Title 
 
 Imprint 
 
 i&— 302»V-t OIK* 
 
) 
 
 TRAJECTORIES 
 
 OF 
 
 American Hunting Rifles. 
 
 A SERIES OF TESTS, MADE BY THE 
 
 FOREST AND STREAM," 
 
 AT THE 
 
 Creedmoor Range, Sept. 26-Oct. 19, 1885. 
 
 [Copyright, Forest and Stream Publishing Co., 1885. | 
 
 NEW YORK : 
 
 Forest and Stream Publishing Co. 
 
 188c. 
 
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Forest and Stream Books. 
 
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TRAJECTORIES 
 
 OF 
 
 American Hunting Rifles. 
 
 A SERIES OF TESTS, MADE BY THE 
 
 FOREST AND STREAM," 
 
 AT THE 
 
 Creedmoor Range, Sept. 26-Oct. 19, 1885. 
 
 [Copyright, Forest and Stream Publishing Co., 1885.] 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 Forest and Stream Publishing Co. 
 
 1885. 
 

 r 
 
 "FOREST AND STREAM" OFFICE, 
 
 39 Park Row, New York. 
 
 N sending out our report of trajectory tests made upon Hunting 
 rifles, it is hardly necessary to make more than the briefest 
 explanation. The trial was intended to show just what the rifles of 
 to-day, loaded with the ammunition as it is turned out by the 
 millions of rounds, could accomplish in the way of flat line of fire. 
 
 "We had given up column after column in the Forest and 
 Stream to communications on this subject and there had been 
 no end seemingly of speculations and wild empyrical writing on the 
 matter; but what was needed was a set of experiments carried out 
 under carefully noted conditions and by such experts as should 
 command general acceptance of the results. Our pages for years 
 past are rich with accounts of isolated experiments, but there had 
 been no general gathering of all the arms in open competition, and it 
 was this opportunity which the Forest and Stream presented to the 
 manufacturers of small arms in this country. Our invitation to con- 
 tribute arms was almost universally accepted, and on every side we 
 were given every aid and encouragement in reaching the figures 
 presented, and in proper place in our report acknowledgment is 
 made for the courtesies received from various parties. 
 
 We flung the door as widely open as we could. There were no 
 entry fees, no limitations of any kind. We simply asked for stock 
 rifles. We took notes of them in every way. We put in them the 
 ammunition recommended and all were treated with the same care 
 and accurately calculated as to results. We did not go off into side 
 issues. It was not a test of accuracy, of penetration, of velocity, of 
 momentum, of bullet, of anything in fact but the simple question of 
 how high a certain bullet flies in going over a certain distance, and 
 this to be determined by experiment, and hot by any calculation 
 ' from tables of factors each of which might introduce an element of 
 error. 
 
 When we have found it necessary to criticise, it has been only in 
 the most kindly spirit. We know that rifles tested in this way are 
 apt to prove obstreperous and cut up queer didos at critical moments. 
 So we have reached the results announced from an average of 
 several shots fired, and all the facts and figures have been given 
 fully and freely for our readers' perusal. We conceived it to be the 
 duty of a progressive journal devoted to sports of the field to make 
 such a trial, and though the expense has been large and much time 
 and trouble expended, we can only hope that readers of the Forest 
 and Stream will find in our table and narrative the answer to many 
 vexing questions and open problems. 
 jD I iO NoVEMBER ' 1885 - 
 
 *<c>.m 
 
sr 
 
 S 
 
 HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 "VT EARLY three months ago, in August last, the Forest 
 -^ and Stream announced that it would take upon itself 
 the labor and expense of a trial of the trajectories of hunting 
 rifles. The question was one of much importance to every 
 man who uses the rifle in the field, and the discussions from 
 time to time in our columns showed that it was a live topic. 
 There was a large degree of uncertainty as to what was the 
 actual - trajectory line of various makes of open sight rifles. 
 Many claims had been put forward for this or that rifle, 
 some private experiments had been made, many of them of 
 a most interesting character, and their results had been duly 
 set forth in our pages. More general tests had also been 
 made and reports covering them given to the public, but 
 there still remained a gap to be filled by just such a set of 
 thorough trials as those conducted by and under the auspices 
 of the Forest and Stream were intended to be. 
 
 The general plan was a very simple one. It was first to 
 call in a competent surveyor and have a range laid out, then 
 to place the actual manipulation of the trials in the hands of 
 an expert who should make a report of the actual figures 
 obtained by him. In this way we hoped to put the result 
 obtained beyond all question of doubt or uncertainty. The 
 details of the trial were many and required much time and 
 labor. 
 
4 HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 We invited suggestions as to the carrying out of the tests, 
 and the vast correspondence which at once sprung up 
 showed how much interest was felt in the work. Some of 
 these letters, as far as space permitted, were spread before 
 our readers, but many more were not put ia type. Some of 
 the hints given were valuable, others were evidently given 
 under a misapprehension as to what a tra j ectory test really 
 was and what it was that we were striving to discover. 
 
 The task which we had undertaken grew with each suc- 
 cessive day. "A dozen rifles, perhaps, and a couple of days' 
 time on the range," was the first off hand estimate made. 
 Instead there have been nearly forty rifles, the very pick of 
 over a dozen armories and as fine a showing of the perfec- 
 tion to which American small arm manufacture has grown 
 as were ever gathered together at one time. As the work 
 grew, so did the disposition to meet the demands put upon 
 us. We recognized that there were among our readers users 
 of every make of rifle now on the market. One subscriber 
 in the Western plains has a heavy express rifle, using a 
 charge of powder running up to a hundred grains or more. 
 He is particularly concerned to know just how far the bul- 
 let goes above the line of fire in traversing a certain range. 
 Then the army of men who use the smaller caliber weapons; 
 squirrel hunters, etc, who would like to know just what their 
 favorite rifle is capable of doing. The test grew in this way 
 to be a tournament, and from a few hours' work on the 
 range, which it was at first anticipated would complete the 
 outdoor part cf the trial, a full fortnight of hard work from 
 daybreak to dusk was taken up. We have no regrets now 
 that the problem grew to such wholesale dimensions. We 
 would rather congratulate the riflemen of America and of 
 the world that they have such a choice of desirable weapons. 
 
 Of course, a test of this sort is not alone of rifles ; it is 
 rather of ammunition. The first question put, and especially 
 from the rifle makers, was, "What ammunition do you pro- 
 pose to use?" This was very readily answered. As we 
 wished to take the ordinary commercial rifle from the arm- 
 maker's on the one hand, it was only natural that we should 
 
HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 5 
 
 take the factory ammunition to use in such rifle. We know 
 that there is a feeling against factory ammunition, and that 
 the term is used as synonymous with unreliability. This 
 should not be so, and in great measure it is a fiction — a con- 
 venient one, perhaps, to account for bad scores, but one 
 which we believe exists rather in the imagination than in 
 fact. We did not intend the trial to cover the lines of fire of 
 certain arms loaded in a special manner; rather the demand 
 was for a stock rifle such as the average purchaser gets in 
 response to an order sent to the factory, and with this to use 
 the cartridge advertised for it, recommended by the seller 
 and maker of the rifle and procurable by that same average 
 purchaser through an order on any one of the cartridge com- 
 panies. Such a test would interest the multitude of marks- 
 men; any other would be perhaps a more or less valuable 
 contribution to the science of rifle-shooting, but rather the- 
 oretical than practical. 
 
 To test the matter thoroughly it was but fair that the 
 figures of the trajectory heights should be given in con- 
 nection with the figures of weight, etc., discovered by a dis- 
 section of the cartridge. This has been done, and to guard 
 against drawing a general conclusion from too limited a 
 premise, the average of three cartridges will be shown, just 
 as on the screens the average of five shots was secured. 
 
 How to secure the rifles for the test was a question care- 
 fully considered. One plan was to have them sent on trial 
 as to a prospective purchaser, and in this way secure a 
 weapon fair to the maker and on the other hand prevent the 
 placing upon trial of a special arm, perhaps carefully selected 
 from a large number or made up for the purposes of the test. 
 This might have been a satisfactory method so far as results 
 were concerned of getting together the collection of arms 
 used, but would have been very complicated. There is no 
 reason to believe that the rifle makers have any fear of fair 
 competition, and the alacrity with which they came forward 
 and proffered arms for the trial showed that they had no 
 apprehensions as to the result of such an impartial trial as 
 the Forest and Stream proposed to carry out. It was 
 
6 HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 finally concluded to invite the makers to send arms, and on 
 Sept. 17 the following note was sent: 
 
 "In making the trajectory tests of hunting rifles, which have been 
 
 announced in our columns, we wish to include the rifle. The 
 
 main test will be over the 200yds. range from a fixed rest through ac- 
 curately placed screens. We should particularly like to have from 
 the rifles in stock at your works the rifle you would most strongly 
 recommend for all-round hunting purposes. A.11 express and other 
 charges to be paid by us, etc." 
 
 This invitation to participate was sent to the principal rifle 
 companies making the following arms: Remington, and 
 Remington-Hepburn, Whitney, Marlin and Ballard, Bullard, 
 Colt, Winchester, Maynard, Wesson, Stevens, and Bay State. 
 The responses came in promptly, and showed on the part of 
 the makers a hearty concurrence in the views and endeavors 
 of this journal. The Whitney Arms Company said : "We will 
 be glad to loan you a rifle for the purpose mentioned. We 
 take it that you want a magazine rifle a)id we propose to 
 send you to-morrow from our regular stock one of our .40- 
 60 Kennedys, which takes the regular center-fire W. 
 cartridge. All things being equal we have no fears but that 
 the Kennedy will rank with the best." The Winchester Re- 
 peating Arms Company said: "We have no choice in the 
 matter of guns which we should like to have tested. Please 
 examine our catalogue sent with this, chocse such as you 
 would like to try, and we will send them to you at once." 
 
 Lamberson, Furman & Co., agents for E. Remington & 
 Sons, answered, "We will refer your favor to the factory 
 and endeavor to meet your views in the matter." 
 
 The Colt Patent Fire Arms Manufacturing Co., of Hart- 
 ford, replied: ' 'Would say that our .44 and .38-caliber sport- 
 ing rifles use the same cartridge as the Winchester, Kennedy 
 and other rifles of similar caliber, therefore the trajectory of 
 these rifles would be substantially the same. For our .32- 
 caliber rifle we have a special ammunition made by the 
 Union Metallic Cartridge Co., which we believe makes its 
 shooting qualities superior to any in the market using so 
 light a charge. We would be pleased to enter one of these 
 for the purpose indicated in your letter." 
 
HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 7 
 
 The Bullard Repeating Arms Co. said : ' 'We should he 
 pleased to avail ourselves of your offer to include our rifle in 
 your trajectory test which you are about to make. We are 
 willing for our rifles to be thoroughly tested and do not hes 
 itate to send a full line." 
 
 The Marlin Fire Arms Co. responding said: "We should 
 like to have you inform us whether you also want us to fur 
 nish the ammunition for testing the rifles or whether you in- 
 tend to procure it yourselves and if so whose make it is to 
 be. In addition to the Marlin we should like to submit a 
 few Ballard rifles, which, as you probably know, are also 
 very extensively used for hunting." 
 
 J. Stevens & Co. at first found it impossible to send rifles 
 for the test, but later, after arrangements had been made 
 to secure this rifle elsewhere, a full line of Stevens rifles was 
 sent and tested. 
 
 The Bay State Rifle Company wrote: "We use regular 
 factory ammunition for our rifles, and do not think they are 
 what you require for trajectory tests." No further concern 
 was taken with these arms. 
 
 Mr. F. Wesson was away from home at the time of the 
 letter writing, and in order that the rifle might not be omit 
 ted entirely from the tests, one was procured from the exten 
 sive stock of Henry C. Squires, 178 Broadway, through the 
 courtesy of that dealer, and placed in the trial. 
 
 The Massachusetts Aims Company put in one of the May- 
 nard rifles, saying in their note accompanying the package: 
 "Our experience is that the flattest trajectory rifles are not 
 the closest shooters, but that a good deal of accuracy is sac- 
 rificed for flat trajectory." 
 
 From Thos. Bland & Sons, of 106 Strand, London, makers 
 of the well-known Bland rifle, came a note saying: "We 
 are indebted to Major W. H. Merrill for information that the 
 proprietors of Forest and Stream intend instituting a trial 
 of rifles. We wish to enter the list and have given Major 
 Merrill to understand our wishes. Major Merrill will make 
 all arrangements for our entry." In accordance with this a 
 double-barreled express rifle, the same used in the trials of 
 
8 HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 the London Field and which provoked so much discussion in 
 Great Britain, was placed at the disposal of our experts. 
 
 In addition a Sharps hunting rifle, carrying the Govern- 
 ment 405 grain bullet cartridge, was placed in the test, and 
 for comparison a State Model Remington of .50-caliber and 
 a regulation three-groove Springfield rifle using the 500- 
 grain bullet was placed on the trial rack. This completed 
 the list of breechloaders, somewhat extended beyond our 
 original plan of a test confined to hunting rifles, but not to 
 any great extent. There were a pair of muzzleloaders, one 
 the property of Major Merrill, tested at 100 yards only, while 
 the other was brought and tried by G. T. Romer, of Peeks- 
 kill, the shooting associate of Major Merrill in mauy of his 
 trajectory and other rifle tests. This rifle was tried only at 
 200 yards. Each of the two last named weapons were of 
 the heavy, magnifyiug-sight order, and with heavy charges 
 maintained a high degree of accuracy. The full list of rifles 
 in the test was as follows: 
 
 1. Marlin 45 
 
 2. Marlin 40-60 
 
 3. Marlin 38-55 
 
 4 Marlin 32-40 
 
 5. Ballard 40-85 
 
 6. Ballard .- 40-70 
 
 7. Remington 40-65 
 
 8. Remington 38-50 
 
 9. Remington 32-40 
 
 10. Remington 32 R. F. 
 
 1 1. Remington 50 N. Y. State Model. 
 
 12. Winchester 50 Express. 
 
 13. Winchester 45-75 
 
 14. Winchester 40-60 
 
 15. Winchester 22 Long. 
 
 16. Bullard 50 ftxpress 
 
 17. Bullard 45 
 
 18. Bullard 40-70 
 
 19. Bullard 38 
 
 20. Bullard 32 
 
 21. Whitney 50 Express 
 
 22. Whitney 40-60 
 
HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 9 
 
 23. Stevens 38 C. F. 
 
 24. Stevens 32 R. F. 
 
 25. Stevens Hunter's Pet, C. F. 
 
 26. Stevens 22 
 
 27. Maynard 40-70 
 
 28. Wesson 44 
 
 29. Colt 32 
 
 30. Springfield 45 Govt. 
 
 31. Sharps 45 Govt. 
 
 32. Bland 45 Express 
 
 33. Merrill Muzzleloader 
 
 34. Romer Muzzleloader 
 
 Except in the case of the muzzleloaders and the Maynard, 
 the ammunition was procured entirely apart from the rifle 
 maker. In not a few cases, boxes of cartridges were shipped 
 with the rifles, but in each instance this ammunition was 
 laid aside, and at the tests only such was used as had been 
 purchased over the counters of one or another of the gun 
 shops of this city. 
 
 The arrangements for testing the weapons were of the 
 simplest sort, yet such at the same time as to secure 
 absolute certainty in all the results obtained. The question 
 of a rest was the first one to be settled. We know that much 
 has been said pro and con on the matter of rests for rifle shoot- 
 ing and no end of theoretical talk and some experiments have 
 been put forth to show that a fixed rest is not a proper one 
 for the purpose of testing a rifle. There is much talk of 
 buckling barrels and springing metal, yet in a test for tra- 
 jectories it would be manifestly impossible to use other than 
 such a rest as would enable us to say with perfect certainty 
 that the barrel muzzle at each shot was at a fixed and known 
 distance above a base line. This a rigid rest enabled us to 
 determine and for this reason a fixed rest was decided upon. 
 The government rest at the Sandy Hook Ordnance Proving 
 Ground was placed at our disposal, and this was taken to 
 Ihe range at Creedmoor. Originally constructed for use in 
 testing the Springfield army rifle, there were certain changes, 
 made necessary before the rest could be used for the long 
 under-lever action rifles such as the Winchester, Whitney, 
 
10 HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 etc. To enable these breech actions to be worked without 
 removing the piece from the clamps, a slot was cut in the 
 base which was made to lift up from the rear, working from 
 the front end, and at each dropping into place going back 
 exactly to the same position, against stationary lugs. The 
 barrel was held in place by the hinged clamp which passed 
 over the barrel, having a high hollow center, permiting a 
 free line of sight. The butt-plate rested back against the 
 upright at the rear, being protected from abrasion by a leather 
 lining. When placed in, the side plate came up with a 
 hinge motion, while a screw at the top held it in place. 
 Nothing could be simpler, and every bearing point was 
 protected with narrow strips of rubber packing to prevent 
 any cutting or bruising of the wood or iron work of the 
 rifles. Once in the rest and set level across the barrel, and 
 this fact tested with a spirit level, the adjustment of the 
 sight upon the target became a comparatively easy matter. 
 The lateral adjustment was secured by the screws seen at 
 either side near the rear end. This gave a motion of the 
 entire upper part of the rest holding the rifle, the rear end 
 describing a curve about a fixed joint or stout pin directly 
 below the front end. Of course with each screw brought 
 home the rifle frame was held as in a vise, and b} 7 turning 
 upon one side as the other side was loosened, the front sight 
 described a line across the target face. Elevation was 
 attended to by a screw with its accompanying jamming 
 nut seen at the rear of the rest. There was a constant bear- 
 ing upon the end of this screw bolt and with it there was 
 comparatively little difficulty in getting the finest sort of a 
 sight and shifting ever so slightly as the peculiarities of the 
 rifle seemed to require. The entire iron rest weighed nearly 
 200 pounds and brought the rifle muzzle between three and 
 four feet above the platform. It enabled very ready 
 shifts from one rifle to another and put each rifle at the 
 moment of pulling the trigger on exactly the same equality. 
 To insure steadiness the rest was placed upon a broad heavy 
 plank foundation, the planks shown being three inches in 
 thickness and some five feet long. Screws through the rest 
 
HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 11 
 
 feet made its firm hold to the platform a matter of quick and 
 sure adjustment. 
 
 Having fixed our rifle in position for the first shot, attention 
 may be directed to the screens. In the general view of the 
 range laid out for the tests, they will be seen at equal dis- 
 tances down the range. At the two hundred yards trial they 
 were placed at fifty yards, one hundred yards and one 
 hundred and fifty yards respectively from the muzzle of the 
 rifle, while at the one hundred yards test the distances were 
 twenty-five yards, fifty yards and seventy-five yards. The 
 screens were of the lightest form of tracing paper of the 
 grade known as "Alba" in our shops. This is not the ordi- 
 nary tissue paper, but is, instead, an oiled tracing paper 
 such as is generally used in architects' and engineers' offices 
 in making copies of drawings. We have heard of wrapping 
 paper being used for such tests, and again of ordinary tissue 
 paper. The former would, of course, offer a great ob- 
 struction to the flight of the bullet, particularly if the screen 
 was not carefully placed at right angles with the line of 
 flight, while the very light paper disks may not always be 
 stretched on the frames with that drum-head tightness neces- 
 sary if exactness is desired. The frames used were of pine 
 five eighth inch thick with a three-inch width at the inner 
 and upper streaks, two inches down the outer edge and one 
 inch across the bottom. When halved at the corners this 
 made a very stiff frame. They were squared caiefully by 
 the carpenter when made, and enabled the paper when pasted 
 on to draw firm and tight. The opening was twenty inches 
 in width and twenty-four inches in height. To hold the 
 frames in place uprights were provided ; these were of three 
 by four inch joist firmly planted upon a cross base having 
 two arms each four feet long with foot braces to keep the 
 upright plumb. The arrangement gave a very firm sup- 
 port to the screens. These last were held in place 
 against the uprights by iron clamps indicated on the draw- 
 ing. The thumb screw in the clamp permitted the ready 
 attachment of a screen and its movement at will up or down, 
 while a single turn of the screws fixed it at any desired. 
 
12 HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 'height. The target used was the paper one of the Massachu- 
 setts decimal pattern. It was really, it will be seen, a matter 
 of the slightest consequence what pattern of target was used, 
 but these being accurately printed and being readily obtained 
 afforded a means of keeping a permanent record of each 
 shot fired in the tests. 
 
 On reaching the range the first thing sought was a clear 
 space where the two-hundred-yard range might be located. 
 •General Wingate and General Bobbins had both been most 
 kind in proffering the facilities of the range, and in order to 
 interfere as little as possible with the regular matches and 
 troop practice, the old Running Deer screen was chosen to 
 shoot against. In many respects this was advantageous, as 
 it gave a wooden back; while the smaller screen at either 
 wing, not very clearly shown in the drawing, enabled the 
 marker to stand safely within a few feet of the target during 
 the delivery of the shots. 
 
 The first step was to have an accurate range as to distance, 
 and then to have a base line fixed from which we might in 
 all confidence measure perpendicularly the shot holes 
 as made. The task of doing the surveying necessary 
 to determine these very essential points was intrusted to 
 Charles EL Haswell, whose ability and standing as an engi- 
 neer and professional man are known throughout the world. 
 "When he had finished his labor there were seven stakes 
 standing in line, each was firmly driven into the ground, and 
 into the top of each was a screw having a flattop. The first 
 stake stood against the broad target fence, the next twenty- 
 five yards up the line, the next at fifty yards, the next again 
 at seventy-five yards, the next at one hundred yards, further 
 away was one at one hundred and fifty yards, while the last 
 one was at two hundred yards. They were in exact line, 
 and the broad-headed screw in the top of each were brought 
 exactly to the same level and that within the thousandth of 
 an inch. 
 
 It will be seen at once that we had now all the prelimi- 
 naries for an accurate test, since it was comparatively easy 
 to take the measurements at the target, at the several screens, 
 
HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 13 
 
 and at the rifle muzzle from the basic line provided. The 
 rifle was first placed carefully in rest, and when securely- 
 clamped down a few shots were fired until the bullets were 
 found to gather themselves in or near the bullseye. It mat- 
 tered not to any great extent how the sights were used, or 
 whether the sighting was on the bullseye. All we cared to 
 know was that the rifle was holding well, and that we could 
 rely on getting the next few shots on the target paper. Then 
 a cleaning rod was passed through the barrel and it was 
 ready for the deciding shots. All this time, of course, there 
 had been no screens in the way. These were now put up 
 From the top of the stake in front of the rifle rest, which in 
 this cut is the 100-yards stake, the distance was taken with 
 the Brown & Sharpe standard steel micrometer scale to the 
 center of the rifle barrel. This was fixed by a fine pin put 
 in the center of a small wooden plug accurately fitting the 
 bore. On each screen a fine ink line, put in with a drawing 
 pen from a T-square placed across the screen, had been 
 placed as a line of measurement, This line was brought 
 to the same distance from the stake below it as the rifle 
 barrel was above the stake below it, The line on the screen 
 was tested with a spirit level, and with the screen placed 
 exactly at right angles with the line of bullet flight there 
 was no danger of the glancing of the bullet, which, as every 
 rifleman knows, may take place from the slightest obstacle. 
 Each screen was placed thus while the target, having had 
 such a fine India ink line drawn across its center, was pinned 
 to the plank backing with this liue exactly at muzzle dis- 
 tance above the base line stake below. 
 
 When everything was in readiness and the signal given 
 that the range was clear the first shot was fired, not sighted 
 at the target direct, but upon the slight black patch which 
 had been placed on the screen nearest the rifle as a precau- 
 tionary measure. The shot hole through each screen was 
 numbered, and the same shot given the same number on the 
 target. This was done before another shot was fired, and 
 with abundant assistance did not consume a moment's time. 
 When the next shot was fired it too was numbered consec- 
 
14 HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 utiveiy, so that when through the five shots allotted each 
 rifle there were corresponding numbers on each of the three 
 screens and on the target as well. While the firing was 
 going on observations were made as to the state of the at- 
 mospheric conditions. Readings were had from the barom- 
 eter, from the wet and dry thermometer and from the ane- 
 mometer. The accuracy of these observations is guaranteed 
 when it is stated that the instruments used were selected 
 from the extensive stock of Gall & Lembke, of 21 West 
 Union Square, this city. 
 
 Before taking the rifle from its rest or disturbing the 
 screens and target, the measurements were renewed and veri- 
 fied at each point along the line — at the rifle muzzle — from 
 the screw head to the hair line drawn across each screen — 
 and to the similar line on the target. These having been taken 
 and duly entered, the clamps were loosened and the screens 
 set free, the thumb screws which held the target were drawn 
 and a few turns of the screw at the top of the rest permitted 
 the rifle to be lifted out. It will be noted that the essential 
 parts of each screen were the fine line and the numbered bul- 
 let holes, and this permitted the cutting out of the thin 
 paper sheets and their careful preservation in a portfolio for 
 future measurement. Supposing a shot to have hit exactly 
 upon the center-line of the bullseye, then the distances of the 
 shot-hole above the line on the several screens would have 
 been the trajectory height at those distances, respectively, 
 but the great majority of the bullets struck above or below 
 this center line, and this necessitated additional calculation, 
 simple, yet not to be slurred over. 
 
 In the case of the tip-up barrel rifles, such as the Wesson 
 and Stevens, and in the muzzleloaders, there was an ad- 
 ditional bother in the necessity of taking the muzzle height 
 at each placing of the rifle in the rest. The screens remained 
 untouched, and with the small black aiming patch on the 
 first screen nearest the rifle, there was no difficulty in getting 
 on the target. Yet in making the office calculations after- 
 ward, each shot in each screen is considered with reference 
 to the muzzle height when that particular shot was fired. 
 
HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 15 
 
 The work on the range began on Sept. 26, when by an 
 early morning train a party consisting of Mr. Henry A. 
 Sinclair, Mr. Charles H. HaswelL the rifle editor of the 
 Forest and Stream, and several assistants went down to 
 Creedmoor. On the platform at Queens were the numerous 
 boxes containing the rifles, the several packages of screens, 
 numerous pieces of lumber for supports, and generally all 
 the paraphernalia of the trial. The inconvenient location of 
 the National Rifle Association range was felt at once, and 
 a long cross-country ride was necessary to reach the place 
 where the firing was to be held. It was a warm genial day, 
 and without delay the surveyor and his aides were busy get- 
 ting the line over which the bullets were soon to be sent fly- 
 ing on their tell-tale errands. The veteran measurer who 
 has been a sort of mathematical regulator and expert on 
 figures and measurements since New York has taken form 
 as a city, entered into his work with spirit and soon had a 
 row of stakes standing in sentry line, from the face of the 
 Eunning Deer screen 200 yards up the open lawn. This 
 extreme led to a hollow and it became necessary to erect a 
 stand about four feet high on which to mount the fixed 
 shooting rest. This work was soon accomplished with the 
 assistance of the workmen furnished by Supt. W. H. Brower 
 and a few railroad ties as posts, with heavy plank atop made 
 a platform firm and solid for the shooting at this range. At 
 100 yards it was not necessary to have any such construction 
 and here the heavy plank base rested directly upon the 
 ground, held in position by stakes. The instruments for the 
 observation of the weather were provided for in shady 
 positions under the platform at 200 yards, while at 100 yards 
 a couple of planks set on end in the ground made a nook in 
 which the thermometer with its double column of mercury 
 and the wet and dry bulbs hung out of the direct sun's rays, 
 while the small aneroid barometer hung beside it. These 
 may be noted in cut No. 2, while above, on the small 
 stick, is seen the anemometer catching the record of all 
 the wind flying along at six or eight feet above the ground. 
 The day was spent in getting all the machinery for the test 
 
16 HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 into position, and when Monday morning came a rack full 
 of rifles waited in the office building across the range; a shelf 
 loaded down with many hundred rounds of ammunition was 
 close by, and a score or more of screens, each neatly covered 
 with a tightly drawn sheet of tracing paper, were ready for 
 the bullet holes. 
 
 There was no special order or rotation in the tests. The 
 rifles were taken up at random, fitted to the rest, and when 
 the sight had been caught on the target the screens were put 
 up and the trial shots fired. 
 
 Mr. Sinclair had in his charge the manipulation of the 
 rifles in almost every case, and to his care was put the entire 
 figuring and calculation of the test. Long years of drill in 
 just this sort of work — more particularly in connection with 
 heavy ordnance and the thousand and one forms of firearms 
 used and tried at the United States Proving Ground at 
 Sandy Hook — had given him a superior skill in calculations 
 of just the sort needed in the trajectory tests. The Forest 
 and Stream trial assumed in some respect the character of 
 a Government test, though nominally it was in no wise 
 official, and Mr. Sinclair left his official position as a Gov- 
 ernment measurer behind him when he left Sandy Hook, 
 and brought along to Creed moor only his technical knowl- 
 edge of weapons and his ability as a mathematician. 
 
 The first rifle placed in the rest on Sept. 28 was the Whit- 
 ney .40 60, but this was rather to try the line of fire than to 
 make a record, and the Bullard .40-70 became No. 1 in the 
 capacious note-book which Mr. Sinclar had provided to enter 
 his observations. It was then warm and pleasant, with a 
 light six o'clock wind blowing. The Winchester .45-75 
 followed, and the first day closed with only two rifles re- 
 corded at one range. The fixed rest was behaving well, and 
 so far as could be observed was answering its purpose ad- 
 mirably. 
 
 On the morning of the 29th of September the .50 Bullard 
 was brought out, but owing to weakness in the spring lifting 
 the carrier block, was laid aside for a time and the Bullard 
 .45 placed on. This was followed by the Remington-Hep- 
 
HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 17 
 
 burn .40-65, and then came the Bullard .38. The snug 
 little Colt was then given an opportunity to show its merit, 
 and then Mr. G. J. Romer, of Peekskill, having reached the 
 range with his small boy aud load of rifles, the afternoon 
 was given up to him. The Bland double-barrel rifle was 
 put on first, and with its tip-up manner of opening the 
 breech necessitated its unshiftiDg from the rest after each 
 shot and the most careful cross- leveling and muzzle meas- 
 urement at each round. The cartridges for this rifle had 
 been brought by Mr. Romer and were used in the weapon. 
 After the sighting shots and the five test shots from each 
 barrel but one loaded cartridge was left; this was taken for 
 weighing up. Mr. Romer then unwrapped his own muzzle- 
 loader, and having duly put it in order for work, gave five 
 shots and then left two of his charges ready for weighing up. 
 
 The next day was one of hard work, and the Mariiu .40, 
 Ballard .40 85, Bullard. 50 express, and Remington-Hepburn 
 .32 40 followed in quick order. Mr. Addis, from the Win- 
 chester Works, was an interested spectator and spent several 
 days watching the test. Among other visitors from time to 
 time were Superintendent Grover, from the Whitney Works; 
 John Bodine and Mr. Weber, of the long-range teams; Geo. 
 Joiner, General Robbins, General Rifle Inspector of the 
 N. G. S. N. Y. ; Charles Folsom, of the Stevens Company; 
 while of^soldiers from the several regiments down for prac- 
 tice there were visitors and spectators beyond count. 
 
 Con tinning our narrative of the arms tested, there were 
 put on in order the Remington-Hepburn .38, Bullard .32, the 
 Marlin .38, the Frank Wesson .44, the Winchester .40 60, 
 the Ballard .40-70, while the day ended with the Marlin .32. 
 The day following, Oct. 1, the Maynard was the first tried, 
 followed by the Remington State model military rifle, at the 
 suggestion of General Robbins. The Stevens .32 was tried 
 and then the Marlin. 45, marked for a Government cartridge, 
 but used instead with a lighter cartridge. The Whitney- 
 Kennedy .40 rifle was followed in turn by the Remington .32 
 and a U. S. Springfield 3 groove army rifle. This ended the 
 work on Oct. 1 and for the present the 200-yard shooting. 
 
18 HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 On Oct. 5, when the work was resumed, the rest was at 
 the 100-yard distance, and here the Winchester .50 was tried 
 with both solid and express bullets. The Bullard .50 was 
 put through the same test, and then in order came the Win- 
 chester .40, the Winchester .45, the Bullard .45 and the Bul- 
 lard .40, and the Whitney .40. The Marlin .32 closed that 
 day. 
 
 The Remington-Hepburn .40 followed on the following 
 morning and several others were likewise tried, but a light 
 rain at the time so dampened the screens that" in drying they 
 drew out of shape and the measurements were not consid- 
 ered accurate enough for our purposes. This wasted the 
 day and threw the tests over to the 10th, when another fine 
 day was had. The Ballard .40-70, the Stevens .32, the Mar- 
 lin .40-60, the Remington-Hepburn .32 and the Whitney- 
 Kennedy .50 with both solid and express bullets; the Ballard 
 .40-85, the Marlin .45, the Colt, the Marlin .38, the Rem- 
 ington-Hepburn .40, the Sharps .45, the Winchester long .22 
 and the Remington .32 closed up the programme of a very 
 good day's work. 
 
 On the 12th practice was renewed with the Stevens .22, 
 and there followed in order the Maynard, the Bullard .32, 
 Wesson, and then with the afternoon came the Bland, this 
 time with an express bullet; at first with a clean gun after 
 each shot, as marksman Romer insisted every patched bullet 
 should be fired, and then without cleaning, as we thought 
 every hunter's rifle ought to be fired. The following rifle 
 was the Merrill muzzleloader, with its heavy charge and 
 great accuracy. It is to be regretted that the same muzzle- 
 loader was not brought down for both ranges, but we were 
 more desirous of having the English Bland tried, and this 
 was given a most exacting test at both ranges, with solid 
 balls in one case and with hollow bullets in the other. The 
 rifles following were the Stevens .38, the Hunter's Pet. the 
 Remington-Hepburn .38, the Springfield .45, and, last at 
 100 yards, the State Model Remington .50-cal. 
 
 On Oct. 19 the 200-yard range work was resumed. There 
 had been heavy rains on the intermediate days, and fearing 
 
HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 19 
 
 that the stakes might have settled a re-measureinent was 
 had, this time taken by the son of Gen. Meserole, of Brook- 
 lyn, an accomplished young surveyor. It was found that 
 the stakes had been well and truly driven, and had not 
 varied an appreciable fraction of an inch from the first. 
 The order of shooting now was: Stevens .22, Winchester 
 .22, Whitney-Kennedy .50, with solid and express bullet. 
 The Winchester .50 in same manner. Then the Sharps .45; 
 also the Bullard .50 with express bullet. Then the Hunter's 
 Pet, and then the trials were over so far as the first step of 
 the work in the field was concerned. 
 
 In all there were seventy-four sets of targets made, gener- 
 ally with three screens in each, but only in one instance less, 
 as when at 100 yards one screen was taken down and then 
 another, to see what the retarding effect of the tissue paper 
 was. There were 296 punctured screens, and with five shots 
 in each there were 1480 shot marks in all to find the exact 
 center of and measure up to. In fixing these centers the 
 screen papers were tacked down on a broad, smooth sheet of 
 heavy paper, and with a pair of dividers each bullet hole 
 was centered, a circle struck, and from the fine point made 
 by the divider leg-point, the measure was taken. So on the 
 target, and it may be mentioned to the merit of all the rifles 
 tried that not a single key-hole shot mark was found. Every 
 bullet had traveled dead on and hit with its point. That all 
 those measurements, nearly 2,000 in all, and the subse- 
 quent calculations to be made, will explain the delay 
 which followed the completion of the work in the open. Of 
 course it w#s necessary that all the figuring should be done 
 by one hand, and as far as possible we desired to make the 
 record so exact and so complete that no correction should be 
 necessary at any future date. 
 
 The exact manner in which the tests were made, and the 
 subsequent calculations to get at the tables published may 
 be best and most clearly explained by taking the following 
 illustrations of one set of screens with the accompanying 
 target, and showing by them the method of working down 
 the results into their published form The Springfield rifle 
 
20 HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 may be taken since this shows bullet marks on the target 
 above and below the center line. First of all it should be 
 understood that the weapon was fitted to the rest and special 
 attention paid to having it level across the piece, that is, 
 having the sights in a vertical line above the center of the 
 
 
 bore. Then it was sighted on the target and a shot fired. 
 The position of the hit was noted, the bullet hole stopped 
 with a patch and a second shot fired to get the arm bearing 
 well toward the bullseye. In the case of this particular 
 rifle the first trial shot struck rather high to the left, the 
 
 / Iks ^ 
 
 \ 
 
 /3 . \ 
 
 second was in good elevation, just to the left edge of the 
 bull. All was now ready for measurements, and a plug fit- 
 ting the bore was put in the muzzle, a pin in the center of 
 this plug of course gave the center of the bore at the muzzle. 
 The distance in a plumb line from this pin to the 100-yard 
 
HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 21 
 
 stake set by the surveyor was then taken by Mr. Sinclair 
 with a Brown & Sharpe improved vernier caliper having a 
 steel rod with points tempered and jaws ground, and capable 
 of measuring with unerring accuracy to the thousandth part 
 of an inch. This height was recorded in the note book. 
 
 sm (j°*) 7<"y- 
 
 Tlt« 
 
 2 -' 
 
 S~ 
 
 Upon a notched stick the same distance was given as close 
 as a carpenter generally measures, and with a spirit level 
 the carpenter assistant set out to set up the screens on 
 
 the 25, 50 and 75 yard posts respectively. Upon each of 
 the screens already stretched and dry was drawn with a 
 right-line pen a fine ink line at right angles to the frame. 
 This line was set about the same level as the gun muz- 
 zle, paying special attention to having the line level, by 
 
22 HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 using the spirit level. While this was going on, the work 
 of a few moments only, the arm was thoroughly scrubbed 
 out with a sharp brush, but without removing it from the 
 rest, so that whatever of barrel buckling or "whipping- 
 down" of the muzzle which might have affected the trial 
 shots was not disturbed in making the final test shots. While 
 the screens were being adjusted, too, the notes were taken of 
 the weather conditions from the fine instruments sent us for 
 the test by Gall & Lembke, of this city. All was now ready 
 for the first shot. When it had been fired the hole or 
 puncture in each screen was marked No. 1, as was the bullet 
 hole in paper target. As the markers stepped aside a second 
 shot was fired, and this in turn was marked No. 2 on each 
 screen and on the target, and so on to the end, each shot 
 passing through the screens and target, until five had been- 
 recorded. The screens had not been disturbed, neither had 
 the target paper. A slight lateral motion was given the 
 rifle in order to prevent the holes being too closely bunched 
 on the screens and on the target. This lateral shifting was 
 done in any case where the shooting seemed to be too close, 
 and it maybe mentioned to the general credit of all the rifles 
 in the test that there were but one or two instances where it 
 was not necessary. 
 
 With the firing of the last shot Mr. Sinclair took up his 
 gauge, and, putting in the ping, verified his' muzzle meas- 
 urement; then on the first screen the distance from the sur- 
 veyor's stake below to the fine ink line was taken and re- 
 corded, at the same time an eye being directed to the 
 question of the correctness of the level set by the assistant. 
 The next screen and the next were similarly treated and 
 recorded, and at the target the distance from the stake to 
 the line across the center of the bullseye was taken and put 
 down at once in the notebook. In other words, we have 
 now got on record the distance of a certain fixed line on each 
 screen and on the target from a known level. This level 
 having been determined in the first place by Charles H. 
 Haswell and verified later in the trials by Surveyor Meserole. 
 The figures as they appeared upon the notebook were : 
 
\ ^^WW 
 
24 HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 Height of center of bore at muzzle 16.442 in. 
 
 Height of line on 25-yard screen 16.304 in. 
 
 Height of line on 50-yard screen 16.356 in. 
 
 Height of line of 75-yard screen 16.256 in. 
 
 Height of line on target 17.062 in. 
 
 The screens were then cut from the frames, and after the 
 field work was over, they were tacked down on a smooth 
 table and the heights of the centers of the bullet holes taken 
 in a line at right angles with the line on screen. Let us fol- 
 low shot No. 1 — on screen at 25 yards it stood 3.256 inches 
 above line; on screen at 50 yards it measured 4.576 inches 
 above line; on the 75-yard screen it measured 5. 162 inches, 
 while on the target it struck 2 692 inches above the center 
 line. Now with these figures it will at once be seen that 
 every element and factor necessary to the determination of 
 the trajectory curve is present. The proper way is to start 
 at zero at the muzzle, and with a corresponding zero at the 
 target get a line connecting them and then find the heights 
 of the bullet holes in the screens above that line. So far 
 as the screens are concerned, by adding together the height 
 of the line and the height of the bullet hole above the line, 
 we get the distance of the hole above the surveyor's level 
 line, and by subtracting the muzzle height we get the dis- 
 tance of the bullet hole above the muzzle. 
 
 This calculation would take this form: 
 
 
 25 Yards. 
 
 50 Yards. 
 
 75 Yards. 
 
 Height of screen line . . 
 
 .16.304 in. 
 
 16.356 in. 
 
 16.256 in. 
 
 Height of bullet hole.. 
 
 . 3.256 in. 
 
 4.576 in. 
 
 5.162 in. 
 
 19.560 in. 20.932 in. 21.418 in. 
 
 Muzzle height 16.442 in. 16.442 in. 16.442 in. 
 
 B ullet hole above muzzle 3. 1 1 8 in. 4. 490 in. 4. 976 in. 
 
 Now these would be the trajectory heights if the zero 
 point at target, that is the point where the bullet struck, 
 corresponded exactly with the zero point at the muzzle, 
 that is the height of the muzzle, but the bullet struck 
 2.692 inches above the line on the target, which, as 
 

 HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 25 
 
 we have seen J stood at 17.062 inches above the base 
 line. The calculation now is to find the difference in 
 height between the point where the bullet started and the 
 point where it struck, and the figures stand : 
 
 Line on target 17.062 in. 
 
 Bullet hole above line 2.692 in. 
 
 19.754 in. 
 Muzzle height 16.442 in. 
 
 Bullet above muzzle 3.3J2 in. 
 
 The problem now is to distribute this 3.312 inches of 
 height along the screens. It is manifest that the figures we 
 have found from the screens are deceptively high. We need 
 a new base line, from the muzzle to the hole on target, and 
 not from the muzzle to the center line of target. This is 
 shown on Fig. 1. 
 
 i/ B 
 
 M 
 
 M 
 
 Pi 3 x 
 
 M is the muzzle. C same level on target. B the point 
 struck. C B is the 3.312 inches we have determined. A 
 simple geometrical problem tells us that at A, where the 25- 
 yard screen is, the height A F will be one-quarter of the 
 height C B. At D, where the 50-yard screen is located, the 
 height D H is half of the height C B, and at E, where 
 the 75 yard screen is located, E K is three-quarters of C B. 
 In actual numbers the record stands: 
 
 C B =3.312 in. 
 A F=3^ of C B= 0.828 in. 
 DH=Xof CB=1.656in. 
 EK=%of CB=2.484in. 
 
26 HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 Going back to our first table, we are now able to complete 
 it, as follows : 
 
 25 Yards. 50 Yards. 75 Yards. 
 
 Height of screen line 16.304 in. 16.356 in. 16.256 in. 
 
 Height of bullet hole 3.256 in. 4.576 in. 5.162 in. 
 
 19.560 in. 20.932 in. 21.418 in. 
 Muzzle height 16.442 in. 16.442 in. 16.442 in. 
 
 Bullet hole above muzzle. . . 3.118 in. 4.490 in. 4 976 in. 
 
 Target correction —0.828 in. 1.656 in. 2.484 in. 
 
 True trajectory 2.290 in. 2.834 in. 2.492 in. 
 
 This then is the record of one round through the three 
 screens, and we hope we have made it plain enough to be 
 understood by any one. 
 
 Shot No. 2, it will be seen, struck the target above the 
 center line, and without doing more than giving the figures 
 the calculation blank shows, as follows, the screen lines and 
 muzzle height and target line, remaining as before: At 25 
 yards the bullet went 2.586 inches above screen line, at 50 
 yards it was 3.315 inches, and at 75 yards it stood at 3.115; 
 while on the target it struck .008 above the center line in- 
 scribed there, which, it will be recalled, stood 17.062 inches 
 above surveyor's line. The calculations then stand: 
 
 25 Yards. 50 Yards. 75 Yards. 
 
 Height of screen line 16.304 in. 16.356 in. 16.256 in. 
 
 Height of bullet hole 2.586 in. 3.315 in. 3.115 in. 
 
 18.890 in. 19.671 in. 19.371 in. 
 Muzzle height 16.442 in. 16.442 in. 16.442 in. 
 
 2.448 in. 3.229 in. 2.929 in. 
 
 Target correction —0.157 in. 0.314 in. 0.471 in. 
 
 True trajectory 2.291 in. 2.915 in. 2.458 in. 
 
 In shot No 3 we fiud the screen heights to be at 25 yards, 
 2.103 inches; at 50 yards, 2.224 inches; at 75 yards it was 
 1.453 inches, and at the target it struck 2 248 inches below 
 
28 
 
 HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 the center line. This last will necessitate a reversal of our 
 geometrical diagram, as follows: 
 
 M A 
 
 H 
 
 Pi 3 it 
 
 The lettering is the same and the same principle applies, 
 but the line of heights first obtained on the screens are 
 plainly too low and need to be increased as the bullet hole is 
 brought from its actual position below the muzzle to a point 
 level with it, and the table stands: 
 
 Height of screen line . 
 Height of bullet hole. 
 
 25 Yards. 
 ..16.304 in. 
 .. 2.103 in. 
 
 18.407 in. 
 ..16.442 in. 
 
 50 Yards. 
 16.356 in. 
 2.224 in. 
 
 75 Yards. 
 16.256 in. 
 1.453 in. 
 
 Muzzle height 
 
 18.580 in. 
 16.442 in. 
 
 17.709 in. 
 16.442 in. 
 
 Target correction 
 
 1.965 in. 
 .+0.407 in. 
 
 2.138 in. 
 0.814 in. 
 
 1.267 in. 
 1.221 in. 
 
 2.372 in. 2.952 in. 2.488 in. 
 
 Shot No. 4, when examined on the screens and target, 
 was found to show heights as follows above the ink lines: 
 25-yard screen, 2.753 inches; 50 -yard screen, 3.556 inches; 
 75-vard screen, 3.465 inches, and target, 0.556 inches. In 
 this case the bullet, striking above the muzzle height, there 
 would be a correction to be made by subtraction, the figur- 
 
 ing standing : 
 
 25 Yards. 
 
 50 Yards. 
 
 75 Yards 
 
 Height of screen line. 
 
 .16.304 in. 
 
 16.356 in. 
 
 16.256 in. 
 
 Height of bullet hole. . 
 
 . 2.753 in. 
 
 3.556 in. 
 
 3.465 in. 
 
 19.057 in. 
 Muzzle height 16.442 in. 
 
 2.615 in. 
 Target correction — 0.294 in. 
 
 True trajectory 2.321 in. 
 
 19.912 in. 
 16.442 in. 
 
 3.470 in. 
 0.588 in. 
 
 2.882 in. 
 
 19.721 in. 
 16.442 in. 
 
 3.279 in. 
 0.882 in. 
 
 2.897 in. 
 
HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 29 
 
 The fifth and last round, it will be seen by the target dia- 
 grams, strikes below the center line, and in this icspect 
 resembles No. 3; and a similar mode of reaching the result 
 is followed. The screen and target measurements were: 
 25-yard screen, 2.406 inches; 50-yard screen, 2.804 inches; 
 75-yard screen, 2.366 inches; and on the target 0.960 inch 
 below, and the calculation stands : 
 
 Height of screen line . . 
 Height of bullet hole. 
 
 25 Yards. 
 ..16,304 in. 
 
 .. 2.406 in. 
 
 50 Yards. 
 16.356 in. 
 
 2.804 in. 
 
 75 Yards. 
 16.256 in. 
 
 2.366 in. 
 
 Muzzle height 
 
 18.710 in. 
 ..16.442 in. 
 
 2.268 in. 
 .+0.085 in. 
 
 19.160 in. 
 16.442 in. 
 
 2.718 in. 
 0.170 in. 
 
 18.622 in. 
 16.442 in. 
 
 Target correction 
 
 2.180 in. 
 0.255 in. 
 
 True trajectory 2.353 in. 2.888 in. 2.435 in. 
 
 All that now remains is to join these shots into a table to 
 get the average for the five shots; and, to make it more 
 complete, we insert what is omitted, as understood, in the 
 report on each arm, the zero point which we h-ive found for 
 muzzle and target: 
 
 ound 
 1... 
 2... 
 
 . Muzzle. 
 
 
 
 
 
 .0 
 
 25 Yards. 
 ....2.290 in. 
 ....2.291 in. 
 
 2 372 in 
 
 50 Yards. 
 2.834 in. 
 2.915 in. 
 2.952 in. 
 2.882 in. 
 2.888 in. 
 
 75 Yards. 
 2.492 in . . 
 2.458 in.. 
 2.488 m.. 
 2.397 in.. 
 2.435 in.. 
 
 Target. 
 
 
 
 . ...0 
 
 o 
 
 4... 
 5... 
 
 
 
 
 
 ....2.321 in. 
 ....2.353 in. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Average.. .0 2.325 in. 2.894 in. 2.454 in 
 
 The nomenclature of the wind seems to be, judging from 
 letters of inquiry received, not clearly understood by all of 
 our readers; and when we speak of a "10 o'clock" or a "6 
 o'clock" wind, the terms convey to the mind of some of our 
 readers no impression of the actual direction in which the 
 wind was blowing. It would be plainly out of the question 
 to use the points of the compass in describing the direction 
 of the wind, unless we had for constant reference a map of 
 
30 HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 the range. In fact the firing during the tests was almost 
 due north; but we have in all cases used the regular terms 
 employed at Creedmoor, and we think on most of the 
 American ranges, in describing the wind. 
 
 We must suppose that the observer is standing at the firing 
 point facing the target, and that he has in his hand a watch 
 lying face upward, with the 12 o'clock mark toward the 
 target. 
 
 . TARGET 
 
 FIRING FO/A/T 
 
 Then a wind blowing in the direction of the Arrow A 
 would be called an 11 o'clock wind, as coming from the 
 quarter marked by the figure 11 on the dial. Arrow B will 
 represent a 2 o'clock wind, and arrow C a 4 o'clock wind, 
 and so on for each of the twelve divisions of the dial. A 
 wind coming direct from the target toward the shooter 
 would be 12 o'clock wind, and if it had a habit of shifting 
 first to one side of the meridian and then to the other, it 
 would be a "fish tail" wind. A similar fish tail wind might 
 come from the rear, and would then be a 6 o'clock fish tail 
 wind. With the direction and the force of the wind given, 
 
HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 31 
 
 all is noted that it is necessary to know of the wind part of 
 the atmospheric conditions. 
 
 It will be seen that this same device of a dial may be made 
 use of in noting the point hit by a bullet on the target. In 
 this case we must suppose the watch to be hanging on the 
 target face. So a 12 o'clock bullseye would be one near 
 the top, and a 6 o'clock bull would be one near the lower 
 part of the bullseye. So also of inners, and centers, and 
 outers, they could all be accurately and tersely described by 
 this dial nomenclature. 
 
THE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 Wl E commence our report on the trajectories of rifles by 
 * * presenting the figures of the .50-caliber weapons. In 
 some respects these are the most interesting of all, in that 
 they include the express bullets and permit direct compari- 
 son to be made between the performance of the same rifle 
 with the same powder charge, but using two different bullets. 
 Three different makes of hunting rifles are included in this 
 instalment of our report, together with the figures on our old 
 friend, the Remington State, which it would seem deserves a 
 much better reputation than it generally enjoys. In many 
 cases we think the rifle is fully up to the riflemen, and this 
 applies to many other weapons besides this particular mili- 
 tary one. "We have given, as far as may be, all the data we 
 have about each rifle. These figures are our own, as far as 
 possible, but the facts about weight of barrel, of rifling and of 
 composition of the bullet we take from the reports or letters 
 of the rifle makers. The examination of the cartridges as to 
 weight of powder and ball was intrusted to a man accus- 
 tomed to just this sort of delicate manipulation of the bal- 
 ances, and each charge as weighed was put in a small vial 
 for exhibition in our office and for future reference in case of 
 dispute. As far as possible we will illustrate the cartridge 
 used, as this will enable readers to see at once the sort of 
 ammunition employed. Our cut is drawn from an instan- 
 taneous photograph, capitally taken at the moment of a dis- 
 charge. It calls for no special explanation. 
 
 3 
 
34 
 
 HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 Winchester .50, Solid Ball. 
 
 This arm was tried at 200 yards on Oct. 19, and was placed 
 on the rest at 11 :30 in the forenoon; the wind was then blow- 
 ing at the rate of 18 miles per hour from the 7 o'clock quar- 
 ter. The other weather conditions were: Barometer 30.205; 
 dry thermometer 70.5, wet bulb thermometer 65, dew point 
 61.5 and humidity 73 percent. The barrel was octagonal, 
 26 inches in length and bore the factory number of 48006. 
 Weight of rifle 10 pounds 1 ounce, weight of barrel 3 pounds 
 2 ounces. Rifling 6 groove. Uniform twist, one turn in 60 
 inches, groove depth .003 and width .160. It was fired with 
 Winchester made ammunition marked .50-95, having a three- 
 grooved solid bullet. Three of the cartridges were opened 
 
 
 and both powder and ball weighed. The latter is composed 
 of 1 part tin to 16 of lead. In the first cartridge opened the 
 powder was found in fair condition and pressed hard, the 
 charge weighing 90.8 and the ball 311.5. In the next the 
 powder was in fine condition, and the weights of powder 
 and ball respectively 01.3 and 313.3. The last one opened 
 turned out the charge in fine condition, the powder weighing 
 90.7 and the bullet 312.0. 
 
 The rifle in the rest behaved very well, and the target was 
 soon found and five scoring rounds secured as follows: 
 Round. 50 Yards. 100 Yards. 150 Yards. 
 
 1 7.727 in. 11.305 in. 8.625 in. 
 
 2 7.931 in. 11.270 in. 8.408 in. 
 
 3 8.459 in. 11.752 in. 8.844 in. 
 
 5 7.783 in. 11.079 in. 8.415 in. 
 
 6 7.932 in. 10.903 in. 8.273 in. 
 
 Average 7.966 in. 11.268 in. 8.513 in. 
 
 The 100-yard test of the Winchester .50 express rifle 
 with solid bullet was made on Oct. 5. It was about 11 
 o'clock in the forenoon, immediately following the trial at 
 

 HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 35 
 
 the same range with the express bullet, though the weapon 
 had, of course, been cleaned as it stood in the rest. The 
 wind was then blowing from the 7 o'clock quarter at an 
 eighteen mile an hour rate. The barometer stood at 30.200 
 inches, the thermometer at 57°, and the wet bulb thermometer 
 at 50°, leaving a dew point of 42 and a humidity of 57 per 
 cent. The ammunition was from the same boxes used in 
 the 200-yard test, and of the condition of which report is 
 made above. A curious result is seen in the calculated 
 figures, especially in the fifth and sixth shots, where the 
 height at 75 yards is seen to be far above that at the middle 
 screen at 50 yards. This novel result would seem to sustain 
 the gyratory motion which it is claimed bullets sometimes 
 take on, especially when traveling at a high rate of speed. 
 It simply means that owing perhaps to some imperfection in 
 the bullet, or it may be to other causes, the ball travels in a 
 sort of corkscrew course, traveling spirally about an imagin- 
 ary line, while, of course, obeying the forward impulse given 
 it by the powder charge. In other cases during the tests this 
 phenomenon has been even more marked, and e*very experi- 
 menter who has had occasion to narrowly watch and mathe- 
 matically determine the antics of a bullet in flight will bear 
 testimony to his observation of these facts. 
 
 At the 200-yard range it will be noted that this tendency 
 to abnormally high trajectory points at the extreme screen 
 came in the two leading shots, and that in the other shots 
 the line seems to have been the ordinary line with the bullet 
 maintaining its revolution on an axis parallel to and co-exist- 
 ent with the line of flight. The rifle was clean in both 
 cases. a^nd there was not at any time any leading or other 
 physical interruption to correct firing; neither was the arm 
 shooting wildly, and the bullets were in all cases traveling 
 head on. We leave the point open for discussion by others 
 at the conclusion of our report, only making note of the fact 
 that the screens were examined with special care and the 
 calculation thrice repeated, the first and natural conclusion 
 being that some error in figuring had been committed. 
 Under the circumstances, while giving all the results, we 
 
36 
 
 HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 calculate the line of average trajectory to the three upper 
 rounds, where it is evident the bullet was traveling in 
 a normal line. The 5-round average is also given. The 
 figures are : 
 
 Round. 25 Yards. 
 
 1 1.554 in. 
 
 2 1.896 in. 
 
 4 1.735 in. 
 
 5 1.660 in. 
 
 6 1.856 in. 
 
 Aver. (3 rounds) 1.728 in. 
 Aver. (5 rounds) 1.740 in- 
 
 50 Yards. 
 
 75 Yards. 
 
 1.975 in. 
 
 1.661 in. 
 
 2.559 in. 
 
 2.124 in. 
 
 2.141 in. 
 
 1.771 in. 
 
 1.959 in. 
 
 2.733 in. 
 
 2.381 in. 
 
 2.763 in. 
 
 2.225 in. 
 
 1.852 in. 
 
 2.203 in 
 
 2.210 in. 
 
 Winchester .50, Express Ball. 
 
 The test with the express bullet was made at once upon 
 the completion of the solid ball record and without any 
 material change of sight; of course all the data about the 
 rifle hold as before and the weather conditions had not 
 changed to any appreciable extent. The Winchester ammu- 
 nition was used, the three-grooved bullet having the same 
 
 composition as before, one of tin to sixteen of lead by weight. 
 The three cartridges opened showed the powder in fine con- 
 dition in each case. The charges weighed 8J9.8, 89.3, and 
 89.3 in order, while the bullets corresponding were 305.3, 
 298.8 and 300 8. The gun barrel was given a cleaning be- 
 fore the new trial was made, the initial conditions were in 
 every respect uniform. The figures stood: 
 
 Round. 50 Yards. 100 Yards. 150 Yards. 
 
 1 7.994 in. 11.362 in. 8.648 in. 
 
 2 8. 139 in. 11.425 in. 8.507 in. 
 
 3 8 214 m. 11.800 in. 8.835 in. 
 
 4 7.883 in. 10.829 in. 8.120 in. 
 
 5 7.780 in. 11.116 in. 8.349 in. 
 
 Average 8.002 in. 11.306 m. 8.492 in. 
 
HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 37 
 
 The trial of the "W inchester . 50 express rifle with an ex- 
 press bullet at the 100-yard range immediately preceded the 
 test of the solid bullet cartridge in the same arm and at the 
 same distance. It was about a quarter past ten on the 
 morning of Oct. 5, with the wind blowing at an eighteen- 
 mile-an-hour pace from the seven o'clock quarter. The 
 barometer stood at 30 160, the thermometer at 56, with the 
 wet-bulb ditto at 50, making a dew point of 43 and a humid- 
 ity record of 62 per cent. Ammunition was taken from 
 the same lot as before. The weapon behaved very well, gave 
 no trouble in handling, and the shots as recorded on the 
 screens do not show more than the average variation and 
 nothing of the gyratory motion so plainly recorded in the 
 solid ball test afterward. The average accordingly is on the 
 full five shots, as follows: 
 
 Round. 25 Yards. 50 Yards. 75 Yards. 
 
 1 2.142 in. 2.40Lin. 2.188 in. 
 
 2 2.124 in. 2.505 in. 2.235 in. 
 
 3 2.018 in. 2.299 in. 2.030 in. 
 
 4 2.124 in. 2416 in. 2.216 in. 
 
 5 2.072 in. 2.318 in. 2.112 in. 
 
 Average 2.096 in. 2.388 in. 2.156 in. 
 
 Bullard .50, Solid Ball. 
 
 This weapon is noteworthy as carrying nominally the 
 heaviest charge of any of the breechloaders in the trial. It 
 was marked 346 in the shop numbers and had a 28-inch 
 round barrel. The total weight of the weapon unloaded 
 was 10 pounds i ounce, while the weight of barrel alone was 3 
 
 
 pounds Bounces. There were five grooves, having a uniform 
 twist of one turn in 72 inches. It was loaded with Union 
 Metallic Company ammunition from a box marked ".50- 
 
38 HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 115; for Bullard Repeating Rifle." The bullet had three 
 grooves, and when three rounds were opened the powder 
 was found in fair condition but pressed hard. The powder 
 weights ran 112 5, 112.2 and 113.1, while the bullet weight 
 figures were 350.5, 350.5 and 350 4. The weapon in the rest 
 was rather obstinate, and at times it was necessary to push 
 the carrier block down with a pencil, owing seemingly to 
 the breakage or weakness of the carrier block spring. It 
 was tested at ten o'clock on the morning of Sept. 30, under 
 a three-miles -an-h our breeze blowing from the nine o'clock 
 quarter. The other weather conditions were: Barometer, 
 30.100; dry thermometer 77. 5 ; wet-bulb thermometer, 67.5; 
 dew pDint, 61, and humidity, 57 per cent. The trajectory 
 figures show : 
 
 Round. 50 Yards. 100 Yards. 15") Yards. 
 
 1 7.385 in. 10.386 in. 7.974 in. 
 
 2 7.459 in. 10.588 in. 8.350 in. 
 
 3 7.173 in. 10.179 m. 7.914 in. 
 
 4 7.044 in. 10.215 in. 7.795 in. 
 
 5 7.243 in. 10.078 in. 7.807 in. 
 
 Average 7.261 in. 10.289 in. 7.968 in. 
 
 The 100-yard test wi.th the solid bullet was made on the 
 morning of Oct. 5. It was 11 :20 when the weapon was 
 fitted to the rest, with favorable weather conditions. The 
 barometric reading was 30.275, the dry thermometer 57, the 
 wet bulb thermometer 51, with a dew point of 45 and a 
 humidity of 64 per cent. The wind, at an 18 mile rate, 
 was blowing from the 8 o'clock quarter. The ammunition 
 was as that used in the 200-yard test, and the figures of 
 trajectory given are worthy of special study. In this as- 
 in almost every other case is seen the wisdom of an 
 average result by taking five distinct records, as carried 
 through the' entire Forest and Stream trial wherever 
 practicable. A dropping shot, or one of those records which 
 go to show that bullets have a way of their own of wabbling 
 through the air, might upset the conclusions entirely if a 
 trajectory test was made to depend on the figures of a single 
 shot. We give the record as it comes from the calculation' 
 blanks, only remarking that every screen and target remains. 
 
HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 39 
 
 ou file in our office, and that the oft-repeated calculations 
 made to get at this result may be again repeated if at any- 
 time it is thought necessary. The record stands: 
 
 Round. 25 Yards. 10 Yards. 75 Yards. 
 
 2 1.555 in. 1.804 in. 1.770 in. 
 
 3 1.548 in. 1.636 in. 1.361 in. 
 
 4 1.667 in. 1894 in. 1.710 in. 
 
 5 1.476 in. 1.764 in. 1.636 in. 
 
 6 1.746 in. 1.989 in. 1.810 in. 
 
 Average.... 1.593 in. 1.817 in. 1.657 in. 
 
 Bullard .50 Express, Express Bullet. 
 
 The 200-yard trial of this Bullard .50 express was not 
 made until the afternoon of October 19, at quarter past 
 two, when it was put on the rest, with a 27 miles an hour 
 wind blowing from the 4 o'clock quarter. The weather 
 environments of the trial were : Barometer, 30.195 inches; dry 
 thermometer 66.5°; wet bulb therometer 60.5; dew point, 
 55.5, and humidity 68 per cent. It was loaded with U.M.C. 
 ammunition, and the tbiee-gicove bullet was on powde 
 pressed hard and in fair condition otherwise. The 
 box was marked ".50 cal., 115 grains powder 'Express'; for 
 Bullard Repeating Rifle." The weights of the three pow- 
 
 115 gr. Bullard Express. 
 
 der charges stood, 112.1, 111.2 and 110 15, while the three 
 bullets weighed up to 303.6, 303.7, 306.8 grains respectively. 
 The trajectory heights stood at : 
 
 Round. 50 Yards. 100 Yards. 150 Yards. 
 
 1 6.791 in. 9.888 in. 7.924 in. 
 
 2 7.828 in. 11.279 in. 9.012 in. 
 
 3 7.163 in. 10.061 in. 7.982 in. 
 
 4 7.410 in. 11.188 in. 8.077 in. 
 
 5 6.841 in. 10.048 in. 7.950 in. 
 
 Average. .. 7,206 in. 10.493 in. 8.189 in. 
 
40 HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 The trial of the Bullard .50 express over the 100-yard range 
 with the express bullet followed close upon the trial of the 
 heavier solid bullet. The rifle was still warm, and in order 
 that it might start under similar conditions as to the interior 
 of the barrel, a sharp rubbing was given with the brush of 
 the cleaning rod. It was 11:40 o'clock, and the wind was 
 holding from the 7 o'clock quarter, but at a 15-mile-an-hour 
 rate, the barometer mercury was at 30.240 inches. The 
 thermometer was at 59, tho wet bulb thermometer standing 
 at 52, making a dew point of 45 and a humidity of 60 per 
 cent. The loading of the weapon was from the same box as 
 the 200-yard express bullet record. 
 
 The figures are again subject to comment, especially the 
 second round, where the ?5-yard screen shows a bullet mark 
 fully one-tenth of an inch higher than at the screen 25 yards 
 nearer the target. Again, the bullet would seem to have 
 been corkscrewing its way down the range, and caught the 
 third screen on the upper section of the curve in which it 
 was traveling. The figures as deduced show : 
 
 Bound. 25 Yards. 50 Yard?. 75 Yards. 
 
 1 1.586 in. 1.789 in. 1.629 in. 
 
 2 1.585 in. 2.191 in. 2.298 in. 
 
 3 1.746 in. 2.114 in. 1.891 in. 
 
 4 1.761 in. 1.930 in. 1.702 in. 
 
 5 1.772in. 2.211 in. 1.869 in. 
 
 Average.... 1.690 iu 2.047'". 1.878 in. 
 
 Whitney-Kennedy .50, Solid Ball. 
 
 This arm is the third of the large .50-caliber weapons 
 using both solid and express bullet. Its ammunition was 
 taken from the same boxes used by the "Winchester of the 
 
 same caliber, and all marks and figures on that ammunition 
 apply to this. The cut of the cartridge used in the remarks 
 
HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 41 
 
 on the Winchester gives rather undue prominence to the 
 bottle necked feature of the shell. The cut herewith gives 
 a more correct idea of the appearance of the shell. The 
 shell itself is l}f inches in length. The arm weighed 8 
 pounds 11 ounces, and of this weight 3 pounds 8 ounces 
 were in the barrel. It had a 26 inch octagonal barrel and 
 was marked "Q. 95." The twist in the rifling was uniform, 
 one turn in 30 inches, with six grooves, each .006 of an inch 
 in depth. It was placed on the rest at 200 yards at half-past 
 ten on the morning of Oct. 19, with the barometer standing 
 at 30.205, the thermometer at 68.5, the wet-bulb thermome- 
 ter at 64, indicating a dew point of 60.7 and a humidity of 
 76 per cent. The wind came from the seven o'clock quarter 
 at a twelve-miles-an-hour pace. As in all the other express 
 rifles particularly the traces of the gyratory motions by 
 which the ball traveled from muzzle to target are noticed in 
 the figures of the trajectory heights. The figures as reached 
 are as follows: 
 
 Round. 50 Yards. 100 Yards. 150 Yards. 
 
 1 8.042 in. 11.246 in. 8.460 in. 
 
 2 7.067 in. 9.341 in. 8.446 in. 
 
 3 7.678 in. 11.474 in. 8.790 in. 
 
 4 7.108 in. 11.096 in. 8.481 in. 
 
 5 7.690 in. 11.962 in. 9.146 in. 
 
 Average.... 7.517 in. 11.024 in. 8.665 in. 
 
 At the 100-yard range this rifle was tested on Oct. 10 with 
 the ammunition taken from the Winchester box. The bar- 
 ometer at the time stood at 30.310, the dry thermometer at 
 62, and the wet bulb thermometer at 55, making a dew point 
 of 48 and a humidity of 60 per cent. The wind came at 18 
 miles per hour from the 10 o'clock quarter. The results ob- 
 tained appear somewhat startling, but careful verification 
 of them and re-examination of the target shows that they are 
 entirely correct, and that the course of each bullet in the 
 series of five is most accurately noted. It affords one of 
 the most marked cases of the existence of the gyratory mo- 
 tion on the part of the bullet. Why such a motion should 
 exist we cannot now stop to consider. Whether it is due to 
 
42 HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 a certain relation between the powder charge and thereby 
 the bullet velocity and the character of the rifling, or to 
 other circumstances, is in some measure an open question. 
 That there is such a motion our figures show; that such a 
 motion is not confined to small arms is the experience of 
 every one who has had much to do with ordnance of a 
 larger type, where it is not unfrequent in experimental arms 
 to see a conical solid shot go off in a long corkscrew course 
 down the range, and then after traveling in that way for a 
 distance seem to correct itself, and with the diminishing 
 velocity regain a normal course and travel in the usual arc 
 and in a single vertical plane. In the table below it will be 
 observed that the third and fifth shots show trajectory points 
 on the 50 and 75 yard screens actually below the line of fire. 
 This would naturally lead to the conclusion that the shot 
 was dropping, whereas the true explanation is found in the 
 remarks above. The second shot shows the same law at 
 work, only in this case the third or 75 yard screen caught 
 the bullet at one of its upper arcs of travel, and a constantly 
 rising bullet would seem to be the conclusion. Really 
 there was nothing of the sort, as the bullet-hole in the target 
 went to show. Under the circumstances we have calculated 
 the average trajectory on the entire line of five shots, as 
 follows: 
 
 Round. 25 Yards. 50 Yards. 75 Yards. 
 
 1 1.090 in. 1.842 in. 1.552 in. 
 
 2 1.798 in. 1.814 in. 2.781 in. 
 
 3 1.250 in. —0.879 in. —1.714 in. 
 
 4 2.149 in. 3.411in. 3.533in. 
 
 5 1.098 in. —0.328 in. —0.008 in. 
 
 Average.... 1.477 in. 1.178 in. 1.229 in. 
 
 Whitney-Kennedy .50, Express Bullet. 
 
 The trial of the Whitney-Kennedy with the light express 
 bullet at 200 yards, followed immediately upon the comple- 
 tion of the solid bullet shooting by the same rifle at that 
 range. The weapon was not taken from the rest, though 
 
HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 43 
 
 the barrel was cleaned by passing through the swab several 
 times. The weather conditions it is not necessary to note 
 again as they had not changed to any extent. For the report 
 on the cartridge examined see the report on the Winchester 
 . 50 express bullet, as some from the same lot of cartridges 
 were employed. The list of figures does not show in any 
 such marked degree the vagaries seen in the case of the solid 
 bullet, though the average at 150 yards would seem to be 
 rather higher than one would expect. The record shows: 
 
 Round. 50 Yards. 100 Yards. 150 Yards. 
 
 1 8.145 in. 12.176 in. 9.769 in. 
 
 2 6.909in. 11.013in. 8.946in. 
 
 3 7.240 in. 10.9T0 in. 9.009 in. 
 
 4 7.?71in. 11.072in. 8.338in. 
 
 5 8.938 in. 12.617 in. 9.464 in. 
 
 Average. 7.800 in. 11.569 in- 9.105 in. 
 
 This rifle at 100 yards with the express bullet in it was 
 fired at half past eleven o'clock on the morning of Oct. 10 r 
 and showed again the presence of this gyratory, motion. 
 In the record of several of the shots, particularly is it seen 
 in the second round, which in the space between the 50 and 
 75 yard target dropped more than two inches. When the 
 arm was tried the wind was blowing from the 10 o'clock 
 quarter at the rate of 15 miles per hour. The barometer 
 stood at 30.285 inches; the thermometer at 64.5 F. ; the wet 
 bulb at 55, giving a dew point of 45.7, and a humidity of 
 just 50 per cent. For description of the ammunition see 
 that described under Winchester .50, express, as also for cut 
 of the light bullet. The results from the measurements of 
 the screens and targets show : 
 
 Round. 25 Yards. 50 Yards. 75 Yards. 
 
 1 1.832 in. 2.673 in. 1822 in. 
 
 2. 1.380 in. 2.692 in. .582 in. 
 
 3 1.849 in. 2.522 in. 2.134 in. 
 
 4 1.743 in. 2.311 in. 2.031 in. 
 
 5 1.814 in. 2.455 in. 1.580 in. 
 
 Average 1.723 in. 2.530 in. 1.629 in. 
 
44 
 
 HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 Remington .50, N. Y. State Military. 
 
 This is the last of the .50-caliber rifles, and though not a 
 hunting weapon was put upon the rest and subjected to a trial 
 for trajectory as affording an interesting comparison with 
 the expensive and specially adapted hunting arms making 
 up the bulk of the list. It is not unusually used in field 
 practice for game, especially in the rural sections of the 
 State, and even in this city we recall a bit of very good work 
 when Hoefle, of the 8th Regiment, and well-known to those 
 who frequented Creedmoor in its earlier years, waited on 
 bended knee for the approach of a mad bullock, tearing 
 along a down-town street, and when the hot breath of the 
 infuriated beast was almost in his face, pulled trigger, and a 
 .50-caliber bullet went tearing open the bovine breast. The 
 piece is slangily styled the "gas pipe" by the militia boys, 
 but that now and then a good one is to be found in the lot 
 issued to the regiments is evidenced in the figures below, 
 which were taken from the trial of a gun loaned by General 
 Robbins, State Inspector of Rifle Practice for the State, and 
 one of the most enthusiastic, successful and careful students 
 of rifle practice on the National Range. The weapon was 
 marked on the butt-plate 28-H-55. It had a 36 inch round 
 barrel and weighed 8 pounds i3 ounces without bayonet or 
 sling. The rifling has a uniform twist of one turn in 42 
 inches, with five grooves each .005 of an inch deep and .16 
 •of an inch wide. It was loaded with ammunition of the 
 
 
 Winchester make, selected by State Officers as the best 
 adapted to the arm. The bullet is of pure lead and is set 
 down as of 450 grains weight with 70 grains of powder be- 
 hind. The bullet is a three-groove one. Examination of 
 
HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 45 
 
 three rounds found the powder in good condition and the 
 weights at 71.2, 69 8 and 70 grains respectively, while the 
 corresponding bullets weighed 450.8, 450.3 and 449.3 grains. 
 The weapon was put on the rest for the 200-yard test at 
 10:15 o'clock on the morning of Oct. 1, with the wind 
 blowing in gusts at an average of about eight miles per hour 
 from the one o'clock quarter. The barometer stood 30.150 
 inches, the thermometer at 76 F., the wet-bulb thermometer 
 at 67 and the dew point at 61, with 60 per cent, humidity 
 The rifle had been fired thousands of times before, and 
 though old and rusty without showed that it had a good and 
 trusty barrel, making a record as follows : 
 
 Round. 50 Yards. 100 Yards. 150 yards. 
 
 1 10. 212 in. 13.850 in. ' 10.589 in. 
 
 2 10.094 in. 13.728 in. 10.885 in. 
 
 3 10.068 in. 13.664 in. 10.499 in. 
 
 4 9.754 in. 13.262 in. 10.276 in. 
 
 5 10.122 in. 13.672 in. 10.402 in. 
 
 Average ... 10.050 in. 13.635 in. 10.530 in. 
 
 It was not until half past four on the afternoon of Oct. 12 
 that the rest was clear for the Remington State at 100 yards, 
 and it was then tried under wind blowing at 19 miles per hour 
 from the 2 o'clock quarter. The barometer stood 30.290, the 
 thermometer 54.5, the wet bulb thermometer 50 5 and the 
 dew point 46.5 with 51 per cent, humidity. The ammuni- 
 tion was same as used at 200 yards, and the weapon surprised 
 its friend by its steadiness. It is to be regretted that more 
 care was not taken and every weapon in the hands of the 
 volunteers able to shoot as well. The record stood : 
 
 Round. 25 Yards. 50 Yards. 75 Yards. 
 
 1 2.298 in. 2.922 in. 2.393 in. 
 
 2 2.290 in. 2.935 in. 2.395 in. 
 
 3 2.385 in. 3.049 in. 2.524 in. 
 
 4 2.438 in. 3.100 in. 2.605 in. 
 
 5 2.251 in. 2.927 in. 2.429 in. 
 
 Average.... 2.332 in. 2.986 in. 2.469 in* 
 
46 HUNTING 1UFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 Marlin .45. 
 
 The Marlin .45 at 200 yards was put on the rest Sept. 29, 
 nearly at the opening of the trials, at about half past eleven 
 in the morning. The wind was blowing from the 10 o'clock 
 quarter at seven miles an hour. The barometer indicated 
 30.120, the dry thermometer 77.4 and the wet-bulb thermom- 
 eter 67.6, making the dew point 61.4 and the humidity of 
 the atmosphere 58 per cent. The arm weighed 9 pounds 1 1 
 ounces, with a barrel weight of 3 pounds' 11 ounces, barrel 
 28 inches in length, octagonal and marked on the top ".45 
 Govt.," while the shop number was 9449. It had a uniform 
 twist of rifling 20 inches to the turn, 6 grooves .003 in depth 
 and .158 inches in width each. It was loaded with U. M. C. 
 ammunition from a box purchased from the stock of the 
 Marlin Arms Company agency in this city. The box of 
 ammunition was marked ".45-cal., 85 grains, 285 grains 
 
 grooved bullet, specially adapted to the Marlin Repeating 
 Rifle. " Three of the cartridges were opened and examined, 
 and the powder behind the two grooved bullets found in 
 fine condition. The three charges weighed 84.3, 84.9 and 
 83.4 grains respectively, while the corresponding bullets 
 were 290.5, 289.7 and 289.4 grains. 
 
 The arm acted in a very contrary manner in the rest, 
 and with a consumption of over 25 rounds it was only 
 possible to get one shot through all the screens and on the 
 target. The weapon was several times cleaned and par- 
 ticular attention paid for any traces of leading in the barrel, 
 but none were detected, yet the arm threw the bullets now 
 high, now low, in every and various directions, and at one 
 shot sending a deflected bullet very near our esteemed 
 carpenter's head. An attempt was made to insert a Govern- 
 
HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 47 
 
 ment cartridge, but the 500-grain bullet refused to go into 
 the chamber or rifling, and we were forced to be content 
 with a single trajectory^ curve instead of the average of five 
 which was desired. This curve showed : 
 
 Round. 50 Yards. 100 Yards. 150 Yards. 
 
 l 7.596m. 11.236in. 9.019m. 
 
 At 100 yards the rifle was tested on Oct. 10, about 2 o'clock 
 in the afternoon, with the wind coming from the 9 o'clock 
 quarter at an 11 miles per hour rate, the barometer stood 
 30.200 inches, the dry thermometer at 62.5 and the wet- 
 bulb thermometer at 58, making a dew point of 54 9 and in- 
 dicating a humidity in the atmosphere of 76 per cent. Again 
 the arm acted very obstinately and but one satisfactory round 
 was put through the screens out of the score or more fired. 
 This round showed a curve as follows : 
 
 Rouud. 25 Yards. 50 Yards. 75 Yards. 
 
 1 1.131 in. 2.185 in. 1.612m- 
 
 Winchester .45. 
 
 The arm at 200 yards was tried on Sept. 28 at 4:40 P. M., 
 with a five mile and half breeze blowing from the 6 o'clock 
 quarter. The dry thermometer indicated 65.7, the wet- 
 bulb thermometer 59 rnd a dew point of 51.8, and humidity, 
 58 per cent., was calculated from this. The barometer read- 
 ing was 30.210 inches. The arm weighed 10 pounds 8 ounces 
 and the barrel alone 3 pounds 10 ounces. The barrel's 
 length was 30 inches, octagonal and numbered 48,005. 
 There are 6 grooves having an uniform twist of 30 inches to 
 the turn and a depth of .003 inches with a width of . 142 
 inches. It was loaded with Winchester-made ammunition 
 
 
 from box marked ".45 caliber, 75 grains powder, model 
 Centennial, 1876." A bottle-neck shell l£ inches in length, 
 having a three-grooved naked bullet, when examined, three 
 
48 HUNTING RIFLE TEA JUG TOBIES. 
 
 rounds turned out the powder in fine condition. The three 
 powder charges weighed 77.6, 75.7 and 76 grains, while the 
 bullets, made up of 1 part tin to 16 of lead, weighed respec- 
 tively 349.3, 349.5 and 349 6 grains. In the rest the arm be- 
 haved well and showed a record as follows: 
 
 Round. 50YanIs. 100 Yards. 150 Yards. 
 
 1 8.071 in. 11.272 in. 8.855 in. 
 
 2 8.657 in. 12.070 in. 8.526 in. 
 
 3 9.332 in. 13.002 in. 10.097 in. 
 
 4 8.587 in. 12 033 in. 9.385 in. 
 
 5 8.312 in. 11.517 in. 8.931 in. 
 
 Average 8.592 in. 11.979 in. 9.359 in. 
 
 At 300 yards the test was made on Oct. 5, with a wind 
 coming from the 8 o'clock quarter at thirteen miles per 
 hour. It was at 12:45 when the lifle was put in the rest, the 
 barometer reading 30.150 inches, the thermometer 60 and 
 the wet-bulb thermometer 52, making a dew point of 43 and 
 the humidity in the atmosphere at 54 per cent. Similar 
 ammunition to that at 200 yards was used. The score stood : 
 
 Round. 25 Yards. 50 Yards. 75 Yards. 
 
 1 2.053 in. 2.696 in. 2.317 in. 
 
 2 2.044 in. 2.530 in. 2.175 in. 
 
 3 1.920 in. 2.452 in. 2.107 in. 
 
 4 1.919 in. 2.382 in. 2.089 in. 
 
 5 2.048 in. 2.603 in. 2.108 in. 
 
 Average 1.997 in. 2.532 in. 2.159 in. 
 
 Bullard .45. 
 
 This rifle, at the 200-yard range, was tested on Sept 29 at 
 about 10 o'clock in the forenoon, and when placed on the 
 stand a lazy wind, going at the rate of three miles an hour, 
 was passing over the range from the 4 o'clock quarter. The 
 barometer stood at 30.250 inches, the dry thermometer at 
 73.5°, the wet bulb at 68°, making a dew point of 64.5, and 
 the atmospheric humidity at 73 per cent, of complete satu- 
 ration. The weapon had a 26 inch, half-octagon barrel, and 
 was numbered 724. It weighed 9 pounds 14 ounces, and the 
 barrel alone is given as weighing 3 pounds 6 ounces. There 
 are five grooves, with uniform twist of one turn in 30 inches, 
 
HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 49 
 
 The depth of rifling is .004 and the width of groove .160. 
 The loading was from a box marked ".45-eal., 85grs. 
 powder, for the Bullard, Marlin and other rifles," coming 
 from the works of the Union Metallic Cartridge Company. 
 
 Three rounds of the ammunition when opened showed the 
 powder in fine condition and the bullet having two grooves. 
 The charge was of FG powder, either Laflin & Rand's or 
 Dupont's, as both are used by the U. M. C. Co. , and the 
 bullets had 1 tin to 20 lead. When weighed the charges of 
 powder ran 84.3, 84.9 and 83-4, while the corresponding 
 bullets were 290.5, 289.7 and 289.4 grains. 
 
 The weapon acted well in the rest and gave the following 
 irecord : 
 
 Round. 50 Yards. 100 Yards. 150 Yards. 
 
 1 7.839 in. 11.252 in. 8.817 in. 
 
 2 7.892 in. 11.377 in. 8.811 in. 
 
 3 7.729 in. 11.258 in. 8.975 in. 
 
 4 7.591 in. 10.822 in. 8.484 in. 
 
 5 7.579 in. 10.925 in. 8.551 io. 
 
 Average 7.726 in. 11.127 in. 8.727 in. 
 
 At 100 yards the trial was on Oct. 5, at 3 o'clock in the 
 afternoon, with the wind coming from the 8 o'clock quarter 
 at a 1 1-mile per hour rate. The barometer recorded 30.220, 
 the thermometer 60.5, the wet-bulb thermometer 53, making 
 the dew point 45.7 and indicating a humidity of 59 per cent. 
 It is unnecessary to give again the detail of the charge used, 
 which was similar to that at 200 yards. The figures show 
 trajectory heights of follows: 
 
 Round. 25 Yards. 50 Yards. 75 Yards. 
 
 1 1.745in. 2.210in. 1.831 in. 
 
 2 1.808 in. 2.258 in. 2.015 in. 
 
 3 1.684 in. 1.975 in. 1.661 in. 
 
 4 1.902 in. 2.379 in. 2.013 in. 
 
 5 1.819 in. 2.241 in. 1.936 in. 
 
 Average 1.791 in. 2.210in. 1.891 in. 
 
 4 
 
50 HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 Springfield .45 Military. 
 
 This weapon is the regular army weapon of to-day with 
 its three grooves and the later adopted cartridge having the 
 500 grain bullet. It was one which had long been on the 
 range, brought there, we believe by Major Shorkley, and 
 presented to Gen. Wingate in replacement of one which the 
 Major had shortened down an inch at a time into horse pistol 
 length, while trying some of the interesting experiments in 
 which he finds so much of instructive entertainment. It 
 was put on the rest for the 200 yards testing on the after- 
 noon of Oct. 1, about 3 o'clock, the wind at that time blow- 
 ing down the range from the 6 o'clock quarter at seven miles 
 per hour. The barometer showed 30.075 inches, the ther- 
 mometer 73.2, the wet-bulb thermometer 61, showing a dew 
 point of 50.8, and an atmosphere having 45 per cent, of 
 humidity. The weapon itself weighing 8 pounds 11 ounces, 
 with a barrel of 3 pounds 9 ounces weight. The length of 
 the round barrel is 32 inches and the rifling is uniform with 
 three grooves of 22 inches to the full turn. Depth of groove 
 .005 and width of groove .235. It was loaded with ammu- 
 nition made according to the shell inscription at Frankford 
 Arsenal, near Philadelphia, in February, 1884. The charging 
 then was the same as it has been for four years past, wi)h 
 Dupont's "musket," now called "small-arms" powder. The 
 bullet has a composition of 16 lead to 1 of tin by weight. 
 
 
 The opening of three charges showed the powder pressed 
 hard but in good condition, and the bullet with three broad 
 grooves. The charges of powder when weighed turned the 
 balances at 69 6, 69.3, and 69.7 grains, while the three cor- 
 responding bullets weighed 499.2, 499.4. and 499.5 grains. 
 The rifle seemed at home in the Government rest in which 
 
HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 51 
 
 it found itself, and light though the barrel was, there is no 
 
 signs of anything but very steady shooting. The record 
 standing: 
 
 . Round. 50 Yards. 100 Yards. 150 Yards. 
 
 1 8.983 in. 12.224 in. 9.417 in. 
 
 2 9.654 in. 13.315 in. 10.169 in. 
 
 3 9.582 in. 13.261 in. 10 079 in. 
 
 4 9.304 in. 12.925 in. 10.009 in. 
 
 5 9.509 in. 13 209 in. 10.106 in. 
 
 Average 9.406 in. 12.987in. 9.956 in. 
 
 At 100 yards the trial was made on Oct. 12, with the wind 
 coming from the 2 o'clock quarter at the rate of 18 miles per 
 hour. The barometer stood 30 290 inches, the thermometer 
 54. 5°F., the wet-bulb thermometer 50.5, makiug the dew 
 point 46.5 and the humidity 51 percent. Again the rifle 
 was on its good behavior in the rest, though the figures will 
 bear careful scrutiny, and show that as a military arm it is 
 close enough as a shooter to do very great execution in skill- 
 ful hands. The 100-yard score stood : 
 
 Round. 25 Yards. 50 Yards. 75 Yard *. 
 
 1 2.290 in. 2.834 in. 2.492 in. 
 
 2 2.291 in. 2.915 in. 2.458 in. 
 
 3 2.372 in. 2.952 in. 2.488 in. 
 
 4 2.321 in. 2.882 in. 2.397 in. 
 
 5 2.353 in. 2.888 in. 2.435 in. 
 
 Average.. . 2.325 in. 2.894 in. 2.454 in. 
 
 Sharp .45. 
 
 This weapon was a well rusted veteran, and had for 
 eight years been carried by one of the Forest and 
 Stream's staff in every part of the West. It had done capital 
 service at antelope, elk and mountain sheep, and it had shown 
 itself a hard and a close hitter. It carried a Government 
 cartridge of the 405-grain bullet model, and with this it was 
 tested. The weapon had a 30 inch round barrel and was 
 numbered 162,275, and was provided with a set trigger. It 
 weighed 10 pounds 3 ounces and the barrel weighed 5 
 pounds 4 ounces. It had a uniform rifling, six grooves, 
 with one turn in 20 inches the depth of rifling was .003 and 
 the width about .120 inch. It was placed in the rest Oct. 
 
52 HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 19, about noon, with the wind coming 21 miles per hour 
 from the 7 o'clock quarter. The barometer at 30.195 inches, 
 the thermometer at 70.5 and the wet-bulb thermometer at 
 64.5, giving a dew point of 60.5 and indicating a humidity 
 of 71 per cent. The ammunition employed was of the Union 
 
 Metallic Cartridge Company's manufacture, with a compo- 
 sition in the bullet of 1 tin to 14 lead and loaded with FG 
 powder. When opened the powder was found hard pressed 
 but in fair condition, and the bullet had the regulation three 
 broad grooves. The weights of the three powder charges 
 were 72 4. 71.3 and 69.1 grains, while the corresponding 
 bullets were 404.5, 404 2 and 404.5 grains. The record at 
 the 200-yard range stood: 
 
 Round. 50 Yards. 100 Yards. 150 Yards. 
 
 1 8.188 in. 10.968 in. 8.464 in. 
 
 2 8.540 in. 11.937 in. 8.906 in. 
 
 3 8.917 in. 11.760 in. 9.098 in. 
 
 4 8.399 in. 11.706 in. 8.867 in. 
 
 5 8.623 in. 11.928 in. 9.130 in. 
 
 Average 8.533 ni- 11.659 in- 8.893 in. 
 
 The 100-yard shooting of the Sharp rifle had been tried 
 on Oct. 10, about half-past 4 in the afternoon, with the wind 
 coming across the range from the 9 o'clock quarter with a 
 5 mile an hour velocity. The other observations were: 
 Barometer 30.220 inches, thermometer 64°F., wet-bulb ther- 
 mometer 56°, and a dew point of 49 with a humidity of 58 
 per cent. Again the old Sharp proved itself a tractable 
 weapon, and a single sighting shot put it on the bullseye, 
 and then the five trial shots showed the following record: 
 Round. 25 Yards. 50 Yards. 75 YaMs. 
 
 1 1.865 in. 2.597 in. 2.336 in. 
 
 2 2.067 in. 2.585 in. 2.157 in. 
 
 3 , 2.068 in, 2.545 in. 2.128 in. 
 
 4 2 096 in. 2.568 in. 2.185 in. 
 
 5 2.312 in. 2.805 in. 2.345 in. 
 
 Average.... 2.081 in. 2.620in. 2.230in. 
 
HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 53 
 
 Bland .45, Double Barrel, 
 
 ■ The Engl ish express rifle came to the test from Thomas 
 Bland & Sons, through Major W. H. Merrill, to whom it 
 had been sent for testing purposes by the makers. It was 
 said that it was the identical rifle employed in the Field tria} 
 of two years ago, and about the results of which so much 
 discussion had followed. The arm reached the range on 
 Sept. 29. and was brought by Mr. G. J. Rorner, on behalf of 
 Maj. Merrill. In appearance it looked rather 
 light for such heavy charges to which it was 
 subjected and for which it was chambered. 
 The weather conditions at the time of the 
 200-yard test, on the afternoon of the day 
 named, were very favorable, the wind was from 
 the 7 o'clock quarter, blowing seven miles per 
 hour, the barometer stood 30 150 inches, the 
 dry thermometer at 75°, and the wet-bulb 
 thermometer at 68.5°, making a dew point of 
 64 5 and the humidity 70 per cent. The 
 weapon weighed eight pounds thirteen ounces 
 and the barrels alone when disconnected from 
 the stock five pounds eight ounces, the barrel 
 length being twenty eight inches. The twist 
 appeared to be uniform with six grooves, 
 making one turn in thirty -six inches. The 
 groove base was not concentric, with the bore 
 of the weapon but was of peculiar shape, 
 deep in one side and slight in another, being 
 the ratchet groove. It would average about 
 .007 inch in depth, while in width it was 
 about .20 inch. The shop number on the arm 
 was 10,263. It was loaded with ammunition 
 brought by Mi. Romer and said by him to have 
 been sent over with the arm. They were Eley 
 Brothers cartridges, marked on the back of the cartridge 
 head "Eley No. 1 Expr.,"and the bullet a solid one with 
 
 w> 
 
54 HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 patch, was marked with a small M on the base. The powder 
 was Curtis & Harvey, No. 6, and one of the cartridges when 
 turned out for measurement showed the powder in fine con- 
 dition with a 310.1 grain bullet and 113.3 grains of powder. 
 It is impossible to say what the bullet composition is as co 
 test was made of it. The arm is of the tip-up shotgun 
 pattern, and no small trouble was met in getting it so fitted 
 to the rest that the muzzle height could be taken with ex- 
 actitude at each discharge. The cut will show the size of 
 cartridge used, while the bullet cut gives the size and 
 shape of that portion of the cartridge. 
 
 In numbering the shots care was taken to note the right- 
 hand barrel thots frcm those of the left-hand barrel. The 
 right hand barrel was in each case fired first, followed by 
 the other barrel, making the odd-numbered shots belong to 
 the former and the even numbered ones to the latter. The 
 right-hand barrel record stood as follows: 
 
 Round. 50 Yards. 100 Yards. 150 Yards. 
 
 1 5.017 in. 7.236 in. 5.720 in. 
 
 3 4.544 in. 7.250 in. 5.519 in. 
 
 5 5.023 in. 7.635 in. 5.965 in. 
 
 9 5.160 in. 7.778 in. 6.141 in. 
 
 Average 4.936 in. I ?.4'?5 i«. 5.836 in. 
 
 Of course the conditions in every respect were the same 
 for the other barrel, whose record stood : 
 
 Round. 50 Yards. 100 Yards. 150 yards. 
 
 4 4.901 in. 6.941 in. 5.242 in. 
 
 6 5.450 in. 7.932 in. 5.959 in. 
 
 8 4.993 in. 7.378 in. 5.914 in. 
 
 10 5.199 in. 8.093 in. 5.885 in. 
 
 Average ... 5.136 in. 7.586 in. 5.750 in. 
 
HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 55 
 
 The average of both barrels and for the rifle gives us: 
 50 Yards. 100 Yards. 150 Yards. 
 
 Right barrel 4.936 in. 7.475 in. 5 836 in. 
 
 Left barrel 5.136 in. 7.586 in. 5.750 in. 
 
 5.036 m. 7.530 in. 5.793 in. 
 
 It will be seen that the two barrels are very uniform in 
 results, and at the subsequent tests at 100 yard3 the right- 
 hand barrel only was used. This enabled closer grouping 
 on the screens and targets, while it did not work any dis- 
 advantage to the gnn or trial. 
 
 Mr. Romer came again with the bag in which the Bland 
 was tucked away on Oct. 12, and about 11 o'clock A. M. it 
 was given the test at 100 yards. He complained that the 
 gun had shown signs of weakness after taking from the rest 
 on the 29th ult. ; at least when he got home he found the 
 upper tang which fastens the metal work of the arm to the 
 wooden part of the stock had sprung; he had accordingly con- 
 structed a special rest in which wooden clamps were closely 
 fitted over the barrel at two points, they in turn fastened to 
 a thin metal plate, which slid in grooves or guides, fastened 
 to a broad base. With this contrivance, very simple and in- 
 genious, and very quickly fitted, we were enabled to get the 
 measurements of the muzzle at the moment of pulling the 
 trigger, while the arm was free to follow the natural motion 
 of recoil, and slide back to be grasped by the hand of the 
 firer. In noting the figures made under these conditions, 
 due allowance must be made for whatever advantage this 
 system of rest may be thought to afford the weapon under 
 trial. 
 
 The weather observations at the time of the 100-yard trial 
 of the Bland showed a barometer of 30.320 inches, dry ther- 
 mometer 59.5°, wet-bulb thermometer 55°, dew point 50.5 and 
 humidity 72 per cent. The wind was coming from the 7 
 o'clock quarter at 12 miles an hour velocity. The cartridges 
 for this test were from a lot of express-bullet ones sent over 
 from the Eley cartridge works to a gun shop in this city and 
 ^which after much inquiry we were fortunate enough to get. 
 3fr. Romer had used up most of the original supply of bul- 
 
56 HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 lets, and though he had shells and powder to reload, it would 
 have been necessary to send to England for bullets, and the 
 time for this we could not afford. The purchased lot turned 
 out to be very excellent ones ; they were in cartridge shells 
 marked as before — "Eley No. 1 Expr." — and three of them 
 turned out the powder in fine condition, the bullets were 
 patched and had the usual hollow point covered in with a 
 brass lid. This inserted tube of brass has a rounded point 
 corresponding with the outline of the bullet. Three charges 
 when weighed showed powder weights of 111.8, 112.4 and 
 112 grains, and corresponding bullets of 277.4, 277.7 and 
 277.2. This would give the very high proportions of nearly 
 1 to 2, and of course very swift moving bullets and low tra- 
 jectory was the rule. Mr. Romer, as an old rifleman, did 
 not take kindly to the idea of shooting patched bullets through 
 a dirty barrel, so the first five rounds after the sighting shots- 
 were fired with the swab passed through the barrel after 
 each round. The record stood : 
 
 Round. 25 Yards. 50 Yards. 75 Yards. 
 
 1 1.278 in. 1.429 in. 1.283 in. 
 
 2 1.330 in. 1.546 in. 1.378 in. 
 
 3 1.308 in. 1.615 in. 1.169 in. 
 
 4 1.150 in. 1376 in. 1.364 in. 
 
 5 1.219 in. 1.368 in. 1.329 in. 
 
 Average 1.257 in. 1.486 in 1.304 in. 
 
 Now we said, as this is a test of hunting rifles and a hunt 
 ing rifle ought to be one capable of reasonably long use 
 without cleaning, we will fire five trial shots without clean- 
 ing. This was next done and the record of this test stood: 
 
 Round. 25 Yards. 50 Yards. 75 Yards. 
 
 1 1.146 in. 1.373 in. 1.298 in. 
 
 2 1.159 in. 1.304 in. 1.247 in. 
 
 3 1.219 iu. 1.415 in. 1.352 in. 
 
 4 1.270 in. 1.364 in. 1.301 in. 
 
 5 1.084 in. 1.216 in. 1.217 in. 
 
 .. 1.175 in. 1.334 in. 1.283 in. 
 
 Out from the recesses of his shooting trap box Mr. Romer 
 
HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 57 
 
 fished a half dozen cartridges. They were some which he 
 had himself loaded with C. & H. No. 6 powder and some 
 of the same bullets as before mentioned in the 200-yard 
 test. One cartridge taken and opened showed 107 5 grains 
 of powder in fine condition behind a 309.7 bullet and jute 
 wad between. The wind by this time had increased in force 
 until it was recorded as blowing 23 miles per hour, but from 
 the same quarter. The record of the five shots showed : 
 Round. 25 Yards. 50 Yards. 75 Yards. 
 
 1 1.082 in. 1.399 in. 1.215 in. 
 
 2 1.140 in. 1.557 in. 1.383 in. 
 
 3 0.964 in. 1.328 in. 1.215 in. 
 
 4 1.132 in. 1.544 in. 1.355 in. 
 
 5 0.944 in. 1.222 in. 1.248 in. 
 
 Average 1.052 in. 1.410 in- 1.283 in. 
 
 We regretted that we we were not able to make more 
 exhaustive tests with this imported arm of a class for which 
 so much is claimed and which is held in such high esteem. 
 Had not the supply of shells been expanded by the tests 
 already made we should have liked to load a few with the 
 naked bullet made for them and fired a set of test shots. 
 This grooved bullet is shown in the cut, and if report be 
 
 true, is a very low-shooting, hard-hitting one, but with such 
 a charge of such quick-burning powder it could hardly be 
 otherwise. 
 
 Wesson .44, Rim-Fire. 
 This arm is the first of those using the rim-fire cartridge, 
 and the only one in the trial of the .44 caliber. We have 
 seen what the .50 caliber weapons were capable of; also an 
 interesting group of .45; and now we come to a solitary 
 example of the caliber so popular among the small-bore, 
 long-range rifles at one time. The form of this old-time 
 well-known rifle is familiar to all, with its tip up barrel, 
 
58 HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 which made it a very unhandy one for placing in the rigid 
 rest we had in use. It did not come from the factory of 
 Mr. Wesson, as repeated letters had failed to bring a response 
 in the form of an express package containing a rifle. We 
 accordingly sent to the shop of Mr. Henry C. Squires, 178 
 Broadway, and selected from his stock a Wesson for the 
 trial. The ammunition also was procured there. The arm 
 weighed 8 pounds 6 ounces, had an octagonal barrel 30£ 
 inches long, and was marked 4455 in the shop. It was 
 loaded with Union Metallic Cartridge Company's ammuni- 
 
 tion of the .44-28 214 pattern. Three rounds opened showed 
 the FG- powder in fine condition and a pure lead bullet 
 with one groove. The powder weights of the three charges 
 were 27, 28.9 and 28.5 grains, while the three corresponding 
 bullets were 2J3.9, 214.2 and 214.8 grains in weight. 
 
 The 200-yard test was made on Sept. 30, at 3 o'clock in 
 the afternoon, with the barometer at 30.02 inches, the dry 
 thermometer at 77.2°, the wet-bulb thermometer at 66.5°, 
 making the dew point 59 and the humidity 54 per cent. The 
 wind came from the 6 o'clock quarter at 16 miles per hour. 
 
 The record at this range stood : 
 
 Round. 50 Yards. 100 Yards. 150 Yards. 
 
 1 14.496 in. 19.981 in. 15.101 in. 
 
 2 13.563 in. 18.755 in. 14.297 in. 
 
 3 13.419 in. 18.224 in. 13.885 in. 
 
 4 14.021 in. 18.904 in. 14.419 in. 
 
 5 14.393 in. 20.201 in. 15.442 in. 
 
 Average.... 13.979 in. 19.213 in. 14.628 in. 
 
 It was not until Oct. 12, at 3 o'clock P. M., that the arm 
 was put on for the 100-yard test. The wind was coming 
 then from the 8 o'clock quarter at 16 miles per hour. The 
 barometer indicated 30.320 inches, the thermometer 53.5°, the 
 wet-bulb thermometer 50.5°, giving the dew point 47.5 and a 
 
HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 59 
 
 humidity of 80 per cent. The ammunition was as before, 
 and the trial showed : 
 
 Round. 25 Yards. 50 Yards. 75 Yards. 
 
 1 3.535 in. 4.651 in. 3.773 in. 
 
 2 3.608 in. 4.584 in. 3.690 in. 
 
 3 3.127 in. 4.124 in. 3.499 in. 
 
 4 3.603 in. 4.536 in. 3.793 in. 
 
 5 3.624 in. 4.768 in. 3.898 in. 
 
 Average 3.499 in- 4.532 in- 3.730 in. 
 
 Merrill Muzzleloader, .42. 
 
 We have styled this the Merrill muzzleloader because it 
 was owned and furnished by Major H. W. Merrill, with 
 whom, as a writer on the question of muzzle vs. breech and 
 other topics connected with the science of rifle shooting, our 
 readers are already well acquainted. The weapon was made 
 by E. Phillips, once well known in New York, and was 
 brought and fired by Mr. G. J. Romer, and we are sorry 
 that it was put through the 100-yard test only. This was in 
 accord with the special desire of the Major that it should 
 be tested at 100 yards. 
 
 The Merrill arm was a type of the old time weapon, when 
 40-rod shooting was considered the very highest form of the 
 art of marksmanship. It weighed entire 11 pounds 6£ ounces, 
 and had an octagonal barrel weighing 8 pounds 6 ounces. 
 It was provided with set trigger, and had globe and peep 
 sights for either target or hunting work. The barrel 
 was 28 inches in length. The caliber was .42-inch and 
 the rifling of the gain twist pattern, starting in at the breech 
 end with one turn in 72 inches, and finishing at the muzzle 
 with the rate of one turn in 24 inches, averaging one turn 
 in 34 inches. There were 6 grooves, each .010 inches deep, 
 and .105 inches in width. The loading was done in the ordi- 
 
 nary way with a metfil starter, using a jute wad and an oiled 
 
60 HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 linen patch for the bullet. The loading was with Curtis & 
 Harvey's No. 6 powder and this small conical bullet, mould 
 cast by Mr. Homer of 20 parts lead to 1 of tin. The powder 
 charge weighed 98 5 grains, while two bullets weighed up 
 respectively to 212.7 and 213.1 grains. It was loaded as 
 was the Romer weapon, and, like it, was slow and sure in 
 manipulation. It was not put in the iron rest, but was provided 
 with the barrel-grasping clamp and fired in such way from a 
 dead rest that at each discharge it was free to slide in recoil. 
 It was, in fact, tried as was the Bland, at 100 yards, and the 
 same allowance, if any, must be made in judging its results. 
 When tried it was about 2 o'clock on the afternoon of Oct. 
 12. The barometer stood at 30.300 inches, the dry ther- 
 mometer at 58°, the wet-bulb ditto at 54°, making, by calcu- 
 lation, a dew-point of .50 and a humidity of 75 per cent. 
 The wind at the time came from the 5 o'clock quarter at the 
 rate of 18 miles per hour. With such a charge from such a 
 weapon the shooting was, of course, very accurate, and a 
 very flat line of fire is shown. (Special care was taken with 
 the measurements of the muzzle heights at each replacement 
 of the weapon in the rest. Of course it was able to make a 
 very close group of shots on the target, but it will be under- 
 stood that an accuracy test and a trajectory test are two 
 utterly distinct matters, and that they ought to be carried 
 on under different conditions. No one with any knowledge 
 of the action of small arms under fire would for a moment 
 think of getting a test of accuracy from a rigid rest, while 
 for a trajectory test, where it is essential to have a zero point 
 on the muzzle at the moment of firing, something in the 
 form of a rest which will secure that is absolutely necessary. 
 Sandbags and a good marksman cone into play where ac- 
 curacy is needed, but for trajectory, as long as the bullets 
 pass through the screens and reach the target we have 
 all that is needed to calculate the trajectory height. Any 
 attempt to unite the two in the same round must of course 
 be futile. In such a case as the present the inch broad black 
 patch on the 50-yard screen might easily have been hit with 
 each shot, almost any rifle in the trial would have done that, 
 
HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 61 
 
 but here as in other cases, the aim was purposely held off in 
 order that clear and separate punctures in the screens might 
 be made and readily noted and easily measured. The record 
 of the Merrill rifle stood as follows : 
 
 Round. 25 Yards. 50 Yards. 75 Yards. 
 
 1 1.180 in. 1.373 in. 1.270 in. 
 
 2 1.239 in. 1.498 in. 1.205 in. 
 
 3 1.033 in. 1.399 in. 1.419 in. 
 
 4 1.170 in. 1.051 in. 1.051 in. 
 
 5 1.031 in. 1.210 in. 1.421 in. 
 
 Average... 1.130 in. 1.306 in. 1.273 in. 
 
 Romer Muzzleloader, 42. 
 This weapon is named, as was the last, after the gentle- 
 man who brought it to the test; but in this case it was the 
 maker as well. The rifle came down on Sept. 29, when the 
 Bland was brought for the 200-yard trial, and had a 200-yard 
 test only. It was a ponderous weapon, weighing, com- 
 plete, 14 pounds 2 ounces, and with a 27-inch octagonal barrel, 
 in which there was 11 pounds 12 ounces of metal. The 
 caliber was .42 inch, and with six grooves, each .010 inch 
 deep and .105 inch wide. The twist was gain, starting in at 
 72 inches to the turn and reaching the muzzle at 24 inches to 
 the turn, averaging one turn in 34 inches. The loading was 
 done in the ordinary way with a false muzzle, using a jute 
 wad and an oiled linen patch for the bullet. The powder 
 used was Curtis & Harvey No. 6, and two charges taken 
 at random during the loading showed powder weights of 
 133 25 and 131.10 grains, while two of the conical bullets 
 
 taken at random out of the box weighed 267.2 and 267.3 
 grains. They were cast in mould by Mr. Romer, using 20 
 parts lead to 1 of tin. 
 When the weapon was tried at 200 yards on Sept. 29 from 
 
62 HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 the rigid rest, the wind was coming from the one o'clock 
 quarter at 4 miles per hour. The barometer stood at 30. 150, 
 the dry thermometer stood at 69°, the wet-bulb thermometer 
 at 65.2°, making a dew point of 62.4 and the humidity 79 
 per cent, of saturation. Its record stood : 
 
 Round. 50 Yards. 100 Yards. 15^ Yards. 
 
 1 4.333 in. 6.453 in. 4.997 in. 
 
 2 4.392 in. 6.492 in. 5.046 in. 
 
 3 4.342 in. 6.212 m. 4.876 in. 
 
 4 4.564 in. 6.504 in. 5.071 in. 
 
 5 4.363 in. 6.335 in. 4.977 in. 
 
 Average 4.499 in. 6.399 in. 4.993 in. 
 
 Before dismissing the muzzleloaders we would say that we 
 share the regret expressed by those who witnessed the tests, 
 and since repeated by others, that this class of arm was not 
 more numerously represented. That one to one charge, 
 powder and lead, so interesting and so much discussed, 
 ought to have been placed on record beside the figures made 
 by the many breechloaders. Then, again, there is that large 
 class of marksmen who have such an abiding faith in the 
 rouud ball as against the bolt or conical missile. Our invi- 
 tation to put rifles in the test was broad enough, and we 
 would have extended the testing days until all weapons were 
 tried. If the muzzle men did not come forward and face 
 the test, they have only themselves to blame for the omission 
 of their rifles from our catalogue. 
 
 Marlin .40. 
 
 This arm was tried at 200 yards, on Sept. 30, with good 
 weather conditions prevailing. It was put on at 7:30 in the 
 morning, with the barometer standing at 30.150, the dry 
 -thermometer at 71.2°, and the wet-bulb thermometer at 65°, 
 giving a dew point of 62.4 and the humidity 70 per cent, of 
 saturation. The wind came from the 12 o'clock quarter at 
 four miles per hour. The arm had an octagonal barrel 28 
 inches long, and had a total weight of 11 pounds I ounce, 
 while the barrel weight is given as 5 pounds 1 ounce. It 
 
HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 63 
 
 was numbered 11,236. The rifling had a uniform twist of 
 one turn in 20 inches, 6 grooves, and the grooves were each 
 .003 inch in depth, and .153 inch in width. The loading was 
 
 
 with Union Metallic Company ammunition of FG powder, 
 either of Laflin & Rand or of Dupont make. It was nomin- 
 ally .40-60-260. Three charges opened found the powder in 
 fine condition, gave the weights as 64., 64.4 and 64.5., while 
 the three corresponding three-grooved bullets were 259.3, 
 259.4 and 259 2 grains, the length of shell being 2- 1 J - - inches. 
 The trajectory record stands: 
 
 Round. 50 Yards. 100 Yards. 150 Yards. 
 
 1 7.581 in. 10.931 in. 8.549 in. 
 
 4 8.514 in. 12.118 in. 9.294 in. 
 
 5 8.065 in. 11.541 in. 8.827 in. 
 
 6 8.067 in. 11.585 in. 8.919 in. 
 
 8 8.393in. 11.945in. 9.247in. 
 
 Average.. 8.120 in- 11.625 in. 8.967 in. 
 
 The 100-yard trial came on about 10 o'clock on the morn- 
 ing of Oct. 10, with the barometer standing at 30.285, the 
 thermometric reading being 60° on the dry and 53.5° on the 
 wet-bulb instrument. This would give a dew point of 46.8 
 and a humidity of 62 per cent. The wind was coming at 
 ten miles per hour from the 10 o'clock quarter. With the 
 same rifle and similar ammunition to that already noted the 
 trajectory record stands : 
 
 Round. V5 Yards. 50 Yards. 75 Yards. 
 
 1 1.940 in. 2.391 in. 1.950 in. 
 
 2 1.930 in. 2.430 in. 2.126 in. 
 
 3 2.011in. 2.447in. 2.138 in. 
 
 4 2.004 in. 2.476 in. 2.139 in. 
 
 5 2.072 in. 2.521 in. 2.171 in. 
 
 Average.... 1.991 in. 2.453 in. 2.104 in. 
 
• 
 
 64 
 
 HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 Ballard .40-70. 
 
 This arm is one of the fine close-shooting patched-bullet 
 weapons, and, so far as compact bunching of 
 the shots on the target, seemed to be fully- 
 equal to the high charged muzzleloaders in 
 the test. The arm was marked .40 63, but 
 the cartridges used were of the Winchester 
 make and marked .40-70-330. It had an 
 octagonal barrel, 30 inches long and weigh- 
 ing 6 pounds, while the entire piece weighed 
 10 pounds 3| ounces. The shop number 
 was 23,247. The loading, as above stated, 
 was with Winchester ammunition, and the 
 powder in the charges examined was in fine 
 condition. It was of the regular Winchester 
 brand, while the bullet had a composition of 
 20 parts lead to 1 of tin. The powder 
 weights of three charges were 69.8, 70.2 and 
 68.6 grains, while the bullets ran 330, 330 
 and 330 grains exactly. The shell is 2f 
 inches in length. 
 
 The 200-yard test was made on Sept. 30 
 about 5 o'clock in the afternoon, with a 
 barometric pressure of 30.003 inches, a dry 
 thermometer at 72° and the wet-bulb ditto at 
 65°, giving dew point 60 and humidity 66 
 per cent. The wind, at 12 miles per hour, 
 
 was coming from the 1 o'clock quarter. The record at this 
 
 range showed: 
 
 md. 
 
 50 Yards. 
 
 100 Yards. 
 
 150 Yards 
 
 1 
 
 .... 8.128 in. 
 
 11.318 in. 
 
 8.506 in. 
 
 2 
 
 7.870 in. 
 
 11.050 in. 
 
 8.348 in. 
 
 3 
 
 7.938 in. 
 
 11.078 in. 
 
 8.381 in. 
 
 4 
 
 7.578 in. 
 
 10.697 in. 
 
 8.038 in. 
 
 5 
 
 8.048 in. 
 
 11.205 in. 
 
 8.449 in. 
 
 Average 7.912 in. 11.069 in. 8.344 in. 
 
 The 100-yard trial came in the morning hours of Oct. 10, 
 
HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 65 
 
 with the barometer at 30.315 inches, the dry thermometer at 
 58.5°, the wet-bulb thermometer at 55°, giving the dew 
 point at 51.5 and the humidity 78 per cent. Wind velocity 
 8 miles per hour, from the 4 o'clock quarterT With ammu- 
 nition as before the arm gave the following record : 
 
 Round. 50 Yard?. 100 Yards. 150 Yards. 
 
 1 2.077 in. 2.513 in. 2.160 in. 
 
 2 2.082 in. 2.539 in. 2.142 in. 
 
 3 1.934 in. 2.388 in. 2.067 in. 
 
 4 2.023 in. 2.455 m. 2.111 in. 
 
 5 1.882 in. 2.365 in. 2.103 in. 
 
 Average...., 1.999 in. 2.452 in. 2.116in. 
 
 Ballard .40-85. 
 
 This is another of the patched bullet weapons, and with 
 one of the heaviest fixed charges for its bore. It has a 32- 
 inch octagonal barrel, and was numbered 21,257. The gun 
 weight was 10 pounds 15 ounces, and the barrel-weight is 
 reported at 6 pounds 11 ounces. There are six grooves 
 having a uniform twist of one turn in 20 inches. The 
 grooves having a width of .003 inch, and the depth .153 
 inch. The ammunition was of U. M. C. make, marked as 
 .40-85-370, having a 2H-inch shell, with FG powder, and 
 bullet a composition of 20 lead to 1 of tin. The powder 
 turned out of the opened cartridges in fine condition, and 
 weighed in the three tested 90, 89 1 and 89. 6 grains, while 
 the bullet weights corresponding were 369.3, 369.3 and 
 369.3. No cartridge cut seems necessary in this case, except 
 for extra length, the cartridge being similar to the .40-70 
 above. The trajectory record speaks for itself; it stands: 
 
 Round. 50 Yards. 100 Yards. 150 Yards. 
 
 1 6.819 in. 9.679 in. 7.272 in. 
 
 2 7.049 in. 9.890 in. 7.439 in. 
 
 3 7.211 in. 10.148 in. 7.780 in. 
 
 4 7.087 in. 9.881 in. 7.380 in. 
 
 5 7.020 in. 9.867 in. 7.381 in. 
 
 Average.. 7.037 in. 9.893 in. 7.45cTinT 
 
 At 100 yards the trial of this arm was made on Oct. 10 at 
 noon, with the wind coming eleven miles an hour from the 
 4 o'clock quarter. The other weather conditions were: 
 Barometer, 30.240; thermometer, dry, 62°, and wet-bulb 57°, 
 
 5 
 
66 
 
 HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 making tbe dew point by simple calculation 50, and the 
 humidity 50 percent, of atmospheric saturation. The am- 
 munition, of course, was the same as before, and the record 
 stands : 
 
 Round. 25 Yards. 
 
 1 1.693 in. 
 
 2 1.659 in. 
 
 3 1.721 in. 
 
 4 1.661 in. 
 
 5 1.806 in. 
 
 Average.... 1.708 in. 
 
 £0 Yards. 
 
 75 Yards. 
 
 2.107 in. 
 
 1.795 in. 
 
 2.012 in. 
 
 1.827 in. 
 
 2.020 in. 
 
 1.765 in. 
 
 2.109 in. 
 
 1.841 in. 
 
 2.058 in. 
 
 1.879 in. 
 
 2.061 in 
 
 1.821 in 
 
 Remington-Hepburn .40. 
 
 Another of the patched-bullet arms, made for fine target 
 groupings, and like each of its class having 
 a strong following among riflemen. The 
 convenient side snap action introduced by Mr. 
 Hepburn makes it a ready weapon to place in 
 the rest, and the steadiness of the work goes 
 to show that a fixed rest is not so prejudicial 
 to the merits of an arm as some believe. 
 It was of course tried without any clean- 
 ing between the shots. The weapon had 
 a 30-inch barrel numbered 4,321. Its weight 
 was 11 pounds and 2 ounces, and of the 
 barrel 7 pounds 1-J ounces. It used a 2£ inch 
 shell of the Remington make. The powder, 
 of the FG Hazard brand, when three cartridges 
 were opened came out in good condition, and 
 the powder charges weighed 65.1, 65 and 65.5 
 grains, while the bullets weighed 322.7, 322.5 
 and 326.2 grains, and in composition were 20 
 of lead to 1 of tin. The rifle had five grooves 
 with uniform twist of one turn in 20 inches, 
 the grooves being .0035 inch deep and .160 
 inch in width. The test at 200 yards was 
 made on Sept. 29 at 11 o'clock in the fore- 
 noon, the wind coming at six miles per hour 
 from the 5 o'clock quarter. Dry thermometer 
 stood at 73. 5\ wet-bulb thermometer at 67% 
 
HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 67 
 
 making a dew point of 62.8 inches and the humidity record 
 69 per cent, of saturation. The trajectory heights stood^ 
 
 Round. 50 Yards. 100 Yards. 150 Yards. 
 
 1 8.527 m. 11.930 in. 9.047 in. 
 
 2 8.438 in. 11.799 in. 8.994 in. 
 
 3 8.702 in. 12.360 in. 8.237 in. 
 
 4 8.877 in. 12.510 in. 9.428 in. 
 
 5 8.602 in. 11.985 in. 9.088 in. 
 
 Average 8.629in. 12.1 17in. 9.159in. 
 
 For the 100-yard test the rifle was placed in the rest Oct. 
 10 with the wind blowing 4 miles per hour from the 3 o'clock 
 quarter. The barometer pressure was 32.220 inches, the dry 
 thermometer showed 65° and the wet-bulb thermometer 58°, 
 with a dew point of 52 and the humidity 63 per cent, of sat- 
 uration. Noting that ammunition and arm were as before, 
 the record stood : 
 
 Round. 25 Yards. 50 Yards. 75 Yards. 
 
 2 2.010 in. 2.491 in. 2.182 in. 
 
 3 2.224 in. 2.713 in. 2.295 in. 
 
 4 2.059 in. 2.543 in. 2.165 in. 
 
 5 2.060 in. 2.516 in. 2.096 in. 
 
 6 2.212 in. 2.841 in. 2.563 in. 
 
 Average 2.113 m. 2.620 m. 2.260 in. 
 
 Winchester .40. 
 
 This favorite magazine weapon was put in the rest for a 
 trial at 200 yards on Sept. 30 at 4 o'clock in the afternoon, 
 when the weather condition showed the barometer at 30.008 
 inches. The dry thermometer record was 74° and the wet- 
 bulb thermometer 65.5°. This gives us a dew point of 65.5 
 and the humidity 62 per cent, of saturation. The wind, 
 from the 6 o'clock quarter, was blowing 13 miles per hour. 
 The rifle used, we are sorry to say, was stolen from its place 
 in the rack after the tests had been made, and before the 
 data touching the rifle had been taken. A similar rifle from 
 stock was found to weigh 10 pounds, with 3 pounds 14 
 ounces in the barrel. Length of octagonal barrel 28 inches. 
 
68 HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 The rifling had a uniform twist of 1 turn in 40 inches. The 
 six grooves were each .003 inch in depth and .125 inches in 
 width. The loading was from a lot of Winchester-made 
 
 
 ammunition, and three cartridges Opened showed that two' 
 of the powder charges were in fine condition, while in the 
 third the powder was pressed very hard. The bullet had 
 two grooves and a composition of 16 lead to 1 of tin. The 
 powder charges weighed 57 8, 58.8 rnd 60 grains, while each 
 of the bullets weighed exactly 210 grains. The trajectory 
 heights at 200 yards were : 
 
 Round, 50 Yards. 100 Yards. 150 Yards. 
 
 1 8.175 in. 11.600 in. 9.217in. 
 
 2 7.927in. 11.447 in. 9.024in. 
 
 3 7.904 in. 11.321 in. 8.688 in. 
 
 4 8.149 in. 11.640 in. 9.065 in. 
 
 5 8.164 in. 11.550 in, 9.136 in. 
 
 Average.... 8.063 in. 11.511 in 9.026 in. 
 
 The 100-yard trial of the weapon came on Oct. 5, shortly 
 after the noon hour. The wind was then 18 miles per hour 
 from the 2 o'clock quarter, while the barometer stood 30.170 
 inches, the dry thermometer at 59°, the wet-bulb thermom- 
 eter at 52°, giving a dew point of 45 and a humidity of 60 
 per cent. The charging was as before, and the trajectory 
 figures stand : 
 
 Round. 25 Yards. 50 Yards. 75 Yards. 
 
 1 1.909 in. 2.181 in. 1.993 in, 
 
 2 1.823 in. 2.185 in. 1.883 in. 
 
 8 1.881 in. 2.286 in. 1.943 in. 
 
 4 1.932 in. 2.389 in. 2.033 in. 
 
 5 1.973 in. 2.413 in. 2.016 in. 
 
 Average.... 1.903 m- 2.290 in. 1.973 in. 
 
HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 69 
 
 Bullard .40. 
 
 This rifle was one of the very complete line of rifles sent 
 down by the Bullard Company, and came on the rest for 200 
 yards testing at half past three on the afternoon of Sept. 28, 
 the wind at the time comiDg from the 6 o'clock quarter at 
 the rate of 4 miles per hour. The barometric pressure was 
 30.200 inches, the dry thermometer 73 2°, the wet-bulb ther- 
 mometer at 61.6° with a dew point of 52.2, and indicating 
 48 per cent, humidity in the atmosphere. The rifle had a 
 26-inch half octagon barrel, and was marked No. 141. Its 
 total weight was 10 pounds 1 ounce, with a barrel weight of 
 3 pounds 11 ounces. The rifling was uniform, 1 twist in 20 
 inches, having 5 grooves, each .005 inch deep and .170 
 inch wide. The loading was with U. M. C. ammunition 
 .40-70 230. The powder being of the FG brand and the bul- 
 let composition 20 lead to 1 of tin. The three charges ex- 
 amined showed powder weights of 70, 70.4 and 69.8 grains, 
 the powder in each case being pressed hard, but otherwise 
 
 in good condition. The bullets had 2 grooves, and the three 
 tested weighed 226.8, 226.9 and 237.1 grains respectively. 
 The 200-yard trajectory calculations showed : 
 Round. 50 Yards. 100 Yards. 150 Yards. 
 
 1 7.232 in. 10.296 in. 7.892 in. 
 
 2 7.340 in. 10.312 in. 8.672 in. 
 
 3 7.361 in. 10.514 in. 8.318 in. 
 
 4 7.113 in. 10.240 in. 8.155 in. 
 
 5 7.658 in. 11.152 in. 8.826 in. 
 
 Average 7.341 in. 10.503 in. 8.253 in. 
 
 The 100-yard testing came on about the same hour on the 
 afternoon of Oct 5, with the barometer standing at 30.160 
 
70 HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 inches, the dry thermometer at 60.5°, the wet-bulb ther- 
 mometer at 52 6°. This would give a dew point of 45.2 and 
 indicate the humidity as 58 per cent, of entire saturation. 
 Under those conditions the trajectory table stands : 
 
 Round. 25 Yards. 50 Yards. 75 Yards. 
 
 1 1.712 in. 2.098 in. 1.792 in. 
 
 2 1.704 in. 2.139 in. 1.901 in. 
 
 3 1.754 in. 2.182 in. 1.852 in. 
 
 4 1.756 in. 2.181 in. 1.887 in. 
 
 5 1.786 in. 2.188 in. 2.010 in. 
 
 Average 1740in. 2.157in- 1.888 in. 
 
 Whitney-Kennedy .40. 
 
 This make of magazine arm was represented by but two 
 rifles. The ,50-caliber express has already been noted. The 
 present arm was put upon the fixed rest Oct. 1, about 2 
 o'clock in the afternoon, with the wind coming at 10 miles 
 per hour, from the 6 o'clock quarter. The barometric 
 pressure was 30.120 inches, the dry thermometer stood at 
 78° and the wet-bulb thermometer at 65", indicating a dew 
 point of 55 and a humidity of 46 per cent, in the atmosphere. 
 The arm itself was marked M. 218, with a 28 inch octago- 
 nal barrel. The entire arm weighed 10 pounds 6 ounces, the 
 barrel alone 3 pounds 15 ounces. The rifling had a uniform 
 twist of one turn in 22 inches, and the six grooves were each 
 .006 inches deep and .140 wide. The loading was with am- 
 munition coming from the U. M. C. Co., of Bridgeport, 
 Conn , and on opening the powder was found in fine condi- 
 tion. The bullets with two grooves had a composition of 
 
 
 pure lead. The cartridges were nominally .40-60-210. When 
 opened three charges of powder weighed respectively 60.1, 
 
HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 71 
 
 60 7 and 60.5, while the bullets were 211.1, 211.1 and 209.8. 
 The trajectory table shows : 
 
 Round. 50 Yards. 100 Yards. 150 Yards. 
 
 1 7.911 in. 11.355 in. 8.866 in. 
 
 2 8.217 in. 11.892 in. 9.490 in. 
 
 3 8.821 in. 12.727 in. 9.989 in. 
 
 4 8.228 in. 11.583 in. 8.958 in. 
 
 5 8.822 in. 12.653 in. 9.647 in. 
 
 Averaae 8.399 in. 12.044 in. 9.390 in. 
 
 The trial at 100 yards took place at 4 o'clock on the after- 
 noon of Oct. 5. The weather conditions at this time were: 
 Barometer, 30.140 inches; dry thermometer, 58.5°; wet-bulb 
 thermometer, 50°; dew point, 45.1, and humidity, 50 per 
 cent, of saturation. The wind at the time was from the 6 
 o'clock quarter, six miles an hour. The trajectory figures 
 were as follows: 
 
 Round. 25 Yards. 50 Yards. 75 Yards. 
 
 1 2.054 in. 2.441 in. 2.158 in. 
 
 2 1.928 in, 2.355 in. 2.086 in. 
 
 3 1.988 in. 2.442 in. 2.043 in. 
 
 4 1.920 in. 2.476 in. 2.111 in. 
 
 5 1.931 in. 2.405 in. 2.140 in. 
 
 Average 1.964 in 2.423 in- 2.107 in. 
 
 Maynard .40. 
 
 There was but one arm of the Maynard pattern in the test, 
 and this was tried at each of the two ranges. Its manner of 
 action by tipping made it an inconvenient one to load after 
 each discharge, but it was very steady in its work, and the 
 muzzle measurements frequently taken enabled the trajectory 
 figures to be accurately determined. The rifle, when the 
 time came to test it, was found to have the firing pin broken 
 off. This in another arm would have made the piece 
 entirely useless, but inquiry showed that the daughter of the 
 range inn-keeper had a little .22-caliber Maynard, with which 
 the fair markswoman was very clever at popping glass balls 
 from a trap. This was borrowed, and it was but the work 
 
72 HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 of a moment to change the stock from the .22-caliber barrel 
 to the .40-caliber one, and the test went on without any 
 trouble. The accident really enabled us to show one of the 
 points of merit of the Maynard in the interchangeability of 
 barrels on the same stock. The arm had a half octagon 
 barrel, 29 inches long, with the shop mark 2,349. The 
 entire arm weighed 8 pounds 6| ounces, and in the barrel 
 there were 5 pounds 4 ounces of metal. There were six 
 grooves with a uniform twist of one turn in 28 inches. The 
 grooves were .003 inch deep and .140 inch wide. The load- 
 ing of the piece was from a lot of cartridges sent down from 
 the armory of the Massachusett Arms Co. with the arm. 
 They were loaded according to the letter of advice accom- 
 panying them, with Hazard's FGr powder, 70 grains, with a 
 leaden bullet of 240 grains. This is the only case of a 
 breechloader where the loading was done by the parties send- 
 ing the arm, and the reason is manifest to those who know 
 that Maynard ammunition is not usually sold in the shops. 
 The company sent extra shells, bullets and loading devices, 
 but we were well enough satisfied with the lot of cartridges 
 sent to employ them in the trial. Three cartridges when 
 
 opened showed the bullet to have one large groove, while 
 three powder charges weighed up to 57.1, 56 and 60.5 grains, 
 a difference so marked from the nominal weight that the 
 charges were reweighed. The corresponding bullets weighed 
 243.5, 240.3 and 242.1 grains. 
 
 The 200-yard test was made on Oct. 1, with the barometer 
 standing at 30.170 inches, the thermometer at 55°, and the 
 wet-bulb thermometer at 54°, giving a dew point of 53 and 
 a humidity of 93 per cent. It was about 7 o'clock in the 
 morning when the trial was made, and what wind there was 
 came from the 7 o'clock quarter at two miles per hour. The 
 200-yard trajectory heights stood: 
 
HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 73 
 
 Round. 50 Yards. 100 Yards. 150 Yards, 
 
 1. . . , 7.955 in. 11.067 in. 8.871 in. 
 
 2 7.992 in. 11.054 in. 8.805 in. 
 
 3 7.922 in. 10.999 in. 8.849 in. 
 
 4 8.071 in. 11.295 in. 9.033 in. 
 
 6 7.949 in. 11.021 in. 8.659 in. 
 
 Average 7.957 in- 11.087 in. 8.843 in. 
 
 The 100 yard trial of the arm took place at 8 o'clock on 
 the morning of Oct. 12, with an eighteen -mile s-per-h our 
 wind blowing from the 1 o'clock quarter. The barometer 
 reading was 30.315 inches, the dry thermometer stood at 
 50° and the wet-bulb thermometer at 46.5°, making a calcu- 
 lated dew point of 42 and a humidity of 74 per cent. The 
 arm and ammunition were as before, and the test showed: 
 
 Round. 25 Yards. 50 Yards. 75 Yards. 
 
 1 1.704 in. 2.099 in. 1.801 in. 
 
 2 1.579 in. 1.986 in. 1.812 in. 
 
 3 1.766 in. 2.221 in. 1.902 in. 
 
 4 1.972 in. 2.355 in. 2.035 in. 
 
 5 1.720 in. 2.114 in. 1.923 in. 
 
 Average 1.758 in. 2.155 in. 1.895 in. 
 
 Marlin .38. 
 
 The Marlin .38 55-255 was tried at both distances of the? 
 test, and with very uniform results. The weapon weighed 
 complete 9 pounds 1-J- ounces, and had a 28-inch octagonal 
 barrel, weighing 4 pounds 8 ounces. The shop mark was 
 10,909. The rifling was uniform, with a twist of one turn 
 in 20 inches. The six grooves have each a depth of .003 and 
 a width of .138 inch. The loading was with ammunition 
 
 ' ," ARO^ MA^ 
 
 coming from the U. M. C. factory, and when opened the 
 powder was found to be pressed quite hard, but in fair con- 
 dition otherwise. The bullets had four grooves. The three: 
 
74 HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 powder charges weighed each 52 grains exactly, and the 
 three bullets ran 254 8, 254.5 and 254 5 grains. 
 
 The 200-yard test was made on Sept. 30, and when the 
 rifle was placed in the rest at 2:20 o'clock in the afternoon 
 the wind was going down the range from the 6 o'clock quar- 
 ter at 12 miles per hour. The barometer stood 30.02 inches, 
 the dry thermometer 79.4° and the wet-bulb thermometer 
 68°, indicating a dew point of 60.6 and a humidity in the 
 atmosphere of 53 per cent. Under these conditions the 200- 
 yard record stood 
 
 Round. 50 Yards. 100 Yards. 150 Yards. 
 
 1 8.414 in. 11.814 in. 9.118 in. 
 
 2 8.473 in. 11.939 in. 9.191 in. 
 
 3 8.300 in. 11.683 in. 9.013 in. 
 
 4 7.978 in. 11.216 in. 8.719 in. 
 
 5 8.117 in. 11.435 in. 8.769 in. 
 
 Average... 8.256 in. 11.617in. 8.962 in. 
 
 At 100 yards the trial was made on Oct. 10 at 3 o'clock in 
 the afternoon with a 9 o'clock wind blowing 6 miles per 
 hour. The barometric pressure was 30.240 inches, the dry 
 thermometer 66.5° and the wet-bulb thermometer 55.5°. This 
 would show a dew point of 44.5 and a degree of humidity 
 in the atmosphere of 45 per cent. The 100-yard heights in 
 the trajectory line stood: 
 
 Round. 25 Yards. 50 Yards. 75 Yards. 
 
 1 2.159 in. 2.646 in. 2.208 in. 
 
 2 2.190 in. 2.639 in. 2.208 in. 
 
 3 2.147 in. 2.695 in. 2.240 in. 
 
 4 2.098 in. 2.549 in. 2.179 in. 
 
 5 2.076 in. 2.522 in. 2.174 in. 
 
 Average.... 8.134 in- 2.610in. 2.202 in. 
 
 Remington-Hepburn .38. 
 
 The Remington section of our armory for trial contributed 
 this arm, which was put on the rest for the 200-yard trial 
 Sept. 30, at 11 o'clock in the forenoon. The wind at eight 
 miles per hour was coming from the 1 o'clock quarter, while 
 the barometer stood at 30.070 inches, the dry thermometer at 
 
HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 75 
 
 80°, tbe wet-bulb thermometer 69.8°, indicating a dew point 
 of 63 6 and a humidity in the atmosphere of 57 per cent. 
 The arm had a 30-inch half octagon barrel and was numbered 
 6,082. It had a total weight of 9 pounds 7£ ounces, and a 
 barrel weight reported at 6 pounds 8 ounces. The rifling 
 had a uniform twist of one turn in eighteen inches, and the 
 five grooves had a depth each of .0035 inch and .150 inch 
 wide. The loading was with Remington made ammunition, 
 ,38 50-320 in a 2^-inch shell. Three charges opened showed 
 
 charges of hard pressed powder in fair condition, and weigh- 
 ing 52.45, 51.4 and 50.6 grains, while the four-grooved bul- 
 lets corresponding weighed 322.8, 322.8 and 322.7 grains. 
 The 200-yard record stood : 
 
 Round. 50 Yards. 100 Yards. 150 Yards. 
 
 1 8.601m. 12.081 in. 9.142 in. 
 
 2 8.947 in. 12.554 in. 9.479 in. 
 
 3 9.055 in. 12.676 in. 9.577 in. 
 
 4 8.984 in. 12.596 in. 9.543 in. 
 
 5 8.677 in. 12.135 in. 9.115 in. 
 
 Average 8.852 in. 12.408in. 9.371 in. 
 
 The 100-yard trial came on Oct. 12, at 4 o'clock in the 
 afternoon, with the wind coming from the 3 o'clock quaiter 
 at twelve miles per hour. The barometer marked 30.285 
 inches, the dry thermometer 55°, and the wet-bulb ther- 
 mometer 51.2°, showing a dew point of 47.4 and the 
 humidity in the atmosphere as 75 per cent. The record of 
 trajectory heights stood : 
 
 Round. 25 Yards. 50 Yards. 75 Yards. 
 
 1 2.231 in. 2.837 in. 2.280 in. 
 
 2 2.239 in. 2.771 in. 2.339 in. 
 
 3 2.292 in. 2.819 in. 2.254 in. 
 
 4 2.257 in. 2.739 in. 2.275 in. 
 
 5 2.111 in. 2.704 in. 2.195 in. 
 
 Average 2.226 in. 2.774 in. 2.289 in. 
 
76 HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 Bullard .38. 
 
 This weapon came with the line of rifles from the Bullard 
 woiks. and gave much trouble in the testing, owing to the 
 obstinacy of the carrier block. It had a half octagon 26- 
 inch barrel and was marked No. 1675. The entire rifle weighed 
 8 pounds and the barrel was marked as having 3 pounds of 
 metal in it. There were five grooves with a uniform twist of 
 one turn in 22 inches, the grooves being each .005 inch in depth 
 and .140 inch in width. The loading was with a .88-45 190; 
 
 
 cartridge of U. M. C make. When opened three charges 
 from the lot in use showed the powder in fine condition and 
 weighed 45. 7, 44 6 and 45.4 grains in the three charges. 
 The bullets with double groove weighed respectively 188.6, 
 188.4 and 188 5 grains. The 200-yard firing of the weapon 
 took place on Sept. 29, with the wind blowing from the 6 
 o'clock quarter at 7 miles per hour. The other weather 
 conditions stood: Barometer, 30.201; dry thermometer, 
 77 2°; wet bulb thermometer, 69.8°, giving the dew point 
 65.4 and the humidity 77.2 per cent. Under trial the wea- 
 pon made the following record : 
 
 Round. 50 Yards. 100 Yards. 150 Yards. 
 
 1 8.977 in. 12.673 in. 9.840 in. 
 
 3 9.105 in. 12.814 in. 9.870 in. 
 
 4 8.972 in. 12.710 in. 9.834 in. 
 
 5 8.961 in. 12.790 in. 9.938 in. 
 
 8 . . 8.756 in. 12.470 in. 9.723 in. 
 
 Average ...8.954 in. 12.691 in. 9.851 in. 
 
 At 100 yards the rifle refused to act, and the carrier bloc 
 brought the entire action to a stop. It was an instance of 
 one of those occasions when even the best arm takes on an 
 ugly fit and seems to have an intelligent obstinacy. With- 
 
HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 77 
 
 out tools to take the rifle apart and ease the action, there 
 was nothing to do but set it aside and deprive our record of 
 the 100-yard test. 
 
 Stevens .38. 
 
 This is the first of the Stevens make of rifle to come unde 
 notice. The arm has a 26-ineb, half -octagon barrel, and wa 
 numbered 12,950. It weighed 7 pounds 2 ounces, with 
 ■barrel weight of 4 pounds 5 ounces. The twist of the riflin 
 was uniform, having one twist in 18 inches, with six grooves. 
 The loading was with U. M. C. ammunition marked .38-40 
 145. When opened the bullet was found with one groove, 
 
 
 and three bl them Welg*^ 1457 > 1456 aud 14 ^ The 
 powder, in fine conditio*, Weighed In tfce f bree cartridges 
 38.7, 38.1 and 39 grains, the rifle gave the satfle trod e 
 .as all the other tip-up barrels when put in the rest, afid bol& J 
 sumed much time in making the tests. It was put on the 
 rest for 200-yard testing Oct. 19, with the barometer stand- 
 ing 30.250 inches, the thermometric recording being with the 
 dry-bulb 59° and with the wet-bulb 38 5 C , denoting a dew 
 point of 58 and a humidity in the atmosphere of 96 per cent. 
 It was .half-past 7 in the morning when the test was made 
 and the wind blew from the 6 o'clock quarter at two miles 
 per hour. The longer ranges record stood : 
 
 Round. 50 Yards. 100 Yards. 150 Yards. 
 
 1 9.262 in. 13. 162 in. 10.302 in. 
 
 2 9.311 in. 13.318 in. 10.056 in. 
 
 3 10.088 in. 14.757 in. 11.718 in. 
 
 4 8.963 in. 12.596 in. 10.078 in. 
 
 5 9.469 in. 14.105 in. 11.308 in. 
 
 Average 9.419 in. 13.588 in- 10.692 in. 
 
78 HUNTING 11IFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 For the trial at 100 yards the weapon was placed in the 
 rest on Oct. 12, with the wind coming at fourteen miles per 
 hour from the 2 o'clock quarter. The barometer reading 
 was 30.285 inches, the dry thermometer at 57° and the wet- 
 bulb ditto at 53°, making the dew point 49 and the humidity 
 of the atmosphere at 74 per cent. Under these conditions 
 and with ammunition as before noted, the record stood : 
 Round. 25 Yards. 50 Yards. 75 Yards. 
 
 1 2.190 in. 2.701 in. 2.291 in. 
 
 2 1.999 in. 2.616 in. 2.303 in. 
 
 3 2.051 in. 2.673 in. 2.262 in. 
 
 4 2.000 in. 2.558 in. 2.227 in. 
 
 5 2.087 in. 2.547 in. 2.220 in. 
 
 Average 2.065 in. 2.619 in. 2.261 in. 
 
 Marlin .32. 
 
 This is the last of the series of Marlin arms sent from the 
 New Haven armory. It behaved very well in the test and 
 was readily tested. The weapon had a 28 inch octagonal 
 barrel and complete weighed eight pounds, while the barrel 
 alone weighed three pounds one ounce. The rifling was of 
 uniform twist, one turn in sixteen inches, and each of the 
 six grooves was .003 inch deep and .102 inch wide. The 
 loading was with U. M. C. .32-40-165 ammunition. When 
 
 ^^BpS^^^rTEFIsf 
 
 examined the powder was found to be pressed very hard, so 
 much so as to crush the powder grains nearest the bullet, 
 beyond this the powder was good. The bullet had four 
 grooves, and had a composition of 1 tin to 20 lead. Three 
 powder charges weighed 43.2, 43 8 and 42.7 grains, while 
 the corresponding bullet weights were 164.2, 164.0 and 164 2 
 grains. 
 
 When tried at 200 yards on Sept. 30, at 5:20 in the after- 
 noon, the wind was from the 6 o'clock quarter at five miles 
 
HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTOBIES. 79 
 
 per hour. The barometer registered 30.006 inches, and 
 the dry and wet thermometer readings were 68.5° and 64° 
 respectively. This shows a dew point of 60.8, and the 
 humidity in the atmosphere as 77 per cent. The long range 
 trajectory table stands : 
 
 Round. 50 Yards. 100 Yards. 150 Yards. 
 
 1 6.833 in. 9.660 in. 7.495 in. 
 
 2 6.983 in. 9.895 in. 7.675 in. 
 
 3 7.236 in. 10.288 in. 7.922 in. 
 
 4 7.374 in. 10.450 in. 8.111 in. 
 
 5 7.255 in. 10.386 in. 8.050 in. 
 
 Average... 7.163 m 10.135 in. 7.850 in. 
 
 At 100 yards out of the same lot of ammunition the trial 
 came on at 5 o'clock in the afternoon of Oct. 5, with the 
 thermometer standing at 30.160 inches, the dry thermometer 
 at 57° and the wet-bulb thermometer at 50.5°. The dew 
 point in this case was 44 and the humidity at 62 per cent. 
 Wind was coming from the 7 o'clock quarter at ten miles 
 per hour. The table for this range stands : 
 
 Round. 25 Yards. 50 Yards. 75 Yards. 
 
 2 1.740 in. 2.092 in. 1.762 in. 
 
 3 1.794in. 2.145 in. 1.821in. 
 
 4 1.735 in. 2.043 in. 1.851 in. 
 
 5 1.867 in. 2.311 in. 2.036 in. 
 
 6 1.728 in. 2.050 in. 1.870 in. 
 
 Average... 1.773 in. 2.128in. 1.868 in. 
 
 Stevens' Hunters 5 Pet. 
 
 This rifle we were particularly anxious to have in the test, 
 because it is pushed as being an accurate weapon at 40 rods, 
 and also in deference to the requests of many correspondents 
 who were anxious to know what the little pop was capable 
 of in comparison with the heavier arms. The weapon used 
 was of the center-fire model, with an 18-inch octagonal bar- 
 rel and the usual skeleton stock. It was marked 2,715. The 
 weight of the arm complete was 5 pounds 2£ ounces, while 
 without the stock its weight was 4 pounds 6£ ounces. The 
 barrel-weight is given as 2 pounds 12 ounces. The rifling 
 
80 HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 was uniform, with six grooves making one turn in 18 inches. 
 The loading was with Winchester-made ammunition, .32-9- 
 85. The powder in the opened cartridges was found in fine 
 
 
 condition, and the bullet with one groove had a composition 
 ,of 20 lead to 1 of tin. The cartridges were labeled 
 ".32 S. & W., C. F.," being those intended for the Smith & 
 Wesson revolvers, but adapted to the chamber of the 
 Hunters' Pet rifle. Three charges weighed 8 4, 8.7 and 8.4 
 grains, while the corresponding bullets were 84.6, 85.1 and 
 84.5 grains. 
 
 The trial at 200 yards was made on Oct. 19, at 3 o'clock 
 in the afternoon, and was a sore test of the patience of the 
 ^experimenter. The shortness of the barrel made it neces- 
 sary to have considerable building out on the rest to bring 
 the muzzle over the measuring stake, and then the shots fly- 
 ing wild compelled the firing of nearly a score of test shots 
 before five were put through all the screens and on the target. 
 At the time of the test the wind was from the 5 o'clock 
 quarter at 22 miles per hour, with the barometer 30.205 
 inches, the thermometer 63.2°, the wet-bulb thermometer 
 58°, giving a dew point of 53.8 and a percentage of humid- 
 ity of 72. Under these conditions the test stood as follows, 
 and here, as in every other case, the numbers under the 
 head of "round" indicates the order in which the effective, 
 pounting shots were made. Other shots went through one 
 or two of the screens, but were not complete enough, to 
 measure up. 
 
 Round. 50 Yards. 100 Yards. ISO Yards. 
 
 2 15.882 in. 21.969 in. 16.730 in. 
 
 8 15.258 in. 21.760 in. 17.091 in. 
 
 13 15.416 in. 21.570 in. 16.505 in. 
 
 14 16.066 in. 23.136 in, 17.965 in. 
 
 17 15.105 in. 21.503 in. 16.686 in. 
 
 A-verage... 15.535 in. 2 1.987 in- 16.995 in. 
 
HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 81 
 
 At 100 yards, the trial was more readily made, and the 
 shots followed along with fewer gaps. The test took place 
 Oct. 12, at 3:20 in the afternoon, the.wind blowing 13 miles 
 per hour from the 3 o'clock quarter. The barometric pres- 
 sure was 30.285 inches, the thermometer 57° and the wet- 
 bulb do. at 52°, indicating a dew point of 49 and the humid- 
 ity in the air at 69 per cent. The trajectory heights stood : 
 Round. 25 Yards. 50 Yards. 75 Yards. 
 
 1 3.819 in. 4.911 in. 3.942 in. 
 
 2 3.904 in. 5.120 in. 4.205 in. 
 
 4 3.532 in. 4.604 in. 3.968 in. 
 
 5 3.833 in. 5.026 in. 3.905 in. 
 
 6 4.095 in. 5.114 in. 3.862 in. 
 
 Average. ...3.837 in. 4.955 in. 3.976 in. 
 
 Colt .32. 
 
 The only Colt in the trial, and a snug little arm— one of 
 the newer make of weapons from the Hartford company. 
 It is the new Lightning Colt, with the trombone motion in 
 working the breech action. The weapon weighed 7 pounds 
 4J ounces, having a round 26-inch barrel, and was numbered 
 7048. The barrel weight was 3 pounds 6 ounces, and the 
 rifling had a uniform twist of one turn in 24 inches, and 
 each of the six grooves was .004 inches deep and .070 wide. 
 
 
 The loading was with U. M. C. Co. ammunition. The cart- 
 ridges are made specially for this arm, having a 20-grain 
 charge behind a 100-grain pure lead bullet. In the opened 
 cartridges the powder was found in fine condition, and 
 three charges weighed 19.8, 19.6 and 19.5 grains, while the 
 one-grooved bullets corresponding were 99.7, 100.1 and 
 101.2 grains in weight. The 200-yard trial took place Sept. 
 29 at 1 o'clock P. M. The barometer stood at 30. 180 inches, 
 the drv thermometer at 76.7°, the wet-bulb thermometer at 
 
 6 
 
82 HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 70°, showing a dew point of 65.9 and the humidity in the 
 atmosphere at 69 per cent, of saturation. The wind came 
 from the 7 o'clock quarter at seven miles per hour. The 
 trajectory heights ran : 
 
 Round. 50 Yards. 100 Yards. 150 Yards. 
 
 1 9.546 in. 13.554 in. 10.722 in. 
 
 2 10.080 in. 14.380 in. 11.107 in. 
 
 3 9. 515 in . 13. 700 in. 10. 635 in. 
 
 5 9.780 in. 13.996 in. 10.859 in-. 
 
 6 9.496 in. 13.622 in. 10.542 in. 
 
 Average 9.683 in. 13.550 in. lO.TT'Sin. 
 
 At 100 yards the trial came on at half -past 2 on the after- 
 noon of Oct. 10, with the wind from the 9 o'clock quarter 
 at ten miles per hour. The barometer stood at 30.220 inches, 
 the dry thermometer 67°, the wet-bulh thermometer 55.2°, 
 showing the dew point at 43.4 and the humidity at 43 per 
 cent. Under these conditions the 100-yard trajectory table 
 stands: 
 
 Round. 25 Yards. 50 Yards. 75 Yards. 
 
 1 2.450 in. 2.948 in. 2.542 in. 
 
 2 2.239 in. 2.809 in. 2.370 in. 
 
 3 2.356 in. 2.967 in. 2.552 in. 
 
 4 2.218 in. 2.802 in. 2.340 in. 
 
 5 2.320 in. 2.917 in. 2.483 in. 
 
 Average 2.316 in. 2.899 in. 2.453 in. 
 
 Remington-Hepburn .32. 
 
 This arm is one of the new output from the Ilion armory 
 and was an admirable close shooter. Its side snap action, 
 of the Hepburn patent, made it as convenient as a Spring- 
 field in the rest. The barrel was a 28-inch, half octagon 
 and marked 6097. Its full weight was 7 pounds ll£ ounces 
 and of the barrel 4 pounds 8 ounces. The rifling was of uni- 
 form twist, having one turn in 16 inches. There were five 
 grooves, each .003 inch deep and .110 inch wide. The load- 
 ing was with Remington made ammunition, using Hazard 
 
HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 83 
 
 FFG powder, 40 grains, and a three-groove bullet made up 
 of one part tin to ten of lead. The shell waa 2£ inches long. 
 There are four various sorts of ammunition made for this 
 arm, each with 40 grains of powder, but with 125 and 150 
 grains grooved and 150 and 175 patched bullet respectively. 
 The test was made with the first named. Although had not 
 
 the chronic excuse "out of that ammunition" been given 
 when our messenger went to purchase other cartridges, we 
 would gladly have made the test with the heavier bullet as 
 well. The powder was found in fine condition and when 
 weighed up three charges showed 40.2, 40.7 and 40.8 respec- 
 tively, while the bullets were 118.5,119.2 and 120.5. The 
 200-yard trial came at 10:40 on the morning of Sept. 30 with 
 the wind coming from the 10 o'clock quarter at 7 miles per 
 hour. The barometer stood 30.08 inches, the dry thermom- 
 eter 79° and the wet-bulb thermometer at 69°, while the dew 
 point of 63 indicated a humidity of 58 per cent. With these 
 weather environments the figures at this range stand: 
 
 Round. 50 Yards. 100 Yards. 150 Yards. 
 
 1 6.119 in. 8.717 in. 6.856 in. 
 
 2 6.123 in. 8.680 in. 6.757 in. 
 
 3 6.600 in. 9.233 in. 7.312 in. 
 
 4 6.445 in. 9.056 in. 7.078 in. 
 
 5 6.205 in. 8.766 in. 6.820 in. 
 
 Average 6.298 in- 8.890 in. 6.964 in. 
 
 For the 100-yard test the rifle was put on the stand Oct. 
 10, at 10 o'clock in the morning with the wind from the 10 
 o'clock quarter at 10 miles per hour, and the rifle scored a 
 "ten strike." The barometer rose to 30.285 inches, the dry 
 thermometer to 61°, while the wet-bulb thermometer regis- 
 tered 57°, making a dew point of 54 and a humidity of 78 
 
S4 HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 per cent, of thorough saturation of the atmosphere, 
 trajectory stood : 
 
 Round. 25 Yards. 50 Yards. 75 Yards. 
 
 1 1.513 in. 1.815 in. 1.544 in. 
 
 2 1.477 in. 1.870 in. 1.560 in. 
 
 3 1.443 in. 1.770 in. 1.554 in. 
 
 4 1.429 in. 1.757 in. 1.477 in. 
 
 5 1.478 in. 1.804 in. 1.488 in. 
 
 Average 1.468in. 1.803in. 1.525 in. 
 
 The 
 
 Remington .32, R. F. 
 
 Another rifle of the pop-gun order, yet of a class of rifles 
 which finds much sale and evidently enjoys a great popular- 
 ity among that numerous class who seek small game and 
 wish an arm proportionate. The weapon was of the old 
 Remington model, and used a rim-fire cartridge. It had a 
 26-inch octagonal barrel, and was marked 767. Its complete 
 weight was 7 pounds, of which 4 pounds 8 ounces were in 
 the barrel. The rifling was of uniform twist, one turn in 
 20 inches, and the five grooves had each a depth of .003 
 inch and a width of .110 inch. The loading was with IT. 
 
 M. C. ammunition, the .32 long rim-fire cartridges, .32-13-90, 
 being used. When opened the powder was found in fine 
 condition, and the three-grcoved bullet had a pure lead com- 
 position. When weighed three powder charges showed 11.9, 
 12.4 and 12.2 grains, while the corresponding bullets weighed 
 88.6, 88.9 and 88.7 grains. 
 
 The weather conditions at the time of the test on Oct. 1, 
 at half past 2 in the afternoon showed the wind blowing 
 from the 6 o'clock quarter at 7 miles per hour, while the 
 other readings were: Barometer 30.08 inches; dry thermom- 
 eter 75.5°; wet-bulb thermometer 63°, indicating a dew point 
 of 53.3, and a humidity of 47 per cent. The heights as cal- 
 culated stood : 
 
HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 85 
 
 Round. 50 Yards. 100 Yards. 150 Yards. 
 
 1 12.562 in. 17.860 in. 13.843 in. 
 
 2 12 361 in. 17.597 in. 13.323 in. 
 
 3 13.400 in. 18.516 in. 14.291 in. 
 
 4 12 585 in. 17.844 in. 13.731 in. 
 
 5 13.777 in. 19.171 in. 14.682 in. 
 
 Average 12.937 in. 18.237 in. 13.974 in. 
 
 The 100-yard trial came off Oct. 10, at 5 o'clock in the 
 afternoon, with the wind coming from the 9 o'clock quarter 
 at 4 miles per hour. The barometric pressure was 30.240 
 inches, the dry thermometer 59°, and the wet-bulb instru- 
 ment at 54°, showing the dew point 49 and the humidity at 
 70 per cent. The heights as deduced from the screens stood : 
 
 Round. 25 Yards. 50 Yards. 75 Yards. 
 
 1 3.168 in. 3.998 in. 3.257 in. 
 
 2 3.063 in. 3.669 in. 3.080 in. 
 
 3 3.247 in. 4.036 in. 3.257 in. 
 
 4 3.251 in. 4.284 in. 3.442 in. 
 
 5 3.041 in. 3.852 in. 3.187 in. 
 
 Average 3. 154 in. 3.968 in. 3.245 in. 
 
 Stevens .32 R. F. 
 
 This weapon is a sample of the old-time Stevens rifle, 
 using a rim-fire cartridge with small charge of powder. It 
 was, in fact, the same cartridge used in the Remington .32 
 R. F. weapon, and the same weighing up of charges and 
 bullets hold as in that arm, the powder running 11.9, 12.4 
 
 
 and 12.3 grains, while the bullets were 88.6, 88.9 and 88.7 
 grains. The powder was in fine condition, and the bullets 
 had three grooves. The ammunition was of U. M. C. Co. 
 make. The weapon weighed, complete, 8 pounds 9£ ounces, 
 while the barrel alone weighed 4 pounds 2 ounces. The 
 weapon was numbered 14,302, and had a 30-inch octagonal 
 
86 HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 barrel. There were six grooves of uniform twist, having 
 one turn in 20 inches. 
 
 The trial at 200 yards was made on Oct. 1 at 11 o'clock 
 in the morning, with the wind coming from the 7 o'clock 
 quarter at ten miles per hour. The barometer recorded 
 30.120 inches, the dry thermometer 78° and the wet-bulb 
 thermometer 65.4°, showing a dew point of 56.3 and the at- 
 mospheric humidity at 47 per cent. The trajectory heights 
 stood : 
 
 Round. 50 Yards. 100 Yards. 150 Yards. 
 
 2 12.718 io. 18.019 in. 13.876 in. 
 
 3 12.852 in. 18.079 in. 14.193 in. 
 
 4 12.439 in. 17.698 in. 13.583 in. 
 
 5 13.312 in. 18.562 in. 14.341 in. 
 
 7 12.622 in. 17.735 in. 13.645 in. 
 
 Average.. .12.788 in. 18.018 in. 13.92? in. 
 
 At 100 yards the test came on Oct. 10, about 9:15 in the 
 morning, with the barometer standing at 30.320, the dry 
 thermometer 58° and the wet-bulb thermometer at 52 ", indi- 
 cating a dew point of 46 and a humidity of 65 per cent. 
 The wind at the time was blowing at 7 miles per hour from 
 the 10 o'clock quarter. The short range trajectory figures 
 stand : 
 
 Round. 25 Yards. 50 Yards. 75 Yards. 
 
 1 2.773 in. 3.735 in. 2.993 in. 
 
 3 3.056 in. 3 814 in. 3.175 in. 
 
 4 2.945 in. 3.652 in. 3.036 in. 
 
 5 2.985 in. 3.736 in. 3.137 in. 
 
 6 2.900 in. 3.794 in. 3.198 in. 
 
 Average... 2.932 in. 3.746 in. 3.108 in. 
 
 Bullard .32. 
 
 This weapon closed the Bullard list and behaved very well 
 in the rest. Its full weight was 8 pounds 8 ounces, and in 
 the barrel alone were 3*pounds 5 ounces of metal. It had a 
 26-inch octagon barrel, and was numbered 1528. The rifling 
 was uniform, the six grooves having each a uniform twiat of 
 
HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 87 
 
 one turn in 16 inches. The grooves were .004 inch deep 
 and .080 inch wide. The loading was with U. M. C. Co. 
 cartridges marked .32 40-150, and three when opened turned 
 
 out the powder in good condition. The bullets, having a 
 composition of 1 tin to 16 lead, had three grooves each, and 
 weighed 150 1, 150.3 and 150.2 grains, while the correspond- 
 ing powder weights were 38.8, 39.4 and 38.2 grains. The 
 200-yard shooting was performed on Sept. 30 at 11:50 A. M., 
 with the wind at nine miles an hour from the 7 o'clock quar- 
 ter. The barometer stood 30.05 inches, the dry thermome- 
 ter 78.5°, the wet thermometer 68.5°, showing a dew point of 
 63.5 and a humidity of 58 per cent. The trajectory heights 
 stood : 
 
 Round. 50 Yards. 100 Yards. 150 Yaids. 
 
 2 7.986 in. 11.373 in. 8.748 in. 
 
 5 7.906 in. 11.428 in. 8.657 in. 
 
 7 7.742 in. 11.044 in. 8.439 in. 
 
 8 7.773 in. 11.083 in. 8.509 in. 
 
 9 8.259 in. 11.786 in. 9.012 in. 
 
 Aversge 7.933 in. 11.348 in. 8.673 in. 
 
 The 100-yard shooting of this arm was done on Oct. 10, 
 with the wind coming eighteen miles per hour from the 1 
 o'clock quarter. It was 8:50 o'clock and the barometer 
 stood 30.310 inches, the dry thermometer 51.5° and the wet- 
 bulb thermometer 48.5°. This would show a dew point of 
 45.5 and a humidity of 80 per cent. While the arm was on 
 the rest and shooting very steady it was thought a good time 
 to test one question which had been suggested during the 
 tests. This was the determination of just how much and to 
 
88 HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 what degree the tests were affected, if at all, by tlie inter- 
 vening screens. "Oh, you will find that the screens, even if 
 of gossamer, will have some effect in deflecting the bullet 
 from a true, fair curve," said one well-known rifleman. 
 "All right, then, we will determine that question very 
 quickly," we said, "and find out what the retardation is and 
 how the trajectory curve is affected." We know that a 
 fluttering leaf may very sensibly change the course of a fly- 
 ing bullet, and that with screens set at an angle to the line 
 of fire a certain carrom or ricochet effect might be produced. 
 For this reason great care had been taken in having the 
 screens set square across the fire line. 
 
 When five shots had been fired the 25-yard screen, nearest 
 the rifle, was taken down, and without disturbing the others 
 three more shots were fired, making a record on the remain- 
 ing targets, and then to have the record complete the 50- 
 yard or central screen had its ink line record taken and was 
 then removed, leaving the bullet with an uninterrupted pass- 
 sage to the t arget except through the 75-yard screen. The 
 record is given in full and it will be found that there is no 
 material difference whether the record is made at once 
 through three screens or whether only one is used. To try 
 the various distances through one screen at a time, would 
 have consumed much time and besides would have pre 
 vented entirely the detection of that gyratory, corkscrew 
 flight of the bullet so clearly shown in the case of several of 
 the large caliber rifles. The full record stands: 
 
 Round. 25 Yards. 50 Yards. 75 Yards. 
 
 1 1.958 in. 2.339 in. 2.001 in. 
 
 2 1.938 in. 2.278 in. 1.984 in. 
 
 3 2.062 in. 2.470 in. 2.064 in. 
 
 4 2. 104 in. 2.541 in. 2. 175 in. 
 
 7 2.175 in. 2.591 in. 2.211 in. 
 
 Average ... 2.047 in. 2.443 in. 2.087 m. 
 
 2.554 in. 2.144 in. 
 
 2.352 in. 2.002 in. 
 
 2.611 in. 2.213 in. 
 
 2.114 in. 
 2.030 in. 
 2. 145 in. 
 
HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 89' 
 
 Winchester, Long .22 R. F. 
 
 The list of rifles closes with two of .22-caliber. The first 
 of this pair is the Winchester, using the long .22 rim fire 
 cartridge. The arm is of the 1873 model, with a 24-inch 
 octagonal barrel, and was shop-marked 191,651B. It 
 weighed complete 9 pounds 3 ounces, and had a barrel of 3. 
 pounds 9 ounces weight. There were six grooves, each hav- 
 
 ing a uniform twist of one turn in 20 inches, and a depth of 
 .003 inch and width of .070 inch. The loading was from a 
 box of U. M. C. Co. ammunition. The cartridge was nom- 
 inally . 22-5 40. When opened, the powder in three car- 
 tridges was found in fine condition and weighed 4 4, 4.4 and 
 4.6 grains. The bullets had three small grooves each, and 
 were molded of pure lead. They weighed 40.2, 40.3 and 
 40.1 grains. At 200 yards the rifle was tested on Oct. 19, at 
 9:50 A. M., with the wind at four miles per hour from the 
 8 o'clock quarter. The barometer reading was 30. 225 inches , 
 with the dry thermometer at 62° and the wet bulb thermom- 
 eter at 58.5°, showing a dew point of 56 and the degree of 
 humidity in the atmosphere at 81 per cent. The arm under 
 these conditions gave the following result: 
 
 Round. 50 Yards. 100 Yards. 150 Yards. 
 
 1 13.506- in. 18.808 in 14.455 in. 
 
 2 13.023 in. 18.247 in. 14.085 in.. 
 
 3 13.610 in. 19.066 in. 14.632 in. 
 
 4 13.720 in. 19.229 in. 14.952 in. 
 
 5 13.594 in. 19.273 in.. 14.850 in. 
 
 Average. 13.490 in- 18.922 in. 14.614 in 
 
 For the 100 yard trial the little piece was put on the fixed 
 rest Oct. 10, with the barometer at 30.240 inches, the dry 
 thermometer at 62° and the wet-bulb thermometer at 54°, 
 showing that the dew point was 46 and the humidity 56 per 
 cent, of saturation. It was 4:45 P. M. when the test shots 
 
90 HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 
 
 were fired, the wind coming from the 9 o'clock quarter at 
 four miles per hour. The trajectory heights show : 
 Round. 26 Yards. 50 Yards. ?5 Yards. 
 
 1 3.282 in. 4.219 in. 3.467 in. 
 
 2 3.238 iu. 4.168 in. 3.382 in. 
 
 3 3.158 in. 4.133 in. 3.439 in. 
 
 4 3.294 in. 4.259 in. 3.503 in. 
 
 5 3.306 in. 4 268 in. 3.597 in. 
 
 Average... 3.256 in. 4.209 in- 3.478 in. 
 
 Stevens .22, R.F. 
 
 The rifle, the last one of oar list of sporting and hunting 
 arms, weighed entire 8 pounds 7 ounces and in the barrel 
 alone there were 5 pounds of metal. The barrel was 26 
 inches long and round. Its shop mark was 15,924. The 
 weapon was cut with uniform rifling, one turn in 20 inches 
 and six grooves. The loading was from the same box of 
 U. M. C. Co. ammunition used in trying the Winchester .22 
 and the remarks there as to the character and condition of 
 
 
 the charge of course apply here. When tried at 200 yards 
 at 9 o'clock on the morning of Oct. 19 the wind came at 3 
 miles per hour from the 7 o'clock quarter, while the other 
 observations stand recorded as: Barometer 30.250 inches; 
 dry thermometer 62.5°, wet-bulb thermometer 61°, indicat- 
 ing a dew point of 59.7 and the humidity of the air as 91 per 
 <?ent. The record stood : 
 
 Round. 50 Yards. 100 Yards. 150 Yards. 
 
 3 14.911 in. 20.992 in. 16.244 in. 
 
 5 14.612 in. 50.494 in. 15.844 in. 
 
 6 14.874 in. 20.722 in. 16.144 in. 
 
 11 16.015 in. 22.412 in. 17.412 in. 
 
 12 14.780 in. 20.731 in. 16.066 in. 
 
 Average ...15.038 in. 21.070 in. 16.342 in. 
 
 For 100 yards trial the tip up weapon was fitted to the rest 
 at 7 o'clock on the morning of Oct. 12, at which time the 
 
HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 91 
 
 wind came from the 2 o'clock quarter with a velocity of 18 
 miles per hour. The index on the aneroid barometer stood 
 at 30.290 inches, the dry thermometer column rose to 48.5°, 
 while the wet-bulb thermometer stood at 44.8°. This would 
 show a dew point of 89.8 and the humidity in the atmosphere 
 as 71 per cent. The trajectory table stands : 
 
 Round. 25 Yards. 50 Yards. 75 Yards. 
 
 1 3.539 in. 4.602 in. 3.790 in. 
 
 2 3.414 in. 4.305 in. 3.431 in. 
 
 3 3.423 in. 4.404 in. 3.578 in. 
 
 4 3.509 in. 4.427 in. 3.449 in. 
 
 5 3.783 in. 4.736 in. 3.908 in. 
 
 Average 3.534 in. 4.495 in. 3.651 in. 
 
 \\f E have now set forth all the facts touching the several 
 ' • rifles placed in competitive test in the trajectory trial 
 undertaken by and carried through under the auspices of 
 the Forest and Stream. There are a few other weapons 
 which we would gladly have seen making a record side by 
 side with those already in, but circumstances prevented us 
 from securing them, and besides it was the intention, de- 
 parted from in but few instances, to confine the trial to bona- 
 fide hunting weapon?. What those riftes will do, what 
 may fairly be expected of them under similar or like condi- 
 tions prevailing in the trial is now within the knowledge of 
 all our readers. We feel certain that there will be a period 
 put to much of the imaginative writing which has been so 
 largely the fashion on this subject. Here in our tables may 
 be found a body of facts deduced from actual experiment. 
 They are worthy of much study. To look at the trajectory 
 averages and them only would be very misleading. They 
 should be looked at in connection with the table of powder 
 charges and proportion between powder and ball. We ex- 
 pect a flat line of fire from a charge where the proportion is 
 1 to 1 or 1 to 2; but is it after all worth the punishment of 
 person and the waste of material to get the very slight ad- 
 vantage in accuracy and flat fire line? To make practice 
 
92 HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES, 
 
 and theory come together may be intensely interesting to the 
 rifle virtuoso, applying the term to him who finds a certain 
 keen pleasure in using the experimental range to verify his 
 theories, but when it comes to the practical question of buy- 
 ing a rifle for use, there are other matters to be considered, 
 and it is to afford some light to this large class that our trial 
 was started and carried through. We have found that our 
 results correspond with those reached by theory, but it was 
 manifestly impossible to subject each of the rifles offered to 
 the tests necessary to get the elements of the formula used 
 in deducing the trajectory heights. The simplest method 
 and most satisfactory, we feei sure, to the majority of our 
 readers was that which we pursued, taking the weapon, 
 loading and firing, catching the record of the fleeting bullet 
 upon the gossamer tell-tale screens interposed. It is inter- 
 esting in this connection to make up a series of supplementary 
 tables from those in the 200 yard test. Here between the 50 
 and 150 yards screen we have a 100-yard range with a mid- 
 way screen. A new 50-yard height of the bullet in progress 
 can thus readily be calculated, or looking at it in another 
 way, in the 200-yard shooting by assuming the 100-yard 
 screen to be the target, we have an intermediate screen, and 
 the conditions are precisely similar to the 100 yard firing 
 through the 50-yard screen. 
 
 Take for instance the Winchester . 50 solid ball. In shot No. 
 1 at 200 yards, call screen at 100 yards the target: 11.305-2 
 =5.652=base line on 50-yard screen. 7.727—5.652=2.075, 
 which is the curve for that shot. The other four shots show 
 the following curves on 50-yard screen by same method of 
 calculation: 2.296, 2.583, 2.243 and 2.480. This gives 
 average for the five shots 2.335 and this maybe used as 
 a basis of comparison, in place of the figures actually 
 obtained in the 100 yard test. The same computation with 
 the Winchester .50 express bullet, taking the 100-yard curve 
 from the 200-yard test, shows an average for the 50-yard 
 screen of 2.851, which almost exactly coincides with the re- 
 sult of the 100 yard test, and is a further proof of the steady 
 shooting of the rifle in both tests with express bullet, so far 
 
HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 93 
 
 as the 50-yard screen is concerned. Taking the Whitney- 
 Kennedy .50-caliber solid ball and computing the 100-yard 
 curve from the 200-yard test, we get an average of 2.004 for 
 the 50-yard screen, and so on with any rifle. 
 
 Incidental to the test of rifles it will be seen that we have 
 made it a test of cartridges as well. In turning out the 
 powder from the shell after the bullet had been carefully 
 drawn, a note was made of the condition of the charge, if 
 the powder grains were bright and unbroken and seemingly 
 in first-class condition, it is entered as line, while below this 
 other grades of good and fair are entered. In this the same 
 classification has been followed as that employed by the U. 
 .S. officer in making inspections of cartridges sent out for the 
 use of the arms or for experimental purposes. How close 
 the tested cartridges come up to tbe labels our report in each 
 instance shows. We think that upon the whole the factory 
 makers of cartridges have reason to be congratulated upon the 
 great accuracy with which, assisted by fine machinery and 
 great care in all stages, they have been enabled to turn out in 
 such large quantity, fixed ammunition at such cheap rates. 
 We have noted at various points the powder used by the 
 various companies. The U. M. C. Co. employed the FG 
 brand from either the Laflin & Rand or Dupont works; 
 the Remingtons draw their supplies from the Hazard mills, 
 while the "Rifle Cartridge Powder" of the American 
 Powder Mills product is used by the Winchester Co. One 
 part tin to twenty of lead is the general proportion, the bul- 
 let in a few cases being of pure lead. This last condition 
 was true in the case of the three rim-fire cartridges from the 
 Bridgeport factory and in the Bullard solid .50-115-346 and 
 in the Winchester .40 60-210 from the same works. 
 
 The weather observations taken during the tests were 
 intended to cover everything which in any way might tend 
 to have an influence upon the rifle during the trial. Gener- 
 ally the conditions were very favorable to the weapon. The 
 wind ran through the Signal Service scale from light wind 
 through gentle and fresh up to brisk. In direction, of course, 
 being at Creedmoor, every point of the compass or dial is 
 
94 HUNTING 1UFLE TRAJECTORIES, 
 
 represented in the table of wind quarters. The barometric 
 readings are, of course, familiar to all, and the object in 
 having observations taken with both wet and dry-bulb ther- 
 mometers was to determine the dew point and then the 
 humidity of the atmosphere. The dew point is that at which 
 the density of the vapor in the air becomes equal to the 
 maximum density corresponding to the temperature. This 
 temperature is called the dew point of the given mass, and 
 any further reduction of temperature will be accompanied 
 by the condensation of a portion of the vapor which will 
 take the form of dew, rain, snow, or hoar frost, according to 
 circumstances. The humidity is that condition of the air r 
 as regards moisture, which gives the ratio of the amount of 
 vapor present in the air to the amount which would saturate 
 the air at the actual temperature. It is upon this that our 
 sensations of dryness or moisture chiefly depend. It is some- 
 times called relative humidity, and it is usually expressed in 
 a percentage. For instance if the weight of vapor present is 
 seven-tenths of that required for saturation, the humidity is 
 said to be 70 per cent. It will be seen that this has an im- 
 portant bearing upon the condition of the interior of the rifle 
 barrel, especially when, as in these tests, the firing was done 
 with a dirty barrel likely to be clogged by caking powder 
 scum. All the calculations in connection with the meteoro- 
 logical conditions surrounding the test were made by an 
 officer connected with the U. S. Signal Service, and may be 
 relied upon. 
 
 We wish in closing to again call attention to the fact that 
 we were in no wise making a trial of the accuracy of the 
 rifles kindly placed in our care. Had we been inclined to 
 make any such, which we were not, an entirely different 
 plan of operations would have been adopted. Hence it is 
 that there are no targets published. It would have been not 
 only unfair and misleading to make such exhibits, but they 
 would have needlessly encumbered the record. Each rifle is. 
 undergoing a continuous test for accuracy. Our rifle 
 scores, published from week to week of what is going on 
 upon scores of ranges, are simply returns of accuracy tests,. 
 
HUNTING RIFLE TRAJECTORIES. 95 
 
 of course with a test of personal marksmanship attached, 
 and without this latter we know of no satisfactory machine 
 for making such a test. Nothing has yet been devised 
 which can take the place of the human rifle holder. There 
 is a nice poise and counterpoise in a rifle held to the shoul- 
 der, firmness and steadiness before the discharge, give and 
 balance after recoil sets in, which it is impossible to simulate 
 by any combination of swinging frames and slides and 
 springs. All this is essential when an accuracy test is car- 
 ried on, and these each marksman must conduct personally 
 for his own information if he would get any knowledge of 
 value to himself. 
 
 The final table which we present brings the list of trajectory 
 heights into convenient form for immediate comparison, and 
 many other facts are there set forth in a* shape for ready ref- 
 erence. 
 
 In concluding, we tender our thanks again to the 
 several rifle companies who have so kindly sent arms for 
 the trial, and in some cases, we regret to say, got them back 
 rather the worse for wear; to Gall & Lembke, opticians, of 
 Union square, for the several instruments by which the sci- 
 entific observations of the weather were taken ; to the Fair- 
 banks Scale Company, for a pair of balances by which the 
 weights of the rifle, complete, were taken as tested. The 
 oflicersofthe National Rifle Association placed a portion 
 of the Creedmoor range at our disposal, and we were thus 
 enabled to carry on our trial, which is of world-wide im- 
 portance in many respects, upon a range which has been in 
 the past the scene of many international contests. 
 
INDEX 
 
 Accuracy Test, Not an 94 Measurements, How Taken 
 
 •Calculating the Trajectories.. . 20 Meteorological Observations.. 
 
 Cartridges 93 Object of the Trial 
 
 Company Responses 6 Rest Description 
 
 Dew Point 94 Screens 
 
 Humidity 94 Screens, Effect of 
 
 Invitation to the Trial 6 Wind, How Named 
 
 List of Rifles 8 
 
 TRAJECTORY FIGURES. 
 
 Ballard .40-85 , 65 Remington-Hepburn .40 
 
 Ballard .40-70 64 Remington-Hepburn .38 
 
 Bland .45, Double Barrel 53 Remington-Hepburn .32 
 
 Bullard .50, Solid Ball 37 Sharp .45 
 
 Bullard .50, Express Ball 39 Springfield, U. S. A. Model.. . . 
 
 Bullard .45 48 Stevens .38 
 
 Bullard .40 69 Stevens 32, R. F 
 
 Bullard .38 76 Stevens Hunters' Pet 
 
 Bullard.32 86 Stevens .22, R. F 
 
 Colt .32 81 Wesson .44, R. F 
 
 Hunters' Pet (Stevens) 79 Whitney - Kennedy .50, Soli 
 
 Marlin.45 46 Ball 
 
 Marlin .40 62 Whitney-Kennedy .50, Expres 
 
 Marlin.38 73 Ball 
 
 Marlin .82 78 Whitney-Kennedy .40 
 
 Maynard .40 71 Winchester .50, Solid Ball . . . 
 
 Merrill Muzzleloader 59 Winchester .50, Express Ball 
 
 Romer Muzzleloader 61 Winchester .45 
 
 Remington .32, R. F 84 Winchester .40 
 
 Remington .50, N. Y. State Mil. 44 Winchester .22, R. F 
 
\ ,,_, _„ n 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 - . 
 
 
 
 
 
Tabulated Summary of Trajectory Test. 
 
 Weightl » 3: 
 
 Rifle. \ 
 
 lb. oz. 
 
 Martin .45 9 11 
 
 J Martin .40 tl 1 
 
 Marliii ..is 9 1>, 
 
 Martin .82 8 
 
 Ballard .40-70 10 S& 
 
 Ballard .40-85 10 15 
 
 Rem.-Hep. .40... LI S 
 
 Rem. -Hep. .38.... 'J 7'., 
 
 Rem.-Hep. .38.... 1 llfc 
 
 Remington .32 7 
 
 Rem. (Mil) .50.... 8 12 
 
 Winchester .50.... 10 1 
 
 Winchester .50.... 10 1 
 Winchester .45.... 10 
 Winchester .40. ... 10 
 Winchester .98.... 9 
 
 Bullard .50 10 % 
 
 Bollard .50 10 \.< 
 
 Bullard .45 '•> 14 
 
 Bullard .40 [10 1 
 
 Bullard .38 
 
 Bullard .32 8 8 
 
 Whit. -Ken. .50.... 8 11 
 
 Whit.-Keu. .50.... 8 11 
 
 Whit.-Ken. .40.... 10 6 
 
 Stevens .38 7 9 
 
 Stevens .32 8 '•" , 
 
 Hunters' Pet 6 2.' j 
 
 Stevens .22 8 7 
 
 Maynard .40 8 6>^ 
 
 Wesson .44 8 
 
 Colt .88 7 4)4 
 
 Spring. (Mil.) .45.. 8 8 
 
 Sharps .45 10 3 
 
 ; Bland .45 8 13 
 
 Bland .45 8 18 
 
 Merrill (Muzzle) .42 11 >:■■ . 
 
 j Romer (Muzzle) .42:14 12 
 
 lb. oz. in. 
 
 3 11 
 
 5 1 
 
 4 8 
 3 1 
 
 
 6 11 
 
 32 
 
 7 
 
 S 
 
 4 8 
 
 4 8 
 
 3 2 
 
 3 2 
 
 3 10 
 
 :; 14 
 
 3 9 
 
 3 8 
 
 3 8 
 
 3 
 
 8 U 
 
 8 i) 
 :; 5 
 3 8 
 3 8 
 
 3 15 
 
 4 5 
 
 4 2 
 
 9 12 
 
 5 
 5 4 
 
 « 
 
 30M 
 
 • 20 
 9 39 
 
 4 ; 30 
 
 8 I 28 
 
 8 6 
 11 12 
 
 
 RIFLING. 
 
 
 if 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 in 
 
 | 
 
 J- 
 
 5 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 u 
 
 2< 
 
 < 
 
 .003 
 
 J.-,s 
 
 u 
 
 2( 
 
 ( 
 
 .003 
 
 .158 
 
 1 u 
 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 .003 
 
 .188! 
 
 u 
 
 11 
 
 '' 
 
 .003 
 
 .102 
 
 TJ 
 
 20 
 
 6 
 
 .003 
 
 .158 
 
 U 
 
 20 
 
 " 
 
 .003 
 
 .158 
 
 u 
 
 80 
 
 
 .0035 
 
 .1601 
 
 u 
 
 L8 
 
 5 
 
 .0085 
 
 .150 
 
 D 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 .003 
 
 .110 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 5 
 
 .003 
 
 .110 
 
 u 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 .000 
 
 .170 
 
 u 
 
 10 
 
 (; 
 
 .003 
 
 .160 
 
 TJ 
 
 ;o 
 
 
 
 .003 
 
 .160 
 
 u 
 
 .-() 
 
 6 
 
 .003 
 
 .142 
 
 u 
 
 to 
 
 6 
 
 .003 
 
 .125 
 
 U 
 
 .'0 
 
 11 
 
 .003 
 
 .070 
 
 u 
 
 72 
 
 6 
 
 .000 
 
 .175' 
 
 u 
 
 72 
 
 6 
 
 .006 
 
 .175 1 
 
 U 30 
 
 5 
 
 .004 
 
 .1601 
 
 . U 20 
 
 5 
 
 .005 
 
 .17o! 
 
 U 89 
 
 5 
 
 .005 
 
 .140! 
 
 U 10 
 
 6 
 
 .004 
 
 .080 
 
 U 30 
 
 6 
 
 .000 
 
 .1601 
 
 ' TJ 30 
 
 
 
 .006 
 
 .100: 
 
 U 22 
 
 6 
 
 .006 
 
 .140 
 
 TJ is 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 U 18 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 U J20 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 IT 88 8 
 
 .003 
 
 .140 
 
 U 24 
 
 6 
 
 .004 
 
 .070 
 
 U 22 
 
 8 
 
 .005 
 
 .385 
 
 U 20 
 
 6 
 
 .003 
 
 .120 
 
 U 30 
 
 
 
 .007 
 
 .200| 
 
 TJ 30 
 
 6 
 
 .007 
 
 .200 
 
 <; 34 
 
 
 
 .010 
 
 .105 
 
 <i :)4 
 
 6 
 
 .010 
 
 .1051 
 
 CARTRIDGE. 
 
 100- Yard 
 
 Trajectory. 
 
 t 
 
 .45-85-285, Naked, C. P.. U. M. C. . 
 .40-60-260, Naked, C. P., U. M. C. . 
 ,S8-«$-356, Naked, C. P., TJ. M. C. . 
 .32-40-165, Naked, C. F., TJ. M. C. . 
 
 .40-70-330, Patched, C. P., Win 
 
 .40-85-370, Patched, C. P., U. M. C. 
 .40-65-325, Patched, C. P., Rem. . . . 
 
 .38-50-320, Naked, C. F., Rem 
 
 .32-40-120, Naked, C. F., Rem 
 
 .32-13-90, Naked, R. F., TJ. M. C. . . 
 
 .50-70-450, Naked, C. P., Win 
 
 .50-1)5-312 (Solid), Naked, C.P., Win. 
 . 50-95-300 (Ex. ) , Naked, C. P. , Win.. 
 
 . 4.5-75-350, Naked, C. F. , Win 
 
 .40-60-210, Naked, C. F., Win 
 
 .22-5-40, Naked, R. F., U. M. C. . . . 
 .50-115-350 (Sol.),Naked,C.F., U.M.C 
 .50-115-300 (Ex.), Naked.C.F., U.M.C 
 .45-85-290, Naked, C. P., TJ. M. C. 
 .40-70-230, Naked, C. F., TJ. M. C. . 
 .38-45-190, Naked, C. F., TJ. M. C... 
 .33-40-150, Naked, C. F., U. M. C. . 
 .50-95-312 (Solid), Naked, C.F., Win.j 
 .50-95-300 (Ex.), Naked, C. F., Win.j 
 .40-60-210, Naked, C. P., U. M. C. . 
 .38-40-145, Naked, C. P., TJ. M. C. .j 
 .32-13-90 : Naked, R. P., U. M. C. . . j 
 .32-9-85, Naked, C. P., Winchester. 
 .22-5-40, Naked, R. P., TJ. M. C. . . . 
 .40-70-240, Naked, C. F., Maynard. 
 .44-28-214, Naked, R. P., U. M. C. . 
 .32-20-100, Naked, C. F., U. M. C. . j 
 
 .45-70-500, Naked, C. P., TJ. S 
 
 .45-70-405, Naked, C. F., U. M. C. . 
 .45-110-310 (Sol.), Patched.C.P., Eleyj 
 . 15-110-275 (Ex.),Patched,C.F., Eley] 
 
 .42-100-213 
 
 .43-130-270 
 
 aOO-Fard 
 Trajectory. 
 
 8 I 
 I I 
 
 1.1)91 
 2.134 
 1.773 
 1.999 
 1.708 
 2.113 
 
 .nan. inch. 
 
 1.18l| 2.125 
 2.453 
 2.610 
 2.128 
 2.452 
 2.061 
 
 1.4681 
 3.154 
 
 1.740 
 2.098 
 
 1.997 
 1.903 
 8.856 
 1.598 
 1.890 
 1.791 
 1.740 
 
 2.047 
 1.477 
 1.793 
 1.964! 
 2.065J 
 2.932; 
 3.881 
 3.534, 
 1.75b 
 8.499 
 3.816 
 3.835 
 2.0811 
 1.052 
 1.175 
 1.180 
 
 2.774 
 1.803! 
 3.968: 
 2.980 1 
 2.203 
 2.388; 
 2.532 
 2.290 
 4.209| 
 1.817 
 2.047 
 2.210; 
 2.157 
 
 2.443 
 1.178 
 2.530 
 3.483 
 8.619 
 3.740 
 1.965 
 4.495 
 2.155 
 4.532 
 3.899 
 3.894 
 
 2.021) 
 
 1.410 
 
 1.334 
 
 1.806 
 
 inch. inch, i in 
 L.618 7.59611 
 2.104 8.180 II 
 -.202 8.856 11 
 1.868 7.168 L0 
 2.110 ; 7.918 11 
 1.82l! 7.037 9 
 8.860 8.629 12 
 3.289 8.86819 
 1.586 6.898 B 
 8.84518.98718 
 2.46910.05018 
 2.210 7.986 11 
 8.156 8.002 11 
 2.159 8.698 11 
 1.973 1 8.06311 
 3.47813.49018 
 1.657 7.201 10 
 1.878 7.80610 
 1.89l! 7.78611 
 1.888 1 7.341J10 
 
 8.9.54J2 
 
 3.087 7.1133 11 
 1.229 ! 7.517 11 
 1.629; 7.800J11 
 
 2.107 8.89919 
 9.261 9.41918 
 
 3.108 12.78818 
 8.97616.68631 
 3.05115.038121 
 1.895J 7.957U 
 
 1.979 L9 
 3.458 0.G8313 
 3.464 o.40i; 12 
 2.230! 8.53311 
 1.888 
 1.288 .. 
 
 - 
 
 4.499 1 6 
 
 ch. ; inch. 
 ,836 9.019 
 625 1 8.967 
 617| 8.962 
 135 7.860 
 .069 B.344 
 80S 7.460 
 117 9.158 
 408J 9.371 
 890 6.964 
 237J13.974 
 63510.530 
 202 8.518 
 306: 8.499 
 070 9.868 
 511 9.020 
 922 14.014 
 889 r.968 
 8.189 
 8.787 
 8.253 
 9.851 
 8.673 
 8.665 
 9.105 
 9.390 
 10.692 
 13.927 
 16.995 
 16.342 
 8.843 
 
 10.773 
 9.956 
 
 121 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TJ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
Antelope and Deer 
 
 OF AMERICA. 
 
 By HON. JOHN DEAN CATON, LL.D. 
 
 A Book for Sportsmen and for Naturalists. 
 
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ODOR OF FOREST! SPARKLE OF STREAM! 
 
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