.«' •/Ci ^•>>^^-^'K'^*->:^v?-^' ^^X■":^^•i^C'C"l^!:^^^X• C->y MUNN & CO., In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. ^. Vx OFFICIAL CENSUS or THE UN] [TED STATES, BY OOTINTTER, FOE 1890. ALABAMA.-A]-ea, 50,7dS square miles. Autauga. ..13.330 C!eburne....l3,218 Etowah 21,926 Lime3tone..21,201 Pike 24,423 Baldwin- .. 8.941 Coffee 12,170 Fayette 12,823 Lowndes.... 31, 550 Randolph..l7,219 Barbour.. ..34,898 Colbert 20,189 Franklin ...10,681 Macon .18,439 Ruasell 24,093 Bibb ..13,824 Conecuh....l4,594 Geneva 10,690 Madison 38,119 Saint Clair.17,353 Blount... ..21,927 Coosa. 15,906 Greene 22,0{)0 Cass ..15 963 Gallatin . ..14,935 Lawrence ..14,693 Oele ..28,710 Union ..21,549 Champaig Christian n 42,159 Greene.... ..23,791 Lee ..'26,187 Peoria.... ..70 378 VermiUoi ...30.531 Grundy.. ..21,024 Livingston..38.455 Perry ..17,529 Wabash.. ..11.866 Clark ..21,899 ..16,772 Hamilton...1 7.800 Hancock. ..31,907 Logan 25 489 MoDono'gh27,467 Piatt Pike ..17,062 ..31,000 "Warren.. Washingt ..21,281 'nl9.262 Clay ..17,411 ..30.093 Hardin... .. 7,234 n. 9,876 McHenry McLean,. ..26.114 .14,0 6 Wayne... White ..23,806 Coles Henderso ..63 036 Pulaski... ..11.355 ..25,005 Cook 1.191.922 Henry.... ..33,338 Macon.... ..38.083 Putnam.. .. 4,730 Whiteside. .30,854 Crawford ..17,283 Iroquois. .,.35,167 Macoupin ...40 380 Randolph ..25,049 Will ..62,0W Cumberl'd-.l 5,443 Jackson. . ..27,809 Madison. ..51.535 Richland ..15,019 William3ona2,2*JO BeKalb.. ..27,066 Jasper... Jefierson. ..18,188 Marion... ..24,341 Rock l8l'd..41, 917 Winncbago39,938 DeWitt . ..17.01 1 ,.22 590 Marshall. ..13,653 St. Clair.. ...66,571 Woodfort ...21,249 Douglas . ..17,669 Jersey ... ..14,810 Total 3,826,351 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. Starke 7,339 Steuben 14,478 Sullivan 21,877 Switzerl'ndl2,514 Tippecanoe35,078 Tipton 18,157 Union 7,006 Vanderb'g. .59.809 Vermillion. 13,1 54 Vieo 50,195 Wabash 27,126 Warren 10,955 Warrick 21.161 Washingt'nl8,619 Wayne 37,628 Wells 21,514 White 15,671 Whitley 17,768 2,192,404 INDIANA.— Area, 88,809 square miles, Adams 20,181 Elkhart 39,201 Jefferson. ,..24 507 Noble 23.359 Allen 66,689 Fayette 12,630 Jennings....! 4,608 Ohio 4,955 Barthol'w ..23,867 floyd 29,458 Johnson 19,561 Orange 14,678 Benton 11,903 Fountain... 19,558 Knox 28044 Owen 15.040 BIackford...lO,461 Franklin....l8,366 Kosciusko.. 28,645 Parke 20,296 Eoone 26,57J Fulton 16,746 Lagrange....l5,615 Perry 18,240 brown 10,308 Gibson 24,920 Lake 23,886 Pike 18,544 CarroU 20,021 Grant 81,493 La Porte ....34,445 Porter 18,052 Cass 31,152 Greene 24,379 Lawrence....l9,792 Posey 21,529 Clark 30,59 Hamilton....26,123 Madison... .36,487 Pulaski 11,233 Clay 30,536 Hancock ...17,829 Marion 141,156 Putnam 22,335 Clinton 27,370 Harrison.... 20,7 86 Marshall....23,818 Randolph...28,085 Crawford....l3,941 Hendricks.. 21 .498 Martin 13,973 Ripley 19,350 Daviess 20,227 Henry 23,879 Miami 25,823 Rush 19,034 Dearborn.. ..23,364 Howard 26,186 Monroe 17,673 St. Joseph.. 42,457 Decatur 19,277 Huntingt'n 27.644 Montg'm'y.28,025 Scott 7,833 DeKalb 24,307 Jackson 24,139 Morgan 18,643 Shelby 25,454 Delaware....30,131 Jasper 11,185 Newton 8,80C Spencer 22,060 Dubois 20,253 Jay 23,478 Total IOWA.— Area, 60,914 square miles. Adair 14,534 Clay 9,309 Hancock.... 7,621 Madison ....15,977 Adams 12,292 Clayton 26,733 Hardin 19,003 Maha3ka...28,805 AUamakee i7,907 Clinton. 41,199 Harrison.. .2 ,356 Marion 23,058 Appanoose 18,961 Crawford....l8,894 Henry 18,895 Marshall ...25,842 Audubon. ..12,412 Dallas 20,479 Howard 11,182 Mills 14,548 Benton 24,178 Davis 15,258 Humboldt.. 9,836 Mitchell 13,299 Black H'k..24,2 19 Decatur 15,643 Ida 10,705 Monona 14,515 Boone 23,772 Delaware... 17, 349 Iowa 18,270 Monroe 13.666 Bremer 14,630 Des Moines35,324 Jackson ....22,771 Montgom'yl5,848 Buchanan.. 18, 997 Dickinson.. 4 328 Jasper 24,943 Muscatine. .24 ,504 BuenaVi3tal3,548 Dubuque.. .49.848 Jefferson . ..15,184 O'Brien 13,060 Butler 15.463 Emoaet 4,274 Johnson 23,082 Osceola 6.574 Calhoun... ..13,107 Fayette 23,141 Jones 20,233 Page 21,341 Carroll 18,828 Floyd 15.424 Keokuk 23,862 Pala Alto... 9,318 Cass 19,645 Franklin....l2.87l Kossuth 13.120 Plymouth ..19,568 Cedar 18,253 Fremont....! 6,842 Lee 37,715 Pocahontas. 9 553 Cerr' Gordol4,864 Greene 15,797 Linn 45,803 Polk 65,410 Cherokee....l5,659 Grundy. .. 13,215 Louisa 11,873 Pottawat'e..47 430 Chicka8aw..l5,019 Guthrie 17,380 Lucas .14,563 Poweshiek..! 8,394 Clarke 11,332 Hamilton... 15,319 Lyon 8,680 Ringgold.. ,«13,556 Sac .14,522 Scott 43,164 Shelby 17,6 1 Sioux 18,370 Story 18,127 Tama 21,651 Taylor 16,384 Union 16,9C0 Van Buren 16,253 Wapello 30,426 Warren 18,269 Washingt'nl8,468 Wayne 15,670 Webster 21,582 Winnebago 7,8'i5 Winneshi'k22,528 Woodbury..55,632 Worth 9,247 Wrieht. 12,057 Total...l,911,896 KANSAS.— Area, t8,418 square miles. Allen .13,509 Doniphan. 13.535 Hodgeman.. 2,395 Montg'm'y-23,104 Anderson.. 14,203 Douglas 23,961 Jackson 14,626 Morris 11,381 Arapahoe... Edwards.... 3,600 Jefferson.. ..16,6vO Morton 724 Atchison... 26.758 Elk 12,-216 JeweU 19,349 Nemaha 19,249 Barber 7,973 Ellis 7,942 Johnson.. ..17,385 Neosho 18,561 Barton 13,172 Ellsworth... 9,272 Kansas Ness 4,944 Bourbon.. ..28,575 Finney 3,350 Kearny 1.571 Norton 10,617 Brown 20,319 Foote Kingman.. ..11 ,823 Osage 25,062 Buffalo Ford 5,308 Kiowa 2,873 Osborne 12,083 Butler 24,055 Franklin ...20,279 Labette 27,586 Ottawa 12,581 Chase 8,233 Garfield.... 881 Lane 2,060 Pawnee 5.204 Chautauq'al2,297 Geary 10,423 Leavenw'th38.485 PhilUps 13,661 Cherokee....27,770 Gove 2,994 Lincoln 9,709 Pottawat'e..l7,722 Cheyenne... 4,401 Graham 5,029 Linn 17,215 Pratt 8,118 Clark 2,357 Grant 1,308 Logan 3,384 Rawlins 6,756 Clay 16,146 Gray 2,415 Lyon 23.196 Reno 27,079 Cloud 19.295 Greeley 1,264 McPherson^l.eH Republic. ..19,002 Coffey 15,866 Greenwood.l6 3o9 Marion 20,539 Rice 14,451 Comanche ., 2,549 Hamilton... 2,027 Marshall... 23.912 Riley 13183 Cowley 34,478 Harper 13,266 Meade 2.542 Rooks.. 8,018 Crawford..,.30.286 Harvey 17,601 Miami 19,614 Rush 5,204 Decatur 8,414 Haskell 1,077 Mitchell.... 15 037 Russell 7,333 Dijkinson.,22,273 Total .'. Saline .17,442 Scott 1,262 Sedgwick.. .43,626 Sequoyah... Seward 1,503 Shawnee.. ..49,172 Sheridan... 3,733 Sherman... 5,261 Smith 15.613 Stafford 8,520 Stanton 1,081 Stevens 1,418 Sumner 30 271 Thomas 5,638 Trego 2,535 Wabaunaeell,720 Wallace 2,468 Washingtn 22,894 Wichita 1,827 Wilson 15,286 Woodson ... 9,021 Wyandotte.54,407 ; 1,427.096 KENTUCKY.-Area, 8T,680 square miles. Adair 13.721 Bath 12,813 Boyle' 12.948 Butler 13,956 Carroll 9,266 Allen 13692 BeU 10,312 Bracken 12,369 Caldwell.. ..13,186 Carter 17,204 Anderson. .10,610 Boone 12,246 Breathitt... 8,705 Calloway....l4,675 Casey 11,848 Ballard 8,390 Bourbon.. .16,976 Breckln'ge.18.976 Campbell...44,208 Chri3ti»n...34,118 Barren 21,490 Boyd 14,038 BulUtt 8,291 Carlisle 7,612 Clark 16,434 6 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. Clay 12,447 Greenup.. ..11,911 Lawrence. ..17,702 Mercer 15,034 Rowan.. . (J 129 Clinton 7,0^7 Hancock.... 9,214 Lee 6.205 Metcalfe.... 9,871 Russell s'lSG Crittenden. 13.119 Hardin 21.304 Leslie 3,964 Monroe 10,989 Scott 16'546 Cumberl'd.. 8,452 Harlan 6.197 Letcher 6.920 Montg'm'y.12,367 Shelby 16 521 Daviess 33,120 Harri3on....l6,914 Lewis 14.803 Morgan 11.249 Simpson.. ..10 878 Edmonson.. 8.005 Hart 16,439 Lincoln 15,962 Muhlenb'g.l7,955 Spencer 6 760 ElUott 9,214 Hender3on.29,536 Livingston.. 9.474 Nelson 16,417 Taylor.... 9 353 Estill 10,836 Henry 14,164 Logan 23,812 Nicholas... .10.764 Todd 16^814 Fayette 35,698 Hickman....! 1,637 Lyon 7.628 Ohio 22,946 Trigg 13902 Fleming. ...16,078 Hopkins... 23.505 McCracken21.051 Oldham 6.754 Trimble. . 7 140 Floyd 11,256 Jackson 8.261 McLean 9.887 Owen 17.676 Union 18 229 FrankUn...21,267 Jefferson ..188,698 Madison 24,348 Owsley 5,975 Warren 30158 Fulton 10,005 Jessamine..ll,248 Magoffin... 9,196 Pendleton. .16,346 WashingfnlS 622 Gallatin 4.611 Johnson 11,027 Marion 15.648 Perry 6.331 Wayne 12 852 Garrard 11.138 Kenton 54,161 Marshall.. .11.287 Pike 17,378 Webster 17 196 Grant 12,671 Knott 5,438 Martin 4,209 Powell 4,698 Whitley 17690 Graves 28.534 Knox 13.762 Mason 20.773 Pulaski 25,731 Wolfe 7'l80 Grayson 18.688 La Rue 9,433 Meade 9,484 Robertson.. 4.684 Woodford. 12380 Green 11,463 Laurel 13,747 Menifee 4,666 Rockcasde. 9,841 Total.. .1,858,635 liOUISIANA.— Area, 41,355 square miles. Acadia 13.231 Concordia...l4,87l Lafourche.. 22,095 Richland....l0,230 Tensaa 16,647 Ascension.. 19.545 De Soto 19,860 Lincoln 14,753 Sabine 9.300 Ter. Bonne 20.167 As3umpti'nl9.629 E.B.Rouge25,922 Livingston.. 5,769 St. Bernard 4.326 Union 17.304 Avoyelles...25.112 E. CarroU...12.362 Madison 14,135 St. Charles. 7,737 Vermilion..l4,234 Bienville. ..14,1 03 E.Felicianal7,903 Morehouse.16.786 St. Helena.. 8.062 Vernon 5.903 Bossier 20a30 FrankUn... 6.900 Natchito'3..25.836 St. James .15,715 Washington 6,700 Caddo 31,555 Grant 8,270 Orleans.... 242,039 S.J. theB'pll,359 Webster 12.466 Calcasieu... 20,1 76 Iberia 20.997 Ouachita....l7,985 St. Landry 40,250 W.B.Eouge 8.363 CaldweU.... 5.814 Iberville.... 21, 848 Plaquemi's 12.541 St. Martin..l4.884 W. CarroU. 3.748 Cameron... 2,828 Jackson 7,453 Pt. Coupee.19.613 St. Mary ...22,416 W.Felioi'a .15,062 Catahoula.. 12,002 Jefferson ...13.221 Rapides 27.642 St. Tamm'ylO.160 Winn 7,082 Claiborne .,23,312 Lafayette....l5,966 Red River..ll,318 Tangipahoal 2,655 Total.. .1,118,587 MAIXE.— Area, Sljtee SQuare miles. Androsc'n.. 48.968 Hancock.. ..37,312 Lincoln 21.996 Piscataqui3l6,134 Waldo 27.759 Arooetook..49.589 Kennebec...57.012 Oxford 30.586 Sagadahoc..l9,452 Wasliingt'n44,482 Cumberl'd 90,949 Knox 31,473 Penobscot. 72,865 Somerset... 32, 627 York 62,829 Franklin. ..17,063 Total 661,086 MAKYLAND.-Area, 11,134 square miles. Allegany... 41,571 Caroline 13,903 Frederick...49,512 Montgom'y 27.185 Talbot 19,736 A. Arundel34,094 Carroll 32,376 Garrett 14.213 P. George ..26 ,080 Washingt'n39.782 Baltimore ..72,909 Cecil 25,851 Harford 28,993 Qu'nAnne.. 18,401 Wicomico...l9,930 Balti'eCy. .434,439 Charles 15,191 Howard 16,269 St. Mary.. ..15.81ft Worce3ter..l9.747 Calvert 9,860 Dorchester. 24,843 Kent 17,471 Somerset ...24,156 Total.. .1,042,390 MASSACHUSETTS. -Area, t,800 square miles. Bam3table.29.172 Dukes 4,369 Hampden.135.713 Nantucket.. 3.263 Suffolk 484,780 Berk3hire...81.108 Essex 299.995 Hampshire 51 859 Norfolk.. ..118,950 Worcester 280,787 Bristol 186,465 FrankUn... 38,610 Middlesex431,167 Plymouth...92,700 Total... 2,238, 943 MICHIGAN.— Area, 56,348 square miles. Alcona 5.409 Clare 7,558 Iron 4,432 Manitou... 860 Oscoda 1,904 Alger 1,238 Clinton 26.509 Isabella.... 18,784 Marquette..30.521 Otsego 4.272 Allegan 38.961 Crawford... 2,962 Isle Royal.. 135 Mason 16,385 Ottawa 35,35& Alpena 15.581 Delta 15,330 Jackson 45.031 Mecosta 19,697 Presque Isle4,687 Antrim 10.413 Eaton 32,094 Kalamazoo 39,273 Menominee33,639 Roscommon 2,033 Arenac 5,083 £mmet 8,756 Kalkaska... 5,100 Midland.. ..10.657 Saginaw 82.273 Daraga 3,036 . Genesee 39,430 Kent 109,922 Missaukee . 5 048 St. Clair 52.105 Barry 23,7&3 Gladwin 4,208 Keweenaw... 2,894 Monroe 32.337 St. Jo9eph.'J5.356 Bay J....56.412 Gogebic 13,166 Lake 6.505 Montcalm.. 32.637 Sanilac 32,589 Benzie 5 237 G'd Trave'el3.355 Lapeer 29 213 M'ntmor'cy 1,487 Schoolcraft. 5.818 Berrien 41,285 Gratiot 28,668 Leelanaw... 7,944 Muskegon..40.013 Shiawassee 30.952 Branch 26 791 Hillsdale... 30,660 Lenawee 48 448 Newaygo ...20.470 Tuscola 32.508 Calhoun 43,501 Houghton...35.389 Livingston..20 858 Oakland 41,245 Van Buren. 30,541 Cass 20.953 Huron 28,545 Luce 2,455 Oceana 15,698 Wa3htenaw42.210 Charlevoix. 9,686 Ingham 37,666 Maokinac. 7.830 Osemaw. ... 5.583 Wayne 287,114 Cheboygan.! 1.986 Ionia 32,801 Macomb 31,813 Ontonagon.. 3.756 Wexford.. ..11 ,278 Chippewa... 12,019 Iosco 15,224 Manistee... 24,230 Osceola 14,630 Total...2,093,889 MINNESOTA.— Area, 95,374 square miles. Aitkin 2 462 Becker 9,401 Benton 6 284 Blue Earth 29.210 Carlton 5 272 Anoka. 9,88i Beltrami... 812 Big bcone... 5,722 Brown 15,817 Carver 16,682 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. Casa 1.247 Chippewa... 8 5o5 Chisago 10.359 Clay 11,517 Cook 98 Cottonwood 7,412 Crow Wing 8,852 Dakota 20,240 Dodge 10,864 Douglaa 14,606 Paribault... 16,708 FiUmore ...26,338 Freeborn....l7,962 Goodhue.... 28,806 Grant 6,875 Heaaepin.18o.294 Houston ...14,653 Hubbard... 1,412 Isamti 7,607 Itasca 743 Jackson 8,924 Kanabec... 1,579 Kandiyohi..l3.997 Kittson 5,387 Lac-Qui-p'e.10,382 Lake 1.299 Le Sueur.. .19,057 Lincoln..... 5,( Lyon 9,501 McLeod... .17,026 Marshall... 9,130 Martin 9,403 Meeker 15,456 Mille Laca.. 2.845 Morrison]... 13 325 Mower 18.019 Murray 6.692 Nicollet .... 13,382 Nobles 7,958 Norman 10,618 Olnnted 19.434 Otter Tail ..34.! Pine 4,052 Pipe Stone. 5,132 Polk 30,192 Pope 10,032 Ram3ey....l39,796 Redwood ... 9,386 RenviUe 17,099 Rice 23,968 Rock 6,817 St. Louis ...44.862 Scott 13,831 Sherburne.. 5,908 Sibley .15,199 Stearns 34,844 Steele 13,232 Stevens 5.251 Swift 10.161 Todd 12,930 Traverse ... 4,516 "Wabasha. ..16.972 "Wadena 4,053 "Waseca 13,313 Washingt'n25,992 Watonwan.. 7,746 "Wilkin 4,346 "Winona 33,797 "Wright 24,164 T. Medicine 9.854 Total 1,301,826 MISSISSIPPI. -Area, 47,166 square miles. Adams 26.031 De Soto 24,183 Lafayette... 20,553 Noxubee.. ..27 ,338 Sunflower.. 9,384 Aloorn 13,115 Franklin.. ..10,424 Lauderdale29,661 Oktibbeha..! 7,694 Tallahatc'e 14,361 Amite 18,198 Greene 3,906 Lawrence...l2,318 Panola 26,977 Tate 19,253 Attala 22,213 Grenada ...14,974 Leake 14,8i'3 Pearl River 2,957 Tippah 12,951 Benton 10.585 Hancock ... 8,318 Lee 20,040 Perry 6,494 Tishomingo 9,302 Bolivar 29,980 Harri3on....l2,481 Leflore 16,869 Pike 21,203 Tunica 12,158 Calhoun 14.688 Hinds , 39,279 Lincoln 17,912 Pontotoc....l4,940 Union 1.5,606 CarroU 18,773 Holmes 30,970 Lowndes.... 27 ,047 Prentiss 13,679 "Warren 33,164 Ohicka3aw..l9,891 Issaquena 12,318 Madison. ..27,321 Quitman... 3,286 Wa3hingt'n40,414 Choctaw 10,847 Itawamba...ll,708 Marion 9,532 Rankin 17,922 Wayne 9,817 Claiborne...l4,516 Jackson 11.251 MarshaU.... 26,043 Scott 11,740 "Webster 12,060 Clarke 15,826 Jasper 14,785 Monroe 30,730 Sharkey 8,382 Wilkinson..l7,592 Clay .,18,607 Jefferson ...18.947 Montg'm'y.14,459 Simpson ...10,138 Winston 12,089 Coahoma... 18,342 Jones 8,333 Neshoba... 11,146 Smith 10,635 Yalobu3ha..l6,629 Copiah 30,233 Kemper 17,961 Newton 16,625 Sumner Yazoo 36,394 Covington.. 8,299 Total 1.289,600 MISSOURI. -Area, 6?,8S0 square miles. Adair 17,417 Clay 19,856 Iron 9.119 MontgomM 6,850 St. Clair... 16,747 Andrew.. ..16,000 Clinton 17,138 Jackson ...160,510 Morgan 12,311 S.Genev'e.. 9,883 Atchison.. .15,533 Cole 17,281 Jasper 50,500 N. Madrid.. 9,317 S.Francois 17,347 Audrain 22,074 Cooper 22,707 Jefl"erson . ..22.484 Newton 22.108 St. Louis ...36,307 Barry 22,943 Crawford....ll.961 Johnson 28,132 Nodaway.. .30,914 S.LouisCy451,770 Barton 18,504 Dade 17,526 Knox.. 13,501 Oregon 10,257 Saline 33,762 Bates 32,i23 Dallas 12,647 Laclede 14,701 Oaage 13,080 Schuyler ...11,249 Benton 14,973 Daviess 20,456 Lafayette... 30,184 Ozark 9,795 Scotland.... 12,674 Bollinger...l3,121 DeKalb 14,539 Lawrence...26,228 Pemiscot... 5,975 Scott 11,228 Boone 26,043 Dent 12,149 Lewis 15,935 Perry 13,237 Shannon.... 8,718 Buchanan..70, 00 Douglas 14,111 Lincoln 18,346 Pettis 31.151 Shelby 15,642 Butler 9,964 Dunklin 15,085 Linn 24,121 Phelps 12 636 Stoddard... 17, 327 Caldwell....l5,l52 Franklin . ..28,056 Livingston. .20,668 Pike 26,321 Stone 7,090 Callaway.. .25 ,131 Gasconade.. 11, 706 McDonald..! 1,283 Platte 16,248 BulUvan... .19,000 Camden 10,040 Gentry 19,018 Macon 30,575 Polk 20 339 Taney 7,973 C.Girard'u.22,060 Greene 48,616 Madison 9.268 Pulaski 9,387 Texas 19,406 CarroU 25,742 Grundy. ...17,876 Maries 8,600 Putnam 15,365 "7ernon 31,505 Carter 5,799 Harrison ...21,033 Marion 26,233 Ralls 12,94 "Warren 9,913 Cass 23,301 Henry 28,235 Mercer 14,581 Randolph... 24. 893 Washingt'nl3,153 Cedar 15,620 Hickory 9,453 Miller 14,162 Ray 24.215 "Wayne 11,727 Chariton.. ..26,254 Holt 15,469 MisBi8sippil0,134 Reynolds... 6,633 Webster 15,177 Chri8tian...l4,017 Howard 17,371 Moniteau... 15,630 Ripley 8,332 "Worth 8,738 Clark 15,126 HoweU 18,618 Monroe 20,790 St. Charles.22,977 "Wright 14,484 Total 2,679,184 MONTANA.-Area 148,?'?6 square miles. Bearer H'd 4,655 Dawson .... 2.056 Gallatin 6,246 Madiaon ... 4,692 Park 6,881 Cascade 8.755 Deer Lodge 15.155 Jefferson 6,026 Meagher ... 4.749 Silver Bow.23,744 Choteau 4,741 Fergus 3 514 Lewis&Cl'kl9,145 Missoula ...14.427 Yellowstone 2,065 Custer 5,308 Total 132,159 TVEBRASKA.— Area, t6,995 square miles. Adams 23,303 Brown 4,359 Cheyenne... 5.693 Deuel 2,893 Furnas 9,840 Antelope....l0,399 Bufi"alo 22,162 Clay 16,310 Dixon 8,084 Gage 36,344 Arthur 91 Burt 11,069 Colfax 10.453 Dodge 19.260 Garfield .... 1,659 Banner 2,435 Butler 15,454 Cuming. 12,265 Dougla8....l58.(X18 Gosper 4,816 Blackbird.. Cass 24,080 Custer 21677 Dundy 4,012 Grant 458 Blaine 1,146 Cedar 7,028 Dakota 5,386 Fillmore.... 16.022 Greeley 4.869 Boone 8,683 Chase 4,807 Dawes 9,722 Franklin ... 7,693 Hall 16,513 Box Butte.. 5,494 Cherry 6,428 Dawson 10,129 Frontier ... 8,497 Hamilton...l4 096 1 8 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. Harlan 8,158 Kimball.... 959 Nuckolls ...11,417 Saline 20,097 Thomas 517 Hayes 3,953 Knox 8,582 Otoe 35,403 Sarpj 6,875 Thurston ... 3,176 Hitchcock.. 5,799 Lancaster... 76,395 Pawnee 10,340 Saunders... 21 ,577 Valley 7,092 Holt 13,672 Lincoln 10.441 Perkins 4.364 Scott's Bl'flF 1,888 Wa3hingt'nll,869 Hooker 426 Logan 1,378 Phelps 9,869 Seward 16,140 Wayne 6,169 Howard 9,430 Loup 1662 Pierce 4,864 Sheridan ... 8,687 Webster 11,210 Jefferson.. .14,850 McPherson 401 Platte 15,437 Sherman... 6,399 Wheeler.... 1,683 Johnson 10,333 Madison 13,669 Polk 10,817 Sioux 2.452 York 17,279 Kearney.... 9,061 Merrick 8,758 Red Will'w 8,837 Stanton 4,619 Unorganii'd Keith 2,556 Nance 5,773 Richard3onl7,574 Thayer 12,738 territory.. 696 Keya Paha. 3,920 Nemaha ...12,930 Rock 3,083 Total 1,058,91'0 NEVADA.-Area, 112,090 square miles. Churchill... 703 Esmeralda. 2,148 Lander 2.266 Nye 1,290 Storey 8,806 Douglas 1.551 Eureka 3,275 Lincoln 2,466 Ormsby 4,883 Washoe 6,089 Elko 4,794 Humboldt.. 3,134 Lyon 1,987 Roop 348 White Pine 1,721 Total 46,761 NEW HAMPSHIRE.— Area, 9,S80 square mlles.^ Belknap... 20,321 Cheshire.. ..29,579 Grafton 37,217 Merrimack 49,435 Strafford ...38,442 Carroll 18,124 Coos 23,2li Hillsboro... 93,247 Rocki'gh'm49,650 Sullivan 17,804 Total 376,530 NEW JERSEY.-Area, 8,820 square miles. Atlantic 28.836 Cumberl'd. .46,438 Hunterdon 35,355 Morris 54,101 Somerset ...28,311 Bergen 47,226 Essex 256.098 Mercer 79,978 Ocean 15,974 Sussex ti2,259 Burlington.58,528 Gloucester. .28,649 Middlesex..61,754 Passaic 105,046 Union 72.467 Camden 87,687 Hudson... 275,126 Monmouth.69,128 Salem 25,151 Warren 36 553 Cape May..ll,268 Total 1,444,933 NEW TORK.— Area, 4?,000 square mUes. Albany.... 164,555 Dutchess. ..77,879 Living3ton..37,801 Otsego 50,861 Steuben 81,473 Allegany.... 43,240 Erie 332,981 Madison... ..42,892 Putnam 14,849 Suffolk 62,491 Broome 62,973 Essex 33,052 Monroe....l89,586 Queens 128,059 Sullivan 31,031 Cattaraug's 60,866 Franklin ...38,110 Montg'm'y 45,699 Rens3elaerl24.5 1 Tioga 29.935 Cayuga 65,302 Fulton 37,650 N. York 1,515,301 Richmond .51,693 TompkinB..32,923 Chautauq'a75,202 Genesee 33,265 Niagara 62.491 Rockland.. .35,162 Ulster 87,062 Chemung... 48,265 Greene 31,598 Oneida 122,922 S.Lawrence85,048 Warren 27,866 Chenango. .37 ,776 Hamilton... 4,762 Onondaga.146,247 Saratoga 57,663 Washingt'n45,690 Clinton 46.437 Herkimer...45,608 Ontario 48,453 Sch'nect'dy.i9,797 Wayne 49,729 Columbia...46,172 Jefferson ...68.806 Orange 97,859 Schoharie...29.164 W'tch'st'r 146,772 Cortland.. ..28,657 Kings 838,547 Orleans 30,803 Schuyler ...16,711 Wyoming... 31 ,193 Delaware.. .45,496 Lewis 29,806 Oswego 71,883 Seneca 28,227 Yates 21,001 Total : 5,997,853 NORTH CAROLINA. -Area, 60,?04 square miles. Alamance ..18,271 Clay 4,197 Guilford 28,052 Montg'm'y.ll ,239 Rutherfordl 8,770 Alexander.. 9,430 Cleveland. .20.394 Halifax 28.908 Moore 20,479 Sampson . .25,096 Alleghany.. 6,523 Columbu3..17.b56 Harnett 13.700 Nash 20.707 Stanly 12,136 Anson 20,027 Craven 20,533 Haywood.. .13,346 N. Hanover24.026 Stokes 17.199 Ashe 15,628 Cumberl'd..27.321 Hender?on.l2,589 Northam'n 21 .242 Surry 19.281 Beaufort....21,072 Currituck .. 6,747 Hertford. ..13,851 Onslow 10,303 Swain 6.577 Bertie 19,176 Dare 3,768 Hyde 8,903 Orange 14,948 Transylv'a. 5,881 Bladen 16.763 Davidson.. .21.702 Iredell 25.462 Pamlico 7,146 Tyrrell 4,225 Brun3wick.l0,900 Davie 11.621 Jackson 9,512 Pasquot'nkl 0,748 Union 21,259 Buncombe.. 35,266 Duplin 18,690 Johnston.. .27,239 Pender 12.514 Vance 17,581 Burke 14,939 Durham ....18.041 Jonei 7.403 Perquim'ns 9,293 Wake 49,207 Cabarrus....l8,142 Edgecombe 24.113 Lenoir 14.879 Person 15.151 Warren 19,360 Caldwell.. ..12,298 Forsyth 28 434 Lincoln 12.586 Pitt 25,519 Washingt'nl 0.200 Camden 5,667 Franklin... 21 090 McDowell...lO,939 Polk 5.902 Watauga... 10.611 Carteret 10.825 Gaston 17.764 Macon 10102 Randolph. .25,195 Wayne 26,100 Caswell 16.028 Gates 10,252 Madison 17.805 Richmond..23,948 Wilkes 22,675 Catawba 18.689 Graham 3,313 Martin 15,221 Robeson 31.483 Wilson 18,644 Chatham .'..25.413 Granville ...24.484 Mecklenb'g42,673 Rocki'gh'm25.363 Yadkin 13.790 Cherokee ... 9 976 Greene 10.039 Mitchell 12,807 Rowan 24,123 Yancey 9,490 Chowan 9,167 Total - 1,617,947 NORTH DAKOTA.— Area, 72,000 square miles. Aired Buford 803 Dunn 159 G'd Forks..l8.357 Logan 597 Barnes 7,045 Burleigh ... 4,252 Eddy 1,377 Griggs 2,817 McHenrv... 1.658 Benson 2,460 Cass 19.613 Emmons.... 1,971 Hettinger.. 81 Mcintosh... 3,248 Billings 170 Cavalier 6,471 Flannery... 72 Howard McKenzie.. 3 Bottineau .. 2,893 Church.... Foster 1,210 Kidder 1,211 McLean 860 Bowman... 6 Dickey 6,573 Garfield.... 33 La Moure. 8,187 Mercer 428 Morton 4728 Ramsey 4,418 Sheridan.... Towner 1,450 Ward.. 1,6. Mountraille 122 Eansom 5,393 Stark 2,3U4 Traill 10,217 Wells l,2l5J Nelson 4.293 Renville 99 Steele 3,777 Wallace 24 Williams... 109 Oliver 404 Richland....l0.751 Stevens 16 Wallette ... Unorganiz'd Pembina... 14 334 Rolette 2,427 Stutsman... 5.206 Walsh 16,587 territory.. 511 Pierce. 905 Sargent 5,076 Total 182,719 OHIO.— Area, 89,964 square miles. Adams 26.093 Darke 42.961 Hocking.. ...22.658 Miami 39.754 Sandusty...30.617 Allen 40,644 Defiance 25,769 Holmes 'J1.139 Monroe 25,175 Scioto 35,377 Ashland ...22,223 Delaware.. .27 ,189 Huron 31;949 M'tgome'yl 00,852 Seneca 40.869 Ashtabula .43,655 Erie 35,462 Jackson 28,408 Morgan 19.143 Shelby 24 707 Athens 35,194 Fairfield 33,939 Jefferson. ..39,415 Morrow '8,120 Stark 84.170 Auglaize....28,100 Fayette 22.309 Knox 27.600 Musft)ng'm51.2]0 Summit... .54.089 Belmont 57,413 Franklin. .124,087 Lake 18,235 Noble 20,753 Trumbull. .42,373 Brown 29,899 Fulton 22,023 Lawrence... 39,556 Ottawa 21,974 Tuscarawa.<(46,61 8 Butler 48,597 Gallia 27,005 Licking 43,279 Paulding. ..25,932 Union 22.860 Carroll 17,566 Geauga 13,489 Logan 27,386 Perry 31.151 Van Wert..29.671 Champaign 20,980 Greene 29.820 Lorain 40,'-95 Pickaway ..26,959 Vinton 16.045 Clark 52,277 Guernsey.. .28.645 Lucas 102,296 Pike 17,482 Warren 25.468 Clermont.. .33,553 Hamilton..374,573 Madison 20,057 I'ortage 27,868 Washingt'n42.380 Clinton -4.240 Hancock ...42,563 Mahoning...55,979 Preble. 23,421 Wayne 39,005 Col'mbiana 59,029 Hardin 28,939 Marion 24,727 Putnam 30,188 Williams... 24.897 Coshocton ..26.703 Harrison... 20.830 Medina 21,742 Richland.. .38,072 Wood 44.392 Crawford....31,927 Henry 25,080 Meigs 29.813 Ross 39,454 Wyandot... 21, 722 Cuyahoga.309,970 Highland. .29,048 Mercer 27,220 Total 3,672,316 OREGON.— Area, 1055,606 square miles. Baker 6,764 Curry 1,709 Josephine.. 4.878 Marion 22,934 Umatilla .. .13,381 Benton 8.650 Dousrlas 11,864 Klamath.... 2 444 Morrow 4 205 Union 12,044 Clackama8.15;233 Gilliam 3,600 Lake 2 604 Multnomah74 884 Wallowa.... 3 661 Clatsop 10,016 Grant 5 080 Lane 15.198 Polk 7,858 Wasco 9,183 Columbia... 5.191 Harney 2.559 Linn 16.265 Sherman.... 1,792 Wa3hingt'nn,972 Coos 8,874 Jackson 11,455 Malheur 2,601 Tillamook.. ..2.932 Yamhill ....10,692 Crook 3.244 Total 313,76T PENNSYLVANIA.— Area, 46,000 square miles. Adams 33,486 Chester 89,377 Fulton 10,137 McKean 46.863 Snyder 17,651 AlleghenySo 1,959 Clarion 36,802 Greene 28,935 Mercer 55.744 Somerset. ..37,317 Arm3trong.46.747 Clearfield.. .69.565 nuntingd'n35,75l Mifflin 19,996 Sullivan. ...11.620 Beaver 50,077 Clinton 28.685 Indiana 42,175 Monroe 20,111 S'squeh'na.40,093 Bedford 38,644 Columbia... 36.832 Jefierson ....44,005 M'ntg'm'yl23,290 Tioga 52 313 Berks 137.327 Crawford... 65 ,.324 Juniata 16.655 Montour.. ..15,645 Union 17.820 Blair 70,866 Cumberl'd..47.271 L'kaw'nnal42,088 N'thampt'n84 220 Venanzo.... 46,640 Bradford. ..59,233 Dauphin.... 96,977 Lancaster 149,095 Nothumb'd74.698 Warren 37,585 Bucks 70,615 Delaware... 74,683 Lawrence...37,5'7 Perry 26,276 Washingfn7l.l65 Butler 55,339 El'^ 22239 Lebanon.....48,131 Philad'a 1,046,964 Wayne 31,010 Cambria 66,375 Erie 86,074 Lehigh 76 631 Pike 9,412 We3tmo'd.ll2.819 Cameron... 7,238 Fayette 80.006 Luzerne... 201 ,203 Potter 22.778 Wyoming...i 5,891 Carbon 38,624 Forest 8,482 Lycoming.. .70,579 Sch'lkill...]54,163 York 99,489 Centre 43,269 Franklin. ..51,433 Total 5,258 014 RHODE ISLAND.— Area 1,806 square miles. Bristol 11,428 | Kent 26,754 | Newport ...28,552 I Pr'vid'nce255,123 | Washingt'n 23.649 Total 345,506 SOUTH CAROLINA.— Area, 29,88.'> square Abbeville... 46 ,854 Chester 26,660 Florence... .25.0'- 7 Laurens 31.610 Aiken 31 822 Ch'sterfieldl8 408 Georget'wn20,857 Lexington..22,181 Anderson ..43.()C6 Clarendon.. 23.233 Greenville. 44.310 Marion 29 976 Barnwel\...44.0l3 Colleton. ...40,'i93 Hampton...20 544 Marlboro... 23,500 Beaufort....34.119 Darlington.29,134 Horry: 19 256 "lNewberry..26.434 Berkeley.. 55,428 Edgefield... 49,269 Kershaw.... 22 361 Oconee 18 687 Charle8ton.59,903 Fairfield.. ..28,599 Lancaster ..20 7GI Orangeb'g..49 393 Total... SOUTH DAKOTA.— Area, ?8,93a square m Aurora 5 045 Buffalo S93 Codington. . 7 0-37 Douglas 4.600" Beadle 9 586 Butte 1.037 Custer 4 891 Edmunds.. 4,399 BonHomme 9,057 Campbell... 3 510 Davison .... 5.449 Ewing....... .16 Boreman.... CharlesMix 4,178 Day 9,168 Fp.U River. 4,478 Brookings.. 101 32 Choteau.... 8 Delano 40 Faulk 4 062 Brown 16 856 Clark 6 728 Deuel 4,674 Grant 6,814 Brule 6,737 Clay 7,609 Dewey...... Gregory.... WS miles. Pickens 16 389 Richland.. .36 821 Spartanb'g.55 385 Sumter 43 605 Union 25,363 W'msburg.27,777 York 88,831 1,151,149 ilcs. Hamlia 4.625 Hand 6,546 Hanson 4,267 Harding.... 167 Hughes 5.044 HutohiQs'1110,469 Hyde 1,860 lO CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. Jackson .. .. 30 MarshalL .. 4,544 Pratt . 23 Spink .10,581 Walworth... 2,153 Jerauld- .. 3,605 Martin.... .. 7 Presho.... . 181 Stanley.... . 1,028 Washaba'h Kingsbury. 8,562 Meade ... .. 4,640 Pyatt . 34 Sterling... . 96 Washingt'n 40 Lake .. 7,508 Meyer .. — ~ Binehart. . — Sully Todd .2,412 Yankton....l0,444 Lawrence. ..11,673 Miner .. 5,165 Roberts... . 1,997 . 188 Ziebach 610 Lincoln... .. 9,143 Minnehaha 21,879 Rusk . Tripp . Sisseton & Lugenliee] Moody ... .. 5,941 Sanborn.. .. 4,610 Turner.... .10,256 Wahpeton Lyman.... McCook .. .. 238 Nowlin.. .. 149 Union . 9,130 Indian Re- . 6,448 Pennington 6,540 Scobey.... . 32 Wagner.... . servation.. . McPherson 5,940 Potter .. 2,910 Shannon.. .. — Total. TENNES8EE.- -Area, 45,600 square mUes. | Anaer3on...l5,128 DeEalb... ..15,650 Henry .... ..21,070 Marion.... ..15,411 Sequatchie. 3,027 Bedford- .24.739 Dickson.. ..13,645 Hickman. .14,499 Marshall. .18,906 Sevier 18,761 Benton... ..11,230 Dyer ..19,878 Houston.. .. 5.390 Maury .38,112 Shelby 112,740 Bledsoe... .. 6,134 Fayette.. ..28,878 Humphr'y8ll,720 Meigs . 6,930 Smith 18,404 Blount .... .17,589 Fentress.. .. 5,226 Jackson... ..13,325 Monroe.... ..15,329 Stewart. 12,193 Bradley... .13,607 Franklin. .18,929 James .. 4,903 Montg'm'y..29,697 SulUvan 20,879 i Campbell. ..13,486 Gibson ... ..35,859 Jefferson . ..16,478 Moore . 5,975 Sumner 23,668 Cannon.... .12,197 Giles ..34,957 Johnson.. .. 8,858 Morgan... .: 7,639 Tipton 24,271 CarroU .23,630 Grainger. ..13,196 Knox ..59,557 Obion .27,273 Trousdale... 6,850 Carter ..13,389 Greene.... ..26,614 Lake .. 5,304 Overton... ..12,039 Unicoi 4,619 Cheatham ..8,845 Grundy. . .. 6,345 Lauderdalel8,756 Perry . 7,785 Union 11,459 Chester... .. 9,069 Hamblen . 11,418 Lawrence. ..12,286 Pickett.... . 4,735 VanBuren. 2,863 Claiborne. .15,103 Hamilton ..53.482 Lewis ...2.565 Polk . 8.361 Warren 14,413 Clay .7,260 Hancock . .10,342 Lmcoln.. . ..27,382 Putnam.. ..13,683 Washingt'n20,354 Cocke .16,523 Hardeman 21,029 Loudon.... .. 9,273 Rhea .12,647 Wayne 11,471 Coffee ..13,827 Hardin.... ..17,698 McMinn.. ..17,890 Roane ..17,418 Weaklev....28.955 Crockett.. ..15,146 Hawkins. ..22,246 McNairy . ..15,510 Robertson. .20,078 White..: 12,348 1 Cumberl'd.. 5,876 Haywood. ..23,558 Macon .10,878 Rutherford35,097 Williamson 26.321 | David8on..l08,174 Hender8on.l6,336 Madison... .30,497 Scott .9,794 Wilson 27,148 .8,996 t Total. 1 7fi7 Ria FEXAS .-Area, 387,504 i square miles. Anderson .20,923 Coleman.. . 6,088 Gaines . 68 Jonei . 3,797 Montgom'yll,765 Andrews . . 24 Collin .36,736 Galveston .31,476 Karnes.... . 3,637 Moore 16 Angelina . .6,306 CoUingsw'h 357 Garza . 14 Kaufman. .21,698 Morris 6,580 Aransas... . 1,824 Colorado.. ..19,512 Gillespie.. .7,028 KendaU... . 3,809 Motley 139 Archer.... . 2,10) Comal . 6.398 Glasscock . 208 Kent . 324 N8cogdoc'8.15,984 Armstrong. 944 Comanche. .16.393 GoUad . 5.910 Kerr .4,445 Navarro ....26,373 Atascosa.. .6,459 Concho.... . 1,059 Gonzales.. .18,016 Kimble.... . 2,234 Newton 4,650 Austin.... .17,859 Cooke ..24,696 Gray . 203 King . 173 Nolan 1,573 Bailey .... . Coryell.... .16,816 Grayson .. .53,211 Kinney.... . 3,781 Nueces 8,093 Bandera .. . 3,782 Cottle . 240 Gregg . 9,402 Knox . 1,134 Ochiltree... 198 Bastrop... ..20,736 Crane .. 16 Grimes.... .21.312 Lamar .37,302 Oldham.... 270 Baylor .... . 2,595 Crockett . .. 194 Guadalupe.15,217 Lamb 4 Orange 4,770 . 7,566 Palo Pinto. 8,320 . 2,139 Panola 14,328 Bee Crosby.... DaUam.... Hale. Lampasas La SaUe... BeU .38,297 .. 75 Hall . 703 Bexar .49,266 Dallas ... ..67,042 Hamilton. . 9,279 Lavaca .... .21,887 Parker. 21,682 Blanco ...4,635 Dawson.. .. 29 Hansford. 133 Lee .11,962 Parmer 7 Borden.... . 222 Deaf Smith 179 Hardemai . 3,904 Leon .13,841 Peoos 1,326 Bosque ... Bowie .14,157 Delta . 9,117 Hardin.... . 3,966 Liberty... . 4,280 Polk 10,832 .20,267 Denton.... ..21,289 Harris .37,249 Limestone .21.678 Pptter 849 | Brazoria.. ..11,506 DeWitt.. ..14,307 Harrison. .26.721 Lipscomb' . 632 Kesidio 1.698 Brazos .16,650 Dickens... .. 295 Hartley... . 252 Live Oak. ..2,056 Rains 3,909 Brewster . . 710 Dimmit... .. 1,049 Haskell... .1,665 Llano . 6,759 RandaU.... 187 Brisooe.... Donley.... .. 1.056 Hays .11,352 Loving .... 3 RedRiver..21,452 Brown ..11,359 Duval. ... .. 7,598 Hemphill. Hendersoi . 519 Lubbock.. . 33 Reeves 1,247 Buchel.-. . 307 Eastland. ..10,343 1.12,285 Lynn .. 24 Refugio 1.289 Burleson.. ..18 001 Ector .. 224 Hidalgo.... .. 6,534 McCuUoch...S,205 Roberts.... 326 1 Burnet.... ..10,721 Edwards. .. 1,962 Hill ..27,583 Caldwell . ..15,769 Ellis ..31,774 Hockley.. McMullen . 1,038 Rockwall... 5,972 Calhoun.. ... 815 ElPaso.. ..15,678 Hood . 7,581 Madison . . 8,512 Runnels.... 8,182 CaUahan.. .. 5,434 Encinal... .. 1,022 Hopkins.. ..20,572 Marion..^ ..10,862 Rusk 18,569 Cameron.. ..14,424 Erath ..21,515 Houston . .19,360 Martin.... .. 264 Sabine 4,969 Camp .. 6,624 Falls ..20,706 Howard... .. 1.210 Mason ... .. 6,168 S.August'e. 6,688 Carson.... .. 356 Fannin... ..38,709 Hunt .31.885 Matagorda. 3,985 S. Jacinto.. 7.860 ] Cass .22,654 Fayette... Fisher ..31,481 Hutchinson 58 Maverick. . 3,698 S. Patricio. 1,31S Castro .... . 9 ..2,996 Irion . 870 Medina.... . 6,730 San Saba... 0,621 Chambers . 2,241 Floyd . '629 Jack .9.740 Menard.. . 1,207 Schleicher. 156 Cherokee. ..22,976 Foley .. 16 Jackson... .8,281 Midland.. . 1,033 Scurry 1,416 Childtws .U76 Fort Bend.10.586 Jasper . 5.592 Milam .24,773 Bhaokeirrd 2,012 Clay .. 7,503 Franklin .. 6,481 Jeff Davis. 1,394 Mills . 5,480 Shelby 14,366 Freestone .15,987 Jefferson . .5.857 MitcheU... ..2,059 Shemum... 71 Cok« .. ?,059 Frio .. 3,112 Johnson.. ..22,813 Montague ,.18,863 Smith 28,3 4 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. II Somerrell.. 3,411 Terry 21 Upton....;.. 52 Starr 10,052 Throckm'n 902 Uvalde 3,804 Stephens... 4,926 -Titus 8,190 Val Verde. 2,874 Stonewall... 1,024 Tom Green 5,152 Van Zandt.16,225 Sutton 658 Travis 37,ul9 Victoria 8.737 Swisher 100 Trinity 7,648 Walker 12,874 Tarrant ....41,142 Tyler 10,877 Waller 10,888 Taylor 6,946 Upshur 12,695 Ward 77 VERMONT-Area, 10,S13 Addison 22.277 Crittenden.35,389 Grand Isle. 3,843 Bennington20.448 Essex 9,51i Lamoille.... 12,831 Caledonia...23,436 Franklin. ..29,755 Orange 19,575 VIUGINIA.-Area, 88.853 Accomac...27,277 Chesterfield26,211 Greensville 8,2.30 Albemarle..32,379 Clarke....... 8,071 Halifax 34,424 Alexandrial8,597 Craig 3,835 Hanover 17,402 Alleghany.. 9,283 Culpeper....l3 233 Henrico... 1U3..394 AmeUa 9,068 Cumberl'd 9,482 Henry 18.208 Amherst.. ..17,551 Dickenson. 5,077 Highland... 5,352 Appomatt'x 9,589 Dinwiddle.. 36 195 Isle of Wi'tll,3 3 Augusta 37.005 Elizab'h Cyl6,108 James City 5,643 Bath 4,587 Essex 10 047 Ki'g&Qu'n 9,669 Bedford 31,213 Fairfax 16 65.3 Ki'g George 6,641 Bland 5,129 Fauquier....22 o'.O K'g Willi'm 9,605 Botetourt...l4,854 Floyd 14,405 Lancaster... 7,191 Brunswick. 17,245 Fluvanna... 9,508 Lee 18,216 Buchanan.. 5,867 Franklin. ..24.985 Loudoun.... 23,274 B'ckingh'ml4.383 Frederick. ..17,880 Louisa 16,997 Campbell.. .41.087 Giles 9/)90 Lunenburg 11,372 Caroline 16,681 Gloucester. 11 653 Madison ...10 225 Carroll 15,497 Goochland.. 9,9.38 Mathews.... 7,584 Chas. City. 5 066 Grayson ....14,394 MecklenVg25 359 Charlotte... 15,077 Greene 5,6'.-2 Middlesex.. 7,458 Windham...26. Windsor.. ..31 Total. Wa3hingt'n29.161 Winkler Webb 16 564 Wise 24, Wharton... 7,584 Wood 13, Wheeler 778 Yoakum Wichita 4 831 Young 5, Wilbarger.. 7,i92 Zapata 3, Williamson25.878 Zavalla 1, Wilson 10,655 Total. square mile 8. Orleans 22,101 Rutland 45.397 Washingt'n29,606 square mtiei*. Montgom'y 17,742 Nansemondl 9,692 Nelson 15,3b6 New Kent... 5,51 1 Norfolk 77,038 Northam'n.10,313 Northum'd 7,885 Nottoway... 11. 682 Orange 12,814 Paare 13,092 Patrick 14.147 Pittsylva'ia59,941 Powhatan.. 6,791 Pr.Edwardl4,694 Pr. George. 7.872 Pr. Anne... 9,510 Pr. Willi'm 9,805 Pulaski 12,7'JO Rappaha'k. 8,678 i,547 ,706 1,422 Total... Richmond.. 7,146 Roanoke ...30,1 Rockbridge23,(.i' Rockine'm.31.2 Russell 16,1; fccott 21,6' Shenando'hl9,6 Smyth 13,3 S:outham'n.20,0 Spottsylv'al4,2 Stafford. ... 7,3 Surry 8,2 Sussex ll,l( Tazewell....! 9,8 Warren 8,2i Warwick ... (l.ei Washingt'n29.0 Westmor'd. 8,3' Wise 9,3 Wythe 18,0 York 7,5! WASHINGTON.-Area, 69,994 square miles. ..1,6 Adam3 2,098 Douglas 3161 Asotin 1,580 Franklin... 696 Chehalis.... 9,249 Garfield 3,897 Clallam 2 771 Island 1,787 Clarke 11.709 Jefferson... 8 368 Columbia... 6,709 King 63.989 Cowlitz 5 917 Kitsap 4,624 WEST VIllGINl Barbour. ...12 702 Grant 6.802 Berkeley ...18,702 Greenbrier.l8 034 Boone 6 885 Hampshire.il ,41 9 Braxton 13,928 Hancock.... 6,414 Brooke 6,660 Hardy 7.567 Cabell 23,595 Harrison. ..21,919 Calhoun 8,155 Jackson 19.021 Clay 4 659 Jefferson. ..15,553 Doddridge..l2,183 Kanawha.. .42,756 Fayette 20,542 Lewis 15,895 Gilmer 9,746 Lincoln 11,246 Kittitas 8 777 Pierce 50.940 Thurston... 9,6' Klickitat.... 5,167 San Juan... 2,072 Wahkiak'm 2,5: Lewis 11.499 Skagit 8,747 Walla W'lal 2,2: Lincoln 9 312 Skamania.. 774 Whatcom.. .18,6 Mason 2.826 Snohomish. 8 514 Whitman...l9,l( Okanogan... 1,467 Spokane.'.... 37 .487 Yakima 4,4: Pacific 4,358 Stevens..!... 4,341 Total 349,3' A.— Area, 28,000 square miles. Logan .11,101 Ohio 41,557 Taylor 12,1- McDoweU... 7,300 Pendleton.. 8 71 1 Tucker 6,41 Marion 20,721 Pleasants... 7'539 Tyler 11,9( MarshaU... .20.735 Pocahontas 6,8 4 Upshur 12,7 Mason 22,863 Preston 20,365 Wayne 18.6) Mercer 16,002 Putnam 14.342 Webster.... 4,71 Mineral 12.085 Raleigh 9,597 Wetzel 16 8' Monongalia '5, 705 Randolph...ll.633 Wirt 9,4; Monroe.;.. ..12,429 Ritchie 16,621 Wood 58.6' Morean 6,744 Roane 15.303 Wyoming... 6,2' Nicholas.... 9,309 Summers. .13,117 Total 762,7 WISCONSIV.-Area. 68,934 square miles. Adams 6,889 Door 15 682 Ashland 20,063 Douglas 13,468 Barron .15,416 Dunn. Bayfield 7,390 Eau Claire.. 30 673 Brown 39,164 Florence.... '-'604 Buffalo 15,997 Pond d' Lao44 038 Burnett 4.393 Forest I,ni2 Calumet 16,639 Grant 36 651 Chippewa...25,148 Green 22,7.32 Clark 17,708 Green Lakel5 163 Columbia... 28,350 Iowa 22117 Crawford.... 15,987 Jackson 15 797 Dane 59,578 Jefferson ....33 530 Dodge 44,984 Juneau 17,121 Kenosha. ^,..15,581 Outagamie. .38.690 Shawano ...19.236 Kewaunee. 16 153 Ozaukee 14 943 Sheboygan.42.489 La Crosse...38.80l Pepin 6 932 Taylor 6.731 Lafayette.. .20,265 Pierce 50 385 Trempeal'ul 8 9'JO "Langlade.... 9.465 Polk 12,968 Vernon 25111 LinAln 12.008 Portage 24,798 Walworth ..27 860 Manitowoc.37.831 Price 5.258 Washburn. 2 926 Marathon.. 3'\369 Racine 36,2'>8 Waflhinet'n^2 751 Marinette., . 20,3 :4 Richland. .19 121 Waukesha..33.270 Marquette.. 9,676 Rock 43 220 Waupaca., .26.794 Milwa'keei;36,101 St. Croix. ..23 139 Waushara..l8,507 Monroe 23.211 Sauk 30,575 Winnebago 501)97 Oconto 15.009 Sawyer 1,977 Wood 18127 Oneida 5,010 Total 1,686,880 12 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. WYOMING.— Area, 9t,888 square miles. Albany 8,865 Converse... 2,738 Johnson 2,357 Sheridan ... 1.972 Uintah 7,881 Big Horn... Crook 2,338 Laramie 16,777 Sweetwater 4,941 Weston 2.422 Carbon 6,857 Fremont.... 2,463 Natrona..... 1,094 Total 60,705 DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA.— Area, 60 square miles. The District 280,392 I TERRITORIES. ARIZONA.— Area, 118,916 square miles. . 4.281 Gila 2.021 Maricopa... 10,986 Pima 12,673 Yavapai... """" Graham 5,670 Mohave. ... 1,444 Pinal 4,251 Yuma... Total 59,620 NEW MEXICO.— Area, 131,a01 square miles. Bernalillo. .20,913 Eddy Mora 10,618 San Miguel 24.204 Socorro 9,596 Chaves Grant 9,657 Rio Arriba.11.534 Santa Fe.. .13,562 Taos 9,868 Colfax 7,974 Lincoln. .... 7,081 San Juan... 1,890 Sierra. 3,630 Valencia....l3.876 Dona Ana.. 9,191 Total 153,593 OKLAHOMA.— Area, 3,950 square miles. Beaver 2.674 Cleveland... 0,605 Logan 12.770 Payne 7,215 Greer 5,338 Canadian... 7,158 Kingfisher.. 8,332 Oklahoma.. 11, 742 Total 61,834 UTAH.- Area, 84,476 square miles. / Utah. 3.340 Garfield' 2,457 Millard 4,033 San Juan... 365 Uinta. 2,292 Box Elder.. 7,642 Grand 541 Morgan 1.780 Sanpete 13.146 Utah 23.416 Cache 15,509 iron 2,633 PiUte 2,842 Sevier 6,199 Wasatoh 4 627 Davis 6 469 Juab 5 582 Rich 1,527 Summit 7,733 Washingt'n 4,009 Emery 4,866 Kane 1,685 Salt Lake... 58,457 Tooele 3 700 "Weber 23,005 Total 207,905 CENSUS OF 1890.-Cities and Towns Having a Population of 8,000 and oTer. Adams. Mass 9.213 Adrian. Mich.... 8,756 Akron Ohio 27,601 Alameda. Cal.... 11,165 Albany. N.Y.... 94.923 Alexandria. Va..l 4.339 Allegheny, Pa..l05 287 Alleutown, Pa.. .25,228 Alpena Mich.... 11, 283 Altonlll .10.294 Altoona. Pa 30.337 Amesbury.Mass 9.798 Amsterdam N.Y17.336 Anderson. Ind... 10.741 Ann Arbor. Mich 9.431 Anniston.Ala.... 9,876 Apple ton, Wis. .11, 869 A'k'ns'sCy.,Kan 8.347 Asheville. N. C..10.235 Ashland. Wis 9,956 Ashtabula. 8,338 Atchison. Kan3..13.963 Athens, Ga 8.639 AUanta,Ga. 65.533 AUantic Cy.N.J.13,053 Auburn, Me 11,250 Aubum.'N. Y.... 25.858 Augujta, Ga 33.300 Augusta. Me 10,527 Aurora. Ill 19 688 Austin, Tex 14.476 Baltimore, Md 434 439 Bangor. Me 19103 Bath. Me 8.72:J Baton Rouge.La.10.478 Battle C'k.Mich.13.197 Bay City, Mich 87,839 Bayonne, N. J...19,033 Beatrice, Neb.. ..13.836 Beaver Falls, Pa 9.735 Bellaire. 9.934 BeUeville, 111 15.361 Beverly, Mass.. .10.821 Biddeford, Me.. .14.443 Binghamt'n,N.Y35,0U5 Birmingh'm, Ala 26,178 Bloomineton.I11..20,048 Boston. Mass.. .448,477 Braddock. Pa..... 8,561 Bradford. Pa 10,514 Bridgeport. Ct...48.8C6 Bridgeton, N. J.11,424 Brockton, Ma3S..27,294 Brookline. Mas3.12,103 Brooklyn, N.Y..806.343 Brunswick. Ga... 8,459 Bufialo, N. Y... 255.664 Burlington, la.. .22,506 Burlington, N.J. 8.22-' Burlington, Vt...l4 5,b50 Laredo, Tei. 11.319 La Salle 111 9,855 Lawrence. Kans. 9,997 Lawrence, Mass. .44,664 Leadville, Colo..n,212 Leavenw'h. Kan.l 9,768 Lebanon. Pa 14.664 Lewiston. Me 21,701 Lexington, Ky... 21,667 Lima, 15,937 Lincoln, Neb 55,154 Lincoln. R. 1 20,355 Little Falls.N.Y. 8.783 Little Rock, Ark25,874 Lockport, N. Y..16,038 Logansport, Indl3,328 L'gl3'dCy,N.Y..30.50a Los Angelos Cal.50,395 Louisville, Ky..l61.129 Lowell, Mass 77.696 Lynchburg, Va..l9,709 Lynn. Mass 55,727 MoKeesport, Pa.20,741 Macon, Qa 22,746 Madison, Ind..... 8,937 Madison, Wis.. ..13,428 Mahanoy, Pa 11,286 Maiden Mass.. ..23 031 Manchester. Ct. 8.222 MancheBter,N.H44,126 Manchester, Va. 9,246 Manistee, Mich..l2,812 Mankato. Minn.. 8.838 Mansfield. 13,473 Marbleh'd. Mass 8,202 Marietta. 8,273 Marinette, Wis.. 11 ,523 Marion, Ind 8,769 Marion, 8,327 Marlboro, Mass. 13,805 Marquette, Mich 9 093 Marshall town la 8,9 4 Maspillon.O 10,092 Meadville, Pa... 9.t)20 Medford, Ma33..11,079 Melrose, Mass... 8,519 Memphis,"Tenn.64,495 Men'min'e, Michl0.6o0 Meriden, Ct 21,652 Meridian. Miss..l0,624 Michi'n Cy, Ind.10,776 Middletown. Ct.. 9.013 Middlet'n.N. Y.U,977 Milford, Mass.... 8,780 Millville. N. J... 10.002 Milwa'kee, Wis204,468 Minnea's, Minnl64,738 Moberly, Mo 8.215 Mobile, Ala 31,076 Moline. Ill 12,000 Montg'm'ry,Ala21.S83 Mt. Carmel, Pa.. 8,254 Mt. Vernon,N.Y10,677 Muncie, Ind 11,345 Muscatine, la.. ..11,454 Muskegon,Mich.22,702 Nanticoke, Pa... 10,044 Nashua, N. H... 19,311 Nashville Tenn..76,168 Natchez, Miss. ..10,101 Natick, Mass 9,118 Nebras'aCyNebl 1,494 N. Albany. Ind..21. 059 Newark, N.J... 181,830 Newark, 14,270 N.Bedrd. Mass 40,733 N. Bright'n.N.Y16,423 N. Britain, Ct.... 19,007 N. Br'nsw'k,N.J18,603 Newburg. N. Y..23,087 N'wb'ryp't,Massl3,947 Newcastle. Pa... 11 ,600 New Haven, Ct..81.298 New London. Ct.13,757 N'w Orleans La242,039 Newport, Ky 24,918 Newport. R. I ...19,4o7 N. Rochelle,N.Y 8,318 Newton, Mass. ..24,379 N. York, N.Y.I ,515,301 Norfolk. Va- 34,871 Norristown. Pa..l9,79l N'h Adams,Massl6.074 Northa'n, Ma8S..14 990 Norwalk, Ct 17,747 Norwich, Ct 16.156 Oakland, Cal 48;082 Ogden,Utah 14,889 Ogdensb'g, N.Y.11,662 Oil City, Pa 10,932 Omaha, Neb.. ..140,452 Oran?e. N.J 18,844 Oshkosh, Wis ...22,836 Oswego, N.Y 21,842 Ottawa City, 111.. 9,985 Ottumwa.Ia 14,001 Owensboro. Ky.. 9,837 Paducah. Ky 13,076 Paris, Tex 8,254 Parkers 'g,W.Va 8,408 Passaic, N.J 13,028 Paterson N. J..78.347 Pawtucket, R. 1.27,633 Peabody, Mas3..10,158 Peekskill, N, Y 9,676 Pensacola, Fla... 11,750 Peoria. Ill 41,024 P'th Amboy,N.J 9,512 Petersburg. Va..22,680 Philad'a,Pa..l,046,964 PhilUpsb'g, N. J, 8,644 Phoemxvi'e, Pa.. 8.514 Pine Bluff, Ark,. 9,952 Piqua, 9.090 Pittsburg Pa... 38,617 Pittsfield, Ma3.s.l7.281 Pittston, Pa 10,302 Plainfield, N.J. 11. 267 Plattsm'th, ISeb. 8,392 Plymouth, Pa... 9 344 P't Huron, Michl 3 543 P'tJervis \. Y. 9 327 Portland,Me 36 425 Portland Ore ...46,385 Portsm'th N. H. 9,S27 Portsm'th, 12,394 Portsm'th, Va... 3,208 Pottstown, Pa ...13,285 PottsvUle. Pa.. ..14,117 Po'keep3ie,N.Y.22,206 Provide'e. R. 1.132,146 Pueblo, Colo 24,558 Quincy, 111 31,494 Quincy, Mass..., 16,7 -3 Racine, Wis 21,014 Raleigh, N. C... 12,678 Reading, Pa 58,661 Richmond, Ind.16,608 Richmond, Va..81,388 Roanoke, V a.... 16,1 59 Roche3ter,N.Y.133,«96 Rockford, 111 23,534 Rock Island, 111.13,634 Rockland. Me... 8,174 Rome, N. Y 14,991 Rutland, Vt 11,760 Sacramento,Cal.;6,386 Saginaw, Mich...46,322 Sr Joseph, Mo„52,3-24 St. Louis, Mo... 451, 770 St. Paul, Minn.133,156 Salem, Mass 30,801 S't L'e Cy. Utah.44.843 S. Antonio. Tex.37,673 San Diego, Cal...l6,159 Sandusky. 18,471 S. Franc'o, Cal.298,997 San Jose. CaL... 18,060 Sar'aSp's,N,Y.ll,975 Savannah, Ga... 43,189 Shenec'y.N.Y...19,902 Scranton, Pa 75,215 Seattle, Wash ...42,837 Sedalia, Mo 14,068 Shamokin, Pa... 14,403 Sheboygan, Wis.l 6,359 Shenandoah,Pa..l6,944 Shreveport, La. .11, 979 Sing Sing, N. Y. 9,352 Sioux City, la.. .37,806 Sioux F's.S.DaklO,177 Somerville ,Mass40,l 52 South Bend, Ind 21 ,81 9 S. Bethl'm, Pa..lO,3C2 S, Omaha, Neb.. 8,062 Spencer, Mass... 8,747 Spok'eF's,Washl9,922 Springfield, I11..24,963 Springs 'd, Mass 44,179 Springfield, Mo.21,850 Springfield, 0.... 31,895 Stamford, Ct 15,700 Steel ton, Pa 9,250 Steuben ville, 0.13,394 Stillw'r. Mmn...ll,260 Stockton, Cal. ...14,424 Streator, 111 11.414 Superior, Wis...ll,983 Syracuse, N. Y..88,l4a Tacoma, Wash. ..36,006 Taunton, Mass., .25,448 Terre Haute Ind30,217 Tiffin, 10,801 Titusville, Pa.... 8,073 Toledo,© 81.434 Topeka, Kan8....31,007 Trenton, N. J....67,468 Troy, N. Y 60,956 Union, N. J 10,643 Utica. N. Y 44,007 Vernon, Ct 8,808 Vicksburg, Miss 13,373 Vincennes, Ind. 8,853 Waco. Tex 14,445 Waltham, Ma33.18,707 Warwick, R. I...17,761 Washing'n.D.C 230.392 Waterbury, Ct..28,646 Watert'wn.N.Y.14,725 Watert'wn, Wis. 8,755 Wausau, Wis.... 9,253 W.B'yCy,Mich.l2,981 W. Chester, Pa. 8,028 Westfield. Mass. 9,805 W. Troy, N. Y.. 12,967 Weymo'h, Mas8.10,866 Wheel'g, W Va.35,013 Wichita, Kans...23,853 Wilk€sbarre.Pa.37,718 W'maport. Pa.. .27,132 Willimantic, Ct. 8,648 Wilmington,Del 61 ,431 Wilming'n,N.C.20,056 Winona, Minn...l8,20S Winston, N. C 8,018 Woburn, Mass... 13,499 Woonsoc't. R. I..20,830 Worces'r, Mass.. 84,656 Yonkers.N. Y...3-',033 York, Pa 20,793 Youngstown, O..33,220 Zanesville, 0.... 21,009 14 THE CAPITOL OF THE UNITED STATES. THE CAPITOL OF THE UNITED STATES. The comer-stone of the Capitol was laid by the illustrious Washington, on the i8th day of September, 1793. The building was opened for the meeting of Congress November 17th, iSxD. Enlargement and new dome completed in 1867. The edifice fronts the east, is 751 feet long, 348 feet wide, and covers $3^ acres ; courtyards, 3)^ acres ; in all 7 acres. The predominant material of the exterior is white marble. The dome is of cast-iron, I3S/4 ^^^^ i^ largest diameter, and 2873^ feet high, surmounted by a statue of Liberty 193^ feet high. The interior of the dome forms a remarkable circular chamber, or rotunda, 96 feet in diameter, 180 feet high. One thousand gas jets, flashed by electricity, illuminate the in- terior by night. The walls of the rotunda are adorned with historical paintings by eminent artists. The Senate Cham- ber, House of Representatives, Supreme Court Rooms, and other apartments are splendidly decorated. The halls are Uned with polished marbles from every State in the Union. Frescoes, paintings, and sculptures abound. The front porticoes are supported by one hundred Corinthian columns of white marble. The cost of the Capitol building was thirteen millions of dollars. It may be justly styled the Palace of Laws, for within its precincts the statutes of the nation are enacted and expounded. Here are framed the patent laws and kindred ordinances for the encouragement of authors and inventors. THE UNITED STATES. The greatest length from East to West is 2800 miles ; greatest breadth North to South, 1600 miles ; average breadth, 1200 miles. Total area, 3,026,494 square miles ; area of Alaska additional, 577,390 square miles. The shores of the Atlantic are for the most part low, those of the Pacific rocky. The length of the Atlantic coast hne is 2349 miles ; Gulf, 1556 ; Pacific, 1810, indentations not included. Shore Unes of the great lakes, 3450 miles. Number of States, 44. Lengtfi of the Mississippi River, 2900 miles ; Missouri, 3000 miles. Length of steam na\agation, Mississippi River and branches, 7100 miles ; ditto Missouri River, 3000 miles ; ditto Ohio River, 3292 miles ; ditto Red River, 3630 miles. Ap- projciraate total length of railways in operation in United Stat«6, 1 891, 175,000 miles. HOW MUCH IS A PATENT WORTH. 15 THE PATETfTT LAWS. WITH DIRECTIONS AND COSTS FOR OBTAINING PATENTS, CAVEATS, TRADE-MARKS, COPYRIGHTS, ETC., WITH ABSTRACTS FROM OFFICIAL RULES. In the practical application of new and useful improve- ments, America leads the world ; according to an estimate made by the Commissioner of Patents, from six to seven eighths of the entire manufacturing capital of the United States, or upward of six thousand millions of dollars, prob- ably, is based upon patents, either directly or indirectly. A very large proportion of all patents prove remunerative ; which is the reason why so many are applied for, and so many miUions of capital invested in their working. ' ' But all patents," says an able writer, "are not productive; neither are all farms ; all men are not rich ; all mines are not bonanzas. "There is scarcely an article of human convenience or necessity in the market to-day, that has not at some time or other been the subject of a patent, either in whole or in part. The sale of every such article yields the inventor a profit. If we purchase a box of paper collars, a portion of the price goes to the inventor ; if we buy a sewing-machine, the chances are that we pay a royalty to as many as a dozen or fifteen inventors at once. Indeed, the field is so vast and the number of profitable patents so great that it would be far preferable to undertake a recapitulation of those patents which are not profitable than those which are." HOW MUCH IS A PATENT WORTH ? In an official report, a chief examiner of the Patent Office says: "A patent, if it is worth any thing, when properly managed, is worth and can easily be sold for from ten to fifty thousand dollars. These remarks only apply to patents of ordinary or minor value. They do not include such as the telegraph, the planing machine, and the rubber J 1 6 THE PATENT OFFICE AT WASHINGTON. patents, which are worth millions each. A few cases of the first kind will better illustrate my meaning : "A man obtained a patent for a slight improvement in straw-cutters, took a model of his invention through the Western States, and after a tour of eight months returned with forty thousand dollars in cash, or its equivalent. "Another inventor obtained extension of a patent for a machine to thresh and clean grain, and sold it in about fif- teen months for sixty thousand dollars. A third obtained a patent for a printing-ink, and refused iifty thousand dollars, and finally sold it for about sixty thousand dollars. "These are ordinary cases of minor invention, embracing no very considerable inventive powers, and of which hundreds go out from the Patent Office every year. Experience shows that the most profitable patents are those which contain very little real invention, and are to a superficial observer of little value." THE PATENT OFFICE AT WASHINGTON. The engraving on page 24 shows a full exterior view of the Patent OflBce, which is one of the finest edifices in Wash- ington. It is of the Doric order of architecture, 433 feet long, 331 feet wide, 75 feet high. The collection of models of inventions here gathered is very remarkable, the aggre- gate number being over two hundred thousand. Nearly forty thousand new applications for patents are sent to the Patent Office each year. PROCEEDINGS TO OBTAIN A PATENT. To one who has made an invention or discovery, the first inquiry that suggests itself is, " Can I obtain a Patent ?" If so, " How shall I proceed? Whom shall I consult? How much will it cost?" The quickest way to settle these queries without expense is to write to us (Munn & Co.) describing the invention. Send us also a small sketch. Never mind your inexperience. Nicety of writing or drawing is not es- sential ; all we need is to get your idea. Do not use pale ink. Be brief Send stamps for postage. We will imme- diately answer and inform you whether or not your improve- ment is probably patentable ; and if so, give you the neces- sary instructions for further procedure. Our long experience enables us to decide quickly. For this advice we make no charge. All who desire to consult us in regard to obtaining patents, are cordially invited to do so. We shall be happy to see them in person at our office, or to advise them by letter. In all cases they may expect from us a careful consideration of their plans, an honest opinion, and a prompt reply. THE PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION. 17 Inquiries about the patentability of new inventions we answer, as above stated, without charge. But we frequently receive letters containing strings of other questions, without fee, or even postage-stamps. For this class of inquirers the following hints may be useful : The best washing-machines, the best brick machines, the best of everything in the mechani- cal line, is advertised and illustrated in the Scientific American, and the address of the parties having such things on sale is there given. If not a subscriber to the Scientific American, you should enroll your name by sending $3.00 for one year, which includes the postage. You will sooner or later find in its pages answers to all your inquiries, to- gether with an immense amount of other useful information. THE PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION. This consists of a special search, made among the records of the patents that have been granted, to ascertain whether any invention is noticed that will probably prevent the grant of a patent to our client. On the completion of this special search, we send a written report to the party concerned, with suitable advice. Our charge for this service is five dollars. In making this search, we do not guarantee that none of the patents will be overlooked, as the number is enormous ; and we do not guarantee that a patent will be granted, even if the Preliminary Report is favorable. But in general, if the report is unfavorable, the applicant will be saved all further expense ; while, if favorable, he will generally, but not al- ways, be enabled to obtain a patent. In offering to make this examination for five dollars, our correspondents must bear in mind that we here refer only to the question of the patentability of the invention, not to infringements or other questions. Will it pay ? Does it in- fringe ? See page 40 for reply. All that we need for a preliminary examination is a brief description and sketch sufficient to enable us to get an idea of the invention. The fee paid for preliminary examination does not go to- ward paying for the patent. The most prudent way for the applicant is to order a pre- liminary examination. It adds a little to the expenses, but is, on the whole, generally satisfactory. This examination we can quickly make, as we employ, for the purpose, a corps of experienced examiners. For Preliminary Examinations, send sketch and brief de- scription of the invention to Munn & Co., 361 Broadway, New York. l8 MAP OF THE UNITED STATES. MAI* OF THE "UNITED STATES. I9 20 HOW TO APPLY FOR A PATENT. What security have I that my communications to Munn &> Co. will be faithfully guarded and remain confidential f Answer.— Yovi have none except our well-known integrity in this respect, based upon a most extensive practice of forty years' standing. Our clients are numbered by hun- dreds of thousands. They are to be found in every town and city of the Union. Please to make inquiry about us. Such a thing as the betrayal of a client's interests, when committed to our professional care, never has occurred, and is not likely to occur. All business and communications intrusted to us are kept secret and confidential, TLOSR TO APPLY FOR A PATENT. An application for a patent consists of a Petition, Affi- davit of Invention, Drawings and Specifications, all of which must be prepared in legal form and in accordance with official rules. In order to apply for a patent, all that is necessary is to send either a clear sketch or a model of the invention to Munn & Co., by express or by mail, prepaid, with an explanation of the merits and working of the invention. Be very particular to give your ideas in full about the invention. Describe its intended working, and mention all the advan- tages you can think of. This description is always of assist- ance to us in preparing the specification and drawings. Also remit $25 on account, and give the inventor's full name, middle name included. We will then prepare the above official papers, and send them to you for examination and signature, with directions about signing and verifying the same. The next fee (which is $30 if the case is an ordi- nary one) is then payable. The case is then filed in the Patent Office, and in due time receives official examination. When the patent is allowed, the applicant pays $20 more, making the total cost of the patent $75, of which the Government fees are $35 and our (Munn & Co.S) charges $40 for the drawings, specification and attention to the business of the case before the Patent Office. These costs relate to ordinary cases. When. the invention is complicated, additional time and labor are required, and the costs are increased; but we always aim to make them quite moderate. As soon as the case is filed in the Patent Office, the ap- plicant is protected against the grant, without his know- ledge, of a patent for the same thing to another person. When the Patent Office decides to grant a patent, we send notice to the applicant, stating the application has been allowed, and the patent will be printed and issued as soon as the final Government fee of $20 is paid in. The applicant may pay this at once, and have the patent imme- diately issued, or he may wait six months before making the payment; meantime, the application will be held in the secret archives of the Patent Office, ready for issue on payment of the final fee. The usual way, if it is contem- plated to take foreign patents, is to let the allowed case rest in the secret archives until the foreign applications have been prepared and filed. When the patent issues, we publish a special notice thereof in the Scientific American, briefly descriptive of the leading features and merits of the invention, with the paten- tee's name and address. We print and distribute about forty thousand copies of this notice, free of charge to our client. This publication is of value in assisting to bring the invention before the public and promoting its introduc- tion. Were the inventor to do this printing himself, say on the backs of postal cards, it would cost him four hundred dollars for the cards and additional expense for press- work and addressing. A postal card or printed circular is rarely seen by more than one person, whereas a notice in the Scientific American probably comes before half a million readers. We have a branch house in Washington (see engraving, page 24), employing a corps of skilled assistants, and we make it our special duty to watch over the cases of our clients while they are before the Patent Office. After the application is filed, it receives, in its due turn, an official examination, when the Patent Office examiner makes such objections and cites such references to other patents as he thinks proper. We then examine the refer- ences, and use our best endeavors, by written and oral argu- ment, to remove the objections and procure the allowance of the patent. On the second hearing, new objections and new references are often cited, and further time and labor is then required on our part ; and so on perhaps for a third or a fourth hearing. It will thus be seen that the work of attending to the case while bfefore the Patent Office is very laborious and consumes much time; the cost therefor is included in our fees already mentioned ; and we make no additional charges, except in cases of peculiar difficulty and on advice with the applicant. The time required to procure a decision from the Patent Office is from six to eight weeks. But in some classes of invention there is an accumulation of work, and it is several months before the case is reached. WHO MAY TAKE PATENTS. American patents are granted for the term of 17 years, and cannot be extended. The patent remains good whether the invention is worked or not ; and no additional taxes or payments are required beyond the costs on first taking out the patent. Citizens, foreigners, women, minors and the adminis- trators of estates of deceased inventors, may obtain patents. There is no distinction as to nativity, person or charges. Two or more persons may apply jointly for a patent, if they are joint inventors. Where one person is the inventor and the other only a partner, the patent must be applied for in the name of the inventor ; but he may secure his partner in advance by executing a deed of conveyance, so drawn that the patent will be issued in both names. An inventor may grant a license, or sell and assign any portion of his right in an invention, either before or after the patent is granted. The deed of conveyance should be recorded in the Patent Office. Our charge (MuNN & Co.s) to prepare a patent deed and attend to the recording of the same is $5. it New medicines or compounds, and useful mixtures, re- cipes, etc., may be patented. A minute statement must be given of the exact proportions, method, and ingredients used in making a given quantity of the new article. If model is not furnished, then send us photographs and sketches of the invention, showing side view, front, top or plan views, and sectional elevations, in order that the exact position and working of all the parts may be clearly under- stood. The full details of arrangement or construction should be given, also the full name of the inventor. Models are not now required by the Patent Office, except in special cases ; but a small model is always useful to the solicitor in preparing the drawings and specification, and in general we recommend the inventor to furnish a model, which we will return after the drawings are prepared. If a model is sent, it may be quite small and cheaply made, of any convenient materials ; whittled out of wood will often answer. All that is necessary is to illustrate the invention. Do not waste time or money in making a large model. The smaller the size the better. If sent by mail, do not nail or screw the box containing the model, but tie it. Do not put any writing in the box or on the model. Violation of these rules compels the Post Office authorities at New York to collect letter postage, or two cents an ounce, before dehvery. In forwarding the model, never place money in the box therewith, as it is liable to be stolen. Remit the money by GOING TO WASHINGTON. 23 postal order, check, or draft, to order of Munh & Co. Send the model by express, prepaid, addressed MuNN & Co., 361 ' Broadway, New York. SCIENTIFIC BOOKS. Messrs. Munn & Co. have an extensive book depart- ment for the supply of all kinds of scientific, mechanical and other books. Orders promptly filled. Carpentry Made Easy, or the Science Art of Framing, with Instructions for Balloon Frames, Barn Frames, Mill Frames, Warehouses, Church Spires, etc. ; also Bridge Building, with Estimates and Tables. 44 plates and near 200 figures. By WiUiam E. Bell. 1888. Price $5. Trade Secrets and Recipes, — A Collection of Recipes, Pro- cesses and Formulae that have been offered for sale at prices varying from 25 cents to $500* With Notes and Additions. By John Phin. Cloth. Price 60 cents. Address MuNN & Co., 361 Broadway, New York. A catalogue of books sent free. GOINQ TO ^A^ASHINGTON. Some inventors suppose, very naturally, that if personally present in Washington, they can get their cases through more expeditiously, or command other important facilities. But this is not so. The journey to Washington is usually a mere waste of time and money ; but, notwithstanding, some persons prefer to go. A good agent must be employed after the inventor gets there. No one can possibly have facilities or influence superior to our own ; a very large portion of the entire business of the Patent Office passes through our hands ; and we have an office in Washington, charged with the especial duty of watching over and pressing forward the interests of our clients. The Patent Office does not prepare patent papers, or make models. These must be provided by the applicant or his attorney, according to law, otherwise his claim will not be considered. The law especially requires that all documents deposited in the Patent Office shall be correctly, legibly, and clearly written, arid that the drawings shall be of a specified size, and executed in an artistic manner. Persons who visit Washington in person can have all their patent business promptly attended to, by calling at MUNN & Co.'s Branch Scientific American Office, 622 F.st., l!''|l"tlMl|l|ll(H! V'V" ji|ijrii'liiiii lili REJECTED OR DEFECTIVE CASES. 25 Pacific Building, near Seventh street and the Patent Office. (See engraving opposite page.) REJECTED OR DEFECTIVE CASES. We (Munn & Co.) give prompt attention to the prosecu- tion of rejected or postponed cases, that have been prepared by the applicant or other agent. Terms very moderate. CAVEATS. J The filing of a Caveat is sometimes of great importance, as it may be quickly done, and affords immediate protection against the issue of a patent, without the knowledge of the Caveator, to any other person for the same invention. The object of a Caveat is to give the inventor time to test and perfect his discovery. Should a competitor apply for a patent for the same invention, the Caveator is officially noti- fied, and called upon to file in his application for a patent. The existence of a Caveat is one of the evidences of priority of invention. A Caveat runs for a year, and can be extended from year to year. Caveats can only be filed by citizens of the United States, and aliens who have resided here one year and have declared their intention to become citizens. All Caveats are secret. No one can see or obtain a copy of a Caveat without the order of the Caveator. A Caveator can use the stamp, " Caveat filed ; " and such stamp some- times assists in selling an article, or securing trade. But the filing of a Caveat does not secure any exclusive right of sale. The Patent secures that right. The filing of a Caveat has nothing to do with the grant of a patent. The Government makes no search as to novelty when a Caveat is filed. No portion of the money paid for a Caveat applies toward the patent. A Caveat consists of a Petition, Specification, Drawing, .and Affidavit of Invention. To be of any value, these pa- pers should be carefully drawn up, and the official rules scrupulously complied with. No model is required. Our facilities enable us to prepare Caveat papers with great dis- patch. When specially desired, we can have them ready to send to the applicant, for signature and affidavit, by return mail, or at an hour's notice. The whole expense to file a Caveat is generally $30, of which the official fee. is $10, and we generally charge $20 to prepare the papers and attend to the business. On filing the Caveat in Washington the Patent Office issues an Official Certificate thereof, which we forward to the applicant. To enable us to prepare Caveat papers, all that we need is a sketch, drawing, or photograph, 26 APPEALS. and description of the invention, with which remit fees as above. Model not required. APPEALS. When the examiner refuses to allow a patent, and finally rejects the case, we report the fact to our client, and inform him as to the probabilities of obtaining a reversal of the ex- aminer's decision by appeal. Three appeals are allowed, namely : to the Examiners-in- Chief, to the Commissioner of Patents, to the Supreme Court of the District. First Appeal. — The Government fee payable by the appli- cant, on making an appeal to the Examiners-in-Chief, is $io. Our charges for preparing and conducting this appeal are very moderate, and in part contingent upon success. Second Appeal. — From the decision of the Examiners-in- Chief an appeal may be taken to the Commissioner of Patents. Government fee, $20. Third Appeal. — From the decision of the Commissioner of Patents an appeal may be taken to the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia. REISSUE OF PATENTS. Whenever any mistake, defect, or insufficiency in the claims or specification of a patent are found to exist, a peti- tion for a reissue may be filed in the Patent Office, together with new drawings and corrected specifications. A new cor- rected patent will then be issued, and the old patent cancelled. Messrs. Munn & Co. have had forty years' experience in ob- taining reissues, and will be happy to give further informa- tion upon the subject, by letter, to all who wish to have their patents corrected. INFRINGEMENTS. The general rule of law is, that the first original patentee is entitled to a broad interpretation of his claims. The scope of any patent is therefore governed by the inventions of prior date. To determine whether the use of a patent is an infringe- ment of another generally requires a most careful examina- tion of all analogous prior patents and rejected appHcations. An opinion based upon such research requires for its prepara- tion much time and labor. The expense of these examina- tions, with written opinion, varies from $25; to $100 or more, according to the labor involved. Address Munn & Co., 361 Broadway, New York. Infringements occur much less frequently than most people suppose ; and in general, unless you have special reason to ASSIGNMENTS OF PATENTS. 27 believe that infringement exists, the best way is not to give yourself trouble about it until some one troubles you. In- fringement consists in the use, sale, or manufacture of some- thing already patented. It is not an infringement to take out a patent for an invention which is an improvement on a pre- vious patent. " It is not an infringement to own, to buy, or to sell any patent. It is not an infringement to sell rights un- der any patent, whether town, county, or State rights, or licenses. All good improvements are worth patenting, even if their use should be found to infringe a prior patent. Only a few, comparatively, of the large number of patents issued prove to infringe ; and the infringing device is sometimes worth more than the patent with which it conflicts. Patentees of conflict- ing inventions can usually make satisfactory arrangements with the owners of the prior patents ; it is obviously to the interest of prior patentees to have their patents used as ex- tensively as possible. The princely revenue of Howe, the in- ventor of the sewing-machine, was about $500,000 annually, derived chiefly from two infringing patentees, paying him a small royalty on each machine. The net profits divided among the owners of one of these infringing patents — the celebrated Wheeler 8c Wilson — are; reported to be more than $1,000,000 a year. The profits of the other, the Singer Manufacturing Co., are reported at from $2,000,000 to $3,000,000 a year. ASSIGNMENTS OF PATENTS. If you desire to have an assignment of a patent, or any share thereof, or a hcense, made out in the proper manner, and placed on record, remit five dollars, give full names of parties, residences, title of invention, date (jf patent. The above charge includes the recording fee. Inventions or shares thereof may be assigned either before or after the grant of a patent. All transfers or assign- ments of any share in a patent should be recorded at Wash- ington. If you desire fo know in whose,name the title to a patent is officially recorded at Washington ; or if you wish for an ab- stract of all the deeds of transfer connected with a patent, send us the name of the patentee, or date or number of pat- ent, and remit five dollars. We (MuNN & Co.) have branch offices in Washington, and have constant access to all the public records. We can therefore make for you any kind of search, or look up for you any sort of information in regard to patents, or inventions, or 28 PATENTS FOR ORNAMENTAL DESIGNS. applications for patents, either pending or rejected, that you may desire. PATENTS FOR ORNAMENTAL DESIGNS. The laws for the grant of patents for new designs are of the most liberal and comprehensive character, and their bene- fits may be enjoyed by all persons, without distinction as to nationality. Foreign designers and manufacturers who send goods to this country may secure patents hereupon their new patterns, and thus prevent other makers from selling similar goods in this market. A patent for a design may be granted to any person, whether citizen or alien, who, by his own industry, genius, efforts, and expense, has invented or produced any new and original design for a manufacture, bust, statue, alto-rehevo, or bass-relief; any new and original design for the printing; of woollen, silk, cotton, or other fabrics ; any new and origi- nal impression, ornament, pattern, print, or picture, to be printed, painted, cast, or otherwise placed on or worked into any article of manufacture ; or any new, useful, and original shape or configuration of any article of manufacture, the same not having been known or used by others before his invention or production thereof, or patented or described in any printed pubhcation, upon payment of the duty required by law, and other due proceedings had the same as in cases of inventions or discoveries. Patents for designs are granted for the term of three and one half years, or for the term of seven years, or for the term of fourteen years, as the said applicant may elect in his appli- cation. The patent expires at the end of the term for which it is first grant-ed. No extension. Design patents are granted for any new shape, form, or curve given to a tool, or the frame or special part of a ma- chine, and for any configuration that makes an article look better or more desirable to the eye of the purchaser. Thus the scope of the design patent law is very broad. The patentee of. a machine may, in addition to the protection of an ordinary patent, also obtain a design patent upon any new ornaments or ornamental forms used on his device. The personal presence of the applicant is not necessary in order to obtain a design patent, as the business can be done by correspondence. Those who reside at a distance should send us their names in full, middle name included, together with twelve photographs of the design not mounted. Also remit the fees as above, by draft, check, or postal order. We COPIES OF PATENTS. 29 will then prepare the petition, oath, and specification, and forward the same to applicant for signature. On their re- turn by him the papers are filed at the Patent Office, when an official examination is made, and if no conflicting design is found to exist, a patent is issued. The photographs only need to be large enough to represent clearly all the features of the design. The petition, oath, specification, assignments, and other proceedings in the case of appfications for letters-patent for a design are the same as for other patents. City residents, by caUing at our office, can have all the business promptly attended to. The expenses for design patents are as follows : Patent for three and a half years, whole expense, $30. Patent for seven years, whole expense, $35. Patent for fourteen years, whole expense, $50. The above includes Government fees and agents' charges.* Address Munn & Co., 361 Broadway, N. Y. COPIES OF PATENTS. A PRINTED copy of the full specification, with the draw- ings, of any patent granted since January i, 1866, is furnished by Munn & Co. for 25 cents. A printed copy of the drawing only of any patent granted prior to January i, 1866, is furnished by MuNN & Co. for 25 cents. The specifications of patents dated prior to 1866 have not yet been printed ; but Munn & Co. will supply written copies thereof at reasonable cost. A printed copy of the drawing, with a copy of the claim of any patent of date prior to January i, 1866, is furnished by Munn & Co. for one dollar. In order to save the costs of searching, parties who order copies of patents as above should give the date of the patent and the patentee's name. Send the money with the order, and address MuNN & Co., Scientific American Office, 361 Broadway, New York. J^p" If the patentee's name aRd date of the patent are un- known, we will, if desired, carefully search for the patent described in the order. For the time occupied in this search we make a reasonable charge. ♦ The Government fee is $10 for three and a half years, $15 for seven years, and $30 for fourteen years. Our (Munn & Co.'s) charges are $20. When it is inconvenient for applicants to furnish their own drawings or photographs, we can supply them at a reasonable cost. 30 TRADE-MARKS. TRADE-MAZKS. The patent law provides that any person, firm, or corpo- ration may secure an exclusive right to use a trade-mark, by complying with the official regulations of the Patent Office. The whole expense is forty-five dollars. Trade-marks already in use, no matter for how long a time, may be registered ; provided the mark is used in com- merce with any foreign country or with an Indian tribe. A trade-mark consists of a distinctive or special name or title for an article, or a device, design, or stamp, or combina- tion thereof, applied to merchandise or the envelopes or packages thereof. But the mere business name of a person or firm is not registerable as a trade-rnark. The official rules must be carefully observed, A petition is to be signed by the applicant, together with a written de- scription of the trade-mark, statement, and declaration as to use, affidavit thereto ; a copy of the trade-mark is to be fur- nished, drawn or mounted on drawing-paper, with twelve copies not mounted. Trade-marks remain in force for thirty years, and may be renewed for thirty years more. It is unlawful for any person to use any registered trade-mark, or to make such a resem- blance thereof as is calculated to deceive. But a trade-mark registered for use upon one particular class of merchandise — hardware goods, for example — will not prevent registration of a similar mark, by another person, for use upon an entirely different class of merchandise — crockery goods, for example. Those who desire to secure protection for trade-marks are requested to communicate with Munn & Co., No. 361 Broadway, New York, who make it a part of their business to prepare the papers and attend to the application before the Patent Office. All the business is speedily done. Registration is gener- ally granted within ten days after the papers are filed. City residents should call at our office. Those who live at a dis- tance should giye us, in a letter, the following information : 1. The names of the parties who own the trade-mark, their residence and place of business. 2. State the class of merchandise and the particular de- scription of good? in connection with which the trade-mark is to be used. 3. Describe the particular mode in which the trade-mark has been and is intended to be applied and used. For ex ample, for a trade-mark for sheetings the statement would be, "The trade-mark is to be printed in blue ink upon the TRADE-MARKS. 31 outside of each piece of sheeting." Or, " The trade-mark is to be printed in black, or red, white, and blue, upon the ex- terior of a paper wrapper, which is to cover or extend around each package of the goods." In the use of a trade-mark the owner is not confined to such particular colors or precise method of use ; but in the application he must set forth, as above, one or more of the intended methods. 4. State how long the trade-mark has been in use, and name I or more foreign countries with which it is used in commerce. 5. Send us twelve copies of the trade-mark. Also remit at the same time $45 in full for the expenses, of which $25 are for Government fees and $20 Munn & Co.'s charge. We will then prepare the necessary petition, declaration, and affidavit for signature by the applicant, and, shortly after filing the papers in the Patent Office, the official certificate will be forwarded to him. The right to the use of any trade-mark is assignable by an instrument of writing, and such assignment, to insure its validity, should be recorded in the Patent Office within sixty days after its execution. For assignments, searches of trade-marks, etc., address Munn & Co., 361 Broadway, New York. Decisions.— The word " star," if registered as a trade- mark, is infringed by the use" of the figure of a star, and vice versa. As a rule, a geographical name can not be registered as a trade-mark, but may become so when not descriptive. For example, the words "German Syrup" held to be a lawful trade-mark. Trade-marks such as the following may be registered : For tobacco plugs, " Andrew Jackson ;" for mihtary goods, "Smith & Co.," combined with the figure of two crossed swords ; for cigars and tobacco, the letters " B. C," no mat- ter how arranged ; for a medical compound, the words " Great American ;" for the same, "Bennington's," with a portrait of Dr. Bennington ; for shirtings, the figure of a peacock; for dry-goods, the Words "There's milhons in it;" for pickles, the words "Thunder and Lightning;" for edge-tools, the word "Washoe;" for pianoforte, the word " Weber;" for soap or cosmetic, the word " Hypatia." On smooth ice t>n Hudson River, velocity of wind twenty miles per hour, the best ice-boats sail sixty miles per hour, or three times faster than their wind. 32 COPYRIGHTS FOR LABELS. COPYRIGHTS FOR LABELS. The copyright law (see p. 99) contains a provision for the registration of copyrights on labels; but in a decision made by the Supreme Court of the United States, May 11, 1891 (O. G. 55), it was held that the copyright law has refer- ence only to such writings and discoveries as are the re&ult of intellectual labor. It does not have reference to labels which simply designate or describe the articles to which they are attached. To be entitled to a copyright, the arti- cle must have by itself some value as a composition, at least to the extent of serving some purpose other than as a mere advertisement or designation of the subject to which it is attached. This decision greatly limits the issue of label copyrights. The cost for label registration is $20, of which sum $6 is the Government fee and $14 the agency fee. Address Munh & Co., 361 Broadway, New York. "EXPERIMENTAL SCIENCE." The question is frequently asked, "How can I best make myself acquainted with such subjects as Electricity, Sound, Heat, Light, Photography, Microscopy, the general princi- ples of Hydraulics, Pneumatics, Mechanics, Natural Philo- sophy, etc. ? " In reply, we say, judging from the practical experience of others, there is no better method and no bet- ter instructor than the noble volume entitled '' Experi- mental Science," by Geo. M. Hopkins. This is a book of 740 pages, illustrated with 680 fine engravings. Price $4. It treats of the various topics of physics in a popular and practical way. It describes the apparatus in detail, gives dimensions, and explains the experiments in full, so that any intelligent person may readily make the apparatus, and obtain a positive experimental knowledge of each subject. The great Faraday insisted that actual experiment was the best way to acquire definite information. The aim of the writer has been to render experimentation simple and attractive. This book is a magazine of simple and instructive experi- ments, adapted to fix the knowledge in the mind of the read- er. The amateur electrician willliere find simple instructions in the measurement of resistance, and of electro-motive force and current strength ; the best arrangement of bat- teries ; the construction of dynamos and motors. He will also, find the principle of the dynamo, the telephone, and other electrical machines and apparatus fully explained. As a gift nothing could be more appropriate or accept- able than a copy of this book. The illustrations cost over ten thousand dollars. The printing Is done on heavy paper in the best style of the art. It is the most thoroughly illus- trated work ever published on experimental physics. Published by Munn & Co., at the office of the Scientific American, 361 Broadway, New York. COPYRIGHTS FOR BOOKS, PAMPHLETS, ETC. 33 COPYRIGHTS FOR BOOKS, PAMPHLETS, CHARTS, PICTURES, AND ART WORKS. Any citizen or resident of the United States may obtain a copyrigtit who is the author, inventor, designer, or pro- prietor of any book, map, chart, dramatical or musical composition, engraving-, cut, print, or photograph or nega- tive thereof, or of a painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary, and of models and designs, intended to be per- fected as works of the fine arts. A copyright is not valid unless the title or description is recorded in the Library of Congress before the publication of the work. Those who desire to obtain copyrights are requested to communicate with Munn & Co., No. 361 Broadway, New York, and send us the title of the book, print, photograph, or article. We will then cause the title to be printed, and recorded at Washington, as by law required. The official certificate of copyright will then be immediately sent to our client. Our charge to attend to the business of obtaining a copyright is $5, which please remit with the title. Copy- rights are filed in advance of the issue of the work ; there- fore we only need to receive from the applicant the intended title of his production, not the work itself. If a copyright is desired for a painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary, or model or design for a work of art, send us the intended title and also a brief description thereof and $5. Copyrights are granted for the term of twenty-eight years, and may be renewed for fourteen additional years, if the renewal is filed within six months before the expiration of the first term. Copyrights may be assigned ; the assignment must be re- corded by the Librarian of Congi ess. Foreigners who are not residents of the United States can obtain copyrights. For conditions, see terms of the law on page 93. Labels for goods, bottles, etc., may be copyrighted. Cost, $20. See page 32. But machines and inventions cannot be copyrighted. Address Munn & Co., No. 361 Broadway, New York, for further information. The intensity of illumination on a given surface is in- versely as the square of its distance from the source of light. If the page of a book held twelve inches from a can- dle be moved six inches nearer, the light on the page is made four times stronger. The average velocity of light is 185,000 miles per second. The light from the sun occupies 834 minutes in traveling to the earth, the distance being nine- two millions of miles. The light of the fixed star "Sirius," supposed to be the nearest of the stars, is 334 years in reaching the earth, the distance being over twenty miiiions of millions of miles. 34 MECHANICAL DRAWING. MECHANICAL DRAWING. By Prof. C. W. MacCord, of the Stevens Institute of Technology. Specially prepared for the Scientific American Supplement. A series of new, original and practical lessons in mechanical drawing, accompanied iDy carefully prepared examples for practice, with directions, all of simple and plain character, intended to enable any per- son, young or old, skilled or unskilled, to acquire the art of drawing. No expensive instruments are involved. Any person with slate or pencil may rapidly learn. The series embodies the most abundant illustrations for all descrip- tions of drawing, and forms the most valuable treatise upon the subject ever published, as well as the cheapest. The series' is illustrated by upward of 450 special engravings, and forms a large quarto book of over 100 pages. Price, stitched in paper, $2.50. Bound in handsome stiff covers, $3.50. Sent by mail to any address on receipt of price. MUNN & Co., publishers, N. Y. For the cpnvenience of those who do not wish to purchase the entire series at once, we would state that these valuable lessons in mechanical drawing may also be had in the separate numbers of Supplement, at ten cents each. By ordering one or more of the following numbers at a time, the learner in drawing may supply himself with fresh in- structions as fast as his practice requires. These lessons are published successively in Supplements Nos. 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 61, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 65, 69, 74, 78, 84, 91, 94, 100, 101, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 134, 141, 174, 176, 178. MuNN & Co., Publishers, New York. ^^ A catalogue of valuable scientific papers contained in Supplement sent free to any address. Aids to Drawing. — Simple and plain directions how to make the Pantograph for copying drawings, also how to make the Camera Lucida for copying, also the Camera Obscura, the Reflecting Drawing Board, the Transparent Drawing Table, and other instruments, contained in Supplement 158, price ten cents. MuNN & Co., No. 361 Broadway. RIGHTS OF EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES. 35 RIGHTS OF EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES. The Supreme Court of the United States, in the case of the Union Paper Collar Company {Official Gazette, 1875), decides substantially as follows in respect to the rights of employers and employes, touching the proprietorship of new inventions : Where a person has discovered a new and useful principle in a machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, he may employ other persons to assist in carrying out that prin- ciple ; and if they, in the course of experiments arising from that employment, make discoveries auxiliary to the plan and preconceived design of the employer, such suggested im- provements are, in general, to be regarded as the property of the party who discovered the original principle, and they may be embodied in his patent as part of his invention. Doubt upon that subject can not be entertained. But persons employed as much as employers are entitled to their own independent inventions : and if the suggestions communicated by the persons employed constitute the whole substance of the improvement, the rule is otherwise, and the patent, if granted to the employer, is invalid, because the real invention or discovery belongs to the person who made the suggestions. The doctrine held by the Patent Office is that an inventor who is an employer has the right to avail himself of the mechanical skill of those whom he employs to put his inven- tion into practical form. If the inventor-employer gives general directions to his workmen to produce a certain machine, the combination or parts, or arrangement pro- duced, belongs exclusively to the inventor-employer, and the workman has no patentable right therein. But when a workman himself suggests and invents an im- provement, without previous direction from his employer, the invention belongs to the workman ; he can patent it, and the employer has no claim thereon, although the device may have been made in the shop of the employer, with his tools, and during time belonging to him. Be neither lavish nor niggardly; of the two, avoid the latter. A mean man is universally despised, but public favor is a stepping-stone to preferment; therefore, generous feel- ings should be cultivated. The speed of an electric spark, travelling over a copper wire, has been ascertained by Wheatstone to be two hundred and eighty-eight thousand miles in a. second. I 36 ||j!|||i"lli'"|«'!i W^l "■^ (££-1 ^^4 G^^- THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN OFFICES. 37 THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN OFFICES. In the marvellous industrial progress of the United States during the last half century, nearly, the Scientific Ameri- can has assisted and shared. In common with all good enterprises it has grown with the growth of the country. Many of the great industries of the present day, numbers of im- portant manufacturing towns and districts, had no existence when our first office was opened. 1 he date of the first num- ber of the Scientific American is August 28, 1845. A back room, about twelve feet square, on an upper story in a building on Fulton St., New York, then sufficed for all our wants. The chief offices of the Scientific American are now located in the splendid fire- proof building number 361 Broad- way, corner of Frankhn St. — named for the great philoso- pher and inventor. The engraving on the opposite page shows the exterior of the edifice ; an interior view is given on page 38. Our building has a frontage of 58 feet on Broadway and 160 feet on Franklin St. Its location is very central and convenient — only a few steps from the Post Office, the City Hall Park, the Brooklyn Bridge, and all the con- verging lints of street cars. Our building is of iron, with brick arched floors, constructed in the most substantial manner, heated by steam, supplied with elevators, and the best^^conveniences for the rapid transaction of business. The visitor enters a handsome elevator car at the entrance door on Broadway, and in a twinkling is landed directly within our office. Our main office occupies an entire floor of the building, and is a grand apartment, flooded with light. Here are the subscription and advertising departments of the Scientific American, and here is prosecuted the principal part iof our labors in connection with the preparation of patent drawings and specifications pertaining to the Scien- tific American Patent Agency. In addition to the transaction of an immense amount of patent business, which comes to uS by mail and express, large numbers of authors and inventors prefer to come in person to our offices to explain the merits of their improvements. In carrying on our extensive patent business, we aim to conduct it in the most expeditious and systematic manner. We are assisted by the most experienced examiners and specification writers. The finest mechanical draughtsmen in the country prepare our drawings. On the next floor above our main office is our model- THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN OFFICES. 39 room. All models are ticketed with the names of their own- ers, and here carefully stored ; no one, except our confidential assistants in charge, being permitted to enter. All corre- spondence relating to patents is carefully preserved for a given time in large fire-proof safes of extra thickness. All drawings of pending patent cases are likewise preserved in similar safes, specially made for us for this purpose. The utmost care is taken to guard the privacy and preserve the safety of the many thousands of incho- ate inventions committed to our care; and we may here mention with satisfac- tion the fact that during our long professional ca- reer of over thirty years, not one of our clients has ever found his confidence in us misplaced. The remaining divisions of our main establishment in New York are the type- room and the editorial- rooms where the interest- ing matter that fills the pages of The Scientific American is prepared. The printing of The Scientific American is done in a neighboring building, where several large steam presses are kept in constant motion, day and night, during the greater part of each week, to work off our large edition. After leav- ing the press the sheets pass through a folding-machine, are by machinery then trimmed, and then enveloped for the mail. The addresses of our subscribers are printed on slips of paper, and, during the mailing operation, cut and attached by means of a curious little instrument to the separate copies. The regular combined edition of The Scien- tific American and Scientific American Supple- ment at present is very large. All back numbers of the Supplement are kept on hand, lo cents each. Yearly subscription, $5 a year. Regular subscribers receive the pa- per free of postage, which is paid by us. The terms of sub- THE MODEL ROOM. 40 OUR BRANCH OFFICE IN WASHINGTON. scription to The Scientific American are $3.00 a year. It is sold by single numbers by all news dealers, 10 cents per number. Specimen copies can also be had by sending 10 cents to MUNN & Co., 361 Broadway, New York. OUR BRANCH OFFICE IN WASHINGTON. We have a large office in Washington, located at 622 F. street. Pacific Building, very near Seventh street and the Patent Office,' The first building on the right is the United States Patent Office ; the next on the same side is the General Post Office ; on the left stands The Scientific American office. Our location is especially convenient for the transaction of busi- ness. We employ at Washington a corps of trained assist- ants, part of whom make it their exclusive duty to watch and assist the progress of our cases before the Patent Office. For these services we make no extra charges. Another division of our helpers in Washington devote themselves to the preliminary examination of inventions — a matter that is explained more fully on page 17. It is to the systematic method and abundant supply of trained helpers, personally supervised by the proprietors, that the long-continued prosperity and remarkable success of The Scientific American Patent Agency are due. NO TAXES ON PATENTS. The patent and all its rights are under the owner's control ; and after a patent is issued it is not subject to additional pay- ments or to taxes of any kind, whether national, State, or local. WILL IT PAY ? On page 16 readers are informed that we are always happy to give them our opinion as to the novelty of their inventions, without charge. But some persons, when they send for such information, add many other inquiries, difficult to answer, and not included in our gratuitous invitation ; as for exam- ple : "What. is it worth? Who will buy? Will it pay? Does it infringe ? Does it conflict with B's patent? If you will guarantee it does not infringe, I will apply for a patent," etc. The following hints may prove useful as a sort of general answer. "What is it worth ? Who will buy ?" As a general rme, an invention is worth little or nothing until the patent is ob- tained ; and until then no one is likely to buy. Therefore the first thing to be considered, the first step to be taken, is to obtain the patent. SOUND. 41 "Will it pay?" As a general rule, every patentable im- provement will more than repay the small cost of taking out the patent. The sale of a single machine, or of a single right of use, will often bring back more than the whole outlay for the patent. The extent of profit frequently depends upon the business capacity of the inventor or his agent. One man by his activity will make a fortune from an unpromising improve- ment, while another, possessing a brilliant invention, will realize httle or nothing, owing to incompetence. SOUND Is the effect produced upon the ear when air is set in motion within certain limits of rapidity. Audible sound begins when about thirty-two vibrations per second are made, and ceases when about 40,000 vibrations per second are reached. In an organ, the deepest note has thirty-two vibrations per second, the highest, 3480. The compass of the human voice is, on an average, about two octaves. Deep F of a bass singer has 87 vibrations per second ; upper G of treble, 775. The number of vibrations corresponding with the middle C of a musical instrument is 522 per second. An octave below, half the number ; an octave above, twice the number. Sound travels at the rate of iioo feet per second in a still atmosphere. The distance in feet between an observer and the point where a stroke of lightning falls, may be known by multiplying iioo by the number of seconds that elapse after the flash is seen until the sound is heard. Melted snow produces from 3^ to 3^ of its bulk in water. Ocean waves rise from 20 to 22 feet in extreme height, at which altitude there are 3 in a mile and 4 per minute. The highest heat of a common wood fire is estimated at 1140° F. Nearly all solids become luminous at 800 degrees of heat F. The force of expansion of solids by heat is enormous. Thus iron, if heated from 32° F. to 212°, expands .0012 of its length, to produce which change. of length by mechanical means would require a force of 15 tons. The best engines and boilers develop a horse-power per hour by the consumption of two pounds of coal. But this is better than the average ; and three pounds of coal per horse-power, per hour, is a more common result. H( THE PATENT OFFICE AT WASHINGTON. 43 THE PATENT OFFICE AT WASHINGTON. The situation of the Scientific American Patent Agency in Washington, on F Street, near Seventh Street, is so remarkably convenient that we are enabled to transact a large amount of patent business very quickly. As all models, drawings, specifications, trade-marks, records of assignments, etc., are deposited in the Patent OflBce, we have access thereto, on behalf of our clients, by simply stepping across the street. Next to the Patent Office, on the right, directly opposite The Scientific American, is the General Post Office. Here the Postmaster-General sits, and the postal service of the country is regulated. The Post Office building is 304 feet long and 204 feet wide, Corinthian style, of white marble. We present two engravings illustrative of the Patent Office. The engraving on page 34 shows a full exterior view of the Patent Office, which is one of the finest edifices in Washington. It is of the Doric order of architecture, 433 feet long, 331 feet wide, 75 feet high. The collection of models of inventions here gathered is very remarkable, the aggregate number being over two hundred thousand. Nearly twenty thousand new models are sent to the Patent Office each year. On page 43 we give an interior view of one of the great model-rooms of the Patent Office, nearly 400 feet long, paved with marble. The models, it will be observed, are deposited in glass cabinets upon the main floor and gal- leries. The model-rooms are open to the public from 9 A. M. to 3 P. M. No printed statement or recommendation that we could present will convey to the mind of the visitor so adequate and truthful an impression of the magnitude and wonder- ful success of our (Munn & Co.'s) labors in procuring patents for inventors as a walk through the Patent Office. The visitor beholds tier upon tier of models, rising on both sides from floor to ceiling, occupying a main portion of the entire building, and finds, on examining the records, that every cabinet, every class of invention, is crowded with models sent from The Scientific American Patent Agency, and that a very large portion of all the patents granted are to our (Munn & Co.'s) clients. The number of persons generally employed at the Patent Office is between four and five hundred. The principal officers are the Commissioner of Patents, who is the execu- tive, the Assistant Commissioner, and seventy examiners. Their aggregate salaries amount to about one hundred and fifty thousand dollars a year. One hundred and thirty thou- sand dollars a year, nearly, are paid into the Patent Office by The Scientific American Patent Agency alone. fifi ^h THE LARGEST AND BEST. ^'iNowand then professional rivals, jealous or unreasona- ble persons, will be found who rail about Munn & Co., usually because we transact so much business and make small charges. These carpers falsely allege that they can do the business better, and afford more time. Everybody knows, however, that the best service and the most reasonable rates are generally furnished by large, well- conducted establishments, and the patent-agency business is no exception. We have a staff of trained assistants and draughtsmen ; we give to every case careful study, experi- enced care, and abundance of time; we have helpers at Wash- ington who make it their special duty to watch over and assist the progress of our cases before the Patent Office, give explanations, and see that the best claims are allowed. No extra charges are made for these services. Our efforts are usually successful and give general satisfaction. For many years we have secured more patents for inventors and done more patent business than the combined business of the majority of the four hundred patent agents in this country. A very large proportion of all the most valuable and successful patents now existing were obtained through The Scienti- fic American Patent Agency. _j,:; FOREIGN PATENTS. ' The American patent law contains a special provision for the benefit of the inventor in respect to foreign patents, namely : It provides that after a home patent is allowed, the invention may remain in the secret archives of the Govern- ment for a period not exceeding six months, if the applicant so desires, thus enabling him to arrange for patents in foreign countries in advance of all other persons. If the inventor is unable to meet the expenses of the for- eign patents, he should find a rehable assistant or partner who will pay the costs and share the profits. Partnerships of this kind have in many cases proved highly profitable to all concerned. Arrangements with one partner for England, another for France, and so on, are suggested. It is of the utmost importance to the interests of the appli- cant in takipg out foreign patents that he should employ home agents for their procurement, who are well known for responsibility, experience, and integrity. He is thus en- GREAT BRITAIN. 45 abled to obtain better service and a better patent, together with prompt information as to the condition of his patent and the steps necessary for its preservation. CANADA. The expense to apply for a Canadian patent is forty dollars ($40), which includes Government tax, agency, and all charges for five years, after which two additional terms of five years each may be obtained on payment of twenty-five dollars each — in all fifteen years. The patent may be applied for at the outset for fifteen years, at a cost of eighty dollars ($80). In- ventions that have been already patented in the United States for not more than one year may be secured in Canada by the inventor, who must sign the papers. If patented for more than one year in the United States, the Canadian patent is refused. In order to apply for a patent in Canada, please send to us (MUNN & Co.) a description and drawing of the invention, and remit $40. If already patented in the United States, a copy of the patent should be supplied. We will then immediately prepare the documents and forward them to the appHcant for his signature. His personal presence is unnecessary. All the business can be promptly done by correspondence. The time required to secure the patent is from four to six weeks; the patent is granted without a model, but before the document is actually delivered a small model must be furnished. During the first year of a Canadian patent the holder may import the patented article ready made. Within two years from the date of the patent he must begin the manufacture in Canada, or arrange for some place where persons wishing the invention can order the same. The Canadian patent covers Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and both the Canadas. GREAT BRITAIN. The British patent extends over England, Wales, Scot- land, Ireland, and the Channel Islands, but not the Colo- nies ; the latter make their own patent laws. Under the new law, the expense for an English patent is fifty dollars ($50), which includes Government taxes, agency, and all charges for the first period or provisional patent, good for nine months. A second instalment of $50 is pay- able m New York eight months after the date of the provi- sional patent. The patent is then completed and the great seal attached. It is generally better to take the complete 46 FRANCE AND BELGIUM. patent at first, which costs $ioo, and takes the place of the two payments just mentioned. No further taxes are payable until the end of the fourth year, when $50 are due ; after that, annual payments, slightly increasing, are required each year. The patent is granted for fourteen years, but ceases if any tax is not duly paid. The patentee in Great Britain possesses the same full and exclusive rights as in the United States, and the patent may be assigned in the usual manner. Great Britain has a population oi forty millions, and is one of the principal financial, commercial, and manufacturing centres of the world. The importance to our citizens of se- curing English patents for their new inventions can not be overrated. FRANCE AND BELGIUM. The cost to apply for a French patent is one hundred dol- lars ($ico), which covers agency fee, tax, and all expenses for the first year. No official examination is made ; no mo- del. The term of the patent is fifteen years, subject to annual tax of $20. The patent ceases when any due tax is unpaid. Belgium is the manufacturing centre for a large portion of the Continent, and Belgian patents rank among the most desirable of those that are taken out by American citizens. The expense to apply for a Belgian patent is one hundred dollars ($100). The law and proceedings are substantially the same as in France. A small tax is payable annually. The longest term of the patent is twenty years. GERMANY AND OTHER COUNTRIES. In the following countries the cost of applying for the pa- tent varies with the period of the grant, which may generally be from five to fifteen years, at the option of the applicant. The costs to apply for a patent for the shortest term are : in Germany, $100; Austria, $100; Norway, $100; Sweden, $100; Denmark, $100; Spain, $100; Italy, $150; Russia, $300; Portugal, $400; Brazil, $000. No patents granted in Sw'itzerland and the Netherlands. Patents are also granted in the British Colonies and the several South American States. N.B. — We would remind all who desire to take Foreign Patents, that (i) we have the best facilities for work ; (2) we have had over thirty-seven years' experience ; {3) the Foreign Patent, when issued, is noticed without charge in the SciEN- HINTS ON THE SALE OF PATENTS. 47 TiFic American, which has a large circulation in Europe. This publication is often copied into other papers, and in- variably assists the introduction and sale of the patent. We furnish, ^^^, a pamphlet containing additional particu- lars, and shall be happy to give any other information that may be desired. Address MuNN & Co., Solicitors of Ameri- can and Foreign Patents, 361 Broadway, New York. HINTS ON THE SALE OF PATENTS. The original study and planning of a new thing is usually a labor of love on the part of the author. The work is suit- able for the leisure hour, the winter's evening, the quietude of home. The plan being finished, then conies the business of introduction and sale. The first step in the material prog- ress of the invention is its development into the form of a pudlic record on which the patent issues. This business re- quires experienced skill for its proper transaction, and the inventor will generally promote his own interests by employ- ing trustworthy solicitors. Not so, however, in respect to the second step, namely, the making of money out of the pat- ent. This is a commercial proceeding, involving the ordi- nary details of industry, prudence, and care. The patentee himself is generally the best manager in this department. The first thing to be done after receiving a patent is to make known the merits of the invention as widely as possible. This is like ploughing and seeding the ground. If well done, the crop will grow, even while the husbandman sleeps. One of the quickest and most effective methods of bringing the merits of an invention before the public, is to have it no- ticed and engraved in The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. This paper, published weekly, is seen by probably not less than three hundred thousand readers, who comprise all of the most inteUigent persons of scientific and mechanical acquirements in the country. The fact of pubhcation in The Scientific American is a passport to their attention and favor. "Yes, that is a good invention. I have seen it illustrated in The Scientific American, and uijderstand its construction. I advise you to purchase the right." We suppose that more patents are sold upon such advice than by all other agencies and means put together. The splendid engravings which adorn our paper are pre- pared by the most talented artists. We are always glad to illustrate new and useful inventions in The Scientific American, and, owing to the interest which our readers take in such novelties, we make the expense to the patentee as low 48 HINTS ON THE SALE OF PATENTS. as possible — generally but very little above the actual cost to us. If any one will take the trouble to count the probable cost to him of printing and circulating, by mail, a mass of cir- culars containing an engraving and description of his inven- tion, and then compare that cost with the insignificant figure he would have to pay us to get up the same cut and descrip- tion, and print and circulate fifty thousand copies thereof 'in The Scientific American, he will appreciate the marvel- lous economy offered by our journal. The circular plan would cost the patentee more for the white paper alone, than we (Munn «& Co.) should charge for the entire job. After being electrotyped and published, the original blocks are sent to the owner, who can then use them for other papers, circu- lars, letter-heads, bill-heads, etc. Let us here remind the inventor that the value of property in patents is now far greater than in former years, when the population was sparse, and the demand for new manufactures small. Therefore do not part with your patent unless you can realize from it adequately. Any foolish person can give or throw away his property ; and we are sorry to say that thou- sands of valuable patent privileges are wasted by their own- ers for lack of a little patience. ^' In general, the best way to begin is to manufacture the arti- cle, and also to grant licenses under the patent ; unless hand- somely paid, avoid the sale of any undivided interest in the proprietorship of the patent, such as a sixteenth, an eighth, or a quarter of the patent. By even one such sale, no matter how small, the patentee loses the control of his patent ; under the license plan he does not. It must not be supposed, because a patent is granted, that the world will run after an unknown man to buy from him an unknown patent. In order to sell licenses or rights under a patent, judicious effort is required on the part of the inventor. Indeed, his final success will depend, to a considerable ex- tent, upon his business tact and energy. He should make himself thoroughly conversant with the merits of his inven- tion, and should prepare specimens or model machines there- of, made in the most perfect manner, so as readily to exhibit the operations of the improvement to others. A very profitable method of realizing from a patent is to grant town or county licenses, employing good and reliable special agents to travel about and sell them. Such agents expect to make money by the operation, and generally need to have a liberal allowance of the proceeds devoted to their remuneration. In the example of a bee-hive patent, the patentee might issue to the agent, duly signed, a number of county licenses, not good, however, until countersigned by the HINTS ON THE SALE OF PATENTS. 49 agent. Suppose the price for a county is fixed at ten dollars per thousand inhabitants. The agent deposits with the patentee twenty-five dollars or other agreed sum on each license, to be returned if he fails to sell. He, however, sells a county containing 20,000 population for $200, retains by agreement half the proceeds, or $100, and returns $100 to the patentee. The foregoing will be suggestive of many other methods of disposing of patents by special agents, which is usually the most lucrative method of procedure. In some cases an excellent methi>d is to commence the manufacture of the article in a suitable locality, and when it is so far under way as to exhibit progress andmerit, then to sell out the business with license under the patent. This method is often very remunerative. The patentee may subdivide his patent into as many differ- ent classes of rights as he chooses, and sell each class by separate agents or otherwise, as he prefers. Thus, the patentee of a sewing-machine may license one party to sew straw goods, another party to sew cotton goods, another silk, another woollen, etc. The patentee may; if he desires, require purchasers of his machines to pay him a regular annual rental for the use of the machine, or a tariff upon the goods produced, in addi- tion to the original price of the machine. Thus in the case of the wood-planing machine the patentees required, say, $5000 to be paid in cash, for which they allowed the licensee to build one machine ; and thereafter, for every foot of lum- ber planed by the machine, the patentee received an addi- tional payment or royalty. In many of the States general laws exist for the incorpora- tion of manufacturing companies for the development of improved articles. The usual method, where a patent is to form the basis of such a company, is for several persons — three or more — to unite under some agreed title, appoint trustees, president, treasurer, secretary, fixing capital stock at any desired sum, say fifty thousand dollars. The incor- porators contribute in money say twenty-five thousand dol- lars, and take half of the stock ; and they issue twenty- five thousand dollars in fufly- paid-up stock to the paten- tee, who assigns to the company the agreed right or license under the patent. These companies, if properly managed, are often highly profitable. The patentee should see to it that the required amount of cash capital is actually paid up into the treasury before delivering his assignment, thus insuring the effective working of the invention. Several distinct companies may be organized in this manner, in dif- ferent places, on the basis of one good patent. so PROFESSIONAL PATENT-SELLERS. The license and royalty plan is often a m©st profitable method of employing patents. This, in effect, involves a sort of contract between a patentee and a partner or manu- facturer, by which the latter, in consideration of license to make the thing, agrees to pay to the patentee a specified sum upon each article made or sold. The patentee of the chimney-spring, now so commonly used to fasten glass chimneys upon lamps, was accustomed to grant licenses to manufacturers on receiving a royalty of a few cents per dozen. His income was at one time reported to be fifty thousand dollars a year from this source. Howe, the inven- tor of the sewing-machine, received a royalty of from five to ten dollars on each machine, and his annual income was estimated at five hundred thousand dollars. Goodyear, the inventor of vulcanized rubber, divided his patent up into many different rights, licensing one company for manufac- turing rubber corhbs, another for hose-pipes, another for shoes, another for clothing, another for wringers, etc. Each company or partner paid a tariff. Lyall, inventor of the continuous loom, has in like manner divided his patent into many different rights : one company weaves carpets, another corsets, another bags, another sheetings, and so on. He enjoys an enormous income from his invention. We might give many similar examples. Licenses, shop rights, rights of use, if not exclusive, need not be recorded at Washington. But a grant of an exclusive territorial right, or of an undivided interest in a patent, should be recorded. The business may be quickly done through Messrs. Munn & Co. See page 27. PROFESSIONALr PATENT-SELLERS. No sooner does any person's name appear in print as the patentee of a new invention, than he receives, by mail, a shower of letters and circulars, from individuals who set forth that they have remarkable facilities for the seUing of patents. The patentee is invited, if he wants to realize immediately, say one thousand, two thousand, or ten thousand dollars, to signify his desire to that effect, and send forward to the agent a small advance fee. Thus, instead of helping the patentee to obtain.money, they begin by drawing money from him ; upon this they live and flourish. We are often asked if these peo- ple, who so pressingly and plausibly claim to be able to sell patents, are reliable, and whether they ever effect sales. We regret to be obliged to say that we seldom or never hear of their making any sales. There are twenty thousand new applicants for patents every year, from whom these pretend- ing sellers obtain money. They busy themselves in writing HOLD THE FORT. 51 letters to inventors and in working them up to the remitting point, but have no time left for the drudgery of patent-seUing even if they had any ability in that direction. There is no trickery too low for some of these sellers : one concern, for example, has gone so far as to imitate and adopt our long- established firm name of Munn & Co. But we do not sell patents, por have we connection with any concern that pre- tends so to do. The truth is, that the profit upon the sales of a single good patent is equivalent to a fortune, and the busi- ness it furnishes is enough to fully engage the attention of many persons. Our advice to patentees is : Take hold yourselves of the business of seUing. If you want assistance, search for suitable agents among your friends, and mterest them specially in your invention. HOLD THE FORT. If you have made an invention for which you desire to se- cure a patent, but lack the necessary funds, do not for that reason be so foohsh as to give or to throw away the discovery ; do not part with any considerable portion for a pittance ; do not, as is so commonly the case, promise or convey a half or any undivided portion of the improvement. If you are pinched for money you can generally, by patience and perse- verance, obtain the use of the small sum required, by explain- ing the merits of the invention to intelligent, reliable persons in your vicinity. To the party who is disposed to make the desired loan, the grant of a privilege for a town or county will generally be a satisfactory recompense, especially if he believes that it will really assist you in the further develop- ment of your invention. The following conveyance will, in general, be ample in such cases : " Whereas I, Richard Roe, of Wyoming, County of Mo- hawk, State of New York, have invented a new and useful improvement in musical instruments, for which I am about to apply for letters-patent ; and whereas John Doe, of Wyo- ming, New York, hath advanced to me the sum of one hun- dred dollars towards the expenses of said patent : " Now this indenture witnesseth, that for and in considera- tion of said payment to me made, I do hereby grant and con- vey to the said John Doe, his heirs or assigns, a license to make, use, and sell the invention, within the hmits of the Coun- ty of Mohawk, State of New York, for and during the full end of the term for which said letters-patent are or may be granted. Witness my hand and seal, this first day of January, A.D. 1892. " In presence of Richard RoE. '•W. LOE." 52 STATE LAWS CONCERNING PATENT-RIGHTS. STATE LAWS CONCERNING PATENT-RIGHTS. In some of the States, laws have been passed by which patentees or their agents who o^^x patent-rights iox sale, with- out complying with certain State regulations, are made liable to fine and imprisonment. The United States Court, in the case of John Robinson,- held that this kind of legislation is unauthorized, that prop- erty in inventions exists by virtue of the laws of Congress, and that no State has a right to interfere with its enjoyment, or annex conditions to the grant. If the patentee complies with the laws of Congress on the subject, he has a right to go into the open market anywhere within the United States and sell his property. If this were not so, a State might nullify the laws of Congress and destroy the powers conferred by the Constitution. All laws of State legislatures that in any manner interfere with the free sale of patent-rights, such as the requiring of the agent or patentee to file copies of patent, take licenses, pro- cure certificates, comply with forms, or which release the payee of ordinary notes of hand given for patents, have been declared unconstitutional and void by the United States Courts. All State judges, sheriffs, or other State officials who under- take to interfere with patentees or their agents in the free sale of patents, make themselves liable in damages and other punishment. The decisions of the United States Courts on these points are given in Scientific American Supplement, ^fo. 25. Price 10 cents. To be had at Scientific American Office, 361 Broadway, and at any news store. The above decisions apply only to the sale of patents and rights under patents , not to the peddHng of goods or the sale of manufactured articles. All citizens of the. United States must comply with the usual local license laws concerning the sale of goods, whether the goods are patented or not. But no State can lawfully enact a special law adverse to the sale of patented goods, or impose any special restriction, tax, or fine upon persons who go about to sell patented goods or patented articles of any description. Platinum has been drawn into wires only one thirty- thousandth (sry^) part of an inch, invisible to the eye, and one mile's length weighing only one grain. A CUBIC foot of air weighs 535 grains. Water is 815 times heavier than air. A cubic foot of water weighs 62^ lbs. , a gallon 8^ lb&. RULES OF PRACTICE. S3 ABSTRACT FROM THE RULES OF PRACTICE IN THE UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE. WHO MAY OBTAIN A PATENT. Any person, whether citizen or alien, being the original and first inventor or discoverer of any new and useful art, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, may obtain a patent for his invention or discovery, subject to the conditions hereinafter named. In case of the death of the inventor, the patent may be ap- plied for by, and will issue to, his executor or administrator. In case of an assignment of the whole interest in the inven- tion^ or of the whole interest in the patent if granted, the patent will issue to the assignee, upon the request of the latter, or his assignor ; and so, if the assignee holds an un- divided part interest, the patent will, upon a similar request, issue jointly to him and the inventor; but the assignment must first have been entered of record, and at a day not later than the date of the payment of the final fee. The applica- tion and oath must be made by the actual inventor, if alive, even if the patent is to issue to an assignee ; but whore the inventor is dead, the application' and oath must be made by his executor or administrator. Joint inventors are entitled to a joint patent ; neither can claim one separately ; but the independent inventors of sep- arate and independent improvements in the same machine can not obtain a joint patent for their separate inventions ; nor does the fact that one man furnishes the capital and the other makes the invention entitle them to make application as joint inventors. 54 RULES OF PRACTICE. A patent will not be granted to an applicant if what he claims as new has been, before his invention, patented or de- scribed in any printed publication in this or any foreign coun- try, or been invented or discovered in this country, nor if he has once abandoned his invention, nor if it has been in pub- lic use or on sale more than two years previous to his appli- cation. If it appears that the inventor, at the time of making his ap- plication, believes himself to be the first inventor or discoverer, a patent will not be refused on account of the invention or discovery, or any part thereof, having been known or used in any foreign country before his invention or discovery thereof, it not appearing that the same, or any substantial part thereof, had before been patented or described in any printed pubHcation. Merely conceiving the idea of an improvement or machine is not an "invention" or "discovery." The invention must have been reduced to a practical form, either by the construc- tion of the machine itself or by such disclosure of its exact character that a mechanic, or one skilled in the art to which it relates, can and does construct the improvement before it will prevent a subsequent inventor from obtaining a patent. No application for a patent will be regarded as complete, or be placed upon the files for examination, until the fee is paid, the specification, the petition, and the oath, properly signed, are filed, and the drawings and a model or specimens (when required) are furnished. Two or more separate and independent inventions can not be claimed in one application • but where several distinct in- ventions are dependent upon each other and mutually con- tribute to produce the new result, they may be so claimed. DRAWINGS. The applicant for a patent is required by law to furnish a drawing of his invention, where the nature of the case admits of it. The following rules will therefore be rigidly enforced, and any departure from them will be certain to cause delay in the 'examination of an apphcation for letters-patent: a. Drawings should be made upon paper stiff enough to stand in the portfolios, the surface of which must be calen- dered and smooth. Indian ink, of good quahty, to the ex- clusion of all other kinds of ink or color, must be employed, to secure perfectly black and solid work. b. The size of a sheet on which a drawing is made should be exactly lo by 15 inches. One inch from its edges a single mar- RULES OF PRACTICE. SS ginal line is to be drawn, leaving the " sight" precisely 8 by 13 inches. Within this margin all work and signatures must be included. One of the smaller sides of the sheet is regard- ed as its top, and, measuring downward from the marginal line, a space of not less than i ^ inches is to be left blank for the insertion of title, name, number, and date. c. All drawings must be made with the pen only, using the blackest Ind\an ink. Every line and letter (signatures in- cluded) must be absolutely black. This direction applies to all lines, however Ikie, to shading, and to lines representing cut surfaces in sectional views. All lines must be clean, sharp, and solid, and they must not be too fine or crowded. Surface shading, when used, should be left very open. Sec- tional shading should be by oblique parallel lines, which may be about one twentieth of an inch apart. d. Drawings should be made with the fewest lines possible consistent with clearness. By observing this rule the effec- tiveness of the work after reduction will be much increased. Shading (except on sectional views) should be used only on convex and concave surfaces, where it should be used spar- ingly, and may even there be dispensed with if the drawing is otherwise well executed. The plane upon which a sectional view is taken should be indicated on the general view by a broken or dotted line. Heavy lines on the shade sides of objects should be used, except where they tend to thicken the work and obscure letters of reference. The light is always supposed to come from the upper left-hand corner, at an angle of forty-five degrees. Imitations of wood or surface-graining should not be attempted. e. The scale to which a drawing is made ought to be large enough to show the mechanism without crowding, and two or more sheets should be used if one does not give sufficient room to accompHsh this end; but the number of sheets must never be increased unless it is absolutely necessary. It often happens that an invention, although constituting but a small part of a machine, has yet to be represented in connection with other and much larger parts. In such cases a general view on a small scale is recommended, with one or more of the invention itself on a much larger scale. / Letters of reference must be well and carefully formed ; they are of the first importance. When at all possible, no letter of reference should measure less than one eighth of an inch in height, that it may bear reduction to one twenty-fourth of an inch, and they may be much larger when there is suffi- cient room. Reference letters must be so placed in the close and com- plex parts of drawings as not to interfere with a thorough 56 RULES OF PRACTICE. comprehension of the same, and to this end should rarely- cross or mingle with the lines. When necessarily grouped around a certain part, they should be placed at a little dis- tance, where there is available space, and connected by short broken lines with the parts to which they refer. They must never appear upon shaded surfaces, and, when it is difficult to avoid this, a blank space must be left in the shading where the letter occurs, so that it shall appear perfectly distinct and separate from the work. If the same part of an invention appears in more than one figure, it should always be repre- sented by the same letter. The foregoing rules relating to drawings will be rigidly- enforced ; and all drawing not artistically executed in con- formity therewith will be returned to the respective applicants, or, at the applicant's option and cost, the Office will make the necessary- corrections. All reissue apphcations must be accompanied by new drawings, as in original applications, and the inventor's name must appear in all cases upon the same. MODELS. The Patent Office does not now require a model except in special cases when called for by the examiner. It must clearly exhibit every feature of the machine which forms the subject of a claim of invention, but should not include other matter than that covered by the actual invention or improvement, unless it is necessary to the exhibition of a working model. The model must be neatly and substantially made of durable material, metal being deemed preferable ; and should not in any case be more than one foot in length, width, or height. If made of pine or other soft wood, it should be painted, stained, or varnished. Glue must not be used, but the parts should be so connected as to resist the action of heat or moisture. When the invention is a composition of matter, a specimen of the composition, properly marked, must accom- pany the apphcation. Specimens of the separate ingredients, if ordinary and well known, need not be furnished, unless the Office disputes their operation in the manner as stated by applicant. THE OFFICIAL EXAMINATION. All cases in the Patent Office are classified and taken up ' for examination in regular order ; those in the same class ] RULES OF PRACTICE. 57 being examined and disposed of, as far as practicable, in the order in which the respective appHcations are completed. When, however, the invention is deemed of peculiar import- ance to some branch of the pubhc service, and when, for that reason, the head of some Department of the Government specially requests immediate action, the case will be taken up out of its order. These, with applications for extensions, for reissue, and for letters-patent for inventions for which a foreign patent has already been obtained, which cases have precedence over all others, are the only exceptions to the above rule in relation to the order of examination. INTERFERENCES. An "interference" is a proceeding instituted for the pur- pose of determining the question of priority of invention be- tween two or more parties claiming the same patentable subject-matter. It may also be resorted to for the purpose of procuring evidence relating to the alleged abandonment or the public use of an invention. An interference will be declared in the following cases : First. When two or more parties have applications pend- ing before the Office at the same time, and their respective claims conflict in whole or in part. Second. When two or more applications are pending at the same time, in each of which a like patentable invention is shown or described, and claimed in one though not spe- cifically claimed in all of them. Third. When an applicant, having been rejected upon an unexpired patent, claims to have made the invention before the patentee. The fact that one of the parties has already obtained a patent will not prevent an interference ; for, although the Commissioner has no power to cancel a patent already issued, he may, if he finds that another person was the prior inventor, give him a patent also, and thus place both parties on an equal footing before the courts and the public. REISSUES. A reissue is granted to the original patentee, his legal representatives, or the assignees of the entire interest, when, by reason of a defective or insufficient specification, or by reason of the patentee claiming as his invention or discovery more than he had a right to claim as new, the original pat- ent is inoperative or invalid, provided the error has arisen from inadvertence, accident, or mistake, and without any fraudulent or deceptive intention. In the cases of patents S8 RULES OF PRACTICE. issued and assigned prior to July 8, 1870, the application for reissue may be made by the assignee ; but, in the case of patents issued or assigned since that date, the apphcation must be made and the specification sworn to by the inventor, if he be hving. The general rule is, that whatever is really embraced in the original invention, and so described or shown that it might have been embraced in the original patent, maybe the subject of a reissue ; but no new matter shall be introduced into the specification, nor shall the model or drawings be amended except each by the other ; but, when there is neither model nor drawing, amendments may be made upon proof satisfactory to the Commissioner that such new matter or amendment was a part of the original invention, and was omitted from the specification by inadvertence, accident, or mistake, as aforesaid. Reissued patents expire at the end of the term for which the original patents were granted. For this reason applica- tions for reissue will take precedence, in examination, of original applications. A patentee in reissuing may, at his option, have a separate patent for each distinct and separate part of the invention comprehended in his original patent, by paying the required fee in each case, and complying with the other requirements of the law, as in original applications. Each division of a reissue constitutes the subject of a separate specification de- scriptive of the part or parts of the invention claimed in such division ; and the drawing may represent only such part or parts. All the divisions of a reissue will issue simultaneously. If there be controversy as to one, the others will be withheld from issue until the controversy is ended. In all cases of applications for reissues, the original claim, if reproduced in the amended specification, is subject to re- examination, and may be revised and restricted in the same manner as in original applications. The apphcation for a reissue must be accompanied by a surrender of the original patent, or, if lost, then by an affidavit to that effect and a certified copy of the patent ; but if any reissue be refused, the original patent will, upon request, be returned to the appli- cant. DESIGN PATENTS. When the design can be sufficiently represented by draw- ings or photographs a model will not be required. Whenever a photograph or an engraving is employed to illustrate the design, it must be mounted upon a thick Bristol- board or drawing-paper, ten by fifteen inches in size ; and RULES OF PRACTICE. 59 the applicant will be required to furnish ten extra copies of such photograph or engraving (not mounted), of a size not exceeding seven and a half inches by eleven. Whenever the design is represented by a drawing, each of the ten copies must be made to conform as nearly as possible to the rules laid down for drawings of mechanical inventions. ASSIGNMENTS. A patent or trade-mark may be assigned, either as to the whole interest or any undivided part thereof, by an instru- ment of writing. No particular form of words is necessary to constitute a vahd assignment, nor need the instrument necessarily be sealed, witnessed, or acknowledged. In every case where it is desired that the patent shall issue to an assignee, the assignment must be recorded in the Patent Office at a date not later than the day on which the final fee is paid. A patentee may not only assign the whole or an undivided interest in his patent, but he may grant and convey an exclu- sive right under his patent to the whole or any specified por- tion of the United States by an instrument in writing. Every assignment or grant of an exclusive territorial right, as well as of an interest in a patent or trade-mark, must be recorded in the Patent Office ; if a patent, within three months, if a trade-mark, within sixty days, from the execu- tion thereof ; otherwise it will be void as against any subse- quent purchaser or mortgagee for a valuable consideration, without notice. The patentee may convey separate rights under his patent to make or to use or to sell his invention, or he may convey territorial or shop rights which are not exclusive. Such con- veyances are mere licenses, and need not be recorded. The receipt of assignments is not generally acknowledged by the Patent Office ; they will be recorded in their turn within a few days after their reception, and then transmitted to the person entitled to them. The Patent Office can not respond to inquiries as to the novelty of an alleged invention in advance of an application for a patent, nor to inquiries founded upon brief and imper- fect descriptions, propounded with a view of ascertaining whether such alleged improvements have been patented, and if so, to whom ; nor can it act as ah expounder of the patent law, nor as counsellor for individuals, except as to questions arising within the Office. 6o FORMS. ATTORNEYS. Any person of intelligence and good moral character may appear as the agent or the attorney in fact of an applicant, upon filing a proper power of attorney. As the value of pat- ents depends largely upon the careful preparation of the spe- cification and claims, the assistance of competent counsel will, in most cases, be of advantage to the applicant, but the value of their services will be proportioned to their skill and hon- esty. So many persons have entered this profession of late years without experience that too much care can not be exer- cised in the selecdon of a competent man. The Patent Office can not assume responsibihty for the acts of attorneys, nor can it assist appHcants in making a selecdon. It will, how- ever, be a safe rule to distrust those who boast of the posses- sion of special and peculiar facilities in the Office for procur- ing patents in a shorter time or with more extended claims than others. FORMS. FORMS OF PETITIONS FOR PATENTS. By a Sole Inventor, To the Commissioner of Patents : Your petitioner, a resident of- prays that letters-patent be granted to him for ^.be invention set forth in the annexed specification. A. B. By Joint Inventors, To the Commissioner of Patents : Your petitioners, residing respectively in , , and —, , pray that letters-patent may be granted as joint inventors, for the invention set forth in the to them annexed specification. A. B. C. D. FORMS. 6l By an Inventor for Himself and an Assignee, To the Commissioner of Patents : Your petitioner, a resident of , prays that letters-pat- ent may be granted to himself and C. D,, of , as his assignee, for the invention set forth in the annexed specifica- tion, the assignment to the said C. D. having been duly recorded in the Patent Office, in liber — , page — . A. B. For a Reissue, (by the Inventor^ To the Commissioner of Patents : Your petitioner, of , , prays that he may be allowed to surrender the letters-patent for an improvement in coal-scuttles, granted to him May i6, i8 , whereof he is now sole owner, [or, " whereof C. D., on whose behalf and with whose assent this application is made, is now sole owner, by assignment,"] and that letters-patent may be reissued to him, [or, " the said C. D.,"] for the same invention, upon the an- nexed amended specification. Accompanying this petition is an abstract of title, duly certified, as required in such cases. A. B. Asseiit of Assignee to Reissue. The undersigned, assignee of the entire [or an undivided] interest in the above-mentioned letters-patent, hereby assents to the accompanying application. C. D. For a Reissue y {by Assignee?) (To be used only when the inventor is dead, or the original patent was issued and assigned prior to July 8, 1870.) To the Commissioner of Patents : Your petitioners, of the city of , State of , pray that they may be allowed to surrender the letters-patent for an improvement in coal-scuttles, granted May 16, 18" . to E. F., now deceased, whereof they are now owners, by assignment, of the entire interest, and the letters-patent may be reissued to them for the same invention, upon the annexed amended specification. Accompanying this petition is an abstract of title, duly certified, as required in such cases. A. B. CD. For Letters-Patent for a Design, To the Commissioner of Patents : Your petitioner, residing in , , prays that letters-patent may be granted to him for the term of three and one half years [or " seven years," or "fourteen years"] for the new and original design set forth in the annexed specification. A. B. 62 FORMS. For the Registration of a Trade-Mark, To the Commissioner of Patents : Your petitioners respectfully represent that the firm of A. B., C. D. & Co. is engaged in the manufacture of woven febrics at , , and at — : — , , and that the said firm is entitled to the exclusive use, upon the class of goods which they manufacture, of the trade-mark described in me annexed statement or specification, [and accompanying facsimile. '\ They therefore pray that they may be permitted to obtain protection for such lawful trade-mark under the law in such cases made and provided. A. B., C. D. & Co., By A. B. ' Petition with Power of Attorney, To the Commissioner of Patents : Your petitioner, a resident of the city of —, State of J prays that letters-patent may be granted to him for the invention set forth in the annexed specification ; and he hereby appoints C. D., of the city of— , State of , his attorney, with full power of substitution and revocation, to prosecute this application, to make alterations and amend- ments therein, to receive the patent, and to transact all business in the Patent Office connected therewith. A. B. Power of Attorney, If the power of attorney be given at anjr time other than that of making application for patent, it will be in substan- tially the following form : To the Commissioner of Patents : The undersigned having, on or about the 20th day ot July, 18 , made application for letters-patent for an improvement in a« horse-power hereby appoints C. D., of the city of , State of , his attorney, with full power of sub- stitution and revocation, to prosecute said appHcation, to make alterations and amendments therein, to receive the patent, and to transact all business in the Patent Office con- nected therewith. SisTied at , and State of , this day of ~, i8~. A. B. FORMS. 6;^ Revocation of Power of Attorney. The undersigned having, on or about the 26th day of December, 18 , appointed C. D., of the city of , and State of , his attorney to prosecute an application for letters patent, made on or about the ist day of June, 1868, for an improvement in the running-gear of wagons, hereby revokes the power of attorney then given. Signed at , , this 21st day of Tuly, 18 . A. B. SPECIFICATION. To all whom it may concern : Be it known that I, [here insert the name of the inventor,] of , in the county of , and State of , have invented a new and useful improvement in saw-toothing machines, which improvement is fully set forth in the follow- ing specification, reference being had to the accompanying drawings : The object of my invention is to rapidly form, on the blade of a hand-saw, teeth gradually decreasing in size from the broad to the narrow end of the blade, by the combination, in a saw-toothing machine, of a tapering barrel, E, and a chain, or its equivalent, with rollers, a ., Justice of the Peace. [If the applicant be an alien, the sentence ' ' and that he is a citizen of the United States" will be omitted, and in heu thereof will be substituted " and that he is a citizen of the Repubhc of Mexico," or "and that he is a subject of the King of Italy," or "of the Queen of Great Britain," or as the case may be. If the applicants claim to he joint inventors, the oath will read "that they verily believe themselves to be the original, first, and joint inventors," etc. If the inventor be dead, the oath will be taken by the ad- ministrator or executor, and will declare his belief that the party named as inventor was the original and first inventor.] Trade-Mark Declaration. State of- County of— ss. : •, a resident of , in the County of , and State of , being duly sworn, deposes and says that he is the applicant named in the foregoing statement ; that he verily believes that the fore- going statement is true ; that he has at this time a right to the use of the trade-mark herein described ; that no other person, firm or corporation has the right to such use, either in the identical form or in any such near resemblance thereto as might be calculated to deceive ; that it is used by him in commerce between the United FORMS. 65 States and *- ; that the description and fac-similes presented for record truly represent the trade-mark sought to be rejristered, and that he is a citizen of the United States. Applicant signs here. ITW Sworn and subscribed before me, a , this day of———, 18 Seal here— to be ) (Signature of Justice, Notary or U. S. Consul .) J^ -. — impressed in y the paper. ) (OflScial Character.) * Herein must be inserted the name or names of foreign nation, nations or Indian tribes with which you are trading. PETITION FOR CAVEAT. The petition of A. B. , of , in the county of , and State of , respectfully represents : That he has made certain improvements in velocipedes, and that he is now engaged in making experiments for the purpose of perfecting the same, preparatory to applying for letters-patent therefor. He therefore prays that the subjoined description of his invention may be filed as a caveat in the confidential archives of the Patent Office. A. B. SPECIFICATION {/or Caveat), The following is a description of my newly-invented velo- cipede, which is as full, clear, and exact as I am able at this time to give, reference being had to the drawing hereto an- nexed. This invention relates to that class of velocipedes in which there are two wheels connected by a beam forming a saddle for the rider, the feet being applied to cranks that revolve the front wheel. The object of my invention is to render it unnecessary to turn the front wheel so much as heretofore, and at the same time to facilitate the turning of sharp curves. This I accom- plish by fitting the front and the hind wheels on vertical pivots, and connecting them by means of a diagonal bar, as shown in the drawing, so that the turning of the front wheel also turns the back wheel with a position at an angle with the beams, thereby enabling it easily to turn a curve. In the drawing, A is the front wheel, B the hind wheel, and the standards exrending from the axle of the front wheel to the vertical pivot a in the beam b, and D is the cross-bar upon the end oia, by which the steering is done. The hind wheel B is also fitted with jaws c and a vertical pivot, d. Witnesses: C. D. A. B. E. F. [The form of oath will be substantially that provided for original applications, except that, as a caveat can only be filed by a citizen, or an alien who has resided for one year last past in the United States, and made oath of his intention to become a citizen, the oath should be modified accordingly. ] 66 FORMS. ASSIGNMENTS. Of an undivided Fractional Interest in an Inven- tion before the Issue of Letters- Patent. In consideration of one dollar, to me paid by C. D., of I do hereby sell and assign to said C. D. an undi- vided half of all my right, title, and interest in and to a cer- tain invention in ploughs, as fully set forth and described in the specification which I have prepared [if the application has been already made, say " and filed "] preparatory to ob- taining letters-patent of the United States therefor. And I do hereby authorize and request the Commissioner of Pat- ents to issue the said letters-patent jointly to myself and the said C. D., our heirs and assigns. Witness my hand and seal this th day of February, i8 In presence of A. B. Of the Entire Interest in Letters- Patent. . In consideration of five hundred dollars, to me paid by C. D., of , I do hereby sell and assign to the said C. D. all my right, title, and interest in and to the letters- patent of the United States No. 41,806, for an improvement in locomotive head-hghts, granted to me July 30, 18 , the same to be held and enjoyed by the said CD. to the full end of the term for which said letters-patent are granted, as fully and entirely as the same would have been held and en- joyed by me if this assignment and sale had not been made. Witness my hand and seal this th day of January, 18 . In presence of A. B. Of an Undivided Interest in the Letters-Patent and Extension thereof. In consideration of one thousand dollars, to me paid by C. D., of , I do hereby sell and assign to the said C. D. one undivided fourth part of all my right, title, and interest in aucj to the letters-patent of the United States No. 10,485, for an improvement in cooking-stoves, granted to me May 16, 18 ; the same to be held and enjoyed by the said C. D. to the full end of the term for which said letters-patent are granted, and for the term of any extension thereof, as fully and entirely as the same would have been held and enjoyed by me if this assignment and sale had not been made. Witness my hand and seal this th day of June, 18 In presence of A. B. FORMS. 67 Exclusive Territorial Grant by an Assignee. In consideration of one thousand dollars, to me paid by C. D., of , I do hereby grant and convey to the said C. D. the exclusive right to make, use, and vend within the State of -T , and in no other place or places, the improve- ment in corn-planters for which letters-patent of the United States, dated August 15, 18 , were granted to E. F., and by- said E. F. assigned to me December 3, 18 , by an assign- ment duly recorded in liber X^, p. 416, of the records of the Patent Office, the same to be held and enjoyed by the said C. D. as fully and entirely as the same would have been held and enjoyed by me if this grant had not been made. Witness my hand and seal this th day of March, 18 . A. B. License — Shop-Right, In consideration of fifty dollars to me paid by the firm of S. J. & Co., of , I do hereby license and empower the said S. J. & Co. to manufacture, at a single foundry and ma- chine-shop in said , and in no other place or places, the improvement in cotton-seed planters for which letters- patent of the United States No. 71,846 were granted to me November 13, 18 , and to sell the machines so manufactured throughout the United States to the full end of the term for which said letters-patent are granted. Witness my hand and seal this d day of April, 18 . A. B. License — not exclusive — with Royalty. This agreement, made this 12th day of September, 187 , between A. B., of , party of the first part, and the Uniontown Agricultural Works of , party of the second part, witnesseth, that, whereas letters-patent of the United States for an improvementin horse-rakes were granted to the party of the first part, dated October 4, 18 ; and whereas the party of the second part is desirous of manufacturing horse-rakes containing said patented improvement : now, therefore, the parties have agreed as follows : I. The party of the first part hereby licenses and empowers the party of the second part to manufacture, subject to the conditions hereinafter named, at their factory in — '■ , and in no other place or places, to the end of the term for which said letters-patent were granted, horse-rakes containing the patented improvements, and to sell the same within the United States. II. The party of the second part agrees to make full and 6S FORMS. true returns to the party of the first part, under oath, upon the first days of July and January in each year, of all horse- rakes containing the patented improvements manufactured by them. III. The party of the second part agrees to pay to the party of the first part five dollars, as a license-fee ypon every horse-rake manufactured by said party of the second part containing the patented improvements ; provided, that if the said fee be paid upon the days provided herein for semi-an- nual returns, or within ten days thereafter, a discount of fifty per cent shall be made from said fee for prompt payment. IV. Upon a failure of the party of the second part to make returns, or to make payment of license-fees, as herein pro- vided, for thirty days after the days herein named, the party of the first part may terminate this license by serving a written notice upon the party of the second part ; but the party of the second part shall not thereby be discharged from any liabil- ity to the party of the first part for any license-fees due at the time of the service of said notice. In witness whereof the parties above named (the said Un- iontown Agricultural Works, by its president) have hereunto set their hands the day and year first above written. In presence of A. B. U. A. W. Transfer of a Trade-Mark. We, A. B. and C. D., of , partners under the firm name of B. & D., in consideration of five hundred dollars to us paid by E. F., of the same place, do hereby sell, assign, and transfer to the said E. F. and his assigns the exclusive right to use in the manufacture and sale of stoves a certain trade-mark for stoves deposited by us in the United States Patent Office, and recorded therein July 15, 1870; the same to be held, enjoyed, and used by the said E. F., as fiiUy and entirely as the same would have been held and enjoyed by us if this grant had not been made. Witness our hands this 20th day of July, 187 . in presence of A. B. C. D. Messrs. Munn & Co , 361 Broadway, New York, make it a part of their business to prepare and put on record assign- ments and agreements relating to patents, trade-marks, copyrights, etc. PATENT LAWS OF 1874. 69 THE PATENT LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES. REVISED STATUTES, FORTY-THIRD CONGRESS, AP- PROVED JUNE 22, 1874. ORGANIZATION OF THE PATENT OFFICE — SALARIES — POWERS OF THE COMMISSIONER— PRINTING OF PAT- ENTS, ETC. Title XL, Rev. Stat., sec. 440, p. 74 : There shall be in the Department of the Interior In the Patent Office : One chief clerk, at a salary of two thousand five hundred dollars a year. One examiner in charge of interferences, at a salary of two thousand five hundred dollars a year. One examiner in charge of trade-marks, at a salary of two thousand five hundred dollars a year. Twenty-four principal examiners, at a salary of two thou- sand five hundred dollars a year each. Twenty-four first assistant examiners, at a salary of one thousand eight hundred dollars a year each. Twenty-four second assistant examiners (two of whom may be women), at a salary of one thousand six hundred dollars a year each. Twenty-four third assistant examiners, at a salary of one thousand four hundred dollars a year each. One librarian, at a salary of two thousand dollars a year. One machinist, at a salary of one thousand six hundred dollars a year. Three skilled draughtsmen, at a salary of one thousand two hundred dollars a year each. 70 PATENT LAWS OF 1874. Thirty-five copyists of drawings, at a salary of one thou- sand dollars a year each. One messenger and purchasing clerk, at a salary of one thousand dollars a year. One skilled laborer, at a salary of one thousand two hun- dred dollars a year. Eight attendants in the model-room, at a salary of one thousand dollars a year each. Eight attendants in the model-room, at a salary of nine hundred dollars a year each. Sec. 475. There shall be in the Department of the Interior an office known as the Patent Office, where all records, books, models, drawings, specifications, and other papers and things pertaining to patents shall be safely kept and pre- served. Sec. 476. There shall be in the Patent Office a Commis- sioner of Patents, one Assistant Commissioner, and three examiners-in-chief, who shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. All other officers, clerks, and employes authorized by law for the Office shall be appointed by the Secretary of the Interior, upon the nomination of the Commissioner of Patents. Sec. 477. The salaries of the officers mendoned in the pre- ceding section shall be as follows : The Commissioner of Patents, four thousand five hundred dollars a year. The Assistant Commissioner of Patents, three thousand dollars a year. Three examiners-in-chief, three thousand dollars a year each. Sec. 478. The seal heretofore provided for the Patent Office shall be the seal of the Office, with which letters-patent and papers issued from the Office shall be authenticated. Sec. 479. The Commissioner of Patents and the chief clerk, before entering upon their duties, shall severally give bond, with sureties, to the Treasurer of the United States, the former in the sum of ten thousand dollars, and the latter in the sum of five thousand dollars, conditioned for the faith- ful discharge of their respective duties, and that they shall render to the proper officers of the Treasury a true account of all money received by virtue of their offices. Sec. 480. All officers and employes of the Patent Office shall be incapable, during the period for which they hold their appointments, to acquire or take, directly or. indirectly, except by inheritance or bequest, any right or interest in any patent issued by the Office. Sec. 481. The Commissioner of Patents, under the direc- PATENT LAWS OF 1874. 71 tion of the Secretary of the Interior, shall superintend or per- form all duties respecting the granting and issuing of patents directed by law ; and he shall have charge of all books, records, papers, models, machines, and other things belong- ing to the Patent Office. Sec. 482. The examiners-in-chief shall be persons of com- petent legal knowledge and scientific ability, whose duty it shall be, on the written petition of the appellant, to revise and determine upon the validity of the adverse decisions of examiners upon applications for patents, and for reissues of patents, and in interference cases ; and, when required by the Commissioner, they shall hear and report upon claims for extensions, and perform such other like duties as he may assign them. Sec. 483. The Commissioner of Patents, subject to the approval of the Secretary of the Interior, may from time to time establish regulations, not inconsistent with law, for the conduct of proceedings in the Patent Office. Sec. 484. The Commissioner of Patents shall cause to be classified and arranged in suitable cases, in the rooms and galleries provided for that purpose, models, specimens of composition, fabrics, manufactures, works of art, and designs, which have been or shall be deposited in the Patent Office ; and the rooms and galleries shall be kept open during suit- able hours for public inspection. Sec. 485. The Commissioner of Patents may restore to the respective applicants such of the models belonging to rejected applications as he shall not think necessary to be preserved, or he may sell or otherwise dispose of them after the application has been finally rejected for one year, paying the proceeds into the Treasury, as other patent moneys are directed to be paid. Sec. 486. There shall be purchased for the use of the Patent Office a library of such scientific works and periodi- cals, both foreign and American, as may aid the officers in the discharge of their duties, not exceeding the amount annually appropriated for that purpose. Sec. 487. For gross misconduct the Commissioner of Patents may refuse to recognize any person as a patent agent, either generally or in any particular case; but the reasons for such refusal shall be duly recorded, and.be sub- ject to the approval of the Secretary of the Interior. Sec. 488. The Commissioner of Patents may require all papers filed in the Patent Office, if not correctly, legibly, and clearly written, to be printed at the cost of the party filing them. Sec. 489. The Commissioner of Patents may print, or 72 PATENT. LAWS OF 1874. cause to be printed, copies of the claims of current issues, and copies of such laws, decisions, regulations, and circulars as may be necessary for the information of the public. Sec. 490. The Commissioner of Patents is authorized to have printed, from time to time, for gratuitous distribution, not to exceed one hundred and fifty copies of the complete specifications and drawings of each patent hereafter issued, together with suitable indexes, one copy to be placed for free public inspection in each capitol of every State and Territory, one for the like purpose in the clerk's office of the district court of each judicial district of the United States, except when such offices are located in State or Territorial capitols, and one in the Library of Congress, which copies shall be certified under the hand of the Com- missioner and seal of the Patent Office, and shall not be taken from the depositories for any other purpose than to be used as evidence. Sec. 491. The Commissioner of Patents is authorized to have printed such additional numbers of copies of specifica- tions and drawings, certified as provided in the preceding section, at a price not to exceed the contract price for such drawings, for sale, as may be warranted by the actual demand for the same ; and he is also authorized to furnish a complete set of such specifications and drawings to any public library which will pay for binding the same into volumes to correspond with those in the Patent Office, and for the transportation of the same, and which shall also provide for proper custody for the same, with convenient access for the public thereto, under such regulations as the Commissioner shall deem reasonable. Sec. 492. The lithographing and engraving required by the two preceding sections shall be awarded to the lowest and best bidders for the interest of the Government, due regard being paid to the execution of the work, after due advertising by the Congressional Printer under the direction of the Joint Committee on Printing ; but the Joint Commit- tee on Printing may empower the Congressional Printer to make immediate contracts for engraving, whenever, in their opinion, the exigencies of the pubhc service will not justify waiting for advertisement and award ; or if, in the judgment of the Joint Committee on Printing, the work can be per- formed under the direction of the Commissioner of Patents more advantageously than in the manner above prescribed, it shall be so done, under such limitations and conditions as the joint Committee on Printing may from time to time pre- scribe. Sec. 493. The price to be paid for uncertified printed I PATENT LAWS OF 1874. 73 copies of specifications and drawings of patents shall be de- termined by the Commissioner of Patents, within the 1-imits of ten cents as the minimum and fifty cents as the maximum price. Sec. 494. The Commissioner of Patents shall lay before Congress, in th^ month of January, annually, a report, giving a detailed statement of all moneys received for pat- ents, for copies of records or drawings, or from any other source whatever ; a detailed statement of all expenditures for contingent and miscellaneous expenses ; a Hst of all patents which were granted during the preceding year, designating under proper heads the subjects of such patents ; an alpha- betical hst of all the patentees, with their places of resi- dence ; a list of all patents which have been extended during the year; and such other information of the condition of the Patent Office as may be useful to Congress or the pubhc. Sec. 495. The collections of. the Exploring Expedition, now in the Patent Office, shall be under the care and man- agement of the Commissioner of Patents. Sec. 496. All disbursements for the Patent Office shall be made by the disbursing clerk of the Interior Depart- ment. Title XIII., Rev. Stat., p. 168: Sec. 571. [Refers to jurisdiction of certain district couAs.] Sec. 629. Clause 9. [The circuit courts have original juris- diction] of all suits at law or in equity arising under the patent or copyright laws of the United States. Sec. 892. Written or printed copies of any records, books, papers, or drawings belonging to the Patent Office, and of letters patent authenticated by the seal and certified by the Commissioner or Acting Commissioner thereof, shall be evidence in all cases wherein the originals could be evidence ; and any person making appHcation therefor, and paying the fee required by law, shall have certified copies thereof. Sec. 893. Copies of the specifications and drawings of foreign letters-patent, certified as provided in the preceding section, shall be prima-facie evidence of the fact of the granting of such letters-patent, and of the date and contents thereof. Sec. 894. The printed copies of specifications and draw- ings of patents, which the Commissioner, of Patents is authorized to print for gratuitous distribution, and to deposit in the capitols of the States and Territories, and in the clerk's offices of the district courts, shall, when certified by him and authenticated by the seal of his office, be 74 PATENT LAWS OF 1874. received in all courts as evidence of all matters therein con- Title XV., Rev. Stat., p. 261 : Sec. 1537. No patented article connected with marine eng^es shall hereafter be purchased or used in coanection with any steam ressels of war until the same shall have been submitted to a com- petent board of naval engineers, and recommended by such board, in writing, for purchase and use. Title XVIL, Rev. Stat., p. 292: Skc. 1672. The breech-loading system for muskets and carbines adopted by the Secretary of War, known as " the Springfield breech-loading system," is the only system to be used by the Ordnance Department, in the manufacture of muskets and car- bines for the military service. Sec 1673. No royalty shall be paid by the United States to any one of its officers or employes for the use of any patent for the system, or any part thereof, mentioned in the preceding section, nor for any such patent in which said officers or employes may be directly or indirectly interested. Concerning Applications for, and Issue of. Patents, Title LX., Rev. Stat., chap, i, p. 953: Sec. 4883. All patents shall be issued in the name of the United States of America, under the seal of the Patent Office, and shall be signed by the Secretary of the Interior and countersigned by the Commissioner of Patents, and they shall be recorded, together with the specifications, in the Patent Office, in books to be kept for that purpose. Sec. 4884. Every patent shall contain a short title or description of the invention or discovery, correctly indicating its nature and design, and a grant to the patentee, his heirs or assigns, for the term of seventeen years, of the exclusive right to make, use, and vend the invention or discovery throughout the United States, and the Territories thereof, referring to the specification for the particulars thereof. A copy of the specification and drawings shall be annexed to the patent and be a part thereof. Sec. 4885. Every patent shall bear date as of a day not later than six months from the time at which it was passed and allowed and notice thereof was sent to the applicant or his agent ; and if the final fee is not paid within that period, the patent shall be withheld. Sec. 4886. Any person who has invented or discovered any new and useful art, machine, manufacture or composi- tion of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, not known nor used by others in this country, and not pat- ented or described in any printed publication in this or any PATENT LAWS OF 1874. 75 foreign country, before his invention or discovery thereof, and not in pubhc use or on sale for more than two years prior to his appHcation, unless the same is proved to have been abandoned, may upon payment of the fees required by law, and other due proceedings had, obtain a patent therefor. Sec. 4887. No person shall be debarred from receiving a patent for his invention or discovery, nor shall any patent be declared invaUd, by reason of its having been first patented or caused to be patented in a foreign country, unless the same has been introduced into pubhc use in the United States for more than two years prior to the application. But every patent granted for an invention which has been previously patented in a foreign country shall be so limited as to expire at the same time with the foreign patent, or, if there be more than one, at the same time with the one having the shortest term, and in no case shall it be in force more than seventeen years. Sec. 4888. Before any inventor or discoverer shall receive a patent for his invention or discovery, he shall make appli- cation therefor, in writing, to the Commissioner of Patents, and shall file in the Patent Office a written description of the same, and of the manner and process of making, construct- ing, compounding, and using it, in such full, clear, concise, and exact terms as to enable any person skilled in the art or science to which it appertains, or v/ith which it is most nearly connected, to make, construct, compound, and use the same ; and in case of a machine, he shall explain the principle thereof, and the best mode in which he has contem- plated applying that principle, so as to distinguish it from other inventions ; and he shall particularly point out and dis- tinctly claim the part, improvement, or combination which he claims as his invention or discovery. The specification and claim shall be signed by the inventor and attested by two witnesses. Sec. 4889. When the nature of the case admits of draw- ings, the applicant shall furnish one copy signed by the in- ventor or his attorney in fact, and attested by two witnesses, which shall be filed in the Patent Office ; and a copy of the drawing, to be furnished by the Patent Office, shall be at- tached to the patent as a part of the specification. . Sec. 4890. When the invention or discovery is of a com- position of matter, the applicant, if required by the Com- missioner, shall furnish specimens of ingredients and of the composition, sufficient in quantity for the purpose of experi- ment. Sec. 4891. In all cases which admit of representation by 76 PATENT LAWS OF 1874. model, the applicant, if required by the Commissioner, shall furnish a model of convenient size to exhibit advantageously the several parts of his invention or discovery. Sec. 4892. The applicant shall make oath that he does verily beheve himself to be the original and first inventor or discoverer of the art, machine, manufacture, composition, or improvement for which he solicits a patent ; that he does not know and does not believe that the same was ever before known or used ; and shall state of what country he is a citi- zen. Such oath may be made before any person within the United States authorized by law to administer oaths, or when the applicant resides in a foreign country, before any minister, charge d'affaires, consul, or commercial agent, holding commission under the Government of the United States, or before any notary public of the foreign country in which the applicant may be. Sec. 4893. On the filing of any such application and the payment of the fees required by law. the Commissioner of Patents shall cause an examination to be made of the alleged new invention or discovery; and if on such examination it shall appear that the claimant is justly entitled to a patent under the law, and that the same is sufficiently use- ful and important, the Commissioner shall issue a patent therefor. Sec. 4894. All applications for patents shall be completed and prepared for examination within two years after the fihng of the appHcation, and in default thereof, or upon failure of the applicant to prosecute the same within two years after any action therein, of which notice shall have been given to the applicant, they shall be regarded as aban- doned by the parties thereto, unless it be shown to the satis- faction of the Commissioner of Patents that such delay was unavoidable. Patents may be issued to Assignees, Sec. 4895. Patents may be granted and issued or reissued to the assignee of the inventor or discoverer ; but the assign- ment must first be entered of record in the Patent Office. And in all cases of an appHcation by an assignee for the issue of a patent, the application shall be made and the specification sworn to by the inventor or discoverer; and in all cases of an application for a reissue of any patent, the apphcation must be made and the corrected specification signed by the inventor or discoverer, if he is living, unless the patent was issued and the assignment made before the eighth day of July, eighteen hundred and seventy. PATENT LAWS OF 1874. 77 Patents to the Heirs of Deceased Inventors, Sec. 4896. When any person, having made any new in- vention or discovery for which a patent might have been granted, dies before a patent is granted, the right of apply- ing for and obtaining the patent shall devolve on his execu- tor or administrator, in trust for the heirs at law of the de- ceased, in case he shall have died intestate ; or if he shall have left a will, disposing of the same, then in trust for his devisees, in as full manner and on the same terms and con- ditions as the same might have been claimed or enjoyed by him in his lifetime ; and when the application is made by such legal representatives, the oath or affirmation required to be made shall be so varied in form that it can be made by them. Renewal of Lapsed Cases. Sec. 4897. Any person who has an interest in an invention or discovery, whether as inventor, discoverer, or assignee, for which a patent was ordered to issue upon the payment of the final fee, but who fails to make payment thereof within six months from the time at which it was passed and allowed and notice thereof was sent to the applicant or his agent, shall have a right to make an application for a patent for such invention or discovery the same as in the case of an origmal application. But such second application must be made within two years after the allowance of the original ap- pHcation. But no person shall be held responsible in dam- ages for the manufacture or use of any article or thing for which a patent was ordered to issue under such renewed ap- plication prior to the issue of the patent. And upon the hearing of renewed applications preferred under this section, abandonment shall be considered as a question of fact. Assignment of Patents, Sec. 4898. Every patent or any interest therein shall be assignable in law by an instrument in writing ; and the pat- entee or his assigns or legal representatives may, in like man- ner, grant and convey an exclusive" right under his patent to the whole or any specified part of the United States. An as- signment, grant, or conveyance shall be void as against any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee for a valuable conside- ration, without notice, unless it is recorded in the Patent Office within three months from the date thereof. 78 PATENT LAWS OF 1 874. Free Rights of Use. Sec. 4899. Every person who purchases of the inventor, or discoverer, or with his knowledge and consent constructs any newly invented or discovered machine, or other patent- able article, prior to the application by the inventor or dis- coverer for a patent, or who sells or uses one so constructed, shall have the right to use, and vend to others to be used, the specific thing so made or purchased, without liability therefor. Patented Articles to be Stamped. Sec. 4900. It shall be the duty of all patentees, and their assigns and legal representatives, and of all persons making or vending any patented article for or under them, to give sufficient notice to the public that the same is patented ; either by affixing thereon the word "patented," together with the day and year the patent was granted ; or when, from the character of the article, this can not be done, by fixing to it, or to the package wherein one or more of them is inclosed, a label containing the like notice ; and in any suit for in- fringement, by the party faiUng so to mark, no damages shall be recovered by the plaintiff, except on proof that the defend- ant was duly notified of the infringement, and continued, after such notice, to make, use, or vend the article so patented. Penalties for False Stamping. Sec. 4901. Every person who, in any manner, marks upon any thing made, used, or sold by him for which he has not obtained a patent, the name or any imitation of the name of any person who has obtained a patent therefor, without the consent of such patentee, or his assigns or legal representa- tives ; or Who, in any manner, marks upon or affixes to any such patented article the word " patent " or "patentee," or the words "letters-patent," or any word of like import, with in- tent to imitate or counterfeit the mark or device of the pat- entee, without having the license or consent of such patentee or his assigns or legal representatives ; or Who, in any manner, marks upon or affixes to any unpat- ented article the word "patent " or any word importing that the same is patented, for the purpose of deceiving the pubhc, shall be liable, for every such offence, to a penalty of not less than one hundred dollars, with costs ; one half of said penal- ty to the person who shall sue for the same, and the other to the use of the United States, to be recovered by suit in any district court of the United States within whose jurisdiction such offence may have been committed. PATENT LAWS OF 1874. 79 Caveats, Sec. 4902. Any citizen of the United States who makes any new invention or discovery, and desires further time to mature the same, may, on payment of the fees required by law, file in the Patent Office a caveat setting forth the design thereof, and of its distinguishing characteristics, and praying protection of his right until he shall have matured his inven- tion. Such caveat shall be filed in the confidential archives of the office and preserved in secrecy, and shall be operative for the term of one year from the filing thereof; and if appli- cation is made within the year by any other person for a pat- ent with which such caveat would in any manner interfere, the Commissioner shall deposit the description, specification, drawings, and model of such application in like manner in the confidential archives of the office, and give notice there- of, by mail, to the person by whom the caveat was filed. If such person desires to avail himself of his caveat, he shall file his description, specifications, drawings, and model within three months from the time of placing the notice in the post-office in Washington, with the usual time required for transmitting it to the caveator added thereto ; which time shall be indorsed on the notice. An alien shall have the privi- lege herein granted, if he has resided in the United States one year next preceding the filing of his caveat, and has made oath of his intention to become a citizen. Rejected Cases. Sec. 4903. Whenever, on examinatioii, any claim for a patent is rejected, the Commissioner shall notify the apph- cant thereof, giving him briefly the reasons for such rejection, together with such information and references as may be useful in judging of the propriety of renewing his appHca- tion or of altering his specification ; and if, after receiving such notice, the applicant persists in his claim for a patent, with or without altering his specifications, the Commissioner shall order a re-examination of the case. Interferences, Sec. 4904. Whenever an application is made for a patent which, in the opinion of the Commissioner, would interfere with any pending application, or with any unexpired patent, he shall give notice thereof to the apphcants, or appHcant and patentee, as the case may be, and shall direct the pri- mary examiner to proceed to determine the question of pri- ority of invention. And the Commissioner may issue a pat- 8o PATENT LAWS OF 1874. ent to the party who is adjudged the prior inventor, unless the adverse party appeals from the decision of the primary examiner, or of the board of examiners-in-chief, as the case may be, within such time, not less than twenty days, as the Commissioner shall prescribe. Relating to Witnesses, Sec. 4905. The Commissioner of Patents may establish rules for taking affidavits and depositions required* in cases pending in the Patent Office, and such affidavits and depo- sitions may be taken before any officer authorized by law to take depositions to be used in the courts of the United States, or of the State where the officer resides. Sec. 4906. The clerk of any court of the United States, for any district or Territory wherein testimony is to be taken for use in any contested case pending in the Patent Office, shall, upon the appHcation of any party thereto, or of his agent or attorney, issue a subpoena for any witness residing or being within such district or Territory, commanding him to appear and testify before any officer in such district or Territory authorized to take depositions and affidavits, at any time and place in the subpoena stated. But no witness shall be required to attend at any place more than forty miles from the place where the subpoena is served upon him. Sec. 4907. Every witness duly subpoenaed and in attend- ance shall be allowed the same fees as are allowed to wit- nesses attending the courts of the United States. Sec. 4908. Whenever any witness, after being duly served with such subpoena, neglects or refuses to appear, or after appearing refuses to testify, the judge of the court whose clerk issued the subpoena may, on proof of such neglect or refusal, enforce obedience to the process, or punish the dis- obedience as in other like cases. But no witness shall be guilty of contempt for disobeying such subpoena, unless his fees and travelling expenses in going to, returning from, and one day's attendance at the place of examination, are paid or tendered him at the time of the service of the subpoena ; nor for refusing to disclose any secret invention or discovery made or owned by himself. Appeals, Sec. 4909. Every applicant for a patent or for the reissue for a patent, any of the claims of which have been twice re- jected, and every party to an interference, may appeal from the decision of tne primary examiner, or of the examiner in PATENT LAWS OF 1874. 81 charge of interferences in such case, to the board of exam- iners-in-chief; having once paid the fee for such appeal. Sec. 4910, If such party is dissatisfied with the decision of the examiners-in-chief, he may, on payment of the fee pre- scribed, appeal to the Commissioner in person. Sec. 4911. If such party, except a party to an interference, is dissatisfied with the decision of the Commissioner, he may appeal to the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, sitting in banc. Sec. 4912. When an appeal is taken to the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, the appellant shall give notice thereof to the Commissioner, and file in the Patent Office, within such time as the Commissioner shall appoint, his reasons of appeal, specifically set forth in writing. Sec. 4913. The court shall, before hearing such appeal, give notice to the Commissioner of the time and place of the hearing, and on receiving such notice the Commissioner shall give notice of such time and place in such manner as the court may prescribe, to all parties who appear to be in- terested therein. The party appealing shall lay before the court certified copies of all the original papers and evidence in the case, and the Commissioner shall furnish the court with the grounds of his decision, fully set forth in writing, touching all the points involved by the reasons of appeal. And at the request of any party interested, or of the court, the Commissioner and the examiners may be examined under oath, in explanation of the principles of the thing for which a patent is demanded. Sec. 4914. The court, on petition, shall hear and deter- mine such appeal, and revise the decision appealed from in a summary way, on the evidence produced before the Com- missioner, at such early and convenient time as the court may appoint; and the revision shall be confined to the points set forth in the reasons of appeal. After hearing the case the court shall return to the Commissioner a certificate of its proceedings and decision, which shall be entered of record in the Patent Office, and shall govern the further proceedings in the case. ButvUO opinion or decision of the court in any such case shall preclude any person interested from the right to contest the validity of such patent in any court wherein the same may be called in question. Sec. 4915. Whenever a patent on application- is refused, either by the Commissioner of Patents or by the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia upon appeal from the Commissioner, the appHcant may have remedy by bill in equity ; and the court having cognizance thereof, on notice to adverse parties and other due proceedings had, may ad- judge that such applicant is entitled, according to law, to receive a patent for his invention, as specified in his claim, or for any part thereof, as the facts in the case may appear. And such adjudication, if it be in favor of the right of the applicant, shall authorize the Commissioner to issue such patent on the appHcant filing in the Patent Office a copy of the adjudication, and otherwise complying with the require- ments of law. In all cases, where there is no opposing party, a copy of the bill shall be served on the Commis- sioner ; and all the expenses of the proceeding shall be paid by the applicant, whether the final decision is in his favor or not. REISSUES. Sec. 4916. Whenever any patent is inoperative or invalid, by reason of a defective or insufficient specification, or by reason of the patentee claiming as his own invention or discovery more than he had a right to claim as new, if the error has arisen by inadvertence, accident, or mistake, and without any fraudulent or deceptive intention, the Commis- sioner shall, on the surrender of such patent and the pay- ment of the duty required by law, cause a new patent for the same invention, and in accordance with the corrected specification, to be issued to the patentee, or, in the case of his death or of an assignment of the whole or any undivided part of the original patent, then to his executors, adminis- trators, or assigns, for the unexpired part of the term of the original patent. Such surrender shall take effect upon the issue of the amended patent. The Commissioner may, in his discretion, cause several patents to be issued for dis- tinct and separate parts of the thing patented, upon demand of the applicant, and upon payment of the required fee for a reissue for each of such reissued letters-patent. The specifications and claim in every such case shall be subject to revision and restriction in the same manner as original applications are. Every patent so reissued, together with the corrected specification, shall have the same effect and operation in law, on the trial of all actions for causes there- after arising, as if the same had been originally filed in such corrected form ; but no new matter shall be intro- duced into the specification, nor in case of a machine patent shall the model or drawings be amended, except each by the other ; but when there is neither model nor drawing, amendments may be made upon proof satisfactory to the Commissioner that such new matter or amendment was a part of the original invention, and was omitted fi"om the specification by inadvertence, accident, or mistake, as aforesaid. f>ATENT LAWS OF 1874. 83 DISCLAIMERS. Sec. ^^917. Whenever, through inadvertence, accident, or mistake,' arid without any fraudulent or deceptive intention, a patentee has claimed more than that of which he was the original or first inventor or discoverer, his patent shall be valid for all that part which is truly and justly his own, provided the same is a material or substantial part of the thing patented ; and any such patentee, his heirs or assigns, whether of the whole or any sectional interest therein, may, on payment of the fee required by law, make disclaimer of such parts of the thing patented as he shall not choose to claim or to hold by virtue of the patent or assignment, stating therein the extent of his interest in such patent. Such disclaimer shall be in writing, attested by one or more witnesses, and recorded in the Patent Office ; and it shall thereafter be considered as part of the original specification to the extent of the interest possessed by the claimant and by those claiming under him after the record thereof. But no such disclaimer shall affect any action pending at the time of its being filed, except so far as may relate to the question of unreasonable neglect or delay in filing it. INTERFERING PATENTS. Sec. 4918. Whenever there are interfering patents, any person interested in any one of them, or in the working of the invention claimed under either of them, may have relief against the interfering patentee, and all parties interested under him, by suit in equity against the owners of the inter- fering patent ; and the court, on notice to adverse parties, and other due proceedings had according to the course of equity, may adjudge and declare either of the patents void in whole or in part, or inoperative, or invalid in any particu- lar part of the United States, according to the interest of the parties in the patent or the invention patented. But no such judgment or adjudication shall affect the right of any person except the parties to the suit and those deriv- ing title under them subsequent to the rendition of such judgment. INFRINGEMENTS. Sec. 4919. Damages for the infringement of any patent may be recovered by action on the case, in the name of the party interested, either as patentee, assignee, or grantee. And whenever in any such action a verdict is rendered for the plaintiff, the court may enter judgment thereon for any sum above the amount found by the verdict as the actual 84 PATENT LAWS OF 1874. damages sustained, according to the circumstances of the case, not exceeding three times the amount of such verdict, together with the costs. Sec. 4920. In any action for infringement the defendant may plead the general issue, and having given notice in writing to the plaintiff or his attorney, thirty days before, may prove, on trial, any one or more of the following special matters : First. That for the purpose of deceiving the public the description and specification filed by the patentee in the Patent Offtce was made to contain less than the whole truth relative to his invention or discovery, or more than is neces- sary to produce the desired effect ; or, Seco?id. That he had surreptitiously or unjustly obtained the patent for that which was in fact invented by another, who was using reasonable diligence in adapting and perfect- ing the same ; or. Third. That it had been patented or described in some printed publication- prior to his supposed invention or dis- covery thereof; or. Fourth. That he was not the original and first inventor or discoverer of any material and substantial part of the thing patented ; or, Ftfth. That it had been in pubhc use or on sale in this country for more than two years before his application for a patent, or had been abandoned to the public. And in notices as to proof of previous invention, knowl- edge, or use of the thing patented, the defendant shall state the names of patentees and the dates of their patents, and when granted, and the names and residences of the persons alleged to have invented, or to have had the prior knowledge of the thing patented, and where and by whom it had been used ; and if any one or more of the special mat- ters alleged shall be found for the defendant, judgment shall be rendered for him with costs. And the hke defences may be pleaded in any suit in equity for relief against an alleged infringement ; and proofs of the same may be given upon like notice in the answer of the defendant, and with the like effect. Sec! 4921. The several courts vested with jurisdiction of cases arising under the patent laws shall have power to grant injunctions according to the course 'and principles of courts of equity, to prevent the violation of any right secured by patent, on such terms as the court may deem reasonable ; and upon a decree being rendered in any such case for an infringement, the complainant shall be entitled to recover, in addition to the profits to be accounted for by I PATENT LAWS OF 1874. 85 the defendant, the damages the complainant has sustained thereby ; and the court shall assess the same or cause the same to be assessed under its direction. And the court shall have the same power to increase such damages, in its discretion, as is given to increase the damages found by- verdicts in actions in the nature of actions of trespass upon the case. Sec. 4922. Whenever, through inadvertence, accident, or mistake, and without any wilful default or intent to defraud or mislead the public, a patentee has, in his specification, claimed to be the original and first inventor or discoverer of any material or substantial part of the thing patented, of which he was not the original and first inventor or discoverer, every such patentee, his executors, administrators, and as- signs, whether of the whole or any sectional interest in the patent, may maintain a suit at law or in equity, for the in- fringement of any part thereof, which was bona fide his own, if it is a material and substantial part of the thing patented, and definitely distinguishable from the parts claimed without right, notwithstanding the specifications may embrace more than that of which the patentee was the first inventor or dis- coverer. But in every such case in which a judgment or de- cree shall be rendered for the plaintiff no costs shall be recovered unless the proper disclaimer has been entered at the Patent Office before the commencement of the suit. But no patentee shall be entitled to the benefits of this section if he has unreasonably neglected or delayed to enter a dis- claimer. Sec. 4923. Whenever it appears that a patentee, at the time of making his apphcation for the patent, beheved him- self to be the original and first inventor or discoverer of the thing patented, the same shall not be held to be void on account of the invention or discovery, or any part thereof, having been known or used in a foreign country, before his invention or discovery thereof, if it had not been patented or described in a printed publication. vSec. 4928. The benefit of the extension of a patent shall extend to the assignees and grantees of the right to use the thing patented, to the extent of their interest therein. PATENTS FOR DESIGNS.* Sec. 4929. Any person who, by his own industry, genius, efforts, and expense, has invented and produced any new and original design for a manufacture, bust, statue, alto-relievo, or bas-rehef ; any new and original design for the printing of woollen, silk, cotton, or other fabrics ; any new and original impression, ornament, patent, [pattern,] print, or picture to be ♦ See pajie 144 for new law. r SS PATENT LAWS OF 1874. printed, painted, cast, or otherwise placed on or worked into any article of manufacture ; or any new, useful, and original shape or configuration of any article of manufacture, the same not; having been known or used by others before his in- vention or production thereof, or patented or described in any printed publication, may, upon payment of the fee prescribed, and other due proceedings had the same as in cases of inven- tions or discoveries, obtain a patent therefor. Sec. 4930. The Commissioner may dispense with models of designs when the design can be sufficiently represented by drawings or photographs. Sec. 4931. Patents for designs maybe granted for the term of three years and six months, or for seven years, or for four- teen years, as the applicant may, in his application, elect. Sec. 4932. Patentees of designs issued prior to the second day of March, eighteen hundred and sixty-one, shall be en- titled to extension of their respective patents for the term of seven years, in the same manner and under the same restric- tions as are provided for the extension of patents for inven- tions or discoveries, issued prior to the second day of March, eighteen hundred and sixty-one. Sec. 4933. All the regulations and provisions which apply to obtaining or protecting patents for inventions or discov- eries not inconsistent with the provisions of this title, shall apply to patents for designs. [See new law, page 144.J OFFICIAL FEES. • Sec. 4934. The following shall be the rates for patent fees : On fihng each original application for a patent, except in design cases, fifteen dollars. On issuing each original patent, except in design cases, twenty dollars. In design cases : For three years and six months, ten dol- lars ; for seven years, fifteen dollars ; for fourteen years, thirty dollars. On filing each caveat, ten dollars. On every application for the reissue of a patent thirty dollars. On^filing each disclaimer, ten dollars. On* every application for the extension of a patent, fifty dollars. On the granting of every extension of a patent, fifty dol- lars. On an appeal for the first time from the primary examiners to the examiners-in-chief, ten dollars. On every appeal from the examiners-in-chief to the Com- missioner, twenty dollars. TRADE-MARK LAWS. 87 For certified copies of patents and other papers, including certified printed copies, ten cents per hundred words. For recording every assignment, agreement, power of attorney, or other paper, of three hundred words or under, one dollar ; of over three hundred and under one thousand words, two dollars ; of over one thousand words, three dol- lars. For copies of drawings, the reasonable cost of making them. Sec. 4935. Patent fees may be paid to the Commissioner of Patents, or to the Treasurer or any of the assistant treas- urers of the United States, or to any of the designated de- positaries, national banks, or receivers of public money, designated by the Secretary of the Treasury for that pur- pose ; and such officer shall give the depositor a receipt or certificate of deposit therefor. All money received at the Patent Office, for any purpose, or from any source whatever, shall be paid into the Treasury as received, without any de- duction whatever. Sec. 4936. The Treasurer of the United States is author- ized to pay back any sum or sums of money to any person who has through mistake paid the same into the Treasury, or to any receiver or depositary, to the credit of the Treasury, as for fees accruing at the Patent Office, upon a certificate thereof being made to the Treasurer by the Commissioner of Patents. THE TRADE-MARK LAW OF THE UNITED STATES. The original trade-mark laws of the United States, passed July 8, 1870. and embodied, with additions, in the U. S, Statutes of 1874, were, by a decision of the Supreme Court of the United States, delivered November 18, 1879, declared to be unconstitutional and void. March 3, 188 1, Congress passed a new trade-mark law, the text of which is as follows : An Act to Authorize the Registration of Trade-Marks and Protect the Same. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States in Congress assembled, That owners of trade- marks used in commerce with foreign nations or with the Indian tribes, provided such owners shall be domiciled in the United States or located in any foreign country or tribes which, by treaty, convention, or 1 iw, affords similar privi- leges to citizens of the United States, may obtain registra- tion of such trade-marks by complying with the following requirements : 88 TRADE-MARK LAWS. First. By causing to be recorded in the Patent Office a statement specifying name, domicile, location, and citizen- ship of the party applying ; the class of merchandise and the particular description of goods comprised in such class to which the particular trade-mark has been appropriated ; a description of the trade-mark itself, with facsimiles thereof, and a statement of the mode in which the same is applied and affixed to goods and the length of time during which the trade-mark has been used. Second. By paying into the Treasury of the United States the sum of twenty-five dollars, and complying with such regulations as may be prescribed by the Commissioner of Patents. Sec. 2. That the application prescribed in the foregoing section must, in order to create any right whatever in favor of the party filing it, be accompanied by a written declara- tion verified by the person, or by a member of a firm, or by an officer of a corporation applying, to the effect that such party has at the time a right to the use of the trade-mark sought to be registered, and that no other person, firm, or corporation has the right to such use, either in the identical form or in any such near resemblance thereto as might be calculated to deceive ; that such trade-mark is used in com- merce with foreign nations or Indian tribes, as above indi- cated ; and that the description and facsimiles presented for registry truly represent the trade-mark sought to be regis- tered. Sec. 3. That the time of the receipt of any such applica- tion shall be noted and recorded. But no alleged trade- mark shall be registered unless the same appear to be law- fully used as such by the applicant in foreign commerce or commerce with Indian tribes, as above mentioned, or is within the provision of a treaty, convention, or declaration with a foreign power ; nor which is merely the name of the applicant ; nor which is identical with a registered or known trade-mark owned by another and appropriate to the same class of merchandise, or which so nearly resembles some other person's lawful trade-mark as to be likely to cause con- fusion or mistake in the mind of the pubhc, or to deceive pur- chasers. In an application for registration the Commissioner of Patents shall decide the presumptive lawfulness of claim to the alleged trade-mark ; and in any dispute between an applicant and a previous registrant, or between apphcants, he shall follow, so far as the same may be applicable, the practice of courts of equity of the United States in analogous cases. Sec. 4. That certificates of registry of trade-marks shall TRADE-MARK LAWS. 89 be issued in the name of the United States of America, under the seal of the Department of the Interior, and shall be sign- ed by the Commissioner of Patents, and a record thereof, together with printed copies of the speciftcations, shall be kept in books for that purpose. Copies of trade-marks and of statements and declarations filed therewith and certifi- cates of registry so signed and sealed, shall be evidence in any suit in which such trade-marks shall be brought in controversy. Sec. 5. That a certificate of registry shall remain in force for thirty years from its date, except in cases where the trade- mark is claimed for and applied to articles not manufactured in this country, and in which it receives protection under the laws of a foreign country for a shorter period, in which case it shall cease to have any force in this country by virtue of this act at the time that such trade-mark ceases to be exclu- sive property elsewhere. At any time during the six months prior to the expiration of the term of thirty years such regis- tration may be renewed on the same terms and for a like period. Sec. 6. That applicants for registration under this act shall be credited for any fee or part of a fee heretofore paid into the Treasury of the United States with intent to procure pro- tection for the same trade-mark. Sec. 7. That registration of a trade-mark shall be prima facie evidence of ownership. Any person who shall repro- duce, counterfeit, copy, or colorably imitate any trade-mark registered under this act and affix the same to merchandise of substantially the same descriptive properties as those described in the registration, shall be liable to an action on the case for damages for the wrongful use of said trade-mark at the suit of the owner thereof; and the party aggrieved shall also have his remedy according to the course of equity to enjoin the wrongful use of such trade-mark used in foreign commerce or commerce with Indian tribes as aforesaid, and to recover compensation therefor in any court having jurisdic- tion over the person guilty of such wrongful act ; and courts of thfe United States shall have original and appellate juris- diction in such cases without regard to the amount in con- troversy. Sec. 8. That no action or suit shall be maintained under the provisions of this act in any case when the trade-mark is used in any unlawful business or upon any article injurious in itself, or which mark has been used with the design of deceiving the public in the purchase of merchandise, or under any certificate of registry fraudulently obtained. Sec. 9. That any person who shall procure the registry of 90 TRADE-MARK LAWS. a trade-mark, or of himself as the owner of a trade-mark, or an entry respecting a trade-mark, in the office of the Commissioner of Patents, by a false or fraudulent representation or declaration, orally or in writing, or by any fraudulent means, shall be liable to pay any damages sustained in consequence thereof to the in- jured party, to be recovered in an action on the case. Sec. io. That nothing in this act shall prevent, lessen, impeach, or avoid any remedy at law or in equity which any party ag- grieved by any wrongful use of any trade-mark might have had if the provisions of this act had not been passed. Sec. II. That nothing in this act shall be construed as unfavor- ably affecting a claim to a trade-mark after the term of registra- tion shall have expired; nor to give cognizance to any court of the United States in an action or suit between citizens of the same State, unless the trade-mark in controversy is used on goods intended to be transported to a foreign country, or in lawful commercial intercourse with an Indian tribe. Sec. 12. That the Commissioner of Patents is authorized to make rules and regulations and prescribe forms for the transfer of the right to use trade-marks and for recording such transfers in his office. Sec. 13. That citizens and residents of this country wishing the protection of trade-marks in any foreign country the laws of which require registration here as a condition precedent to get- ting such protection there, may register their trade-marks for that purpose as is above allowed to foreigners, and have certifi- cate thereof from the Patent Office. Approved March 3, 1881. TO PUNISH THE COUNTERFEITING OF TRADE-MARK GOODS AND THE SALE OR DEALING IN OF COUNTERFEIT TRADE-MARK GOODS Approved August \\th^ 1876. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of A m,erica in Congress assembled^ That every per- son who shall with intent to defraud, deal in or sell, or keep or offer for sale, or cause or procure the sale of, any goods'of sub- stantially the same descriptive properties as those referred to in the registration of any trade-mark, pursuant to the statutes of the United States, to whicli, or to the package in which the same are put up, is fraudulently affixed said trade-mark, or any colorable imitation thereof, calculated to deceive the public, knowing the same to be counterfeit or not the genuine goods referred to in said registration, shall, on conviction thereof be punished by fine not exceeding one thousand dollars, or imprisonment not more than two years, or both such fine and imprisonment. Sec. z. That every person who fraudulently affixes, or causes or procures to be fraudulently affixed, any trade-mark registered pur- suant to the statutes of the United States, or any colorable imi- tation thereof, calculated to deceive the public, to any goods, of substantially the same descriptive properties as those referred to in said registration, or to the package in which they are put up, knowing the same to be counterfeit, or not the genuine goods re- TRADE-MARK LAWS. 91 ferred to in said registration, shall, on conviction thereof, be punished as prescribed in the first section of this act. Sec. 3. That every person who fraudulently fills, or causes or procures to be fraudulently filled, any package to which is affixed any trade-mark, registered pursuant to the statutes of the United States, or any colorable imitation thereof, calcu- lated to deceive the public, with any goods of substantially the same descriptive properties as those referred to in said registration, knowing the same to be counterfeit, or not the genuine goods referred to in said registration, shall, on con- viction thereof, be punished as prescribed in the first section of this act. Sec. 4. That any person or persons who shall, with intent to defraud any person or persons, knowingly and wilfully cast, engrave, or manufacture, or have in his, her, or their possession, or buy, sell, offer for sale, or deal in, any die or dies, plate or plates, brand or brands, engraving or engrav- ings, on wood, stone, metal, or other substance, moulds, or any false representation, likeness, copy, or colorable imita- tion of any die, plate, brand, engraving, or mould of any private label, brand, stamp, wrapper, engraving on paper or other substance, or trade-mark, registered pursuant to the statutes of the United States, shall, upon conviction thereof, be punished as prescribed in the first section of this act. Sec. 5. That any person or persons who shall, with intent to defraud any person or persons, knowingly and wilfully make, forge, or counterfeit, or have in his, her, or their possession, or buy, sell, offer for sale, or deal in, any repre- sentation, likeness, similitude, copy, or colorable imitation of any private label, brand, stamp, wrapper, engraving, mould, or trade-mark, registered pursuant to the statutes of the United States, shall, upon conviction thereof, be punish- ed as prescribed in the first section of this act. Sec. 6. That any person who shall, with intent to injure or defraud ,the owner of any trade-mark, or any other person lawfully entitled to use or protect the same, buy, sell, offer for sale, deal in or have in his possession any used or empty box, envelope, wrapper, case, bottle, or other package, to which is affixed, so that the same may be obliterated without substantial injury to such box or other thing aforesaid, any trade-mark, registered pursuant to the statutes of the United States, not so defaced, erased, obliterated, and destroyed as to prevent its fraudulent use, shall, on conviction thereof, be punished as prescribed in the first section of this act. Sec. 7. That if the owner of any trade-mark, registered pursuant to the statutes of the United States, or his agent, make oath, in writing, that he has reason to believe, and 92 TRADE-MARK LAWS. does believe, that any counterfeit dies, plates, brands, en- gravings on wood, stone, metal, or other substance, or moulds, of his said registered trade-mark, are in the posses- sion of any person, with intent to use the same for the pur- pose of deception and fraud, or makes such oaths that any counterfeits or colorable imitations of his said trade-mark, label, brand, stamp, wrapper, engraving on paper or other substance, or empty box, envelope, wrapper, case, bottle or other package, to which is affixed said registered trade-mark not so defaced, erased, obliterated, and destroyed as to pre- vent its fraudulent use, are in the possession of any person, with intent to use the same for the purpose of deception and fraud, then the several judges of the circuit and district courts of the United States and the Commissioners of the circuit courts may, within their respective jurisdictions, pro- ceed under the law relating to search-warrants, and may issue a search-warrant authorizing and directing the marshal of the United States for the proper district to search for and seize all said counterfeit dies, plates, brands, engravings on wood, stone, metal, or other substance, moulds, and said counterfeit trade-marks, colorable imitations thereof, labels, brands, stamps, wrappers, engravings on paper, or other substance, and said empty boxes, envelopes, wrappers, cases, bottles, or other packages that can be found ; and upon satis- factory proof being made that said counterfeit dies, plates, brands, engravings on wood, stone, metal, or other substance, moulds, counterfeit trade-marks, colorable imitations thereof, labels, brands, stamps, wrappers, engravings on paper or other substance, empty boxes, envelopes, wrappers, cases, bottles, or other packages, are to be used by the holder or owner for the purposes of deception and fraud, that any of said judges shall have full power to order all said counterfeit dies, plates, brands, engravings on wood, stone, metal, or other substance, moulds, counterfeit trade-marks, colorable imita- tions thereof, labels, brands, stamps, wrappers, engravings on paper or other substance, empty boxes, envelopes, wrappers, cases, botdes, or other packages, to be pubUcly destroyed. Sec. 8.. That any person who shall, with intent to defraud any person or persons, knowingly and wilfully aid or abet in the violation of any of the provisions of this act, shall, upon conviction thereof, be punished by a fine not exceeding five hundred dollars, or imprisonment not more than one year, or both such fine and imprisonment. COPYRIGHT LAWS OF 1891. 93 THE COPYRIGHT LAWS OF THE U2S3"ITED STATES. IN FORCE JULY 1, 1891. FROM THE REVISED STATUTES OF THE UNITED STATES, IN FORCE DECEMBER 1, 1873, AS AMENDED BY ACT APPROVED JUNE 18, 1874, AND FURTHER AMENDED MARCH 3, 1891. Sec. 4948- All records and other thing's relating to copy- rights and required by law to be preserved shall be under the control of the Librarian of Congress, and kept and pre- served in the Library of Congress ; and the Librarian of Congress shall have the immediate care and supervision thereof, and, under the supervision of the Joint Committee of Congress on the Library, shall perform all acts and duties required by law touching copyrights. Sec. 4949. The seal provided for the oflBce of the Librarian of Congress shall be the seal thereof, and by it all records and papers issued from the office, and to be used in evidence, shall be authenticated. Sec. 4950. The Librarian of Congress shall give a bond, with sureties, to the Treasurer of the United States, in the sum of five thousand dollars, with the condition that he will render to the proper oflBcers of the Treasury a true account of all moneys received by virtue of his office. Sec. 4951. The Librarian of Congress shall make an annual report to Congress of the number and description of copy- right publications for which entries have been made during the year. Sec. 4953. The author, inventor, designer or proprietor of any book, map, chart, dramatic or musical composition, en- graving, cut, print, or photograph or negative thereof, or of a painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary, and of models or designs intended to be-perfecied as works of the fine arts, and the executors, administrators, or assigns of any such person, shall, upon complying with the provisions of this chapter, have the sole liberty of printing, reprinting, publishing, completing, copying, executing, finishing, and vending the same ; and, in case of dramatic composition, of publicly performing or representing it or causing it to be performed or represented by others; and authors or their assigns shall have exclusive right to dramatize and translate any of their works for which copyright shall have been ob- tained under the laws of the United States. 94 COPYRIGHT LAWS OF 1891. Sec. 4953. Copyrights shall be granted for the term of twenty-eight years from the time of recording the title there- of, in the manner hereinafter directed. Sec. 4954. The author, inventor, or designer, if he be still living, or his widow or children, if he be dead, shall have the same exclusive right continued for the further term of fourteen years, upon recording the title of the work or -de- scription of the article so secured a second time, and com- plying with all other regulations in regard to original copy- rights, within six months before the expiration of the first term ; and such persons shall, within two months from the date of said renewal, cause a copy of the record thereof to be published in one or more newspapers printed in the United States for the space of four weeks. Sec. 4955. Copyrights shall be assignable in law by any in- strument of writing, and such assignment shall be re- corded in the office of the Librarian of Congress within sixty days after its execution ; in default of which it shall be void as against any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee for a valuable consideration, without notice. Sec. 4956. No person shall be entitled to a copyright unless he shall, on or before the day of publication in this or any foreign country, deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or deposit in the mail within the United States, addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, Dis- trict of Columbia, a printed copy of the title of the book, map, chart, dramatic or musical composition, engraving, cut, print, photograph, or chromo, or a description of the painting, drawing, statue, statuary, or a model or design for a work of the fine arts for which he desires a copyright, nor unless he shall also, not later than the day of the publica- tion thereof in this or any foreign country, deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, District of Columbia, or deposit in the mail within the United States, addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, Dis- trict of Columbia, two copies of such copyright book, map, chart, dramatic or musical composition, engraving, chromo, cut, print, or photograph, or in case of a painting, drawing, statue, statuary, model, or a design for a work of the fine arts, a photograph of same ; Provided^ That in the case of a book, photograph, chromo, or lithograph, the two copies of the same required to be delivered or deposited as above shall be printed from type set within the limits of the United States, or from plates made therefrom, or from negatives, or drawings on stone made within the limits of the United States, or from transfers made therefrom. During the existence of such copyright the importation into the United States of any book, chromo, or lithograph, or photograph, so copyrighted, or any edition or editions thereof, or any plates of the same not made from type set, negatives, or drawings on stone made within the limits of the United States, shall be, and it is hereby prohibited, except in the cases specified in paragraphs five hundred and twelve to five hundred and sixteen, inclusive, in section two of the act en- COPYRIGHT LAWS OF 1891. 95 titled ** An act to reduce the revenue and equalize the duties on imports, and for other purposes," approved October first, eighteen hundred and ninety ; and except In the case of per- sons purchasing for use and not for sale, who import sub- ject to the duty thereon, not more than two copies of such book at any one time ; and except in the case of newspapers and magazines, not containing in whole or in part matter copyrighted under the provisions of this act, unauthorized by the author, which are hereby exempted from prohibition of importation : Provided, nevertheless, 'That In the case of books in foreign languages, of which only translations in English are copyrighted, the prohibition of importation shall- apply only to the translation of the same, and the importa- tion of the books m the original language shall be per- mitted. Sec. 4957. The Librarian of Congress shall record the name of such copyright book, or other article, forthwith in a book to be kept for that purpose, in the words following : " Library of Congress, to wit : Be it remembered that on the day of , , A. B., of , hath deposited in this office the title of a book (map, chart, or otherwise, as the case may be, or description of the article), the title or description of which is in the following words, to wit : (here insert the title or description), the right whereof he claims as author (originator or proprietor, as the case maybe), in conformity with the laws of the United States respecting copyrights. C. D., Librarian of Congress." And he shall give a copy of the title or description, under the seal of the Librarian of Congress, to the proprietor whenever he shall require it. Sec. 4958. The Librarian of Congress shall receive from the persons to whom the services designated are rendered the following fees. First. For recording the title or description of any copy- right book or other article, fifty cents. Second. For every copy under seal of such record actually given to the person claiming the copyright, or his assigns, fifty cents. Third. For recording and certifying any instrument of writing for the assignment of a copyright, one dollar. Fourth. For every copy of an assignment, one dollar. All fees so received shall be paid into the Treasury of the United States : Provided, That the charge for recording the title or description of any article entered for copyright, the production of a person not a citizen or resident of the United States, shall be one dollar, to be paid as above into the Treas- ury of the United States, to defray the expenses of lists of copyrighted articles as hereinafter provided for. And it is hereby made the duty of the Librarian of Con- gress to furnish to the Secretary of the Treasury copies of the entries of titles of all books and other articles wherein the copyright has been completed by the deposit of two copies of such book printed from type set within the limits of the United States, in acordance with the provisions of this act, and by the deposit of two copies of such other article 96 COPYRIGHT LAWS OF 189I. made or produced in the United States ; and the Secretary of the Treasury is hereby directed to prepare and print, at intervals of not more than a week, catalogues of such title- entries for distribution to the collectors of customs of the United States and to the postmasters of all post offices re- ceiving- foreign mails, and such weekly lists, as they are is- sued, shall be furnished to all parties desiring them, at a sum not exceeding" five dollars per annum; and the Secretary and the Postmaster-General are hereby empowered and re- quired to make and enforce such rules and regulations as shall prevent the importation into the United States, except upon the conditions above specified, of all articles prohibited by this act. Sec. 4959. The proprietor of every copyright book or other article shall deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or deposit in the mail, addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, District of Columbia, a copy of every subse- quent edition wherein any substantial chang-es shall be made : Provided, however^ That the alteration, revisions, and additions made to books by foreign authors, heretofore pub- lished, of which new additions shall appear subsequently to the taking effect of this act, shall be held and deemed capa- ble of being copyrighted as above provided for in this act, unless they form a part of the series in course of publica- tion at the time this act shall take effect. Sec. 4960. For every failure on the part of the proprietor of any copyright to deliver, or deposit In the mail, either of the published copies, or description, or photograph, required by Sections 4956 and 4959, the proprietor of the copyright shall be liable to a penalty of twenty-five dollars, to be re- covered by the Librarian of Congress, in the name of the United States, in an action in the nature of an action of debt, in any district court of the United States within the jurisdiction of which the delinquent may reside or be found. Sec. 496L The postmaster to whom such copyright book, title, or other article is delivered shall, if requested, give a receipt therefor ; and when so delivered he shall mail it to its destination. Sec. 4962. No person shall maintain an action for the in- fringement of his copyright unless he shall give notice thereof by inserting in the several copies of every edition published on the title-page, or the page immediately follow- ing, if it be a book ; or if a map, chart, musical composition, print, cut, engraving, photograph, painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary, or model or design intended to be perfected and completed as a work of the fine arts, by in- scribing upon some visible portion thereof, or of the sub- stance on which the same shall be mounted, the following words, viz.: " Entered according to act of Congress, in the year , by A. B., in the office of the Librarian of Con- gress at Washington ; " or, at his option, the word *•' Copy- right," together with the year the copyright was entered, and the name of the party by whom it was taken out, thus : '' Copyright, 18—, by A. B." COPYRIGHT LAWS OF 189I. 97 Sec. 4963. Every person who shall Insert or impress such notice, or words of the same purport, in or upon any book, map, chart, dramatic or musical composition, print, cut, engraving, or photograph, or other articJe, for which he has not obtained a copyright, shall be liable to a penalty of one hundred dollars, recoverable one-half for the person who shall sue for such penalty and one-half to the use of the United States. Sec. 4964. Every person who, after the recording of the title of any book and the depositing of two copies of such book, as provided by this act, shall, contrary to the provi- sions of this act, within the term limited, and without the consent of the proprietor of the copyright first obtained in writing, signed in presence of two or more witnesses, print, publish, dramatize, translate, or import, or, knowing the same to be so printed, published, dramatized, translated, or imported, shall sell or expose to sale any copy of such book, shall forfeit every copy thereof to such proprietor, and shall also forfeit and pay such damages as may be recovered in a civil action by such proprietor in any court of competent jurisdiction. Sec. 4965. If any person, after the recording of the title of any map, chart, dramatic or musical composition, print, cut, • •ngraving, or photograph, or chromo, or of the description of any painting, drawing, statue, statuary, or model or de- sign intended to be perfected and executed as a work of the fine arts, as provided by this act, shall within the term luni ed, contrary to the provisions of this act, and without tho consent of the proprietor of the copyright first obtained in writing, signed in presence of two or more witnesses, en- grave, etch, work, copy, print, publish, dramatize, translate, or import, either in whole or in part, or by varying the main design with intent to evade the law, or. knowing the same to be so printed, published, dramatized, translated, or im- ported, shall sell or expose to sale any copy of such map or other article as aforesaid, he shall forfeit to the proprietor all the plates on which the same shall be copied and every sheet thereof, either copied or printed, and shall further forfeit one dollar for every sheet of the same found in his possession, either printing, printed, copied, published, im- ported, or exposed for sale, and in case of painting, statue or statuary, he shall forfeit ten dollars for every copy of the same in his possession, or by hijn sold or exposed for sale ; one-half thereof to the proprietor and the other half to the use of the United States. Sec. 4966. Any person publicly performing or represent- ing any dramatic composition for which a copyright has been obtained, without the consent of the proprietor there- of, or his heirs or assigns, shall be liable for damages there- for ; such damages in all cases to be assessed at such sum, not Jess than one hundred dollars for the first, and fifty dollars for every subsequent performance, as to the court shall appear to be just. 98 COPYRIGHT LAWS OF 1891. Sec. 4967. Every person who shall print or publish any manuscript whatever without the consent of the author or proprietor first obtained, shall be liable to the author or pro- prietor for all damages occasioned by such injury. Sec. 4968. No action shall be maintained in any case of forfeiture or penalty under the copyright laws, unless the same is commenced within two years after the cause of action has arisen. Sec. 4969. In all actions arising under the laws respecting copyrights the defendant may plead the general issue, and give the special matter in evidence. Sec. 4970. The circuit courts, and district courts having the jurisdiction of circuit courts, shall have power, upon bill in equity, filed by any party aggrieved, to grant injunc- tions to prevent the violation of any right secured by the laws respecting copyrights, according to the course and principles of courts of equity on such terms as the court may deem reasonable. [The foregoing are the Copyright Statutes as amended March 3d, 1891, by the act entitled ** An act to amend title sixty, chapter three, of the Revised Statutes of the United States, relating to copyrights." The sections of the law of 1874 which by the act of March 3, 1891, were changed so as to read as above, were sections 4952, 4954, 4956, 4958, 4959, 4963, 4964, 4965, 4967, 4971. By the same act, March 3, 1891, the fol- lowing additional provisions were adopted;] Amendments approved March 3, 1891, Sec. 11. That for the purpose of this act each volume of a book in two or more volumes, when such volumes are pub- lished separately, and the first one shall not have been is- sued before this act shall take effect, and each number of a periodical shall bo considered an independent publication, subject to the form of copyrighting as above. Sec. 13. That this act shall go into effect on the first day of July, Anno Domini eighteen hundred and ninety-one. Sec. 13. That this act shall only apply to a citizen or sub- ject of a foreign state or nation, when such foreign state or nation permits to citizens of the United States of America the benefit of copyright on substantially the same basis as its own citizens; or when such foreign state or nation is a party to an international agreement which provides for re- ciprocity in the granting of copyright, by the terms of which agreement the United States of America may, at its pleasure, become a party to such agreement. The existence of either of the conditions aforesaid shall be determined by the President of the United States by proclamation made from time to time as the purposes of this act may require. Amendments approved June 18, 187h, Be it enacted hy the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress AssemJjled, That no person shall maintain an action for the infringement of his copyright unless he shall give notice thereof by inserting in COPYRIGHT LAWS OF 1 89 1. 99 the several copies of every edition published, on the title- page or the page immediately followmg, if it be a book ; or if a map, chart, musical composition, print, cut, engraving, photograph, painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary, or model or design intended to be perfected and completed as a work of the fine arts, by inscribing upon some visible portion thereof, or of the substance on which the same shall be mounted, the following words, viz. : "Entered ac- cording to act of Congress, in the. year , by A. B., in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington;" or, at his option, the word "Copyright," together with the year the copyright was entered, and the name of the party by whom it was taken out; thus — "Copyright, 18 — , by A. B." Sec. 2. That for recording and certifying any instrument of writing for the assignment of a copyright, the Librarian of Congress shall receive from the persons to whom the ser- vice is rendered, one dollar ; and for every copy of an assign- ment, one dollar; said fee to cover, in either case, a certifi- cate of the record, under seal of the Librarian of Congress ; and all fees so received shall be paid into the Treasury of the United States. COPYRIGHTS FOR LABELS. Sec. 3. That in the construction of this act, the words "engraving," "cut," and "print" shall be applied only to pictorial illustrations or works connected with the fine arts, and no prints or labels designed to be used for any other articles of manufacture shall be entered under the copyright law, but may be registered in the Patent Office. And the Commissioner of Patents is hereby charged with the super- vision and control of the entry or registry of such prints or labels, in conformity with the regulations provided by law as to copyright of prints, except that there shall be paid for re- cording the title of any print or label not a trade-mark, six dollars, which shall cover the expense of furnishing a copy of the record under the seal of the Commissioner of Patents, to the party entering the same. Sec. 4. That all laws and parts of laws inconsistent with the foregoing provisions be and the same are hereby repealed. Sec. 5. That this act shall take effect on and after the first day of August, eighteen hundred and seventy-four. Repeal Provisions, Title LXXIV., Rev. Stat., p. 1091 : Sec. 5595. The foregoing seventy-three titles embrace the lOO COPYRIGHT LAWS OF 1891. statutes of the United States general and permanent in their nature, in force on the ist day of December, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-three, as revised and consolidated by commissioners appointed under an act of Congress, and the same shall be designated and cited, as The Revised Statutes*of the United States. Sec. 5596. All acts of Congress passed prior to said first day of December, one thousand eight hundred and seventy- three, any portion of which is embraced in any section of said revision, are hereby repealed, and the section applicable thereto shall be in force in lieu thereof; all parts of such acts not contained in such revision, having been repealed or superseded by subsequent acts, or not being general and permanent in their nature : Provided, That the incorporation into said revision of any general and permanent provision, taken from an act making appropriations, or from an act containing other provisions of a private, local, or temporary character, shall not repeal, or in any way affect any appro- priation, or any provision of a private, local, or temporary character, contained in any of said acts, but the same shall remain in force ; and all acts of Congress passed prior to said last-named day, no part of which are embraced in said revision, shall not be affected or changed by its enact- ment. Sec. 5597. The repeal of the several acts embraced in said revision shall not affect any act done, or any right accruing or accrued, or any suit or proceeding had or com- menced in any civil cause before the said repeal, but all rights and liabilities under said acts shall continue, and may be enforced in the same manner, as if said repeal had not been made ; nor shall said repeal in any manner affect the right to any office, or change the term or tenure thereof. Sec. 5598. All offences committed, and all penalties or for- feitures incurred under any statute embraced in said revision prior to said repeal, may be prosecuted and punished in the same manner and with the same effect as if said repeal had not been made. Sec. 5599. All acts of limitation, whether applicable to civil* causes and proceedings, or to the prosecution of offences, or for the recovery of penalties or forfeitures, em- braced in said revision and covered by said repeal, shall not be affected thereby, but all suits, proceedings, or prosecu- tions, whether civil or criminal, for causes arising or acts done or committed prior to said repeal, may be commenced and prosecuted within the same time as if said repeal had not been made. COPYRIGHT LAWS OF 189I. lOI Sec. 5600. The arrangement and classification of the sev- eral sections of the revision have been made for the pur- pose of a more convenient and orderly arrangement of the same, and, therefore, no inference or presumption of a legislative construction is to be drawn by reason of the title under which any particular section is placed. Sec. 5601. The enactment of the said revision is not to affect or repeal any act of Congress passed since the 1st day of December, one thousand eight hundred and seventy- three, and all acts passed since that date are to have full effect as if passed after the enactment of this revision, and so far as such acts vary from, or conflict with, any pro- vision contained in said revision, they are to have effect as subsequent statutes, and as repealing any portion of the revision inconsistent therewith. ELECTRIC BATTEiaES AT»fD MAGNETS. The following directions, if carefully f oUowed, will en- able any person to make a working galvanic battery, elec- tro-magnet, and a needle telegraph, all at a cost of not exceeding ten or twenty cents : Take a bit of common sheet zinc— stove zinc— six inches long, four inches wide. Bend it up two inches from the end, nick the bent end, and wind the naked end of a copper wire around the zinc at the nick. Use copper wire, size of a com- mon pin— insulated wire, that is, copper wire covered with thin paper or cotton, or paint or var- nish. Leave the ends of the wires uncovered. Cover the zinc with common white print- ing paper, two thicknesses, as shown at 1. The white repre- sents the paper. Provide a bit , of thin sheet lead, same size as the zinc, bent in and nicked, but not covered with paper. At- tach one end of a copper wire, as shown at 3. Provide a common tea saucer, in which place one ounce of sul- phate of copper (to be had for a few cents at any drug store) ; pour on warm water ; fill saucer two - thirds full; let stand until dissolved. Now put the zinc (1) In saucer, and put the lead (2) on top of the zinc, the ends standing above the liquid as shown. You now have a com- l-^^ <<^ I02 ELECTRIC BATTERIES AND MAGNETS. plete and tolerably strong galvanic battery. When the free ends of the two wires are touched together, a spark will be seen at the moment of junction. The circuit is made or closed by placing the two wires together. The circuit is opened or broken by separating the wires. An electro-magnet may be made by providing a small wrought iron staple, and grinding off the pointed ends. Wind both legs with the insulated copper wire. The mode of winding and carrying the wire from one leg to the other is shown in the cut. Both legs should, when finished, be closely wound, as shown on the left side. Now connect the end of the wire of one of the legs with one of the battery wires, and the wire of the other leg with the other battery wire, and you will find that the staple is magnetized. The magnetism ceases when the wires are separated. Put a steel knife blade on one leg of the magnet, and the knife becomes permanently magnetized. A needle drawn across the magnet is also magnetized, and if suspended by a thread it becomes a compass, and will point north and south. To make such a compass, magnetize a sewing needle ; suspend it by a silk fiber drawn from a piece of sewing silk ; attach the silk to a bit of bent wire, C, the bottom of which is stuck into, and supported by, a piece of round cork, as shown in the first cut. Place the compass thus made on a table, and the needle will point north and south. Now place loosely on the table around the cork base, two coils or turns of the insulated wire. Connect one end of the wire with one of the battery wires. Join the other end of the coil wire to the other bat- tery wire. An electrical current will now go through the coil, which will move tne needle. This is the needle tele- graph. By alternately separating and joining the wire of the battery and the coil wire, the needle swings. One swing may be called A ; two swings, B; three, C, etc. In this way intelligible signals are sent. -A needle smaller than that here shown in the cut is used for telegraphing through the cable under the Atlantic Ocean between Europe and Ame- rica. On land lines in England larger needles are used, but in this country a magnet is used which draws down a lever with such force as to make a click. A long click and a short click mean A ; a short click, E ; two short clicks, I. The battery wire and the coil wire are alternately joined and separated by a pivoted finger lever called a key. DISTINGUISHED AMERICAN INVENTORS. I03 DISTINC^UISHED AMERICAN INVENTORS. Benjamin Franklin; b. Boston, 1706; d. 1790; at 13, printer's apprentice, fond of useful reading ; 27 to 40, teaches himself Latin, etc., makes various useful improvements; at 40, studies electricity ; 1753, brings electricity from clouds by kite, and invents the lightning rod. Eli Whitney, inventor of the cotton-gin; b. West- borough, Mass., 1765 ; d. 1825 ; went to Georgia 1793, as teacher ; 1793, invents the cotton-gin, prior to which a full day's work of one person was to clean by hand one pound of cotton ; one machine performs the labor of five thousand persons ; 1800, founds Whitney ville, makes firearms by the interchangeable system for the parts. Robert Fulton; b. Little Britain, Pa., 1765; d. 1835; artist painter; invents steamboat 1793; invents submarine torpedoes 1797 to 1801; builds steamboat in France 1803; launches passenger boat Clermont at N. Y. 1807, and steams to Albany ; 1813, builds steam ferryboats ; 1814, builds first steam war vessel. Thomas Blanch ard ; b. 1788, Sutton, Mass. ; d. 1864 ; invented tack machine 1806 ; builds successful steam car- riage 1825 ; builds the stern-wheel boat for shallow waters, now in common use on Western rivers ; 1843, patents the lathe for turning irregular forms, now in common use all over the world for turning lasts, spokes, axe-handles, gun- stocks, hat-blocks, tackle-blocks, etc. Cyrus H. McCoRMiCK,inventor of harvesting machines; b. Walnut Grove, Va., 1809; in 1851 he exhibited his inven- tion at the World's Fair, London, with practical success. The mowing of one acre was one man's day's work ; a boy with a mowing-machine now cuts ten acres a day. Mr. McCormick's patents made him a millionaire. Charles Goodyear, inventor and patentee of the sim- ple mixture of rubber and sulphur, the basis of the present great rubber industries throughout the world ; b. New Ha- ven, Conn., 1800 ; in 1839, by the accidental mixture of a bit of rubber and sulphur on a red-hot stove, he discovered the process of vulcanization. The Goodyear patents proved Immensely profitable. I04 DISTINGUISHED AMERICAN INVENTORS. DISTINGUISHED AMERICAN INVENTORS. CELEBRATED AMERICAN INVENTIONS. I05 Io6 DISTINGUISHED AMERICAN INVENTORS. EiiiAS Howe, inventor of the modern sewing machine ; b. Spencer, Mass., 1819; d. 1867; machinist; sewing: machine patented 1846. From that time to 1854 his priority was con- tested, and he suffered from poverty, when a decision of the courts in his favor brought him large royalties, and he realized several millions from his patent. Samuel F. B. Morse, inventor and patentee of electric telegraph; b. Charlestown, Mass., 1791; d. 1873; artist painter; exhibited first drawings of telegraph 1833; half- mile wire in operation 1835 ; caveat 1837 ; Congress appro- priated S30,000, and in 1844 first telegraph line from Wash- ington to Baltimore was opened ; after long contests, the courts sustained his patents, and he realized from them a large fortune. James B. Eads; b. 1820; author and constructor of the great steel bridge over the Mississippi at St. Louis, 1867, and the jetties below New Orleans 1876. His remarkable energy was shown in 1861, when he built and delivered complete to Government, all within sixty-five days, seven iron-plated steamers, 600 tons each ; subsequently other steamers. Some of the most brilliant successes of the Union arms were due to his extraordinary rapidity in constructing these vessels. John Ericsson; b. in Sweden, 1803; d. in New York, 1889. Designed the locomotive, and competed with Ste- phenson, London. Designed the screw propeller and me- chanism for ships and tugs. 1839 came to the United States, and produced many important works. Designed war ship Princeton; constructed heavy ordnance; invented hot-air engine ; built the first iron-clad monitor in 1863 ; designed torpedo boats: made solar engine, etc. Thomas Alva Edison; b. in Ohio, 1847. Printer's boy, then telegraph operator; 1864 invented quadruplex tele- graph. Many electrical inventions followed, including the telephone, the incandescent system of lighting, the dynamo- magnetic separator for metals, etc. In 1878 he produced the phonograph. Has patented over six hundred inventions, bringing him great wealth. He is justly regarded as the greatest intellect of modern times. Alexander Graham Bell, inventor of the telephone; b. in Scotland, 1847. In 1876 produced the electric telephone ; author of many valuable scientific contributions. The tele- phone brought him immense wealth, and to his associates far more than to himself. MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. I07 MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. In the construction of models, or machinery, the skilful mechanic and inventor will study to avoid clumsiness in the arrangement of parts, and will naturally take pride in select- ing, as far as possible, the simplest and best forms of me- chanical movements. As suggestive for this purpose we have brought together and condensed an extensive series of mechanical movements. Here the mechanic may find at a glance the movement suited for his purpose, and may see the separate parts best adapted to any special combination of mechanism. The following is a brief description of the various move- ments, as numbered : I. Shaft couphng. 2. Claw coupling. 3, 4. Lever coup- lings. On the driving shaft, a disk with spurs is mounted, and to the shaft to be driven a lever is hinged. By causing this lever to catch in the spurs of the disk, the coupling is ef- fected. 5. Knee or rose coupling, of which 26 is a side view. 6. Universal joint. 7, 8. Disk and spur coupling. 9. Prong and spur lever coupling. 10. Fast and loose pulley. 11. Sliding gear, the journal boxes of one of the wheels being movable. 12. Friction clutch. By tightening or releasing a steel band, encircling a pulley on the shaft, the machinery is thrown in or out of gear. 13, 14. Shoe and lever brakes. 15, 16. Change of motion by sheaves. 17. Spiral flanged shaft. 18. Con- nected with the rod are pawl links, catching into ratchet- teeth in the wheel to which rotary motion is to be imparted. When the rod moves in one direction, one of the pawls acts ; and when the rod moves in the opposite direction, the other pawl acts in the, same direction as the first. 19. The recip- rocating motion of a rod is converted into rotary motion of the fly-wheel by a weight suspended from a cord, which passes over a small pulley that connects with a treadle, from which the motion is transmitted to the fly-wheel. 20. "Flying horse," used in, fairs for amusement. By pulling the cords radiating from the crank, the persons occu- pying the seats or horses on the ends of the arms are enabled to keep the apparatus in motion. 21, 22. Bow-string ar- rangements, to convert reciprocating into rotary motion. 23. Same purpose by differential screw. 24. . The same by double rack and wheels. 25. Coupling for square shafts. 26. Side view of Fig. 5. 27. Sliding-spur pulley couphng. 28. Lever with bearing roller to tighten pulley bands. 29. Chain wheel. 30. Reciprocating rectilinear into reciprocating rotary io8 MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. motion by two racks and cog-wheel. 31. Oblique-toothed wheels. 32. Worm and worm-wheel. 33, 34. Claw coup- ling with hinged lever. 35, 36. Disk couplings, with lugs and cavities. 37. Disk coupling with screw bolts. 38, 39, 40. Shaft couphngs. 41. Face view of Fig. 12. 42. Friction cones. 43. Fric- tion pulleys. 44. Self-releasing coupling. Disks with ob- lique teeth. If the resistance to the driven shaft increases beyond a certain point, the disks separate. 45. Hoisting blocks. 46. Elbow crank, for changing motion. 47. Re- ciprocating into rotary motion by zigzag groove on cylinder. 48. Another form of Fig. 29. 49. Reciprocating into a ro- tary motion. 50. Same purpose. 51. Same purpose, by double rack and two ratchet pinions. When the double rack moves in one direction, one pinion is rigid with the shaft ; when the rack moves in the opposite direction, the other pinion is rigid, and a continuous rotary motion is imparted to the fly-wheel shaft. 52. Reciprocating into oscillating. 53. Rotary into reciprocating. By the action of the wheel-pins the carriage is moved in one direction, and by the action of said pins on an elbow-lever, it is moved in the opposite direction. 54. Stamp rod and lifting cam. 55. For giving reciprocating motion to rack. 56. Same motion to a bar with slot, by means of an eccentric pin projecting from a revolving disk, and catching in the slot. 57. Walking-beam and fly-wheel. 58. Reciprocating motion to pump or othe.r rod by means of eccentric disk and friction rollers. See 81 and 104. 59. Hoisting crane. 60. Friction gears. See 43. 61. Rotary into reciprocat- ing by rising and falling pinion acting on endless rack. 62. By the revolving cam, a rising and falling or a reciprocating rectilinear motion is imparted to a drum. 6^. Reciprocating motion to a frame by means of endless rack and pinion. 64. Reciprocating rectilinear motion to a toothed rack by a toothed segment on a lever-arm, which is subjected to the action of a weight, and of an eccentric wrist-pin, projecting from ^ revolving disk. 65. Reciprocating motion to a rod. The wheels are of different diameters, and consequently the rod has to rise and fall as the wheels revolve. (See no.) 66. Cam and elbow lever. 6j. Rod reciprocates by means of cam. 68. Revolving into reciprocating motion, by an end- less segmental rack and pinion, the axle of which revolves and slides in a slot toward and from the rack. This rack is secured to a disk, and a rope round said disk extends to the body to which a reciprocating motion is to be imparted. 69. Elliptic gears. MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 109 70. Bevel gear. 71. Worm and worm wheel. 72. Trans- mitting motion from one axle to another, with three different velocities, by means of toothed segments of unequal diame- ters. 73. Continuous revolving into reciprocating, by a cam- disk acting on an oscillating lever. 74. Intermittent revolv- ing motion to a shaft with two pinions, and segment gear- wheel on end of shaft. 75. Oscillating lever, carrying pawls which engage teeth in the edges of a bar to which rectilinear motion is imparted. ^6. Oscillating lever, connects by a Hnk with a rod to which a rectihnear motion is imparted, 'jj. Oscillating lever and pawls, which gear in the ratchet-wheel. 78. Common treadle. 79. Describing on a revolving cylin- der a spiral Hne of a certain given pitch which depends upon the comparative sizes of the pinion and bevel-wheels. 80. Marking a spiral line, the graver moved by a screw. 81. (See Fig. 58.) 82. Plunger and rods. 83. Crosshead and rods. 84. Reciprocating rod guided by friction rollers. 85. Revolving into reciprocating motion, by means of roller- arms, extending from a revolving shaft, and acting on lugs projecting from a reciprocating frame. 86. Crank motion. 87. Reciprocating motion by toothed wheel and spring bar. 88. The shaft carries a taper, which catches against a hook hinged to the drum, so as to carry said drum along and raise the weight on the rope. When the tappet has reached its highest position, the hook strikes a pin, the hook disengages from the tappet, and the weight drops. 89. Reciprocating motion to a rod by means of a groove in an oblique ring se- cured to a revolving shaft. 90. Double crank. 91. Cam groove in a drum, to produce reciprocating motion. 92. Belts and pulleys. 93. Pulleys, belts, and internal gear. 94. As the rod moves up and down, the teeth of the cog-wheel come in contact with a pawl, and an intermittent rotary motion is imparted to said wheel. 95. By turning the horizontal axles with different velocities, the middle wheel is caused to revolve with the mean velocity. 96. Oscillating lever and cam groove in a disk. 97. Lazy tongs. 98. Oscillating segment and belt over pulleys. 99. Converting oscillating into a reciprocating motion by a cam-slot in the end of the oscillating lever which catches over a pin projecting from one of the sides of a paral- lelogram which is connected to the rod to which reciprocat- ing motion is imparted. 100. Oscillating motion of a beam into rotary motion, loi. Motion of a treadle into rotary motion. 102. Double- acting beam. 103. Single-acting beam. 104. (See Figures 58 and 81.) 105. Device to steady a piston by a slotted guide-piece, operated by an eccentric on the driving-shaft. no MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. xo6. Rod operated by two toothed segments. 107. Two cog-wheels of equal diameter, provided with a crank of the same length, and connected by links with a cross-bar to which the piston-rod is secured. 108. Device for a rectilin- ear motion of a pistoivrod based on the hypocycloidal mo- tion of a pinion in a stationary wheel with internal gear. If the diameter of the pinion is exactly equal to one half the diameter of the internal gear, the hypocycloid becomes a eight line. 109. Same purpose as 56. no. Action similar to 65. in. Revolving motion by a circular sliding pinion gearing in an eUiptical cog-wheel. 112. Similar to 96. 113. Carpenter's clamp. The jaws turn on their pivot-screws, and clamp the board. 114. An irregu- lar vibratory motion is given to the arm carrying the wheel A, by the rotation of the pinion B. 115. Intermittent rotary motion of the pinion-shaft, by the continuous rotary motion of the large wheel. The part of the pinion shown next the wheel is cut on the same curve as the plain portion of the circumfer- ence, and, therefore, serves as a lock whilst the wheel makes a part of a revolution, and until the pin upon the wheel strikes the guide-piece upon the pinion, when the pinion- shaft commences another revolution. 116. Stop-motion used in watches to limit the number of revolutions in winding up. The convex curved part, a, b, of the wheel B, serving as the stop. 117. Several wheels, by connecting-rods, driven from one pulley. 118. Intermittent circular motion is imparted to the toothed wheel by vibrating the arm B. When the arm B is lifted, the pawl is raised from between the teeth of the wheel, and travelling backward over the circumference again, drops ^between two teeth on lowering the arm, and draws with it the wheel. 119. Reciprocating rectilinear motion is given to the bar by the continuous motion of the cam. The cam is of equal diameter in every direction measured across its centre. 120. Mechanism for revolving the cylinder in Colt's fire- arms. When the hammer is drawn back the dog, a, attach- ed to the tumbler, acts on the ratchet, b, on the back of the cylinder, and is held up to the ratchet by a spring, c. 121. Altel-nate increasing and diminishing motion, by means of eccentric toothed wheel and toothed cyHnder. 122. Oscil- lating or pendulum engine. The cyHnder swings between trunnions like a pendulum. The piston-rod connects direct- ly with crank. 123. Intermittent rotary motion. The small wheel is driven, and the friction rollers on its studs move the larger wheel by working against the faces of obhque grooves or projections across the face thereof. 124. Longitudinal and rotary motion of the rod is produced by its arrangement MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. Ill between two rotating rollers, the axles of which are oblique to each other. 125. Friction indicator of Roberts. Upon the periphery of the belt-pulley a loaded carriage is placed, its tongue connected with an indicator. With a given load the indicating pointer remains in a given position, no mattei what velocity is imparted to the pulley. When the load is changed the indicator changes, thus proving that the friction of wheels is in proportion to load, not velocity. 126. Circular intermittent rectihnear reciprocating motion. Used on sew- ing-machines for driving the shuttle ; also on three-revolution cylinder printing-presses. 127. Continuous circular into in- termittent circular motion. The cam is the driver. 128. Sewing-machine, four-motion feed. The bar B carries the feeding-points or spurs, and is pivoted to slide A. B is lift- ed by a radial projection on cam C, which at the same time also carries A and B forward. A spring produces the return stroke, and the bar, B, drops by gravity. 129. Patent crank motion, to obviate dead centres. Pressure on the treadle moves the slotted slide A forward until the wrist passes the centre, when the spring B forces the slide against the stops until next forward movement. 130. Four-way cock. 131. One stroke of the piston gives a complete revolution to the crank. 132. Rectihnear motion of variable velocity is given to the vertical bar by rotation of the shaft of the curved arm. 133. Pantagraph for copying, enlarging, and reducing plans, etc. C, fixed point. B, ivory tracing point. A, pencil trace, the hues to be copied with, and B, the pencil, will reproduce it double size. Shift the shde to which C is attached, also the pencil slide, and size of the copy will be varied. 134. Ball-and-socket joint for tubing. 135. Numerical registering device. The teeth of the worm shaft-gear with a pair of worm-wheels of equal diameter, one having one tooth more than the other. If the first wheel has 100 teeth and the second loi, the pointers will indicate respectively loi and 10.100 revolutions. 136. Mont- golfier's hydraulic ram. The right hand valve being kept open by a weight or spring, the current flowing through the pipe in the direction of the arrow, escapes therebjr. When the pressure of the water current overcomes the weight of the right valve, the momentum of the water opens the other valve, and the water passes into the. air-chamber. On equi- librium taking place, the left valve shuts and the right valve opens. By this alternate action of the valves, water is raised into the air-chamber at every stroke. 137. Rotary engine. Shaft B and hub C are arranged eccentric to the case. Sliding radial pistons, a, a, move in and out of hub, C. The pistons shde through rolling packings in the hub C. 112 MULTUM IN PARVO. 138. Quadrant engine. Two single-acting pistons, B, B, connect with crank D. Steam is admitted to act oti the outer sides of the pistons alternately through valve a, and the ex- haust is between the pistons. 139. Circular into rectilinear motion. The scolloped wheel communicates motion to the horizontal oscillating rod, and imparts rectihnear movement to the upright bar. 140. Rotary motion transmitted by roll- ing contact between two obHquely arranged shafts. MULTUM IN PARVO. We have some queer correspondents : One writes to know if we will not be so good as to send a messenger to an ad- dress which he gives, up town — distance two and a half miles from our office — to make certain inquiries for him. It would require one and a half hours' time to do the errand, and not a stamp Inclosed. Another wants us to write a letter and tell him where to get a combined thermometer and bar- ometer. Another, " Will you be good enough to give me the names and addresses of several of the makers of the best brick machines?" another wants water-wheels; another threshing machines : each writer desires our written opinion as to which is the best device, with our reasons, and not one is thoughtful enough to inclose a fee, or to reflect that to answer his request will consume considerable of our time. Another party wishes us to write to him the recipe for making ornaments out of coal tar, where he can buy the mixture ready for use, and how much chequer-men will sell for in the New York market. For this information he sends us the generous sum of three cents in postage stamps. Mr. C wants us to tell him of some valuable invention, of which he can buy the patent cheap, that would be suitable for him to take to sell, on his travels out West, by towns, counties, etc., three cents inclosed. Others want us to put them in communica- tion with some person who will purchase an interest in their inventions, or manufacture for them, or furnish this or that personal information, our reply to be printed in The Scien- tific American. We are at all times happy to sers'e our correspondents, but if rephes to purely personal errands are expected, a small fee, say from one to five dollars, should be sent. Harness Blacking. — Melt i pound bees-wax, stir in 4 ounces ivory-black, 2 ounces spirits turpentine, 2 ounces Prussian blue ground in oil, and 3^ ounce copal varnish. Make into balls. With a brush apply it to harness, and pol- ish with silk gently. MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 113 114 MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 3J 32 *a U r s AiV ■^ ^^ J V 53. 64- MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 115 116 MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 118 HOW TO COMPUTE HORSE-POWER. HORSE-PO"WEB, When Watt began-' to introduce his steam-engines he wished to be able to state their power as compared with that of horses, which were then generally employed for driving mills. He accordingly made a series of experiments, which led him to the conclusion that the average power of a horse was sufficient to raise about 33,000 lbs. one foot in vertical height per minute, and this has been adopted in England and this country as the general measure of power. A waterfall has one horse-power for every 33,000 lbs. of water flowing in the stream per minute, for each foot of fall. To compute the power of a stream, therefore, multi- ply the area of its cross section in feet by the velocity in feet per minute, and we have the number of cubic feet flow- ing along the stream per minute. Multiply this by 62^, the number of pounds in a cubic foot of water, and this by the vertical fall in feet, and we have the foot-pounds per minute of the fall; dividing by 33,000 gives us the horse- power. F.or exa,mple : A stream flows through a flume 10 feet wide, and the depth of the water is 4 feet ; the area of the cross section will be 40 feet. The velocity is 150 feet per minute — 40X150— 6000=the cubic feet of water flowing per minute. 6000x62|-=3'75,000=the pounds of water flowing per minute. The fall is 10 feet; 10X375,000= 3,'750,000=the foot-pounds of the water-fall. Divide 3,750,- 000 by 33,000, and we have llSfJ- as the horse-power of the fall. The power of a steam-engine i3 calculated by multiplying together the area of the piston in inches, the mean pressure in pounds per square inch, the length of the stroke in feet, and the number of strokes per minute; and dividing by 33,000. Water-wheels yield from 60 to 91 per cent of the water. The actual power of a steam-engine is less than the indicat- ed power, owing to a loss from friction ; the amount of this loss varies with the arrangement of the engine and th« per- fection of the workmanship. PROPERTIES OF CHARCOAL. 119 PROPERTIES OF CHARCOAL. Although -charcoal is so combustible, it is, in some re- spects a very unchangeable substance, resisting the action of a great variety of other substances upon it. Hence posts are often chaiTcd before being put into the ground. Grain has been found in the excavations at Herculaneum, which was charred at the time of the destruction of that city, eight- een hundred years ago, and yet the shape is perfectly pre- served, so that you can distinguish between the different kinds of grain. While charcoal is itself so unchangeable, it preserves other substances from change. Hence meat and vegetables are packed in charcoal for long voyages, and the water is kept in casks which are charred on the inside. Tainted meat can be made sweet by being covered with it. Foul and stagnant water can be deprived of its bad taste by being filtered through it. Charcoal is a great decolorizer. Ale and porter filtered through it are deprived of their color, and sugar-refiners decolorize tlieir brown syrups by means of charcoal, and thus make white sugar. Animal charcoal, or bone-black, is the best for such purposes, although only one-tenth of it is really charcoal, the other nine-tenths being the mineral portion of the bone. Charcoal will absorb, of some gases, from eighty to ninety times its own bulk. As every point of its surface is a point of attraction, it is supposed to account for the enormous ac- cumulation of gases in the spaces of the charcoal. But this accounts for it only in part. There must be some peculiar power in the charcoal to change, in some way, the condition of a gas of which it absorbs ninety times its own bulk. — Hooker, SUBSTITUTE FOR THE CRANK. Various devices supposed to have advan- tages over the common crank, have been in- vented. Our di-agram shows one of these forms, which has been re-invented many times, by different inventors. A grooved wheel is employed, and in the groove are two slides, at- tached respectively, by pivots, to the connecting rod of a piston rod. The reciprocating movement of the piston rod acting upon the connecting rod, causes the rotation of the wheel. Knots. KNOTS. 121 The knots represented on the preceding page of en- gravings are as follows : 1. Simple overhand knot. 2. Slip-knot seized. 3. Single bow-knot. 4. Square or ruf-knot. 5. Square bow-knot. 6. Weaver's knot. 7. German or figure-of-8 knot. 8. Two half-hitches, or ar- tificer's knot. 9. Double artificer's knot. 10. Simple galley-knot. 11. Capstan or prolonged knot. 12. Bowline-knot. 13. Rolling-hitch. 14. Clove-hitch. 15. Black wall -hitch. 16. Timber-hitch. 17. Bowline on a bight. 18. Running bowline. 19. Catspaw. 20. Doubled running-knot. 21. Double knot. 22. Six-fold knot. 23. Boat-knot. 24. Lark's head. 25. Lark's head. 26. Simple boat-knot. 27. Loop-knot. 28. Double Flemish knot. 29. Running-knot checked 30. Crossed running-knot. 31. Lashing-knot. 32. Rosette. 33. Chain-knot. 34. Double chain-knot. 35. Double running-knot, with check-knot. 36. Double twist-knot. 37. Builders' knot. 38. Double Flemish knot. 39. English knot. 40. Shortening-knot. 41. Shortening-knot. 42. Sheep-shank. 43. Dog- shank. 44. Moo ring-knot. 45. Mooring-knot. 46. Mooring-knot. 47. Pigtail worked on the end of a rope. 48. Shroud-knot. 49. A bend or knot used by sailors in making fast to a spar or a bucket-han> die before casting over- board ; it will not run. Also used by horsemen for a loop around the jaw of a colt in breaking : the running end, after passing over the liead of ^the animal and through the loop, will not jam therein. 50. A granny's knot. 51. A weaver's knot. The principle of a knot is, that no two parts which would move in the same direction if the rope were to slip, should lie alongside of and touching each other. MEASURES OF LENGTH. Measures of Length. — The subjoined engraving shows at the left a four-inch section of a common rule, the inch divisions beii^ subdivided into twenty-fifths, twelfths, eighths, and tenths. On the right is the French measure, indicating milli- metres and centimetres. The French metre is intended to be the one ten-millionth part of the distance from either pole of th« earth to the equator. < II- 2 CO to ^Jf* 7^i^< > CM. I' ■t 6 ^ S 9 to > eC 35 cc « 3 AA^ ^ • 3.£.is*a s ■ 5 C a- "'*■ |«n)cerf ec ec eo e II II II II II 11 II II 02 „ < s §11 «i1:^& •§1 s£ii s 5 "S « "S S w o o o o o o o o M |^ Problem 1. — To divide a line into equal parts. — To draw a line perpen- (Hcular to another: With a pair of di- viders from the extremities of the line A B as centres, with any distance ex- ceeding the point where the line is to be intersected, describe arcs cutting each other as m n ; then a line drawn through m n will divide the line A B equally, and will also be perpendicular thereto. Problem 2. — To find the side of a square that shall be any number of times the area of a given square: Let A B C D be the given square ; then will the diagonal B D be the side of a square A E F G, double in area to the given square A B D ; the di- ll E B A agonal B D is equal to the line A G ; if the diagonal be drawn from B to G, it will be the side of a square A H K L, three times the area of the square A B C D ; the diagonal B L will equal the size of a square four times the area of the square A B C D, etc. 134 PRACTICAL GEOMETRY. Problem 3. — To find the diameter of a circle that shall be any number of times the area of a given circle : Let A B D be the given circle; draw the two diameters A B and C D at right angles to each other, and the cord A D will be the radius of the circle o P, twice the area of the given circle nearly ; and half the cord will be the radius of a circle that will contain half the area, etc. Problem 4. — To describe an ellipsis, the transverse and conjugate diameters be- ing given : From o, as a centre, with the difference of the transverse and con- jugate semi-diameters, set off c and o d ; draw the( diagonal c c?, and continue i the line o etok, by the addition of half the diagonal c o?, then will the distance o A: be the radius of the centres that will describe the ellipsis ; draw the Unes A B, C D, C E, and B H, cutting the semi-diameters of the ellipsis in the centres k B mn; then with the radius m s, and with k, and m as centres, describe the arcs D H and A E ; also, with the radius n r, and with oi and B as centres, describe the arcs E H and A H, and the figure A E D H will be the ellipsis required. . The " Scientific American." — '* It is hardly necessary for us to speak of its merits to those who are thoroughly posted up in the improvements of the age ; but the general reading public may not be so well aware that it contains the finest engravings of all the late inventions — the new moni- tors, army and navy weapons, vessels, forts, machinery of all kinds, military and civil, mechanical and agricultural — with essays from the most distinguished scholars. THE CONDENSING ENGINE. 185 THE STEAM-ENGIWE. Every mechanic and inventor should make himself gen- erally familiar with the construction and operation of the steam-engine. To assist them In gaining this knowledge, we subjoin for reference a diagram of the common Con-; densing Engine, with letters of reference to the names of the various parts : a, steam cylinder ; 6, piston ; c, upper steam port or pas- sage ; d^ lower steam port ; e e^ parallel motion ; //, beam ; g^ connecting rod ; A, crank ; i ^, fly-wheel ; k k^ eccentric and its rod for working the steam-valve ; Z, steam-valve and casing ; m, throttle-valve ; w, condenser ; o, injection-cock ; p, air-pump ; g, hot well ; r, shifting-valve to create vacuum in condenser previous to starting the engine ; s, feed-pump to supply boilers ; t^ cold-water pump to supply condenser ; w, governor. A study of the above diagram and descrip- tion, in connection with attentive observation of engines in motion, will be of much assistance in acquiring a general understanding of the machine. We recommend the follow- ing standard works for careful study by all who desire to become thoroughly posted: Bourne's Catechism of the Steam Engine, Main & Brown's Marine Steam Engine. EFFECTS OF Beg. Cast iron melts Gold " Copper " Brass " Silver *" Red heat visible by day.. Iron red hot in twilight., Common fire Zinc melts Iron, bright red in dark. Mercury boils Lead melts Linseed oil boils Bismuth melts HEAT Fah. ! 3,786 2,016 1,996 1,900 1,873 .1,077 . 884 790 773 . 752 630 612 . 600 . 497 UPON BODIES. Deg. Fah. Cadmium 450 Tin melts 442 Tin and bismuth, equal parts, melt 283 Tin 3 parts, bismuth 5 parts, lead 2 parts, melt 212 Sodium 190 Alcohol boils 174 Potassium 136 Ether boils 98 Human blood (heat of). 98 Strong wines freeze 20 Brandy freezes 7 Mercury freezes — 39^^ STEAM PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE. Pressure Corresponding Pressure Corresponding Pressure Corresponding in lbs. Temperature in lbs. Temperature. in lbs. Temperatuie. per sq. in. Fahrenheit. per sq. in. 65 Fahrenheit. per sq. in. Fahrenheit. 10 192-4 301-3 140 357 9 15 212-8 70 306-4 150 363-4 20 228-5 75 3112 160 368-7 25 241-0 80 315-8 170 373-6 30 251-6 85 320 1 180 378-4 35 260-9 90 324-3 190 3829 40 269-1 95 328-2 200 387 3 45 276-4 100 6320 210 3915 50 283-2 110 339 2 220 395-5 55 289-3 ]20 345-8 230 399 4 60 295-6 130 352-1 240 403-1 HEAT AND ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY. Substances. Heat Conductivity. Electrical Conductivity. Silver 1000 73-6 532 23 6 19-9 14-5 120 11-9 8-5 6-4 6-3 1-8 1000 Copper ; Gold Brass Zinc 73-3 58-5 21-5 Tin: 226 Steel Iron Lead 130 10 7 Platinum 10-3 Palladium Bismuth 'i'9 TABLE OF OCCUPATIONS. 137 TABLE OF OCCUPATIONS, COMPILED FROM THE CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, A. D. 1880. A.11 occupations (persons en- g^aged in)... 17,392,099 Agricultdke total , 7,670,493 A^icultural laborers 3,323,876 Apiarists 1,016 Dairymen and dairywomen. . . . 8,948 Farm and plantation overseers. 3,106 Farmers and planters 4,225,945 Florists 4,550 Gardeners, nurserymen , and vine-growers 51 ,482 Stock-drovers 3,449 Stock-herders 24,098 Stock-raisers 16,528 Turpentine farmers and la- . borers 7,460 Others in agriculture 45 Professional and Personal Services 4,074,2C8 Actors 4,812 Architects 3,375 Artists and teachers of art 9,104 Auctioneers 2,331 Authors, lecturers, and literary persons 1,131 Barbers and hairdressers 44,851 Billiard and bowling-salocn keepers and employes 1 ,543 Boarding and lodging-house keepers 1 9,058 Chemists, assayers, and metal- lurgists 969 Clergymen 64,698 Clerks and copyists (not other- wise described) 25,467 Clerks in government oflSces. . . 16,849 Clerks in hotels and restaurants 10,916 CoU >ctor8 and claim agents 4,213 Dentists 12,314 Designers, draughtsmen, and in- ventors 2,820 Do iiestic servants 1,075,665 Employes of charitable institu- tions 2,396 Employe's of government (not clerks) 31,601 Employes of hotels and restau- rants (not clerks) 77,413 Engineers (civil) 8,261 HoBtlers 31 ,697 Professional and Personal. Hotel keepers 32,453 Hunters, trappers, guides, and scouts 1,912 Janitors 6,763 Journalists 12,308 Laborers (not specified) 1,859,223 Launderers and laundresses... 121,942 Lawyers 64,137 Livery stable keepers 14,213 Messengers 13,985 Midwives 2,118 Musicians (professional) and teachers of music 30,477 Nurses 13,483 Officers of the army and navy (United States) 2,600 Officials of government 67,081 Physicians and surgeons 85,671 Restaurant keepers 13,074 Sextons 2,449 Showmen and employes of shows 2,604 Soldiers, sailors, and marines (United Statesarmy and navy) 24,161 Teachers and scientific persons. . 227,710 Veterinary surgeons 2,130 Watchmen (private) and de- tectives... 13,384 Whitewashers 3,316 Others in professional and per- sonal services 4,570 Trade and Transportatioit. . 1,810,256 Agents (not specified) 18,523 Bankers and brokers of money and stocks 15,180 Boatmen and watermen 20,368 Bookkeepers and accountants in stores 59,790 Brokers (commercial) 4,1 93 C&nalmen 4,329 Clerks in stores 353,444 Clf rks and bookkeepers in banks 10,267 Clerks and bookkeepers in ex- preps companies 1,866 Clerks and Dookkeepers in in- surance offices , 2,830 Clerks and bookkeepers in rail- road offices 12,331 Commercial travellers 28,168 Draymen, hackmen, teamsters, etc 177,586 Employes in warehouses 5,023 138 TABLE OF OCCUPATIONS. Table of Occupations. iConUnued.) Tbadk and Tbanspobtation. Employes of banks (not clerks) 1,070 Employes of insurance compa- nies (not clerks) 13,146 Employes of railroad companies (notclerks) 236,058 Hucksters and peddlers 53,49 1 Milkmen and milkwomen 9,242 Newspaper criers and carriers. . 3,374 Officials and employes of ex- press companies (not clerks). . 13,004 Officials and employes ol street railroad companies 11,925 Officials and employes of tele- graph companies 22,809 Officials and employes of tele- phone companies 1,197 Officials and employes of trading and transportation companies (not specified) 9,702 Officials of banks 4,421 Officials of insurance companies 1 ,774 Officials of railroad companies.. 2,069 Packers 4,176 Pilots 3,7 7U Porters and laborers in stores and warehouses. 32,192 Sailors 6o,070 Salesmen and saleswomen 32,279 Saloon keepers and bartenders,. 68,461 Shippers and freighters 5,1 66 Steamboat men and women.... 12,365 Stewards and stewardesses 2,283 Toll-gate and bridge keepers. . . 2,303 Traders and dealers (not spe- cified) 112,840 Traders and dealers in agricul- tural implements 1,999 Traders and dealers in books and stationery 4,982 Traders and dealers in boots and shoes 9,993 Traders and dealers in cabinet ware 7,419 Traders and dealers in cigars and tobacco 1 1 )866 Traders and dealers in clothing and men's famishing goods. . 10,073 Tcaders and dealers in coal and wood 10,«71 Traders and dealers in cotton and wool 2,494 Traders and dealers in crockery, china, glass, and stone ware.. 2,373 Traders and dealers in drugs and medicines 27,700 Traders and dealers in dry goods, fancy goods, and no- tions 45,831 Traders and dealers in gold and silver ware and j ewelr y 2,305 Tbabb and Tbanbpoktatiow. Traders and dealers in groce- ries 101,849 Traders and dealers in hats, caps, and furs 4,809 Traders and dealers in ice 2,854 Traders and dealers in iron, tin, and copper ware 15,076 Traders and dealers in jimk. . . . 3,574 Traders and dealers in leather, hides, and skins 2,382 Traders and dealers in liquors and wines 13,500 Traders and dealers in live- stock 12,596 Traders and dealers in lumber. . 11,363 Traders and dealers in marble, stone, and slate 1,405 Traders and dealers in music and musical instruments 1,906 Traders and dealers in newspa- pers and periodicals 2,729 Traders and dealers in oils, paints, and turpentine 1,940 Traders and dealers in paper and paper stock 1 ,862 Traders and dealers in produce and provisions 35,i29 Traders and dealers in real es- tate 11,233 Traders and dealers in sewing machines 6,577 Undertakers 5,113 Weighers, gangers, and measu- rers.....!.... ..! 3,302 Others in trade and transport- ation 177 Manttfactubing, Mechanical, AND Mining Industbies.... 3,837,112 Agricultural implement makers 4,891 Artificial flower makers 3,399 Apprentices to trades 44,170 Bag makers 1,408 Bakers 41,309 Basket makers. 6,654 Blacksmiths 172,726 Bleachers, dyers, and scourers. . 8,222 Blind , door, and sash makers. . . 4,946 Boat makers 2,063 Bone and ivory workers 1,888 Bookbinders and finishers 13,833 Boot and shoa makers 194,079 Bottlers and mineral-water ma- kers 2,081 Box factory operatives 15,762 Brass founders and workers. . . . 11,568 Brewers and maltsters 16,278 Brick and tile makers 36,062 TABLE OF OCCUPATIONS. 139 Table ov Occupations. (Continued.) Manttkactcbing, Mbchajjical, and Mining. Bridge builders and contractors. 2,587 Britannia and japanned ware makers 1,375 Broom and brush makers 8,479 Builders and contractors (not specified) 10,804 Butchers 76,241 Button-factory operatives 4,872 Cabinet makers 50,664 Candle, soap, and tallow mak- ers 2,923 Car makers 4,708 Carpenters and joiner 8 373,143 Carpet makers 17,068 Carriage and wagon makers . . . 49,881 Charcoal and lime burners 6.851 Cheese makers 4,570 Chemical- works employes 2,923 Cigar makers 66,599 Clerks and bookkeepers in man- ufacturing establishments. . . . 10,114 Clock and watch makers and repairers 13,820 Oonfectioners 13^692 Coopers 49,138 Copper workers 2,342 Corset makers 4,660 Cotton-mill operatives 169,771 Distillers and rectifiers 3,245 Employes in manufacturing es- tablishments (not specified).. 34,536 Engineers and firemen 79,628 Engravers 4,577 Fertilizer establishment opera- tives 1,383 File makers, cutters, and grinders 1,839 Fishermen and oystermen 41 ,352 Flax dressers 1 ,894 Fur workers 1,580 Galloon, gimp, and tassel makers 2,235 Gas-works employes 4,695 Gilders 1,763 Glass-works operatives 17,934 Glove makers 4,511 Gold and silver workers and jewelers. . . .^ 28,405 Gun and lock Smiths 10,5T2 Hair cleaners, dressers, and workers 1,965 Harness and saddle makers 39,960 Hat and cap makers 16,860 Hosiery and knitti: g mill ope- ratives 12,194 Iron and steel works and shops operatives 114,539 Lace makers 1,708 Manufactueing, Mechanical, akd Mining Lead and zinc works operatives 2,105 Leather case and pocket-book makers l ,397 Leather curriers, dressers, fin- ishers, and tanners 29,842 Lumbermen and raftsmen 30,661 Machinists , 101,130 Manufacturers 44,019 Marble and stone cutters 32,842 Masons (brick and stone) 102,473 Meat and fruit preserving es- tablishment employes 2,860 Meat packers, curers, and pick- lers 3,436 Mechanics (not specified) 7,858 Mill and factory operatives (not specified) 30,836 Millers 53,440 Milliners, dressmakers, and seamstresses 285,401 Miners 234,228 Mirror and picture frame makers 2,508 N ail makers 6,803 Officials of manufacturing and mining companies. ^ 8.198 Oil mill and refinery operatives 3,929 Oil well operatives and laborers 7,340 Organ makers 2,437 Painters and vamishers 128,556 Paperhangers 6,013 Paper mill operatives , . . 21 ,430 Pattern makers 5,822 Photographers.. 9,990 Piano forte makers and tuners . . 6,413 Plasterers 22,083 Plumbers and gaefitters 19,383 Potters 7,233 Printers, lithographers, and ste- reotypers 72,726 Print works operatives 5,419 Publishers of books, maps, and newspapers 2,781 Pump makers 1,366 Quarrymen 15,169 Qilartz and stamp mill opera- tives and laborers 1 ,449 Rag pickers 2,206 Railroad builders and con- traeitors 1 ,206 Roofers and slaters 4,026 Rope and cordage makers 3,514 Rubber factory operatives. ..... 6,360 Sail and awning makers 2,960 Salt makers 1,431 Saw and planing mill opera- tives 77,050 Sawyers. , , 6,195 140 TABLE OP OCCUPATIONS. Table of Occupations. (Continued.) Manupactoeing, Mechanical, and Mining. Scale and rule makers 1,02 Screw makers 1,36 Sewing machine factory opera- tives 2,7S Sewing machine operators 7,50 Shingle and lath makers 5,16 Ship carpenters, calkers, rig- gers, and smiths 17,4£ Shirt, cuflf, and collar makers. . 11,8S Silk mill operatives 18,07 Starch makers 1,3S Stave, shook, and heading makers 4,06 Steam boiler makers. 12,77 Stove, furnace, and grate makers 3,S4 Straw workers 4,22 Sngar makers and refiners 2,32 Manufactuking, Mechanical, and Mining. Thread makers 3,259 Tinners and tinware makers. . . 42,818 Tool and cutlery makers 13,749 Trunk, valise, and carpet bag makers 3,013 Tobacco factory operatives 20,446 Umbrella and parasol makers. . 1 ,967 Upholsterers 10,443 Wheelwrights 15,592 Wire makers and workers 7,170. Wood choppers 12,731 Wood turners, carvers, and wooden ware makers 12,964 Woolen mill operatives 88,010 Others in manufacturing, me- chanical, and mining indus- tries 13,542 GENERAL SUMMARY. Engaged in agriculture 7,670,493 '* " professional and personal services 4,074,238 *' " trade and transportation 1,810,256 *' ** manufacturing, mechanical, and mining industries 3,837,112 All occupations 1880, persons engaged in 17,392,099 AERIAL NAVIGATION. No motive power machine sufficiently light and powerful to lift itself from the ground and maintain itself in the air for any considerable time has yet been invented. Aerial navi- gation is therefore at present limited to the use of balloons, filled with light gas or hot air. Common coal gas is found to be the cheapest and most generally available gas for bal- looning, looo cubic feet of coal gas will lift 35 lbs. weight. But hydrogen is the best gas for the purpose. 1000 cubic feet of hydrogen gas will lift from 60 to 70 lbs. It is the light- est of all substances. It is fifteen times lighter than air, and over eleven thousand times lighter than water. ^ One of the cheapest ways to make hydrogen for balloons is to dissolve zinc in sulphuric acid ; the latter is composed of sulphur and hydrogen. When the acid is poured on zinc, the sulphur unites with the metal and sets free the hydrogen, which bub- bles up, and is conducted in a pipe to the balloon. Various efforts to propel and steer balloons have been made, by means of propellers turned by hand; also by the use of the electrical storage battery. Balloons are generally made of cotton cloth or silk, varnished with linseed oil, and dissolved rubber is sometimes mixed with the oil. LIGHTNING RODS. The golden rule of safety is to provide the building with plenty of rods or conductors, and make sure that their lower ends, in the ground, are soldered to a large surface of metal or other conducting material placed underground. The common method is simply to stick the end of the rod three feet down into dry earth. But this is unsafe, because dry earth is a very poor conductor of electricity. To compensate for this lack of conductivity, the bottom of the rod should communicate wi*h a large extent of conducting material. This may be done by soldering the lower end of the rod to water or gas pipes, if they exist ; if not, then dig a trench four feet deep, six inches wide at bottom, in which deposit a layer six inches thick of coal dust, charcoal, anthracite, or bituminous. Bed the end of the rod for several feet in this layer of coal, which is a pretty good conductor of electricity. The trench should be one hundred or more feet in length. The rods should be placed on all ridges, corners, and chim- neys. All metallic roofs, gutters, and water-pipes should have soldered connection with the rod, which should not be insulated from the building. All metallic water, gas, stove, and other pipes within the building, all bell wires, masses of metal, machinery, should be connected with the grou^id, in the manner described for the rods. The more conductors that are connected with the ground in this way, the greater the safety. Common one half inch square iron makes a good conductor. So does copper wire one eighth inch in diameter. Underdraining. — Surface water that flows off the land instead of passing through the soil, carries with it whatever fertihzing matter it may contain, and abstracts some from the earth. If it pass down through the soil to drain, this waste is arrested. Common hydraulic cement mixed with oil forms a good paint for roofs and out-buildings. It is water-proof and in- combustible. Ordinary Concrete is a coarse mortar made of i mea- sure of fine quicklime, ij^ of water, 6 to 8 of gravel and broken bricks or stones. Forms a cheap foundation " or wall. The ground trench being made, the concrete, well mixed, is thrown in, in layers of one foot thickness, and thoroughly com- pacted by rammers. Above ground, wide planks are used to form trench. If carefully mixed and rammed, durable walls may be quickly and cheaply made. 142 MINERAL CONSTITUENTS. MINERAL CONSTITUENTS ABSORBED OR REMOV- ED FROM AN ACRE OF SOIL BY THE FOL- LOWING CROPS. Wheat, 25 bushels. Barley, 40 bushels. Turnips, 20 tons. Hay, xY^ tons. Potassa Lbs. 29.6 3- 12.9 10.6 2.6 20.6 10.6 2. 118. 1 .... Lbs. 17-5 5-2 17. 9.2 2.1 25.8 129.5 2.4 Lbs. 47-1 8.2 29.9 19.7 13.3 24718 Lbs. 38.2 12. Soda Lime 44.5 IS -I 9.2 Magnesia. . ..... Oxide of Iron.... Phosphoric Acid. Sulphuric Acid.. Silica Alumina Total... 210.00 213.00 423.00 209.00 USEFUL FACTS AND RECIPES. Freezing Mixtures. — A mixture of nine parts phos- phate of soda, six parts nitrate of ammonia, and four parts nitric acid, is a freezing compound which will cause a fall in temperature of 71° Fahrenheit. Equal weights of sal-ammoniac and nitre, dissolved in its own weight of water, lowers the temperature of the latter from 50° Fahrenheit to 10° or 22* below the freezing point. Soap-Bubbles. — Few things amuse children more than blowing bubbles. Dissolve a quarter of an ounce of Castile or oil soap, cut up in small pieces, in three quarters of a pint of water, and boil it for two or three minutes ; then add five ounces of glycerine. When cold, this fluid will produce the best and most lasting bubbles that can be blown. Liquid Glue. — Soak isinglass or refined gelatine in cold water until quite soft, and then dissolve it by trituration in the smallest possible quantity of proof spirit' (49 per cent alcohol) over a water- bath. In z ounces of this dissolve by trituration, as before, 10 grains of gum ammonicum, £.nd, while still liquid, ' add ^ drachm of mastic dissolved in 3 drachms of rectified spirit (84 per cent alcohol)* Continue the trituration until the mixture is perfectly clear, then bottle. The cement is usually quite liquid in summer ; for use in cold weather stand the bottle in warm water for a few minutes. This cement is quite colorless when properly made and improves by age. Joints made with this preparation are exceedingly strong and not affected by moisture. CIRCLES. 143 CIRCLES. A CIRCLE is the most capacious of all plain figures, or con- tains the greatest area within the same outline or perimeter. To find the circumference of a circle, multiply the diame- ter by 3.1416, and the product Will be the circumference. To find the diameter of a circle, divide the circumference by 3.1416, and the quotient will be the diameter. Any circle whose diameter is double that of another, con- tains four times the area 01 the other. To find the area of an ellipsis, multiply the long diameter by the short diameter and by .7854; the product will be the area. To find the area of a circle, multiply the square of the diameter by the decimal .7854. Or multiply the circumfer- ence by the radius, and divide the product by 2. Plaster of Paris may be prepared in three ways to form a hard casting capable of taking a high poHsh. Mixed with a solution of borax, then rebaked, powdered, and mixed with a solution of alum, it forms Parian. Mixed with solution of alum, rebaked, powdered, and mixed with alum solution, it forms Keene's cement. Mixed with solution of sulphate of ' potash, rebaked, powdered, and mixed with alum solution, it forms Martin's cement. Water is the offspring of the two gases hydrogen and : oxygen. If eight pounds of oxygen and one pound of hydro- ! gen are mixed and ignited by' a flame, they combine with a . violent explosion and form nine pounds of limpid water. If this water is now sufficiently heated, e.g. by passing it slowly through a red-hot tube, it quietly separates into its original gases — namely, eight pounds of oxygen, one of hydrogen. Should we deal with these gases by volumes, instead of r pounds, then three cubic feet of the combined gases, of which two are hydrogen, and one of oxygen, if mixed and ex- ploded form water ; but the water produced only occupies I the two thousand six hundredth part of the space filled by ! the combined gases prior to the explosion. The air, the atmosphere we breathe, is composed of four parts of nitrogen gas and one part of oxygen. For example, if we mix four gallons of nitrogen and one of oxygen, we have five gallons of air. It is the oxygen that supports life ; the I nitrogen is simply a diluent or spreader. 144 DESIGN PATEIfT LAW. New Amendment of the Design Patent Law. Under the old law, the Supreme Court held that in the case, for example, of a carpet manufacturer who complained of an infringement of his design or pattern of carpet, the com- plainant must clearly prove what portion of the damage, or what portion of the profit made by the infringer, was due to the use of the patented design. It was practically impossi- ble to make this showing. Hence the infringer could imitate the patented design without liabihty, and the law was a nulhty. Under the provisions of the new law, the infringer is obliged to pay the sum of $250 in any event ; and if his pro- fits are more than that sum, he is compelled, in addition, to pay all excess of profits above $250 to the patentee. The following is the text of the new law ; Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled. That hereafter, during the term of letters patent for a design, it shall be unlawful for any person other than the owner of said letters patent, without the license of such owner, to apply the design secured by such letters patent, or any colorable imita- tion thereof, to any article of manufacture for the purpose of sale, or to sdl or expose for sale any article of manufac- ture to which such design or colorable imitation shall, with- out the license of the owner, have been applied, knowing that the same has been so applied. Any person violating the provisions, or either ot them, of this section shall be liable in the amount of two hundred and fifty dollars; and in case the total profit made by him from the manufacture or sale, as aforesaid, of the article or articles to which the design, or colorable imitation thereof, has been applied, exceeds the sum of two hundred and fifty dollars, he shall be further liable for the excess of such profit over and above the sum of two hundred and fifty dollars ; and the full amount of such liability maybe recovered by the owner of the letterr patent, to his own use, in any circuit court of the Unite . States having jurisdiction of the parties, either by action i law or upon a bill in equity for an injunction to restrain sue infringement. Sec. 2. — That nothing in this act contained shall prevent, lessen, impeach, or avoid any remedy at law or in equity which any owner of letters patent for a design, aggrieved by the infringement of the same, might have had if this act had not been passed ; but such owner shall not twice recover the profit made from the infringement. Approved, February 4, 1887. I 1?Q- ID El 3S: , PAGE Air.... '. 52, 143 Appeals 26 Assignments of Patents.27, 59, 66 Attorneys 60 Batteries, Electric 101 Belgian Patents 46 British PateAs 45 Canadian Patents 45 Capitol of the U. S 14 Caveats 25 Cement Paint 141 Census of the United States. 3 Charcoal, Properties of Hi) Circle, Problems 143 Coal, Power of 41 Concrete 141 Copies of Patents 2i) Copper 132 Copying Ink 128 Copyright Laws, the 93 Copyrights for Books, etc — 33 Copyrights for Labels 32 Crank, Substitute 119 Design Patents 28, 58, 144 Distinguished Inventors 104 Drawings for Patents 54 Electric Batteries, Magnets. 101 Electrical Con ductors,Table. 136 Electricity, Speed of 35 Employers, Employes' rights 35 Engines, Best Coal for 41 English Patents 45 Examination. Official 56 Expansion, Force of . 41 Fees, Official, Table of 86 Foreign Patents — 44 Forms, various 60 Freezing Mixtures 142 French Patents 46 Friction.... « 130 Geometry, Practical 133 German Patents 46 Gestation 131 Glues, Liquid o 142 Going to Washington 23 Gunpowder 129 Heat Conductors 136 tHeat, Effects of. Table 136 J*Ieat,Mechanical Equivalent 128 ..^iints on Sale of Patents — 47 Hold the Fort 51 llorse-Po wer. . . . » 118 How to Invent.... 126 How to sell Patents 47 i Ice-boats, Velocity of 31 Illumination, Rule for 33 Incubation 131 Infringements 26, 57 Interferences 57 Inventors, Distinguished 103 1 Knots 120, 121 ' Labels, Copyrights for 32, 99 ■ Largest and Best 44 PAGE License. Form for 67 Light, Velocity, etc 32 Lightning-Rods 141 Mechanical Movements 107 Minerals removed bv Crops.. 142 Model Room, Patent Office.. 43 Models 22, 56 Molecules 125 Multum in Parvo 112 Occupations in U. S., Tables. 137 Patent, Cost of 20 Patent, How much worth... 15 Patent Laws, Directions . 15 Patent Laws of the U. S 69 Patent Office, View of 24 Patent Office, Washington.. 43 Patent Sellers, Professional. 50 Patented Articles, Stamping 78 Patents, Forms for 60 Patents, Hints on Sale 47 Patents, How to obtain 16 Penalty for Stamping 78 Petition for Patent, Form. . . 60 Plaster of Paris, to Harden . 143 Platinum 52 Power of Water 118 Practice, Patent Office, Rules 53 Preliminary Examination ... 17 Qu estions and A ns wers 34 Railways of U. S 14 Recipes, Useful 143 Reissues 26. 57 Rejected Applications 25 Rivers of U. S 14 Royalty 47 Rules of Practice 53 Sale of Patents, Hints 47 Scientific Amer. Offices..36, 38, 40 Scientific Amer. Office, Wash. 40 Soap Bubbles ... 132 Sound 41 Specific gravity 130 State Laws concern's Pat'nts 52 Steamboats, Small 132 Steam Engine, History 127 Steam Engine, the 135 Steam Navigation of U. S... 14 Steam, Pressure of. Table. . . 136 Substitute for the Crank 119 Taxes, none on Patents 40 Telegraph Lines, U. S 14 Trade Marks..... 30,87, 90 Underdraining 141 U. S., Length, Breadth. ...... 14 U. S.. Map of :..18, 19 Useful Recipes, Facts 143 Water. Composition of. 143 Water-power, Rule .118 Weights, Measures....l22,123,124 Weights, Substances, Tables 130 What Security have 1 ?. 20 Will it Pay? 40 Wind, Velocity and Force... 129 THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN (Cyclopedia of Jveceipts, NOTES AND Q UERIES. 650 Pages. Price $5. This splendid work contains a careful compilation of the most useful Receipts and Replies given in the Notes and Queries of correspondents as published in the Scien- tific American during- nearly half a century past; together with many valuable and important additions. Over Twelve Thousand selected receipts are here collected; nearly every branch of the useful arts being- represented. It is by far the most comprehensive volume of the kind ever placed before the public. The work may be regarded as the product of the studies and practical experience of the ablest chemists and workers in all parts of the world; the information given being of the highest value, arranged and condensed in concise form, convenient for ready use. Almost every inquiry that can be thought of, relating to formulae used in the various manufacturing industries, will here be found answered. Instructions for working many different processes in the arts are given. How to make and prepare many different articles and goods is set forth. Those who are engaged in any branch of industry probably will find in this book much that is of practical value in their respective callings. Those who are in search of independent business or enjployment, relating to the home manufacture and sale of useful articles, wiU find in it hundreds of most ex- cellent suggestions. MUNN & CO., Publishers, Scientific American Office, 361 Broadway, New York. tt-^t 1^^ •/^^iS-:4^^x-;d- "^/•o^ -•^o \<^* .#^,. r„.-,..X5^i=^-%:'^^€:..? \* «^ v:* o ;^-K"%z^^'^ie ♦ tit ^Co:\^i<^^ ^.^^ :^^V1J^ ^ov^ M^^:^:i!^-^ri4:^W i^?M^^^ HECKMAN BINDERY INC. # DEC 93 N. MANCHESTER, INDIANA 46^62 in • .0