1376 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 00D0S07T71fl ^ \1' ^ >r^4\ - * .0 "aV X ^% >^. •.^' 'bv' * "o , » '., #** publishers ot the laws by the S cretary, in its very theury, promises to be so u.ed. and to be productive .f such a result, to the extent of tie means entrusted bv the existing legislation to h.m for t^he promul- ration of the laws, and on the p-v.ous on whom this patron- jL-e can be b. ought t. bear, 1 shall v^t^ against -ny call fo'Vmforn.ation, the avowed object of whith is to j:round an *^ « X" A ulttuor act oi Ieg->. poiver, because I b Lt tion cannot rtreate any *. which will not in its theroy u the like results. Whoever shall exercise this pow the same impulses of friendship, par. to party. These feelings have been impi Author of our being, and no human legisjv. cate them ; they do exist, anf tliis assembly, and consnme that lime whic'; ought to be ;^iven to rjues- iions of higlier national impori.ance, and liic ciioice would be tlie result of "' management, bargiiining and intrigue." 'i'lie g-ritleman from Souih Carolina, (Mr. Hamilton,) with ids u^nal hnf)py invention, has suggested a sovereign preventive against this (!< Icterioiis po*vcr i xercscd over the press, and which, he says, threatens the deslrnclion of th-? liberties of this countiy. I'hal prtventivi,- is in transffr-rring the choice of the publishers of the laws to the repiesenta- tives of tfic States weie th« laws are severally published. With an impa-si oned boldnt'SS he argued that tliis power, ^o vested, " cuulu not, woulilnot, dmrd not be abused." This suggestion of his, is another confir'tonians, or the Liberals or Iliib* rjils; and the repre«pntatives here will bring this feeling with Ihem. Thus the proposed change is resisted by the consideration tliat the ch( ice of the publishers of the laws would be liable to b'' affected, not only by those divisions of party connected with the fedei al government, but also uitb those of the state 60veieigtitiei. The responsibility for the abuse of the power is weakened ^7 tbe cojjsideration that no individtial wctild be responsi- b)e for its abuse ; each would throw the odium of improper appointments on the other, each would say it was the act of the majority ; mercy and justice would forbid the direction ef the public odium for its abuse against an individual, with- out a certainty that thf^ abuse was his act; and thus the most g-laririg abuse would go unchasti^ed. 1 pray you, what would be the responsibility for the abuse of the power of eanploying ihe enormous sum of $240 — the actual average allowed for publishing the laws in a state — to the prostration of the purity of the press, wlien divided among ti.irty-four representatives of a large State, or even the smaller num- ber of five or seven rep.esentatives? This simple question alone is a sufBcient refutation of the positive position of the gentleman fiom South-Carolina, and exliibits in broad relief the imaginary fears, for the liberties of this country, attend- ant on this pafronage, which teems from the excited feelings of the advocates of this resolution. The power is now vested where it ought to be, it is in ac- cordance with the whole theory of the national and state governments; all of which recognise the unity of the ap- nointing power as the most effeciual safeguard against its abuse. It is nowresteain k Iv.Z^ and responsible individual, liable for its abuse by the terrors of impeacnm»:iii ; aM<>t..C. American people cannot,will not but consider that he to whom its great diplomatic concerns may be entrusted, may be a fit depository of a power whose object is to cause the laws of the Union to be published. I have thus far, Mr. Speaker, admitted, for the sake of the argument, that the power under discussion, like other powers, is liable to he abused, and that it may be brought to bear directly on the press, and thus measurably operate on its independence. Let us now examine the power of its action. That power is to be feared as dangerous to the free- dom of the press, according to the means which are placed at the control of the Secretary, for this breach of the public service, and the character upon whom this patronage may be brought to operate. The gentleman from South Carolina states that under the lodgment of this power, the Secretary of State can and does wield, directly and indirectly, a sum of from (50 to 70,000 dollars annually. 1 hare sought information from the State Department as to the amount annually expended for the printing and publishing o#lhe laws of the Union ; and the reply from the chief clerk states, that the total expenditure for the last year for those objects, was $10,505. Of this sum, $3,200 was for printing and binding, $7,505 for pro- mulgating the laws in the newspupers; and to f-ach of the publishers of the New Hampshire Patriot, Maine Argus, Argus of Western America, for promidgating the laws iiT their rmpcctiTe states, was paid the sum of $95. Tbesp are the edlto'S, wh.», in the military language of the gentleman from South Carolina, directed "" their batteries ol perpetual 5 jitonaiion/' (against the coalition and the palace guards,) " with the most lusty and unmitigated violence," for this ab- stractilon of their accustomed dole of what the gentleman is pleased to call " Treasury pap.'' I have thus, Mr. Speaker, reduced to the certainty of of- ficial statements, the extent of this patronage. How vi- sionary are the fears expressed by the advucates for the divestment of this power, that the purity of the press can in the slightest degree be eadangered by the distribution of such a paltry sum throughout this vast extended empire, for services rendered ! I have no right to question ther sinceri- ty, but the experience of our own times convinces us that here, when lashed into excitement by the collisions of de- bate, we suppose that there are many crises in our national affairs, on which the people look with calm indifference, and. wonder that such causes should give rise to such appalling forebodings; and such will be the opinion that this nation vill entertain of this discussion. Let us now consider the corruptible materials upon whom this patronage is to be expended. They are the printers of newspapers — most generally men of education, of high liter- ary attainments, aad moving in the very first circle of social aud politic.ll life, the influence of whose press depends upon its unwavering adhesion to principles, and whose power over public opinion vanishes whenever it is suspected that uhe change of its editorial character springs from venal con- siderations ; men wiio look to the profits of their paper, not for the transient, but for the pennanent support of their families. Yet the gentlemen would have us believe that men thus educated, holding such distinguished rank in so- ciety, and thus sustained by honorable pride, and by com- mendable family consi derations, would prostrate their hopes, their pride, and expectation of future usefulness, for the contemptible pittance of $90 a year, and that their vanity mav be satiated by being proclaimed " Printers by Author- ity.'" I have no such fears, the nation cannot have such. The character of the American press v/ill not permit us to yield ourselves to those fanciful terrors which alarm the patriot- ism of the advocates of the call. Such a tremendous oper- ation on the destinies of this country cannot be the work- ing of such patronage, so restricted and so impotent. In all the revolutions of parties, I recollect not one printer who has changed the party character of his press. They have died the death of political aiartrydom rather than deny their political faith. Tliose editors whose names have been introduced in 'this debate present a striking illustration of the correctness of my theory, and dissipates from the inquiring and unexcited mind all those dire forebodings conjured up by the warmth and animation of opposition. They foresaw that a political tempest was gathering over tl-is land ; they saw that in'the 1* combinations of the new parties that were to dmSetus ^ople, a violent political struggle w ..s -o anlant on such o.vis.ons w. re t(^ be call d into active' requisition. Yet .ach and every oi t^hem eiecred, beiu, swept from the l.st of" P-J-s by au thority," raiher th.n forego the.r opposUion to ]^^^^^ cabinn; an^iyrt, with presses composed ^^»"^*;. .^^'^^^^^^^^ and stubborn independence, do the gentlemen affec to dread their conversion by the cabinet at Washington, by the mean. n tVii^ iiioficrie notronage ! I v^i] ::>w sho'w how this prerogative of selecting the news- papers for this purpose has been exercised under t.is go- Ten.ment. and that of the States. , 4 :t ha« hoen It has b.en called a Jeffers .man policy ; and it has been sa d in debate, to have been fir-t introduced upon his acces. on to the Prekdency . It does owe its .-f.oducuon into the American cabinet to that distinguished mdiviaual, ^^ '» » »« .adier day ; for it is almost co-eval with our Constitution ^*tL after the ratification of that instrument, tl- two rival parties which have distracted th.s nation, ^PP^^'^'Jl^ '^^ Lad of one of them was that illustrious cit.z.. ^ ' ^^^' f \ oiander Hamilton. At that o. the other, was that .^.^.t.n. tuLhed^tate.man, whose death the American people hare fe en ly mourned Mr. Jefferson. He was then Secre ary of Sm e Prior to this political .chism, the onpn of wluch Uisnotmv puipose now to trace, a paper, edited by M . Fenno^as coLidered as the press of the ('oven.ment 1 t r ihrdivision of sentiment entered into a;d detracted the deliberations of General Washington's cab.ne^^.^ Na jinnal Gaz«ite edited ia accordance with the Known anu rwen pnndpl- of the ^ecretary-of State wa,susa.ued •md invigorated by the patronage ot th^ Stale De part men . He "e fp ung the practice of "taking careotone's fnends^ It wL followed by Mr. Adams; and when 'the doors of It was toil )W(.u y ^^ revo ution of parties, '""''• ' HOr;^ oV-n to Mr^refferson and his friend. r;y"' prinier^bTamVority" was swept with the besom of nolitfcal destiuction from his occupation, and the publi.h.n- ^ r^wftrsferr d to friendly P^^^-^^J^T^ ^^.Z ,-,.■ 1 lo the. txfnt <>( Iheir circulal;on. The peopl' sanciion fdi cvn. ".eua suppUnting printer had render«l h,™- :df promlnon.ly ha.cSl, by his bit.er „.u,.erafo.,s of .h^ ■Tl"tr,;e".:''irerSua,e .ha. Mr,Je,Te.„„, by .;iT:r'.r.^a;c.o„ ,0 s„cl> a ^o,.rse of^^ ^^:X s-rprna-r For, Si. .h. papers of .ha. ■day prUe that this EUiior »as toasted at the civic leasR i ^hich mnnifested the joy for this victory', as the most eftj* cient instrument in eflecti>ig thf great political revolution. I r.'^fer to this occurrence as iltu.vtrating- in the most con- clusive manner tlie views of that illustrious inan. as to the expediency of a party sustaining by its patronage its friends, notwithstanding that in thf excit(-mpnt incidental to all po- pular governin'-nt, they should .say someiliing which patri- otisni, national pride, and national gratitude sorrow at when reason resumes its sway. Having thus been incorporaled with the policy of his ca- binet, Mr. Madison and Mr. Monoi f sustained It during their administration of the State D-partment; and I may here be peimitted to inquire of the Repiesentatives of this nation, if they have a recollection of a solitary printer being retain- ed after 1802, who did not re-echo the sentiments of tlie Presidential message, and did not, in the language (.fthe gentleman from South Carolina, "direct their batteries of nerpetual intonation upon the then factious opposition with lusty and unmitigated violence." Every State has adof>ted this Jeffersonian policy ; and in all and every triumph of the rival paitin •that paper whose columns defended his fitness for that high . 8 ftalioniand he did attempt to control that press by with- drawinc from it his patronage, for strictures which he deem- ed tha- refleciive wpon a cabinet of which he was a mem- ber, and upon the ciiai-acter of a political rival. Why did the "Arguses" then sleep oi* their post, and fail to denounce the exercise of this absorbing official patronage, which they now point to as promi«;ing, when administered by a political adversary, to engulph the liberties of this people? Where then were those ardent and floquent guardians of the chas- tity of the press, who tremide with " «spen sensibility" at thf» slightest approach on its virtue, those presses whose lucubrations wert- devoted to the advancement of those rival chiefs to tlie imperial purple were indulged, in the metaph 'Heal language of the imaoinative gentleman v another gentleman (from South Carolina,) as 'more dangt'rous to our r^^publican institutions than Major Gen- eral Brown and his army waging war against its liberties" — more to be apprehended " than all the dogmas of the law lib'd pronounced by the most obsequious minion of power." This is, indeed, an age of revolution. Scarce has com- infuc" d tht^ dec'iranosition of the mortal elements of the il- iusfrious sage and statfsnian, Jefl'erson, whom his fris of the gallant Major General Brown Heaven*. ! what havock does ima-. ginatioi) make with leason! The power hus producod no evil. But, Sir, I will correct rnjself I did say, every Minister in this Government iiad so used this power. 'i'here was one Minister who never did so use it — and that Minister was a candidate for the highest ho:»or in the gift of the American people : At a period wheq l,e had for one compet.tor * ci.uen who, by th. splendor of hfsmSv achievements, and the lasting lustre which the LT^Tof ^ontnn '?:, T ^^^>'"'^'-'-^" «rms, had fascinated a W poit.on of the American people ; for a second, a man wK served the strength of hh mind and the integri.y of h^ heart, who presided at the head of the T.easury^Depart- ZTon,Tc ""' ""P--^*-^-<^ difficulty in theLcal'con- cernsofthsGovernmeMt, and brought them in order, with an admuable regard alike to economy and humanity and disda ns to be a slave to tne arts and intrigues of desi-nin- Jed" imu" f' ''"^/ "'' ^" ^'^'^ «^^^ ^^^ ac'quired at uSr. IresS r '" '^"' *^"""'^-^ ^"'" ^''' P«^*^'« i" debate, who, his an° J?r T "^"'.P'-^^ide. Sir, by the fascination of trat on h h- ', *1 ^'^''.''y ^"^ i«nP«rtality of his adminis- bater ;.nl.r '^'"'•^"^^.^'"/"^t^ining the inexperienced de- bater, ranked among his friends many, very many, indeed 'ionsTfThisHo '"\""^ '' participate.^, the'delib::'-' uons of this Ho.se, whose powerful and successful I. bors pot^r^auxS^^^^^ '''' brought to his aid ma n^ Yet, in such a race, for such a prize, with such comneti- tors, so well calculated to disturb the government of ,eason and to seduce even patriotism from its moorings, did this perm, ted official patronage : and if it be such a power and capable of such expansion, as the gentlemen have described it, It was an act of such self-denial, and such forbearance as became the purest days of Roman liberty ; and will eternize h.s name m all time to come ; and that minister was John Q. Adams. ^ f. ^\l^7 °f"''" "P ''"' *''^"''' *" *''« '"'■'^"ds of this inquiry for this development of his great sensibility in every thiuff connected with the purity of the press; and pray heaven to give bim many such discussions as these. The gentleman from Tennessee has declaimed against the exerc.se of .h.s power for this purpose, and h,is added an- other printer to the rueful list of discarded p. inters, for the puipose of snowing that the State Department has no uni- form pnnc.ple of distribution. It turns out, upon inquiry that ;L T ^''''^7^ '?•" '^'' ••^'"^'■^^ «^ the gentleman; that the Tennessee Leg.slature dismissed this printer as prin- Mr r, ^^'^'t' ^^'''*"'^ ^^ "'^^ supposed to be friendiv to ^ r?^' ^""^ Kl ''"'"^ '" ^ S'^te devoted to the Hero of JNew Orleans. He deemed it alike lespectful and prudent to practise a guarded neutrality. That Legislature would' however, .n the language of the gentleman from South Car-' olina, permit "no neutrals.',' To insure a continuance of Jts "T.ensury pip," it was 5i.dispcnsable that he shoajA keep up alu.ty and unmitigated fire against the " coah- tion" ajM " the Palace Guards." a r.f C^n lack^ Having thus been removed by the friends of Gen Jack .o-.for hi. Uentpreferer.ee of the Secretary of State, and e'ultL from such proscription ? Yet after this exch>sion T he orinter of the Nashville Whi? for his decorous neu- i^^Wv and hs open and avowed attempt to warp and con- trolt/e press bv the most efficient patronage, we find the 1" t mnn f.om Tennessee denouncing ^'-^ --^^/j^^X; tronaoe vested in the Srcretary . as dangerous to the liberties ofthe'countrv. Whatwonde.fuleonsistency . ^ . ^_, The gemleLn from Tennessee says tl-t it mjgh have been permitted to Mr. Jefferson to have acted thu. , the nacL had then just ' achieved a triumph over a p.W arttocracy ZZd had placed its feet upon the neck of the aristocracy, wnic. y consulted with his cabinet, and American people; .i^t ♦.« coubuucu ..^^..i.j;^a.» aidop.ed these measures as necessary to 9U5>..... '-^— ';-.- principles." I understand then from the gentleman, that it wa 27 legitimate to control the pr.ss, by means of the ratrona"e of the Government ; to call around it its friends. ?o occlude the doors of honor and office against its enemies : but now, when all parties are d.ss.lved-when, fP m the weaknes of the resistance of its enemies the dommant partv becomes divided-when rival chiefs of the same par- ly aspire to the chair of state-when the nation is to be con- vulsed to pluck down from his high eminence the ^uc- ecssful competitor, it is wrong;, it is dangerous to the hber- tiesofthe country, to call in the m. ans which were then tdmitt. d to be legitimate, against this common enemy, to operate upon members who wh.re then of the same com- mon househoh!. Against thai " odious aristocacy. every engine of political warfare might b-^ directed ; even ,f the r teodencies,in the view of the gentleman f^""; So"th-Ca.oh- na. were more dangeious to t.c liberties of thi. nation than all the " dogmas ol the law of libel, pronounced by the most ohsrquious minion ofpow^r;" becaus. it was then neces- .arv to retain the frniis of their victory- But now it is most • piiious'-.nost ' i.itiou>' indeed, to yi-.it on their own he;j^ds these political inventions. U is not the first time that " bloo 'V political inventions, haviny bren taught, havo ie> turned t'o plague their inventors." Permit me to say U does neither comport with magnanimity, nor with the principles ...f distributive justice, to vindicate the api^lication of this pa- tronage against the, "odious aristocracy," and to denounce it when -iirfctcd bv a triumphant fiagment of the saror parly against those of the same political household, labour inrnowt^resrih^ccpti^^ li The gentleman from Tennessee says that the victory was achieved cwera " proud aristocracy who had place-Mheir feet on ihe necks of the people." A bitter denunchjtion at all times: an unexpected bitter denunciation in the«e times- for we had been taught to believe that tUe time had now ar- rived when tiiat monster, party, was to be sfrmffled I could have wished thut the gentleman from Tennessee, who has invoked to his aid some of the sentiments of the ( elebra- ted letter ot thf- hero of Orleans to iMr. Mo-.roe, had discuss- ed this question under that mihi toleration as to our former pohticid differences, which pervades that celebrated corres-- poudenc.'. If he had so forborne, it would have saved me from participating in this debate. In that letter, the subject of so much admiration, General Jackson, anxious to restore harmony and social inte. course and to call to the aid of the nation citizens of exalted virtue' ot known taleuts and of tried patriotism, exclaims that "now is the tune to destrov that monster, party ;" and with all the ardor of patriotism and disi.!teres.tedness of friendship in- vokes ]Mr. Monroe, as heprize^^ his own fame and the future bappmess of th- American people, to administer the g^overn- ment as the President of the nation, and not of a partv Tliat letter, which operated as a magical incantation, bv bringing to his supp, rt those very Federalists who had created lids odious aristocracy which had placed its feet on the necks of the American people," in every State of the Union in which they w. re in the minority. It was fo have been , x- pected that such political charily would be productiv.- of such an adhesion; they had, for their supposed political heresies— (no long.-r now denounced as heresies, but had assumed and practiced on in everv instance, save onp as the only true conservative principles of the constitution 'and the national prosperity )-b. en de»ounced and excluded from all participation in the State or rvational Coisncils They therefore looked foiward to the elevation of tliat .iis- tinguished Hero as the harbinger of those halcyon days of political quietude when the onlv considen.tion .n tlie ele- vation lor office would be, is the- •' candidate faitifui, hon.it and competent?" JNo selfish considciafions mintrled in these a'.pirat^o-s for such a political calm It was that the States mi. hi command thetalents, patriotism, and zeal of all Iier citizens Ti er believed ihat the elevation of the he.o, and his assump.ion of such a foihearins poliiy, would diffuse a like sacrincing' feeling throughout the States. Hence it was that th.v rusif- ed to his stan.iard, The celebrated manifesto issued from tne caucus, c.mvened in this hall, developing the principles upon which the election of another venerated citizen wa. to he sustan-ed tor the Presidency, gave an additional imp. tus to these considerations. In that it was avowed, ti at an union of the republicans was essential to crush, beyond tlie hope5 ofresuv-cifation, the 12 .u * *u^ c«aUp was only scotched, not killed', ftderal party ; that \he snakejas on y ^ ^^.^.^^ ^^ ^^^^-^ that the party was snll act a^^^^^ be seen as a squa- thcir lost power: ^hat these were t ^^^^^.^^ drone volame. ammated by one commo^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^_ around ^^^ -Pf^'^^^^Lg 'h^lh^epolftical victory : and division of ;^' ;r^^^;^; f^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ sinew of the to destroy this J"^"ft^ J.^ ^^^.,4^^ to forego all jealousi^ ^Id republican paity -^^J^\l^^^,,^,J, to extinguish re^eTttTSic^afa^pi-^ distractions o^ the tmes: the .;ther oi^e w^^^^ a ^^ be a rei-n ofostracsm and civil dissensions, J^^ ^ aristocracy," between these ^^-f-^^f .^f^Ce and they now constitute, in a great ^^^ ee tj^« ^^^^, •.n^«r" which su-^tain the benevolent mi>sionary wuu y ed .", Ity orpolhicaUharU:, and fo.g^.ne.. But it ma, be a.ked '' '^^y P''\'S'^;;4" .0 th. caos, which have brought lh>s !'»'/ "f ~f47, ^„ exemption of Gen. •'-/-". "^'^^'/.'^gr^^/p'on^, of the dU.rict ffom Its infloence. I, ana a giea F j,^ . ftom "hence 1 come do p^e.e,. an ^-P'', „„.,, p,,,,-, eral principles. Ihere ^^\^'7^ ,^ .„„. .t.p ^.-r to an ene- ple." Our peninsula Pr^^^"*^^ ^"""^ ,f .VrrVin- desoU- LyofmariLe superiority, the »^^^^; ^ ^^^^?' ^ e'^treams. Jn into its very heart, by its nume o- - -g^^^^^,,,^,^ The war was scarcely over. We liad in nesn ^^ its calamities ; the burning of »»- .^ouse^^he P^^^^^^^^^^ ^. our farms, the ^^Po;;^^-,^ ^ t.Sa and penury, ^l veavery many, ot our citi/.en* lu . .^^,, .^-jth terror have been thus led to look to a war < f "^^^ .'^ ^.^,^^. ,nd.Usmav. The tone ot «"^ '^'f,;' ^"'^^^^^^^^^^^^ civi- stanccs, b;came pacific, and we "f '^J^y^-^'^X long de- lian, for oar President to a ^^[;'«^' "^"'^;^",," ty . ngen- votion to arms, -<>"^i "^^^\^-^">;/^ .^ /c^^^^^^^^^^^ This Uered by '^^^^^^/l^^t^^t^^n^^e.gt "ed' bv the energetic phU sophv ''fo"' '^a'"^^;'^^^^ ;^\,.^, cefebrated letter, Lguage held J^X ['-. Jacks^^^^^ '^ ,^Vlouroe to Mr. Mad- wherein be says that he P'^*^'*-'^'.^ '■;';,..„,, ^f a philosopher, diso... because the latter was '' 7. ""''^^l^^^^.-e on the ,,,t he could not ^^^'^ ^:^:'^^,i:::^:e:\.n.^ t^e shedding of hmuan blood Such a '' » ,-,t„a,i„n, and nuld gdniu. of our republic ^"^niCo he •would, i 1 our an.l eave us assurance that such a pi do*ophe. ^o 1 Zur. national colhsious with ^-^^^^'^^^^d^^- ,He probahle ^-s^ .miv^^^ S^- l,;;:^ t^ns.bW led mean people n xvar. U me a " - , ■ ^^ |„s es- ::r:;rrrr»":.S'bV^;::r:s^:.Hp,nden..o !'".,ch, ti.e |..ol,»ble » asle of human blood. 13 Man . the creau^e fk^^^^^ ^l^:^f^. This theory - ^^^''^-l^^/'S'nof ' Sonat. who sustai ed that " chous anstocrac, , ^here a, e du ^^^^ Vive who are not ^^e de. .ded fnex^^^^^^^^ those two have tl-^r res.den- ^^^^ which was visited by the d^f/^^'^- ^^^^ , ,.t there are Throughoutthe mtenoref theStat.^omy ? ^.^^ ^^^ but few of " that hated ar.stoc.acv ^^^^^^'^^f jviagi.tratc; in opinion in my preference ^^^ *^f P^^^ Vf t ' ^^^^^^ but it may enter into the scope of the p^h^oUg ^ ^^_^^^^ and his poli.ical ----^^^o J.^ ^a,";^^^^^^^^^ re- aristocracy" are committed to his lavon present the Present admmjstrat.n a. ^. odious a-.»ocracy ' and thus a, e^^^^^^ ^' bone and sinew of the ^ifJ'^P heretofore su. ceed- present «dmimstration The attempt ^,.,t,, denun- ed not. A recoil may be th«/e '^^^t ^^ S^:^;s;.Xbri:ir=^^"'-'"-^^^ ^^Tl:S:::^sir..ammethecas..^ ::il^r ^^-^I^J^r s!^: ^ .een^mproperiy biassed, by personal and P^l'^^^^^l^f ^^'^^dVontemplated the diffusion The law under wnch he a ted J\^,^^^.,^,^^, .,,• the oftheknovvle-l^eofthe awsamon- ^j^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^,^^ States and T. rritories .n e e,e^ ^^^ ^^ National Journal o< this J^^**;'^;',' ^j^^ pi.tnct sufficiency ,he hx^: if it has a circulation ^J't^^'^j'^^^^^^^^^^ ^,, this lloor, e,x.en.ive for Jl^^t Purpos -^nd - ^^^^ 1 presume, doubts this. y\^ ^ J , NatioKal IntelhErencer 4. of .he Sta.e Department io„^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ,0 the Journal, is the most ^••t'5';^/J'\f j,,, oxpect:...m. Se-retary has never ^^^ ^^^ I'Xrt red libertine," that he could .estraio the prcss-t„is by sue".. Linil»'»tian ties, p^_,.i:nasavs "time will show ^The gentleman t';!^"'f^^ ^^/j^'^tXe Seaet.ry wi!» brin,^ whetlua-thiscorrect.onot heirs by tlie ^^^^^^^^^ ,-^,. ,Hem into .lie P-^)^-- T momen. iLt a ,Lss so .re- thc gen.lcman to b; I. M 10 . ,^, principle in all .^mhien.lv riist.ncuished to» ''^ J'^"^^ , nnssmnn r de- U.e .ivalshipsof party wlK>^eol^^^^^^^^^^^ ,,,n,ratio. of fence of ti.ose princ pies, ^'l;''^"f^^ %.^„,i considerations, US ..emies-could ever «- -^'-. „, .^ministration, yield a support to »-e m( - me He was the Th i. candidate is no l«' ?^'' ^»^^^';''!^ Carolina. He has .indicate of ^^^^ SC^^-^'^^^^t^^t^^^e that that „,ad^ his ch.ce, «'f "; ' ^^/ wL not. .herefo 'e. per- cho.cev.suUs ro.^selfi^h f bn ^^^.y^ ^„, f ^o- -;i:'r '^eX^I^^S Patriot is vej.esentcd as a 14 paper Ktiving nearly four thousand subscribers, of a truly republican character. Yes, sir, they cann.'t debate this question, wichoutrecognisingin every stf-p ofit the state •xpediency of rewarding oiu pohtical frienils. They sav, "the paper is on our side, and therefore it merits patronage." It is not the number of subscribcrii only, that ought to be estiinated in the s lection. Its locality forms an essential ingredient in the choice. I am willing to a!mit that it had an extensive circulation. But are the gentlemen aware to what exteiit this principle of selecfion would lead t; em ? It Would leae cabinet, continued to pour fourth all its bitterness on this cabinet, to charge it with corruption, to misieftresent their policy, and refused to pub- lish their vindication furnished by ll'eir friends, and thus deni- ed its readers the view of the whole ground — if-^uch aprer the political safety of the Secretary, but because the spirit of libert)- rejects a piecedent which may be applied to the destruction of any man. If th-re be any thiniinthe course of th.- Secretary, in connexion with this inatt^er the subject of reprehension, ir is that political fear- lessness which has manifested itself, by the rf moral of these men with the moral cerainty that they would give to tneir strictures more of bitterness and gall. This, 'low-ver, was a question for himself; an-l he has again displayed that in- dependence which has pre-eminmtly marked his political "ror a violation or abuse of this delegated rig* t, he sub- jects himself to the inquisitorial power of this Hons. , and to impeachment before an august tribunal; anl was it erer known that where such responsibility attached, that them- quirin- power attempt d to interrogate the individual a^ •ins°t whom the inquiry was directed, as to mnoce icp or guilt ^ The mild ge .ius of our government forbids tnat we should administer justice on the accursed principle of the in- quisition. , . J.' J. u The -nhumanity of this course, and its opposition to the fixed and permanent notions of our jurists, may he illi.strated bv two or three imasrinable rases. Suppose that a Presi- dent meimmediatelv md d rectly responsible for the expensesof a pnnting establish- ment ; (hat he should transfer to this paper, in whose ■,'■ o&t an I loss he had aly the resolution on thp ta le ' Bni, sir, if we are to commence a war against patrona ' , let us be consistent ; let us not single out one Deiartment as a peculiar object of jealousy and distrust. Let us shears^. he Departments of iheir powers. Let us visit the Naw tr. i'^'.T' ^""^ "■-" l""'^ ^*^^^' ^"^ ^^«"^ <'^^se ministers op off all power. For, if I am rightlv informed, the na l?e of th'e s/T n ''^^'^ i^^Par^inen.s is , ns to th. patron- ageofthe State Department, as a . undred to one If we se ecf one onl;^, „nr constituents «ili b.lieve that p. lit-cal ress should be sustained by Queftfon 'h'/r ''' ^^^'^'^"•^"^ Having thus va ,ed the que-'tion, he discourses most sweetly on the powe. of the Sir. /''"" -'u' ^r "* '" "'^*^' ^^" ^'S^^ ^"^' us what would be th. practical oper- atHHisofsuch - m.noritv administration. He s.y.- ^ \ou will find fh.>y nil! generally begir. by endeavouring toexcte .he national p.ide and love of glory ofthe Peon f by some splendid pa.eant, by which their iartial re own or r.piuauonfor a«reat and singular benevolence in the cau,e ^fhriman freedom and happiness is to be promote These a.ea..a^s will be urged with a mawki-h se.uimenta: lit> calculated .0 catc-. all those who are infected with the fashionabl. cant ofthe day. and will, above all, be p.epaled »n such a u,anner .s t... xcite p.r.v feehng. and gite a ^em- a^d^iS'rr."^'""^^'^'"' ^"^ cuiiii^ity ov^- :x:^ ih",h\T''^ niovement of Hich .n administration, sl.ould the,. ..e three parties u, the country,one of superior force or of nicely balanced strenoth with .heir ^own, a..d a third of jn er: -r number,, all their effons will be m^lde t.. co ,ci a^e his t^nrd party-heuce their appoiu.me.ts will be cast ven lo the exrlus.on of th -ir fri-mis, in the rank- of thi- thifd party You will find, whenever an office is Jo be fl led g.eat hesitation .nd d lay, a pe.fecr survey oft e whole l^round aod v rv oft n, after a proca^tination ,rea'lv re. r" d "e v;;': ^""" 'r^ ^^^^ ^isti.guished talents a. d C, ca ch 'mH T ""^"^^ '" ^'^'' ^'^^^ '^ 'h. authoiitv of I fait fu Ki;?-^ s.m runes -ven a zealous constant, and th.t mav r f '''"'P'Y t« -Vi'J^l ^- a ipushroom apostate that may have been purchas d i-ut ye&terday " trona 'e iW 'Z*''^';'" '"''' '" a^i'»inistration has any pa- tronage mcde t to th'^ p:e.ss, it will be snie lo u.e if in a n a,., r V ,t calculated to render this mighty eugin. su . er^ vient to then- peculiar and exclusve i.ite.Lt^lt S'li pit thJ J 2* 18 presses on the diet of a wholesome regimrin,and in the course of sahitar}' di-ripline, till the whol pack should oj)en in full harniosoiis cry in one common n.le " I ma> cone d-', tnatMf. Adams had not a majority oflhe Elect ral votes: — Vet, I may ask, from wheniC does the ger^tleman from South Carolina learn that hf- is noic in a minor ty ? He says he is not on!>- 7ioiv m a min- rity, but, with a prophetic excitement; the g'-ntlemax an..ounc< > that he will be in a miMority in 1§29. Is the "' alliance for mu- tual safety" so well adjusted, that its j)olitical results can be now triurapha.:tly announced with this m : al certainty ? I I now nut, Sir, whether ihe Administiation be a minori- ty Administration or not. I know it 'o Ijc a Constitutional Adniinisti-atiun. Neither do I consent to have it tes.ted, whether it be in a minorify or not, by the rule of th'^ gmtle- man from Ohio, (Mr. Wright,) when h- says, " when a measure recommen ed by iJ shall fail ti> pass, ti.en it may be called a minorify Administration. " For tlis d-.rtrine 1 am n^ advocate. Whenever we as- sume it as a rulr; oi iegfislaiion, let us not comj-iain of being called •' Palace Guards." I do not hold niyn'it" bound to rise it! my seat, like Alexander'> Guards, at the sramp of the foot of the Ei.iperor ! To ii s opirn .ns I ow^ ni> alle- giance. I will stt ive 10 miiich where duty, where judg- ment directs, although, by so doing, a presidential recom- mf^u'latioii siiail be left in a minority. The' gentleman's " splendid pageant," got up to ex- tend the martial renown of a ininorHy Administ: ation tor a singular act of henevoltnct in the cau«t of humaH happines«i, is tiie Panama Mission, whei'' '' favorilisir. and c^illibdity triumphed over sobrieiy an-l jadgment " This c louring of that pajieanl is alike inconsistent with the admitted and distinguished ' curtesy of that gent eman in de'oa'.e, as with his ineffable difiideuce in bis «>wn snpeiior *' re .son at d judgment." To tell a raajoiity of this House, that a measure, sanc- tioned by them and the co-ordina;e t ranch of ' e legisla- ture, was the ofispr.ng of folly, and nuriure>l into life by •' ciillibility," surel) indepe, desire of the South Ameii an Repu'lics. Yet, tliis policy the-t saiiciioned, and wi.ich has thus el'-^vated this Rej.i'blic in the (yes of fiieign • ations, and c''f such an Administ'ation are iii gleet :^d, and the aj)p'intme:its are cnst into the r<> .k.'i of a ttiicd pa- tv, for coiiciliation. And, Sir, is tins matter fur crimination .' whil ■ the defeatei. party so act as jftliey cad enregister^-d an oath, that they would pursue their successful rivals until a wide and capable political destruction s oald sw ,llo\v them up ; and, in Lonfamity to this policy, d-iioimce all as "apostates," who, h?ing-once opposed to tiie present Execntiv*-, accept an appointraimt from tiiCir h,'nds, is it a matter of surprise, or of reproach, if ao administiation thus 'situated, .^houlM altt^mpt to conciliate? Does the gen- tleman mean to i. sinuate, tiiat if they triunijj/i, that all appointments will be exclusively <;ns\ niaong friends ? " Few die. none resign." Among so many fi iends, will it be necessary that some incumbent shall be pernutred to r»^tire ? There is power in t'le verv sug- p^estio)) ! It will bring around the stiiulard of the mditary hero many of the ambitious and of the choice spir !s of the land. B';t how unnecessary to present to u?, as connected witii this askf d for reform, a review of t!ie principles and n)ea- sures of a minority Administration I Why diiect aganist the:;« principles J^nd these mei-sures all the thunder of his eloquence, and the resources House, who va? not the choice of the people !" and that this has caused and produced t!^ at " moral destiny" which has giv^'n existence to (he?e p-inciples of action, and lo these m.^asnrn . — " A Daniel, yea a very Daniel, has come to judgment." •' M( ral d. stinyl" If it be a ' moial destiny," then no hu- ma/1 wisdom, no patriotism, .o disinterestedness, rould )»ave avtrttd these evils, and the administrators of the Gove- ;ment stand acquitted before this nation trom all censure, and reproacli belongs only to the autl.ors of tlie organic law, Avhich permits a " minority President" to pre-ide ove«- tbe destinies of this nati-.n. If the choice of a minority President is the Pandora's box from which these pcliti.al evils have flown, I pray the gen 20 tieman to answ-^r me. if the I'k ills \v->u1d not hav* visited til •; ;;ij'. '/' tiif' iiiilifo! . h ro hiv< been e'ecii^ i \: . tis H u^ ? -.e, t >o, %v >t»ld hava be-'M u mi^oritr Presi.-'ent ; th- same 'moral destiny," the Sioie "invinc'L'* neces- sity." . ouH '.ave subjected him tn th ^ same i rlncifi •« of action, and it w ju!d h^-ve produced thesa e uieasores. He, too, would " hi«ve )iv»'d nnde- t!ic palsv « f a miserable paiiif, whicli disturbs the ex;rci3t of a sound jiidgm- nt and sa^actoiis ooli'-y." Hi^ ivould have be u perpetuaily ''-aiher thi k^ng now his own poli;i al existence would 'iavf. ben pres rved, than lo-v ihe pui^lic i-.rtt-rest • as to be advanced. " " Wlie:: a gi o t m issure of nati >uai I'o'icy was 'o be b; ( ught for-'^^ard. the first quesii-^' he Wiuid have p.sk;'d would b- — wh^; s ail I ga n ?" " T**e sabstar.tial tnter'?Kts of ti-e coun- try '' with i I', •' v.ouid be m'^t' •« of iut .•;• co;idary con- si'iciat^on " He, t.>o, ' vioidd b gin hs.< adminisTation hy end» ;'.v ring 'o excite the national pride r-nd iove o.' I ; y of the : ': ,ie, h}' ^^om ■; lei-*i<' pag' an*, by wh;ch ^is in'j'tial reno \> Tor a sivg.iiar bea -v lence sn t e cau ^ oi hurian free !'>in is lo e promotiMi. an;: w'vcb watdd give a tempo- rnry trif-mph to fanatic sm and cnllibdity over s;briery j-nd good N- use. His next rasvemeni woid ' be to t rmpt to CO c iate 'h' ;hird pa ly, and a o «stant ai d faitl-'ul tii* nd would be made to yield to a mitsh'oom aposiare." if he had ni natro'iage which ;::ight b- wit !ded over tie j;re>s, lie «'■)!. ':d have been '■ si:re ( > us' it (or liis cwn p'c liar and (:xclusiv- b nefit."' He would ;.'Ut the prcise. '• uiider I he ''iet of a whole.'^ome repioien, a ' in the co:tr>;e of a salutary di.>;ci;.liiu-, lill ibe wh 'le pack wool. I open in full harrno .; .us cr^' of < ne commo' note" of " Hail to the Mili- tary H ro!" 'i b< nation ha , the;efoie, nothing to regret in the 'hoice of the pres.-nt Preside.it. E tch would hav • beei, cositiolled by lie *;am! " mo at d stiny." The same pr.litic.d ;'. naers woo d liavc rcsidied f om the administrati -n < f (ien ral .Tar ."vouj^if t e g'^ubMiui I's philosophy of " moral destiny" be t\\\ \\ hy then cunvu'se t s nation, by exhibiiin : tlie suppo-rd < rror* of a triumpKnnt rivai, w h» n the disappoint- ed < iiant wouli have been propelled, (atconlin. to the adm.ssi ^« of his «wn enl gliten.d fii r.ds,) hy tie s.ime '■mo.al es.iny," to pursue ihe sam polidcal com se n w re- pn se ii d so selfish, and .-o dangerous to the libertit^s of this cou ti-y. I have .one with fhis "' '-'oral d stiny" of the g'-ntlcraan. A " mo.al destiny" never .irranied of by the fiamer.*; of the constitotiiin. A^moal de»tiny" which owes it- biithto the i naginati n (W' t e oent!<'i!?n, A '' u>o;al iles iny" whir'i .V icirls the venalit) and improvide' ce of a mii ority Pr s-i !• nt fr -m ' f contr 1 a, id lejjien' nsion of ptW!ic opi- ni' u. and sion. It will teach also other distinguished citizens; yea even him who from the summit lev^l of the Allegany invoked the genius of m- ternal improvement to aid in the completion of the Chesa- peake and O'lio Canal, that great and connecting link which, he proclaimed, was to hind this " Union in an a iamantme chain"— evy a political rival, whose destruction they toil for. I bulieve, however, that the gentl man does joy without cause. Sure T am the doctrine of internal iinprovmipnt contained in that Message was incapable of producing any such "prodigious excitement." 1 o Virginia is the nation undei high obligations: Her patriots first started the ban of rrv«»lntion; and to sustain it She poured forth her gallant sonjt to battle, under tne banner of the saviour of his coun- try. She gave us a Washington, to achieve our indepen- dence, an'! to reconcile the dissatisfaction spriugiog fiom the adoption of the C( nstitution : She gave us a JefTerson, to give to the Administration a truly republican character: She ^flvyy^JVJaclisonMc^an^^mi^^ 21 oessible to the gentleman from South Carolina, notliin^ as yet has b'^en discovered by him in the measures ol" ti^e na- tion?! g'overnment of such terrific import, save the "Panama Mission," "the selection forofBce Aom the third party," and ihe translation of (he publication of the laws from sixteen newspaprrs ! H>'W wise must the measures of such an administration be, when so little is found even for party exciteme-it to carp at? How grateful ought the friends of the administration to be to that gentleman for thus culling out its only '-riors. Permit me to tell the gentleman, that, bv this, he has done more to convince t is nation that tiie clamours against the ■' condition" are more the offspring of disapp'intme.it, than of any wtll grounded objection to its measures; than alt the panegyrics of its friends. We all recollect, Mr, Speaker, with what animation, with whfit J03' beaming on his face, the gentleman from South- Carolina informetl us that the message of the Presidi nt to Congress, at its last session, was so charged with reasons to its very muzzle ; that it blew him "sky high" in the ancient dominion, by its recoil. If I utiderstand the moral of this metaphorical language, it i'j, that the political principles hnd the national policy avowed in that messase, have consigned, in the ancient do- minion, its author to political death. It then becomes a mat- ter of great interest to us (considerii g the relation in w hich that gentleman stan.'s to th^ opposition, and which leaves us no lOom to doubt that this language and this jo) is the language ac.d the joy of the opposition) to inquire what were the doctrines and the p< Lev of that message. By such an inquiry, we may be enabled to dispel the forebodings that the present divisions of parties are exclusively personal ; and we may b^ enabled to discern the land-m;itks npon which we divide. Till ih's avowal of the gentleman, there was no indication of the causes '^f division. Bui it it .should now appear that the long-settled principles of national poli- cy ate to be sacrificed to insure the itistallation of the Hero, the sacrifice of the national interest made to subserve his elevation ran never be compensated for by any measure of his a tmini>ti ation. That message pre>ente(l for our consi the coi sideration of Congress, so far as legislation over them was sanctioned by the conftihitional poner of Corigresx. J. trust, thiMcfore, tiiat tlie gentle. van i< mistaken, in suppo* sing that these doctrines, so famliar to the ancient omi- nion, did produce a political explosion of such ._|_iusr;_aiuL 23 second war of independence: She gave to us a Monroe, (o restore harmony *• sod"! imerrourse. Virginia has been emphatic-liy tho lai'd of Presi i^nt<, and the Ian of safe precedenfs also: Yes, Sir, Washington callrd Jellcrsni to the S( itf Deparrment, and the people calltd him to the Piesidency; Jefferson called Ma.iison, Madison called \:oa- roe, Monroe called Adams; and these wf^re snf- prece- dents //je/i. Bnt t ese are not all ti.e nlessinHS which Vir- ginia as ponrf-d forth ou the nation The intJependence of the nation being* stablishcd, its lepublican character being- fixed by th • revolution of '802, the statesmen of fha' day anticipating that swarm* of emig»ants would pour forh from the northern hive, to t.'ie fertile valleys 'f ihe Mis.',,ssippi, frembedlest awesrern empire s oulH arise, and thus divide this happy Union. Their nnxions cares were directed to the means essential to be adopted to pr. vent this great na- tional calamity; and it entered into the comprehensive and saga.ii us mind ofnne of her purest patriots and her most celebrateJ constitutional lawyers, Mr. Giles, that the surest guard against snch a iivision was to make it the tommon interest of all to preserve this union ; and tiiat that unity of interest could alone be consummated by facilitating tiie in- ter ourse from t e western poition of tliis empiie to ihe wa- ters of the Atlantic, by turnpikes to be laid out under the authority of Congress. Tbatgr-at statesman, the pride of his StatP, in carrying this t leory into practical operation, made the celebrated re- port - f March, 1802, upon the proposition to admit Ohio in- to the Union. The language of that report is : " i he Committe , taking into consideration these stipula- tions, viewing the lands of the United States witliin the saidT rritoiy as a", important source of revenue ; deemi.g it also of the tiighest importance to the stability and perma- nence of the Onion «>f the Eastern and Western parts of the United States that th'^i> intei course should, as far as possi- ble, lif facilitated ; and their interests be liberally and mu- lual!y consulted ai d promoted, arc of opinion'' — ainoivg other provisions—" that one-tenth part of the nett pioceeds of the land lying in the sai'1 Stat*^, In reafter sold by Con- grrss, after deducting all expeusi s iiicident to tlie same, shall t,e aptilied to the laying out and making turnpike and oth' r roads, leading from the navigable waters einpt^'in^^ i; - to tiie Atlantic, to Ohio, and continued afterwards through the State, of such roads to be laid out by liie aulhorihj of Congress, with the consent of the several States through whirh the roa.l shall pass." Tis repoit was not only sustained l>y his vote but by his elequ-nce, and the entire vote of the Virginia delegation. This is the first recognition of snch a power in the CongrekS of the United States; a;. d Viiginia has the right to ( liiini this as anoth r evidence of her strong devotion to the coinmoa cause, and of the lasting benefits wl.ich t!:ewisd( n and pa- 24 rental foresight of her mustnouscUizen have conferred .u ynyriad^ vet ""^«'"- , .-,„rv controversy which has re- W.rned, tos by th" I'te ary CO ^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ cen.lv au,act.d the p..bhc -«' f j';:^,, ,f ,he first move- the rignt ';-ProTthe R-o « on, U.e Lpgislature^of tl.at ments m favor of the n v ^^^^^.i^ly charged to in. State has created a * «"^^''"?^the exe-cise of -his power quire into the const.tut.onaltv of tteexe ^^^ 2y the Congress of the Unued State- 1 ^^ ^^^^^.^ ^^^^ Committee wilh as »" ^^' ^^^^ hTc^n.titulional povv.r of t)pin.onsoflearnedsa-e»astotne ^j^monstrate, be- t£s House: -.«^-v.ngU><^o th^-^^,^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^, vondallscppticism, that to v i ^ ,, .-.^^ to come, any Ihisdocrine; ^"^ ^'^ ^J^.t , ^i^^ o" ^o /e other State r«bb»?,^\t';;^f^tv ' of this House to legislate cognise the const. tntional power ^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^^ for these gr.at national wo. ks^^A^ ^^^^ ^.^^ ^^^^^.„^ that this report has ^\^1^^{ -^^^^^.e, for I have just learn- has been sanctioned ^ ^^^^^^ ^^eu elevate-l to'lhe guher- odlhat its dlustno'is autuoi na. natorial chair ^^ I'^l'^* ,J|j7;^,iieve that the gentlema,i joys I cannot, therefore, but hehe^^^.^j^^^^^.^ ^^o^^^^ ^^^^ .^,^ ^,^ without cause; for siicn a 1^. ^ ^^^ recommend- to political ^^^ .'•"'=^'"" .^.rltio^^ of Coaor/ss a political baail- in. to the '^t^^"*^;^^/^;,^^ it crowned with adulation and do- ling of Its <>7 State vvhot ^ -version of poht.- nors the author of •i^' ^^!" ''';•. . „„., \hat they rendered oal ;,.sti< e, thci. ^-;-i'f^ "^,: t;a' Ate ibel pronounced the.Mselves obnoxious to the lonl ancl^ e ^,^^^^, against the Southrons ^y»^^^^^,^Xe„ow excites th-ir sym- Patriot, (whose ^'^^^'^ ^^'^ *A^k//" vvc.e laid on him to cure puthies, l>efore the hand o a l^n^ ^^^. .^j^^,,^ ^ ,„« Inu. of his political ev. ^.) ^f"^^ ^,,^ ,,ere opposed to siniplhMty of his 'n>;;hl-- ; "^Xe Vl'londor of a soathron l.iiu because nc moved not witn u.c i equipage." . ti.oppntleman is deceived; because I 1 dol.u^U, Sir, that the gentk^nn^^^ this country re- .10 belicv. that the 1-?!-^^^;^"; this House; and that qui.e the exctrisc ol such a poN .^ ^.^^^^ ^^.,^^.^^^^, j Nvimont such .n exevcisc ^; .' ;j;,\, f„ ^^r popvdation, :>nd .-onie n,ust and will rcmam ^^'^^^ i,, , ,U l'n>sld.nt in her resources ; and 1 - ' /^J;„ '?;,;,„.,,Uiu-ie defences, „ ho sludl sustain the na>7, h^;^ • ;^^^„,. ,„ ^f ,,.. ,ountiy ; ^nd the imi..ovem.n. "t t - mun. ^^ ^^^^^^^^.^ ^,.,^,^ t::t!d:.;l^;^x:XvS^^"^^^>-•-^^^ ..>.neotl:er for thuthig;h station. I 89 w %.A^ /^ ^oV^ n"^ . - '^ "" " \'^ r . „ "^r^ "" (& . - • ^ '^JU r<^ oV^^^ISr- ^a ^ ''^?^M^>^\ ^^J^ rS C^^tfi iS>^. ,' /^-^ V "^o V* :i ;^ ',^^*- % ♦* ♦irf!^ - . ' • - - WERT BOOKBINDINgI;'* .i'o. ""V ^ - ^ii^* ^^^ ;uHiY^; 1989 --^^bm^^' ^•* ^0-