v- c ^xi p., ^/^^ ^^^,^ ,^x ^^ . r. ^^.^r^x^ /^ T H E I y^ alaba:.:a. ^'^ ALABAMA MANUAL AND STATISTICAL REGISTER FOR 18 71. CONTAINING INFORMATION FOR IMMIGRANTS, CAPITALISTS,'' \ MANUFACTURERS, PLANTERS, MECHANICS, AGRICUL- TURAL LABORERS, MERCHANTS AND POLITICIANS. WITH REFERENCE TO THE SOIL, CLIMATE. POPULATION, TOPOGRAPHY, EDUCATION, PRODUCTIONS, MINERAL AND GENER- i | AL r'eSOURCES OF THE STATE OF ALABAMA. ! I ; I TToTi. .JOSEPH HdZ)G-S( )]Sr, Superintendent of Public Instruction. MONTGOMERY: .^TD^T J^l 84,000 136,000 114,500 185,500 Proceeds of 1,000 Acres for Five Years. From 500 to 1,000 bushels of corn per annum; from 2,500 to 5,000 bushels for five years; from 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 lbs. cotton for five years, say from 10 cents to 30 cents per lb. 3 32 Gross Proceeds with Cotton. At 10 cents per lb $100,000 to $200,000 At 30 cents i)er lb 300,000 to 600,000 Without considering increase of stock. ESTIMATE NO. II. Cost of farming a plantation of 1,200 acres Mississippi bottom-lands, 1,000 open land, for first vear: Expenses, no hands, average of $70 each... $5,600 45 mules, cost $125 each 5,625 1 overseer, and board 1,0C0 5,000 bushels corn 3,000 Hay 1,000 Cotton seed for planting 1,0U0 4 yokes of oxen 1,000 Milch cows 1,000 Stock liogs 1,000 Plows, carts, implemejits 2,500 Salt for stock 200 Medical care of hands 400 Oats, rye 200 Axes, hoes, iron, steel, &c 500 Molasses 200 Incidental 1,200 Profits. 700 bales cotton, 400 lbs. per bale, 50 cents per lb $140,000 5,000 bushels of corn raised 3,000 Pork raised 3,000 Wagons, carts 1,000 Cows, &c 1,000 Oxen 1,000 45 mules 5,000 Fodder, hay, &c 1,500 Implements, &c 500 Total $156,000 Deduct expenses 25,425 Profits $128,875 Deduct cost of land, at $20 per acre, 1,200 acres 24,000 Total $25,425 $104,875 The land at the end of the year will advance 100 per cent. ; all the 6ii|iplies will be on the plantation for the next year, from the products of the first year. ESTI.M.\TE NO. III. Estimate of the expense and profit in cultivating 650 acres of Mississippi or Yazoo Valley Land — say 500 acres in cotton and 150 acres in corn, for first year: £.rpenses. To hire 50 hands, at $120 per annum $6,000 To 50 bbls. mess pork, at $35 per bbl 1,750 To 12 bbls. molasses, at $40 per bbl 500 To clothing for 50 hands, at $40 to $50 each 2,500 To medicines and medical attention 750 To 25 mules, at $125 each 3,125 To 2,500 bushels of corn, at $1 per bushel 2,500 To fodder and hay 1,000 To wagons, plows, hoes, gearing, &c 2,000 To wages of superintendent, &c 1,000 To oxen, milch cows, Sec 1,000 To stock hogs, to raise bacon for next year 750 To incidental expenses 2,125 Total expenses $25,000 33 Profits. By 500 bales of cotton, of 400 lbs. each, at 30 cents per lb $60,000 By 5,000 bushels of corn, at 75 cents per bushel 3,750 Hy fodder and hay 1,500 $62/J50 Deduct expenses 25,(i00 Leaving for net profit , |40,250 Such a plantation, can be purchased for from $10,000 to $15,000; good "buildings, etc. The hind will double its value in the purchaser's hands, in addition to the profits of the crop. A plantation in the Mississippi Valley that would have 650 acres of open land, would probably contain 1,500 in the entire tract ; and esti- mating this at $2{) per acre, would make $30,000, which, deducted from $40,250, the net amount of profit would leave $10,250 as clear profit, besides having paid for 1,500 acres of lands, and the mules, cattle, hogs, wagons, farming implements, etc. ESTIMATE NO. IV. If a first-class upland or creek-bottom plantation is cultivated, then, in 1,500 acres of land, 1,000 acres would probably be open land; and cultivating 700 acres of this in cotton and 300 acres in corn, the expenses of cultivation would not exceed, say $27,000. Tlie product would be at least: 350 bales of cotton, of 400 lbs. each, at 30 cents. $42,000 G,000 bushels of corn, at 75 cents 4,500 Fodder .and hay 2,500 $49,000 Deduct expenses 27,000 Leaving a, clear profit of. $22 000 Deduct the cost of 1,500 acres of first-class upland 15,000 Leaving for net profit $7,000 This leaves a clear profit of $7,000, besides paying for 1,500 acres of first-class upland or creek-bottom land, and all the mules, cattle, hogs, and plantation tools and implements. In the valley plantations generally, only about one-third the lands are opened for cultivation, and in the upland and creek-bottom plantations. about two-thirds ; the remainder of the lands, in both cases, being wood and pasture lands, which can be reduced to cultivation, from year to year, as required. In the Mississippi and Yazoo Valley, about ten acres, and in the up- land and creek-bottom lands about twelve and a half to fourteen acres 34 per hand, are cultivated in cotton. The average production of the val- ley lands is about 400 lbs. of cotton per acre, and, in the first-class up- land and creek-bottom lands, about 200 to 300 lbs. per acre. ESTIMATE NO. V. Estimate Cost of liaising Upland Cotton. — Planting lOO acres in cotton, and the same quantity in corn; employing ten good hands. Expenses. 120 bushels corn, $90; bacon, $273 §363 5 mules, §90; provender, $360 '. 810 5 plows, §40; 2 carts, §60; 1 wagon, §100 200 Hoes, and other utensils 100 10 laborers, §120 1,200 Total §2,673 Products. 300 lbs. cotton to the acre, 30,000 lbs. at 40 cents $12,000 30 bushels corn to the acre, 3,000 bushels, at 75 cents 2,250 $14,250 Leaving net profit $11,577 Remember there is nothing difficult or scientific in the raising of cotton ; the least skilled labor in the world, under the most unskillful direction and management, has made the fortunes of those engaged in it. Our New England farmers can learn it without an effort in a single season, or can manage a plantation with the aid of an experienced over- seer, at once. Men laboring for a bare living here, can, at the .South, with the present prices of land, amass a fortune in two years. ESTIMATE NO. VI. Estimate on a Farm of ¥) Acres. — 10 acres in cotton, 15 acres in corn, potatoes, fruit, etc., 15 acres in wood-land, for fires, fences, etc., by his own labor only. The land will co.st from $5 to $20 per acre, according to locality and improve- ments. Corn at 75 cents per bushel ; bacon at 15 cents per pound. Expenses per Year. Food for himself, corn, 12 bushels, $9 ; bacon, or equivalent, 200 lbs., §30..$ 39 00 Mule, $100; provender, $60 160 00 Cost of cart, $40; plows, §12 52 00 Hoes, etc ^ 10 00 $ 261 00 rrodncts. Clean Cotton, 3,000 lbs $1,200 00 Corn, 300 bushels 225 00 Fodder, 2,5U0 lbs - 1=^ "5 $1,443 75 35 Products. Deduct -■ $ 261 (y. Net profits..... %\,\^2 75 Add value of mule, etc 120 00 $1,302 75 It may be said, generally, that an industrious man can, on a farm of the above description, support himself, family and stock well, and raise from six to ten bales of cotton clear of all expense. The estimate of 300 lbs. cotton per acre is quite moderate, as 400 lbs., and more, are often raised. RIVER SYSTEM OF ALABAMA. Navigable streams — The streams susceptible of navigation — Opening of valuable water courses — Message of Gov. Smith — Remarks of Professor Tuomey — The Coosa — The Warrior — The Cahaba, etc. Before describing the manufacturing and mineral regions of Ala- bama, it is necessary to glance at her system of natural and artificial water communications. Rivers nre necessary to drive machinery, and both rivers and canals are necessary to transport heavy and bulky wares. The question of facility for cheap transportation and inter- communication, very properly follows a description of Alabama's agri- cultural resources, and anticipates a description of her unlocked treasures of the hills and mountains. The navigable rivers of the State are the Tennessee, bordered by eight counties, and the best portion of whose valley lies in this State ; the Alabama and its tributaries ; the Tombigby, Black Warrior, and the Coosa. The Alabama is navigable for four hundred and eighty miles to Montgomery, and in high water to Wetumpka, at the mouth of the Coosa River, twenty miles higher. It passes through and bounds eleven counties. The Tombigby is navigable to Columbus, Mississippi, and passes through and bounds eight counties. The Black Warrior is navigable to Tuscaloosa, and waters two counties. The lower part of the Coosa is navigable from its mouth to Wetumpka, and the upper part from Greensport to Rome, Georgia. One hundred and eighty miles of its course between Wetumpka and Greensport, as its bed passes oVer the strike of the rocks, are not navigable — being a river navigable at 36 both ends and not in the center. Its navigable waters bound and water five counties. The Chattahoochee is the dividing line between Georgia and Alabama. This river is navigable as high up as Columbus, Geor- gia, and bounds three counties in Alabama. The heads of the Choc- tawhatchie and Escambia rivers of Florida give navigation to three counties. Thus it appears that thirty-two out of the fifty-three coun- ties of the State are either bounded or intersected by navigable rivers, regarding the Mobile and Tensaw rivers as really a part of the Ala- bama. If we take into consideration the counties that nearly, but do not actually touch her navigable streams, it will appear that two-thirds of the State enjoy the benefit of navigable rivers. The Tennessee River, which waters a most fertile section of North Alabama, from one side of the State to the other, flows northward after reaching the western boundary, and empties its water, with the Ohio, into the great highway of AVestern commerce. At present the shoals near Florence present an obstacle to the continuous navigation of this river. But, a few years will remove this obstacle, and by the assistance of the United States Government, the States of Tennessee and Ala- bama will soon see the Tennessee River opened to navigation from Knoxville to the Ohio. The curve which is made by the Tennessee brings it within thirty or forty miles at the nearest point (Gunter's Landing) to a point, upon the Coosa River — Gadsden. The Coosa River is navigable from Rome, Ga., to Greensport, Ala- bama, a distance of 160 miles. Below Greensport it is interrupted by shoals, which prevent a continuous navigation, just as the Tennessee is obstructed by the Muscle Shoals. The removal of obstructions in the Coosa River, or rather the surmounting of obstructions, by slack-water navigation, was brought to the attention of the country by President John Quincy Adams. Since then it has failed to elicit public consider- ation, until within the last ten years. Just before the war a survey was made which demonstrated the entire feasibility of rendering the Coosa navigable, and of connecting it with the waters of the Tennessee by a short railroad of thirty or forty miles (possibly by a canal), thereby giving, with that exception, and with the removal of Muscle Shoals, a con- tinuous and short water line of communication from the hills and val- leys of East Tennessee on the one side, and from the Ohio on the other, to the waters of the Gulf at Mobile. At the session of the Alabama Legislature of 1866, another survey of the Coosa was ordered, and was carried out by Mr. Thos. Pearsall, with most satisfactory results. At the session of the Legislature of 1868, after the reconstruction of the State, Gov. Wm. II. Smith considered the question of opening the Coosa 37 and Cahaba rivers, which flow into the Ahibama, and the Warrior River, which flows into the Torabigby, of such vital importance as aff"ect- ing the mineral interests of the State, that he brought the matter before the Assembly in a special message, and advised appropriations to be made for special and thorough surveys. The Governor said: "It is gratifying to know that capitalists abroad are anxiously seek- ing information respecting the latent resources of Alabama, with a view of determining the question of making investments to develop them. " Special inquiry is now being made in reference to the practicability of improving some of our rivers, so as to increase their navigable facil- ities. Some of the richest iron mines and coal fields of the State are situated on and near the upper Coosa, which is but partially navigable, and the Cahaba and upper Warrior, which are not navigable at all. " Capitalists who are inclined to invest in these mines and fields, very naturally take into consideration the means of transporting their pro- ducts to market. "Hence the interest that is manifested in regard to the feasibility of renderino; those streams navigable. " In making such surveys, much valuable information might be inci- dentally collected, in regard to the mineral and other resources of the regions through which those streams flow. Our State abounds in rich iron beds, and coal fields ; they are already attracting the notice of cap- italists, although the facts as to their real value are but imperfectly known. " With correct information properly disseminated, there is every rea- son to believe that the requisite capital would be brought into the State to open up communication with our mineral regions, either by improving rivers or by railways. "In- any event we should do everything that is practicable to invite capital among us. Much might be accomplished in this way by circu- lating reliable information respecting our material resources. " For these general reasons I respectfully recommend an appropria- tion of such amount as the General Assembly may deem proper, to be applied to a survey of the rivers named, and the mineral regions con- tiguous to them. Capitalists abroad are frequently applying for infor- mation in reference to those rivers and mines ; and the object desired is to collect it in an authentic form at as early a day as practicable." In accordance with this recommendation, the Legislature provided for proper surveys. When the surveys shall have been completed, and the results made known, there will be every reason to believe that capi- tal will be found ready to open up such valuable highways. 38 rrofessor Tuomey, lute geologist of the State, and Professor of Geology and Natural History in the University of Alabama, in his imperfect sketch of the geological formations of Alabama, gives us an account of her rivers, which, although brief, is worthy of notice as substantiating what has been already said in this connection. After alluding to the anomalous course of the Tennessee River, and tb the fact that its complete naviga- tion is interrupted by a fall of 85 feet over 15 miles of shoals, the Pro- fessor proceeds to speak of the two arms of the great rivers which flow from the mineral regions of North Alabama, through the cotton region of South Alabama, and at last to the Gulf: " The rivers that form the Coosa rise in the basin between the south- ern extremities of the Blue Ridge and Alleghenies, in Georgia. The Blue Ridge, as if determined not to sink down at once into obscurity, has left a noble monument in that remarkable knob, the Stone Moun- tain. Coosa, from its rise to Greensport, in Cherokee county, flows along the strike of the rocks, and in a valley between the strata ; it meets with scarcely any obstruction, and hence the remarkable phenomenon which it presents of a river navigable for steamboats at both extrem- ities, with the intermediate part an impracticable rapid. It will be seen that between the places just named, the course of the river is northeast and southwest ; at Greensport it turns directly south, and consequently crosses the edge of the strata, so that where these are hard and inde- structible, rapids occur ; but where limestone strata are crossed, a level reach is found. This state of things continues for a distance of 180 miles to Wetumpka, where the mica slates of the metamorphic rocks form the first obstruction and head of navigation. "The navigation of a river 1^0 miles in length, passing through such a country as that through which the Coosa passes, appears to me so important a matter in connection with the prosperity of the State, that its improvement should enter into any scheme of internal improvement devised for its best interests. There are no formidable obstructions, but such as arise from sudden bends and accumulations of gravel, that a judicious expenditure of a few thousand dollars would not readily obviate. "Between "Wetumpka and the mouth of the Tallapoosa\ the Coosa is a beautiful river, with high banks and deep water. vVt the junction, an accumulation of gravel takes place, which is the result of the lessening suddenly of the transporting force of the two rivers, by which the materials rolled onward by the streams are arrested in their progress, producing a bar and serious obstruction to navigation, which can only be remedied by the removal of the cause — that is, by making the streams to come tojrether at a more favorable angle. The obstructions bdow thi!< are 39 such as are common to all our rivers below the falls, resulting from abrupt bends, sudden widening, submerged logs, over-hanging timber, etc " It will be seen at a glance on the map how completely the upper Warrior conforms to the Warrior coal field. Rising on the verge of the Tennessee, it runs rapidly over the coal measures of the basin, which it drains. The fall of the Warrior between its source and Tus- caloosa is nearly 1,000 feet, or 5 feet in a mile, and between the latter place and Mobile the rivers that unite with the Warrior have a fall of only 161 feet, or 5 inches a mile. It is for this reason that the_Warrior rises, during floods, to the hight of 50 feet at Tuscaloosa; the water being suddenly checked and unable to escape with the rapidity of the rest of its course, it accumulates as it reaches Tuscaloosa. " The obstructions in this river below the falls, and indeed in all the rivers that flow over the greatly inclined cretaceous and tertiary plane of the State, arise from deposits of gravel, sand, etc., that the river is no longer able to push forward. I am inclined to think that our rivers have become almost permanent, for certainly all the bars that I have observed between Tuscaloosa and Demopolis have not changed their form for years. From the yielding nature of the banks, such streams are subject to deflections, producing sudden bends that become serious obstructions. " The great quantity of submerged timber is the result of the over- flowing of the land by freshets, and the floating away of fallen trees ; this, too, must have greatly diminished, and must still continue to diminish. " The convergence of the Alabama toward the Tombigby, is the result of that dynamical law, " a body in motion will follow the line of least resistance." The former stream flows along the loose sandy strata that underlie the rotten limestone, until it reaches a low point in that stratum, through which it passes to unite with the Tombigby, and form the Mobile River. " The rivers of Alabama, whether we consider them as one of the great physical features of the State, or in an economical point of view, are exceedingly interesting. There is scarcely any extensive and really valuable agricultural tract in the State that has not its navicrable stream." 40 WESTERN CONNECTION BY THE TENNESSEE RIVER. Muscle Shoals — Report of U. S. Engineer — Navigation of the Upper Tennessee — Its tributaries — Advantages of this section — Mineral wealth — Emery coal — A Coosa canal — Early and cheap wheat — Opinion of General Weitzel — Chattanooga Co7ivention of lS6d — Views of General Wilder — Harmony, etd. By a glance at the map it will be seen that the Tennessee River passes from east to west through the entire breadth of North Alabama. The valley through which it passes is one of the most fertile and healthy in America. Unfortunately the navigation of this stream is interrupted by Muscle Shoals. Should those Shoals be surmounted, and vre believe that the prospect is promising for speedy action in the matter by Con- gress and by the States interested, the valley of the Upper Tennessee, throughout the entire breadth of the cotton fields of Alabama, which lie upon its banks, and up into the valleys and hills of East Tennessee, would be thrown open to the commerce of the West. The attention of the Government has been directed to the improve- ment of this river, from time to time during the last 40 years. In 1832, Congress voted the State of Alabama 400,000 acres of public lands to improve the navigation of the Tennessee with a canal round the Muscle Shoals. These lands proved insufiicient, and we learn through the official reports of surveyors to the Engineer Bureau in Washington that these Shoals remain now as they were then — passable by steamers for only " three or four weeks in the year," and then ex- ceedingly dangerous, and this, notwithstanding that for 300 miles thence up to Knoxville there is water enough during nine months an- nually, for steamers drawing three feet. " From Brown's ferry," say these Reports, " a majestic river, broad, deep, and with gentle current at all times, is seen stretching for 100 miles above, through a valley abounding in the latent elements of pros- perity ; a river which, in this distance, is seldom seen to bear on its bosom a pellicle of ice, and a country whose climate is so genial that wheat is ripe for harvest by the time the green blades in the North- western States emerge from the snow. " Yet, with this favorable combination of natural resources, the valley languishes for want of a cheap transportation to market ; and this por- 41 tion of the river, for purposes of constant and certain navigation, ia as sealed as though the river had no outlet to the Mississippi valley." Indeed, steamers of that draft can go for six months during the year as high up as Kingsport, or the boat-yard on the Holston, and this river is so gentle in its descents, so free of dangerous rapids, that the people of East Tennessee were formerly supplied with salt, brought down in flat-boats from the salt works of Abingdon, Virginia. The removal of these Shoals would also enable through boats of two feet draft, for six months of the year, to ascend above Knoxville 100 miles up the Little Tennessee, 153 up the Clinch, 75 up the Hiawassee, 125 miles up the French Broad, and 50 miles up Powel's River. In short, the engineer adds : " There are 925 miles of natural naviga- tion above the Muscle Shoals, with only three weeks precarious outlet at Muscle Shoals to the Lower Tennessee and Mississippi valley, from a region of whose drainage into the Tennessee embraces 15,000 square miles." The navigation of these six tributaries can, he says, be easily im- proved still higher up from the above-named points, viz : that of the Holston, to the Virginia Salt Works ; that of the Clinch, 50 miles ; that of the Hiawassee, 100 miles; that of the French Broad, 100 miles, or as far as Ashville, North Carolina, and that of Powel's River, 50 miles ; making a total length of inland navigation above the Muscle Shoals of 1,300 miles. In the regions thus watered and drained, and shut up from the great commercial highways of the country, this Report and the Survey of the Tennessee river goes on to say that there " wheat matures six weeks earlier than in the Northwestern States, and brings the highest price in the New Yo-rk market. While the Northwestern farmer has a rigor- ous winter to contend with, which compels him to house and feed his stock for six months in the year, stock can graze all winter in North Alabama, thus saving the farmer the labor of providing for it. The Northwestern- farmer, moreover, has only six months in the year in which the Aveather will permit him to provide for his wants in the win- ter; while there is hardly a day in the year when the North Alabama farmer can not till his grounds. '* These advantages of this section of the country over the North- west must have their weight; and when it is more generally known that the climate invites the farmer here, which permits the Malaga grape, the fig and pomegranate, to flourish in the open air in the vicinitj^ of Chattanooga and Huntsville — a climate which has neither the rigorous winters of die North, nor the feverish suuiuievs of the extreme South — 42 imniigratiun must be turned to the Tennessee valley. Its niiUl, uniform climate, fertile soil, pure air, and abundant water, its educational and social advantages, and a liberal policy to be pursued by large land- holders, are points not to be disregarded by those seeking homes. "The mineral wealth of the tributaries of the Tennessee River" — continues engineer Gaw, in his oflBcial report — " is no less than the agricultural resources of its valley. This region is fiist becoming known to the people of the country as one of the richest sections in mineral deposits in the United States ; while its merits as a stock- growing country are illustrated by the fact that from it both armies subsisted for nearly two years during the late war. " With the opening of the Tennessee at Muscle Shoals, Emery River coal could be delivered at Decatur, Alabama, for 24 cents per bushel, and at Paducah, Kentucky, for 27 cents, without any interruption from the ice to the trade. "According to the census of 1860, the amount of coal mined in Tennessee was 3,474,100 tons, fully three-fourths of which were from the Upper Tennessee, at Florence, Alabama. This trade would, in the course of time, receive another feeder from the mountains of xVlabama, 30 miles from the river, where the coal is of a superior quality." The Engineer here refers to the propriety of cutting a canal from the Tennessee to the Coosa River, which flows southward through the mountains to the Gulf, and very appropriately styles the Coosa, with such a canal connection, one of the feeders of the Tennessee. He goes on to say that, with the opening up of the river, wheat could be transported to New Orleans for 20 cents per bushel, and thence to New York, making 32 cents from the Tennessee valley to New York, while freight from Dubuque, Iowa, to New York by rail is G8 cents, which the western farmers are now compelled to pay. The report from which these interesting extracts are given, was made by Col. W. B. Gaw, Civil Engineer, under the direction of Maj.-Gen. Weitzel, U. S. A. Gen. Weitzel, in transmitting the report to Wash- ington, indorses the recommendation for the construction of a canal around Muscle Shoals, in the following lan2uao:e : "In addition to the many good reasons given in the a|ipejided report for making the improvement at this time, and to those which have been given by the many able men who have reported on this subject in forty years, there occurs to me that not only wouhl a work be done which should have been done years ago, but which would have repaid the Government a large interest. " I am perfectly confident if the distinguished soldiers who com- 43 manded our armies operating along the line of this river during the lata war, should be called upon to testify in this matter, that it would bo found that enough money would have been saved to the quartermaster's department by an improved river, in one campaign, to have trebly paid the expense of doing the work." General Humphreys, in transmitting the report to Congress, urges the improvement strenuously, saying : " The Elk River Shoals, the two Muscle Shoals, and Gilbert's Shoals, all between Brown's Ferry, thirty- five miles above Florence and Waterloo, thirty miles below it, constitute the only formidable obstructions on the river below Chattanooga, and, if overcome, would open a navigation for nine months in the year throughout the whole length of the Tennessee River, and upon its trib- utaries. All other impediments are not insurmountable at most stages of the water." The strength of the popular demand for the improvement of the Ten- nessee River — manifested during the past forty years, by resolutions of the Legislatures of Tennessee and Alabama, urging the action of Congress, by repeated surveys of the river under the acts of Congress in response to the demands of the people, and by insufficient appropri- ations by the General Government for the removal of the obstructions at the Muscle Shoals — has been increasing to the exact ratio to the development of the resources of the country, until within the past two years the enterprise has secured its indorsement as a national one by the great River Convention held at St. Louis, in 1866, as well as by the Merchants' National Convention of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1868 ; of the National Board of Trade at Cincinnati, in 1868, and of the great International Direct Trade Convention, held in Norfolk, Virginia, 14th of October, 1868, and through a popular convention, in Chatta- nooga, March 18, 1868 — February 24, 1869. Through repeated reso- lutions of the Legislatures of Tennessee, Alabama, and Georgia, through the press of all parties, the people have urged upon Congress the neces- sity for this great work of internal improvement, until appropriations were granted in 1868 for the survey of the river, and for the removal of a few comparatively trivial obstructions in the upper and lower river. The recent Convention of the States peculiarly interested in this work, held at Chattanooga, in February 1869, urged upon Congress to complete the work so auspiciously begun. At that Convention a few remarks were made by General Wilder, late of the Federal army, and commander of the famous Wilder's Cavalry, who is now engaged in man- ufacturing iron, just beyond the Alabama line, on the upper Tennessee. It is interesting to note the opinions of such a man as General Wil- 44 (ler, as evidence not only of the importance of the work, but also as evidence of the advantages of North Alabama, and of the condition of the people. The report of his remarks, as published in a letter to the Cincinnati Commercial^ is as follows : " General Wilder began by saying that he could not make a speech, that he never had been a public speaker and never expected to, but that he could build furnaces and make iron. He said that about two years ago he came to this section in search of health, and his attention had been arrested by the immense amount of marble, iron ore and coal which he found every-where among the mountains. He took a course, and with a trusty companion journeyed down the Tennessee for a distance of over two hundred miles, stopping every few miles to examine the country. He became satisfied that it was the greatest mineral country in the world, and returning home he associated a few gentlemen of means with him, and they had gone to work and met with success far beyond their expectations. They were now digging hundreds of thousands of bushels of coal from their mines, and turning out immense quantities of the very best iron. He compared the expense of the Pittsburg iron manufactories with his own, showing what great advantages this coun- try possesses over the manufacturing districts of Pennsylvania, in the cheapness of labor and provisions, and the salubrity of the climate. Tennessee River, said he, will never be closed by ice, and if we can only get the obstructions removed, he continued, it will float more wealth than the Ohio. "The General then referred to his experience in the South, saying that if a man would only half ivay behave himself here, he would find no difficulty whatever on account of politics or place of birth. ' I came from Indiana,' said the General, ' and I have never been treated better anywhere, nor by any people, than here in Tennessee, and by the people of Tennessee.' His speech was delivered in a conversational way, and I never yet have seen a speaker who held his audience as spell-bound a? did General Wilder. At the conclusion, he wa^ greeted with the most tremendous applause. Colonel Cox, of Huntsville, arose, and said that General Wilder had started out by saying that he could not make a speech; 'yet,' said Colonel Cox, 'I have heard thousands of speeches in the United States, and in foreign countries, but I never heard so good a speech as the one just delivered by General Wilder.' He appealed to the Convention to sustain him in this, and they did so with a will. To-night General Wilder's praise is in everybody's mouth, and as I hurriedly write, I hear two ex-rebels wishing that there were a thousand more Wildcrs up North who would come down here. 45 "General O'Neil, of Alabama, vas next called for, and delivered an eloquent address. He spoke of General Wilder as his friend — 'though,' said he, ' I have never spoken to him in my life, nor ever saw him be- fore, yet all such men as he are my friends, and the friends of every man in the South.'" THE ALABAMA WATER LINE. A canal from the Coosa to the Tennessee — Its practicahility — Opinion of Matthew F. Maury — Testimony of M. H. Cruihshanks — Views of Engineer Gaw — Vast importance of the line — Connection of Mobile with the West — Connection with Virginia — Superiority over other lines, etc. Germane to the question of completing the navigation of the Ten- nessee, it is proper to allude to the declaration made by Colonel Gaw, in his report to General Weitzel, that a canal of thirty or forty miles, from the Tennessee to the Coosa, would make the latter stream a feeder to the former. It has already been shown that the opening of the Tennessee and of the Coosa, at an insignificant expense in comparison with the results which would follow, would bring the navigation of those streams within a few miles of each other. By breaking through the obstruction with a short canal, there would be uninterrupted navigation by a cheap water line, from the most distant regions of the Northwest to the safe and commodious harbor of lower Mobile Bay. And again, there would be water navigation from Mobile Bay to the salt-works of Virginia. The question of opening up this grand "Alabama Water Line" as a highway from the cis-Mississippi Valley to the Gulf, and from the cot- ton fields of Alabama to Norfolk, by way of the James River and Kan- awha Canal, has been urged upon public attention for the past few years. Until lately, however, it has not been known whether there was a practicable route for a canal between the two streams. But now the report of Colonel Gaw, and a subsequent report of Commodore Maury, to the Superintendent of the Virginia Military Institute, respecting the commercial advantages of Virginia, leave no doubt of the practicability of such a water-line. The opinion of so distinguished a geographer as Maury, would be alone sufficient to stamp the suggestion as of supreme importance. But 46 his opinion is confirmed by the testimony of those -^-ho are acquainted with the topography of the State, from actual observation. The Talladega Iteporlcr, published in the mountain region of Alabama, and edited by Hon. M. II. Cruikshank, a gentleman of intelligence and thoroughly conversant with the history and resources of that portion of Alabama, has the following reference to the subject: " It is perhaps not generally known that Wills' Creek, one of the tribu- taries of the Coosa River, has its source within a mile of the Tennessee River, and that the intervening space is comparatively level. Old set- tlers have all insisted that the waters of the Tennessee River might be brought through to the Coosa by way of Wills' Creek, at comparatively small cost. What a grand idea there is in that suggestion ! Think of boats loading away up in East Tennessee, on the borders of Virginia or Western North Carolina, and coming down the Coosa, thence to the Ala- bama and on to Mobile ! What a line of trade ! How much undevel- oped wealth would be brought to light? How many towns would be built up, and what teeming hives of industry would spring into life!" Colonel Gaw alludes to this " Alabama Water Line " in his report, as follows : " In examining on the map the anomalous course of the Tennessee River, it is observed to approach very closely to the rivers of the Gulf slope. " At Guntersville the distance between the Tennessee and Coosa rivers at Gadsden, is only 45 miles.'' (The distance by a straight line from Gunter's Landing to Gadsden is not more than 25 miles, though the navif^able waters of the Coosa and Tennessee approach still more closely.) " As the obstructions of the islands below Gadsden, on the Coosa, will be surmounted in time, it becomes an interesting question as to whether a water connection by canal can be made between the Tennes- see and Coosa rivers at Guntersville and Gadsden, thus making a direct water communication from the Tennessee valley to the Gulf. "The topography of this part of the country indicates the feasibility of this work, and from the records of the Gadsden and Guntersville Railway survey ( 32 miles in length ) sufficient data might be obtained to determine the magnitude of the undertaking, but the commercial advan- tages that would attend the construction of this work are so great as to demand an examination of the country with this special view. " Another locality inviting attention is that between Ashville, North Carolina, mentioned as the head of future slack-water navigation on the French, Broad, and Catawba rivers, in North Carolina, emptying into 47 the Atlantic Ocean. This distance is ahout 40 luilos. No opinion can yet be advanced as to the practicability of this enterprise, but it is en- titled to notice in this bird's-eye view of the Tennessee Valley. ''It is by such a broad and comprehensive view of the subject that .. obtained a proper estimate of the interests involved in the removal of the difficulties to navigation as Muscle Shoals. " These interests are not confined to the Tennessee Valley, but :ii:iv in time4De made to affect the Gulf and Atlantic coasts, for the impetus which would be given to commerce and trade in the Tennessee Vallcv by this improvement, would demand the slack-water improvement of its tributaries pointed out, and then, in time, as the country became fiilly developed, would lead to tTie consummation of a direct connection L< water of the Tennessee Valley and the waters of the Atlantic an'i Gulf." The comprehensive view taken by Colonel Gaw in his report is com- mented upon approvingly, and expanded upon, by Commodore Mathew F. Maury, in a recent preliminary report upon a " Physical Survey of Virginia." The report is published from the " Office of Physical Sur- vey," of the Lexington (Virginia) Military Institute. Commodore Maury says : " The physical geography and climates of Virginia admit of a route (between the Atlantic and the Mississippi Valley), which, better than any other, satisfies these requirements, and completely fulfills these con- ditions — (cheapness in peace and safety in war). "The former admit, and the latter call, for two great national routes, each consisting, one temporarily, the other permanently, perhaps, of a rail and a water line between the tide-water harbors of Virginia and the navigable tributaries of the Mississippi and Alabama rivers. "Each of these routes is partly completed, one leading from tide- water to the Southwest, and which it is proposed now to extend down the Holston into the Tennessee, and down this stream to the Ohio River, with a branch at Gunter's Landing, through the Coosa Canal and the Alabama River to the Gulf of Mexico. " The other route leads to the Northwest, and consists of the James River and Kanawha Canal as its water line, and the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad as its iron way. The latter route has been fully described, the former has been merely alluded to. " The Coosa and the Tennessee route call for the completion forth- with of improvements required to give uninterrupted steamboat naviga 4 48 tion from the Gulf of Mexico tlirough the Ahibama and the Coosa into the Tennessee, and thence into Virginia. "A company has been incorporated for improving the navigation of the Coosa River, so as to open it for steamboats from Rome, in Georgia, via the Ahibuma River to Mobile. A canal has also been proposed, to pass steamboats from the Coosa over into the Tennessee at Gunter's Landing. These two rivers approach each other within 25 miles. I am nut uw;ire that any surveys have been made for a canal across this istlinius. But be its topography never so difficult, the work is a national necesaiii/, and therefore sooner or later must be built. The practicability of all the other parts and links in these two routes, has been determined by actual examination and survey. A corps of United States engineers is, at the national expense, now improving the navigation of the Ten- nessee River for steamers of 750 tons, from its mouth to Chattanooga. The extension of these improvements thence to Saltville, in Virginia ; the construction thence of a double-track freighting railway to the James River Canal at Lynchburg, are the improvements called for in this direction. They are required to furnish the majority of the people in the Gulf States with a cheaper and shorter route in peace than any they now have to the Atlantic seaboard, and with a safe one in war. " These links being complete, they will form a composite line of rail- way, river and canal, of 87-4 miles between Hampton Roads and the great Southern bend of the Tennessee River at Gunter's Landing, in Alabama. The Virginia and Tennessee Railroad, with connections ex- tending to the Gulf of Mexico, to the Mississippi River, to the Cum- berland and Ohio, lies along this route, and though but a single track, it is already competing with other routes for the transportation of cot- ton from points as far distant as Memphis and Selma, delivering it in Norfolk as cheaply as by existing routes it is carried to New York." Commodore Maury continues : " There is at present natural naviga- bility from Mobile up the Alabama River to Wetumpka, on the Coosa; here the ledge, which crops out to form the Muscle Shoals of the Ten- nessee, interrupts navigation and forms a portage of 180 miles; after which the river again becomes navigable, and steamers ply on it regu- larly thence to Rome, Georgia. A canal over from the Coosa to the Tennessee would open an inland communication between the Chesa- peake Bay and the Gulf of Mexicc, that would be of the utmost im- portance in war. " It would be from Montgomery and Mobile almost as direct as an air-line, with only 176 miles of railw.-iy, iiiid that a national double 49 track for the accommotlntion of trade in peace, the speedy transporta- tion of supplies and munitions and troops in war. " Rather than risk the dangers of the Florida Pass, shippers in Mobile now prefer 160 miles of rail from Cedar Keys to Fernatidina, in Flor- ida, with a delay of several days and all the expense, loss and incon- venience involved in two transhipments — one from ship to rail — the other from rail to ship. " Let us inquire what is the distance saved by this route across, in- stead of around, this peninsula. Only 336 miles of sea transportation ; and for that, 160 miles by rail is substituted — e. g. : Mobile to New York by sea 1,628 miles. Mobile to Cedar Keys by sea 291 Cedar Keys to Fernandina by rail 160 Fernandina to New York 841=1,292 " From Mobile to New York is a sea voyage. Ordinarily the pro- portional expenses of 336 miles in such a voyage is covered by the cost for 40 miles of railway transportation. "But these 336 miles lead through the Florida Pass; and rather than incur the risk of that dangerous navigation, four times the equiv- alent of railway transportation, with the delays and expenses of two transhipments, are preferred. " As a great national work, both commercial, political and defensive in its aspects, this fact seems not to have made a lodgment in the public mind — viz : that if this great Southwestern route were completed on the scale and in the manner now suggested, there would meet at Gunter's Landing two inland and national water lines, as useful in peace as in war — one from the Gulf of Mexico, ?;{a the Alabama and Coosa rivers, through a steamboat canal of not over 30 miles long, to the Tennessee. The other, through all the western tributaries of the Mississippi, above and below the mouth of the Ohio, thence up the Tennessee to the junction of the Coosa -Canal, and so up the Tennessee to the Holston at Salt- ville, and thence by rail and water through Virginia to Hampton Roads." It does not lie within the province of a work confining itself to a description of the resources of Alabama, to enter upon an argument to prove the superiority of the "Alabama Water Line" over all others, for the transportation of Western products to the Gulf. But it may be proper to afiude to the absolute necessity of opening up this route. V»"hen the necessity is once established, then it follows that its bearings, even before completion, upon the interests of the State whose entire 50 length, both vravs, is traversed by the route, is a proper subject foi consideration, in treating of the advantages offered by Alabama to set- tlers. With a cheap water-line cutting through every section of the State, from east to west, and from north to south ; with tremendous watir power down the Coosa and the canal for 200 miles ; and with the cotton growing, and the minerals cropping out upon the banks of the streams, and at the very gates of the locks and dams, it follows that those who 5 01 65 "From this date forward, you are aware, we are liable for water rent and city taxes. The water rent is fixed in perpetuity at $3,402 per an- num for the present number of our spindles; the amount for city taxes as yet unsettled. " It would be a pleasure to give in detail, in pamphlet form, the ope- rations of the company for the past ten years, but the extraordinary times of the late war would form no correct idea of what we might hope in the future, and there are so many things connected with that period which have heretofore been explained, and would require repe- tion, that upon the whole it might be desirable not to re-open the mat- ter. Suffice it to say, our present condition is rather an enviable one ; being entirely free from debt, sufficient commercial capital to conduct the business successfully in ordinary seasons, a good, reputation for goods and responsibility, an excellent force of operatives, and the two mills in good condition. " It may not be out of place to give here the operations of the com- pany for the past three years, or since the close of the war — viz : From June, 1865, to 13th June, 1868: Nominal balance 17th .Tune, 1865 $562,583 09 Amount paid creditors due them in Confederate notes 35,775 22 $598,358 31 Deduct depreciation in Hamburg and Columbia Railroad stock $26,625 00 Deduct depreciation in various assets > 466,284 05 Deduct suspense account, St. Louis, 4,703 71 — 497,612 7-6 True balance, profit and loss account, 17th June, 1865, in United States currency 100,745 55 Gross earnings from 17th June, 1865, to 13th June, 1868... 932,906 57 Expense account $78,300 61 Repairs 33,386 72 Taxes 244,479 81 New machinery 92,686 76 Dividends paid 360,000 00-808,853 90 Add to profit and lose account 124,052 67 $224,798 22 Bales goods made 23,545 Aggregate sales $3,765,301 80 Aggregate wages paid 622,280 15 Average yards per loom per day 45,090, 100 Average number of hand." employed 578 66 PRODUCTION FOR THREE YEARS. PHUND8. riSCES. TARD8. 4-4 3,72(1,014 292.540 11,337,6()0 7-8 2,120,137 200,154 7,711,4.il Drills 362,173 2S,275 1,065,759 34 53,341 6,145 250,04V» 6,261,665 527,114 20,364,91'.) " It may not be uninteresting to some of our present stockholders to state what has been accomplished in the past ten years. It will be re- membered by those who were among the original purchasers, that the property was purchased of the city for $140,000, on ten years' credit, with interest at seven per cent, payable semi-annually, and one-tenth of the principal annually, the purchasers paying in as commercial cap- ital $60,000. This amount, in consequence of the dilapidated condition of the property, was almost entirely expended in the first two years, in repairs rendered necessary by the then condition of the property. We have, since the purchase, paid for the entire property without calling on the stockholders for another dollar ; added largely to the property by purchase and building, bought about $100,000 worth of new ma- chinery, increased the capital to $600,000, by the addition of a portion of the surplus ; paid dividends regularly, and have now a property worth the par value ($600,000 in gold)." Here we find, in the city of Augusta, a factory which consumes three thousand bales of cotton, giving employment to 578 laborers ; paying out wages, which are spent at the stores in the city, to the amount of $622,280; paying two semi-annual dividends of five per cent., or an annual dividend of twenty yer cent.; making a net profit of $107,534 semi-annually, or of $215,068 annually, upon an original investment of $140,000 ; and, besides, paying twenty per cent, annual dividends, car- rying to the credit of profit and loss the annual amount of $95,068. In ten years, after deducting the losses of the war, the profits of the Confederate period having been lost by the subsequent depreciation of assets, we find that this (establishment has not only paid for itself, but has increased its gold value from $140,000 to $600,000. But we are not left to conjecture the value of manufacturing cotton in Alabama from the report of a factory in another State. In the win- ter of 1868-9, B. H. Mrcou, Esq., one of the Vice-Presidents of the National Cotton Manufacturers' Association, and President of the Tallassce Manufacturing Company, whose factory is situated upon the Tallapoosa River, a short distance above i\Iontgomery, Alabama, pub- 67 lished an interesting report, containing interesting statements relative to manufacturing cotton in the South for export, and to manufacturing cotton at Tallassee, Alabama, into yarn for export to Europe. Mr. Micou says : " We have in the South some important advantages — viz : The health- fulness and even temperature of the climate ; the equality of time of our length of days through the year ; steady, cheap and abundant water power ; the raw material at hand ; a fertile soil, and a good supply of unskilled labor. Nature has been bountiful, and even lavish in her in- ducements. All that is wanted is proper energy and capital to command skilled labor, which, Avell directed, ensures success. " My own experience in various kinds of business and investment of capital seems to me to determine clearly to my own mind, that there is no business in the South for the investment of capital which promises so great benefit to the country, usefulness to society, or profit to invest- ment, as manufacturing cotton ; especially to manufacture cotton direct from the plantation into yarn for export in place of exporting the raw cotton. " One-half the capital which was formerly invested in slaves for the culture of cotton, if invested in machinery and free labor, would have manufactured all the cotton that was made in the South, and more than doubled the value of that crop. " England is the greatest cotton manufacturing country in the world, and I propose to place before you comparative estimates showing very clearly that well-directed capital in our country can take the cotton from the plantations and spin it into yarn, and sell it in England for a greater profit than the English manufacturer can buy the cotton in Liverpool, and make it into yarn there. " The English manufacturer, it is true, owing to the abundance of skilled labor and capital, which has been created by fifty years of toil, can, and does afford, to work for a much smaller profit than we are ac- customed to, or can afford. " But, when we come to count up the heavy charges of storage, gov- ernment tax, insurance, commissions, transportation charges, interest and waste, which are added to the value of the raw material from the time it leaves the plantations until it reaches the English manufacturer's mill, these expenses alone are a princely profit, and can all, or nearly all, be saved by manufacturing the cotton where it is grown. " English machinery will run as well and produce as much work in Alabama as in England, and there is not so great a difi'erence between the cost of labor in England and in Alabama as is generally supposed. 68 ntid my opinion is, that the clieapness of our \\:itCT-pi)\vcr over Eng- land's steam-power will nearly, if not quite, balance the difference in cost of labor, and the only real advantages England possesses are her abundance of capital and skilled labor. " These advantages, although very great, are more than balanced by the cheapness of the raw material in Alabama over England. And I proceed to demonstrate, by actual comparative estimates, based upon actual facts as they exist, what I have herein stated, and invite your careful examination and test of the same. Estimated expense accruing on a pound raw cotton from time of its delivery in Mont- gomery, Alabama, to its delivery at the English cotton mill, Manchester, England. Estimate in United States currency on a basis of fift)' per cent, premium for gold, counting one penny as equal to two cents gold — no loss in weight counted — while the regular tare in Liverpool is four per cent, and usual loss in weight, including tare, is eight per cent. First — Storage, insurance and commission in Montgomery 1 cent. Second — Drayage, wharfage, freight and insurance to Mobile; wliarfage, drayage, storage, insurance, cla.ssification, commission, and shipping in Mobile 2 " Third — Internal revenue tax 3 " Fourth — From Mobile, until sold to English spinners, the charges, as made up from estimates of actual shipments made, are for freight, primage, in- surance in Liverpool, commissions and interest, cotton being sold in Liv- erpool on three months' credit; all these charges are made up from ship- ment, actually made, and amount to, per pound, two and three-eighths (2|) of one penny, equal in our currency to 7|- " Expense per pound 13 J " Estimate of the cost to the Alabama manufacturer to take one pound of raw cotton direct from plantation to cotton-mill, and make the same into number thirty yarn, and shipment of yarn to Manchester and selling the same there : First — Cost of labor, repairs, and other ordinary daily expenses of run- ning cotton mill, as shown in a separate estimate from this, per pound 8.42 cents. Second — Estimated expense baleing and delivery at railroad, per pound.. 2 " Third — Transportation to shipping port '. I " Fourth — Freight and insurance to Liverpool 3 " Fifth — Expense in Liverpool, including insurance and commissions for selling there, per pound 2.58 " 17.00 " Deduct drawback internal revenue tax 3 Total cost, manufacture, freight and sale per pound 14 " 69 Estimate, supposing one pound of rmv cidlon cost nothing in the interior of Alabama^ it would cost the English manufacturer in United States currency, say — First — The expense accruing to the shipper as per a Ibriner estimate, in Liverpool, would be, per pound 13^ cents. Second — The ascertained cost of manufacturing one pound raw cotton into number thirty yarn, not counting the loss from waste of one-third, ^ equals 9 " 22i- « Comparative estimates made up from foregoing estimates shoio, That it costs to take one pound of raw cotton from the plantation in Alabama to Manchester, and spin the same into yarn, and prepare the same for sale in Manchester, per pound 22^ cents. That it costs the Alabama manufacturer to take one pound of raw cotton from the plantation to mill, and spin the same into number thirty yarn, and .send the yarn to Manchester, and sell the same there 14 " Difference in favor of Alabama manufacturer 8^ " When Middling Mobile is worth in Liverpool fourteen pence per pound, number thirty yarn warp made of mixed cotton is worth in Manchester nineteen and a half to twenty pence per pound; the cotton warp made in Alabama, being made of all American cotton, would surely be worth twenty pence per pound, equal in currency to sixty cents per pound ; this would make the cotton cost and yield profit to the Alabama manufacturer as follows : Cotton worth fourteen pence in Liverpool should cost the Alabama manu- facturer at the mill 28|- cents. Loss in manufacture ten percent, say 3 Cost in manufacturing and shipment and sale as per estimate, per pound.. 14 " 45i " Cost of Alabama manufacture for one pound number thirty yarn 45|- " Yarn sells for sixty cents ; leaves for Alabama manufacturer, profit per pound 14J " By former estimates, the cost to English manufacturer of one pound of raw cotton at mill 42 " Allow loss of seven per cent, for waste 3 " Cost of manufacture and sale 9 " Cost to English manufacturer for one pound of yarn 54 " Profit to English manufacturer, net, by same estimate, per pound, is 6 " Estimate for cost to run eighteen thousand one hundred and forty four spindles, wages, clerk hire and repairs to produce in one month of tweyity-six days, at eleven hows per day, sixty-nine thousand pounds number thirty yarn warp : 2 hands at opener, per month $20 $40 00 1 " scutcher and laper 20 20 OK 2 double scutchers and laper 26 52 00 70 1 grinder for rollers cleaners 52 52 OC 8 " card tenders 16 128 00 2 " heads and drawing 16 32 00 3 " slubber tenders 20 60 OC 6 intermediate frames tenders 24 144 OC 16 • " roving frames 26 416 OC 24 " mule spinners 52 1,248 00 48 small boys, mule spinners 10 480 00 40 " reelers 16 640 00 4 " extra reelers 20 80 00 8 " sweepers 8 64 00 2 overseers, I carder, and 1 spinner 91 182 00 2 assistant overseers 52 104 00 4 bundling yarn 26 104 00 ] clerk 91 91 00 1 principal machinist 91 91 00 2 second " 78 J 56 00 2 third " 46 92 00 1 superintendent 108 00 180 hands cost per month $4,381 00 100 gallons best sperm oil at $3 per gallon...; 300 00 Other oil for machine shop, etc 100 00 Other furnishing and repairs 500 00 Allow 10 per cent, for expenses omitted 528 00 Expenses for one month $5,812 00 Cost of yarn per pound 8 42-lOOths cents. Estimate of the cost of eighteen thousand one hvndred and forty-four mule spindles, carding, and preparation machinery attached, suitable to spin niunher thirty yarn warp, to produce in sixty working hours, fourtec7i thousand five hundred pounds (f yarn — equal for one montlis work of twenty-six days, eleven hoursper day, to sixty- nine thousand pounds of yarn. This estimate was made up from actual offers from the best English machinists to make the same; the principal material used was fifty per cent, higher than it is now. I think it can be purchased for from fifteen to twenty per cent, less than estimate. £. 8. d. 1 improved opener, all fixtures complete 106 1 single t-cutcher 95 1 double 8cutcher 124 1 grinding machine for rollers and cleaners, complete 35 1 pair grinding rollers 10 36 single iron carding engines, with all fixtures complete 2,353 10 4 heads drawing frames, 6 heads each, eight rows of rollers, complete 4S6 4 slubbing frames, sixty spindles each, complete 396 fi intermediate frames, sixty spindles each, complete 780 12 16 roving frames, one hundred and twenty spindles each, complete 1,799 8 71 24 self-acting mule-spindle frames, seven hundred and fifty-six spindles each, all complete •• 4,388 8 40 hand cop-reels 140 1 ten-pound bundling press 20 Approximate cost of accessories, as bins, card, clothing, strapping, banding,etc 700 £11,439 18 Cost of packing and delivery on ship-board, 10 per cent 1,143 2 £12,583 Estimate cost of delivery at Mobile, duties and freight included — say custom house value one pound sterling at $4 84, and estimating gold for currency at 50 per cent, premium. Estimate Cost in Currency. Cost of machinery on ship-board is £ 12,583 Measurement of machinery when packed, 400 tons, freight £1 per ton, is -. 400 £ 12,983 £12,983 reduced to currency is, in gold, $4 84 to £1 $ 62,837 72 Add fifty per cent., premium for currency 31,418 80 $94,256 58 Estimate for Duty. Amount of invoice cost, say £ 11,400 00 Reduced to gold, is $ 55,176 00 35 per cent, duty on $55,176 00 is, in gold 19,311 60 50 per cent, premium on amount of duty is, in currency 9,655 SO Cost on wharf at Mobile $ 123,223 98 Estimate from. Mobile to Tallassee. 400 tons, $22 per ton $ 8,800 00 Estimate cost for shafting, hangers, pulleys, belting, and putting up the machinery and starting the same 17,976 02 Total cost of machinery in running order, in mill $ 150,000 00 Estimate of amount of capital required to purchase 18,144 spindles and carding and preparation machinery complete, including all cost and spare capital to icork on. Estimate value of water power, -mill building, water-wheel complete, lots and buildings for 200 operatives, say $100 000 00 Estimate as per accompanying total cost of machinery in mill put up complete and in running order 150,000 00 Estimate for cash capital to work on 50,000 00 Total capital requisite $300,000 00 Of the $150,000 00 new capital proposed for subscription, it would re- quire to he paid in 15 per cent, wlien machinerv is ordered to be made '. =5^^.^'»0 00 72 45 per cent, about 60 days after, when machinery ie reaily (or shipment $07,500 00 40 per cent, to be paid about 60 days after, on arrival of niacliinery in Mobile .- 60,000 00 $150,000 00 Present owners have already advanced, in water power, house and land, 100,000 00 On getting ready to work present stock, holders to pay the balance 50,000 00 $300,000 00 According to accompanying estimates shows : 1st. That $300,000 capital will purchase everything, and put in complete running order, leaving $50,000 cash capital to work on — say machinery for 18,144 spindles, made to spin No. 30 yarn warp. 2d. One month's fair work for said machinery will produce 69,000 pounds of yarn. 3d. The profit on the yarn produced is 14c. per pound over all cost and charges. 4th. Twelve months' work, at that rate, will yield a net profit of $115,920, equal to 38 60-100 per cent, per annum profit on capital proposed. Mr. Micou says : "In closing these estimates, I here state that they are not made by guess, but from actual data. Instance — cost of machinery from actual of- fers to make same; freight from estimates made in England of actual meas- urement, currency reduced according to existing value of gold ; water power, wheel, mill, building and operative houses, from what I believe would be a reasonable valuation, they being already built, and I know- ing cost ; cost of manufacturing yarn by a number of hands, and actual wages to be paid; and I have tried to make my estimates full, and rather over than under the right mark, it being my constant care not to deceive myself. Knowing so well how little reliance is to be placed on rough estimates, I have, in order to satisfy myself fully, gone into the minutest detail. " For the examination of any American cotton spinner, using the best machinery, I annex an estimate of the cost of American machinery to produce the same amount of yarn as the foregoing estimate. Being aware that the American spindle will do more work to the spindle than the mule king spindle, I have allowed each spindle to do eighteen per cent, more work, and have, therefore, calculated for 15,860 spindles to do the same work as 18,154 English spindles. I would further state that the foregoing estimate is only an approximate one, not having in reach all the material wanted to make a correct estimate. The price of the 73 machinery, however, is the actual present price in Massachusetts, of the best makers. Any error in this estimate can be only in the amount of ma- chinery required to do the work, too many or too few cards, pickers or reels, being estimated. I give it only as an approximate estimate, to show how much more expensive American machinery is than English machinery. I also estimate that it would take three times the number of hands to run the American machinery, and it would cost twice as much to do the same work. 6 36-mch 3-beater pickers, each $1,150 $6,900 To card double, which would be absolutely necessary in fine work of the top-flat card, it would take 120 56-inch cards, each $250 30,000 120 railway troughs, each card $15 1,800 6 railway heads, drawing each $350 2,100 10 slubber frames (64-8pindles each, makes 640 spindles), $26 per spindle 16,640 15 fly franiiBS (128 spindles each, makes 1,920 spindles), $16 per spindle 30,720 120 ring spinning frames (128 spindles each, makes 15,360 spindles), $6 per spindle 92,160 40 cop-reels, estimated to cost per reel $200 8,000 Card and roller grinders 500 $188,820 Estimate for card clothing, bobbins, and other furnishings 11,180 $200,000 6 per cent, internal revenue tax, say 12,000 10 per cent, on cost for boxing and strapping, and placing on shipboard at Boston or Providence , 21,000 Estimate owing to the greater bulk of cards and spinning work, measure- ment, 700 tons, at $10 per ton 7,000 Cost to wharf at Mobile $240,000 English machinery, estimated to cost at the wharf in Mobile... ;. 123,200 Advantage in favor of English machinery $116,800 The Tallassee Factory is situated at the Falls of the Tallapoosa. It commands an unlimited water power. But, great as are its advantages, as set out by Mr. Micou from actual experience, they are no greater than those of hundreds of other localities in the heart of Alabama, and just as convenient to the cotton lands. The profits of manufacturing, even in New England, are shown by the enormous dividends some of the New England manufacturers earned in 1867. The companies alluded to are mostly engaged in the produc- tion of cotton, woolen and worsted goods, upon a large scale, as will be 74 Been by the capital invested, ■which reaches a total of fifty millions of dollars : COMPAKIES. PnlCE. SIVIDRNDS. Manufacixiring. Par. Jan. 2, 1867. 1866. Jan. 1867. Androscoggin 100 200 25 20 20 Bates 100 145J- 25 10 5 Chicopee 100 255 30 15 20 Cocheco 650 710 $40 $50 $50 Franklin 100 156 10 10 10 Great Falls 200 IQIJ- 5 3 3 Hamilton Woolen 100 300 7i7J7^ 12J Hill Mill 100 205 10 20 20 Jackson 1000 975 15 5 5 Lancaster 400 645 20 25 10 Lowell Bleachery 200 245 5 5 10 Manchester Print 1000 1555 12 6 6 Massachusetts 1000 875 7 6 Middlesex 100 184 5-5-5 5 Nashua 500 695 25 10 40 Naumkeag 100 145 10 10 12 Pacific 1000 1995 14 12 12 Salisbury 100 260 5-10-7J 7i Stark Mills 1000 1075 12 5 10 Washington 100 150 10 10 10 Most of these factories made two dividends per annum, some more, and the average shows a very handsome business of more than 40 per cent, profit, notwithstanding that both seasons were considered unfavor- able to these manufacturing interests. The previous years for some time make a still better showing. Senator Sprague, of Rhode Island, one of the largest manufacturers in New England, at a dinner given him by the citizens of Charleston, in December, 1868, said: " It would surprise the people of the South, and still more the people of the North, to know, what is a fact, that the best cotton factory of its size and kind in America, is to be found in Augusta, Georgia, and that in looking at the subject in a manufacturer's point of view, taking the productions per hand and per spindle, and comparing them with the work of other mills running on the same class of goods, he found that these Southern goods were equal to any of the kind seen in the North- ern markets. Senator Sprague went on to say that " You," meaning the Southern people, " can do what we," meaning the people of New England, " can not do. With your great advantages you can compete with England for her Indian yarn trade. You ought to spin a large 75 part of your crop and ship it in that state, instead of shipping the raw material." The New York Times, of January 16, 1869, remarks that the real estate operations of Senator Sprague, in the neighborhood of Columbia, coupled as they are with an alleged intention to establish manufactories there, may be expected to strengthen the upward tendency of Southern lands. " There can be no doubt," says the editor, " that the facilities for the prosecution of manufacturing industry presented by the South are vastly superior to those of any other portion of the Union, and it seems probable that they will soon be turned to account. Mr. Sprague is not the only Northern capitalist who comprehends the worth of the hitherto neglected resources of States which seem designed by nature to verify the combination of ' the plow, the loom, and the anvil.' " THE m'NERAL REGION OF ALABAMA. Situation and extent — The Warrior coal fields — The Cahaba coal fields — • The Tennessee coal fields — Railroad conveniences — Value of mineral land — Limestone — Marble — Granite — Gold — Copper — Peculiar value of the coal — Peculiar value of the iron, etc. This section occupies the northeast corner of the State, and extends in a southwest direction about 160 miles into the State. On its eastern side, and in its middle part, it measures north and south 90 miles, and on its western side it is 70 miles wide, north and south. The southeast corner of this mineral region is occupied by the rocks of the metamorphic formation. Gold and copper have been found in them ; not, however, in abundance. White marble of remarkable bril- liancy, some of it equal to Carara marble, occurs abundantly, and has been successfully worked. Soapstone, flagstones, graphite or plumbago, and granite of very good quality have, likewise, been obtained in this region. The Silurian and carboniferous formation possess the remainder of this mineral region. There are three distinct coal fields in the carboniferous formation in Alabama — viz : the Warrior, Cahaba, and Tennessee fields. The Warrior coal field covers that section of the State drained by the Black Warrior River and its tributaries, and also extends to the northeast corner of the State, between Lookout Mountain and the 76 Tennessee River. It has an area of 3,000 square miles. Its beds are horizontal, or nearly so, and are from one to four feet thick. The coal is bituminous, rather soft, but well adapted to the manufacture of gas and coke, and making steam. The following is an analysis of the coal from the southern extremity of the Warrior coal field near Tuscaloosa, by Prof. Mallet, contained in the second report on the geology of Alabama, by Mr. Tuomey : Volatile combustible matter 40.60 Fixed carbon 54.07 Ashes 1.09 Moisture 1.18 Sulphur 1.06 100.00 The Cahaba coal field, occupying the country drained by the Cahaba River and its tributaries, and extending thence in a northeast direction to the Coosa River, has an area of 700 square miles. Its beds are from one to eight feet thick, and are highly inclined. The coal is bituminous (harder, and therefore better adapted for transportation than the War- rior coal), and is excellent for generating steam and for the manufac- ture of gas, coke and iron. Although the area of the Cahaba coal field is comparatively small, yet the quantity of workable coal in it is im- mense. The following is an analysis of this coal, also by Mr. Mallet, given in Mr. Tuomey's second geological report : Volatile combustible matter 36.68 Fixed carbon 57.23 Ashes 5.30 Moisture 0.79 Sulphur Trace. 100.00 The Tennessee coal field lies in the northeast corner of the State, north of the Tennessee River. The coal is also bituminous, and is ex- tensively used in Chattanooga. The total area in the State of Alabama of the three coal fields is 4,000 square miles. In juxtaposition with these coal fields are extensive beds of excellent iron ore, and also of limestone and sandstone. There are five immense beds of red and brown hematite iron ore near the coal fields, extending in a northeast and southwest direction for 77 many miles. During the war, some of these beds were worked, and produced iron pronounced superior to Swedes iron. The beds are of variable thickness, from one to thirty feet, and the ores contain from 36 to 58 per cent, of metallic iron. There are also extensive beds of fire stone and fire clay, from which good fire brick can be manufactured. Flagging stones and excellent materials for making mill stones also abound. The industry of making lime has been pursued with success in this section, on the Selma, Rome and Dalton Railroad, six miles northeast of Montevallo. Materials for the manufacture of hydraulic lime, beds of clay for com- mon pottery, and excellent porcelain clay, have been discovered. The limestones of these formations furnish marble of great beauty and utility. Among these may be mentioned a light grayish blue rock, with spots of dark blue, black marble, yellow marble with black spots, gray marble, dove colored marble, and other variously colored marbles, afi"ording durable and beautiful ornamental building material. The valleys in this mineral region, east of the Coosa River, along and near the route of the Selma, Rome and Dalton Railroad, are fertile and •well settled. They are well adapted to the production of cotton, corn, and wheat, and to the rearing of stock, and form a most beautiful and healthy farming and planting country. Lookout Mountain, between the Coosa and Tennessee rivers, ascends abruptly to the hight of about 450 feet above the valley, in a few miles from Big Wills Creek. Thence proceeding toward the Tennessee River for 18 miles, the top of the mountain is a comparatively level table land, covered with excellent pasturage. Arriving within a few miles of the Tennesse River, the mountain table-lands descend abrubtly to the bot- tom lands of the river. The mineral region is interspersed with numerous productive valleys. The rivers Coosa and Warrior, traversing the mineral region, are not navigable, but could be rendered capable of navigation by locks and dams. The Selma, Rome and Dalton Railroad passes about 120 miles through the mineral region (of which 105 miles are in operation in it), touching near the edge of the Cahaba coal fields, passing along the brown hema- ^ tite ore beds, and near the extensive beds of white marble, to both of which materials allusion has been made. The Alabama and Chattanooga Railroad passes northeast and southwest for 130 miles through the min- eral region, near to and between the Warrior and Cahaba coal measures, 78 and parallel with and in close proximity to extensive deposits of brown and red hematite iron ore. The South and North Road will, when completed, run for 50 miles through the "Warrior coal field, and will cross the Cahaba coal field for about 10 miles. It will alsointersect three extensive deposits of brown and red hematite ore. The cultivated lands east of the Coosa River, along the Selma, Rome and Dalton Railroad, forming, as before stated, a desirable, healthy farm- ing and planting country, commanded high prices before the war. Well improved locations may be had there at from $5 to $6 per acre. The mineral lands may be procured at from 12J cents to $2 per acre. Another highly important material, which abounds in localities con- venient to transportation, is limestone, which produces lime equal to the Thomaston. Beautifully variegated marble exists near the Cahawba River in Bibb county, and in Talladega county. Some of these marbles are buff col- ored, filled with organic remains. Some white and crystalline, and some black. The quarries are very extensive, particularly in Talladega county. The quality of these marbles is very fine, and is said by good judges to equal the finest Italian. In Coosa county there are several quarries of statuary granite of a superior quality, and is of a beautiful gray color, easy of access, being almost entirely above the surface of the ground, easily split, and is ca- pable of being worked into any desirable shape or size. Gold has been discovered in the counties of Randolph, Talladega, Coosa, Tallapoosa and Autauga. Several years ago, mining was carried on to a considerable extent at Arbacoochie, in Randolph, and at Golds- ville, in Tallapoosa county, but of late years the mines have been neg- lected. In Talladega and Clay counties ( and perhaps in Randolph and Tal- lapoosa) copper is found. The Montgomery Mining and Manufacturing Company have developed rich copper mines in Talladega county. Beauti- ful specimens of sulphate of copper, brimstone, brown oxide of iron, phos- phate of iron, sulphuric acid, saltpeter, and some other articles from 'these mines, were forwarded to the Paris Exposition, and can be seen at the Eexecutive Department in Montgomery. These specimens were all extracted from a single Pyrites. The Alabama coal is excellent for generating steam. Professor Tuo- mey, the former Geologist of the State, gives the following analysis of the Alabama coal, in comparison with the bituminous coal of Virginia; 79 Clover Hill, Va.— Carbon, 76.67 : Volatile matter, 16.67 ; Ashes, 9.87 i Hydrogen, 4.23. Black Heath, Va.— Carbon, 80.28; Volatile matter, 10.27; Ashes, 9.26; Hydrogen, 4.08. Powel's, Va.— Carbon, 86.84; Volatile matter, 8.76; Ashes, 4.60; Hydrogen, 4.80. Alabama coal — Carbon, 80.96; Volatile matter, 12.96; Ashes, 6.08; Hydrogen, 5.18. The value of coal for generating steam depends on the amount of car- bon and hydrogen it contains. The preceding analysis shows that the Alabama coal possesses more of hydrogen than three, and more of car- bon than two of the Virginia coals, considered the very best for steam purposes. By the following table, drawn by the celebrated Geologist, Sir Charles Lyell, and published in the Journal of the Geological Soci- ety of London, it will be seen that the Alabama coal, if not superior, is not inferior to the Maryland coal, noted as the best in the United States, by Professor Walter R. Johnson, in his report to the Navy Depart- ment : NAMES OF COALS. CarboD. Volatile Matter. Ashes. Alabama Coal 80.96 12.96 6.08 Pennsylvania Coal 62.80 12.80 6.20 Maryland Coal, George Creek 70.76 16.03 13.22 do Frostburgh 74.38 15.13 10.34 Virginia Coal, Blackheath 58.79 22.57 8.64 Virginia Coal, Midlothian 53.33 33.25 14.14 The Alabama coal must therefore rank in the first class of fuel for producing steam. In fact, experiments have proved its superiority over all others, in an irrefragible manner. The peculiar value of the Alabama iron ore consists in its adaptabil- ity for making steel, by the late cheap and scientific processes which tend to make steel as cheap as iron. The process discovered by an Englishman named Bessemer, in 1856, of immediately converting cast iron into steel, while in the furnace, consisted in forcing air through the melted mass of iron by means of tubes opening beneath it. The iron became thus decarbonized and freed from silicon, and yet retained its liquid state, in consequence of the de- velopment of an intense temperature. Thus freed from silicon and carlskon, the iron became steel, of greater or less quality, according to the degree of decarbonization 'arrived at. It was found, however, that the metal thus obtained was more or less unsound, breaking oflf and cracking when forged, and, that this difficulty was increased when the 6 ^ 80 iron operated upon, contained sulphur or phosphorus to any notable ex- tent. Hence it became necessary, in order to perfect the process, to provide against the debasement of the metal Avhich arose from its ex- posure in a melted state to the action of oxygen ; and also, to find iron free from sulphur and phosphorus, in such quantity as to make the manufacture of steel as cheap as that of iron. This gave rise to the Mushet improvement upon the Bessemer process. Mr. Mushet hit upon the expedient of mixing a portion of iron containing the metal man- ganese with other iron and applying the Bessemer process to the furn- ace. The manganese, by its superior afiinity for oxygen, deoxygenates the metal which is decarbonized by the current of air, and thus reiulerc the metal sound, pure steel. By this simple application of manganese it was found possible to make steel as cheap as iron, saving two or three hundred per cent, upon the cost of that metal — provided iron could be found which was sufficiently free from sulphur and phosj)horus. It was found that but two or three brands of English iron were adapted to the purpose. The double difficulty consisted in finding iron free from sul- phur or phosphorus, and at the same time containing manganese. Soon after the Avar, a series of experiments was tried at the Troy Works upon American iron, to test its adaptability to the Bessemer jn'O- cess, and the most beautiful specimens of steel were obtained from Ala- bama iron. Subsequent experiments confirmed the fact that a peculiar excellence of the iron of Alabama consists in its freedom from sulphur and phos- phorus, rendering it specially available in the production of steel by the Bessemer process. It is now past refutation that steel can be made from Alabama ore as cheap as iron, and that manufacturers in this State can reduce the price of steel two hundred per cent, or more, and that no State in the Union can compete with Alabama in manufacturing steel by the pneuin;rtic process. Mr. Mellen, President of the Cahaba Company, forwarded to the Paris Exposition a specimen of Alabama steel manufactured by the pneumatic process, which is pronounced superior to any yet obtained in America. In 1867, in a letter to the Mobile Advertiser and Register^ Mr. Hagood, of the Shelby Iron Works, says that the iron of Shelby " has been tried for the Bessemer steel process, and pronounced by Messrs. Winslow, Griswold & Holly, who use the patent at Troy, New York, equal to the best iron they had tested." The adnptability of Alai)ania iron to the process of being converted directly into steel, renders it peculiarly valuable for the manufacture of 81 rails. The people of Alabama, and especially the stockholders of in- complete lines, would save vast sums of money by manufacturing their rails at home. The amount which might be saved may be estimated when we reflect that we find iron ore all along the Selma & Rome Rail- road in Bibb, Shelby, Talladega and Calhoun counties. These deposits are very rich, and they are well provided for by the Selma & Rome Railroad. The principal amount of iron ore in Alabama lies in the Red Mountain and its spurs, commencing at a point twenty-five miles east of Tuscaloosa, and running uninterruptedly in a northeast direction near Elyton and Ashville, to Gadsden, a distance of nearly one hundred miles, and in patches in Cherokee county, on to the Georgia line. The N. E. & S. W. Railroad is located along and near the Red Mountain, and will furnish the most convenient arrangement for developing the greatest iron interest of the State that could possibly be devised. Cross- ing as it does, says Mr. Milner, the proposed line of the South & North R'ailr«ad, near Elyton, which runs directly through both the Warrior and Cahaba coal fields, the necessary elements in the economical manufac- ture of iron, coal, and the rich ores from the Red Mountain can be as cheaply brought together as at any other place in the United States. From an estimate, made in 1857, by the agent appointed by the N. E. & S. W. Railroad Company, it was found that the cost of railroad iron manufactured in Jefi'erson county, Alabama, was at that time forty-three dollars per ton. Professor Mather, State Geologist of Ohio, estimated, in 1857, the cost of manufacturing rails in that State as follows : Pig at the rail mill, per ton $15 50 One-fifth loss in manufacture 3 IQ Cost of making pig into railroad bars 22 00 Total cost of railroad bars, per ton $40 60 It sold in Pennsylvania, before the war, at from forty to fifty dollars per ton. The following extract, from a statement of Hon. Mark A. Cooper, of Georgia, is of interest in this connection : " The iron products of Pennsylvania are annually twenty two millions of dollars. " This employs a capital of five millions of dollars. It also gives employment and subsistence to five thousand workmen, and as many more women and children. The cotton crop of Georgia is estimated at twc'iitv five millions of dollars. 82 "There are mnde in the United States, about eight hundred thousand tons of iron, Avhich costs the consumers sixt}^ millions of dollars. This much, and five hundred thousand tons more, of foreign iron, is consumed in the United States. A total of one million three hundred thousana tons consumed at a cost to the consumers of eighty-seven millions five hundred thousand. Of this, there is consumed in the Southern States one half — forty millions of dollars worth. They produce comparatively but little, suppose ten millions of dollars worth. This leaves thirty millions of dollars to be annually paid by the South for iron made by others. It is paid out of the cotton crop, directly or indirectly. The cotton crop is equal to one hundred and fifty millions of dollars. Of this, thirty million goes to pay for iron alone." IRON WORKS OF ALABAMA. TTieir extent and location — The Irondale Works — The Red Mountain Works — Roupo Valley Works — Oxford Furnace — Shelby Works — Briarjield Works — Description of the latter — The adjoining coun- try — Accessibility J etc. The following account of the Iron Works of Alabam'a, first pub- lished in the Mobile Times, in 1866, was contributed by a gentleman who had been prominent among the engineers of the United States Army : 1. Beginning at a point 50 miles north of Selma, east of the Cahaba River, and on the Alabama and Tennessee Railroad (now Selma, Rome and Dalton), we find, first, the Briarfield Iron Works. 2. The Shelby Iron Works, near Columbiana, and connected with the railroad by a branch road. 3. The Salt Creek Furnace, on the railroad, 15 miles beyond Talladega. 4. The Oxford Furnace, on the railroad, near the village of Oxford. 5. The Choccolocco Furnace. "West of the Cahaba we find, first, the Roupo Valley Furnaces, 39 miles northeast of Tuscaloosa, on the line of the Northeast and South- west Railroad, which is graded to that point. 2. The Red Mountain Iron Works, at Grade's Gap, near Elyton. 3. The Irondale Works, about 8 miles northeast from the last named. " The Irondale Works were begun in the second year of the war, by Mr. Mcllwaine, who still directs them. The furnace erected then was burned by the Federal troops, after having produced a good deal of iron. After the close of the war, the property passed partly into the 83 hands of Northern capitalists, who have expended large sums of money in rebuilding the furnaces — in laying the foundations of a new furnace and of a rolling-mill of the largest class. A good deal of progress has been made, especially in erecting excellent machine shops, foundry and blacksmith shops. The ore here is red hematite, in inexhaustible quan- tities. Good bituminous coal is found within a few miles of the Works. The railroad from Montgomery to Decatur, Alabama, passes within eight miles of these works, and is to be reached by a branch road. "The Red Mountain Iron Works, at Grade's Gap, were built up by the Messrs. Gilmer, of Montgomery, during the war. There were two furnaces of nine or ten feet bosh, one of which was in blast. The ore here is also red hematite, in vast deposits. There is an abundance of coal near by — on the line of the North and South Railroad, which is running from Lime Station, on the Alabama and Tennesse.e Railroad, to and across the Cahaba — say within ten miles of these Works. Noth- ing has been done here since the war. " The Roupo Valley Works had two small furnaces, cold blast — one in operation. The ore here is brown hematite, and the supply is extra- ordinarily large. Coal is found within "four miles of the furnaces. There is here a hill of ore (near McNath's) a compact mass of hematite. The completion of the Northeast and Southwest Railroad will give every desired facility to this location. No effort has been made to rebuild these Works since the war. " Passing to the east side of the Cahaba, the Oxford Furnace (hot blast), of about ten feet bosh, made very good soft iron from a bed of brown hematite. It has not been rebuilt, but offers good facilities for making charcoal iron. "The Salt Creek Furnace is in the condition in which it was left at the close of the war. "Further South, and near Columbiana, the Shelby Iron Works are still as they were left by the Federal troops. This is one of the best iron properties of the State. There is here one good furnace of ten and a half feet bosh, with hot blast, complete — the machinery, of course, destroyed. There is also an old furnace, of small capacity, which has not been used for a lono; time. There are also the remains of a rollino:- mill, muck train, bar-mill, puddling and heating furnaces, all susceptible of bei^g used again. The ore is brown hematite, of excellent quality, and the supply is large and easily mined. A branch railroad, six miles long, lined with wooden stringers and strap rail, leads to Columbiana, and belongs to this property. It is understood that the control of these vrorks has lately passed into the hands of Northern capitalists, .md that 84 the manufacture of j)ig iron, at least, is to be resumed there soon. Mr Horace Ware, of Columbiana, began these Works before the war. and prosecuted them with success; but during the war sold them to the Shelby Iron Works Company. "On the North and South Railroad, eighteen miles from Lime Sta- tion, on the Alabama and Tennessee Railroad, tliere is a small rolling- mill, built during the war by the Messrs. Hannon, Offutt & Co., suitable for making the smallest size bar iron. It has ju.'-t begun work where it was burned by the Federal troops under Gen. Wilson. " Further South are the Briarfield (formerly the Bibb county) Iron Works. These are the only iron works which have been rebuilt and put into operation, since the close of the Avar, except the short blast of the Irondale Furnace, and we propose to describe them more in detail. "These works were begun by individual enterprise during the first year of the war, and after a cold blast furnace had been built and a rolling- mill partially completed, were sold to the Confederate Government for six hundred thousand dollars (§600,000), at a tim.e when Confederate money was but little depreciated. It was enlarged by the Confederate Government, by the addition of a hot blast furnace of eleven feet bosh, and by other valuable improvements, and was used for the manufacture of iron out of which its heavy rifle guns were cast at Selma, on account of the good quality of the pig iron produced there. These Works were destroyed by Gen. Wilson's troops early in 18(15. In January, 18GG, what was left of the Works was sold by the United States Government at public auction, and purchased by the Hon. Francis S. Lyon, of Ma- rengo, for company, of which he and Col. James Crawford, Mr. Glover, Mr. Front, and others, were members. The company commenced at once to rebuild the Works, under the superintendence of Gen. J. Gorgas. " All of the structures are of the most substantial kind. First, within one hundred yards of the railroad is the large rolling-mill; within this there are three engines at work, one driving the " muck train," and in- tended also to drive the " nail plate train," a second which makes bar iron, and a third which pumps water, cuts off iron, and a machine for making buckles for cotton ties. Here are eight puddling furnaces, and two heating furnaces, and four boilers supplying steam to the engines. The boilers are placed by the heating furnance, and the steam is made by the waste heat from those furnaces. The machinery all appears to work well — is placed on stone foundation, and is well disposed for work. The puddling furnaces will convert sixteen gross tons of pig iron into muck bar in twenty-four hours, and these are to be daily converted into 85 twenty thousand pounds of bar iron, and one hundred kegs of cut nails — ■ the machinery for which is all on tlie spot, though not yet put up. "Passing from the rolling mill to the shops, we find a foundry with cupola crane, ladles, flasks, etc., fit for work of ahnost every character ; a machine shop, with all the necessary machinery, driven by an engine of forty-horse power ; a pattern shop, and small brass foundry ; a blacksmith shop ; and attached to the machine shop is the building in- tended for the nailery. Around these are clustered offices, storehouses, spacious stables, and about thirty good frame dwellings, plastered and white-washed, and looking very cheerful. A neat school-house serves also as a church, and for a Sunday-school of about seventy scholars. " In full operation, these Works would give employment to some three hundred operatives. On the opposite side of the railroad from the shops, and about one hundred yards distant, is a lime-kiln, with train road leading to a stone quarry distant about three hundred yards. The kiln is of the kind known as "perpetual" — that is, the burning and drawing go on continuously. " Taking the train road, which is substantially laid with iron, and going westward two and three-quarter miles, passing by the sawmill of the Company half way out, where there are beautiful springs, and several dwellings, we came to the " Strother (late Bibb county) Furnaces," called after Hon. Francis " Strother" Lyons, well-known and beloved throughout the State of Alabama. " Here, in a pretty valley, amid heaps of black cinders, stand two brick furnaces. The hot blast furnace looms up with draft, stock, hot blast, engine-house, casting-house, and other appurtenances. Going into the engine-house, up a flight of steps, you see a pair of large, short cylin- ders, called " blast cylinders," driven by a strong engine. " These cylinders serve as the bellows' to a fire, and supply the blast by which the ore is smelted in the furnace. Another flight of steps upward lead to the " bridge house " at the top of the furnace. Here the ore, limestone and charcoal are weighed and measured, and fed into the top of the furnace. The engine goes on puffing ceaselessly, day and night, and the feeding of the furnace at the top never ceases. Twice in twenty-four hours the furnace is tapped at the bottom, and the iron runs out into a sand bed in shapes called " pigs," weighing about one hun- dred pounds each. The furnace is fed daily with forty tons of ore, nine or ten tons of limestone, broken up small, and twenty-five hundred bushels of charcoal, or, if coke be used, twenty-five or thirty tons of that, making the large aggregate of about seventy-five tons of material fed in daily. This would be the limit of the capacity of the furnace 86 and would make some twenty-two tons of iron dull}', as the yield is something over fifty per cent, of the ore used. The hot gases, as they escape from the top of the furnace, are drawn off on one side under the boilers to make steam, and on the other side into the ' hot blast,' where the cold air, driven in by the cylinders, is heated to a tempera- ture of about six hundred degrees, or to the melting point of lead. Alongside of this furnace stands the cold blast furnace, which has not been in blast since the close of the war. The hot blast is forty feet high, eleven feet four inches in bosh (greatest diameter), while the cold blast is thirty-six feet high, and ten feet and six inches in bosh. " In the rear of the top of the furnace, and side by side, are four brick structures, which look like big ovens. These are for preparing char- coal. Into each of them fifty cords of Avood are charged, and produce nearly three thousand bushels of charcoal. A cord of wood thus pro- duces sixty bushels of coal, while in the ordinary way of burning it in pits, yields only thirty to thirty-five bushels. "Around these furnaces are collected the offices, stables, shops and tenements of the company, straggling up and down in picturesque ir- regularity. The company has here a body of nearly seven thousand acres of land, on which there is excellent timber, and the ore spreads over five or six hundred acres in sufficient quantities to supply the fur- naces for many a year to come. The ore is brown hematite, as at Shelby, and produces an iron of great strength. "Bituminous coal of excellent quality is found in thick veins, within three and a half miles of the furnaces, and has been opened out and used to some extent. A branch railroad from Ashby Station, one and a half miles distant, on the Alabama and Tennessee River Railroad, is graded directly by the furnaces, and up to the coal fields. No work has been done upon it since the close of the war. There is little doubt but that when this branch road is opened into the coal fields (and Capt. Barney, agent of the lessee of the Alabama and Tennessee Railroad, has expressed his intention of completing this important feeder of his road without delay), it will penetrate the finest coal beds in the State. " The veins here attain the thickness of seven feet, at a distance of eight miles from the junction, and Mr. Rainey, of New Orleans, has opened a vein of five feet thickness, within three and a half miles of the * Strother Furnaces.' " The country about Briarfield is picturesque and salubrious ; the val- leys of the streams fertile, affording abundant good lands to support the mining and manufacturing population, which will collect here at some future day. Bold springs and clear, beautiful streams diversify 87 the face of tne country. The population is chiefly white, and supplies good material for carrying on the necessary work, though it will be ma- terially reinforced by immigration, as soon as calls are made for addi- tional labor to develop the abundant beds of iron and coal. This region of country is also very accessible. The Selma, Rome and Dalton Railroad (lately called the Alabama and Tennessee Railroad), running directly by Briarfield, is open (daily trains), from Selma to Blue Mountain, one hundred and thirty-five miles, and is now to be completed to Rome and Dalton without delay. At Lime Station, 63 miles from Selma, and 13 from Briarfield, this road is crossed by the North and South Railroad, leading from Montgomery to Decatur — of which about 20 miles from Lime Station are completed and in use. This road pen- etrates the Cahaba coal fields and the rich deposits of real hematite of the Red Mountain lying east of and near to Ely ton. Two miles below Montevallo, and three miles above the Briarfield Iron Works, a branch road, two miles long, leads to the coal fields — where are the Montevallo, the Shelby, the Mobile, and the Selma mines. The last are in good working order, and have a good deal of coal out. The Montevallo mines are worked by a company, now known as the Central Mining and Manufacturing Company, composed chiefly of residents of Montgomery, of which Major C. G. Wagner is president. At Ashley Station, forty- nine miles above Selma, and two miles below Briarfield, a branch road is graded out four miles, intended to reach the rich veins of coal lying between the Cahaba and the Little Cahaba Rivers. VALUE OF ALABAMA COAL IN RELATION TO THE GULF OF MEXICO. Future importance of the Gulf — Views of Maury — Military necessity for coal — Report of Major Chase — Vietvs of John T. Milner — Table showh-ig relative value of Alabama coal — Comparison tvith Pennsylva- nia — Increase of steam commerce — The Panama Railroad — The Fer- nandina Road — Views of Senator Yulee — Insulating the Gulf com- merce, etc. The coal and iron of Alabama are nearest to the great ports of the Gulf, Mobile, Pensacola and New Orleans, and must, from the necessity of the case cntf.T largely into the grand commerce wliicli engages the steam navigition of this interior sea, which has become one of the most important higlnvays of nations. Commodore Mathew F. Maury has thus predicted the future importance of the Gulf of Mexico : "A sea is important for commerce, in proportion to the length of the rivers that empty into it, and to the extent and fertility of the river basins that are drained by it. The quantity and value of the staples that are brought down to market depend upon these. The Red Sea is in a riverless district. Few are the people, and small are the towns, along its coast. Its shores are without valleys, not a river emptying into it; for there is no basin for it to drain. Commercially speaking, what are its staples, in comparison to those of the Mediterranean, which gives outlet to rivers that drain and fertilize basins containing not less than one million and a quarter square miles of fruitful lands. Commer- cial cities have never existed on the shores of the Red Sea. Commerce loves the sea; but it depends for life and health upon the land? It de- rives its sustenance from the rivers and the basins which they drain ; and increases the opulence of nations, in proportion to the facility of intercourse which these nations have with the outlets of such basins. "The river basins drained into the Gulf and Caribbean Sea, greatly exceed in extent of area and capacity of production the river basins of the Mediterranean. The countries in Africa, Asia and Europe, which comprise tlie river basins of the Mediterranean are, in superficial ex- tent, but little more than one-fourth the size of those which are drained by this sea in our midst. It is the Mediterranean of the new world ; and nature has laid it out on a scale for commerce far more grand than its type in the old ; that is, about forty-five degrees of longitude in length, by an average of seven degrees of latitude in breadth. Ours is broader but not so long ; it is, therefore, more compact. Ships can sail to and fro across it in much less time, and gather its articles of commerce at much less cost. "Had it been left to man to plan the form of a basin for commerce on a large scale — a basin for the waters of our rivers and the products of our lands — he could not have drawn the figure of one better adapted for it than that of the Gulf, nor placed it in a position half so admira- ble. The Mississippi and the Amazon are the two great commercial arteries of the continent. They are fed by tributaries with navigable length of channel, more than enough to encircle the globe. " The products of the basin of the Mississippi, when they arrive at the Balize, may, in twenty or thirty days, be landed on the banks of the Orinoco and Amazon. Thus, in our favored position here in the New 89 "World, we have, at a distance of only a few days' snil, an extent of fruitful basins for commercial intercourse wliich they of the OKI World have to compass sea and land, and to sail the world around to reach. "On this continent Nature has been prodigal of her bounties. Here, upon this central sea, she has, with a lavished hand, grouped and ar- ranged in juxtaposition all those physical circumstances Avhich make nations truly great. Here she has laid the foundation for a commerce the most magnificent the world ever saw. Here she has brought within the distance of a few days the mouths of her two greatest rivers. Here she has placed, in close proximity, the natural outlets of her grandest river basins. With unheard-of powers of production, these valleys range through all the producing latitudes of the earth. They embrace every agricultural climate under the sun ; they are capable of all variety of productions which the whole world besides can afford. On their green bosom rests the throne of the vegetable kingdom. Here com- merce, too, in time to come, will hold its court. "The three great outlets of commerce — the Delta of the Mississippi^ the mouths of the Hudson and Amazon — are all within two thousand miles — ten days' sail of Darien, It is a barrier that separates us from the markets of six hundred millions of people — three-fourths of the population of the earth. Break it down, therefore, and this country is placed midway between Europe and Asia ; this sea becomes the center of the world, and the focus of the world's commerce. This is a high- way that will give vent to commerce, scope to energy, and range to en- terprise ; which, in a few years hence, will make gay with steam and canvas, parts of the ocean that are now unfrequented and almost un- known. Old channels of trade will be broken up, and new ones opened. We desire to see our own country the standard-bearer in this great work." The following report of Major Chase, of the United States army, will show the importance, in a military point of view, of coal in the Gulf: " Considering that war steamers would enter largely, if not exclu- sively, into our naval forces in the Gulf of Mexico, it is important that convenient depots for coal should be established. Deposits of coal could be made at Bahia Honda, and at Key West. At Tortugas, a three year? supply for thirty steamers could be constantly maintained. A position for a coal depot on some point on the western coast of Florida is certainly necessary. Tampa Bay would probably afford the requisite depth of water for heavy steamers, and convenient sites for the depot and its defense. Thus held, it would also give protection to vessels seeking 90 refuge from an enemy. A coal depot would be established at Pensacola and at Mobile Point, under the protection of Fort Morgan. Another depot for coal would afford great facilities to steam operations, if estab- lished at Ship Island. A strong battery, but not costly, would protect the harbor. This depot would be easier of access than the one at Fort Jackson on the Mississippi, and would afford supplies, not only to the light steamers cruising along the coast, but to those of the heaviest class. A depot at Fort Jackson would be necessary to enable the steam- ers descending from Memphis to take in a full supply of coal before proceeding to sea." The commerce of the Gulf must be supplied with coal. John T. Mil- ner, Esq., a distinguished engineer of Alabama, to whose report the public are indebted for the valuable facts and suggestions compiled in this chapter, says that " The stormy capes and sunken reefs along the coast of Florida, that so hinder our commerce in going out, will protect our coal from competition from the Atlantic States ; and Alabama must be to the countries around this central basin, what Pennsylvania is to the Atlantic States. Her coal must drive their ships, their mills, and their machines. As yet, but little coal of any worth has been found upon the Pacific coast. An inferior shaly stuff has been found in Chili, Australia and California ; but it will never do to carry ships across the seas." The following table will show the price of coal in 1860, at different points accessible by the Alabama coal, and the cost of such coal deliv- ered at these points : Pennsylvania and other Coal. Alabama Coal. Price per Ton. English Coal $ 2 60 Philadelphia 3 50 New York 4 50 Baltimore Charleston 6 00 Savannah 6 00 Key West 8 00 Havana 10 00 Kingston, Ja 10 90 to 11 40 Pensacola 10 00 to 14 00 Mobile 9 00 to 14 00 New Orleans 7 50 to 12 50 Tampico 10 00 to 15 00 Kates of Freight Rates of Freight from Price per Ton From Mobile Philadelphia to $0 95 and Pensacola to 1 75 to 2 00 2 00 3 50 5 00 5 00 6 00 6 00 6 00 7 00 ♦ $6 85 to 7 00 7 00 to 7 00 7 50 to 8 00 5 00 to 6 50 5 00 to 6 50 6 25 to 6 00 7 25 to 7 50 1 75 to 2 00 to 3 50 to 3 50 to 5 00 to $ 1 35 to 1 50 1 50 to 2 00 2 00 to 2 50 5 00 to 5 00 to 6 00 to 75 to 1 00 1 75 to 2 00 91 Vera Cruz 15 00 to 20 00 6 00 to 7 00 7 25 to 7 50 1 75 to 2 00 Aspinwall 10 00 6 00 to 7 00 8 00 to 8 50 2 50 to 3 50 Pernanibuco 10 00 to 12 00 7 00 to 8 00 8 50 to 9 50 3 00 to 4 00 Panama. 25 00 to 30 00 20 00 to 25 00 10 50 5 00 Carthagena 11 00 to 15 00 7 00 to 8 00 7 50 to 8 50 2 00 to 3 00 San Francisco 25 00 20 50 15 00 Melbourne 50 00 25 00 20 50 15 00 Talchaana 21 00 25 00 20 50 15 00 Acapulco 30 00 to 35 00 25 00 to 30 00 15 50 10 00 It being an established fact that Alabama has coal enough to supply the wants of the entire continent, that it is reached with facility by her rivers and railroads, and that this coal can be laid down at Mobile, New Orleans, Key West, Havana, Tampico, and the other Gulf ports, at a far less cost than the coals of Pennsylvania or of England, it remains to be seen what is the probable demand for coal to supply the steam marine of the Gulf. This subject has been anticipated by the remarks of Com- modore Maury, but we can not refrain from adding the clear and practi- cal views of Mr. Engineer Milner : " The Gulf of Mexico is soon destined to be the scene of the busiest commerce the world ever saw. The trade of our lakes in 1856, amounted to $608,000,000. Certainly that of the Gulf, surrounded by so many millions of people, and holding, as it does, the mouth of the two rivers that drain one-fourth of the productive land of the civilized world, will soon double that amount. To move this commerce, our Alabama coal is the nearest, the cheapest, and the best. " The Collins steamers used from eighty to one hundred and twenty- eight tons of coal per day, according to speed. Our small steamers in the Gulf use from twenty-five to thirty. Thirty steamers in the Gulf will use in a year, running two hundred days each, on an average forty tons per day, or two hundred and forty thousand tons. The Govern- ment have, and always will have, a number of steamers in the Gulf. The railroads centering in it will demand many more. The port of Havana is the rendezvous of the Spanish fleet. The business of the Gulf is emphatically that of steam ; so that I can not think my estimates high. " Alabama is to the Gulf what Pennsylvania is to the Atlantic States. The amount needed for ten years to come in all quarters from our mines is only conjectural. It is not too much to say we will need three hun- dred thousand tons per annum. This at $3 15 per ton, the price from Montevallo to the Gulf, will pay $945,000 to *hree Railroads south from Montevallo, for transportation, or seven and a quarter per cent, on thirteen million dollars, the amount necessary to build three first class 92 railroads to tlie Gulf. The Reading Railroad cost, per mile. $195,558. or $19,262,720 for ninety-eight miles ; more than the amount necessary to build three railroads in Alabama, two hundred and twelve miles long each. This great difference in cost is the reason why Southern rail- roads pay so much better than Northern roads. Suppose, then, the three routes, via Montgomery, Selma and Uniontown, had the average coal tonnage of the Reading Road for five years past, and nothing more to do. At the above rates, their gross receipts would be $6,015,500. Take one-half for expenses and we will have §3,008,250, or over twenty per cent, net profit on coal alone. Examine the tables and watch the growth of this trade in Pennsylvania on only one route, and we certainly are not over the mark. The Reading Railroad pays over seven per cent, net, notwithstanding its enormous cost. The same may be said of all roads engaged in transporting coal. " Coal, as a fuel for railway engines, is destined to save millions of dol- lars. It has been found by actual experiment, that the cost of running a locomotive with coal is less than one-half the expense of running with wood as fuel. Experiments have been made on the Illinois Central, the New Jersey Central — in fact, throughout the Northern States; and even in Massachusetts, where coal is worth six dollars and over per ton, it is found that the saving in expense is equal to one-half over wood. From a very intelligent source, the calculation has been made, that the saving from the use of coal instead of wood as a fuel on the railways of the Union, will be ten millions of dollars per annum, or one per cent, on the cost of the railroads in the country." Mr. Milner proceeds to say that by means of the South & North Ala- bama Railroad, now in progress of construction between the city of Montgomery and Decatur, upon the Tennessee River, running directly through the heart of the mineral region of Alabama, and connecting at Montgomery with roads to Mobile and Pensacola, coal could be delivered upon the basis of the prices of 1860, at from five to six dollars per ton at Mobile and Pensacola, and at any point on the Gulf of Mexico, for two dollars more, or for seven and eight dollars per ton, and at Aspin- wall for three dollars more. " By means of the Tehuantepec and Panama railroads, it can be de- livered in the Pacific, allowing these roads three cents per ton per mile, or double the charge in the United States, at twelve and thirteen dollars, and ten and eleven dollars. The isthnuis steamers on both sides must continue for all time to consume large quantities of coal. The Pacific Railroad, if built from Vicksburg to San Francisco, can not carry freight one-half as cheaply to San Francisco and China, as by way of Tehuante- 93 pec and Panama. The greatest drawback to tlie commerce of the Gulf and Pacific is the cost of coal. Supply this at a cheap rate, and the highway of commerce will be directly through the Gulf of Mexico, and alono- some of the isthmus routes to the Pacific. The amount needed for ten years to come, after the completion of the Central Railroad, is only conjectural. The produce shipped from Galveston, Matagorda, and even New Orleans, where only small vessels can enter, is to a con- siderable extent sent to New York and Boston, for transhipment across the ocean, in large and cheap carriers. The coasting business of all commercial nations is now being done by steamers, and why not in the Gulf the same way? The railroads across the Peninsula of Florida; the deep water at Fernandina and Brunswick, on the Atlantic, will offt-r every facility for the successful transhipment of cotton to Europe, in large vessels." Another important fact connected with the prospective value of Ala- bama coal, is the probability of the high rates of Insurance, and dangers of navigation around the Keys, throwing the greater portion of the commerce of the Gulf across the Peninsula of Florida, and into the port of Fernandina, thereby insulating the traffic of the Gulf, and forc- ing the steamers to depend upon the Gulf States for coal. The port of Fernandina, next to Norfolk and Pensacola, is the best in the Southern States, as the following table will show : Depth of Water in feet. _A ^ Ports. Low Tide. High Tide. Ntw York 22 feet. 27 feet. Philadelphia 18 feet. 25 " Norfolk 25 " Charleston 15 " Savannah 17 " Brunswick 20 " Fernandina 21 " Pensacola 22 " Mobile 21 " New Orleans 14 to 16 Galveston ]2 " Matagorda 11 " The following extracts from an article on the subject, in the Charles- tori Couru'T, supposed to be from the pen of Senator Yulee, of Florida, will show the relative importance of this city, and the route of which it is the exponent : "The entrance to this port is easy with all winds; the channels (of 94 ■which there are three), are straight; the liarbor deep, varying from twenty to fifty feet, and almost completely land-locked ; the ancliorage extension, and the holding ground, of the best description. The deep water line reaches close to the shore for a length of two miles, so that a continued wall, but little advanced from the line of shore, vrill give wharfage for two miles, with a depth of twenty to thirty feet at low water, and warehouses can line the Avharf front. The entrance from the sea to the wharves is about two miles, and from the plateau of the town the approach can be observed seaward, as far as the telescope can sight. The depth on the bar is stated in the report of the War Department to be fourteen feet at low water, with a rise of water at ordinary tides of six feet, and at neap and spring tides of seven and a half to nine feet, thus giving a depth on the bar varying from twenty to twenty-three feet. The fact is indisputable, that the sea route through the Straits of Florida is the only one that competes with the Florida Transit for the immense commerce of the Gulf, coming from ports having but little water. "It is ascertained, by reference to the most reliable statistics, that the average time consumed by first-class sailing vessels between New York and New Orleans, is twenty days ; that the average rate of freight be- tween these cities by sailing vessels is six dollars per ton, and by steam- ships, thirty cents per cubic foot; that the rate of insurance by the sea route averages one and five-eighths per cent. Estimating merchandise to average in value one thousand dollars per ton measurement, the follow- ing statement will show the cost by these modes of conveyance ; Sailing vessels. Steamsliipa. Freight m 600 00 1,200 00 Insurance 1,787 50 1,787 50 Total $2,387 50 $2,987 50 The cost by the Fernandina route, including transhipment and all ex- penses, will be as follows: By Steanisliip via Fernandina 600 00 Charges by Kailroad across Peninsula 414 00 Insurance eeven-eiglite percent 962 50 Total $1,976 50 " Showing a saving of four hundred and eleven dollars over sailing vessels, and one hundred dollars over steamships running around the Keys. The saving in time will be still greater than in expense of trans- portation. 95 " The rates of insurance are the principal causes of the high cost around the Capes. The rates from New York to Fernandina are five- eighths per cent., and to New Orleans or Mobile, around the Capes, one and five-eighths per cent. " If the Fernandina route can command the trade on high-priced goods between the Eastern States and the Gulf ports, it must, for like reasons, command the trade of the whole area of country dependent upon those ports. Taking St. Louis, for example, it has been carefully estimated that merchandise can be laid down there, from New York, by the Fernandina route, at much lower rates for transportation, than by the Western land or water routes, and in as short a time. The total cost of the Fernandina route will be as follows : From New York to New Orleans ( as above ), per ton $19.76J From New Orleans by the Mississippi River To St. Louis (including insurance ), say 7 00 Total $26.76| " The average cost by the several railroad routes is thirty-two dol- lars. The difference in favor of the Fernandina route is five dollars and twenty-three cents." The old route around the Capes, for costly freights, will soon be abandoned, provided cheap steam power can be obtained in the Gulf. That power lies in the heart of Alabama, within stone-throw of her Grand Trunk Railroads, and cropping out upon the very banks of her rivers. RAILROAD SYSTEM OF ALABAMA. Longitudinal and latitudinal Roads — Diagonal Roads — The various lines — Legislative ^provision — The South and North Road — Connec- tion with the Northwest — Opening the mineral region — Relations to the Gulf — Passenger traffic, etc. The railroad system of Alabama, already built and partially built, embraces three roads, with branches running East and West, in the northern, middle and southern portions of the State — two lines run- ning Northeast and Southwest, and two lines running North and South. The Memphis and Charleston road is already built, and runs through the northern portion of the State, binding the Atlantic and the Mississippi together. The Montgomery and Eufaula road is nearly completed and traverses several of the richest counties of east Alabama. 7 96 It will ultimately be one of the links of a line from Montgomery to Brunswick. The Montgomery and West-Point road runs from West- Point, on the border of Georgia, to Montgomery, being a connecting link of the Mobile, Atlanta & Augusta line ; and the Selma & Me- ridian Railroad is built from Selma to Meridian, where it crosses the Mobile and Ohio Road, giving a railroad connection between Selma and Vicksburg, Mississippi. The gap between Montgomery and Selma has been filled by steam navigation on the Alabama River, which is plied by first-class steamers. But this gap will be supplied during the present year (1869), by railroad, and will, for passengers at least, supersede river navigation. When this road is built, it will supply the only link wanting in the chain of railroads extending in an almost due West course from Savannah, Georgia, to Monroe, in Louisiana, and a line which must eventually become the initial trunk of the proposed South- ern Pacific Railroad. The Mobile and Montgomery Railroad runs from Tensaw, a landing upon the river, above Mobile, with which it is connected by steamboats, to Montgomery, and connects at Pollard with a branch road to Pensa- eola. This road from Pollard to Pensacola, was in running order during the war, and will soon be ready for travel again, a company being now at work (in 1869), rebuilding the bridges and laying the iron destroyed at the evacution of Pensacola by General Bragg. Ccnnecting with the Mobile and Montgomery Railroad at Pollard, is the Mobile and Girard Railroad, running from opposite Columbus, Georgia, and intended to secure a straight and direct connection with Mobile. This- latter road has been built to within seven miles of Troy, a distance of seventy miles from Columbus. It has a land grant of five hundred thousand acres, which secures its continuation. Lower down on the Chattahoo- chee, at a point called Columbia, the Savannah and Mobile Railroad has been located through the southern tier of counties, and will connect with the Mobile and Girard Road at or near Andalusia, in Covington county. This road has a land grant of three hundred and fifty thousand acres, and when built, will secure almost a straight line from Savannah to Mo- bile. By a glance at the map it will be seen that these roads tap, lati- tudinally, every section of the State, and connect the most prominent points with Mobile on the Gulf, Savannah on the Atlantic, and Mem- phis and Vicksburg on the Mississippi. The roads which traverse the different regions of the State, from Northeast to Southwest, are the Alabama and Chattanooga road, and the Selma, Rome and Dalton Railroad. The first connects Chattanooga, Tuscaloosa, and Meridian in Mississippi, passing down on a parallel with 97 the continuation of the Appahxchian range, and when completed, pre- senting the most direct communication between New York and New Orleans, by Avay of East Tennessee. This road is now being vigor- ously "pressed forward by a company composed mainly of New England men, of which Mr. Stanton, of Boston, is President. The Selraa and Rome Railroad runs almost parallel with the North- east and Southwest, and has already been alluded to in a former chap- ter. At present it presents a direct out-let to Charleston for the cotton of Central Alabama, and the minerals which exist in profusion all along its line. It is proposed to extend this line southward across the Ala- bama River, and intersect the Mobile road at Pollard, thus giving a much quicker communication to Northern travel, by way of Selma, than is now given by way of Atlanta and Montgomery. The Selma and Rome Railroad is now in running order. The Alabama & Chatta- nooga Road has about twenty miles in running order at the Chattanooga end, and is being pressed forward vigorously by the company of North- ern capitalists who have taken hold of the enterprise under the Presi- dency of Mr. Stanton. A very important road to Alabama is the Mobile and Ohio Road, which is intimately connected with the railroad system of Alabama, although but a few miles of it lie within the State. This road was com- pleted by the enterprise and capital of Mobile. One of its branches runs to Gainesville, in Sumter county, Alabama. The roads which traverse the State, longitudinally, are the Eufaula, Opelika and Guntersville Road, the Opelika and Elyton Road, and the North and South road, from Montgomery to Decatur, upon the Ten- nessee River. The proposed Opelika and Elyton Road is designed to present a more direct route from Memphis or Nashville to Savannah than any of the others. With regard to the Eufaula, Opelika and Guntersville Road, that por- tion of it which lies between Guntersville and the Coosa River, will, doubtless, become the connecting link between the Tennessee and the Coosa, in the absence of a Canal. It also forms a segment of the pro- posed line from Decatur to Atlanta, by means of which Atlanta avoids the great elbow at Chattanooga, in her communication with Memphis and Nashville. The peculiar value of this road is thus set out, in a circular from Hon. J. L. Pennington, President : " Construct a road to connect with the Montgomery and West-Point Road at Opelika, and the Selma, Rome and Dalton Road at Oxford, and you place Opelika, Montgomery, Columbus, and all that rich cotton- 98 growing region of Southwestern Georgia and East and Southeast Ala- bama, at least fifty miles nearer to Chattanooga, Nashville, Louisville, St. Louis, Cincinnati and Chicago, and the granaries and meat-houses of the great West, than they are at present by the route by Atlanta. And this advantage in distance and time will give to the Oxford and Opelika route a business in freight and travel second to that of no other road in the State. " The construction of this road will not only give the people along the line easy access to market, but it will develop the natural resources of the country, increase the population, add to the productions of the soil and enhance the general prosperity. And we think we hazard nothing in the prediction that, when completed, it will be one of the best paying roads, not only in Alabama, but the South." In order to encourage the completion of these lines, which unite the more important highways, the Legislature of 1863 made an Act which provides that, " Whenever any railroad company now incorporated, or which may hereafter be incorporated, by the General Assembly of Al- abama, shall have finished, equipped and completed twenty continuous miles of road, at or near either or both ends of the road, it shall be the duty of the Governor of the State of Alabama, and he is hereby re- quired to indorse, on the part of the State, the first mortgage bonds of said railroad company, to the extent of sixteen thousand dollars per mile for that portion thus finished, equipped and completed ; and when a second section of five miles is finished, equipped and completed, it shall be the duty of the Governor of the State of Alabama, and he is hereby required to indorse the first mortgage bonds of said railroad company to the extent of sixteen thousand dollars, for the said section of five miles so finished, equipped and completed; and this rate of indorsement shall be continued upon the same conditions and terms for each subsequent section of five miles, until said railroad is completed." But the most important road to Alabama, and the one which, above all others, will more speedily develop the magnificent resources of this State, is the South and North Alabama Railroad, twenty-two miles of which is now in operation between Lime Station, upon the Selma and Rome Road, and the Cahaba River. This road runs through the heart of the iron and coal regions, and will be the great outlet for the vast mineral stores of that part of the State. By this and the connecting roads, vast deposits of coal may be made at Pensacola, to supply ths navy-yard and steamers of the Gulf. A large part of this road is al- ready graded. It has a land grant of four hundred and twenty-eight thousand two hundred and eleven acres, embracing coal and iron lands, , 99 some of which are of untold value. Along this, and the Northeast and Southwest Road, furnaces, foundries, and rolling mills can be built, to supply iron to every railroad in the United States. A glance at the map will show that when this system of railroads is completed, there will be but three or four counties in the State without railroad facilities. The Mississippi River, at Memphis and Vicksburg, is connected with the Atlantic, at Charleston and Savannah — Mobile shakes hands with the cities of the great Northwest. Pensacola has extended her arms to Montgomery, and seeks to penetrate the vast iron and coal fields of the State, and grasp the hands of Nashville, Louis- ville, and Cincinnati. Savannah seeks a direct connection with Mobile. New Orleans and Mobile will each have a direct line to New York ; and Montgomery, the capital of the State, will be connected by rail with every point of the compass in the United States, and with foreign coun- tries by the shortest line either to the sea or the Gulf. The South and North Road is destined to connect in an air line the city of Nashville with Mobile and Pensacola, passing with one branch through Selma, and with another through Montgomery, and opening up to the Ohio the minerals of Alabama and the tropical products which find their entrance to the ports of the Gulf, and opening to the Gulf the great granaries of the Northwest. At present, by a Southern route, the only exit from the Northwest, in the direction of the Atlantic coast, is by way of Chattanooga and Atlanta. By that route the distances are : From Nashville to Savannah via Atlanta 593 miles. '♦ " " Charleston " " 616 '^ " Memphis " Savannah " " 752 " <' " " Charleston " " 775 " " Decatur " Savannah " " 557 " " " " Charleston " " 580 " Now, by the completion of the South and North Alabama Railroad, from Decatur to Montgomery, we find that the distances from the above initial points to the port of Brunswick, on the Atlantic coast, a far bet- ter port than either Savannah or Charleston, is as follows : From Nashville to Brunswick via Montgomery 623 miles. " Memphis " " " » 688 » " Decatur " " " » 503 " That the opening of this line will make Brunswick the shipping point upon the Atlantic coast, in preference to Savannah or Charleston, must be apparent from the fact that Brunswick gives 20 feet at high tide, 100 Charleston only 15, and Savannah only 17, and that steamships draw- ing less than 20 feet, can not trade successfully across the ocean, and because the unsurpassed bituminous coal of Alabama can be placed on ship-board at Brunswick cheaper than at the other ports. In relation to the value of this road, Mr. Engineer Milner, in his report of 1868 to the Directors of the road, made use of the following language : " The developments during the war show, that in quality, and mining conditions, your coal beds are unsurpassed by any bituminous region on this continent. In addition to an even competition with the Georgia State Road for traffic to the Atlantic, your enterprise has the trade to the Gulf, which the other has not — and especially does it point to the city of Pensacola, destined soon to be to the Gulf, what Brunswick is to the South Atlantic, and for the same reasons. "The commerce of the Gulf, if it has any commerce at all, must adopt the spirit of the age and pay tribute to the agency of steam. A few weeks ago, I was informed by the President of the Montgomery and West Point Railroad, that he had stopped the shipment of cotton via Charleston and Savannah for want of steam transportation. The winds still blow on the Atlantic, but too slow for the restless energy of the commerce of the day. The carrying trade all over the world is fast being usurped by the steam engine, on the water as well as on land. Nature has made the great harbors on this continent. Art has made the great seaport cities, if we except Mobile and New Orleans. The fact of a seaport having no great river running into it, as can be seen by I'eference to the maps of this continent, takes but little from its impor- tance as a site for a commercial emporium. The trade from the valley of the great river of St. Lawrence, having more navigable surface than any other on this continent, finds an outlet to the sea at the cities of Baltimore, PhiUidelphia, New York and Boston ; and the subjects of the Queen are to-day paying duties at Portland, in Maine, on commodities shipped from Great Britain to Montreal and Quebec. The old system will soon be broken up, and the quick eye of commerce will concentrate from the interior on these great natural harbors where the leviathan steamers can come up and be fed from the interior. Men may doubt this, but it is because they have never studied this subject. In this rev- olution your road will play a great part, traversing as it does for nearly two-thirds its length the nearest coal fields to the great ports on the Gulf and South Atlantic. " Again, if we consider the passenger traffic of your road, in addi- tion to that which follows the freights to the seas — we find that by your 101 road the distance to New York from Montgomery via Decatur and Knoxville, is 20 miles less than via Atlanta, and practically the same via Decatur and Louisville as by Atlanta. If you consider the local distribution of the two roads, Ave find that the distance from Nashville to West Point, Georgia, via Atlanta, is 386 miles. Nashville to West Point, via Montgomery, is 392 " " " Columbus " Atlanta, " 437 " " " Columbus " Montgomery " 395 " "Atlanta " 298 " " " Montgomery " 304 '• From Memphis to Macon, via Nontgomery " 558 " " " " " "Atlanta " 551 " From Decatur to Memphis " 185 " To Montgomery " 183 " From Memphis to New Orleans, by river.. " 800 " " Montgomery it is only 600 miles by river. •' With the above table before them, no one can fail to see the power of your local distribution. The consumption of your coal in the inte- rior will be small, but there is one fact connected with coal develop- ments, all over the world, without a single exception, so far as I know, and that is, that the demand increases, almost in a geometrical ratio from the day the first car load is shipped." MOUNTAIN REGION OF ALABAMA. Attention directed to the mountain country — Testimony of Pennsylvanians — Government lands — Richness of soil — Excellent water — Marble — Iron — Coal — Limestone — Mills — Valley Creek — Iron Mountain — Pine Timber — Hunting, etc. The visit of raonied men from New England to the mountain region of Alabama, in the autumn of 1868, and the purchase, by a Boston company, of the Alabama and Chattanooga Railroad line (which is now being rapidly constructed directly through that grand mineral section, and along the very base of the Red Mountain, upon an air line between New York and New Orleans), adds interest to the following extracts from a letter written by a citizen of Jefferson county to the editor of the Selma Times: " To capitalists, there is not another section of the State that presents the inducements that this does, especially in point of mineral resources. 102 From the southeastern extremity of the county, Iron Mountain takes its start — known as Red Mountain — and continues its unbroken course through the entire extent of the county, passing out at its northern boundary. "With this you are somewhat familiar; and in order to represent it fully, I have only to say, that the recent exploration (which was but partial) by capitalists from Pennsylvania, resulted in the exclamation from them as given by the Queen of Sheba to King Solomon, ' that the half had not been told them.' Their statement to many here was, that the ore is far superior to any in the State of Pennsylvania, exceeding in per cent, of metal the best there, and existing in more compact bodies and much greater quantities. In substantiation of this belief, they pur- chased lands now valued at hundreds, or thousands, but prospectively, at millions. " These parties did not purchase the best, as they never visited the best portions of this ore. There was one fact that I presume they were ig- norant of — that is, that large, and I think, the largest portion of this Red Mountain still belongs to the United States Government. But if it is a fixed fact, and we believe it to be so, that the old-styled N. E. & S. W. Alabama Railroad is soon to go into operation, all the unentered odd sec- tions on this mountain will belong to the present owners of that road, which, if developed, will be sufficient of itself to pay the cost of build- ing the road from here to its southwestern terminus. Iron does not alone abound in this region ; for on each side of this mountain, are vast fields of coal — the Cahaba coal on the east, and the Warrior coal fields on the west and north. " Intervening between this Iron Mountain and the Warrior coal fields, lies one continuous valley, running northeast and southwest, under the names of Roup's and Jones' valley — yet one valley proper, until it passes beyond the limits of this county, at its northeast boundary. " This valley, in days of yore, could not well have been excelled for its production, and in beauty, it far surpasses the famous Wyoming Valley. But time, and the ruthless hand of man, have left their impress upon it. From 40 to GO years it has been ministering to the wants of man, and even yet, it is hard to excel in the richness of its soil. Though much worn, yet with the proper culture, it yields ample remuneration ; and when enterprise shall have placed on its bosom its votaries, everything else will give place to science, and it will then blossom as the rose. " Its lands are what are known as lime lands strictly, and once was a dense canebrake. It is based on a limestone formation ; and here and there the lime rock is seen cropping out, sometimes horizontal, at other 103 places vertical, and again in conglomerate masses, as though nature, in some of her mighty throes, had upturned and hurled them from their proper base. All along the entire length of this valley are beautiful, clear, gushing springs of delightful water, agreeable to take at all sea- sons of the year, but especially so during the summer season. These, all uniting, form that beautiful stream of ever-running water, known as Valley Creek, which winds in its tortuous course through the valley. " Here, again, abounds the marble in its accustomed variegated hues ; and in no portion of the State is lime so easy of access as here. " In regard to the Cahaba coal fields, which lie on the east side of Iron Mountain, it is not necessary to say anything, as their partial develop- ment must have established their value. " It is not so with the Warrior coal fields, although explorations have de- monstrated the fact that they are far more extensive than the former, and in this county, covering nearly one-half its area. Without facili- ties for development, they still lie as unburied treasure, extending from the Warrior River to Jones' Valley, while here and there an outcrop may be found. The lands on the Warrior River are exceedingly fertile, and it is to be regretted that none of the contemplated roads will penetrate this section. " Let one of these roads only tap this coal field, and it will turn a tide of trade to its terminus. " All through the regions of this extensive coal field, streams of water abound, and on these fields are small but excellent farms. There is no stream of any respectable size, on which there is not one or several mills, making a matter of great convenience to settlers. ' " But the water of greatest importance to capitalists is Valley Creek, ■which is not dependent upon seasons of rains for life, but is constantly fed from all the springs in the valley. You may search the State over, and you can not find a better stream, on which to locate machinery of any kind, but especially cotton factories. This creek, after it leaves Jones' Valley proper, receives in one mile the waters of Five-Mile Creek, and soon again the waters of Little and Big Blue creeks are added to it, making it a stream of over one hundred feet in width, and winding to make its exit out of the mountains, it has left solid stone banks on either side, of such varied hight, that a dam of from ten to forty feet could be had. Should capitalists here establish a cotton fac- tory, they would be enabled soon to control the cotton in at least three counties north, as well as the western portion of this. This stream, as it flows onward to the Warrior River, gradually enlarges, until it be- comes almost as large as the river at its mouth. 104 " You will reraemoer that previous to the surrender, Iron Mountain had a number of furnaces and forges upon it, and a great deal of the pig iron tliat went to the iron works in Selma in those days, was manu- factured here. The raid under "Wilson destroyed all these works. One furnace has been resuscitated and is now in operation ; others are under contract ; while with others, the massive ruins and blackened walls only speak of what once they were. "On the east side of this mountain, for ten or twelve miles, there is a forest of most excellent pine timber, which probably is the only pine of any consequence for many miles. " The grade of the old N. E. and S. W. Alabama Railroad runs parallel with this mountain to its west side, not far from its base, and the Cen- tral Road, it is supposed^ will cross it at or near Grace's Gap. " Capitalists here can find a fine field for investment, and one that no doubt will be very remunerative. " But the day will soon pass for buying cheap property here. Land has already advanced fifty per cent, sine* the surrender. " To men of mercantile business, land-owners in your section or any other portion of the State, I can safely say here is the spot for you. There are seasons when you desire to be free from the toil, vexation and trouble of business. Here you may find rest from labors, and while away many a delightful hour, with dog and gun, in chase of the noble deer; or, with the hook and line on the stream, you may enjoy a meal upon the delicious mountain trout. " The day will certainly come when the landed system of England will, to a certain extent, be adopted here by the large land-owners in the South. Now is the time for them to buy a home in this healthy country, where they can raise all necessary supplies, together with stock of every kind, and no rude hand to lure them away after nightfall. To all such I would say, farm out your lands and come among us, and jeav by year you will be accumulating ; but remain where you are, and under the present system you will inevitably become poorer every year." 105 ALABAMA AS A HOME FOR THE IMMIGRANT. Invitation for tvJiite labor — Remarks of Count de Segur — Views of Chas. Nordhoff^Suecess of white labor in the South— Statement of Gov. Hammond — Views of Edward Atkison — Disinterested statement of the Washingto7i Chronicle — Indorsement of Ron. John W. Forney — Southern homes peaceful, cheap and productive, etc. We have shown the resources of Alabama, its boundless minerals, fertile cotton fields, salubrious climate, and splendid system of water courses and railroads. The lands of Alabama can be purchased by the immigrant at low rates — for a mere song compared with the profits which the laborer can realize in a single season. We have before us a pamphlet prepared in 1864, by a very intelligent gentleman of New York, connected with one of the leading journals of that city — Charles Nordhoff", Esq. The author shows in detail how white laborers have heretofore emigrated from the South northward, in numbers many times greater than the reverse migration. He remarks upon the facts as follows: "A French writer, the Count de Segur, says : * The human race does not march in that^direction; it turns its back to the North; the sun at- tracts its regards, its desires and its steps. It is no easy matter to ar- rest this great current.' In other countries all emigration has turned to the southward, by an instinctive movement; but with us the horror of slavery, the aversion of the free laborer to come in contact and compe- tition with slave labor, has sufiiced to conquer even this strong instinct- ive tendency. " Bear in mind, too, that the South has lost, by this migration, the best class of her citizens. The indolent masters remained ; the slaves remained ; those free whites who were too poor and helpless and igno- rant either to desire or to be able to remove, remained; but there has been a constant drain of the yeomanry of the border Slave States — the forehanded farmers and industrious mechanics, the class whom a State can least afford to lose. These men and their families have helped to fill our northwestern Territories and States ; and have taken the places of the thousands who removed from the border Free States in the North- west. They have faced unwonted winters and harder conditions of life — why ? Because these free worJcingmen felt slavery to be a curse, a bar to all their efforts. They were not abolitionists — they brought into the 106 Free States with them tlieir curious hatred of the negro, as though it was the shave and not the master who was their oppressor." Mr. Nordhoff is not satisfied that this state of things should longer exist. He will not give up the fairest spot on earth to the negro. He Avould send the white man with his energy, his enterprise and cunning to take charge of the teeming and luxuriant fields, and make a garden out of the desert of "the South. Will the white man respond ? Slavery is dead. We give a page or two from the pamphlet : "7s it no matter to ivorhingmen that they are thus driven out and kept out of the largest, most fertile and plcasantest part of the Union, by the slave labor system, which there robs them of work, and attacks their rit^hts? In the mild climate of the border Slave States, the seasons are longer, the productions more varied ; trades which can be pursued in the North during only eight or nine months, may be carried on there all the year round; food is or ought to be cheaper; the workingman and his family need fewer and less costly clothes ; in many ways the condi- tions of life are easier, for the mechanic and laborer as well as the farmer, than in the colder North. But that great region the slave-masters closed against the free workingmen, and preserved for themselves and their slaves. " The climate is not too hot in any of those States for white men and women to labor in the fields. Governor Hammond, ef South Carolina, says : ' The steady heat of our summers is not so prostrating as the short but sudden and frequent heats of Northern summers.' White men work on the levee in New Orleans in midsummer, and have the severest labor put upon them at that. He who writes this has rolled cotton and sugar upon the levee of New Orleans in the month of July, and screwed cotton in Mobile Bay in August. Dr. Cartwright, the great apostle of slavery, rightly remarked : * Here in Neiv Orleans the large part of the drudgery — work requiring exposure to the sun, as railroad making, street paving, dray driving, ditching and building — is performed by white peo- pled This severe labor was put upon the free white workingmen ; the slave-owners reserved the light task for their slaves. "In Alabama, by the census of 1850, sixty-seven thousand; in Mis- sissippi, fifty-five thousand ; in Texas, forty-seven thousand white men, non-slaveholders, labored in the fields, and took no hurt. Cotton was cul- tivated in Texas, before the war, with perfect success, by white men ; the Germans managed even to raise more pounds to the acre, pick it cleaner, and to get a higher price for it, than the neighboring planters. Olmsted mentions an American in Texas who would not employ slave- 107 labor, and who, with white men as his help, 'produced more bales to the hand than any planter around him.' " The mortality reports of the census show that the Southern States are not peculiarly unhealthful. In Alabama, the deaths, per cent., were less than in Connecticut; in Georgia they are 1.23 per cent.; in New York, 1.22; in South Carolina they are 1.44 per cent., in Massachu- setts, 1.76, which is precisely the same as in Louisiana, notoriously, till General Butler cleaned New Orleans and drove out the yellow-fever, the most sickly State in the South. " Nothing, therefore, has kept free worhingmen out of these States — nearer to the great markets of the world, having abundant mineral wealth, and in every way more favorably situated than the cold Northeast and the far away Northwest — except the fatal competition of the slaveholders. To avoid that, millions of workingmen, native and foreign born, have re- moved to the Northwest, until at last the tide of emigration has even trenched upon the inhospitable desert, and has spread beyond the ex- treme limits of arable land, and far beyond the profitable reach of mar- kets. The Northwestern farmer has burned his corn because he could not afford to send it to the distant seaboard ; — was it no loss to him that slavery kept him out of the fertile fields of Virginia and North Carolina'^ " Even had slavery remained in full vigor, the time had come when free labor, seeking new outlets and greater opportunities, would have pressed hardly upon it. If slavery is swept away, free workingmen will hereafter have opportunity in the South, and to all that great re- gion a boundless future of wealth and prosperity opens up. The aban- doned farms, the mouldering villages, the empty cottages, will once rcore be filled with the busy and cheerful hum of the labor of freemen. " Their cunning will repair the waste of unskillful slave labor ; their ingenious toil will redeem the barren fields of Virginia and other South- ern States. The tide of emigration, sweeping in that direction, may repeat in the South the marvelous results which it has accomplished during the last twenty-five years in the Northwest ; Virginia will be another Minnesota, North Carolina a new Iowa, and in Tennessee will be repeated the story of Ohio." In addition to what is here said by Mr. Nordhoff, we would call at- tention to the following remarks made by Mr. Edward Atkison, a cot- ton manufacturer of Massachusetts, in a pamphlet prepared at the in- stance of the American Geographical and Statistical Society, of New York: " It is perhaps needful that we should induce emigration from south- ern Europe before the question of the cultivation of large crops in 108 southern Alabama, Mississippi ami Louisiana will be fully settled. But there is a broad tract of cotton country lying in Georgia, South Caro- lina, Tennessee, northern Mississippi, Alabama and Arkansas, the land of farms, not of plantatipns, on which a million and a half bales of cotton have been produced in a given year, of which a very large por- tion was produced by white labor, even in the days of slavery. On this section we shall soon see an enterprising community of small far- mers, not raising cotton by the plantation system, but on small allot- ments, under the personal supervision of the owner, himself working in the field. Here we shall soon see Northern economy — the seed no longer wasted, but the rich oil which composes twelve and a half per cent, of its weight expressed and turned to a useful purpose ; the cake, the richest food for cattle known, fed out to stock ; the land no longer exhausted by the waste of seed, but the manure returned, and the cot- ton-farm growing richer instead of poorer year by year. And as the population becomes more dense, the towns and villages Avill increase, and manufactories will become established ; and, before many years, we may confidently expect to see the manufacture of the coarser cotton cloth transferred to the South and West, nearer to the place of growth of the cotton, while the North, with its greater skill and more abundant labor, will undertake the finer work which we have not yet drawn away from England. " Eight to ten acres to the full hand is the limit beyond which the picking force of the plantation cannot be carried, but upon the prairies and hills a dense population will, in a few years, be gathered ; then we shall find the cotton farmer cultivating twenty, thirt}' — aye, even fifty acres to the hand, with the certainty that he can call to his aid in the picking season the entire force required, who will be employed during the rest of the year in all the various industries of civilized life, but which dense population the barbarism of slavery has not even per- mitted to have an existence upon the territory which it cursed. " On these lands we shall soon see the principle established of making great crops from a small number of acres, new varieties of the cotton plant introduced, like the Tipporah cotton, grown from a black seed va- riety, imported from Mexico just before the war, and which yields a staple much like that of Egypt and Brazil, intermediate between the Sea Island and our common cotton. " We are accustomed to regard the negroes in mass as an aggregate of four millions, but let us cease so to regard them, and consider them in relation to the area of territory on which they are placed, and we find only one family to the square mile. 109 The most dense negro population in any State is in Maryland, not in South Carolina. And now that slavery has ceased to repel a free white population, it will, by emigration, increase much more rapidly than the black, and presently the negro will cease to be a disturbing element, by being swamped in a dense population of whites. "We may gain some idea of the profitable nature of Southern agri- culture from the fact that, in 1859 and 1860, the current prices at which slaves were hired out by their masters, the lessees assuming the cost of feeding and clothing and the risks of sickness, were from $250 to |350 per annum." In this connection, it is interesting to note also the following extracts from a communication which appeared in the Washington Chronicle, of the 24th November, 1868 : " Not a tithe of the lands in the South are really occupied. Let Northern men buy these lands and settle upon them, and in nine cases out of ten they will have done much better for themselves than if they had gone to the far West. The South needs capital, manufactures, and all kinds of skilled labor. The North, from her abundance, can supply these wants, and mutual benefit will be the result. "The vast mineral wealth of the South lies almost wholly undeveloped, while Northern men are besought to come with their skill and capital and take it at fabulously low prices. Why will not our Northern people muster the courage to come and see for themselves the inviting field that opens before them ? The larger portion of the South is as quiet to-day as their own quiet homes in the North. And then they should remem- ber that emigration carries safety with it. " If our people would but dismiss their fears, and go to the South as they now go to the West, they would meet a cordial welcome from thou- sands of Northern people already there, all the loyal Southern people, and a large share of those who took side with the rebellion, while the insig- nificant Kuklux Klans would disappear like the mist of the morning. "Northern and Southern people living side by side, and mingling in business intercourse, would soon forget the prejudices that now divide them. Reciprocal benefits will produce reciprocal good feeling." It is gratifying to see such language as this in a journal which'wields so large an influence at the North. The testimony of the witness is the more important when it is seen that in the same copy of the Chron- icle, the author of the above statement is represented, in a letter from Mr. John W. Forney, the editor, as " an advanced and intelligent Rad- ical, believing in his politics as he does in his religion. " Mr. Forney says of this gentleman: 110 " I have just had a long and somewhat remarkable interview with the writer of the subjoined communication, and I print it because it con- firms many patriotic hopes and dispels many grave apprehensions. The writer has resided in -the South for nearly three years, and is at the head of a flourishing foundry and machine shop in one of the prosper- ous Tennessee towns. He is an advanced and intelligent Radical, be- lieving in his politics as he does in his religion. Without being a par- tisan in any sense, he never conceals his sentiments. He says he has never been disturbed, nor even menaced, for uttering them in trains, steamboats, hotels and the streets. He insists, as you will perceive, that the Southern people should not be condemned for the outrages of their own ruffians, and declares that by this rule no community could escape — certainly not the West, judged by the recent excitements in Kansas." He continues : " Why should not the South be the favorite home of the emigrant — not only the German, the Norwegian, the Irishman, the Scotchman, and the Englishman, but, above all, the Northern manufacturer and me- chanic ? My correspondent disposes of the cry as to the safety of these Northern men in the South by saying that every emigrant must run some risk. Look at the Western engineers, surveyors, tourists, and travelers — look at the men, women and children, who brave the rigors of the winter and the barbarities of the savages in the Rocky Moun- tains! He asks whether any such dangers ever beset the men who go into the South — even into Texas ? " Besides, in the South there are not only hundreds of thousands of acres of land to be had for almost nothing, but there are open highways, a civilized people (let us hope), and a thousand other advantages un- known to the new and far-ofi" West. Before the war, capital and labor sought the South eagerly. The daring Commodore Stockton spent an immense fortune in trying to develop the gold mines of North Carolina. Virginia was the center of at least one great enterprise that attracted millions of foreign money. Heavy outlays were made in the iron and coal mines of Tennessee and Alabama. Northern men flocked in by hundreds, almost by thousands, to take advantage of the fine opening for skilled workmen. But the war came and stopped all, ruining many, and driving away more. "All this is over. A better state of things has succeeded. The wealth of the soil has been reinforced by the wealth of a great moral victory. The gold mines of North Carolina, the coal and iron mines of Virginia, Tennessee, Alabama, and Georgia; the magnificent plan of connecting the Chcsa,peake with the great internal rivers of the South — Ill all these await capital and courage. But the South proffers other op- portunities. Look at the hundreds of thousands of swamp lands to be drained by the agencies of science; at the thousands of alluvial acres in Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia (all near the Eastern markets), and at the town sites without number ! Look at Mississippi, South Car- olina, Louisiana, Texas, with their cotton and sugar fields, marl beds, grazing lands, noble rivers, and equal climates ! " What is needed is emigration." STATE POLICY OF ALABAMA TOWARD IMMIGRANTS. Sentiment of the people — Favor of the Legislature — Laivs guarding in- dustry — Mechanics — Agriculturists — Married women — Exemptions — Homesteads — Productiveness of the soil — Entry of public lands — Terms of the law — Information for pre-emptors, etc. There have been no civil disorders in Alabama since the close of the war. Men of worth, from all sections of the Union, and all parts of the world, are cordially invited to make their homes among us by both political parties. The wheels of State government have never ceased to run smoothly, notwithstanding the changes of policy and the deep contrariety of political opinion. Governor Wm. H. Smith, who took his seat under the reconstruction laws of Congress, testified in a public speech, at a time when the passion of partisans was being fully aroused by an absorbing Presidential election, that the people of Alabama are law-abiding. Probably in no State of the Union — North, South, East or West — have fewer crimes occurred since the war than in Alabama. In regard for public morality, in submission to existing laws, in cour- tesy to strangers, in solicitude for the kindest relations with the people of the North, in ardent desire for foreign immigration, in enterprising spirit, and in the industry of her people, Alabama challenges compari- son with any other State in the Union. She holds nothing back in a spirit of chagrin or revenge; but invites every one to join in her des- tiny and share her advantages. She knows that identity of interests produce identity of ideas and a harmony of action in all the walks of life. With such views her Legislature have enacted laws for the peculiar en< couragement of immigrants, and especially of laborers. S 112 Meclianics have a lien upon tlie article they fabricate, fur the payment of their labor. Agricultural laborers are allowed alien on the respective crops cultiva- ted by them, to the extent of the value of such labor, Avhcthcr it be ren- dered in consideration of money, wages, or for a share in the crops : such lien to attach from the planting- of the crop and to be subordinate only to liens for rent of the land on which such crops are grown. The laws exempt from taxation the buildings and machinery of iron furnaces, foundries, rolling mills, machine shops, nail and ax factories, tanneries and manufactories of leather goods, piiper mills, glass-works, stove and earthenware factories, woollen, silk and cotton factories. They exempt from execution for debt, property in tiie country, as a homestead for each liead of the family, of the value of §1,500, and in the cities a homestead of the value of §2,500. They guard the property of married women with scrupulous fidelity, and forbid the alienation of their separate estate for the husband's debts, even with their own consent. They foster education by providing a thorough system of public schools, and by securing to the su])port of the schools the liberal reve- nue of §7G0,000 per annum. It must be kept in mind that many thousands of acres of Alabama lands are still open to pre-emption — many of them excellent \nnc lands with good subsoil of clay, upon which the scientific culture of Mr. Dickson has made two bales of cotton to the acre — others of them in the hills where the foot can not tread without trampling upon mines of untold wealth. It is the desire of Alabama, and also the policy of the Federal Gov- ernment, that these lands should be settled up with thrifty laborers. "Why should the man who lives by the sweat of his brow go to the Western wilds, away from the comforts of society, away from the haunts of civilized life, to a region where his work is interrupted for several months of the year, and where his wife and children are not able to assist him in outdoor employment, except for a short season ; when here in the heart of an old country, convenient to markets, directly on great highways, he can find a home equally as cheap, more productive, and where the genial climate permits the year's labor to be distributed over all the months more equally, and to be borne by even the most delicate of the household? It would seem that the emigrant who seeks the headwaters of the ^lississippi and the Missouri, rather than the genial banks of the James, the Tennessee, the Alabama and the Tombigby, prefers frost to sunshine, 113 and a difficult to an eas}' market. Forty acres of land in the cotton belt of Alabama would make a fortune for an emigrant in a few years, if he were to cultivate them with the same diligence with which he cul- tivates his corn in the Northwest. Upon his forty acres of Western prairie he could make his fifty bushels of corn to the acre, sell it for 25 cents per bushel at his crib, and die poor, although he might pass life com- fortably. On the same quantity of cotton land, the emigrant and his son can make, by skillful and laborious attention, his forty bales of cot- ton, and become independent in a few years. For the benefit of emigrants who desire to enter homesteads in Ala- bama, it is important to give the facts connected with the mode of se- curing the advantages of the " Homestead xlct." That Act provides, that any citizen, or one w^ho has taken the neces- sary steps to become such, or a widow, or the head of a family, or any person that has served fourteen days in the army or navy of the United States, or any person twenty-one years of age, and dependent upon themselves for a livelihood, may acquire title to a home of not more than 160 acres ; but upon the following conditions : They must settle upon it and cultivate it for five consecutive years ; a removal from it for six consecutive months vitiates the title, and the land reverts to the Gov- ernment. Persons owning 160 acres can not enter land. Fees to be paid vary as the quantity to be entered, but in no case can the entire cost at entering, and payment to be made at the expiration of the l&ve years for 160 acres, exceed 12J cents per acre. . Persons residing a great distance from the office, or who may, by reason of bodily infirmities, indigence, or other good cause, be prevented from a personal attendance at the office in Montgomery, can, by com- plying strictly with the following instructions, secure the land desired, at much less cost of money and time. Write to the Register of the Land Office, Montgomery, Alabama, describing the tract they wish to enter, giving number of section, township, and range, inclosing the fee of $2, upon receipt of which the necessary examination will be made in the office, and if the entry can be admitted, the proper papers will be made out, and sent by mail, to the applicant, with full instructions how to proceed to secure his or her entry, together with the information of what amount of money will have to accompany the papers after their execution by the applicant, which in all cases must be before the Pro- bate Judge of the county in which the applicant resides. Upon the return of the papers to the office at Montgomery the entry Avill be re- corded, and the Receiver's receipt and certificate of the Register will be sent to the parties, which completes the entry. 114 Land lying witliin fifteen miles, on either side of a raihoad having a grant of lands, can only be entered as homesteads as follows : The odd numbered sections can not be entered upon. If an entry is desired within the six mile limits of the railroad, 80 acres only can be had; if outside the six mile and within the fifteen mile limits, 160 may be had, at no greater cost than 80 acres inside the six mile limit, but only upon even numbered sections in both the cases above referred to. Outside the fifteen mile limits odd and even numbered sections may be entered upon alike. Persons applying should remember that the " Act " requires the en- try of a " compact body of land, according to the legal subdivision thereof." Hence, 40 acre lots, cornering only upon each other, can not be entered. Land entered under the " Homestead Act" is not subject to taxation for five years from the date of entry, neither can the party entering dispose of it; any sale of it is regarded by the department as an aban- donment of the claim, and the title reverts to the Government. If such sale be made before the title shall have been perfected by the five years residence upon it, and cultivation thereof, it can not be levied upon and sold for any debts contracted prior to the issuance of the patent, which patent can only be obtained at the expiration of the five years, and upon the certificates of two credible witnesses that the said applicant has re- sided there during the five years preceding the application for the • patent. RELATIONS OF ALABAMA TO THE COMMERCIAL WORLD. Outlet for Western products — Fault of the 31ississippi — Fault of the Sound route — The Coosa route — Mobile and Pensacola the gateways to the Gulf — Alabama the highvay to South America^ Panama, and the Fast — The Indies — The Gulf and the Mediterranean— The route to the Fast, etc. It is demonstrated from what has been already said that the great expanse of country which is drained by the Mississippi and its tributa- ries can not aflford to find an outlet, for the accumulating products which are now sixty-six and two-thirds per cent, below their actual worth, by the precarious water line of the lakes, nor by the costly rail- road lines which seek to meet the deficiency of water communication. 115 These products are swelling in volume with the growth of the West — a growth unparalleled in human annals. The country whose waters flow down the Mississippi, embraces 1,700,000 square miles of territory. The population of this territory is increasing with wonderful rapidity. Between 1850 and 1860 Illinois doubled its population. In the last de- cades, the increase of population of the United States has been at the rate of 35| per cent., for each decade. The older States have stood still ; the greater part of the percentage being Western gains. But even at a rate of 33 per cent., the territory of which we speak will have a population in 1940 of 120,000,000. The child is now living who will see this result. The products of this vast region must necessarily seek an outlet by the water lines toward the Gulf. General Sypher, of Louisiana, a member of the 40th Congress, declared in the House of Representa.- tives, in the fall of 1868, that grain was being shipped from St. Louis to New York, via New Orleans, at seventeen cents per bushel less than via Chicago and Buffalo, and to Liverpool at twenty cents less per bushel via New Orleans than via New York, and in one- third less time. The facility offered by the Mississippi route, and its cheapness, will decide that as the popular one. But the outlet at the mouth of the Mississippi, is not competent for the amount of freights which the West can send even now to market. The New Orleans Picayune in February, 1869, published the follow- ing fact : " There is a deplorable state of affairs existing at the mouth of the river. Some large craft, steamships and sailing vessels, all loaded, are lying inside, unable to get to sea ; while some three or four inbound steamships are lying aground upon the bar. The recent northerly winds have no doubt driven the water from the bar to some extent, but it is humiliating to reflect that the only passage by which vessels of heavy tonnage can leave or approach our city is so frequently blocked, that the wheels of commerce are thus abruptly stopped." Another outlet is even now demanded. It is being sought by means of a canal at English Turn, a short distance below New Orleans, by which the barges of the Mississippi may be towed into Lake Borgne, thence into Mississippi Sound, and thence through Grant's Pass into Mobile Bay. But this route subjects the barges at times to a boisterous sea. Without a barge system, this route would suffer from a transfer of grain from the boats which ply the Mississippi to those which are able to stand the rougher waters of the Sound. It is demonstrated, therefore, that the Alabama Water Line, through 116 the Coosa Canal, id a necessity, and tli.it the gro\vth of the West will force its construction. This line, as "we have said, passes through the heart of Alabama. It has two natural mouths, one at Mobile Bay, and the other by means of an easily constructed and short canal, at Pensa- cola. Alabama is novr neo-otiatino; with the State of Florida for the an- nexatiou of the portion of that State which is drained by the waters of Pensacola Bay. This Alabama Water Line presents the grand highway for communi- cation between the Gulf of Mexico and the great region which, in an- other life-time, will contain a population of 120,000,000. Apart from such a water line, the State of Alabama presents a rail- road line connecting the magnificent harbor of Pensacola with the nav- igable waters of the Tennessee. The port of Pensacola is the only one upon the Gulf which presents a commodious and practicable harbor for the heaviest shipping. There the mightiest men-of-war and the greatest merchant ships, coming from Panama, Rio Janeiro, Liverpool or Cadiz, may unload their cargoes upon the wharf, and receive directly into their holds the products of the West. There is presented also the shortest railroad line to the navigable waters of the great West. Thence the traveler goes due north by railroad to Elyton, in the heart of the mineral region of Alabama, and there diverges in either direction, through East Tennessee to Norfolk or New York, or through Louisville to the Northwest. Alabama and Illinois, Mobile or Pensacola and Chicago, are destined to be the two great ventricles of the Mississippi Valley, through which the highway for defensive communication in war and commercial traflBc in peace unites the Gulf and the Lakes. It is seen at a glance how important is this outlet to the Gulf, as re- gards foreign commerce. At the gateway of Alabama, the products of not only Europe, but South America, the West Indies, and even the East Indies, meet the products of theWest. Professor Edward Fontaine, in an address before the Chicago Cham- ber of Commerce, said : " The monument of Benton, in St. Louis, is a memorial worthy of the great advocate of a railroad to the Pacific ; and he deserves the yet prouder granite shaft which it is proposed to rear to his memory where that road touches the loftiest crest of the Ilocky Mountains. The statue represents him as pointing to the West, and exclaiming : " There is the East ! There is India ! " I hope that some advocate of an enter- prise far more beneficial to your city than the trade of California and China, will deserve a monument at your hand ; and that his statue will 117 stand among the tombs of your cherished dead and point to the South ; and that this inscription, engraved upon it in letters of gold, will shine from generation to generation upon the sight of your posterity as a guiding light to your commerce. ' There is Ophir ! There is the India of Columbus.' Look to the South ! There are the Indies whose im- perial treasures enriched old Spain; and there is the source from which England still obtains her wealth. That nation or city, whatever it may be, will be the wealthiest and most prosperous, whose manufacturers and merchants supply most extensively the demands of this El Dorado of the New World." The gateways of the West, the most practicable ports of the Gulf, look out upon the India of Columbus. Mobile and Pensacola invite the tropical productions of the Caribbean Sea to exchange with the cereals of the West. The Central American States and Mexico, Vene- zuela, Brazil and the West Indies possess all the articles of commerce which the Western States need, and which they can not produce ; while they can not make flour or bacon, and are destitute of iron, lead and hardware, cutlery, arms, ammunition, agricultural implements, and the hundreds of various kinds of Western produce and manufactures which they require. The Amazon empties directly with one great mouth into the equatorial current which flows against the whole eastern coast of the Western Hemisphere in its Northern course, and touches the shores of Brazil, the Guianas, Venezuela, New Granada, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Texas and Louisiana ; and bears so strongly against the mouth of the Mississippi that it erodes the bottom of the ocean to the depth of more than 7000 feet at that point. A vessel can start from the mouth of the Amazon, and without unfurl- ing a sail, can steer along this strong current which forms the Gulf stream, " with bare pole," directly to the mouth of Southwest Pass. Bottles thrown out at the mouth of the Amazon are always stranded by this current on Galveston Island, Terrebone parish, or some other parts of the coast of Texas or Louisiana. It receives the mouths of the Amazon, Orinoco, Magdalena, Rio Grande, Brazos and Mississippi, in- dicating the natural course of the tropical trade, and proving that the great Creator intended that the valleys of these rivers should inter- change their products by their mouths, which He has singularly linked together. In the wincer of 1868-9 cargoes of coffee from Rio Janeiro were re- ceived at Mobile, shipped over the long line of the Mobile & Ohio Rail- road, to St. Louis, and sold there for less than they could have been laid down at the same point by way of Baltimore and the lines connect- 118 ing Baltimore with the West. The same result wouM hold true of all other South American and West Indian products. Not only do the ports of Alabama look out upon the India of Colum- bus, but they also look out upon the India which Columbus sought. They look across the Isthmus of Darien toward the commerce of the Pacific. The Western Continent is a repetition of the Eastern. To the one the Gulf of Mexico is what the Mediterranean is to the other. The Isthmus of Darien bears the same relation to the new world which the Isthmus of Suez bears to the old. Across both lies the road to the Indies. When the caravans which followed the route marked out by the Crusaders, greeted the products of Europe with the riches of the Ori- ent, upon the shores of the Mediterranean, the cities of that genial in- land sea rose into beauty and magnificence. They gave arts and sciences to mankind, and broke with a rising; sun through the gloom of the mediaeval ages. The discovery of the Cape of Good Hope gave a cheap water route to India, and destroyed the commerce of the Mediterranean cities. Now, the Isthmus of Suez is cut by a ship canal, and the wealth of India will again flow through the Italian cities, if they will only stretch out their hands to grasp it. Now, also, the mission of Mr. Gushing to the Colombian Government, determines the cutting of the Isthmus of Darien, and the opening of India to the commerce of the Gulf. The' Pacific Railroad, with its great length and its constant inter- ruptions from snow, for several months of the year, can not compete with the shipping which will pass from California through the Darien Canal, to exchange the products of the Orient with those of the Mis- sissippi Valley. Why may not Pensacola become to the commercial cities which reach from the Gulf to Chicago, what Venice became to the Hanseatic League ? Why will not Mobile become what Genoa was in the days of Columbus ? Are these mere visions ? Was Benton dream- ing when he pointed across what he believed to be a " Great American Desert," and exclaimed: "There is the East — there is India?" May not the people of Alabama, when they freight at Mobile the ships of our vast inland sea with the products of the great West and with the thousand commodities which may be made from her own prime products, exclaim: "There is the Ophir of the Bible — the India of Columbus — and that gateway to the Orient for which the nations of the Atlantic have been seeking a thousand years ?" CONSTITUTION OF ALABAMA. PREAMBLE. We, Tlie People of the State of Alabama, by our Eepresentatives in Convention assembled, in order to establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defense, promote the general v?elfare, and secure to ourselves and to our posterity the rights of life, liberty, and property, invoking the favor and guidance of Almighty God, do ordain and establish the following Constitution and form of government for the State of Alabama. ARTICLE L DECLARATION OP EIGHTS. That the great, general and essential principles of liberty and free government may be recognized and established, we declare : Section I. That all men are created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Sec. 2. That all persons resident in this State, born in the United States, or naturalized, or who shall have legally declared their intention to become citizens of tlie United States, are hereby declared citizens of the State of Alabama, possessing equal civil and political rights and public privileges. Sec. 3. That all political power is inherent in the people, and all free govern- ments are founded on their authority, and instituted for their benefit; and that, therefore, they have, at all times, an inherent right to change their form of govern- ment, in such manner as they may deem expedient. Sec. 4. That no person shall be deprived of the right to worship God according to the dictates of liis own conscience. Sec. 5. That no religion shall be established by law. Sec 6. That any citizen may speak, write, and publish his sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that liberty. Sec. 7. That the people shall be secure in their persons, houses, papers and possessions, from unreasonable seizures or searches, and that no warrant shall issue to search any place, or to seize any person or thing without probable cause, sup- ported by oath or affirmation. Seo. 8. That in all criminal prosecutions, the accused has a right to be heard by himself and counsel, or either; to demand the nature and cause of the accusation; to have a 'copy thereof; to be confronted by the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; and in all prosecutions by indictment or information, a speedy public trial, by an impartial jury of the county (1) ["] or district in wliich die offense was committed ; and that he shall not be compelled to give evidence agiiinst liimself, or be deprived of liis life, liberty or property, but by due process oC law. Sec. 9. Tliat no person shall be accused or arrested, or detained, except in cases ascertained by law, and according to the forms wliich the same has prescribed ; and that no person shall be punished but by virtue of a law established and promul- gated prior to the ofTense, and legally applied. Sec. 10. That no person shall, for any indictable offense, be proceeded against criminally, by information, except in cases arising in the land and naval service, or m the militia when in actual service, or by leave of the court for oppressions or misdemeanor in office : Provided, That in cases of petit larceny, assault, assault and battery, affray, unlawful assemblies, vagrancy, and other niisdenieanors, the General Assembly may, by law, dispense with a grand jury, and autliorize such prosecutions and proceedings before justices of the peace, or such other inferior courts as may be by law established. Seo. 11. That no person shall, for the same offense, be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb. Sec. 12. That no person shall he debarred from prosecuting or defending, before any tribunal in the State, by himself, or counsel, any civil cause to which he is a party. Sec. 13. That the right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate. Sec. 14. That in prosecution for the publication of piapers investigating the official conduct of officers, or men in public capacity, or when the matter publi»hed is proper for public information, the truth thereof may be given in evidence; and' that in all indictments for libel, the jury shall have the right to determine the law and the facts under the direction of the court. Sec. 15. That all courts shall be open, that every person, for any injury done him in his lands, goods, person or reputation, shall have a remedy by due process of law; and right and justice shall be administered without sale, denial or delay. Sec. 16. That suits may be brought against the State, in such manner and in such courts as may be by law provided. Sec. 17. That excessive fines shall not be imposed, or cruel punishment inflicted. Seo. 18. That all persons shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient sure- ties, except for capital offenses when the piroof is evident, or the presumption great. Excessive bail shall not, in any case, be required. Sec. 19. The privilege of writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, except when necessary for public safety in times of rebellion or invasion. Sec. 20. That treason against the State shall consist only in levying war against it, or adhering to its enemies, giving tJiem aid and comfort; and that no person shall be convicted of treason, except on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or his own confession in open court. Sec. 21. That no person shall be attainted of treason by the General Assembly; and that no conviction shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture of estate. Sec. 22. That no person shall be imprisoned for debt. Sec. 23. That no power of suspending laws shall be exercised, except by the Gen eral Assembly, or by its authority. Sec. 24. That no ex post facto law, or any law impairing the obligation of con- tracts, shall be made. Sec. 25 That private property shall not be taken or applied for public use, unless [in] just compensation be made therefor; nor shall private property be taken for private use, or for the use of corporations, other than municipal, witiiOiit the consent of the owner: Provided, hoivever, That laws may be made securing to persons or corpora- tions, the right of way over the lands of either persons or corporations, and for works of internal improvement, the right to establish depots, stations, and turnouts, but just compensation shall, in all cases, be first made to the owner. Sicc. 26. That all navigable waters shall remain forever public highways, free to the citizens of tlie State, and of the United States, without tax, impost or toll im- posed; and that no tax, toll, impost or wharfage shall be demanded or received from the owner of any merchandise or commodity, for the use of the shores, or any wharf erected on the shores, or in, or over the waters of any navigable stream, unless the same be expressly authorized by the General Assembly. Sec. 27. That the citizens have a right, in a peaceable manner, to assemble together for the common good, and to apply to those invested with the power of government, for redress of grievances, or other purposes, by petition, address or re- monstrance. Sec. 28. That every citizen has a right to bear arms in defense of himself and the State. Sec. 29. That no person who conscientiously scruples to bear arms shall be com- pelled to do so, but may pay an equivalent for personal service. Sec. 30. That no standing army shall be kept up without the consent of the Gen- eral Assembly; and, in that case, no appropriation for its support shall be made for a longer term than one year, and the military shall, in all cases, and at all times, be in strict subordination to the civil power. Sec. 31. That no soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, with- out the consent of the owner; or in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. Sec 32. That no title of nobility, or hereditary distinction, privilege, honor, or emolument, shall ever be granted or conferred in this State; that no property qual- ification shall be necessary to the election to, or holding of any office in this State and that no office shall be created, the appointment to which shall be for a longer time than during good behavior. Sec. 33. That emigration from the State shall not be prohibited ; and that no citi- zen shall be exiled. Sec. 34. That temporary absence from the State shall not cause a forfeiture of residence once obtained. Sec 35. That no form of slavery shall exist in this State; and there shall be no involuntary servitude, otherwise than for the punishment of crime, of which the party shall have been duly convicted. Sec 36. The right of suffrage shall be protected by laws, regulating elections, and prohibiting, under adequate penalties, all undue influences from power, bribery, tu mult or other improper conduct. Sec 37. That this State has no right to sever its relations to the Federal Union, or to pass any law in derogation of the paramount allegiance of the citizens of this State to the government of the United States. Sec. 38, That this enumeration of certain rights shall not impair or deny others retained by the people. ] [ivj ARTICLE II. STATE AND COUNTY BOUVDARIES. Sec. 1. The boundaries of this State are establislied and declared to be as follows — that is to say : Beginning at the point where the thirty-first degree of north lati- tude crosses the Perdido river ; thence east to the western boundary line of tlie State of (Georgia ; thence along said line to the southern boundary line of the Stale of Tennessee, thence west along the southern boundary line of the State of Tennessee, crossing the Tennessee river, and on to the second intersection of said river, by said line; thence up said river to the mouth of Big Bear Creek; tlience by a direct line to the northwest corner of Washington county, in this State, as origin- ally formed ; thence southerly, along the line of the State of Mississippi, to the Gulf of Mexico; thence eastwardly, including all islands witliin six leagues of the shore, to the Perdido river, and thence up the said river to the beginning. Sec. 2. The Ceneral Assembly niay, by a two-thirds vote of both houses thereof, arrange and designate bowndaries for the several counties of this State, which boundaries shall not be altered, except by a like vote. But no new counties shall be hereafter formed of less extent than six hundred square miles; and no existing county shall be reduced to less extent than six hundred square miles; and no new county shall be formed which does not contain a sufficient number of inhabitants to entitle it to one representative under the ratio of representation existing at the time of its formation, or, unless tlie county or counties from which it is taken shall be left with the required number of inhabitants entitling such county or counties to separate representation. ARTICLE III. DISTRIBUTIOX OF POWERS OF 00VERX5IENT. Seo. 1. The powers of the government of the State of Alabama shall be divided into three distinct departments, each of which shall be confided to a separate body of magistracy, to-wit: Those which are legislative, to one; those which are execu- tive, to another; and those which are judicial, to another. Sec. 2. No person, or collection of persons, being of one of those departments, shall exercise any power properly belonging to either of the others, except in the instances hereinafter expressly directed and permitted. ARTICLE IV. LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. Seo. 1. The legislative power of this State shall be vested in a General Assembly, which shall consist of a Senate and House of liepresentativcs. Skc. 2. The style of the laws of this State shall be: "Be it enacted by the Gen- eral Assembly of Alabama." Each law shall contain but one subject, which shall be clearly expressed in its title ; and no law shall be revised ot amended unless the new act contain the entire act revised, or the section or sections amended; and the section or sections so amended shall be repealed. Sec. 3. Senators and Representatives shall be elected by the qualified electors, on the Tuesday after the first Motiday in November. The term of oflice of the Sena- tors shall lie four years, and that of the Representatives two years, commencing on the d;iy after the general election. [V] Sec. 4. No person sliall be a Representative unless he is" eligible as an elector to rote for members of the General Assembly. Seo. 5. No person shall be a Senator, unless he be eligible as an elector to vote for members of the General Assembly, and shall be twenty-seven years of age, and ehall have resided for two years within the State, and for the last year thereof witliin the district for which he shall be chosen. Sec. 6. The House of Representatives, when assembled, shall choose a Speaker, and its other officers; and the Senate shall choose a President, in the absence of the Lieutenant-Governor, and its other officers: each House shall judge of the qualifications, elections and returns of its own members, but a contested election sliall be determined in such manner as shall be directed by law. The President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives shall remain in office until their successors are elected and qualified. Sec. 7. A majority of each house shall constitute a quorum to do business, but a emaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner and under such penalties as each house may provide. Sec. 8. Each house may determine the rules of its own proceedings, punish mem- bers for disorderly conduct, and, with the consent of two-thirds, expel a member; but not a second time for tlie same cause; and shall have all other powers neces- eary for a branch of the Legislature of a free and independent St-ate. Sec. 9. Each house, during the session, may punish by imprisonment, any person not a member, for disrespectful or disorderly behavior in its presence, or obstructing any of its proceedings: Provided, That such imprisonment shall not, at any time, exceed forty-eight hours. Sec. 10. Each liouse shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and cause the same to tie published immediately after its adjournment, excepting such parts as in its iudj:ment may require secresy, and the yeas and nays of the members of either house, on any question, shall, at the desire of one-tenth of the members present, be entered on the journals. Any member of either house shall have liberty to dissent from, or protest against, any act or re.'ioiution, which he may think injurious to the public or an individual, and have the reasons of his dissent entered on the journals. Sec. n. Members of the General Assembly, shall, in all cases, except treason, fel- ony or breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest; and tliey shall not be subject to any civil process during the session of the General Assembly, nor for fifteen days next before the commencement and after the termination of each session. Sec. 12. Wlien vacancies occur in either house, the Governor, or the person exer- cising the powers of the Governor, shall issue writs of elections to fill such vacan- cies. Sec. 13. The doors of each house shall be open, except on such occasions as in the opinion of the house, may require secresy. Seo. 14. Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any place than that in which they may be sitting. Sec. 15. Bills may originate in either house, and be amended, altered or rejected oy the other; but no bill shall have the force of law, until on three several days it be read in each house, and free discussion be allowed thereon, unless in case of ur- gency, four-fifths of the house in which the bill shall be pending, may deem it expe- dient to dispense with this rule. And every bill, having passed both houses, shall be signed by the Speaker andPresidentof their respective houses: Provided,T\ia,i &\\ [VI] bills for raif^ing revenue shall originate in the House of rteprescntative?, lm( tlie Sen- ate may amend or reject liiein as otlier bills. Sec. 16. Every bill or resolution having the force of law, to which tlie concur- rence of both houses of the General Afsembly niay be necessary, except on a ques- tion of adjournment, which shall have passed both houses, shall be presented to tlie. Governor, and if he approve, he shall sign it; if not, he shall return it with his ob jections, to tlie house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objec- tions at large on the journals, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsid eration, a majority of the whole number of members of that house shall agree to pass it, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by wh.ich it shall be reconsidered, and if approved by a majority of the whole number of mem- bers of that hou-t^e, it shall have the same effect as if it had been signed by the Gov- ernor; but in all such cases, the votes of both houses shall be taken by yeas and nays, and the names of persons voting for and against the bill or resolution, shall be entered on the journals of both houses respectively. If the bill or resolution shall not be returned by the Governor within five days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, it shall have the same force and effect as if he had signed it, unless the General Assembly, by its adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. Sko. 17. Every order, resolution or vote, to which the concurrence of both houses may be necessary (except on questions of adjournment, and for bringing on elections by the two houses), shall be presented to the Governor, and before it shall take effect, be a|)proved by him, or being disapproved, shall be re passed by both houses, accord- ing to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of bills. Sec. 18. Each member of the General Assembly shall receive from the public treasury such compensation for his services as may be prescribed by law; but no increase of compensation shall take effect during the session at which such increase shall have been made. Sec. 19. 2s'o Senator or Representative shall, during the term for which he shall have been elected, be appointed to any civil office of profit under this State, which ehall have been created, or the emoluments of which shall have been increased dur- ing such term, except such office as may be filled by election by the people. Seo. 20. No person who holds any lucrative office under the United States, or un- der this State, or any other State or government (except postmasters, officers in the militia to whose office no annual salary is attached, justices of the peace, mem. bers of the court of county commissioners, notaries public, and commissioners of deeds); no person who has been convicted of having given or offered any bribe to procure his election to any office; no per.-^on who has been convicted of bribery, forg- ery, perjury, or other high crime, or misdemeanor, which may be by law declared to disqualify him ; and no person who has been a collector, or liolder of any public moneys, and has failed to account for and pay over to the treasury all sums for which he may be by law accounUible, shall be eligible to the General Assembly. Sec. 21. The General Assembly shall meet annually, on sucii day as may be by law prescribed, and shall not remain in session longer than thirty days, except by a vote of two-thirds of each House. Sec. 22. In all elections by the General Assembly, the members shall vote viva voce, and the votes ehall be entered on the journals. Sec. 23. All State officers may be impeached for any misdemeanor in office, but judgment shall not extend further than removal from office, and disqualification to [vri] nold office under the authority of this State. The party impeached, wliether con- victed or not, shall be liable to indictment, trial and judgment, according to law. Sec. 24. Tlie Mou.se of Representatives shall have the sole power of preferring im- peachment All impeachments shall be tried by the Senate; the Senators, when sitting for that purpose, shall be on oath or ai^rmation ; and no person shall be convicted under an impeachment without the concurrence of two-thirds of the Sen- ators present. Sec. 25. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to pass such laws as may be necessary and proper to decide differences by arbitrators, to be appointed by the parties who may choose that mode of adjustment. Sec. 26. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly, from time to time, as cir- cumstances may require, to frame and adopt a penal code founded on principles of reformation. Sec. 27. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly, within five years after tlie adoption of this Constitution, and within every subsequent period of ten years, to make provision by law for the revision, digesting and promulgation of all tlie public statutes of this State, both civil and criminal. Sec. 28. The General Assembly shall have power to pass such penal laws as tliey may deem expedient, to suppress the evil practice of dueling. Sec 29. It shall be tlie duty of the General Assembly to regulate by law the cases in which deductions shall he made from the salaries of public officers for neglect of duty in their official capacities, and the amount of such deductions. Sec 30. Divorces from the bonds of matrimony shall not be granted but in the cases by law provided for, and by suit in cliancery ; but decisions in chancery for di- vorce shall be final, unless appealed from in the manner prescribed by law, witliin tliree months from the date of the enrollment thereof Sec 31. No nioney shall be drawn from the treasury but in pursuance of an ap)- propriation made by law; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public moneys shall be published annually, in such manner as may be by law directed. Sec 32. The General Assembly shall not borrow or raise money on the credit of this State, except for purposes of military defense against actual or threatened inva- sion, reliellion or insurrection, without the concurrence of two-thirds of the mem- bers of each house; nor shall the debts or liabilities of any corporation, person or persons, or other States, be guaranteed, nor any money, credit or other thing be loaned or given away, except by a l!ke concurrence of each house; and the votes shall, in each case, be taken by the yeas and nays and be entered on the journals. Sec 33. The State shall not engage in works of internal improvement; hut its credit in aid of such may be pledged by the General Assembly on undoubted security, by a vote of two-thirds of each House of the General Assembly. Sec 34. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to make adequate pro visions in each county for the maintenance of the poor of this State. Sec. 3.5. Any citizen of this State who shall, after the adoption of this Consti- tution, either in or out of this State, fight a duel with deadly weapons, or send, or accept a challenge so to do, or act as a second, or knowingly aid or assist in any manner those thus offending, shall be incapable of holding any office under this State. Sec 36. The General Assembly shall not have power to authorize any municipa! corporation to pass any laws contrary to the general laws of the State, nor to levy a [vm] tax on real and personal property to a greater extent tlian two percentum of the assessed value of such property. Seo. 37. In the event of annexation of any foreign territory to this State, the General Assembly shall enact laws extending to the inhabitants of the acquired ter- ritory, all the rights and privileges which may be required by the terms of the acquisition, anything in this Constitution to the contrary notwithstanding. ARTICLE V. EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. Sec. 1. The Executive Department shall consist of a Governor, Lieutenant-Gov- ernor, Secretary of State, Auditor, Treasurer, and Attorney-General, who shall be chosen by the electors of the J^tate, at the time and places at which they shall vote for Representatives. Sec 2. The Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State, Treasurer, and Attorney-General shall hold their offices for the term of two years, and the Auditor for the term of four years. Sec. 3. The returns of every election for the officers named in the preceding sec- tion, shall be sealed up and transmitted to the seat of Government, by the returning officers, directed to the presiding officer of the Senate, wiio, during the first week of the session, shall open and publish the same in the presence of a majority of the mem- bers of the General Assembly; the person having the highest number of votes shall be declared duly elected, but if two or more shall be highest and equal in votes for tiie same office, one of them shall be chosen by joint vote of both houses. Con- tested elections for executive officers shall be determined by both iiouses of the Gen- eral Asseinbly, in such manner as shall be prescribed by law. Seo. 4. The supreme executive power of this State shall be vested in the Governor. Sec. 5. lie shall lake care that the laws are faithfully executed. Sec. 6. He may require information in writing, from the officers in the executive department, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices. Sec. 7. He shall communicate at every session, by inessagc to the General Assem- bly, the condition of the State, and recommend such measures as he shall deem expedient. Sec. 8. He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the General Assembly liy proclamation, and shall state to both houses, when assembled, the purposes foi which they have been convened. Sec 9. In case of di.?agreement between the two houses, in respect to the time of adjournment, he shall have power to adjourn the General Assembly to such time as he may think proper, but not beyond the regular meetings tliereof Sec. 10. He shall be commander-in-chief of tlie military and naval forces of the State, except when they shall be called into the service of the United States. Seo. 11. He shall have power after conviction, to grant reprieves, commutations and pardons for all offenses (except treason and cases of impeachment), upon such conditions as he may think proper, subject, however, to such regulations as to the manner of applying for pardons as may be prescribed by law; but such pardons shall not relieve from civil or political disability. Upon conviction of treason, he may suspend the execution of the sentence, and report the same to the General Assembly at the next meeting, when the General Assembly shall ciiher pardon, commute the sentence, direct its execution, or grant further reprieve. He shall communicate to the General Assembly at every regular session, each case of reprieve.. [ix] commutation, or partlon grantetl, stating the name and crime of the convict, the sentence, its date, and the date of the commutation, pardon or reprieve, with hia reasons therefor. Skc. 12. There shall be a Great Seal of the State, which shall be kept and used by the Governor official!}', and the seal heretofore in use, shall continue to be the Great Seal of the State until another shall have been adopted by the General Assembly. Sec. 13. All grants and commissions shall be issued in the name and by the au- thority of the State of Alabama, sealed with the Great Seal, signed by the Governor, and countersigned by the Secretary of State. Sec 14. No member of Congress, or other person, holding office under the au- thority of this State, or of the United States, shall execute the office of Governor, except as herein provided. Sec. 15. In case of the death, impeachment, resignation, removal, or other disa- bility of the Governor, the powers and duties of the office, for the residue of the term, or until he shall be acquitted, or the disability removed, shall devolve upon the Lieutenant-Governor. Sec. 16. The Lieutenant-Governor shall be President of the Senate, but shall vote only when the Senate is equally divided, and in case of his absence or impeachment, or when he shall exercise the office of Governor, the Senate shall choose a president pro tempore. Sec. 17. If the Lieutenant-Governor, while executing the office of Governor, shall be impeached, displaced, resign or die, or otherwise become incapable of performing the duties of the office, the President of the Senate shall act as Governor until the vacancy is filled or the disability removed; and if the President of the Senate for any of the above causes shall be rendered incapable of performing the duties pertaining to the office of Governor, the same shall devolve upon the Speaker of the House of Representatives. Sec. 18. Should the office of Secretary of State, Auditor, Treasurer, or Attorney- General become vacant from any of the causes specified in the fifteenth section of this article, the Governor shall fill the vacancy until the disability is removed or a successor elected and qualified. Every such vacancy shall be filled by election at the first general election that occurs more than thirty days after it shall have oc- curred, and the person chosen shall hold the office for the full term fixed in the sec- ond section of this article. Sec. 19. The officers mentioned in this article shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation to be established by law, which shall neither be in- creased or diminished during the period for which they shall have been elected. Sec 20. The officers of the Executive Department and of the public institutions of the State, shall, at least five days preceding each regular session of the General Assembly, severally report to the Governor, who shall transmit such reports with his message to the General Assembly. Seo. 21. A Sheriff shall be elected in each county by the qualified electors thereof, who shall hold his office for the term of three years, unless sooner removed, and shall not be eligible to serve either as principal or deputy for any two successive terms. Vacancies in the office of Sheriff shall be filled by the Governor as in other cases; and the person appointed shall continue in office until the next general elec- tion in the county for Sheriff, as by law provided. w ARTICLE VI. JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. Sec. 1. The judicial power of tlie State shall be vested in the Senate sitting as a Court of Impeachment, a Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, Chancery Courts, Courts of Probate, such inferior Courts of Law and Equity to consist of not more than five members, as the General Assembly may from time to time establish, and such per- sons as may be by law invested with powers of a judicial nature. Sec. 2. E.xcept in cases otherwise directed in the Constitution, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction only, which shall be co-extensive with the State, under such restrictions and regulations not repugnant to this Constitution, as may from time to time be prescribed by law: Provided, That said court eliall liave power to issue writs of injunction, mandamus, habeas corpus, quo-warranto, and such other remedial and original writs as may be necessary to give it a general superin- tendence and control of inferior jurisdiction. Sec. 3. The Supreme Court shall be held at the seat of governmeni;, but if that shall have become dangerous from an enemy, or from disease, it may adjourn to a diflerent place. Sec. 4. The State sliall be divided by the General Assembly into convenient cir- cuits, each of which shall Contain not less than three nor more than eightcounties ; and for each circuit there shall be chosen a Judge, who shall, after his election or appointment, reside in the circuit for which he shall have been chosen. Sec. 5. The Circuit Court shall have original jurisdiction in all matters, civil and criminal, within the State, not otherwise excepted in the Constitution, but in civil cases only when the matter or sum in controversy exceeds fifty dollars : Provided, however, That the Circuit Court shall have equity jurisdiction concurrent witii the Courts of Chancery in all cases for divorce, and cases in which the value of the matter in controversy does not exceed the sum of five thousand dollars. Sec 6. A Circuit Court shall be held in each county in the State at least twice in every year, and the judges of the several circuits may hold courts for each other when they deem it expedient, and shall do so when directed by law: Provided, That the judges of the several Circuit Courts shall have power to issue writs of injunc- tion returnable into Courts of Chancery. Sec 7. The General Assembly shall have power to establish a Court or Courts of Chancery with original and appellate jurisdiction. The State shall be divided by the General Assembly into convenient Chancery Divisions, and the Divisions into Districts; and for each Division there shall be a Chancellor, who shall, after hij election or appointment, reside in the Division for which he shall have been elected or appointed. Sec. 8. A Chancery Court shall be held in each county at a place therein to be fixed by law, and the Chancellors may hold courts for each other, when they deem it expedient. Sec 9. The General Asseiably shall have power to establish in each county within the State a Court of Probate, with general jurisdiction for the granting of letters testamentary and of administration, and for orphans' business ; and tha General Assembly may confer on the said courts, jurisdiction of contracts for labor, and order frequent sessions for that purpose. Sec 10. The Judges of the Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, and Courts of Chan- Lxr] eery, shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office; but they shall receive no fees or perquisites, nor hold any office (except judicial offices) of profit or trust under this State, or the United States, during the term for which they have been elected, nor uneier any other power during their continuance in office. Sec. 11. Judges of the Supreme Court, and chancellors, judges of the Circuit and Probate Courts, and of such other inferior courts as may be by law established, shall be elected by the qualified electors of the respective counties, cities, towns or districts, for which said courts may be established, on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November of each year, or such other day as may be by law prescribed. Vacancies in the office of the Circuit judge, judge of Probate, or judge of any other inferior court established by law, shall be filled by the Governor; and the person appointed by him shall hold office until the next election day appointed by law for election of judge, and until his successor shall have been elected and qualified. Sec. 12. The judges of the several Courts of this State shall hold their office for the term of six years; and the right of any judge to hold his office for the full term hereby prescribed, shall not be affected by any change hereafter made by law in any Circuit or District, or in the mode or time of election ; but for any willful neglect of duty, or any other reasonable cause which shall not be a sufficient ground of im- peachment, the Governor shall remove any judge on the address of two-thirds of each house of the General Assembly : Provided, That the cause or causes for which said re- moval may be required, shall be stated at length in such address, and entered on the journals of each house: And provided further, That the judge intended to be removed shall be notified of such cause or causes, and shall be admitted to a hearing in his own defense, before any vote for such address; and in all such cases the vote shall be taken by yeas and nays, and be entered on the journal of each house respectively. Seo. 13. A competent number of justices and constables shall be elected in and for each county by the qualified electors thereof, who shall hold office during such terms as may be prescribed by law. Said justices shall have jurisdiction in all civil cases wherein the amount in controversy does not exceed one hundred dollars. In all cases tried before such justices the right of appeal shall be secured by law : Provided, that notaries public appointed according to law, shall be authorized and required to exercise, throughout their respective counties, all the powers and jurisdic- tion of justices of the peace. Seo. 14. The judges of the Supreme Court shall, by virtue of their offices, be con- servators of the peace throughout the State; as also the judges of the Circuit Courts within their respective circuits, and the judges of the inferior courts within their respective counties. Sec. 15. The clerk of the Supreme Court shall be appointed by the judges thereof; registers in Chancery, by the chancellors of the Divisions; and all the clerks and registers so appointed shall be removed by the appointing power for cause to be placed on the records of the court. Sec. 16. The Attorney -General shall reside at the seat of government, and shall be the law officer of the State. During the session of the General Assembly, he shall furnish to the committees of either house, when required, drafts of bills and written opinions upon any matter under consideration of the committees, and shall perform puch other duties as may be required of him by law. Sec. 17. A Solicitor shall be elected in each county in this State, by the qualified [XII] electors of such county, who sliall reside in the county for which he is elected, and perforin such duties as may be required pf him by law. He shall hold office for a term of four years, and in case of vacancy, such vacancy shall be filled by the judge of the Circuit until his successor is elected and qualified. Sec. 18. Clerks of the Circuit Court, and such inferior courts as may be by law es- tablished, shall be elected by the qualified elector^ in each county, I'ur the term of si.x years, and may be removed from office for cause, and in such manner as may be by law prescribed. Vacancies in the office of clerk shall be filled by the judge of ihe Court, until the next general election, and until a successor shall be elected and qualified : Provided, That the General Assembly shall have power to annex the duties ot clerk to the office of judge of any of the inferior courts by law established. Skc. 19. The'style of all processes shall be " The State of Alabama" and all pros- ecutions shall be carried on in the name and by the authority of the State of Ala- bama, and shall conclude " against the peace and dignity of the same." ARTICLE VII. ELECTIONS. Seo. 1. In all elections by the people, the electors shall vote by ballot. Sec. 2. Every male person born in the United States, and every male person who has been naturalized, or who has legally declared his intention to become a citizen ©f the United States, twenty-one years old or upward, who shall have resided in this State six months next preceding the election, and three montlis in the county in which he offers to vote, except as hereinafter provided, shall be deemed an elector: Provided, That no soldier, or sailor, or marine, in the military or naval service of the United States, shall hereafter acquire a residence by reason of being stationed on duty in this State. Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to provide, from time totimei for the registration of all electors; but the following classes of persons shall not be permitted to register, vote, or hold office: 1st, Those who, during the late rebellion, inflicted, or caused to be inflicted, any cruel or unusual punishment upon any sol- dier, sailor, marine, employe or citizen of the United States, or who, in any other way, violated the rules of civilized warfare. 2d, Those who may be disqualified from holding office by the proposed amendment to the Constitution of the United States, known as "Article XIV," and those who have been disqualified from regis- tering to vote for delegates to the Convention to frame a Constitution for the State of Alabama, under the act of Congress, "to provide for the niore eflicient govern- iTicnt of the rebel States," passed by Congress March 2, 18G7, and the acts supple- mentary thereto, except such persons as aided in the reconstruction proposed by Congress, and accept the political equality of all men before the law : Provided, That the General Assembly shall have power to remove the disabilities incurred un- lier this clause. 3d, Those who shall have been convicted of treason, embezzlement of public funds, malfeasance in office, crime punishable by law with imprisonment in the penitentiary, or bribery. 4th. Those who are idiots or insane. Sec. 4. All persons, before registering, must take and subscribe the following oath : I, , do solemnly swear ( or affirm ) that I will support and maintain the Constitution and laws of the United States, and the Constitution and laws of the State of Alabama; that I am not excluded from registering by any of the clauses in Sec. 3, Article Constitution of the State of Alabama; that I will never [xiiil countenance or aid in the secession of this State from the United States ; that T ac cept the civil and political equality of all men; an'd agree not to attempt to deprive any person or persons, on account of race, color, or previous condition, of any polir ical or civil riglit, privilege, or immunity, enjoyed by any other class of men; and furthermore, tliat I will not in any way injure^ or countenance in others any attempt to injure any person or persons, on account of past or present support of tlie gov- ernment of the United States, the laws of the United States, or the principle of the political and civil equality of all men, or for affiliation with any political party. Sec. 5. Electors shall, in all cases, except treason, felony, or breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest and civil process during their attendance at elections, and in going to and returning from the same. Sec. 6. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly, to enact adequate laws giv- ing protection against the evils arising from the use of intoxicating liquors at elec- tions. Sec. 7. Returns of elections for all civil officers elected by the people, who are to be commissioned by the Governor, and also for the members of the General Assem- bly, shall be made to the Secretary of State. ARTICLE VIII. EEPRESEN T ATION. Sec. 1. The House of Representatives shall consist of not more than one hun- dred members, who shall be apportioned by the General Assembly among the sev- eral counties of the State, according to the number of inhabitants in them respect- ively ; and to this end the General Assembly shall cause an enumeration of all the inhabitants of the State to be made in the year 1875, and every ten years thereafter^ and shall make an apportionment of the representatives among the several counties at the first regular session after each enumeration; which apportionment, when made, shall not be subject to alteration until after the next census shall have been taken : Provided, That each county shall be entitled to at least one representative: And provided, further, That when two or more adjoining counties shall each have a residuum, or fraction over and above the ratio then fixed by law, which fractions, when added together, equal, or exceed that ratio, in that case the county having the largest fraction shall be entitled to one additional representative. Sec. 2. Until the General Assembly shall make an apportionment of the repre- eentatives among the several counties, after the first enumeration made as herein provided, the counties of Autauga, Baldwin, Bibb, Blount, Butler, Calhoun, Clay, Clarke, Cherokee, Cleburne, Crenshaw, Choctaw, Coffee, Conecuh, Coosa, Covington, Dale, DeKalb, Elmore, Fayette, Henry, Jefferson, Lauderdale, Limestone, Marshall, Marion, Monroe, Morgan, Pike, Randolph, St. Clair, Shelby, Walker, Wasliington and Winston, shall liave one representative each; the counties of Chambers, Frank- lin, Greene, Hale, Jackson, Lee, Lawrence, Macon, Pickens, Russell, Talladega, Tallapoosa, and Tuscaloosa, shall be entitled to two representatives each; the coun- ties of Barbour, Bullock, Lowndes, Madison, Marengo, Perry, Sumter, and Wilcox, ehall be entitled to three representatives each; the counties of Dallas, Mobile, and Montgomery, shall be entitled to five representatives each *. Provided, That in the formation of new counties the General Assembly may apportion to each its proper representation. Sec. 3. The whole number of Senators shall be not less than one-fourth or more than one third of the whole number of representatives; and it shall be the duty o' Lxiv] tlie General Assenilily, at its first session aAer tlie making of cacli enumeration, as pro vided by section first, of tliis articl6, to fix by law the number of Senators, and to divide the State into as many senatorial districts as there are Senators; which districts shall be as nearly equal to each other as mambe in the number of inhabitants, and each shall be entitled to one Senator, and no more: Provided, That no county shall be divided, and no two or more counties, which are separated entirely by a county belonging to another district, shall be joined in one district: And provided, further, Tiiat the senatorial districts, when formed, shall not be changed until after the next enumeration shall have been taken. Sko. 4. At the first general election after each new apportionment, elections shall be held anew in all the Senatorial' districts. The Senators elected, wlien convened at the next ensuing session of the General Assembly, shall be divided by lot into two classes, as nearly equal as may be; the seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of two years, and those of the second cla.ss at the expiration of four years, from the day of election, so that (except as above provided,) one-half of the Senators may be chosen biennially. Skc. 5. Until the General Assembly shall divide the State into senatorial districts as herein provided, the senatorial districts shall remain as follows: 1st District, Limestone and Lauderdale; 2d, Franklin and Lawrence; 3d, Morgan, Blount, Win- ston and Marion ; 4th, Madison; 5th, Jackson, Marshall andDeKalb; 6th, Chero- kee and Calhoun ; 7th, Walker, Jefl'erson and St. Clair; 8th, Shelby and Bibb ; 9th, Tuscaloosa and Fayette; 10th, Talladega and Clay; 11th, Chambers, Kandolph and Cleburne; 12th, Coosa and Tallapoosa; 13th, Lee; 14th, Macon; loth, Kussell ; 16th, Bullock; 17th, Barbour; 18th, Autauga and Elmore; 19th, Montgomery; 20th, Lowndes; 21st, Dallas; 22d, Perry; 23d, Hale; 24th, Greene and Pickens; 25th, Sumter; 26th, Marengo; 27th, Choctaw, Clark and Washington; 28th, Mo- bile; 29th, Monroe and Baldwin; 30th, Wilcox; 31st, Butler and Conecuh; 32d, Covington, Crenshaw and Pike; 33d, Coffee, Dale and Henry. Sec. 6. Until a new apportionment of representative to the Congress of the Uni- ted States shall have been made, the Congressional District shall remain as stated in the Revised Code of Alabama, and after each new apportionment, the General As- sembly shall divide the State into as many districts as it is allowed representatives in Congress, making such Congressional Districts as nearly equal in the number of inhabitants as may be. ARTICLE IX. TAX.\TI0N. Sec. 1. All taxes levied on property in this State, shall be assessed in exact pro- portion to the value of such property : Provided, however, That the General Assem- bly may levy a poll-tax not to exceed one dollar and fifty cents on each poll, which shall be applied exclusively in aid of the public school fund. Sec. 2. No power to levy taxes shall be delegated to individuals or private corpor- ations. ARTICLE X. MIUTI.4. Seo. 1. AH able-bodied male inhabitants of this State, between the ages of eighteen years and forty-five years, who are citizens of the United States, or who have de- clared their intention to become citizens of the United States, shall be liable to mili- tary duty in the militia of this State; but all citizens of any denomination what- [XV 1 ever, who, from scruples of conscience, may be averse to bearing arms, shall U exempt therefrom upon such conditions as may be prescribed by law. Sec. 2. The General Assembly shall provide for the organizing, arming, equip])iiig and discipline of the militia, and for paying the same, when called into active ser- vice, in such manner as it shall deem expedient, not incompatible with the laws of ihe United States. Sec. 3. Officers of the militia shall be elected or appointed and commissioned in such manner as may be provided by the General Assembly. Sec. 4. The Governor shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of this State, and of the militia, except when called into the service of the United States, and shall have power to call forth the militia to execute the laws, to suppress riots, or insurrections, and to repel invasion. Sec 5. The Governor shall nominate, and by and with the consent of the Senate, appoint one Major-General and three Brigadier-Generals: the Adjutant-General, and other staff-officers to the commander-in-chief, shall be appointed by the Governor, and their commissions shall expire with the Governor's term of service. No com- inissioned officer .shall be removed from office except by the Senate, on the recom- mendation of the Governor, stating the grounds on which such removal is recom- mended, or by the decision of a court-martial pursuant to law. Sec. 6. The militia may be divided into two classes, to be designated as "volunteer militia" and "reserve militia," in such manner as shall be provided by law. Sec. 7. The militia shall, in all cases, except felony, treason, or breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at musters and elections of officers, and in going to and returning from the same. Sec 8. The officers and men commissioned and organized, shall not be entitled to, or receive any pay, rations, or emoluments when not in active service. ARTICLE XI. EDUCATION. Sec 1. The common schools, and other educational institutions of the State, shall be under the management of a Board of Education, consisting of a Superintendent of Public Instructions, and two members from each Congressional District. The Governor of the State shall be ex officio a member of the Board, but shall have no vote in its proceedings. Sec 2. The Superintendent of Public Instruction shall be President of the Board of Education, and have the casting vote in case of a tie; he shall have the super- vision of the public schools of the State, and perform such other duties as may be imposed upon him by the Board and the laws of the State. He shall be elected in the same manner and for the same term as the Governor of the State, and receive Buch salary as may be fixed by law. An office shall be assigned him in the capitol of the State. Sec 3. The members of the Board sliall hold office for a term of four years, and until their successors shall be elected and qualified. After the first election under the Constitution, the Board shall be divided into two equal classes, so that each class shall consist of one member from each District. The seats of, the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of two years from the day of election, so that one- half may be chosen biennially. Sec 4. The members of the Board of Education, except the Superintendent, shall [XVI] be elected by the qualified electors of the Congressional Districts in which they are chosen, at the same time and in the same manner as tlie members of Congress. Sec. 5. The Board of Education shall exercise full legislative powers in reference to the public educationul institutions of the State, and its acts, when approved by the Governor, or when re-enacted by two-thirds of the Board, in case of his disap- proval, shall have the force and effect of law, unless repealed by the General As^ sembly. Sec. 6. It shall be the duty of the Board to establish, throughout the State, in each township, or other school district which it may have created, one or more schools, at which all the children of the State, between the ages of five and twenty- one years, may attend free of charge. Sec. 7. No rule or law affecting the general interest of education shall be made by the Board without the concurrence of a majority of its members. The style of all acts of the Board shall be, " Be it enacted by the Board of Education of the State of Alabama." Sec. 8. The Board of Education shall be a body politic and corporate, by the name and style of the Board of Education of the State of Alabama. Said Board shall also be a Board of Regents of the State University, and when sitting as a Board of Regents of the University, shall have power to appoint the President and the Faculties thereof The President of the University shall be ex officio a member of the Board of Re- gents, but shall have no vote in its proceedings. Sec. 9. The Board of Education shall meet annually at the seat of government at the same time as the General Assembly, but no session shall continue longer than twenty days, nor shall more than one session be held in the same year, unless au- thorized by the Governor. The members shall receive the same mileage and daily pay as the members of the General Assembly. Sec 10. The proceeds of all lands that have been or may be granted by the United States to the State for educational i)urposes; of the swamp lands; and of all lands or other property given by individuals or appropriated by the State for like purposes' and of all estates of deceased persons who have died without leaving a will or heir and all moneys which may be paid as an equivalent for exemption from military duty, shall be and remain a perpetual fund, which may be increased but not dimin- ishe:!, and the interest and income of which, together with tlie rents of all such lands as may remain unsold, and such other means, as the (Jeneral Assembly may provide, shall be inviolably appropriated to educational purposes, and to no other purpose whatever. Sec 11. In addition to the amount accruing from the above sources, one-fifth of the aggregate annual revenue of the State shall be devoted exclusively to the main- tenance of public schools. Sec 12. The General Assembly may give power to the authorities of the school districts to K'vy a poll-tax on the inhabitants of the district in aid of the general school fund, and for no other purpose. Sec 13. The General Assembly shall levy a specific annual tax upon all Rail- road, Navigation, Banking, and Insurance corporations, and upon all Insurance and Foreign Bank and Exchange Agencies, and upon the profits of foreign bank bills issued in this State by any corporation, partnership or persons, which shall be ex- clueively devoted to the maintenance of public schools. Sec. 14. The General Assembly shall, ae soon as practicable, provide for the es- [XVII] tablishment of an Agricultural College, and shall appropriate the two hundred and forty thousand acres of land donated to this State for the support of such a college, by the act of Congress, passed July 2, 1862, or the money or scrip, as the case may be, arising from the sale of said land or any lands which may hereafter be granted or appropriated for such purpose, for the support and maintenance of such college or schools, and may make the same a branch of the University of Alabama for in- struction in agriculture, in the mechanic arts, and the natural sciences connected therewith, and place the same under the supervision oi the Regents of the Uni- versity. ^ ARTICLE XII. INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES. Sec. 1. A Bureau of Industrial Resources shall be established, to be under the management of a Commissioner, who shall be elected at the first general election, and shall hold his office for the term of four years. Sec. 2. The Commissioner of Industrial Resources shall collect and condense statistical information concerning the productive industries of the State; and shall make, or cause to be made, a careful, accurate and thorough report upon the agri- culture and geology of the State, and annually report such additions as the progress of scientific development and extended explorations may require. He shall, from time to time, disseminate among the people of the State such knowledge as he may deem important, concerning improved machinery and production, and for the pro- motion of their agricultural, manufacturing and mining interests ; and shall send out to the people of the United States and foreign countries, such reports concerning the industrial resources of Alabama, as may best make known the advantages offered by the State to emigrants; and shall perform such other duties as the General As- sembly may require. Seo. 3. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly, at the first session after the adoption of this Constitution, to pass such laws and regulations as may be necessary for the government and protection of this bureau, and also to fix and provide for the compensation of the commissioner. Sec 4. This bureau shall be located, and the commissioner shall reside at the cap- ital of the State, and he shall annually iua,k.e a written or printed report to the Gov- ernor of the State, to be laid before the General Assembly at each session. Sec. 5. In case of the death, removal, or resignation of the commissioner, the Gov- ernor, with the approval of the Senate, shall have power to appoint a commissioner for the unexpired term. ARTICLE XIIL C0UP0RATI0N8. Seo. 1. Corporations may be formed under general laws, but shall not be created by special act, except for municipal purposes. All general laws and special acts passed pursuant to this section, may be altered, amended, or repealed. Sec. 2. Dues from corporations shall be secured by such individual liabilities of the corporators or other means as may be prescribed by law. Sec. 3. Each stockholder in any corporation shall be liable to the amount of stock held or owned by him. Sec. 4. The property of corporations now existing, or hereafter created, shall for- ever be subject to taxation the same as property of individuals, except corporations lor educational and charitable purposes. I XVIII ] Sec. 5. No riglit of way shall be appropriated to the use of any corporation, unti^ full compensation therefor- be first made in money or secured by a deposit of money to the owner, irrespective of any benefit from any improvement proposed by such corporation, wliich compensation shall be ascertained by a jury of twelve men, in a court of i-ecord, as shall be prescribed by law. Seo. 6. The General Assembly shall not have power to establish or iticorporate any bank or banking company, or monied institution, for the purpose of issuing bills of credit, or bills payable to order or bearer, except under the conditions pre- scribed in this Constitution. Sec. 7. No bank shall be established, otherwise than under a general bankinglaw, as provided in the first section of this article. Sec 8. The General Assembly may enact a general banking law, which law shall provide for the registry and countersigning by the Governor of the State, of all pa- per credit designed to be created as money ; and ample collateral security, converti- ble into specie, or the redemption of the same in gold or silver, shall be required, and such collateral security shall be under the control of such ofBcer or officers as may be prescribed by law. Seo. 9. All bills or notes issued as money, shall be, at all times, redeemable in gold or silver, and no law shall be passed sanctioning, directly or indirectly, the suspen- sion, by any bank or banking company, of specie payment. Seo. 10. Holders of bank notes shall be entitled, in case of insolvency, to prefer- ence of payment over all other creditors. Sec. 11. Every bank or banking company shall be required to cease all banking operations within twenty years from the time of its organization, and promptly there- after close its business. Sec 12. No bank shall receive, directly or indirectly, a greater rate of interest than shall be allowed by law to individuals for lending money. Sec 13. The State shall not be a stockholder in any bank, nor shall the credit of the State ever be given or lent to any banking company, association or corporation, except for the purpose of expediting the construction of railroads, or works of in- ternal improvement, within this State, and the credit of the State shall, in no case, Oe given or lent without the approval of two-thirds of both houses of the General Assembly. Sec. 15. All corporations shall have the right to sue and shall be subject to be euetl, in all courts, in like cases as natural persons. Seo. 16. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to provide for the organiza- tion of cities, and incorporated towns, and to restrict their power of taxation, assess- ment and contracting of debt. ARTICLE XIV. exempted property. Sec 1. The personal property of any resident of this State to the value of one thousand dollars, to be selected by such resident, shall be exempted from sale on ex- ecution, or other final process of any court, issued for the collection of any debt con-- tracted after the adoption of this Constitution. Sec. 2. Every homestead, not exceeding eigiity acres of land, and the dwelling and appurtenances thereon, to be selected by the owner thereof, and not in any town, city or village, or in lieu thereof, at the option of the owner, any lot in the city, town or village, with the dwelling and appurtenances thereon, owned and occupied by any [xix] resident of this State, and not exceeding the value of two thousand dolLars, shall be exempted from sale, on execution, or any other final process from a court, from any debt contracted after the adoption of this Constitution. Such exemption, however, shall not extend to any mortgage lawfully obtained, but such mortgage or other alienation of such homestead, by the owner thereof, if a married man, shall not be valid without the voluntary signature and assent of the wife of the same. Seo. 3. The homestead of a family, after the death of the owner thereof, shall be exempt from the payment of any debts contracted after the adoption of this Consti- tution, in all cases, during the minority of the children. Sec. 4. The provisions of sections one and two of this article shall not be so con- strued as to prevent a laborer's lien for work done and performed for the person claim- ing such exemption, or a mechanic's lien for work done on the premises. Sec. 5. If the owner of a homestead die, leaving a widow, but no children, the same shall be exempt, and the rents and profits thereof shall inure to her benefit. Sec. 6. The real and personal property of any female in this State, acquired before marriage, and all property, real and personal, to which she may afterward be en- titled by gift, grant, inheritance, or devise, shall be and remain the separate estate and property of such female, and shall not be liable for any debts, obligations, and engagments of her husband, and may be devised or bequeathed by her, the same as if she were Sifemme sole. AETICLE XV. OATH OP OFFICE. Sec. 1. All civil officers of this State, legislative, executive and judicial, before they enter upon the execution of the duties of their respective offices, shall take the following oath : "I, , do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I am not disfranchised by the Con- stitution of Alabama, or by the Constitution or laws of the United States ; that I will honestly and faithfully support and defend the Constitution and laws of the United States, the union of the States, and the Constitution and laws of the State of Ala- bama, so long as I remain a citizen thereof; and that I will honestly and faithfully discharge the duties of the office upon which I am about to enter to the best of my ability. So help me God." ARTICLE XVI. AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. Sec. 1. The General Assembly, whenever two-thirds of each house shall deem it necessary, may propose amendments to this Constitution, which proposed amend- ments shall be duly published in print at least three months before the next general election of representatives, for the consideration of the people; and it shall be the duty of the several returning officers at the next general election which shall be held for representatives, to open a poll for, and make a return to the Secretary of State for the time being, of the names of all those voting for representatives who have voted on such proposed amendments, and if thereupon it shall appear that a major- ity of all the citizens of the State voting for representatives have voted in favor of such proposed amendments, and two-thirds of each house of the next General As- sembly shall, after such an election, and before another, ratify the same amendments, by yeas and nays, they shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Con- stitution : Provided, That the said proposed amendments shall, at each of the said tesrtions, have been read three times on three several days in each house. [XX] After the expiration of twelve months from the adoption of this Constitution, no Convention shall be held for the purpose of altering or amending the Constitution ot this State, unless the question of Convention or no Convention shall be first sub- mitted to a vote of all the electors, twenty-one years of age and upward, and ap- proved by a majority of the electors voting at said election. ALABAMA STATE GOVERNMENT. E. B. Lindsay Governor, E. H. Moren Lieutenant Governor. J. J. Parker Secretary of State. R. M. Reynolds Auditor. J. F. Grant Treasurer. Joseph Hodgson Superintendent of Education. J. L. Tait Commissioner of Industrial Resources. J. W. A. Sanford Attorney General. SUPREME COURT JUDGES. E. W. Peck. Chief Justice. Thomas M. Peters Associate Justice. Benjamin F. Saffold " " CHANCELLORS. William Skinner Northern Division. William B. Woods Middle " Adam C. Felder Southern " Anthony W. Dillard Western " B. B. McCraw Eastern " CIRCUIT JUDGES. Milton J. SafTold First Judicial Circuit. James Q. Smith Second " " Williams. Mudd Third " " JameS'S. Clark Fourth " " William J. Haralson Fifth " " John Elliott Sixth " " Luther R.Smith Seventh " " J. McCaleb Wiley Eighth " " Littleberry Strange Ninth " " Charles Pelham Tenth " " William L. Whittock Twelfth " « Philemon O. Harper Eleventh " ** JUDGES OF CITY COURTS. C. F. Moulton Mobile, J. D. Cunningham Montgomery. Huntsville. [xxi] BOARD OP EDUCATION. First District, Rev. William P. Miller, Sparta, Conecuh county; Joseph H. Sears, Selma, Dallas county. Second District, J. R. Ard, Ozark, Dale county ; Peyton Finley, Montgomery, Montgomery county. Third District, Eev. Thomas A. Cook, Talladega, Talladega county ; O. D. Smith, Opelika, Lee county. Fourth District, Jesse H. Booth, Prattville, Autauga county ; Joseph H. Speed, Marion, Perry county. Fifth District, W. H. Clayton, Lebanon, De Kalb county; B. L Harrison, Jacksonville, Calhoun county. Sixth District, E. F. Comegys, Court- land, Lawrence county; F. V. Henderson, Russellville, Franklin county. LEGISLATURE. The following are the members of both Houses of the Alabama Legislature : SENATE. NAME. POST OFFICE. COUNTY. Moren, E. H., Lieut. Gov., Pres't Senate.. Centreville Bibb. Blue, M. P., Secretary Montgomery Montgomery. "Whiting, D. C, Assistant Secretary. Decatur Morgan. Dereen, J. W., Engrossing Clerk Demopolis Marengo. Dupree, Mrs. L. L., Ass't Engros'g Clerk.. .Montgomery Montgomery. Danner, J. L. C, Enrolling Clerk ," " Farden, J. E., Assistant Enrolling Clerk... " " Yarrington, G. E., Sergeant-at-Arms Mobile JMobile. Carter, W. D., Door-keeper Montgomery Montgomery. , Page, T. , Door-keeper of Gallery " " Blue, Neil W., Page " " Carter, Eugene, Page " '* Wilcox, J. C, Messenger " " Allen, Elias, Hall Attendant " " Peace, Moses, " " " " Barr, R. N Claiborne Monroe. Bromberg, F. G Mobile Mobile. Buckley, W. M Hayneville Lowndes. Coon, D. E Selma Dallas. Farden, J. A Montgomery Montgomery. Foster, J. T .....Butler Choctaw. Gla^^s, W. W Society Hill Macon. Hinds, J. J Decatur Morgan Johnston, B Greensboro Hale. Jones, W. B Demopolis Marengo. King, Philip Haw Ridge Dale. Lambert, Thomas Mount Olive Coosa. Lentz, Benjamin Lentzville Limestone. McAfee, G. T Talladega Talladega. Mcintosh, A. M Eutaw Greene. Mabrv, J. W Clayton Barbour. Mahan, J. W Brierfield Bibb. Martin, W. B Girard Russell. Miller, William, jr Greenville Butler. Oliver, John Round Pond Jefferson. Pennington, J. L Opelika Lee. Richards, J. DeF Tuskaloosa Tuskaloosa. Royal, B. F Union Springs Bullock. Sanford, H. C Spring Garden Cherokee. Sevier, D. V Frankfort Franklin. [xxii] NAME. POST OFFICE. COUNTY. Siblev, Isaac D Huntsville Madison. Steward, T. C Marion Perry. Stow, J. B Montgomery Montgomery. Wise, H. H Arbacoochee Cleburne. Whitney, C. O Chattanooga, Te... Jackson. Worthy, A. N Troy Pike. Yordy, J. A Mobile Mobile. HOUSE. NAME. POST OFFICE. COUNTY. Hubbard, J. P., Speaker Troy Pike. Phelan, Ellis, Clerk of House Elyton Jefferson. Ashurst, Chas. F., Assistant Clerk Tallassee Tallapoosa. Taylor, Thomas, Engrossing Clerk Yongesboro Lee. Brewer, S. B., Journal Clerk Montgomery IMontgomery. Clark, Eobert C, Door-keeper Wetumpka Elmore. Alley, Wm Tuskegee Macon. Appieton, J. B Collinsville DcKalb. Ashurst, J. F Tallassee Tallapoosa. Bassett, W. W 8t. Stephens Washington. Benson, B. F Wetumpka Elmore. Black, Jacob Eufaula Barbour. Box, L. F Ashville St. Clair. Boyd, R. K Guntersville Marshall. Bradford, Taul Talladega Talladega. Bulger, W. D Dadeville Tallapoosa. Bullock, J. M Eutaw Greene. Callaway, M. P Rutledge Crenshaw. Carlin, L. C Demopolis Marengo. Carmichael, J. M Ozark Dale. Clark, T.J Clayton Barbour. Clements, N. N Tuscaloosa Tuskaloosa. Cochran, H Selma Dallas. Cowan, H Princeton Jackson. Craig, H. H Montgomery Montgomery. Crook, James Jacksonville Calhoun. Curtis, A. H Marion Perry. Davis, J. H Roanoke Randolph. Diggs, T. H Eutaula Barbour. Doster, C. S. G Prattsville Autauga. Dozier, John Uniontown Perry. Drake, George M Union Springs Bullock. Duskin, George Greensboro Hale. Dustan, C. W..: Demopolis Marengo. Ellison, J. H Mobile Mobile. Etheridge, J. M Belleville Conecuh. Gaskin, W. G Manack Lowndes. Gee, Ned Orrville Dallas. Gilchrist, R. P Courtland Lawrence. Graham, J. H Marion Perry. Grayson, H. C Grove Hill Clark. Grayson, J. W Huntsville Madison. Green, J. K (Jrecnsboro Hale. Gunn, J Trinity Morgan. Hamilton, A. J Pikeville Marion. Haralson, Jerry Selma Dallas. Harmount, G. A Montgomery Montgomery. Henderson, W Prairie Bluft'. Wilcox. [xxiii] NAME. POST OFFICE. COUNTY. Henry, B. M Villula Eussell. Hewitt, G. W Elyton Jefferson. Hitchcock, A. H Fayetteville Talladega. Hodo, D. C CarroUton Pickens. Holmes, O. S Montgomery HilL.Baldwin. Holmes, J. H '. Gaston Sumter. Howell, W. P Oak Level Cleburne. Hurt, W. F Bellefont Jackson. Johnson, W. L Nixburg Coosa. Johnson, E. L Selma Dallas. Kennedy, W. H Millport Sanford. King, H Columbus, Ga Russell. Leath, J. H Center Cherokee. Lewis, B.B Montevallo Shelby. Lindsay, J. M Monroeville Monroe. Lowe, W. M Huntsville Madison. Lumpkin, R. B LaFayette Chambers. McCall, I). A Union Springs Bullock. McCaskey, T. G Prairie Bluff. Wilcox. iMcDermott, James Mobile Mobile. Mancill, E. J Andalusia Covington. JLarlowe, G. W Selma Dallas. Miller, L. C Holly Grove Walker. Moore, J. G Elba Coffee. M(X)ring, A. J Gainesville Sumter. Murrah^ William Columbus Mississippi. Nininger, John Hayneville Lowndes. Gates, W, C Abbeville Henry. Payne, A. P Summit Blount. Perrin, J. S Camden Wilcox. Powell, J. L Greenville Butler. Raisler, C. W Athens Limestone. Rice, F Flint Factory Madison. Semmes, O. J Mobile Mobile. Simms, J. M Salem Lee. Smith, G. F Butler Choctaw. Smith, J. G Eutaw Greene. Smith, E. W Livingston Sumter. Smitherinan, T. J Centerville Bibb. Speake, J. B Danville Lawrence. Speed, L. S Union Springs Bullock. St. Clair, Henry Tuskegee Macon. Steele, John A Tuscumbia Colbert. Strauss, Nat Mobile Mobile. Strobach, Paul Montgomery Montgomery. Taylor, B. F Centre Station Lauderdale. Taylor, John Littlesville Winston. Thompson, Holland Montgomery Montgomery. Toomer, Sheldon Opelika Russell- Toulmin, H. T Mobile Mobile. Ware, J Chambers court house. Weatherford, W. W Frankfort Franklin. Wells Dayton Marengo. White Ashland. Clay. Williams Montgomery Montgomery. Wyman Tuskaloosa Tuskaloosa. [xxiv] <^ . — i ^^ o t~ ot 1 o o •« t^ 1 CC o M lo 1 00 "^ ■o_ >- 1 ^ o 50" CT 5C t~ t~ o o e^ t^ CO rt >o M x. m- Vt «» ^) o c TT o o — o = CO 00 00 U^ O I- (M X CO Coupons due e^ M (M o t^ — «c t- June, 1870 •^ n 5 O C> Tj< 3i CO ^ ro <» ^ 1 «> eo O ~ fS S c o o c «■< o •^ 1 "^ CO t^ c u^ urs o o e^ -1< t^ ■^ Coupons due M ■«^ao .r- Nov. and May.... ^ i «©■ _«• 1 «> 1-t l-H 1-^ <- >-• '-' -1 -^ -1 -1 -1 '2'2'S >>>>>»>^>» Coupons, When due c rH*-* — '-'^t-t-Ut.i rtricirtcscscid ^ c -^ ; ^ 3,rt^t^rtcScS«c3 -"c o "t^ CO '• a : c .S CO ■ fi J J J ^ J^ c c s 2; Q « Rate of interest.. acccscccc c c 3 ooooouooo 1= n r t^^^Uifr^U^fr^t^ V < E)3 a V oo*>ooooov e p.;a.&A;a.£L,^a.;:L, Si; 0. to»o.o«o>o?o^oxx n H : u • o : o. : ooooooooo ; o ooooo==oo o — - =^ =_ « » ' "V = ^. = -r >J C Amount CC 'Tj — " ^f -r <:•> x" «^ c-f ccco-rt^tocOfi^rc o~ < c c ;o r-. C5 -^( «c t^ -Ti e «> '"' < C it>i>H a a a><>H : v : * : -B • a 4> « _rt . . . _rt rt _g . . c 5 a Mlzi^^lzj'tbicM^;;?; : " ■J^ « •3 a a a a . ® o a O o ja g : a" : CO Where payable... on, E York, York, York, on, E on, E on, E York, Y'ork, : > • o : es 1 1— I "^ ^ r^ t- "^ "^ "^ ,^ ^ s s B o ooooooo»«' ^5 o :2 : cd "S J5?;>^>5JJJ^!z; ■B 2 4) 3 ba o bo 5a a oe««QO ^•s 3 !-i C> ^ M to < When duo 1 3^ ^ 3 _ -< ooooooooooooooooco ° O a a g .- tt, en OJ <— olM S-ii = a 3 "S ? g § e o o c ■§ "^ -5 3 oe^cotoco«ot~ « o Date of issue iomtot05D««e«oeo COOOXODCJOOOOOOOOO •t 3 i a [xxv] CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION OF 1869. Q COUNTIES. FIRST DISTRICT. cc w M 3 o c ^ ^ ^ Baldwin 558 673 lU td 393 321 W ^ 72 to 2 S3 244 Clark 562 1J55 593 659 903 ... Conecuh 843 896 53 620 596 24 Covington 534 534 50 335 285 Dallas 7137 1779 5358 5770 1316 4454 Escambia 115 386 271 Mobile 5200 6658 1458 3760 5164 1404 Monroe 58 1196 1138 166 1209 1043 Wilcox 3396 1484 1912 2645 1470 1175 Washington 104 17 87 13 380 367 Total 17858 14392 3466 Buck (Rep.) 14191. Mann (Dem.) 12080. Buck's majority, 2111. 10 14191 12080 2111 14 SECOND DISTRICT. O w w w Barbour 3168 2210 958 Bullock 2103 1634 469 Butler 724 1823 2S85 1368 1517 2005 820 1185 1099 514 1282 Coffee 75 843 768 80 465 Crenshaw 90 1214 1124 121 905 Dale 346 1205 859 349 770 Geneva 59 112 .. 895 460 833 Pike 256 1813 1557 323 1685 Henry 410 1305 Lowndes 3339 1171 2168 2830 816 2014 Montgomery 6770 2319 4451 5307 1729 3578 Total Buckley (Rep.) 14933. Worthy (Dem.) 10786. Buckley's majority, 4147. 10 17281 15537 1744 14933 10786 4147 76S 3S.i 7S4 421 53 373 1362 [xxvi] THIRD DISTRICT. o C0XTNTIE3, Chambers 1105 1443 Clay 256 619 Toosa 635 957 Elmore 1262 1197 Lee 1650 1727 Macon 2327 1075 Randolph 678 625 Russell 1745 1230 Talladega 1771 2212 Tallapoosa 340 2083 Total 11769 12168 Heflin (Rep.) 9895, Parkinson (Dem.) 9652. Heflin' 8 majority, 243. 65 1252 53 515 559 ^ 338 363 322 1743 w 312 n- £-» 1 Irack, Milea. Kolling Stock. Russell 34 $306,000 00 $ 55,085 48 Bullock 27J 245,250 00 44,149 39 Macon f 6,750 00 1,215 13 Total 62 $558,000 00 $100,450 00 MONTGOMERY AND WEST POINT RAILROAD. Maiu & Side ^^ i Value of COUNTIES. n-' i TiTi Value. r> n- cu i Irack, Miles. Kolling Stock. Montgomery 22 $212,667 00 $59,')03 74 Macon 28 270,667 00 79,774 26 Lee 56 541,333 00 158,370 63 Chambers 14 135,333 00 70,442 37 Total 120 $1,160,000 00 $338,500 00 MONTGOMERY AND EUFAULA RAILROAD. COUNTIES. Track, Miles. ^*'"^- Rolling Stock. Montgomery 21 1825-5280 $213,456 44 $47,925 11 Bullock 4 895-5280 49,195 07 9,324 89 Total 25 2720-5280 .$262,651 51 $57,250 00 Total Value. $ 224,212 53 79,549 47 271,534 75 375,719 59 452,318 63 381,695 83 127,748 06 $1,915,778 80 Total Value. $11,00 00 Total Value. $106,953 10 Total Value. $361,085 48 289,399 39 7,965 13 $658,450 00 Total Value. $ 272,570 74 35U,441 2r> 699,712 f)3 175,775 37 $1,498,500 OU Total Valuo $261,381 55 58,519 56 $319,901 51 [xxxni] NASHVILLE AND DECATUR RAILROAD. „^„„„,^- Main & Side ,7- , Value of m . ^ ^t ^ COUNTIES. Track, Miles. ^^^^^- Eolling Stock. Total Value. Limestone 29 $290,000 00 $66,435 00 $359,435 00 MOBILE AND MONTGOMERY RAILROAD. -™«- tS^mS ^^>-. BoH?^rstock. Tola, Va,„e. Montgomery 14.90 $144,000 00 $ 27,724 08 $ 171,724 08 Lowndes 21.92 201,800 00 45,318 19 247,118 19 Butler 35 338,600 00 72,509 14 411,109 14 Conecuh 25.22 243,600 00 52,249 23 295,849 23 Escambia 42.57 412,000 00 87,437 56 499,437 56 Baldwin 31.06 300,000 00 64,511 80 364,511 80 Total 107.67 $1,640,000 00 $349,750 00 $1,989,750 00 MOBILE AND OHIO RAILROAD. „„_,„^^„ Main Track, -rj , Value of m . 1 -rr 1 COUNTIES. j^jj^^ Value. Rolling Stock, ^otal Value. Mobile 38 34-100 $575,100 00 $115,786 00 $ 757,446 00 Washington 22 32-100 334,800 00 67,406 00 407,486 00 Total 60 66-100 $909,900 00 $183,192 00 $1,164,932 00 RECAPITULATION. «.x,T>«.T^o Main Track, -r^-^. Value of m ^ 1 tt 1 RAILROADS. j^jj^^ Value. Rolling Stock. ^^^^^^ ^^^"^• Memphis & Ch a' n 155 3-10 $1,252,100 00 $252 250 00 $1,892,250 00 Selma& Meridian 81 729,000 00 170,150 00 921,990 86 Selma, R & D 1714047-5280 1,717,664 00 167,566 00 1,915,778 86 S. W. R. E. of Georgia f 10,000 00 1,000 00 11,000 00 Mobile & Ohio 60 66-100 909,900 00 183,192 00 1,164,932 00 S. Mar'n & Memphis.. 26 234,000 00 22,850 00 256,850 00 Miss., Gainsville & T.. 14 98,000 00 8,953 10 106,953 10 Mobile & Girard 62 558,000 00 100,450 00 638,450 00 Montg'y & W. P 120 1,160,000 00 338,500 00 1,498,500 00 Montg'y & Eufaula 25 2720-5280 262,615 51 57,250 00 319,90151 Nashville & Decatur.. 29 290,000 00 69,435 00 359,435 00 Mobile &Montgom'y.. 170 67-100 1,640,000 00 349,750 00 1,989,750 00 Aggregate 916 20678 52800* $9,162,215 51 $1,721,346 10 $11,095,791 33 [xxxiv] STATE EXPENDITUKES AND RECEIPTS FROM OCT. 1866 TO OCT. 1869. Balance in Treasury October 1, 1866, as shown by Re- port of 1866 $ 31,950 55 Uncurrent bank bills, etc 1,651 84 Receipts for fiscal year ending Sept. 30, 1867 937,007 47 <' " " " 1868 1,577,144 08 " " " " 1869 1,306,311 38 $3,854,065 32 Disbursements for fiscal year ending Sept. 30, 1867 $ 820,033 94 " " " " 1868 1,461,429 34 " " " " 1869 1,412,857 81 $3,694,321 09 Balance in Treasury Sept. 30, 1869 159,744 23 FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING SEPT. 30, 1867. $3,854,065 32 Balance in Treasury Sept. 30, 1866 $ 31,950 55 Received from D. B. Graham, former Treasurer 1,651 84 Receipts to Sept. 30, 1867 937,007 47 Disbursements of fiscal year, 1867 $ 820,033 94 Balance in Treasury Sept 30, 1867 150,575 92 $ 970,609 86 $ 970,609 86 FOR THE FISCAL TEAR ENDING SEPT. 30, 1868. Balance in Treasury Sept. 30, 1867 $ 148,924 08 Received from former Treasurer, L. P. Saxon, in bank bills and specie 1,651 84 Total receipts to Sept. 30, 1868 1,577,144 48 $1,727,720 00 Disbursements of fiscal year, 1868 $1,461,429 34 Balance in Treasury Sept. 30, 1868 266,290 66 $1,727,720 00 FOR THE FISCAL TEAR ENDING SEPT. 30, 1869. Balance in Treasury Sept. 30, 1868— State Certificates $ 263,741 66 Uncurrent bank bills '. 1,635 00 Specie Certificates of Northern! Bank of Alabama — payment refused 35 00 Gold and silver 879 00 $ 266,290 66 Total receipts for year ending Sept. 30, 1869 1,306,311 38 $ 1,572,602 04 [xxxv] Pisbursements for 1869 '. 1,412,857 81 Balance in Treasury Sept. 30, 1869 — Uncurrent bank bills 1,845 00 Northern Bank of Alabama specie certificate 35 00 Gold and silver 879 00 State certificates 21,500 00 United States currency 135,485 23 $159,744 23 PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM OF ALABAMA. > The fund appropriated annually, by constitutional provision, for the support of public schools in Alabama, is composed of: 1. The proceeds of all lands granted by the United States, for school purposes. This fund now amounts to $3,051,746.92, bearing interest at 8 per cent. — $244,129. 2. Special appropriations by the state or individuals. 3. Escheated estates. 4. Money paid for exemption from military duties. 5. An annual appropriation of one-fifth of the revenue. 6. A poll tax of one dollar and fifty cents. The amount certified by the Auditor as due this Department the first day of October, 1870, is as follows: Ten months' interest on $1,729,032 74, sixteenth section fund $115,268 85 Ten months' interest on $97,091 21, valueless sixteenth section fund 6,472 75 Ten months' interest on $669,086 80, surplus revenue fund 44,605 78 One-fifth annual aggregate revenue 232,462 25 Poll tax 82,579 66 From section 957, Kevised Code 100,000 00 By comparison of the Constitutional provisions, the enactments of the Legislature. and the amount of appropriations in behalf of the public school system of Alabama, with those of any other State of the Union, it will be found that she stands among the first in quality and extent of provision for educating the people. REVENUE LAW OF ALABAMA The Revenue Law, enacted by the Legislature of 1868, exempts from taxation : 1. All property belonging to the United States. 2. All property belonging to the State, or any county, city or town. 3. All bonds of the United States, and the State. 4. All public school houses and ten acres of ground. 5. All houses for public worship, their books, furniture and ten acres of ground. 6. All the property of literary, scientific and benevolent institutions, actually in proper use. 7. Cemeteries and places of burial. 8. The libraries and books of ministers of the gospel, and colporteurs. 9. To every head of a family, $500 worth of personal property. [xxxvij 10. All insane and blind persons, and their property, to the value of one thousand dollars. 1 1. All disabled persons, whose taxable property does not exceed five hundred dol- lars, from any poll-tax. 12. All family portraits. 13. All the wearing apparel of the family, not exceeding one hundred dollars in value, to each member. 14. All shares of the capital stock of any company or corporation. THE KIND.J_ C^ i-T 1 0000 ocTt-TcT ^ CP -^ ?? ^ -M C5 =S cot^ >» «3 i2 >i o>so coo M tti - b c ^ ^^ T) l^ x X - 1^ — o-r 'Nr-^-t C^ c EH 1 o'^'i S ~' -5 r? ^' '^ i^ 05 = «« rtfx ^ w §^ "^ 1 • - ■ ■ m c^ 2 1 b oi» 10 T •^ > S C^itT^GO 10 1— 1 M 1 R ^ «3 S a3 r-i 1-5 •Q V H % H pq g-; -J t-S^ 5 2 2 '3 P ? 3 0) m R 1 Q W 2S .^ >. _ij &i h^ I Tl ^ Q t J-l '!3 >-i ^. ►^ s <5 n c c pi a- 5- K ^ -u m 5 " s < 3 < -« r- ::3 E • • ?t H ^ -^ Ox5SSS25S 1 • rl •« — — = 5r Y^ '^^= '- =5, X ^ :/ 01 ^ lyf :r} — re -T r r -Z n' 1 -T c> H I. V UJ ^ -y; ;:: -r t-. » X -t"M CO X ^ «! W 1 »- IS r^ ~^ -^ <£>(X) rp al C *^ 2; Li ^ 5 ^ •^ is (a 0) ^ pq ^^ f5 ^^ mQ ci 1 w IS = - be 2 • S ■^ j: ' " "S " " &- £"5 3 "tl « « < 1 be c ~^ "rt Si « O'NMcocooocoa) t^h-COCOCOGOCCOOCO HH r*^ — ' ooaoGOccMoooooooo ^ c ^ r^ ''J 5^ jj OCJCOOVCOt-COQO f5c«;>c»o « 3 i-:ireoc3«ooo?o 4S ao SCaJOJOOGOCOIIOCOQO ci -0 Q"^ [lvii] RECEIPTS INTO THE TREASURY DURING THE FISCAL YEAR 1870. Counties. Autauga. Baker Baldwin. Barbour.. Bibb Blount Bullock.... Butler Calhoun ... Chambers.. Cherokee .. Choctaw... Clarke Clay Cleburne .. Coffee Conecuh.,. Coosa Covington , Crenshaw., Dale Dallas DeKalb Elmore Escambia Etowah Fayette Franklin Geneva Greene Hale Henry Jackson Jefferson Lauderdale .. Lawrence Lee Limestone .... Lowndes Macon .. Madison Marengo Marion Marshall Monroe Montgomery. Mobile Morgan Perry Pickens Pike Randolph Russell Sanford St. Clair Sumter Shelby Talladega Tallapoosa .... Tuscaloosa .... Walker Washington .. Wilcox Winston Tax on Li- cense. Total.. 12 $ 895 84 682 74 264 59 5,060 01 604 78 605 82 1,874 89 2,421 76 2,083 84 State Taxes 583 76 550 00 .'204 99 412 06 614 13 1,027 94 1,232 18 281 26 1,247 51 1,224 20 7,364 11 895 43 2,035 13 824 16 1,169 68 4.38 21 1,830 38 140 00 3.078 36 2.559 57 1,229 62 1.918 40 1,034 17 2,047 30 2,407 09 1,081 22 1,607 18 1,396 50 2,562 08 7,507 13 2,899 99 188 99 809 18 1,120 46 18,013 25 4,699 16 1,552 60 4,064 20 1,660 00 1,237 20 794 17 2,263 20 436 46 864 58 3,989 .34 1,678 70 1.991 00 1.257 71 1,898 66 387 46 80 00 3,132 57 296 22 $ 14,379 90 3,722 37 9,441 35 35,319 25 4,767 32 6,418 83 27,198 48 13,140 10 16,446 63 13,225 36 10,810 40 8,874 50 9,538 20 4,100 00 3,095 00 3,159 88 8,013 00 6,000 00 1,779 12 6,937 12 7,509 69 66,648 94 5,725 00 12,645 5,615 62 6,649 13 6,128 60 17,500 00 1,618 48 24,911 15 35,781 19 8,733 00 13,635 00 8,191 00 19,671 10 17,295 00 19,440 17 21,429 63 34,440 94 17,577 07 54,605 89 20,651 07 2,785 00 1,360 00 10,095 88 91,331 25 165,013 77 11,403 50 33,639 10 9,450 00 9,840 00 6,560 00 18,345 03 5,200 00 5,537 97 24,276 30 11,112 87 24,245 00 15,376 04 19,194 64 4,700 00 2,98] 60 25,978 63 1,149 43 Total Am't. $ 15,275 74 4,406 II 9.705 94 40,379 26 5,372 10 7,024 65 29,073 37 16,661 86 18,530 47 13,225 35 11,404 15 8,874 50 10,088 20 4,304 99 3,507 06 3,774 01 9,040 94 7,232 18 2,060 37 8,184 65 8,733 79 74,013 05 6,620 43 14,680 20 6,439 78 7,808 71 6,f. '6 81 19,330 38 1,668 48 27.989 50 38,340 76 9,962 62 15,563 40 9.225 17 21.718 40 19.702 09 20.621 39 23,036 81 35,836 44 20,129 15 62,013 02 23,551 06 2,973 90 2,169 18 11,216 34 109,444 3(1 169.612 93 12,966 00 37.703 30 10,950 00 11,077 20 7,344 17 20,608 23 5,635 46 6,402 55 28,265 64 12.791 57 26,236 00 16,633 75 21,093 20 5,087 46 3,061 60 29,111 20 1,445 65 $120,100 82!.$1,122,785 45[$1,242,886 27 [lviii] principal a?id Annual I?}. feres ' of the Sixteenth Section Fund {Con- gressional Sc//ool Fund), 30th September, /869, and atnount re- ceived during ^scal year /S70. COUNTIES. PRINCIPAL. INTEREST. $27,725 30 $2,218 02 Baker 14 1 31 12 4 35 15 31 30 16 20 20 8 6 3 12 9 2 9 4 110 8 26 1 13 7 15 1 59 38 13 42 16 20 55 49 54 54 28 102 58 2 9 25 78 31 76 50 9 4 49 12 6 110 20 17 41 8 54 18 240 82 903 60 903 60 860 53 905 41 053 39 575 48 234 18 545 85 119 20 266 49 521 16 197 62 077 79 185 63 046 11 842 40 077 84 010 95 116 38 973 19 531 07 542 10 690 SO 202 21 913 08 163 53 174 98 990 66 654 62 059 95 254 52 452 69 172 97 360 25 934 54 074 81 735 72 224 19 556 77 676 91 840 66 432 24 436 61 381 29 952 05 883 30 019 26 267 98 157 34 334 00 168 18 555 34 275 09 687 96 393 80 650 89 214 54 309 32 046 16 443 44 685 04 1,139 26 152 29 2,505 22 Bibb 1,029 58 Blount 392 42 Bullock 2,804 27 Butler 1,566 03 2,498 74 2,443 67 1,289 53 Choctaw Clarke 1,621 32 1,641 68 655 81 Cleburne 486 22 254 85 Conecuh 963 37 787 39 166 23 Dale 720 88 329 32 8,877 86 DeKalb 682 48 2,123 37 Escambia 135 27 1,056 89 633 05 1,213 08 92 99 4,799 25 Hale '. 3,092 37 1,039 12 3,380 36 Lauderdale 1,316 21 1,613 84 4,428 82 3,994 76 4,325 98 4,378 84 2,257 92 8,204 54 4,694 14 326 28 754 58 2,034 93 6,260 50 2,556 16 6,150 65 4,001 53 741 44 332 58 3,946 71 Shelby 973 46 524 43 8,846 01 1,655 03 1,391 51 3,332 07 Walker ' 257 15 24 75 Wilcox 4,323 68 35 46 Amount received during fiscal year ending 30th Sept., 1870. 1,494 80 Total $1,729 032 74 $138,322 61 [lix] Receipts and Disbursements during Fiscal Tear 7870, From General Taxes Tax on Licenses Alabama Mutual Aid Association Southern Express Company Redemption of Lands Sale of Alabama Reports Sale of Lands in Nebraska Interest and Principal 16th Section Notes.. Rent of State Magazine Educational Fund Refunded Salaries Refunded Sale of Alabama State Stamps Insurance Companies Balance in Treasury on the 30th September, 1869, DISBURSEMENTS. Pay of Senators " Representatives " Officers and Clerks of General Assembly For Salary of Governor " Lieutenant Governor " Secretary of State " Auditor " Treasurer " Superintendent of Public Instruction " Attorney -General " Commissioner of Industrial Resources " Reporter of Supreme Court ** Clerk of SupremeCourt " Librarian and Marshal of Supreme Court.. " Secretary to Chief-Justice Supreme Court.. Salaries of Supreme Court Judges " Chancellors " Circuit Court Judges " Clerks in- Executive Department " Clerks in Auditor's Office " Clerks in Office of Secretary of State " Clerks in Treasurer's Office " Clerks in Office Supt. Public Instruction. " Clerks in Bureau of Industrial Resources " Clerks in Office of Attorney-General Salary of Clerk in Office of Clerk Supreme Court Salaries of Watchmen at the Capitol " Servant. s " Messengers " Temporary Clerks Salary of Keeper of the Capitol Stationery, Fuel, etc Contingent Expenses Special Appropriations Support of the Alabama Deaf, Dumb and Blind Inst'n Support of the Alabama Insane Hospital Support of the Freedmen's Hospital Interest on State Bonded Debt Interest on University Fund Insurance on the State House Survey of the Coosa river Pay of Committee to examine State Offices Amount carried forward 1,122,785 45 120,100 82 2,000 00 331 86 2,316 58 872 29 18,432 00 253 04 25 00 9,832 23 125 00 3,762 25 2,750 00 159,744 23 $22,004 40 68,647 00 15,519 00 3,666 67 1,250 00 2,200 00 2,200 00 2,566 67 3,300 00 2,566 65 2,291 65 1,833 29 743 00 2,000 00 330 00 11,666 66 12,991 93 36,790 30 3,626 64 1,727 00 1,675 00 1,100 00 2,997 75 916 '65 176 66 400 00 1,650 00 1,417 60 751 20 1,128 00 137 50 15,096 83 23,067 32 13,242 10 12,004 88 23,408 89 5,767 03 251,504 00 24,143 88 1,575 00 1,228 00 6'48 00 $581,959 25 $1,443,330 75 [LX] $581,959 25 70 00 625 00 2,412 70 1,123 96 3,450 00 44,048 18 57,576 80 11,679 47 333 66 5,782 15 4,176 75 2,247 83 3,329 00 2,518 40 12,058 49 629,496 62 ■ 26,856 75 Distributing Acts and Journals of 1869-70 Preservation of State Archives Overpayment of State Taies Providing Tract Books for New Counties Public Printing and Binding Feeding State Prisoners Conveying Convicts to the Penitentiary Removing State Prisoners Sheriffs' Costs in Criminal Cases Arrest of Absconding Felons Judgments against the State Board of Education Normal Classes Educational Expenses Old Warrants, paid this fiscal year Total Disbursements for the year $1,389,744 92 53,585 83 Balance in Treasury this day $1,443,330 75 [LXI.] FEDERAL CENSUS, BY COUNTIES. COUNTIES. 1870. 1860. Autauga 11623 16739 Baker 6194 Baldwin 6004 7530 Barbour 29309 30812 Bibb 7469 11894 Blount 9945 10865 Bullock 24474 Butler 14981 18122 Calhoun 13979 21539 Chambers 17562 23214 Cherokee 11132 18316 Choctaw 12676 13877 Clarke 14629 15049 Clay 956 Cleburne 8017 Coffee 6171 Colbert 12537 Conecuh 9574 Coosa 11945 Covington 4868 Crenshaw 11156 Dale 11325 12195 Dallas 40705 33625 DeKalb 7126 10705 Elmore 14477 Escambia 4041 Etowah 10109 Fayette 7166 12850 Franklin 8006 18627 Greene 18309 30859 Hale 21792 Henry 14191 14918 9623 11311 19273 6469 COUNTIES. 1870. 1860. Jackson 19410 18283 Jefferson 12345 11746 Lauderdale 15092 17420 Lawrence 16658 13975 Lee 21750 Limestone 15017 15306 Lowndes 25719 27716 Macon 17727 26802 Madison 31267 26451 Marengo 26151 31171 Marion 6059 11182 Marshall 9871 11472 Mobile 49311 41131 Monroe 14214 15667 Montgomery 43704 35904 Morgan 12187 11335 Perry 24975 27724 Pickens 17690 22316 Pike 17423 24435 Kandolph 12006 20059 Eussell 21636 26592 Shelby 12218 12618 St. Clair 9360 11113 Sumter 24110 24035 Talladega 18063 23520 Tallapoosa 16963 23S27 Tuskaloosa 23081 23200 Walker 6543 7980 Washington 3912 4669 Wilcox 28377 24618 Winston 4155 3576 [lxii] CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION, NOVEMBER, 1870. 4th Dist. 1st Dist. 2d Dist. 6th Dist. 5th Dist. 1 3d Dist. COUNTIES. ■rl 5" o m a fa . < H w ii < » Autauga 1578 907 Baker Baldwin 532 5561 Barbour 3473 2210 Bil)l) 283 969 Blount 108 672 Bullock 2912 691 1548 1828 Butler Calhoun 335 1907 Chambers 1267 1601 Cherokee 233 1455 Choctaw 1038 1078 Clarke 546 1141 Clay 173 848 Cleburne 320 520 Coflfee 216 708 Colbert Conecuh 887 1138 Coosa ■ 616 1110 Covington Crenshaw 130 466 1173 1171 Dale . Dallas 7372 2095 DeKalb 541 698 Elmore 1333 1383 Escambia Etowah Fayette 289 969 Franklin 444 1512 1790 1825 Geneva Hale 3199 1195 Henry 374 1629 Jackson 452 1637 Jefferson 247 473 789 1098 1014 1261 1096 1322 Limestone Lee 1687 1943 3554 1192 Macon 1701 1240 :Mailis()n 2052 2990 Marengo 32-14 1«8 Clarion 68 529 Marshall Mobile 1 4625 127 1099 1336 1951 1195 1236 2991 1447 288 644 4626 •1362 2613 1007 1357 1707 1824 66 .532 347 284 115 2939 691 331 1273 61 1039 535 173 .321 175 179 756 626 60 1125 789 2055 1625 2286 1865 620 140- 137 l;30 4.53 7373 93 1332 163 243 196 233 1790 110 3200 433 42 244 49: 788 1054 1(592 3353 1703 2056 3249 64 98 4658 579 7335 4.53 3901 230 495 642 94 596 489 1438 1767 417 764 120 3678 137 656 2179 847 644 1.546 1838 18.51 1606 975 1079 1207 8.50 525 625 1182 769 1083 58ti 1167 1163 2099 576 1381 466 781 574 3.51 1825 107 1198 1629 If 1030 1270 1098 122;: 1945 1195 12.36 2884 1448 288 644 4620 1362 2573 1007 i;i56 1628 1817 662 .5;.te 3470 276 117 2937 690 3:33 1271 66 1038 535 17;i 319 176 ir 756 622 60.5 1119 788 205;> 1609 2282 1863 1407 40 l;30 476 7371 494 1332 15 243 196 240 1790 108 3199 433 41: 236 498 787 10.52 1690 :3553 1700 2a56 3250 64 9(i 46.58 579 7315 4.5;i 390: 230 495 03 93 599 475 14:37 1744 415 76.5 123 3678 135 556 2182 847 6.55 1.5.51 18;3.5 lS-43 l(i09 1006 1078 120' 830 535 636 1183 768 105' .585 1169 1114 2099 575 1378 466 779 574 342 1825 164 1198 1626 1578 103' 1270 1099 13;32 1951 1196 12;i.5 298' 1447 288 644 462;! 1361 2.589 100' l;i)6 no: 1816 662 60 1123 78S 20.54 1622 2283 1861 600 1407 114 EDUCATION REGISTER. BOARD OF EDUCATION. PRESIDENT: Hon. Joseph Hodgson, Superintendent of Public Instruction. SECRETARY : Henry M. Bush, Montgomery, Alabama. MEMBERS: First District, Rev. William P. Miller, Sparta, Conecuh county; .Joseph H. Sears, Sel ma, Dallas county. Second District, J. R. Ard, Ozark, Dale county; Peyton Finley, Montgomery, Montgomery county. Third District, Rev. Thomas A. Cook, Talladega, Talladega county ; O. D. Smith, Opelika, Lee county. Fourth District, Jesse H. Booth, Prattville, Autauga county ; Joseph H. Speed, Marion, Perry county. Fifth District, W. H. Clayton, Lebanon, De Kalb county; B. I. Harrison, Jacksonville, Calhoun county. Si.vth District, E. F. Comegys, Court- land, Lawrence county; F. V. Henderscm, Russellville, Franklin county. FACULTY OF THE STATE UNIVERSITY. W. S. Wyman, a. M., Professor of Latin. W. J. Vaughan, a. M., Professor of Applied Mathematics. B. F. Meek, A. M., Professor of English Literature, D. 8. Peck, A. M., Professor of Pure Mathematics. Gen. Geo. P. HAUiiisoy, Prof of Military Engineering and Commandant. A. S. Gakxett, M. D., Professor of Natural History and Surgeon. Rev. Telfair Hodgson, A. M., Professor of Moral Philosophy. W. A. Parker, Ph. D., Professor of Greek. J. G. Gkiswold, Ph. D., Professor of Modern Languages. N. T. LuPTON, A. M., Professor of Chemistry. E. A. Smith, Ph. D., Professor of Geology and Minerology. COUNTY SUPERINTENDENTS OF EDUCATION AND THEIR POST-OFFICES. NAME. COV.NTY. POST-OFFICE. .T. L. Alexander Autauga Prattville, Alabama. J. L. Williams Baker Hardy P. O., " II. Hall, Sr Baldwin Howard's Wharf, " [lxv] NAME. COUNTY. POST-OFFICE. B. B. Fields Barbour Eufaula, Alabama. X. C. Lajvron Bibb Centerville, " F. A. Hanna. Blount Blountsville, " C. J. L. Cunningham Bullock Union Springs " J. M. Tiiigpen Butler Greenville, " J. C. McAuley Calliovm. Oxford, " Thomas W. Greer. Chambers LaFayette, " W. H. Lawrence Cherokee Center, " V. R. Williams Choctaw Butler, " M. Ezt'U Clarke Gainestown, " A. Williamson Clay Hillabee, " N. G. Miilloy Clebm-ne Chulaflnnee, " Alfred McGee Coffee Elba, " M. C. Bird Colbert Tuscumbia, " W. J. Ledkins Conecuh Evergreen, " M. D. Moore Coosa Rockford, '• E. G. Mancill Covington Andalusia, " J. J. Briinson Crensliaw Rutledge, " W. H. Stuckey Dale Clopton, " E. .J. Morgan Dallas Selma, " r. B. Frazier DeKalb Porterville, " W. P. Hannon Elmore Wetumpka, " ,T. T. B. Ford Escambia Pollard, " R. J. C. Hail Etowah Gadsden, " B. F. Peters Fayette Fayette C. H., " Isaac J. Rogers. Franklin Pleasant Site, " J. H. Reese Geneva Geneva, " W. G. 3IcCracken Greene Eutaw, " M. H. Yerby Hale Greensboro', " J. Webb Foster Henry. Abbeville, " ,Tohn J. Reason Jackson Scottsboro', *' J. R. Rockett Jefferson Elyton, " J. W. Weems Lauderdale Florence, ** Peter White Lawrence Moulton, " J. F. Yarborough Lee Opelica, " Thomas S. Malone Limestone Athens, " H. W. Caftey, M. D Lowndes Benton, " H. C. Armstrong Macon Notasulga, " A. W. McCulloiigh. JNIadison Huntsvillc, " G. F. Ellis Marengo Linden, " P. M. R. Spann JNIarion. Pikeville, " A. J. McDonald Marshall Guntersville, " E. R. Dickson Mobile Mobile, " T. J. Emmons Monroe Monroeville, " James Fitspatrick Montgomery Montgomery, " Tiiomas Morrow Morgan Somerville, " J. H. Houston Perry Uniontown, " James Somerville Pickens Bridgeville, " W. C. Mcnefee Pike Troy, " J. M. K. Guinn Randolph Wedowee, " J. M. Brannon Russell Scale Station, " J. M. 1. Guyton Sanford Vernon, " D. Y. NVyatt Shelby Cohmibiana, " F. Dillon St. Clair Crosswell, " M. C. Kinnard Sumter Livingston, " Wra. L. Lewis Talladega Talladega, " Sam'l C. Oliver Tallapoosa Dadeville, " R. S. Cox. Tuscaloosa Tuscaloosa, •' James C. Scott Walker. Jasper, " A. J. Richardson Washington St. Stephens, " E. D. Morrill AViloox Camden, " C. W. Hanna Winston Houston, '♦ H. M. Bush City Montgomery, " W. C. Ward City Selma, " [lxvi] NAMES OF PROMINEiNT TEACHERS IN EACH COUNTY IN THE STATE. AUTAUGA COUNTY. NAME. POST-OFFICE. Sam'l McCary Autaugaville. Miss Julia Holmes Seliua. P. Alexander Autaugaville. J. N. Golson " Laura Brown Prattville. Mrs. E. Gardner Planterville. N. K. King Independence. Miss Sally Moor Autaugaville. NAME. POST-OFFICE. Mrs. E. House Prattville. P. Vick Miss Sallie White " J. McTucker « BAKER COUNTY. NAME. POST-OFFICE. D. C. Logan Randolpli, Bibb Co. ■\V. P.Jones Grantville, Baker " Mrs. M. A. McVeill.. Jamison, " " Miss M.M.Cobb " " " MissN.E.Yarborough " " " W. Yarborough Maplesville, " " S. F. Bowdon Montevallo, Shelby " D. H. Dunlap Columbiana, " " Miss Corrine Reid ...Maplesville, Baker " P. C. Dennis (Priv.)..ChestnutCr'k, " " NAME. POST-OFFICE. Mrs. E. Robbin.son... Grantville, Baker Co. Miss Kate McGhee... Maplesville " " T. J. Gragg Grantville, " " Marion Vines " " " BALDWIN COUNTY. NAME. POST-OFFICE. A. D. Tankersly Mobile. Miss Mary Covington " Miss A. A. Byrn Byrnett Station. Mrs. C. V. Wlieaden Tensas. Miss J. Disback " B. S. Woodcock Stockton. P. C. Byrn Blakely. Miss Nellv H. Newton Mobile. NAME. POST-OFFICE. Miss L. L. Danly Tensas. Mrs. Fannie Foster Blakely. Nector C.Joseph Mobile. [lxvii] BAKBOUK COUNTY. NAME. POST-OFFICE. H. Hawkins Eufaula. A. M. Gary " John S. Dobbins " T. A. Carew " W.H.Patterson Clayton. M. A. Cronin " D. McCrawry -. " K. Finnis " W. H. Black Coweker. G. P. Coyner Clayton. E. D. Reynolds Lonsville. Mrs. J. Newberry " O.R.Fleming " W. S.Rogers New Topia. A. J. Lewis Mt. Anchew. M. C. Bell " NAME. POST-OFFICE. E. W. Solomon Eufaula. J. D. Margart " H. C. Jordan " M. A. Boss " Miss L. A. Gregory Clayton. Miss L. Williams " F. W. Norton Ft. Brender. BIBB COUNTY. POST-OFFICE. NAME. E. H. Pratt Centerville. E.C.Cleveland Rev. H. A. Smith " A. W. Streckland J. W. Cooper " D. C. Lagune Randolph. Sam'l Sellers " POST-OFFICE. Barton Lenery.... Harrison Hagan. R. O. Allen .Scottsville. Tryon. ..Randolph. BLOUNT COUNTY. NAME. POST-OFFICE. Rev. Campbell Blountsville. W.A.Whitman Viola. J.E.Whaley " Lamar Summit. J. Ratcliff Little Warrior. Rev. De Vaul Blountsville. Rev. J. C. Allgood Miss T. Hudson " Cain " NAME. POST-OFFICE. Rev. W. G. H. Crump Village Springs. Earnest " " .LA. Callahan Blount Springs. F. A. Hanna Blountsville. N.J. Hanna " BULLOCK COUNTY NAME. POST-OFFICE. Rev. C. L. McCartha Union Springs. H.W. Battle " Major E. J. Mclves " Jetr.Wood " Miss E. McMurry " " A. K. McDonnold " " Rev. A. F. Dix Midway. E. B. La Hatte " Bulah Staker : " Rev. D. M. Banks Enon. T. B. Bristow Thomasville. NAME. POST-OFFICE. E. W. Williams Pine Grove. D. B. McLean Pine Level. Carrie Tompkins Bruceville. Alace Tompkins " B. F. J.Davis Greenwood. [lxviii] CALHOUN COUNTY. NAME. POST-OFFICE. A. J. Little White Plains. Mollie J. Kidd Jacksonville. M. A. Mackelhanv " J. M. Cohvell " " J. A. Fleming " NAME. POST-OFFICE. N. C. Danthit White Plains. W.H.Evans " " . W. B. Ford Oxford. CHAMBERS COUNTY. NAME. POST-OFFICE. W. J. McKamie Oak Bowery. Professor Morris Lafavette. L. L.Tebow G. W. Garnell Kev. Brooks " T. W. Greer (now Sup't)...New Harmony. Thomas Taylor " " S. B. Thomas Cusseta. C. P. Lisson Milltown. R. W. Beak Lafayette. S. F. Kerr New Harmony. NAME. POST-OFFICE. W. P. Dyer Lafayette. Professor Lee West Point, Gra, R. L. Duke Milltown. J. H.Clieter " Geo. Gronmille Lafayette. J. H. Alsabrooks Milltown. CHEROKEE COUNTY. NAME. POST-OFFICE. J. N. Swan Spring Garden. Thos. Stubbs " " Scott Young Coloma. Miles Cornelius " S. L. Russell Gaylesville. Miss Mary Bradford " Carther Center. Miss J. Haynes " " Mollie Sparks " NAME. POST-OFFICE. Miss J. A. Hall Kirk's Grove. J. C. Cunningham Brownstown. O. D. McNeely Ilonell's X Roads. W. H.Lawrence Cedar Bluff. CHOCKTAW COUNTY. POST-OFFICE. S. S. Mellen Mount Sterling. Qeo. H. McKee Bladen Spring.s. NAME. Mis.s O. C. DuBose. POST-OFFICE. .Bladen Springa. CLARKE COUNTY. NAME. POST-OFFICE. Wilson .Jarrers Choctaw Corner. T.J. Ford Grove Hill J. R. Corran Coffeeville. Miss Alice Collar Grove Hill. " Ella Richardson Choctaw Corner. F. M. AVliatlcy Coffeeville. J. L. Vann Jackson. E. .1. Powell (iosport. J. Ewing (for colored) Suggsville. E. W. Vann (for colored) " .\lford English (for colored). ..Gainestown. F.Joy (for colored) " Miss M. A. Collier Grove Hill. " A. J. Davis Choctaw Corner. NAME. POST-OFFICE. Miss L.J. Finch Siljrgsviile. " F. A. Dawson a)ffeeville. " G. I. Marks Grove Hill. " E.D.Thomas " " S. M. Gilmore Choctaw Corner. W. D. .John.son " « Mrs. M. M. Pigus Grove Hill. " M. E. Magers (for col.)..Choctaw Cor. " J. A. Barnes Suggsville. " Fannie M. Lipscomb... Woods' Bluff. [lxix] CLEBUENE COUNTY. NAME. POST-OFFICE. Wm. P.Howell Oak Level. Z. J. Kobertson Kemp's Creek. Wm. T. Noell Chulafinnee. Wm. H. Grogan Oxford. H. B. Bartlett Kemp's Creek. W. B. Ferguson Edwardsville. G. W. Ferryman " David Bowling Bowdon, Ga. W. A. Stripling Chulafinnee. D.I.Walden Bell's Mills. N. G. MuUoy Chulafinnee. Jas. A. McGee Rosewood. Mrs. M.J.Parker Oak Level. R. M.Howell Oak Level. Eobt. Wheeler Pleasant Gap. NAME. POST-OFFICE. F. W. Vaughan Wehoga. J. W. Wiggington Kemp's Creek. Benj. Owens *. Abernathy. J. M. Wiggins Edwardsville. Peter Houle Arbachoochee. H. S. Whitman Bowdon, Ga, Wilson Howell COFFEE COUNTY. NAME. POST-OFFICE. Jas. H. O'Rhea Elba. N. B. Keaton Victoria. John Bodiford Elba. Jessie O'Neal " Neal Gillis " Daniel Gillis Clintonville. Josephine Beard Elba. L W. AVhite " Norman Sephens Victoria. W.I. Stephens " M. E. King Henderson, Pike Co. Mason C. King Elba John M. Duftee Geneva. Miss Sallie McGowan " Jolin Campbell " Arthur Moore Wolf Branch. Hiram Burk Geneva. Rev. Watson " James Davis Elba. Nathan Peacock Haw Ridge. J. T. Law, Esq " John Carmichael Clintonville. John B. Heidle Jas. D. McLean Elba. NAME. POST-OFFICE. Miss M.'E. Nash Geneva. " Sallie Johnston Victoria. Capt. Jesse O'Neal Oldtown. W. E. King Henderson, Pike Co. Mrs. J, A. Joiner Victoria. Miss S. L. Johnson " " C. M. Clements " " C. C. While Haw Ridge. " S.M. Peacock " " S. R. Cotton " " Elder W. J. Hatcher " W. L. Andrews Clintonville. COLBERT COUNTY. NAME. POST-OFFICE. Mrs. Phoebe Spenser Tuscumbia. J. W. Hamilton Dixson's Station. C. E. Newsum Cherokee. Miss Alice Godley Tuscumbia. " Mary Kenum " H. H. Nation Newburg, Franklin Co. MissA. C. Anderson-.Russelville, " " Mrs. J. Smelser Frankfort, " " James Mayers Newburg, '* " NAME. POST-OFFICE. John Blanton Tuscumbia. W.S.Gray «' M. H.Chetham " M. D. Comer Dixson's Station. [lxx] COLBERT COUNTY.— Continued. NAME. POST-OFFICE. Wm. H. Owen Tuscumbia. Rev. Mr. Moore " Miss Alice Godley " " Annie Pybas .' " " Katie Gorman " Mrs. Perry " Miss Puss Jacobs " " Pride Pride's Station, Charles Newsom Cherokee. NAME. POST-OFFICi:. Miss Keenum Tuscumbia. " Barton Pride's Station. J. C. Blanton Frankfort. Mrs. Mary Ann Smelser " CONECUH COUNTY. POST-OFFICE. NAME. W. Y. Titcomb Evergreen. C. C. Newton BcUville. James Rankin Brewton. Graham Brooklyn. Hasque Page Evergreen. Mrs. Forbes... Miss Stanley. POST-OFFICE. Bellville. NAME. COVINGTON COUNTY. POST-OFFICE. NAME. J. D. Gafforev Rose Hill. S. P. Sellers.' Red Levell. J. C. White Andelusia. Samuel Ansley Miss Lucie Miller. POST-OFFICE. Andelusia. DALLAS COUNTY. NAME. POST-OFFICE. R. W. Armstrong Selma. J. Graham Pleasant Hill. R. Powers Richmond. Mrs. M. F. Rogers Orrville. A.Boyd " M. F. Goldsteine Corhaba. J. J. Deseker Orrville. Geo. A. Harrington Marion Junction. E. C. Steckel Sclma. Henry Boyd Orrville. NAME. POST-OFFICE. Miss Mary J. King Selma. Eliza Adams Suramerfield. Thos. Williams Selma. Rev. J. C. Waddell " Rev. E. Phillips Orrville. DE KALB COUNTY. NAME. POST-OFFICE. William J. Collins Collinsville. L. I). Patterson Valley Head. G. D. Lowery Sulphur Springs. David Nowland Van Buren. Lalin E. Herd Portersville. W. P. Horton Lebanon. W. B. Cunningham " W^illiara Reed Catlinsville. Henry Williams Portersville. Beverly Newland " NAME. POST-OFFICE. B. F. Gilbert Lebanon. William Bray Valley Head. James Collins Lebanon. Tot H. Clayton Collinsville. John B.Cunningham " [lxxi] NAME. ELMOEE COUNTY. POST-OFFICE, NAME. J. C. Hall Buyckville. M. C. Humphries " W. M. Barker Central Institute. J. D. Graves Wetumpka. John Fisher " Miss S. Buzyernan " John Johnson " Miss S. E. Barnard. Matthews M. J. D.'White POST-OFFICE. Wetumpka. ESCAMBIA COUNTY. POST-OFFICE. NAME. Mary Stanley Pollard. Miss Salome Boyles Brewton. Thomas H. Dillon Pollard. POST-OFFICE. J. M.Granberry. K. F. Wallace... Brewton. .Canoe Station. FAYETTE COUNTY. POST-OFFICE. John Hartin Fayette C. H. I. M. Nuckols " NAME. B. F. Peters. POST-OFFICE. ...Fayette C. H. FRANKLIN COUNTY. NAME. POST-OFFICE, J. W. Harris (Private) Russelville. W. W. Pearson " M. J. Williams Pleasant Site. Miss Vesta E. Terrell Frankfort. James W. Hooper " Mrs. M. A. Smelen " J. D. Kee Nelsonville. George E. W- Nelson " George W. Wallup " NAME, V. A. Colman... C. M. Campbell. J. W. Braxson . POST-OFFICE. James M. Jordain Nelsonville. Miss M. A. Hughes Boilson. John L. Thorn " Mrs. Lou. M. Williamson Russelville. Miss Betty R. Williamson " GENEVA COUNTY. POST-OFFICE. POST-OFFICE. W. F. McDuffee Geneva. A. S. Fellows Big Creek. GREENE COUNTY. NAME. POST-OFFICE. Curtis J. Ealman Mantua. Samuel Knox ...Knoxville. Miss Lizzie Knox Union. W. H. Verner Pleasant Ridge. Mrs. Ann Archibald " " Miss Sallie McMullen " " D. Peyner Eutaw. Miss Mary E. Jones Clinton. P' ranees Reeves Boligee. Mrs. N. Agne Knox ... Clinton. Wm. Steth Hardy " Jolin Crawford Union. POST-OFFICE. J. M. Young Eutaw. Mrs. J. P. Clark " Miss Kate Roberts " William T. Cobb Union. Mrs. Archibald y... Pleasant Ridge. " Clark Eutaw. Miss Adie Garnett Forkland. Ephraim Walker .Boligee. Varner Eutaw. [lxxii] HALE COUNTY. NAME. POST-OFFICE. D. F. Casey Greensboro'. J.C.Mills " Dr. Avery ** Henry Tulverton Havana. A. D. Hutcherson Greensboro'. P. C. Yerly Victoria Kiddle Havana. M. Ella Bishop Carthage. Eugenia Sanborne New Prosjject. NAME. POST-OFFICE. J. W. Montgomery Newberne. K.D.Faggard W. S. Nesinith Greensboro'. M. T. Jenkins Five Mile. P. W. H. Strongfel low Greensboro'. Amanda Doruian " NAME. HENRY COUNTY. POST-OFFICE. NAME. J. C. Loomis Abbeville. J. S. Espy Laurencoviile. J. H. Mathers Franklin. W. B. Oglesby Laurcnceville. George Pennei Abbeville. S. E. Freeman Abbeville. Sallie Collin.... J. A. McCrany. POST-OFFICE. Columbia. Abbeville. JACKSON COUNTY. NAME. POST-OFFICE. Polk Kozen Stevenson. James Cox Bridgeport. Wm. Montrose and Lady Bellefonte. Mrs. John A. Shelton Scottsboro'. Jeffries " Mat McClung Roberson " Ainsworth Forknerville. Mrs. W. J. Williams Thos. Roberson Paint Rock Station. William Beason Princeton. NAME, POST-OFFICE. J. H. Cowan Princeton. G. W. Grimmet Estell's Fork. Houston " " J. J. Beason Scottsboro'. William ToUey Stevenson. JEFFERSON COUNTY. NAME. POST-OFFICE. W. P. Lorett Rockville. R. G. Hewit Harrisonville. J. W. McAdery Jonesboro'. S. E. Capers Elyton. S. L. Roberson " W. W. Moore " J. F. Patten Oregon. Miss Mary F. Morscn Morsenville. Benj. Smithson Jonesboro'. Jaa.Nail " POST-OFFICE. A. L. Smith Waldrop Mills. Geo. Earnest Village Springs. Miss Elizabeth Hudson Elyton. J. A. Brown Jonesboro'. LAUDERDALE COUNTY. NAME. POST-OFFICE. .James M. Harrison Florence. B.F.Meek " S. P. Rice " Thos. J. Irwin Gravelly S()rings. Hiram Richardson Walterloo. Miss Mattie Kennv Centre Star. NAME. POST-OFFICE, .Tames H. Patterson Lexington. Thomas Lowery Green Hill. J. Wharton Walterloo. [lxxiii] NAME, LEE COUNTY. POST-OFFICE. NAME. 0. D. Smith Opelika. E. D.Pitts " Mrs. C. A. Stendenmer "' J. J. Morris Seeburn. E. D. Rowe " Win. Park Loachapoka. John Lftckhart Salem. John O'Brien " POST-OFFICE. Caleb Lindsey Opelika. H. J. E. Williams " L. E. Arnold Loachapoka. G.T.Smith " John Parker Opelika. NAME. LIMESTONE COUNTY. POST-OFFICE. NAME. Eev. J. M. Weight Athens. Miss Wells " A. F. Evans " Mrs. E. Thatch " POST-OFFICE. Camtrith Morrisville. Mrs. Harrison Madison Co. Station. MADISON COUNTY. NAME. POST-OFFICE. J. T. Lipscomb Madison Station. Miss E. P. Douglass " " S. J. E. Carter Huntsville. D. J. Harris Kate Farriss " Wm. Yearger " G. G. Hancock Brownsboro'. H. E. Hancock G. J. Clark « L. H. Kelly New Market. W. C. Payne Hmitsville. C. G. Smith " Prof. Stempson Hayes' Store. Daniel Corrv Huntsville. L. M. Proctor " Miss Alice Greene " Prof. O. Shepherd " NAME. POST-OFFICE. Eev. Geo. Wilson Huntsville. Wm. Horton " Childress New Market. H. E.Hambreck " " W. Gaston Huntsville. Y. W. Townsend " J.W.Ford. " Horace Smith " MARION COUNTY. NAME. POST-OFFICE. John T. Anthony Pikeville. M. W. Key C. C. McKay " .John A. Pope " .Tames Howard Haleysville. James Howell '" Jasper (irecn " Dykes " •Tohn Arnold Bexar Thomas Hawks " Love. Sliotts " Alexander Thompson Pikeville. D. P. Spann " Elisha Vickary " James A. Howard Ireland Hill. Robert Clark Pikeville. 16 POST-OFFICE. Jasper N. Green Gold Mine. Louis G. Caddel " " Glenn A. Thornton Eldridge. Alfred C Pearce Detroit. William Conler Bexar. John Loden Johnson's Mills. Wm. E. H. Loden Chalk Bluff. J. E. Barnett Thorn Hill. Wm. Riley Allen's Factory. [lxxiv] MARENGO COUNTY. KAME. POST-OFFICE. Rev. James Pliillips DemopoHs. Capt. M. C. Burke Kitrell Dayton. NAME. Mrs. Mary Harwell. POST-OFFICE. Demopolis. MARSHALL COUNTY. POST-OFFICE. NAME. A. E. Russell Guntersville. .James Crumps " Sliant Ross " Duke Kimbrough " J.M.Elliott " A. M. South " M. G. Colloway.... POST-OFFICE Alfred Carter Red Hill. W. M.Elgin " "William SicCamy Dodsonville. H. C. Stewart Henry ville. MOBILE COUNTY. NAME. POST-OFFICE. Lawrence Moore Mobile. Amos Tacole " D. S. Richardson " E.A.Scott " Miss A. E. Quigley " " MaryL. Horton " Rev. F. W. Dannus " uin Carlen Mrs. A. DeV. Chaudron " " E.S.Colston " " E.C.Lang " " M. L Fisk " " Mary J. Turner " " J. S. ISloreland " " L. M. MuUer " " M. E. Calhoun " " M. J. Slireve " " Harriett McGill " " S. A. Rudisill Fulton. " M. T. Adams Four Mile Post. " J. E. Putnam Mobile. " S. A. Scott " " W. V. Figures " " S. S. Woodward " " E. Pollard " " S. P. Thompson Whistler. " Mary E. Weman Mobile. " Jennie O. Osborne " " W. H. Mvtchell " " L.L.Hutchinson " " M. F. Hatter Millwood. " E. A. Cuthbert Valambrosa. Misa R. G. Gailliard Mobile. " J. A. Elliott " " Mary Bagby " " L. A. Hills " " Ellen Lennon " " Marv Lennon " " Marion Bullock " NAME. POST-OFFICE. Miss Mary F. Mervin Mobile. " Queen Bennett " " F. R. Meeker " " Pauline Priester " " F. J. Turner " " M. C. Bull " " E. A. Sullivan " " B. A. Toomey " " E. C. McKeen « " Mary Lardner " " S. A. Farrow " " Kate E. Moon " " M. E. Friend " " M. A. Baird Baird's Mills. " M. Tufts Mobile. « A. L. Pease " " A. D. Murphy Jacksonville. " M. V. Shivers Turnerville. " A. Forrester Whistler. " M. A. Dickinson Mobile. " R. E. Gerard Bayou La Batre. " Mary L. Thompson, " " " " E. Williams Mobile. " Bettie A. Orrell Fowl River. " E. A.Ware Mobile. " Clara Randall " " H. H. Grosvenor " " Mary E. Kelly " " Ellen M. Pearce " " EffieJ. Gould " " C. R. Putnam " " L. A. Branch " " Alice Sommerville " " M. L. Sommerville " " Mary E. Ashe " " L.M.Saxon " " E. J. Robertson " " J.A.Wood " " S.Sheppard Bay Road. " R. E. Girard Bayou La Batre. [lxxv] MOBILE COUNTY.— Continued. NAME. POST-OFFICE. Miss E. G. Williams Citronelle. " M. A. Barnette Fort Stodder. " O. E. Cravey Cedar Creek. John A. Brown Mobile. B.C. Kain " P. E. Collins " A. B. Couch Boiilton's. W. J. Holston Mobile. C. E. Eastburn " E. A. Eastburn Pine Grove. J. W. Moore Morris Settlement. Geo. W. Perrine Mobile. J. Kimball " John Rigo " L. J. Watson South Cottage Hill. Sam'l McCartney Toulminville. Jas. H. Smith Dog Kiver. Lamont '' " Howard Hall Mobile. J. H. Smith Toulminville. J. H. Rodgers Mobile. C. O. Booth " W. O. Taylor " John Joseph " R. J. Purnell Chunchula. J. A. Grant Mauvilla. R. Forrester Whistler. W. J. White Eight Mile Station. R. Clinton Spring Hill. M. Clinton Wheelerville. J. H. Conway Beaver Creek. O. W. Couch South Cottage Hill. NAME. POST-OFFICE. J. W. Tharp Batiste. C. S. G. Clifton Greenwood. Corbett Dauphin Island. D. C. Powers Near Citronelle. J. C. Sellers Tillman's. John Williamson .Grand Bay. J. E. Delchamps Herron Bay. MONTGOMERY COUNTY. NAME. POST-OFFICE. J. R. McClenden Montgomery. Coltrel McDonald " Davis " Walker " Miss Mary C. Howell " A. B. Mizell " Mrs. S. Glare " Frederick Wilson " I.I.Edwards " James Hale " Ferdinand McBride " W. H. Dillard " Mrs. S. E.Roberts " John A. S. Battle " Preston W. Young " D. Lumpkin " E. B. Peld " G. A. White T. C. Bragg " I. J. Langham «.. " E. R. Lewis " NAME. POST-OFFICE. Jessie E. Smith Montgomery. Victoria Vickers " Miss C. Wilkins " John M. Neeley " Miss L. Wilkins " " Wright " « Rowland " « Ayer « " Hale " [lxxvi] MORGAN COUNTY. NAME. POST-OFFICE. Z. F. Freeman Danville. H. M. Welch Somerville. Miss Bettie Welcii Thos. C. Wel.-li Decatur. James Kozemond " Miss Sue Murphy " W. P. Minor Trinity Station. Young Cedar Plains. Woods " " NAME. POST-OFFICE. J. ^V. Harper Talkville. Maggie Dixon Somerville. Fannie C. Orr Danville. Fannie L.Davis " NAME. PERRY COUNTY. POST-OFFICE. NAME, Rev. George W. Andrews Marion. Mrs. Hattie W. Andrews " " L.C. Steward " " Anna B. Ackley " Miss Mary C. Day " POST-OFFICE. Miss Lizzie F. Dunham Marion. Mrs. Frances Nicker.son " " Ghivan '* PICKENS COUNTY. NAME. POST-OFFICE. R. T. Johnston Carrollton. M. J. Gammill Providence. II. B. Chappelle Carrollton. Miss A. F. Hughes Bridgeville. " Lou. M. McCall J. C. Bell Providence. J. H. Estes Gordo. Milton G. Lofton Olney. L. D. Elroe Gordo. Jas. McKinstry Sipsey Mills. Miss M. S. Going Pleasant Grove. P. T. (junter Providence. J. P. Makamsou Yorkville. NAME. POST-OFFICE. Jordan Pickensville. Miss Sallie McCoy " Rev. James F. Somerville Bridgeville. James B. Hodo Providence. C. L. L. Dill Carrollton. Jno. K. Spence Bridgeville. NAME. RANDOLPH COUNTY. POST-OFFICE. NAME. W. C. Gihbs Carter's Store. P. E. Dean Lamar. W. B. Smith Rock Mills. John C. Marshall Louina, W. E. Connellv Roanoke. W. V. Thomason " H. C. Brown Rock Mills. POST-OFFICE. F. A. McMurry Louina. J. M. Joiner " C. H. Cole Roanoke. C. D. M. Burton Rock Mills. RUSSELL COUNTY. NAME. POST-OFFICE. J. M. Brannon Scale Station. J. R. Kennedy Villula. Miss Mary Johnson Scale Station. S. A. Walker Girard. Jno. McNeely Glennville. Booker Crawford. Jno. Quarles Villula. R. Williamson Uchee. NAME. POST-OFFICE. J. Daniels Hurtville. Chas. Jackson Scale Station. J. B. Littlejohn Girard. G. W. Fuller Glennville. [lxxvii] SANFOED COUNTY. NAME. POST-OFFICE. Rev. Virgil O. Hiiwkins Vernon. C. C. Jones " Edley Turner Big Pond. Thomas Fowler " " S.C.Hopkins " " C. Wiggins " J. T. Seoy Millport. Calvin Reed " John Anthony Moscow. Mrs. E. E. Nail Columbus, Miss. Rev. T. J. Springfield Vernon. Rev. Charles Gravhani Big Pond. NAME. POST-OFFICE. J. M. I. Guyton Millport. Jephtha Sea Mud Creek. L. D. Randolf " I. S. Vandiver Millport. B. F. Reed Vernon. C. K.- Burns " Dode Coleman. Millport. Bartus McAdams " Mrs. Fields " Jasper Trull Mud Creek. SHELBY COUNTY. POST-OFFICE. NAME. R. L. Rice Columbiana. Miss E. S. Thompson " Miss E.Lawrence " Miss Jane E. Nabors " Wm. B. Meredith Montevallo. Mrs. M. E.Meredith " S. J. Herrell " J. F. McLaughlin Elliottsville. POST-OFFICE. E. W. Jones Elliottsville. G. J. Payne Columbiana. C. W. O'Hara Wilsonville. Jno. Deshozo High Land. Miss Pauline O. Denson Hillsboro'. Rev. C. L. Kerksey High Land. ST. CLAIR COUNTY. NAME. POST-OFFICE. A. G. Watson Cropwell. P. L. McCall " Miss P. A. Elliott " James Studdard " Rev. J. W. Inzer Ashville. Rev. P. Montgomery " Moses Stone Broken Arrow. M. B. Lovett Springville. G. W. Lawley Ashville. Dr. S. S. Smithwick " Wm, Oldham " NAME. POST-OFFICE. J. T>. Green Ashville. T. F. Snelling Springville. Leander Pardue " James F. Wyatt Branchville. Miss Mary E. Simpson Ashville. R. M. Perry Cropwell. Miss Martha E. White Broken Arrow Sl'MTER COUNTY. NAME. POST-OFFICE. C. F. Threadgill Black Bluff (Gaston). Josephus Wallace Gaston. E. M. Shaw Cuba Station. L.J.Adams " G. B. Lowe Intercourse. R. M. Parker ..Coatopa Station. Mrs. M. Short Livingston. S. S. Robinson Sumterville. L. D. Godfrey Gainesville. Mrs. B.Hall Miss Bradshaw ' " Mrs. W^ashington (Private) " " Crown " " J. P. Godfrey Warsaw. Thomas Eljee Fulton. NAJtfE. POST-OFFICE. Miss Lizzie Houston Livingston. " Nellie Gibbs " Hettie Sherrod _ " Robert Bradshaw Gainesville. Miss MoUie Hall Cuba Station. Mrs. A. Wylie Gaston. M. Crums " Rev. C. C. Vaughan Cuba Station. Mrs. Lindsay Ga.ston. [lxxviii] TALLADEGA (X)UNTY. NAME, POST-OFFICE. S. Law Lincoln. W.J. Kennedy Talladega. MissM. H. Lewis P. L. McCall " Miss Sallie Lewis " " Fannv Cunningham " Mrs. Mary Kidd " Wni. Montgomery " I. B. Mynatt " Miss Amanda Kichey Munford. A. McDonald " Miss India Sims Silver Eun. " Addia McPhereon " " LT.Keagan Talladega. Mrs. Louisa Tavlor " " CM. Hopson " " M. C. Venable " Miss Mollie Henderson " Prof. A. J. Haile " Dr. Parish " Wallace Wilson " Dr. J. H.Logan A. A. Safford " A. S. Stockdale " Geo. W. Stockdale " Miss Willye Dye J. J. Armbrester " Prof. Lockhart Childersburg. J.C. McMiUain ' J.T.McMillain " Miss Jessie Pope " NAME, POST-OFFICE. O. S. Mallory Alpine, Miss Vista Welch " .Jas. Barker " Mrs, M.L.Gorman " Thos. A. Cook Talladega. Miss SinaWallis Fayetteville. " Georgia Wallis " Gambrell McCorcle " W. T. Brown " Wm. Cooper " Miss E. T. Hitchcock " " Carrie Perrv Childersburg, " Fanny Nix' " T, E. Kumph Fayetteville. Miss Emma W^ilson Munford. " Clara Wilson Talladega. John Minatt Eastaboga. Wm. Montgomery " J. O. Mallory Alpine, G. A, McMiUain Childersburg. TUSCALOOSA COUNTY. POST-OFFICE, NAME. Prof. AV. C. L. Richardson Tuscaloosa. Mrs. M. B. B. Stafford " Rev. John T. Derby " Rev. Chas. Manly " Rev. B. F. Larrabee " ^liss Mary Marlow " H. H, Browne Northport, F. F. Hempliill Tuscaloosa, Edward Tarrant " POST-OFFICE, R. H, Pratt Centreville, Bibb Co, J.D.Cooper " " " D.C, Logan Randolph, " " D, H. Yarborough ... " " " WALKER COUNTY. POST-OFFICE, NAME, Ira Robins Jasper, John Wallis " David Monasco Holley Grove, James Cox " " James Scott. POST-OFFICE. ..Holley Grove. List of Common School Books PUBLISHED BY HLAK^PEI^ Sc BROTHERS. 'WILLSON'S SCHOOL AND FAMILY READERS, This series not only provides for elocutionary instruction, embracing the principles of Rhetoric, Eloquence and Oratory, but cultivates a taste for true educational reading by the introduction of articles on the natural sciences, with anecdote, poetry, Ac, cal- culated to interest and fix the truths presented on the mind. The series consists of Primary Speller 80 pages, 120 cuts «0 20 Larger Speller 168 " 72 " 40 New Speller 152 " _ ^^ 45 Primer (1st book of series,) 48 " lOj -o First Reader (2d " " 84 " 132 " 40 Second Reader (3d " " lo4 " 100 60 Int. Third Reader (4th " " 216 " 77 " 80 Third Reader (.5th " " 2(j4 " 142 " 90 Int. 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Attention is rpspectfully invited to the The books of this series are of unequaled merit ; they are wholly free from anything of a political or sectarian bias; and are proverbially the cheapest in the market. McGnffey's Hew Eclectic Readers and Speller, By Dr. Wm. H. McGuffey, Prof, of 3Ienfal and floral Philosophy, University of Virginia The excellent series of Readers by Dr. McGuffey are well known throughout the United States, and do not require words of commendation from any source. It may be of interest, however, to those using and intending to use these books, to know that not- withstanding otlier Series have been issued to compete with them, and their claims pressed upon tlie attention of educators with great vigor, McGnffey's Peaders hare now a wider circulation than ever before — a much greater circulation than any other Series — and a, firmer hold upon the favor of Teachers who have used them. 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B®" These books have received the highest encomiums' from the Press and of those Educators who have examined them. 8®" For Specimen Book, with recommendations and terms for introduction, address the publishers, CLAXTON, REMSEN & HAFFELFINGER, 819 & 821 Market Street. PHILADELPHIA, PA. STANDARD SCHOOL TEXT-BOOKS, PUBLISHED BY Charles Scribner & Company, No. 654: Broadway, New York. « — «. . — Guyot's Geographical Works. " Incomparably superior to anything published."— AGASSIZ. Guyot's Introduction to the Study $1 00 Guyot's Elementary Geography 75 Guyot's Intermediate Geography 1 60 Guyot's Common School Geography 2 25 For Common Schools. Guyot's Wall Maps. Small Series, $18 & $25 00 Guyot's Wall Maps. Intermedi'te Series 38 50 Guyot's Wall Maps. Large Series 71 00 Guyot's Wall Maps. Classical Series 45 00 For Schools of Higher Grades. Guyot's Common School Geography 2 25 Guyot's Larger Series of Wall Maps. Guyot's Guide to Geographical Teaching. (fuyot's Elementary Geography 75 (iuyot's Intermediate Geography rr 1 60 Guyot's Common School Series Wall Maps, Guyot's Geographical Teaching. The essential advantage of presenting the complete Common School Course in only tuo books, instead of running through from Ihree to five, as is usually done, is secured by the more skillful combination of political and physical facts, which so distinguishes Prof. Guyot's plati and method of developing the science. From General ROBERT E. LEE, late Pres't Washington College, Lexington, Va. Your letter of the 23rd inst., advising me of your having sent me samples of Prof. Guyot's Wall Maps, and of his series of Geographies, has been received. The geographies and maps of the United States and of the World have arrived. Some of these maps are in use in Washington College, and receive the hearty commendation of those employing them. I can add my own approval. Please accept my thanks for your attention R. E. LEE. From Rev. BARN AS SEARS, D. D., Agent Peabody Educational Fund, Staunton, Va. It was my intention to acknowledge the receipt of the excellent books you sent me, before my journey to Tennessee, but pressure of business prevented. In my official relations I find it necessary to decline recommending books, as it would give me endless trouble ; but I must make an exception in favor of my old friend. Prof. Guyot, whom I regard as the first Geographer of the times. His maps and books are invahcable. B. SEARS, Felter's Graded School Arithmetics. Felter's First Lessons in Numbers $0 25 I INDEPEADEyT. Felter's Primary Arithmetic , 35 r Felter's Intellectual Arithmetic $0 45 Felter's Intermediate Arithmetic 80 Felter's Practical Arithmetic 1 00 Felter's Grammar School Arithmetic 95 1 Felter's Teachers' Manual 25 The first two books are fitly illustrated, and present oral, mental, and written exercises systematically alternated, which render these little works especial favorities alike with teachers and pupils. The Primary, Intermediate, and Grammar School Arithmetics embrace the whole frame- work of the Science developed by happily combining the Analytic and Synthetic methods. Cooley's Natural Science Series. Cooley's Natural Philo.sophy $1 50 1 Cooley's Text-Book of Chemistry $1 25 Cooley's Elementary Philosophy 1 00 ( Cooley's Easy Experiments 75 The Easy Experiments, and Elementary Philosophy are elegantly illustrated, and admirably adapted for advanced classes in common schools, and for junior classes in High Schools, Academies, and Seminaries. The Natural Philosophy, and Chemistry were designed for the more advanced classes. Sheldon's Object Lesson Series. Sheldon's First Reading Book 80 25 | Sheldon's Lessons on Objects 51 75 Sheldon's Primary Phonic Charts 6 00 | Sheldon's Elementary Instruction 1 75 These are superior profe.ssional text-books for teachers, recognized as standard throughout the country. Tenney's Natural History Series. Tenney's Natural History of Animals $2 00 Tennev's Manual of Zoology 3 00 Tenney's Natural History Tablets 12 00 These works present a view of the entire animal kingdom, and are especially full upon our American Zoology, specially adai)ted to the needs of the class-room, and for general use. B®" Descriptive Catalogues, and Special Circular in regard to all of our School Text- Books, Teachers, Reference Library Books, and Selected Miscellaneou.s List, suited to the needs of teachers, may always be had on application. 8®=" Correspondence of teachers, and personal visitation, is exceedingly welcome to us always, and is most cordially invited. To Cflfflty Siperiiitiiflfleals of Etoata anfl Teacliers of tie State of Alahama. ]]y Profs. G. P. QuACKEXBOS «nd Gko. R. Perkins. thp: latkst and the best UNIVERSALLY POPULAR. * • iiiiiiirj- Aj itliiJU'ti*-. r.eautilully illustraied ; tarries the lu-eiDnner Ujn.ui; I i.i.' Inst f..iiiHujes ;nid tlio siDsj.lc Tables, comliining lueiital exercis s with exaniiiles for the slitte. :;0 pts. An TOIomeiitary A-i-itHii»etl<'. Reviews the subjects of the Piiniarv iu a style I'.ilapted togomewbatniatureriiuruis Also e.nbraces Kraelioiis, Federal Money Kediiotioii, and the Conii)OUi]tl Rules. .">() tunts. ■ }■ A Practical Arltlimetlc I'r.parod expresslv for Commou Schools, ei vine special inominence in the branches if Mercantile Arithmetie. $1.00 A ^lental A^ritllXixetlc. Designed to impart readiness to mental calculations and extending them to all branches of practi< siil)icct ever presented for the use of the schools of this country. Price Sl.CiO. The unrivaled maps, beauty of illustration, conciseness and scientifn- accuracy of lan- guage—the result of years of patient thou;;bt. experien.e and advi( c— [dace oriie'll's «".eo- graphios far ahead of all competitors; and the wise, the prudent and progressive are usinc them by the • , ,~ ^ mili.ions'~:all over the country. WeoUer to Teachers and Poinds of K.hicat ion, Tlll:l K IH NM.KP dircieut Text-Rooks belon;:ing to every branch c ^iication, i)repared by the best taleiu, e.\>.erieiice and scholar siiiii, in the beliei that they w I! be found unsvrpasskd i.n iimik L-isfKiTivt DKi'AanMKNis .^lunng them are French, German, :Si>nnisb, Italian, Hebrew and Syriac Grammars, Readers Plirase-books and Dletionaries. A ne!(criptive Tatalou'iie, embraciui; the above as well as olbers of our publications, with I'lices and lerms, tor examination, will be maileii, postage pre-paid, on application. Imiucdiafe attention will be giving to any letters or orders with which we are favored, iuul the most -iatislactory terms made for introduction. D. APPI.ETON & CO., New York Citv. ac