and to Mrs. J. W hit- taker Thompson. Mrs. William L. McLean (onlribiited Sl.000.00 for the rental of "Lillle Wakefield," the first headquarters of the (iermantowri Branch. This biaiicli was equipped by .Mrs. T. L Crane, Mrs. E. \i. Denniston and Mrs. Francis R. Reeves, to house twenty girls. A cook was secured and Mrs. Belle B. I'raine gave her services as house mother. Here an intensive training lourse in home (>conom- ics was arranged, where teachers and lecturers generously gave of their linn' in teaching the girls "how to cook, to can, to preserve and how to grow fruits and 600 vegetables." Mrs. Jackson Fleming of New York was one of the first to speak on this subject. Many hundreds of jars of "home-grown" produce were put up, and in the autumn sold, the proceeds of which largely financed the undertaking. Through the courtesy of the Press-Telegraph Demonstration Bureau, demon- strations in cooking were given by Mrs. king at 1021 Chestnut .Street. Vegetables were donated and motors loaned to carry supplies and equipment to the place of demonstration. Throughout the winter of 1Q17 and 1018. demonstrations in cooking were given at 1702 Walnut Street — the rooms of the Philadelphia Central Branch — and at the Chestnut Hill Service House by Miss Margaret C. Limerick; cooking classes were also conducted at the Cynwyd and the Cermantown branches, all of these in conformity with the I'egulations of the Lnit(>d States Department of Agriculture and the Food Administration. The League provided a colored woman graduate of Tenifile College to teach the use of food substitutes, etc., among her own race. In July, 1918, the United States Food Administration encouraged the opening of a deliydration plant, and the league undertook to cairy out this work. Mrs. Phillipus W. Miller was appointed Chairman, who, with an able and indefatigable committee, presided daily at the demonstrations given by a State College graduate at 708 Market Street, which quarters were loaned by Joseph M. Steele, of William Steele & Sons. An average attendance of 200 persons daily, more than justified the expeiimenl of merely inviting passersby to come and see how "Uncle Sam" wished us to conserve food by dehydrating the sur{)lus of our gardens. So Arcli Slrt'i'l (kiiift't'n. 601 successful was (lie Wdik. that it led to Jay Cooke — Kofxl Xdiniiiisliator for l*liila- (lcl|>liia — askiuj;; the Leaiiue to lake charjie of the Food Xdiuinislialioii's exhihil at Byheirv (hiriiiir the week of tlie Phihidelphia Couiily Fail'. Mrs. Edward N. Wrijrht was appointed Ciiairman. and the \nibh'r Sciiool of Hoiticulture. State Colle<;e, and the public schools cooperatefl with the Featrue in this exhibit. The various service houses bent lluir entire energies duriiii; the suininer season toward the conservation of the products of their war ijardens. _Man> owners of j)rivate gardens donated produce, which was canned, jellied, preserved or dehydrated for use in camps and haspitals; soni(^ lliex liad put up for their own consumption for which a nominal charge was made for tlie actual cost of the work. Thousands of jars of vegetables and fruil and hundreds of jars of jelly were canned. Homemade candy and small cakes were made for (^.hrislnias gifts for "our boys" in the convalescent hospitals and aviation camps, and war cakes furnished to the league members at small profit. Luncheons were cooked, served and cleaned away by volunteer workers, thus malking possible the conservation of time and energy of the members for their other activities. .\t (^.hestniil Hill cooking for invalids was taught to the class for nurses at the ('.hestmil Hill Hospital. Vmericaii cook- ing to a class of Italian girls, and American girls were instructed in practical cooking. The State ('hairman of Home l*]conomics. Mrs."\eva(la 1). Hitchcock, compiled a most helpful book of recipes, whiih was printed by the League, sold at cost price, and had a wide circulali(m. During the spring of 1918, there was great need of concerterl action to |)ut women on the land. The League held the first class(>s for instruction to \olunleers in this work, undcT their Committee on .\gricullure. with Mrs. Floward W. Lewis as Chairman. These classes were conducted in February at 1703 \\almit StreiM. by Mrs. Honora Whalen, whose salary was donated by Mrs. Norton Downs. Following these classes, nnits of the Woman's Land Army began to develop, and it was through the elVorts of the League that many women had gardens of their own. At Chester Springs, girls from the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fin*; Arts look up farming and carried on a very successful work with funds supplied by the League, all of which were refunded in the autumn by this unit. At Cheslimt Hill a very active unit of nin(>ty-live workers was of invaluable service to the neighboring farmers. War gardens mulliplicHl and flourishetl through Mrs. Landstreet's capable management and her assistants. On Saturdays one group of neighbors .sold their surplus v(^getables to other groups of neighbors and the jiroceeds went overseas. In (iermantown. 200 volunteer workers, under Mrs. Franklin Baker, culti- vated five acres of groimd located in dilVerent sections, loaned for this purpose, thus adding largely to the output in (iermantown. At Wynnewood, Miss Mary K. (iibson generously gave and equipped her garage for sleeping quarters, dining room and kitchen, for a unit of twenty-live girls, which was a training school for those who gave most valuable service during the summer on the neighboring farms and smaller gardens. The Industrial Committee, with Miss Clara Middlelon as Chairman, cooper- ated with th(> Fnited States Employment Service to aid the employer as well as IIk; employe. Signs stated this fact of cooperation, and cards of indentification were given to persons inquiring for information, which were presented at the fjiiploy- 002 ment Ofiico, so lluil a recortl of calls and iis(>rulncss niifjlit lio readily asccrl-aiiKHL The League gave valuabl(> service in dcxeloping other modes of helijlnlness. Not having a State ("hairman of the Motor Driving Coniiniltee. most enici(Mit work was done by small hut active corps at the various service houses, and by individuals expressing a willingness to be called on for certain types of work. Miss Virginia Roberts acted as City Chairman. Members took courses at the Spring Carden Institute and at the (iuarantee Auto Co.; several girls went over- seas under Red Cross Motor Divisions. The Autocar Service Company gave a three weeks' course in motor truck driving for members of the League, and guar- anteed positions to all ]>assing the retjuired tests. The .Tunior Service Corps played a most active and elhiient part in this division. The work of the General Service Committee was sup(Mvis(>d by the State office. Valuable assistance was rendered by workers under this division in supply- ing clerical forces to the State lleadquart(Ms, in the Liberty Loan, War Saving Stamps and War Chest drives, also to the campaign for the War Work Council. They did clerical work for the diaft boards and Food Administration; assisted at the Red Cross Divisional Headquarters and packing rooms: mended United States Government uniforms; did clerical work for many official and unofficial committees and assisted in various drives for funds for the hospitals and the Girls' Campaign for the Y. W. C. A.; in the State and City Councils of iNational Defense and in the Welcome Home Committee offices. A practical course in electrical repairs was given at the Germantown High School. Baron dcGeer gave a good course in French at the (iermantown and Chestnut Hill service houses, one being in the evening, which was attended by both men and women. Fvening courses in typewriting and stenography were also given which were very popular. The Germantown Woman's Club with Cfuarters in the old Johnson house, gave the use of their club house foi' the League activities. Special mention should be made of the Hoiise-to-House Canvass Committee, organized by Mrs. Ernest T. Toogood. Practically the entire territory of the ward was divided into sections under block leaders, who, with their workers, were able to cover every house for the many emergency calls. The registration of the woman power undertaken by the Council of National Defense, was done by this committee in Germantown. which handed in 16.000 out of the 20,000 names for the whole city. It also reported Liberty bond subscriptions to the amount of !>.500.000 lor the 3d Liberty Loan Campaign, and made collections for the Needle Woik Guild, making an enormous increase in the number of garments secured. Having outgrown the quarters at the (iermantown Woman's Club, with the immense amount of work occasioned by the 3d Liberty Loan, the ( iermantown branch rented the property at 109 West Chelten Avenue — originally iMiss Head's School — where the entire first floor, with its large assembly room, was turned ovei- to the Woman's Liberty I^oan Committee of Germantown. During this drive, the Home Economics Committee, under the chairmanship of Mrs. John 0. Mus- tard, besides providing the daily lunch at a cost of twenty-five cents to the workers, furnished afternoon tea to the hundreds of women as they turned in the results of their day's labor. The house was open practically a year and a half for daily meetings during all the Liberty Loan drives. The State Committee of the National League for Woman's Service was asked 603 to take entire cliaifre of tlie follow-up lollectioiis for the War Chest drive in the city, and appointed Mrs. William ('.. Marshall and Mrs. S>lvesler J. Parrotl of the ( Icrniantown hraneh as ("hainnen of this work. It is an intfM'estinj; fact that intlividual ini'mbers of the various hranches subscribed for a larjre block of "" Tribute Trees."" about sixty in number, through the Civic Club, which were planted along the Parkway between 20th and 21sl streets, in '■lumor of the men who served." Under the Health Connnittee, of whit'h Mrs. Clarence C. Zantzinger was Chairman, courses in elementary massage were started at the University, and at the Pennsylvania and Chestnut Hill hospitals. Those who received certificates gave their services to the Infantile Paralysis Committee of the l^mergency Aid and to the \ isiting Nurse Society. The State office w as one of the many recruiting stations for the enrolment of the Student \urse Reserve. The physic therapy class at Chestnut Hill ,:,'ia(luated sixly-lhice women, entitling them to give massage to the wounded. Work for physically handicapped men was directed by Mrs. Austin M. Purves and Mrs. .\. 11. Ueeve. The care and training of the blind, military and civilian, involving the mastery of Braille, was studied at the Peimsylvania Institution for the Instruction of the Blind at Overbrook, and large classes became proficient. A short course was also given at the Blind Uxchange. During the influenza epidemic in October and .November of 1918, an l-jnergency I'ood Service Center was organized by the State Chairman at the State Office head- (luarters on a day's notice. Some of the workers went to the various hospitals and a.ssisted in the wards, others went to the homes with the visiting muses and helped in many ways. One of the members assisted for ten days at the Oliver Bair Underlakiuf,' llstablishment. The Home and Overseas Belief Conunitlee worked all day, Sundays included, to keep the visiting imrses and the hospitals supplied with inlluenza masks. On Sundays men ran the sewing machines to relieve the tired woukmi workers. This was a time to try the loyalty of our women, but in no way did they fail to m(>et the emergency. Several classes in wireless were held at the Chambers Institute, and some of the m( inbers took a course organized by the .\avy League. Positions were found in most cases for those receiving certificates, but as there seemed to be no demand for women operators, energies w^ere devoted to more important work at hand. The II(jme and Overseas Belief Committee became a very important branch of the League's work, an.swering calls for finished garments for needy children and men in the service, at home and abroad. Quantities of sheets, pillow cases, gar- ments, etc., were sent to the convalescent hospitals. Oilcloth Jackets were an outcome of the demand for warm and waterproof protection for the l)oys at sea, and w ere made and sent to the Nav y men. Thanks are due to Lewando in the city and llerzog in Germantown for cleaning kid gloves, free of charge, which were made into aviation vests for the men overseas. At the Cermantown Service House, this conunitlee, under Mrs. C. B. Robinson, made and furnished all can- teen caps and aprons used by the League, amounting to at least I, (»()() each, \fter the armistice was signed energies were turned toward making dresses, capes and coats for the French war orphans. The Chestnut Hill, Germantown and Cynwyd branches adopted a number of these orphans, entirely outfitting them with cloth- 601 ing. Mrs. William B. Kurtz, of the Gormantown branch, took overseas the gar- ments and attended to having them distributed where most needed. With Mrs. Arthur M. Lewis as Chairman, the Publicity Committee of the League gave publicity to its activities wherever possible. Editors of all the lead- ing newspapers were interviewed and typewritten articles, concerning the activi- ties of the various branches and committees were sent weekly or whenever there was news of special interest. Signs and posters were made and distributed. The Germantown papers, through Mrs. Fred Perry Powers as Chairman of Publicity for the Germantown branch, published without charge reports of activities of the League. This committee cooperated with the Committee of Public Safely in supply- ing speakers, trained in publicity work, to assist with the work of the Liberty Loans, War Chest, Red Cross, War Saving Stamps, Food Conservation, Fuel Administration and loyalty to the United States. The monthly bulletin, issued by the National office, was sent to all chairmen of branches and to the board of directors. Members were able to keep in touch with the development of the work throughout the country by subscribing to the bulletin. Although there was no State chairman of the Americanization Committee, the individual branches carried on a splendid wf>rk among tlie furiMgners in tlieir districts, the State Committee standing ready to cooperate in whatever way the opportunity presented itself. Day and night classes were formed fV)r teaching English, cooking, gardening and sewing to the foreign born. The meaning of patriotism was particularly emphasized. The Reclamation Committee, under the chairmanship of Mrs. Henry D. Paxson, did valuable work in mending, sewing on buttons, etc., for the men in the service. In this work, the Cynwyd branch took the lead by repairing about one hundred dozen garments for Red Cross Government Aid. The West Philadelphia branch reported repairing 200 overcoats and 500 shirts (or the Army, antl in the Chestnut Hill branch a truck load of coats, shirts, etc., were redaimefl. A great many trousers were also mended and returned to the (^)uartermaster Department. The Volunteer Aids Committee, with Mrs. H. Gordon McCouch as Chairman, carried out the work of establishing the School of Occupational Therapy. It was financed by an appropriation of $5,000 from the War Chest, and its first term opened October .3, 1918, the first class graduating February 26. 1919. The second class graduated at the end of ,Iune, making a total of aiiout fifty women tarefully trained, at an expenditure on the part of the school of about S|00 each, to carry on this much needed work in the military hospitals. The course included weaving, stenciling, block printing, modeling, bookbinding, wood carving, toy making and basketry. The cooperation of the Pennsylvania Hospital insured good hospital training under skilled supervision, and the students were further prepared by lectures from eminent physicians, surgeons and psychologists. The development of the school was made possible by the cooperation of the doctors who composed the Medical Stall', and by the help given by the Pennsylvania Museum, the School of Industrial Art, the Arts and Crafts Guild, the School of Design, the Graphic Sketch Club and the Plastic Club. The inspiration of this schot)l was war service, and it was suggested by Mrs. F. W. Rockwell and the Arts and Crafts Guild. The demand for this service 60.5 has bopn steadily increasing among doctors and surgeons in private sanitoria and irenoral liospitals. The school seems to be established on a permanent basis, and bids fair to continue its good work as a lasting nidninneiit Id llie National League for Woman's Service. The Junior Service Corps was a division of the National League for Woman's Service peculiar to Pennsylvania. They were organized by the Philarvice, taking the Oath of Allegiance on the lawn of ISIrs. Geary, who present(>d the National Standard as well as the Junior Service Corps colors. This was an impressive sight and similar exercises were h(>ld on like occasions when the various corps were sworn into service. Through tlie Lilierly Loan dri\es. collintions were made b\ this Corps at the theatres and mo\ ing-picture houses all over the city, their ell'orts being rewarded during the Third Liberty Loan by subscriptions to the amount of §3.417,950. They furnished transportation for visiting nurses and loaned their autnnio- biies for all kinds of emergency calls: furnished daily workers at tlu; Liberty L(jan booths: at the Red Cross factory and warehouse: at the various canteens and at the Wilbur Chocolate factory when necessary during the "du" epideniic. Mem- bers, w ho had received first aid instruction, were sent to the hospitals and rendered other services too numerous to mention. In the spring ol l'*20 the Pennsylvania State Committee terminated its work. Ail records, membership lists, etc., were carefully liled, and are a\ ailable should an- other emergency arise in which women could serve in similar ways. Tin: \\\^ li:a(.i l ol iiii: i mted states PllILADIvLPlIIA SkcTION The Na\y League incorporated and opened liead(|uarters in Washington, D. C, in 1902. The Philadelphia Section was organized in June, 1917, and a Com- forts Committee was appointed to carry on war work. The present membership of the l^hiladelphia Section is about 2,.'j00, which does not include members in the suburbs and outlying districts. These are included in the Pennsylvania State Mrtnbership. The officers of the Pliiladefi)hia Section were: Mrs. Alexander Nan Hcnsselaer, Honorary Chairman: Mrs. lunesl Law, Chairman; Mrs. Thomas Leaming, Vice-Chairman: Mrs. Horatio G. Lloyd, Treasurer; Mrs. Horace Brock, Secretary (succeeded by Mrs. Theodore W. Cramp). During the war classes were held at the Navy League lleacKiuarlers in wireless and line telegraphy. Shops for the sale of wool and knitted garments were opened on Chestnut Street, in West Pliila(iel|iliia. on llie Garden Pier at \tlantic City and at Chelsea, N. J. A booth was also opened in iiroad Street Station. Members of the executive committee and board personally superintended a knitting unit of ;500 shop girls in one of the largest department stores in Philadelphia. 606 ovpiy Thuisflay night during; the war. Other units were formed in numerous insti- tutions and schools. A total of about fifty-five thousand knitted {Raiments were received by the Philadelphia Section alone, and about fifty -three thousand were distributed. In addition to these knitted garments we have distributed nearly twenty-four hundred eond'ort kits, rubber boots, Christmas bags, ruliber hats, rubber coats, arctics, goggles, underwear, dungarees, blankets, boxing gloves, victrolas, victrola records, games, books and magazines. knitted garments were sent to Halifax for sailors in the hailjor who gave their own clothing to the sufferers there at the time of the Halifax disaster; to Norfolk, \ a., for sailors who lost their clothing while fighting the fire which thn^atened to destroy the entire city; to the French Relief Division of the iMncigcTicy Aid of Pennsylvania for French sailors in our midst, and to the Polish Relief Comnnttee for Polish recruits in training at Niagara-on-the-Lake for the Polish 7\rniy in France; to the Rritish Relief Conunittee and to the Woman's Section of the Navy League at Norfolk, Va., for men going out on the submarine chasers and destroyers, and to those on the rifie range at Virginia Beach and stationed at St. Helena; to Tokio, Japan, to be forwarded to Siberia and to sufferers in Poland. Many requests for large consignments of knitted garments for the various camps and cantonments of the National Army as well as for a great many battleships, destroyers and sub- marine chasers, etc. were answered. This was done through individuals. When the French warships were in our harbor, the Philadelphia Section of the Navy League made contributions to them of knitted garments. They also filled a large rec[iiest for garments for the iMiglish iSavy League which they sent to them to be distributed to the nuTie sweepers in the North Sea. They supplied men of our own merchant marine; French, British and Italian sailors putting in at our ports and engaged in convoying our troops; the mine sweepers on the Irish Coast who kept the seas free from mines and torpedoes that our ships might pass in safety ; and American shipwrecked sailors in foreign ports, through the courtesy of the F^rench and English Navy L(>agues. Boxes of clothing were also sent to France, and the Philadelphia Section adopted six French orphans. The local committee distributed "free wool" to the value of $18,306.81, which was knitted into garments and returned for distribution. Relief and welfare work were given careful consideration, and a ward in t lie Jeil'erson Hospital was taken over in which members of the Navy League person- ally supervised sick and woimded sailors for three and one-half months. During the influenza epidemic in the fall of P)18. at the request of the Women's ( '.onunittee of the Philadelphia Council of National Defense, an appeal was sent out to all mend)ers calling for volunteers to assist in fighting the disease and to help care for those already stricken. The response was most gratifying, both in the number who offered their personal service and the liberal contributions of money which were received. The first meeting of representative women of various war organizations in this city was called together l)y the Philadelphia Section of the Navy League to consider establishing a Seaman's Church Institute along the same lines as the one in New York under the superintendence of the Rev. Archibald W. Mansfield. A meeting was addressed liy Dr. jMansfield, and as the result of this gathering a Sea- man's Social Service C.ommittee was formed under the supervision of the Phila- 607 dflphia Section, which gave suppers and entertainments for the men of the merchant marine and all other si^amen who attended the Seaman's Church Institute at Front and Queen streets. Sunday night suppers were served each week and entertain- ments were given on Tuesday nights. Special concerts were frequently arranged and plans for regular Thursday evening enlertaiiuneiits are being made. Game rooms with reading and wi'iting facilities were opened and placed at the disposal of the men at all times, and on .Tuly 1. I') 10. a lunch room was opened and managed h\ the wom(>n of the I'liiiadelphia SihIIoii. During the last four Liberty Loan campaigns in which the Philadelphia Sec- tion of the Navy League took an active part by soliciting subscriptions in the llieatres of the city, and by the establishment of booths on the streets, a total of over fifteen million dollars" worth of bonds was sold, and the local Section is the proud possessor of the honor ilags for each campaign as well as the Victory Liberty Loan Industrial Honor Lmblein awarded by the L. S. Treasury Depart- ment. The Navy League, ex|)erienced in work for seamen for many years before I 111' outbreak of the World War, served quietly and effectively during that coiiliict. and is continuing to meet the needs of seamen who conic In the porl of Philadelphia. The State officers wnc: Mrs. Alexander Van Rensselaer, Honorary Chairman; Mrs. .Moncurc Robinson, Chairman; Mrs. Horatio (!. Lloyd. Treasurer. the l]\eculi\e (".(immittce and Huard of the Philadelphia The members of Section were: Mrs. 1). M. MiirriiiRpr Mrs. licnry W . liiil.llr Mrs. \lc\aii. Hi,hard MrCall i:iliot Mrs. Stanley (i. FlafjK. Jr. Mrs. N. Myirs Filler Mrs. Francis I. (lowen Mrs. William II. (ireeni' Mrs. lloraie Man- Mrs. Francis M. lliil( lilii- son Mrs. Daniel L. Ilul.liiii- son. Jr. Mrs. I""llis Jackson Mrs. .Mba B. Johnson Mrs. .Sidney \\ . Keith Mrs. William P. Morton Mrs. f'harles Henry Scott Mrs. Holierl K. Straw- bridge Mrs. \. II. Wintersleen Mrs. Ilarnld K. ^aninll Till-; PKNNSM.X \M\ f;\ll.l!(i\l) WOMKNS DIVISION I'oii w \i! iu;i,ii;r I'^arly in .lanuaiy. I''16, a small group dl' wcimcii. wives of llir ullicrrs ol' the I'emisylvania Railroad, met at the house of Mrs. ( ieorge Dallas Dixon. ilDOl Spruce Street. Philadelphia, and formed the Pennsylvania Railroad Chapter of the Pennsylvania Women's Division for National Preparedness, a State organiza- tion mider I he direct i( in of Mrs. ( Ieorge \\. C.hilds Dri'xel. who was among the first to recognize l\w necessity for preparedness in case this country should be drawn into the war then raging in Lurope. It was designed thai llie ( 'hapter should be ci imposed of the wives and daughters of railroad men, and accordingly the .Main Line of the Pennsylvania Railroad and its allied branches were canvassed, with the result that the Chapter soon numbered 2,.t0() members. 6(m Wurkrwjin of the Suryical Dressings Department, P. R. R. Y. M. C. A. Buitdimj. In April, 1917, after the United States entered the World War, the Penn- sylvania Railroad Chapter V)ecame an independent organization iindci' the name of The Pennsylvania Railroad Women's Division for War Relief, with the following officers: Mrs. ( Jeorge Dallas Dixon, Chairman; Mrs. William Wallace Atterbury, Vice-Chairman: Mrs. Lewis Neilson. Secretary; Mrs. U. .1. dv Housse. Treasurer. Dep.\rtment.s No. 1, Care of Soldiers" and Sailors' Families: Mrs. James F. Fahiiestock. Director. No. 2, Care of Families of Pennsylvania Railroad Employes: Mrs. William Wallace Atterhui y. Director: Mrs. Elisha Lee, Associate Director. No. ,3, Surgical Dressings: Mrs. Robert Clinton Wright. No. 4, Hospital Sui)|)lies: Mrs. J. B. Hutchinson, Director. No. 5, Motor Messenger Service: Mrs. (lardner Cassatt, Director. No. 6, First Aid, Diet Cooking: Mrs. W. Hey ward Myers, Director. No. 7, Comfort Kits and Equipment: Mrs. George W. Boyd. No. S, Cutting and Making of Carments: Mrs. A. J. County. While these departments extended all over the system, there were maintained in Philadelphia alone seven separate sewing classes where many thousands of garments, surgical dressings, comfort bags, and equipments were made and dis- tributed to the Army and Navy, but especially to the men of the Pennsylvania Railroad of whom there were 28,000 in the service: and not only was the work f.(i>i done, but all the necessai'y funds to buy inalciials were raised by women, mostly of small means, to whom doing so meant a real sacrifice. Department No. 2 \-isited and cared for all the families of the Pennsylvania Railroad employes, thereby relieving the Red Ooss of these cases, and it was a comfort to those men who, under General Atterbury, were building docks, bridges, and railroads, in France — assembling enginc^s in an indescribably short space of time, and transporting food, supplies, and munitions to th(> Army — to know that their wives and children at home were; being cared for by members of the Railroad Family. In 191)5 the Pennsylvania Railroad Women's Di\ision for War Relief be- came afliliated with the Emergency Aid, and contril)uted many large cases of supplies to French. I'^nghsh, Italian. Relgian. Scnbian and Russian committees. At the time of the signing of tlie armistice, the organization nund)ered 50, So;? enrolled members. These women had borne their part in every patriotic and civic- movement. They had worked in all live of the Liberty Loans. In IMiiladelpiiia they had charge of the booth in the Rroad Street Station, and sold IIkmc .s;5.;5r,;5.800 worth of the Liberty bonds in the last issue alone. When the Red Cross Canteen was opened in Rroad Street Slalion llic Pciiii- sxlvania Hailmad women took comi)lete charge of it on Monday and Friday afternoons, from 12 until 5 o'clock, and continued this work until November. 1919. They also took charge of a booth in Mroad Street Station and Iwn booths at till' Mourse I'uilding. for the sale of Red Cross Christmas seals. Coininitlec til Hruad Street Slalion. 610 Permanent memorials were made by the following departments: Department No. 1, Mrs. James F. Fahnestock, Director, presented a drinking fountain to the P. R. R. Y. M. C. A. building at 41st Street and Westminster Avenue. West Philadelphia. Department i\o. 15, Mrs. Robert Clinton Wright. Director, eslablishetl a scholarship in the University of Pennsylvania, in memory of three young men of the Traflic Department of tiie Railroad — Arthur H. Dutton. Roix'rt Howard Gamble and Ernest Eugene Stine — who gave their lives for their country in the World War. This scholarship is open to the children of members of the Traffic Department. Department No. 7, Mrs. Theodore Pomeroy, Directoi', endowed a bed in the University Hospital. Department No. 8, Mrs. A. J. County. Director, presented a phonogra])h with recoids to the P. R. R. Y. M. C. A. iniilding. The war relief continued its work in several departments until June 24, 1920, when the organization was formally demobilized at a meeting held in the P. R. R. Y. M. C. A. building in West Philadelphia, which was handsomely decorated for the occasion. The Pennsylvania Raih-oad Rand played the national airs. A luncheon was served to 860 delegates, after which addresses were made by Mrs. George W. Childs Drexel, Mrs. J. Willis Martin, Rrigadier General Smedley Darlington Rutler and Thomas Lymh Montgomery. Mrs. George Dallas Dixon, the Chairman, gave a resume of the work of the organization from the i)eginning. and unveiled a bronze tablet inscribed "Erected in Memory of 163 P. R. R. Boys who Died for their Country in the World War, and also to Com- memorate the Patriotic Work of the Pennsylvania Railroad Women's Division for War Relief." THE PENNSYLVANIA SOCIETY OF THE COLONIAL DAMES OF AMERICA The record of the Pennsylvania Society of the Colonial Dames of America during the war years shows devoted patriotic service individually and collectively. The society voted its stand tor prepar(>dness, fiuthered all loyalty movements — "Made in America,"' conservation, non-hyphenism, etc. Committees arranged theii- jjrograms for the needs of the time. Talks on Washington, Lincoln and loyalty to our tlag were given by experienced speakers, with translators, for groups of foreign men and women in the southern sections of the city. Honor to our flag was impressed wherever opportunity could be made, and members were zealous in watchfulness as to any violation of the act entitled "Desecration of the Flag."' The Board of Education was asked to have the school children taught to rise at the singing of the "'Star Spangled Banner."' At Stenton, members met weekly to sew for the Belgian orphans; also, at Stenton, Saturday entertainments were offered to men from League Island, when groups of fifty were guests at picnic supp(>rs. A subscription fund of -$1,16,5 was raised and given with billiard tables, etc., to Chaplain Dickens for the equipment of a recreation room at League Island. Committees for Liberty Loan anil War Savings Stamps were appointed and 611 booths maintained in the various loan drives at Independence Hall and Fourth and Market streets with most successful results. A resolution, addressed to the President of the United States, in January. l')17. protesting against the enforced dejiortation of the citizens of Belgium to an alien land was presented in person to the President by Mrs. Starr. President of the Society. The Pennsylvania Society by subscription contributed SO.ODO of the :>6().{)0() given from the .National Relief Fund of the National Society of Colonial Dames of America for the equipment of the operating room on the hospital ships Comfort and Mercy. The War Service Committee kept in close touch with the service men, and through its comfort branch was abl(> t(i to sign for scuvice, must be examined by a physician and pronounced fit for work. 4. As it lakes one or more weeks to become accustomed ici tlu; manual labor. no workers are accepted for less than four weeks and longer terms are to be pre- ferred . ."). It is reconunended that no womiMi shall be re(|uired In work nioie than eight hours a day or forty-eight hours a week. 6. \Mien they are engaged on other farms, some arrangement must be made to transport women to and from their work. 7. Two methods of payment are practicable — one in which the money is handed to the worker, she paying all her own expenses, the other in which the super- visor receives all money earned and the worker receives a percentage, hei- board and traveling expenses being provided for. 8. There shall be a supervisor in charge of each camp who is experienced in 61 1 managing young women. Sim shall l>o rosponsible for their comfort as well as the conditions under which they are hired out. When the unit is large, she must have a sufficient staif of assistants. 9. Whenever possible a recreation room should be provided and lectures on needed subjects are desirable. 10. To save traveling expenses, units should be drawn from the women living in the neighborhood, as far as possible. The members of the units working near Philadelphia received $15 a month each, with board and traveling expenses, the money they earned being paid into the account of the unit, to meet expenses. Tliis has not proved to be the most satisfactory arrangement. There is less discontent when the girls receive the full amount they earn and pay a stated amount each week for board. But at the time of organization it was not known whether the women should be suiTiciently em- ployed to eai'n their own expenses. (Tiven the conditions, this was imdoubtedly the best arrangement. Following is the table of occupation of those who worked in 1018: College Women, 17 per cent; Teacliers and Students, 31 per cent; Professional Women, 11 per cent; Industrial Workers, 20 per cent; Women of Leisure, 18 pei- cent. There was no ad\ ertising done at the beginning of the campaign liut there were 400 names on the waiting list before the fust unit was formed. \ aluable assistance was given by the press in these early days. No rent was paid. A sufficient number of houses were olfered to acconmiodate all the units and some of the owners lent some equipment and gave valuable assistance besides. On April 2d, the first unit opened its quarters at Newtown Square. This unit, which was financed by the Garden Club of Philadelphia cm- ployed thirty -one girls at the height of the season, and was credited with 13,800 hours of work. The largest of the units was backed by the gaideners of Montgomery and Delaware County Weeders Clubs and was housed at Berwyn. Seventy was the greatest number of girls employed at one time. They accomplished 23.820 hours of work, earned $5,9.56 and the cost of maintenance was estimated at $3.50 per girl per week. The Chester Valley Unit was given temporary quarters at Whitford Lodge, which is a summer home for working girls. Before the season opened this unit lived in the lodge, meanwhile helping a carpenter construct a bungalow for them- selves. They also helped in the work of cleaning and cementing an old stable, which was tm'ned into a sanitary and convenient lavatory, besides a living room for them- selves. At the height of its season this unit had thirty girls at work; they earned $4,750; they had 10,000 hours of labor to their credit and the cost of maintenance was .$4.50 per girl per week. Four Land Army units were organized in Chester County anil were biought together by the late Dr. Baker. A unit was formed at Chester Springs which was unique. The workers were students of the Summer School of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, at Chester Springs, and they asked permission to grow their own vegetables by way of doing their share of war work. A plot of three-quarters of an acre of ground was assigned them and about twenty girls took part in the work. The National 615 League for Woman's Service provided an iiistnictDr. and the students not only raised prodiiee for the school but also sold the surplus from house to house. The National League for Woman's Service financed five units in or near Philadelphia. One was at Chestnut Hill: its home was a comfortable farmhouse. It had an average of fifty girls at work, accomplished :5(».2'»() hours of work and earned between six and seven thousand dollars. The Huntingdon Valley Tnit was also lodged in a comfortable farmhouse at Willow (irove. Its greatest number of girls at one time was thirty, it was credited «ith 14,436 hours of work, earned $3,608.30. and averaged a cost of $4..iO for the weekly keep of each girl. The W>nnewood was one of the first units to be at work. It was most com- fortably lodged in a former coach house, on the estate of Miss Mary K. (iibson. As soon as its members began to go to work. Miss (iibson realized the imperative need of trained leaders, and to meet this she organized a training camp under the guidance of two graduates of Cornell College. The first c-ourse was begun early in May and lasted six weeks, the members being given board, lodging and tuition free, the onh recpiirement being that they should at the expiration of the term sign up for the Land Army service. A second course was gi\en I'm another set of leaders beginning on the 1st of July. One more unit was organized by the National League for Woman's SfMvice which had for its object the utilization of the work of women who could only give part tim(>. About five acres of land in different parts of Ciermantown. which had hitherto been used as dump heaps, were secunnl and this was cleared and prepared for cultivation, and women were invited to sign for such hours as they could spare. The scheme excited much enthusiasm and over 2,'SO women registered, with a net result of about thirty workers. .Most of the women were absolutely untrained. It cost about .si. 000 to clear the land and tools had to be bought and a supervisor engaged. Fresh vegetables were successfully raised which sold readily, the workers having the first right of purchase. .Ml ex-penses were met, all loans refunded, and at the end of the season there remained some hundreds of dollars in bank, which were di%ided amongst those wIk) hud done most of the work. The great variation in the cost of maintenance is to be noted. It is accounted for in two w ays. Some of the supervisors were marvelous managers and could make their money go a long way; but in addition some of the units possessed vegetable gardens where they raised nuich of their own produce, which they sold to them- selves at wholesale rates. In one or two cases they had cows and poultry. In oth(Ms they bought their own milk and eggs. In all. •>I2 girls worked for the Land Army in the sununer of l')18. and over six hundred names were on the wailing list for service, for whom there were no places. There was great need of their work, the farmers were calling for assistance, but the expense of placing units could not be further boriii' by the few who were willing and able to give, and the general public was not interested. The health report was very satisfactory. Most of the workers gained in weight, and the majority were willing to sign up for the next year. (jreat credit is due to the members of the (Jlamp Slundards Conunitlee for the sanitary conditions which prevailed. Besides the constant inspection of the camps, they did their utmost to raise the ideals of living for the workers, and 616 they published some admirable leaflets on the subject which would be useful to all camp dwellers. Some of the girls had had training, some had had none, but all were engaged at the rate of $2 for an eight-hour day, or twenty-five cents an hour, which was a low price for even unskilled labor. The very farmers who criticised were never- theless glad to get their help, and it was through their recommendation alone that the demand for their services so increased. The Land Aiiny was uniformly successful until the Ijeginning of September, when the majoiity of the workers, most of whom had given their summer vaca- tion to the service, were obliged to return to their regular avocations, at the very time when harvesters were needed. The acute shortage of labor then l)ecame ap- parent. Advertisements were inserted in all the daily papers and several editorials were written urging all women who wished to do patriotic service to help gather the crops, but the response was small. One after another of the units was forced to close, and the remaining workers were gathered in one or twf) places to save housing expenses, going out in groups, sometimes a long way, to meet the desperate need of the farmers. Some of the farmerettes who had resumed their former occupations came out in bands on Saturdays and Sundays to help with the harvest. Nevertheless, the loss was tremendous. New Jersey appealed to Pennsylvania to help gather her enormous crop of tomatoes, but Pennsyhania had no workers to send. A uniform was obligatory, but each unit was free to decide upon its own, and in more than one instance blue overalls was the costume chosen. In others, a very long brown smf)ck, worn over knickerbockers, was both prai'tical and sightly. The workers took an honest pride in their right to wear a uniform, the more so when it was shabby from hard work. A brassard was also chosen — a shield shaped as a keystone, with hoe, rake and spade crossed, and the motto, "We Serve." With scarcely an exception, the farmers who employed the girls were warm in their commendations. Though invariably hostile at first, and only engaging them when they had satisfied themselves that men were not to be had, they changed their opinions after trying them. The girls did every kind of work. They ploughed and hoed and weeded, dug ditthes and built fences, picked fruit and packed it, cleaned stables, manure pits and pig pens, took care of horses, cattle, pigs and poultry, learned to run tractors and farm machinery. They were especially good in the care of cattle, in dairy work, and in running the macliines. Strangely enough, the only real difiiculty the directors had to meet was in getting women to do the housework. The meals were at times an almost in- surmountable difiiculty. There is not one case on record of a girl who was willing to help indoors, while only very few left because they found they did not like farm work. The Woman's Land Army of America was about to hold its first annual meeting, and the Natiason, but the inspiration of the war conditions was lacking. However, eight units were organized and financed. The names of these units and number of workers were as follows: Bridgeport. 8: ChesterbriM)k. 31; Dresher. 36: \ew Jersey. 8: PKmoutii M(>eting. 38: l>ri\ate l-lstate. 11: West Grove, 20; and Wliitford. 30. Of these units three were not quite self-sustaining and liucc liad a good cash balance at the end of the season. So the work was practically self-sustaining. Wages varied from $2 to $3 a day, according to the type and experience of Ihe worker. Fven S3 was a lower wage than was paid to the most ignorant man w ho hel|)ed on a farm. The girls made good and the reports of tiie employers were all favorable. On August 27tli a letter was receiveil from the Secretary of i^abor. staling that "As Ihe labor supply is deemed to be noiniai tliere is no need of contiiniing the work of the Land Army." it was therefore decided, at a meeting (A' the iioard iicld on October ITth. to accept the invitation received to alliliate with tiic l'enns\lvania League of Women Workers — an organization devoted to the interests of girls forming a Land Army Committee, but ceasing to exist as the Woman's Land Army. This atlilia- tion all'ords a link between those women who wished to do the work and those who wished to employ the women. The Woman's Land Army of America, as a national organization, exists no longer. There is now no need for the women to do the heavy work they did in time of war. r>ut because of the experience some have turned to agriculture as a means of livelihood. Some have accepted permanent positions on truck farms and dairy farms, some hav(> established goal farms, and the short courses ofl'ered by the School of Horticulture for Women at Aml)ii'i and State College have been attended by a large number of eager students. woMiAS PLiniANKNT i:>h:rge\cv ASSOCLATION OI GERALANTOWN By AIiss Anna M .Ioiinson \1 the time of the .lohnstown Flood in Wcslcni I'crmsyh ania. in 1889, a hastily formed women's (ommittee did quick service in sending supplies to that stricken comnumity. This committee was then organized into the Women's Permanent Emergency Association of (Jermanlown, which has ever since held its(>lf ready to help, sending clothing, other necessities, and money wherever disaster in this country called for public as.sistance. When the appeal came for the Belgian refugees in 191 1. tiie execuli\ i- committee met on October 28th, forwarded $100 at once, and arranged a public meeting 618 for November 2cl. when $500 was collected, and ciit-oiit jinrments w(Me given out to be made. Workrooms were opened immediately and k('|it oijcn IVom October 1911, to to Jniie. 1915. When our country entered the vvai', they w(mc used continuously until January, 1920; then regular work wa.s discontinued. As the war continued and the needs grew, the wcjrk broadened until final totals of 279 cases, containing 106,537 aiticles and $28,661, had l)een sent to twenty- six relief organizations in eleven countries. The cases contained 65,300 surgical supplies and hospital comforts; 7,730 new garments; and 5,000 knitted articles, made by our workers, besides mis(ellan(M)us supjilies of many kinds, food and condensed milk; also jams and 550 books for the A. E. V. Many knitted articles went to "our boys" in France, to training camps here and to tiie Navy. Six thousand pairs of old kid gloves went to London for making windproof vests. Five thousand dollars was raised to endow a scholarship in the Women's Medical College, Philadelpliia. for training a medical missionary, to be known as the Women's Permanent Emergency .Vssociation of (rermantown Scholarship. Committees of Women's Permanent Emergency Association workers raised $208,«50 in the third, fourth and fifth LibiMty Eoan Drives, and also took part in the Women's Liberty Loan Parades in Philadelphia anil ( iennanlown. The officers of the Association were: President, Mrs. James Sliirr. .Ir. Treasurer, Mrs. Waller I'ciiu Sliipley I'irst Vice-President, Miss C.liarlesanna I^. Recording Seeretary, Miss Anna M. Jolmson Huston Corresponding Secretary, Miss Salina R. Second Vice-President, Mrs. .lolin It. Dye Mellhenny Executive Committee Miss Mary Allison Miss Mary P. Huston Vlrs. K. Stanley Perkins Mrs. Edward Goodell Mrs. Edward V. Kane Mrs. Joseph N. Ross Mrs. William H. Haines Mrs. John F. Keator Miss M. Eloi.se Ruriiney Mrs. Rol)erlB.Hain<-s.Jr. Mrs. Edward Mellor Mrs. John M. Whilall 619 PHILADELPHIA'S RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS ROM fust to last, the religious bodies of Pliiladelphia re- sponded to the call of the country during the period of the World \\ ar. They rendered a service that can never be properly told. It was from the pulpits of America that the earliest challenges came for the awakening of the national conscience. In 191 1, as soon as the cry of Belgian children was heard, the churches began a systematic, cooperative cam- paign for alleviating sull'ering. As the days of the war lengthened, new problems were faced and met. Church buildings were opened for the meetings of committees, the clergy accepted addi- tional responsibilities and directed new work, while the rank and file of church members became more and more ai'tive in all kinds of relief work. When the I nited States unsheathed the sword to defend her own honor and the ideals of modern civilization, the (lovernment turned to the churches of the country for practical aid. In Philadelphia there were 9i>'.i church buildings, and from each went forth i\\o call to stern dutv. By pulpit, and in chancel, the .Stars and .Stripes were placed, soon to be joined by the service Hag with its stars of blue, many of which were later replaced by golden symbols of supretne renunciation. The service of the churches took on a more martial tone as their members turned to the (iod of Bighleousness for guidance. National holidays became veritable "holy days." and the messages of the prophets of Israel, and of the Fathers of the ("hurch. were redelivered with new meaning and power. protp:sta!NT ( .m bches The churches were used directly and indirectly for recruiting the manhood of the city for military and naval service during the period of voluntary eidist- ments and after the Selective Service .\ct became operative. The parish house of the Episcopal Church of the Cood Shepherd, East Cuni- berland and < 'ollins streets, was us(ul from .lune to \ovend)er. 1918, as the head- quarters of Local Board No. 2S. I" rank II. Longshore, for thirty-three years lay assistant to the rector, the Rev. .lohn A. ( iood fellow — who recently celebrated the forty-eighth anniversary of his rectoiship — .served on the board, the other members being II. Watson Barras and Dr. (ieorge Sinnamon. Nine hundred men, exclusive of those inducted for special service, were sent through Local Board No. 28, and all were examined and drilli'd in the ()arish house. A welfare committee was organ- ized and every man received a kit, containing various knitted garments, etc., and a box lunch to take with him on his trip to camp. The Church of the Good Shep- herd holds a uni(]ue place among the churches of the city for this .special piece of service, and no ex|iense was spared In proxe to the men the interest which the neighborhood felt in them. The i'ederal ( iovernment made extensive use of the proffered aid of the churches during the Liberty Loan campaigns. Four-Minute Men addressed the congrega- 620 tions, many of which were organized for parish work for the loans. The American Red Cross estabhshed auxiliaries in a large number of church buildings or parish houses. The appeals for the War Chest and other relief agencies were made from pulpit and rostrum, and hundreds of thousands of dollars were collected. The opportunity of meeting the social needs of the men at League Island, Frankford Arsenal, Schuylkill Arsenal, and of those on leave from Camp Dix and other adjacent points of mobilization, soon presented itself. In meeting it, two general lines of work were developed. In the first place, special services, enter- tainments, educational classes, etc., were organized and held. This work was carried out in the church, church parlors or parish house. In some places certain nights were set aside for definite weekly programs and men retiuned over and over again bringing others with them. Moving pictures, vaudeville and dances were arranged. Groups of men, from a half a dozen to several hundred, were invited to suppers which preceded an evening of fun. Many churches set aside certain rooms for reading, writing, smoking and games. Frequently the Sunday evening services were followed by a social hour, at which time the women of the church served refreshments. Again, the members of the churches took an individual interest in the men, inviting them to their homes for dinner or supper or for the week end. This touch of "home life" was appreciated more than anything else, for many of those in the service of "Uncle Sam" were from the out-of-the-way corners of this country, and were more "lost and lonely" in the crowds of Market and Chestnut streets than on their first day at camp. The friendships thus estab- lished lasted, and the United States mail was all the heavier as the result of the hours spent with foster-parents — and in some cases with "foster-sisters." The Ship and Tent Club In 1898. immediately after the war with Spain, George C. Thomas, of the Church of the Holy Apostles, 21st and Christian streets, was greatly impressed with the importance of affording young men an opportunity for military training. On May 22, 1898, he formed the Charles D. Cooper Battalion, and in 1901 built the present Cooper Battalion HaU, 2.'5d and Christian streets, for military and social functions. With the outbreak of the war with Germany the vestry of the Church of the Holy Apostles voted to place at the disposal of the Government any and all of its buildings for patriotic purposes. Cooper Hall was turned into a recruiting station for the Ambulance Corps, and later, owing to the fine facilities of the hall as a club house, it was taken over by the Canteen Committee of the Red Cross in the spring of 1917 as a club house for enlisted men, and the name changed to its present one, the Ship and Tent Club. In February, 1918, the Rev. George Herbert Toop, D.D., Rector of the Church of the Holy Apostles, assumed the management of the Club, placing Mr. C. Adrian Casner in charge as Managing Secretary. The new management immediately started to renovate the building, adding shower baths and toilet facilities, the cafeteria, the canteen, moving-picture machine, and very considerably enlarging the pool room and sleeping quarters. The Club in time became such a favorite place for the meeting of the enlisted men that thousands were entertained there each week. Frequently they traveled long distances in order that they might spend one night at the Club. Letters were received from France, from the south, and from other places, testifying to the 621 apprccialion on the pait of the boys of tlu; work that was done llicrc for them. It was frequently referred to by them as the "Gobs' Paradise." fiances were frequently held, partners iieinfr furnished for the boys by tlie (llub. No young lady was permitted to attend the danees unless her appliealion for a card of admission was accompanied by a letter of recommendation from her pastor or priest, or some other trustworthy person. On holidays, such as Chiistmas, Thanksgiving, etc., 500 to 1,000 men were guests at dinner followed by a special entertainment, the Club having a well- equipped stage for theatrical and other performances. The Xavy Department detailed Chief (ieorge \V. Keough. ( .. \1. M., V. S. N.. to the Club, whose duty it was to sec that the men were well cared for and In help ill the preservation of order. Un .Sunday nights the Club held rehgious sc[\ices or moving-picluie perform- ances of a high quality. There was an association of men known as the Host Association, headed by W illard C. Maston, who helped forward in many ways the life of the Club. Th(>re was also a Hostess Association which did most valuable and useliil work along man\ lines of refining influenci- and helpfulness to the enlisted men coming to the Club. Some members of the ll()stess Association were pi-esent every evening in the Hostess Room serving coffee, cake. etc.. and acting as mothers. [>r supper and an evening of fellowship. During the time these entertainments and suppers were held, some five thousand men were received and welcomed at the church. They came from every state in the Union and from France, Belgium, JMigland and Russia, as ships from these countries were in port at vai-ious times. The members of the church took a personal interest in their guests and pre- sented them with Testaments, mufflers, comfort bags and other gifts. A com- mittee of women from the church visited those who were ill at the League Island Hospital and provided them with deficacies, books, pillows and afghans. Station- ery was supplied, and at the church a room was set aside as a writing room, so that the men had a place to sit down in quiet, to send to the home folks an account of their experiences in Philadelphia. A committee, representing the church, under the chairmanship of Mrs. Richard II. Wallace, met all of the expenses incidental to carrying on the work. This committee cooperated with the Naval Y. M. C. A. at League Island, and received the cordial heljj of Mr. Sutherland and his assistants there. "KoZY KORNER Kub" In the spring of 1918, the members of Gloria Dei (Old Swedes') Church, Rev. P. R. Stockman, Rector, took great interest in the men of the Guard and Fire Company No. 302, whose duty it was to guard the Delaware l^iver piers from Market Street to Greenwich Point, and they secured the rooms of the Seamen's Institute, at Front and Queen streets, as offering the best available quarters for a club for that service. Here was organized the "Kozy Korner Klub," which offered friendship and recreation not only to members of the Ciuard and Fire Company, but also to the gun crews of the United States Navy assigned to the cargo carriers and troopships, which came into the piers along the southern section of the city's water front, and to the men of the merchant marine. The Seamen's In- stitute cooperated by ofl'ering its facilities to the utmost, and the War Camp Connnunity Service gave a weekly entertainment, in addition to which the Philadelphia Section of the Navy League and the National League for Woman's Service cooperated in providing games and records, victrolas, sweaters and other knitted goods and personal service. The Navy League and various indixiduals, representing the Colonial Dames and other groups of Philadelphia's people, served Sunday suppers at intervals to the Army and Navy men and to the seamen. On Monday evenings dances were regularly conducted for the service men exclusiNcly, and this was listed in the printed weekly notice of the War Camp Conuuunity Service and allied activities. Men from the ships and boys along the water front and from the Navy Yard came to these dances, which were very pctpular. Succeeding the armistice in December, 1918, a small tablet was unveiled in the auditorium of the "Kozy Korner Klub," naming it "Victory Hall," and marking it as the scene of the war-time activities of the "Kozy Korner Klub." 62.5 The Ciuard and Kire Company remained on duly until liic fall of 1919, and continued to use the facilities of the "'Kozy Korner Klub" until they were dis- banded. The Yoi no People's Societies Philadelphia Christian Endeavor Union One thousand one hundred and ninety-seven of the young nu ii, who were members of the Philadelphia Christian Endeavor I'nion. saw service in the Army and Navy. Of this number, forty-four were killed or died from the ellVcts of wounds or from disease. While the.se members of the I nion were away those at home participated actively in all forms of patriotic work. The Chri.stian Endeavor Societies of the city held .services every Sunday ('veninji at the Navy '^'artl. and arraufjed various forms of entertainment there two nijthts a week. At certain periods, every night found the Christian l'>ndeavor workers at League Islanrl. ministering to the social side of the life of the sailors and marines. llvi'Tisr ^ (i2 names of men in the service. No records were kept of the work done by tin' wnnien but they engaged in practically every form of war activity. I'or the men overseas, and in tti(> camps away fiuni I'liiladelphia. the I nion provided comfort kits and sent Christmas boxes whenever it was possible. Hundreds of letters were written and those away were kepi in touch with conditions at home. For the men at League Island, the Inion cooperated with the V. M. C. A. and other agencies there. The hom(>s of the members of the liiion were thrown open to .sailors and marines, and in many cases letters were sent to the I nions or other church .societies to which the visitors belonged. [Reports from the members of the I nion show thai they continued their interest in Christian work, and one West Philadelphia man organized a H. Y. P. U. at IJalboa. Canal Zone, where he was stationed. His home society sent a Bible to the oHicers and members of the newly established I iiion. The Philad served with the colors. Those who remained in civilian life and the women of the Conference, look an active part in war work, and ever\ effort was made at all meetings to make patriotism the keynote. Five students at the Theological Seminary of the Reformed l'>piscopal Church, in Philadelphia, did special war work. The Rev. Dr. Stevens became a cha|>!ain and died in I'aris. Hugh McL. Newland served for two years with the Army Y. M. C. \. in camps in this country. Walter H. Stark, before the I nited States 624 entered the war, went to Canada and was sent out with the British Y. M. C. A., to India, where he served for over two years. Two other students sought enlist- ment in the Navy, but were rejected on account of defective eyesight. Brotherhood of St. Andrew At the outbreak of the war the Brotherhood of St. Andrew, of the Protestant Episcopal Church, tirganized an Army and Navy Department, and estabhshed its central office in Philadelphia, from which its war work throiigiiout the country was directed. Tiiis office kept a record of all Episcopalians in the service, an honor roll of more than one hundred thousand names. Each man, whose name was entered on the records, received from time to time letters of good cheer and en- couragement. Hundreds of young men in the Army and Navy wrote regularly to the central office, and all requests for literature and personal necessities were promptly met. Although the Brotherhood had no fund at its command for the suplying of such needs, it did have a list of private donors only too glad to comply with any request made by a man in the service. SI. Andrew's Cross, the Brotherhood magazine, went monthly to thousands of men both in the camps in this country and overseas. To keep the machinery of this national office in working order a force of from twenty to thirty clerks and stenographers was maintained through- out the war period, and the dissolution of the Army and Navy Department only occurred in October, 1919, when demobilization was practically completed and the men had returned to their homes. Of the eighty-two camp secretai'ies employed by the department and recruited from every part of the United States and Canada, eight were from Philadelphia and suburbs. One of these eight gave his life in service while working among the marines at Paris Island, S. C, his death occurring during the influenza epidemic of 1918. A Philadelphia Brotherhood man who contributed his work through almost the entire war period held religious services regularly for some months at Pier No. 19, in Philadelphia, ministering to the sailors located at that point. Brotherhood men in all sections of the city cooperated in the work done by various welfare organizations, in caring for the enlisted nien. For some lime also one of the most experienced camp secretaries made his headquarters in Philadelphia and devoted his time to assisting the individual cases which continually poured into the head- cjuarters office during the first months of demobilization. Spiritual or material aid was rendered as the case demanded. In many instances lie was able to turn over a returned man in need of help to the local Brotherhood Chapter nearest the man's home. The case was then atteufied to by local organization. One feature of the work of the Army and Navy otlicers in Philadelphia was that of keeping track of Episcopalians transferred from camp to camp and from station to station. Brotherhood camp secretaries or Episcopal chaplains in camps throughout the country sent frequent lists of Episcopalians transferred from one camp to another, and the Philadelphia office submitted these lists to the proper authority in the camp to which the men were transferred, thus insuring a church welcome to all such men arriving at a new camp. In this way the central office cooperated closely with Chaplain Dickens and his efficient staff of workers at the Philadelphia Navy Yard. f)25 When the time came to welcome the men home, organizations were formed in almost every Episcopal church in the city, called Chm-ch Welcome Committees. These committees were organized under the direction of workers sent out hy the central office of the Brotherhood's Army and Navy l)e])artnient. The plan was not confined to this city, but was also in operation throughout the country. These Church Welcome Committees wore made up of the older men of the church and the sub-committees were formed with definite duties assigned to i>ach. The sul)-committees made themselves responsible for the spiritual, material and social welfare of the returning men. Social functions were planned to welcome them, jobs were secured for those in need, or positions of a superior character for men who wished to make their return home the beginning of broader and more useful lives. Last, but not least, it was the aim of the Church Welcome ('onnnittee to induct the returning man into the vital life of the church and make him feel th(> parish's need of him and his work. Sixty such committees were formed in the diocese of Pennsylvania, forty-five of which were in the city of Philadelphia. Business Men's War Council of the Pocket Test.\ment League In April. l')17, the Pocket Testament League was organized to provide for the distribution of Testaments. From this date, work has been carried on in the Army and ISavy camps by trained personal workers who have given out over four hundred thousand copies. Of this number, considerabh more than one- fourlh, or in round figures, some one hunched and Iwenly-five thousand men have signed pledge cards as an expression of tlieir acceptance of Christianity and of their determination to read their Bibles daily. These cards have been sent lo the pastors and church leaders of the men's home comnnmities in order thai those naturally most interested in the welfare of the men might know of their newly made decisions. Two of the liest \vork(Ms were sent out with the \. Iv l'.. and carried on their work for six months or more with si)ieii(iid results. An Industrial Department was created, and an ever-increasing iMiiid)('r of factories and shops are cfxtperating with the C()uncil for noonday meetings. The morale of the men in service, as well as those engaged in the mamifaclure of munitions and other war materials, was greatly strengthened by the practical work of the Council, and its activities are being continued with ihe regular \rmy and Navy, and in industrial plants. The general activities have been directed by Philadelphia men. The officers include ,Ioseph M. Steele. Harry L. Paisley, A. I. Wood. (j. Percy Fox. ,L Lewis Twadell and Allan Sutherland. \mong the secTctaries who served during the period of the war were: E. W . Hushton. .lami-s B. Wolfe, ,L Herbert Hue and George T. B. Davis. Protestant Episcopal Cit\' Mission Atnong Ihe organized church agencies in I'hiladelphia which first res]ionded to meet the needs of men and women because of the war, was the Protestant Episcopal City Mis-sion in charge of Dr. William H. Jeffreys and the Rev. H. Cresson McHenry. A l?ureau of Information and ("oordinalion was op(>tir>(l in order that various activities might be directed into proper channels and duplication 626 of effort prevented. After this bureau had operated for some six months the diocese formed its own war commission and the biueau was closed. As one of the permanent reHef organizations of Philadelphia, tlie City Mission kept up that important service. All of its regular departments continued their work, and special attention was paid to the needs of service men and their families. All service men who applied for admission to the Home for Consump- tives were taken in, and through the Home Tuberculosis Department others were placed in institutions elsewhere, or provided with special food and sick diet in their own homes. Work at the Bethany Brotherhood House The wai-time work of Bethany Presbyterian Church was started by the women of the congregation under the leadership of the late Mrs. Mary Fales, a sister of John Wanamaker. Committees were organized, and many articles of clothing and other necessities were made for the men in service, both abroad and at home. Hundreds of men were entertained at the homes of the church people and thus enjoyed the quiet pleasures of the heaith-side. On July 21, 1917, the Bethany Brotherhood House, 2115-23 South Street, was thrown open to the men in seI•^ ice and its full equipment placed at their disposal. One hundred and sixty men were present at the opening night and were addressed by Mr. Wanamaker. One himdred beds were installed and othei' comforts provided. All work was done without any cost to the men and that they appreciated the hospitality of the Brotherhood House is evidenced by the many letters which came back from the men themselves and from their relatives, who had heard of the church's work. George Kugler was in charge at the Brotherhood House. The Lutheran Service House The Lutheran Church provided for Philadelphia an unusually attractive Service House in which hundreds of men fotmd a real touch of home. The work was under the general direction of the National Lutheran War Com- mission. The Lutheran Women's League of Philadelphia, of whicli Mrs. Charles L. Fry is President, undertook the special conduct of the Philadelphia Service House. The handsome home at 509 S. Broad Street, which was formerly the residence of Col- onel E. V. Morrell, was rented, and a special Service House Connnittee, with Mrs. William P. M. Braun, Chairman, was appointed. The principal aim of the Com- mittee was to estabUsh a real home — not merely a public meeting place for the soldier, sailor and marine. The many expressions of gratitude and appreciation proved that the aim was realized and the name of " Home, Sweet Home, " frequently given. The house, being one of the finest residences in Philadelphia, with its spacious hall and rooms was readily given the home atmosphere which endeared it to so many service men. A large music room with piano, victrola, good pictures and rugs, afforded opportunity for music and informal entertainments. 627 Music Itooni l.ullifran Strrifi' (Auh A jtranii' mom was alwass open and inan\ pleasant lioiiis wcro j)asso(l there. The library and writing room, when- qiuet reigned, was usually full of men who were grati'ful for a chaiii'i^ lo read ami write with sucli restfid surroundings. In the green and white dining-room with its clean glass top tables, delicious meals were served. The Lutheran Churches furnished committees of women and girls who cooked and served meals '".just like mother did" — and the expressions. "Some chow," "Best I've liad since 1 left home," testiiied to the grateful appre- ciation of the boys. The third and fourth floors contained beds the criticism of those being "they were toagood." These rooms were attended to by volunteers from the various churches. The service throughout the house was one of love, prompted by the desire to surround our brave boys with the comforts of home. The members f)f all committees put aside all other engagements and gave their time willingK and cheer- fully. The success of the Lutheran Service House was largely due to the personal thought and care gi\en: the men were not dealt with en masse but as in(li\ iduals: birth(la> pailies and other features of })erst)nal interest made men feel that "Some- body really cares." The Lutheran Ser\ ice House was opened for soldiers, sailors and marines February I, 1918. and closed April 15th, 191'>. About 2.i. ()()() men were guests during these days and many visitors enjoyed the comforts of the house. The members of the Committee were: Mrs. Charles L. Fry, Mrs. Enos Ueeser Artman. Mrs. Wilham T. Tonner. Mrs. Joseph F. Hartman, Mrs. Adolph VVoU. Mrs. Burton C. Simon. Miss Bertha I-:. Heid, Airs. William P. AL Braun. Chairman. 62R Olu St. Stephen's Club— 1917-101') Old Si. Stephen's Cliil) had its inception in the desire to provide shelter and wholesome entertainment for the thousands of sailors, soldiers and marines wiio poured into Philadelphia with America's entry into the war, and who drifted aimlessly about the streets, often falling a prey to the vicious eleiiKMit of thi^ city. Situated in the heart of the city, St. Stephen's Church was peculiarly adapted for this work, and its Rector, Dr. Carl E. (irammer. and the Associate Rector, Rev. Frederick B. Keable. welcomed the opportunity to help these lads who were going overseas to fight our battles. Work was early begun among the sailors at League Island. ( )n .hnie 10, 1917. two hundred boys from the Navy Yard were entertained at dinner at the City Club by members of St. Stephen's, and the question was asked, "How would you like to have a club house of your own. where you may meet your friends, read or write your letters, and enjoy a good (>ntertainment every evening?" The proposition met with an enthusiastic acceptance; the Sunday School building was quickly (ittetl up, and on .lune 2,5, 1917, it was turned over to the boys, the opening concert being given by the crew of the Iiuliuna. The building and its furnishings were of the simplest. Init this feature was appretiated by the club members, as there was nothing too fine for use. The front room downstairs held the ofBce desk, tables fitted up with stationery for correspondence, reading matter, a victrola. and a piano which was in constant use day and night. The back room contained several pool tables and a shulTleboard which were nnich in demand. Between the two a circular counter enclosed the domain of the stew- ardess who served a buffet luncheon at five o'clock and again at half past nine, free of charge. Needless to say this feature of the Club was appreciated, and Mrs. Place, who presided rosy and smiling over her volunteer assistants, was one of the most popular meinl)ers of the staff. The afiairs of the Club were administered by an Executive ( '.onunittee, with Andrew Luffbarry as Chairman. Howard Reifsnyder was at the head of the Financial Department, securing conlril)utions from public-spirittxl citizens all over the city. E. W. Moore, Director of the evening entertainments, was assisted by mu- sicians, elocutionists and dramatic societies. The moving pictures were a popular feature. The Club had its own machine, and films were generously furnished l)y the various motion pictme corptjrations of Philadelphia. Theatre managers were also kind, chief among them being H. '1\ Jordan, Manager of Keith's Theatre, who gave the entire evening entertainment for eighty-one successive Wednesdays. The registration system of the Club was a great success and furnished valu- able information to the families of a number of the men. A like service was ren- dered by a card sent to the family of each visitor which read as follows: "Our Club has welcomed and entertained over 200,000 .soldiers, sailors and iiiarincs in the service of our country. It seems to us that in these anxious hours you will be comforted to learn that your son is in good health and has chosen to use our club house and accept our entertainment and good-fellowship. We are deeply interested in liim and his comrades and will help him in any way we can. God grant that he may return to you whole in body and unstained in soul." Many appreciative letters were received in return for this card from parents who were rejoiced to know that their boys were well and safe " in such a fine reli- gious place" as one good woman put it. 629 TTTK nOMW ( VTIKIT.TC VnCHOIOrKSK OF PIIIF. \ni:i.l'II I \ 1\ II li; W \U WOMK IlK.MT Hicv. Ili-Mn T. l)iu Mcooi.K. IXIX. LL.D.* The detailed history of the great agencies of the World War camiot ho liill\ written for years to come; today, only a hroad outline can he fairly traced. The Federal and State (iovenuiients and many historical organizations are gathering and preparing statistics, hut all acknowledge the vastness of the task and the need of time for collecting and ordering data. No such great event had ever happened so quickly; and never was there such a mobilization of gigantic forces. The part played, therefore, by the Catholic Church and the ("atholiis t)f Philadelphia can. at this writing, merely be indicated; later, fuller details, now agathering. will he set down with historical calm and, so far as possible. in exact figures and language. It should hv noted here thai the work of the Knights of Columbus is not included in thi> slati^nent; their report appears under a separate heading and treatment. .Neither is there any attempt made now to fornndale the activities of various societies of Catholics. This account is meant merely as a modest oulline of the endeavors of the Catholic Church in Philadelphia to help win the war. lo make the world safe for denuu-rai-y, to help the lighlers and their families and to give assistance to the needy of Europe. In the lirst years of the war, whili> the struggle was conlined to the nations of i-^urope, numerous appeals were made to the Archbishop of i'hiladel()hia for aid for the widows and orphans of the contending peoples, and his approbation was sought by the International Ued Cross and kindred organizations for their melliods and for means to alles iate sull'ering and privation in the war-wrecked countries. \ll these requests were honored, and so far as possible helped. Within three years two diocesan appeals were issued in behalf of thi> Melgians, which rcali/cd nearly •j^.'j.dOO. The returns from the lirst collection weie sent direct to Cardinal Mercier; and from the second, appro.vimating $10,000, to Cardinal (iibbons. The French, Italian, IJlluianian. Polish, Sla\onian. and (ireek Uulhenian conunillfes soliiilcd linancial aiil for the poor anil alllicted of their respective co-nationalists. When war was formally declared by the I niled Stiiles, the national and local connniltees, appriiik,"" in wiiicii (X'ciirred tiiese words: "War is now al onr doors. 1(- can no lonj^'er he averlcd. I'rcsidenl, Wilson did all he possibly could, l)y nif,dil and day, Lo slave il oil'; l)ul lie was I'oreed by (be pres- sure of outraged opinion to take the penulliniate step — th(^ caliiiif; logc^ther oC Con- gress to consult lor the honor and safely of the conntiy. The dale fixed for the muster is the 2d of April, if Conj^ncss declares war, we may not ^^o to it with the light heart that Ollivi(!r, the Krench War Minister, boasted of in lUTO; we can do so with what is better -a clear conscienci^ as a goveiiunent and leave the event with (iod." On April 5, l'>17, the day before war was formally declaic^d by the United States, Archbislictp Prenderj^asl issued the following letter' to his cleigy and laity: "While the ("alholic ('hurch comrrrands }d the formation of a National Calliolic War ('.oiincil, which should look to the material and spiiitiral aid of the cha[)lains who would b<; re- quired for tli(> soldier's. Under Philadelphia inlluence, the whole conception was broadened to incltrde e\cry species of work arrd help that would be nei'essary, aird to orgarrize all the Catlr((lic forces throrrghoul the country. As a conseqrrenc:e the National Catholic War Council undertook, and in a great measure accomplished, the coordination of all Catholic available resources and of all Catholic nren's and women's sot'ieties throughorrt the I riited Slates. All these forces wcr'c dii'etlcd to the winning of the war, to the spiritual, rrroral and temporal wclfar'e of the soldier, to the care of the soldier's family arrd to the heightening and steadying of the general morale in and out of the camps. From the National Catholic War Council came the National Catholic Welfare Coun('il, eager and i-eady for reconstruction work and for the deepening and pres- ervation of the American spirit. livery facrrlty of the Catholic Cluir-ch — its manhood, its womanhood, its priesthood, its sisterhoods, its churches, schools and hospitals — were pi'epared, and lirred solidly behind the President and the nation. Spiritually, in upholding religion and morals, in readiness to serve tlu; wounded, the 631 sick and tho dying: inlollcctually, in upholding right principles of government and order; materially, in supplying man-powerand funds — the Catholic Church was ready to accept her share of leadersliip and service, to do her part. All her forces, spiritual and temporal, were ready for a just cause, as were the Army and Navy of the nation. ■■ [Philadelphia's contribution to the Government in the present crisis is moiumiental and no sacrifice has been considered too great. From that memo- rable (jood Friday, 19 IT, when war was proclaimed, every measure lias received generous support from prelate, priest and layman. The work of the Catholics in this diocese in the Liberty Loan Campaigns, the Red Cross, Knights of Columlins and War Chest drives, and all other kindied activities, is still fresh in the minds of all." ■■ It has been claimed that Philadelphia led the Hierarchy of the country in subscribing to the [liberty Loan." "It will be the first time, I am informed," said 11. Wilson Moorehouse, of the Federal Reserve Bank Committee, "that the Catholic Church has done anything of the kind. The fact that the Archl)ishop of Philadelphia has given us assurance, of course, is significant of the C.hurih throughout the country, as I understand it." It is estimated (hat 20,000 Catholics from America died in the war — prac- tically 20 per cent of all the casualties. At least LOOO Catholics of the Diocese of Philadelphia made the supreme sacrifice. More than 900 names of these heroes are on record today, with nearly one-third more parishes to report. We have no accurate number at present of the number of Catholics from Phila- delphia who served in the I iiited Slates forces during the war; but it is confi- dently believed that when th(> lists are completed, Philadelphia will be found to maintain the high average of Catholic contribution of men for Army, Navy and Marine Corps. Whole s(jcieties of young men entered the service, most of them volunteering. The records of one church society reads, "Club closed until after war; all members in Army." Thirty-two Philadelphia priests were Army or Navy Chaplains more had volunteered and were waiting the word of call. Indeed, all jjriesls under forty years of age were asked by the Archbishop to oiler their services, and his Grace publicly notified his people that he was ready, if necessary, to rob the churches of their needed clergy, to meet the need of chaplains for \rmy and Navy; and every rector gave his assent. Before our entrance into war, our Calhofic women had lorened Bed Cross branches and were aiding the needy in Furope. As the Bed Cross feature of C^athofic war activity is treated of formally in the Red Cross report, only a few lines of statement will be made here; but it may not be amiss to call attention to the fact that th(> " Med ( ,rnss" and the Bed Cioss service were initiated by a Cath- olic priest. Saint Camillus of Lellis, in the sixteenth century. Pope Sixtus \. granted permission to him and his coworkers to use a red cross as the distinguishing mark of the society of nurses to bi' formed to minister to the sick and the wouikIimI. These Bed Cross nurses of Saint tiamillus cared for the people, particularly in time of pestilence and of war. They served here in America, long years ago, in Peru and in Mexico: they looked after- the wounded in the wars of Mexico as late as the year 1821. The Catholic womeii ot Philadelphia formed Auxiliary \'^^ of the Bed Cross two weeks after our entrance into the conflicl. They sent to the front .'550,000 surgical dressings, and were paid the high compliment by the War Depart- ment of having their dressings passed without re-inspection. The stamp, " War 632 I Field Mas Auxiliary 138," was takon as sufficient f;uarant(M'. Botli the quantity and tlie compliment speak volumes for the work clone. They received their supplies of wool in 300 and 400 pound allotments, and returned to the Government each fortnight a truck load of sweaters, socks and other "conifys" for overseas use. Their membership was 3,000, not numbering the juniors. Six large convents, as well as many parishes, formed centers. As the Senior Red Cross had anticipated the war and the call for laborers, so too. the .lunior Red Cross was planned and in operation before the President's re([uest iiad been published. All these activities were largely the inspiration of the members of the Alliance of Catholic Women. Everything that a woman or a giil could and should do for the soldiers and the nation, our Cathohc womanhood undertook. Many were formally joined to avowed Catholic societies but many, too, had associated themselves with general organizations. Philadelphia Catholic women were represented in every mo\ement — some here, some overseas. The National Catholic War Council had opened a training school in Washington for social service work in Europe and at home. Our Phila- delphia girls and young women attended this school and did their share at home and abroad. One of the largest works accomplished by the Philadelphia Alliance of Catholic Women was the conduct of the Benedict Service Club, wliich had been established in Philadelphia by the National Catholic War Council, for all men in service, and named by it in honor of Pope Benedict XV. Here the women served night and day, and ministered to every want of the soldiers and sailors, who found in this club house every comfort and help. The report of the Benedict Service Club showed that during eleven months it received — mostly from Camp Dix, Camp Meade and the League Island Navy Yard — 223,233 soldier and sailor guests. It supplied during the same period, 55,613 lodgings and 131,809 meals. The monthly attendance varied from 10,500 to 30,318. The Alliance of Catholic (>:i.3 Women gladly gave their services to tlie entertainment of the soldiers and sailors. The entertainments were under the management of a joint committee representing ail the C.atholic societies of Philadelphia. These are only some of the women's work for the soldier. The hospitals were ever ready to render all the nei'ded help and medical care and nursing. The National Catholic War Council especially tilted the Misericordia Hospital for soldier service. All the other Catholic hospitals held themsehcs ready for every emergency and organized special departments of social service and lare. No more hel|)ful or heroic duty was performed during the war than the nursing of both soldier and ci\ ilian during the fatal e|)idemic of influenza that raged in I'hila- delphia during October of 1917. Sixteen soldiers, a lieutenant and his lifleen men, were passing through the city under military orders and were encamped in the City Hall. Over night they developed the dread dis(>ase. The Philopaliian Club was at once offered for tlu> care of the men. At ten in the morning it was a luxurious club house, at live in the afternoon it was a splendidly equipped hospital. Forty Sisters at once took charge of hospital and patients. The same thing was enacted at the dismantled Medico-Chirurgical Hospital. Trained muses had been arranged for and volunteer nurses had been secured, hiil the physicians were at llnir wits' end for lack of help. Archbisho}) Dougherty was a[)pealed to towards bedtime one night, and promised that in the morning a sufficient Muud)er of Nuns woidd be at the new emergency hospital. And so the work of the Catholic Sisterhoods grew. Hospital and workhouse were su])plied: and then the call came from th(> helpless dying in private houses. More than '2.'2M) Nuns left their convents and schools and went wherever needed, making no (iislinclion of colur, race or religion. All the Catholic Sisterhoods offered volunteers; all gladly risked their lives, some lost theirs in this splendid work of mercy, .\ichbishop Dougherty gave permission to utilize all church buildings — particularly parochial halls and schools — for hospital l>urposes. Again, every agency of the Catholic Church was turned to the needs of till" hour — and the needs were great indeed, and the hour oiii' of the darkest in Philadelphia's history. The priests were everywhere visiting and looking after the sick ami dying themselves dying in consecpience ; laymen and lay- wonK-n and all organized agencies turned to give a helping hand. Two hundred and twenty-five ecclesiastical students of the Theological Seminary volunteered as orderlies and muses in the hos|)itals and large institutions. Many of them buried the dead, when no one could be had to dig the graves. In one cemetery alone, whose yearly number of burials was 5,000, the seminarians buried 2.600 corpses in a month. To do this they worked many times far into the night, 'i'he Chairman of the Soldiers' Aid Committee of City Councils said: "For the care given the lieutenant and his fifteen men who were brought to this city and taken to the I'hilopatrian Emergency Hospital lur treatment, no statement of our appreciation would be exaggerated." One of the medical chiefs said: "In thii In -three years" experience in city hospitals I never witnessed sut-h heroic de- votion to duly as that manifested by these Sisters. I have never seen a greater demonslration of real charity than has been gi\i'n by the Sisters in their nursing of the sick, irrespective of the creed or color of the victims, wherever the Nuns went." Mayor Smith said : " Immediate relief was the result of the aid afforded by the Arch- bishop. Beyond any doubt the work of the Roman Catholic Church resulted in sav- 6,34 ing iiiiiumorable lives." Archbisliup Dougherty met the crisis promptly and efficiently. His forces answered every call and without delay. The two great sinews of war were men and money. Not only did the Catholics give their share of fighting men, but the Catholic Cliurch did everything in her power to deepen their sense of duty, to sanctify their endeavors and to hallow their sacrifices, deaths and memories. Service flags were raised in every church, and as a church function. Sermons and rallies were innumerable; ()ray('rs were unceasing — not for slaughter, not for a vain, brutal victory, but for the triinriph of the right. Every spiritual and moral safeguard that could be thrown around the soldiers, and about the non-combatants, was employed, and every sjiiritual and moral heljjful force that could protect innoi'ence and recover the prodigal was made use of, regardless of sacrifice. In the raising of funds, too, the Catholic Church did her full share. The matter of the First Liberty Loan was cjuite new to the people and not so generally organized, but active participation was obtained from every pastor, under the leadership and inspiration of the Ordinary. In the Second Loan the Catholic Church took the lead in the Third Federal Bank Reserve District, and every inlluence possible, from the Archbishop down, was used to promote the Loan. Appeals were read from every Catholic pulpit, and pastors were empowered to use any availal)le church funds in purchase of the bonds. There was scarcely a parish or institution in the Diocese that did not invest — some in the thousands — and that did not form connnittees or parish organizations to promote the Loan. In the Third Loan the activities of the Catholic Church were even greater than in the Second. The Fourth Loan was the greatest effort and produced very satis- factory results. To the amounts that were credited to the churches must be added the subscriptions of the Knights of Columbus, and tlie subscriptions credited to the Foreign Language Division of the Liberty Loaii Committee, many of whose workers were Catholics. The great force of the Church's financial help cannot be named in figures or estimated merely in dollars; it was the united etfort of archbishop, priest and people, both as to the working force in obtaining sul)scriptions and the moral force to subscribe to the Loan. In some parishes an active house-to-house canvass was made, through their Church Collections Association, and every individual wage-earner subscribed tuv at least one bond. A number of parishes reached the half million mark in some of the individual drives, and more than once. One small parish subscribed .§71,000. In the Third Loan more than $3,000,000 was credited to the work of the pupils in the paiochial schools and Catholic convents and colleges. With only 50 per cent of the parishes reporting, nearly $7,000,000 of subscriptions were credited to the Catholic churches in this Loan; .$10,000,000 of subscriptions were reported for the Fourth Loan — with more than 20 per cent of the parishes to be heard from. Archbishop Dougherty had accepted $17,000,000 for the Cathofic share of the $50,000,000 allotted to all the churches, and it is believed that every dollar was paid in. In the Victory Loan more than $6,000,000 is of record — always not including Knights of Columbus, the Foreign Language Division or private sub- scriptions. The labors of the men and the women who had to stay at home — how they 635 oponod tlioir cliih houses ami tlioir homes to tlie soKliers, how they piox iilod tor the men in the ser\ ice the httle things thatcomiled soimich, how they hongiit and sold bonds and w'ai' stamps, wonld require space beyond reasonable limits of this presen- tation. Some day the full story of America's sacrifices and achievements will please God, be told at least in some detail. Some day. too. the work of the Catholic Church will be made manifest. Then, so far as Philadelphia is con- cerned, the patriotism, the deep spiritual concern, the thirst lor helpfulness to country and to mankind of Archbishop Prendergust. of Hishoj) McCort. of Archbishop (now, Cardinal) Dougherty will be better known. Then. too. will the generous work of the Catholics of Philadelphia, and the inagnilicent sacrilices of the Knights of Columbus, be given a merited prominence in the great agencies of the World War. "America turned the scales in favor of the Allies, and the worlil can thank the I Hi ted States for victory. Our soldiers and sailors have covered themselves with immortal glory. Our country will now doubtless ent(>r into a new epoch of greatness. She should henci'forth lead all nations, not only linancially and in- dustrially but also in the cultivation of religion and democratic ideals." This was the '"Peace" statement of the Philadel|)hia Catholic journal. The Catholic Church through its National Calholit' War Council did its share for right and justice and humanity, in the days of the war. Now. in the days of peace, it will, through its W'elfare Council, make for the i iilli\ati(m of religion and of democratic ideals. TIM. WAR ACTIMTIKS OF TllK .IKWISIl CONCMKC V'lK )\S WD oiiiKM Ji;wisn ()H(;\MZ\ri()\s ok piiii.\ni:i,piii\ I'y H \ijni Lkon II. Clm \i.i;m. Congregation Mik\eh Isiai'l The .li'wish organizations, societies and groups of one sort and another liial engaged in various war activities were so numerous, and their efforts covered such a wide Held, that it would b(^ impossible, within the limits of this work, to enumerate their ai'complishments in detail. It may be said, in biief. that there was no .lewish organization or institution in existence at the time of the war that did not engage in war work. \nd in addition, many .Jewish associations were created for the express and sole piupose of war acti\ity chief of which, of course, was the Jewish Welfare Board, a nation-wide organization. For the rest, the most compn^hiMisixc idea of .Jewish war woik in this city can be gi\en by an account of the activities of the most important institutions, and of their leaders. Congregation .\dath Jeshurun (Broad and Diamond streets) organized a Hed Cross \uxiliary No. 'rl. which met weekly tliroiiglidul the war and for several months thereafter. I nder the auspices of I his au\iliar.\ . and of the ( '.ongregational organization, "The Adath Jeshurun .\ssembl\. " Liberty Sings and entertainments were arranged at the synagogue for men at near-by camps. Seventy-five men of the congregation went nito the service. ser\ iiig on land, water, or in the air. Three of them were killed on the field of battle: Morris Cioldslein. \aroii J. Price and Jlemy I'rank Singer. The men and women of the Congregation and the Boy Sct)ut and (iirl Scout Troops of the Congregation participated in e\ery Liberty Loan drive. The Congregation has placed a bronze tablet in the synagogue in honor of those who served and fell. J^abbi Max D. Klein, minister of the Con- (.36 gregation, spoke at Camp Dix, Camp Lee and Cape May, under the auspices of the Jewish Welfare Board. Congregation Beth Israel (32d Street and Montgomery Avenue) maintained a Red Cross Auxiliary. Eighty-five young men of this congregation were engaged in the various branches of the government service. Six of them gave their lives to their country: Captain Frederick D. Clair, Sergeant Irving S. Clair, George Katz, Jerome Marks, Alexander J. Roth and Benjamin Spitzer. The Daughters of Beth Israel took a very active part in Red Cross work and Liberty Loan drives. The officers of this organization included Mrs. Fannie B. Lesser, Mrs. Alexander Block, Mrs. Samuel Herbach, Mrs. William M. Lewis, Mrs. S. Belle Cohn, Mrs. Max S. Apt and Mrs. Arthur Cohen. Rabbi Marvin Nathan, minister of the Congregation, conducted services at different camps. Congregation Benai Jeshurun (31st and Diamond streets) did not fall behind the larger congregations in various patriotic activities. Rabbi Davidovitz received a commission as Chaplain in the United States Army, and saw service abroad. He was wounded. Congregation Beth El (58th and Walnut streets) gave forty of its young men to the service of the United States Army and Navy. A B(>d Cross branch met every Thursday evening at the synagogue and made material for hospital us(\ Sweaters, helmets and wrist bands were knitted, and kits were donated. Com- mittees met detachments of soldiers passing through the city and jirovided them with cigarettes, coffee and sandwiches. Entertaimiients were furnished at the Navy Yard. The Congregation and the sisterhood participated in the various drives for Liberty Loans. Rabbi Samuel Fredman received a commission as Chaplain in the Army. Congregation Keneseth Israel (Broad Street and Columbia Avenue) had 273 men in the service. The sisterhood of the CoTigregation gave twenty suppers and dances to 3,000 enlisted men. They sent to the Navy Yard 11,123 magazines. 866 books, sheet music, cards, victrolas, records, games and typewriters. To the Jewish Welfare Board they sent $700 in money, also books, magazines, games a victrola, '"smileage books," and cigarettes. They formed Red Cross Auxiliary No. 291, which turned out 7,000 hospital garments, 4,000 knitted garments, 0. D. shirts. They donated kits, and participated in a linen shower. The sisterhood acted as a sponsor for the LI. S. Transport De Kalh, providing subscriptions to twelve weekly and monthly magazines, games, victrolas, books and everything needed in provide recreation for the boys. They sent 3,000 copies of Dr. Joseph Rrauskopf's discourses abroad, also Hanucah boxes and Rosh Hashana (Jewish New Year) cards. Rabbi Joseph Krauskopf, minister of the Congregation, was summoned to Washington by Mr. Hoover to help in the Department of Food Conservation. He served for three montiis at Washington and for more than a year afterward in the food conservation work in the City and State. Dr. Krauskopf was Chairman of the various Liberty and Victory Loan drives for the Jewish Conununity of Philadelphia. Congregation Mikveh Israel (Broad and York streets), through the "Mikveh Israel Association. " applied in May. 1917, for a charter for a Red Cross Auxiliary in the Southeastern Pennsylvania Chapter. Auxiliary No. 172 was established, the officers of which were Miss EUnor Solis-Cohen, Chairman, Mrs. Leon H. Elmaleh Secretary, and Miss Aimee Pereyra, Treasurer. A workroom for the making of hos- 637 pital garments was opened in the adjoining building, Gratz College, under the direction of INIiss Pcreyra. The workroom was open one day a week, winter and summer, from June. 1917, to March. 1010. Hospital garments and supplies, comfort kitsaud refugee garments were made, ilic kiiilling of all articles iK'ccssary for the men in the service, and later for the refugees, was done in the homes of the members. In December. 1017. the auxiliary opened an additional work- room, under the direction of Miss Elizabeth Solis. at Dropsie College, for the making of surgical dressings. Later, Mrs. Cyrus Adler took charge of this de- partment, and work was continued until "Noxemher, 1018. Reclamation work, the repair of soldiers' garments, was undertaken l)y the auxiliary, under the direc- tion of Mrs. Lewis Steinbach. All appeals for clothing, linens, comfort kits, etc., were prom|)lly and generously responded to. The women of the ("ongregation also worked with the Jewish Welfare Board in its various acliviti(>s. The work of the food consen'ation, under the chairmanship of Mrs. luiiest Lowengrund. was carried on with much zeal. In the Liberty and \ ictory Loan drives, excellent work was done under the chairmanship of Mrs. l-'.dward W hitehill. Miss Amelia Tobiason was in charge of the collection of funds for the Belgian children. Fifty- one young men of the Congregation were in th(> service of the (iovernment. Of that munber. thirteen were privates. The remainder ranged in rank from ser- geant to captain in the Army, and from petty ollicer to liiMitenant conunander in the \ax'>". Among the lunnber were Lieutenant Commander Albert M. Cohen. I . S. IS., Legion of Honor; ('aptain Jacques M. Swaab, Croix de Guerre, American Ace, who downed eleven German yjlanes. and Sergeant Simon Cohen, Croix de Guerre. The Be\. Leon II. Llmaleh. minister of the Congregation, acted as Jewish ("haplain at the Philadel|)hia Navy Yard from May. 1917, to June. 1010. He was also Chairman of the religious committee of the Jewish Welfare Board, and took an active part in all the Liberty Loan drives. Congregati(m Rodeph Shalom (Broad and .Mt. \ernon streets) gave 150 men to the service. Its sisterhood established Red Cross Auxiliary No. 121, which met every Tuesday for two years, winter and sunnner, made over 2.,'300 garments. The Liberty Loan Committee produced splendid results. Through the endeavors of the Becreation Committee, many I . S. vessels were the recipients of musical in- struments, records, games, sporting goods, books, subscriptions to magazines, and other helps to tide over many weary hours on shi()l)oard. A unique feature of the war work of this congregation was the formation of a children's class. A very large proportion of thirty-nine blankets donated by the sisterhood for the use of convalescents, was made by this unit. Rabbi Berkowitz, minister of the Con- gregation, visited different camps at various limes, conducted services, and preached. The Philadelphia Section of the (Council of .lewish Women was most actively concerned with war work. It estabhshed three Bed Cross auxiliaries, Nos. 200. 82 and 292. The Chairman of Auxiliary No. 200 was Mrs. J. M. Rice, of German- town, in whose home the work of this auxiliary was carried on. It had its sessions in I'onjunction with other local auxiliaries, and accf)mplislied nuich in all branches of Red Cross work. Auxiliary No. 82. of which Mrs. Max Aaron, was Chairman, was the first Jewish auxiliary formed. It met every Friday, all day, and when articles were urgently needed, extra sessions were called. It met at the home 638 of the Chairman, where the Uving room had been transformed into a Red Cross workroom, with oil-cloth covered tables, and modern gauze folding and cutting appliances. The chief work of this unit was surgical dressings, of which it pro- duced 10,000. Its members also knitted all the needful articles, made house- wives, and property bags; and also adopted and maintained a French Orphan for two years. The auxiliary consisted of thirty-five women. The Chairman of Auxiliary No. 292 was Miss Alice T. Fleisher. This auxiliary was formed for the purpose of making surgical dressings, and met on Wednesday from 9 a.m. to 5 P.M., averaging an attendance of thirty to forty women. As many teachers, and others employed during the day, wished an opportunity to do something, the unit opened Thursday evenings from 8 until 10 o'clock. In this group there were twenty-five to thirty women. All meetings were held at the Young Men's Hebrew Association Building. This unit continued its work until February 20, 1919. Auxiliary No. 306, also under the direction of the Council, was generally known as the "Pajama Factory." It was run systematically on a factory basis. A workroom was donated by Gimbel Brothers, and equipped by the organization as an up-to-date factory, with motor-driven machines, and other labor-saving devices. It was open five days a week, all day. Efficient women, as captains, taught and supervised the work. It turned out thousands of pairs of pajamas, and, as the emergency demanded, it made also trench sUppers, bed sacques, surgical aprons, comfort kits, and Siberian vests. After the armistice, it manufactured garments for the refugees. The Chairman of this auxiliary was Mrs. Harry J. Bissinger. The Council also formed a Navy Recreation Committee of which Mrs. Edwin M. Goldsmith was Chairman. This committee supplied the men at League Island with victrolas, records and games. The President of the Phila- delphia Section of the Council of Jewish Women, Mrs. Max L. MargoUs, was head of a Red Cross canteen auxiliary of one hundred Jewish women, and she served as lieutenant regularly once a month for the duration of the war. The Big Sisters, through its Junior Clubs, did Red Cross work of different kinds, and also entertained Army and Navy men stationed around the city. 639 AMEBIC A \ LIBRARY ASSOCIATION Philadelphia Dispatch Uffice ^HK WAR \\()HI\ i>{ \ho \iiicii(aii l>ibran>' Associalii)n, known as the A. L. A. Lihraiy W ar Service, was carried on with the approval of the L nited States Government, and was one of the seven war-work orfianizations aiilhorizod by the "Commissions on Traininf; (^.amp Acli\ities'" to carry on library work with both the Army and Navy. No cliarge of any kind was iiiad<> for this service. In June, 1918, The Free Library of Philadelphia closed the lecture room of the H. Josepiiine Widener Branch, removed all the seats and other furniture IVoiu il and turuetl over the entire room, tOfrelhcr with other space in the sa!iu' l)uildinf;. to the American Library Association to be used as an ( )\erseas Dispatch Oflice. From this time on. while the work remained under the supervision of !■". II. I'rice. it was conducted akjug two separate lines, as follows: 1. The Overseas Dispatch Office, charged with: (a) Establishing and maintaining suitable ((illectiuns of reading tnatler ioi the use of service men and goxcrnmeni einplo\es al or near Philadelphia. I'orty- nine libraries were established locally. In this work, existing organizations were utilized for the distribution of books, rather than risk the delay and expense of erecting teini)ora!->' buildings for the exclusive use of the A. L. \. (b) The direct shipment of books to the A. K. F., naval bases, lunal a\iatiou and radio stations overseas. The forwarding of books to camps, cantomnents. forts, munition plants and hospitals in the Inited States. Shipments of this character were packed in strongly made cases holding from sixty to eighty \ohunes each. These cases could be stacked on edge to form rough sectional hook cases, thus making the books available for use as soon as received. (c) The supply of reading matter for use of the men on the battleships, cruisers, destroyers, submarines and smaller vessels of the Navy, troop transports, N. 0. T. S. boats and to the armed guards on merchant shijis. Frequently, on troop transports, from (me to two thousand books were re- quired for each trip. Arrangements were made to collect the books when the vessels reached France and send them ashore for use at one of the "^ Huts," "K. of C." or Salvation Army Buildings near the front. Wlien the return movement of our troops from France began, the system was reversed, most of the necessary books being placed on board the transport at the French embarkation port. On this side the only necessity was to replace badly worn books, and supply large (piantities of I lie latest magazines. 2. A. L. .\. HospiT.\L Service, charged with the sujipK of educational and recrea- tional reading to all service men in the hospitals of Philadelphia. 640 Ijuuk.sjur Itu- (Jill,! Hoars, al U. S. A. Hospilal Nii. ??. Miss Jean E. Graffen who had complete charge of this work, organized well equipped libraries at the three largest government hospitals, supplementing these by placing small collections of books directly in the wards, solariums and sick bays of twelve local hospitals, where the books were freely accessibl(> to the men. Twice a week each man was visited at his bedside by the hospital librarian, who took a personal interest in providing him with exactly the book or books desired. Among these supplied were medical and scientific books for the use of the doctors and nurses of the hospital staff, vocational books for the wounded, who, owing to partial disability, were seeking new means of support, technical books relating to every trade and profession, as well as poetry, literature and drama, to say nothing of fiction, for which there was an insistent demand. Books impossible to supply from the various A. L. A. hospital collections, were borrowed by Miss (iraffen from The Free Library of Philadelphia and sent direct to the men reciuesting them, over 9,000 such loans being secured, each supplying a specific need. Thousands of magazines and scrap books were dis- tributed in the hospitals and to sick bays. The commanding medical officers in charge of the various hospitals appreciated the value of the A. L. A. Hospital Service, permitting the work to continue without interruption during the entire period of the inlluenza epidemic. On October 31, 19 L9, the A. L. A. relinquished to United States Govei control, all books and library equipment in use at Army or Navy points, to this date the various library collections had been reorganized and all in poor condition replaced, making it possible to turn over to the government for use of the service men at Philadelphia, 16,710 books all in fine condition. Collec- nment Prior books f.ll tions of books at the clubs and welfare organizations were permitted to remain as long as work was continued for the service men, or during the period of demobil- ization for ex-service men. The American Library Association is indebted to The Free Library of Phila- delphia for the necessary space to carry on its war work, for (lie services of Miss Craffen and Mr. Price, for the loan of over 9,000 books to the A. L. A. Hospital Service, and for its effort in collecting books and funds from the citizens of Philadelphia. Thanks are due to the following gentlemen, all of whom gave the finest possible cooperation: Hon. William C. S[)roul. ,Iohii Ashhursl. 11. II. Furness. Jr., Samuel B. Fares, Ciiarles ('.. Kinney. \\. J. -McLaughlin and Waller Lee. and to the American Ice Co., American Red Cross, Emergency Aid of PeiHis\lvania. .lewish Welfare Board. Motor Messenger Service. Philadelphia County Sunday School Association and Y. M. C. A. Transport Service. TITK FRi:i: LIBRARY OF PHILADELPHIA When the Inited States entered the war, all bulletin boards at the Main Library Building. 13tli and Locust streets, and at the twenty-eight brancli libraries were used ex(hisi\cly to exhibit posters, placards and appeals in support of the war. Over LlOO separate appeals were thus given publicity, and these posters and pla- cards now form part of the Library's collection of war postcis. wliich contains over 15.000 specimens. I pwards of a half million leaflets on food and fuel conservali(m. Liberty Loans, thrift and war savings stamps were distributed by the library, and bibliographies on "Farm Work," "Canning." "Preserving" and "Foods" were given out in large numbers. Practically all of the twenty-eigiil Fuanch Library Buildings furnished head- quarters for local activities connected with tiie war. and their meeting rooms were in constant use by residents of the neighborhood engaged in furtliering war work. Soldiers, sailors and marines stationed at. or near, Piiiladelphia, were per- mitted to retain library books for long i)eriods. without the necessity of paying library fines, and later were not even asked to hold library cards, the signature of the man and his local address being all that was required. The Free Library lent to the A. L. A. llos|)ilal Library Service, for (Ik- use of wounded service men in the Philadelphia iiospitals. over niiu> thousand volumes, many of them being technical and educational books. In May. 1017, arrangements were made through Chaplain C. II. Dickens, of tiie Phiiadi'iphia Xav^ Yard, to send a collection of 600 library books for the use of tiie iMilisted men at the yard. These wore (iciivered on ,lune 2. 1917, and placed in the large recreational tent known as llic " iiee Hive." Through the same officer, on August 2d, over 1.100 books were placed in Building 2.'j2 al the Navy Yard, for the use of the men at the naval training camp. One iumdred and twenty- five books for the study of French, mathematics and surveying selected by the officers of the V. S. M. C, were purchased by The Free Library, placed in a special traveling library coUeclion, and sent to the I nited States Marine Barracks to be used exclusively for instructitm purposes. In October, 1917. John Ashhurst. Librarian of The Free Library of Phila- delphia, conducted a campaign for a "Soldiers" Book Fund" under the auspices 6V2 of the War Service Committee of the American Library \ssociation, which resulted in $20,105.93 beinp contributed by the citizens of Philadelphia. Mr Ashhurst later applied to the "War Welfare Council of Philadelphia and its ^'icinity" in the name of the American Library Association for funds for the second campaifin for money for books for soldiers, and received a grant of $150,000 from the "War Chest." Both of these sums were raised to support the national work of the A. L. A. and were forwarded to the general headquarters of the A. L. A. at Washington, D. C. During 1918 and 1919 the "Joint Special Committee of Select and Common Councils of the City of Philadelphia on the Care. Sustenance and Relief of those in the Military and Naval Service of the I'nited States'" appropriated S3, 000 to The Free Library of Philadelphia to cover expenses in connection with the collec- tion and distribution of " P>ooks foi- Soldiers." The first appeal made in Philadelphia for reading matter for soldiers and sailors was made by the American Ice Company. On July I, 1917. this company mailed with all its bills to consumers, a small slip calling for "gifts of books, maga- zines, periodicals and games," suggesting that these gifts be turned over to the drivers or other employes of the company, who would deliver them without charge to the proper authorities at the Philadelphia Navy Yard. Later, this company merged its appeal for reading matter with that of The Free Library, and continued to give splendid cooperation during the period of th(» war by collecting reading matter. In September, 1917, The Free Library of Philadelphia began a campaign for gifts of "Books for Soldiers," making its first appeal through the Philadelphia news- papers of September 18th, and su|iplemented this by the use of posters, placards, bookslips and by exhibiting lantein slides at many of the moving-picture houses. Further appeals for reading matter were made in March and Decembei', 1918, and a final appeal in June, 1919, at which time {iovernt)r Sproul sent a letter t(» the Sunday School children of the State, in an eifort to secure additional reading matter for the use of returning troops. Practically all of the Libraries in Philadelphia, as well as John Wanamaker's Book Department, the American Red Cross and the American Ice Company, assisted The Free Library in collecting books and magazines for this purpose. The residents of Philadelphia contributed 112,143 books and 185,321 maga- zines; libraiies outside of Philadelphia collected and forwarded 30,850 books and 2,621 magazines; the A. L. A. Library War Service supplied 43,866 books, many of them newly purchased technical and scientific volumes, and, in addition, purchased 6,449 magazines, making a total of 186,859 books and 198. 188 magazines collected and distributed through The Free Library of Philadelphia. All of this reading matter was examined and that unsuited for use was discarded, the balance being marked and arranged in groups suitable for library service. From September, 1917, until June, 1918, The Free Library furnished quarters at the H. Josephine Widener Branch, 1200 North Broad Street, for work in con- nection with the books and magazines collected in Philadelphia for soldiers and sailors. Books were sent out with the approval of the A. L. A., every effort being made to reach service men from Philadelphia, even when they were in small units, and to this end l)ooks were sent to tlie battleships Iowa, Indiana and Missouri, as well as to many of the smaller vessels of the LTnited States Navy, while col- 613 lections, varying; from a few books to several thousand volumes, were sent to Camps Meade. Jackson. (Ireene, Johnson, .McClellan. Lee, Upton, Travis, Hancock and to the Hazlehurst Field, Mineola. At Camp Hancock the books sent were placed in the V. M. C \. hut. and travc jiood service prior to the opening of the A. L. A. camp library building. Libraries for overseas service were given to Army Base Hospital No. 38, and to Lnited States Navy Hospital Units No. 2 and No. 3. Local Army, Navy. Marine Corps and hospital points were supplied with reading matter, as were some of the clubs and organizations serving the enlisted men. and books were also sent overseas. Suitable traveling book cases, designed lu iinld 52 books and a few magazines for use in the field, were mamifactured at the U. S. ^L C. carpenter shop. Philadelphia Navy ^ ard, through the kindness of Major (Jeneral Waller, from material tDutribided by the War lunergency I nil of Philadelphia. Forty of the cases were supplied with reading matter, and saw foreign service with the I nited Stati's Marine Corps. The library placed Franklin 11. Pi lie in lull charge of the collection and distribution of "Rooks for Soldiers." and later granted him the necessary time to act as "Dispatch Agent and Supervisor of the A. L. A. Library War Service work in Philadelphia and vicinity." Miss Jean E. (iraffen, of the library stalT, was detailed to act as linst>ital librarian for the \. L. \. and later organized the .\. L. A. Hospital Service in Piiiiadclidiia. while Miss Julia W . WilliauiMin and Miss Mary L. Smythe performed effective library work with the A. E. F. A large number of The Free Library's assistants devoted their time, after library hours. In woik on "liooks for Soldiers." while others volunteered to supply ri'ading mailer lo lire meir in tin' hospitals. COAlAl L -N IT \ SI \GL\ G During the sunnner f)f 1017 the custom of mass .singing was established in Philadelphia with the cooperation of the city oflicials and many clubs and socie- ties. "Sings" in connection with the Municipal Band Concerts in the city parks; "Sings" at the Navy Yard, directed by a song leader appointed by the Ignited States (iovernment. and "Home and Neighborhood Sir)gs" became more and more popular. As the idea was extended throughoirl the city, plans were made for "Block Sings." Little organization was required. The families on both sides of a certain street simply met together to sing over the wai- songs in honor of their "boys." The block was decorated with the national and allied colors, a large service flag, with the rnrmber of stars equivalent to the nrunberof men in the service was prom- inently displayed and, during some part of the informal program, the names of all of the men or women who were away from home were read out. The War Camp Connnunity .S(m\ ice aided in the movement. Leaders were trained and sent throughout the city. In a few weeks it seemed as if all I'hila- delphia was singing. The idea appealed to the imagination and other cities, from New York to Los \ngeles, took up the plan so admirably developed in Philadelphia. The IVnnsylvania Council of National Defense, and later, upon organization, the Philadelphia Council of National Defense, also cooperated with the local War Camp Conunimity Service in its efforts to keep the people in a singing mood. Among those who from the first took a real interest in the work were Robert 644 r.mrtesy of Fvanlc W. Buliler. Stanley Co, of America. Mr. lloxie leadiiuj a " l.lhcrly Sirifi.' D. Diipps, E. A. \ an \ alkenburg, Couitenay Baylor, Mrs. E. T. Stotesbury, Miss Myrtle Dunn, Mrs. E. P. Lynch, Ilairy R. Whitocraft, A. E. MrKinnon, James E. Corneal, Miss Anne McDonough and Albert N. Hoxie. During the winter of 1917-18, the "Keep America Singing" idea was taken into the schools. Song sheets were dislrilmtcd to the children and leaders were sent to direct the singing at various celebrations. Clubs all over the city gave entertainments for the men in service, and churches and private individuals arranged for various '"parties." Song sheets and leaders were always available. In many of the large industrial plants a time during the noon hour was set aside for singing. The men who served "behind the lines" thus expressed their vital interest in their work as they joined in the very songs which the men were singing on their way to tJermany. During intermissions at Grand Opera at the Academy of Music, the audiences were also led in singing. In the spring of 1918, when America was sending tens of thousands of men overseas, and when the A. E. F. was about to launch the series of great offensives. Community Singing took on the name of the "Liberty Sing Movement." The first large "Liberty Sing" was at the Liberty Statue, in June, 1918, when the marines just leaving for the front were the "guests of honor. " In passing, it should be mentioned that the Liberty Statue was the popular rendezvous, and whenever any event of signal importance was announced in the paj)ers or on the bulletin boards, crowds gathered at the statue instinctively, sure that a song 645 leader would be on hand to help them express themselves in songs and cheers. On July 29th thousands of people joined in on(> of the largest of all '"Liljorty Sings" at Willow Grove. Singing was featured in every Liberty Loan. During the Fourlli Loan, a pa- rade of war-time organizations was held and hundreds of song leaders weie assigned to the twenty-seven blocks through whicli the parade passed. Thanksgiving Day. 1918, had a \ er\ real signihance, and the leaders of Liberty Singing assisted the Philadelphia Council of National Defense by supplying a cornetist and song leader for the Thanksgiving services that were held in some forty or more public squares. At Christmas time, with the cooperation of the clergy and choir masters of the city churches, one hundred groups, of thirty singers each, marched through one hundred sections of the city, and sang Christinas Carols. \\ heri'ver a service flag was seen in a window the singers paused and serenaded the members of the household. The first Memorial Day after the World War I'nuiid hundTcds of people gathered in the city parks and scpiares lo pay tribute to all men and women who. in the long history of the nation, had paid in full nieasiuc of devotion the price of freedom. A simple program was arranged l)> the Phila- delphia Council of National Defense, a song leader and ((iiiielist were present, and at the conclusion of the exercises Taps was soundi'd. \\ h(>n the troops returned to the port of IMiiladelpliia. the cIIn chaiiered iiv(>r boats to accommodate the relatives who wished to greet the men. It was a great welcome that was given, and on the ride down the river and during the frequent long waiting for the transports, the crowds were kept busy singing. When the men of the 28th Di\ ision paiaded in Philadelphia. 117 volunteer song and cheer leaders helped to direct the enthusiasm of tlie throngs that lined the streets. Music was furnished by twenty-five bands and forty-three brass cpiar- tettes. The beginning of real educational Icatures in Conimunil\ Singing was at the Music Festival, held in Strawberry Mansion Pavihon, in the fall of 1918. The Moravian Troiid)one ('hoir played a number of Bach Chorales, for which they are famous, and a quartette of mixed voices rendered a short song cycle. B(!sides the regular classes for song leaders, five courses in sight singing were started in October, 1918. and contimied throughoMt the winter. In the ways enumerated above and along similar lines, many men and woinni of Philadelphia who were interested in music helped to maintain the morale of the pi-o|)le at Ixiine and lo keep ever present the real and vital meaning of the war. When families anil neighbt)rhoods, in smaller or larger munbers, gatheicd and sang with one accord the national anthems and the war songs, they were bound together by a common feeling. The message of "The Long, I>ong Trail. " " Keep the I loine- lires Uurniiig" and ".Sons of America," sung with one accord o\('r here, carried courage and faith to all who were serving "over there." TIIK inSTOHICAL IIIKKS TO OLD PIIILADKLIMIIA* Ten thousand service men, representing every state in the Lnion. were per- sonally guided afoot to the historic shrines of the old section of Philadelphia on Sunday afternoons by Albert Cook Myers. This Historical Hike, as it was *Suiiitnarize(l by tlie Secretary of llu' I'liiladclpliia War History (Commit Ici' from llic ac- coiiiil wrillcii h\ \lliort Cook Myers. 646 I'lLOIn lij' .laiii.-s A. IK-n(lfrsi>n. Hislorical Hikers al I iiiltitrndence Hull. called, was begun in November, 1918, and cuntiniied witliout a break until December 11, 1919. It was organized and directed by Mr. Myers, without com- pensation. The estimated cost was $2, ()()(). There was always a new group of men, the sailors being in the majority. The average attendance was from 150 to 200 and the largest 300 men. Notice to the men and much other assistance were given by the War Camp Community Service. Posters were displayed and small cards distributed, and on Sunday mornings Mr. Myers himself made the rounds of the chief service clubs of the city, inviting the men to join his party that afternoon. A twelve-page booklet, "What to see in Historic Plailadelphia," written by Mr. Myers, especially for service men, included the itinerary of the Hike. Several hundred thousand copies were pubhslied by War Camp and distributed gratuitously. Promptly at 2:15, on Sunday afternoons, the Hikers started from the Central Y. M. C. A.. 1121 Arch Street, two abreast, keeping step to the rhythmic tap of the stout hiking stick carried by Mr. Myers, the Conductor, who led the procession. Thence they marched to the War Camp Booth on the east plaza of City Hall, where other men joined the party. On some of the early Hikes, Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer accompanied Mr. Myers and assisted in explaining the points of interest. Eighteen principal halts were made, as follows: Halt No. 1 — Southeast comer City Hall. Halt No. 2 — Post Office, at Boyle's Statue of Franklin, the supposed place where the kite was flown and the site of the mansion built for President Washington. 647 The Continental Hotel was pointed out as tin- lodirin;.' place of President l-inrolri. and the Prinee uf Wales (.Edward \ 11 ). Halt No. 3 — .4/ the north side of the Old State House and Congress Hall. (Bal- cony from which President Washinijton spoke pointed out.) Hall No. 4 — Independence Square, at the Barry Statue, for a south view' of these old buildings and of the Curtis Building, the American Philosophical Society (founded by Franklin in 1743). etc. Here photographs of the party were taken by .lames A. Henderson. Halt No. 5 — By the north door, the party filed into the Old Stale House (Independence Hall). In Independence Chamber and at the Liberty Bell brief descriptive talks were given. Halt No. 6— Congress Hall, the Capitol of the United States. 17^0-1800. Passing the United States Custom House (Second U. S. Bank), the party came to — Halt No. 7 — Carpenters' Hall. This building, closed on Sunday, was open to the Hikers only by the courtesy of Mrs. J. Howai'd I lill, whose son was in the .\rmy. Halt No. 8— /'7rs/ United States Hank. 17^)7 -later the Bank of Stephen CJirard. (His story told.) Halt No. 9 — .\t the site of the Slate Boof House on 2d Street, which was W'illiuni Penn's Home. 1699-1701, and the birlhplaci- of his son John, 1699. The adjoining lot is said to be reserved for the Indians in whi<-h to set up their wigwams when they come to town. Halt No. 10— S. W. Cor. 2d and Market streets— .S;7<> of the Creat Quaker Meeting House, in which the youthful Franklin first slept in Philadelphia (story of his arrival told). Sites of Old Court House and Market pointed out. Hall No. 11 — Christ Church. (Leaflet history distributed.) The Tombs of the Signers, James Wilson and Bobert Morris (the linancii'r), viewed. Sitting in the pews which had been occupied by Washington and other Fathers of the Country, the men were given a brief account of the edifice, often by Ihe rector himself, the Bev. Dr. Louis C. Washburn. Halt No. 12— OW Houses in Cuthbert Alley. Halt No. 13— The apocryphal Betsy Boss House. 239 Arch Stre(>t. Hall No. 14' — Was in the spacious and dignified Old Friends Meeting House, at Ith and Arch streets. Into this place of peace trooped the uniformed pilgrims. Settling into the quaint, time-stained benches of the west meeting room, its colonial quietude stole over them and for more than half an hour they were carried back by the Conductor to Williant Penn. the early days of the city, and the peculiar sect of its founding. Questions and answers as to the Quaker marriage ceremony, the Fighting Quakers, and like topics increased the interest. On one occasion, the Hike parly was interestingly addressed by the late Isaac Sharpless, President of llaverford College. Now, each man in turn arose and gave the name of his stale. Here, also, the men were inducted by the Conductor into the "Order of 11. II." and given the degree of "H. H.," with all the rights and privileges that appertain thereto throughout the world. " H. H., " which was to be the password thereafter on meet- ing Iheir leader, was explained to mean, on entry into Ihe Hike. "Husky Hero"; on Ihe mai'ch — "Historical Hiker"; or on account of the da> "Holy Hikei": prioi- to supper — "Hungry Hound"; and after supper — "Happy Hound." The hope was expressed that it would never mean "Husky Hobo." 648 In cohfiriiialidii of this initiation, catli man stepped to tlie platform and was handed a printed diploma card, dated, autographed by the Conductor, and l)earing a War Camp hiitton. This cai'd might be kept as a memento but it was the sole passport to tht> swim and supper, which followed the Hike. Each man also received a copy of Mrs Charles Roberts's foity-page. illus- trated booklet on "William Penn," which was especially published, at the request of the Conductor, for these parties, by the Society of Friends. Halt No. 15 — Franklin s Grave. Halt No. 16 — Free Quaker Meeting House (Built 178.3, "In the year of the Empire 8." as inscribed on the gable end) by the Fighting (,)uakers, one of whom was "Hugh Wynne," the hero of S. Weir Mitcheirs novel. Halt No. 17— A^o. 526 Market Street— Jhc site of President Wasliinatons Home. Halt No. 18 — At the southwest corner of Market and 7th streets, where, in a former building, Jefferson Drafted tlie Declaration of Independence. The return march brought the jiarty Itack to the Central Y. M. C. A., about 6 P.M., for a refreshing plunge of about twenty minutes in the swinnm'ng pool, which was especially opened for the oc<'asion. The expenses of the swim were first met by the War Camp Comnuuiity Service and later by the Y. M. C. A. Supper was served, prior to June 15. 1919, by the ladies of the New Century t^.lub. When this wai- work of the Club ceased, a number of generous individuals and organizations provided refreshments for the remainder of the Hikes at various places in the city. Comprising this group were: the War Camp Conununity Ser- vice; the Y. M. C. A.; the United Service Club; Mrs. N. Allen Stockton; the Ship and Tent Club; the National League for Woman's Service; the Emergency Aid of Pennsylvania; the Lutheran Service Club; Mrs. George B. Evans; the Na- tional Catholic War Council; Mr. and Mrs. Edward Powell; Mrs. Harry R. Yeager; the Peace and Emergency Service Committee of Philadelphia Yearly Meeting of Friends; Howard (-iow Welch; Miss Nina Lea; Miss M. Atherton Leach, Miss Anna J. Magee, Mrs. Edward P. Davis, and other ladies at Christ Church Neigh- borhood House; Mrs. Alvin A. Parker, Miss Mary F. Small and Mrs. J. P. Donald- son also were contributors. Groups of women volunteers served the food and helped entertain the men, among whom were Miss Helen K. Morton, together with members other Girls' Club of the Church of St. Luke and the Epiphany; Mrs. N. Allen Stockton and a group of young ladies; Mrs. William Francklyn Paris; Miss Levering Jones; Miss Jean E. Graffen; Miss Cornelia Greenough; and Mrs. Edward Powell, with a group of other ladies of the Red Cross Canteen. The table was decorated with flowers and the menu was practically the same each time, consisting of cold roast beef and ham, rolls, butter, jam, pickles, potato salad, colfee or tea, ice cream and cake, cigars and cigarettes; and second helpings were acceptably received. Following the supper was a vaiiety entertainment, provided usually by the War Camp Conununity Service, through its Bureau of f]ntertainments, headed by Miss Clara T. Chase. The Conductor presiding, the program began with a Community Sing, usually under the leadership of Charles H. Ehrenzeller. Varying from time to time, then came the several performers — soloists, musicians, impersonators, magicians, etc., 649 often in special costume. In addition to the paid perfonners, many volunteers assisted. Amonj: these were Elizal)(>th Latt.i; Professor Paul Pearson of Swarth- inore Coilcfie; the venerable actor, "William North" (William Syrett); Howard Kuthey Brinton and Sara ^'. Shriner. Brief addresses were given at various times l)y Charles Francis Jenkins. John OXiorman and others. Good talent was found among the men themselves, and they were particularly pleased to be called upon and to have a part in the exercises. At 10 o'clock the Hike party end(>d. and the men were contented to go to rest without further diversion that day. JEWISH WELIAI^E IK)A1{D By E. Z. Dimitmam, Publicity Director At midnight on December 31, 1919. the .Icwish Welfare Hoard ullicially ceased to exist, bringing to a close more than two and a half years of welfare work. When war was declared in April, 1917, the Young Men's Hebrew Association of Philadel|)iiia was prepared to enter the welfare field imniediat<'l,\ and its board of directors olVered its building and facilities to the Federal. State and ('ity govern- ments. Actual welfare work was started at the same time when the Army and Navy Committee of the Y. M. H. A. assigned a representali\c to the Pliiladeli)hia Navy ^ ard, where he served in the capacity of Jewish Aide to the chaplain of the yard. This was the lirst welfare work on the jiart of any American Jewish organi/a- tion in the World W ar. Welfare work in the Philadelphia district was thus carried on for a number of months under the auspices of the \riM\ and \a\\ Department of the Philadelphia Young Mens Hebrew Assoi'iation. In September, 1917, the Jewish Welfare Board, Cnited Slates Ainu and Navy, was oflicially recognized by the War and Navy Departments as tlu^ Jewish agency to minister to the welfare of the men of the Jewish faith in the seivice. The National Board then started a campaign of organizing conununity branches through- out the country and the Philadelphia branch was one of the first to become aflilialed with the National Organization. The executive committee was composed of ihc Inlluwini; innnbers: l,<'(>ii .1. OliiTiiiiiNcr, (".liiiirnuin; Leon C. Siiiistciii. V icc-t'.liuiniiiiii: Arlliur \. I'lcisliiT, Tn-ns- iircr; Irvin I,. Stoiu', Seorrlar>, ; Dr. C\riis AdliT, Diivid liorlin. Mrs. t'cniiimiid Dilslicimor, l'"rank E. tliilin, Joscpli 1,. Kun, .\rlliur Ijh-I). Simon Millrr, Mrs. M. C Stein, Morris Wolfe, Jolin B. Gol(lenl)erg, Dr. .\. J. Colien, He\ . I^eon H. I'^lniuleli, .Miss Jeanette M. Goldljorg, l.ouis E. Ijevinltinl; Mrs. Ma.x L. Margolis, Jerome J. Hotlisctiild, D. Hays Solis-Colicn, Herman VV . iMTnlMT^er, v.. Z. Dimitman. Nalliun Klirenreicli. The work of the Philadelphia headquarter.s while ct)ndii(lcd along Jewish lines was entirely non sectarian. With the men in the service as well as with the families at home, its work was done regardless of race, creed or color. Neithei' was its work confined to Philadelphia and Philadelphians in the service. While strictly a local organization, deriving its funds frt)ni its National Headquarters, it was (juick to grasp the opportunity to cooperate with the ,levvish Welfare Board at other camps and in other connnunitics. It was also more than ready to coo[)erate with the other welfare and patriotic organizations doing welfare work in the Philadelphia district and was largely strumenlal in the fdrinalion of a welfare I'onunittee in Philadelphia for work with drafted men along non-sectarian lines. This committee was composed of representatives of the Y. M. C. A., K. of C, W. C, C. S. and J. W. B. 6.S0 Tlip fTPiicral activitii's of llip Jewish Welfare Hoard may he jjiouped under tlie following suhdivisioiis: Field Work In the summer of 1018. the National Head((uarters of the Jewish Welfare Board assigned its lirst field representative in the Philadelphia district, E. Z. Dimitnian. After making a survey of the situation it was found that there were in the vicinity of Philadelj)hia eight(>en Army and Navy posts with a total popula- tion of approximately 2.3, 000. The largest of these was, of course, the League Island Navy Yard, its population varying from fifteen to twenty thousand. Other posts included (ireenwich i^oiiit. Frankford \rsenal, Schuylkill Arsinial, (hiarter- master's Depot, Naval Home, Fort Milllin, I'ier No. 17, etc. A short time later, additional representatives were assigned to the Philadelphia district in (jrder to do more intensive field work at the various posts. A new problem soon arose because of the taking over by the (iovernment of certain institutions for developing the Student Army Training Camps. The field work was ade(]uately taken care of at that time by Solon J. Reiser, Sanmel iiclinkoll', Dr. A. A. Finkclstein and (.haiies Horn. CoOPER.\TION WITH C.\MPS .\ND HOSPITALS The Jewish Welfare Board representatives at the nearby camps were in urgent need of materials for their work with the men. knitted goods, athletic equipment, musical instruments, playing cards as well as furniture and other equipment were appealed for. In addition, weekly requisitions were put in for refreshments and smokes. Cooperation with camps, however, was more than supplying ecpnp- ment. It included the sending of men and women daily to the camps to give the "just like home "atmosphere to the huts, the sending of girls properly chaperoned for dances and professional entertainments. Philadelphians answered every call and the organization was thus enabled to supply practiially every demand from Camp Dix, League Island Navy Yard, Cape May Hospital, and Camp Meade, as well as the smaller posts in and n(>ar Philadelphia. In addition, it was in a jxisition to cooperate with practically every other camp in the country in supplying knitted gooils, athletic equipment and nuisical instru- ments. Jlie General Hospital i)roblcm was a new one. The authorities at the hospitals, because of the endless retl tape, w ere not in a position to carry out their educational work in the proper manner and called upon the various organizations for their support. The Philadelphia headquarters of the J. W. B. were quick to respond and, with the generous aid of various Jewish organizations of this city, supplied the hospital authorities at Cape May, Lakewood, Camp Dix and Philadelphia with material for their educational department. The supplies varied from a keg of nails and a pot of glue to a tractor ])lough and a carload of fertilizer, and included books on educational subjects, drawing instruments and equipment, baseball etjuip- ment, bicycles, etc. Recreation and Entert.unment Recreation and entertainment for enlisted men were found to be important factors of welfare work, in so far as Philadelphia was concerned. The League Island Navy Yard, with 20,000 sailors and marines, was only haK an hour from the 651 Off for (I Muunliglil Excursion. center of the city, and liberty was jiranted each ovoninfi. ('.amp l)i\ was diiU a Miatler (if an hour anfl a quarter's travel and proxision had In lir made lo entertain thousands of visitin;; soldiers over week-ends. More than a million service men were enlertaincd l)\ Ihr local .Icwish Welfare Board. 1"he tirst form of entertainmcnl to he loiuhiited 1)\ the .Jewish Welfare 15oard of Philadelphia was dancing. This proved to be very popular with the enlisted men. inasnnieh as a select class of girls was always present. \ great deal of credit is due to the .'j.OOO girls, whose names apfx'ared on the in\ itation list of the J. \\ . B.. for their unselfish and patriotic cooperation. For the dances conducted in Philad(^lphia and Camp Dix. the girls were trans- ported by means of s[)ecial motor busses. A large nt)n-sectarian connnunity dance for 1.000 enlisted men was conducted each alternate week at the Mercantile Club on Broad Street. This was one of the most popular events for the service men stationed in Philadelphia. E.x-State Senator Clarence \Nolf. President of the Mercantile Club, was largely instrumental in securing the use of I he hall fice of charge for the .Jewish Welfare Board. The enlerlainment program includi'd. at various limes, three dances at head- quarters each week; one professional vaudeville entertainment at the Navy Yard, one dance at the "\a\ y '^'aid. one vaudeville entertairnnent at the Cajie Ma> ( ;en(MaI Hospital, four vaudeville entertainments and one dance at Carni) Dix. one dance each at the Krankford Arsenal and (ireenwich Point and one \airde\ille enter- tainment at the Naval Home and Krankford Arsenal. 6.12 The entertainment program slowly but surely grew until, at the signing of the armistice, the Philadelphia headquarters of the Jewish Welfare Boaid was conducting each week a matter of about fiteen entertainments, and entertaining on an average of 15,000 men. Home Hospitality In so far as the service men were concerned, home hospitality was the key- note of the welfare work. This was especially true in a community as large as Philadelphia where so many men were stationed who were strangers in the city. Philadelpliia headquarters recognized this in the early days of the war. and immediately instituted a Home Hospitality Service. Jiy means of personal letters to practically every Jewish family in the city, a list of such families was prepared who desired to invite service men to their homes for dinners, parties, dances and other social affairs. An average of .300 men each week, for more than eighteen montiis, were sent to families for this purpose. In this way strangers were enabled to make personal contact with the proper people. Work with Drafted Men One of the most im[)ortant functions of the Board was its work with drafted men. Through close contact with the various local draft boaixls, the Jewish Wel- fare Board learned when detachments of selected service men would leave for camp. In each instance, the men were supplied with many articles essential to their com- fort. Personal Service Cases Some five thousand personal service cases were handled for service men and their families. The aid rendered ranged from the supplying of train fare to men "stranded" in the city, the investigation of reports of injiny or death of local men and the re-uniting of families to the arranging for the funeral services of those who died in the service. Demobilization Work The Philadelphia headquarters of the Jewish Welfare Board was singularly honored when the War Department designated it as being in charge of all transjiort work at the port of Philadelphia. P]ach transport leaving for overseas received a quantity of community boxes, gotten up jointly by the Y. M. C. A., the Knights of Columbus and the Jewish Welfare Board, which were to be distributed on the return trip to each of the soldiers and members of the crew. These packages con- tained two khaki handkerchiefs, three boxes of cigarettes, two bags of smoking tobacco, one box of hard candy, four bars of chocolate, three jjackages of chewing gum, mints and matches. The Y. M. C. A. had chai'ge of this activity at the port of Hoboken, the Knights f>f Columbus at Newport News and the Jewish Welfare Board at Phila- delphia. 653 I'^Ml'LOVMENT The finpluymenl problem, in so far as the re-eiuployment of the discharged men, ended on November 10, 1919, one year after the signing of the armistice. The Jewish Welfare Board closed on that dale its employment department which during that period had been very successful in the satisfactory placement of service men. From June. 1919, when the unemployment situation was at its height, until November, a matter of five months, the Pliiladclpliia Jewish \Velfar(^ Pxiaid had placed 680 men in positions. HospiT.\L Committee The Hospital Committee had under its jurisdiction the work at Camp l)ix. Cape .May. Lakewood, League Island and at the Naval Home, as well as at General Hospital \o. 22. and several smaller institutions, where service men were sta- tioned. According to the report of Mrs. l->lkan llcniy. Chairman of the Hospital Committee, the following supplies were distributed during l')19: \|)plcs l.l.nOO: oranges 37,000; pears 22,.i00: bananas 16.000; choco- late buds 2.000 lbs; chocolate bars 10.000; handkerchiefs 18.000; chewing gum ."j.OOO; cigarettes 120.000; matches l.'j.OIKI packages; tobacco 7.200 bags; hard candies 5.000 packages; tooth paste 7,200 tubes; postals 25,000. Besides the abf)vc mentioned articles, there wei-c distributed at irregular in- tervals, sweaters, socks, games, writing paper, pencils, jjuz/les and i)laying cards. Canteen Service Another important commilte(> was the Jewish Welfare Unit of the American Bed Cross Canteen Service. This committee of one hundred, under the direclioii of Mrs. Max L. Margolis, was an indication of the close manner in which llic .liwi^h Welfare Board cooperated «illi the Hcd Cross. Tlir unil \\a> cailed out iiu an average of twice a month for canteen servilte M. (Joldberg; Beligious, Hev. Leon II. lOlmaleh; Service CAuh. .Arthur lx)eb; Cam|) Work, ivionel 1'. Levy: Camp Dix, Benjamin F. Loeb; Statistics. Louis K. Levinthal; S. A. T. C... Henry W. Braujie: Finance. Morris Wolf: Civilian Belief. Mrs. ^L C. Stein: Comforts, Mice T. Fleislier: luiterlainmcnts. Mrs. A. Bosenstcin; Publicity. Miriam Moses; Drafted Men, D. Hays Solis-Cohen. Volunteers One (>!' the most gratifying results brought abuut b\ the war was the s|)lendid maimer in which everyone responded to the call of the Jewish Welfare Board for volunteers. In the course of its two and a half years of work, in addition to the work of committees, the Jewish Welfare Board availed itself of the voluntary service of more than 500 young women who served in the capacity of stenographers, typists, clerks and general office assistants. 654 IvNIGHTS OF COLUMBUS WAR ACTIVITIES IN PHILADELPHIA By E. J. Galbelly The patriotic sorvices rendeied by the Philadelphia nienibeiship of the Knights of Columbus, as distinct from the national undertakings of the Order under govern- ment commission, had their inception early in the year 1918. From the very moment of the declaration of war by the llnited States, the Philadelphia Knights individually took their part in the varied duties incumbent upon them as loyal citizens. As a distinct Philadelphia body, howevei-, they were not mustered into service until the Third Liberty Loan Committee called for their aid. In answer to that summons a meeting was held in the Red Room at the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel, March 22, 1918, and the local Knights of Columbus Committee on War Activities was then established. The members present on that occasion unan- imously elected John V. Loughney, Master of the Fourth Degree for the p]astern District of Pennsylvania and Delaware, Chairman of the newly created organization known as the "Knights of Columbus Central Committee on War Activities." Mr. Loughney retained the chairmanship from that time until the services of the committee were taken up by the National War Activities Committee in May of 1919. At that juncture Mr. Loughney received the appointment of general sec- retary for this district, including the Navy Yard, with duties practically identical with those he had hitherto had under his charge. Assisting him were the follow- ing officers: Secretary, Jos. C. McMenaniin, Past Grand Knight of Pliiladeliihia Council; Assistant Secretaries, B. J. Martin. Past Grand Kniwlit of Brownson K. of (;.: I^conard B. Botlield, Grand Knight of Pinzon Council; Kxecutive Coniniitti'c: James \. Flaliertv, Supreme Knight; James J. Baney, Navigator. Archliishop Ryan Assembly, tth Degree; Edward A. Kelly, Chairman of the Philadelphia Chapter; Philip S. McDevitl, District Deputy. 1st Distritt; James F. Tobin, District Deputy, 2d District; Charles J. McKinney, District Deputy, 1.5th District; and Michael K. Brown, District Deputy, I6th District. The members of the General Committee were: John J. Abbott, Harry J. Baker, Albert J. Becker, James J. Brogan, John J. Brophy, John M. Carroll, George A. Cooke, Albert J. Crawford, James Curran, Thomas H. Cullinan. James M. Dohan, John P. Donohue, John A. Dougherty, M. J. Geraghty, Chris. Gercke, John W. Hallihan, FVank Hardart, William A. Hayes, Robert E. Hepburn, William N. Hussie, lulward C. HalUnan, James F. Herron, Wilham E. Howe, William J. Ludes, John J. Lumsden, Francis A. McCarron, William B. McNulty, F. L. Maguire, Thomas Murphy, John J. L. Merget, James F. O'Connor, John H. O'Gorman, Thomas A. O'Hara, George P. Philips, I. A. Quinn, John \. Quinn, Thomas K. Quirk, Frank M. Rourke, Gerald Ronan, Harry Schmidt, I^awrence B. Smith, William D. SpiUan, Edw. H. Thaete. Dr. Charles W. Wang, James W. W afer, Dani<-I W adi', E. P. Worthington. The immediate project in hand was a drive for the Third Liberty Loan, which was to open on April 6. 1918. Plans were laid for a thorough canvass of the Cf)uncils of the Knights of Columbus in this city and three members of the Council were appointed to address each meeting of the respective Councils during the intensive campaign, in order to sell bonds to the amount of iS.^OO.OOO. This was the quota of subscriptions set for the Knights of Columbus Committee. When the returns were made from its headquarters, 15.37 Chestnut Street, tlie smn 65.5 Mttrnttui Srmcr nl l\ . <>i t . tiitiiiiirnf. .\(iiy )nrii. was full IK I III l)c more than lliriccovcr-siiljsciilicd. as IkhkIs aiiiniintiiig to $1,695,000 liad Ix'cii sold. Tlic cainpaifjn for the Fourth Lilirrl\ l.oan was condnclfil li\ practically the same coniiiiillcc \\\{\\ only minor chaii^.'cs in personnel. It was delermiiied to follow tlie fieiieral method which liad ludut;ht so nuicli success in the prcNious loan. Speakers were assijinod to address the members at I heir various meetinfis and at the day and exeninj; f^atherinfrs in the I'cnlcr of the city, as well as in the north- east and northwest districts. At the very outset of the drive. howe\er, the plans were thrown into confusion by the influenxa epidemic. It will be recalled also that the war was at a critical sla^'e duiin;,' these weeks and it was niori' than e\ei- urgent that the Loan should he I'ulU suhscrihed. Ac- cordingly new processes had to be set in motion to provide \m(ii( an funds for the victorious prosecution of the internaliotial strufigle. With indomitable spirit and resource, notwithstandini; the disi oin-agemenls of sickness and death and the re- sultant general disorganization. Ihr Knight of Columbus (.onunittee took up this task anfl the palriolisn) of the peojjle rallied to the (lersonal calls and mail solicita- tions of the campaign workers. At the close of this memorahle dii\ i' a new victory had been won for liberty and the knights of CoininlHis hiadquarteis had to its credit the total of S2. 223.900 in loans sold. In the interval between its work in promoting the Third and Fourth Liberty Loan, the committee was actively engaged in raising money for the War Chest. Its force of stenographers and tele|)hone operators was furnished with ofTices in the Liberty I5uilding, where the War Chest had its heailiiuarters. In addition to 656 this equipment the committee had two fiekl teams, each comprising twenty men, making daily calls on prospective subscribers. Reports of their canvass were made every day at the luncheon in the Bellevue-Stratford and the sum of $300,000 in pledges was the reward of the teams' efforts. An interesting feature of the War C.hest promotion activities was the exhibi- tion which the Knights of Columbus gave in conjunction with the French War Exposition in the Earle Building at Tenth and Market streets. A presentation of the Knights of Columbus services in the camps at home and at the various battle fronts abroad was made. A model of the Knights of Columbus building at Camp Meade was shown, together with one of the tents that had been used in the war in Franc(\ equipped with i)honograph. cigarettes, smoking tobacco, writing paper, games of all sorts, etc. Photographs of Knights of Columbus work at camps and cantonments were also on view. During this exhibition, secretaries were always in attendance to answer questions and give information, and to accept pledges to the War Chest Fund from those who thus saw the practical object lesson of the causes to which their subscriptions were to be put. The next work of the Knights of Columlnis was in connection with the Victory Liberty Loan. In its efforts to continue its successes, the Knights of Columbus worked under the same general committee with headquarters in the Penn Square Building. A booth was also established in front of the Benedict Service Club at 1019 Market Street, with such remarkaljle results that it had the proud distinction of making the largest return of bond sales of any booth in the cit;y. As accounting in part for this, it may be mentioned that service men were sent out in tanks from this rendezvous accompanied by Boy Scouts, to aid the campaign. In the evening, concerts were given at this central point by the St. Francis de Sales Cadet Band and Four-Minute Men addressed the assembled people. Through the efforts of the Knights of Columbus Committee a total of .$1,279,500 in subscriptions to the \ ictory Liberty Loan was secured. Special hmitations permit only a summary of the welfare activities of the Philadelphia Knight.s of Columbus in behalf of our soldiers and sailors during the period of demobilization and readjustment to the orderly life of the community. A brief rec( >rd ( )f these seivices is made here in the interest of historical acciuracy. The first American troops to return from Europe to the port of Philadelphia arrived on the Harerford in February, 1919. Knights of Columbus secretaries were among the welfare workers which distributed hot coffee, cigarettes, candy and chewing gum to the men. They acted also as postmen and messengers in forwarding letters and greetings from the returning troops to their families. In April. 1919. a Knights of Columbus booth was opened in the City Hall courtyard where direct comnnuiication by private wire to Camp Dix. New Jersey, was installed. At this booth were established headquarters for all returning troops. All information regarding the arrival of soldiers, the conditions of health, the approximate date of discharge and other desired items were passed through this clearing house to the soldiers" families. An employment agency for discharged men was conducted in the same place. Countless other conmiissions for service men from out of town were also undertaken. The motor convoys that were at this time passing through Philadelphia on their way to New York, Baltimore and Washington, almost invariably rested over night in this city and it frequently fell to the attendants of the booth to provide the men in charge with food and 6.57 lodgin^rs. At the ferry the free canteen service of the Kmg;hts of Cohinibiis was in constant requisition for the men in uniform who were moving in a continuous stream to and from Camp Dix. The Knijihts of Cohimbus secretaries jjhiyed tlie role of "big brother" to these young soldiers who found tliemselvcs in Philadolpliia far from their own homes. The various transports were met from time to lime, and their soldier passengers received at the hands of the committee the creatui'e comforts in the form of a wel- come home package which they so much appreciated. And then came the 28th Division and the city's hearty welcome to its war veterans. Before the parade of these troops, they were served with coffee and sandwiches and a great number of the men were guests of the Knights of Columbus of Philadelphia for the night preceding the parade. In due course, the 70th Division also arrived and the welcome accorded them was the same as the earlier comers had received, except that the parade feature had to be dispensed with. After disembarkation of the TOth Division, only two or three more transports brought troops to the port of Philadelphia. The United States Naval Hospital also claimed llie commiltrc's atleiilion. and through the courtesy of the American Him! Cross Field Director. Wilfred C. Craig, space in its building was allotted the knights of Colundius workers. Welfare kits and comforts to the sick and wounded soldiers were distributed. ^ arious forms of entertaiiuneiit were staged in the hospital witii the assistance of talent recruited from the vaudeville houses in this city. Dances for the con- valescents were held in the Red Cross quarters. Cards of invitation to the ladies were issued with strict surveillance liy the Knights of Columbus Committee in conjunction with the Red Cross. Refreshments were served at all liiese dances and parties. Every Friday evening motion-picture plays were shown to the men. Viilomobile jiarlies were organized and weekly trips to \llanlic City and lo the Knights of Columbus Country (^lub of De Solo Couniil at Ciarden Lake, N. J., were provided. These week-end excursions were in great favor with the service men, who were given the use of the club quarters, canoes, bathing facilities, base- ball equipment and free dining-room service. The average number of the men in uniform at these parties was sixty. About the same mimber were welcomed weekly at the St. Lawrence Country Club in T'pijcr Fraiikfin-d where, under the auspices of the Alliance Catholic Women severtd picnics were lield. Together with the Jewish Welfare Board, the Knights of Columbus conducted two service shows a month at the Mercantile Club which were usually attended by about 600 men. At all th(Ne War Welfare enterprisers Secretaries Waller J. Dorsey, John A. Cuiming- ham and James L. McCann rendered efTicient service. The other secretaries on the Philadeljihia staff were Thomas D. Kane ;md John V. Tjoughni'N. Jr. In this connection a word should be said about the s(Mvices that centered at the Knights of Columbus building at the Philadelphia Navy Yard, begin- ning in \pril. lOir,. and continuing to October- ill. 1010 a fidl year after the signing of the armistice. This building was the Knights of Columbus headquarters for the marines and sailors who found there, not only safe and sane entertainment to their likitig. but also the free creature comforts of which these brave boys stood in need during their absence from home in liie crilical days of demobili/ation. l-]special attention was given to those who were in the hospital. As they became convalescent, volunteer automobiles were provided for their use. Aboard the 6511 ships in the docks at the yard, the Knights of Cohimbus workers organized dances and served refreshments. With a fine touch of sympathy, the unfortunate inmates of the "brig" were likewise kept in view. Whilst mindful always of the rules of discipline, the Knights of Cohunl)us saw to it that every permitted privilege was granted those who were for the time "out of luck." Books were furnished and base- balls and bats and equipment for other games were secured for their amusement and recreation. Victrolas and records were supplied to three "brigs" and to several ships. The battleships Nevada and Idaho each received a player piano. Sui3pli(^s of all kinds were put aboard all outgoing steamers. In this work Secretaiies W. A. Davis and Joseph E. Donnelly rendered efficient service. Side by side with these useful activities stands the free evening school in- augurated by the Knights of Columbus in Philadelphia for men and women mustered out of the Army and Navy. For this educational undertaking the Knights leased the building at the southwest corner of Broad and \ ine streets in December, 1919, and, through the kindness of the trustees of the Roman Catholic High School, secured also the use of their classrooms for the same purpose. Public announ<'e- ment of the free courses was made by advertisements in all the Phila(lcl|)iiia papers on Saturday evening and Sunday morning, January 17 and 18, 1920. On the following day the registration of pupils began. Within one week l,.'?!i5 applications were received and 1,000 pupils were on hand for the formal opening of the school on January 26th. Actual class exercises began on Monday evening, February 2d. The average number of teachers in charge of the classes has been twenty-one. By April 1st, the number of registrants had reached 1,945 and at that time twenty- eight teachers were employed. A Labor Bureau for ex-service men was started on June .'3, 1919, and within a few months had placed over 12,000 men in gainful occupations. The Knights of Columbus participated as a body in these public movements during the war and the successes which attended their ell'orts have established them permanently in the estimation of Philadelphians as a great Catholic and (latriotic organization. Ihis is evidenced by the playful naming of the steamship Casey in honor of the Knights of Columbus. This boat, a product of Hog Island was launched on October 11, 1919. At the launching. Supreme Knight James A. Flaherty was complimented by having his little daughter selected as the boat's sponsor. The patriotic exercises f)f the day were held under the auspices of the Knights of Columbus of Philadelphia. THE BENEDICT SERVICE CLUB The Benedict Service Club was operated under the auspices of the National Catholic War Council, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Division, and governed by the following men: John J. Sullivan, j)resident; J. Percy Keating, vice-president; A. L. Fitzpatrick, secretary; John \ . Loughney, treasurer; James M. Willcox, assistant treasurer; James A. Flaherty, Ignatius J. Horstmann. James F. Herron, Michael J. Slattery and Miss Katherine M. Walsh. The forerunner of the Benedict Service Club was the Catholic Philopatrian Literary Institute, 111 1 Arch Street. This institution was one of the first to turn over its entire building to the use of the city in combating tiie terrible infiuenza epidemic. The nursing staff during the epidemic being recruited from the sisters 6.59 Cnurtoay of Ihr Fhllndelphla "Trcs*, Three Is iiiilx iif Seri'icr. (if varinus ((iinciils. wlio administered S(i ell'eclively In tin' iilaii\ cases that came under their cliaifie as to earn tiie unstinted |)raise of eveiy piiliiic iiewspapcM'. Several of llie mms wliile on diit\ at this teni|)orary hospital fell \ictinis to tiie terril)le scoiirfie. After the passing; of the inlluenza epidemic, the Philopalrian (liil> was taken over as the orifrinai scTvice chib operalinj; under the National ( 'alliolic \\ ar ( '.ouncil in IMiiladelphia. but even this well eipiipped chil) house };rew so rapidh in po|)ularity as to be altofii'ther inadecpiale for its purpose. It was then decided that some- thinj.' on a l)i(,'};er scale must be done to meet the emerfrency, and after very carefid search and survey by Michael .1. SlatterN. I';xeculive Secretary of the National Catholic War Council, quarters were establislu'd at 1010-21 Market Street, a spacious five-story buildin;!. It was here the Benedict Service Club was opened February. lOl'J. The formal opening on March 16, 1919. was attended by his (irace. Archbisliop DoujiliertN. who dedicated the institution In the needs of the men of all cr(>eds in the Army and Navy. The National Catholic War Council, knowing that Philadelphia, which was in close proximity to Camps Meade and Oix and the great Navy ^ ard at League Island, would be confronted with one of the hardest problems of the country because so many service men would be visitors in the city during the demobilization period, saw the necfl for placing its largest service club in a city where the most good to the greatest number could be accomplished. The services of the Club were rendered exclusively to men in uniform, and the ex-service men who were seeking an opportunity to get back to a normal condition. 660 I*]ntertainments were held tliree nifilils a week under the (hrection of Jatiies W. Wafer who called upon the various ( '.athoUc societies in the city to furnish them. The work of the Mliance of Catholic Women will never be forgotten by the boys who visited the Benedict S(>rviie Club. The cafeteria came under their particular charge, and over four hundred Catholic women, under the able direction of Miss Katherine M. Walsh and Miss Mary Clare, served in relays from early in the morning until late at night waiting on the tables and ever finding ways of cheering up the boys far from their home towns. The figures taken from the records of the club show in an unmistakable manner the valuable accompUshments of the Benedict Service Club during the single year of its tenure at 1019 Market Street. Two hundred and twenty-eight thousand men were registered. One hundred and thirty-seven thousand meals were furnished at an average cost of twenty-seven cents per meal. Nearly 80,000 men were ac- commodated with lodgings and 11,000 men were furnished witli positions through the free Employment Bureau Service. Thousands of inquiries were handled relative to vocational training and as many more relative to War Bisk Insurance. The club also served as a clearing house for many anxious mothers who were desirous of locating their boys in France. Over 6,000 meals were served gratis and :i.000 free beds furnished to those boys who were short of funds. The need of a service club in Philadelphia created the desire to perpetuate the work, and as the spacious building at 1019 Market Street was entirely too large for the present needs, smaller quarters have been obtained at 1.57-.59 North Fifteenth Street, where the work will go on and the same high standard of service will be continued. THE SALVATION ARMY By Colonel R. E. Holz In the war work of the Salvation Army in France, the Atlantic Coast l^iovince, of which Philadelphia is the headquarters, was well represented. In the lirst party which sailed August 12, 1917 — were two staff-captains, Wm. Ilalpin and L. Allison Coe. There were eleven in all in the pioneer party, seven men and five women, and two were sent by the Philadelphia headquarters. With every party that sailed up to 1919 other representatives were sent. A total of twenty-five overseas workers representing our Philadelphia headquarters did splendid woik, and were known from the Gondrecourt area to Coblenz and Brest. Apart from the overseas work, there was much work done at home by a large corps of officers and workers. The work at the Pershing Hotel, Atlanta, (ia., the large building at Camp Gordon, Petersburg, Va., Newport News, Va., Baltimore, Md., Philadelphia. Pa., Washington, D. C, and Camp Meade was directed from Philadelphia. Men from all over the country were cheered and helped, and the touch of home that one always received helped to steady men when they f(>lt like giving way to temptation. All over th(> State of Pennsylvania, and everywhere in Philadelphia, men can be found who speak of the Salvation Army in the most laudatory terms. They call Salvation Army men and women "regular guys" and "real people." The hospitals were not forgotten and delicacies of various kinds were regularly distributed to the "boys." 661 IritcTiiatlona Ciiinmiinilcr 1 1 inkle and llw (icrinin Flay which he hrniifjlil frani Mel:. One boy cominfj out of the ether, hearinfj a Salvation Army woman war worker say, "'It's all rifrht. son." said. "Mother, run your finpers thronph my hair like you u.s(h1 to do." Of course, slie did so and the boy was(juieted. The slory of the Salvation Army war work ean trutiiltill\ be said to iiave been the doing of Ihe little thinj;s to " llie least of these my bretiiren." The boys multi- plied the little things and bulked them up. and built a monument of love out of them in memory of tliis body of Christian men and women whose service was not a purchasable quantity, but who did what they could, remembering it had been said that even a cup of cold water given in His name would not lose its re- ward. Through the mud and rain of France they tramped the darkest nights found them heading for the front, when they were seen from Seishpny to the Argonne. They cared for the living— comforted the dying: buried the dead and placed llowers and tlie flag for which the boys had died o\(>r the rough mound of earth surmounted by a White Cross, which marks the resting place of the boys of the (iolden Star. The boys sing: "Though she called each a Mrolher. she was more like a Motiier, Salvation Lassie of .Mine." Douglnuits cooked by the Salva- tion .\rmy Doughgirls cheered the hearts of thousands of Doughboys— then they made pies, cookies and big cakes that were just like mother used to make. The boy that ate the first doughnut said: "(iee! if this is war, let it continue." If he had been a pessimist before, the doughnut converted him into a smiling optimist. The religious side of things was not forgotten and men of all shades of religious 662 belief — the Catliolic, tlie Protestant and the Jew crowded into the meetings. Tliey knew that no man's faith would be insulted, but that they would be made better men and helped in going over the top, or going West, or just doing the sordid every day round of drill, with heavy pack and aching feet. Colonel R. E. Holz, who directed the affairs of the Atlantic Coast Province for twelve years, was transferred from Philadelpliia to New York in 1920. In the rearrangement of areas, Philadelphia is now the Headquarters for Eastern Penn- sylvania, Southern New Jersey and Delaw'are Division. Lieutenant Colonel Arthur T. Brewer is the Divisional Commander and Major Wm. H. Barrett, (ieneral Secretary. Both reside in this city. Lieutenant Colonel Brewer has been an Officer of the Organization for thirty-six years and Major Barrett for twenty- three years. THE UNITED SERVICE CLUB The first United Service Club for enlisted men was formed in this city by the Philadelphia Army and Navy Camp Committee of the National Congress of Mothers, as a result of a meeting held in the Acorn Club on May 25, 1917. The women who met and established the LInited Service Club were called together by Mrs. William T. Carter, Mrs. Frederic Schoff, Miss Maiy S. Garrett and Mrs. Joseph P. Mumford. The Board of Managers of the Children's Hospital, 22d Street below Walnut, gave the Hospital building for use during the period of the war. With the support of interested men and women the necessciry equipment was secured. The Navy Yard detailed men to assist in running the Club. Among the many features of the Club were the dormitor- ies, cafeteria and recreation rooms. The Mothers' Annex was opened as a place where the next of kin could find a place to meet with their boys — often the last time before they went overseas, and in all too many cases, the last time that they saw their boys. The Board of Managers was: Mrs. William T. Carter. Chairman : Mrs. Frederic Schoff, Vice-Chair- man: Miss Mary S. Garret, Mrs. Joseph P. Mumford, Mrs. George H. Earle, Mrs. John Gribbel. Mrs. Spencer K. Muiford, Mrs. William Simpson, Jr., Mrs. Edward T. Stolesbury. Mrs. Jones Wister. Mrs. J. Albert Caldwell, Mrs. William M. Field, Mrs. William Iv Lingelbach, Mrs. William A. I'latt, Miss Clara T. Chase and Mrs. J. A. Carter. An Auxiliary Committee on ll^ntertainmentS was composed ojuittsy of Frank W. BuWer, Stanley Co. of Americ*. of a 150 prominent women. Service Men at the Club. ()63 Over SOO.OOO enlisted men enjoyed the privileges of the Ciul). The iiicri of the British and Krencii ships were also entertained wliile in port. The motto of the Board of Managers was "Do for these boys what \oii would like some mother to do for yours, wherever he may be". WAR CAMP COMMUNITY SERVICE The War C.amp Commmiity Serviee, or War Camp, as it was generally known, commenced operations in .May, 1917, and ceased its work on October .'51. 1919. In the beginning work similar to War Camp activities was carried on under the Philadelphia District Committee of the Commission of Public Safety of the Connnonwealth of Pennsylvania, through a sub-committee on recreation, co- operating with the Playground and Becreation Association of America and I lie Army and Navy Departments" Conmiittee on Training Camp Activities. Robert D. Dripps was the original Chairman of the sub-committee of the State Commission, and at the time of the organization of ^^'ar Camp work. Ira W. Jayne and Cheney .lones were, successively. Directors. With the development of the Commission on Training Camp Activities, War Camp greatly expanded its work in Philadelphia. Mr. Dripps was Acting Director Eerstone Phuio studio. The Staff. h following Mr. Jones, and was succeeded by Courtney Ba\loi. wlm had ins nead- quarti'rs in the Widener Building. Among those who were interested in promoting the W'ar Camp, and « h<> scr \c(l on its Executive Committee, were: Robert D. Dripps, Chairman: Mrs. Ivlgar W. Baird, Mce-Chairmaii: I.ieiilcnanI Colonel C. li. Hatch; Mrs. .1. Willis Marlin; .Mrs. Barclay II. Warburton: Albert Cook Myers: Leon J. ()berma>er; Michael J. Slattery; Charles A. Stinson. Til • other two directors of the War ( '.ariip were, successively, Calvin L. Lewis and Olin F. .McCormick. Mr. McCormick, who had been an a.ssociale director during the entire period of the work of the service in Philadelphia, tenuinaled its activiti(>s on October .31. 1919. The general sco|)e of the War C.amp was con- tinued by Conununity Ser\ice, In 'orporaled. under- the direction of Fred A. Moore. War C.amp was instituted under tin- direction of the War and Navy Depart- ments, Commissions on Training Camp Activities for the purpose of providing the armed forces of the United States with adequ; te recreational facilities during their leisure time, and for the purpose of maintaining at a high standard the 664 Courtesy \A' Nai'Y ) (inl liiidlh. tiioialc of tlio civilian population in comnuinitics adjacont to arnied camps, par- ticularly those fiioiijis of the civilian po])ulation which were enf^aged in war in- dustry. It was successful in its endeavors, coordinating the work of existinj;' orjianiza- tions, assisting the development of new ones and in acting as a clearing house for the dissemination of general information. The Philadelphia branch was di\ided into five divisions, namely: the Service Division, the Women's Division, the Special Division for Colored Organization, the Community Singing Division and the Merchant Marine Division. The Service Division maintained a Booking Bureau from which welfare organi- zations, both in and out of the camps, secured entertainment talent, vaudeville artists, motion pictures, singers, orchestras, etc. This bureau provided for organi- zations at the Navy Yard, Camp Dix, Cape ,Ma\. Mli^ntown, etc., and at welfare clubs in Philadelphia and vicinity. About 1,1 00 full performances were given, in which approximately 6,800 performers participated, one-third of whom were paid and the balance were volunteers. The entertainment department was instrumental in securing the production of the finest sort of vaudeville performances in various theatres in Philadelphia during the winters of 1917-18 and 1918-10. These productions were a gift to our armed forces by the Theatrical Managers' Association, theatre owners, actors and actresses, Stage Employees' Union and the Musicians' Union, all of which gave their services without compensation. Over 12,000 men were entertained at these per- formances. This department was able to induce well ovfM- 1,000 citizens of Philadelphia to entertain in their homes no less than 120.000 enlisted men. One of the staff of the War Camp Community Service was officitdly assigned to the Navy \ ard to organize parties of men to attend functions of various kinds, and to see that they reached their destination. Transportation was paid, if necessary. r)().j .1 Lilnrlv PurU Tlic department operated a transportation service, wliicli incliidi'd dmm 'l.iWO \()lunt('(>is, wlio took men from central puiiils to enterlaiiimenis and dances. They also arranged for siglit-seeing trips for men wlio were wounded or sick. More than 200,000 men were thus given automobile service. \notlier liranch of the Service Division was known as the Cooperation Depart- ment, which efinip|)ed two canteens and tin'(M' service clubs. Tiic canteens were operated !>> I he \ational League for Woman's Service. One of the clubs was operated by the .Tewish Welfare Board. Tiie cante(>n in another club was con- ducted by the American Red C.ross and tlic lialance of the work was done directly by War Camp. One of the most successful of the.se clubs was for colored men. Fn these clubs and canteens about S.'i.OOO men wer(> served. The department assisted in the organization of six of the special service clubs for enlisted men in Philadelphia and gave assistance of various kinds to thirty-five other local organizations which were operating clubs, either wholly or in part, for the use of our armed forces. An Information Department was established which provided a good informa- tion se^^^ce covering every conceivable item of interest to enlisted men and their relatives. In particular, information regarding incnnrmg transports was supplied in cooperation with the Emergency Aid and Philadelphia Council of National Defense. Four information booths for the use of men in uniform and civilians were maimed. The one on the Ivisl Plaza of City Hall, in charge of .lohn W. Basford, known to the men as "Dad," was especially popular. Over (me million and a half copies of the Weekly Biillelin, published by the War Camp, were dis- tributed. Each bulletin gave briefly a summary of events for service men in Philadelphia. The names and locations of the more important places of historic interest were published in a special bulletin. 666 In brief, the Service Division, through its various branches came in contact with, and served, over 2,250,000 men. The Women's Division organized recreational and educational groups among approxiniat(>ly 13,000 girls, which consisted of workers in munition factories, yeo- wonien, and otiiers. The Colored Department of this division organized over 3,000 girls in similar groups. The special division for colored organizations provided recreational and educa- tional facilities for returned (colored) soldiers and sailors. Groups of about 20,000 colored citizens were organized in this service, and the Berean Army and Navy Section of the War Camp, which was located at 1930 S. College Avenue (for use by either white or colored men), was one of the finest service clubs in the country. The Community Singing Division was organized for the purpose of keeping the citizens of Philadelphia in the singing frame of mind and to inspire theii- patriot- ism. Over 2,800 "Sings"' were held, in which something like 0,000,000 people participated. The ATariiie Division endeavored to do for the members of the Allied Merchant iMarinc the same sort of service which the Service Division did for the armed forces. It provided special entertainments for the crews of foreign vessels and stimu- lated activity along the water front. It also cooperated with the Seaman's Insti- tute, and a large part of the work which it assisted in developing will be permanent. Sight-seeing trips about the city for service men had their inception in the early summer of 1918. These were first arranged by Albert Cook Myers. Courtesy W. C. C. S Al the Berean Club. 667 C.iiirtfSj' W. C. C. S. Brazilian \aval Officers «/ I luliiniKlcncc Hull. a \((liiiil<'cr iiiciiilxM' of War Camp StafT, for thn mon on giiaid at ('lamp's Sliip- yaid. Later in tho summer. Burton Alva Kunklc Ird |)arlics on Saturday after- noons finm the \avy Varlished a series of classes at the marine barracks in the Navy Yard. Courses were arranged in automobile mechanics, surveying, typewriting, conversational French, science of telephoning, building roads and railroads, engineering structures, electricity as applied to military training, filtration, etc. For the tecimical subjects of engi- neering, the cooperation of the Engineers' Club of Philadelphia was secured and C. F. Puff, Jr., obtained, largely from the Club, a competent staff" of teachers. Classes in navigation were held in the seamen's barracks of the Supply and Receiving Ship, at Pier 19, North Wliarves, at the ITnited Service Club, at the Rotary Army and Navy Club, at the Radio School, and at Essington, Pa. In- struction in navigation at Pier 19, and the Rotary Army and Navy (!'.lub was supplemented by courses in seamanship. Largely from instruction and training received in one series of these classes in navigation and seamansiiip, 150 enlisted men subsequently secured their commissions as officers. Classes of instruction for prospective pay clerks and assistant paymasters were conducted at the Rotary Army and Navy Club, and a course in steam and marine engineering instituted at the Fuel Oil School in the Navy Yard. 669 One of the most interesting navigation and French classes was made up tjf officers and men stationed on mine sweepers, off Camden, N. .1. Opportunities for learning French, through conversational methods, were likewise offered at the Spring (jai'den Institute to soldiers qualifying for drivers and chauffeurs over- seas and at the Frankford Arsenal. The Representation Department, which kept in personal loiicii with hundreds of officers and men in all branches of tiie service and transmitted tlicir ideas and suggestions to those in charge of the various departments of the unit. In this way, the unit was enabled to cooperate coiistanllv with the War Camp Community Service, the Representation Department taking entire charge of the Sunday evening entertainments given by them, in connection with the Theatrical Managers' Association of Philadelphia. An average of three thousand soldiers, sailors and marines were entertained in this way every Sunday (^vening. The thanks of everyone concerned are due Fred. G. Nixon-Nirdlinger and Harry T. Jordan. \l the suggestion of Lieutenant Coimnander F. R. Payne, I'. S. N. (retired), the unit secured the services of R. R. I']vans and R. (). Frick, for free legal advice to the marines stationed at the Navy Yard and for consultation, at their law offices, for all enlisted men. Joseph W. Shannon helped to continue tliis service with great efficiency. At its early meeting the War Emergency Unit took steps toward studying the problem of the re-education of those men who were inca|)acitated through service to their country. A survey and bibliography of this subject, prepared by \\ illiam H. llussie, was used by societies and organizations nationally. D. C. McMurtrie, Director of the Red Cross Institute for Crippled and Disabled Men. valued Mr. llussie"s knowledge and broad vision so highly that he made iiim a member of his stall'. O. F. McCormick, who was active in llir wmk of securing entertainment fur the men at the Navy Yard, later became Director of the Phila- dclpliia activities of the War Camp Comimmity S(>rvice. I nlil .lutie. l')l!{. the work of thi' unit had been linanced partly by individual subscriptiiiiis and |)artly by the War Cami) Cdnununity Ser\ ice of the (^.ommission on Tiainiiiir Camp Activities. It seemed advisable to turn to other sources for support, anil therefore an appeal was made to the War Welfar'c Council of Philadelphia and an appropriation from the War Chest was paid monthly from July, 1')I8. to the unit. The work continued with increased efficiency until \ii\ ember-, when, after the signing of the armistice it was seen that the emergiMuy was over, the l^oard of Ciovernois voted to discontinue activities after the iUst <>f Decend)er. 1018. From the highest officials of the Navy and nf the Marine Corps to the blue- jacket and private, only words of conunendatidii have been received for the work of the unit. This unique organization, held togetluM- by the unselfish ed'orts of its founder and his pioneer associates, assisted by the cooperation of lire members and conscientiorrs instructors, accomplished an important task. It trained iirnirmei'- able men to better their positions in the service and by maintaining an opportunity for intellectual activity, it enabled these men to return better equipped to civil life. The officers of the War lunergency Cnit were: llonorai^ President, Major General I>ittletoii \V. T. Waller, U. S. M. C; Honorary Vice-Presidents, John fJribbel, Edward T. Stotesbury, Chaplain Curtis H. Dickins, t!. S.N. 670 Board of Governors Preisideiit, Cornelius Bodine; Vice-President, Harry T. Jordan; Treasurer, Edward Ilsley; Secretary, E. Earl Daniell: Publicity, George I. Bodine, Jr.; Representation, Frards C. Stiefel; Advisory, Olin F. McCorniick; Executive Manager, Frank C. Brodhead. THE WAR SERVICE COMMITTEE OF THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA* No local organization gave greater pleasure to the men in service than "The Historical Society of Pennsylvania." Thirty-three Satinday evening receptions, free to soldiers, sailors and marines, were held at the buiicMng of the Society. i:5()0 Locust Street, between May 1918-19. Over .32.000 men were entertained. The largest attendance was 1,400 and the average was 1,000. Thanks for the good work done were expressed in person by both the Secretary of Wai' and tlie Secretary of the Navy. Albert Cook Myers, a member of the Society, suggested these receptions, and, together with Ernest SpofTord, Assistant Librarian of the Society, organized and directed the work in connection with them without compensation. The Council of the Society, in April, 1918, agreed to open the building one night a week in order that the men stationed in Philadelphia or in the city on leave might examine the remarkable collections of historic interest. A War Service Committee was ap- pointed, consisting of Charlemagne Tower, John Frederick Lewis and John Gribbel. to represent the Council of the Society. Having power to add to its numbers, it made Mr. Myers and Mr. SpofTord, Chairman and Secretary, respectively, of the Executive Committee. The late John W. Jordan, Librarian of the Society, was also for a time, a member of the Executive Committee, and took much interest in rearranging the Museum collections for the opening night. Francis Howard Williams, Treasurer of the Society, acted in like capacity for the Committee. During the later period of the receptions, Francis Rawle, the late William Drayton, Edward Robins and Harrold E. Gillingham, also served f>n the War Service Committee. The first of the receptions was held on Saturday evening, May 18, 1918. It was for officers only. The building was beautifully decorated wilii flags and flowers. A Guard of Honor, of soldiers and marines, was present. The Secretary of War, the Hon. Newton D. Baker, was the speaker of the evening. Orville Harrold, the American tenor, sang. All of the later receptions were for enlisted men. No pains were spared to bring these receptions to the attention of the enlisted service men. Neat signs of welcome were placed on the exterior of the building. A special poster was printed and widely distributed, giving a list of some of the star exhibits displayed, viz.: The Wampum belt given to William Penn by the Indians, "Mad" Anthony Wayne's sword and camp kettle. Robert Morris' gjeat money chest, Frankhn's punch keg, Washington's desk, John Paul Jones' sword given to him by King Louis XVI of France, Lincoln's law books and fiuniture, the auto- graph manuscripts of "The Star Spangled Banner," "Home, Sweet Home," and "Hail Columbia." Each week, moreover, 12,000 printed announcement cards, cut to fit a sailor's pocket, were distributed in over one hundred camps and *Sumniarized by the Secretary of the Philadelphia War History Committee from the records of Albert Cook Myers. 671 f)72 like places. In this distriliution, as well as in many other ways. War Camp Com- munity Service greatly aided. The Boy Scouts also were willing helpers. The hours for the reception were from 7 to 11 o'clock. The uniform admitted the service men. but cards of admission wer(> strictly required for all civilians. The officers and members of the committees had their appointed |)laces and functions to jierform. The five great rooms of the building and all the special facilities for such fun(^tions were made freely available. The stately entrance hall was hung with Hags of the Allies, and from the galleries of the Assembly Hall, intertwined with bunting, were suspended the standards of the city, state and nation, along with the beautiful and costly historic flags and banners of the Pennsylvania Society of the Sons of the Revolution and other patriotic organizations. A band or orchestra, stationed in the Assembly Hall, enlivened the evening. The tables in the main reading room were covered with magazines, which, after the receptions, the men were permitted to take with them. Cigars and cigarettes were provided, and many of the men lingered in this room to read, smoke or chat with one another or with those chosen to assist in entertaining. A catalog of the Society's collection of relics, manuscripts and paintings was prepaied by Mr. Myers. Competent guides described the collections, particularly those in the two museum rooms on the second floor. At 8 P.M.. the exercises proper began in the Assembly Hall, the Chairman of the Executive Committee presiding. A Liberty Sing was led by Albert N. Hoxie, Director of Music at the Philadelphia Navy Yard. About 8:.30 o'clock, an eight-minute address was deUvered on some topic of historic interest. The speakers were: Hampton L. Carson, S. Davis Page, Charles Wadsworth, Jr., W. Herbert Burk, Ex-Governor Edwin S. Stuart, John Cadwalader, Major (icneral Littleton W. T. Waller, William W. Porter, Calvin L. Lewis, Charles Francis Jenkins. Hollis (Jodfrey, Cheesman A. Herrick, Charlemagne Tower, Mrs. Charles Roberts, Mrs. Arthur H. Lea, Thomas WiUing Balch, the late Thomas Skelton Harrison, Thomas Lynch Montgomery, P^llis Paxson Ober- holtzer, the late John W. Jordan, W. W. Keen, William E. Lingelbach, Russell Duane, Major General Charles H. Muir, and Albert Cook Myers. Following the address were special musical features. Among those who, as volunteers, delightfully assisted in this way were: May Ebrey Hotz, Lewis L. Howell, Elizabeth H. Latta, Harry T. Jordan, of Keith's Theatre, Mrs. Phillips Jenkins and her students. Aline van Barentzen, the Orpheus Club of Philadelphia, and Henry Gordon Thunder. A special dramatic entertainment was given on one occasion by Mr. and Mrs. Otis Skinner. At another time a quaint Indian game was played by a group of red men impersonated by students of the School of Indus- trial Art, costumed under the direction of the artist and Indian authority, Charles H. Stephens. At 9 o'clock dancing began, under the oversight of certain ladies of the Com- mittees. Each week about 200 girls were invited as dance partners and to assist in entertaining. The dance in progress, supper was served under the direction of Miss Helen K. Morton and Miss E. Mae Myers. Among others who assisted them were the Emergency Aid Aides in their attracti\e uniforms, usually under the command of Miss Marys B. Clark (now Mrs. George Harrison Frazier, Jr.). At the coffee urns presided Miss Lydia T. Morris and Mrs. Charles Roberts, or other efficient helpers. 673 Rau Art Studios. Inc. \ l.aler Ri'ception lo Soldiem. Snihirs mid \hirr Many woiirulcfl mm woro entortaincd, and givon special rare and attention. Frequently, men convalescing in city hospitals, were bronglit in motors to the receptions through the kindness of Mrs. George W. C.hilds and others. The visitors came from every State in the Union, the territorial possessions and the Allied countries. .Ml branches of the service were represented. On the whole they were splendid young nirn. luanv of tiicni of (Ik- keenest intelligence and finest sensibility. The expenses of the receptions, amounting to about $18,000. were met by a special fund contributed on appeal by a long list of members of the Society. Individual members and organizations who defray(>d the cost of specific evenings were Mrs. .1. Bertram Li[)pincotl. WaltiT ,1. Lippincott. the Pennsylvania Society of Colonial Dames of America, the Colonial Society of I'ennsylvania, the Pennsyl- vania Society Sons of the devolution, Thomas l^eWitt Cuyler, the late Mrs. James MifTlin, the Transatlantic Society of America, Miss Anna ,1. Magee, Mrs. William Brooke Hawie, Alexander Nan Rensselaer, Misses hjiiily and Laura Bell. Miss Lydia T. Morris, Mrs. Arthur II. Lea. Thomas Willing Balch, the late Thomas Skelton Harrison, Miss Nina Lea, and groups of men and women. This generous financial support would have been wholly inadequaU; but for the voluntary services of a devoted and self-sacrificing band of workers who gave themselves personally to the cause, .\mong the most active members of the sub-committees on reception, entertainment, etc., beyond those previously men- tioned, were: Charles S. Bradford, Mr. and Mrs. Howard F. Brinton, Misses Kezia R. and .Martha Bunting, Miss Jane Campbell, Miss Helen Louise Coates, Mr. and Mrs. James de W. Cookman, the late Miss Anne H. Cresson, Mr. and Mrs. Leonard H. Dudmau. Mrs. Waller J. Freeman. Miss Jean K. Crafi'en. ATrs. William S. Hallowell, Mr. and .Mrs. John W'. Jordan, Wilfred Jordan, Bevan Jordan, Mr. and Mrs. Alfred R. Justice, Mrs. Nathaniel Seaver Keay, Gregory B. Keen, Mrs. A. H. Lane. Miss Mary B. Latta, Miss M. Atherton Leach, Howard W. Lewis, 674 Mr. and Mrs. M. P. McGeehan, Miss Elizabeth D. McMahon, Mrs. Sara P. S. Mitchell, Mrs. Alvin A. Parker, Miss KUa Parsons, Mrs. Henry Pemberton, Jr., Mrs. Edward Robins, Mrs. Ernest Spofford, Mrs. James Starr, Jr., Mr. and Mrs. Spencer Trotter, Miss Anne Holhngsworth Wharton, Miss Bertha S. Wetzell, Miss Mary E. Wood, Mr. and Mrs. WiUiam K. Wood. At the outset, the entire staff of the Society volunteered to do their part in the work, and their willing services greatly helped the undertaking. In addition to those already mentioned, they were: Miss Jane C. Wylie, Albert J. Edmunds, Miss Mary M. Townsend, James W. Pawson, Miss Lihan T. McMahon, George H. Fairchild, Miss Martha F. Grant and Miss Martha B. Thompson. Further- more, the helpful suggestions and the hard work and late hours recjuired from the faithful guardian and caretaker of the building, R. Albert Stenberg, were indis- pensable to the success attained. It is impossible here to chronicle all the kindly assistance and encouragement from outside sources, but mention must be made f)f that received from the city press, which was ever friendly and appreciative. The final reception, on May 17, 1919, was in honor of the men of the 28th Division. Major General Chai'les H. Muir, who was present, together with his staff, made the address of the evening. The receptions became famous all over the country and were the theme of letters to the home-folks and of pleasant reminiscence on ships at sea and in the camps of France. They will ever be held in appreciative and grateful remembrance by an im- portant element of our young citizenship, and will redound to the credit of the Historical Society and to the city of Philadelphia. THE YOUNG MENS CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION Walter M. Wood. General Secretary The war work of the Young Men's Christian Association of Philadelphia should be divided into two classes: First, that done by the Metropolitan Y. M. C. A.; and, second, that wiiich was directed by the National War Work Council. Of the three national campaigns conducted by the National War Work Council of the Y. M. C. A. for $3,000,000, $.35,000,000 and $100,000,000, respect- ively (each quota was exceeded), the Philadelphia district contributed approxi- mately $10,000,000 for the three campaigns. WORK OF THE METROPOLITAN Y. M. C. A. The general statement issued by the Metropolitan Association covering the period from April, 1919. is prefaced by figures giving the names of secretaries and members who enlisted in the service of their country. The Honor Roll of the Central Branch alone includes twelve secretaries and 1,700 members. An unusually high percentage of members and secretaries also engaged in war welfare work in the city and in the camps and overseas, William 0. Easton, Executive Secre- tary of the Central Branch serving as Associate National Educational Secre- tary. As soon as Camp Meade was organized, a number of the directors of the Phila- 675 Class in Triijonomelry. (Iclphia \ssociatinn. incliKlinf: some of llio loaditif,' hiisinoss mm of the cily. vol- iiiitccic(l llicir soi\ ices as Y. M. (".. A. spciclarios for slated periods of time on such a basis as would permit of an adjustment with Ihcii imsincss schedules. Among the men wlinsetxcd at ("amp Meade may he menlioiied the folliiwinir: Ivlvvard 11. Bonsall. William M. Longslielh, Edward W. Mcholson, .lolm \V. Dorris, and J. Willison Smith. The services n>ndered by the Metropolitan Association, under the direction of IVesident Joseph M. Steele, and (len(ral Secretary Walter M. Wood, were larp^ly with service men at the regular branches. Thai work is best shown by the use of a few figures and in pres<>nting them the Metropolitan Association stresses the fact that these figures do not include the wiirk done under the War Work Council in and near Philadelphia. Over 517.000 men made use of the V. M. C. A. buildings in IMiiladelpliia. of which mnnber IT.'). (•()() secured slei^ping accormuddation and ! I."). 000 used (he baths, lockers, swinuning pools and gymnasium. \ tulal uf o\er 91,000 attended regular meetings and 11.700 were entertained in Ikiiucs. churches, and theaters under the direction of the Young Men's Christian Association. Owing to the proximity of Camp Dix, the Washington barracks at Cape May, and the increased number of men at League Island, the Metropolitan Y. M. C. A. was confronted with a nundier of problems. Not only did it have the men in the service to consider but also, on account of the great increase of industrial workers 676 in munition factories of Philadelphia and at Hog Island, its general activities were, of necessity, greatly expanded. Special educational classes wer(> estahlished in which :5 10 took the courses in aeroplane work; 103 studied in the courses in wireless: 181 took up ship blueprint reading, while sixty-three enrolled in the courses in navigation and seventy-five in ship fitting. So great was the demand upon the various branches of the association tliat it became imperative to find larger and more suitable accommodations. Therefore, the First Regiment Army at Broad and Callowhill streets was fitted up as a club- house. The chairman of the connnittee in charge was Richard L. Austin, and the executive secretary was L. W. Fountain. During January, 1919, and the nine months following over 27,000 men were cared for at the armory. Entertainments for 9,000 were provided there and each man received a gift package from the department. Not only were the men provided with sleeping acconnnodations and entertained, but 3,000 iclief cases were also handled, and over one hundred posi- tions secured for returned turn. The total innnber visiting the armory and making use of its equipment was oNcr r)5,000. In the spring and sunnner of 141') thousands of returning troops came to the port of Philadelphia. Mr. keeler the Transportation Secretary arranged for the reception of nineteen troo])ships and the proper care of the men who were trans- ported from the pier to C.amp Dix on fifty -eight troop trains. In practically every case all returning troops were served with a gift box and thousands of postal cards were distributed and many telegrams to relatives sent fiee of charge. The gift boxes were packed by a voluntary committee of ladies under the chairmanship of Library al League Island. 677 Miss Warren of the Penns\lvaiiia Kailroad liraiuli. Equipment for caifjo boats was supplied, consisting of a pliono-irapii and records, testaments, sonj: sheets, pamphlets, books, games and stationery. This equipment was also furnished to eleven coast-guard stations through Mr. Welch of the War Camp ("ommunity Service. The retain of troops to the port of Philadelphia, and the very large number of demobilized men coming to this city from many camps, necessitated the assign- ment of nine special secretaries, and four members of the regular staff to help dis- charged service men to find themselves in civil life. \or was this work confined to men of American birth d on by the Y. M. C. A. during the Spanish and Russo-Japanese wars and when the National (uiard regimi>nts were called to the Mexican border, it had its secretaries with the troops. At Camps Hancock and Meade, and wherever Philadelphia men were sent, they found the Y. M. C. A, ready to serve. The Med Triangle workers were on the piers to greet them, and bid them "(iod Speed." In many cases they went with them on the transports and continued their activities in places of danger and need, in the front line. Doctor Cornelius T. McCarthy, the fust American medical officer to receive lln> lirilish Military Cross, and subsequently the Bar. was with American Engineers at Cambrai in the fall of 1917. Doctor McCarthy, in letters to friends, paid high tribute to the Y. M. C. \. In closing one of these letters. Doctor McCarthy said: "Thank Cod for the Y. M. C. A. For three days we were unable to get supplies to the front beiause of heavy fire, and we were sustained by the supplies of the Y. M. C. A. hut, whose workers were with us at the time." Three hundred and thirty-three Philadelphians, of which number 27)'.\ w ere men and eighty were women — served with the "Y." One hundred and twenty-five worked overseas and 208 in the various camps at home. WOHK CONDUCTED BY THE NATIONAL WAR WORK COINCIE The statement issued by J. D. Sutherland, Philadelphia representative of the Nati(mal War Work Council, covered the period from September. I<)17, to Decem- ber. P)I9. a total of 27 months. The work of the Na\'>' Y. M. C. A., including two buildings, one in the city at l.Uh and Shunk streets and the other, the Navy Y. M. C. A. building at the League Island Navy Yard, were placed at the disposal of the War Work Council. During the war period over 600,000 Navy men secured sleeping accommodations 678 and used tlie geni-ial eliib facilities, including baths, lockers, game rooms, reading and writing rooms. Thousands of men desiring accommodations were turned away, every available inch of s|)ace in the city Navy building being packed to capacity. The building at the Navy Yard proved inadequate to meet the demands of war time, and on September 20, 1917, a type '"E" building, including an auditorium and social rot)m, was dedicated. A stafl' of five secretaries consisting of one building secretary, two reUgious work secretaries, one social and one educational secretary were placed in charge. I'ndcr the chairmanship of Mrs. Robert E. Strawbridge, a committee of Philadelphia women was organized to conduct a canteen for the sale of ice cream, cake and soft drinks. Mrs. John W. Geary, a member of this committee, furnished the social wing of the building. Edward Bok presented a swimming pool at League Island, 75 feet long and 25 feet wide, with a depth of 4 feet at the shallow end and 9 feet at the deep end . The Commandant at the Navy Yard was so pleasetl with the pool and the possibility that his men could be given instruction in swimming, that he issued a schedule of hours for the different detachments stationed at the yard. In the second "Y" financial drive for §.'55, 000,000 a troop of nine Boy Scouts of Merion, Pa., raised $32,000. This troop decided to present this entire amount to the National War Work Council for "Y" work and requested that $15,000 go to France to provide a hut for the Army and the balance of $17,000 to provide a modern gymnasium for the men of the Navy and Marine Corps at League Island Navy Yard. This building with full equipment, including apparatus, wrestling mats, hand ball and basket ball courts and full gym equipment, had a seating capac- ity for 1,500 men. It was dedicated June 5, 1918. The association in this dis- trict was particularly fortunate in having such a complete physical equipment and the men of the service took advantage of the entire plant to its fullest capacity. In September, 1918, the influenza epidemic which swept the country reached League Island Navy Yard and on September 11th the use of the buildings was offered to the medical authorities and on September 12th they were taken over. The auditorium and social room were taken by the Navy and provided quarters for 200 patients: the gymnasium was taken l^y the U. S. M. C. and also provided quarters for 200 men. The staff of secretaries volunteered to Ccue for these men, and during a period of three weeks rendered remarkable service in caring for the sick and ministering to the parents and relatives of the men who died. The entire yard was quarantined for a period of six weeks and when conditions improved at League Island, members of the staff gave their services in city hospitals where the epidemic had made particularly hard inroads among the population of the city. Figures summarizing the work from September 20, 1917, to July 1, 1919, show that the attendance at the building totaled 2,103,920 and that 544,400 letters were written. The secretaries sold money orders totaling $53,998.26 and cashed checks on a daily average of $250, amounting in all to $150,000. The secretaries in charge of religious work conducted 205 meetings with a total attendance of 44,206. Three hundred and twenty-one Bible classes were organized with a membership of 5,461; over 8,000 copies of Scriptures were dis- 679 tril)iite(l and 1. 000 personal interviews held with the tmni for the discussion of inndance of .').328. The library was operated under the lulucalional Department and 11.392 books were put in circulation. The swinnning pool was used by 48,679 men, and 108,38.5 took advantage of the facilities olFered by the gymnasium and its equipment. Motion-picture entertainments proved popular, as usual, and the Social Department reported that 127,025 men enjoyed the fdms. Besides the work at League Island, the Philadeljihia district organized and developed activities in seven other places: Paoli — Camp Edward C. Fuller, for Signal Hattalion, V. S. M. ('.. operated frotn ,Iune to September, 1918. I"()HT MiKKi.iN — .\nununition base, three miles below League Island on the Delaware River. Extension program from INavy Yard for 300 marines. Frankford Arsenal — The government prepared a room inside the ars(>iial for association purposes and the "Y" secretary also had charge of a communitN house outside of the arsenal for recreation purposes. This work was carried on from September, 1918, to January, 1919, for the 600 Army men at this place. (iRKi-:.\\vir.ii Point — The association equipped a building whicii the (iovern- ment provided and detailed a secretary on full time for work with 800 men of tiie I nited States Army and Motor Transport Corps for a period covering .lanuary, 1919, to July, 1919." Lnited States Aumv Husi'Ital No. 22 (Blockley), Philadelphia — From IVbruary to .May, 1919, the (jovernment provided a room in the hospital for association work and during the months of May and June the activiti<'s were continued in a large tent. A secretary on full time looked after the needs of 600 wounded overseas men and 100 detachment men. Besides the above camps, etc., the Philadelphia (MstricI included the very ex- tensive work at Wissahickon Barracks, Cape May, .\. .1., and work at the sub- marine base, Sewells Point, N. J. The war work of the association in this district was taken over by the (iovern- ment on January 1, 1920, the; activities being coulined now, as before the war. to the p(>rmanenl work in the Y. M. C. A. at the League Island Navy ^ ard. at the Navy Y. M. C. A. Building, at 1 3th anrl Shunk streets, and in the various branches of the Association in and near the city. A large number of Philadelphians enlisted for overseas service with the Y. M. C. A., and some of them were placed in executive positions of considerable impor- tance. Among these may be mentioned Franklin S. Edmonds, who organized the first Leave Area of the A. E. F. at Aix-les-Bains, and later was head of the Soldiers' Leave De[)artment Y. \\. C. A., A. 1*]. F., and also head of the Legal Department of the Y. M. C. A. and Liaison Commissioner with tiie American Bed Cross. John L. Clarkson, of the Philadelphia Association, was placed in charge of the pioneer educational work with the A. E. F. overseas and later was c(unmis- sioned a Major, (jeorge W. Braden was first the Physical Instructor at l\w Leave Area at Aix-les-Bains, and later was in entire charge of the physical woi k of the 680 Y. M. C. A. with the Italian Army (Caso del Soldato). He was made an Hondiaiy Major of the Itahan Army. 0. Howard Wolfe was head of the Personnel Department of the Y. M. C. A.. A. E. F., dmint; the last six months of the war. H(jward Butcher, was Treasurer and Assistant Chairman of the Finance ( '.ommittee. Charles ( '.arver. J r., was Divi- sional Secretary of the Auvergne Leave Area. Later he was in charge of the Leave Area of the Riviera, the largest in the A. E. F.. where 150,000 men were entertained for seven-day vacations. Miss Gertrude Ely was one of the pioneer women secretaries, and served with the 1st Division until after it had maiched into the Rhine \'alley. Mrs. D. Rraden Kyle was one of the j)ioneers in organizing the First OlFicers' Clnb at Cannes. Miss Lulu Dnhring was in charge of the women's work in the Auvergne Leave Area. There were many others in this service whose work was of equal merit, so that Philadelphians may recall, with proper pride, their part in this notalile work. THE YOUNG WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION By Dorothy Bauer " To stand behind the girl behind the man behind the gun" — this was the task undertaken by the Young Women's Christian Association of America when the country faced the jjossibility of taking jiart in the European war. The immediate tasks lay in safeguarding the moral conditions in the neighbor- hood of Army and Navy training camps, and welfare work among wt)men who en- tered uew industries in the unusual conditions created by war. Oflicers of the Army and the '^'oung Men's Christian Association centered their activities on men in camp, and it was essential in safeguarding the men in camps that there be established cooperative work of women for woukmi in the conniiunities where men were (juartered. The organization which in times of peace and under ordinary circumstances is al)le to carry out a program is naturally the one to which the comnnmity tinns in time of emergency. The Young Women's Christian Association had the machinery, the equipment and the motive to do such work effectively. Added impetus was given to the plans of the National Roard l)y telegrams from the War Department Conunission on Training Camp Activities, and from the general secretary of the International Committee of the Y. M. C. A., which set forth the need iov expert women workers. The acceptance of this sudden challenge to prove their ability to help in the social, industrial and economic readjustment of the Hves of thousands of women and girls in our country culminated in two war meetings on June 6 and 7. 1917. at which a War Work Council was organized. The National Roard authorized the creation of a War Work Council con- sisting of one hundred women. Some were National Roard members and field work representatives; others were women of varied interests wht) were not, at the time, connected with the association. The function of the council was to act as a committee of the National Roard. and use the resources of the Y. W. C. A. in meeting the special needs of girls and young women of all countries affected by the war. 681 The council included wdincn of ail classes, of all dcnominalions. ev(>rywhere. Philad('li)liia members were: Mrs. Edwin C. Grice. Mrs. William !.. McLean. Mrs. John Markoe and Mrs. Edward T. Stotesbury. All the activities of the council were directed by sj)(>cial commitl(>es which operated in stntions of the country where the need was greatest. The Hostess House Committee, for instance, planned to erect such buildings at points where they would he easily accessible tn the soldiers of the 1 nited Slates Army and their women relatives. Other committees directed the work of social morality; supervised bureaus for training volunteers for special service: undertook to solve housing jiroblems; launcluHl work among colored women and girls and outlined plans for work over- seas. In the various localities the type of activity was adapted of necessity to the local conditions. Patriotism was stimulated by the organization of patriotic leagues among girls who were lured by the novelty of the uniform; Americanization work was started among foreigners and interpreters sent into their homes to ex- plain the object of the war; and social connnunity centers were established. All these activities were carried forward under the insignia of the Blue Tri- angle, which was recognized on both sides of the Atlantic as the symbol under which America's womanhood rendered service. In approaching the war problems at home, the War Work Council was enabled to facilitate its work by the existing geographical units of the national organization, which is subdivided geographically into eleven lields. Philadelphia contains the executive oflice of the l">ast Central Field, which comprises the states of Pemisyl- vania, Delaware, Maryland and the District of Columbia. In this held the first Hostess House in .\nu'rica was erected. \l Mlcnlnwu. Pa., where the ambulance corps was stationed at Camp Crane, the building was erected with Miss Mary Truman in charge. Ultimately the need of a permanent ^ . W. C. \. became ap|)arent. and in August, 1918, the National War Work Council rented a building, where the membership mounted rajjidly to :!..'}()(). Mrs. 11. S. Prentiss Nichols was appointed Chairman of the War Work Council in the East C(>ntral Field. Members of the committee included Mrs. Frederic M. Paist, Mrs. Frank T. Griswold, Airs. .John White (leary, Mrs. W illiam C. Ferguson, Dr. Ella B. l]\(iitl. Mrs. Charles J. String and Miss Isabel Ce,st. The erection of a hostess house at Camp Meade, Maryland, followed soon after the opening of the camp. Apart from these two centers, however, the main problem of the field diuiiig war days was the industrial woman. Hundreds of foreign-born and colored women were brought into the Stale to work in the munition factories. The influx was so great that IMiiladelphia is rated now as the third largest city of colored po|)ulation in the 1 nited States. These facts, as they emerged from the chaos and confusion of the war, ne(u;s- sitated many radical changes in the usual assoc^iation program, and the activities subdivided broadly into foiu' phases: I. The establishment of Industrial Service Centers to furnish living accom- modations and recreation facilities for industrial women. II. The introduction of an Americanization program among foreign-born i-)K2 women tu acquaint them witli the causes of the war; to read and translate to them the letters sent from husbands or sons who were drafted ; and finally to teach them the language (jf America — their adopted country; its customs, and the methods of preparing food that help in food conservation. III. The introduction of a program of social morality by a series of lectures given by women physicians — an undertaking that was financed jointly by the Y. W. C. A. and the Women's Council of National Defense. IV. Special work among colored women. One of the chief centers for Y. W. C. A. work amrmg industrial workers was the Frankford Arsenal at Bridesburg. where thousands of additional girls were employed to meet the pressure of war conditions. In October, 1918, an Industrial Women's Service Center was established. The recreation and club rooms were immediately crowded to capacity and the demand for a cafeteria was so instan- taneous that one was installed. The establishment of clubs in the center led in- directly to Americanization work, owing to the fact that there is a large Polish settlement near by numbering 6,000. This led to the addition of a Polish worker to the staff; English classes were started for mothers and the school principals of the district gladly welcomed the Y. W. C. A. in coping with a situation which one of them described as "serious." Here is a quick glance at the activities of the Arsenal Club girls, who on March 17th gave a Saint Patrick's dance with sailors and marines from the Navy Yard as guests. After developing the recreational facilities of the center to the greatest possible degree, the girls expressed a wish for talks on personal appearance and hygiene and these were started under Doctor Rachel Williams of Philadelphia. The association workers rejoiced to find that there were tangible results almost instantly; the talks were followed by the disappearance of those large-sized ear- buns that had been filled formerly with "me aunt's hair." A big factor in this phase of the work was emergency housing for the employed girls who, in many instances, came to Philadelphia from other cities. Of the many centers either built or rented for the purpose, the National War Work Council ob- tained one of the most pleasant in a residential down-town district in Philadelphia, where forty girls could be acconnnodated. This was known as the Rosemont House and it has been continued as a permanent living place for girls. The majority of the original occupants were employed at Hog Island and the applicants from the near-by offices were so numerous that a long waiting list w-as started. Business EngUsh and business arithmetic were thoroughly taught and for diversion the girls exercised in the gymnasiums, held club suppers and minstrel shows and invited their men friends to popularity parties on Saturday nights when there was dancing, and games were played. Such programs as these did much to alleviate the irresponsibility bred among many younger women by the sense of uncertainty and disaster that accompanies war. Moreover, it prepared them to some extent to grapple with the changed conditions of the reconstruction period when the slackened war industries dropped the unskilled workers from their jobs. Wherever the American woman went, no matter what her mission, the Blue Triangle went with her. One of the most humanitarian dwellings it adorned was the Players" House which ultimately was erected in all the camps for the actresses and singers who volunteered their services in amusing the men. The 683 other camp facilities offered the women no opporluiiity to assume their inake-iip: to snatch occasional periods of rest, or to stay over night, if irregular train service prevented their return to town. All the Blue Triangle Players' Houses were operated as hotels for transients and wore planned usually to accommodate about thirty-five guests. The contemplation of the industrial girls war-time problems led ahnost in- evitably to the Americanization work wliich was such a vital part of the associa- tion's program at that time. The influx of foreign workers and the i-ii'cumslances that caused America's entrance into the war. made the machinery of the association doubly valuable. It is the one organization that deals with alien-born grou|ts in their own language. The workers whom the organization employed to carry the creed of Americanization into every foreign household, included: Italians. Hungarians. Spaniards. Russians. Poles. Syrians. Lithuanians. Portugui'se. Serbians. Mexicans. Japanese and Chinese. These 'N . W. C. A. workers translated the newspaper articles to the women whose husbands or sons had been drafted into service and who could not under- stand the purpose of the war. They explained the food saving regime of the administration; assisted in writing letters to the men in the camps and explained the modern principles of child welfare, homekeeping and cooking. The purpose of the social morality program was to obviate the grave situation which confronted the conmumities adjoining the camps where thousands of men were concentrated. The lonely soldier, bored, indoli'nt. homesick and craving diversion, was confronl(>d by the young girl whose truly unselfish desire to serve her country, was too often, mistakenly directed towai'd the individual wearer of the I nited States Anuy uniform. The girls' ignorauice of life and war conditions was a menace, and the Bureau of Social Moralitv which the ^ . W . ('.. A. had established when troops were ordered to the Mexican border suppHed the ground work for the continuation t)f such lec- tures. The government, recognizing the urgent need for such education, took advantage of the experi(>nce accumulated by women pion(>ers already enrolled in the \ . \\ . C. A. and jointly with the association, financed the work carried out along these lines, under the Women's Council of National Defense. Women physicians lectured in the high schools and colleges. They talked to church groups, house maids, department store girls, welfare workers and war workers. In all, there were more than 2,000 lectures given in 225 communities of thirty-eight slates and the total at tendance is estimated at 1^.50,000 of which Pennsvlvania had a large share. When the association confronted the problem of the colored women who had come north in great numbers, as their men were utilized for war industries, the center of activity shifted to Philadelphia, lleie. tiie field w()ik(M's made a j)ioneer effort to supply education and wholesome anuisemenl for the colored girls who were employed in such industries as tobacco stripping, shirtwaist factories, steam laundries and in domestic service. There wer(> more than a thousand so employed, and to reach them four clubs were organized with volunteer colored teachers who were graduates of high and normal schools. Soon the need of larger and more extensive quarters was appar-ent. and a house irr the dowii-towri section was utilized as a club. The association attempted to supply new needs as (prii kis as they arose. The war created a demand for women as employment managers and industrial specialists. 681 The National War Work Council, on the advice of the Tnclustrial Depailiiient, financed an industrial training course at Bryn Mawr College where it opi-raterl under the Carola WoerishofTer Foundation. This course started in .lime. 1917, when Doctor Susan M. Kingsbury enrolled twelve students. Miss Anna BezansDii, the Instructor, selected the class from a large number of applicants and permitted none to enter the course, she would not hire, were she the employment manager of a factory. Miss Bezanson herself had practit'a! i^xperience in one of the largest razor manufacturing concerns in the country. The course was con- ducted in the closest cooperation with the government and with large employers of labor who recognized it as the preliminary change in a sweeping reconstiiiction of the industrial educational system of the country. The students spent two days of each week in large plants, usually in Phila- delphia. Two days were spent in the service departments of various concerns learning the details of organization and personnel work. Then the students entered the factories as actual woikers in the different processes where they learned machine and hand work from direct experience. They acquired, also, the viewpoint of tlie industrial worker, and it is related of the first group that "they eslublisiied a siilendid record for rehability and although they had to leave for work at o.i)() a.m. not one was ever late for her factory." When graduation came, the employers who had helped train the students, asked for their services in employment work. The course was a splendid pre- Uminary for all attempts at intelligent legislation on the woman-in-industry situa- tion. The experiment was so successful that after hearing the report, the War Work Council voted for the continuance of the course and appropriated $8,000 to be given in the form of scholarships. Another interesting innovation which was inlroducted, with (he happiest results, at the Germantown Y. W. C. A., 5820 Germantown Avenue, was the course to teach leaders of recreation the gentle art of "breaking the ice." Miss Edna Geister, who has a peculiar genius for entertaining was guiding genius of the course and under her tutelage the girls were taught to keep "things going" at those mixed parties where reserve hangs like a thick mist upon the men and girls who are un- acquainted with one another. As a result, many hundreds of service men have had their evenings turned to riots of fun, instead of enduring dreary ice-cream festivals. The colorful chapter of association work, however, is summed up in the word "overseas." Witli the exodus of American women to France, the Y. W. C. A. went also, for the Triangle stands as the eternal symbol of spiritual, physical and mental welfare. American women served as telephonists, telegraphists with the Expeditionary Forces. The Y. W. C. A. housed them and provided them with such comforts as the war-ravaged countries might permit. Work was also started for the nurses, and at the request of the French ( lovernment, fifteen recreational and educational centers were established for the "Midinettes." Philadelphia gave its quota to the workers overseas. Among the workers was Miss Marjorie Persons, a former secretary with the East Central Field, who served as Secretary for the Hostess House at Tours and later went to Treves, tJermany. Miss Agnes Winters, a volunteer worker at the Lighthouse, worked with the French Industrial Women at Bristol. Miss Ethel Johnson, of Germantown, was transferred from the Y. W. C. A. in Palermo to another station. 68:1 Other Philadelphians who are listed as having done war worii service for the Y. W. C. A. before May, 1919, are Miss Eleanor B. Barker, Miss Gertrude Bingham, Mrs. Florence Burt, Miss Eva Chadwick, Miss Faith Clark, Miss Ethel Erskine, Miss Clare Evans, Miss Chailotte Foster, Miss \'era Freeman, Miss Emily S. Galbreath, Miss Helen Gillette, Miss Mary Goodhue, Miss Grace HamiU, Miss Eva Hartman, Miss Genevieve W. James, Miss Beulah E. Knauer, Miss Edith Ci. Knowles, Miss Marguerite Lautenbach, Miss Eleanor P. Monroe, Miss Harriet E. Norris, Miss Marion 0. Perkins, Germantown, Miss Margaret Biegel, German- town, Miss Buth P. Bing, Miss Anna M. Scott, Mount Airy. Miss Louis(> Sautcr. first organizations to recognize the need for a properly chaperoned place of pleasure for the soldiers, sailors anti marines who were strangers in this city, and for the young women whose acquaint- ance they sought. Altogether over 300,000 men, who were quartered in IMiiiadelphia or in Ihr camps surrounding the city, were entertained by a committee of women repre- senting the Woman Suffrage Party, under the cliairmanshi|) of Mrs. Joseph M. (Jazzam. The first entertainment was held in Mrs. Gazzam's drawing-room, and later at the Suffrage Headquarters. 1723 Chestnut Street, and at various other places. Dances were gi\en twice a week, frequently special enlcrtinnmeiit was provided and refreshments were always served. The work of the Woman Suffrage Party received widespread conunendalion and letters of appreciation were received from the President. Secretiuy of War Baker, Secretary of Navy Daniels, General Pershing and \(lniiral Sims. Harry T. Jordan, of Keith's Theater, was a generous conliilmlin' iind supplii'd a number of vaudeville acts. Colonel Dulfy ga\e Ihe use of llie i)annHiin at Ihr Rittcnhousc; Mrs. George W. Childs Drexel, the Rev. Carl E. Grammer, Ihe Rev. Floyd W. Tomkins and the Rev. (ieorge Herbert Toop were also acli\e in their cooperation. Among the workers on the original committee were: Mrs. .losi'pli M. Gazzaiii, Chairman. Mrs. Ildi'ii Spooner, Vicc-Cjliairmaii. The Misses \nna Harris Snyder, Kdilh Smiley, Marfiarcl Hoherts. Hi'htMca lluiil. \mi Harncil and Miss Shedke; Mrs. G. A. Piersol, .Mrs. A. Foster. Mrs. .\. K. Burns. Mrs. ( i. \. Dunn- ing, Mrs. H. RaiKiiel, Mrs. Kohn, Mrs. I. Eachue, Dr. I. li. .Moore and Or. Marion Self. After the armistice, although the Suffrage Party thuugiit its war work siiould come to an end, a committee continued the work at the request of the Wai- Cam]) Conununity Service and the Secretary of the Navy, Mr. Daniels, ;in(i renamed their parties the '"Theodore Roosevelt Dances for Enlisted Men." This committee was composed of Mrs. Joseph M. Gazzam, Chairman; Mrs. Helen Spooner, Secretary; and Miss Edith Smiley, Treasurer. Assisting, as aides, were •Summarized by the Secretary, Philadelptiia War History Committee, from various reports. 686 the Misses Ann Harnod, Paulino Mitchpli, Katlieiine McDonald and Margaret Roberts; Mrs. A. Foster and Dr. Marion Self. Included in this post war work were the monthly parties of girls, properly chaperoned, who were taken to the dances at Camp Dix. WAR WELFARE COUNCIL By D. S. Blackman Philadelphia anticipated the National War Chest liy the organi/ation of a local council to secure funds from which contributions for approved war work could be made. In April, 1917, the city and four adjacent counties were called upon to conduct a drive for the National War Work Council of the Y. M. C. A., immediately follow- ing which the American Red Cross appealed to the public. Therefore, it was decided to organize for one general solicitation, and a meeting for a discussion of plans was called by Samuel T. Bodine, Cyrus II. K. Curtis, Alba B. Johnson, T. DeWitt Cuyler, James \. Flaherty, Rabbi Joseph Krauskopf, (ieorge II, McFadden, E. T. Stotesbury, John Wanamaker. At this meeting, held on December 21, 1917, Mr. Stotesbury was elected chair- man and a permanent organization was authorized to "Regulate and conduct all War Fund Campaigns in the most effective manner in order that all citizens may render the greatest possible support to the United States Gf)veiiunent." A committee was appointed to further the plans and intluded Horatio G. Lloyd, Chairman, Percy M. Chandler, George H. Frazier, John J. Henderson, R. Leo Hunt, David Rirschbaum, John H. Mason, W. Hinckle Smitii, P. C. Staples, Hugh I. Wilson. On February 6, 1918, the committee rendered its report and the following officers of the War Welfare Council for Philadelphia and vicinity were elected: E. T. Stotesbury, President; Joseph R. Grundy, Vice-President, Bucks County; H. A. Beale, Jr., Vice-President, Chester County; Percival Roberts, Vice-President, Montgomery County; Hon. Wm. C. Sproul, Vice-President, Delaware County; Hugh I. Wilson, Secretai'y; Drexel & Company, Treasurer. An executive committee was appointed consisting of: Horatio G. Lloyd, Chairman; John H. Mason, John J. Henderson, Albert E. Berry, Edward W. Bok, David Kirschbaum, W. Hinckle Smith, Percy M. Chandler, Hugh I. Wilson, R. Leo Hunt. Through the courtesy of John Wanamaker, Campaign Headquarters were established in the Liberty Building. The first task confronting the conunittee was that of preparing a suitable list of names in order that as many duplications as possible might be avoided, and that all interests without regard to creed, in- dustry, etc., might be appealed too. The second task, was to fix a quota, and the sum of $20,000,000 was decided upon by the Budget Committee under the chair- manship of Percy M. Chandler. Twenty-nine teams, totaling id I workers, were organized. The following served as captains: Albert E. Berry, General Director; Henry G. Brengle, Louis Wolf, C. C. Harrison, Jr., N. W. Corson, Thos. DeWitt Cuyler, Ely K. Selig, Sol. Bacharach, Arthur G. Dickson, E. T. Stotesbury, E. W. Clark, Morris L. Clothier, John F. C. Harvey, Ernest T. Trigg, John P. Connelly, James A. Flaherty, Percy 687 C. Madeira. Samiiel D. Lit. ('.. Ht'irnaii Krumbliaai. CaKiii \1. Sinstli. (leortic II. Frazier. William C Fiirber. William P. Cost. William CcmsIIov, Louis (!. (iralL William l\. Ilaidl. .1. ll(i«ai(l IVw. Mbcit Wolf. William \. ll.'xamcr. Divisional directx)rs were also appointed t'oi- the n[\ and included: Tlioiims Sliallcross I)i\ isimial Dircctiir, \\ est l'liit;i(li>l|iliia Hon. .lolin M. Patterson Di\ isicinal Dirciliir. Siiilli IViilmli'tpliia Thomas K. Armstrong Oivisional Diri'ctor. Norlli l'liila!20,()7;5,»()8.52. of wiiich sum $K),28 was subscribed in Philadelphia and SI,:}}U,7T5.2;5 was subscribed in the four counties. To March 15, 1920. $I5,502,7K5.70 (or 71.9%) had been paid in. The disbursements to beneficiaries anutunled to $15,311,553.11, and the ixpenses were $:r2,:5:?0.20, less the sums of ?!(i7,500 and §75,000 received from the .Vmerican Ped Cross and the L nited W^ar Work Council, respectively, to facilitate the collection of pledges. 68!) CIVIC CLUB OF PHILADELPHIA Mrs. Edward W. Biddle, President ]HIS CU R was founded in 18Q1 to arouse in the women of Philadelphia an appreciation of their ei\ic oblif,'ations. Recognition of civic obligations is, however, an important foundation stone in the structure of patriotism, and with such a ft)undation it is not surprising to find the niemhers of the Civic Club identified with a large number of war- time activities — giving to these personal service to the limit of physical strength, and financial aid to the limit of of their resources. The Club's roster (which covers more tlian six pages of the Civic Club Bnllrlin issued for January and February, 1^18) shows that of its members, including those of ward branches, 559 worked in the ranks of the Emer- gency Aid of Pennsylvania, .'ill rendered service through the American Red Cross, 27 were associated willi the work of the National League for Woman's Service, and 17 with that of the ^ . W. C. A. These are but four of the many groups with w liich members allied themselves. This service included pid)lic speak- ing in behalf of production and conservation of food supplies, in behalf ol' all the war loan drives and for the various war relief emergencies arising from lime to time. It included the gifts for foreign needs, of three ambulances, of et.h(>r in large (juantilies, of surgical instruments and supplies, of food for the children of a Belgian village, of provision for the salaries of nurses and helpers — all these through the generosity of a member of the Club's Roard of Directors. From another mendier came the gift of the Y. M. C. A. swimming pool at the Navy Yard. Another piece of personal service took the form of the translation of an im- portant article on "The TUilization of the IXTaimed for the Scientific Organization of Work" and published in the bulletin of the Taylor Society. Artist members contributed posters for war relief benefits, singers gave their voices for the enter- tainment of soldiers and for assistance in emergency drives, devotees of the drama interested themselves in the Stage Women's War Relief, and those trained in social welfare kept in touch with the families of enlisted men and in special work designed to keep families and soldiers in touch with each other. The executive service rendered by members, outside of their individual work and contributions, forms in its recital a long and impressive list. They served as guides and administrators for numerous efficient groups and bureaus, both at home and abroad. In this particular field may be mentioned direction of com- mittee work, of hospitality to enlisted m(»n, of hospital work, and of reconstruction work in devastated countries. Thus much for the work of individual members, who gave freely and generously of time, strength, talent, and mone>. The club as an organization made itself responsible for the direction from 9 A.M. to 1 P.M. of the Information Rooth for Enlisted Men, located on the east plaza of City Hall — a work begun January 28, 1918, and continued daily until June :5t). 1919 ; and the collection of forty colored lantern slides showing views of Philadelphia, 689 which were presented to the National War Work Council of the Y. M.(".. A. for use in its "huts'" in France. Through sucli patriotic work as we find Hsted in its roster did the C.i\ic C.hib show its right to be counted among those groups who stood fast in the hour of national peril. THE NEW CENTURY CLUB Mrs. II. S. Prentiss Nichols, President On Septenilier 30. 1914. at the meeting of the Executive Board of the New Century Club. Pliiladelphia. the President spoke of the outbreak of war in l^urope. never dreaming that America would ever be involved, and suggested that relief work would be needed. The International Committee at once took it up and within a week the committee was at work. The far ilung battle line finally reached these shores and in April, 1917, the I nited States joined the Allies against the cruelties and aggressions of (lerniany. What had been a philanthropic elfort to relieve the snU'criiigs of countries across the seas became a sublime expression of love of this country and her own beloved sons. As part of its contribution to this great call the New Century Club decided to devote its energies to war work. An appeal to the club brought a swift response from its own incumbers of more than §.i.0()0 to finance the undertaking. The plan decided upon was to open the club house Sunday afternoons and evenings for the use of the men in the service. .\ great host of more than 20.000 men in uniform were guests of the club week by week, until aft(>r the signing r)f th(> armistice. Siunmer and winter the club house was open every Siuiday. Writing materials, reading matter, quiet comfort all Sunday afternoon, a hot supper served by the loving hands of club niendiers, and in the evenings music and ad- dresses by men of distinction and inlluence. Kchoes of gratitude came from many mothers in distant homes for this friendly mothering of their sons. The club also instituted a policy of open meetings lor all women wli(>ther club members or not. and such subjects as the Council of Defense. Med Cross. lOmergency Aid. International Friendships, War-time Prohibition, lufncation of Soldiers, Need of Nurses, etc., were presented. (Ireat throngs came to hear eminent sj)eakers, among them Dr. Anna Howard Shaw; Mrs. A. Burnett-Smith, sent to the United States by the British Government; Madame Louis Cazamian who was sent here with the French Commission; the Contessa Cipriani representing Italy, and many other distinguished women and men whose great souls kindled an an.swering fire of patriotism. 'I'he first me(>ting of women in IMiiladelphia to assist in the Liberty IjOan was held in the New Century Club, June, 1917. to which the presidents of 125 women's clubs were invited. For the Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Liberty Loans .^722,800 were subscribed through thi- did) in the club house. The club house was given over to tiie use of the IMiiladelphia Council of Defense, under the chairmanship of Mrs. Henry D. Jump, during the summer of 1917, and was a veritable hive of patriotic industry. Four members of the club. Miss Klla Ide Kcnne>, Miss .Marion S. Comly, Miss Frances M. White and Miss Jessie B. Wilkinson, rendered war service over- seas. 690 PHILOMUSIAN CLUB By Mrs. Edgar Marburg, President, 1916-1918 With thirteen years of continued progress when the United Stales went to wai', the Philomusian Club responded with enthusiasm to every call to duty. The first thing done was the purchase of a large service tent, which was presented to the League Island Navy Yard. Furnishings and various supplies were later installed. Pianos, victrolas, sheet music, magazines, books, games and puzzles were sent to the battleships Iowa. Indiana and Massachusells. The U. S. S. Missouri was furnished with a library of 700 books. In the fall of 1917 Mrs. Henry D. Jump was appointed Chairman of the Patriotic Work Committee. She was also Chairman of the Woman's Committee of the Philadelphia Council of National Defense, and organized in the Philo- musian Club, the West Philadelphia unit of the Woman's Committee, with the members of the executive board of the club as the directors of the ten departments. Existing club committees were used as working units of these several departments. The Finance Committee secured the sum of ■S700. by means of two card parties at the club and two privately aiTanged benefits, with which to begin definite war work. The Liberty Loan Committee of the club cooperated in the October, 1917, drive. The Registration Committee was composed of the Club Membership Com- mittee and used the club house as Registration Headquarters for the December drive and the two succeeding ones. The West Philadelphia Chapter of the Red Cross was officered by members of the club. The Philomusian Red Cross Committee organized an auxiliary and placed and manned a booth in the club house during the December membership (Red Cross) campaign. The French Relief Committee, working under the Allied Relief Committee of the Emergency Aid of Pennsylvania, was composed of junior members of the Philomusian Club, and directed by a senior committee. Efforts were concentrated on the French towns taken over by the French Relief Conmiittee of the Emergency Aid for reconstruction work. In October, 1917, four boxes of women's and chil- dren's clothing, sweaters and underclothes (partly worn), five pounds of stick candy and three dozen jars of jams and jellies were sent to Trellequiers Aumant in charge of their church. This shipment was followed in December and January by larger supplies of similar character, together with $125 for the purchase of stoves. Later, 10 large packing boxes and $450 were sent. The Knitting Committee made thousands of knitted garments. These knitted Eurticles were distributed among twenty camps in the Llnited States. The war fund of the club appropriated $100 for free wool and $50 was paid monthly for the same purpose. One hundred of the sweaters listed above were finished in two weeks as a result of an S. O. S. on behalf of the men of the 22d Infantry regiment at Hoboken, N. J., the wool Ix^ing furnished by a club member. The Committee on Food Production and Food Conservation held a food 691 rxhihif. cooperating with the 27th and 46th Ward Civic Branches (West Phil- adelphia). Housekeepers' Protective Association, West Philadelphia Hijjh and Klementary Schools, Drexel Institute, the Hathaway Shakespeare (Women's) C.lub, and the West Philadelphia Readinjr (Women's) Club. The exhibits showed war bread with its recipe, meat, fats, butter and sweets substitutes. Exhibits were h<>ld of the war-time flour, war-time "at homes." war-time socials, and war-time club teas. The Library Committee, cooperated with llie V M. ( 1. \. in providing reading matter for camps and navy yards. One of the most notable achiexfiiicnts was the dub hospitalit\ to men in the service. Beginning in a small way, these Sunday night suppers rapidly grew to tremendous proportions. Over twenty-two thousand men were given a taste of home life by the kindly hostesses, served a delightful hot supper, and entertained afterwards. Speakers, musicians, entertainers, all were glad to give their talents to cheer "our boys." \\ riting paper, reading matter, "smokes" were furnished for these meetings b> mcmlMTs and friends. A clergyman in the neighborhood ob- served that when he saw our stalwart guests who had been invited for 6 o'clock supper arriving at 2. he realized that the Philomusian Club was giving these boys imich more than the supper, something of real value that they wanted and needed. One of the sweet-faced motherly mendiers of the club reported meeting a group of sailors going through \\ anamakers. She noticed they were smiling at her in a very friendly fashit)n. and as she passed one .said. "Hello, lady; I met you at the Philo- musian C.lub." The largest lunnbi'r entertained any one evening was 158. These represented forty-six States and six Allied countries, as was discovered at the roll call of States. The .service flag of the club, representing the husbands, brothers and sons of the members, had 1 10 stars, ranking from lieutenant colonels to "doughboy.s" and "devil dogs." Six of the men made the supreme sacrifice: Lieutenant Knox B. Birney, 6th Kngineers; .Midshipman William S. Crowell, I nited States Mavy; Ensign (ieorge B. I-]vans. Jr.. 1 nited Stales Naval .\ir Service; Captain Howard C. McCall, Company C. .")9th Infantry; Lieutenant .]. C. Morris Small, Cnited States Navy; Lieutenant I'.manuel W. Wilson. 22d Infantry. Lieutenant Bii'ney received the Croix de (inerre and Captain McCall the Distinguished Service Cross. A member of the club, Mrs. \. E. Lehman, went to France to do war work; she was partly financed by the club. The French (Government awarded her the Medal of Honor for her heroic service during the typhoid epidemic at Luzancy. The dub planted three trees on the Lincoln Highway as memorials to the six gold stars. Through the conservation committee one hundred fruit tr{>es have been planted in Northern F'rance and are called the I^hilomusian Club Orchard. Through the Department of Kducation three French orphans are being educated. During the last year of the war, meetings were held at the club for the mothers of men in the service. The realization that mothers must not only stand back of their boys, but must also do this cheerfully, to preserve their morals was the inspiration for these gatherings. The report for one season of the philanthropic, patriotic and relief work is as follows ; 692 Mrs. Henry R. Swopp was Cliairman of this committep. With the exception of hohdays, the members of this committee met every Monday and Thursday from 9 A.M. to 5 P.M. to sew and make surgical dressings. Twenty-five thousand five hundred and seventy-six of these dressings were made and distributed to the Red Cross, the Little House of Saint Pantaleon and to hospitals. Complete outfits for four French orphans, each containing seventeen garments, were made and contributed, and thirty-six Christmas packages were packed and sent to soldiers. Over twelve hundred garments were made by the committee and distributed in various directions, more than eight hundred knitted articles were made and given away. At the request of the (iovernment for help in the reclamation service, more than a thousand overcoats, 300 shirts, 200 blouses and 400 pairs of socks were mended. Three hundred and twelve linen articles were sent in response to a call IVoru the Government for linen for hospitals in France. The canteen workers of the club supplied over eight thousand men in the service with cigarettes, apples, ice cream and other eatables. Beside tliis committee that was organized for war work, all of the club luin- mittees contributed in some form of service. The class in Current Events contributed .§650 for anestiietics. This was sent through Dr. Rose of the Little House of Saint Pantaleon. Through other committees French orphans were supported. Kits, shot bags, magazines and other articles were sent. The Patriotic Finance Committee, under Mrs. Joseph H. Parvin, raised .f6,172 to be used for patriotic purposes. A member and ex-president of the club, Mrs. B. F. Richardson, was Chairman of the Women's Committee of West Philadelphia for three of the Liberty Loan drives. The club purchased $6,100 in Liberty bonds. Under the leadership of Mrs. Edward C. Bendere, her Committee on Thrift Stamps and War Certificates made a record unsurpassed in either City or State for Women's Clubs — a sale amounting to $165,000. mi PHILADELPHIA CLLBS HE CLUBS of Philadt'lpliin were active in war work. As organizations many of tlieni carried out definite war-time programs, and all of them through their meml)ers were represented in the military and ci\ iliaii elforts made in the prosecution of the war. It has been somewhat (hllicult to secuie an adequate statement relative to the work of tiie chihs, but the reports sent in by a number t)f them are indicative of tlieir general spirit. .\ER() CU B OF 1>ENNSYLV.\NI.\ Taking rank in the list of states according to the number of officers who served in the I nited States Air Service during the World War, Pennsylvania stands fifth, having furnished, according to actual official figures. .')83 flying and 161 non-flying officers; a total of 1.017. I iidoubt«'diy a greater luimber came from I'hiladi'lpliia than from any other section of the State. Closely interlinked with th(> early history of mechanical flight is the aerial activity of many IMiiladelphians. and a bri(>f sketi'h of the State's most active organization in connection with aeronautical matters during the war follows: The .\ero Club of Pennsylvania was organized [December 17, 1909. It stands for the encouragement and development of interest and activity in aeronautics and aviation, it is the governing body in its field in the Commonwealth and recognized and authorizefl by afliliatioii with the \ero Club of America, the national body. Karly in the spring of 1916, Philadelphia's first aviation school was organized. .\ number of the club members, including Judge ,1. Willis Martin and Bobert E. (jlendiniiing, incoiporated the Philadelphia School of Aviation, with the object of instructing a volunteer force in the event of war. Mr. (ilendimiing was President of the corporation. A bill was introduced in City Councils providing for the leasing of the old Eazaretto grounds at Essington to the school for a period of ten years, at a nominal rental of a dollar a year. Mr. (ilendinning, in outlining the plan, stated that the main purpose of the school was to instruct students in aviation as a step toward preparedness. This school and its founders and j)upils played a most important part in the aviation history of Philadelphia, as more fully described in the accompanying chapter. The school was formally opened on May 12th. and the large body of invited guests was addressed by the late Admiral Bobert K. Peary. Flights were made by Chief Instructor Walter .lohiison. On March 8, 1917, it was definitely announced that the War Department had decided to take over the Philadelphia School of Aviation. This information was conveyed to Bobert E. (ilenflinning in a telegram from (leneral (Jeorge O. Squier, (>hief of the Signal and Aviation Section of the Army. In response to a call for a loyalty and allegiance meeting sounded to the members of the club by its President, Joseph A. Steinnietz, in a circular letter dated April 6th, the memorable and historic date of the L nited States entry into the great world's struggle, a large number of the members and their friends assem- bled in the office of Mr. Steinmetz on the afternoon of April 7th. 694 The members were honored by the presence at the meeting of Captain A. A. Cunningham of the aviation section of the Marine Corps and Captain W. C. Ocker, who had recently been placed in charge of the newly acquired Essington Aviation Station. President Steinmetz, after calling the meeting to order, related fully the objects of the special meeting, the general condition confronting the United States and its citizens. He suggested possible ways and methods by which the mi-mbers of the club could best serve their country. The meeting was addressed by Captain Ocker and Captain Cunningham. After a roll call of all persons present at the meeting, the assembly was requested to pledge a solemn oath of loyalty and allegiance to the United States. The following day the members of the club, by permission from the proper authorities at Washington, visited the Covernment Aviation Station at Essing- ton to pay their respects to Captain Ocker and inspect the grounds and equip- ment. On the date of the meeting at Mr. Steinmetz's office it was publicly announced that his office would, until further notice, serve as a military exchange and head- quarters for the Aero Club of Pennsylvania, also as the local uptown office of Captain Ocker and Captain Cunningham and other government officers of the aviation section, whenever they desired to avail themselves of its use. Through this office and the efforts of the club's president, hundreds of young men entered the aviation service. Many became pilots, gunners or observers. Many hundreds were placed in positions as industrial war workers in the various aircraft factories, ammunition plants and other war-material producing plants of the country. In September, 1917, it was announced that Major Robert Glendinning had been placed in charge (tf the task of constructing the enormous aviation field for the use of war machines of I he I'nited States Army in France. It was slated that this aerodrome would be one of the largest in the world aiul would be built close to the section of trenches which the American troops would hold. Early in 1918, the Aero Club of Pennsylvania made the suggestion to the Philadelphia Y. M. C. A. that the association found a school of aeroplane con- struction, and upon invitation of the Y. M. C. A. the club appointed the follow- ing committee to meet with the committee of the Y. M. C. A.: Joseph A. Stein- metz, Dr. Geo. S. Gassner, William D. Harris and William H. Sheahan, Chairman. That such a school was a necessity was shown by the urgent call sent out by the Naval Aircraft Factory at League Island, that a force of 2.000 was needed at the factory to bring the plant to quantity production. It was decided to admit women to the classes in the lighter work of aeroplane construction. Competent instructors were secured and it was planned to open two courses; one for the training of field mechanics and ont^ (ov shop mechanics. The school was a success from the start: hundreds of young men enrolled for the various com'ses and were quickly trained for aircraft work. Several women became skilled workers and were placed in the Naval Aircraft Factory. Until the close of the war the school filled a place occupied by no other institution in the State, by furnishing skilled workers for the aircraft industry. The manager of the school during its year of existence was Lincoln R. Soule, First Vice-President of the club. Members of the directing committee were Joseph A. Steinmetz, President, and William H. Sheahan, 695 Director of the Aero Club. The school made a brilliant record and full credit for its organization must be given the Aero Club. THE ART CLUB Sixty-seven (67) members of the Art Club were in the service. Contribu- tions to the Tobacco Fund amounted to §237. Exhibitions of war pictures were made from lime to time in tiie art gallery, and the cluV) contributed .?12 per month tn the \merican \rtists' Wur I'inergency Fund. The subscriptions to the Liberty Loans were as follows: First Liberty Loan ." $106,000 Second Liberty Loan .').')! .700 Third Liberty Loan 607,050 Fourth Liberty Loan . 1.608. 100 Victnry Liberty Loan L08').000 Tin: i:ngineers' club of ]>iiiladelphia It was to be expected that the inenibers of tlie I'^ngineers' Club of IMiiLidclphia should take an honorabh- part in llie Wnrid War. As a matter of fact, they per- formed an exceedingly important part. In the Army were 276 men. including one brigadier general in charge of the transportation system in France, tiiirteen colonels, eleven lieutenant colonels, thirty- two majors, sixty-one captains, and over one hundred lieutenants. Naturally, the largest number. 101. were in the engineer corps. Ordnance came n(>xt with fifty-five, fiillo\MMl by artillery, twenty-nine; infantry, nineteen: (piartermaster. eighteen; and air service, eighteen. In the ISavy. there were fifty-seven, including three rear admirals, four lieu- tenant conunanders, twenty-seven lieutetianls and twelve ensigns. Many of these officers were occupying positions of great responsibility and of an importance above their rank. That the value of their services was recognized is shown by the fact that among the 176 Army officers who icturncd tilled blanks, there were 180 promotions or an average of more than one for each. (Three were promoted four times, and several were promoted three times.) Among the Navy list, there were thirty-seven i)roniotions out of thirty-nine officers reporting. The fourteen citations and fifteen decorations from foreign governments awarded in the two services add their testimony to the ability and resourcefulness of their recipients. Ten members were wounded, and seven gave their li\('s. Sergeant Edward Williams Barker. U.S.A., died March 17. 1918. Camp Meade, Admiral, Md.; Lieutenant Hichard F. Day. U. S. A., died Sept. 25, 1918, Cermont-Farrand, France: Lieutenant S. C. lletherington, U. S. A., died Sept. 28. 1918, Argonne, France; Lieutenant Frederick B. Prichett, U. S. A., died Sept. 6, 1918. France; Lieutenant Harry Walter Prince, U. S. A., died .lune II, 1918. England: Ensign J. R. Zeckwer, U. S. N., died Oct. 15, 1918. Philadelphia; Corporal Coleman R. Havens, U. S. A., died Dec. 9, 1918. France. One hundred and nineteen Army officers saw foreign service, aud twenty Navy officers. Thirty-seven remained in the Reserve Corps of the Army and twenty- five in the Navy, while a considerable number have remained in the regular service. 696 ImpDi'taiit as was the participation of the club inenil)Ois who ontpred the military service, it was perhaps equalled in importance by the work of those who took part in civilian service, both governmental and non-governmental. In governmental work, nine occupied responsible positions on the great advisory boards, such as war industries, etc., thirty-four were connected with the Emergency Fleet Coi^^oration, two of whom were in exceedingly important positions, ten were under the Fuel Administration, twenty-four under the Navy Department, twenty-seven under the War Department, and nineteen under miscellaneous boards and committees. In non-governmental work, six were engaged in Liberty Loan Campaigns, ten in the design and manufacture of munitions, twenty-two in the manufacture of other essential war materials, five in plant construction, twelve in plant designing, three in plant operation and eight in shipbuilding. That over five hundred of our members should have volunteeicd tlieir services, for nearly all were beyond draft age, is an impressive proof of their patiiotism. MARKHAM CLUB The Markham Club as an organization did not engage in any particular war work, but over ."50 per cent of its entire members were on active service. MERCANTILE CLUB Beginning with 1917, the club spared no ell'ort in assisting numerous enter- prises which had for their object the comfort of men in the Army and Navy, and the raising of the loans for the prosecution of the wai'. One of the first tangible evidences of the interest of the club members was the purchase of an automobile ambulance, which was presented through the American Red Cross to Base Hospital No. 20. The sum of $676 was given to the Emergency Aid of Pennsylvania for its Tobacco Fund. One of the most successful afl'airs given under the auspices of the club in 1917 was a National Patriotic Bridge Tournament. As a result of it .SI. 925 was turned over to the Red Cross. In 1918 the club raised, in the Third and Fourth Liberty Loan drives, the sums of $609,200 and $1,322,900 respectively. The subscription to the Third Liberty Loan exceeded that of all of the leading clubs of Philadelphia but one, while for the Fourth Liberty Loan the Mercantile Club had the prcjud distinction of being the only one to secui'e a subscription from each member. The 100 per cent flag was presented and received with great enthusiasm. Fifty-five members were in the active service, while many others held important positions in civifian work. The War Camp Community Service was given the use of the social hall for a number of dances for Army and Navy men. These and other entertainments were largely attended. During the period of demobilization the club continued its interest in the wel- fare of the troops, and many soldiers and sailors were received and welcomed in the spring and summer of 1919. Subscriptions to the Victory Liberty Loan were the largest (>{ any Loan made by the club and amounted to $1,152.5, 000. For the second time it received the 100 per cent flag. Ml THE PENN CLl B C.liarh's J. Cohen. Secretary, reports llial ainoii^' the members of tlit- club who served in the World War were: Major C.harles J. Biddle, Captain Ceorge Wentworth Carr, Major John Lewis Kvans, (Captain C. Fonlaine-Maiiry l.,eid\, M.l~).. Major Ceorge William Miller. M.D., Lieutenant A. Charles Myers, ^L^j•"■ S. \\ Welherill. .Jr.. Major Benjamin H. Whittaker. At a meeting of the club members in January, 1018. the club, by t'ortnal resolution pledged its support to the Covernment. Subsequent to the signing of the ai'mistice a reception was given to the miMU- bers on the honor roll. THE PHILADELPHL\ CLUB The Philadelphia Club reported that no direct action was taken in relation lo war .service. One hundred and ninety-live members were in the various branches of the service and contributions to the Liberty Loans were made by the club and b\ ils members. PHILADELPIHA COUNTRY CLUB The Philadi'Iphia Country Club, in a very brief statement, reporttnl that for sixteen SundaNs an average of one hundred st)ldiers and sailors were entertained. Transportation on special trolleys was provided. Ditmer was served at 12.30 and a supper at 7->.'M). During the afternoon base- ball, football, golf, tennis and other sports were indulged in. There was special music provided, and the guests always seemed to have an enjoyable time. In 1918 three acres of the lawn were plowed up for a war garden. This club, as others, participated in war activities through its members, but its facilities for organized efforts were limited. RACQUET CLL I'. The Uacquct t.lub began its war-work aiti\ities with tiic first Liberty Loan. lulward H. Nash, Jr., a member of the did), was requested by the Associated ('lubs C.urnmiltee to secure subscriptions, lie |)Mrsiied this work during the first two loans. WTicn the preliminary work began on Ihe Third Loan a more vigorous cani- |)aign was instituted, and Ihe Pxiard of ( Jon eiiiois of the club coiifirmed the ap- pointment of the Chairman of the Third Libeil> Loan ('onwnittee. Ilemy 1*. Baily, and gave their hearty support, not onh to this loan, but l in the service, so that the club rendered a 100 per cent service durinji the period of the war. Besides the work on the Liberty Loan, the members of the Racquet Chib enthusiastically backed up the membership drive of the Red Cross. A committee was appointed and a great majority of the members and nearly every employe joined. The Rac{ju(>t ( 'lub also welcomed the officers of our Army and Navy and officers from forci^jn countries, and entertained them dinini;- their slay in the city. THE ROTARY CLUB The Rotary Club of Philadelphia, after the entrance of the United States into the World War. pledged its service as a body of Philadelphia's representative business men to war welfare work. "Service" in war or in peace is in the slogan of Rotary. Vi'ter many plans had been discussed, the Rotary Club of Philadelphia finally and unanimously decided that its slogan could have no better application in war welfare work than in caring for the enlisted soldiers, sailors and marines in Philadelphia. The first Rt)tary Club house ever established in the Lfnited States was founded in this city, and was dedicated at an enthusiastic meeting of Rotarians on February 9, 1918, and in keeping with the service for which it was ojjened was called the Rotary Army and Navy Club. This house was turned over to the Rolaiy Club by the Board of Directors of the Evening Home and Librar> Association at a rental of SI per year during Reception Room, Rotary Army ami Naiiy Cluh. 699 tilt' period of tlic war. This generous act on the pari of this association enabled the l^olary C.Uib to use its funds for the necessary work at hand. Charles A. Tyler, Assistant Treasurer of the Public Ledger Company, as Presi- dent of the Kotary Club of Philadelphia, presided at the ceremonies. George A. Ileiu'icli, Manager of the Burroughs Adding Machine Company, was Chairman of Finance Committee; Leon Beck, of Chailes Beck Company, was Chairman of luitertainment Committee; and Charles A. Stinson. of Catchel & Manning, was Chairman of the House Committee. The other members of the committee were: Frederic B. Barnitz, C. Edwin Bartlelt. Albert E. Berry, E. Lewis Burnham. Henry W. Bnse. Henry S. i-^vans, (iuy (iundaker, Harris B. Hatch. L. Miiiford llunuichouse. D. J. Murphy. Jr., Vi. IL Jackson, George W. Jacobs, Harris J. Latta, Allen M. Matthews. M. W. Montgomery. Foster AL Reeder. Alfred Scholes. Charles A. Tyler. Charles J. Welford. The Rotary Army and Navy Club had no ofhcers. It was operated by a committee of Rotarians comprising the chairmen of three committees that were appointed 1)\ the Board of Directors to manage its afl'airs, namely, a Finance Com- mittee, an Entertainment Committee and a House (^.onunittee. The club was main- tained by voluntary contributions from the members of the Rotary Club of Phila- delphia. The uniform of an enlisted man constituted the membership lee. The club house was a spacious three-story double building, located at 2.') S. \ an Pelt Street. Major (ieneral Littleton W. T. Waller. V. S. M. C, one of the guests at the dedication ceremonies, complimented the Rotary Club of Philadel- phia for "its aihievement in behalf of the men of the united service in fitting up so sjjlendidly a club house for the entertainment and comfort of soldiers, sailors and marines during their hours of leisure." Colonel Louis J. Magill. I . S. M. C. Conuuander 8. F. Leiper. l. S. N., and Major Clement AL Pike, ['. S. Ordnance Department, were among the Army and Navy guests. Letters of regret were received from Rear Admiral lienjainin Tap- pan, Commandant of the Philadelphia Navy Yard, and Lieutenant Colonel T. B. Franklin, V. S. A. Both of these officers thanked the club on behalf of the enlisted men. More than two hundred and fifty members of the Rotary Club attended the opening. Following a cafeteria supper on the third floor of the building, the mem- bers and guests assembled in a handsomely furnished lounge on the first floor U) hear the reports of the committees. The house had been empty but three weeks previously. The connnittee started with only .'?I..500, and an empty building which needed paint and repairs. Of course this was put up to the members of the Rotary ( "ltd) as a business proposi- tion, and every one who handled anything that was needed to furnish a house of this character in the way of furniture or building materials, submitted estimates for the work. Some of these estimates were as high as .$1()() or S.500. The work and materials were donated by each Rotarian who had any part in it, and the com- mittee was given a receipted bill. On the first floor of the club was a large and handsomely furnished lounge to the right of the entrance and a well-stocked library to the left. Adjoining the lounge was a billiard and pool room, while a counter cafe was handy to all the rooms. The writing room and headquarters, office, dormitories and individual 700 bedrooms were on the second floor. Sliower baths were on every floor. A \avge assembly room was on the third floor. The rules and refj;ulations were issued by Mr. Stinson, Chairman of the House Committee, as follows : "Boys, this house belongs to you; make your own rules." The club was equipped with 132 beds. It also had a well-stoiked canteen with tobacco, cifiars and candy on sale. There was a charge of 3.5 cents per night for beds and 15 cents for cots. This charge included washrooms and all toilet facilities with towels and soap. Meals were furnished approximately at cost. The total sleeping capacity of the club house was 231. The Navy Department assigned a chief yeoman and six second-class yeomen to operate the club. The chief yeoman had charge of the building, and his assistants did the greater part of the work. The Entertainment Committee established regular Saturday night dances. Vaudeville entertainments, musicales, boxing bouts, etc., were also provided on other nights. It was discovered early that the dances were the most pojiular form of entertainment; therefore, dancing was especially featured. The dances became so popular that finally dances were established on Wed- nesday and Saturday nights, and these dances were attended by approximately two hundred boys and one hundred and fifty girls. The dances were absolutely free and, in addition to the music, refreshments in the way of ice cream and cake, free of chaige, were furnished also. One of the outstanding features of the work, and an indication of the whole- hearted manner in which the Rotarians entered into the spirit of the club, was the fact that the Rotary Club membership of 315 was divided into thirty-one committees of ten men each, thus making a connnittee for every day in the month. Each such conmiittee was responsible for the entertainment features at the club on a given night in the month. The members of the Rotary Club, therefoie, gave not only of their money, but also of their time and interest. Their wives also acted as hostesses on Sunday afternoons and evenings, and nmsical entertainment was provided, with light refreshments. More than 60,000 enlisted men were entertained by the liotary Army and Navy Club from the time it opened until several months after the armis- tice. Almost immediately after the club was opened, the Rotary Club of Phila- delphia observed that while training camps had been established by the Govern- ment for the instruction and advancement of enlisted men in the Army, no such provision had been made for the enlisted men in the Navy. The problem then confronted the club of providing a means whereby the Army and Navy Rotary Club might afford the enlisted men an opportunity to advance in the ranks of the Navy and thereby be more useful to the Government and achieve greater distinc- tion for themselves individually. In order to accompUsh this instructive feature, it was decided to consult with the War Emergency Unit of Philadelphia, of which Brigadier General Littleton W. T. Waller, U. S. M. C, was Honorary President, with a view to having oflicers fioni the service assigned to the Rotary Army and Navy Club as instructors. Although the War Emergency Unit found, owing to the exigencies of the war, that it was impracticable to obtain the assignment of officers for this purpose, through the assistance of that body, the services of Dr. J. M. Babb, Professor of 701 Mathematics at the University of Pennsylvania. Professor J. E. Saint-Seine, a French Instructor. Charles P. Paff. Jr.. of the l-lnfrineers Club, and John F. Lewis, a noted maritime lawyer, were secured. \\ illiam H. Hay. a graduate of the Naval Academy, a veteran of the Spanish-AnKM'ican War, and a member of the Pliila- di'lpliia Rotary Club, joined the ranks of the instructors furnished by the War Emergency Unit. The Assembly Hall, three nights each week, was turned into a school for the officers, and the following subjects were taught: Study Inslriiclor Navigation and mathematics Professor J. M. Babb Seamanship and duties of an officer. William II. Hay Hulr> of tln> mad at sea .luliii I'. I,c\\i> Engineering < liarl<>s F. Palf l"r(>nch .1. !■]. Saint -Seine Liuimery W illiam II. I lay An intensive course was adopted with iii>lrintiiiii gi\ cti in llui'c distinct studies each school night, hjght hundred men took the entire course, which was limited to l\\ent\-four periods of instruction in each snbjtH-t. Many of the "boys" were college graduates. As a result of this training T.'j per cent of llw 800 students who took the course passed rigid examination at the hands of the I nited States .Naval E.xamining Boards and received commissions. The remaining 25 per cent were awarded higher ratings. The pupils who took advantage of this "training camp" came IVom thirty-eight dill'erent states The officers of the Rotary Club of Philadelphia during the years of tlie Hotary Army and Navy Club wen*: 1917-l'*18: Charles A. Tyler, President; Leon Bed. I'irst \ ice-l'resident; Charles A. Stinson, Second Vice-President; Charles II. Sassaman, Secretary- Treasurer; Cieorge M. Painter. Sergeanl-al- Arms. 1918-1919: Charles A. Stinson, President: Charles B. Faircliild. Jr., I'irst Mce-President ; Benjamin Adams, Second Vice-President; Frank C. Harris, Secretary -Treasurer; Ceorge M. Painter. Sergeanl-al-\rms. The officers of the Rotary .\rniy and Navy Club weie: 1917-1918: George A. Plenrich, Chairman f)f Finance Committee; Leon Beck, Chairman of Entertainment Committee: Charles A, Stin.son, Chairman of House Committee. 1918-1919: Allen M. Matthews, Chairman of Finance Committee: Benjamin .\dams. Chairman of Entertainment Committee: M. W . Montgomery, (.hairman of House Conunitlee. TMVERSITV CM B Fromllie\ery beginning of the (ireat War in \pril. I'H7. to its close in No\cm- ber. 1918, the University Club did its part in men. and money and work. Those members who were ineligible for active service found ample scope for llieii' energies in the various lields of activity which were pres<'nled. Some served on dral'l boards, or as legal advisers to such boards. Others Ijecame inspectors of aims and muni- tions in the various factories. Others were to lie fouiwl acti\cl\ empktyed on the 702 various committees, medical, social or benevolent, which were engaged in ministering to the wants of soldiers and sailors. In this last branch of the service which in- cluded the Red Cross, the Y. M. C. A., and all other agencies except the Army and the Navy, 102 members, beginning with the honored president of the club, were to to found. One hundred and sixty-eight were in the Army in the various corps, medical, infantry, artillery, and ordnance. At the head of this list stood the man whom all Philadel|)hia delights to honor, and who has been called the field mar.shal of the medical profession. Dr. W. W . Keen. Two hundred and twenty-three were in active service in the Navy. Some were either heads or surgeons in hospitals units. Others were chaplains who cared for tht> bodily as well as the moral, and spiritual welfare of those to whom they were called to minister. Others were officers in the line, or the marine corps. I']ach man did his duty no matter what sacrifices it entailed, or what danger might be incurred. "Phey left their professions, medical or legal, without a thought that they might never return, or if they did, that they would be compelled to begin again at the bottom of the ladder. It is this fact, that so many members of the club are professional men who must toil assiduously in order to keep up, which makes their services so unique. To mention their names, or to try and give an account of what they did and where they went would be like reading the pages of the Gazelle. They were to be found in the hospitals everywhere. They were in the trenches in Flanders and in France. They were at Chateau-Thierry and San Mihiel as well as at Arras and Cambrai. Those who could not serve in the Army and Navy found places in the Home (iuard, and ilieerfuUy did the humble duty of making the city safe and orderly. In all, 193 members of the club, over 40 per cent of its membership, were in one way or the other actively engaged in serving their country. When the various loans were b(»ing floated by the Government a special com- mittee was appointed to have the oversight in each instance. The first loan was taken up by the banks and other financial institutions, and so no particular stress was laid upon the subject, l^ut when the other loans were launched the clubs were requested by the (iovernment to take the matter up with their members. What the University Club did is shown by the following table: Second Loan .SIO.5.000 Third Loan 58.5,800 Fourth Loan. 1,012,300 Victory Loan 823,000 Total $2,952,100 In addition to these activities, the members of the club purchased and equipped two ambulances. At the same time they were instrumental in main- taining through the whole period of the war a fund for the purchase of tobacco in its various forms for the .soldiers and sailors who were in active service. Magazines and periodicals were sent to the hospitals and depots for the use of those who were invalided. In fact, there was no branch of the many lines of activity which were neces- sitated by the war in which the members of the club were not prominent. 703 r.nirt<-sv > Ilir l'ri'>i(lciit. February 12, 1917. On March 22, 1917. a letter was received from the INhiyor of Philadelphia retpiesling the appointment of an advisory committee, available for immediate conference should occasion arise. A special meeting of the Board of directors was called on March 21, 1917, and the following mend)ers were appointed a committee for the i)urpose named: \ ice-President Miers Busch, former President Edwin S. Stuart, George W. l-^lkins, .1. S. W. llollon, and Samuel M. Clement, Jr. At a meeting of the Board of Directors, h(>ld April 10, 1917, a letter was received from former President lulwin S. Stuart, suggesting the appointment of a special com- mittee by the Union League to take appropriate and })atriotic action in support of the Government of the United States during the war. The suggestion was approved by the board, and a committee was authorized, to consist of the officers and former 701 presidents, with power to the chairman to add to the committee from the general membership. This special committee consisted of President John Gribbel, former Presidents C. Stuart Patterson, Fldward T. Stotesbury, Edwin S. Stuart, and Dimner Beeber; Vice-Presidents Miers Busch, Charlemagne Tower, William C. Sproul and William T. Elliott; Treasurer James E. Mitchell, and Secretary John W. llainer. The most important work of this committee was "The Annex," the idea and plan of which were developed and completed by President John Gribbel and Vice- President Miers Busch during the summer and turned over to the board for oper- ation about the middle of September. At the same meeting of the Board of Directors it was resolved tliat the dues uf every member of the Union League engaging in the military service of the United States during 1917 should be remitted. Similar resolutions were adopted each year during the entire war period. On December 9, 1917, William C. Sproul became President of the Union League, and a general reorganization of special committees took place in order to meet changed conditions, therefore at a meeting of the Board, held January 8, 1918, the following resolution was adopted: Resolved, That a standing committee, consisting of the executive officers, the ex-presidents, and ten members of the Union League, t(j be known as the Com- mittee on National Activities, be appointed by the president, the duties of the said committee to be to cooperate with the standing committees in matters pertaining to tiie various patriotic move- ments in which the LTnion League may be engaged, and other matters of similar na- ture which may be referred to it by the president. In accordance with tiie above resolution, the presi- dent appointed the following committee: William C. Sproul, Miers Busch, Alex- ander W. Wister, Jr., Charles R. Miller, Charles A. Porter. Jr.. John W. Hamer, James Iv Mitchell, C. Stuart Patter- son, Edward T. Stotesbury. Edwin S. Stuart, Dimner Beeber, John Gribbel, George P. Morgan. J. S. W. Holton, Robert P. Hooper, Clarence Bispham Collier, Thomas B. Harper, Robert M. Stinson. Joseph M. Steele, A. E. Pfaliler, Walter I. Cooper, , . -J- Cuurtesy of the Pliiladelphia "Press." Benjamm H. Ludlow. Members of Ike Union League at the Liberty Statue, The chief work ol this Armistice Day, i918. 705 committee was connected with the various Liberty Loans, and the greatest energy was displayed both in the publicity campaigns and in securing subscriptions to the loans. The menibersllip of the T'nion League included many men of great importance in the corporate and financial life of Philadelphia who were making large subscriptions through their various organizations. Inil in their loyalty to the Union League they placed through that institution subscriptions totaling $28,878,600. divided as follows: First Loan. Sl.7.-,0.()00: .S,.,-,,u(l Loan. .S:?.,58().()0(): Third Loan, $.3,139,400; Fourth Loan, $9,191,200; Fifth Loan. $11,218,000. These results far exceeded those of any similar organization and equaled 2}/2 per cent of Philadelphia's enormous total ($1,069.21:5.000). On May '.'>. 1918. during the Third Liberty Loan drive, the I'nion League held a patriotic demonstration culiuitiating in a parade of 667 members to the Liberty statue at liroad and South Pemi Scjuare. where addresses were made by former Presidents Stotesbury, Stuart and Beeber. The records of the I nion League show the number of members in the uni- formed service to have been: Army and Navy. 181 : Wvd Cross. 18: ^ . M. (".. A.. I.'i. A large proportion of llu' membership was disfjualified, by age, for active uniformed service. An attempt was made to keep an accurate record of work done by meud)ers in various civil ca]jacities. but this was abandoned because almost every member was found to be fully engaged according to his ability, means or opportunity in some of the main chaiitalile or patriotic activities carried on throughout the war. During the entire war period. 1)\ most liberal interpretation of "fourteen-day card" regulations, the officials of the l']merg(>ncy Fleet Corporation and many olTicers of the Arm\ and Navy were granted club privileges, and everything possible was done for their comfort and to assist them in their work. In short, to the limit of its scope and resources, the I nicm League of Phila- del|)hia evidenced adherence to its motto: "Amoh Pathi i: Ducit." "THK ANNEX" \t a nuM'ting of the Special t'ommittee of the Lnion League, held on .Fuly 21, I''I7. it was brought to the attention of those present that the large r the week inid. The committee carefully considered this subject with a view of offering Lincoln Hall but as that did not seem to be practicable, it was decided with regret that the lnion League could not undertake this work on its own premises. The suggestion was then made that a room or building might be .secured in the neighborhood, whereupon President John (iribbel and V ice-President Miers Busch wer(> appointed a special committee to secure suitable accommodations. Mr. Bryant, a member of the 1 nion League for many years, at once took great interest in the plan, stated he was tiie owner of the church at the northwest corner of Broad and Spruce streets, which was for sale, and that he would be glad to offer the use of the i>ropcrty, free of all rent, to the I nion League, for the purpose named, for as long a period as it cared to maintain such a club, and with permission to make 706 such changes as in the judgment of the Union League officers would best adapt it to the purpose. The only restriction imposed was that possession shrnild be given within a reasonable lime in the event of a sale being effected. This most generous proposal was promptly accepted, and President Gribbel and Vice-President Busch were appointed a special committee to make the necessary changes and improve- ments. On August 20, 1917, a circular was sent to members of the llnion League describing the work undertaken and asking for .S.30,000 to put the plant in commis- sion and maintain it for one year. On September 21, 1917, a second circular was issued stating that over $15,000 had been subscribed by 540 members of the Union League, and asking that subscrijjtions be made payable by monthly charges to the members' house accounts. From that time the subscriptions were always suf- ficient to maintain the plant. At a meeting of the Board of Directors, August U, 1917, the committee sub- mitted a contract for repairs, which was approved, and the committee was also authorized to purchase a motion-picture equipment. The general contractor for renovating the building was the firm of John B. Wiggins & Co. In presenting the final bill the contractors generously deducted about 10 per cent of the amount, making the total $.3,000 net, and asked that the amount deducted be considered as their contribution to the cause. After the building was cleared it was found that an entire new floor would be required, and through the efforts of Edward F. Henson the lumber necessary was presented by members of the Union League dealing in that material. The total cost of equipping the building up to the date of formal opening was $5,729.88. The care of the building was made a part of the duty of the House Committee of the Union League, the members of which were Miers Busch, Chairman; James E. Mitchell, Edwin F. Keen, Samuel M. Clement, Jr., Joseph W. Cooper. The formal opening took place on September 17, 1917, and addresses were made by President John Gribbel; L. W. T. Waller, Major General U. S. M. C; Benjamin Tappan, Bear Admiral, U, S. N.; and Charles A. P. Hatfield, Colonel, U. S. A. The building was open from 9 a.m. to 11.30 p.m. each day, including Sunday, and the following equipment was provided: Lunch counter, cigar stand, barber shop, shower baths, four pool tables, two shuffle boards, checkers, several large writing tables, newspapers, magazines, novels, victrola, two pianos, stage with drop curtain and set of scenery. From the opening date in September, 1917, until November, 1918, when the influenza epidemic temporarily interrupted the work, entertainments were given each Friday evening, consisting of motion pictures and vaudeville, arranged by Harry T. Jordan, Manager of Keith's Theater. After the performance cigarettes, ice cream and cake were provided. The attendance averaged 500, occasionally as many as 700. Once each month a boxing entertainment was arranged. On March 1, 1918, a very effective drop curtain and one set of scenery (land- scape) were provided, and the Union League employes arranged the necessary electric lighting. During the winter of 1917-18 a series of dances was given on Saturday evenings under the auspices of the following ladies: Mrs. William C. Sproul, Mrs. George 707 H. Earlo. Jr.. Mrs. Williani M. Field. Mrs. James Large, Mi.ss Pauline Davis Bowie, Mrs. Juhn Gribbel, Mrs. lluward \\ . I'age, Mrs. W. Howard Pancoast, Mrs. Edwaid M. JefTerys, Mrs. John B. DeCoursey, Miss Clara T, Chase, .Mrs. W. Morgan Churchman, Miss Margaret C. Faulconer, Miss Certrudc H. Leidy, Mrs. Clarence C. Zantzinger. During the same period another series of entertainments was arranged for Sunday afternoons, the committee consisting of: Mrs. Franklin McCrea Wirgman, Mrs. James DeW. Cookman, Mrs. George Burton. Mrs. \\ . Bt'\ riolds W ilson. Mrs. William M. Field, Mrs. Scammon Jones. Beginning July, 1918, the House Committee arranged for molion-picture shows on Sunday, Monday and Wednesday evenings, and with a hooking agency for eight acts of vaudeville for each Friday evening, beginning December 6, 1 91 8. These were continued until the building was finally closed on June 23. 1919. The most iuiporlanl contribution in the way of entertaimnent was that of the motion-picture exchanges in providing practically an unlimited number of films for all entertainments. The films were usually new and were often shown at the Amiex weeks in advance of release in this city. This feature gave the Aimex an enviable reputation among the enlisted men and drew large audiences. In addition to the above, special entertainments wer(^ provided by members of the Union League and their friends. On Thursday, February 7, 1918, the members of the I nion League and their families were invited to inspect the building between the hours of I and 11 p.m. Refreshments were served and a nK)tion-picture entertainment given in the evening. In July, 1918, a special committee of 200 members of the Union League was organized for the purpose of giving clo.se personal attention to the Aimex and helping to entertain the enlisted men. This committee was organized by J. S. W. Hollon as Chairman, and Charles S. Calwell, George H, Grone, William 11. Lyman and David Halstead, ^ ice-Chairmen. Each vice-chairman took charge for (tne week, assigning four or live members of the committee for duty during one after- noon and evening. The opportunity alfordcHl the men for the conduct of their correspondence seemed lu be much appreciated, and the amount of mail matter sent and received was very large. A special post-oHice box was placed in the vestibule. Writing paper was supplied, printed with special headings, and a large quantity was undoubtedly carried away by the boys for use elsewhere, as it was estimated that over a million sheets of paper were supplied. Considering the large number of enlisted men present daily, it was feared that there might be dilliculty in maintaining discipline. During the whoK; time the .\nnex was open there was not the slightest trouble in this respect. The men seemed to appreciate the opportunities given them and were alw'ays well behaved. There is no doubt that from the point of view^ of the enlisted man the Annex was a success. It was operated as a man's club, and the men came and went with- out restricticm. The committee was often thanked by the boys individually for what was being done, and the story of the hospitality of the citizens of I'hiladel- phia, and especially of the members of ttie I nion League, has been carried to many parts of the I nited States. To provide a working forc<>, for Friday evenings to serve refreshments, the following employes of the I iiion L(>ague contributed their services for the entir(> 708 period during which the building was open; WilUam F. lloniilicr, Josepli D. Gregory, Wilhani A. Cloak, William H. StaufFer, Jr., Eli C. Sehruidl, Mortimer Skeggs. Appreciation of the service rendered by Thomas B. Harper should be recorded. Having time at his disposal, he spent a large part of each day at the Annex, looking after details and giving personal attention to the inquiries of the enlisted men and helping them out of their troubles. The House Committee, wishing to arrange some special entertainment for the Christmas seasons, and not having facilities at the Annex, decided to give dinners on Christmas Eve, 1917 and 1918, in Lincoln Hall. A notice was [josted on the bulletin board in the Union League stating that the cost would be $2 per plate, and members were invited to entertain as many guests as they wished. In 1917, 248 boys attended, and in 1918 upwards of 2.50. On each f)Ccasion members of the Union League came in during the evening and made short addresses. Dinner was served at 6:30 and the entertainments lasted until 10:30. The feature of the 1918 dinner was the attendance of about twenty Japanese, the crew of a freighter then in the harbor, and after the singing of the Japanese national anthem by the men, the interpreter in charge of the party made a short address. One of the diflicult problems was the lunch counter, and it was finally decidi^d to run it on a very small scale, the articles sold being Umited to sandwiches, pastry, ice cream, coffee and soft drinks. A uniform price of five cents was charged for each item with the exception of ice cream, which sold for ten cents. The total receipts were $12,864.86, a trille less than the cost of the supplies. This shortage, together with the equipment and wages made a total operating loss of $3,189.53. The House Committee was unable to make any exact statement regarding attendance. However, it is fair to estimate it at upwards of 600,000. On June 2, 1919, the committee was notified that the building had been sold, and requested to vacate the premises in twenty days. Accordingly, on Monday evening, June 23, a fmal entertainment was given and addresses made by the President of the Union League, Edwin S. Stuart; Vice-President Miers Busch, Thomas B. Harper and William Bryant. On Tuesday morning, June 24th, a force of men began to clear out the build- ing and distribute the equipment and gifts. All gifts were carefully packed and returned to the donors. While mention is made herein of those who have been particularly active, there has been no attempt to include all who are entitled to commendation. It is the thought that for this work credit is due to every member of the Union League. THE WAR ACTIVITIES OF THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE By Major R. B. Owens, D. S. 0., Secretary Soon after the entry of the United States into the World War, searches were made and hsts were prepared for the National Research Council, covering such subjects as the submarine, the torpedo, etc. At the request of Major' (!en(>ral (leorge 0. Squier, Chief Signal Officer, a recruiting and examination station was established at the Franklin Institute for applicants for admission to the aviation service. 709 Over two thousand young high school and college students and graduates were exa:iiined as possible ofiicer personnel for the signal corps and air service, about one-half of which number were recommended by the Institute for com- missions. The work of examination was conducted by Captain (now Major) R. B. Owens, D. S. 0., Secretary of the Institute and later by Dr. George F. Stradling of the North East High School. Philadelj)hia. and Chairman of Department of Physics, Collegiate Science, A. E. F. laiversily Beaune. A school in wireless telegraphy was conducted during the winter of 1917-18 in response to an urgent demand from the Federal Board of Vocational Education. It was open only to those young men who were in the first draft. The total en- rolment was 210, of which number ninety-one completed the course and were inducted into the service in the spring of 1918. The oflicers of the institute on active duty were: Major R. B. Owi-iis. D. S. O.. Scm-lary of tiie Institute, wlio served as Chief of Intelligence Division, Signal Corj)s. and later as Chief Sifrnal Oflieer of American troops in ICnKland: ("hiirles Day, of lh<' Hoard of Managers, who was appoinli'd a nienil>er of the ,\rniy War ("ouncil; William Chattin Weliierill. a mi'iiilier of the Hoard of Managers and Chairman of the Institute's Committee on .Science and thi' \rls. u ho hecame an Knsign in the \\ialion .Section of the Ihiited States Navy, and Theobald F. Clark, of the Board of Managers, who was conmiissioni'd a ( 'iiptain of Xrlillery. ()l the Institute's membership, neariv lit per cent were engaged in war work. Eighty-four members held conunissions In the \rm\, tifl\-li\e of whom were field oflicers or officers of higher rank; Iwenly-elghl meml)ers of llie Institute were officers of the Navy; 1.59 meml)ers of the Institute were on acthe (iovernment service without military rank; twenty members of the Institute were honored for their services by tlie American. British. Krench. Bi'Igian or Ilalian ( io\ernmenl. I'he ollicci's of Ihc institute dining tlie duration of tiie war were: President Dr. Walton Clark Vice-Presidents ("ofeman Sellers. Jr., Ili'iiry Howson and fjouis K. Levy Secretary Major l\. B. Owens Acting Secretary Dr. (leorge A. Iloadley Librarian .\lfred HIgling 710 THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA DURING THE WAR By George E. Nitzsche, Recorder N no period of American history has the need for university and college trained men been greater than dining these strenuous times, and the paucity of educated men will continue. In reconstruction days more engineers, tliemists, doctors, lawyers and other professional men will he needed than dming any time in the world's history. It was with the pm'pose of preparing just as many such men as possible that the university authorities decided at the begimiing of the war, not only to keep every one of its schools open the same as before the war, but also to es- tablish additional courses. s(j that men might be better equipped to meet the prob- lems which that crisis had produced. In this connection Provost Edgar F. Smith, who has done so much to l)uild up and develop the University of Pennsylvania during the last ten years, did nuich in "keeping the home fires burning" in our American universities, l)y doing every- thing within his power to counteract the pernicious information which was being spread throughout the country that nni^ ersity work was not important, and that its continuance would become less imperati\e during war times — dangerous propa- ganda, which he helped to contradict absolutely, convincing the public that the very contrary was the truth. "One of the greatest and saddest calamities already obvious as a lamentable result of the war, for European nations," he said in a statement which was pub- lished in newspapers throughout the entire country, "is that the intellectual llower of their population is being destroyed. A great swath of destruition has been cut through the ranks of educated young men who were to form the intellectual leaders of the coming genera- tion. They are gone. The world has lost them. And those nations in the coming years will be so nuich the weaker and less progressive, less able to master the future's problems. "We do not know how deeply the fate of war will ultimately spread death in our- Army. But we do know that the cessation of one year's full quota of educated men at our ,. , ■, , j o • r.; • n u ■ -, . . . . hnlublalare and Service Flag at the Unwersity umversities would be snnply of Penmyhania. 711 Dfinohitizniion, Unirersily of Pennsylvania. S. A. T. C, December ?/, Ii)l8. niic whtilc >('ar losl in tli(> onward niarcli of progress duriiij; tlif next generation. I, it IIS make sure, then, that the ranks of science will not be depleted." In accordance with the spirit of the Provost's declaralion. the Iniversity upciicd it,s doors in the fall of 1917 as usual, but necessarily with fewer students. During the sessions of 1916-17 the total University enrolment was approximately ').()()() students; of these more than 2,000 had volunteered or entered upon some (jo\ernment service prior to the close of the sessions in June, 1917. About 69 per cent of the Law School students voluntarily enlisted prior to June, 1917, as did two-lift lis (if the medical faculty. The I niversity contributed liberally of its resources and its (■(luipmcnt to the cause of democracy and humanity. Her campus, buildings and laboratories were frequently used by various regiments of engineers, infantry and other units; classes in French and other subjects were conducted for men in the service; also various schools were opened under Government auspices for training army medical oHicers in oral surgery, neurological surgery, general surgery, (irlhopedic surgery, and a school for training men for navigating the seas and commanding our new merchant marine. The first I'nited States Ordnance School was established at the T'niversity. In the Engineering Department there were given special lourses preparing men for the signal service, radio, etc. Most of the members of the aviation examining boards throughout the United States were likewise trained at the parent unit 712 organized at the University at the beginning of the war. Tiie University Hospital eondiu'ted a number of special courses for nurses and nurses' aides. (Jn July I, 1918, an Officer Material School was established in the Engineering Building of the University, under the auspices of the United States Navy, which was conduct(xl for enUsted men showing special ability. Each course extended over a period of three months, and was attended by a squad of 200 sailors, who were quartered in the University dormitories. Besides this, the University organized among her sons three ambulance units, a Base Hospital, several Bed Cross units and various detached units. Its hospital set aside 2.50 of its beds for the special use of the Army and Navy. Many of the University laboratt)ries were turned over to and used by the Government and its special experts. Various laboratories in the Engineering Building were turned over to the United States Shipping Board, in which it carried on routine work for the department of concrete ship construction of the Emergency Fleet. The various testing laboratories of Uw Engineering School also were used by the Ignited States Signal Corps Instruction Department in testing airplane tubes, etc. In all departments of the Iniversity new subjects were introduced and old subjects modified, so that the regular students had special opportunities to prepare for military, naval or other Government service, or for constructive work in industries related to the wai'. In the professional schools many such courses were ofTered, The College, for instance, offered to regular students courses in elements of navigation, bacteriology, general inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, surveying theory and practice, elementary military French, military French reading, composition, conversation, scientific reading and French insti- tutions, elementary, intermediate, and commercial Spanish and Spanish-American institutions, elementary Bussian and Italian. Even tierman was included in five special courses, which included elementary military German course, one in military German reading, another in German composition and conversation, one in military German scientific reading, and finally one in advanced German military reading and composition. There were seven courses in military science, and courses in practical and economic geology, history of Europe since 1815, history of Europe and America since 1870, preventive medicine, various courses in higher mathemat- ics, general physics and psychology. In the Towne Scientific School the courses given in normal times also prepared students for various branches of the Government service requiring a technital knowledge. The students whose scholastic records were satisfactory could enlist in the Enlisted Beserve Corps of the Army and finish their studies at the Univers- ity. Badio communication and internal coml)ustion motors as taught in this school deserve special mention. — November 18, 1918. THE PHILADELPHIA BUREAU OF MUNICIPAL RESEARCH In order to meet the demands of war time, the Bureau of Municipal Besearch extended its general information service so that questions of war-time interest as well as those of municipal interest might be answered. Through the generosity of a patriotic supporter, funds were provided for the conduct of a war-information office in City Hall courtyard. Fiom early in the morning until 8 o'clock at night, a staff was constantly on duty to furnish infor- mation to citizens, soldiers, and sailors, as well as to strangers in the city, about 713 all kinds u( war-tiinc aclivitifs. to sell Liberty bonds and War Savings Stamps, and to receive donations to the Red Cross and other war welfare agencies. During its latter months, in addition to the foregoing activities, the staff at the booth answered an average of 12.i inquiries daily, and distributed a vast amount of war lileratiue. One of the most important services of the booth was the answering of technical in(]uiries of soldiers, sailors, and their relatives regarding allotments and war risk insurances. Coupled « iih this was the furnishing of prompt and accurate informa- linii lo needy dependents regarding tlie appropriate war relief agency in each case. Tile posting of tlie oHiiial casually lists, the advising of prospeclivt^ soldiers about selecting a branch of the service, the I'urnishing of information al)()ut war gardens, canning, etc., and the guidance to entertainment and lodgings for strangers in uniform were among the man\ other useful services of this booth. The oflice was maintained from March 20, 1918, until Januar\ I. I'M'). It left behind it a memorable record, having answered over 22..")()0 (piestions on a great vari(>ty of subj(>cts. \iii)tlier interesting war service rendered by the Bureau of Municipal Research was a rapid man-power survey of Philadelphia mad<' in June. I'fUi. for the I nited States l-]niplo\ment Service. This sur\('y consisted of ascertaining the number of men in I'liilailelphia who were employed as civilians in all blanches of th(> public service- federal, state, county and numicipal. NOinil WIKHICW CIVIC LEAGUE FOn IMMICHANTS Philadelphia's alien population is a large one and rumors of war brought increased activity to the Philadelphia odice of the \ortli \merise overtures league officers mobilijced the volunteer material at their command and prepared for any contingency, after impressing upon the (lovernment in Washington the necessity of putting Presiden- tial proclamations into the foreign languag(>s spoken by a large proportion of the jjopulalion. In Philadelphia, Casimir A. Sienkiewicz, the Executive Secretary, strengthened his connections with the various foreign groups in the State with which he was already in touch, 714 Shortly before hostilities opened there had been much unrest amonfj the working-people of the State, and the league, on the representation of its Philadel- phia members, had hastened several agents to the city in order to offset the work of disloyal orators. In doing this it had become acquainted with many high- minded men and women of foreign parentage, who were deeply interested in the cause of the Allies. These people, too numerous to name, performed a war ser- vice to the connnunity which is deserving of the highest praise. Surrounded by German sympathizers and enemy agents, open to the appeals which reacht'd them through revolutionary channels, they were not only prudent and discreet, but also, in their intercourse with the racial groups to which they belonged, directly cooperated in bringing about the objects which the Government and the patriotic populace had at heart. Hardly hat! the draft become operative before the President of the League — informed of the fact that residents of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania would be assigned to Camp Meade, arranged to give the commanding officer such coopera- tion as the latter should find convenient. It at once developed that the Army authorities were in need of the kind of assistance that the League was qualified to give. A secretary at once reported to the Chief of Staff and assisted in comijleting arrangements which continued to be of value to incoming recruits with foreign connections. As in the case of the draft — so in the matter of the mobilization of funds and War Victory workers — the League was not only instant in its offers of service to various boards and committees which had these affairs in charge, but also was in a position to indicate the best api)roach to men antl women whose European connec- tions found them ignorant of American processes. This work was so well organ- ized that before the Liberty Loan campaign was well under way the representa- tives of the Federal Reserve Bank of the Third District connnandeered the services of Mr. Sienkiewicz, and placed him in charge of the campaign among the foreign people of Philadelphia. Mr. Sienkiewicz, as has been seen, was in a position at once to secure the support of the different groups of foreigners which included Poles, Italians, Rus- sians, Hungarians, Jugo-Slavs, Lithuanians, Jews, etc. An instance of the manner in which he reached foreign residents appears in the great meeting of the Poles held at the Opera House where Mr. Sienkiewicz presided. Enthusiasm ran high and a large sum of money was subscribed. While foreigners, who wished well for the Republic, undertook, under the guidance of men trained by the League, to swell the available war funds in the treasury, other agents like Mrs. Suzanne Baranowska. long identified with the League, continued to work among the groups of people suspected of foreign allegiance — transmitting to headquarters copies of literature circulated among the foreign people, and becoming the medium through which false reports, dis- tributed by enemy activity, were corrected. In this work Mrs. Baranowska had the assistance not only of paid agents of the League, but of many volunteers. In November, 1918, the President of the North American Civic League for Immigrants, at the request of the Secretary of War, took up his residence in Washington, becoming identified with the Militaiy Intelligence Section of the General Staff. The activities of the League thus became coordinated with those of the military authorities. 715 Ill Iciest injr ovents followed. An immediate call was sent out to foreifrneis loyal to the Allies, in all industrial centers. No conmumities were (|uicker in their response than those in Philadelphia. A larpe and willinj; stall" of men and women, who fully enjoyed the confidence^ of communities from Pittsburjih to Phila- delphia, was iuunediately formed. This group continued to report to the President of tiie Leairue. for the information of the Army, until the end of the war. M(>anwhile serious difficulties commenced to develop throughout liie country because of himdreds of thousands of non-luifrlish-speaking men drafted for military purposes. These were reached by the foreign-speaking sectiim of the general stall', which, subject to Army domination, directed J^eague effort in the Army. Pennsylvanians should note with pleasure that among the most valuable of civil foreign-speaking agents directly attached to this bureau, were several resi- dents of the State. The task committed to their charge was an e.vceedingly tlifli- cult one. it being their duty not only to assist head(]uarters in removing cause for complaint in the Army, but to instruct the authorities as to enemy propaganda, and provide reliable foreign-speaking persons as inler[)ret('rs and lecturers. Wdiking under exceeding difliculties, these pcnplc were deserving oi" the highest praise. lU)^ SCUL IS OF AMKIllCA Philadelphia Council Dr. Charles D. Hart, Chairman Charles Edwin Fox, Scout Coimnissioner E. Urner Goodman, Scout Executive After the declaration of war with Germany, the fdllnwing message, m sub- stance, was sent to the government at Washington; 'The Boy Scouts of America can be depended upon fill all service of the character for which they have been trained and which they are qualified to render." Out of a total membership of .')..'5()(), of which the large majority was under eighteen years of age, .')()() answered the call of their country for active military or naval service. This proportion of enlistment caused a .scarcity of leaders, which in normal limes woidd have been a big problem, but which, under war conditions, made the work of the Boy Scouts even more difficult. In the work of the Liberty Loans the Scouts acted as messengers and clerks, and established an eiuiable record. In the first Liberty Loan $317,000 worth of bonds were sold, while in the Victory Liberty Loan the Scouts secured ."$6,100 individual subscriptions, totaling in bonds, ii; 1 0.1 00,200, an average of over .S2,000 for each Scout. In order to meet the food crisis which became more and more apparent, war gardens were urged upon the Scouts, and the result was that in 1917, ■'ilS individual gardens were planted at an average cost of §13 per garden and an average profit of .$19 per garden. In 1918, while the number of gardens was one-third less and the cost one-third more, there was a corresponding increase in profit, 7ir. Upon tho launching; of the War Savings Stamp campaign, the Scouts im- mediately sold these securities by means of a special postal-card scheme, and during the year of 1918 purchased or sold stamps to the value of .$950,000. The Scouts, as noted above, served many organizations in the capacity of messengers. Among the larger campaigns in which this service was rendered were the War Chest drive, in which thirteen organizations were included, the Christmas roll call of American Red Cross, and during the influenza epidemic, in many sections of the city. Scouts were drafted as lamp lighters in districts not covered by the regular workmen, and in some cases they acted as emergency letter carriers. At the request of the government, a nation-wide drive for the census of all black walnut trees in the immediate neighborhood was undertaken. The local troops assisted in this work, and the grand total throughout the United States was 900.000 feet of black walnut which filled two hundred lumber cars. The development of the use of poison gas during the war necessitated an unusual amount of high grade carbon for gas masks. At the request of the Gas Defensive Division, they assisted in the collection of peach stones and nut k(>rnels. As distributors of war placards the Scouts covered the entire city. As a matter of record, approximately two million four hundred thousand jiieces of government literature were carefully delivered. During the influenza outbreak 40,000 placards were distributed for the Department of Pubhc Health. It was during this epidemic that the Scouts were called upon for a variety of special services in the cleaning up of houses and institutions; the setting up of cots; the distribution of medical supplies, and in one instance cutting wood for an institution where no coal could be had. The week of January 20-25, 1919, was set aside as Scout Book Week, when books, victrola records, etc., were collected and placed at the disposal of wounded soldiers through the instrumentality of the Philadelphia libraries. It would be impossible to give an exact resume of all of the activities of this organization during the critical period of the war and the serious days which fol- lowed the signing of the armistice. When the call came, individually and as an organization, the Philadelphia Council of the Boy Scouts proved itself true to its motto: "BE PREPARED." GIRL SCOUTS OF PHILADELPHIA EUen Mary Cassatt, Commissioner E. Gwen Martin, Assistant Commissioner Katherine Hutchison, C.hairman Local Council Mrs. \ ictor L. LaveU, Director Upon the outbreak of the war the services of the Girl Scouts of Philadelphia were offered to the American Red Cross and the Emergency Aid of Pennsylvania. Through these two organizations and through other war agencies the Girl Scouts aided materially in the work in Philadelphia. Five thousand surgical dressings were made for the Red Cross, usually at the church where the particular troop was organized. 717 To the Red Cross were delivered over fi\e hundred wool outfits and several thousand sweaters and pairs of socks. During the Liberty Loan Drives over $3,000,000 worth of bonds were sold, as well as S300,000 or more of Thrift Stamps and War Saving Stamps. In the various community canteen centers, the (iirl Scouts canned more than 5.000 quarts of fruits and vegetables during the time when food conservation was necessary. A large quantity of the material used for canning was raised by the Scouts themselves in the l.'jO war gardens which they maintained. Th(>se war gardens were developed in various playgrounds and in a number of the yards of the houses of the girls" parents. Many of the Scouts gave special tinic to work in those gardens belonging to the National League for \\ Oman's Service. As messengers, the Girl Scouts of Philadelphia rendered a great service. They were in constant demand both by the governmental biu-caus and local or- ganizations. They distributed 7.r)00 posters for the Kood Administration and delivered many times that number of other posters, placards, and letters and other forms of printed material for scores of war-time committees and societies. r!ie\ brought a touch of home life to the men in service by arranging many entertainments in their own homes, and by cooperating with th<' various canteens, clubs and other social organizations for the entertaiiuiicut nf soldiers, sailors and marines. The pliglit of the children in the Allied countries touched the hearts of th(> girls, and several of the troops adopted one or more war orphans. Organized for service, the (iirl Scouts of Philadelphia pla>c(l their part during the entire period of the war, many of them assuming larger iiomi' duties in order to relieve mothers and older sisters for l\ed Cross Work. At the time of the influenza epidemic daily requests caiiic in to headiiuarters IVom Scouts desirous of joining llii' hospital workers corps. .\o work was loo dillicult or menial for them to do. The\ scrubbed floors, acted as porters, washed dishes, made beds, served as messengers and nurses' aids, and performed willingly any task assigned them. "They labored with a cheerfulness that was all but inspired," said the matron of one of the larger hospitals in the northeast section of the city. They were stationed at the M(>th()dist. Stetson, St. Mary's, Roosevelt, KrankfonI and \ortlii'asl Hospitals. This work was all done after their school hours. 711! THE BRITISH AND CANADIAN RECRUITING MISSION By S. C. Simonski ^HEN tlip (iroat War broke out in 191 (, tliore were in the United States a large number of British subjects who, feeUng impelled by love of country, or love of adventure, were keenly desirous of entering tiie ranks of regiments fighting under the British flag. Unless they had resources f if their own to go to Canada or to England, it was impossible for them to get into uni- form, for America, jealous of her neutrality, could not al- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ low recruiting for the Allies in the United States. When. hi>we\ ei'. America thiew her enormous resources on the side of the Alhes and entered the war. Brigadier General W. A. White, C. M. G., and a staff of veterans of the Great War were sent to New York to organize the British and Canadian Recruiting Mission, and on June 7, 1917, recruiting for the British and Canadian Armies was opened to British subjects in the United States. Previous to this, large numliers of young Americans fired by the desire to fight for the right, had made tln^ir way to Canada and to Europe entering the ranks of the Allies, and it is a curious fact that when the armistice was signed almost one-half of the cadet aviators in training in and about Toronto, Canada, were yf)ung Americans who, to get into the great game, insisted that they were the off- spring of British subjects, or were in fact British subjects, when enlisting. The United States was divided into sections, and the Philadelphia section was organized under Lieutenant (Jolonel F. C. .lamieson, with headquarters in New York. The officer in charge of the Philadelphia district was Colonel St. George L. Steele, C. B.. a British staff officer. For many years ('olonel Steele saw active service in India: and in 1900, during tht^ Boxer Rebellion in China, he again distinguished himself and was decorated by his sovereign. On his staff in Philadelphia were the following officers and non-commissioned officers. Major C. P. R. Dugmore, B. A., Captain W. P. F. Latham, B. A.. Cajjtain W. D. Powell, C. E. F., Captain R. H. Sheard, M. 0., C. A. M. C, P. E. Faed. M. 0., C. A. M. S., Lieutenant L. D. Gibbs, B. A., Lieutenants J. Newson, A. I. F., T. E. Allen, B. A., J. W. P. SkidiiKjre. C. E. F., Regimental Si-rgeants Major J. D. McCullough, C.E. F., F.W.Wells, C. E. F., Sergeants McLeod, B. A., M. McFarlane, B. A., E. C. White. B. A., K. P. Fletcher. C. E. F., A. D. MacKenzie, C. E. F.. E. Dunk. B. A., G. R. L. Porter, C. E. F., H. Brown, C. E. F., Pte. Boyd, C. E. F. The Philadelphia division took in Eastern Pennsylvania, Southern New Jersey, Delaware. Maryland and the District of Columbia and had branches in the principal cities in these states. Through the courtesy of Messrs. (iimbel Brothers, the second story of 23 S. 9th Street was turned over to Colonel Steele and stall' gratis until July 27, 1917. when Colonel John S. Muckle procured, without rent, from lion. Hampton L. Carson, representing the Weightman Estate, tlie use of the first floor of the build- 719 Courtesy of X, T. Slilptmlldine Corp. lirillsli-CiiiKulian Itecniilimj Campaign. inj; at the southwest (■oiiior of Juniper and Chestnut streets. When the great rejiislralion of males hetwe(Mi the ages of IwimiIn-oiic and thirty-one took place in United States, it was found there were here a trifle over .'l.iO.OOO lirilish and Tanadian subjects. In the IMiiladeliihia section alone there were over 10. ()()() Hrilish subjects, men of draft age. The large industrial institutions of the city were \isited by oilicers of the Recruiling Mission and at the noon-hour meetings were held which resulted in large nund)ers of Drilishers joining the colors. Parading through the streets headed by Scottish pipers and drummers also aroused enthusiasm. A number of British veterans of former wars jjromplly came forward to offer their service. Late in .lul>, I'UT, Colonel Steele organized a cixiliati conunitlee for the purpose of getting in actual personal tout h with the large number of men whose names were on the draft list, but who could not be drafted into the American service on account of being British subjects. The head coiiwuittee was made up as follows: Colonel John S. Muckle, Honorary Chairman: S. C. Simonski (who was with the Royal Canadians in the Hoer War in South Africa i, \ctive Chairman: Colonel St. (ieorge L. Steele. C. B.. and M. Mdwards. a young Canadian newspai)i'r man attached to the mission, as Secretary. These gentlemen organized sui)-committees whose duties were to call upon the British subjects and present to tlicm the necessity of their coming forward and joining the colors. A plan, afterwards called the "Philad<-lphia IMan," originated and put into effect by Air. Simonski. with the aid of th(> local draft boards, was used throughout the whole liiited Slati's. \ arious draft boards lent their ollices to the Biitisii and Canadian Recruiting Mission and the British subjects whose names were on llie list were asked by post-card to re|)ort at difTerent times at these draft board rooms 720 where they were interviewed by officers of the British and Canadian Recruitinf; Mission. Men without dependents were urged to enlist. Men with dependents were also urged to enlist with the knowledge that the British Patriotic Funds and the American Red Cross would take care of their dependents with the help of the various i\rmy allowances. As the men volunteered for enlistment, they were sent to (rianada to report at the various training quarters. All volunteers had the privi- lege of choosing the branch of the Army or even the particular regiment in which they wished to serve. Of the first 12,000 British subjects who responded to the call for volimteers, so strict was the medical examination that only one in three was taken. On .July 18, 1917. a meeting of Philadelphia citizens was called at the Union League to make arrangements to bring a regiment from Canada to aid recruiting. Colonel Muckle was made Chairman of the Citizens' Committee and as a result of his subsequent visit to Ottawa, the 5th Canadian Highlanders of Montreal, the Canadian Recruiting Regiment for the famous 42d "Black Watch," commanded by Colonel Burstall, arrived in Philadelphia on Sunday morning, September 30, 1917, and remained three glorious and busy days. On the evening of September .30th, the officers of the regiment were the guests of Colonel and Mrs. Muckle at the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel. The officers were quartered at the Adelphia Hotel on Chestnut Street, and the men and non-commissioned officers were quartered at the Y. M. C. A. on Arch Street. Great mass meetings were held at the MetropoUtan Opera House on Broad Street, also at the Academy of Music and at the Forest Theatre. Early in October, General White, Chief of the British and Canadian Recruiting Mission in America, and a group of famous Great War veterans addressed the citizens of Philadelphia from the stage of the Academy of Music. So great was the enthusiasm for recruiting aroused at that meeting, that men actually climbed from topmost galleries to the stage to present themselves for enlistment. One British veteran of the famous Lanchester Regiment, sixty-two years old, with a war record of twenty-three years, pleaded to be taken. On Saturday, January 5, 1918, the British official war exhibit was opened in the armory at Broad and Callow- hill streets. Here were shown captured German guns, uniforms, rifles, helmets, gas-masks, bombs, torpedoes and even a great Austrian Skoda gun — guns taken from some of the celebrated German commerce raiders were also shown. Opening addresses were made by Major General L. W. T. Waller, U. S. M. C, and Brigadier General W. A. Wliite, C. M. G. In January, 1918, the British official war pictures were shown in the Hale Building. One of the most striking pictures showed the Canadians at the "zero hour" leaving their trenches at Ypres to attack the Germans. In the mean time wonderful stories of fearful battles in the air were astonish- ing the nation, and at the invitation of the Recruiting Mission, Lieutenant E. Flaschere, a famous French Ace, whose uniform showed the Military Medal, Mih- tary Cross, the Legion of Honor, the British Military medal and other famous decorations gave an exhibition of aeroplane work on Sunday, April 14, 1918, that thrilled a crowd of 40,000 people at Belmont Plateau. A few weeks after this, Philadelphia had the opportunity of witnessing the first British lank, the Britannia rolling through its streets. This armored car driven by powerful gasoline engines was commanded by Captain Haig and crew, aU of whom had been wounded at the Battle of Arras, the first battle in which tanks were employed and w hen tanks were 721 (.'olirtt'sy of Ilio Plillaili-Iplila "Inquirer. British Idnl; an llic I'urkuav. a {•oniplolp surprise for the (icrmaiis. At, (liis liriic llic Parkway in Pliiladclpliia was being cleared of buildings, and to show the wonderful work, of the lank it was run over ditches, hills and rubble, and indid up with battering down a two-foot brick wall t)f a house tiiat was being deinolislu'd. A few days later, assisted by several companies of the I nited States Marines, and with Lieutenant Flaschere's fighting SPAD aeroplane overhead, the tank gave an exhiliiliun of the new inelhod of allasfnut streets. When the problem of taking care of the dependents of enlisted men came up, Colcmel Steele called together public-minded citizens and organized a British and Canadian Patriotic Fund, of which the P)?ilish Consul Ceneral, T. R. Porter of Pliiladeljiliia «as the oflicial head. In British Societies and the Canadian Society of I'hiladelphia, large sums of money were raised to alleviate the distress of dependents and to take care of returned soldiers incapacitated for further work. In May of 1918, Captain Rad- cliffe Dugmore, famous as a newspaper correspondent, soldier, author and lecturer, gave a very interesting talk on African wild animals at the Academy of Music, illustrated with lantern slides and colored moving pictures, in aid of the British Patriotic Fund, the lecture having been arranged by Major C. P. R. Dugmore, B. A., second in command of the Mission in Philadelphia. The officers and non-commissioned officers of the Mission rendered various valuable services to the United States during the flotation of the Liberty and \ ictory Loans by showing the people that there were various ways of fighting the enemy as well as by shouldering a gun and marching to the trenches. It is a curious fact that every time the enemy gained a victory, the rusii of recruits to the Mission was greatly augmented: in fact, one looking over the record could tell just when the Allies were gaining their successes and when they were meeting with reverses from the number of recruits presenting themselves. The high water-mark of recruiting was during the week of March 2, 1918, when 1 ,089 men were recruited in the I Inited States for the British or Canadian Army. In the mean time the British had been forming what is known as the Jewish Battalion and recruits came freely from the United States to join that section of the Army. Two thousand three hundred and twenty-nine were recruited; great impetus for this was given by the news of the capture of Jerusalem by General AUenby. In the mean time, diplomats in Washington and in Downing Street and on "the hill" at Ottawa had entered into an agreement whereby American citizens in Canada or Great Britain of draft age could be drafted into the Canadian or British Army and British or Canadian subjects (exclusive of Irishmen) residing in the United States and of draft age could be drafted into the American Army; thus all British subjects in the LTnited States between the ages of eighteen and twenty-one, and thirty-one and forty-five were required to register, as the Britisli Army took in, subject to draft, all males between the ages of eighteen and forty- five, while in the LInited States the draft age was from twenty-one to thirty-one. This arrangement rendered the work of the British and Canadian Recruiting Mission in the United States unnecessary and on October 14, 1918, the Mission closed its work in the United States. The total number of recruits gained through- out in the LTnited States was 62,000. Philadelphia district had time after time the enviable record of gaining more recruits in a week than any other section of the country excepting the headquarters section. Over 4,000 recruits were sent to Canada or Great Britain from the Philadelphia district. In July, 1918, Colonel Steele was sent to Russia and took as a member of his staff Lieutenant Skidmore, C. E. F., who, during his stay in this city, had become popular with its citizens. The first British soldier to be buried in the L nited States in over one hundred years was Sergeant Malcolm MacFarlane of the Recruiting Mission, a veteran of a number of battles in Flanders who, stricken with pneumonia, died and was buried at Mt. Moriah Cemetery, where a beautiful tombstone marks his last resting-place. Colonel Steele was succeeded by Major C. P. R. Dugmore, who in turn was succeeded during the last few months of the Recruiting Mission's existence by Captain W. P. F. Latham. 723 ("iMirt<'sy iif ihi- riilladtlDhla "rress." IJ. S. S. ""^Ifaverfitni" hriru/s Jirsf troa/is n'furnini/ to f*li{ltiiielphi(i. 721 THE RETURN OF THE TROOPS ^ ELC'.OMED by gaily decorated committee boats, greeted by bands f)f music and acclaimed by thousands of people lining the Philadelphia and New Jersey banks of the Dela- ware, the U. S. S. Haverford arrived at Pier 53 on ,lanuary :?0, 1919. The 2,100 troops on board, of which fifteen were Philadelphians, composed the 65th Coast Artillery, a number of wounded officers and men. and a Casual ( 'om- ])any of negroes. Far down the river the welcome began. The il'dy of Camden, chartered by the Citizens" Committee of Phila- delphia, The Feurtesx, crowd(>d with men and women from New Jersey, the tug Adriatic with a Committee of the Emergency Aid of Pennsylvania on board, and a score or more of other craft heralded the Haverford on her triumphal trip up the river. Two thousand school children, each with an American flag, were massed on the Government pier at Gloucester and sang a welcome as the Haverford approached. At Hog Island and at otliei- large jilants on both sides of the river, work teni])(>r;ir'i]> ceased while the liiousunds of employes occupied every vantage point and hurled iirtF^v of FratiU \V Buliler, sraiiley Cu ot America. lied Crosx nnti other nrganizalions wailinn to greet the retuniiiKi tninps. 72S ^^^^■^^^Hl ., 1 ft E fe Courtesy of Fr.i /•'ir»i licyinunt uf Marines paradiuij iin liniiul SIreel. thoir cheers across the water. As the transport passed League Island. Ilio <:iins there hooined in sahite. \t the pier, representatives of the Red Cross, Y. M. C. A., Knights of Colum- bus, Jewish Welfare Board, and Salvation Army had everything in readiness to make the men feel at home. Sandwiches and coffee, "smokes," candy and other gifts were provided. Following these interesting ceremonies, the men marched from the i)ier west on Wasiiington Avenue to Broad Street between densely packed lines of cheering relatives and friends. At Broad Street they entrained for Camp Dix, where after submil ling to another process of fumigation, they received their families or returned tu I'hiladelphia on leave. The successful handling of the Ilaverford at the municipal pier and the ease with which the men were taken from the dock to camp received fa\(iial)lc ((inunenl from the end)arkati()n oflicers at Hoboken, and resulted in additional transports being sent to this port throughout the spring and summer. On February 8th the city witnessed a parade of ,")00 marines, veterans of Verdun, Belleau Wood, ChaU^au-Thierry, the St. Mihiel salient, Champaigne and the Argonne. These men, xmder command of Lieutenant Colonel 11. D. South, with Major A. J. Drexel Biddle as aide, marched from Broad and South streets around the east side of City Hall and west on the I'arkway to Logan Square. The reviewing stand, erected on the north plaza of City Hall, was occupied by city oilicials and distinguished guests. At Logan Square the members of the various women's relief organizations welcomed the men. .\n escort of honor was com- posed of marines and sailors from the Navy Yard. The music was furnished by the celebrated Marine Band from Washington, which led the column. 726 In the evening the men were entertained at Keith's Theatre. So great was the throng that in an endeavor to attend this celebration over 2,000 were unable to get nearer than the doors of the theatre. With the report that a large number of troops would soon ('()in(^ to this city. Mayor Smith requested Judge J. Willis Maitin, Chairman of the Piiiladelphia Council of National Defense, to appoint a special committee to make all arrange- ments for welcoming returning transports to this city, and to serve as its chairiTian. On the committee thus appointed were the Presidents of Select and Common Councils, the Chairman and Secretary of the Councilmanic Committee on the Care, Sustenance and Relief of those in the military and naval service of the United States, and the Executive Manager of the Philadelplua Council of National Defense, who acted as secretary of the committee. Representatives of the various welfare organizations were members of the connnittee and a review of its work is in- corporated in the report of the Philadelphia Council of National Defense. The preliminary work of the committee prepared it for the far larger task of welcoming back the men of the 28th Division. WELCOME TO THE 28TH DIVISION When the morning papers of the city carried an announcement early in Ajiril that the 28th Division was ready for its return to the United States and that the War Department was in a receptive mood for a request that the Division be paraded before demobilization, the Secretary of the Welcome Home Committee telephoned to the Adjutant General at Harrisburg, and arranged to leave at once with him for Washington, to ask. in the name of the State and City, a divisional review in Philadelphia. The followiug day, General Reary and Mr. Guenther visited Rrigadier General Edward D. Anderson and Colonel Joseph R. McAndrews and received the assurance that the War Department wf)uld make every effort to accede to their request. From the very beginning the War Department gave its most cordial and effective cooperation. It soon became apparent thai, owing to the unexpectedly rapid movement of the troops, only a part of the Division woulil ariixc l(ig('lh(>r and it was finally arranged that tlKtsc units which were distinctively Phila- delphian in personnel, or whose men came from the eastern part of Pennsyl- vania should be held at Camp Dix fur- parade. All other units were imm(>di- ately demobilized or, as in the case of the western Pennsylvania troops, were sent to Camp Sherman for a parade in Pittsburgh. Meanwhile the city of Philadelphia planned for that day when it should ^ ' _ (',iiirt.-»v ul IIk- I'liihuK'Iphia "Press." honor its own sons. Mayor Smith, who Men on Ihe U. s. s. ••Nurihlitnil." was ill at tlic time, called a meeting at his (ilenside home and a|>|)()iiitf(l additional members to the Welcome Home Committee. The committee in charge of arranging for the parade of the Keystone Division was as follows: Hon. Chairman, Hon. Thomas B. Smith; Hon. Vice-Chairman. Hon. J. WiUis jMartin; Chairman, Joseph Widcncr; Secretary, J. Jarden Guenther; James E. Lennon, Dr. E. B. Gleason, George Wliarton Pepper, Isaac D. Hetzel. Col. Richard E. Holz, W. J. Dorsey, Leon J. Obermayer. J. D. Sutherland. Dr. C. .1. Hatfield, Calvin L. Lewis, John T. Windrim, limanuel Furth, W. Freeland Keii- drick, Hon. John M. Patterson, Wilfred Jordan. Joseph P. ( laflney, Charles B. Hall. Vdjutant-General Frank B. Beary, George S. Webster, Dr. Wilmer krusen, W. II. Wilson, Hon. Edwin S. Stuart, Alfred E. Burk. Robert E. Lamberton, James A. Flaherty, John F. Diigan, Dr. W. W. Trinklc. James Willard. Mrs. Barclay II. VVarburton, James F. Herron, George W. B. Hicks, James B. (corneal, Richard ,1. Beamish, E. J. Clive. The ofliccs of the committee and of the various sub-connnitteeswere established ill the Liberty Building and additional members added to the executive and clerical staffs of the Philadelphia Council of National Defense. John Saeger Bradway, Lieutenant (j. g.) I'. S. N. R. F., who had recently returned from overseas dut>. was appointed assistant to the Secretary and acted as liaisijn officer between the "G. H. Q. ", the Port of Debarkation and Camp Dix. In order that some record may be kept of the preparations made to honor General Muir and his men, a rapid review of the work of tlie committees will show how the city was literally transformed and how every effort was made to give a welcome worthv of the occasion. I'yloiis mill Ihroraliuiis on (^liesliml .S/rcc/. 72K 'I'he Committk.e on Decokations received a number of suggeslions and finalK developed plans which gave to Philadelphia a colorful effect never before equaled. A request to all citizens was made in the newspapers for general decorations through- out the city and every thoroughfare was festooned with flags and banners. The Chestnut Street Business Men's Association arranged for special decoia- tions on that street from river to river. The trolley poles were gilded, and suspended from each were blue silk banners edged with gold giving the names of the important engagements in which the 28th Di\ision participated. The various stores and office buildings were draped in bunting and the entire scheme culminated in the magnificent decorations on Chestnut Street in front of Independence Hall. At the corners of 5th and 6th slnv'ts were erected great pylons upon which were super- imposed heraldic figures. From these pylons to the buildings were suspended silken canopies in the city colors. The entire north side of Chestnut Street between 5th and 6th streets was banked with grandstands for special guests and on the south side of the street, flanking the entrance to Independence Hall, were the reviewing stands occupied by the Governor of the State, the Mayor of the City and other oflicial guests. In front of Independence Hall, where the Statue of Washington usually stands, but which had been remo\ed for repairs, the Liberty Bell was placed on a special pedestal, behind which, and forming a picturesque setting for the bell, were standards of Allied flags, banners with symbolic devices and a semicircle of evergreens. By courtesy of the Liberty Loan connnittees, the decorations of the 5th Liberty Loan campaign were left standing on Broad Street, north and south, and presented a picture to the marching host that will never be forgotten. The Stars and Strif)es blended with the flags of the Allies and streamers and banners flanked the \ ictory Statue, the dazzling whiteness of which was even more elTective with a temporary back-ground of blazing scarlet. The plazas of City Hall were appropriately decorated, while from each window of that huge structure the American flag fluttered in the soft May breezes. The Parkway from Broad Street to Spring Garden presented an ever changing spectacle. The circle at Logan Square was marked by a series of flagpoles with the American colors. The grandstands, artistic as they were in design, were made more so by the fluttering pennants which were placed behind the topmost seats. The Committee in Charge of Boat.s and Stands arranged f(3r the steamers which took the relatives down the river to meet the incoming transports. Its greatest service, however, was the erection of the grandstands, a work which was compUcated by the shf)rtness of time. For two weeks previous to the day of the parade, the Parkway, and Chestnut Street at Independence Hall, were ablaze with lights, for shifts of men worked day and night to provide accommodations for the thousands who desired tickets to the stands. On the Parkway from Logan Square to Spring Garden Street, were a series of stands accommodating 17.000 people. These, with the exception of a limited number of sections reserved for the State Legislature, were occupied by the ne\t of kin of the men of the 28th Division. The Councilmanic stand was erected on the east side of City Hall. On the west side of Broad Street and south of Arch the members of the Draft Boards of Philadelphia reviewed the parade, while at the end of the Parkway the members of the Park Commission occupied a special stand. 729 X The paradt' on the Parkway passing in review b^ore 18,000 "next of kin.' 730 Tlie way ill whicli Iho nirnihors of this coimnittee sought to take care of all who had any claim is exemplified by the fact that when the Mayor of a neighboring city, who had misunderstood the directions by which tickets could be secured, came down with a request for 750 seats twenty-four hours before the parade, the com- mittee erected a special stand overnight and tluis took care of the entire delegation. The Parade Committee had chai'ge of all matters pertaining to the military side of the parade, the route over which it was to go, etc. The Adjutant General, Frank D. Beary, was Chairman of this Committee. He and his fellow members, after a series of conferences, also arranged for the transportation of troops from Camp Dix to Philadelphia and return. E. J. Clive, Terminal Manager of the Federal Raiiroatl Administration, and liis associates were indefatigable in their efforts and made possible the movement of troops with the least delay. The Reception Committee arranged for the reception of General Muir, and the members of his staff, by Mayor Smith on the morning of May 14th, and for the banquet tendered by the Mayor in the name of the city in the ballroom of the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel on the same evening. The Entertainment Committee had one of the most difficult problems of all, but its work was greatly simplified by the cooperation of Frank W. Buhler, repre- senting the Stanley Corporation, and Harry T. Jordan, of Keith's Theatre. These gentlemen arranged with the theatrical interests of the city to admit the men of the 28th Division to their theatres on the evening of the 14th without charge and also provided other forms of special entertainment. The Committee in Charge of Hotel Accommodations arranged for a suite of rooms at the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel for General Muir and the members of his staff, and the Committee in Charge of Quarters for the enlisted men rented a number of buildings in the city and provided them with cots, etc., for the enlisted men. A box breakfast was served on May 15th to the men who reported to their quarters. The Committee on Music arranged for the placing of song leaders and cheer leaders along the entire route of the parade. These men, trained by experience during the entire period of the war, kept the expectant throngs in a songful mood and made possible a continuous applause as the troops marched by. This latter effort was important not because the crowds became weary with passing troops but because, as was so clearly shown at the parading for the 27th Division in New York City, it was the head of the column that received a tremendous greeting, while the last companies of the various regiments marched between silent spectators. The Automobile Committee, cooperating with Captain (Mrs. Thomas) Elwyn and the Red Cross, arranged for the transportation of olhcers and men on the day preceding the parade and also on May 15th. WOMEN'S WELCOME HOME COMMITTEE At a meeting called by Judge Martin in his chambers on April 11, 1919. representatives were present from the following organizations: American Red Cross; Council of National Defense; Emergency Aid of Pennsylvania; National League for Woman's Service; Navy League; Pennsylvania R.R. Women's Divi- sion for War Relief. The following officers and committees were appointed: Mrs. William C. Sproul, Honorary Chairman; Mrs. Thomas B. Smith, Honorary Vice-Chairman; 731 Mrs. Frank I). IJcarv. I loniiiiir'N \ icc-C liairiiian; \lis. liaiclav H. \\ arhiiilnii. C.liairman; Miss Mai\ i^. Scldcii. Secretary. Executive Comiiiittee: Mrs. l")()l)soii Altemus. Mrs. Edgar ^^ . Baird, Mrs. Henry C. Boyer. Mis. Henry B. Coxc. Mrs. George Dallas Dixon, Mrs. Geo. W. Childs Drexel. Mrs. Thomas L. Elwyn. Mrs. John White Geary, Mrs. John ('.. Groome. Mrs. Henr> D. Jiiniji. Mrs. Ernest Law, Mrs. Arthur H. Lea, INIrs. Nor- man McLeod. Mrs. Louis ('.. Madeira, Mrs. J. Willis Martin, Mrs. Eugene Newbold, Mrs. H. ,S. Prentiss Nichols, Mrs. Louis R. Page, Mrs. James Starr, Jr.. Mrs. Edward T. Stoteshury. .Mis William ('•. Warden. Sub-committees were appointed which subseciiientK made and perfected ar- rangements for the reception, care and feeding of the ofTicers and men of the 28th l")i\ision. during their sta\ in I'liiladelpliia on May 1 Ith and 15th. Headquaiteis were estal)lislied in the oftices of the Philadelphia Council of National Defense. Liberty Building, and at the final meeting of the Executive Committee on Ma\ 23. mi^. the \aiious chairmen reported on their work. For the F>xecutive Committee. Mrs. Warburton, Chairman, stated that Mr. (ialfney had sent to the Women's C'onuiiittee, for distribution among the women's war relief oiganizalions. r>iW tickets for the grand stands, most of which were returned to the Women's Welcome Home Committee for distribution among the families of the soldiers who were unable to procure seats. All oxerhead expenses, incliidiiig piinting and postage, were met b\ the W omen's Committee. Canteen Committee Mrs. George W . ( liilds Drexel, Chairman Mrs. (^'oige W. Mo\d. \ ice-Chairman Mrs. Geoiire li. |-;\ans. Asst. Vice-Chairmaii The Canteen Committee icpditid that as a part of the reception given ts nf \li. Shil)e, the ball park and its facilities were most graciously given to the C.it> Im this use. Here the canteen with its 300 officers and workers had a long. can\as-c{ cnlistetl men from out of town to the Emergency Aid at 1128 Waliuit Street, and to the National League for Woman's Service, at 170.'? Walnut Street, while for oflicers' families the Acorn Club, 1018 Walnut Street, and Oflii'ers' Club House of the Emergency Aid, 221 S. 18th Street, were open. Persons with children were sent to a nursery at Ith and Cireeii Streets (Friends' Neighborhood House), where children were cared for and given lunch for 25 cents. Committee For Ri:(.epti()n ok Nurses Mrs. Henry B. Coxe. Chairman; Mrs. .1. Barton. Miss Florence Caldwell, Mrs. Wm. B. Campbell. Mrs. J. Gardner Cassatt. Mrs. E. Walter Clark, Mrs. Wm. J. Clothier, Mrs. Theo. W. Cramp, Mrs. Charles Da Costa, Mrs. Thomas J. Dolan, Mrs. Norton Downs. Miss Helen Fleischer, Miss Susan C. Francis, Miss Josephine Frazier, Mrs. (ieorge H. Frazier. Mrs. John H. Gibbon, Miss Mary K. Gibson, Miss Mary (lirvin. Mrs. Jos. L. Hoppin, Mrs. Charles E. Inger- soll. Mrs. Sydney W. Keith. Mrs. Aitluu H. Lea. Mrs. Jos. L. Leidy, Mrs. Norman MacLeod. Mrs. J. Willis Martin. Mis. Win. B. Mercer. Mrs. J. Kearsley Mitchell, Mrs. B. L. Montgomery. Mrs. Bandal Morgan, Mrs. Wm. Norris. Mrs. Frank T. Patterson. Mrs. Wm. Potter, Jr.. Mrs. Philip M. Bhinelander. Miss Anna Bogers, Mrs. Benjamin Bush. Mrs Charles Scott, Jr., Mrs. Charles H. Scott, Mrs. Jos. N. Snellenburg. Mrs. F]dward T. Stotesbury. Mrs. Bowland Taylor, Mrs. (i. W. Irquhart. Mrs. Alexander Van Bensselaer, Mrs. Henry P. Vaux, Mrs. Charlton \ arnall, Miss Boberta M. West. The nurses were taken in motors by the National League Motor Corps, and immediately after the parade they were taken to the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel, where a luncheon was served, which was very much enjoyed. The committee and the nurses gratefully acknowledged the courtesy of the State in providing transportation for the nurses to and f\tm\ their honii's in dill'erenl parts of the State. The committee's expenses amounted to nearly eight hundred dollars, which was entirely subscribed V)y members of the Beception of Nurses' Committee. 733 Photo by I. Uiirscas \urses. Committee i-oh I^eckption ok Oekicers Mrs. l'](hvai(l T. Stolcsbiirv, Cliairmaii Mrs. Dobson .Mlonms, ^ ico-Chairmaii At tlic Army and Navy OfTicors' ('lnli House <>( llic limcrf^ciicv Aid. llic day before the parade. 100 extra cols and 200 IJankels. wliicli «erc loaned 1)\ the iMarine Barracks and Ordnance Department, were placed in the ballroom to accommodate the ofTiceis of the 2i?th Division who a\ ailed themselves of the privil(>f;e of stop- l)inf,' at the chili. Meals were also served ihe ollicers for two days, and the dance held Wednesday e\eninfr. May I llli. I'or llieir entertainment was largely attended. TB.4NsponT\Tio\ Committee Mrs. Thomas L. Mlwyn, Chairman Mrs. Norman MacLeod, ^ ice-Chairman Mrs. John White Gearjs Vice-Chairman With the help of the American Red Cross, Emergency .\i(l. and .Junior Service Corps of the National League for Woman's Service, transportation was fnrnished for .582 wounded men and 225 overseas nurses. The motors were crowded owing to the fact that preparations were made for only half Ihe innnber, hut reserve motors were brought into use, and Ihe cars carried double the original number of persons. 734 n uumictt iiini of tliv Division. Committee for Visiting Families Mrs. John C. Groome, Chairman; Mrs. Arthur H. Lea, Vicc-Chairinan; Mrs. J. WilHs Martin, Vice-Ciiairman; Mrs. Henry C. Beyer, Mrs. James Starr, Jr., Mrs. Louis C. Madeira, Mrs. Henry D. Jump, Mrs. Ernest Law, Mrs. Eugene Newboid, Miss Edith D. Sheldon. Members of this connnittee were on duty at headquaiters in the Liberty Building all day and evening from Saturday, May 10th. until after the parade. The office force of the Council of National Defense volunteered to assist the com- mittee during the evenings and on Sunday. The committee made all arrangements for out-of-town guests to be accom- modated in the homes of members of the American Red Cross, Navy League, National League for Woman's Service, and Emergency Aid, who had previously offered to be hostesses to these families. Tickets given by the Emergency Aid and National League for Woman's Service on their stands were also distributed among out-of-town families, besides those on the city stands donated by Mr. Gaffney to the women's war relief organizations. Through the courtesy of the Councilmanic Committee the following informa- tion, on a slip, was mailed to all out-of-town families with the tickets issued for the stands by the committee : "Ttie Women's Welcome Home Committee, Liberty BuildinR, Broad and Ctiestnut streets, Philadelphia, Pa., has arranged for a committee to meet trains on all railroads arriving in Philadelphia on May 1 tth and the morniiiK of the 15th. There will also be an information booth in each station and at the ferries. Tickets for box lunches at 25 cents each can be obtained at station. These box lunches will be supplied at the information booth on the Parkway. Free rest rooms at 1128 Walnut Street and 1703 Walnut Street." A letter was also sent to all newspapers in the State giving the same information. 735 Lunch for Relatives Committee Mrs. JaiiK's Starr. Jr.. Chairman, Mrs. II. L. Cassard, Mrs. .loliii MiisIhkI, Mrs. 'I'hotnas Rcath. Mrs. Howard Sraver, Mrs. W. 0. Peobles. One thousand \h<\ lunches were sold from the National League Booth at 22d Street and tlie Park\va\ to the visiting: families at 2.') cents each, the tickets for the.se lunches ha\ iiit: heeti procured at the information booths at the railroad stations, and at I he licad(]iiart<'rs of the Women's Committee. Reception at Stations Committee Mrs. iMiirenc Ncwliold. Chairman Sevent\-ii\c women on this connnitlee worked in three shifts. At North Philadelphia Station families were sent to lodgings, and wounded men sent in taxis to SiM'ond Regiment Armory. Five taxis were placed at the disposal of the Com- mittee by an anonymous donor'. \t Broad Street Station and Reading Terminal visiting relatives were met by a reception committee and directed to lodgings. ( )ne woiuidei:i.-,ioii arriviinj u/ I'liilwli-lpliia. THE DIVISION \RR1VKS HOME S|)len{lid as were all welcomes given to troops rcliirniiij; to the |)orl of Phila- (ii'lphia. it seemed as if a great reserve of enthusiasm had been saved to lavish (tn the men of the 2f!lh Division, the first units of whicii, 1,383 strong, arrived on IIk^ transport ('uiianddiiiiKi on \pril 27th. Rut all records for liitniiltuous gi'celings wtM'c broken on April :U)lh when the transports UwcKr^' and l'i)((iliy L. R. Snow. .S7o/c and City Offirinh on Grand Slanil al Indejirndenfc Ihill. 711 slocl-liolinotofl men had done. Perhaps tlieir cheers were not so loud, hardly a throat that did not have a catch in it. hardly an eye in that great throng that did not glisten. p]ven those who could not see the marching troops were there. A father and mother, both blind, declared that they would know when their son passed by. Some were there whose loved ones never would return. On their sleeves was the "star of gold." They saw the Company and Platoon with which their loved ones had gone away, pass in review; they recognized tiic oHicers and some of the comrades in arms. Somewhere, far over the sea, was a grave; above it a tiny cros.s; there all that was mortal lay sleeping. Such cannot die, they only go before. So, while eyes were moist and hearts were tender, joy and pride, which no others could experience, sustained these relatives. They, too, had paid the price. Here on the Parkway were the wounded from (io\ermnent Hospital No. 22 at .34th and Pine streets, as well as many other former 28th Division men. too crippled to ride. On Spring (harden Street at 23d Street were the grand stands erected by the Red Cross, Emergency Aid of Pennsylvania, and the National League for Woman's Service. At four points along the route of the parade were massed some L'j.OOO school children, each waving an American flag. At the Hidgway Library on South Broad Street were 1,.500 students from the South Philadelphia High School; at 17th and Spring Garden streets there were 1,000 students of the (iirls" High School, and in front of the Central High School at Broad and Creen streets 2,000 scholars were grouped. The heights of the old Reservoir at the Spring Carden Street entrance to Fairmount Park were reserved for 10,000 children composed of students from (iirard C(»llege. members of the Boys' Brigade and the Boy and Cirl Scouts. The general publii- rushed the guards holding this place and many of the children were unable to reach the sections assigned to them. One feature of the parade brought home to all the price which the Division had paid in flesh and blood. A gun carriage drawn by eight white horses, each led by a wearer of the Distinguished Service Cross, or some other special medal of honor, was preceded by a bugle corps sovmding a funeral dirge. On the caisson was a great wreath, in the center of which were the figures representing the number of 28th Division men who died in the service. While the cortege halted at Inde- pendence Hall, a detail placed at the base of the Liberty Bell sixty-seven smaller wreaths, each with a number representing the major casualties of the several counties of the State. At Broad and Diamond streets, General Muir saw his "boys" pass in final review, and they in turn saluted " I ncle Charlie" for the last time. How proudly the (ieneral sat his horse and watched his men go by, but when the last khaki-dad soldier had swung past the Old Warrior turned away with eyes unashamedly wet. At the conclusion of the parade the men were dismissed at Sliibe Park, wliich had been lent to the City by Mr. Shibe, where they were fed by the Canteen of the American Red Cross. Late in the afternoon the first of the troop trains left JNorth Philadelphia Station for Camp Dix, and by dark the last tired soldier had entrained. Within a few days complete demobilization was affected and the Division, as 742 a fighting unit, was but a nioniory. Originally a Division composed of National Guard troops from Pennsylvania, its severe casualties had necessitated over 20,000 replacements, so that when the Division scattered from Camp Dix, the men with the red Keystone on their shoulder went back, not only to the sbtty-seven counties of Pennsylvania, but also to practically every State of the Union. The old Keystone State gave of her best. Nor will the Commonwealth ever forget the service her sons rendorefl to her, to their Country, and to the world, comrades of the Iron (28th) Division, in the grim but glorious days of 1917-18. The transport Peerless, with the 108th Field Artillery, was delayed and did not reach Philadelphia until May 17th. A committee went to Camp Dix and invited the men to parade, but Colonel Frank Lecocq and his officers decided that under the circumstances it would be better to demobilize at once. RETURN OF THE 79TH DIVISION When the 79th Division, composed of the National Army men from Phila- delphia, started home, preparations were made to welcome them with the same enthusiasm as was shown to the 28th Division. Wireless greetings were sent out from the office of the Welcome Home Committee and when the trcmsport Virginian arrived at Newport News, a committee, appointed by Mayor Smith, was present to tell the Philadelpliians on board how proud the City was of them. Headquarters of the Welcome Home Conunittee were established in the Hotel Pennsylvania, New York City, in charge of Lieutenant John S. Bradway, and each transport, upon arrival, was met. Mayor Ilylan's committee was most gracious in providing tickets for the boats which went down the bay and hundreds of Philadelphia relatives and friends took advantage of the opportunity of cheer- ing and greeting the troops as they came up the river. When Major General Joseph E. Kuhn, Commander of the 79th Division, stepped off the Kroonland at Hoboken, on Thursday, May 29, 1919, he was met by Mayor Smith and a committee, including Mr. and Mrs. Percy C. Madeira, Mr. and Mrs. Jay Cooke, Joseph C. Smith, Secretary to the Mayor, D. W. Harris, Clerk of Select Council, and Lieutenant Bradway. In his brief word of welcome to General Kidm, Mayor Smith said: "Pliila- delphia and Pennsylvania are proud of you and your men. We want to do them all honor. We want them to parade before us so that we may see them and that they may know the full strength of our admiration. It is our wish to entertain the officers and men of the Division in a way befitting the City and State and we ask cooperation in these plans." After the last of the 79th Division troops had landed, Philadelpliia was caught in a heat-wave of great intensity. Letters and telegrams from officers and men poured into the offices of the Mayor and Committee and, reluctantly, the City yielded to the reasonalile requests for immediate demobilization and gave up all plans for a parade. As long as transports came to the City they were received with true hospitality, and those in chaige of theii' reception found real satisfaction in greeting the men and in making possible their welcome by their relatives and friends. 743 \khival ok Troopships. 1^1*^ Haverjord Skinner Bristol. . \ortliluiui Huicrfonl ( Miiun(hii(iii(i . Pocaluinlus . . . Merniry Miiiii Kd. iMckeiihuch . Suntu Olii'u . Peerless . . Jan. ;?()tli Feb. Isl Feb. l.Uh Feb. 21st \laiTli 2:kl \\ni\ 27tli April April Ma> Ma> \la> Max :5()tii :{()tli Itb loih i:iili ITlh ('(ilamares. . . . [hirer ford Mdloikd Dakutun Shoshone ri'suii OhiiHiri . . Ikikolan . Sanio liarlxint llurerjord . Maui /■;/ Orienle May l.-)tli Mav l')tli \Ia\ 2:th May ■29lh .liiiie 2 organization were Dr. J. W. Miller, Field Representative of the Washingtt)n or Central office, Russell C. Lowell, Dr. Arthur J. Rowland and Jerome B. Scott. The first offices for this work were in the Penn Square Ruilding, where four rooms were occupied on the tenth floor on October 21st. The organization consisted of Mr. Lowell, district vocational 7 1.'-. officer, Dr. Rowland, training ofiicer. Mr. Scott, placement oflii'or. JMr. Lowell remained with the organization barely three weeks, leaving to accept an impor- tant position in Indianapolis on November 9th. Dr. Rowland was then made district vocational officer on November 11th. and served in that capacity nntil July L"), 1919. Prominent men of the city, including the Mayor, the Superintendent of Schools, Dr. John G. Clark, Herman \j. Collins, E. C. Felton and John Krazee, of the I 'nited States Em[)loyment Service, J. Hampton Moore, M. C, George Wharton l'ep|)er, C. L. S. Tingley, John A. Voll, and others were visited, and their interest secured for the promotion of tliis work. In addition to individuals, several prominent welfare and civic and national agencies were visited for the purpose of securing their full cooperation in carrying out the program. These agencies in- cluded the Chamber of Commerce, Philadelphia War Council, Pennsylvania and Philadelphia Councils of National Defense, I nited States Labor Service, American Red Cross, War Risk Insurance Rureau, I nited States Public H(>altli Service, various labor organizations, local educational officers and State officers in charge of Industrial Education, and Manufacturers" and Employing Associations. !>ater, cooperation was had from the I'llks, the I'lnuMgency Aid of Pennsylvania, the Salvation Army, the Y. M. C. A., tiie American Legion, the National (Catholic War Council and the War Camp Community Service. Several vocational advisers were secured to make contact with the men calling at the district office, to secure data concerning their disabihty and educational and occupational experience, as well as their desire for a future occupation. The advisers not only interviewed the men in the district office, but endeavored to interview them at the hospitals before the men were discharged in an eil'ort to make their training follow very closely their discharge from the liospital and the service. The advisers, were asked to make contact with men who had already been discharged in various towns and connnunities throughout the State. The number of cases or claimants known to the offiice increased from slightly more than one hundred at the opening of the office to more than eleven thousand by July l.j, 1919, the date wh(>n Dr. Rowlanil severed his connection with the service. Under the Rehabilitation Act of the Government, it was not possible to provide all men with training and maiiilenaiKc. The Hciiabililalion Act. limited training to those men who were sull'ering from a disabili(\ which, in the opinion of the Federal Roard, amomited to a vocational handicaj). Previous to July 11, 1919, training could only be granted to those who had actually received an award of compensation by the Rureau of War Misk Insurance. This nc'cessitated action by that bureau previous to action by the Federal Board for Vocational liducation. The volume of work which the War Risk Ruri'au had to |)cifo[ni niiidc it impttssible for them to act (juickly. Hence up to July 1.'), 1919, only 33f! men had been j)laced in training in this district. The results of the experiences that the board had in handling its work made it necessary for several amendments to the oiiginal Mehabililalion Act to be passed. The volume of work to be done made the Amendment of .Inly 11, 1919, the most important and the most far-reaching of any pjissed up to that date. This \iiH'ndnient clarilied the situation and made it jtossible for the Federal Roard to act in the placing of men in training previous to anv decision by the War Risk Insurance Rureau. The real progress of the board then, begins as of that Xlft date. Witliiii six iiionlhs IVniii that time more than 2,500 men had been ae- tually placed in training as of December 30, 1919, and by June l.i, 1921,10,500 had been placed in training. On Jnly 15, 1919, I'el W. Lamkin, who later became Director of the Federal Board, succeeded Dr. Rowland as acting district vocational officer for a period of one month, at the end of which time he was relieved by the appointment of Charles E. Cullen, August I. 1919, and he in turn by Robert J. Fuller, November 1st. At the time Mr. Cullen left the oflice l,f)58 men had been placed in training. The number of persons employed, iniluding a medical staff of seven members, vocational advisers, training officers, placement officers, and clerical force, had increased to 181. Soon after November 1st certain reorganization plans were developed for the purpose of expediting the entrance of men into training and their follow-up while in training. This resulted in lessening the amount of delay in ofl'ering training to the men and the actual placing of them in training and rendering them full service. In fact, the perfecting of the organization and of the plan of work made it possible for large numbers of men to be placed in training, so that by the end of the year 1920 a positive advance had been made in the work of the board. Certain well-known institutions of the city were approached by the training officers of the board, and arranged to provide courses of study and instruction for the trainees. The aim of all of the training was to make it possible for the man to return to civilian employment with a definite employment objective. Among the institutions which were utilized should be mentioned the Llni- versity of Pennsylvania, in practically all of its departments, Jefferson Medical College, Temple 1 niversity. Spring Garden Institute, the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art, Pierce Business College, Banks' Business College and many other private and semi-private institutions. Altogether, there were about fifty institutions in the city which were utilized. About 25 per cent of the training was j)rovided by industrial establishments in and around the city of Philadelphia. They provided training on the job for the men under the direction of a counselor, or adviser, who was in the employ of the concern. Men were placed with such firms as A. B. Kirschbaum Company, John Wanamaker, Edward C. Budd Manufacturing Company, Baldwin Locomotive Works, and with about four or five hundred other industrial establishments. Thus it will be seen that the citizens of Philadelphia cooperated very materially with the Federal Board for Vocational Education in making possible a program of training for the disabled ex-service man which would enable him to "carry on" successfully in a given occupation. The Act provided very generously for maintenance while in training. No country up to this time had made such generous provisions for maintenance as did tliis country, nor was this to be wondered at, because no country had entered the war with a sincerer purpose to sustain an ideal. Various amounts were allotted to the man for his maintenance, with the first aUotnient of $65 per month for a single man, to which was added the allowance for dependents, which amounts varied with the number and relation of dependents. It was soon found that this amount was inadequate, so that in the Amendment to the Act of July 11, 1919, the sum of $80 per month per single man was allotted, together with the several additions for 747 dependents. W itii the present high cost of living in the large centers of the country, it is not thought tiiat even this sum will he finally adequate to provide a sufficient amount of money for the maintenance of the men while they are receiving their training. Such provisions as these indicate the whole-hearted support which the people of the United States wish to gi\e to the men who risked their lives as a sacrifice to the fiu-therance of ideals, as well as to the welfare of the citizens of this country. The Rehabilitation Act made it necessary to set up proper checking to ascertain the following facts: (1) Whether or not the man was honorably discharged; (2) Whether or not the man had a disability which was incurred, increased, or aggra- vated in the service; (3) \Miother or not the man had a Nocational handicap; (4) Whether or not, in view or the extent of the disabilit\. training for this particular man was feasible. In other words, the necessary opeialion of the ollice was to inter- view the man to ascertain the above fads. After the preliminary interview, he was examined by a medical ollicer. and the necessary records secured. These records were then submitted to the eligibility officers, who passed upon the rights of the man to receive training under the Act. Following the award of training, the man was turned over to the proper training officers and inducted into institutional or job training. The type of training selected by the man, with the advice and assistance of the training oflicer. depended upon the man's previous educational and occupational history. up<»n his desire, and upon his disability. Each case was treated indiNidually. and there was no attempt to handle the man on a series of group decisions. The work which Congress placed upon the Federal Hoard under the Mehabili- tation Ai't was a pioneer one. \e\er before hud any country undertaken a program of rehabilitation which involved so many considerations, and which aimed directly to teach adults an entirely new occupation fidui the one which llie\ had j)reviously known. All of the difficulties in the adminislration of the Act could not be foreseen, either by the legislators or those primarily responsible f'oi- the functioning of the work. This led to some confusion and misimderstanding in the earlier administration of tlu' service, but was finally clarified and readjusted until there was a smooth and harmoni(tus working organization. The effective- ness of the work and its results cannot he measurt'd at this lime. It will remain for time alone to determine whether or not the iiueslmeiit for this task was wisely made by the United States (iovernnicnl. 1 1 is predicted, however, that as an economic ami st)cial development this work will be far reaching in results. An e\ idence of this is tlie wide consideration b\ the \arious slates of plans for the rehabilitation of the disabled in industry. National legislation is in process. Thus the country itself is to be concertied with the conserNation of hutnan resour(;es. From the small organization of four or li\e people, who were originally re- sponsible for the work in this district, the organization has grown to include some- thing more than ."S.'iO persons. This |)ersoimel is iTiade up of medical officers and nurses, training officers, placement officers, vocational ad\ise[s, and clerical stall'. There are more than 9,500 men in training in the district, and more than JO.-lOd have been placed in training to date. They are studsing in mori' than 220 educa- tional institutions in the State and in 1, 1 00 industrial and conunercial es- tablishments. The types of training ofl'ered and the employment objectives of the men vary from short intensive courses in Knglish, leading to definite trade occupa- 7 Hi tions, up to post-graduate courses in medicine, where the general practitionei-. wlio has become disabled tlirough the war, is given a specialized course. Ah'cady men have actually been rehabilitated, and there is positive evidence that their in- creased earnings as a result of the training will, at the start, be IVom $300 to $500 per year more than their pre-war wage, and that as in the case of all persons who have been trained, these amounts will be greatly increased by their experience. At this date applicants and claimants are requesting admission into training courses. Action is being taken on all cases wherever the facts entering into eligibiUty can be determined in favor of the man. Recent legislation and regulations have made possible a closer coordination of this work with the Bureau of War Risk Insurance and the Public Health. There is every reason to believi^ that the vast majority of the men who are entitled to training under the Rehabili- tation Act will have completed such training within a reasonable period of time. ^IHE WAR DEPARTMENT'S WORK FOR THE RE-EMPLOYMENT OF DEMOBILIZED TROOPS* Philadelphia, the largest city of the greatest industrial State in the I'nion. had indeed an interesting history in the movement for the restoration of its soldiers, sailors and marines to civilian occupations, and the unusually orderly way in which this assimilation was accomplished is notewoithy. Early in March, 191Q. (\)lonel Arthur Woods, former Commissioner of Police for New York City, who had served with distinction in the Army's Air Service, was appointed Assistant to the Secretary of War. and placed in charge of all the War Department's activities with referenc(> to the problem of the transfer of soldiers, sailors and marines to civilian life. Demobilization had been going on for four months. Some ."5.000.000 soldiers were to be helped back into civilian occupations. From an Army strength of .'5,700, 000 on November 11, 1Q18, when the armistice was signed, 1,400,000 had been already demobilized, leaving 2,300,000 still in the service. For the Secretary of War to enter the field of em[)loyment was at the best a delicate proposition, as the economic situation throughout the country between employer and employe was more or less precarious. The sudden termination of almost all war contr'acts made general business abnormal and chaotic. Huge amounts of capital were tied up in these projects, and it was the diitv of the War Department, in order to stimulate new business, to settle all such contracts promptly and fairly, so that the ordinary business of the country might be taken up again. The Army Ceneral Staff reported the following summary of labor conditions: "The Industrial Report for March 1st shows eighty titles reporting surplus and fifteen shortage. All centers in New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania are shown on the surplus list, the estimated surplus in roimd figures being 367.000." With labor conditions already bad and twice as many men to l)e demobilized as had been, the situation was uncomfortable. The scheme of demobilization was almost purely military, and there had been considerable discussion by the Secretary of War, and his associates, as to whether the unemployment that ex- isted in the country during the winter months might not be avoided by a different *Rcports of Ch|>I. .Icilin I'arlter Hill edited l)y ttie Secretary of tin- I'liil icli'lfiliin War History Committee. T4<) propaganda. Provision was made that tlio men who had no eniploN incut to go to, might have their discharge delayed at their own request; and. on the other hand, men for wlioin there was particular need in their homes, either because of domestic distn^ss or industrial demand, might he released in advance of their fellows. Great Britain had planned an industrial scheme of demobilization, but was forced to abandon it and resort to a purely mihtary one, for the ri^ason that the latter was more expeditious and gave far less dissatisfaction on the part of individual men, who, although they were willing to stand being held in the service along with other men of their organization, would not submit to being held for industrial reasons while other m(>mbers of their organization were being discharged. However, there was considerable elasticity given to the Army demobilization; it being, of course, the desire both of the great mass of people and of the men who were in the service that demobilization proceed as fast as possible. International and industrial conditions weighed very little beside this desire. Consequently no set })rograni for relieving unemployment by slowing up demobilization was feasible. Whatever was to be done by the \\ ar IJepartment in the way of smooth- ing over the soldier's return to private life, was to be done by acconnnodaling civil conditions to the exigencies of demobilization and not conditions of demobili- zation to the exigencies of industrial life. The great industrial State of Pennsylvania faced the problem in a way peculiar to no other State. The Army's largest df^mobilization camp was located forty miles away at Camp Dix, in the Stale of New Jersey. More than HO per cent of the returning American Army passed through the port of New York City. In view of this. Pennsylvania, with its tremendous natin^al resources and equally gigantic manufacturing enterprises, was destined to be the largest field for this gr-eat work of taking care of the returning men. Philadelphia, especially because of its proximity to demobilization camps, had dillicull problems of employment to face. Thousands of men debaiked at the port of Philadel|ihia. and hundreds of thousands, demobilized at Camp \)\\ or at the camps near New ^ Ork City, came for many reasons to the " City of Mrotherly Love." Therefore, a large part of the work in Pennsylvania was centralized in or directed from this city. It might be well to diagnose what might be termed the psychology of the situa- tion. Return t(j civil life was to be more than glad homecoming, hand-shaking, and story telling. There must be jobs for the men. During the winter, industrial prospects had jtredicted very grave increases of unemployment by early summer, if industrial conditions did not improve radically. I'he natural thing which followed inunediately uj)on the cessation of war and the industrial actixities devoted directly to the war, was a wave of uncertainty which confronted the business world as to what was to be done next. From the employers' standpoint it was found that, although they realized the services of our Army and knew that the men who com- posed it must be taken back to civil life, nevertheless, they had not adjusted their obligations in this quarter to their policy of conservatism in another. It was perfectly human for them to be hesitant about increasing their payrolls when business was bad. Appreciating their own dilliciillies, thciy were inclined to feel that the Government should help share them, and that the service men themselves must share them. On the other hand, this instinctive and perfectly natural feeling 750 did not harmonize with the ideas in the soldiers" minds. The change in ambition, and even in character, which Army Ufe had brought about in service men was some- thing which business men and other persons who stayed at home were quite unable to understand. Tlie service man, as hkely as not, was unwilling to go back to his former occupation, and unwilling to accept the wages he had formerly received. As between the state of mind of the employer, therefore, and the state of mind of the service man, there was almost a deadlock — a deadlock which was due not to selfishness, lack of patriotism oi- ignorance, but rather to the fact that immense experience had supervened, and had not only changed industrial and domestic conditions, but had changed as well the disposition, the ambition, and the habits of men both in and out of the service. Still another factor that affected the re-employment as much as any other one was the ambition of labor as a class to maintain the high level of wages in effect during the war. This ambition was fortified by a natural reluctance to accept reduced wages for any reason, and a specific desire to maintain high wages when the cost of living was so high. The outcome was a series of threatened strikes, which created an industrial situation so unstable that it was impossible to get a large number of men promptly assimilated. The many Welfare Organizations, already in the field, namely, the American Red Cross, the Y. M. C. A., Knights of Columbus, Jewish Welfare Association, War Camp Community Service, and others, were struggling valiantly with the employment situation. It was, however, not surprising that whatever existing agencies were at work for the returning soldiei's, they were unable to overcome the difficulties. The United States Employment Service established Inneaus for the place- ment of the returning soldiers, sailors and marines, in more than 2.000 cities and towns throughout the counti-y; but it is a fact, whether excusable or not, that the service as a whole did not ha\e the confidence of the employers of the country. But because of the failure of its appropriation, early in the year 1919, whatever work the service had been able to do was from that time impaired by fiscal uncer- tainties, and consequently lowered esprit de corps as well as by the lack of confidence on the part of business. Its adversities wrecked its morale and efficiency to a great degree, and all but deprived it of control of many of its local bureaus. Those who had improved by their exi^eriences in the service were not often understood by those who sought to secure employment for them. A consider- able number of discharged men who misinterpreted the service rendered them, fiillowed the lines of least resistance; some begged money on the streets; some peddled more or less worthless articles on the strength of the public interest in and appreciation of the uniform ; some lived on the hospitality of the people, and shirked every opportunity to secure legitimate employment. Then, there were those who felt because the Government had taken them from a good job the Government should secure a good job for them. In some cases, the men had grudges against the Government. They exaggerated the faults of the service. They assumed the attitude that the Government, in order to square itself with them, must give thnn well-paying positions. Each had in mind the kind of job he wanted, and it was frequently one that he was not qualified to fill. These were the conditions as found by the War Department representatives in Philadelphia in March and April. 1919. It had already been decided by Colonel 751 Woods that efforts should be directed toward securing the coordination of the many existing job-finding agencies and cooperate with them. It was also decided that the public shf)uld be acquainted with the changed attitude of the discharged man and his needs, through a campaign of education in the press. The coordination of the job-finding agencies was not, however, feasible in many hualities. In Philadelphia a large booth was erected in the courtyard of the City Hall, in which representatives of all the welfare organizations, together with representatives of the United States |-jnployment Service, combined to sim- plify this great work. This centralization plan made it possible for the discharged man arriving at the city to secure attention to any legitimate need as well as direc- tion to any job for which he was fitted. Melations were established with the American Legion. In its plan of mutual helpfulness it had institut<>d an employment program which, although it nevei- became active, was able to assist other belter organized ollices belonging to the State lunployment Service. At this time. Captain John Parker Hill, relieved from diil> on the (Jeneral Staff of the .\rmy, was assigned to this work for the State of Pennsylvania. The fact that Captain Hill was a native of Philad<'li)hia made his progress less dillicult, and assisted greatly in relieving the seriousness of the ollicers" situation. He was aided by Lieutenant J. B. Dolphin, a native of Kane, Pa., the latter making his headquarters at Pittsburgh. After conferences with tiovernor William C. Sproul and former Lieutenant Governor Frank B. McClain, Executive Director of the Pennsylvania Slate l']m- ployment Service and the Pennsylvania atid Philadelphia Councils of National Defense, a vigorous campaign was launchetl in Philadelphia, where the oMicers" situation was most acute. At this time, approximately ,iOO discharged oflicers were out of em|)loyment in this city alone. The Philadelphia Chamber of Connnerce prompllv accepted its share of responsibility, and through its President, Ernest T. Trigg, and the Industrial Committee, gathered together a general committee of IMiiladrlpliia business men. who pledged themselves to employ as many of these rehirniug ollicers as possible. The gentlemen who served with Captain Hill in this capacity were: Walter K. Ballinger, Samuel T. Bodine. Matthew C. Hru-h. lldward (!. Budd. .1. Howell Cummings, Cyrus 11. k. Curtis, Aha ( .. I)inkc>. \\ . .1. Ilagman. "Salhan T. Folwell, David Lupton, Joseph B. McCall, James W. Bawie, Samuel Bea, Joseph jM. Steele, Ernest T. Trigg. Samuel M. \ audain. .lohn Wanamaker. and C. II. Wheeler. In large newspaper advertising space Philadelphia employers wen- appealed t'> by this conunittee. As to the results obtained, much can be said. During the month dl' .Scpicinber. in Philadelphia alone, 211 discharged officers were permanently placed in positions ranging in salarv from $2,000 to $8,500 per year. This did not include an\ turn-over. The large manufacturing plants in and about the city responded quickly. Hog Island, the l^mergency Fleet Corporation's largest shipyard, absorbed many ex-soldiers and sailors. During the year 1919, more than I, 5, 000 ex-service men were employed by this big company. Its President. Matthew C. Brush, issued instructions that preference in positions for which they could qualify be 752 given to the enlisted man. In addition to this, the Walter Reed Hospital at Washington, D. C, was visited by the Hog Island officials, and some fifty maimed and wounded soldiers were removed to the shipyard and given employment. Another striking instance of the interest of one of Philadelphia's big men in taking care of the discharged soldiers was given by Samuel M. Vauclain, of the Baldwin Locomotive Works. He made request upon the Philadelphia Bureau for 500 ex-service men monthly, to be absorbed in the company's plants at Philadelphia and Eddystone. Dis- charged officers readily found prominent and responsible positions in these organi- zations through Mr. Vauclain's personal influence. The Baldwin Company had extensive plans for world business in locomotives. Executives were needed, and the men who were most successful with the Army forces abroad and at home were given preference. The New York Shipbuilding Corporation at Camden, N. J., the Cramps Shipyard, farther up the river, gathered in these men. The same was true of the Philadelphia Electric Company, the United Gas Improvement Company, the Brill Car Works, and the Wanamaker Store. It should be remembered that in order to facifitate the work of the employ- ment of the soldier after discharge, cards had been prepared and filled out by the troops while they were on transports returning to this country. These cards were delivered to the United States employment representatives at the ports of de- barkation, sorted, and forwarded to the proper states. One of the most pressing problems, next to the organization of proper employ- ment facilities throughout the city, was that of peddUng and panhandling by men in uniform. These practices had arisen during the winter months when, in many cases, the men engaged in them had really the excuse (jf unempUjyment. They were carried on, however, because they were found to lie quite profitable, not merely to the soldiers engaged, but even more so to their promoters, who recog- nized the connnercial value of the discharged soldiers' uniform and proceeded un- scrupulously to exploit it. The Federal law gave no assistance in meeting this problem, inasmuch as it permitted discharged soldiers wearing the red chevron to wear their uniforms indefinitely. On the prominent corners in Philadelphia dischai-ged soldiers sold books of so-called patriotic songs and verses. In many cases peddlers in uniform were imposters, not even service men. Arrests were made, and these practices soon ceased. Another big problem confronting the discharged soldier was that of radicalism. In view of the radical tendencies apparent everywhere in the world as a result of the war, the influence of radicalism upon the discharged soldiers was an important matter to observe. Apparently the only generalization to make is that the Amer- can soldier took sides toward radicalism, just as other elements of the population did. Naturally he represented them all. Here and there he identified himself with Bolshevism or some sort of radicaUsm,but far more consistently has he aligned himself against it. His sympathies were largely dependent upon the treatment he had received. If he got a job and a prompt settlement from the Government for compensation, bonus, allotment, or back pay, he was unruffled by discontent. If he got no job, or if the Government bureaus paid no attention to his letters, he quickly grew bitter. 753 Philadolpliia experienced very little of tlie trouble of many other rities; in fact, several radical meetings in the smaller towns and cities of the Stale were completely broken up by service and ex-service men. The rehabilitation of men disabled in service was (m(> of the most important measures of reconstruction, it having been ])rominent in the programs of all countries participating in the war. In our own couutrN. the care of the disabled man. both that of training him and of tinditig einploNuienl for him. was placed b\ Congress in the hands of the Fcd<>ral iioard for \ocational llducation. a bod\ already in existence before the war. In the hands of the Federal Board it was found that the problem was IxMiig dealt with as an educational rather than as an economic one. Plieic was extreme slowness in considering applications, in determining awards, in starling training, and in finding employment. The work was iTiade(iuatel\ deccntrali/.ed. so that men were not onK forced to await interminably for the selliemeni of their claims, but were in many cases left uninformed as to their rights to training and their means of securing it. The l']mployment Bureaus helped in this respect in placing these men while waiting the long delayed action of the Federal Board. Out of thi> stufly of the problem of aiding the disabled men grew the idea of training a man for a better job than he had before. Lack of skill was as much an economic disability as the loss of a hand or eyesight. I ntiuestionably there was little difliculty in securing employment for men who were skilled workers be- fore they entered the service, but many men. who were unskilled, returned from their Army expeiience with a larger ambition, and so were not salislied to go back to unskilled employment. In many of the city's industrial plants training classes were established where it was possible to provide men with training for skilled work, and at the same time give th<'m. while leaining. a living wage. It was found that industrial training eliminates much labor turn-over, and is a big factor not only in increasing production, but also the efliciency of the workers as well. The achieve- ment of this end was especially necessary with a huge body of returning soldiers who could never be contented with the job they had before going into the Army. It was also economically necessary with men in general who have powers for pro- duction which society needs, but which remains useless because of the lack of train- ing for their development. The booklet. "Where Do We (Jo From Here?" written b> Major W. B. Maloney, of New ^ ork. was distributed to the discharged enlisti-d men at all em- ployment bureaus. It was designed and prepared with the idea of covering as nmch as possible of the first-hand information the icturned soldiers needed. The fact that the soldiers" point of view was c(tnsiderably changed by their service, that they retin-ned to civil life with difTerent ideas about what lhe\ should do. and that many changes had come over the civilian surroundings they had formc-riv known and to which they nnist be adjusted afresh, constituted the basis of the booklet. It endeavored in the first j)lace to tell the .soldier where he could get a job. It advised him that he should take any job he could get, rather than await indefinitely for just the right one to turn up; and encf)uraged him to make the most of his and)itions and work out III' the job he had. ex eii if he llioiighl il was not up to his desires. In order to make Ihi' return of the soldiers to (heir former emplo\inenl less uncertain, a certificate, commonly called the "Citation."" was devised, in which 7.51 the War and Navy Departments acknowledged tlie assurance made l)y an em- ployer that he would take back into his employ all returned service men who had formerly been with iiim. These citations were numbered and engrossed, and a signed statement of the company desiring one was required in each instance, and kept on file by the War Department. With but few isolated cases every business organization placed their request for this citation. The City Council authorized a loan of $15. 000. 000 for a public works progiaui to extend over a period of two years. Conferences between tlie War Departuicnt representatives. Captain Hill, the Mayor, and the Council's financial leaders hail considerable to do with expediting this program. In the stinndatifjn of public works no local publicity or [)romotion work was attempted. It was simply a case of trying to get under contract immediately work which was dormant, but which was approved by the public authorities and was popular with the people. Tact, diplomacy, usefulness and cooperation prevailed at all times. This unusual if not unheard-of "butting in" campaign was waged without a single complaint or discordant note. The problem of bonuses for soldiers haunted, no doubt, tlie legislative halls of every state in the I nion after the war. Pennsylvania was no exception. What could the great Keystone State do for the soldier in a substantial way? Towns and cities were building monuments and auditoriums, with local pride, in memory of those who had heard the country's call and of those who had made the supreme sacrifice. A bonus proposition, namely, a gift in money, auliiorized by the Stale Legis- lature, was not altogether a welcome one to the soldier who rather wanted prompt industrial relief and assimilation into civil life. The argument that the Couuuon- wealth and the country owed the soldiers a debt is unquestioned. They had left their jobs, and gone away to fight, exposing themselves to danger and hardships, and receiving the monetary reward of one dollar per day. Many ofthe.se meti went forth from a high impulse to save the country, and the only way to pay them was to honor them by making the country worth saving. The wounded ones should be cared for. and the incapacitated should receive our most generous aid. The widows and orphans have a claim upon our pension funds, but the attempt by any mon(>y bonus to even up the wages of these men who risked their very lives, showed a failure to appreciate values. One might as well pay a friend for his loyalty, or a parent for his care, as to pay any money to a soldier for his heroism to his state and countrv. T.'iS THE AMERICAN LEGION OH (iod and Country we associate ourselves for the follow- ing purposes: To uphold and defend the Constitution of the I nited States of \inericu. to maintain law and order; to foster and perpetuate a one hundred per rent Amer- icanism; to preserve the memories and incidents of our association in the Creat War; to inculcate a sense of in- dividual obligation to the community, state and nation; to combat the autocracy of both the classes and the masses; ^^ to make right the master of might; to promote peace and good will on (>arth; to safeguard and transmit to posterity the principles of justice, freedom and democracy; to consecrate and sanctify our comradeship by our devotion to mutual helpfulness." In the early part of 1919, several thinkitig men wearing the uniform of the Inited States Covernment met in Paris to consider ways of organizing a helpful instrument for the benelit of those who dedicated themselves to their country during the W orld War. Many names for this veterans' organization were suggested and that of "The American Legion" was most popular. A caucus at a later date was arranged in St. Louis, Mo., in which city delegates gathered from many states of the Union. Temporarv plans were formulated for the establishment of posts throughout the country and Ceorge Went worth Carr was chosen to outline a plan of organization for Philadelphia and to place before a second meeting of the inter- ested World War veterans concrete suggestions as to how the movement might be promoted. Applications were being received almost dalK for rhaiters for American Legion Posts in Philadelphia County, one of the requircuicnls being Itial fifteen ex-service men or women in this city must sign an application in triplicate and subscribe fifty cents for the privilege of receiving a charter. I'hiladelphia led in this work, rapidly increasing the number of local posts until it reached some sexciitN- five active posts. The Legion made its fu-st appeal for cit>-wide recogniticm in the form of a membership drive. This etl'ort was under the direction of a .special com- mittee, and it was culminated in a rally of ex-service men which packed the Academy of Music, and was marked by the presence of Cardinal Mercier, the beloved Belgian prelate. Cardinal Mercier opened iiis heart to these Am- erican soldiers, sailors and marines, and gave an inspiialicm and an endorsement to the Legion whidi eihoed from coast to coast. The city was awakened to the apprecia- tion of the fact that the T-egion constituted a vital force in the conununity which deserved to be recognized; almost from that da> the influence of the Legion has impressed itself upon Philadelphia. During the past Iwn years the Legion in Philadelphia County has be(>n 756 .^.fV'i'IV^,.. well represented at the State conventions held in Harrisburg, 1919, and in AUentown, 1920, and the National conventions held in Minneapolis, 1919, and in Cleveland, 1920. A county committee was organized with ecpial representation from tlie various posts, such an organization being necessaiy to coordinate the work of the Legion in a large city and in order also to give the struggling posts the benefit of ideas formulated by the more prosperous and more rapidly developing units. Early in 1920 the French Government decided to pay a lasting tribute to the men who gave their Uves in the World War, and designated the American Legion to distribute on behalf of the French Government Memorial Certificates. These were to be presented to the families of every American soldier, sailor or marine who had given his life in this country's service during the World War. Philadelphia numbered among its soldier dead approximately 2,000. This was no easy task, for the addresses which were provided by the War Department were found to be frequently incorrect, but the detail was carefully worked out and the certificates were delivered by the Legion at a fitting service in the Metropolitan Opera House. M. Jusserand, the French Ambassador, delivered a message tu the American people. A call was issued through the National Headquarters to adopt the war orphans and as a result several of the Legion posts in Philadelphia are carrying as a permanent expense to the post $75 per year for the upkeep of one poor child who has been left uncared for as a result of the war. The posts made large contributions toward the fund recently sent to France for the care of the fields where our heroes are resting. Whenever there has been a call for funds to help here or "Over There, " Philadelphia posts have been and will be ready to do more than their share. Another of the early problems of the Legion was to arrange for firing squads so that iniUtary funerals might be conducted and the war heroes laid to rest with fitting ceremony. An employment bureau was organized for the purpose of assisting com- rades to obtain employment. It is daily brought into direct contact with men who served overseas for a period of two years or more who are actually without food, shelter and clothing. A fund was raised to help these men to obtain relief and hundreds of comrades have been assisted in this way. It has been impossible to place all who applied for employment, but it is estimated that it has succeedetl in placing at least twenty-five per cent in various lines of employment. A Committee on Disabled Soldiers and Medical Aid was organized, their object being to assist all comrades with physical or mental disabilities to secure compensation through the War Risk Insurance, Vocational Training and United States Public Health Service. Other committees which were formed for the benefit of the ex-service men in Philadelphia were Americanism, Legal Aid, Membership, Entertain- ment, Athletic, Post Financial Appeals, Memorial Day, Armistice Day and War Memorial. At the Harrisburg Convention a suggestion was offered that a vessel con- structed by the New York Shipbuilding Company be named "The American Legion." This was accomplished and the launching was attended by Senator Freylinhuysen of New Jersey; by Franklin d'Olier, then National Commander 7.57 of llic Legion; (ieorgc F. Tvler. llic Ociiartiiinit ('oiiiriiaiKh'r. and scores ol' Legion and city notables, the ship being christened by Mrs. KreyHnhuysen. Great work has been accompHshed l)y the \inerieanisni Committee of the American Legion in the city of Philadelphia. Many classes of instruction of vari- ous lines have been conducted by Legionaires in an effort to make real American citizens of those not born in this country and living in this country in obscure corners inhabited only by people of their own nationalit>. where American customs are not in use. Tiie Philadelphia County Committee deiided to hold an Annual American Legion Field Meet toward defraying the expenses of the committee and for use in assisting the ex-service men. The (h'st meet was held in Septemb<'i' of P)2() at Franklin Field and was notable because of the presenc(> of the Olympic stars who came direct from Antwerp, and who were acclaimed l)y thousands of admirers. The second meet was held on June 1. l')21, and was an overwhelming success from an atliletic standpoint. The proceeds of the meet were divided among the various posts and the County Committee. During December, 1920, the State Kirst \ ice-Commander. David IL Simpson, conducted a campaign to raise a fund among the Legionaires of Philadelphia for Christmas cheer for the disabled soldiers and sailors who were in hospitals in Philadelphia. Three thousand l\\o hundred dollars were raised for this piupose; numerous gifts were given to each of the wounded, concerts were held at the hos- pitals where a suflicient number of wounded men warranted. The next undertaking was holding an \ll-\merican Day. "To stress and emphasize the loyalty and need of national service." \ccordingly the County Chairman called a meeting in the Mayor's reception room of all patriotic and civic organizations in the city. The Mayor addressed them, and a result of this me(;ting was the Ail-American Mass Meeting and Parade on April 7, 1921. All the leading patriotic and civic organizations participated; two meetings were held — one at the Metropolitan Dpera House and the othei- at the Xcademy of Music — a parade consisting of ^0,000 members of the \arioiis organizations and one of the largest displays of the American flag ever known. TllL MILITAKV OUDLU 1)1 loHliK.N \\,\US Ol 1111; I .M TIM) STATES, PENNSYLVANL\ CONnL\NDKHY By Ogdkn D. Wilkinson, Secretary This Order is a Military Organization «ilh patriotic objects and covers the period of American History sini'e national independence. The conditions of mem- bership are restricted to actual service by (or to descent in the male line only, from) commissioned officers in a foreign war. In order to guarantee per[)eliiily for a military organization of this character, it was necessary to make it national and to include all wars, thus assuring a veteran element in the membership. The Pennsylvania Commandery was instituted \pril 2'). Ifi')."). with the fol- lowing oificers: Commander, Captain C. lollis Stevens. Vicc-Coiiiiiiaiiilir. .I^iiiics Midliii. Sccri'turv iind Treasurer, T. Willing Balch. "Pile meniberslii|) increasi'd steadily and during the years iinnicdiately i'ollow- iiig the Spanish-American War many distinguished onicers were em'olled. General Pershing was admitted to Companionship in the Pennsylvania Commandery when serving as First Lieutenant of Cavah'y. Many of the officers now at the head of several departments of the various branches of the service were members of the Pennsylvania Commandery in the early days of their career. During the World War there was no service rendered the United States Govermnent, whether of the simplest form or of the most vital importance, in which Companions of the Pennsylvania Commandery did not participate. Realizing that the ('.(^nmandery could be of great assistance to officers who were strangers in Philadelphia by providing a comfortable and attractive room in which they could slop to read and rest or meet their friends, headquarters were established on tlie loliby Uoor of the Belle vue-Stratford Hotel in November, 1917. The activities of the headquarters were varied and numerous. The homeUke reception room was appieciated by officers stationed in and near Philadelphia as well as by those who were spending a few hours or days in the city. Desirable accommodations were secured for officers and their families and much other assistance rendered. Medical attention was secured and after- bringing the matter to the notice of the office of the Surgeon General, a Medical Department of the \rmy was finally established in the Philadelphia District. The present olliceis of the Pennsylvania Commandery are as follows: Commander, Adiiiitiil Hulicrt E. Cuontz, U. S. N., Chief of Nh\:iI Oiicnitions, Washington, D. C. Vice-Commanders: Major General \\ ni. M. Black, U. S. A., Retired.; Brigadier General .Smedley D. Butler. U. S. M. C: Brigadier (ieneral Jo.seph A. Gaston, U. S. A., Retired; Cap- lain Mitchell C:. .MacDonald. U. S. iV., Retired. Secretary, Captain Ogden D. Wilkinson, Q. M. Registrar, Lieutenant Alliert L. Byrnes, tl. S. N. R. F. Treasurer, Lieutenant Colonel George B. Zane, Jr., N. G. P.. lietired. Chaplain, Major Henry A. F. Hoyt, N. C. W. Retired. .Fudge Advocate, Major John Glover JVliiir, H. S. M. ('.., Retired. Surgeon, Colonel Richard tt. Harte, M. C. MILITARY ORDER OF THE WORLD WAR Bv Captain Robeson Lea Perot The Military Order of the World War is the outgrowth of a society stai ted by a few ex-officers of the World War in 1919 at a meeting held in Detroit, wlien the temporary name of ""American Officers of the Great War" was adopted. At the first National Convention, which was also held in the city of Detroit, on September 6, 7, and U, 1920, the present name was adopted, as was the follow- ing preamble to the Constitution, which states clearly the aims of the organization: To cherish the memories and associations of the World War wageii for humanity; To inculcate and stimulate love of our Country and the Flag; To ever maintain law and order, and to defend the honor, integrity and supremacy of our National Government and the Constitution of the United Stales; To foster fraternal relations between all branches of the Military and Naval Services; To promote the cultivation of Military and Naval Science, and the adoption of a consistent and suitable Military and Naval policy for the United States; To acquire and preserve records of individual services; to encourage and assist \n I he holding of commemorations and the estabUshment of memorials of the World War; And to transmit all of these ideals to posterity, we unite to establish the "MILITARY ORDER OF THE WORLD WAR." 7.59 Any commissioned officer who served in liie armed lurces of the I nited Stales or its Allies during the World War, and was commission(>d before the promnlgaliou of peace, is eligible for iioiiiinatioii for meinlxMship in this society. At the first National ("onvention. at which sc\enly chapters were repre- sented by membership, the Rev. Dr. Edwaid M. .lefferys of Philadelphia was elected Chaplain General of the National Organization and Captain Robeson Lea Perot was elected Conunander of the riiird Deparlnient. The departments, which are nine in nwinber, correspond lo the \riny C'orps \r(>a Departments, in accordance with Army Reorganization ])lans now in process of development. The Greater Philadelphia Chapter was the first to organize and al a meeting, held on .\ugust 27, 1919, twenty-five local officers signed the application for a charter. By courtesy of the management, the Hotel \\alt<>n was made iiciniancnl headquarters and all meetings are held in its parlors. Many subjects of great importance in connection with matters of natinnal interest and ftn the benefit of disabled soldiers and sailors, have been discussed by the chapter during the last three years and in several cases submitted with reconnnendations to the Senators and l{epresentatives in Washington and llarrisburg. The present officei-s are: Commander I.ieiilcniinl Coloiirl \\ illiain K. Ashlon Vice-Ciiiiiiiiaii(li'r Caplnin KriHliTulv It. Naile (Navy) Adjutant Captain Nhirray II. Spalir, Jr. Treasurer Captain I'^lw{)od W. Miller Assistant Ad julanl Lieutenant .1. Itussell Ixjng Historian Captain llol>eson I^ea I'erot Chaplain Rev. Dr. Edward M. JelTerys Staff: I.,ieutenant Joseph Bonn l.,ieulenant J. Russell \a>i\i^ Lieutenant Colonel Hieliard 11. Ilarte tJeulenant Arthur McKeo^ili Lieutenant George K. Lippincotl Captain Howard II. MeKnighl WTIOWT. \MKRICAN WAR M()Tlli:ns PllILAI)ELPHl.\ ChAPTKK The National American War Mothers were organized in the spring of 1917 in Indiana. Membership in the organization was open to any molher whose son or daughter was in the service of the United Stales during the period of the World War. The Philadelphia Chapter, of which Mrs. John M. (iailagher is President, was organized as the result of a convention of the National American War Mothers, held in Washington. D. C, in the fall of 1919. Mrs. (iailaglier, who attended the convention, decided to organize the women in and near Phila(iel|)hia and called two meetings for that i)tu[)ose; one at the home of Mrs. Williani Hatcman of Wayne, and the other at the New Century Club in Philadelphia. A permanent meeting place was seciu'ed in the (]uarters of the Pliiladelphia Chamber of Commerce and a constitution and by-laws were adopted. The follow- ing officers of the Philadelphia Chapter were elected: Mrs. J. M. (iailaglier, Pres- id(>nt; .Mrs. \\'. Hancock. \ ice-President; Mrs. 11. L. Cassard, \ ic<'-President; 760 Mrs. Kirk W. Magill, Recording Secretary; Mrs. L. Titus, Corresponding Sec- retary; Mrs. Wni. Rock, Treasurer; Mrs. Wm. Rergner, Historian; Mrs. Alice Dougherty, Auditor; Mrs. T. M. Raxter, Director; Mrs. J. Delton, Director; Mrs. J. Archer Rulon, Director; Mrs. E. Sayen Schultz, Director; Mrs. Charles Young, Director. The Philadelphia Chapter did a great deal of work for League Island, and at Christmas time prepared over 200 packets, which were packed at the home of Mrs. J. R. MacPherson. A delegation of the mothers also visited the Navy Home at Gray's Ferry Road and Camp Dix. The chapter also cooperated with the War Risk Insurance officials in reference to certain cases where incomplete addresses made the work of the bureau difficult. On Memorial Day members of the chapter united with the Legion posts and Veteran Organizations in decorating the graves in various cemeteries in and near Philadelphia. Members of the chapter contributed to the fund which was raised for the MacMonnies Statue of Liberty, presented to France as a gift from the people of America. Contributions were also made to the Memorial Chapel at Valley Forge. On June 5, 1920, the Philadelphia Chapter attended in a body the launching of the steamship Gold Star, named in honor of the men and women who died in service. Mrs. Gallagher acted as Sponsor and christened the ship as it left the ways, at the Hailan Shipbuilding Company, Wilmington, Del. The huge service banner emblazoned with a large gold star was draped over the prow of the ship and was afterwards presented to the Philadelphia Chapter by the officials of the company. The present Officers (1921) are:- President Mrs. J. M. Gallagher First Vice-President Mrs. Blanche Bellak Second Vice-President Mrs. E. Jordan Recording Secretary Mrs. Kirk W. Magill Corresponding Secretary . .Mrs. Maud Cluley Treasurer Mrs. William Rock Auditor Mrs. Leo Titus Historian Mrs. Martha E. Rossiter 761 PlllLADELPHIAS SERVICK FLAC "Home are the men, whose vahanl line Hurled haek Ibe Teuton's mad ad\anee, Save those who guard the mighty Rhine. Or sleep, forever blest, in France." fA'lIl. tlu' records of the W ai' Dcpartiiifiil aie tdiiipli'tetl. it will lie impossible to ^ive the exact imniher of Philadel- phia men and women in the service of their coimtr\. iSeveitheless, by comparing the available lists, it has been estimated that at least 90,000 Philadelphians joined some biancli of the Army. \a\ y or .Marine ('.or{)s. With tile demobilization of tiie 28th and Tyih l)i\i- sions. an efTort was made to secure the service records < if l he men in tliosi> two divisions, as well as of all olhers who had been returned to this country, whether the\ had been di.s- eharged or not. The Philadelphia Council of National Defense was instructed by Mayor Smith to direrl this work, and a (dmmittee was a|)poinle(l b\ .Iiidg(^ Mailiii to cooperate with the Pennsyhania War History (.'.ommission. Charles 15. Mall. Secretary of the ( '.oimcilmanic Committee for the Relief and Sustenance of Soldiers' Families, was appointed Chaiinian. The l"'xeciitive Manager of the Council of Oe- feiise was matli' Secretary. The details of the work wei'c developed as rapidK as possible, and the activities of the committee directed IVoni the ollices of the Council of Defense in the Libert \ Building. hollowing the examples of other cities, the Philade!i)liia ( '.(uniuittee arranged for a house-to-house canvass by the Police Department. I lie Captain of earii of the forty-one Police Districts being instructed as to any special details and features of the work. Ma>or Smith issued a prodamatitin designating KiidaN. .lime 27th, as the da\ upon which the canvass should be started, and called upon all citizens to aid in "making Philadelphia's war records complete". The newspapers of the City ga\e generoiisK of (heir columns, and a special appeal was made Id all clubs, societies, churches, lodges and other organizations to assist in this conipre- liensive endeavor. The original plan was to have all blanks distributed on Friday and Saturday and collected during the early part of the following week. The magnitude of I he woik and the size of the area covered made it impossibles to carry out such a plan, and the actual time required for the distribution atwl collection was more than two weeks. The Pennsylvania W ar History Commission had printed 100.000 record blanks which were delivered to the Bureau of Police at City Hall, after which they wei-e sent lo the various police stations. The territory covered was, of course, the entire City, j)r 126 square miles. Considering the difficulties of such work the results were satisfactory. In many cases no one was at home when the police called. Again, changes of address complicated the work and in a few cases any response was refused. I lowever, when the blanks were collected and arranged alphabetically it was found that over 50,000 had been returned, of which 12.000 were bmuglil 762 c-iurtesy of the Philadelphia "PresB." (kivcrnitr Sprtml tinii Crurrii! Ht'tirv (irririnif (il inr parture from the U. S. A. After being two days at sea, we dropped anchor in Halifax Harbor, where we enjoyed the beautiful scenery of the old French city and the sm'rounding country. "After we sailed from Halifax, all went well until we had been out fifteen days, when suddenly all on board were startled by a terrible thud caused by the explosion of a depth-bomb dropped by a ship on oiu" port side. (We were one of a convoy of twenty-three ships.) It was only a few seconds until the decks, rafts, and riggings swarmed with eager-hearted, red-bluoded Sainniics. awaiting a glimpse of the first Hun 'Sub' whose periscope soon sprang to our view from a breaking wave. Its course was directed towards our ship, but was soon turned 1)\ the lire from our guns. Soon a fatal shot was Iked. Tliere was a mighty explosion and a huge flash of flames. The wild cheers from the enthusiastic boys rang out from the depth of their hearts. "In England our journey was thruugli the most pitlun'S()ne snulhern part and justly deserves the name of the 'Garden Spot of the World". Our first view of France was through a heavy mist and fog early one morning as «e approached l^e Havre. We spent the first night in camouflaged tents to outwit any scouting planes of the enemy. The following day we started on again. The scenery through the Doine ^ alley reminded us of some of the fertile valleys at home, but the cities of iioueii, Paris and Orleans, as well as the French villages, have particular characteristics of their own and are different from any we had seen before. "This camp is known as Air Service Production Center Mo. 2, and is the largest of its kind in France. There are a large luunber of factories and plants f'oi- the assembling, repairing and salvaging of planes, a wurk to which many soldiers are detailed. French women are also emi)loyed in certain departments, but the hardest and most undesirable is done by Chinese labor. Men of almost every nationality are seen in the streets. The production here surpasses that of any manufacturing city of 200,000 in the states. "We have here the second largest refrigerating plant in the world, great railroad yards, miles of warehouses and extensive flying fields. This camp is in direct communication with the front at all limes, by wire and rail. ' Norman Ilulme, an architect, served willi the Staff of the Chief l^^ngineers, First Army. In a letter to Major General .lames B. ('nrycll. \. (!. P. (Retired), he spoke of his experiences after leaving New ^ ork : "Never was there brought together such a body of \rm\ mm and welfare workers as composed the passenger list of the French liner lUicliiuubcnu. on which it was the good fortune of my company, the l.^Slh Iwigineer Motor Company, to sail for 'Over There.' "First, because of their air of importance, a Congressional t^.ommittee on a tour to investigate everything and anything pertaining to Army woik: next, the representatives of the great welfare organizations whose number included the President's .son-in-law, a member of the ^'oung Men's Chiistian Association T nit; Red Cross chaplains, doctors, secretaries and membeis of that wonderful self- sacrificing body of Army nurses, wlio ImIit jnsllx earinil tlir name of 'Roses of No Man's Land,' Knights of Colund)us Secretaries. Salvation Army lassies of 'Doughnut' fame, Jewish Welfare workers and a number of reporters and writers headed by Robert Collier. "As to the motley assembly of fighting men. there were American engineer and cavalry troo[)s, naval gunners and aviators. Freiuh chasseurs, all wearing wound stripes and distinguished service medals, Polish troops, recruited in Canada, wearing old British red-coat uniforms. American Army and Navy officers on detached service, members i)f the French Diplomatic Coi[)s, Polish oflicers, and Chinese interpreters for duty with British labor troops. "Despite the babble of tongues, it was our good fortune to arrive safely at 761 courtesy of Frank W, Bulilt-r, Stanley Co. of America. Parade of llie iSUi Division passiiiy Die U. S. Cusloni House. the Jiaibor of Boidt^aiix witli its fjraiul watfM- frcintage on the River Garoniip. One swelled with pride as he entered the port, for there were miles of wharfage under American control, a large portion of which was built by our engineering troops. Ih)w gratifying it was tf) see the tremendous work which had been accomplished by the American Advance Guard. "Like all American troops, upon disembarking we had to face the hardships of a five-day 'rest', consisting of continuous policing of camp and personal equii)- ment. This prepared us for a three-day journey north by freight to Le Havre which gave an exceptional opportunity to study the condition of France where only women were left to maintain the normal function and routine of industry. The outstanding feature of this trip was a wonderfully eijuipped United States Army Hospital train on its way to a base hospital. At once interest was lost in its mechanical perfection, because its human freight of wounded doughboys con- veyed a message that made one thrill. How they smiled through Itaiidages and splints, and displayed 'Iron Crosses' and other trophies taken from the Boche, and were optimistic as to their ability to go him one better at their next meeting. After our troops saw such painstaking provision for the 'return,' should one be necessary, there was no further complaint regarding the '(^.hevaux Limited' in which we were going forward. "According to novelists, France always appears sunny, however, she received us with rain and continu<' north side of the building. These cars w hich iield approxi- mately 65,000 pounds of Hour, were conslanlK changing, and on one occasion 2,037.82 1 pounds of material were unloaded in twelve hours. "When in full operation, the bakery used 600.000 jjounds of Hour. 10.000 pounds of salt and 1,000 pounds of yeast per day. This vast amount of material was handled almost exdu.sively by machinery, and its metamorphosis from the raw- state into the finished product was one of the wonders of the \. I'".. F. i'^very pre- caution was taken to insure the proper kneading, baking, packing and shipping of the bread so that it would be of uniform (piality and size. ■'The ])ersoiuiel i('(|uire(l for (he full operation of llic plant was 20 ollicers, 511 soldiers and 200 (colored) stevedores." Alfred !]. Dahne was with the Headquailers Trooi) of the 3d Division and gives an accoiuit of delivering messages under lire: "M\ comrade and I were sleeping back to liack. Strange to say when we heard the shells with llicir 'Zdwic-bang." bulh of us were on our feet facing each other. ■ in came an orderK and liamlcd uic a bunch of messages. My comrade and I started on an awful trip. It seemed as though the air was singing with shells which broke all around, but my name was not on any of them. Along the roads the scenes were lierce — horses and men lying dead and dying. Some poor fellows had their gas masks half on, but were so weak fiuni unimds thai lln'v had iiol (he strength to put them on and they died that wa\. "Tiie next day the barrage had died down to normal and on Ihr lliird da\ nut, the boys started their victorious counter attack. They chased the Huns over the Marne and just kept them going." The ex])eriences of a "runner" are recounted by Private F. \\ . Fund of Com- pan\ \l. 1 15th Ihiited States Infantry, who says: ' " One thing I'll never forget is the glorious sight on the morning we were waiting to 'go over." F\eryone must have thought of the Star Spangled Banner. There Cnurtesy of tlu' Phihiilcliihia "I'rfss." Slate OJJln'(il.'< on (iniiid Sliiiid iipixisilr I iKlr/ifiiili'iirf Hull. iW// /'(('(.s7i/;i I'linidr. was the 'Dawn's early light, the rocket's red glare, and the bombs bursting in the air.' Everybody seemed thrilled and the captains were yelling to ki-eji the men from crowding over too fast. '"Very soon another runner and I were sent ahead on a trip. Of course, our destinations were moving ahead all the time and we traveled a couple of hours before we caught up to them. Returning, however, it was just the opposite, and we could have been back in less than half the time, but we were interrupted. First interruption on the way back was a meek little 'Deutscher' who seemed to spring from nowhere, his hands up and yelling "Kamerad." I don't think runners are supposed to take prisoners, but when they are thrust upon us and we are bound for the rear it seemed 0. K. This fellow said he had a fiiend in a dugout who wanted to get captured. A couple of our Ixiys came along just then and we all went t)ver to the dugout. The other Boche was right on the job and tickled to death to be captured. The other boys had to go ahead, so we hiked away with our two birds, .lust went back till we met another bunch of prisoners, when we pushed ours in with them and beat it back to our H. Q. '"That afternoon 1 had a sweet job — I was ordered to stay with the colonel. All went well while he walked, but then he got on a horse with long legs and I was not with him again until he got off. ■"Next morning the colonel, or I. got lost. At least, we were not together and it was up to me to locate him. Not such a job. for all I had to do was to go forward. After locating him I had it pretty easy, compared to the previous day. ,Tust a 767 few short trips. Of course, machine gun bullets, shells and air planes were flying everywhere, but nobody seemed to give them a thought. We would sit there on the liillside watching the high explosives land just a few yards away. "About 5 P.M. a couph' oi shells dropped twenty or thirty yards away. 1 did not stop to see what the others did. I just dropped flat, and was barely down when shell NO. ."? comes over and a piece of it gets me on the back of the right hand. Didn't hurt a bit when it hit, l)ut felt like something very big had bumped against me. I could wiggle all ray fingers so I knew that no bones or tendons were broken. When lleiuie ceased firing 1 beat it down the hill and lan into soni(> lieutenant who opened m\ first aid packet and tied me up. I went up the hill and got my pack and raincoat. Also several things in my pack that 1 wanted. No one else in our bunch was hurt. Wasn't tiiat lucky? 1 got a drink of water and started back ts of wounded and prisoners, and further back supply wagons and rolling kitchens. I'.very now and then a bunch of engineers who worked night and day with siirlU (irnppin;: ail around. I'll take back what I us(>d to sing about the lazy engineers. "About half way back the pleasant odors of a kitchen gre(>ted me and I slopped. Some engineers were getting supper. .More kindness. Nice steak, gravy, prunes, bread and colTee. (\n(l they cut my steak, too.) My, but it was good!" Pri\ate Lund Ihen gi\es his impression of the splendid medical attention which was immediately given him : "Couldn't walk extra fast in the nuid and daikncss, but 1 reached the dressing station at 8 p.m. (about seven or eight miles). (lot right into an ambulance with some fellows, who could sit u|). and continued the journey. It was after midnight when we arrived at the field hospital, but I don't think we traveled far for there w(!re so uumy terrible delays. There I received a shot of antitctamis serum, also some hot cocoa and cookies from the American Red Cross. Next we crawled into some nice warm blankets and it did not lake long to fall asleep. "We were awakeniHl at () a.m. More hot cocoa and cookies and then we got on a truck and rode a couple of hours to a bigger field hospital. 'I'here our wounds were redressed and we got sponge baths and Ihey took all our clothing away. They gave us pajamas to wear, then I was put in \\ ard No. \'.\. nice long room with a stove in the inirldle. \ cry few stayed in their cots, but wrapped blankets around them and gathered al the stove. Looked like a bunch of Indians. "Some cheerful bunch of cripples around that stove. I'.veryone telling when and where he got it. WC refought the whole war sitting around that stove. They gave us all we could eat at meal tinu'. Who wouldn't be cheerful? "We got on a train that forenoon, but it was no "10 hommes, 8 chevaux' alfair at that time. A new American Red Cross train as comfortable and easy riding as a Pullman. Next day I received a complete new outfit of clothes — even heavy 768 Courtrsy of tlit riiiladfliiliia "rrtss." SdhiliiHi /III- L/liirlv lii'll. -^Slh Dirisliin I'liriiil,: woolens. C'est la guerre. Had a hot shower bath — first in a loiifi time. Next morning 1 located the barber shop and was relieved of a weeks wiiiskers. Barber sure was busv shaving. I had tt) return the luliowing day for a hair cut. '"Had movies at the Red Cross hut a couple of nights. Dorothy Gish in tiie 'Little School Ma'am' was pretty good. "Keep well and happy and remember that you are not to worry any more." Captain Cornelius T. McCarthy was with tlie American Engineers at Cambrai in l<»17. and was the first American medical ofTicer to receive the British Military Cross aTid Bar. He served as an American Medical Officer with the 9th Essex (British) R(>giment. His citations commented upon his heroism in working during gas attacks without his mask, the mor(> readily to render aid. Captain Mc(^.arthy relates a thrilling experience which occurred on May 27, 1918, while up at the front: ■■ Reaching the Auchon-Viller's and Mailly-Maillet roads, a high explosive bar- rage caught our last company. It was pitch dark, but, having an electric torch, I could see here and there a battered mass of humanity. Lying beside a young boy, I felt the warm blood spurting from an artery of his leg. I lightly adjusted his first aid (hessing around his thigh. A gas shell burst near by. Before I could adjust my mask I received the contents in my face. Finally, getting the mask on, 1 staggered across the road, stumbling over the mangled body of my orderly. Re- moving the mask, I shouted for Corporal Poole. A voice answered: 'I am here, but 769 my leg is broken. I can't move.' I asked: 'Where's Garrett?' He replied: 'By my side. Look at him, he is bleeding from the neck.' Stumbling to his side, I fiiimd him dying, muttering: "They got me after three years.' "As 1 la> beside (jarrett a helpless feeling gripped me. However, as Medical Oflieer, it was my duty to get them to the dressing station. On my wav to llnd the stretcher bearers 1 ordered the men to stay where they were as cpiietly as possible. In response, one voice feebly sang out: 'Don't be long Doc, I'm slipping.' "The \illage through which T passed to the dressing station was luider bom- baidmciil. \t the station 1 secured Private Haley and eight slrelcluM- bearers. Heturning with the wounded I heard groans from the cellar of a demolished house. Private Halc\ and I rushed in the gas-filled cave, finding Sergeant Baxter, with both legs severed. In the darkness 1 dimly saw bra\f llale\, with his mask (ill', un- selfishly hel|)ing Baxter. Although I shouted to him lo adjust his mask, his delas in doing so causi>d his rleath later. ■"The last man being dressed, and now ba(il\ ga>^e(i invsell'. I crawled into an ambulance, nnich in in-ed of a little first aid m\self."' Lieutenant John Emil l']igenauer, who seived with tin' (idlli I . S. Inlanlry, lorwarded a co[)\ of Thr Didniond. the weekly publication of the ."itli l)i\ision. in which a number of Philadelphia men serxed. 'Phis copy was printed in Luxem- bourg, April 29, 1919, and, inter alia, contains the following statement of interest to the people of Philadelphia: "The division was first commanded b\ Major (leneral Charles II. Muir, who was directed by General Order No. l.'5.5 War Departnirnt. December 8, 1917, to proceed to Gamp I^igan. Houston. Tex., to connnand the ."ith Di\ision (regular), but telegraphic instructions from the War Depaitment. dated Deceinbei- 2."), I'M?, directed Major General Muir lo proceed from Gamp Logan. Houston. Tex., to G,:iinp Hancock, (ieorgia, to command the 28th Division." The work of the Signal Platoon of Headquarters Gompan\ Ili9, I . S. Infantry is told by Corporal Henr\ D. Cox: "It was the duty of tliis bi>d\ of men (average platoon strength, sixty-five men") to keep all signal apparatus in working order, inslal and o])(>rate all instiu- meiUs. including telephones, buzzerphones, wireless. T. P. S., and other forms of communication and to maintain this service at all times within the regiment, as well as lines running to brigade and division headquarters and the units on our right and left. Of course, this means hard work. "This platoon worked under direct shell fire for the first time on July 7, 1918, in the vicinity of St. Agnes, Nonde-en-Brie, Chateau-Thierry and Grande Foun- tain. "Telephones lines were laid and maintained, besides buzzerphone lines, in the heaviest of the shell fire and gas at these points. One man. Sergeant Herben, of the Signal Platoon, and formerly of Company K, 1st Begiment N. G. P., sent and received 367 messages in three days' time, during the most trying and critical period of this (jperation. (Crossing the Vesle Biver.) "Sergeant Baymond (Platoon Sergeant), also did exceptional work here and in the Argonne offensive, and receiv^ed a commission while in France, He is married, lives in Philadelphia, and is an old N. G. P. man." 770 General Price saluliiui llie Liberty Bell. 28th Division Parade. Private Albert Dick, who served with the 95th Aero Squadron, wliich was known as the ''Flying Circus," sent home the fuliowing interesting account of his experiences : "This is the first American Pursuit S(|uadr(iii on the front and has a very high record for victories over the Hun, having brought down about seventy-five German balloons and planes. Our squadron has taken prominent parts in all the big drives. They were on the front of the Chalons (Champagne sector) during the big German offensive in March. This squadron did effective work in directing artillery fire and in bringing down many observation and bombing i)lanes and balloons in the Chateau-Thierry, St. Mihiel and Argonne Woods, north of A erdun. Tliis squadron has had with it such prominent flyers as Major Lufberry, Captain Eddie Rickenbacker, Captain Douglass Campbell and Lieutenant Quentin Roosevelt." The letter of Personnel Corporal Raymond A. Sholl, Headquarters Company, 54th Pioneer Infantry, gives his unexpected experiences at the front. The 54th — the 3d Battalion of which was commanded by Major David R. Simpson, of this city — had been ordered to a certain camp for training, but the orders were cancelled and the regiment sent to the front. Writing from Dun-sur-Meuse, France, Corporal Sholl says: "The Slar>i and Stripe.'^, the A. E. F. paper printed in France for the Americans here, has gotten up a sort of letter writing day to Dad. They are asking every American here to write home to Dad on November 21th. They also want each man to tell his experiences in France, and also to state just where he is located at the time of writing, so here goes: 771 "We were on the ocean just two weeks and Thursday morning. September 12th, we sighted land. Running up a bay hned on either side by great roi-ks, we finally docked at Brest, France. Here we marched after getting off ship through Brest and out into the country to a rest camp. We got into camp at about 6.30 in the evening. It was already dark and we had lo i)itch pup tents and sleep in the mud. We remained in this place (rest camp is I lie big joke, as the fellows worked about twelve houi's a day) for a few' days. ■■fjater. we were again placed forty men in one car and taken north. We did not know wiiere we were going, but toward evening we began to hear a dull i lunbling. \t first 1 didn't know what it meant, but it soon dawned upon us that our train was approaching the western front. We rode all night and in the morning we were again dumped off our train at a place called Fleury. In the afternoon I received my first gas mask instructions. "While several of us were gathered thtMc, someone looked up and pointed onl some tiny clouds bursting far above us. No one knew what it meant until it was explained to us that a (ierman plane was overhead and was being shelled by our anti-aircraft guns. This was my first sight of a (ierman plane, but it was not the last sight by a long shot. "We .saw a \ol of Fritz in the air and, in fad. it became a connnon sight to see II un planes come over in nund)ers from one. lo possibly a dozen, but our anti-air- craft, usually kept them up i>retty high, so that they were harmless during thi> da>. They came o\er on several occasions at night while we w morning, .\u\ ember 1st, I was awakeutul by a great rumbling and trembling of our little house, and I knew that another drive had started in the Argomie. At about :5 \.m. I got up, went outside, and saw that the whole sk\ was allame with a great light and the noise of the barrage was terrible. I learned the following morning that it was the greatest and most deadly barrage ever put o\er duiiiig the war. The ( iermans that were left (lew so fast that our meti h:id to chase them in auto trucks. This was the beginning of the end for, once more. Germany's best men were beaten and were licked for the last time. "And now 1 am sitting in a little room in an old hotel which, several weeks ago. was occupied by the (iermans. It is situated in the town of Dun and lighl along the river. There is not much nion' to lell. but 1 am glad that the censor's lid is lifted so that I can tell you where 1 am. ( )ur entrance into the zone of action was a great surprise lo me. as we were to go into training, but at a moments notice orders were changed with the result that I have seen a lot more than I would ever have seen in a Iraining camp. ()ui- men deserve a lot of |iraise, too. as lliey worked right in the Argonne on roads wliicli had to be kept o[)en in order to make the big drive a success, and many a flay they worked under shell fire for eight hoiu-s and longer." 772 Wliil"' on tlip siibjoct of pioneers, the Colli )\viiijr poem- -author unknown — is of interest. It was sent with the Service Record of Private W. ( i. Alfleck, Company A, 59th Pioneer Infantry. THE PIONEERS We read about the doughboys and their valor, which is true. And of the gallant part they played for the old Red, White and I'.lue: We read about the H. F. A. and their ever-roaring guns, Also the heavy part they played in blowing up the Huns; The Infantry, the Cavalry, the hardy Engineers, Rut we never read a single word about "The Pioneers." They slept in pup tents in the cold and worked in nuid and mire. They filled up shell holes in the roads, 'most always under fire; Far o'er the lines the scout plane goes, directing the barrage. Just as the zero hour draws nigh, or just before the charge. As o'er the top the doughboy goes, to put the Hun to tears, Rut who went out and cut the Wire? "The Husky Pioneers." They buried beaucoup horses, and carried beaucoup shells. From every dump on every front, the kind of work that tells. A heavy pack on every back, on every track in France. They never wore the "Croix de Guerre" — They never had the chance. And as the heavy trucks rolled by. they wf)rked to calm their feais. Who made the rocky road so smooth!'' "The same old Pioneers." Each branch deserves much credit, and I like to read their praise. We heljH'd them all, both great and small, in many different w^ays; The Shock Troops, and the brave ^Marines, the Ammunition Train. The Signal Corps, the Tank Corps, and the Observation Plane. The War is won. the work is done, so here's thi'e(> hearty cheers. For the outfit that I soldiered with, "The Good Old PIONEERS." (One of Them.) In two long It'ttcrs. ( '.hailes Fredeiick West shows war at its best and at its worst. Of the former condition he writes: "In some of the towns where we stayed, the women and girls came out to kiss lis. and gave us chicken dinners and all the milk and wine we could drink. At one village where we were quartered. I met a French woman who invited me to her house and who gave me a big dinner. When I got to the house I had to kiss the old lady and her two girls, and when I left I had to do the same thing. During the meal they had the laugh on me because I did not drink any wine. They told me that 1 was the first one that they had met who did not drink. I told them I liked milk, so one of the girls went out into the barn and milked the cow. so I could have all I could possibly think. After that nice meal. I was there for supper every night. " Private West then sketches another scene in the theatre of war. He says, that later on, while waiting for things to happen we were billeted in barns, barracks and broken Ijuildings where the French soldiers slept, and they were full of cooties. "You may not think this is true, hiil llic coolies who are witli the boys are game, courageous and true. They will stick to a man under shell fire and they keep him in motion when he longs to sleep. Machine gunners who know how to sweep the enemy front with their rat-a-tat-tat machines, have yet to learn the law of separation, from some old cooties. 'I'hey are th(>r(> to th(> last. The cooty is not an optical illusion. One of the boys who has been up the line and who saw plenty of the fireworks told me very soberly that he had not seen a single cooty in France. He was right, becaus(> they are not single! They are all married and have large families." Private (later Sergeant) Sanmel (i.Rossiter was kept on the move, as chaulVcin- for Brigadier (i(>neral Thomas W. Darrah. commanding tlii' .^.'itli Inf'aiilr> Brigade of the 28th Division. Rossiter enlisted in the 1st Brigade. 7th Division, on ,lune 20. I')1T. and when the (niard was federalizerl he was sent to Camp llancuck and assigned as chautl'eur for the Brigade car of Brigadier (ieneral F. \\ . Sliliweli. After the Brigade reached France, Colonel George E. Kemp, of Philaflelphia, was Acting Brigade Commander until .luly !5d. when ( Jeneral Dariah assumed coin- mand at midnight. Half an hour later, the entire Brigade was ordered forward in a defensive operation on the Marne. Rossiter was thereafter continuously under (ire until the signing of the armistii-e. In his letters home, Rossiter describes .some of the iiairow escapes anil wild rides that were his. In one letter he says: "During the night of August 8th-9th, while sleeping in the car. it was struck by shrapnel, one piece of which tore a hole through the door, while smaller prices ripped up llu' upholstery." In relating what he considers his most exciting experience, he wrote, late in .luly, l')18: "Lust Sunday ni)jl>t, at mImhU sovcii o'(l'y2d luigineers were at Is-siir-Tille and lab^r at \ncy-la-l"iance. Here the men built the barracks and performed the main duties rcipiired by the S. O. S. Although not at any time at the extreme front, the men were in ilie advance sector at the lime of the armistice. 774 The regiment canu; home on the U. S. S. Troy, and witli his service record N(>wsome lianded in a copy of the Trojan Journal, the newspaper pnblislied on i)oard ship for Sunday June 29, 1919. 1\> the left of the heading — "Almost There" — are the words: "Brest Cafe — 2.821 miles"; and to tlie right: " 42d & Broadway — 339 miles." A statement in the journal speaks of the work of tlie hand in the following words: "The 532d Engineers has some jazz band. It sure can tear off the wildest sort of jazz — that creepy, shufily sort. This same regiment also had an entertain- ment section known as the 'Dixie Minstrels of the A. E. F.,' which put on a series of fifty or more shows in the 36th, 78th and 80th Divisional areas to audiences of over 25,000 doughboys. At an entertainment on shipboard, the 'Harmony Four' of the 'Dixie Minstrels' won second prize." Robert H. Nones, Jr., a Major in the Dental Corps, was one of those who had an opportunity of helping Army men, whose features were destroyed by wounds. The following statements give some idea of the way in which he and his associates were able to accomplish remarkable results: "At the entrance of Anieriiii into the (ireat War, one of the chief jirohliTjis wliich presented itself to the Surgeon (ieneral of the United States Army was how i)riiperl\ to train ollicers to lake care of anfl make o\er tliose \ictims of warfare whose faces were so liadly shattered as l I nil. were Ihe following' I'hiladelphians: Major Thomas (".. Sleilwafren, \1. C: Major ( ieor-.'e M. Dorrance. \\. ('..: .Major lulward 1". I.alille. !>. ('..: Major iiolieil II. \oiies, ,lr.. I>. ("..: Captain John \V. Bransli.ld, M. (.. .Serf.'eanl (iilinore Berry, Chief Qiiartermaster. l\ S. N.. serxed dnrint; ihe lale war on the 1 . S. S. Benlmm. He gives some idea of life on a destroyei- as follows: ■■(►n the dale that a state of war was declared lo exist between the rniled Stall's and ll" (ierman Kmpire, 1 was ser\ ing on Iniard the di'slroyer liniliani, at thai li d enemy lines. The prompt withdrawal of personnel from the exposed locations of these two attacks avoided ilic loss of a single man. 77« "Subsequently, attacks were made in the ^'osffes and at Chateau-Thierry. From tliis latt(M' point the niuveinents were so swiff Ihat we were limited to the use of the portable T Stokes Mortar, and could nol use llie nielhods of putting over a heavier concentration which was adapted to a lixed front. "Prior to this time, the 2d and 3d Battalion had arrived in France, and hy a process of personnel assimilation were brought up to an effectiveness identical with the 1st Battalion. From this point on the regiment participated in all major oiTensives, being a considerable assistance to the infantry in our Thermite attacks oil enemy strong points. "The signing of the armistice, welconKxl though it was by the European Allies, prevented the full development of American effectiveness. In our own Chemical Welfare Service it resuU ision to [>c llic oiilv laijic Aincricaii Unit serving under General Gouraud, and on July Tth he published the f'oilowinf; order : "To THE French and American Soldiers of the Ith \hmv: We may be attacked at any moment. You all know that a defensive battle was never engaged iimlir more favorable iiiiidilions. We are awake and on our guard. We are powerfully reenforeed with infantry and artillery. You will hghl on a terrain thai you have transformed by your work and your perseverance Into a rtnloubtable fortress. This invincible fortress, and all its pas.sages are wi-ll guarded. The bombardment will l)e terrible. You will stand it without weakness. The assault will be tierce, in a cloud of smoke, dust and gas. But your positions and your armament are formidable. In your breasts beat the brave and strong hearts of free men. None shall look to the rear; none shall yield a step. ICach shall have but one thought; to kill a-plenty, until they ha\e had their lill. Therefore, your general says to you: You will break this as.sault. and it will be a happv day." (Signed) (Joihai i>. Hi \i iU(miT\ 2lsl French Army Corps complimenled its work in the following ordei': "At the moment when the I2d American Division is on the point of leaving the 21sl .\rmy Corps, I desire to express my keen .satisfaction and my sincere thanks for the services which it has renileri'd under all conditions. "Hy its \alor, ardor and its spirit, it has very particularly distinguished itself on Jul> l.">th and l()lh in the course of the great battle where the llh \rm\ broki> the German olTensivc on the ( Ihampagni' front. "1 am proud to have had it under m\ orders dming this period: and my prayers accompany it in the great struggle engaged in for the liberty of the world." " The work of our own regiment was commended b\ tin- colonel cormnanding the Dixisional Field Artillery of the ITOfh French Division in the folhtwing report": "The 1 lyth Field Artillery has shown ([ualilics of the first order. I do not speak of the spirit of the regiment, of its high sense of duty, of its superb courage which are the characteristics of all American troops, but of its technical value, of its careful attention to detail, of its knowl- edge of correct methods. In spite of the fa( Ills military eareer managed to land safely on both feet. However, Cieoige Scott Stewart. Jr., a member of the Philadelphia Bar, after receiving his commission in the first officers' training camp in 1917, served first with the 54th Field Artillery Brigatle as a balloon observer and, after twelve months overseas, returned as Lieutenant Colonel and Adjutant of the 29th Division. Colonel Stewart summarizes some of his experiences as an officer as follows : '"Those of us who had O. R. C. tacked on our names came to believe that those initials stood for 'On Railroad Cars, ' for we were moved about from place to place with disconcerting frequency. In October, 1917, after serving as Assistant Division Judge Advocate, 1 faced the possibilities f)f one more transfer, but the Bureau of War Risk Insurance saved the situation, for I was promoted to a First Lieutenancy and assigned as Division Insurance Officer. Our division raised .S2i?.5,000,000.00 of insurance, which was quite a task, especially to convince many (tf the soldiers of the wisdom of being insured. When I was appointed Aide-de- C.amp to Major General Charles G. Morton. Division Connnander in February, 1*^)18, I found that an aide's duties ranged from receiving the President's daughter and arranging for her to sing to the soldiers, to du-ecting the naturalization of ISO foreign-born soldiers in three days. Incidentally, it was necessary for me to edit and publish a pamphlet on Embarkation Rules and Regulations. "On June 7, 1918 (Stewart was than a captain), I received an order to proceed to Wilmington, Del., for duty with a Coast Artillery Brigade. Fortu- nately we sailed before the War Department had time to act upon my telegram refusing the appointment. "While on our way to Europe I understood more fully the remaikable part which our Navy was playing. For hours at a time while in conunand of a detail in the crow's nest, we could see the ships which were convoying us steaming here and there, ever ready to repel any attack. "After landing in France it was my privilege to act as haison officer to the .'iUth Infantry Brigade, and I was with the combat troops during the largest ojK'iatinii in which the A. E. F. participated." Captain Stewart received his promotion to the rank of Major on > Major General Morton as a result of the re|iort of his work made by the Cliiel' of Stall of the 29th Division. The man who carried a camera had, at times, as many thrills as the man with a gun. foi' war photography is no "Pink Tea" sport. It involves danger and hard- ship and long hours. The first Photographic Unit of the Signal Corps was organized at Camp \ ail. New Jersey, in September, 1917 with a personnel of 80. After a brief iiitroduttion to the rudiments of military training, the unit was broken u|) and sent to various Photo-training schools in camps all over the united States. Charles Darwin, of this city, was one of the men who reported to Camp Vail and was soon sent to ('olumbia I niversity, New York City. Here he acted as an Instructor for nine months. Upon receiving a Commission, Darwin was sent out in command of a unit consisting of one sergeant, first class, and one private, first class, and attached to the 31st (Dixie) Division. When he reached France, he was reassigned to the 28th Division. 71! I Cooper and his seven prisoners. In talking ovor some of his experiences, Lieutenant Darwin recallid I In- fact that, alllioiifih only one war |)h(itiif;raj)her was killed, many of the men were wounded and gassed. Of their initiative he added, "I'rivale Camplx'll. a Phila- delphia niiMi. found himself far behind the lines with no prospect of jiellinji up with his (-(]uipnient. I iowever. the car of ( IcncMal I'ctain was near by and the chaud'eur did not seem to be busy, so Campbell calndy conunandeercd the limousine and rode in fine style to rejoin the Division. Lieutenant Edwin H. Cooper, also of this city, was firindin;: d and killed was very great, but that the \i'my was able to replace the animals with remai'kable speed. Continuing, he suitl, "Our Squadron was used as a Cavalry Unit at St. Mihiel and for one day in the Argonne. Afterwards we were used as mounted messengers and patrols There were about seventeen 782 IMiiladelphians in Troop H, and we had the excitement of our lives one day just after we had entered a woodland and prepared to camp. A German aviator flew down within a few hundred feet and, giving the signal to his batteries, we were soon deluged with shells. It was at this time that probably seventy-flve per cent of the horses were kifled or wounded. However, the Philadelphia boys came through very well." While "the home folks" were thinking of their dear ones with the A. E. F. those same boys were not unmindful of families in "God's Own Country," for many of them had helped to share in the family's fortune before they marched away. In an intimate letter to his brother, which asks for information about each member of the home circle, Private RayTUond Sweeney, Headquarters Company, 76th Field Artillery, expressed the interest of many when he adds: "Did mother ever get those Liberty bonds and my insurance? Let me know, so that if she did not, I can see about it." Discomfort, danger, wounds, the very hand of death itself, never drove from the heart and mind of the men of the A. E. F. the finest and truest devotion to those who also, in full measure, sacrificed in the cause of righteousness. While many Philadelphia men were overseas, others were doing their duly at home. In some cases those who never reached an embarkation camj> faced perils more dangerous than submarines and shell fire. The men in the Chemical Welfare Section in the manufacturing centers faced death from poison gas daily, not that which was sent over by the enemy, of which usually some warning was given, but the ever-present fumes in tiie laboratories. In the final edition of the Gas-Etle, issued at the Edgewood Arsenal (Stamford), Conn., Plant, Lieutenant ^ ictor E. Fishburn, C. W. S. Commanding, speaks of the work of his men in the following terms: " In this, the last issue of the Gas-Elle, I am again attempting to express my appreciation for the services rendered by you while at Stamford. It is only an attempt on my part, as it is impossible for me to express in writing, or in any other way, exactly what the work is that you have done here. Let us hope that the ]ieace terms include a stipulation against the manufacture of poison gas in the future. "For almost a year the men of this arsenal have been in daily contact with the poison gas. I believe that every man stationed here can say that he has been gassed. The men on the bleach gang put in many disagreeable hours rolling l)leach drums on hot summer days, often when it was too hot to wear masks. "It took grit and courage to inhale chloride and bleach dust during this hot weather. There was never a complaint from you men, and the operations were never held up because there was not enough bleach unloaded. " In the picric acid plant, you men were required to breathe nitrous fumes night after night. Quite often you got more than you could stand. A good many of you received severe burns from nitric and sulphuric acid. There were many days when you lould hardly eat, due to the picric acid dust that you had swallowed. None of those hardships ever interfered with production. "The men in France had the excitement of battle to urge them on and to keep up their spirits. The glory to be gained on the battlefield was not an opportunity 783 oll'orod llie men at Slaiiiford. hlxciy man wanlotl to fjo acmss. It is woiidci I'lil to know that with the opportunities to win the glory on the battlefield gone, and only months of unpleasant work to look forward to, every man here came to work, eager to do all in his power. If you men. as I am sure you will, go back to work in civil life with the .same spirit that you have shown here, your success in the futun- is assured." The copy from which tiie foregoing excerpt was taken was .sent in b\ I'riNatc First Class, Wm. F. Connelly, C. W. S., who was sent from Cajnp Lee. \ irginia. to the Edgewood Arsenal. He also enclosed with his other records a cops of a poem written by I'rivate Alexander London, C. W. S., entitled: THF B\TT!>1-: OF KDC.FWOOD ■■'riu! great War had been o\er for more than forty years. And people had forgotten it.s sorrows and its tears. The Soldier's Home was crowded with heroes of the past \\ ho had fought beneath Old Clory that Liberty might last. Vruund the gray-haired veteran from the rock-liound coast of Maine. Were some comrades he had fought with in the valley of Champagne. They talked of Lens and Lille They talked of old \ erdun. They fought the same old battles, as they sat there in the sun. They painted vivid pictures of the battle of Arras. They talked of Tanks and Aeroplanes and of the poison gas. 'Come here, you gray-haired Dizzy" the old man cried with glee. To a sad eyed man who stood alone beneath an apple tree. ■ Dont stand there, you old Fogey, as if you"re in a trance. But come here quick and tell us of what you did in France." The old man slowly tottered to where the other stood. And said, ■15t)ys let me tell you of the battle of lulgewood. We marched away from hearth and home without a big brass ImihI, They sent us first to Syracuse and then to Maryland, I met boys there from Kansas and from the ( iolden (laic, lioys from far Wyoming and from every other State. They worked from early morning, until the sun had died. 'I'hey worked and gave the best they had to keep you bovs suppliiil. We made Chloride and Phosphorus, and made the dread \1. ().. We were always out there battling with that dreadi'd unseen foe. If a little drop of any (las would touih the hand or face It meant a speedy auto ride and a long stay at the Base. They did liieir very biggest bit. as I know I did mine. To help to drive the enemy, acro.ss the mighty Bhine. So take your hats off to the boys at home, who had nu rhaiire. To fight with you across the sea on the battlefield of Fiance. So let us get together, as soldiers tried and true. And give three ringing cheers — and more, for the old Bed, W hilc and Blue." " Philadelphia is piouil of her men. The\ fought on ever> lie-Id iiiid in cscin branch of the service. To those who returned. I lie city opened her aims in welcuinr and sought lo arliciilale her deepest emotions. Some never will return. Perhaps all that is mnital will he l(i()iij,^lit lionip, to rest with their coimadi's-in-airiis at Arlington or in the peaceful beauty of a tiny "God's acre" far from tlie noise and confusion of life. Many will sleep tiieir long sleeji in foreign lands. Over their graves are the tiny crosses '"row on row." symbolic of vicarious sai-rifice. On those crosses might well be inscribed "non-niinistraii." for surely those who rest beneath them truly nn"nistered, and gave their lives a ransom for many. In all humility and reverence may we draw aside the veil and lind revealed the spirit that sustained these men to the last. Is it not fitting that so intimate a revelation should have lieen made by a son to his mother, for who in all the world paid a gTcater i)rice dining the days of uncertainly and strife than the mothers of all lands? So we read: American Y. M. C. A. On Active Service, with the Amkrican Kxpeditionarv Force Saturday, Sept. 20, I'M!!. "Dearest Mother: "Just a few lines to let you know that all is well and I am enjoying the best of health and hope that you are enjoying the same. "Up to date I have been having considerable experience, and I will ha\e so much to talk about that I will keep you up many a night telling you the little tales of a soldier, and his experiences. I sincerely hope that you have given u|) worrying about me by this time, for too well you know that there is One abov(^ to watch over us and provide for us, and if it is His will lie will again restore us to our own beloved ones. Too well you know how He has pulled me through when I was quite young and I am sure that I will not be forsaken. (lod's will be done, and not ours. So all we liave to do is wait. "Do your best to keei) in the best of spirits, as I am doing, and all will be '^*'"- " (Private) Joseph 0. Yehle, Company D, 31.5 Infantry, A. P. 0. 771, A. K. V. The writer of this letter fell on the Held of honor September 2'), 1918 — nine days later. "There is One above to watcii. AH will be well." Spoken nr unexpressed, that was the sentiment that found lodgment in the hearts and minds of the \. Iv F. Their's was a virile faith. With such confidence, victory for them and foi' tlieii- cause was inevitable. Ik'