THE PLANTING
FROM A PHOTOGRAPH OF A PAINTING BY FRAN
THE COLONY
^AYEH, IN THE STATE HOUSt AT ANNAPOLIS
LEADING EVENTS
OF
Maryland History
WITH TOPICAL ANALYSES, REFERENCES, AND
QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT
AND RESEARCH
BY
J MONTGOMERY GAMBRILL
/lis// nr/o) hi Iht Baltimore Polytechyiic Ins/itiilr, Pt-fiai lineiil oj
I'li^lish and Histniy
H
5^~v'
THE
GUSHING CO
PubUshen
■iltlmori. MH.
W\
i^
\-^
THE LIBRARY OF
CONGRESS,
Two Copies Received
JUN 15 1903
Copyright Entry
CUSSC i*- XXo. No.
COPY A.
Cot1
Copyripfht 1903.
by
John ^Montc^omery Gambrill
PREFACE
It is very much the fashion now-a-days to write a preface to a
text-book that is really an apology for its appearance. If not an
apology, at least I am willing to offer an explanation for the
writing of this little book. Several histories of Maryland have
been published since the Civil War for the alleged purpose of
furnishing a text for schools. It cannot be denied that these
books have not been altogether reliable historically, and none of
them can be said to contain the features of the best modern texts
in history, nor to be pedagogically adapted to the uses of the
schoolroom. A word on each of these phases of the subject
seems necessary.
The material used in the preparation of this book includes, it
is believed, the principal matter in print relating to the subjects
treated, and embraces contemporary v^/^ritings, letters, commis-
sions, warrants, newspapers, etc., and the printed state archives;
in addition the manuscript sources have been used. The results
of exhaustive original research are not embodied in elementary
text-books, and while this work is not put forthwith such preten-
sions it is hoped that it may justly claim to be much more than
the lifeless compilations that so often masquerade as state his-
tories (for schools).
Great pains have been taken to verify matter that seemed doubt-
ful, while the controverted points have been carefully studied. On
these points, such, for example, as the reasons for the Calvert
policy of toleration, or the conduct of Captain Richard Ingle, or
the attitude of Maryland at the outbreak of the Civil War, it is
impossible for all students of the subject to agree. I have tried
to weigh the material carefully and intelligently, and to present
as far as possible the actual facts, leaving the pupil to his own
inferences.
ii PREFACE
'I he limitations of a book of this kind are sa severe that it is
a serious problem what to leave out, and of course judgments will
differ as to the facts best to omit. I have endeavored to make
the book as comprehensive as possible, to omit facts of minor im-
portance only, and to treat as fully as possible the "Leading
Events." At the same time there are some facts of importance
which it is impossible to treat profitably in a work of this kind,
owing to the great amount of explanation necessary to a young
pupil. A good example is the contest between Cecilius Calvert
and the Jesuits over the statute of mortmain and the bull In Coena
Domini, the results of which extend to the present day.
The point to which special attention has been given and which
I think is particularly the justification of a new text book in
Maryland history, is the pedagogics of the subject. The attain-
ments and attitude of the pupil must first be considered. Many
things which we take as matters of course, the young pupil does
not understand; he has, for instance, but the vaguest conception
of religious persecution and toleration. In most cases the pupil
beginning to study Maryland history has but the slightest knowl-
edge of United States history, and none whatever of the history
of England. These facts cannot be ignored without disastrous
consequences. I have given a brief explanation of religious per-
secution and intolerance, and have not assumed any knowledge,
on the part of the pupil, of English or American history. As a
rule, separate sections have been devoted to the statement of such
of this history as was necessary to an understanding of the matter
in hand. While clearness and simplicity of style have been at-
tempted, care has been taken not to run to the extreme, and un-
familiar terms that must be met with again and again in the
study of history have been freely introduced.
A few special and hitherto neglected features in Maryland his-
tories will need mention. The attention of the teachers using
the book is particularly called to these features.
PREFACE iii
(a) Topical Treatment. The treatment is strictly topical
rather than chronological. No arrangement of matter has been
made with reference to such artificial and arbitrary consideration
as number of pages or extent of time considered. On the other
hand, both chapters and paragraphs have been arranged with ref-
erence to the grouping of events. The chapter headings can be
readily and profitably used in connection with the topical analyses
for blackboard diagrams and review schemes.
(b) Topical Analyses. These are arranged in the form of topics
and questions. When desired the topics can easily be converted
into questions. It is a mistake for the teacher to depend very
much on ready-made questions, and a greater one for pupils to
study by them. It is, therefore, desirable that this material be
used for definite ends under the guidance of the teacher. An
excellent way of conducting the study would be, first to read the
chapter in class, with discussions, explanations, readings from
other works, etc., and follow this with recitation work from the
topics.
(c) Questions for Original Thought and Research. — These have
several objects. In the first place, they should discourage the
extraordinary amount of rote work that is done in history. If
the study is to have any value except for training the mechanical
memory, it is indispensable that the pupil do some thinking for
himself. Some of the questions require enough original think-
ing for the formation of an opinion, and nothing further. Others
require some investigation, though of course of a most elemen-
tary character. In most cases some book in use in the school-
room, a geography, a United States history, or a work on civics,
will contain the information asked; in other cases the pupil will
be obliged to gain his information from his teacher, a parent, or
some other person. The essential thing is that the pupil have
some training in finding out things for himself, and that he be
required to make some effort before he receives help. It is not
intended that every pupil, nor indeed every class, shall use all of
iv PREFACE
this material; it must be used according to the age and advance-
ment of the pupils. Different inquiries may be assigned to dif-
ferent members of the class for investigation. I am not unaware
that some of the questions are too difficult for the immature stu-
dent to form a really well-grounded opinion; but merely to show
him that the question exists and to set his mind to work upon it,
is to accomplish a good deal.
(d) References. — The references at the end of the chapters
are in most cases to books that can readily be procured at a com-
paratively small cost. Few of the rural schools at least, will be
able to use or even to have them all ; but even a very little work
with books of this kind will add wonderfully to the interest and
profit of the study. An extended bibliography follov/s the ap-
pendix.
(e) The Index. — Special pains have been taken to make the
index valuable. Such topics as General Assembly, Governor,
Religion, Popular Privileges, etc., impart an analytical character
to the index that \n\\ render it particularly valuable for topical
reviews, special studies, or investigation of any particular devel-
opment.
The study of history is of extraordinary value in civic training,
and the teacher should constantly have in mind this fact and use
his opportunities. The lessons of history should be applied to
present conditions as far as possible, though invariably in a broad
and impartial way; and the pupil should be inspired with high
and noble ideals. There is some danger of falling into a habit
of eulogizing indiscriminately our own affairs, that must be care-
fully guarded against. I have tried to do so in the text, and to
be everywhere fair and impartial. That attitude of mind on the
part of the citizens of a state which regards everything connected
wiih it as the best, precludes progress and improvement. For-
tunately, the history of Maryland is such that her citizens may
justly be very proud of her record.
PREFACE V
It is now generally conceded that the illustrations in a history
should be real and authentic. Of such character are most of the
pictures of men, places, and things in this book. Several famous
paintings are reproduced. With the exception of a few lent by
the Baltimore and Ohio R. R. all the cuts were prepared from
photographs made especially for this book.
In conclusion, I desire to express my thanks to all who have
in any- way been of assistance to me in the preparation of this
book; in the search for material, in obtaining illustrations, or in
reading manuscript. Especially, I have to thank Mr. George
W. McCreary, Librarian of the Maryland Historical Society,
whose kind assistance in finding material, in obtaining illustra-
tions, and in the reading of proof has been invaluable.
J. M. G.
CONTENTS
. PART I. HISTORY OF THE PROVINCE
Chapter I. The Founding of Maryland ... 1
Chapter II. The Settlement of Maryland . . . 11
Chapter III. "Leah and Rachel" — Wherein Two Sister
Colonies Disagree ..... 23
Chapter IV. Maryland Becomes a Royal Province . 48
Chapter V. The Province Becomes an Independent State 66
Chapter VI. Maryland Life in Colonial Times . . 91
PART II. HISTORY OF THE STATE
Chapter I. The Struggle for Independence: Maryland in
the Revolution ..... 103
Chapter II. Founding the New Nation .... 125
Chapter III. Internal Affairs and Second War with England 131
Chapter IV. Public Improvements; — The Mexican War . 143
Chapter V. Slavery and the Civil War . . . 156
Chapter VI. From the Close of the Civil War to the Present 1 7 1
viii CONTENTS
HISTORY OF THE COUNTIES
St. Mary's 207
Kent 208
Anne Arundel ....... 209
Calvert 210
Charles . . . . . . . . . 211
Baltimore ......... 212
Talbot 214
Somerset . . . , . . . . .216
Dorchester . . . . . . . . 217
Cecil 219
Prince George's ....... 220
Queen Anne's ........ 222
Worcester ........ 223
Frederick 224
Harford 225
Caroline . . . . . . . . .227
Washington 228
Montgomery ... .... 229
Allegany 231
Carroll ......... 232
Howard ........ 233
Wicomico ........ 235
Garrett ......... 236
APPENDIXES
A. Proprietaries of Maryland .... 239
B. Governors of Maryland ..... 239
C. Towns of Maryland 240
D. The Star-Spangled Banner . . . . 241
E. Cabinet Appointments ...... 241
F. Admiral Schley's Account of the Battle of Santiago 242
G. Constitution of Maryland 248
CONTENTS ix
BIBLIOGRAPHY 308
INDEX 313
REFERENCE MAPS
The Palatinate of Maryland, double page . . . 26-7
The Revolution, Operations in the North, full page . 110
The Revolution, Operations in the 'S>on\h^ full pai^e . 115
Land Claims of the States, 1783, double page, colors, between 126-7
Maryland, double page, colors .... between 204-5
ILLUSTRATIONS
The Planting of the Colony .... Frontispiece
1. George Calvert ...... 3
. 4
5
13
16
18
34
2. Henrietta Maria
3. Cecilius Calvert, full page
4. Trinity Church, Site of St. Mary's
5. St. Mary's Female Seminary .
6. Rosecroft ....
7. Monument to Leonard Calvert
8. Great Seal of Maryland (Reverse In colors) . 36, 37
9. Annapolis, full page ...... 40
10. YLenmans Map, full page .... 51
11. Charles Calvert, fifth Lord Baltimore ... 59
12. Tobacco Hogshead Ready for Rolling ... 60
13. The Murray House ...... 61
14. Baltimore in 1752 67
15. Baltimore at Present Time ..... 69
16. Five-Mile Stone, Mason and Dixon's Line . . 71
17. Association of Freemen, /i////)(3^6' .... 77
18. Burning of The Peggy Stewart, full page . . 81
19. Maryland Signers of the Declaration of Independence,
full page 84
X CONTENTS
20. The State House 85
21. Thomas Jefferson •...., 87
22. "Hampton" ....... 93
23. The Brice Residence ...... 94
24. "The Chase Home" 95
25. Doughoregsin Manor, full page .... 96
26. The Maryland Gazette of June 21, 1745, full page 99
27. George Washington ...... 103
28. William Smallwood ...... 105
29. Mordecai Gist 106
30. Monument to Maryland's Four Hundred, /w///?(3^^ . 107
31. Tablet on the Site of Old Congress Hall . ■ . 109
32. Nathaniel Ramsey . . . . . . 112
23. John Eager Howard . . . . . .117
34. Otto Holland Williams 118
35. Washington Resigning His Commission, /i////)(3^^ . 120
36. Nathan Towson ...... 134
37. A Baltimore Clipper 136
38. Fort McHenry 138
39. The Star Spangled Banner, /w///?<3^g . . . 139
40. Francis Scott Key 140
41. Washington Monument, /i///jD^^^ .... 144
42. Battle Monument 145
43. Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and Chesapeake and
Ohio Canal at Point of Rocks, Md. . . 146
44. Method of Travel on the Baltimore and Ohio R. R.
in 1829 147
45. The Davis "Grasshopper" Locomotive (1832) . 147
46. Winan's "Mud Digger" (1836) ... 147
47. B. & 0. "Camel Back" Locomotive (1850) . . 148
48. The Hayes "Dutch Wagon" (1852) ... 148
49. Type of Passenger Locomotive, 1903 . . . 148
50. Peter Cooper's Locomotive .... 149
51. View of Ellicott City, >//;?<3^^ . . . .ISO
CONTENTS xi
52. Mexican War Monument 153
53. Roger B. Taney 162
54. John R. Kenley 163
55. Bradley T. Johnson ...... 164
56. View of Frederick, full page .... 165
57. View of Hagerstown, /w///;<3^g .... 167
58. George Peabody 171
59. The City Hall, Baltimore 174
60. The Court House, Baltimore .... 175
61. Johns Hopkins Hospital . . . , .177
62. Edgar Allan Foe 178
63. The Maryland Revolutionary Monument, /i////)<3^g . 183
64. The Cruiser Baltimore ..... 185
65. Rear-Admiral Winfield Scott Schley . . .186
66. Tonging for Oysters ..... 189
67. The "Shucking" Room of an Oyster Packing
Establishment 190
68. A View of Cumberland 191
69. A Manufacturing Industry of Cumberland . . 192
70. The "Narrows," Cumberland .... 193
LEA
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O F
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V
E N T S
M A R Y L A N
H
I
S T O
RY
PART I
HISTORY OF THE PROVINCE
CHAPTER I
The Founding of Maryland
1. Introduction. — A little more than four hundred years ago
a map of the world looked very different from a map of the world
to-day. The civilized peoples lived in Europe; besides their
own continent they were acquainted with parts of Asia, a small
part of northern Africa, and a few islands. The word"America"
had never been uttered, and nothing whatever was known of the
vast continent that lay beyond the western sea. To this noble
country the attention of Europe was called in the year 1492, when
a bold sailor named Christopher Columbus sailed bravely out
upon the stormy Atlantic, and by and by landed on an island in
the West Indies. Soon other brave mariners followed the ex-
ample of Columbus. The mainland of America was discovered
and its eastern coast explored.
Columbus was in the employ of the king and queen of Spain,
and the Spaniards soon discovered rich and populous countries in
the south of the new continent, and easily conquering the half-
civilized inhabitants, carried away to Spain immense quantities
of gold and silver.
2. English Colonies.- -When tne rulers of other countries
heard of these things it is not strange that they desired to have
a share for themselves of the v/ealth that seemed so abundant in
2 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
the New World. Only a few years after the great voyage of
Columbus most of the eastern coast of what is now the United
States was explored by a sailor named Cabot, in the employ of
England. Basing their claims on this voyage, the English later
undertook to plant colonies in the New World. At first the
English tried to imitate the Spanish; but there was no gold or
silver to be had in the northern parts, while the people were a
race of savages whom it was useless to conquer, since they had
nothing that was worth taking. The early attempts of the Eng-
lish met with misfortune and failure.
A new plan was soon tried. Companies were formed composed
chiefly of merchants, whose plan was to plant colonies in the New
World for the purposes of trade. With furs obtained from the
Indians, fish from the neighboring waters, or the products of the
soil these colonies were to carry on trade that should be profitable
to the members of the company and indirectly to the commerce
of England. The first permanent settlement was planted at James-
town in 1607, on the north bank of the James river, inVirignia.
It was under the control of a company of merchants and others
known as the London Company.
3. George Calvert, the First Lord Baltimore.— Among
those interested in these plans for planting colonies in America
was an English gentleman named George Calvert, who became the
founder of Maryland. He received a thorough education and
travelled on the Continent, as was the custom of young men of
rank and wealth. After his return he became the private secre-
tary of the famous statesman, Sir Robert Cecil. He presently
attracted the favor of the king, was appointed to an office in
Ireland, and in 1617 raised to the order of knighthood and be-
came Sir George Calvert. He was liked and trusted by the king,
James I, and was from time to time advanced until he became
principal secretary of state, a high office in some respects like the
modern one of prime minister. After a time Sir George announced
THE FOUNDING OF MARYLAND
to the king that he had
become a convert to the
Catholic religion, and re-
quested that he therefore
be allowed to resign the
high office that he held
and retire to private life.
4. Religious Intoler=
ance. — In order that you
may understand this act of
Calvert's you must know
that in the times that we
are now studying, all men
could not freely and safely
profess and practise the re-
ligion they preferred. On
the contrary, those in con-
trol of the government usu-
ally tried to force other
persons to believe in their
religion; it was a com-
mon thing for people to
be imprisoned for their
religious belief, and many
had even been burned to death merely for disagreeing v/ith
the prevailing faith. Now at this time England was a Protes-
tant country, and there were very severe laws in force against
the Roman Catholics, who were not allowed to hold any
public office. This will fully explain the action of Secretary
Calvert.
King James seems to have talcen the confession of Sir George
very quietly, however, and did not withdraw his favor. On the
contrary, he retained his former secretary as a member of his
council, and not long afterward created him Lord Baron of
GEORGE CALVERT
FROM A PHOTOGRAPH OF A PAINTING IN THE STATE HOUSE
AT ANNAPOLIS
LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
Baltimore. Soon after this event the king died and was suc-
ceeded by his son, Charles I. He also was Calvert's friend.
5. Lord Baltimore's Plan for Founding a Colony. —
Lord Baltimore had long been interested in the schemes for the
colonization of the New World. He had already received from
the king a grant of land in Newfoundland, and now that he had
laid aside the cares and
burdens of public service,
he seems to have desired
to spend the remainder of
his life in the work of
founding a colony.
His attempt in New-
foundland was a failure,
owing chiefly to the great
severity of the climate.
Leaving behind him the
inhospitable shores of Ava-
lon, as the Newfoundland
colony was called, Calvert
sailed for Virginia.
Here he found himself
a very unwelcome visitor.
The rights and privileges
granted the company that
planted Virginia had by
this time been formally ta-
ken from them, thus leav-
ing the king free to grant
the country to whom he
pleased. So the governor
temporarily in charge
(awaiting the arrival of the royal governor) contrived to be rid
of Lord Baltimore, doubtless knowing of his ambitions. It is not
HENRIETTA MARIA
FROM A PHOTOGRAPH OF A PAINTING, NOW IN THE STATE
HOUSE AT ANNAPOLIS, DV MISS FLORENCE MACKUBIN, FROM
THE VAN DYKE PORTRAIT AT WARWICK CASTLE
( ilarcv: /.- liM.if.yioi'
( "r,,:>: 'icuirum 'Jcrrw.^-
'ruC (ZcdifCSdverl.
(9>chefrinrc intkemw
\ CO met Wrjprictarij
'(fintr etjlvn}Bi'na' in
CtCILIUS CALVERT
FROM A PHOTOGRAPH OF A PRINT IN THE LIBRARY OF THE MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY
b LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
unlikely that during his short stay he had at least a glimpse of
the lovely country that lay to the north of the Potomac, a region
uninhabited by white men and in the uncultivated state of
nature. At any rate Lord Baltimore returned to England, and
after much weary delay received a grant of land north of the Po-
tomac river, in the year 1632. In honor of the king's wife,
Henrietta Maria, or Mary, the new colony was to be called
Maryland.
6. Death and Character of George Calvert. — But in
April of this year Lord Baltimore, whose health had long been
failing, died, before his grant had passed the great seal.*
George Calvert was a man of high mind and honorable charac-
ter beyond any doubt. In ordinary affairs he was cautious and
painstaking; as a statesman, he was shrewd and intelligent; as a
man, courteous, loyal, and of sterling integrity. "He had risen
from obscurity to places of high honor and trust, and to heredi-
tary rank; he had enjoyed, without abusing, the confidence and
friendship of kings; he had adhered to his political and altered
his religious opinions, when his constancy and his change were
alike fatal to his advancement, and he died leaving a name with-
out reproach from friend or enemy, and which, if evil tongues of
a later day have attempted in vain to sully, it is because detrac-
tion, no less than death, loves a shining mark."t
7. Cecilius, Second Lord Baltimore. -The title and
estates of George Calvert passed to his eldest son, Cecilius, and
in his name the charter for Maryland was issued a few months
after his father's death.
8. The Maryland Charter.— The charter was the document
by which the land was granted to Lord Baltimore, and in which his
powers and duties, and those of the people of the new colony,
were established. In a word, it fixed the form of government.
*An instrument for stamping an impression upon a document to make it
authentic,
nvilliam Hard Urowiie's 'Maryland;" p. 17.
THE FOUNDING OF MARYLAND 7
There were two distinct kinds of government in the colonies.
In one, affairs were controlled by the king of England, who ap-
pointed the governor and principal officers; this was called a
royal government. In the other the people elected their gover-
nor and other officers, and in the main managed their own affairs
without interference from the mother country; this was called a
charter government. In Maryland the land was owned by a
single person, called the proprietary, or proprietor, who also
appointed the governor and other officers; hence this was called
a proprietary government.
The boundaries of the colony were as follows: The Atlantic
Ocean, the Delaware bay and Delaware river on the east; the
fortieth parallel of latitude on the north; a meridian line running
south from this parallel to the source of the Potomac on the west;
a line running along the southern bank of the Potomac to its
mouth and thence east across the peninsula to the ocean, on the
west and south.
The charter created, in the new colony, "an empire within an
empire," and the latter was therefore called a province. The
powers conferred upon the lord proprietary were the most exten-
sive ever granted to an English subject. He could coin money,
create courts of justice, appoint judges, and pardon criminals;
he could make peace and war, suppress rebellion, arm and call
out the militia, and declare martial law; he could create titles of
nobility and found cities and towns. All laws, when agreed upon
between himself and the people went into effect at once, and did
not have to be confirmed either by the king or Parliament. The
inhabitants continued to be Englishmen, with all the rights and
privileges of Englishmen; and the laws were to be in harmony, as
far as convenient, with the laws of England. And, most impor-
tant for us to remember, the people, and their lands and goods,
were forever tjxempted from taxation by the king.
9. Maryland a Palatinate. — Colonial Maryland was called
a palatinate and her proprietaries earls palatine, which terms will
8 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
need some explanation. In early times when there were no rail-
roads, steamboats, or telegraph, news of course travelled very
slowly. Hence, in fixing the powers that should be exercised by
the noblemen who ruled the English counties, it was necessary
that those who ruled the border counties should be much more
powerful than others; for in case of sudden invasion there would
be no time to notify the king, but the local ruler must take in-
stant measures for the defense of the county. Thus Durham on
the border of Scotland, Chester on the border of Wales, and
Kent, where an invasion from the Continent could most easily be
made, were made palatinates, and their rulers exercised nearly
royal authority.
The county of Durham, which was still a palatinate at the time
when the charter of Maryland was granted, served as a model for
that colony; Lord Baltimore was granted all the powers that be-
longed to the ruler of Durham, with some additional ones, and
was thus an "earl palatine." This made Maryland very like a
limited monarchy, with the lord proprietary as king.
TOPICS AND QUESTIONS
1. Introduction.
Knowledge of the World 400 years ago.
The voyage of Christopher Columbus.
Mainland of America discovered and explored.
Conquest of the Spanish and spoils taken by them.
2. English Colonies.
Voyage of Cabot and the claims of England.
First attempts of the English to plant colonies and their failure.
What sort of plan was tried next ? With what success did it meet .■'
When and where was made the first permanent English settle-
ment in America ?
Where else were English settlements planted?
3. George Calvert.
Early life of George Calvert.
He attracts the notice of the king.
Offices held by him.
THE FOUNDING OF MARYLAND 9
Honors conferred upon him.
He becomes a Catholic.
4. Religious Intolerance.
Usual attitude of governments on matters pertaining to religion.
Suffering for religion's sake.
English laws at this time.
How did the king receive Calvert's confession?
5. Lord Baltimore's Plan for Founding a Colony.
His interest in colonization.
The grant of Avalon ; failure of that colony.
Lord Baltimore sails for Virginia.
His reception; rights of the Virginians.
The grant of Maryland ; in whose honor named.
6. Death and Character of George Calvert.
7. Cecilius, Second Lord Baltimore.
He succeeds his father, George Calvert.
8. The Maryland Charter.
What is meant by the charter.'
Name and define the three kinds of colonial government.
The charter boundaries of Maryland.
Character of the government.
(a) Powers of the lord proprietary.
(b) Rights and privileges of the people.
9. Maryland a Palatinate.
The counties of early England.
The border counties necessarily more powerful.
The three palatinates.
Maryland government modeled after that of the county of Durham.
Maryland really a limited monarchy.
QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND RESEARCH
1. What is history? Are you interested in the history of your native
state? Think of as many reasons as you can why you should be.
2. What is a colony? What are the chief differences between civil-
ized and uncivilized peoples? Is it right for the former to take
land from the latter by force ? Should a colony be governed
with reference to its own welfare or that cf the mother country?
3. What is a Baron ? Why did not the younger brothers and sisters
of Cecilius Calvert share with him the estates of his father ?
Had George Calvert been a man of more brilliant mind but of less
honorable charcter, would we have more or less reason to be proud
of him?
10 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
4. Is it right to try to force others to believe as we do? Give reasons
for your answer. Is it right to try to persuade them ?
5. What is a charter? Are charters ever used for other purposes than
to fix the form of a government ? Discuss the relative merits of
the three forms of colonial government. What corresponds to
the charter in the present government of Maryland?
References
Browne's .'\fat viand, pp. 1-20. Browne's Culverts, pp. 1 3S. Fiske's Old I'irginia
(znrf/Zer A>/.», Vol. I., pp. 25V371 and ;i7i>-'~85. Gambrall's F.arlv .yfaryland,
pp. '.1-60. Merenes.s' Maryland as a Proprietary Province — see index for topics
desired.
CHAPTER IT
The Settlement of Maryland
10. Character and Plans of the Second Lord Balti=
more. — Cecilius Calvert was a worthy successor of his father.
Wise, just, and moderate, and possessed of great patience and un-
failing tact, he was eminently qualified for the important and
difficult enterprise which his father left him. Of his private
life and plans we know little, but we are justified in supposing
that, in founding the new colony, it was a part of his plan to
create a refuge for the persecuted members of his own church.
No doubt his plans comprehended many other purposes.
Now that Lord Baltimore had secured his charter he was free
to proceed with the work of founding a colony. It was his in-
tention to accompany the early settlers himself, and share with
them the dangers and hardships of the enterprise; but Maryland
was destined to suffer a long period of opposition and peril, and
the proprietary found it necessary to remain in England to pro-
tect the interests of his infant colony. He never visited Mary-
land. The members of the old Virginia company, who seem to
have entertained some hopes of regaining their lost privileges,
became his bitter enemies. It was not until after much opposi-
tion and many unpleasant experiences that the proprietary was
able to send out his first colony.
11. The First Colonists; Lord Baltimore's Policy of
Religious Toleration. — The proprietary said in reference to
the first band of colonists that sailed to Maryland: "There are
two of my brothers gone, with very near twenty other gentlemen
of very good fashion, and three hundred labouring men well pro-
vided in all things." His brother Leonard was in command of
the expedition and became the first governor of Maryland.
Two Catholic priests were in the company also, and one of them,
Father Andrew White, wrote a narrative of the voyage.
12 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
How many of this interesting company were Catholics and how
many were Protestants is a matter of uncertainty. Lord Balti-
more's brothers were Catholics and probably the twenty gentle-
men associated with them were Catholics also, while most of the
other colonists were Protestants. This brings us to a considera-
tion of religious freedom in Maryland, ^7hich prevailed from the
start. Cecilius Calvert, as has already been said, doubtless meant
to establish a retreat for persecuted Catholics. But it will be
evident, if you remember the times that Vv'e are studying, that
to found a purely Catholic colony in which no other denom-
ination was allowed, was not possible, for such a storm would
immediately have been raised in England as would inevitably
have cut off the colony in its infancy. This fact is so plain as to
have led some writers to withhold from Cecilius due credit for his
policy of toleration. He permitted freedom of worship to all
sects of Christians under many different circumstances, and when
his government v/as temporarily overthrown, freedom of worship
ceased also, but v.'as again restored with the rule of the proprietary.
All that we know of his life and character shows him to have been
a man of tolerant principles — broad-minded, just, liberal, and
wise. And Maryland has the honor, through Cecilius Calvert,
of being the first colony in America, as well as one of the first
places in the world, where freedom of worship was permitted.
12. The Voyage to Maryland; The First Landing —
After many difficulties, our colonists reached the Isle of Wight,
and from here, on a November day of 1633, they set sail in two small
vessels, the Ark and the Dove, and stood out to sea before a steady
breeze from the east. After a stormy voyage, in the course of
which they stopped in the West Indies, the expedition arrived
at Virginia, where a letter from the king procured them a friend-
ly reception. From here they sailed for the Potomac river.
Near the mouth of the river they found a lovely little island,
thickly wooded and dotted with early spring flowers, which they
named St. Clement's. It is now called Blakiston's Island.
THE SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAND
13
Here they landed, and vv^ith solemn religious ceremonies set up
a large wooden cross, about v^^hich Catholic and Protestant knelt
together, — March 25, 1634.
13. The Land of Promise. — To what sort of country had our
colonists come? Anxiously indeed must they have looked for-
ward to the time which had now arrived. They had given up
their homes, and had left their native land for a widely different
one — a highly civilized
country for a wilderness,
through which the wild
beasts roamed at will and
more savage men wandered
unrestrained. After such
anxiety then, they must
have beheld their new
home, as they sailed along
to the first landing place,
with feelings of intense re-
lief and pleasure, for it
was truly a noble country to
which they had come.
Nothing small or mean
greeted the eye. There
was the magnificent expanse of the Chesapeake bay; there was
the beautiful Potomac beside which, Father White said, the Thames
was but a rivulet; there were mighty forests stretching as far as
the eye could reach, unchoked by briers, and containing "strange
and beautiful trees;" there were banks and groves dotted with
the early flov/ers of spring; there were myriads of water-fowl and
flocks of wild turkeys; there were new and wonderful birds, the
jay with his coat of blue, the tanager in his feathers of scarlet,
and strangest of all the oriole, in a dress of black and gold, the
Baltimore colors; — and this was Maryland.
♦Built in 1824, of the bricks of the first State House, which stood almost ou
the spot.
TRINITY CHURCH, SITE OF ST. MARY'S''
FROM A PHOTOGRAPH
14 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
14. Founding of the First Capital (St. Mary's); Rela=
lations with the Indians.— Governor Leonard Calvert at once
undertook to win the friendship of the native tribes of Indians.
These poor creatures were ignorant and uncivilized; they dressed
in mantles of deer skins or other hides, painted their faces, and
with bows and flint-tipped arrows hunted the wild animals of
the forests. Wars with the Indians in which the most horrible
and bloody deeds were committed occurred in many other parts
of America, but Maryland was spared this terrible experience.
It is to the everlasting honor of Leonard Calvert and of Mary-
land that the settlement of the State was effected without shed-
ding the blood of this unfortunate people, for in few indeed of
the other colonies were settlements so made. In order to carry
out his purpose. Governor Calvert sailed up the Potomac river to
visit the emperor of the Indians, and he managed the interview
so well that hev/on the permission of the chief to form a settle-
ment Vv^ith his colony.
As the little isle of St. Clement's was far too small to accomo-
date the settlers, a home had now to be sought. Guided by a
Virginian named Henry Fleet, they sailed into a broad and deep
river, which fiows into the Potomac from the north, not far from
its mouth. This river, which they named St. George's, is no";/
called the St. Mary's. Some distance up they found an Indian
village, on the east bank of the river, and here they determined
to make their future home. A large tract of land was purchased
from the Indians and named Augusta Carolina, and it was arranged
that the colonists should occupy half the village until harvest
time, after which it was to be entirely abandoned to them.
The terms of the treaty being fully arranged, the colonists
landed with much show and ceremony. The governor took
formal possession of the soil and named the new town St. Mary's.
Thus was founded the oldest city of Maryland and its first capital,
—March 27, 1634.
THE SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAND 15
The dealings of Governor Calvert with the Indians were marked
by kindness, tact, and justice. The natives were paid for the land
with English cloth, axes, hatchets, knives, and hoes, which was
very creditable, for purchases were often made from the Indians
with worthless strings of flashing beads and bits of shining glass, in
which the simple natives took a childish delight. During the
joint occupation of the village by the English and the Indians
perfect peace and friendliness prevailed. Many of the Indian
women and children dwelt with the families of the English, and
learned from them some of the arts and refinements of civiliza-
tion. The Indian women taught the English how to make hom-
iny and "pone" of the corn, the Indian men hunted wild
turkeys and deer for them in the forest. Thus happily did the
two peoples dwell together until the harvest.
15. The Prosperous Beginning. — In the early history of
Virginia there was a "starving time," in the course of which the
entire colony came very near being extinguished. Maryland
never knew such a condition, the colony being prosperous from
the start. The voyage had been so planned that the colonists ar-
rived in Maryland in the early spring, having thus the longest
possible time to prepare for the winter. A supply of food was
brought from England, and corn for planting from the West In-
dies, while cattle and hogs were bought in Virginia. Farms
were laid out, and soon the province was settled in earnest.
No scarcity of food ever existed. The bay and rivers were
teeming with fish and covered with water-fowl, while the forests
held multitudes of wild turkeys, deer, bears, and small game. As
for the corn harvests, they were so bountiful that corn was almost
immediately sent to New England, and there exchanged for salt
fish and other supplies. In the proper seasons strawberries and
nuts were plentiful.
16. Legislative Assemblies; the People Win the Right
to Propose Laws. — Hardly was the colony firmly established be-
fore the people began to make laws under which to live. The first
16 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
legislative assembly met at St. Mary's in February, 1635, and
was composed of all the freemen of the province. Unfortunately,
the records of the proceedings of this interesting assembly have
been lost, but we do know that a body of laws was passed.
Now the seventh section of the Maryland Charter provides that
the proprietary may enact laws with the advice and consent of the
ST. MARY'S FEMALE SEMINARY
On Site of St. Marvs City
from a photograph
people of the province or their representatives. This seems to
mean that all laws should originate with the ])roprietary, and then
be submitted to the people, who could accept or reject them as
they chose. This is just a reversal of the usual method of legis-
lation, by which the law-making power belongs to the representa-
tives of the people, while the ruler exercises the right of veto
(which means, "I forbid")- But taking the ground that his
charter gave him this right. Lord Baltimore refused to assent to
these laws. In April of 1637 he directed Governor Leonard
Calvert to call an Assembly of the people on the 25th of the fol-
lowing January, and inform them of his lordship's dissent to all
laws previously passed by them.
THE SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAND 17
Accordingly, the Assembly met on January 25, 1638. It was
composed of all the freemen of the province, and not of repre-
sentatives. Those who could not come engaged other persons to
vote for them, and such a person was called a "proxy." Thus
one man inight have the privilege of casting ten votes, his own
and those of nine other men who had empowered him to vote for
them. The proprietary sent out to the Assembly a body of laws
of his ov/n making, the bearer being John Lewger, a friend of
Lord Baltimore's, and a man of much intelligence and profound
legal knowledge, who was to be secretary of the province.
The proprietary might be determined to retain the right which
his charter gave him, but the people of Maryland were equally
determined to have for themselves the right to propose laws,
which they believed belonged to them as Englishmen. They
accordingly rejected the laws of the proprietary by a large ma-
jority, and then passed a new set of laws, which included many of
those prepared by the proprietary. Having thus forcibly assert-
ed the right which they claimed, they sent off the laws they had
passed to the proprietary for his approval. These laws did not go
into operation, and it is therefore supposed that the proprietary
refused to assent to them, and the province now seemed, as a re-
sult of this unhappy dispute, in danger of remaining without any
laws at all. But Lord Baltimore wisely decided to relinquish the
right which his charter gave him, for the sake of the welfare and
happiness of his province. Thus ended, triumphantly for the
people, the first struggle for popular rights in Maryland.
17, State of Society. — The life of the people in these early
days of the colony was very rude and simple. The community
was purely agricultural. Shortly after the settlement Lord Balti-
more sent out instructions about the granting of land, which were
called "Conditions of Plantation." The land that a man might
receive varied according to the number of persons that he brought
over to settle in the colony. Thus, each of the first settlers v/ho
brought over as many as five persons received two thousand acres
18
LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
of land; if he brought fewer than five he received one hundred
acres for himself and every man, one hundred for his wife and
every servant, and fifty for every child under sixteen. The land
so granted was subject to a small annual rent to the proprietary,
called a "quit rent." Relations with the neighboring Indians
were friendly from the beginning. Father White and other good
priests becoming missionaries to them and winning many con-
verts. This fact, together with the abundance of food and the
" ROSECROFT* "
easy conditions on which land was granted and the religious tol-
eration that prevailed, caused the population to gro-v rapidly.
Plantations were usually laid out along the water's edge, and the
first houses were rudely built of logs and boards. Travel was
almost entirely by water.
Augusta Carolina (See Sec. 14) soon became St. Mary's county,
which is thus the oldest in the state. As the population increased
*An old colonial house, altered in part, near the site of St. Mary's. It is tho
home that is mentioned prorainirntly in J. 1'. Kennedy's romance, Rob of the
Boivl.
THE SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAND 19
and the settlements began to spread the county was divided into
"hundreds." Hundred was a name originally applied to a dis-
trict capable of supplying a hundred men for the army. In Eng-
land the county divisions were called hundreds, and the name
was used in the same way in Maryland. The hundred thus cor-
responds to the election district of the present time. A settle-
ment which soon grew up across the St. Mary's river was called
St. George's Hundred, and others were not long in forming.
Wheat was grov/n in small quantities, and a good deal of Indian
corn was raised, mostly for private use. The great staple in
Maryland, as in Virginia, was tobacco. This plant was not
known to the inhabitants of the Old World prior to the discovery
of America, but was found here by the early explorers. The Indians
smoked it, and from them Europeans learned to do the same and
the habit soon became widespread. This, of course, caused a
large demand for tobacco, and as a result the systematic cultiva-
tion of the plant was begun and a large and profitable trade sprang
up between the Old World and the New. How important tobacco
became you may judge from the fact that it was used in the
place of money, and public officers and others had their salaries
paid in tobacco instead of in money, — gold, silver, or paper.
There were no manufactures. Corn was pounded in mortars by
hand, and pretty hard work it was, too. Most of the necessaries
of life and all its luxuries were imported. Most of the trading
was done directly with the ships, as they arrived from England.
Besides the foreign trade the Marylanders also carried on a trade
with the Indians, chiefly for furs. These could be purchased,
usually at very low rates, and sold in England at handsome
profits.
Maryland in these early days was thus a simple community of
farmers, or planters, as they were called; there was nothing like
the commercial business of large cities or older societies. But
the province was as yet in its early infancy, and from these hum-
ble beginnings greater things were to come.
20 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
TOPICS AND QUESTIONS
10. Character and Plans of the Second Lord Baltimore.
For what personal qualities was Cecilius Calvert distinguished?
What can be said about his life and plans.''
Why did not Lord Baltimore accompany his colony to Maryland?
11. The First Colonists; Lord Baltimore's Policy of Religious Toleration.
How was the first body of colonists composed ?
Who was the first governor of Maryland ?
What combination of circumstances favored religious freedom in
Maryland ?
Maryland's honorable record.
12. The Voyage to Maryland; The First Landing.
When did the first colonists sail and what sort of voyage did
they have ?
Where and when did they make the first landing?
Describe the landing.
13. The Land of Promise,
Describe as fully as possible, Maryland as the first settlers saw it.
14. Founding of the First Capital (St. Mary's); Relations with the In-
dians.
Describe the Indians and their manner of living.
Describe the treatment of the Indians in Maryland.
What visit did Governor Calvert pay immediately on his arrival ?
How did he succeed ?
The site of a permanent settlement is selected and purchased
from the Indians.
The terms of the treaty.
Founding of the oldest city and first capital of Maryland, March
27, 1634.
How were the Indians paid for their land?
Describe the relations between the Indians and the English dur-
ing their joint occupation of St. Mary's.
15. The Prosperous Beginning.
Conditions favorable to prosperity.
The abundance of fish, game, and other food.
16. Legislative Assemblies; The People Win the Right to Propose Laws.
When and where did the first legislative assembly in Maryland
meet ?
What provision did the Maryland charter make in regard to legis-
lation ?
THE SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAND 21
On what grounds did Lord Baltimore refuse to assent to the laws
passed by the first Assembly.
Meeting of the Assembly, January 25, 1638. How was this As-
sembly composed? Arrival of John Lewger. Rejection of Lord
Baltimore's laws.
Successful result of the first struggle for popular rights in Mary-
land.
'7. State of Society.
Maryland an agricultural community.
The "Conditions of Plantation."
Rapid growth of the population and its causes.
Political divisions — the "hundred."
St. George's Hundred established.
Raising of wheat and corn.
Tobacco and its history. It becomes the staple of Maryland and
is used for money.
No manufactures ; corn pounded by hand. Most necessities and
all luxuries imported.
Trade with the Indians.
General character of Maryland society.
QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND RESEARCH
1. Considering the object of the expedition, do you think the first
band of colonists was well composed.' Find out what you can
about the settlement of Virginia, and comparing this with what
you know about Maryland, see if you can find reasons for the
quicker success of the latter.
2. Locate accurately on the map the first landing place of the colo-
nists, and the situation of St. Mary's. Where is the Thames.'
3. Imagine yourself a passenger on the Ark; how do you feel as the
vessel leaves England, during the voyage, and on your arrival ?
If you were to sail up the Potomac now, would you behold the
same scene that greeted the eyes of the first settlers.' What
changes have taken place and why?
4. Would the Indians have preferred to receive money for their land
instead of the articles that Governor Calvert gave them? Give
reasons for your answer. Name some things that you think the
English likely to have learned from the Indians. The Indians
from the English. Find out what you can about the relations be-
tween the Indians and the English in other parts of America, and
compare with Maryland.
22 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
5. Name three differences between the first legislative assembly of
Maryland and one of the present day. Was it a good provision
of the charter that gave Lord Baltimore the right to originate
laws? Were the people justified in taking the stand which they
did?
6. Were the Conditions of Plantation liberal, and likely to attract
settlers? Explain as fully as you can the causes that favored the
growth of population. Was tobacco a convenient money? Why
was it much less inconvenient than such a currency would be
now ?
7. Write an account of "Life in Early Maryland."
References
Browne's Maryland, pp. 20-26, 36 37, 41-47, 4S ."iO, and 51 53. Browne's Calverts.
pp 3'.)-6-.' and 83-87. T\\on\as's Chronicles of Cohnual Maryland, %%i,. Hall's T/i^
Lords Baltimore, pp. 28-42, 49-51. Fiske's Old I 'irginia and Her Neighbors, Vol. I,
26S-275. Mereness' Maryland as a Proprietary Province — see index for topics
desired.
CHAPTER III
"Leah and Rachel" — Wherein two Sister Colonies
Disagree
18. A Jealous Sister. — The Character and Plans of
William Claiborne. It has already been said that the char-
ter of Lord Bahimore met with fierce opposition (See Sec. lO).
The enmity of the members of the old Virginia company was
noticed, but we have now to observe that a protest was forthcom-
ing from the Virginia colony as well, and to go back a little to
notice some very interesting and important events connected
with the bad feeling that for a time prevailed between "Leah and
-ler younger sister Rachel."* Virginia was jealous of Maryland
chiefly for three reasons. First, Maryland had once been apart
of the territory of Virginia; secondly, Maryland was ruled by
Catholics, while Virginia was Protestant and strongly attached to
the Established Church of England ; thirdly, the commercial rights
and privileges of Maryland were much greater than those of Vir-
ginia. Thus for a time Maryland's sister colony and nearest
neighbor, unfortunately became her worst enemy.
In the protest above mentioned, the Virginians were repre-
sented by William Claiborne, their secretary of state. This man,
not unjustly called the evil genius of Maryland, was the prime
mover of mischief from first to last, and devoted all the ener-
gies of his unusually determined and persevering nature to the task
of ruining the Maryland colony. For twenty years his influence
seriously affected Maryland history, and more than once nearly
brought about her destruction.
Claiborne's opportunity came in the following manner. Coming
over to Virginia in 1621 as surveyor, his force of character brought
him rapidly into notice, and at the time of the settlement on the
*In lfi56 a book was published in London by Hatnmond, called Leah and
Rachel; or, The Tifo Fruitful Sislers, I'irgiuia and Maryland. John Fiske use?
the phrase also, as a chapter title in Old I irginia and Her jXeighbors.
24 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
St. Mary's he was secretary of state for Virginia and a member
of the governor's council. He began to engage to some extent
in the fur trade with the Indians. In this he was so successful
as to induce a firm of London merchants to employ him as a
special agent or partner in the business of trading with the In-
dians. Claiborne then established a post on Kent Island, in the
Chesapeake bay, for this purpose, and obtained licenses to trade ;
but he did not secure any grant of land. A few dwellings were
erected, which were paid for by the London merchants, Cloberry
and Company. To complete the claim of Virginia, it should be
noted also, that Palmer's Island had been occupied by traders,
and trading expeditions had been conducted by Henry Fleet,
John Pory, and possibly other Virginians. The Maryland char-
ter spoke of the country as "hitherto uncultivated;" but this
was descriptive merely, and not a condition of the grant, and if
it had been the traders had not settled or cultivated the country.
The instructions of the proprietary regarding Claiborne were
very generous. Acting according to these instructions. Governor
Calvert notified Claiborne that his post was within the limits of
Maryland. He was given to understand that he would be welcome
to the land he had occupied, but that he must acknowledge the
authority of Lord Baltimore, and hold the land from him and not
from Virginia. Claiborne, on receiving this notice, asked the
Virginia council what he should do. Their answer was, that
they wondered at his asking such a question; could there be any
more reason for giving up Kent Island than any other part of
Virginia? Thus Claiborne made his own cause and that of
Virginia one, and feeling sure of support now, he returned an
answer to Governor Calvert in which he utterly refused to acknowl-
edge the authority of Maryland and Lord Baltimore.
19. The Dispute Leads to Bloodshed. ^ — The proprie-
tary's instructions provided that if Claiborne should refuse to
acknowledge the jurisdiction of Maryland, he was to be undis-
turbed for a year. But trouble soon arose. The Indians,
"LEAH AND RACHEL" 25
hitherto so friendly and sociable, became cold and reserved, —
a change which alarmed the people greatly. On investigation
Claiborne was charged with telling lies to the Indians for the
purpose of stirring them up against the Marylanders, but in
justice it must be said that when the Indians were questioned
in his presence they declared that he had never done anything
to prejudice them against the people of Maryland.
But there was trouble of a more serious nature when a vessel of
Claiborne's under the command of Thomas Smith, was seized
in the Patuxent river for trading without a license in Maryland
waters. In return, Claiborne fitted out an armed vessel, the
Cockatrice, under the command of Lieut. Ratcliffe Warren,
which he sent out with orders to capture any Maryland vessel that
he might meet. When news of these mighty doings came to the
ears of Governor Calvert he promptly armed and sent out two
vessels, the St. Margaret and the St. Helen, under the command
of Captain Thomas Cornwallis. "The two expeditions met at
the mouth of the Pocomoke on April 23d,* and then and there
was fought the first naval battle on the inland waters of America."
Several men were killed and wounded on both sides, Lieut.
Warren being among the killed, and the Cockatrice surrendered.
A second fight took place a few days later, in which Thomas
Smith commanded the vessel of Claiborne, resulting in more
bloodshed.
20. The Capture of Kent Island. — For a time Claiborne
remained in undisturbed possession of Kent Island. But his
affairs presently took on a different color, for his London partners,
Cloberry and Company, became dissatisfied with his management,
and sent out an agent named George Evelin to take charge of
their property. Claiborne tried hard to induce Evelin to promise
not to give up the island to the Marylanders, but could not suc-
ceed. He then went to England and engaged in a law suit with
the London merchants who had employed him. Evelin went to
*Ifi35
Fh)m FisKt's Old Virginia and Her Neighbors," by p
ION OF THE PUBLISHBRS, HoUGHTON, MiFFLIN & COMPANY
28 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
St. Mary's after a time, and there he heard the other side of the
story, and was fully convinced of the right of Maryland's claim
to the island. On his return, he called the people together and
explained the situation to them, and Lord Baltimore's authority
was recognized. Governor Calvert then appointed Evelin com-
mander of the island.
But the matter was not yet settled. A number of persons
were arrested for debts owed to Cloberry and Company, and Thomas
Smith (the same who had already taken part against the Mary-
landers), and John Butler (a brother-in-law of Claiborne), used every
opportunity to stir up dissatisfaction. The matter finally amounted
to a rebellion, and Governor Calvert, after several warnings, pro-
ceeded to the island himself, with a body of armed men, to offer a
little more forcible persuasion. The attack was a complete
surprise, and Smith and Butler were captured. The governor
then offered to pardon all others who would come in at once and
submit themselves to the government of Maryland, ' ' whereupon, ' '
says Governor Calvert, in a letter to his brother, the proprietary,
"the whole ileand came in and submitted themselves." Smith
was tried before the Assembly on charges of piracy and murder,
was convicted and sentenced to death; Butler, not being accused
of crimes so serious, and having shown a better disposition, was
pardoned by the governor and afterward came to hold office in the
province.
In England the final blow was now struck against the cause
of Claiborne. The quarrel over Kent Island had been referred
to the Board of Commissioners for the Plantations (a body having
charge of colonial affairs), and they decided that as Lord Baltimore
had a grant from the King of England, while Claiborne had
merely a trading license, the title was undoubtedly with the former.
Claiborne has defenders even today, and possibly he really
thought he was defending his rights; but his contentions were
clearly illegal and his methods, as his history shows, were by no
means honorable.
"LEAH AND RACHEL" 29
21. Changes in the Organization of the Assembly;
Troubles with the Indians. — The Kent Island affair was
now closed for the time, but only to be reopened through a series
of remarkable events. We have seen the struggle of the people
of Maryland for the right of proposing laws, and the success which
crowned their effort. That success was complete, and it was
arranged that laws passed by the Assembly should go into operation
at once if approved by the governor, in order to save the delay
that must ensue if the colonists were kept waiting for the laws
to go to England and then return after receiving the proprietary's
approval. He, of course, reserved to himself the right of final
veto. When the Assembly met in 1639, it was composed no
longer of all the freemen of the province, but of representatives
called "burgesses" from the hundreds. Many laws were proposed
at this session which, like the laws of England at the time, were
very severe. The penalty of death was prescribed for murder,
robbery, sorcery, polygamy, perjury, and blasphemy. Weights and
measures were established and courts of justice created. But
not until the following session, for some reason, were these laws
finally enacted. For several years the Assembly consisted of
but one House, the governor and his council sitting with the
•burgesses, and the governor presiding. Afterwards the Assembly
was organized with an Upper and a Lower House, the former
composed of the governor and his council and the latter of the
burgesses elected by the people.
While the relations of the people of Maryland with the neigh-
boring Indians remained friendly, the fierce Susquehannocks to
the north and the Nanticokes on the Eastern Shore were con-
stantly troublesome and dangerous. On several occasions houses
were burned and settlers were murdered. A system of signals
was established by the English, and energetic measures were
taken by the governor to stop the outrages.
30 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
22. The Civil "War in England and the Rise of
Cromwell. — It will be impossible to understand the allusions
that follow, as well as the general course of Maryland history in
the events now about to be narrated, without some understanding
of the events that were occurring in England at the same time.
King James I, the same who befriended George Calvert and
made him a knight and nobleman, was the first of the royal house
of Stuart that reigned in England. He entertained very high
notions about the rights of kings. In fact he believed that a
king ruled by "divine right" and not by authority of the people,
that the authority of a king was of right absolute, and that he
could not be called to account by anybody. His son, Charles,
the same who granted the province of Maryland to Lord Balti-
more, succeeded him and became Charles I, and unfortunately
he succeeded to his father's high notions about the rights of a
king as well as to his kingdom.
Now the power of making laws and of taxing the people rested
with the Parliament, — the legislative body in which the English
people were represented, while the king had the power of veto.
But Charles claimed the right to make laws and to tax the people
without the consent of Parliament, and proceeded to act accord-
ingly. He collected various taxes and imprisoned at pleasure
those who refused to pay, and actually ruled for eleven years
without calling a Parliament. Almost from the beginning of the
reign of James the people had been angry and discontented over
the tjTanny of the king and his claims to absolute power, and
these feelings had steadily grown. After all these years a Parlia-
ment met, called the Long Parliament because it continued for
twenty years, and from the measures it passed in opposition to
the king, it soon became apparent that civil war was at hand.
The year 1642 found the king and Parliament engaged in
actual warfare, — England's great civil war had begun. After a
long struggle, in which first one side and then the other had the
advantage, and during which the king plotted and deceived in
'^LEAH AND RACHEL" 31
anything but a kingly manner, the war finally ended in victory
for the Parliament. Then the king was brought to trial as a
"tyrant, traitor, murderer and public enemy," and sentenced to
death. He was beheaded at Whitehall palace, London, in 1649.
One of the ablest generals on the side of the Parliament was
Oliver Cromwell, and after the death of the king he soon ob-
tained the chief powers of the government and came to the head
of the nation as "Lord Protector of the Commonwealth." His
rule was firm and just, and was respected at home and abroad.
At his death he was succeeded by his son Richard. But Richard
did not possess the ability of his father, and his government soon
fell to pieces. The result was the restoration of the Stuarts, in
the person of Charles, son of the late king, who was crowned
King Charles II (1660). He reigned until his death in 1685.
23. Maryland at the Beginning of the Civil War, —
The unhappy quarrel that now divided the mother country of
course extended to the colonies, and they took one side or the
other, while partisans of each side might be found in the same
colony. In Maryland several happenings, together with the
general restlessness and discontent noticeable among the people,
indicated that trouble of a serious nature might occur at any mo-
ment. Lord Baltimore's father had been a friend of the last
king, and he himself was indebted for many favors to the present
king; hence it was not unnaturally thought that in the present
quarrel he would take the king's side. On the other hand the
principles of the king as shown in his government were entirely
different from the principles of Lord Baltimore as shown in the
Maryland government. The truth seems to be that Lord Balti-
more did his best to preserve a neutral attitude in the struggle.
In these difficulties Governor Calvert was naturally anxious
and uncertain what course it was best to pursue, so he determined
to go to England and consult his brother, the proprietary. He
left the province in April, 1643, leaving Giles Brent to act as
governor during his absence.
32 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
24. The Invasion of Claiborne and Ingle; The Plun=
dering Time. — "The governor of Maryland, as well as the
governor of Virginia, had gone to England on business, and
while the cats were away the mice did play." The province
being still in the restless and uncomfortable state in which
Leonard Calvert left it, there sailed into the harbor of St. Mary's
with his ship, Captain Richard Ingle, a trader who was accused
of being at the same time a pirate. Ingle was a violent partisan
of the Parliament, and pretty soon information was laid before
the deputy-governor, Brent, that he had been making such re-
marks as "the king was no king," and that he v/as"a captain for
the Parliament against the king," — all this in a very violent
manner with many flourishes of his sword and threats of cutting
off the heads of any who contradicted him. Thus, in the absence
of the governor, Maryland was brought face to face with the is-
sue she dreaded; for if Ingle were arrested and punished, the
province was committed to the cause of the king, while if he
were allowed to go free it was committed to the cause of Par-
liament. The proceedings in the case were curious. Ingle was
arrested by order of the governor and a guard placed on board
his ship; whereupon Captain Thomas Cornwallis, commander of
the militia, and Councilor Neale, took him on board his ship,
ordered the guard to lay down their arms, and Ingle took com-
mand and sailed triumphantly out of the harbor. For this very
serious offense Cornwallis was simply fined and Neale temporarily
suspended, so there can be little doubt that these strange pro-
ceedings were simply an ingenious device to avoid what would
perhaps have raised a rebellion in the province.
At the same time Claiborne was active and doing his best to
stir up the inhabitants of Kent Island. They inclining toward
the cause of the king, Claiborne produced a paper of some
kind which he declared was a commission from the king, which
gave him the power to seize Maryland. In September, 1644,
Governor Calvert returned, and found Claiborne and Ingle
"LEAH AND RACHEL" 33
making ready to invade the province. Tliis was a strange friend-
ship indeed, since Ingle professed to act under authority of the
Parliament while Claiborne pretended to hold a commission from
the king. But "Ingle with his letters from Parliament, and
Claiborne with his 'king's commission,' were drawn together by
an affinity that v/as stronger than either." Ingle suddenly ap-
peared before St. Mary's in a heavily armed ship and captured the
town, while Claiborne recovered Kent Island. Governor Calvert
found refuge in Virginia.
For nearly two years the province was without anything like
government. Ingle and his men roaming about and robbing at
will. According to the accounts of Marylanders, they plundered
the plantations, and carried off corn, tobacco, and everything of
value, even to the locks and hinges of doors. Not only this, but
the great seal (which was of silver) and the official records were
stolen or destroyed, to the great loss of the province. The
stations of the missionaries v/ere broken up and the aged Father
White sent to England in irons to be tried for treason, but
fortunately he was acquitted. Governor Calvert watched the
progress of affairs, and presently gathering a force of men he re-
turned to Maryland, re-captured St. Mary's, and resumed the
government for Lord Baltimore. The rebellion of Claiborne and
Ingle was at an end, but it was long remembered by the people
as the "plundering time."
Ingle has been warmly defended, and most of the charges
against him have been disputed. In forming an opinion we
must keep in mind the fact that his was a time of violence and
immoderate partisanship, while the records are very meagre.
25. Death of Governor Calvert. — Peace was hardly re-
stored when the province met a heavy loss in the death of its first
governor, Leonard Calvert (June 9, 1647). Little is knovm
of his private life, but his record shows him to have been wise,
just, and kind, and well worthy of the trust reposed in him. His
thirteen years of faithful service succeeded in establishing firmly
34
LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
.-A
MONUMENT TO LEONARD CALVERT
Site of St. Marvs
from a photograph
the same time he appointed a
the province he governed,
and laying secure founda-
tions for its future growth.
He appointed Thomas
Greene, who was a Catholic
and a roj'alist, to succeed
him until the pleasure of
Lord Baltimore should be
known (See Sec. 22).
26. The Govern =
ment Reorganized, and
William Stone Ap=
pointed Governor. —
Lord Baltimore now com-
pletely reorganized his
government. It was a fav-
orite cry of his enemies
that Maryland was a nest
of ' ' papists, ' ' as the Catho-
lics were called, and that
the poor Protestants were
grievously oppressed.
Really t h e Protestants
greatly outnumbered the
Catholics and perfect tol-
eration prevailed. It was
for this reason perhaps that
Lord Baltimore now ap-
pointed to be governor of
Maryland, William Stone,
a Protestant and a friend
of the Parliament, while at
council of which the
"LEAH AND RACHEL" 35
majority were Protestants. The officers of the government as
thus arranged were required in their oath of office to promise not
to interfere with freedom of worship.
27. The Great Seal of Maryland. — Lord Baltimore also
sent out a new Great Seal, to replace the one carried off by Ingle.
He describes it, and states that it is very nearly like the old one.
On one side was a figure representing Lord Baltimore on horse-
back, clad in full armor and holding a drawn sword; around the
edge was an inscription in Latin meaning, "Cecilius, Absolute
Lord of Maryland and Avalon, Baron of Baltimore." On the
other side were engraved the arms of the Calvert and Crossland
families (Alicia Crossland was the mother of George Calvert),
supported on one side by a fisherman and on the other by a plow-
man, and resting on a scroll bearing the inscription, Fatti Maschii
Parole Femine. This means literally, "Deeds (are) males, words
females," but it is usually rendered "Manly deeds, womanly
words." Above was a count palatine's cap, surmounted by a
ducal crown, behind all was a purple mantle, surrounded by
another inscription, Scuto Bonx Voluntatis Tuas Coronasti Nos
(Ps. V. 12). This is translated, "Thou hast crowned us with the
shield of thy good will," and is thought to refer to the kind-
ners of the king to Lord Baltimore. In the subsequent history
of the colony and state new seals were several times adopted, but
the old design was restored in 1876, and "This beautiful historic
device . . . still remains the seal and symbol of Maryland."
28. The Toleration Act.— In April, 1649, the Assembly
of Maryland passed the famous Toleration Act. It was called
"An Act concerning Religion," and maybe divided into two
parts, the first of which is anything but tolerant. This first part
provided that persons who denied the divinity of Jesus Christ
should suffer death; that persons who should call others by any
names in a taunting manner on account of their religion should
be fined or whipped; and that persons profaning the "Sabbath or
GREAT SEAL OF MARYLAND
(obverse)
from a print, copyriqhied by c. c. 8affell, in the library of the maryland historical society
"^ -^ S\ J^^
GREAT SEAL OF MARYLAND
(reverse)
from a print, copyrighted by c. c. saffelt, in the library of the maryland historical society
38 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
Lord's day, called Sunday," should be fined and imprisoned.
The last clause, on the other hand, provided that no person in
Maryland should be in any way troubled or interfered with on
account of his or her religion, and that freedom of worship must
not be denied to any person professing to believe in Jesus Christ.
Thus was the noble policy which Cecilius Calvert had pursued
from the first, formally enacted into a law. "It is not likely to
have surpassed his (Calvert's) ideals, but it may easily have fallen
somewhat short of them." Indeed, it is probable that the last
clause of the act was written by Calvert himself and passed without
change, while the first part of the law was chiefly the work of the
Assembly. But in any case it was exceedingly liberal for the
times in which it was passed, and is greatly to the credit of
Cecilius Calvert. The law was simply the formal statement of the
policy of toleration which Calvert had adopted and maintained in
Maryland from the start, and at a time when such a thing was
nearly unheard of in the world. That he was not indifferent in
matters concerning religion, but a sincere and devout Catholic, is
proved by the fact that nearly all the attacks on his rights were
aimed at his religion, and "He had only to declare himself a
Protestant to be placed in an unassailable position; yet that step
he never took, even when ruin seemed certain. '' But he was sin-
gularly free from bigotry, . . . and from the foundation of
the colony no man was molested under Baltimore's rule on ac-
count of religion", (Browne). Two trifling cases that occurred
in the early years of the province show the spirit that animated
the government of Maryland. A Catholic named Lewis was tried
before the governor for reproving two servants for reading a
Protestant book, and fined ; and several years later a Catholic
named Gerrard was fined for taking away some books and a key
from a chapel at St. Mary's, and the fine appropriated to the use
of the first Protestant minister that should arrive.
29. The Settlement of Providence (Afterward An =
napolis) by the Puritans. —The policy of toleration adopted
"LEAH AND RACHEL" 39
by Maryland made her naturally the home of the persecuted.
Governor Stone had promised Lord Baltimore to do his best to
bring five hundred new settlers into Maryland, and to fulfill his
promise he now invited a large body of Puritans to come over
from Virginia and settle in Maryland. The Puritans were a sect
of people who desired to reform the Established Church of Eng-
land by introducing certain changes in the mode of worship, or
to "purify" the church; hence they were called Puritans. They
were severely persecuted in England. A body of them that had
gathered in Virginia were so bitterly persecuted that they were
compelled to leave the colony, and now, on the invitation of
Governor Stone, they established themselves in Maryland. By
1649 a thousand Puritans had gone over into Maryland and set-
tled, chiefly on the beautiful river which they called the Severn.
This settlement they named Providence, but it was afterward
called Annapolis. The region occupied by them soon became a
county, and was named Anne Arundel, in honor of Lord Balti-
more's wife, v/ho before her marriage was Lady Anne Arundel.
30. The Puritan Revolution; The Puritan Idea of
Toleration. — When the Puritans applied for admission into
Maryland they were informed that nothing would be required of
them save obedience to the laws, the usual quit-rents, and prom-
ise of fidelity to the proprietary. Entire freedom of worship and
the right to manage their local affairs were granted to the Puritans,
not to mention a large tract of fertile and conveniently located
land. Yet so strongly were the Puritans imbued with the char-
acteristic bigotry and intolerance of the times, that with all their
advantages they could not rest content. They were much dis-
turbed to be living under a government that granted freedom of
worship to Roman Catholics; and they were greatly troubled that
they must take an oath of fidelity to Lord Baltimore, yet, as the
sequel shows, they were not at all distressed about breaking the
oath after they had taken it. "Singularly enough," remarks
"LEAH AND RACHEL" 41
Dr. Browne, "the simple remedy of abandoning lands which they
could not hold with an easy conscience seems not to have oc-
curred to them." The conduct of the Puritans can hardly be de-
fended, even if we make the fullest allowances for the ingrained
prejudices and intolerance that undoubtedly moved them; for
they made strife from the first and did their utmost to overthrow
the government that had sheltered them in their extremity, and
to deny civil and religious liberty to those who had granted both
freely to them.
An opportunity for making trouble was soon afforded them.
Virginia was warmly attached to the cause of the king, and openly
defied the Parliament and Cromwell (See Sec. 22). Accord-
ingly, warships and a body of commissioners were sent out to take
charge of Virginia, and receive the submission of the governor
and his colony. The name of Maryland also was included in the
commission, but Lord Baltimore appeared and showed that Mary-
land had taken no part against the Parliament, and her name was
accordingly stricken out. But his enemies managed to have the
words, "plantations within the Chesapeake" inserted, which
served their purpose. You ^vill feel no surprise at this when you
know that one of the commissioners was Wm. Claiborne, the old
enemy of Maryland. He had indeed been the adherent of the
king, but the Parliament was now supreme and he had gone over
without hesitation. Another of the commissioners was Richard
Bennett, one of the Puritans who had found refuge in Maryland
and had taken an oath of fidelity to the proprietary. "As soon as
Claiborne had disposed of the elder sister, Leah, he went to set-
tle accounts with the youthful Rachel:" proceeding to St. Mary's
in company with Bennett, he overturned the government and re-
moved Stone ; but the latter being popular, was afterward restored,
though compelled to issue all writs in the name of the Parliament
instead of Lord Baltimore. But when Cromwell assumed the
government of England as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth the
power of Parliament came to an end (See Sec. 22), and Stone again
42 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
issued writs in the name of the proprietary. The Puritans whom
Lord Baltimore had rescued from persecution now raised a com-
motion, and back came Bennett and Claiborne to St. Mary's, in
July, 1654. Stone was put out of office, and a council was ap-
pointed to govern Maryland whose president. Captain William
Fuller, was a prominent Puritan.
The Puritan government summoned an Assembly, — in a way
never before heard of in Maryland, for no Roman Catholic could
vote or hold office. "In this way a house was obtained that was
almost unanimously Puritan, and in October this novel assembly
so far forgot its sense of the ludicrous as to pass a new 'Toleration
Act' securing to all persons freedom of conscience, provided such
liberty were not extended to 'popery, prelacy, or licenciousness
of opinion.' In short, these liberal Puritans were ready to tolerate
everybody except Catholics, Episcopalians and anybody else who
disagreed with them!" (Fiske).
31. The Battle of the Severn. — When Lord Baltimore
heard of these events he wrote to Governor Stone, reproving him
for having surrendered the government without a blow. The gov-
ernor then gathered a little army of one hundred and thirty men
and proceeded against Captain Fuller and his party at Providence.
Fuller, being informed of his coming, gathered an army of
one hundred and seventy-five men and made ready for the fight.
The two little armies met on the South Bank of Spa creek, an in-
let of the Severn which at present forms the southern boundary
of Annapolis, and the battle of the Severn opened. Fuller had
more men than Stone and was a better general, and was, more-
over, assisted by the fire of two ships lying in the harbor at the
time. The proprietary army was defeated, and the governor sur-
rendered on a promise of quarter. The promise was broken. Stone
and nine others being condemned to death; four were actually
executed, and the rest were only saved at the request of the sol-
diers and by the prayers of some good women. Stone, though
spared, was treated with great cruelty.
"LEAH AND RACHEL" 43
Thus was the kindness of Maryland and Lord Baltimore repaid.
"Never had the fable of the camel who asked to put his nose in
the Arab's tent and who finally turned the owner out, been more
completely realized than it was with the Puritans and Catholics
of Maryland" (Riley).
32. The Province Restored to Lord Baltimore;— the
Sisters Become Reconciled. — The Puritans, having thus
gained complete control, seized the records of the province and
the property of those who had opposed them. Vigorous efforts
had been made to have Virginia restored to her old boundaries,
which meant that Maryland would cease to have anything. At
this time there seemed but a dark outlook for Maryland and her
proprietary.
But the efforts of the proprietary's enemies to have his charter
taken away came to nothing, for it was soon known that Cromwell
was on his side. The Protector regarded himself as the lawful
heir of the king, and therefore the charter was as strong under
him as under the king. The government was surrendered to Lord
Baltimore, on his promise not to bring the offenders to justice,
and not to repeal the Toleration Act of 1649. The Puritans
willingly accepted the toleration they had refused to grant. By
March of 1658, the authority of Lord Baltimore was acknowledged
by the whole province.
Thus ended the long struggle between the sister colonies of
Maryland and Virginia, in the complete triumph of Maryland.
In the course of that struggle every means possible, both fair and
unfair, had been brought to bear against Maryland, but her
victory was due to the justice of her cause and the wisdom of her
proprietary. The history of Maryland and of Virginia were always
to be closely connected, but the enmity was now at an end.
"Peace reigned on the shores of Chesapeake Bay, the claims of
Leah and Rachel were adjusted, and the fair sisters quarrelled
no more."
44 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
TOPICS AND QUESTIONS.
18. A Jealous Sister— The Character and Plans of William Claiborne.
Name three reasons for Virginia's jealousy of Maryland.
Virginia represented by William Claiborne.
Claiborne's character and career and his influence on Maryland
history.
What were the instructions of Lord Baltimore regarding Clai-
borne ?
What did Claiborne do after receiving the letter from Governor
Calvert ? Result ?
19. The Dispute Leads to Bloodshed.
Claiborne is accused of stirring up the Indians against Maryland.
The Battle of the Pocomoke and its causes.
Thomas Smith defeats the Marylanders.
20. The Capture of Kent Island.
George Evelin takes charge of Kent Island for Cloberry and Com-
pany and Claiborne goes to England.
Lord Baltimore's authority acknowledged in Kent Island and
Evelin made commander.
Smith and Butler stir up a rebellion. Capture of Kent Island.
Smith condemned to death; Butler pardoned.
The dispute over Kent Island is referred to the Board of Commis-
sioners for the Plantations, and they decide in favor of Lord
Baltimore.
Why was the claim of Lord Baltimore better than that of Clai-
borne ?
21. Changes in the Organization of the Assembly — Troubles with the
Indians.
Why did the proprietary allow the governor to approve laws.'
In what way did the Assembly of 1639 differ from the earlier As-
semblies ?
How'was the Assembly further re-organized afterwards ?
What was the character of laws of this age ?
What Indians were unfriendly to the province?
22. The Civil War in England and the Rise of Cromwell.
Notions of the Stuart kings about the "divine rights' ' of monarchs.
Charles I tries to tax without the consent of Parliament.
War breaks out between the king and Parliament.
Defeat of the royal cause and death of the king,
"LEAH AND RACHEL" 45
The Rise of Cromwell ; he becomes Lord Protector of the Com-
monwealth.
Restoration of the Stuarts in the person of Charles H.
23. Maryland at the; beginning of the Civil War.
What lead Governor Calvert to go to England ?
What attitude did Lord Baltimore desire to take in the Civil War?
24. Invasion of Claiborne and Ingle; the Plundering Time.
Richard Ingle arrested on a charge of treason.
Why did Ingle's arrest place Maryland in a very dangerous posi-
tion ?
How was the difficulty met?
Claiborne plots to recover Kent Island.
Governor Calvert returns.
Ingle captures St. Mary's and Claiborne recovers Kent Island.
Describe the "plundering time."
Governor Calvert returns from Virginia and re-captures St. Mary's.
25. Death of Governor Calvert; He appoints Thomas Greene to Succeed
Him.
What can you say of the character of Leonard Calvert ?
When did he die, and whom did he appoint to succeed him .'
26. The Government Re-organized and William Stone appointed Gover-
nor.
Why was Stone appointed governor ?
What promise was required of the officers of the re-organized
government .'
27. The Great Seal of Maryland.
Why was a new seal sent over .'
Describe the seal as fully as possible.
28. The Toleration Act.
Name the chief provisions of the "Act concerning Religion."
Which were tolerant and which intolerant .'
How far was this Act the work of Cecilius Calvert .'
Tell about the cases of Lewis and Gerrard.
What reasons are there for believing that Cecilius Calvert's
policy of toleration was sincere.''
29. The Settlement of Providence (Afterwards Annapolis) by the Puritans.
Who where the Puritans? Why did the Puritans leave Virginia?
In what part of Maryland did the Puritans settle?
What county was erected out of this territory?
46 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
30. The Puritan Revolution; — the Puritan Idea of Toleration.
Conduct of the Puritans.
How did an opportunity occur for them to make trouble? Parlia-
ment sends an expedition to reduce Virginia.
Claiborne and Bennett among the commissioners.
How did they obtain an excuse to overthrow the government of
Maryland .'
The Puritans in control ; William Poller president of the council.
Describe the Puritan toleration.
31. The Battle of the Severn.
Describe the battle of the Severn, and tell its cause and results.
32. The Province Restored to Lord Baltimore. — The Sisters Become Rec-
onciled.
The province apparently lost to Lord Baltimore.
It is restored by order of Cromv/ell. Reasons for his action.
Conditions of the surrender of the Puritans.
Reasons for Maryland's triumph.
QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND RESEARCH
1. Draw a sketch map of Maryland showing the principal rivers and
islands, St. Mary's, and Annapolis. Point out some similarities
between the geography of Maryland and the geography of Virginia.
What would you expect to result from these similarities.'
2. Who were Leah and Rachel ? Do you think the names were suita-
ble in speaking of Maryland and Virginia.' If so, why.' Were
the grounds of Virginia's opposition to Maryland justly taken.'
3. Make a list of Claiborne's claims to Kent Island, and then a list
of Lord Baltimore's claims. Which list seems to you the
stronger? In the light of these facts, was the seizure of Clai-
borne's vessel right ? In sending out the Cockatrice was Claiborne
really guilty of murder and piracy ? Did Smith deserve the death
penalty for his offense?
4. Was the organization of the Assembly of 1639 more convenient
than that of the earlier ones? Was it more likely to do good
work? [Give reasons for your answers. J Why are legislatures of
two houses better than those of one? Can you think of a special
reason that applied in this case? How many houses do legislative
bodies have in the United States at the present time.
"LEAH AND RACHEL" 47
5. Discuss the motto on the Maryland seal. Is it suitable for a state?
6. Write an account of religious toleration in Maryland. Write a
character sketch of Cecilius Calvert.
References
General— Browne's A/ary/am/, pp. 3T'o5, 37-41, 50.54, 57-89. Browne's Ca/-
verfs, pp. (I2-S:i (includes a long letter from Governor Calvert to his brother,
describing the capture of Kent Island), P4-97, 127-159. Fiske's Old t'/i^h/ni and
Her A'eig/i do I s, Xol.l, ChapleT IX (pp. 2tl8). Mereness' Maiyiaud as a Pru-
prtiHayy Ptovince. See index for topics desired.
Special.— For an account of the great seal of Maryland see pp. 6S-69 of
Steiner's Instilutiotis and Civil Govervment of Maryland; and Chapter X of
Thomas' Chronicles of Colonial I\taryla>id. For an account of the Puritan Revo-
lution and the Battle of the Severn see Riley's 7y;i" ,-);/< /tv// OVr (Annapolis),
Chapters VIII and IX. For a very full account of the Toleration Act see B. T.
Johnson's The Foundation of Maryland, Fund Publication No, 18 of the Mary-
land Historical Society.
CHAPTER IV
Maryland Becomes a Royal Province.
33. The Maryland Constitution. — The early history of
Maryland, the period extending from the settlement of the prov-
ince to the end of the Puritan Revolution in 1658, was marked
by constant change and experiment in the constitution of the
government. The opposition to Lord Baltimore's charter, the
enmity of Virginia, the civil war in England, and the rebellion
of the Puritans, resulted, of course, in serious disturbance; the
colony was still very weak and neither the authority of the governor
nor the constitution of the Assembly was definitely fixed. But
after the final victory of Maryland and her proprietary in 1658,
the government was firmly established in permanent form.
The powers which the charter granted to the proprietary were
very great, as has already been pointed out (See Sec. 8). He
appointed the officers to carry on his government, and established
courts. The governor was his representative, and the measure
of that officer's power was fixed by the proprietary. The gov-
ernor was advised and assisted by a council, also appointed by
the proprietary. The Assembly was composed of an Upper and
a Lower House. The Upper House was composed of the gov-
ernor and his council, while the lower house consisted of the
delegates of the people, representing counties instead of hun-
dreds, as in the early days. There was a secretary who recorded
the proceedings of the council, proclamations of the governor,
and grants of land, and acted as clerk of the Upper House of
Assembly. There were county courts, and there was a Provin-
cial court, composed of members of the council and presided
over by the governor, which tried the more important cases, and
to which appeals might be taken from the county courts. The
officers were mostly paid in fees, not in coin, but in tobacco.
The powers granted to the proprietary seem to us dangerously
large, yet they were seldom abused.
MARYLAND BECOMES A ROYAL PROVINCE 49
34. The Administration of Governor Fendall, and
His Rebellion. — Before the final conclusion of peace with the
Puritan rebels, Lord Baltimore appointed Josias Fendall governor
of Maryland in place of Stone, perhaps because he had been very-
zealous in the proprietary's cause during the recent troubles.
He also appointed his brother Philip Calvert secretary. The new
governor at first seemed very active in the interest of the proprie-
tary and the province. The Indians were threatening, and he at
once organized the militia and put the province in a condition
for defense. This brought the government into conflict with the
Quakers, a sect who refused to fight even in self-defense. They
also held other religious beliefs which brought them into con-
flict with the civil government, such as their idea that it was
wrong to take oaths of any kind. The Quakers were not, how-
ever, very severely treated, and seem not to have been interfered
with any more than was necessary for the enforcement of the
laws.
Fendall, who had worked so hard to establish the authority of
the proprietary, soon engaged in a treacherous plan to overthrow
it again. We feel no surprise that he should secure the help of
the Assembly of 1660, when we know that three-fourths of its
members were Puritans, among them our old acquaintance. Cap-
tain William Fuller. His delegation consisted of seven mem-
bers, instead of the four to which his county was entitled. The
Lower House first declared itself the only lawful authority within
the province, and refused to acknowledge the Upper House,
whose members, they said, might sit with them if they chose.
Fendall then surrendered his commission from Lord Baltimore
and accepted another from the Assembly. The rebellion was
completed by the passage of a law making it a crime for anybody
to acknowledge Lord Baltimore's authority. When news of Fen-
dall's Rebellion came to Lord Baltimore he acted promptly and
decisively. Charles H was on the throne of England, and from
him letters were obtained commanding all persons to acknowledge
50 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
the authority of the proprietary, while the governor of Virginia
was ordered to assist in restoring order if necessary. Philip Cal-
vert was appointed governor, and on the arrival of his commis-
sion the rebellion at once came to an end. Fendall was con-
demned to banishment, with loss of his estates, but he finally
escaped with a fine and loss of the right ever to vote or hold
office. He lived to plot again against the government, and years
later to be banished from the province.
35. Charles Calvert Appointed Governor; Death of
Cecilius and Character of His Successor. Late in the
year 1661, ihe proprietary sent out his soa and heir, Charles
Calvert, as governor. During this period there were contests
between the two houses of Assembly which will be mentioned
later. On the whole the colony greatly prospered during his
administration. One source of much trouble was the production
of too much tobacco, which occasioned much distress, as the
tobacco (which, remember, was nearly the sole money of the
province,) was naturally cheapened. The proprietary had some
coins made and sent out to the province, but the plan seems not
to have been very successful, as tobacco continued to be the
chief currency.
On the thirtieth day of November, 1675, Cecilius Calvert,
second Lord Baltimore, and first proprietary of Maryland, died.
He was pre-eminently the founder of Maryland, and a man of noble
ideals, wise, just, patient, and unselfish, of whom Maryland may
justly be proud. The second proprietary possessed far less
of greatness than his father. He seems to have been less toler-
ant, possessed of less tact and judgment, and perhaps not always
so strictly just; his intentions may have been good, but he did
not possess his father's extraordinary force of character, nor was
he so liberal and public spirited,
36. Loss of Territory — We must here interrupt the nar-
rative of political events to notice serious losses of territory
which Maryland suffered during the period now under considera-
tion. In 1655, a settlement of the Swedes on the west bank of
\ p^'i.f
/
<
7C
D
^
52 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
the Delaware River was seized by the Dutch, who had planted a
colony on the present site of New York city. The captured terri-
tory was divided into two parts, called Altona and New Amstel.
The land over which the Dutch and Swedes were quarreling did
not belong to either, if English claims were good, for it was
within the bounds of the province granted by the king of Eng-
land to the proprietary of Maryland. Colonel Utie was sent out
to notify the Dutch that they must either acknowledge the juris-
diction of Maryland or leave. The Dutch governor then sei.t
out representatives* to confer with the governor of Maryland,
but no settlement v/as reached, as neither side would give up
anything and Maryland was not prepared to take forcible posses-
sion. In 1664 the Dutch colony was conquered by an English
fleet, and the king granted it to his brother James, Duke of
York. The duke thereupon seized the settlements to the west of
the Delaware also, Vv^hich were within the limits of Maryland,
and to which he had no right whatever.
Now there was in England at this time a Quaker named Wil-
liam Penn, to whom the king owed a very large sum of money,
and this debt the king agreed to pay by giving to Penn a large
tract of land to the west of the Delaware River. The Maryland
charter fixed the parallel of forty degrees as the northern boundary
of the province, and it was agreed that the southern boundary
of Pennsylvania, as Penn's province was called, should be a line
just north of a fort that lay on the 40th parallel. When the
charter was finally issued no mention was made of this fort, but
Penn's southern boundary was to be run from a point twelve
miles north of New Castle north-westward to meet the fortieth
parallel, and then westward. Penn then sent a letter to some of
the settlers in the northeast of Maryland telling them that they
were now in his colony and must not pay any more taxes to
Maryland, and concluded with a strong hint about his "power
*One of these was Aiigustin Herriiian, who later received a larpe gant of
land from the proprietary in return for a map of the province. He and his
family were naturalized in KiiKl.
MARYLAND BECOMES A ROYAL PROVINCE S3
with his superiors." He refused to locate the fortieth parallel,
and did his best to have a measurement made from Watkin's
Point or some other point to the south. This, as he confessed
was for the purpose of gaining several miles to each degree in
order to have the head of the Chesapeake within his colony. He
was a favorite of the Duke of York, and procured from him a grant
on the western bank of the Delaware, not a foot of which the
Duke owned or had the right to confer on anybody. In 1685,
the Duke of York became King James H, and Penn had no
difficulty in completing the theft of Maryland's territory. In the
end the boundary of Pennsylvania was pushed southward to its
present position, while on the east the present state of Delaware
passed into Penn's hands. The king cared no more for right
and justice than did Penn, and there was nothing for Maryland
but to submit.
37. Affairs in England. — In Section 22 we stopped with
the accession of Charles II. The details of his reign do not
concern us; it lasted until his death, in 1685, when he was suc-
ceeded by the Duke of York as James II. James had not learned
the lesson which his father's death should have taught him, and
tried to destroy the liberties of his subjects. He was disliked by
them also on account of his being a bigoted Catholic, and in 1688
he was driven from his throne. He was succeeded by his daughter
Mary, and her husband, William, Prince of Orange.
How this change caused the overthrow of the proprietary gov-
ernment of Maryland we have now to see.
38. The Difficult Position of the Second Proprie=
tary; Fear and Hatred of the Catholics.— Charles Cal-
vert became proprietary of Maryland at a time peculiarly
trying. He had numerous and industrious enemies both in
America and in England. The Protestant inhabitants in Maryland
were greatly in the majority, yet it was charged that they were
persecuted by the Catholics and in actual danger. A minister
named Yeo complained that there was no ministry established in
54 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
Maryland, to which Baltimore responded that all forms of wor-
ship were tolerated, and each sect supported its own ministers.
To understand the events of this time you must realize and
keep constantly in mind the cruel intolerance of the age, and
the bitter hatred that existed between the Catholics and the
Protestants. Toleration of Catholics seems to have been regarded
by the Protestants as very much "like keeping on terms of polite
familiarity with the devil." Moreover, the Catholics held cer-
tain political notions which were regarded as highly dangerous,
and this operated to create a fear and hatred of Catholic rule. It
was assumed that if Spain or France or some other Catholic
country should engage in a war with England, that the English
Catholics would take part with the enemies of their country, and
it was not an unusual thing to hear that the Catholics were stir-
ring up the Indians to murder the Protestants. These and other
charges equally absurd were entertained by many people, and as
the country was not thickly settled and communication was
slow and difficult it was not hard to alarm the people in one part
with stories of what was going on in another. Hence no matter
how wise and just the rule of a Catholic lord, his protestant sub-
jects were certain to regard him with distrust, if not with dis-
like.
39. Other Causes of Discontent. — But there were not
wanting other causes of dissatisfaction, for the proprietary's rule
was not always strictly just, and certainly it was often unwise.
After the arrival of Charles Calvert as governor, the chief offices
of the government began to be filled with the relatives or inti-
mate friends of the Calvert family. Persons marrying into the
family in Maryland were nearly always appointed to an office
and presently the council seemed to be only a "pleasant little
family party." This naturally caused discontent among the peo-
ple, and the further fact that most of these officers were Catho-
lics tended greatly to increase the feeling of dissatisfaction.
There were frequent conflicts between the two houses of
MARYLAND BECOMES A ROYAL PROVINCE 55
Assembly. (The Upper house, remember, was composed of
the governor and council.) The Quakers asked to be excused
from taking oaths when giving testimony; the Lower House
granted the request but the Upper refused to agree. The sheriffs
were appointed by the governor and were possessed of dangerous
powers, and there was a struggle between the houses in which
the delegates sought to place some check on these officers. It
was charged against the proprietary, that taxes were illegally
levied, and there was much discontent with changes which he
made in the constitution of the Assembly. Many other ques-
tions were subjects of dispute between the two Houses. Some-
times the delegates were wrong, but often they were right and
firm in urging their claims. Yet in spite of all this-dispute we
find the Assembly voting the proprietary a gift of 100,000
pounds of tobacco, in token of their "gratitude, duty and affec-
tion, ' ' which he declined as being too heavy a tax for the people of
the province.
40. Murder of the King's Collectors. — The king's collec-
tors of the custom house duties "were apt to behave themselves
like enemies of the human race." Much ill-feeling
existed between them and the Maryland government. They
charged the proprietary with interfering with the performance
of their duties and thus reducing the amount of their collections;
as a result Lord Baltimore was heavily fined by the king.
One of the collectors engaged in this affair was Christopher
Rousby, who was unusually offensive in the performance of his
duties and was accused of being a great rogue as well. In 1684
a vessel belonging to the royal navy lay in the harbor of St.
Mary's. George Talbot, a relative of the proprietary, went on
board and became engaged in a quarrel with this Rousby, which
ended by Talbot's drawing a dagger and plunging it into
Rousby's heart. The captain of the ship at once had him seized
and placed in irons, and refusing to allow him to be tried in
Maryland, by a court of his relatives, carried him off to Virginia.
56 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
Here he was imprisoned and in imminent danger of losing his
life, or having to pay to the greedy governor his whole fortune as
a bribe. But his brave and devoted wife, setting out from her
home on the Susquehanna river one dark winter's night, sailed
down the Chesapeake bay to his rescue in a small skiff, accom-
panied only by two faithful followers. The courageous lady
managed to free her husband and carry him off safe and sound,
and after more difficulties he was finally pardoned by the king.
The affair, however, was decidedly unfavorable to the cause of
Lord Baltimore Another collector was afterwards killed in the
province, and although this occurred in a private fight and the
offenders where punished, the effect was certainly harmful.
41. The Protestant Revolution (1689), By which
Maryland Became a Royal Province. — When William
and Mary came to the throne of England (See Sec. 37), Calvert
sent word at once to have them proclaimed, or publicly named
as lawful sovereigns, in Maryland. Unfortunately, the messenger
died on the way, and before a second could arrive the palatinate
was overthrown. When the other English colonies proclaimed
William and Mary and the Maryland government remained silent
there was much discontent, and presently there was formed an
"Association in Arms for the Defense of the Protestant Religion,
and for asserting the right of King William and Queen Mary to
the Province of Maryland and all the English Dominions." At
the head of this Association was John Coode, a man who had al-
ready been tried for plotting against the government of Lord
Baltimore and who in the future was to rebel against the very
government he was now working to establish. He was a thor-
oughly bad character, and according to Professor Browne "seems
to have renounced religion, morality and even common de-
cency." Owing to the causes already mentioned there were
doubtless many persons dissatisfied with the proprietary govern-
ment. There were many who desired to escape from Catholic
control and many who favored the cause of William and Mary and
MARYLAND BECOMES A ROYAL PROVINCE 57
were offended because the latter were not proclaimed in Mary-
land. In this way Coode managed to gather a large body of fol-
lowers, and leading a force against St. Mary's he captured it. He
then detained all ships bound for England until he had prepared
a letter to the king, in which he claimed to have acted for the
purpose of securing King William's right and the protection
of the Potestants, and urged the king to take the government of
Maryland into his own hands.
The king decided to do as he was asked and, in March, 1691,
he commissioned Sir Lionel Copley the first royal governor of
Maryland, without waiting for a decision against the charter
in the courts. Although the proprietary was stripped of his
authority as a ruler, his rights as a land-owner were respected
and he was allowed to retain his quit-rents and ownership of un-
occupied land. Lord Baltimore thus became a mere landlord,
instead of a nearly independent monarch; while Maryland lost
her position of freedom, and became subject to the control of
the English king.
42. The Royal Government; Religious Intolerance
and an Established Church. — "The thongs of their shield,
their charter, chafed the arms of the colonists, and they knew not
from what blows and wounds it protected them, until they had
thrown it away. " Having once thrown it away, however, they
were not long in discovering from what it had protected them.
The first act of the Assembly called by Governor Copley was to
thank the king for saving them "from the arbitrary will and
pleasure of a tyrannical Popish government under which they had
long groaned." They then proceeded to see that some other
people should have occasion to groan.
The Church of England, the Protestant Episcopal, was estab-
lished by law, and everybody was taxed for its support, whether he
believed in its form of worship or not. Moreover, the rich and
the poor paid the same amount, an unjust plan which was so bitterly
resented, that even at the present day the Maryland Declaration
58 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
of Rights declares that "the levying of taxes by the poll is
grievous and oppressive." (Art. 15). Only a few of the people
were Episcopalians, and the Puritans who had so earnestly la-
bored to rid themselves of the "tyrannical Popish government"
must have felt that they had rid themselves of altogether too
much. To make matters as bad as possible, even under these
circumstances, many of the Episcopal clerygmen were soon
noted as very corrupt men, some of whom were shameless gam-
blers and drunkards. This was because they were not responsi-
ble to the people, and is, of course, no reflection on the Episco-
pal church. Savage laws were passed against the Catholics; no
Catholic priest was permitted to perform his service, no Catho-
lic might take children to educate under penalty of imprison-
ment for life, and if a Catholic youth on coming of age was not
willing to take certain oaths (which no conscientious Catholic
could take), his property was to be taken and given to his near-
est Protestant relation. Protestant dissenters, or those who did
not worship according to the established church, were, after a
time, allowed to have separate houses of worship, and priests
were allowed to conduct service in private houses ; but everybody
had to pay the tax for the support of the Episcopal church.
43. Removal of the Capital to Annapolis. — King
William's School. — Sir Lionel Copely died shortly after his
arrival in Maryland and was succeeded by Francis Nicholson.
After his arrival in 1694, he summoned the Assembly to meet at
Anne Arundel Town, later called Annapolis, and here the capital
was permanently fixed. The people of St. Mary's were grieved
and indignant, and sent an humble petition to the Assembly to re-
consider the matter. They received only a coarse and scornful
refusal. The situation of Annapolis was much more convenient,
but it was certainly unnecessary to address insulting language
to the unfortunate people of St. Mary's. The removal of the
capital proved a death blow to the first city of Maryland; it
dwindled away until little more than the name was left.
MARYLAND BECOMES A ROYAL PROVINCE
59
Governor Nicholson was noted for his zeal in the cause of edu-
cation, and in the year 1696 he succeeded in founding King
William's School at Annapolis, himself contributing liberally for
that purpose.
44. The Province Re=
stored to the Cal verts. —
During all this time Charles
Calvert remained in England,
secure in the enjoyment of
his private rights, but de-
prived entirely of the rights
as a ruler conferred by his
charter. His son and heir,
Benedict Leonard, perceiving
that the misfortunes of his
father had come upon him as
a result of his fidelity to his
religion, decided in his own
case to sacrifice his religion
for his province, and publicly
renounced the faith of his
father and became a member
CHARLES CALVERT FIFTH LORD BALTiwoRE of the Church of England.
FROM A PHOTOGRAPH OF A PAINTING IN THE GALLERV _,, . , , , .
OF THE MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY This must have bccu a bitter
blow to his father, who died soon afterward. The plea that the
government of Maryland was not safe in Catholic hands could
now no longer be urged, and in 1715, with the death of Charles,
the government of Maryland passed again into the hands of the
Calverts. Benedict Leonard lived barely six weeks after the
death of his father, but his young son, Charles, was acknowledged
as fourth proprietary of Maryland and the period of royal govern-
ment came to an end.
45. State of Society; Manners, Customs, and Charac=
ter of the People. — The life of a people is determined to a
60 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
very great degree by the geography of the country they inhabit,
and this fact is remarkably well illustrated in the case of Mary-
land. The soil was very fertile and invited cultivation, the for-
ests and streams abounded in game and fish, while the magnifi-
cent expanse of the Chesapeake bay, with its numberless inlets
and navigable rivers, made communication easy. Thus towns
were not needed and none were built. St. Mary's and Annapolis
were simply places of meeting for the courts and for the transac-
tion of public business, and they refused to grow. St. Mary's
never contained more than fifty or sixty houses, and even these
were much scattered. Mary-
land was thus wholly agri-
cultural. Land was granted
in large tracts, seldom less
than fifty acres and often
embracing several thousands,
and the owners, called
planters, were engaged
TOBACCO HOGSHEAD READY FOR ROLLING
cnieny in t n e cultiva- ^rom a photograph of model in the national
r . 1 TV /r . MUSEUM AT WASHINGTON
tion of tobacco. Most
of the plantations bordered on the water, and each planter
had his own "landing" or wharf, where vessels stopped to load
his tobacco. In return for the tobacco the planters received
wine, sugar, or salt fish; furniture or tools; or some other neces-
saries or luxuries, which had to be imported, for there were no
manufactures in the province. If the planter lived at a distance
from the water's edge he brought down his tobacco over a "rol-
ling road," that is, an axle was fitted to the tobacco hogshead,
thus making it both cart and load, a horse or an ox attached, and
the tobacco thus drawn over a rough road to the landing.
Many of the houses were built of logs, but the richer planters
built substantial houses of brown or chocolate colored bricks.
These bricks were not brought from England as has been supposed
by many persons, but were made close at hand. On the Eastern
MARYLAND BECOMES A ROYAL PROVINCE
61
Shore, near the old brick houses, we can still find sometimes
shallow pits from which clay was taken, and the remains of an
old kiln near by. Food was at hand in unlimited quantities:
the forests 3warmed with deer, turkeys, and other wild creatures,
and the rivers and creeks were frequented by millions of ducks
and geese; while fish and oysters could be taken by the boat-load.
Large numbers of hogs were allowed to run wild, each bearing its
owner's mark. Little wheat was grown, but there was plenty of
corn from which was made an abundance of hominy, hoe-cake,
and pone. The corn was still pounded, as a rule, in mortars of
wood, mills being very rare.
THE MURRAY HOUSE, Anne Arundel Cuunty, Md.*
The larger planters had more servants and lived in greater style
than their less fortunate neighbors, though it could hardly be
said they had more money, for tobacco was practically the only cur-
rency. Gifts, fees, and quit-rents were paid to the proprietary in
*Built in 1743.
62 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
tobacco; the governor and other officers received a salary in to-
bacco; fines were paid in tobacco; and so were wages of all kinds
and the salaries of clergymen. A man's wealth was estimated in
pounds of tobacco, and whether he bought food and clothing or
paid a marriage fee tobacco was the money used. Servants were
of several kinds. Negro slaves had early been introduced into
the colony, but up to this time not a great many were held.
Many white persons were held to service in the following way:
If a person wanted to come out to America but did not have the
money necessary to pay his passage, he might agree with the cap-
tain of the vessel to give a term of service instead. On the ar-
rival of the vessel the captain sold the services of these persons
to one of the colonists for a certain time, — ^two, three, or four
years. These persons were called "redemptioners," or indented
servants. Their treatment was usually good, and at the end of
their term of service they received clothing and provisions, with
a farm of fifty acres. Of a less desirable character were the con-
victed criminals, many of whom were sent out to the colonies by
the English government. Here they were sold to a master and
compelled to work for a term of years, generally seven or four-
teen. Some of these were merely political offenders, but others
were of very bad character, and the colonies frequently protested,
though in vain, against the coming of this undesirable class of
immigrants.
The people seem to have been of a shrewd and thoughtful
character, though few were well educated and there were as yet
no newspapers in the province. In disposition they were in-
clined to be mild rather than hard or cruel. Few crimes of a
serious nature are recorded. The laws of England at this time
were very severe; for instance, if a mother stole food for her
starving children, and its value exceeded a shilling, she incurred
the penalty of death. The pillory and stocks were in constant
use. These savage English laws were generally in force, but
the sentences under them were rarely executed. Our milder
MARYLAND BECOMES A ROYAL PROVINCE 63
people usually modified the more severe ones. It was regarded
as a serious crime for a servant to run away from his master, or
to "steal himself," the penalty being death or an extra period of
servitude. We read of a Susan Frizell, who ran away from her
master and mistress and so got herself sentenced to an extra term
of serivce, yet when she complained bitterly of her hard treat-
ment the judges pitied her and declared that she should be set
free. In justice, however, her master m.ust be paid 500 pounds
of tobacco. Several kind gentlemen who were present then sub-
scribed 600 pounds of tobacco to prevent poor Susan from serv-
ing another master for this amount, so that she found herself "a.
free woman, with 100 pounds of tobacco, so to speak, in her
pocket." The people of Maryland were noted also for their
boundless hospitality. Guests were always gladly received and
royally entertained. Travel was difficult, for the roads were
wretchedly poor and there were few carriages, travellers being
compelled to proceed on horseback over mere paths.
TOPICS AND QUESTIONS
33. The Maryland Constitution.
The government of Maryland to 1658 characterized by change and
experiment ; Cause of these characteristics.
The government permanently organized in 1658.
State the duties of the proprietary. The povi'ers and duties of
the Governor, and those of the Secretary.
Describe the organization of the Assembly; the judicial system.
34. The Administration of Governor Fendall, and His Rebellion.
Josias Fendall succeeds Stone as Governor.
Difficulty with the Quakers, and its cause.
Fendall's Rebellion.
Philip Calvert appointed Governor ; end of the rebellion.
35. Charles Calvert Appointed Governor; Death of Cecilius and Char-
acter of His Successor.
Overproduction of tobacco; The proprietary fails in his effort to
relieve the situation by circulating coin.
Death of Cecilius Calvert ; his high character.
Character of Charles Calvert, second proprietary.
64 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
36. Loss of Territory.
The Swedes and Dutch in Maryland.
The Dutch colonies seized by the Duke of York.
William Penn and his schemes.
He succeeds in depriving Maryland of much valuable territory.
37. Affairs in England.
James II. is deposed and succeeded by William and Mary.
38. The Difficult Position of the Second Proprietary ; Fear and Hatred
of the Catholics.
What made Lord Baltimore's position difficult ?
Absurd charges against the Catholics believed by the people.
His religion the most serious difficulty of Lord Baltimore.
39. Other Causes of Discontent.
Members of the Calvert family hold the chief offices.
Controversies between the two Houses of Assembly.
40. Murder of the King's Collectors.
Ill feeling between the collectors and the Maryland government.
The murder of Collector Rousby.
Effects of the murder of the king's collectors.
41. The Protestant Revolution (1689) by which Maryland became a
Royal Province.
Why were William and Mary not proclaimed?
Formation of the Protestant Association.
Who was president of the Association and what was his character ?
With what success did the Revolution meet ?
Mention the probable causes of the Protestant Revolution.
What was the effect of t"he Revolution on the position of Lord
Baltimore .^
42. The Royal Government ; Religious Intolerance and the Established
Church.
The Protestant Episcopal Church established, and everybody taxed
for its support. Persecution of the Catholics.
43. Removal of the Capital to Annapolis. — King William's School.
Francis Nicholson appointed governor.
He removes the capital to Annapolis and founds there King Wil-
liam's school.
The fate of St. Mary's.
44. The Province Restored to the Calverts.
How was Maryland restored to the Calverts?
Death of Charles Calvert and succession of Benedict Leonard.
Succession of Charles, fifth baron and fourth proprietary.
MARYLAND BECOMES A ROYAL PROVINCE 65
45. State of Society; Manners, Customs, and Character of the People.
Show how the physical geography of Maryland affected the life
of the people.
What was the chief occupation of the people?
How did the planters sell their tobacco and obtain their supplies ?
Describe the houses of this period.
Tell what you can about the food of the people.
Describe the money in use.
Tell about the different kinds of servants held.
Generally speaking, what was the character of the Maryland peo-
ple at the =-nd of the Seventeenth Century .'
QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND RESEARCH.
1. How many of the functions of government were united in the
governor's council? Show how the powers of the proprietary were
dangerously large. Name the particulars in which you think the
form of government in Maryland in 1658 was good, and those in
which it was bad, and give reasons for your opinion.
2. What do you think was the probable aim of Fendall in overthrow-
ing the proprietary government ? What fact is shown by the
prompt collapse of the rebellion? Was it wise to spare the lives
of Fendall and Fuller ?
3. What political opinions of the Catholics were considered dangerous ?
4. Find the meaning of "nepotism. " Is it a fault? Was Charles Cal-
vert's policy in this respect right? Was it wise? Are Quakers
excused from taking oaths at the present time? What did the
contests between the Houses of Assembly show about the spirit
of the people ?
5. Explain as fully as you can, the causes of the Protestant Revolu-
tion. What just causes of complaint were there against the proprie-
tary government ? What charges were groundless ?
G. Compare the condition of the people under the royal government
with their condition under the proprietary ; was the change to
their advantage ?
7. What effects has a system of slavery on the masters ? On the
slaves ? What reasons can be urged for and against the system of
indenting servants which prevailed in the colonial days? Was
it to the advantage of the colonies?
References
Browne's Maryland, pp. 90-;3fi2. Browne's Cahvils. pp. 160-17"). Fiske's Old
Fiiiihiia and Hri- .\>if;hbi» s. Vol I., pp. l:i'.)-]fi9. Spark.s' Caiisi's of (he Maryland
Re7)olntioii of 16SI1). (Johns Hopkins University Stndies in History and Politics,
Fourteenth Series, xi xii.) Mereness' Maryland as a Proprietary Province. —
Sec index for topics desired.
CHArTKR V
The Province Becomes an Independent State
46. Effects of the Royal Government. — The royal gov-
ernment had now come to an end and the control was again in
the hands of Calvert, but you are not to suppose that the propri-
etary government after its restoration was like the rule of Cecilius
or Charles. In name it was indentical, and constitutionally it was
the same, but conditions had changed vastly, and in reality the char-
acter of the proprietary government had changed with them.
Religious toleration was not restored, and the people were still
taxed for the support of the Episcopal church. The new propri-
etary was a Protestant, dependent upon the favor of a Protestant
king, and there was thus no great religious barrier between him
and the majority of his people. The colonists were no longer
divided into classes, friendly and unfriendly to the proprietary,
and the change was in many respects merely a change in name.
The revolution of 1689 had given a new character to Maryland
history, and it was a change that had come to stay for the life of
the province.
One of the last acts of the royal government was also one of the
best. The laws of the province, many of which had been enacted
for limited times, while alterations and amendments had frequently
taken place, had fallen into great confusion. By the Assembly
of 1715 a complete revision was made and a copy of the body of
laws thus made sent to each county. So well was this work done
that it laid the foundations of legislation that has lasted almost
to the present day.
47. Demanding the Privileges of Englishmen; the
Founding of Baltimore; Coming of the Germans. — The
rule of the fourth proprietary was, on the whole, mild and just.
The royal governor. Hart, was continued in office for a time. He
was succeeded in turn by Charles Calvert, probably a relative of the
3h
68 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
proprietary, and Benedict Leonard Calvert, brother of the proprie-
tary. The latter was succeeded, on his resignation in 1731, by
Samuel Ogle. Lord Baltimore was present and governed personally
from December, 1732, to June, 1733. The period was one of
peace and prosperity, but was marked by struggles between the
two houses of Assembly, the lower house jealously guarding the
rights and liberties of the people. Highly significant was the
determined stand made by the people and their rejuesentatives in
Maryland for all the rights and privileges of the people of England,
in particular their contention that Maryland was entitled to the
benefit of the common and statute law of Eng'land. This was
undoubtedly one of the far-off beginnings of the American
Revolution.
The most important event of this period was the founding of
the city of Baltimore. The slow growth of towns in the early
times has already been mentioned. The Assembly found it use-
less to lay off towns and invest them with privileges; people
would not buy the lots and build houses and so there were no
towns. For ninety years the only real towns of the province were
St. Mary's and Annapolis. Joppa, on the Gunpowdcr'river, flour-
ished for fifty years, and then dwindled away to "a solitary house
and a grass-grown graveyard." Baltimore's success was Joppa's
ruin. Three towns named Baltimore are mentioned before the
founding of Baltimore on the Patapsco. There was a Baltimore
on the Bush river, Baltimore county, in 1683, another in Dorchester
county, in 1693, and a third in St. Mary's County.
The planters about the Patapsco being in need of a port, the
Assembly passed an act in 1729 for the purchase of the necessary
land, which was bought of Daniel and Charles Carroll. Settlers
immediately took up the land bordering on the water. The city
is possessed of an excellent harbor, and although its growth for
several years was very slow, it has now come to be a leading sea-
port and one of the largest cities in the Union.
Q. o
70 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
Important in the upbuilding of Baltimore were the Germans,
who settled in Maryland in the first half of the eighteenth century.
The majority of the Germans "drifted down" from Pennsylvania,
but many came directly from Germany. In 1732 Lord Baltimore
offered very liberal terms to settlers in Western Maryland, and
many Germans, with some others, took advantage of the offer.
In 1735 about one hundred families came over from Germany,
under the leadership of Thomas Schley, progenitor of the promi-
nent families of Maryland and Georgia. The Germans continued
to come, bo'h from Germany and Pennsylvania, many settling
in Baltimore city and county, but more in the western counties.
In 1745 the Germans founded Frederick, named either for Fred-
erick Calvert or for the heir-apparent to the English throne. In
1762 Hagerstown was laid out by Jonathan Hager, the town being
called Elizabeth at first, in honor of Hager's wife. These Ger-
mans were thrifty and industrious people; their mechanics were
skillful, as a rule, and their merchants or traders enterprising and
successful. The first care of the Germans when they settled a
new community was a school house, and their next, a church.
They have contributed a very valuable element to the population
of Maryland.
Scotch-Irish immigrants also contributed to the population of
Western Mayland.
48. Mason and Dixon's Line; Further Loss of Terri=
tory. — How Maryland lost much valuable territory through the
schemes of William Penn has already been related (see Sec. 36).
The wicked decision by which, in 1685, Penn gained part of the
Eastern Shore of Maryland (Delaware), settled the eastern boun-
dary, but the northern boundary was not at that time established.
There was no conflict between the charters, as both named the
fortieth paralled as the boundary; but Penn would never agree to
running a line as the charters had fixed it. Penn died in 1718,
but his sons succeeded to his designs, and "by some unexplained
means obtained from Charles, Lord Baltimore, in 1732, a written
THE PROVINCE BECOMES AN INDEPENDENT STATE 71
agreement by which he yielded all that they demanded, and pre-
sented them with two and a half millions of acres of territory to
which they had not even the shadow of a claim."''
Before long, however, Lord Baltimore seems to have discov-
ered his costly mistake, and to have made some effort to save
himself. The unsettled state of affairs naturally led to a border
warfare between the settlers in the disputed territory. In the
FIVE-MILE STONE, MASON AND DIXON'S LINE.
FROM PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE ORIGINAL, IN POSSLSSION OF THE MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETV
course of these affrays men were roughly treated and imprisoned,
houses were burned, and some lives were lost. One bold Marylander
who took a leading part in the contests was Thomas Cresap.
The Pennsylvanians hated him accordingly, and a party of
them burned his house and carried him off to jail in Philadel-
phia, where he taunted them by exclaiming, "Why, this is the
* WiUiam Hand IJrownc'S Afatyfatid: The History of a Palatinate, p. 212.
72 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
finest city in the province of Maryland!" The dispute after a
while became so dangerous that it was necessary for the king to
issue an order for the parties to keep the peace until a decision
was reached in the English courts.
A settlement was not reached until 1760, when Charles Calvert
was compelled to carry out the agreement of 1732. On the east
the line ran from a point midway between Cape Henlopen and
Chesapeake bay until it touched a circle of twelve miles radius
drawn from New Castle as a center, then north to a point fifteen
miles south of Philadelphia, and from thence due west. Even
then, the Penns managed to run the line from "False Cape,"
23 miles south of the true Cape Henlopen. The boundary line
between Maryland and Pennsylvania was finally established in
1763-1767 by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, two noted
English mathematicians. Mile-stones were set up as the survey-
ors proceeded, and on every fifth stone were placed the arms of
Lord Baltimore and those of the Penns, on the proper sides.
This line was then called Mason and Dixon's Line, and became
celebrated as the boundary line between the Northern and South-
ern sections of the United States, — before the Civil War the
dividing line between the free and the slave states.
It will be remembered that according to the charter of Mary-
land the boundary line ran along the south bank of the Potomac
river to its source, and thence northward to the fortieth parallel.
In the early days it was not certain whether the source was at the
head of the north or of the south branch, and after the south branch
was proved to be the true source the question of the control of the
territory remained in dispute. Virginia claimed as far as the
northern branch, and finally, in 1852, the Maryland Assembly,
for some reason, gave up Maryland's claims, thus sacrificing about
half a million acres of fertile land on the south and west, to which
the state was undoubtedly en*-itled.
49. Frederick Calvert Becomes Fifth Proprietary. —
In 1751 Charles Calvert, fifth Lord Baltimore and fourth
THE PROVINCE BECOMES AN INDEPENDENT STATE 73
proprietary of Maryland, died and was succeeded by his son
Frederick, the sixth and last of the Barons of Baltimore. Frederick
was a man of exceedingly bad character. He was selfish and
guilty of some of the worst vices, and seemed to care nothing of
his province except to get all the money out of it that he possibly
could for the enjoyment of his selfish and immoral pleasures. He
never visited Maryland.
50. Wars with the French; the English Gain Control
of North America. — The English were not in undisturbed
possession of North America. The colonies of the English ex-
tended in a long line down the Atlantic coast, but the vast region
along the St. Lawrence river, the Great Lakes and the Mississippi
river had been to some extent explored and settled by the French.
This territory the French took vigorous measures to retain. But
the English laid claim to the whole of the continent, by virtue
of the explorations of Cabot, who sailed along the Atlantic coast
in 1497, and again in 1498. The natural result of the jealousy
thus aroused was a great struggle between the English and the
French, to determine which should be the masters of this conti-
nent. The first of the four wars that followed was King William's
War, which broke out when William became king of England,
and took his name. Then followed in succession Queen Anne's
War and King George's War, named from the reigning sovereigns
of England. In these struggles Maryland was not much involved,
beyond requests for money to help to carry on the war in other
parts of the continent. But we now come to the final struggle
for the possession of the great prize, which lasted from 1754 to
1763.*
King George's War ended in 1748, but the peace was recog-
nized as a mere truce, preceding the decisive conflict. The
French erected forts and prepared themselves energetically. The
English, especially in Maryland and Virginia, cast longing eyes
* War was not formally ckclarcd until 1750. after two ytars of fighting.
74 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
across the Alleghany mountains, and presently the Ohio Company
was formed for the purpose of colonizing the country along the
Ohio river. At the point where the Alleghany and Monongahela
unite to form the Ohio, called the Gateway of the West, the Eng-
lish began the construction of a fort, but a stronger party of French
drove them off and erected a fort for themselves which they called
Fort Duquesne. On the way to strengthen the English at this very
time was a party of Virginia troops under George Washington,
then only twenty-one years of age, but destined, in coming years,
to play the most important part in American history.
When matters began to grow serious, a force was sent over from
England under General Braddock, an able and experienced officer.
Both the English and the French made use of Indian allies, par-
ticularly the French. The war, indeed, is known as the French
and Indian War. The Indians did not fight in open field like
Europeans, but delighted to surprise an enemy from ambush and
shoot down men while they themselves were concealed by trees
and rocks. But the most terrible feature of Indian wars was the
murder of families taking no direct part in the contest. Men,
v/omen, and children were not only murdered but tortured with the
most horrible cruelty. Now Braddock, in spite of his skill, knew
nothing of Indian methods of fighting, and thought that while
they beat the colonial troops, they could be no match for his own
disciplined soldiers. He accordingly marched through western
Maryland, directly on Fort Duquesne, rejecting with scorn the
advice of Washington and others, and refused to allow rangers
and scouts to go in advance to prevent surprise. When a short
distance from the fort a murderous fire was suddenly poured into
his troops by a hidden foe — he had fallen into an Indian ambush.
Such warfare was new to the king's troops and they huddled
together like sheep to be shot down in scores. Braddock was
mortally wounded, and the remnant of the army was brought off
through the skill of Washington.
THE PROVINCE BECOMES AN INDEPENDENT STATE 75
The frontier was now left exposed, and the savages swept down
upon scattered homes, burning houses, murdering the inhabitants,
and torturing and mangling horribly, without regard to age or sex.
The panic extended even to the Chesapeake bay. Horatio Sharpe,
an able and energetic man, had been governor of Maryland since
1753. When the news of Braddock's defeat reached Annapolis,
Sharpe hurried at once to Fort Cumberland (on the present site of
Cumberland city), where he found all in confusion and alarm.
The governor did his best to encourage the frightened people;
he caused a line of stockades, or small forts to be built, and later
a strong stone fort called Fort Frederick, near the site of the
present town of Hancock. Fort Cumberland was too far west to
afford much protection. Order was gradually restored, while the
war was fought out in the north, but Indian outrages were long
continued west of the Blue Ridge. The great strongholds of the
French were captured, and the war ended in complete victory
for the English. Peace was concluded in 1763 by the treaty of
Paris, and France gave up to England all territory east of the
Mississippi river.
51. Governor Sharpe and the Assemblies. — During the
French and Indian War there were many sharp disputes between
the governor and the Lower House of Assembly. The Lower House
resisted the demands of the king and insisted that the proprietary
should pay a share in the expenses for the defense of the province
by paying taxes on his estates. This was of course resisted by
the governor, who was bound to protect the interests of the pro-
prietary, but after a severe struggle he was obliged to yield.
This shows the independent spirit of the people, though it must be
acknowledged that the delegates seemed to grudge the expenditure
of money in any cause, and so stubborn a stand as they took for this
principle can scarcely be justified when we remember that it was
at the cost of the lives of the people. At one time, indeed, the
angry settlers of Frederick county threatened to march on An-
napolis and compel the Assembly to vote supplies. While we
76 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
honor their defense of the rights of the people, therefore, we can-
not but regret that they should have displayed such meanness
and obstinacy.
52. England's Oppressions, and Growth of the Spirit of
Freedom. — At this time the king of England was George III,
a man of singular narrowness and obstinacy. Hard laws had long
been in force, by which the commerce of the American colonies
was seriously interfered with and manufactures repressed. In a
word, the colonies were governed with no regard for their ov/n
welfare, but only with a view to the advantage of the mother
country. But the colonists were always a sturdy and liberty-loving
people, willing to give up none of their rights as Englishmen,
and the result of the various oppressions of the mother country
had been the grov/th for a strong sentiment for freedom and a
determination firmly to maintain their rights.
When the French wars were over, the king and Parliament
declared that the resulting advantages went to the Americans,
and that they ought to pay a share of the enormous expenses that
had been incurred. The colonies had paid a share, for during
the progress of the wars they had furnished men, money, and sup-
plies, and had suffered heavy losses of life and property. Yet it
v/as not this so much that the Americans urged as the fact that
the manner of raising the money was illegal and oppressive. It
v/as claimed that when Parliament imposed taxes on the Ameri-
can colonies it violated a right of Englishmen that had been
acknowledged for centuries: that they could be taxed only by their
own representatives. This principle had prevailed in the colonies
from the earliest times, where taxes were imposed by the Assem-
blies, composed of the representatives of the people; the colonies
had no representatives in Parliament. The position of Maryland
was particularly strong, since her charter expressly exempted her
from taxation by the English king, which was construed to mean
the English government.
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^•■-^Wr
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i^ :^&f^
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ASSOCIATION OF FREEMEN
FROM A PHOTOGRAPH OF ORIGINAL IN THE STATE HOUSE AT ANNAPOLIS
78 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
53. The Stamp Act; Maryland Asserts Her Rights.
— But the English government was determined to raise a tax in
America and accordingly, in March, 1765, Parliament passed
the famous Stamp Act. This required that stamps, issued by the
British Government, should be bought and placed on all legal and
business documents and newspapers. Everywhere throughout
the colonies the highest excitement and indignation prevailed,
and it Vv'as determined never to use the stamps. When Hood,
the stamp distributor for Maryland, arrived, considerably more
attention was bestowed upon him than he found agreeable. In
several places his effigy was whipped, hanged and burned, his house
in Annapolis was torn down and he himself obliged to flee from
the province. When the British ship Hawke arrived, bearing
the stamps, the governor did not dare to have them landed.
When the Assembly met, resolutions were drawn up and unani-
mously passed, in which the rights of the people of Maryland were
emphatically asserted. It was declared that the first settlers of
Maryland had brought with them from England and transmitted to
their children all the rights and privileges possessed by the people
of Great Britain, and it was, moreover, -pointed out that these
rights were expressly preserved to them in their charter, together
with exemption from taxation by the king. They further declared
that the right to impose taxes upon the people of Maryland rested
with the Assembly, and that any tax imposed by any other authority
was a violation of their rights.
When the time came for the Stamp Act to go into operation,
the court of Frederick county* boldly declared that its business
should be carried on without stamps, and other courts soon fol-
lowed the example. Throughout the colonies the same fierce
resentment was shown against the Stamp Act. Associations
called the Sons of Liberty were formed and the people generally,
refused to use the stamps. Under these circumstances Parliament
*In comniemoratiou of this event November 2> is now celebrated (a-^ a hank
half holiday) in Frederick county, as "Repudiation Day."
THE PROVINCE BECOMES AN INDEPENDENT STATE 79
wisely repealed the Stamp Act, and for the moment the colonists
went wild with joy.
54. Parliament Again Taxes America. — The joy was
short lived. The very next year a bill was passed by Parliament
laying a tax on tea, glass, paper, and other articles when brought
into American ports. Custom house officers were empowered to
enter private houses at their pleasure in search of smuggled goods.
This act aroused a fiercer opposition, if possible, than the Stamp
Act. Associations were formed whose members bound themselves
not to import the taxed goods. The Associators were careful to
allow no forbidden goods to land, and in at least one case sent an
English vessel away from Annapolis with all her cargo.
The Assembly of Massachusetts sent a circular letter to the
Assemblies of the other colonies, inviting them to take measures
for resisting England's violation of their liberties. Governor
Sharpe asked the Maryland Assembly to treat the letter "with
the contempt that it deserves." The delegates replied sharply,
declaring that they would not be frightened by a few "sounding
expressions" from doing what was right. They further told the
governor that it was not their present business to tell him what they
intended to do, and added, "Whenever we apprehend the rights of
the people to be affected, we shall not fail boldly to assert, and
steadily to endeavor to maintain them." The Assembly then
prepared a bold and manly, but respectful address to the king, and
returned a favorable answer to the letter of the Massachusetts
Assembly.
55, Governor Eden; Death of Frederick Calvert.
— Governor Sharpe was succeeded in June, 1769 by Sir Robert
Eden, the last proprietary governor of Maryland. The new gov-
ernor, who was a brother-in-law of the proprietary, was a man of
worthy character and pleasing manners, and he succeeded in win-
ning the respect and to some extent the affection of the people
of Maryland. But the spirit of the people was thoroughly
aroused, and the governor was too prudent to offer much resist-
ance.
80 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
Frederick Calvert, the last Lord Baltimore, died in 1771. By
the will of his father the province fell to his sister, Louisa
Browning; but Frederick left a will himself, by which he made
an illegitimate son, Henry Harford, proprietary of Maryland.
The latter is usually recognized as the sixth proprietary, but
there was a suit in the English Court of Chancery, and before a
decision was reached, Maryland had become an independent state.
56. The Debate between Charles Carroll, of Car=
rollton, and Daniel Dulany. — The new governor was scarcely
seated before he met with opposition. There was a heated dis-
pute between the Houses of Assembly in 1770, as a result of which
the session ended without the renewal of the acts fixing the fees
of officers of the government and imposing the tax for the sup-
port of the Episcopal church, these acts having expired in that
year. The governor thereupon revived the old acts by proclama-
tion, which the people regarded as an invasion of their rights,
and resisted accordingly.
A prolonged debate took place through the columns of the
Mmyland Gazette, published at Annapolis. An article was written
by Daniel Dulany, the secretary of the province and a lawyer of
great ability. The article was written in the form of a dialogue
between two citizens; the First Citizen argued against the action
of the governor while the Second Citizen defended it, and was
made to win the argument. But a champion of the people now
appeared in the person of Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, who
proved a powerful antagonist. He was descended from Catholic
gentlemen who had long held offices under the proprietary in
spite of their religion. He had been educated in Paris and had
studied law for seven years in England. Mr. Carroll published a
series of articles as the First Citizen, whose arguments had not
been properly stated in the first article, and in the popular
opinion he won a complete victory.
BURNING OF THE PEGGY STEWART
FROM A PHOTOGRAPH OF A PAINTING BY FRANK B. MAYER, IN THE STATE HOUSE AT ANNAPOLIS
82 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
57. The Burning of the Peggy Stewart, October
19, 1774.— In 1770, Parliament took off the tax from all the
articles except tea, which was left in order to assert its right to
impose a tax. But the Americans were contending for a princi-
ple, too, and although it was ingeniously arranged that the tea on
which a duty had been paid, should cost less than smuggled tea,
yet the people stood firm When tea was sent to Boston, the
people, after other means had failed, sent on board a party dis-
guised as Indians, who threw the cargo into the sea.
On the 14th of October, 1774, the Peggy Stewart arrived at
Annapolis with about two thousand pounds of tea. The owner
of the vessel, Anthony Stewart, paid the duty on the tea in order
to land the rest of the cargo. Stewart was a member of the non-
importation society, and his act aroused the most violent indig-
nation. On the nineteenth of October a large meeting was held
at Annapolis to decide what should be done in the case. Stewart
was thoroughly frightened, and signed an abject apology, further
agreeing to land and burn the tea. This satisfied the majority,
but to many persons it did not seem sufficient punishment, and
the latter threatened that the vessel would be burned .also. This
minority assumed so threatening an attitude that Stewart, on the
advice of Charles Carroll, ran the vessel aground, and with his
own hands set her on fire. The crowd looked on while she burned
to the water's edge. All this was done openly and publicly in
broad daylight, by men who were not ashamed of what they did,
and who had no fear of the consequences. The leader of the
minority party that forced this extreme measure was Dr. Charles
Alexander Warfield, of Upper Anne Arundel, now Howard county.
58. The Convention and the Council of Safety. —
The proprietary government gradually lost power, and ceased to
rule except in name, as the people assumed control of their own
affairs. A temporary government was formed. The supreme
authority was in the hands of a Convention, composed of delegates
from all the counties; the executive power was vested in a
THE PROVINCE BECOMES AN INDEPENDENT STATE 83
Council of Safety; while county affairs were controlled by Com-
mittees of Observation. In July, 1775, the Convention formally
assumed the control of affairs. A declaration was drawn up in
which the wrongs committed by the British government were
recited, and it was declared that the choice now lay between
"base submission or manly opposition to uncontrollable tyranny,"
and that the framers were "firmly persuaded that it is necessary
and justifiable to repel force by force."
The authority of the Convention was supreme, yet its exercise
was always characterized by moderation and a respect for the
forms of law. Its management of affairs was just and admirable,
and we have a right to be proud of the dignified self-control
which the people showed at this trying time, even in the very
act of resorting to forceful extremes in the defense of their rights.
59. War with England Begins; Ideas of Independence.
— In June, 1776, governor Eden was required to leave the prov-
ince, and even the semblance of the proprietary government was
at an end.
When it became necessary for the colonies to act in concert
for the defense of their liberties, delegates were sent to represent
all the colonies in a congress, which met at Philadelphia.
Addresses were sent to the king, only to be treated vv^ith scorn.
Soldiers were sent over to keep the Americans in awe, and hos-
tilities soon broke out. The British general sent a body of troops
to seize some military stores that had been collected at Concord,
Massachusetts, and there occurred as a result the skirmish known
as the Battle of Lexington, — the first battle vi the Revolutionary
War. The Battle of Bunker Hill soon followed.
Up to this time few persons entertained the idea of a sepa-
ration from England. They were determined to fight, if neces-
sary, for their rights, and to win them, but for "old England"
they still felt a warm affection, as the land of those very liberties
for which they were contending. But as time went on men came
CHARLES CARROLL
OF CARROLLTON
WILLIAM PACA
SAMUEL CHASE THOMAS STONE
MARYLAND SIGNERS OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
FROM PHOTOGRAPHS OF PAINTINGS IN THE STATE HOUSE
THE PROVINCE BECOMES AN INDEPENDENT STATE 85
to see very plainly that there was no hope of coming to any under-
standing with George III, and that if the colonies were not
willing to submit to tyranny, there was no hope for them but in
independence. When this became apparent, there was no longer
any hesitation. It was moved in the Congress that "these United
Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent
states," and on July 4, 1776, Congress adopted the immortal
^-t^
THE STATE HOUSE
FROM A PHOTOGRAPH
Declaration of Independence. A new nation was born into the
sisterhood of the world, destined to become the greatest of them all.
60. Maryland Becomes a Sovereign State. — After the
whole people of Maryland had expressed their desire for inde-
pendence, the delegates from Maryland in the Congress were in-
structed to unite in the Declaration of Independence which the
other colonies were now ready to make in Congress assembled.
<^j LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
The signers for Maryland were Samuel Chase, William Paca
Thomas Stone and Charles Carroll, of Carrollton. But Maryland
desired to speak independently for herself, and on the sixth of
July declared her own independence through the Convention.
In their Declaration the people pointed out the many oppressive
acts of Great Britain; they declared that a war had been unjustly
commenced, and then prosecuted with cruelty and outrageous
violence, and that the king had even hired foreign soldiers to
fight them, while rejecting their humble and dutiful petitions
with scorn. They further declared: "Compelled by dire neces-
sity, either to surrender our properties, liberties, and lives into
the hands of a British king and Parliament, or to use such means
as will most probably secure to us and our posterity those invalu-
able blessings,—
"We, the Delegates of Maryland, in Convention assembled, do
declare that the King of Great Britain has violated his compact
with this people, and they owe no allegiance to him."
Thus by the united action of the colonies, and by the voice of
her own citizens in Convention assembled, did Maryland cast off
her allegiance to Great Britain. The province became a thing of
the past — Maryland a free and sovereign state.
61. Formation of the State Government. — The pro-
prietary government having been abolished, it was of course
necessary to form another in its place. A convention for this
purpose met in August, 1776. A Bill of Rights and a Con-
stitution were prepared: the former set forth in a general way the
rights of the people, such as freedom of worship, the right to
make their own laws, and to alter the form of their own govern-
ment; the latter replaced the charter, fixing the form of govern-
ment. There were three departments of the government: the
legislative or law-making; the executive, or law-enforcing; and
the judicial, which explains the laws and by applying them
directly to men's actions, dispenses justice. The legislative
THE PROVINCE BECOMES AN INDEPENDENT STATE 87
power was vested in a General Assembly, composed of two
branches, the Senate and the House of Delegates. The chief
executive power was vested in a governor. The judicial power
was vested in the judges of the various courts. The delegates
were elected by the people, while the senators were elected by a
college of electors who were chosen by the people, nine senators
to be chosen from the Western Shore and six from the Eastern.
The governor was elected annually by the legislature, and had no
veto power; he had an executive council to assist him, and he
THOMAS JOHNSON
FROM A PHOTOGRAPH OF A PAINTING IN THE STATE HOUSE
could not serve for more than three years at a time. The judges
were appointed by the governor with the advice of the Senate.
A man must be worth a certain amount in order to vote, in order
to be a delegate he must be worth more, in order to be a Senator
he must be worth still more, while to be governor he must be yet
richer. These restrictions have long since been removed. Under
this Constitution Thomas Johnson was elected first governor of
Maryland. He was proclaimed as such at Annapolis on March 21,
1777, amid the rejoicings of the people.
88 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
TOPICS AND QUESTIONS.
46. Effects of the Royal Government.
Permanency of the changes wrought by the royal government.
Revision of the laws of the province.
47. Demanding the Privileges of Englishmen ; Coming of the Germans ;
the Founding of Baltimore City.
The Lower House claims the privileges of Englishmen for the citi-
zens of Maryland ; significance of the claim.
Slow growth of towns in the early history of the province.
Founding of the city of Baltimore ; its growth and present im-
portance.
German settlers ; towns founded by them ; their character and im-
portance.
48. Mason and Dixon's Line ; Further Loss of Territory.
The sons of William Penn dupe Lord Baltimore,
Border warfare ; the adventure of Thomas Cresap.
The boundary line run by Mason and Dixon.
Mason and Dixon's line the boundary between the North and South.
Loss of territory on the South and West.
49. Frederick Calvert Becomes Fifth Proprietary.
Character of Frederick Calvert.
50. Wars with the French ; the English Gain Control of North America.
Conflicting claims of the English and French.
Four Wars waged for the control of the continent.
Formation of the Ohio Company.
Fort Duquesne and the appearance of George Washington.
Braddock's march on Fort Duquesne and his defeat.
Results of Braddock's defeat ; the erection of Fort Frederick.
The Wars end in the complete triumph of England.
51. Governor Sharpe and the Assemblies.
The proprietary's estates taxed.
Attitude of the Delegates; its merits and its faults.
52. England's Oppressions, and Growth of the Spirit of Freedom.
British restrictions on American commerce and manufactures.
Feeling of the mother country toward the colonies.
Character of the colonists.
Parliament attempts to tax the colonies without their consent.
What great privilege ot Englishmen did this violate?
What gave the position ot Maryland peculiar strength?
THE PROVINCE BECOMES AN INDEPENDENT STATE 89
53. The Stamp Act; Maryland Asserts Her Rights.
What was required by the Stamp Act ?
How was it received by the colonies ?
Describe the treatment of the stamp distributor in Maryland.
What resolutions were passed by the Maryland Assembly.'
How did the courts of Maryland treat the Stamp Act .'
Who were the Sons of Liberty.
54. Parliament Again Taxes America.
A tax on tea, glass, paper and other articles.
The Non-importation Association.
Reply of the Assembly to Governor Sharpe.
The Assembly's address to the king.
55. Governor Eden. — Death of Frederick Calvert,
Character of Robert Eden.
Death of Frederick, the last Lord Baltimore; he wills the prov-
ince of Maryland to Henry Harford.
56. The Debate between Charles Carroll of CarroUton, and Daniel Dulany.
What laws expired. in 1770?
How did the governor restore them .'
Describe the article by Daniel Dulany.
Who replied to Dulany, and under what name did he write .''
Whom did the people regard as victorious }
57. The Burning of Peggy Stewart (October 19, 1774).
Hov/ tea was received in Boston.
The Peggy Stewart arrives at Annapolis, and her owner pays the
duty on some tea which she carries.
Stewart's submission.
He is compelled to burn the Peggy Stewart.
58. The Convention and the Council of Safety.
The people assume control of their affairs.
How managed.
The admirable conduct of the convention.
59. War with England Begins ; Ideas of Independence.
Departure of Governor Eden.
The colonies act through a Congress.
First battles of the war.
Development of the idea of Independence.
Congress adopts the Declaration of Independence.
60. Maryland Becomes a Sovereign State.
The Maryland Declaration of Independence.
90 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
61. Formation of the State Government.
What was the purpose of the Bill of Rights ? Of the Constitution.
Name and define the three departments of the government.
In whom was the chief power vested in each of these three
departments .'
What restriction was placed on the right to vote and hold office?
Who was the first governor of the State of Maryland? When and
where was he proclaimed?
QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND RESEARCH
1. What is a code ? Point out the advantages of a code. What is
the common law? The statute law? Explain the value of the
English laws to the people of Maryland.
2 Explain, as fully as you can, the reason for the slow growth of
towns in the early days of the colony. Point out some of the ad-
vantages of towns. Point out some of the harmful effects of
towns. Could any of these be avoided, and if so, how ?
3. What is the present population of Baltimore? How many other
cities in the United States are larger? Name them in order of
size. What is the present population of Maryland? Compare this
with the population of Baltimore. Point out the advantages of
Baltimore's position.
4. Would it be possible for Maryland to regain her lost territory now?
Would it be desirable?
5. Write an essay on the Lords Baltimore, showing the character and
influence on Maryland of each.
6. Is war the best way of settling disputes about territory? How are
such disputes usually settled now-a-days ?
7 Was it right for the American people to resist by force the invasion
of their liberties? What measures should always preceed a resort
to force? Judging from the events of this period, what was the
character of the American people? Are there any respects in
which it is not so admirable at the present day? Are there any
in which it has improved?
References
Browne's .l/an7(j;/rf. pp. 203- 2?G. Fiskr'sOld I'irgiuia and Her Neighbors, ■pp.
ir>H-173. Merciless' Maryland as a Proprirlarv Province— Ses index for topics
desired. For a more romplete account of the French w.irs and the strug-jfle
for the control of North America, see Fiske's Hislorv of the i'liiled Slates, pp.
15.')-17tj. For a more complete account of the beginning of the Revolution see
Fiske, pp. isi :.'ll, or see any other good history of the United States for tne
last two points.
CHAPTER VI
Maryland Life in Colonial Times
62. Introduction. — In the course of our narrative we have
paused occasionally to notice the manner of living of the people
whose history we are studying. Now that we have reached the
great turning-point in that history — the time when the hitherto
subject province had become a free and independent state — it will
be well for us to pause again for a more careful and thorough in-
spection of the community now about to enter upon its new career.
There were some characteristics common to all sections of the
country, but in very many particulars the life and customs of the
people of the South differed widely from those at the North.
Even different parts of the two sections often differed in many
respects. Maryland and her sister colony, Virginia, were very
similar, but the commercial spirit was more widely diffused in
Maryland, and activity and enterprise were greater. And as we
naturally expect from the character of Maryland's early institu-
tions, there was less bigotry, religious and political, than in Vir-
ginia.
63. Occupations — The population of Maryland had in-
creased with wonderful rapidity, and at the times of the Revo-
lution the province contained about 250,000 people.
Maryland was still almost wholly agricultural. Tooacco con-
tinued to be the chief crop, and at this time the province was
exporting nearly 50,000 hogsheads. It was still largely
used as money, instead of coin or paper. Previous to the war,
however, the planters learned that wheat might be grown in the
fertile soil of western and northern Maryland, and exported with
profit. They acted upon this information, and by the time the
war began Maryland was exporting 600,000 bushels of wheat, while
92 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
the importance of tobacco rapidly declined. A good deal of corn
was raised, most of which was used for private purposes on the
plantations where grown.
Cultivation of the land was generally of a very crude kind.
Wooden forks and shovels were common, and the plow was usually
of wood also, for plow-irons were imported from England and were
very expensive. A much more important implement was the hoe,
but not a light thin blade of steel such as you now see in use;
the hoe of this time was a large heavy lump of dull iron (prob-
ably the rude work of the plantation blacksmith), with a thick,
clumsy handle of wood. With these the tobacco was care-
fully hoed by the slaves or white servants, the weeds growing
close to the plant being taken out by hand, while the overseer,
perhaps on horseback, watched to see the work well done. Usu-
ally, the master of the plantation rode daily over the estate to
inspect and leave orders with his overseer.
While tobacco was the only product, and ships stopped at the
private landing of the planter to lay in a cargo of that staple and
to give in return a supply of groceries and provisions, food and
clothing, tools, and implements, there were naturally few towns,
with little commerce and no manufactures. There was no foreign
trade carried on in the usual way by merchants, but the rich pro-
prietors sometimes owned their own ships and styled themselves
planters and merchants. There was often a store at the county
seat, and very often the planter kept one for the supply of his
servants; while wandering peddlers were not uncommon. There
were no manufactures save the rude work done privately on the
plantations. But at the time of our chapter a change had already
begun. Towns, which refused to grow even for an act of the legis-
lature, began to grow freely as soon as a need for them naturally
made itself felt. Annapolis improved; Baltimore, drawing trade
from Pennsylvania as well as from Maryland, had acquired a large
foreign trade in wheat and flour, and was now one of the largest
cities of the colonies.
MARYLAND LIFE IN COLONIAL TIMES
93
Copper mines had been opened some time before, while the
more important industry of iron mining had become large and
profitable, 25,000 tons of pig iron being produced annually.
The legal system of Maryland was simple and good, and there
grew up a very worthy body of lawyers — men of eminence, learn-
ing, and intelligence. Some of the clergy of the Established
Church, on the other hand, very degraded men. Supported by
law and secure in their livings, they set public opinion at
HAMPTON," BALTIMORE COUNTY, MARYLAND
FriOM A PHOTOGRAPH
defiance, and often showed no regard for common decency.
Yet people of every opinion were taxed for the support of
these men, who brought undeserved reproach on their worthier
brethren and on the colony. Such were the results of substituting
the narrow policy of bigotry and oppression for the freedom and
toleration of Cecilius Calvert. One result of this state of affairs,
was that the Presbyterians and other sects spread rapidly.
94
LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
64. Homes : Houses and Plantations. — In this agricul-
tural community a plantation resembled a little village. The
"great house" of the planter was sometimes a substantial struc-
ture of wood, but on the large estates, or '"manors," it was pretty
sure to be of brick. As a rule the house was two stories high,
with a hall running through. This hall was the living room and
here the ladies sat to gossip and sew. The mistress was far from
being idle, however. Upon her devolved the duty of directing the
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bitfUl
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THE BRICE RESIDENCE, ANNAPOLIS
FROM A Photograph
work of the women-servants in weaving linen and cotton fabrics,
in knitting socks and stockings, and in making garments for the
slaves. The large body of house servants were supervised by her,
and. she was the friend and counsellor of her dependents in time
of trouble. Pewter dishes were in general use, but the wealthy
planters were supplied with handsome silver ware. In the early
days, poor folks often used flat wooden bowls called trenchers,
MARYLAND LIFE IN COLONIAL TIMES
95
and wooden spoons, while forks were unknown, first being
mentioned in Virginia in 1677. Glassware was sufficiently rare
to be mentioned in wills, and china was not commonly used until
after the Revolution. Most of the rooms opened into the hall,
and the parlor was kept for use rather than for ornament. You
would find here no stoves or coal, and no lamps (occasionally there
were lamps m.ade of pewter which burned whale oil). Heat was
THE CHASE HOME,'' ANNAPOLIS
FROM A PHOTOGRAPH
supplied from huge open fireplaces in which great logs crackled
and blazed merrily on winter nights, while the room was lighted
by candles, often made of myrtle-berry or bay-berry wax. The
table was loaded with the food which the forest and the adjoining
creek so abundantly furnished, while temperance societies were
unheard of and various wines and liquors were kept on hand and
96 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
consumed in large quantities. A royal hospitality was dispensed,
and every traveller was welcomed and entertained and at the same
time vigorously questioned for the latest news.
The exterior of the house was likely to be bare and unadorned,
but generally there was a beautifully kept lawn of sev-
eral acres, dotted with cedars, and approached by a gravelled
driveway and a road shaded by long double rows of locusts or
beeches. A charming atmosphere of peace fulness and calm
pervaded the whole. Numerous out-buildings formed the village-
like settlement. There was a meat house, a kitchen, a dairy, a
granary, etc., and the "quarters" where the slaves lived, for
large numbers of negroes had been imported during the
eighteenth century and there were novv nearly a hundred thousand
in the province. The slaves were in nearly all cases well treated
and usually devoted to their homes, the house servants in partic-
ular being noted for their "family pride." There was usually
a windmill to grind the corn, which in earlier times v.^as pounded
in mortars, as it was still on the smaller plantations.
The houses of the townspeople were usually plain and modest,
but some handsome residences were built in Annapolis. In the
backwoods and newly settled regions the habitations were merely
log huts.
65. Society: Dress, Manners, and Amusements.—
Dress varied according to social position, and was to a great ex-
tent its mark. When we read of the costumes of the "best
society," or at least those of the women, we are amazed that the
wearers could ever have enjoyed their gay gatherings. The
gentleman wore a coat of cloth or velvet of any color that he
fancied, with flaps extending nearly to the knees, and bound with
gold or silver lace. It had great cuffs, from beneath which pro-
truded lace ruffles. He wore knee breeches of red plush, blue cloth
or black satin. He wore tight silk stockings, black, white, blue,
or other color, and low shoes with silver buckles. His head was
covered by a wig of flowing hair, caught behind in a queue and
" I
JO
2 ^
98 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
powdered — sometimes so generously that the hat had to be car-
ried under the arm. About the neck was a large white cravat
with plenty of flowing lace, while at the side depended a sword.
The ladies dressed brilliantly and sometimes extravagantly.
Dresses were made of silk, satin, or the heavy brocade; the body
was held as in a vise by tightly laced stays (an old form of corset) ;
their shoes were high-heeled. About the neck there might be a
large gauze handkerchief, while a long train trailed behind the
dress. On the head was built up a mountain of hair, elaborately
arranged with lace and satin. The women of Maryland were famous
for their lovliness of person and charming manners and character,
as we know from the testimony of all, from the poor servant to the
courtly Mr. Eddis — the English custom-house officer at
Annapolis.
The dress of the poorer planters was a pale reflection of that
of the richer, while the mechanics and laborers usually wore
leather breeches and aprons, worsted stockings, and coarse shoes.
Servants, if we may judge from advertisements for runaways,
seem to have worn pretty much any sort of clothing they could
lay hold of.
There were plenty of amusements, though not always of a kind
approved now-a-days. Fox hunting was one of the most popular
out-door pleasures, but horse-racing, gambling, and excessive
indulgence in wine and liquors were very common and excited no
remark. Some wealthy persons owned town houses in Annapolis,
which was the center of gaiety and fashion. Here, during the
winter, gathered the aristocracy to enjoy a season of festivity and
merry-making. Dancing was a necessary part of the education,
and balls and parties were very frequent. There were clubs and
theatres, Annapolis claiming, indeed, the distinction of the first
theatre erected in America. Our planters seem sometimes to have
been men of extravagant habits, who by their reckless expenditures
and neglect of their plantations involved themselves in ruin.
THE MARYLAND GAZETTE OF JUNE 21, 1745,
FROM A photograph; original paper in possession of the MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY
100 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
The manners of the people were marked by courtesy and elegance,
and inclined to be pompous and formal.
66. Education and Literature; Character of the
People. — In regard to the education of the people and the
literature they read, there is not so much to be said. There
were very few schools, chiefly because there were so few towns
and the population was so scattered, and the teachers were in most
cases the indented servants or transported convicts. The wealthier
people were generally well educated, for many sent their sons to
England to attend college. In this age, little or no attention
was paid anywhere to the education of girls, though the wealthy
planters of Maryland often had private tutors for their daughters.
Of literature there is much the same to be said. A few stand-
ard English books could be found, and occasionally political
pamphlets v/ere printed and read, while the wealthier planters
usually had good libraries, and sometimes large ones. A news-
paper called The Maryland Gazette Vv?as founded at Annapolis in
1727; it was soon discontinued, but was revived in 1745 by Jonas
Green, and thereafter prospered. The Gazette claimed to publish
"the freshest Advices Foreign and Domestic." These "freshest
Advices" were two months old from New York and Boston, five
months old from London and Paris, and six months old from Con-
stantinople. Pretty stale news, we of today are apt to think,
but this was before the day of the railroad and the telegraph.
In spite of their meagre resources in these respects, and some
questionable amusements, the people of Maryland were indus-
trious, shrewd, sensible, and intelligent, while generally speaking
their morals were good. They must always be judged by the
standards of their own time; — our most revered statesmen of that
time saw no harm in moderate gambling and what would now
be considered excessive drinking. They were a generous, hos-
pitable, courteous people, liberal-minded, but strongly inde-
pendent and jealous of their rights and privileges as Englishmen,
THE PROVINCE BECOMES AN INDEPENDENT STATE 101
Most of their faults grew out of the peculiar conditions under
which they lived, or were the common vices of the times. On the
whole we may justly be proud of them.
TOPICS AND QUESTIONS
62. Introduction.
Life in the South and in the North.
Maryland and Virginia compared.
63. Occupations.
Maryland chiefly agricultural ; tobacco the staple crop.
Method of cultivating the land.
Growth of towns in later days of the province.
The growing importance of Baltimore.
Mining industries.
Character of the lawyers.
Character of some of the clergymen, and the causes.
64. Homes; Houses and Plantations.
Describe the "great house" of the planter.
Describe the dishes, fuel, and lights.
How were guests received?
Describe the exterior of the house, its grounds, etc.
Tell about the out-buildings.
What was the condition of the slaves.'
65. Society; Dress, Manners, and Amusements.
Describe the dress of a fashionable gentleman. Of a lady. Of the
poor planters. Of mechanics and laborers.
For what were the women of Maryland distinguished.'
Describe the chief amusements.
For what was Annapolis noted?
Describe the manners of the people.
66. Education and Literature; Character of the People.
Describe the educational condition of the colony.
What literature was read? Tell about the Maryland Gazette.
Describe fully the character of the people.
QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND RESEARCH
I. Find out, if you can, some particulars in which life at the North
differed from life at the South, and the reasons for the differ-
ence. What differences exist between the two sections at pres-
ent ?
102
LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
2. Compare the occupations of Marylanders of today with those of the
colonial period. Name some improved agricultural implements
now in use. Name some of the important cities and towns of
the present day in Maryland, and explain the cause of their
growth.
3. Name four daily newspapers published in Maryland at this time.
What papers are published in your county?
References
Lodge's English Colonies in America, pp. '.13-109. Fiske's Old Virginia and Her
Neighbors, Vol. II. pp. 174-269. The latter describes life in Virginia, but this was
so nearly identical with the life in Maryland that it is practically as good as a
special description for Maryland. This is a careful and lengthy account, and
will prove very valuable. See also Mereness' Afarvland as a Prnprietary Prov-
ince, pp. 104-I:i.S and pp. 129-149. If available, consult Scharf's History of Mary-
land, Vol. II pp. 1-103, and for a good account of the manners and customs of
the early settlers in Western Maryland, see Scharf's History of Western Mary-
land, pp. U9-74.
.^
Mm
IITE HALL MSNOH
PART II
i
HISTORY OF THE STATE
CHAPTER I
The Struggle for Independence ; Maryland
in the Revolution
67. The Revolutionary War.— The Declaration of Inde-
pendence was the solemn statement of the colonies to all the
world that they were resolved to be entirely free, and to lay the
foundations of a new nation with liberty as its watchword. But
that Declaration it was now
necessary to make good, and
the independence which they
so boldly asserted it was neces-
sary to win by brave deeds.
Thus the whole situation vv^as
changed; for whereas the
Americans had hitherto been
contending for their rights
and privileges as Englishmen,
they now fought to throw
off entirely the sovereignty
of a government which they
regarded as unjust and ty-
rannical.
On the nomination of
Thomas Johnson of Maryland,
Congress appointed George
Washington commander-in-chief of the American army.
(This was before the Declaration of Independence). In
the character of Washington daring courage was strangely
GEORGE WASHINGTON
FROM A PAINTING BY GILBERT STUART
IN THE STATE HOUSE AT ANNAPOLIS
104 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
blended with extraordinary cautiousness and foretliought. A
noble and unselfish man, a true patriot, and a remarkably able
general, his selection was eminently wise. Had any other been
made, it is very doubtful whether independence could have been
won.
In the conduct of the war the Americans had one great advan-
tage, — they fought on the defensive. They had declared them-
selves independent; if the king wished to dispute their claim
his armies must occupy their country and wrest its control from
them. Two distinct plans for doing this were tried, and both
ended in failure. The first was to gain control of the Hudson
river; then, with their fleets in complete control of the sea, the
New England states would be cut off from the others, and each sec-
tion could be overcome without being able to obtain help from the
other. After the failure of this plan the second was tried, which
was to send armies to the extreme south of the country; these,
marching northward, were to conquer one state after another until
all were regained. We cannot give a connected account of these
campaigns, for as this is a history of Maryland, we must content
ourselves with a sketch of each period, and some account of
Maryland's part in the great struggle.
The War in the North
68. The Battle of Long Island.— In the attempt to
seize the Hudson the first blow of the British general, Howe, was
at the city of New York. The army of Washington met him on
Long Island, and here was fought the first great battle of the war.
In this engagement, the most important and heroic part was taken
by the troops of Maryland. The left wing of the American
army, under General Sullivan, was surrounded and captured, and
the brunt of the fighting fell upon the right under General
Stirling. The Maryland troops were in this division. Their
leader. Colonel Smallwood, was detained in New York and Major
THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 105
Mordecai Gist was in command. The regiment was composed of
young men of the best families, of fine spirit and discipline, but
"who on that day for the first time saw the flash of an enemy's
guns." Stirling gallantly maintained the fight for four hours,
but greatly outnumbered and attacked in the rear by Lord Corn-
wallis as well as in front by General Grant, he was obliged to
retreat.
WILLIAM SMALLWOOD*
Behind the American army was a marsh and a deep
creek to be crossed, and in order to cover the retreat it was neces-
sary to hold the British in check for a time. For this pur-
pose Stirling placed himself at the head of 400 men of the
Maryland regiment, and faced the immensely superior force of
Lord Cornwallis. This gallant little band actually held in check
this division of the British army until the Americans had effected
their escape. Animated by an unselfish and patriotic devotion,
*The portraits of SinalKvood. Cist, Ramsay, WiHianis, and Howard are from
photographs of paintings in the Gallery of the Maryland Historical Society.
106
LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
the noble young men charged the overwhelming force of the
British again and again, until the great host seemed about to
give way from the repeated shocks. But the struggle could not
continue long; fired
upon from all points
and fearfully outnum-
bered as they were,
Stirling and a portion
surrendered themselves,
while three companies
cut their way through
the British and reached
the marsh on the edge
of the creek, whence
they effected their es-
cape. A mere handful
of the gallant four
hundred was left, but
they had saved the
remnant of the American army. "The sacrifice of their lives,
so freely made by the generous and noble sons of Maryland, had
not been in vain. An hour, more precious to American liberty
than any other in its history, had been gained." (See Sec. 121).
In a masterly retreat Washington brought off his troops safe
from Long Island, the rear being covered by the Maryland and
Pennsylvania troops.
69. From Long Island to Morristown. — New York was
almost immediately occupied by the British general. Wash-
ington retreated northward to White Plains, later falling back on
North Castle, where he could not safely be attacked. The British
general then moved back down the Hudson, threatening at once
Fort Washington, at the other extremity of Manhattan Island, and
Philadelphia, the "rebel capital." Washington now crossed the
Hudson with a part of his force, and General Charles Lee was
MOREDCAI GIST
MONUMENT TO MARYLAND'S FOUR HUNDRED, Prospect Park, Brooklyn
FROM A PHOTOGRAPH
108 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
left in command at North Castle. Owing to disregard of Wash-
ington's orders Fort Washington was captured by General Howe
with its garrison and stores, while General Lee refused to march
his army to the aid of Washington when ordered by the latter to
do so, and later when captured by the British, turned traitor to
the American cause. (Lee's treachery was not known until many
years later). These heavy misfortunes came near bringing the
war to an end, and compelled Washington to retreat through New
Jersey, a movement which he executed with masterly skill,
finally encamping beyond the Delaware.
The British generals, Howe and Cornwallis, determined to cross
the river as soon as it should be frozen over, and in the meantime
returned to New York to celebrate their success. The
wretched soldiers of the American army suffered fearfully from
cold and hunger, and their exposed feet often left bloody tracks
upon the snow. In these terrible straits many people began to
despair of the cause of liberty, but the mighty soul of Washington
never wavered. On Christmas night of 1776, he crossed the
Delaware river amid huge cakes of floating ice, and marched
s viftly through a blinding snowstorm upon the British center at
Trenton. The post was captured with 1,000 prisoners, while the
Americans lost but four men. Cornwallis at once brought down
his army, but Washington, by a brilliant movement, passed
around him and crushed his rear at Princeton. Washington then
retreated to Morristown, where he was, for the time, in safety.
Throughout the whole of this period the Maryland troops fully
sustained the reputation which they had won at Long Island.
Many marks of confidence were shown them by the general, and
they were frequently given posts of unusual responsibility and
danger. A member of Washington's staff declares, "The Virginia
and Maryland troops bear the palm." The Maryland soldiers
fought gallantly at the defense of Fort Washington, and in almost
every other engagement of the campaign. The old soldiers of the
THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE
109
Maryland Line*, originally numbering fifteen hundred men, had
been reduced almost to nothing.
During the retreat through New Jersey, Congress became
alarmed for its safety, and removed from Philadelphia to Balti-
more, which thus became for a time the capital. It was here
that extraordinary powers were conferred on Washington, enabling
him to conduct the war successfully. Congress met in a build-
>^
TABLET ON OLD CONGRESS HALL
FROM A PHOTOGRAPH
ing on the southwest corner of Baltimore (at that time called
Market street) and Sharp streets. In 1894 the site of "Old
Congress Hall" was marked by a bronze tablet, through the
efforts of the Maryland Society of the Sons of the American Rev-
olution.
*The regular itifantrv of Marylatid, as distinguished from her militia, was
called the Marvlatid l.iue.
OPERATIONS IN NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY
1776-77
FROM FISKE'S "THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION,"
BY PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHERS, HOUGHTON, MIFFIIN AND COMPANY
THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 111
70. Second Attempt to Conquer New York and
Hold the Hudson. — An elaborate campaign for the year 1777
was now planned by the British. An army under General Burgoyne
was to march down from Canada, capture Fort Ticonderoga on
Lake Champlain, and proceed to Albany; a smaller force was to
march eastward from Oswego and unite with Burgoyne ; while
the main army under General Howe was to ascend the Hudson
and meet Burgoyne at Albany.
General Howe concluded that he would have time to go down
and capture the "rebel capital," Philadelphia, before starting
northward to meet Burgoyne. The skill of Washington prevented
his marching through New Jersey, and finally he put his troops
aboard ship and sailed down the coast and into the Chesapeake.
Landing his forces at the head of the bay, he began his march upon
Philadelphia. Washington, though outnumbered nearly two to
one, gave him battle at the Brandywine creek. The Americans
were compelled to retreat, but the wonderful skill of their gen-
eral detained the British two weeks on the march of twenty-six
miles. Washington planned a brilliant attack on the British
army encamped at Germantown, about six miles from Philadelphia
but through a mistake the battle was unfortunately lost. The
morning was dark and foggy, and one American brigade,
mistaking another for the enemy, fiercely attacked it. Great
confusion ensued, and soon a general retreat began.
In the meantime Washington's skillful detention of Howe had
borne glorious fruit in the north, for Burgoyne's army was cut off
and obliged to surrender. This is regarded as the decisive vic-
tory of the war, for, although the war did not end until several
years afterward, yet the first and best plan of the British for con-
quering the colonies was defeated, while France decided
to enter into an alliance with us and send ships and men to our
aid.
Washington's army now went into winter quarters at Valley
Forge, and not being well supplied with either food or clothing.
112
LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
the soldiers suffered fearful hardships. In June, 1778, General
Clinton had succeeded General Howe as commander of the
British, evacuated Philadelphia, and begun a retreat to New York.
Washington attacked the retreating army near Monmouth. The
traitor, Charles Lee had been exchanged, and was again in com-
mand ; he took advantage of his position to order a shameful retreat
at the moment of victory, thus spoiling Washington's plan and
nearly causing a defeat before the latter could reform the army.
For this Lee was afterward tried and removed from the army.
Little further of importance occurred at the north.
In this series of battles the soldiers of Maryland served with
their usual distinction. In the battle of Germantown they fought
with the greatest daring, being the first troops engaged and the
last to give up the
struggle. Fort Mifflin,
guarding the approach
by water to Philadel-
phia, was heroically de-
fended by Lieutenant-
Colonel Samuel Smith
of Maryland, until it
became absolutely un-
tenable. He was voted
a sword by Congess for
his gallantry. At the
battle of Monmouth,
when Washington met
the body of disorderly
fugitives under Lee, he
called for an officer to
hold the enemy in check until he could form his troops for action.
Colonel Nathaniel Ramsey of Baltimore, offered himself with the
words, "I will stop them or fall." Marching at the head of his
troops, Ramsey held the British in check until the American army
NATHANIEL RAMSEY
THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 113
was formed for the attack; the British were then, after a stubborn
resistance, slowly pushed from the field, and again the American
army owed its salvation to the troops of Maryland. During the
terrible winter at Valley Forge the Maryland troops were stationed
at Wilmington, where they lived in much greater comfort than
their unfortunate comrades.
While the troops so liberally furnished by Maryland were thus
serving with distinction in the patriot cause, the state suffered
severely at home. Early in the war the people were greatly an-
noyed by Lord Dunmore, who had been the royal governor of Vir-
ginia. Angry at being driven out of the country, he set on foot
dangerous plots, and sailing about the bay in a British ship on
which he had taken refuge, he plundered and distressed the peo-
ple to the limit of his power. Other depredations of the British,
and the voyage of General Howe up the bay when on his way to
capture Philadelphia, kept the people in nearly constant alarm
and made it necessary to keep militia on duty for their protection.
The state also suffered from a dangerous rising of the Tories,
as those who sided with England were called, in Somerset and
Worcester counties. The insurrection, however, was promptly
suppressed by a body of troops v.nder General Smallwood and Col-
onel Gist.
The War in the South
71. Second Plan of Conquering the Country.— The
British now tried their second way of conquering the Americans,
which was to go down to the southern extremity of the country
and reduce the states to obedience, one by one. For a while it
seemed as if they must be successful. Georgia was over-run and
the royal governor again placed in control. The city of Charles-
ton was captured, with an army under General Lincoln, by the
British general. Sir Henry Clinton. The whole of South Carolina
was soon reduced, and Clinton returned to New York, leaving
Lord Cornwallis in command.
114 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
72. The Campaign of General Gates. — A new army was
raised, but unfortunately the command was given to General
Gates, a thoroughly incapable officer. In the famous campaign
which resulted in Burgoyne's surrender, he had been placed in
command shortly before the crowning victory, and so had man-
aged to reap the glory that had been won by others. After com-
mitting a great many follies, against the advice of his officers,
Gates met the British general at Camden; each general had started
out to surprise the other, and the armies met in the night. In
the morning the battle commenced, and resulted in one of the
most terrible defeats ever inflicted upon an American army.
The two armies met between huge swamps that protected the
flianks of each. The right wing of the American army was com-
manded by Baron Kalb (a German soldier who had volunteered
in the cause of American liberty); it was composed of the
second Maryland regiment and a Delaware regiment in front,
and the first Maryland regiment a short distance in the rear. The
left wing was composed of Virginia and North Carolina militia
under Generals Stevens and Caswell. This wing, on being charged
by the British right under Colonel Webster, instantly gave way, the
men throwing away their guns and fleeing with hardly a shot.
Gates was carried away by the panic-stricken mob, and Colonel
Webster, leaving the cavalry under Tarleton to cut down the
fugitives, turned upon the devoted Marylanders. Throwing his
victorious column upon the first regiment he slowly pushed it
from the field, after the most determined resistance. The second
Maryland regiment, in the meantime, had repelled the attack of
the British left wing under Lord Rawdon. In a splendid bayonet
charge under Major John Eager Howard, they had even broken
through his lines, and were, for the moment, victorious. But
they were now attacked in flank by the troops of Colonel Webster,
and Cornwallis threw his whole army upon them. Kalb fell dying
from eleven wounds, and the remnant of the brave fellows made
their escape through the marsh where the cavalry could not follow.
VIRGIN
GREENE AND CORNWALLIS IN THE CAROLINAS
January-April, 17S1
FROM FISKE'S <.THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION,"
BY PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHEHS, HOUGHTON, MiFFliN AND COMPANY
116 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
73. The Campaign of General Greene. — After the terri-
ble rout at Camden, affairs in the South seemed desperate. But a
new army was presently raised, and the command entrusted
(October, 1780) to Nathanael Greene, a general scarcely inferior in
skill and energy to Washington himself.
A detachment of Greene's army under General Morgan won the
battle of Cowpens, after a brilliant engagement. Greene himself
executed a masterful retreat into Virginia, and having led his
adversary far into a hostile country, faced about and offered
him battle at Guilford Courthouse. The British managed
to stand their ground, but were so badly cut up that they were
obliged to retreat into Virginia. Leaving Cornwallis behind him,
Greene now returned to the Carolinas, and after a brilliant cam-
paign captured every important post. In the battle of Hobkirk's
Hill and Eutaw Springs he was virtually the victor, and by Sep-
tember, 1781, had completely regained South Carolina with the
exception of Charleston. Cornwallis, in Virginia, allowed him-
self to be shut up in Yorktown by Lafayette*, whereupon Wash-
ington made a wonderful march from the Hudson river to the
York and, with the aid of the French fleet, compelled his sur-
render (October 19, 1781). This practically ended the war.
74. Maryland Troops in the South, — In the southern cam-
paigns the Maryland line confirmed and enhanced the reputation
won at the North, but they also did much more. They may fair-
ly be said to have taken the lead, and to have played the decisive
part in this concluding struggle of the war. A very slight
knowledge of their services would make this perfectly plain.
The heroic deeds of the Maryland troops at Camden have already
been described. In Morgan's victory at the Cowpens they took
an even more prominent part, under the famous leader, John
Eager Howard. When the force under Morgan was detached,
Cornwallis sent out the famous cavalry commander, Colonel
Tarleton, to intercept it, and to capture or destroy it.
*The Marquis de Lafayette was a noble and unselfish young Freiichinan who
came to America to help the people win their independence.
THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 117
Morgan retreated before his adversary to a long rising slope
near some enclosures known as the Cowpens. Here he faced about
and formed his troops for battle. In front he placed the militia of
Georgia and Carolina; on the
brow of a hill one hundred
and fifty yards in the rear of
these "he stationed ' the
splendid Maryland brigade
which Kalb had led at Cam
den;" behind these on a sec-
ond hill was placed the cavalry
under Colonel William Wash-
ington. The militia behaved
well, and after firing several
deadly volleys retired, form-
ing again in the rear. The
■D •■• 1 c 1 ^._ I J JOHN EAGER HOWARD
British now nercely attacked
the second line, under Colonel John Eager Howard,
Being superior in numbers, they extended their line
so as to threaten Howard's flanks, whereupon the line began to
retire. Thinking them in full retreat the British pressed on in
confusion. But the Marylanders, at a word of command from
Howard, suddenly faced about, poured a murderous fire into their
ranks, and came down upon them in a furious bayonet charge.
Taken in flank and rear at the same time by the militia and the
cavalry under Colonel Washington, the remains of the British
army surrendered, Tarleton himself narrowly escaping. This is
regarded as the most brilliant battle of the war, for Morgan had
actually surrounded and captured a superior force in open field.
It is therefore a matter for great pride that the decisive part
was played by the troops of Maryland and their gallant commander.
When Congress voted a gold medal to Morgan, a silver medal was
voted to Colonel Howard.
118 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
In the wonderful retreat of General Greene to Virginia, it was of
the highest importance that a body of reliable troops, ably com-
manded, should protect the rear of the army, and hold the British in
check while the main army made good its retreat. The difficult
and perilous post of honor was entrusted to Colonel Otho Holland
Williams, of Maryland, with a body of Marylanders under Howard,
and some other troops. In the performance of this difficult and
dangerous duty, Williams and his troops suffered terrible hardships,
but the duty was performed most successfully, and they won the
highest praise for the manner in which it was accomplished.
The battle came at last
at Guilford Courthouse.
The main line was
formed of Maryland and
Virginia regulars, who
bore the brunt of the
fight, and the chief ad-
vantage was gained by
a splendid bayonet
charge of the Maryland
troops under Colonels
John Gunby and John
Eager Howard, in which
the most dauntless cour-
age was shown.
At the battle of Hob-
kirk's Hill the Mary-
OTHo HOLLAND WILLIAMS land troops again played
the most conspicuous part. While the troops were advancing to
the charge. Captain William Beatty, a favorite officer, was shot
dead at the head of his company. To the confusion which
resulted and the order of Colonel Gunby to fall back and re-form,
has been attributed the defeat of the American army. As
a matter of fact, the Maryland troops merely fell back a few rods
THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 119
and then rallied, while the other troops (on their right and left)
had fallen into disorder about the same time, and were re-formed
on the line of the Maryland regiment. So far from losing the
battle, therefore, the Maryland troops by their steadiness enabled
Greene to make an orderly retreat. At the siege of Ninety-Six
a desperate assault was made by a party of Maryland and Virginia
troops, in which five out of six of their number were killed or
wounded. In the final battle at Eutaw Springs our gallant troops
fittingly crowned their noble work. At the critical moment Gen-
eral Greene issued the order, "Let Williams advance and sweep
the field with his bayonets." Under Williams and Howard, the
heroic band instantly advanced in a furious charge, and "the
finest infantry of England" was swept from the field.
General Greene spoke of the officers and men of the Maryland
Line in terms of the highest paise In a letter to General Small-
wood he writes, "The Maryland Line made a charge that exceeded
anything I ever saw." In another letter he said of John Eager
Howard, "He deserves a statue of gold, no less than the Roman
and Grecian heroes."
75. Naval Operations. — During the Revolutionary War
the United States never possessed a navy worthy of the name,
though a few battles were fought and immense damage was in-
flicted upon the commerce of the enemy by American privateers.*
In this respect Maryland fully supported her military record.
Baltimore fitted out more privateers than any other American city.
These vessels were famous for their speed and the skill with
which they were handled; they captured British vessels almost
in their own harbors in England. It has been claimed with some
reason that Baltimore was the most zealous and patriotic city in
the country, in point of damage inflicted on the enemy.
In 1782, Lieutenant Joshua Barney of Maryland was appointed
to the command of the Hyaer Ally. He shortly afterward fell in
*A privateer is a privately owned vessel which has boeii authorized by a
belligerent government to capture ships and supplies of the enemy.
THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 121
with a British sloop-of-war, the General Monk, a vessel better
armed and better manned than his own. Notwithstanding this
fact Barney captured the General Monk and carried her a prize to
Philadelphia, after an engagement which has been spoken of as
"one of the most brilliant that ever occurred under the American
flag. ' ' Commodore Nicholson and other Marylanders also achieved
distinction.
76. Close of the War ; Women of Maryland. —
With the surrender of Cornwallis the war virtually ended. By in-
vitation of the state, Annapolis became temporarily the capital of
the United States. There in the Senate Chamber of the State
House, December 23, 1783, George Washington surrendered his
commission to Congress. It was a sad and impressive ceremony,
as the noble and unselfish chief, after having led his country
successfully through the long war to the achievement of her in-
dependence, calmly resigned his high position, and asked only
to be allowed to return to the privacy and quietude of his home.
The narrative of the war would not be complete without a
mention of the noble work of the women of Maryland. Washing-
ton wrote a personal letter of thanks to Mrs. Mary Lee (wife of
Governor Lee, of Maryland) for the efforts of the women of the
state for the relief of the destitute southern army. It is said
that during a ball, given in honor of Lafayette as he passed
through Baltimore, the general appeared sad, and on being ques-
tioned by one of the ladies as to the cause replied, "I cannot
enjoy the gaiety of the scene while so many of the poor soldiers
are in want of clothes." "We will supply them," was the reply
of the fair querist; and next morning the ball room was trans-
formed into a clothing manufactory. The ladies of the city,
old and young, gathered to the task, and much was done to re-
lieve the suffering of the soldiers.
77. Maryland's Part in the Winning of Indepen=
dence. — In the great struggle for independence Maryland had
indeed borne a noble part, and one of prime importance. In
122 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
proportion to size and population she furnished far more than her
just share of soldiers to the army. We have mentioned some of
the important work done by the troops of Maryland, but not all
such services have been mentioned, by any means. For instance,
a splendidly equipped body of riflemen, under the command of
Captain Michael Cresap, was raised and sent north to join the
army early in the war; a large number of Marylanders joined the
body of troops raised in Maryland by Count Pulaski, a Polish
nobleman who had volunteered in the American cause; and in
minor engagements many notable exploits were performed by the
officers and men of Maryland that have not been related here.
The courage and devotion of the troops of Maryland, the
skill of their officers, their frequent and telling use of the bay-
onet, and their inestimable services to their country have already
been related. It only remains to say that the record of the state
in other particulars was just as good; while she was so liberal in
her supplies of troops she was equally energetic and patriotic in
other respects. To the requests of Congress and of Washington
for food, clothing, and other necessary supplies, the state re-
plied as promptly and as cheerfully as to the demands for men,
which is a good deal more than can be said for some of her sister
states.
Thus on the part of her sons and her daughters alike did Mary-
land nobly play her part in the great struggle for liberty, and
in the fruits of the glorious victory none were more deserving to
share than she.
TOPICS AND QUESTIONS
67. The Revolutionary War.
Explain the change of affairs wrought by the Declaration of Inde-
pendence.
Who was the commander-in-chief? Describe his character.
What great advantage had the Americans ?
Describe the two plans of the British for conquering the country.
68. The Battle of Long Island; General Plan of Battle; Its Results.
Position of the Maryland troops; their noble sacrifice.
THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 123
69. From Long Island to Morristown.
Services of the old Maryland Line.
The capital temporarily removed from Philadelphia to Baltimore.
70. Second Attempt to Conquer New York and Hold the Hudson.
Plans for the year 1777. Capture of Philadelphia.
The surrender of Burgoyne.
Philadelphia evacuated; battle of Monmouth.
Describe the services of Marylanders at Germantown ; Fort Mifflin ;
Monmouth.
Describe the difficulties of the state at home.
71. Second Plan of Conquering the Country,
Success of the plan at first.
72. The Campaign of General Gates.
Describe the battle of Camden, and the pare taken by the troops
of Maryland.
73. The Campaign of General Greene.
Greene's skill as a general ; what he accomplished.
Surrender of Cornw^allis ; its importance.
74. Maryland Troops in the South.
What was the general character of the services of the Maryland
troops in the South?
Describe the battle of Cowpens, and the part taken by Maryland
soldiers.
What important duty was assigned to Otho Holland Williams,
and how was it performed ?
Describe the services of Marylanders at Guilford Courthouse ;
Hobkirk's Hill ; the siege of Ninety-Six ; Eutaw Springs.
What did General Greene say of Maryland troops and their officers .''
'5. Naval Operations.
Services of the navy; privateers sent out from Baltimore.
The engagement of the Hyder Ally and the General Monk.
76. Close of the War; Women of Maryland.
Annapolis becomes capital of the United Slates ; Washington
resigns his commission there.
Services of the women of Maryland.
77. Maryland's Part in the Winning of Independence.
Describe the extent and importance of Maryland's services in tho
Revolutionary War.
124 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND RESEARCH
1. Read the Declaration of Independence. Is it true that all men are
created equal? Explain your answer. Notice the charges
against the King of England, and see if you can find any specific
instance of the truth of several of them. Had the colonies any
legal right to declare themselves independent ? Had they a
right morally.' Is it right to disobey a bad lavi' ? Have the
people of Maryland the right, legally, to alter the form of their
government today? (See Maryland Bill of Rights, Art.l. )
2. Can you think of a reason why no battles were fought on Maryland
soil during the Revolution?
3. Find on the maps all points mentioned in the text.
4. Compare the two plans of the British for conquering the colonies.
Which was the better? Compare the work of the Maryland
troops in the North and the South.
5. Discuss the arrangement of troops by Gates for the battle of Cam-
den. Gates sent off 400 Maryland regulars on other duty
shortly before the battle, duty that the militia could have per-
formed; what might he have done with these troops instead?
What advantages had the Americans in the character of the field
of battle?
6. Write an account of what you have learned in this chapter under the
title, "Maryland in the Revolutionary War."
References
For account of the N\'ar of Independence, see any good history of the United
States. For a fuller account, with excellent descriptions of battles and their
results, consult Fiske's The Anieruaii A'i'7'o/ii/inn. For southern campaigns,
see biographies of General Greene; "Afat viand ami North ('am/nia in the Cam-
fiaisr'i of lySii-i-Si :' by K. G. Daves, Fund Publication No. 33 of the Maryland
Historical Secietv. A. A. Giinby's Colonel John (ninhy of the Maivla>id Line.
(The Robert Clarke Company, Cincinnati). Many works on United States
history will suggest theinselves as valuable for this period.
If McSherrv's Hisloiv of Mai viand, or Scharf's Histm v of Maryland. Vol. II.
is available full details of the part taken bv Marvland can be obtained.
CHAPTER II
Founding the New Nation
"The credit of suggesting, and successfully urging in Congress (hat policy
which has made this country a great national commonwealth . . . belongs
to Maryland and to her alone." —
He> bert B . Adams.
78. The Articles of Confederation, — When the thirteen
American colonies declared themselves independent of Great
Britain, each regarded itself as having become free and sovereign.
Being so intimately associated in many ways, and compelled to
act in concert to carry on the war, some sort of general government
was necessary, to which certain powers were delegated by the
states, while others were reserved to themselves. This was all
that was aimed at, for as yet there was no strong national senti-
ment, and each state was very jealous of its independence. A
form of government to meet the needs of the occasion was pre-
pared by a committee of Congress, and adopted by that body late
in the year 1777. This constitution, or form of government, was
called the Articles of Confederation, and in the course of the
next fifteen months was accepted by all the states except Mary-
land. Maryland's refusal to ratify the Articles, says the historian
Fiske, "was first in the great chain of events which led directly
to the formation of the Federal Union."
79. The Attitude of Maryland.— At first sight these
seem to be rather surprising statements. Why should Maryland
thus refuse to unite with the other states? Having done so, how
could that refusal be productive of such tremendous results? In
order to understand the replies to these questions a few words of
explanation are necessary. North of the Ohio river, and extend-
ing to the Great Lakes, stretched a vast expanse of unsettled
country known as the Northwest Territory. Owing to ignorance of
126 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
the country and other causes, the grants of land to the various
colonies by English sovereigns were in many cases conflicting,
and in some cases preposterously large. Under an old charter,
Virginia now laid claim to this vast territory northwest of the
Ohio, while at the same time claims were made by New York,
Massachusetts, and Connecticut.
Maryland declared that these claims were neither just nor wise,
and until they were withdrawn she positively refused to agree to
the Articles of Confederation. Her statesmen clearly showed the
harm that might result to other states if the claims of Virginia
were admitted, and declared that what had been won through the
efforts of all, should become the common property of the states,
"subject to be parcelled out by Congress into free, convenient
and independent governments, in such manner and at such times
as the wisdom of that assembly shall hereafter direct." Now we
have further to observe, that during the stormy period which fol-
lowed the war with England (hereafter to be described), it was the
common interest in the Northwest Territory which was "perhaps
the only thing that kept the Union from falling to pieces." As
the principal influence in holding the states together, it was of
course most important in the founding of the nation. With ad-
mirable wisdom and foresight the statesmen of Maryland per-
ceived the vast importance of the Northwest Territory, and
declared, in the General Assembly of the state, that the control
of Congress over the western lands was "essentially necessary for
rendering the Union lasting." Having thus taken her stand, on
the grounds of both justice and good policy, Maryland stood firm,
steadily refusing to accept the Articles of Confederation until
the states should yield their claims to the United States. The
importance of Maryland's action now becomes evident. If com-
mon interest in the Northwest Territory held the states together
at the close of the war, thus making a national government pos-
sible, and if Maryland alone so acted as to procure for all the
states their common interest, then clearly to Maryland must come
FOUNDING THE NEW NATION 127
the glory of that mighty event. "Just as it was Massachusetts
that took the decisive step in bringing on the Revolutionary War
when she threw the tea into Boston harbor, so it was Maryland
that, by leading the way toward the creation of a national do-
main, laid the cornerstone of our Federal Union." 't
Having practically accomplished her purpose, Maryland en-
tered the Union March 1, 1781 ; thus was the wonderfully impor-
tant work of her statesmen crowned with success, at the very
moment when her heroic soldiers in the field were taking the de-
cisive part in the final brilliant movements of General Greene.
80. "The Critical Period." — The practical workings of the
Confederation were found to be anything but satisfactory. Con-
gress was composed of representatives of the states, not of indi-
vidual citizens. If its requests were not obeyed it had no means
of enforcing obedience; and it possessed no power of taxation.
It has been aptly said of the Confederate government that
it could declare everything and do nothing. Its weakness is
shown by the fact that at one time about eighty soldiers of the
Pennsylvania Line, drunken and mutinous, drove Congress out of
the city of Philadelphia.
The sentiment of union among the states was sadly weak. In-
deed, it is rather hard for us at this day to realize the condition
of affairs at that time. There was no telegraph or telephone;
there were no steamboats, no railroads ; a person can now travel from
Massachusetts to Oregon in less time than it took to travel from Bos-
ton to Philadelphia in 1783. Mails were very slow and postage
*Fiske, The Critical Period of American History.
tWhen new states were formed from the Northwest Territory liberal grants of
the public lands were made to them to support echication. It has been con-
tended that since these lands were the common property of the Union, it is an
unjust discrimination to give to some stales and not to others. And by some
it has been maintained that Maryland, ownifj to the great service explained in
the text, has a peculiar claim to a share in such gifts. As long ago as is:il the
General Assembly of Maryland resolved that each state was entitled to
participate in the benefits of the public lands, and that states that had not
received appropriations were entitled to receive them. These resolutions
were sent to every state and to the representatives of Maryland in Congress,
but nothing came of the matter. There is still some agitation of the matter,
and Dr. E. B. Prettvman of the State Normal School (at Itallimorc) has several
times discussed the question before state and national ediicatioiial bodies.
128 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
high. As a natural consequence the states were almost like for-
eign countries to one another. Manners and customs differed
greatly in different parts of the country, and many very silly prej-
udices existed. The mutual jealousies and petty spites of the
various states had been shown during the war, which indeed had
at times come near to failure through lack of the sentiment of
union.
Now that the war was over, and the pressing necessity for con-
certed action had ceased, this sentiment was of course weaker
than ever. Sectional strife increased, threats of secession, oi
separation, were heard from both North and South, and some-
times it seemed almost as if there would be civil war. It was
now that the beneficent effects of Maryland's fight for national
control of the western lands was felt in its full force, for a com-
mon interest in the valuable territory held the states together. It
soon became apparent that something must be done, and done at
once.
81. Formation of the Federal Union. — Among the chief
evils of this period was the commercial war which the states
waged against one another, by charging high tariff duties on goods
brought into one state from another. Virginia and Maryland
found it necessary to come to some agreement for the regulation
of their commerce, and this was thought a good occasion for a
general conference of the states on the same subject. A conven-
tion met at Annapolis in September, 1786, but only five states
were represented. The convention therefore adjourned without
discussing the matter, but before doing so, it issued a call for an-
other convention to meet at Philadelphia and devise some means
for the improvement of the general government.
The convention met accordingly in Philadelphia, in May, 1787,
and adjourned in September of the same year. George Washing-
ton was elected president of this famous body, which then pro-
ceeded to abolish the old Confederation, and to frame the system
of government under which we now live. The Constitution so
FOUNDING THE NEW NATION 129
framed was adopted by the states, and on April 30, 1789,
George Washington became first president of the United States.
There was much opposition to the new Constitution and its rati-
fication was opposed by some of the strongest patriots. The states
seemed to fear that a strong central government would after a time
become an instrument of tyranny. When the people were once
convinced that they were not going to sacrifice any of their
liberties, but were merely going to transfer from the states to a
national government those powers which it was necessary to exer-
cise in common, they did not hesitate to adopt the Constitution.
In Maryland, a convention met at Annapolis on April 21, 1788,
and five days later ratified the Constitution by a vote 63 to 11.''
TOPICS AND QUESTIONS
78. The Articles of Confederation.
How did the new states regard themselves?
What necessity for a Union existed? What was done to meet the
need ?
What action was taken in this matter by Maryland? Was the
act of importance ?
79. The Attitude of Maryland.
The Northwest Territory ; coflicting claims of several states.
Maryland advances the idea that this territory should be the
property of all the states, and shows both the justice and good
policy of the plan.
The action of Maryland was, in effect, the laying of the corner-
stone of the Federal Union.
Maryland carries her point and enters the Union, March 1, 1781.
80. "The Critical Period."
How did the Articles of Confederation work when put into
practical operation?
Describe fully the condition of the country under this form of
government.
What held the states together ?
* During (he period covered by this chapter there occurred an event which,
while not connected with the subject of the chapter, is of too much interest to
remain unnoticed. On March H, ]'iHi), James Rumsey of Cecil county, Maryland ,
made a trial trip at Harper's Ferry in a steamboat invented V)y him. The
vessel was 80 feet long and operated by drawing water in at the bow and
forcing it out at the stern. This was more than 20 years before Fulton
launched the Clermont.
130 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
81. Formation of the Federal Union.
Why the convention met at Annapolis in September. 1786.
A new convention called for the following May to meet at Phila-
delphia.
The Constitutional Convention meets; George Washington elected
president.
The present Constitution framed by the convention and adopted
by the states.
George Washington elected first president of the United States.
Adoption of the Constitution in Maryland.
QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND RESEARCH
1. How did the English gain their title to the Northwest Territory .•"
How did the Americans gain theirs .'' What great states have since
been formed from the Northwest Territory ? What natural resources
does this region contain.? What facilities for trade?
2. Suppose the states of the Union to be entirely independent of one
another ; try to imagine some of the consequences. Is the law-
making power of value without the right to attach penalties ? Can
a government be maintained without the right to impose taxes ?
Justify the term, "The Critical Period."
4. Name some of the powers which our Federal Government alone can
exercise. Name some things which are managed entirely by the
states. How long has our present system of government lasted ?
What is a republic? What is a democracy? What form of gov-
ernment have the states ? Can one of the states change this form
of government to another? Could all the states, acting together,
do so.
6. Write an essay on "Maryland's Part in Founding the American
Nation. ' '
References
Por a general account of the estal)lishiueiit of our Federal Union, see Fiske's
The Critical Petiod of Amrtican llistoiv. The importance of Maryland's part in
the great work is explained in this book. For an account devoted particularly
to the part borne by Maryland, see the masterly essay of Prof Herbert li.
Adams on Mayvhnul' a /ii /I Krmr upon Land Cessions to the Vnited Slates: this work
is published in the Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and
Political Science, Third Series, No. i.
CHAPTER III
Internal Affairs and the Second War with England
82. The State Government. — The organization of a state
government in Maryland, following the Declaration of Independ-
ence and the overthrow of the proprietary government, and the
election of Thomas Johnson as first governor has already been re-
lated. This new government was successful from the first. After
an able administration, Governor Johnson was succeeded by
Thomas Sim Lee, who in turn was succeeded by William Pacain
1782. In 1785 the noted Revolutionary officer, General William
Smallwood, was elected governor of the state. Three years later
he was succeeded by John Eager Howard, who will be remem-
bered as the hero of Cowpens and a leading spirit in the many
hard-fought battles in the South.
83. The Potomac Company : Plans for Opening a
Trade Route with the Western Part of the State — The
western part of Maryland was a region of rich resources, abound-
ing in forests of valuable timber and in rich mines, particularly
of soft coal. It also possessed excellent soil and a pleasant and
healthful climate, and after the Indians had ceased to threaten
the frontiers its population had steadily increased. It was there-
fore of the highest importance to open up a trade route for
the natural wealth of this region to the Chesapeake, and thence
to the markets of the world.
The Potomac river would naturally suggest itself as a highway
for this trade, and it is said that as far back as the campaign
of General Braddock, Washington had considered this very idea,
and had come to the conclusion that the river might be made
navigable as far as Fort Cumberland. In 1 784 the matter was taken
up by the legislatures of Virginia and Maryland ; commissioners
were appointed on both sides, and presently the Potomac Com-
pany was formed. George Washington was elected first president,
132
LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
and so deeply was he interested that he personally assisted at some
of the surveys. Of course, it was the idea of the Potomac Company
to open up the western part of Virginia as well as Maryland. A
great deal of money was invested in the enterprise, and the work
was carried on at intervals for many years, but in the end the at-
tempt had to be given up. The old Potomac Company then be-
came merged in the Cheaspeake and Ohio Canal Company. The
history of this organization will be taken up farther on in the
course of our narrative.
/
ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE
FROM A PHOTOGRAPH
84. Interest in Education. — Following the end of the war,
much interest seems to have been taken in education. In 1782
Washington College was founded at Chestertown on the Eastern
Shore, and named in honor of our illustrious first president. In
1784 St. John's College was founded at Annapolis, and in the
SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND 133
following year' the two were united as the University of Mary-
land. This arrangement, however, was not completed. King
William's School (See Sec. 43) was merged in St. John's College.
These two colleges, Washington and St. John's, are still in exist-
ence.
85. Founding the City of Washington. — During former
years Congress had moved about from city to city according to the
necessities of the moment. After the establishment of a truly
national government it became necessary to fix upon a permanent
capital. After much discussion, Congress finally decided upon
the Potomac river for its location and Washington was asked to
select a site for the future seat of government. He chose that of
the present city of Washington, named for the "Father of his
Country. ' ' A district ten miles square, on both sides of the river,
was ceded to the United States by Virginia and Maryland. It was
provided that the public buildings should be erected on the
Maryland side, and the part ceded by Virginia was afterwards given
back to that state. Both Maryland and Virginia appropriated
large sums of money to be used for the erection of these buildings.
The cornerstone of the Capitol was laid by Washington on Sep-
tember 18, 1793, and the seat of government was removed to the
new capital in June of 1800.
The War of 1812
86. Causes of the War. — The Revolutionary War was
fought for political freedom; the war of 1812 was fought for
commercial freedom. The British found it difficult to obtain
enough sailors to serve in their navy, and this want they under-
took to supply by boldly stopping American vessels on the high
seas and taking off seamen, under the pretense that they were de-
serters from the British navy. This was called impressment,
and the unfortunate men so impressed were cruelly robbed of
home, friends, and country without the least cause or any chance
of redress. Such an act, of course, would not now be tolerated
134
LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
for one moment, but it must be remembered that in the begin-
ning of this century our country was pitiably weak, and we were
obliged to suffer some bitter wrongs, simply because we were too
weak to help ourselves. England was mistress of the seas, with
a navy nearly a hundred times as strong as ours, and for a while
we suffered in silence. Nevertheless, England's conduct soon
became so overbearing as to be unendurable, and in June, 1812,
Congress declared war.
87. Progress of the War ; Gallant Exploit of Mary=
landers. — The declaration of war was not approved by all the
people of the country ;
most of the party known as
Federalists opposed it, and
in New England, where
trade was interfered with,
the war was denounced as
unnecessary and ruinous,
and threats of secession
were heard. The Massa-
chusetts Senate even de-
clared the war to be
' ' founded on falsehood and
declared without neces-
sity." In Maryland the
Senate resolved "That the
war waged by the United
States against Great Bri-
tain, is just, necessary, and
politic, and ought to be supported by the united strength and
resources of the nation, until the grand object is obtained for
which it was declared." The majority of the Maryland House
were opposed to the declaration of war, yet they did not hesitate
to pledge their "lives and fortunes to the public service."
Baltimore proved itself one of the most zealous and ardently
patriotic cities in the United States.
NATHAN TOWSON
FROM A PHOTOGRAPH OF A PAINTING IN THE GALLERY OF
THE MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY
SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND 135
A newspaper of Baltimore, called the Federal Republican, printed
an article bitterly denouncing the war and accusing the govern-
ment of dishonorable and unworthy motives. The result was a
disgraceful riot, and before the affair was settled the office of the
newspaper was torn down and several persons killed or wounded.
The military operations of the war were in general badly man-
aged and very unsuccessful. An invasion of Canada was attempted
but the effort ended in failure. During this time the capture of
two British vessels on lake Erie, the Caledonia and the Detroit, was
planned by Lieutenant Jesse Duncan Elliott, a young naval officer
of Maryland. The capture was gallantly executed by Elliott and
Captain Nathan Towson,'' of Baltimore. At sea the progress of the
war was much more favorable to the Americans. The ships of our
navy won a series of brilliant victories, and American privateers
inflicted immense loss upon British shipping. Of these none
performed services of greater value than the famous "Baltimore
clippers," noted for their remarkable swiftness. If they found
it necessary to fly before a stronger enemy they had no trouble
in escaping, while if the enemy fled at their approach he had
little chance of escape. Enormous damage was inflicted upon
the British in this way.
88. The War in Maryland; Capture of Washington.
— In 1813 ten British ships of war under Admiral Cockburn
entered the Chesapeake. For several months the Admiral
and his men amused themselves by robbing the inhabitants
and destroying property on both sides of the bay. Havre de
Grace and other towns were sacked and burned, and Baltimore
threatened. Lonely farmhouses and other private property were
wantonly destroyed. The inhabitants were shamefully abused,
and even women and children did not escape insult and outrage
at the hands of these savages. These outrageous proceedings
were the worse as they served no military purpose whatever.
♦Towson, the county seat of BaltiiiKjre county, was named for Captain (after-
wards General) Towson.
136
LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
They simply increased the hatred of the people for the British,
and aroused the state and the nation to more determined resist-
ance.
In August, 1814, another British fleet arrived in the Chesa-
peake, commanded by Admiral Cockrane. On board this fleet
were three thousand veteran soldiers under General Ross. An
expedition for the capture of Washington was planned at once.
Sir Peter Parker was sent up the bay with several vessels to threaten
■'---rB.Aw .■ j^
rr5ji¥'"
l^^- ,^^*. ■<
A BALTIMORE CLIPPER
FROM A PHOTOGRAPH OF A PRINT IN POSSESSION OF THE P. DOUGHERTY CO. OF BALTIMORE
Baltimore and annoy the people as much as possible. Barns
and crops were burned and other property destroyed. But these
depredations were not to go unpunished. Near midnight on the
30th of August about two hundred men landed under Sir Peter
Parker in person, with the intention of surprising and capturing
the camp of Lieutenant Colonel Philip Reed, consisting of about
one hundred and seventy men of a Maryland regiment. The two
little armies met on what is known as Caulk's Field, about nine
SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND 137
miles from Chestertown, and the British were not only driven
back with loss but Sir Peter Parker himself was killed. A mon-
ument was erected on Caulk's Field in the autumn of 1902, to
the memory of Philip Reed.
In the meantime the main body of British moved up the Patux-
ent river. On their approach Commodore Barney, whose flotilla
was lying in the river, ordered his vessels to be burned to keep
them from falling into the hands of the enemy. He and his men
then joined the force under General Winder, who was preparing
to resist the attack of Ross. No adequate preparations had been
made for the defense of the capital. General William H. Winder
was placed in command of this department, but his force con-
sisted of a mere handful of regulars, the rest of his troops being
militia from Maryland, Virginia, and the District of Columbia.
They were met by the British at Bladensburg and quickly routed,
the militia making hardly any resistance. Indeed, the principal
defense was made by the gallant crews of Commodore Barney,
the latter being finally wounded and taken prisoner. Ross now
pushed on and entered Washington, where he seized or de-
stroyed much private property and burned the Capitol and other
public buildings.
89. The Attack on Baltimore. — The British now turned
their attention to Baltimore. When it was known that they were
coming all ordinary work ceased and everybody began to drill or
to work on the defenses. Breastworks were rapidly thrown up
across the eastern part of the city. The approaches to the city
by water were guarded by Fort McHenry, at the extremity of
Whetstone Point at the mouth of the Northwest Branch of the
Patapsco; by batteries on Lazaretto Point opposite; and by bat-
teries erected in the rear of the fort. The officer in command
of the army was General Samuel Smith, noted for his heroic de-
fense of Fort Mifflin (See Sec. 70); in charge of the two divisions
were Generals Winder and Strieker. The fort was commanded by
Major Armistead.
138
LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
By seven o'clock on the morning of September 12, 1814, about
eight or nine thousand British troops had landed on North Point,
at the mouth of the Patapsco. The vessels moved up the river to
attack Fort McHenry. General Strieker, in command of the
Baltimore militia, moved toward North Point on the evening of
the eleventh, and on the morning of the twelfth formed a line of
battle, with his right flank resting on Bear creek and his left
FORT McHENRY
FROM A PHOTOGRAPH
covered by a marsh. The British marched boldly to the attack,
but the struggle had hardly commenced when General Ross him-
self fell, mortally wounded. The inexperienced militia bravely
held their ground against the superior force of trained soldiers
until the attack had been thoroughly checked. They then retired
to the defenses nearer the city. This engagement is known as
the battle of North Point. Further fighting was postponed until
/•*^~ -,^l^ ^C
c
U^^i M^i J/^^ .'X**-— ^^ ^r ^
//•/.*^ /21 y^S ^1^.
^— -v< /t..
A -
K ....^^.Z.
^/,::
^ ^ rz^ ^^,
A.
^^.
'/-''
THE STAR-SPANGLED BANNER
FROM A PHOTOGRAPH OF THE 0RI3IWAL MANUSCRIPT, IN POSSESSION OF MRS. REBECCA LLOYD SHIPPEN OF BALTIMORE
140
LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
the fleet should pass Fort McHenry and be able to co-operate with
the army, but this was an event that never occurred.
At sunrise on the thirteenth of September the British fleet
opened fire on Fort McHenry, which could make no reply, the
vessels of the fleet having stationed themselves out of range.
Attempts were made to send vessels and troops nearer to the fort,
but they were repulsed with great slaughter. All that day shot
and shell rained upon the devoted fort; the sun sank and dark-
ness fell, but the roar of cannon and the screech of shell had not
ceased. There was something singularly impressive and awful in
the sullen silence of the
fort. Now, however, the
Stars and Stripes that had
waved in calm defiance
throughout the day were
hidden by the darkness, and
when the firing suddenly
ceased before morning no
one could tell whether the
fort had surrendered or not.
But the first rays of the
rising sun showed that our
flag was still there, floating
in calm triumph in the
morning breeze. Thous-
ands of hearts bounded
with pride and joy. The
attack on Baltimore was at
an end and the defeated
enemy in full retreat.
90. The Star Spangled Banner.— The feelings excited by
these stirring events was expressed by Francis Scott Key in the
famous national song, "The Star Spangled Banner." Before the
bombardment began, Key had gone out to the fleet to obtain the
FRANCIS SCOTT KEY
PHOTOGRAPH OF A PORTRAIT IN POSSESSION OF
MISS ALICE KEY BLOUNT OF BALTIMORE
SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND 141
release of a friend who had been captured, and he was detained
until the attack was over. Pacing up and down the deck of the
vessel, during that night of terrible suspense, he composed the
famous song, making a few notes on the back of a letter. It was
not long until people all over the country were singing its patriotic
words (See Sec. 121 and Appendix D).
91. The End of the War. — On the 24th of December,
1814, a treaty of peace was signed between the United States
and Great Britain. This is the last war we have had with Eng-
land, and probably it is the last we shall ever have. The right of
our ships to sail the seas unmolested has not been again
questioned.
TOPICS AND QUESTIONS
82. The State Government.
Early governors of the state.
83. The Potomac Company; Plans for Opening a t.ade route with the
Western Part of the State.
Explain the need of a trade route from Western Maryland to the
Chesapeake Bay.
What attempt was made to establish such a route ?
How did the attempt end?
84. Interest in Education.
Tell about the first University of Maryland.
85. Founding the City of Washington.
The necessity for a permanent capital.
Washington chooses a sight on the Potomac River.
Territory ceded by Virginia and Maryland ; Virginia's part ceded
back.
Government transferred to the City of Washington, June, 1800.
THE WAR OF 1SI2
86. Causes of the War.
Explain the causes of the War of 1812.
Why was the war so long delayed?
87. Progress of the War; Gallant Exploit of Marylanders.
Opposition to the War.
Contrast the attitude of Maryland with that of the New England
States.
A riot in Baltimore, causing loss of life and destruction of property.
142 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
Military operations o£ the war generally unsuccessful.
Capture of the Caledonia and the Detroit.
Brilliant victories won by the navy.
Services of the privateers; the "Baltimore Clippers."
88. The War in Maryland ; Capture of Washington.
The depredations of Admiral Cockburn and their effect.
Arrival of second fleet under Admiral Cockrane, bringing General
Ross and three thousand troops.
The battle of Bladensburg.
Washington captured and the public buildings destroyed.
89. The Attack on Baltimore.
The defenses of Baltimore ; generals in command of troops.
The battle of North Point ; advance of the British checked.
Bombardment of Fort McHenry.
The British give up the attempt to capture the city.
90. The Star Spangled Banner.
Francis Scott Key detained on the British fleet.
He composes the famous national song during the night of suspense.
91. The End of the War.
Treaty of peace signed, December 24, 1814.
QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND RESEARCH
1. What famous Marylanders were both statesmen and soldiers .''
2. Trace on the map (a) the course of the Potomac River as far as Cum-
berland ; (b) the route of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal ; (c) the
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Had the Potomac been made nav-
igable to Cumberland, what effect would this probably have had on
Baltimore City? What is the effect of the railroad on Baltimore.^
3. Do Washington College and St. John's College obtain state aid at the
present time? If so, in what way is it granted?
4. Was the site of Washington wisely chosen for the national capital?
Give reasons for your answer. If wisely chosen at the time, can
you suggest a better location for the present time? State reasons
for and against a change.
5. Will our government protect us on the sea and in foreign countries
as well as at home ? If you were ill-treated in some way while
on a visit to France, to whom would you apply for redress?
References
See any standard history of the t'nitcd States, or of the war 181",'. If available,
consult Scharf's Histoiy nf Mai \ land . Vol. III.
CHAPTER IV
Public Improvements ; — The Mexican War
92. Introduction. — We have already considered the re-
sources of the western section of Maryland and the need of a
trade route between this part of the state and Chesapeake bay.
The Potomac Company was organized to open such a route, but the
scheme of opening up the Potomac to navigation proved impos-
sible of accomplishment. Up to the time of the war the com-
merce of the state increased immensely, the value of exports in-
creasing perhaps six or seven times. The need for commercial
facilities of a better kind grew constantly, and the proposed trade
route between the west and the east of the state became of the
highest importance to both sections. During the war, schemes
of improvement were for the time laid aside, and commerce
necessarily suspended to a great extent. But with the close of
the war began a new era of prosperity and development, followed
by the needed improvements, whose history we have now to trace.
93. "The Monumental City." — On the fourth of July,
1815, the cornerstone of a fine monument to the memory of
George Washington was laid. The monument, built by the state
of Maryland, is situated on North Charles street, in the city of
Baltimore. It was completed in 1829, is built of white Mary-
land marble, and is in all 164 feet high. It rests on a marble
base 50 feet square and 24 feet high, and is surmounted by a
statue, 16 feet in height, of Washington, represented in the act
of resigning his commission. This was the first worthy monu-
ment erected to the memory of the "Father of his Country."
On the first anniversary of the British attack on Baltimore the
cornerstone of a monument to the memory of the city's defenders
WASHINGTON'S MONUMENT, BALTIMORE
FROM A PHOTOGRAPH
PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS
145
at North Point and Fort McHenry was laid. This is known
as the Battle Monument. A large number of monuments have
since been erected in Baltimore, and on this account, as well
as because the city raised the first notable monument to George
Washington, Baltimore is often called the "Monumental City."
'
1
,
L J
i'^
m
"" \:"'
mm^M
BATTLE MONUMENT
FROM A PHOTOGRAPH
94. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal.— Although [it
proved to be impossible to carry out the plans of the old Potomac
Company for opening up the Potomac river, yet the project of
establishing a trade route along that stream was far too important
to be given up. It was not merely a question of providing an
outlet for the rich region of Western Maryland, but there was a
chance to bring through the state a large and valuable western
trade as well. The next thing thought of to supply the need was
146
LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
a canal, and after much discussion, the Chesapeake and Ohio
Canal Company was formed in 1824. This company undertook to
construct a
canal from
Georgetown, on
the Potomac,
to the Ohio
river. From
Georgetown,
vessels could
reach the Ches-
apeake by way
of the Potomac
river. The
canal was finally
completed as
far as Cumber-
land.
There was also
much talk of
cutting a canal
to connect Bal-
timore with the
Chesapeake and
Ohio canal, as it
was feared that
the western
tradewouldpass
the city by ; but
it was consid-
ered doubtful
whether such a
plan was practicable, and the proposed canal was never begun.
*Cut furnished liv B. 6t O. K. R.
BALTIMORE & OHIO R R., AND CHESAPEAKt A UHIU CANAL.
AT PciNT OF Rocks, Maryland
PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS
147
fc! *t
95. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. — The citizens of
Baltimore fully realized the dang-er of missing the large and profita-
ble trade of the west, as well as its
value to them in case they could
1^ get it to flow through their city.
They accordingly cast about
?''■ for some means of bringing this
trade to Baltimore. A committee,
^ composed of Philip E.Thomasand
*METHOD CF TRAVEL ON BALTIMORE & ^ ^
OHIO R. R. IN 1829 Other prominent gentlemen, was
appointed to consider the matter, and they recommended that a
double railroad be constructed from Baltimore to some suitable
point on the Ohio river.
Now at first sight this
may seem very simple and
natural, but really the plan
showed great wisdom, fore-
sight, and progressiveness
on the part of its projectors ;
for at that time railroads
were not in use in America,
and the first passenger
railroad in the world (the
Liverpool and Manchester Railway, in England) had been com-
menced but two years
before and was not yet
in successful operation. A
company to put this plan
of the committee into
operation was nevertheless
formed, called the Balti-
more and Ohio Railroad
Company, and Philip E.
"THE DAVIS GRASSHOPPER
LOCOMOTIVE ON B. & O.
"WINAN'S MUD Digger," 1836
"Cut fiiriiislied bv R. 8c O. R. R.
148
LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
Thomas was made its first president. From a discovery made in
England by Mr. William Gibson (recently of the B. & 0. R. R.)
it appears that a representative was actually sent to England to
make personal investigations.
The ceremony of break-
ing ground was performed
-^. on the fourth of July, 1828,
by the aged Charles Carroll
of Carrollton, then more
^^' than ninety years of age,
and the last living signer
*THE B. &o. "camel BACK" LOCOMOTIVE. 1850 qJ [^^ Declaration of
Independence. "I consider this among the most important acts
of my life," exclaimed the venerable rat'-iot, as he struck the
spade into the earth, "sec-
ond only to that of signing
the Declaration of Inde-
pendence, if second even
to that."
Although horses were at
first used to draw the cars,
steam was soon applied.
Peter Cooi.er, v/ho owned large iron works near Canton, Baltimore,
built a small locomotive, very little larger than an ordinary
workman's hand-
car of the present
day. The first
trip was made on
August 28, 1830,
from Baltimore to
Ellicott's Mills
*rvP£ OF PASSENGER LOCOVOTIVE, 1903 (nOW E 1 1 i C t t
City), and was entirely successful. The return trip of
♦Cut furnished by B. & O. R. K.
'riAYES ' DUTCH WAGON,
PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS 149
thirteen miles was made in fifty-seven minutes. In 1852
the road was completed to Wheeling, on the Ohio river,
and on New Year's day, 1853, the first train passed over the road.
iM^ll
n
? ^^ .
/'^^^N^'s^'
In.. .1. i"iC. 5.
I'lTKK COOI'KR'S I.OCOMOTIVr:.
PETER COOPER'S LOCOMOTIVE
FROM "REMINISCENCES OF HALF A CENTURY," READ BEFORE "THE NEW YORK RAILROAD CLUB"
BY M. N. FORNEY, MAY 15, 1902
96. Financial Distresses.— The Bank of Maryland, owing
to a change of policy on the part of the national government, was
obliged to stop business in 1834. Many of the depositors were
poor persons, who naturally became much alarmed at the thought
of losing the little they possessed; but great confidence was felt
in the officers of the bank and the people waited patiently for
some months. Then a violent quarrel arose among the officers
PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS 151
of the bank, and the confidence of the depositors was quickly lost.
Riots followed, in the course of which the houses of several of the
directors of the bank and that of the mayor of the city (Balti-
more) were broken open and much valuable property destroyed.
For a time the mob held absolute control, but companies of cit-
izens were soon formed for the preservation of the peace, under
the leadership of General Samuel Smith, and the troubles were
promptly quelled.
Two years later a great wave of financial distress swept over the
whole country; business houses and banks failed from one end
of the Union to the other. Some states refused to pay the in-
terest on their debts that was legally due. The public improve-
ments going on in Maryland, particularly the canal and the
railroad companies, had been repeatedly aided by the state. In
proportion to the population, the expenditures had been simply
enormous. In the desperate condition that now confronted the
state, her credit and honor were preserved by Mr. George Pea-
body, a wealthy and patriotic merchant who had laid the founda-
tion of a great fortune in Baltimore. He secured a loan in Lon-
don, supporting Maryland credit with his own fortune and influ-
ence, yet he nobly refused all pay for his great and important
services.
97. The First Telegraph Line. — In 1844 the first tele-
graph line was built, between Baltimore and Washington. This
was the invention of Professor Samuel F. B. Morse, and has
been of the highest importance in the development of
our country.
98. Government Reforms. — The many changes that took
place after the adoption of the Constitution of 1776 (See Sec. 61)
gave rise to much dissatisfaction with that instrument. Each
county sent the same number of delegates to the Assembly, —
four, while Baltimore and Annapolis sent half as many, — two
each. At that time the counties were nearly equal in population,
and Baltimore was only a moderately large town. But the western
152 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
counties soon came to have large populations, while Baltimore,
which was made a city in 1797, grew to be a large and import-
ant center. It thus happened that a minority of the people
could control the state government. This came to be a great
grievance, and after much effort the Constitution, in 1837, was
revised. Representation was more fairly apportioned ; the counties
sent delegates according to population, Annapolis lost her dele-
gates, and Baltimore sent the same number as the largest counties.
The electoral college was abolished, and the election of the senators
given to the people. The governor's council was abolished, and
the governor elected by the people.
In 1810 the property qualification for voting and holding office
was abolished; in 1825, Jews, who before this time were not
allowed to hold any public office, were placed on the same footing
with Christians; and in 1846 the sessions of the General Assem-
bly were made biennial. The old Constitution having become
"a thing of shreds and patches," a new one was adopted by the
people in 1851. The term of the governor and of senators was
made four years, and the judges and many other officers were to
be elected by the people. Imprisonment for debt was abolished.
It is apparent that the general tendency of all these reform move-
ments was to place the control of affairs more directly in the hands
of the people, and to render the government more truly free and
republican.
99. The War with Mexico. — Our present state of Texas was
formerly a part of Mexico. Its inhabitants rebelled against the
government of that country, and succeeded in establishing an in-
dependent republic. This republic asked to be annexed to the
United States. The request being granted, a dispute ensued over
the boundary between Mexico and Texas, which led to a war be-
tween the United States and Mexico. Congress declared war in
May, 1846.
In the course of this war no officers performed their duties with
more spirit, devotion, and intelligence than those of Maryland. At
THE MEXICAN WAR
153
the battle of Palo Alto, Major Samuel Ringgold of Maryland, who
commanded the artillery, was mortally wounded. His skill and
bravery were of [cardinal importance in winning victory for the
Americans. Colonel
William H. Watson
of Maryland was
killed while leading
his regiment to the
assault at Monterey.
After the capture of
Monterey, Lieu-
tenant Randolph
Ridgely, who had
succeeded to Major
R i n g g o 1 d's com-
mand, was killed by
a fall from his horse.
He served with dis-
tinguished skill and
valor, and his death
was regarded as a ser-
ious loss to the
*MExicAN WAR MONUMENT American army.
Captain John Eager Howard, a grandson of the Revolutionary
hero, won much honor for his courage and spirit. In this war
Maryland's reputation for the personal gallantry and good conduct
of her soldiers was fully sustained.
TOPICS AND QUESTIONS
92. Introduction.
Increase of Maryland's commerce.
93. " The Monumental City."
Describe the monument to Washington erected in Baltimore.
What does the Battle Monument commemorate ?
*Rrected in Baltimore by the Association of the Veterans of tlie Mexican War.
to the memory of Maryland Soldiers who perished in the Mexican War. The cut
is from a photojjraph of a model furnished by the sculptor, Mr. Edward IJerge.
*^
X
154 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
Why is Baltimore called the Monumental City?
94. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal.
Formation of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company ; its plans.
How far were the plans successful ?
95. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.
The citizens of Baltimore decide to connect Baltimore with the
Ohio river by means of a railroad ; wisdom of the plan.
Formation of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company.
The work begun by Charles Carroll ; his opinion of its importance.
Steam used ; the engine of Peter Cooper, and the trial trip to Elli-
cott City.
The road completed to the Ohio, 1852.
96. Financial Distresses.
Failure of the Bank of Maryland.
Riots occur, and serious loss, of property results; the riots
quelled by General Samuel Smith.
The heavy expenditures of Maryland for public improvements.
The credit of the state saved by George Peabody.
97. The First Telegraph Line.
Location of the first telegraph line.
98. Government Reforms.
What changes were made by the amendments to the Constitution
in 1837 ?
What other changes were made later ?
What changes were made by the constitution of 1851?
What was the general effect of all these changes ?
99. The War with Mexico.
State the cause of the Mexican War.
Give an account of the services of Marylanders in this war.
QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND RESEARCH
1. Is it well to erect monuments to the memory of illustrious
men ? Give reasons for your answer. What is the largest mon-
ument in the world?
2. Name some other railroads in Maryland at the present time besides
the Baltimore and Ohio. What is the route of each you have
named? Explain in detail how a railroad benefits the country
through which it is built. Name four large cities along the line
of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in Maryland.
THE MEXICAN WAR 155
3. State some of the advantages of the telegraph. Show how it
strengthens the union of the states of our country. Express
your opinion of the various changes made in the government of
Maryland, as described in section 98.
References
If available, see Scharf's Maryland, Vol. III. For constitutional changes see
Steiner's Institutious and Civil Government of A/a r viand, pp. Vi-]6. For a full
account of the C. & O. Canal, see Dr. G. W. Ward's Early Development of the
Chesapeake and Olno Canal Project, in the J. H. U. Studies in Historical and
Political Science, Seventeenth Series, ix-x-xi.
CHAPTER V
Slavery and the Civil War
100. Introduction. — We have now reached the saddest part
of our story — the time when the people of our country were
to meet on the deadly battle field, not to repel a foreign enemy,
but in bloody strife with one another. War is always terrible,
even when waged against a foreign nation, and in defense of
home and country; it is infinitely more terrible when a nation
becomes divided in civil war, when relatives and friends are
arrayed under opposing standards, and even brothers meet in
deadly combat. It is therefore painful even to look back upon
this unfortunate period of our history, and in studying about it
we should try to free ourselves from all feeling of bitterness and
prejudice. There is here simply a record of the most important
points of Maryland's connection with the great struggle. The
bitter feelings of anger and hatred that the war naturally excited
are now practically all allayed, and our people are again unijed;
it should be our effort to perpetuate this friendly feeling in every
possible way, to look back upon the wrongs and mistakes com-
mitted by both sides in the great civil war with no other feel-
ings than those of pity and regret, and to take care ourselves that
no repetition of these sad occurrences ever be possible.
101. Negro Slavery. — Very early in the history of our
country slaves were introduced, and gradually came to be held
throughout the country. As the population increased and the
condition of the various sections of the country became fixed, the
people of the North engaged largely in commerce and manufac-
turing, while those of the South were occupied almost entirely
with agriculture. To the people of the North slavery was of little
SLAVERY AND THE CIVIL WAR 157
or no use, and gradually the institution was abolished; in the
South, on the other hand, slave labor v/as very valuable, and
slavery was therefore retained.
102. The Maryland Colonization Society. — There were,
however, many people in the South who favored the gradual eman-
cipation of the slaves, and efforts to accomplish this end were
made, particularly in Maryland. No state made greater efforts to
improve the condition of the negro. In 1790 there were 8,043
free negroes in the state; by 1860 there were 83,718, only 3,470
less than the slave population. The proportion of slaves to free
negroes had been reduced from 12.81 to 1.04.
Early in the century the American Colonization Society was
formed for the purpose of planting colonies of free negroes in
Africa. A similar organization was formed in Maryland in January,
1831, called "The Maryland State Colonization Society." Soon
afterward a colony was sent out to Liberia, a piece of territory on
the western coast of Africa. The following is a resolution
adopted by the Society: "That the Maryland State Colonization
Society look forward to the extirpation of slavery in Maryland,
by proper and gradual efforts addressed to the understanding and
experience of the people of the state, as the peculiar object of
their labors." This they thought could best be accomplished
by colonization, and it is worth noting that the use of intoxica-
ting liquors was forbidden, either by the employes of the Society
or the emigrants. The Society was liberally aided by the state,
and succeeded in establishing a prosperous colony, which was
known as "Maryland in Liberia." This colony was given a re-
publican form of government, and finally granted independence.
It was afterward united by treaty with Liberia, and became
known as Maryland county.
103. The Controversy over Slavery between the
North and South. — The regulation of slavery was not, how-
ever, left to the states to manage in their own way. A party
arose in the north called Abolitionists, who declared that slavery
158 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
was a great moral wrong and ought to be abolished by the
national government. Other things occurred, also, to anger the
people of the South, and to check the emancipation movements
already in progress.
The increase of national territory was closely connected with
the slavery question. At the clftse of the Revolutionary War our
territory extended to the Mississippi; as time went on it
gradually extended across the continent to the Pacific. A party
was formed in the North, called the Republican, for the purpose
of prohibiting slavery in the territories, on the ground that it
was morally wrong. The people of the South, supported by a de-
cision of the United States Supreme Court, claimed the right to
take their slaves with them wherever they pleased, just as they
could take any other property. So here were the elements of a
fatal quarrel. In 1860 the Republican party nominated Abraham
Lincoln for the presidency, and he was elected. It was the elec-
tion of Lincoln that precipitated the Civil War.
104. States' Rights; Secession of Southern States. —
From the time when the Federal Union was formed there had
been much difference of opinion about the powers that belonged
to the general government and those which were retained by the
states. Many persons believed that a state had the right to "se-
cede," or withdraw from the Union into which it had entered,
while others thought that once in the Union a state was obliged
to remain there. In the early history of the United States threats
of secession were often heard both from Northern and Southern
states. The right to secede was now claimed and actually exer-
cised.
Many of the Southern leaders declared that the interests of the
South were no longer safe in the Union after the election of
Lincoln, and shortly after that event South Carolina, Georgia,
Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas seceded from
the Union. Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina,
though remaining in the Union for the time, did not think the
SLAVERY AND THE CIVIL WAR 159
Federal Government had the right to use force against a seceding
state, and when compelled to choose they joined the South.
These states organized a new government, called the Confed-
erate States of America. The result was the Civil War, between
the North and the South, the greatest war of modern times.
105. The Position of Maryland. — How did Maryland
stand in the terrible struggle now about to begin? No other
state occupied a more difficult position. As a Southern state,
with a large population of slaves, and bound to the South by
countless ties, social, political, and commercial, Maryland natural-
ly sympathized with the South. Yet at the same time, as in all
the border states, there was the greatest difference of opinion
among her people. Many people were in favor of seceding from
the Union and joining the Confederacy, while others were
strongly attached to the Union and regarded the action of the
South as treason and rebellion. Still others favored the cause of
the South, but thought that prudence should restrain the state from
taking that side; forMaryland was separated from the Southern states
by the Potomac, while on ths North she lay exposed, and her
bay and rivers invited attack by the Federal fleets. More impor-
tant still, the Federal capital was situated within the geograph-
ical bounds of the state. Hence the national government was
certain to make the greatest efforts to prevent Maryland from
taking the side of the South. Fearful suffering and perhaps
ruin awaited a union with the South, and hence many Southern
sympathizers were unwilling that the state should thus endanger
herself. There were still others who did not believe in the right
of secession, but who thought the Federal government had no
right to use force to prevent a state from seceding, while some
believed in the right but did not think the circumstances were
such as to demand its exercise. Under these circumstances there
was some effort to assume a neutral attitude, but it soon became
plain that such a thing was impossible. The considerations of
160 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
prudence, aided by the strong arm of the Federal government,
prevailed, and Maryland remained in the Union.
106. The War for the Union.— In April, 1861, hos-
tilities commenced with the bombardment and capture of Fort
Sumpter, in Charleston harbor, by the Confederates. President
Lincoln immediately issued a call for 75,000 men to "put down the
rebellion," and the call was promptly and enthusiastically
answered by the Northern states. The struggle which ensued
between the armies of the two sections of our unhappy country
was of the most desperate and terrible character. The record of
the various campaigns and battles belongs to the history of the
United States, and forms no part of our own narrative. General
Robert E. Lee, the commander-in-chief of the Southern army, was
in the end obliged to surrender to General Grant, in command of
the Federal armies, and the war thus came to an end with victory
for the North. We have now to note the more important points
of Maryland's connection with the great conflict.
107. First Bloodshed of the War. — A body of Northern
troops, the sixth Massachusetts regiment, passed through Balti-
more on the nineteenth of April, 1861, on their way to Washing-
ton. A terrible riot ensued. An excited mob surrounded the
soldiers, and began pelting them with stones and other missiles,
thereby wounding several. In return the soldiers fired a number
of times upon the crowd of angry people, and many persons were
killed and wounded on both sides. A serious conflict was
averted only by the bravery and energy of the mayor and the
marshal of police, who finally, at great risk to themselves, managed
to keep back the mob.
The greatest excitement now prevailed in Baltimore city. It
was known that other bodies of troops were on their way south,
and it seemed evident that they could not pass through Baltimore
without a bloody conflict. To prevent this the bridges to the
north and east of the city were destroyed, and by request of the
governor of Maryland and the mayor of Baltimore city, the
SLAVERY AND THE CIVIL WAR 161
president ordered that troops on the way to Washington should not
approach Baltimore.
108. Maryland Occupied by Federal Troops; Acts of
Oppression. — Maryland, though she remained in the Union
and was called a "loyal" state, was in many respects treated like
a conquered province. In May General B. F. Butler seized Fed-
eral Hill by night, and batteries were erected overlooking the
city. Soldiers were soon stationed at important points all over
the state, and the civil authorities were obliged to take second
place.
The unfortunate results of a substitution of military for civil
rule, of the reign of force instead of law, were now to be seen.
In May Mr. John Merryman of Baltimore county was arrested by
the military authorities on a charge of treason, and imprisoned
in Fort McHenry. Chief Justice Taney*, of the Supreme Court
of the United States, issued, at the request of the prisoner, a writ
of habeas corpus. This famous writ is regarded as one of the
greatest safeguards of personal liberty. When a person is arrested
and imprisoned, he may apply to a court of justice and obtain a
writ of habeas corpus. This is an order from the court, com-
manding the prisoner to be brought before the court, and cause
for his detention shown. If there is not sufficient evidence to
justify his being held for trial the judge is bound to set him free.
The general in command refused to obey the writ of Justice
Taney, and when a United States marshal attempted to arrest him
for contempt of court, the latter was kept out of the fort and not al-
lowed to perform his duty. The general declared that he had
been authorized by the president to suspend the writ of habeas
corpus. The chief justice then filed in the Supreme Court an
opinion in the case, declaring that under the Federal Constitution
* Chief Justice Taney was a native of Calvert count}', Alaryland. He was a
man of high character and profound legal knowledge. Before becoming chief
justice he served in Maryland as delegate and senator in the Assenilily. as
attorney-general of Maryland, as attorney-general of the United States, and as
secretary of the treasury of the United States. In IKid he was appointed chief
justice of the Supreme Court by President Jackson.
162
LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
Congress alone has the power to suspend the writ of habeas cor-
pus. No attention was paid to this decision by the government,
however, and the prisoner was held in confinement. The General
Assembly of Maryland then in session declared, "We deem the
writ of habeas corpus the great safeguard of personal liberty; and
we view with alarm and indignation the exercise of despotic
power that has dared to suspend it."
The military authorities assumed full control. In Baltimore
a provost-marshal was appointed, and the commissioners of police
were seized and imprisoned.
They were first imprisoned in
Fort Lafayette, New York,
and afterwards in Fort War-
ren, Boston harbor. In their
case, as in that of Mr. Merry-
man, the writ of habeas corpus
was disobeyed by the military au-
thorities. The legislature pro-
tested against these things, and
adjourned to meet in September.
Before that time the members
from Baltimore county and Bal-
timore city, together with the
mayor of Baltimore city, were
arrested by order of the secretary
of war and sent to Fort Warren. There they were kept in con-
finement for more than a year, without any public charge being
preferred against them. All suspected persons were arrested,
some took advantage of the occasion to denounce their personal
enemies, and both men and women were seized and imprisoned
without any chance to defend themselves. Judge Carmichael, of
Queen Anne's county, was arrested while presiding over court,
dragged from the bench by soldiers, and severely wounded.
ROGER B. TANEY
FROM A PHOTOGRAPH OF AN ENGRAVING IN THE
GALLERY OF THE MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY
SLAVERY AND THE CIVIL WAR 163
Some of these acts were doubtless necessary for the protection
of Federal interests, while others were simply abuses of power.
But all alike will serve to show the misfortunes that are sure to
follow war and the rule of force, and their lesson to us is that
every possible effort should be made to adjust difficulties in a
peaceable, orderly, and lawful manner before resorting to any kind
of force. It is for us to regret such things in the past, and to
prevent them in the future.
109. Maryland Troops in the War; Invasions of the
State.— Thousands of Maryland men fought on both sides during
"' ' the war, and their record fully sus-
y tained the reputation of Maryland
^KKm^^tSf^^ soldiers. When the president issued
l^^^^m ^^ his call for volunteers there was a
■' '^ '^*^ prompt response in Maryland, and the
troops so raised were formed into a
regiment under Colonel John R. Kenly.
, By the close of the war nearly fifty
thousand men of Maryland had served
in the Federal armies. These, how-
ever, were not all serving voluntarily.
Volunteers came forward too slowly for
the Federal government, and after
JOHN R. KENLV . '
FROM A PHOTOGRAPH LENT BY a tlmc a conscrlpt lon, or draft, was
COL. GEO. W. F. VERNON OF BALTIMORE ^ J ^ ^1 ^ ■ r •! i
resorted to; that is, men were forcibly
put into the army. Throughout the war the Maryland soldiers
acquitted themselves creditably.
Those who fought under the banner of the South were of course
volunteers, and in most cases it was an undertaking of great diffi-
culty and danger for them to reach the Southern lines. Notwith-
standing this fact many thousands of Marylanders did join the
armies of the South and fought with courage and devotion through-
out the war. Most of these soldiers fought with the forces of
other state?, and so left^no record as an organization, but a small
164 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
command was organized, including infantry, cavalry, and artil-
lery; this was called the Maryland Line, and was under the com-
mand of Colonel Bradley T. Johnson. The Maryland troops under
Colonel Johnson were with General "Stonewall" Jackson in his
remarkably brilliant campaign'^in the Shenandoah valley, and
served with distinction.
At Front Royal, on the Shenandoah, the Maryland regiments of
Colonels Johnson and Kenly met on the field of battle. The most
determined bravery was shown by both sides, but the victory was
with thciConfederates, and Kenly and
his men were finally defeated and cap-
tured. When the prisoners were
standing in line next morning friends
and relatives recognized each other,
and greetings and hand-shakings were
exchanged between those who had a
few hours before been seeking each
others lives. Such occurrences are not
extraordinary in civil war. In Sep-
tember, 1862, the Confederate general,
Lee, invaded Maryland and occupied
Frederick. There he issued an
BRADLEY T- JOHNSON
FROM A PHOTOGRAPH addrcss, inviting the people of
Maryland to enroll themselves under the standard of the Confed-
eracy. But few responded, for the sentiment of the people in the
west of the state was largely in favor of the North, while many
who would willingly have given sympathy or aid were restrained
by considerations of prudence. Lee was attacked by the Union
army under General McClellan at South Mountain, and defeated.
On the 17th of September the armies of Lee and McClellan met
on the field of Antietam, and in the terrible battle that followed
more than 25,000 men were killed and wounded. Although the
Confederates were outnumbered two to one, Lee managed to hold
his ground, and on the next night withdrew his army into Virginia.
tu 2
fE 5
5 g
166 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
In June, 1863, General Lee again entered Maryland. Private
property was respected, but the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad,
being in the service of the Federal government, was destroyed
from Harper's Ferry to Cumberland. Lee was defeated at Gettys-
burg, in Pennsylvania, and again retreated into Virginia. During
the great battle of Gettysburg, (which lasted three days), the
Confederate regiment of Marylanders under Colonel James R.
Herbert made a splendid charge, in which three men out of five
were killed or wounded.
Maryland was again invaded in 1864, by General Early. The
Federal general. Lew Wallace, was defeated on the Monocacy
river, near Frederick, and the citizens of Frederick and Hagers-
town were obliged to raise large sums of money to prevent the
destruction of the towns. General Early threatened Baltimore
and Washington, and had hopes of taking the latter; but finding
it too strong for him to attack, he crossed the Potomac again into
Virginia.
On the 9th of April, 1865, General Lee surrendered to the
Federal general, Grant, and in another month the great civil war
was over.
110. Maryland Aids the Stricken South. — At the close of
the war the Southern people were left in a fearful condition.
Nearly every industry had been paralyzed, the destruction of pro-
perty had been immense, and thousands of widows and orphans
were nearly destitute. This condition aroused the greatest com-
passion in the hearts of the people of Maryland. A "Southern
Relief Association" was formed by the ladies of Baltimore, who
opened a fair in 1866. From this fair the proceeds were more
than S160,000, and this sum was distributed to the Southern
states. Mr. George Peabody, whose services to the state have
already been mentioned (See Sec. 96), gave two million dollars
for the purpose of founding and maintaining schools in the South.
In January, 1867, $100,000 was appropriated by the General
Assembly of Maryland for the relief of the destitute people of the
South.
O "1
o a
■V H
^^
O
168 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
TOPICS ANDQUESTIONS
100. Introduction.
Explain the peculiar horrors of civil war.
What is the proper attitude toward our own civil war?
101. Negro Slavery.
Explain why the institution of slavery was abolished in the Nort
but retained in the South.
102. The Maryland Colonization Society.
Southern sentiment against slavery; the efforts of Maryland in
behalf of the negroes.
The Maryland State Colonization Society.
(a) When was the society formed?
(b) What was the object of the society?
(c) How did its members think it could best be accomplished?
(d) What aid did the society obtain?
(e) With what success did it meet ?
103. The Controversy Over Slavery Between the North and South.
Rise of the Abolitionists ; their opinion about slavery.
Effect on the South.
Connection of territorial expansion with the slavery question.
Formation of the Republican party; its principles.
The election of Abraham Lincoln and its effects.
104. States' Rights ; Secession of Southern States.
What differences of opinion existed about the rights of States ?
What states exercised the right of secession that was claimed?
What new government was formed ?
With what results?
105. The Position of Maryland.
Explain the peculiar difficulty of Maryland's position.
State the wide differences of opinion that prevailed.
Which side did Maryland take in the contest and why?
106. The War for the Union.
Describe the beginning and general character of the Civil War
Who were the commanding generals on each side?
How did the war result ?
107. First Bloodshed of the War.
Attack on the Sixth Massachuetts regiment in Baltimore city
Destruction of bridges.
The order of the president of the United States.
SLAVERY AND THE CIVIL WAR 169
108. Maryland Occupied by Federal Troops ; Acts of Oppression.
The military authorities assume control.
Arrest of Mr. John Merryman, and suspension of the writ of
habeas corpus.
The opinion of Chief Justice Taney of the U. S. Supreme Court.
Protest of the Maryland Legislature.
Imprisonment of the commissioners of police for Baltimore city.
Arrest of the members of the Assembly from Baltimore city and
county, and of the mayor of Baltimore city.
Arrest of Judge Carmichael.
The lesson that these acts teach.
109. Maryland Troops in the War ; Invasions of the State.
Give an account of the services of Maryland troops on both
sides in the Civil War.
Describe the successive invasions of the state by the armies of
the Confederacy.
When and how did the war come to an end.'
110. Maryland Aids the Stricken South.
The terrible condition of the South at the close of the war.
Sympathy of Maryland.
(a) The Southern Relief Society; $160,000 raised.
(b) Contribution of George Peabody.
(c) The General Assembly appropriates $100,000.
QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND RESEARCH
1. What invention tended strongly to force the growth of slavery?
Explain how. Was the idea of the Colonization Society about the
abolition of slavery a good one? Give reasons for your answer.
Supposing the institution of slavery to have been a great moral
wrong, would it have been right to free the negroes without recom-
pensing the owners ?
2. In what way would it have been a positive disadvantage to the Con-
federacy if Maryland had seceded? In what way would it have
been a great advantage? Comparing the two, was it better for the
Confederacy that Maryland did not secede ?
3. What was the capital of the Confederacy? Why was this city
difficult for a Northern army to capture? Who was president of
the Confederate States?
4. What provision does the Constitution of the United States make
about the writ of habeas corpus/ What provision does the Cons-
titution of Maryland make in regard to it ? (See Const. Art. Ill,
170 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
Sec. 55). Explain how an innocent person could be imprisoned
indefinitely if it were not for this writ.
References
For a more complete account of .slavery and the Civil War, see any standard
history of the United States. See also Latrobe's Mai vhuui in l.ihcna, i-uiid
Publication No. 'Z\ of the Maryland Hist )rical Society: Reminiscences of A t»il
iS6r, No. 31 of ditto ; Goldsboroiigh's Maryland Line, C. S. A.; Brackelt's The
Negro in Maryland, Johns Hopkins University Studies, Extra Volume.
i
CHAPTER VI
From the Close of the Civil War to the Present
This period of the history of our state has been characterized
by steady growth and prosperity. It began with the formation
of our present sj'ste.m of state government, and throughout has
been marked by the completion of many noble and important
works of public improvement, and by the development and estab-
lishment of our present institutions and mode of life. We have
now to observe the leading
facts connected with these
important events.
111. Gifts of George
Peabody. — The valuable ser-
vices rendered the state by
George Peabody have already
come under our notice (See
Sec. 96), and also his generous
gift to the suffering South.
At this point Mr. Peabody
again appears as a public
benefactor. The Peabody
Institute of Baltimore, en-
dowed by this unselfish and
public-spirited gentleman,
was dedicated in 1866. Pro-
vision was made for a free
library, a gallery of art,
courses of lectures, and a
school of music. To the
Maryland Historical Society
also, Mr. Peabody contributed generously, and he gave many
other large sums for the diffusion of knowledge and the relief of
the poor and distressed.
GEORGE PEABODY
FROM A PHOTOGRAPH OF A PAINTING IN THE GALLERY
OF THE MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY
172 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
Though not a native of Maryland, Mr. Peabody spent some
years of his life here, where he laid the foundation of the great
fortune that he accumulated. He established himself in London
in 1837, but he always remained a patriotic American, and
always retained a warm affection for his adopted state.
112. Formation of the Present State Government. — Ib
1864, the war being not yet over, a new state Constitution was
adopted, which abolished slavery. This Constitution prescribed an
oath to be taken by all voters, thus deciding who should vote on its
adoption and who should not ; and it further provided that the
vote of the soldiers absent in the Union armies should be taken
in their camps. In both cases it made itself operative before it
had legal existence, which, of course, it could have only after
being adopted by the people, since it was submitted to them for
ratification. Even then it was believed that the Constitution
was defeated, when the soldiers' vote was brought in and it was
found to have been adopted by a very small majority.
When the war was over and the military authorities were re-
moved, it was natural, under these circumstances, that a strong
desire for a new Constitution should exist and make itself felt.
A convention was accordingly called in 1867 for the purpose of
making a new Constitution. It framed the government under
which we now live, and was adopted at an election held Septem-
ber 18, 1867, by a majority of 24,000.
The Constitution is composed of two parts. The first, called
the Declaration of Rights, consists of forty-five articles. It is a
statement of the general rights which the people of the state
consider of special importance to their freedom. It is declared
that the people have the right "to alter, reform or abolish their
form of government in such manner as they may deem expedient. ' '
It asserts the right of every person to worship God as he pleases,
and to freedom of speech, and declares that no one must be
deprived of his liberty, life, or property except by "the judgment
CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT 173
of his peers, or by the law of the land." The Constitution
of the United States, and the laws made under its provisions, are
made the supreme law of the state, but it is declared that all
powers not delegated to the United States nor prohibited to the
states, are reserved to the state.
The second part of the Constitution is the Form of Govern-
ment. The legislative power is vested in a General Assembly,
composed of two Houses, the Senate and the House of Delegates.
In the former each county is represented by one member and the
city of Baltimore by three;* in the latter each county is repre-
sented according to its population, Baltimore sending three
times'"' as many delegates as the most populous county. The
Assembly meets biennially on the first Wednesday of January. If
he deems it necessary, the governor may call the legislature to-
gether in special session. The chief executive power is vested
in a governor; he is elected by the people for four years and
receives a salary of $4,500 a year. The governor has the power
to appoint all officers whose appointment is not otherwise provided
for in the Constitution or by law, which he usually does with
the advice and consent of the Senate. There is a secretary of state,
appointed by the governor, to keep a record of official acts and
proceedings, and to have the custody of the great seal. An
attorney-general and a comptroller of the treasury are elected by
the people; the former to represent and advise the state in all
legal matters, and the latter to manage the money affairs of the
state. A treasurer is elected by the General Assembly. For the
administration of justice the state is divided into eight districts,
called "circuits." Baltimore, which composes the eighth cir-
cuit, has a separate system of courts. In each of the other cir-
cuits three judges are elected, — a chief and two associates. The
chief judges of these circuits, together with a special judge from
* A recent ainetulnieiit to the Constitiition divides Baltimore Cit3' into /;>«*•
legislative districts, piviiig the c,\\v font Senators MxA/oiir times as many dele-
gates as the most populous county.
174
LOADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
Baltimore city, form the Court of Appeals, the highest court of
the state.
The Constitution provided that every white male citizen of
twenty-one years should have the right to vote, but the word
THE CITY HALL, BALTIMORE
FROM A PHOTOGRAPH
white was rendered of no effect by the fifteenth amendment to
the Constitution of the United States, which extends the right
of suffrage to negroes. The legislature of Maryland rejected
this amendment by a unanimous vote, but it received the ap-
proval of the necessary number of states and so was adopted.
CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT
175
113. Valley of the Patapsco Flooded. — In July,
1868, a terrible flood occurred in the valley of the Patapsco
river. Sudden and heavy rainfall caused a great rise of the waters
of the stream, and soon houses, trees, and debris of all kinds were
hurried along with the current. For several miles above Ellicott
City the river flows' between steep hills, and here the water
acquired frightful height and velocity. When it reached the
town the water swept everything before it — stores, dwelling-
THE COURT HOUSE, BALTIMORE
FROM A PHOTOGRAPH
houses, bridges and everything within reach of its deadly grasp.
The rise of the waters was so rapid as to prevent the escape of
many persons from its power, and thirty-nine lives were lost.
The lower parts of Baltimore were flooded also, resulting in con-
siderable loss of property.
Another destructive flood occurred in May, 1889, and heavy
floods occurred in other parts of the country at the same time.
176 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAD HISTORY
114. Public Buildings of Baltimore.— In 1875, a new
City Hall was completed in Baltimore which is among the finest
buildings of the kind in the United States. The structure
covers an area of over thirty thousand square feet. The white
marble used in its construction was quarried in Baltimore county,
Maryland. Near the City Hall is another large and handsome
building, the Post-office, completed in 1890 by the government
of the United States. It is built of granite.
Baltimore has recently added to her public buildings a beautiful
new Courthouse, a veritable palace of justice. At the front of the
building are eight large monolithic columns, representing a cost
of S5,200. They were furnished from the quarries at Cockeys-
ville, Baltimore county, Maryland. The granite of the basement
was also quarried in Maryland. The interior of the bulding is
beautifully finished in hardwood and marble, and at the main
entrance are two bronze doors. This fine structure is fireproof
throughout, and contains 218 rooms, 8,500 electric lights, oper-
ated by its own plant, and four electric passenger elevators.
The building was begun in 1895 and occupied January 8, 1900.
115. Johns Hopkins University and Hospital. — In 1876
the Johns Hopkins University was opened. Johns Hopkins was
a wealthy citizen of Baltimore, who, dying in 1873, left an
estate of about seven million dollars for the purpose of founding
a university and a hospital. Dr. Daniel C. Oilman, president of the
University of California, was appointed president. The University
has enjoyed the services of many learned and devoted men, not a
few of whom are world famous. The Johns Hopkins University
has come to be one of the leading universities of America, and
is highly respected abroad, while its influence for good in
Baltimore and Maryland can scarcely be overestimated.
The Johns Hopkins Hospital was opened in 1889, and occupies
an elevated site in the eastern part of Baltimore city. Its mag-
nificent buildings occupy foursquares, and cover about fourteen
CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT
177
acres. This hospital is considered one of the finest institutions
of the kind in the world. With it is connected a school for
nurses.
JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL
FROM A PHOTOGRAPH
116. Monument to Edgar Allan Poe. — On the seven-
teenth of November, 1875, a monument was erected to the mem-
ory of the Maryland poet, Edgar Allan Poe. The monument was
erected over the poet's grave in Westminster churchyard, corner
of Fayette and Greene streets, Baltimore. Poe was born in
1809 in Boston, where his parents happened to be at that time.
His father was a Baltimorean of good family, who married an
actress, and the parents were fulfilling a theatrical engagement in
Boston at the time of the poet's birth. Poe died in Baltimore
in 1849. The monument was erected to his memory by the
teachers and pupils of the public schools of Baltimore. Tributes
from a number of American authors and a letter from Lord
Tennyson, the poet-laureate of England, were read in the Western
EDGAR ALLAN POE
FROM THE FORDHAM EDITION OF POE'S WORKS, COPYRIGHTED (1884) BY THE PUBLISHERS.
A. C- ARMSTRONG 4 SON
CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT 179
Female High School, adjoining the churchyard. Foe's writings
embrace poems, tales, essays, and criticisms. He possessed a
brilliant, subtle, and keenly-analytic intellect, and a poetic
imagination of unusual power. His poetry is characterized by
exquisite melody and a haunting, melancholy beauty; his short
stories, among the greatest in all languages, deal with mystery,
terror, horror, and the supernatural with unequalled skill and
power. ^The Maryland poet takes very high rank among
American authors, and by most foreign readers and critics
he is regarded as the most original genius that America has
produced.
117, Strike on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. — In
1877 the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company found it necessary
to reduce expenses, and accordingly lowered the salaries of
all employes, believing that this would cause less suffering thin
the discharge of a number of men who were not needed. A
large number of the trainmen thereupon refused to work for the
reduced wages, and when the company employed other men to
perform their duties the strikers interfered forcibly to prevent
it. Trains were stopped at several points along the line of the
road and in Baltimore thousands of rough and disorderly persons
collected, many of whom had no connection with the railroad
company.
The rioters assumed so threatening an attitude that it was
found necessary to call out the militia, and bloodshed followed.
The troops were attacked in Baltimore, and the sixth regiment,
in forcing its way through the streets, was obliged to fire
repeatedly upon the crowd, while the fifth regiment charged into
Camden station at the point of the bayonet. Camden station and
other property was set on fire, causing heavy losses. The governors
of Maryland and West Virginia asked the president to send
United States troops to the scenes of disorder. The rioters were
after a time subdued. The strike extended to other railroads, but
less destruction of property occurred in Maryland than in other
180 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
states, owing to the prompt and efficient services of the state
militia and the police of Baltimore.
118. The Enoch Pratt Free Library,— In 1882 Mr.
Enoch Pratt, a wealthy merchant of Baltimore, laid before the
mayor and city council his plans for the founding of a public
library. The necessary arrangements having been made, Mr.
Pratt gave more than a million dollars for this purpose. A hand-
some library building was erected on Mulberry street, near
Cathedral, and there are now seven branch libraries in various
parts of the city. The library was opened in 1886, under the
direction of Dr. Lewis H. Steiner, who died in 1892 and was suc-
ceeded by his son, Dr. Bernard C. Steiner. This valuable gift
of Mr. Pratt is called the Enoch Pratt Free Library. A vast
number of books have been circulated by the library, and it
has been a source of pleasure and profit to thousands.
119. The First Electric Railroad. — "It was in Baltimore
that the first electric railroad operated in America for actual
commerical service was constructed and run successfuly." This
was accomplished in August, 1885, the cars making a speed of
about twelve miles an hour.
Thus Baltimore, which took the lead with the steam locomo-
tive, constructed the first successful electric line, and was the
scene of the first practical use of the electric telegraph.
120. The Celebration of the Defense of Baltimore. —
In September, 1889, six days were devoted to a celebration of
the 75th anniversary of the defense of Baltimore against the attack
of the British in 1814, the memorable occasion that inspired the
"Star-Spangled Banner." The exercises began on September
9th with a great industrial display, showing the progress of the
city in manufacturing. On the 12th a sham battle took place at
Pimlico to illustrate the battle of North Point. The battle was
well planned and admirably executed. On the night of Septem-
ber 13th there was a grand representation of the bombardment
of Fort McHenry; the weather was unfortunately rainy, but the
CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT 181
affair was observed by more than a hundred thousand persons.
During the celebration many distinguished persons visited the
city, including the president and vice-president of the United
States, with members of the cabinet, the governors of Maryland
and Delaware, many army officers, and other persons of note.
121. Monuments to Distinguished Marylanders. — To
her many distinguished citizens Maryland has from time to time
erectedsuitable monuments. Baltimore's popular name, the Monu-
mental City, has already been mentioned, in connection with the
erection of the noble monument to Washington, and the Battle
Monument. Since that time a large number of similar testimonials
have been raised; among others, one to the memory of Col.
Armistead, who commanded Fort McHenry in 1814, during the
attack of the British army and fleet on the city.
On the site of the ancient city of St. Mary's a monument was
raised in 1891 to the memory of Leonard Calvert, first governor
of Maryland. The ceremony of unveiling was performed on the
3rd of June, and many persons of prominence v/ere in attendance.
The oration was delivered by William Pinkney Whyte, attorney-
general of the state. This simple granite shaft, thirty-six feet
high, suitably inscribed and bearing the coat of arms of Maryland,
marks the spot where the Ark and the Dove landed the first
settlers of Maryland, nearly two hundred and seventy years ago.
It is a tribute fully deserved, and the following lines, inscribed
on the monument, are but a just statement of Leonard Calvert's
services to Maryland in her infant days:
By his Wisdom, Justice and Fidelity, he
Fostered the Infancy of the Colony,
Guided it Through Great Perils,
And, Dying, Left it at Peace.
Three days later a granite monument, eleven feet high and
bearing upon its face crossed Confederate flags, was unveiled at
Loudon Park Cemetery, Baltimore. This monument was raised
to the memory of General James R. Herbert, a Maryland officer
182 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
who foug-ht with distinction in the Confederate army during the
Civil War (See Sec. 109).
In 1892 a modest cube of Maryland granite was unveiled on
the battle field at Guilford Court House, North Carolina, in mem-
ory of the soldiers of the Maryland Line. The great services of
Maryland troops and the splendid charge they made at Guilford
Court House, have already been described (See Sec. 74).
In the history of the Revolution the heroic sacrifice of four
hundred Maryland soldiers at the battle of Long Island has also
been described (See Sec. 68). Here, near the spot where the
brave men under Major Gist laid down their lives for their com-
rades, a monument has been dedicated to their memory by the
Maryland Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. The
ceremony took place in Prospect Park, Brooklyn, on August 27,
1895, the 119th anniversary of the battle. The monument,
twenty-seven feet high, consists of a beautiful column of highly
polished Tennessee marble, resting upon a block of polished
granite. It contains the following inscription, in raised letters
of bronze:
In Honor of
Maryland's Four Hundred,
Who on this Battle-field,
August 27, 1776,
Saved the American Army.
The same Society (Maryland Society of the Sons of the Amer-
ican Revolution) erected in 1898 a modest monument to the
memory of General William Smallwood, the Revolutionary soldier
and governor of Maryland. It is a plain granite block, five feet
in height and suitably inscribed, upon his grave in Charles
county.
In 1898 (August 9th) a bronze statue, nine feet high, was
unveiled at Mt. Olivet Cemetery, Frederick, to the memory of
Francis Scott Key (See Sec. 90). In its granite base rest the
remains of the author of the Star-Spangled Banner, with those
of his wife.
THE MARYLAND REVOLUTIONARY MONUMENT
Mount Royal Plaza, Baltimore
from a photograph
184 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
One of the most notable achievements in this direction was the
erection in Mount Royal Plaza, Baltimore, of a beautiful monu-
ment to all Marylanders who aided the cause of freedom in the
Revolutionary War. The monument is 60 feet, 6 inches in
height, the shaft is of Baltimore county granite and surmounted
by a statue of the Goddess of Liberty, and the pedestal is suitably
inscribed. The monument was erected through the efforts of the
Maryland Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. The
state and Baltimore city each contributed, but the attempt to
obtain an appropriation from Congress failed owing to the
opposition of The Speakers of the House. The unveiling
took place on October 19, 1901 (Peggy Stewart Day). After an
invocation by the Rev. Henry Branch, D.D. ; and addresses by
Mr. Alfred Duncan Bernard, historian of the Society ; and Colonel
William Ridgely Griffith, chairman of the committee; the monu-
ment was formally transferred to the city by the Hon. Edwin
Warfield, president of the Society.
122. The Spanish-American War.— In April, 1898,
Congress declared war against Spain. The war grew out of the cruel
oppression of Cuba by Spain, and the destruction of the United
States battle-ship Maine in Havana harbor. Maryland, as usual,
can claim a fair share of the honors in the war, which soon ended
in complete victory for the United States.
The Pacific squadron of the United States, under Commodore
Dewey, attacked and destroyed the Spanish fleet in Manilla bay
on May 1, without the loss of a man. In the second assault, the
cruiser Baltimore led the line of battle, and performed gallant
service. Her commander. Captain Dyer, was voted a sword of
honor by the city whose namesake he so ably commanded.
Lieutenant-commander John D. Ford (now Rear-Admiral) of
Baltimore was chief-engineer of the Baltimore, and shortly after
the battle became fleet-engineer.
The battle of July the Third was fought off the southern coast
of Cuba. The Spanish fleet, blockaded in the harbor of Santiago
CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT
185
by the American fleet, attempted to escape, and was totally
destroyed. Acting Rear-Admiral Sampson was commander-in-chief
of the American fleet, and the officer second in command was
Commodore Winfield Scott Schley of Maryland; the commander-
in-chief was absent when the battle occurred. The American
ships were ably handled and won a brilliant victory.
Admiral Sampson had left the station of the blockading fleet
for the purpose of holding a conference, and was less than ten
THE CRUISER BALTIMORE"
FROM A PHOTOGRAPH IN POSSESSION OF THE NAVY DEPARTMENT
miles away when the battle opened. He had gone to the eastward,
and the Spaniards made their running fight to the westward.
Sampson followed in his flag-ship, New York, with all speed,
and arrived at the conclusion of the battle. These peculiar
circumstances led to an unfortunate controversy as to who had
been in command at Santiago and who deserved the credit for
the victory. Commodore Schley wrote that the victory was large
enough for all, and for a long while he remained silent. The
A^
REAR-ADMIRAL WINFIELD SCOTT SCHLEY
FROM A PHOTOGRAPH
CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT 187
matter grew more and more serious: the navy department plainly
favored the cause of Sampson, while the great majority, of the public
press favored Schley; the latter's friends declared that a controll-
ing clique in the navy department was persecuting Schley, while
Sampson's friends began to criticise Schley's conduct through-
out the war. Finally, a history of our navy, written by E. S.
Maclay, and to be used as a text-book in the Naval Academy, spoke
of Schley as a "caitiff" and "coward", and the book was said to
have the approval of the navy department. Great excitement
followed this and Admiral Schley asked for a Court of Inquiry to
investigate his conduct during the war with Spain. The Court
met in Washington in September, 1901, and was composed of
Admiral Dewey and Rear-Admirals Ramsay and Benham ; Captain
Samuel C. Lemly was judge-advocate. The case for Admiral
Schley was brilliantly conducted by Attorney-General Isidor Rayner
of Maryland""'. The decision was awaited with the greatest
interest. Admirals Ramsay and Benham condemned Schley on
every possible point except that of cowardice; Admiral Dewey,
president of the Court, dissented, and gave an opinion favorable
to Schley on the important points, and declaring him to have
.been in command at Santiago. The secretary of the navy
approved the findings of the majority of the Court.
As a last resort for obtaining official vindication. Admiral Schley
appealed to President Roosevelt, as commander-in-chief of the
navy. The president's decision was on the whole unfavorable to
Schley. According to the president, nobody in particular was
in command at Santiago; "it was a captains' fight."
Popular sympathy, on the other hand, has shown itself unmis-
takably with Admiral Schley. He has received enthusiastic
welcome in the various parts of the country he has visited, and public
and private gifts; several state legislatures have passed resolutions
*The Hon. lerciniah Ar. Wilson, of WasliitiKton, who was selected as coun-
sel in-chief, died hhortly after the trial began. Mr. Rayner was assisted by
Capt. James Parker, of New Jersey.
188 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
declaring him the hero of Santiago and the Maryland legislature,
in 1902, appropriated S3, 000 for his life-size bust to be placed in
the state house.*
The Maryland Naval Militia had an exciting cruise in the fine
auxiliary cruiser Dixie, and rendered important service inthe waters
of the West Indies. The Dixie bombarded several forts and
destroyed other property of the enemy, captured a number of
vessels, and received the surrender of Port Ponce, Porto Rico.
Two regiments of the state militia (National Guard) were mus-
tered into the service of the United States, but took no active
part in the war.
One of the notable exploits of the war was the wonderful voyage
of the United States battle-ship Oregon from San Francisco,
California, to Key West, Florida. She made the trip of 13,587
miles in 66 days. The Oregon was built by Irving M. Scott, a
native of Baltimore county, Maryland.
123. Politics and Elections. — At the present time there are
two great political parties in the United States, — the Democratic
and the Republican. To make clear the principles and doctrines
of these great parties would require much explanation, and
they do not belong particularly to our state history.
Chapter V contains an account of politics in Maryland during
the Civil War. After the close of the war the Democrats were
found to be greatly in the majority, and they won in the state
elections for many years. In 1895, Lloyd Lowndes, the Republican
candidate for governor, was elected, it being charged that there
was serious corruption among Democrats in power. At the presi-
dential election of 1896 the state again went Republican. This
party continued to win until 1899, when John Walter Smith, the
Democratic candidate was elected governor by a majority over
Lowndes of 12,000. In the presidential election of 1900 the
state again went Republican, by nearly 14,000. In 1901 the
Democrats elected a small majority to the legislature, and the
comptroller of the treasury by a very small majority (121) over
*See Appeiulix H.
CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT
189
the Republican candidate; while the Republicans elected the
clerk of the Court of Appeals by a majority over the Democratic
candidate of 1,386. In the congressional elections of 1902 the
state went Republican by a plurality of 7,445. These facts show
that there is a large number of independent voters in Maryland.
In early times men voted uiua voce, or by the "living voice."
This caused so much trouble that a law was passed in Maryland in
1802 to compel voting to be done by ballot — that is, on a written
or printed slip of paper. In 1890 the state adopted a plan known
as the Australian ballot, by
which voting might be
entirely secret, and in
1896, a law was passed to
throw additional safe-
guards about voting. The
state prints all the ballots.
In March, 1901, the Gen-
eral Assembly, being in
special session,* passed a
new election law. This
provides for a ballot, pre-
pared by the authorities, on
TONGiNG FOR OYSTERS which the namcs of the
candidates are printed in alphabetical order. No symbols or
party emblems of any kind are allowed. This has the effect of
preventing persons who cannot read from voting.
124. Industries. — Though Maryland is no longer a purely
agricultural community, the cultivation of the soil continues
to be a leading industry. In the west of the state excellent
crops of wheat, corn and grass are raised, and many cattle are
fattened for market. On the mountain slopes peaches of the
finest quality are raised, also grapes and pears. Wheat, corn,
*At the same session a state census was ordered, it being discovered tliat
there had been frauds in connection with the national census of ISHJO.
190
LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
and grass also are raised in northern and central Maryland
while there is much market gardening together with important
dairy products, j Southern Maryland is largely devoted to truck
farming and fruit raising; tobacco has lost its old-time
importance but is still cultivated. On the Eastern Shore
wheat, corn, fruits, tobacco, and vegetables are extensively
raised.
The most valuable mineral product of Maryland is soft coal, of
which great quantities are found west of Cumberland. No coal of
the kind in the United States is superior in quality. The mining
of iron was once an impor-
tant industry, but the dis-
covery of a better quality
of iron in other parts of
the country has nearly
destroyed it. The same is
true of copper. Excellent
red sand-stone is found in
Montgomery and Frederick
counties; roofing slate in
Harford; marble in Balti-
more, Carroll and Freder-
ick; and a fine quality of
granite in Baltimore, Har-
ford, and Cecil counties, Nearly 200,000,000 bricks are made
annually from Maryland clay.
Maryland gives employment to greater numbers in the work of
catching and preparing the products of the water than any other
state in the Union. Of these products the oyster is the most
important, those of the Chesapeake region being the finest in
the world. Vast quantities are consumed at home, and great
numbers are canned and sent all over the world. Crabs abound
in practically unlimited numbers in the bay and its tributaries.
SHUCKING" ROOM OF AN OYSTER
PACKING ESTABLISHMENT
CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT
191
The diamond-back terrapin is considered a great delicacy and
brings high prices. The shad is the most important fish; a
means of artificial cultivation was adopted in 1880, since which
the supply has been enormously increased. Mackerel, herring,
and other fish are taken in large numbers.
Manufacturing is a very important industry of the state. Bal-
timore is one of the great manufacturing cities of the Union;
among her largest industries are iron and steel, clothing,
A VIEW, OF CUMBERLAND
FROM A PHOTOGRAPH
tobacco, and the canning of fruits and oysters. Baltimore is also
the first city of the country in copper refining, and the largest
producer of cotton duck in the world. The great works at Spar-
rows Point for the manufacture of steel and the construction of
steel vessels are among the largest in the world. The city has
many other important manufacturing industries that cannot here
be mentioned. Cumberland, also, is an important manufactur-
ing city, the chief products being glass, cement, iron and steel,
192
LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
bricks, lumber, and flour. Hagerstown manufactures bicj'cles,
flour, wagons, and agricultural implements. Frederick pro-
duces wagons, straw hats, brushes, canned fruits, and canned
vegetables. Large quantities of fertilizer are manufactured in
Baltimore and other cities of the state.
125. Commerce and Transportation. — The commercial
center of Maryland is, of course, Baltimore, now one of the
leading export cities of the United States. In grain trade it ranks
second among Atlantic ports. Besides an enormous home trade
A MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY OF CUMBERLAND
FROM A PHOTOGRAPH
Baltimore has a foreign trade worth considerably more than a
hundred million dollars a year. Grain, flour, provisions, canned
goods, cattle, tobacco, and copper are exported in large quanti-
ties. The chief imports are coffee, fruits, iron ore, chemicals,
and tin plate (used largely in the canning industry). The city
is connected with foreign countries by nearly twenty regular
lines of steam vessels, and many sailing craft, while many lines
of steamers ply between the city and the ports of other states, as
well as between other ports of Maryland. There are more than
CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT
193
a score of railroad lines in the state, controlled chiefly by the
Pennsylvania Railroad Company. The Baltimore and Ohio,
whose small beginning we have studied (See Sec. 95), has
developed wonderfully since its early days; the rude engine of
Peter Cooper has been replaced by the huge modern locomotive,
with its driving wheel of 78 inches diameter, hauling a train of ten
cars at the rate of sixty miles an hour. The road connects
Chicago and the Mississippi on the west, with Philadelphia and
THE NARROWS," CUMBERLAND
FROM A PHOTOGRAPH
New York on the east. Through trains pass under the city
through the Belt Line tunnel, a mile and a half long, which is
equipped with the most powerful electric locomotives ever built.
Recently the Baltimore and Ohio passed into the control of the
Pennsylvania Railroad, one of the largest systems in the world.
^' Cumberland, an important railroad center and the western
terminus of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, is the commercial
194 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
center of the Western part of Maryland. Frederick and Hagerstown
also are railroad centers of importance. Several lines of railroad
traverse the Eastern Shore, which, with the numerous water
routes of trade and travel, afford excellent commercial facilities.
The Elk and Delaware rivers are connected by the Chesapeake
and Delaware Canal, thus opening" a short and direct water route
between Baltimore and Philadelphia.
126. Education: Public School System; Colleges and
Universities. — The lack of educational facilities in Maryland
in the colonial days has already been mentioned (See Sec. 66),
together with the reasons for the condition that existed. Until
1694 such schools as existed were private and the government
did nothing for the cause of popular education. In that year
Francis Nicholson, who has been called the "father of the
public school system of Maryland," became royal governor of the
province. He founded King William's School at Annapolis
(See Sec. 43), and he also managed to secure the passage of a
law to establish schools in the other counties, although the
establishment was not effected. In 1723 a system of county
schools was established; pupils of all grades of learning were
received and prepared for college. For about a century these
were the only public schools of Maryland. An attempt was
made in 1825 to reform the system, but very little was actually
accomplished. The Constitution of 1867 required the legisla-
ture to establish an efficient system of public schools, which was
done as promptly as possible.
Under the present organization there is a State Board of Edu-
cation composed of the governor, four other persons appointed
by the governor, and the State Superintendent of Public Educa-
tion, who is appointed by the governor. The principal of the
State Normal School at Baltimore is Secretary of the Board.
Each county is under the control of a Board of County School
Commissioners, appointed by the governor; and each school is
under the control of a Board of District Trustees appointed by
CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT 195
the county board. The county board elects a person to be
secretary, treasurer, and examiner, who acts as county super-
intendent. The General Assembly makes an appropriation
for the purchase of free text-books in the schools. There are
two State Normal Schools, for the training of teachers, one
located in Baltimore and the other in Frostburg. The latter
was established i"n 1902, the former in 1866.
The school system of Baltimore city is independent of that of
the state. It is controlled by a board of nine commissioners,
appointed by the mayor of the city. There is a Superintendent
of Public Instruction, and there are two assistants. The Balti-
more City College is a high school for boys; it does not confer
degrees but its graduates are admitted to the Johns Hopkins
University without examination. The Polytechnic Institute was
the first institution of the kind established as a part of the
public school system. Originally a manual training school,
it is now a secondary technical school, which aims to teach
elementary mechanical processes, to develop manual skill in
connection with the ordinary intellectual pursuits, and to prepare
for advanced technical studies. There is no attempt to teach
trades. The school is well equipped, and since 1899 the grade
has been raised from elementary and secondary to secondary and
collegiate.
In 1902 the General Assembly passed a compulsory education
act, applying only to Baltimore city and Allegany county, how-
ever; it requires all children between eight and twelve years of
age to attend a day school, and also those between twelve and
sixteen who are not lawfully employed at some form of labor.
Children under sixteen may not be employed in any factory (ex-
cept canned goods) unless they are more than twelve years of age;
and if less than sixteen they must be able to read and write, or
must attend a night school.
196 LEADING EVENTS OF MARRLAND HISTORY
Of the higher institutions of learning St. John's College at An-
napolis, Western Maryland College at Westminster,* and Washing-
ton College at Chestertown, receive state aid. They offer free
scholarships in return. The Johns Hopkins University, which
has already been fully treated, received considerable appropria-
tions from the state in 1898, 1900, and 1902. There are many
other excellent colleges throughout the state. The Maryland
Agricultural College is situated in Prince George's County, eight
miles from Washington. This college also has received state aid.
Besides these may be mentioned the Woman's College of Balti-
more\ Mt. St. Mary's College at Emmittsburg' (Frederick coun-
ty), Loyola College of Baltimore', Rock Hill College at Ellicott
City," and New Windsor College' in Carroll County.
There are also several excellent professional schools. The
Westminster Theological Seminary, near Western Maryland Col-
lege, prepares ministers for the Methodist Protestant Church.
For the training of priests for the Roman Catholic Church there are
several prominent institutions: St. Mary's Seminary (Sulpician)
of Baltimore, St. Charles College (Sulpician) near Ellicott
City, Woodstock College (Jesuit) in Baltimore County, Ilchester
College (Redemptorist Congregation) in Howard County. The
University of Maryland, the College of Physicians and Surgeons,
the Baltimore Medical College, and other schools for the train-
ing of physicians are located in Baltimore, and the Johns Hop-
kins University has a school of medicine. There are several
excellent law schools also. The Maryland Institute, of Baltimore,
is an excellent school of art and design, which receives appro-
priations from the city and the state, and grants free scholarships.
Well worthy of mention, also, is the Jacob Tome Institute of
Port Deposit, established in 1889 by Jacob Tome, a resident of
the town. It has an endowment of several million dollars, the
largest amount ever devoted to secondary education in the United
*JIethodist Protestant.
» Methodist Episcopal. - Roman Catholic. ' Presbyterian.
CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT 197
States, and is admirably equipped. Tuition is free to students
of Maryland.
127. Learned Societies. — The Maryland Historical Society
was founded in 1844. Its objects are the collection and
preservation of material relating to the history of the state, and
the arousing" of an interest in historical study. The Society owns
and occupies the Athenaeum building on the corner of St. Paul
and Saratoga Streets, Baltimore. It has a very valuable library
of about 45,000 volumes, and a collection of manuscripts and
historical relics of great interest and value. From the income of a
publication fund left by George Peabody, thirty-seven historical
and biographical works have been published. In 1884 the
General Assembly made the Society the custodian of the archives
ofthe province of Maryland, and has since that time made an
annual appropriation of $2,000 for their publication. Twenty-two
volumes have thus been published under the supervision of the
Society.
The Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland was incor-
porated in 1799. Its purpose is to promote and disseminate
medical knowledge, and it comprises in its membership some of
the most distinguished physicians of the state.
The Maryland Academy of Sciences was organized in 1863, and
gathered a large collection of geological and natural history
specimens, Indian relics, etc. The institution after some years
transferred its specimens to the Johns Hopkins University, not
having the funds to care for them properly. A few years ago
Mr. Enoch Pratt presented the Society with a building, after
which It was reorganized.
In the autumn of 1902 the Geographical Society of Baltimore
was organized, with Dr. Daniel C. Gilman as president. The
society is one in which men of science and men of business may
meet on the common ground of effort for the advancement of the
interest of their home city.
198 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
128. Public Libraries and Art Galleries. — The State
Library is in the State House at Annapolis. It contains about
50,000 volumes and is especially strong in law books. The
Enoch Pratt Free Library of Baltimore has already been
mentioned in this chapter; it contains, in the Central Library,
about 135,000 volumes. The Peabody Institute possesses a refer-
ence library of great value, numbering about 140,000 volumes.
In 1902 the Maryland legislature passed an act enabling any
county or municipality to establish a free public library and
reading room, and provided also for the appointment of a state
commission to give advice and assistance in making the plan a
success.
Connected with the Peabody Institute is an art gallery con-
taining a choice collection of paintings, sculptures, and bronzes.
Among them is the beautiful statue of Clytie, the masterpiece
of the famous sculptor, Rinehart. The Maryland Historical
Society also possesses a gallery of paintings, which is located on
the second floor of the Athenaeum building, and is open to the
public. In the home of Mr. Henry Walters on Mt. Vernon
Place, Baltimore, is probably the finest private art collection in
the United States. The gallery is opened on certain days to the
public, a small admission fee being charged and the proceeds
given to the poor.
TOPICS AND QUESTIONS
111. Gifts of George Peabody.
Founding of the Peabody Institute ; its scope. Gift to the Mary-
land Historical Society.
112. Formation of the Present State Government.
Tell about the character and the adoption of the Constitution of
1864.
When was our present Constitution framed?
What two parts has the Constitution, and what is the function of
each .'
Describe fully the organization of (a) the legislative depart-
ment ; (b) the executive department ; (c) the judicial department.
What provision did the Constitution make in regard to suffrage.'
CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT 199
What change was made in the effect of this provision by the
fifteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States?
113. Valley of the Patapsco Flooded.
Loss ot life and property at Ellicott City.
Flood of 1889.
114. Public Buildings of Baltimore.
Describe the City Hall ; the Post Office ; the Court House.
115. Johns Hopkins University and Hospital.
The University : (a) the founder ; (b) extent of his gift ; (c) the
president ; (d) rank of the University.
The Hospital: (a^ location ana extent; (b) rank.
116. Monument to Edgar Allan Poe.
When and where was the monument erected, and by whom ?
Give an account of the writings of Poe and his rank as an author.
117. Strike on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad.
What was the cause of the strike ?
What were the chief incidents and results ?
118. The Enoch Pratt Free Library.
The founder and his gift ; number of buildings ; librarians.
119. The First Electric Railroad.
Name three great inventions with which Baltimore took the lead.
120. Celebration of the Defense of Baltimore.
Describe fully the celebration of the defense of the city.
121. Monuments to Distinguished Marylanders.
The Monumental City.
Describe the following monuments ;
(a; To Leonard Calvert ;
(b) To General Herbert ;
(c) At Guilford Courthouse ;
(d) At Prospect Park, Brooklyn ;
(e) To Francis Scott Key ;
(f) The Revolutionary Monument in Mt. Royal Plaza, Baltimore.
122. The Spanish- American War.
War begins in April, 1898.
Services of the Cruiser Baltimore.
Commodore Schley in the battle of July the Third.
The court of inquiry ; the popular verdict.
Cruise of the Dixie.
Maryland troops in the service of the United States.
Exploit of the Oregon.
200 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
123. Politics and Elections.
Name the two ereat political parties of this country.
Give an account of Maryland politics since the Civil War.
The independent vote.
Describe the Australian ballot system; the system adopted by the
Assembly in 1901.
124. Industries.
Give a full account of each of the following industries :
(a) Agriculture; (b) mining; (c) fishing; (d) manufacturing.
125. Commerce and Transportation.
Give an account of the commerce and transportation facilities of
Baltimore. Of other parts of the state.
126. Education : Public School System ; Colleges and Universities.
Education in colonial times.
Rise of the public school system.
Present organization of the public school system:
(a) in the counties ; (b) in Baltimore city.
Higher institutions of learning that receive state aid; their re-
turn.
The principal non-aided colleges ; professional schools.
127. Learned Societies.
The Maryland Historical Society ; its aims, work, library, etc.
The Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland.
The Maryland Academy of Sciences.
The Geographical Society oL Baltimore.
128. Public Libraries and Art Galleries.
Libraries : (a)State Library ; (b)Pratt library ; (c)Peabody Library.
Art Galleries: (a) gallery of the Peabody Institute ; (b) gallery of
the Maryland Historical Society; (c) gallery of Mr. Walters.
QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND RESEARCH
1. Find the meaning of the word bicameral. Is the Maryland Assembly
bicameral? How many delegates has your county — or legislative
district of Baltimore — in the Assembly.' What are their names.'
What is the name of your senator ? What is meant by impeachment ?
What provision does the Constitution of Maryland make in regard
to impeachment? (See Art. Ill, Sec. 26.) In what three ways
may a bill become a law ? State the principles of the chief political
parties.
i
CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT 201
2 What qualifications must a man possess to be governor of Maryland?
How is a vacancy in the office, occuring before the end of the
term, filled? (Const. II, 6,7). What is meant by the governor's
message? What is a "pocket veto" ?
3. In which judicial circuit do you live? What are the names of the
judges? Which is chief judge? What is an indictment?
What is a subpoena ? What is a writ ? What is meant by the
terms "plaintiff" and "defendant" ? What are the duties of
the grand jury? Find out if you can, the method of procedure in
the trial of a criminal case. What are the powers and duties of
a justice of the peace? What officer of the government has the
power of granting pardons? What are the duties of the sheriff?
4. Show that the governor possesses executive, legislative, and judicial
power.
5. Point out the advantages of a celebration of important events.
6. Point out the various ways in which a public library will promote
public improvement.
7. Explain the advantages of historical study, with special reference
to local history. Explain the value of public art galleries.
References
For a full account of the government see Steiner's histitutions attd Civil
Government of Maryland. In the same work will be found an account of the
public school system, and of the higher institutions of learning, pp. 160-184 ;
and an account of political parties and elections, pp. 18S-:i(j8. For an account
of Maryland industries, resources, commerce, transportation, public buildings,
etc., see "Maryland: its Resources, Industries and /nstit?(lions," by members
of the Johns Hopkins University and others in 1893. For a general reference
to current events, public officers, and various statistics, the Almanacs pub-
lished annually by the Baltimore Sun are extremely valuable.
CONCLUSION
The end of our story has been reached, but it will be well, be-
fore laying it aside, to look back upon the wonderful series of
events we have been studying, and try to view them in their
entirety. The few feeble colonies that once stretched along the
Atlantic coast of our country slowly developed, threw off the
yoke of an oppressive and tyrannical government, and organized
a new nation. That nation gallantly fought for and won com-
mercial freedom upon the sea, and grew steadily in wealth,
power, and extent of territory until, stretching from sea to sea,
it has become the mightiest nation of the modern world.
In this wonderful progress we find the part of Maryland in the
highest degree important and honorable. We find the first
sturdy little band of colonists that landed on our shores bringing
with them the blessing of religious freedom, to be established
for the first time on the virgin soil of the New World. We find
their treatment of the unfortunate savages kind and just, and
their dealings with men of their own race more gentle and con-
siderate than was usual in their day. We find them steadily
learning in the school of self-government until they were able,
in 1776, to cast off, with the sister colonies, a cruel and un-
natural mother, and to form themselves into a free and sovereign
state. We see the soldiers of this state fighting beneath the
banner of freedom, that their liberties and those of their
countrymen might not perish, but endure to themselves and their
children forever. We see these men of the old "Maryland Line,"
ever in the lead, and second to none in courage, endurance, and
self-sacrifice; and we see this record constantly kept bright and
unstained in every war in which Maryland men have taken part
to this day. And the war at an end, we see the enlightened
statesmen of Maryland, by their profound and far-reaching
policy in regard to the Northwest Territory, laying the corner-
CONCLUSION 203
stone of our Federal Union, with all that this wonderful term
means to us and to the world.
Independence and Union attained, our state entered upon a
long period of prosperity which, though occasionally interrupted,
has not been the less steady or certain. Her resources
have been developed, her commerce extended, her cities
enlarged and beautified, her population increased, and her people
made happier and better by the gifts of her generous and public-
spirited citizens. Thus the opening of the new century finds
Maryland with a record of which we, her children, may justly be
proud. But we should have a care, too, that we do not let this
pride make us contented. We should look about us, and per-
ceive that our state has still many short-comings, and realize that
it is for W5 to remove them, and to continue the march of progress
and improvement. May the wisdom of our statesmen and the
noble self-sacrifice of the glorious old "Maryland Line,"
inspire us each and all with an earnestdeterminati on to make our
state second to none, and our country the first in the world.
History of the Counties
of Maryland
FROM
THE TEACHERS' MANUAL
COMPILED BY
Dr. M. BATES STEPHENS,
S/a/e Superi}ilendeiit of Public Education
ST. MARY'S
This "mother county" dates back to 1634, and has an area of
360 square miles. It was named in honor of the saint whom the de-
vout colonists took as their patron. It forms the extremity of the
Southern Maryland peninsula, lying between the Potomac and
Patuxent rivers, its lower eastern side bordering on the Chesapeake.
Historic Point Lookout is at the wide mouth of the Potomac. St.
Mary's touches no other county except Charles, the Patuxtent
making in between it and Calvert. There are highlands along
the water-front and lowlands in the interior. Some of the soil
is sandy, with a clay subsoil, and productive loam is found in
parts of the county. Half the cultivated land is occupied by
tenants. Forest areas abound in white and red oak, poplar, syc-
amore, pine and chestnut. Farms fronting on the bay and rivers
are generally large, and vestiges of the old manorial life are
numerous. Tobacco growing chiefly engages the attention of the
farmers, and corn, wheat and potatoes are also grown; much live
stock of an excellent grade is raised. The construction of a
railroad to Point Lookout, traversing the county, is often urged.
St. Mary's only railroad, the Washington City and Potomac, runs
from Brandywine, on the Pope's Creek Line, in Lower Prince
George's, through eastern Charles and into St. Mary's as far as
Mechanicsville, twelve miles from Leonardtown, the county-seat,
located about midway of the county. Steamboats from Washing-
ton and Baltimore touch at points on the Potomac, and the Weems
Line vessels from Baltimore ply the Patuxent. Leonardtown,
named after the first Governor Calvert, is one of the most
interesting ancient colonial towns of Maryland. Its population
is 463. The site of St. Mary's city is fourteen miles southeast
of the county-seat, on St. Mary's river. A seminary for girls
is established there, and at the tomb of Leonard Calvert a
208 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
monument has been erected. Charlotte Hall Academy, above
Mechanicsville, was established by legislative enactment in 1774,
and its alumni include many famous Marylanders.
KENT
Kent, with an area of 315 square miles, was named after the
English shire from whence came many of its early settlers, and
who saw in its smiling landscape a replica of the fairest county
of England. Kent claims the distinction of being the oldest
county on the Eastern Shore. The first settlement within the
present limits of Maryland was made on Kent Island in 1628 by
Protestants from Virginia under the leadership of William Clai-
borne. Calvert claimed the island as a part of his grant, and the
contention was not ended until 1647, when Claiborne was dispos-
sessed. The Maryland proprietary, having established his authority
over the island, in 1650 organized Kent county, it then embracing
the upper Eastern Shore. Kent is a peninsula, lying between the
Sassafras and Chester rivers, its eastern border being the Del-
aware line, and its western boundary the Chesapeake bay. With
its standing timber, fertile soil, game, fish, and many natural
advantages, under the liberal policy of the proprietary, Kent
soon became a flourishing colony, with a population consisting of
Protestants, Catholics, and Quakers. And presently negro slaves
were brought into the county. In 1864 about one fourth of the
population were colored people. The soil of Kent yields a great
variety of crops, and agriculture is the leading occupation
of the people; although the fishery interests are extensive.
A paper mill, basket factory, phosphate factory and other
manufacturing plants are located at Chestertown, the county-
seat, (population, 3,008). Canneries, mills and other plants
are numerous in the county. The people, though con-
servative, are progressive. They have promoted railroad
and steamboat communication with Baltimore and Philadel-
phia. During the ante-Revolutionary period, Kent was active in
COUNTIES OF MARYLAND 209
opposition to the oppressive measures of Parliament. It is not
commonly known that Chestertown, then a port of entry, had a
"tea-party" of her own, a small cargo on the Geddes, brought
into the Chester for the neighboring counties, being seized and
thrown overboard by the indignant citizens. In the War of 1812
the British under Sir Peter Parker landed a force in Kent for an
important military operation. The enemy was met by a body
of local militia under Colonel Philip Reed, (a Revolutionary
officer and U. S. Senator 1806-13), and driven back to their
ships with heavy loss, Parker being among the killed. Washing-
ton College, (founded 1782,) which has a normal department, is
at Chestertown. Rock Hall, Betterton, Millington, Edesville,
Galena, Still Pond, Kennedyville and other thriving towns are in
Kent.
ANNE ARUNDEL
Anne Arundel county was erected in 1650, and has an area of
400 square miles. It was named after the Lady Anne Arundel,
whom Cecilius Calvert married. It fronts eastward on the
Chesapeake, and within its territory five rivers are contained —
the Severn, most beautiful sheet of water of its size in the
United States; Magothy, South, Rhode, and West. On the north
and northeast is the Patapsco, and Howard county lies northwest
of Anne Arundel. The Patuxent separates it from Prince George's
on the west, and Calvert is on the south. Annapolis, the state
capital, is also the county-seat. In 1694 it supplanted St. Mary's
city as the seat of government in the colony, and grew to be the
"Paris of America," the abode of wealth, elegance, and fashion.
In the Senate Chamber of the historic old State House Washington
resigned his commission as commander-in-chief, to the Conti-
nental Congress, at the close of the Revolution; on State House
Hill, where Revolutionary troops encamped, is a heroic statue of
Baron De Kalb, commander of the Maryland Line on the gory
field of Camden. Near the State House is the executive
210 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
Mansion, and in the vicinity are numerous specimens of
eighteenth century architecture. The city and county are rich
in historical associations. Eden, the last of the colonial Gover-
nors, died in Annapolis and his grave is on the Severn. Tombs
of the early settlers, bearing still familiar names, and other traces
of the past preserve county history. The Maryland Gazette, first
printed in 1745, is one of the Annapolis newspapers'.* The
United States Naval Academy is a government reservation
adjoining the city. The population of Annapolis is 8,525. It
was named after Queen Anne. Agriculture and horticulture are
leading industries of the county, and its manufacturing interests
are numerous, and some of them of great importance. South
Baltimore, in the northern part of the county, is a manufacturing
center, with car-works and other large plants; Brooklyn has
various industries; Annapolis, a port of entry, is a leading cen-
ter of the oyster industry. Tobacco, wheat, corn, vegetables,
and fruits are grown, and woodland areas have heavy growths of
oak, pine, and other trees. The railroads are the Baltimore and
Potomac; Baltimore and Ohio; Annapolis, Baltimore and Wash-
ington; and Baltimore and Annapolis Short Line. St. John's
College, the alma mater of many distinguished Marylanders, is at
Annapolis. Anne Arundel institutions have been notable in the
educational annals of Maryland.
CALVERT
Calvert county has 222 square miles of territory, and is the
smallest in the state. It dates back to 1654, and preserves the
family name of the proprietary. The Patuxent curves around
the southern and western sides of the county, and its eastern
line is washed by the Chesapeake. The bayside is marked by
highlands, and the "Cliffs of Calvert" attract much attention
among students of geology and physiography. The soil is pro-
ductive, and divided between sandy and clay loams. Tobacco
and cereals are the chief crops, and a considerable number of the
♦See Page 100
COUNTIES OF MARYLAND 211
people are interested in fislieries. The oyster grounds of Calvert are
among the best in the state. Timber is plentiful, and iron ores and
silica are found in extensive deposits. Drum Point, at the
mouth of the Patuxent, has one of the finest harbors in the
United States, and in time may become the location of a vast
federal or commercial maritime enterprise. Fruits and vege-
tables mature early on the sheltered lands, with southern
exposure, along the waterways. The county-seat is Prince
Frederick, which is centrally located, and, like other Calvert
towns, is small in population. Solomon's, in the southern part
of the county, 26 miles from Prince Frederick, has a marine
railway and shipyards, and Sollers', on St. Leonard's Creek, St.
Leonard's, Chaneyville, LoA?er Marlboro, Drum Point, Hunting-
town, Plum Point, are among the villages of the county. In the
colonial and early state history of Maryland Calvert was conspic-
uous. The first railroad to enter the county is the Chesapeake
Beach, which was built from Hyattsville, near Washington, to
the bay a few years ago, and runs for a short distance through the
upper part of Calvert. A large portion of the population is
colored. Among noteworthy sons of the county were General
James Wilkinson and Rev, Mason Weems ("Parson Weems"),
the once popular biographer, who pointed a moral with his
celebrated myth of little George Washington, his hatchet and his
father's cherry tree.
CHARLES
Charles county lies on the Potomac river, its southern and
western boundary, with Prince George's on the north and St.
Mary's on the east. Between the two counties, a tongue of
Charles extends to the Patuxent, and it was on this, at Benedict,
that Ross' army disembarked for the march to Washington in
1814. The county was organized in 1658, and given the chris-
tian name of the second lord proprietary. Its area is 460 square
miles, and its great reach of water front on the Potomac, in a
212 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
huge bend of which it is situated, gives it important resources
in riparian products — oysters, fish, water-fowl. The Wicomico
river, Nanjemoy, Port Tobacco, and Mattawoman creeks are
tributaries of the Potomac in this county. Tobacco is the prin-
cipal crop, the average yield being 500 pounds to the acre, and
corn and wheat are grown in considerable quantities. The Pope's
Creek Line of the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad terminates at
Pope's creek, on the Potomac. In the middle section of the
county the land is level and in other parts its rolling surface is
locally designated as "valleys." Port Tobacco, from colonial
times the county-seat, was succeeded a decade ago by La Plata,
on the railroad. The entire village population of the county is
very small. The United States Naval Proving Grounds, a govern-
ment reservation at Indian Head in northwestern Charles is where
guns and projectiles for the navy are tested. Marshall Hall,
nearly opposite Mount Vernon, is closely connected with the
memory of Washington, and is now an excursion resort. Gen-
eral William Smallwood was from Charles, and for a century his
grave on the ancestral estate, near the old brick dwelling in
which he and General Washington held Masonic meetings, was
marked only by a walnut tree. On July 4, 1898, the Maryland
Society of the Sons of the American Revolution unveiled a
massive monument on the spot. This county was also the home
of Thomas Stone, a signer of the Declaration of Independence; of
Michael Jenifer Stone, a representative in the first Congress, who
voted to place the seat of federal government on the Potomac;
of Governor John Hoskins Stone, distinguished at Long Island,
White Plains, Princeton, Germantown; of Robert Hanson Harri-
son, Washington's military secretary, and a long list of able and
brilliant men.
BALTIMORE
Baltimore stands at the head of Maryland counties in population,
wealth, and resources, and its area of 622 square miles is exceeded
COUNTIES OF MARYLAND 2U
only by Garrett and Frederick. When the "Belt" was annexed to
Baltimore city in 1888 the county lost considerable territory,
36,000 inhabitants and the towns of Waverly, Oxford, Woodberry,
Hampden, Calverton. The eastern neighbor of Baltimore
county is Harford, its western, Carroll ; and it is bounded on the
south by the bay, the city, and the Patapsco river separating it
from Anne Arundel and Howard. The Pennsylvania state line
is the northern boundary. The topography of the county is
diversified and attractive: elevated and rolling, watered by numer-
ous picturesque streams, and well timbered. The soil is strong
and fertile, and a great variety of crops is grown. In mineral
resources Baltimore is particularly fortunate. From the early
days of the colony its iron ores attracted capital, and from time
to time numerous iron manufacturing establishments have been
in operation. Copper mines were formerly worked in the county
and from this industry grew the present large copper works at
Canton, which now use copper from Montana, the mining of the
county deposits being very expensive. The first discovery of
chrome ore in America was made a few miles north of Baltimore
city, and a flourishing industry in the manufacture of products
from this ore, of wide applicability in the arts, was established.
The building stones of the county have given it high rank in the
industrial world. The famous Woodstock granite is found in the
southwestern corner, and has been quarried since the thirties.
It has been used in many of the chief buildings in Baltimore
city, and in the Congressional Library and Washington Post-office.
The most valuable of Maryland's limestone deposits, it is said,
are the highly crystalline marbles of Baltimore county. The
Beaver Dam marbles have been used in the construction of the
Washington Monuments in Baltimore and Washington, and fed-
deral, state and municipal buildings throughout the East.
Gneiss and gabbro rocks are also used in building. The county
is noted for its mineral waters — Chattolanee, Roland, Strontia,
Lystra, etc. There are valuable deposits of serpentine and porce-
214 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
lain clays. Along the Patapsco and the bay are numerous pleasure
resorts, and fishing and gunning shores. The Baltimore and
Ohio; Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore; and the Balti-
more and Potomac run through its southern portion; the Northern
Central extends northward through the county into Pennsylvania;
the Western Maryland runs nortwesterly from Baltimore city, and
there are several short lines and electric roads. The county-seat
is Towson, named after General Nathan Towson, seven miles
from Baltimore, on the Maryland and Pennsylvania Railroad. It is
the terminus of a city electric car line, and is situated in the
midst of a superbly-developed agricultural country. It has a
population of 2,500. Canton and Highlandtown, small cities in
themselves, largely given over to manufacturing, adjoin the
eastern limits of Baltimore city. Cockeysville has a large stone
quarry; at Lutherville is a female seminary; Emory Grove and
Glyndon are noted camp grounds; Catonsville and Mt. Washing-
ton, with Roland Park and other towns, are known for their fine
residences and picturesque locations. Hundreds of industrial
establishments, large and small, are located in the county, and
Steelton (Sparrow's Point) is the seat of the mammoth plant of the
Maryland Steel Company. The county has many fine estates and
country-seats, and from its formation, in 1659, has been the
home of a great number of the foremost men of colony and State.
The battle of North Point was fought on its soil. For years it
had a congressman of its own. Baltimore was the name of the
Irish estates of the Calverts. The private and sectarian educa-
tional institutions of the county are numerous, and some of them
of wide-spread fame.
TALBOT
"Talbot county was formed in 1660-61. The order by which
it was created has not been found, but the Assembly proceedings
first show its existence in this year. The existing records of the
province have not discovered to us what were its exact limits
COUNTIES OF MARYLAND 215
anterior to the year 1706. In that year they were definitely set-
tled by the existing Act of 1706, Chapter 3, which enacts that
'the bounds of Talbot county shall contain Sharp's Island, Chop-
tank Island, and all the land on the north side of the Great
Choptank river; and extend itself up the said river to Tuckahoe
Bridge; and from thence with a straight line to the mill com-
monly called and known by the name of Swetnam's mill, and
thence down the south side of Wye river to its mouth, an thence
down the bay to the place of beginning, including Poplar Island
and Bruff's Island.' " — McMahon: History of Maryland. The
second public school in Maryland was established in Talbot
under the Act of 1723. That this school was something more
than a mere elementary school is clear from the curriculum laid
down in the act, namely, "Grammar, Good Writing and Math-
ematics." There is sufficient evidence for believing that the
Talbot Free School was better supplied with good teachers than
the private subscription schools, which were often filled by
indentured servants. Bampfylde Moore Carew, the "King of
the Beggars," came to Talbot as an unwilling emigrant, and
the captain of the ship that brought him over recommended him
to a planter of Bayside as a "great scholar and an excellent
schoolmaster." The school seems to have prospered for a long
series of years and was "looked upon as the most frequented in
the province." But after the year 1764 no record of it has been
found. How long it flourished and when it ceased to exist is
unknown. It is believed, upon tradition merely, that it con-
tinued in successful operation up to the outbreak of the Revolu-
tionary War. Talbot people have long cherished their public
schools as their most valued privilege and right. The county
has an area of 285 square miles, and derives its name from Lord
Talbot. It is cut up into Peninsulas by the Chesapeake and its
tributaries, and is famous for its landscapes and waterscapes.
Agriculture, canning and oyster-catching are its industries. It
has furnished governors. United States senators, a secretary of
216 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
the treasury and numerous state and national officials and men of
mark. Maryland's first historian came from Talbot, and it was
the home of Robert Morris' father and the birthplace of John
Dickinson. The Delaware and Chesapeake, and Baltimore,
Chesapeake and Atlantic are its transportation lines. Easton,
the county-seat, was the former "capital" and seat of government
on the Eastern Shore, and the first newspaper on this side of the
bay was established there more than a century ago. Oxford and St.
Michael's are also historic.
SOMERSET
Somerset county was erected August 22, 1666, by an order of
the provincial Council, and embraced "all that Tract of land
within this our province of Maryland bounded on the South with
a line drawn from Wattkin's point (being the North point of th't
bay into wch the river Wighco formerly called Wighcocomoco
afterwards Pocomoke & Wighcocomoco againe doth fall exclusive-
ly) to the Ocean on the East, Nantecoke river on the North &
the Sound of Chesipiake bay on the West;" which was erected
in the name and as the act of the Lord Proprietary "into a county
by the name of Sommersett county in honor to our Deare Sister
the lady Mary Somersett." The commissioners, Stephen
Horsey, William Stevens, William Thorne, James Jones, John
Winder, Henry Boston, George Johnson, and John White, were
empowered "to enquire by the Oath of good & lawfull men of
all manner of fellonies Whitchcrafts inchanmts Sorceryes Magick
Arts Trespasses forestallings ingrossing & extorcons" and "all
& singler other Misdeeds and offences." The order ap-
pointed "Edmond Beachchampe Clark and Keeper of the
Records," and the council issued the same day a commission to
Stephen Horsey to be "Sherriffe of Somersett." The first effort
to settle the long-standing boundary dispute with Virginia
resulted in Scarborough's line depriving Somerset of 23 square
miles of territory. Like Dorset, Somerset has jurisdiction over
COUNTIES OF MARYLAND 217
several islands, one of which, Deal's Island, was celebrated early
in the last century for its Methodist "Parson" Thomas, who,
tradition says, foretold the death of Ross in the attack on Balti-
more, and preached to the British on his island. The south
eastern corner of Somerset is separated from Accomac, in Virginia,
by the Pocomoke river, and the division line continues through
Pocomoke sound. The Western Shore is washed by Tangier
sound and the bay. The area of Somerset is 362 square miles,
and it heads the list of oyster counties, half its population being
engaged in that industry. The value of the annual oyster yield
from Somerset waters is $2,000,000, and the packing houses
along the southern and western shores utilize from one to one
and a half million bushels yearly. In summer oystermen find
employment in the crabbing industry, and these shell-fish are
shipped in enormous quantities to city markets — 250,000 dozen
going from Crisfield alone in a single season. Terrapin are
more plentiful in Somerset than in other counties, and
"diamond-back farming" is successful. Agriculture is profitable
in the interior, and truck-farming is carried on along the lines
of the New York, Philadelphia and Norfolk Railroad. Crisfield,
near the mouth of the little Annamessex river, with a population
of 3,165, is a port of entry for hundreds of vessels, and has ex-
tensive industrial and commercial interests. The county-seat.
Princess Anne, was founded in 1733. Other towns are Fair-
mount, Oriole, Mt. Vernon, Dame's Quarter, Kingston, Costen,
Hopewell, Marion, Westover.
DORCHESTER
Dorchester county is the largest on the Eastern Shore, having
an area of 610 square miles, and ranks fourth in point of size
in the state. The Great Choptank river and Caroline form its
northern boundary, and it has a few miles of eastern border on
the Delaware line. The Nanticoke floA^s along the southeastern
border, and on the south and west arms of the Chesapeake and
218 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
the bay itself enclose the county. Dorchester was formed in
1669-70, and its name is traced to the earl of Dorset or to Dor-
setshire. Various islands are included in its territory, and the
little Choptank, the north-west fork of the Nanticoke, Honga,
Fishing, Blackwater, Transquaking, Chicacomico, are rivers and
creeks of Dorchester. Fishing bay, Tar bay, Trippe bay, Hooper's
straits and other bodies of water add to the geographical nomen-
clature of the county. There is a great extent of marsh land, fre-
quented by myriads of wild ducks, and oysters, crabs and terrapin
abound in the county waters. Sand, clay and marl make a diver-
sified soil, and corn, wheat, potatoes, tomatoes, and fruits are
grown. Great quantities of oysters, tomatoes and corn are used
by the packing houses. The annual income from the oyster
catch is $1,000,000 or more, and Dorchester ranks next to Som-
erset in this industry. Cambridge is the home port of a vast
fleet of dredging and tonging vessels, the seat of large packing
establishments, of shipyards and other manufactures. The Cam-
bridge and Seaford and the Baltimore, Chesapeake and Atlantic
railroads traverse northeastern Dorchester and steam and sailing
vessels reach all parts of the county lying on water. Cambridge,
the county-seat, with a population of 5,747, has a fine salt-water
situation on the Great Choptank, 18 miles from its mouth.
The river here, between the Dorchester and Talbot shores, is
several miles in width, and the town is built on level ground,
extending to the water's edge. The streets are well-shaded, and
brick and stone structures predominate in the business section.
East New Market is in the midst of a thriving agricultural sec-
tion,has a population of 1,267, and Secretary,(on Secretary Sewell's
creek); Hurlock, Williamsburg, Salem, Taylor's Island, Buck-
town, Linkwood, Dailsville, are some Dorchester villages.
Vienna, on the Nanticoke, was long noted for its shipyards, and
many swift and shapely ocean-going vessels were built there
before steam and iron supplanted wood, and when the white oak
forests of Dorset still afforded the best material known in former
COUNTIES OF MARYLAND 219
naval construction. Dorchester was harried by the British during
the War of 1812. Governor John Henry, first United States
senator from the Eastern Shore, and William Vans Murray were
from this county.
CECIL
Cecil county, named in honor of the second Lord Baron of
Baltimore, was erected in 1674, the tenth county in order of
formation, and it is situated in the northeast corner of Maryland,
on the borders of Pennsylvania and Delaware, and cut off from
the remainder of the state by the Sassafras river on the south,
and the Chesapeake bay and Susquehanna river on the west.
It is one of the smaller counties in area — 350 square miles — •
much of which is, however, under water, as it is intersected by
several rivers, notably the North East, the Elk and the Bohemia.
The surface throughout is rolling, the northern portion being
hilly; this gives considerable water power which is utilizied by
a number of large paper, iron, cotton, flour, phosphate, kaolin
and fluor-spar mills. The third largest pulp and paper mill in
the United States is located at Elkton the county-seat. In the
eighteenth century the output of pig and bar iron at the Principio
Company's furnaces was the largest in America. The soil
generally is fertile, varying from a yellow clay in the south to a
disintegrated rock in the north, producing fruits, grain and hay
in abundance. So noted has its hay crop become that the highest
grade on the Baltimore market is known as "Cecil county hay."
Along the Susquehanna river are several large granite quarries,
affording the best building material, a stone which when pol-
ished, as is done at Port Deposit, is excelled in beauty by no
other. Kaolin is largely worked for use in the manufacture of
paper and in porcelain factories, and chrome has been extensively
mined. Although possessing such excellent water facilities,
marsh land is almost unknown. The banks of the Susquehanna
river rise abruptly to a height of from 80 to nearly 600 feet. At
220 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
Port Deposit the granite banks rise almost perpendicularly 200
to 300 feet. The fisheries, as might be expected, are of much
importance. Elkton, the largest town, has about 3,000 inhab-
itants, followed by Port Deposit, Perryville, Rising Sun, North
East, Chesapeake City, and Cecilton. The scenery in places is
picturesque in the extreme. That along the Susquehanna, near
Conowingo, and on the Octoraro, near Porter's Bridge, attracts
artists from a distance, and compares most favorably with the
Wissahickon and other rugged streams so often delineated by
the painter's brush. The county is about equi-distant from Phil-
adelphia and Baltimore, is intersected by the Philadelphia, Wil-
mington and Baltimore; the Philadelphia division of the
Baltimore and Ohio, and the Baltimore Central Railroads, also by
the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. Cecil county was one of
the first to engage in school work. In 1723 the Colonial
Legislature appointed a committee consisting of John Ward,
John Dowell, Benj. Pearce and others, to open free schools, and
they opened one. St. Stephen's Church, organized in 1692,
opened a public school about 1734. The Friend's Meeting
House at Calvert was organized by William Penn in 1702, and
soon after opened a school. The church of St. Francis Xavier
was organized in 1704, and afterward opened a school. The
county in 1859 organized a system of free public schools, thus
antedating that of the state six years. Among the more promi-
nent private schools are the West Nottingham Academy, opened
about 1741 by Rev. Samuel Finley, who afterward became the
president of Princeton University. It is situated near Colora.
The Tome Institute, most beautifully situated on the bluff at
Port Deposit, presided over by Dr. A. W. Harris, with a corps
of 63 teachers, and over 500 pupils, was endowed by the late
Jacob Tome with several millions of dollars.
PRINCE GEORGE'S
Prince George's county, named in honor of Prince George of
i
COUNTIES OF MARYLAND 221
Denmark, husband of Queen Anne, was formed in 1695, having
been originally a part of Charles. The seat of local government
was first established at Mount Calvert on the Patuxent river, but
it was soon removed to Upper Marlborough, (named for the Duke
of Marlborough, in 1706.) The number of white children of
school age is 6,175 and the number of colored children 5,179.
Prince George's is one of the most progressive and prosperous
counties of the state. Its growth is promoted largely by its
proximity to the national capital. The resources of the county
are mainly agricultural. In the upper section, bordering upon
the District of Columbia, trucking is followed to a large extent.
In the middle and southern sections corn, wheat, and tobacco
are cultivated — the last named on an extensive scale, forming
the staple product. The annual output of the county is larger
than that of any other of the tobacco-growing counties. The
principal towns are Upper Marlborough, Laurel, Hyattsville,
Bladensburg, Forestville and Woodville. At Laurel there are
cotton duck mills, and a cereal mill has recently been established
at Hyattsville. Bladensburg has the distinction of having been
the scene of one of the most significant battles of the War of
1812, and of many noted duels. The academy at Upper Marl-
borough, established in 1835, is managed by a board of seven
trustees, and, has always had for its principal a capable teacher
of the classics. Many persons who attained eminence in public
and professional life were educated at this school. Even in col-
onial time, Prince George's county was conspicuous for being
the home of cultured and educated people; and as early as 1745
Rev. Dr. Eversfield, Rector of St. Paul's parish, established a
private school near his residence which he continued until his
death in 1780. He taught Greek and Latin and furnished pu-
pils with board at S53 per annum. The Maryland Agricultural
College is in this county. The area of Prince George's is 480
square miles and its railroads are the Baltimore and Ohio; Balti-
more and Potomac; Pope's Creek; and Chesapeake Beach lines.
222 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
Back in the thirties the "Patuxent Manufacturing Company"
was incorporated and established the present cotton mill at
Laurel, the old name of the town being "Laurel Factory." The
iron industry in Prince George's dates back over a century. The
Snowdens, among the original settlers of the county, established
furnaces at various points in southern Maryland. The Patuxent
Furnace and Forge was long a notable industry. The only iron
works now in operation in the county, or in rural Maryland, is
the Muirkirk Furnace, on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, at
Muirkirk. It was erected in 1847 by Andrew and Elias Ellicott
and modeled after a furnace at Muirkirk, Scotland. The popu-
lation of Laurel is 2,079, and of Hyattsville, 1,222.
QUEEN ANNE'S
Queen Anne's county was erected in 1706, and the bounds
of the four counties above the Great Choptank were described
and fixed by the Assembly of that year with definiteness.
Queen Anne's takes in the territory between the Delaware line
and the bay, (including Kent Island), south of the Chester and
north of the Wye and Tuckahoe rivers. Kent is its northern,
and Talbot and Caroline its southern neighbors. Agriculturally,
the county is highly favored, the soil being very fertile, and the
surface rolling. The area of the county is 376 square miles.
Kent Island is opposite Anne Arundel, and its wooded shores
are visible from the State House at Annapolis. Although under
cultivation for two and a-half centuries, the island is the delight
of agriculturists, its rich soil producing in profusion all the
staple Maryland crops. Oysters, crabs, fish and water fowl are
plentiful in Queen Anne's waters. Practically all the arable land
of the county is under cultivation. The industrial establish-
ments are chiefly flour mills and canneries. The Queen Anne's
Railroad runs from Love Point, on Kent Island, through the
southern part of the county to Lewes, Delaware, and the Queen
Anne's and Kent Railroad, of the Pennsylvania system, termi-
COUNTIES OF MARYLAND 223
nates at Centreville, the county-seat, (population 1,231), to
which point a spur of the Queen Anne's has been extended.
Steamboats bring the water-sides of the county within a few
hours' trip of Baltimore city. Queenstown, on the eastern
water-front, was the colonial county-seat, and has an interesting
history. A school here attained some reputation before the
Revolution. In provincial times Queen Anne's and Talbot
were favorite places of summer residence for leading men of
Maryland, who cultivated broad estates in these counties in the
intervals between their official duties at Annapolis or participa-
tion in its social gaieties. Queen Anne's rivals St Mary's as the
favorite field of writers of historical romances.
WORCESTER
Worcester county was formed in 1742, and originally
included, with the shadowy county of Durham, all the Maryland
territory lying on the Delaware from the fortieth parallel to the
ocean. The center of settlement in that Worcester was "the
Horekeele" — the present Lewes. Mason and Dixon's Line
gave Worcester its now northern boundary. Chincoteague, Syne-
puxent, Isle of Wight and Assateague bays take up a considera-
ble part of the county's area of 487 square miles. Its name
recalls the loyalty of the proprietaries to the royal house of
Stuart. Snow Hill, the county-seat, was one of the "townes and
ports of trade" erected in 1686. It is at the head of navigation
on the Pocomoke river, and on the Delaware, Maryland and Vir-
ginia Railroad, and its manufactures are locally important. At
Pocomoke City millions of baskets and crates for the fruit and
vegetable trade are made annually, and the building of oyster
boats and other craft is an important industry. The population
of the town is 2,124, that of Snow Hill, 1,596, and of Berlin,
1,246. Smaller towns are Ironshire, Girdletree, Whaleyville,
Bishopville, Newark, Box Iron, Stockton, Klej Grange. Worcester
is the only county in the State which borders on the Atlantic
224 LEADIND EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
Ocean, and it has in Ocean City a thriving and prosperous sea-
side resort, which has been of great advantage to truckers on the
mainland near there, and which has added materially to the taxable
basis. The principal industries are agriculture, manufacturing
of lumber, and the oyster and other fisheries. The people are
chiefly of English descent. The soil varies from a light sand to
a heavy clay, the majority of it being a good loam, with some
clay. The principal products are cereals, fruits, truck and tim-
ber. The lower part of the Sinepuxent bay in Worcester is one
of the most fertile oyster fields to be found. During the season
there are shipped from the railroad station at Girdletree about
30,000 barrels and from Hursley about the same number, beside
those that are consumed locally or are shipped by vessels. At
Ocean City a fish company has been formed and annually ships
thousands of barrels of the finest fish to northern markets.
FREDERICK
Frederick county was organized in 1748, named after the
Prince of Wales, and has an area of 633 square miles, being the
second largest Maryland county. Its topography is agreeably
diversified by valley, plain, rolling land and mountain. Many of
the early settlers were Germans. The county has-always furnished
its full quota of soldiers and sailors in wartime, from colonial
days to the war with Spain. The author of "The Star Spangled
Banner" was born here, and his remains rest in Mt. Olivet
cemetery, in the city of Frederick, beneath the monument
erected by the Key Monument Association, and unveiled August
9, 1899. On November 23, 1765, the judges of the Frederick
county court repudiated the Stamp Act passed by the British
Parliament, and Repudiation Day was made a county holiday in
1894. Agriculture is the leading industry, the soil being fer-
tile and producing large crops of wheat, corn, rye, oats and
potatoes. The mountain districts still supply a good quality of
oak, chestnut, walnut, hickory and other timber. The railroads
COUNTIES OF MARYLAND 225
are the Baltimore and Ohio, the Western Maryland, Pennsylvania;
and an electric road runs from Fredrick to Myersville. Iron ore
and copper are found in different parts of the county, the most
extensive deposits of the former being in the northern section,
near Thurmont, where a large smelting plant is located — the
Catoctin Furnace, first put in operation in 1774. Near Liberty-
town copper mines are worked on an extensive scale. Frederick
city, 61 miles from Baltimore, has a population of 9,296, and is
the county-seat. A female seminary, Frederick college and other
important private educational institutions are located there, as is
also the Maryland School for the Deaf. Manufactured products
of the county include lumber, flour, fiber brushes, fertilizer,
furniture, harness, hosiery, crockery-ware, lime, poprietary arti-
cles, etc. Frederick towns include Brunswick, Emmittsburg,
(near which is Mt. St. Mary's College), Thurmont, Walkersville,
Middletown, Buckeystown, Adamstown, Point of Rocks,
Creagerstown, Wolfsville, Urbana, Libertytown, New Market,
Ijamsville, Sabillasville, Woodsboro, Knoxville, Mt. Pleasant,
Jefferson, Graceham, Myersville, Harmony, Johnsville, Ladies-
burg, Unionville, Lewistown, Attica Mills, Burkittsville.
HARFORD
Harford county was formerly part of Baltimore county. After
the removal of the county-seat of the latter from Joppa, (which
is within the present limits of Harford), to Baltimore Town on
the Patapsco, a petition for the formation of a new county was
granted by the Legislature of 1773. The proprietary of the
province of Maryland at this time was Henry Harford, and from
him the county took its name. The first county-seat was Harford
Town, or Bush, but as the settlements gradually extended farther
and farther from the river and bay section, the people desired a
more convenient location. As the result of an election in 1782,
the county-seat was removed to Bel Air, where it has remained.
The physical features of the county being so varied, the
226 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
industries are of many kinds. From the tide-water region in the
southeastern part there is a gradual elevation, the highest point
being 750 feet above the sea. In the spring much fishing is
done along the Susquehanna and Upper Part of the Chesapeake.
Sportsmen come from afar to take advantage of the duck-shooting
here afforded. In the upper part of the county are found quarries
of slate and limestone. Rolling fields of unsurpassed fertility
give the tiller of the soil first place in the industries of the
county. The pasture-land in the valley of the streams makes
dairying profitable, and the canned goods industry has been
encouraged to such an extent by the packers and brokers that
Harford ranks among the first of all the Southern counties in this
respect. The facilities for shipping are good, the Baltimore
and Ohio and the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore
Railroads traversing the entire southern part of the county, the
Maryland and Pennsylvania running through a great portion of
the central part in a north and south direction, while just across
the river along the eastern border is the Columbia and Port
Deposit Road. The citizens of Harford have always taken an
active part in both State and National history. As the first
county-seat lay on the main highway between Virginia and the
Northern Colonies, the ideas of Washington and Jefferson and
Patrick Henry were easily disseminated. More than a year before
Jefferson's famous instrument was adopted, thirty-four of Har-
ford's representative sons, duly elected by the people of the
county, signed a resolution in which they heartily approved of
the "Resolves and Associations of the Continental Congress and
the Resolves of the Provincial Convention," and solemnly
pledged themselves to each other and the country to perform
the same at the risk of their lives and their fortunes. This is
known as the famous Bush Declaration of March 22, 1775. In
the court house at Bel Air are portraits of many of the distin-
guished citizens of the county who have left their impress upon
the State and nation. Among them are found William Paca,
COUNTIES OF MARYLAND 227
signer of the Declaration of Independence and twice governor of
the state; Dr. John Archer, a member of the first Constitutional
Convention of the state, and Edwin Booth, one of the greatest
of the worlds actors. Abingdon, aptly termed the "Mecca of
the Methodists," is noted as being the seat of the first
Methodist College (Cokesbury) founded for higher education.
Havre-de-Grace, named by Lafayette because of the resemblance
of its location to that of the French Havre, is the largest town
in the county, its population being 2,423. It figured in the
War of 1812. Bel Air has a population of 961, and Aberdeen and
other towns have from 100 to 800 inhabitants.
CAROLINE
Caroline is one of the smaller Maryland counties and is the
most inland of those on the Eastern Shore. Wicomico alone
excepted, it is the only one in that section not having an exten-
sive bayside border. The Delaware line bounds it on the east,
Dorset on the south. Great Choptank and Tuckahoe rivers on the
west and Queen Anne's on the north. The area of the county
is 320 square miles, and it was named in honor of Lady Eden,
and its county-seat was first called Eden-Town, after Governor
Eden. It was erected in 1773. The soil is of sand and clay,
adapted to a variety of crops, from wheat to berries. Fruit
growing is a prominent industry, and canneries are operated in
every section of the county. A local industry is charcoal-burning.
The Queen Anne's Railroad has done much to develop the
central section of the county and to quicken village growth.
The Delaware and Chesapeake Railway runs through the north-
western part, and the Cambridge and Seaford Line through the
extreme southeast. On the Choptank steamboats ply daily to
Denton. The population of Denton is 1,050. Ridgely,
(population 713), and Greensborough are important fruit
shipping stations, and the next largest towns. Federalsburg,
(population 539), on the North-West Fork of the Nanticoke,
228 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
has several local industries, and Preston, on the Baltimore,
Chesapeake and Atlantic Railway, which curves through south-
western Caroline; Hillsborough, Burrsville, Choptank are
progressive towns. Hillsborough Academy was noted among the
classical public schools of the post-Revolutionary period. One
of the first acts of the people of this county was the promulgation
of the "Caroline Resolutions of 1774," pledging resistance to
the arbitrary measures of Parliament. The county was distin-
guished in the Revolution. At Ridgely is an extensive basket
and berry-cup manufactory.
WASHINGTON
Washington county was established on the same day as Mont-
gomery and was taken from Frederick, originally including
Allegany and Garrett. It is bounded on the north by Pennsyl-
vania, on the east by South Mountain, which separates it from
Frederick; on the south and southwest by the Potomac river,
dividing it from Virginia, and on the west by Sideling Hill
creek, which separates it from Allegany. It is nearly triangular
in shape. The county is abundantly watered by the Antietam,
Beaver, Conococheague, Israel, and other creeks tributary to the
Potomac. The principal products are wheat, corn, oats, hay, rye,
potatoes, wool, live stock, butter and honey. The county-seat
is Hagerstown, with a popualtion of 13,591, and an admirable
location as a railroad center. It lies on Antietam creek, 86
miles from Baltimore, and a seminary of high order and other
private institutions, are among its educational facilities. The
Baltimore and Ohio, Western Maryland, Norfolk and Western,
and Cumberland Valley Railroads traverse the county and all
pass through Hagerstown. The manufacturing establishments of
the city are numerous and some of their products are bicycles,
gloves, organs, building materials, agricultural implements,
cigars, flour, carriages, etc. Williamsport has a population of
1,472, and is a commercial and industrial center. Sharpsburg,
COUNTIES OF MARYLAND 229
Hancock, Clearspring, Boonsboro, Smithsburg, Leitersburg,
Funkstown, Keedysville, and others, are thriving villages. The
county ranks high among wheat producing counties of the United
States, and is noted for its mountain-side peach orchards. The
population is remarkable for intelligence, industry and thrilt.
Its area is 525 square miles. Germans, English, Scotch, Swiss,
and French from the border provinces of Alsace and Lovraine
were among the original settlers. A number of families were
established in the county as early as 1735, and from 1740
onward the numbers rapidly increased. Washington has been
the mother of a long line of distinguished men in every walk of
life, who have left their impress not only upon Maryland but
upon other states and the nation. The county may lay claim to no
inconsiderable share in the construction of the first steamboat
built in the United States, (1785-86). General Washington and
Governor Thomas Johnson were patrons of the experiment of
James Ramsey, and parts of his steamboat were made at the
Antietam Iron Works on March 14, 1786. Sharpsburg and
vicinity was the scene of the most terrible and bloody battle of
the Civil War, and in the Antietam National cemetery here lie
buried 4,667 Union dead. The Delaware and Catawba battle-
ground at the mouth of Antietam Creek, the limestone or
subterranean curiosity from which Cavetown derives its name,
and old Fort Frederick, near Clearspring — the last remaining
visible vestige of the French and Indian War — and Maryland
Heights, rendered conspicuous in 1861-65, together with
Antietam battle-field, dotted with monuments and tablets, make
the county forever memorable in song and story.
MONTGOMERY
On September 6, 1776, the county of Montgomery was formed
out of the "Lower District of Frederick," and named in honor
of that illustrious hero, General Richard Montgomery, killed
at Quebec the previous year. The county furnished a conspic-
230 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
uous part of the Maryland Line during the Revolution; also,
troops in every subsequent War in which the country has been
engaged. Montgomery has given the state at least nine members
of the national House of Representatives, one United States
senator, one Chief Judge of the Maryland Court of Appeals,
three presidents of the state Senate, and has had one Cabinet
officer. The late United States Senators Edwards, of Illinois;
Davis, of Kentucky, and the brilliant commoner. Proctor Knott,
of the same state, were natives of this county; and the ancestors
of the southern Lamars and of Thomas H. Benton, of Missouri,
were from Montgomery. The first school of any reputation in
the county was a seminary for young men estabished toward
the close of the Revolution, and memorable as the alma mater of
William Wirt. The Rockville Academy (1809) and Brookeville
Academy (1814) were next chartered and liberally endowed, and
have been in operation ever since their foundation. Many private
institutions of learning have since been established, and those now
existing are at Rockville, Sandy Spring, Darnestown, Poolesville,
and Forest Glen. The Metropolitan Branch of the Baltimore
and Ohio Raiload runs diagonally through the county, available
to nearly every section, and several electric roads enter the
southeastern part, reaching various towns. The Chesapeake and
Ohio Canal borders on southern Montgomery, from the District
Line to Monocacy. There are numerous circulating libraries,
and the proximity of the county to the national capital offers the
best facilities to students and information-seekers. Braddock's
army encamped for a night within the present limits of Rockville.
In the early history of the county corn and tobacco v/ere the
staple products of the soil, until it became so exhausted that
Montgomery lost by emigration to the new country beyond the
Ohio large numbers of her population. In 1790 this was over
18,000, and fifty years later, 15,456. By the introduction of
guano in 1845 by the Society of Friends, a wonderful advance
was made in the growing of cereals and grass, and the value of
COUNTIES OF MARYLAND 231
land and farm products materially enhanced. In the last twenty-
five years the fertility of the soil has been greatly increased by
the use of lime and phosphates. The Great Falls of the Potomac
is said to be the largest available water power, perhaps, in the
world, and the county has many natural advantages. Gold has
been found in Montgomery in small quantities, and there are ex-
tensive deposits of granite. Rockville, the county-seat, has a
population of 1,110, Kensingtonof 477, Takomaof 756, Gaithers-
burg of 547. The area of the county is 508 square miles.
ALLEGANY
Allegany county derives its name from an Indian word — Alli-
gewi, a tribe name, or Oolik-hanna, meaning fairest stream.
Its area is 442 square miles, and it lies between Garrett and
Washington, with the Potomac river separating it from West
Virginia on the south. Its northern line is the Pennsylvania
boundary. In this county is found the narrowest part of the
state, and it is conspicuous by reason of the fact that coal-
mining and manufactures give occupation and support to the
great majority of its people, whose number places Allegany next
to Baltimore county in population. The coal fields cover
64,000 acres in what is known as the George's Creek (named
after Washington) Coal Basin, west of Cumberland, between
Dan's Mountain and Savage Mountain. The county is rich in
other mineral deposits, also — fire clay, cement, iron ore, Medina
sandstone, etc. The George's Creek Coal Basin is a part of that
greatest of all coal deposits, the Allegheny field, which extends
from Pennsylvania to Alabama. In Maryland the deposit is of a
semi-bituminous variety, highly prized for its peculiar qualities
and unrivalled steam-making power. The limestone and clay
ands and the Potomac "bottoms," in parts of Allegany, are
exceedingly fertile, and produce potatoes, wheat, corn, buckwheat
oats and grass in large crops. Fruits, especially apples flourish
on the mountain sides. The county is very progressive and the
232 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
standard of education, particularly among the miners, is high.
Vast sums of capital are invested in Allegany industries, and
some of these are among the most extensive of their kind in the
United States. Tin-plate, leather, cement, lumber, machinery,
flour, glass and many other products of the county are shipped
far and near. Next to Baltimore, Cumberland, with a population
of 17,128, is the largest city in the State, and is constantly
growing in material resources and size. It is the business
center of a territory which extends into Pennsylvania and West
Virginia. It is 178 miles from Baltimore and 149 from Pitts-
burg, and is reached by the Baltimore and Ohio, West Virginia
Central, (of which it is the eastern terminus), and Cumberland
and Pennsylvania Railroads, the latter a part of the Pennsylvania
system.. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal extends from Cumber-
land to Georgetown, D. C. Fort Cumberland, where Braddock
camped, was the starting point of the present city. Incident
and legend, dealing with Indian, British, French and Civil Wars,
cluster about Cumberland, and the topography and nomenclature
of this region is suggestive. Frostburg, 17 miles westward of
Cumberland, is a city of 5,247 population, on a plateau at an
elevation of 1,700 feet above sea level. The second State Normal
School is at Frostburg. Lonaconing, a mining town of 2,181
population, is in southwestern Allegany; Westernport, Midland,
Barton, Mount Savage, Ocean, Flintstone, Orleans, Pekin are
other towns.
CARROLL
Carroll county was formed in 1836 from the counties of Balti-
more and Frederick, between which it lies, with Howard on the
south and Pennsylvania on the north. The county has an area of
437 square miles and was named in memory of Charles Carroll of
Carrollton, who died in 1832, the last survivor of the Signers of
the Declaration of Independence. The surface is diversified,
being Isvel, undulating or broken, watered by fine streams issuing
COUNTIES OF MARYLAND 233
from innumerable streams which make up the tributaries of the
Potomac, the Monocacy and the Patapsco. These streams fur-
nish motive power for cotton and woolen factories, and many
flouring mills. The soils being limestone, slate and iron, are
fertile and easily improved. These lands respond bountifully to
the efforts of the agriculturist, whose products are corn, wheat,
rye, oats, buckwheat, hay and potatoes. In many sections grazing
is fine, and dairy farming is profitable. Limestone is quarried
in large quantities for lime-making; and granite, marble and
brownstone furnish excellent building material. Iron, copper,
soapstone and flint are found in quantities sufficient to be worked
with profit. Ample facilities for speedy and satisfactory trans-
action of business are furnished by fourteen banks, in which the
deposits amount to between two and three million dollars.
Westminster, with a population of 3,496, is the county-seat.
Other towns ranging in population from 1,200 to 500, are Union
Bridge, Taneytown, Manchester, Hampstead, Sykesville, New
Windsor, and Mt. Airy. Carroll was the first county in the
United States to establish rural free delivery of mail. In 1899
the system went into operation and at present four wagons and
forty- six carriers distribute mail in all parts of the county. The
Western Maryland, Baltimore and Ohio and Frederick Division
of the Pennsylvania, are the Carroll railroads. The Western
Maryland College and the Westminster Theological Seminary of
the Methodist Protestant Church, are at Westminster, and New
Windsor College, at New Windsor.
HOWARD.
Howard county, organized in 1851, bears the name of John
Eager Howard, one of the most illustrious soldiers of the Revo-
lution, and afterward governor of Maryland and United States
senator. It [is triangular in shape, lying between Baltimore,
Carroll, Frederick, Montgomery, Prince George's and Anne
Arundel counties, in the heart of the Western Shore. The
234 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
Patapsco forms its northern border, and two small branches of
the Patuxent extend into Howard form the Anne Arundel line.
Another branch of the same river separates it from Montgomery.
The main stem of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, the section
of which from Baltimore to Ellicott's Mills, was the first passenger
railroad built in this country, runs along Howard's northern
border, and the Washington Branch of the same road along its
southern. The cornerstone of the Baltimore and Ohio was laid
July 4, 1828, by Charles Carroll, then upwards of ninety years
old, and he said of this act that he considered it second only to
his signing the Declaration, if "even it be second to that."
The area of the county is 250 square miles, and its topography
is hilly and broken, with heavy forests and fertile hill-sides and
valleys, the arable land being especially adapted to wheat, corn
and hay. As early as 1800 the iron ore deposits of Howard led
to the building of the Avalon Iron Works, and Howard ore is
now the only Maryland product of the kind being smelted. In
granite, marble and building stones, Howard is especially rich.
Guilford and Woodstock granites are known throughout the United
States. Ellicott City, the county-seat, on the Patapsco river
fifteen miles from Baltimore, is joined to the latter by an elec-
tric road. Ellicott's Mills, as it was known from 1774 until
the latter years of the past century, is noted in Maryland history.
The manufacture of flour was begun here by the Ellicotts in that
year, and this industry is an important one in this section of the
State. The town has a population of 1,331. Rock Hill College,
a widely known educational institution, is located here. Wood-
stock and St. Charles Colleges and the Ilchester Redemptorist
institution in Howard, have made the county known wherever
the Roman Catholic faith is preached. At Alberton and Savage
are large cotton mills, operated by water power. Howard has
been the birth-place or the home of many Marylanders noted in
political life, on the bench and in the arts and sciences, and on
her territory was first heard in Maryland the demand for separa-
tion from the mother country.
COUNTIES OF MARYLAND 235
WICOMICO
Wicomico county lies southeast of Dorset, the division line
between the two being the Nanticoke river. Delaware on the
north, Worcester on the east, and Worcester and Somerset on
the south form the land boundaries of Wicomico, and the Nanti-
coke river extends along its western side, emptying into Tangier
sound. The area of the county is 365 square miles, and its
name is taken from the river which flows through its central
section into Monie bay. Salisbury, the county-seat, (1732),
is one of the most thriving commercial towns on the Eastern
Shore, and has a population of 4,277. It is incorporated as a
city, and has numerous manufactures, mostly associated with the
extensive lumber interests of the county. Salisbury is noted
for the beauty of its situation and its substantial business
buildings and modern homes. Delmar, partly in Wicomico and
partly in Delaware, is a goodly-sized town, and Tyaskin, Nanti-
coke, Powellsville, Quantico, Pittsville, Parsonsburg, Wango,
Fruitland and other villages are the centers of thriving commun-
ities. Agriculture is the occupation of many of the people,
and fruit-growing is largely [and successfully engaged in, as is
also trucking. The melon crop is an important one. With its
fine transportation facilities, Wicomico, like Somerset, although,
perhaps, in a greater degree, is in competition with the truck
farmers of Virginia in the Northern markets. Light, sandy soils,
overlying stiff clays, are found in Wicomico, and there are areas
of gum swamp land and of loams, the "black lo?.m" along the
edge of Delaware being very fertile. Mardela Springs, a
village of several hundred inhabitants, is well-known in local
history as the location of "Barren Creek Springs," the fame of
whose medicinal waters covers over a century. In the early days
of the state, these mineral springs were a favorite resort of
persons from the middle Atlantic coast territory. Francis
Makemie established a Presbyterian church in Wicomico (then
236 LEADING EVENTS OF xMARYLAND HISTORY
Somerset) county before the formation, in 1706, of the American
Presbytery in Philadelphia, and is called the founder of the Pres-
byterian Church in America. The Baltimore, Chesapeake and
Atlantic Railway and the New York, Philadelphia and Norfolk
Railroad run through Wicomico.
GARRETT
Garrett, the youngest of the counties of Maryland, was carved out
of territory belonging to Allegany county, in 1872. Its first
election for county officers was held January 7, 1873. John W.
Garrett, then President of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, for
whom the county was named, was instrumental in its establish-
ment. In area Garrett is the largest county in the State — 660
square miles. It is largely mountainous, lying in the great
plateau of the Alleghenies, and contains much uncleared land.
It has rich deposits of iron ore, fire clay and other minerals,
especially coal; but the chief industries are farming, stock-
raising and lumbering. Oakland, its county-seat, is 2,800 feet
above sea level, and is noted as a summer resort. Mountain
Lake Park, widely known for its Chatauqua and camp-meeting,
and Deer Park are also in Garrett. The people of the county
are purely American, there being few residents of foreign birth, and
only a half-hundred negroes. The rivers and streams of the county
abound in game fish — bass and trout — and deer, pheasants, wild
turkeys, etc., make it the same sportsmen's paradise it was in
the days of Meshach Browning, hunter and author. Occasionally,
in the mountain fastnesses, a bear is seen. Its deer shooting
has long attracted hunters from all over the country, and the
glades and uplands are yearly alive with pheasants and wild
turkeys. Wheat, potatoes, corn, buckwheat, and hay, are leading
Garrett crops. The maple forest of the county yield annually
about a quarter of a million pounds of maple sugar. Wild
honey is abundant. The Baltimore and Ohio, West Virginia
Central, and Oakland and State Line are Garrett railroads. The
COUNTIES OF MARYLAND 237
lumber industry in Garrett has long been its chief manufacturing
interest. The first saw mill — forerunner of the many that have
leveled the primeval forests of the county — -was owned by Philip
Hare, and placed in operation near Grantsville about 1790. Val-
uable and productive farms have been made of the fertile lime-
stone lands. Oakland is 246 miles from Baltimore and 600 from
Chicago. Selbysport, Swanton, Accident, Grantsville, Friend-
ship, Keyser, Mineral Springs, Krug, Thayersville, Finzel, are
among the Garrett towns, and it is notable in physical geography
as the only Maryland county having rivers flowing westward as
well as eastward. The Youghiogheny rises in Garrett and is a
tributary of the Ohio.
APPENDIXES
A
Proprietaries of Maryland
Cecilius Calvert 1032 Charles Calvert 1715
Charles Calvert l(iT5 Frederick Calvert 1751
Benedict Leonard Calvert. . .1715 Henry Harford 1771-177(1
N. B. — It is well to remember that there were six Lords Baltimore
and six proprietaries, but the first Lord Baltimore (George Calvert)
was not a proprietary of Maryland and the last proprietary of
Maryland (Henry Harford) was not a Lord Baltimore.
B
Governors of Maryland*
Colonial Governors of Maryland
Under the Proprietary
Leonard Calvert 1G38
Thomas Greene 1047
William Stone 1040
William Fuller and Com-
missioners of Parliament . .1054
Josias Fendall 1058
Philip Calvert 1000
Charles Calvert 1001
Cecilius Calvert, a minor;
Jesse Wharton, deputy,
and later Thomas
Notley 1070
Thomas Notley 1070
Charles Calvert, Lord
Baltimore, in person 1079
Bendict Leonard Calvert,
a minor; government ad-
ministered by Council. . .1084
William Joseph, Presi-
dent of the Council 1688
Convention of Protestant Association, 1089
Royal Governors
Thomas Tench, President
of the Council 1702
John Seymour 1704
Edward Loyd, President
of the Council 1709
John Hart 1714
Lionel Copley 1093
Edniond Andros {ad i)i-
terim) 1093
Thomas Lawrence, Presi-
dent of the Council 1094
Francis Nicholson 1094
Nathaniel Blackiston 1099
*I do not know of any complete list of Maryland governors ever published
that is correct. The list of colonial governors here given will be found very
different from the usual lists, but in agreement with the list prepared from the
archives by Dr. B C Steiner and others for the Mai yland Manual , issued by the
secretarv of state The list of state governors is taken from the list prepared
by Mr. Kdward T. Tubbs for the Tt-aclieis' Manual issued by State Superin-
tendent M. B Stevens. A comparison with the conventional list will show
that the terms of mt)st of the governors have been dated from their election
instead of from their qualification.
J. M. G.
240
LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
Proprietary Governors
John Hart 1715
Thomas Brooke, President
of the the Council 1720
Charles Calvert 1720
Benedict Leonard Calvert. 17. .27
Samuel Ogle 1731
Charles, Lord Baltimore, in
person 1 7:52
vSamuel Ogle 1733
Thomas Bladen 1742
vSamuel Ogle 1747
Benjamin Tasker, Presi-
dent of the Council 1752
Horatio Sharpe 1753
Robert Eden 1769-1776
Convention and Council of Safety, /774-5--6«7
State Governors of Maryland
Thomas Johnson 1777
Thomas Sim Lee 1779
William Paca 17S2
William Smallwood 1785
John Eager Howard 1788
George Plater 1791
Thomas Sim Lee 1792
John H. Stone 1794
John Henry 1797
Benjamin Ogle 1798
John P'rancis Mercer 1801
Robert Bowie 1803
Robert Wright 1806
James Butcher 1809
Edward Lloyd 1809
Robert Bowie 1811
Levin Winder 1812
Charles Ridgely 181(5
Charles Goldsborough 1819
Samuel Sprigg 1819
Samuel Stevens, Jr 1822
Joseph Kent 1826
Daniel Martin 1829
Thomas King Carroll 1830
Daniel Martin 1831
George Howard 1831
James Thomas 1833
Thomas W. Veazey 1836
William Grason ■ 1839
F'rancis Thomas 1842
Thomas G. Pratt 1845
Philip F. Thomas 1848
E. Louis Lowe 1851
T. Watkins Ligon 1854
Thomas Hollidav Hicks. . .1858
A ugustus W. Bradford 1862
Thomas Swann 1865
Oden Bowie 1868
William Pinkney White. . .1872
James Black Groome 1884
John Lee Carroll 1876
William T. Hamilton 1830
Robert M. McLane 1884
Henry Llovd 1885
Elihu E.Jackson 1888
Frank Brown 1892
Lloyd Lowndes 1 896
John Walter vSmith 1900
Towns of Maryland
Having a population of more than 3,000 (U. S. Census, 1900)
Baltimore city 508,957
Cumberland 17, 128
Hagerstown 13,591
Frederick 9,296
Annapolis 8,402
Cambridge 5,747
Frostburg 5,274
Salisbury 4,277
Havre de Grace 3,423
Westminster 3,199
Crisfield 3,165
Easton 3,074
Chestertown 3,008
APPENDIX 241
The Star = Spangled Banner
The circumstances under which The Star-Spangled Banner was
written by Francis Scott Key are related in the text. The song is
said to have been sung for the first time in public by a young actor
named Hardinge, at the Holliday Street Theatre, Baltimore, October
19, 1814.
The text of the poem is as follows :
O! say, can you see, by the dawn's early light,
What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming?
Whose broad stripes and bright stars, through the perilous fight,
O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming;
And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting in air,
Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there:
O! say does that Star-Spangled Banner yet wave,
O'er the land of the free, and the home of the brave?
On the shore, dimly seen through the mists of the deep,
Where the foe's haughty host, in dread silence reposes;
What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep,
As it fitfully blows, now conceals, now discloses?
Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam,
In full glory reflected now shines in the stream:
'Tis the Star-vSpangled Banner, O long may it wave,
O'er the land of the free, and the home of the brave!
And where is that band, who so vatintingly swore
That the havoc of war and the battle's confusion,
A home and a country should leave us no more?
Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps' pollution.
No refuge could save the hireling and slave
From the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave.
And the Star-Spangled Banner in triumph doth wave
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave!
O thus be it ever when freemen shall stand
Between their loved homes and the war's desolation;
Blest with victory and peace, may the heav'n rescued band
Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation!
Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just,
And this be our motto: "In God is our trust."
And the Star-vSpangled Banner in triimiph doth wave
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave!
E
Cabinet Appointments
The following citizens of Marylatid have been appointed to cabinet
positions under presidents of the United States:
242 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
James McHenry — Secretary of War and the Navy under President
Washington.
Benjamin Stoddert — Secretary of the Navy under President Adams
and Jefferson.
Robert Smith — Secretary of the Navy and Attorney-General under
President Jefferson, and Secretary of vState
under President Madison.
William Pinkney — Attorney-General under President Madison.
John Rodgers — Appointed Secretary of the Navy by Pre.sident Mon-
roe, but declined.
William Wirt — Attorney-General under President Monroe.
Roger B. Taney — Attorney-General and Secretary of the Treasury
under President Jackson.
John Nelson — Attorney-Creneral under President Tyler.
John P. Kennedy— vSecretary of the Navy under President Fillmore.
Reverdy Johnson — Attorney-General under President Taylor.
Philip F. Thomas — .Secretary of the Treasury under President Buch-
anan.
Montgomery Blair — Postmaster-General under Pre.sident Lincoln.
John A.J. Creswell — Postmaster-General under President Grant.
James A.Gary — Postmaster-General under President McKinley.
Admiral Schley's account of the Battle of Santiago
The following narrative of the events of the great naval battle
off Santiago de Cuba, on the third day of July, 1898, is condensed
from the testimony given l)y Rear Admiral Winfield S Schley, second
in command of the I'nited States forces engaged in blockading the
port of vSantiago. and the only officer of flag rank to participate in
the battle, l)eforL' a Court of Inquiry held at the Navy Yard in Wash-
in t;ton in the year li)()l :
'The morning of the third day of July, 18!)S. broke clear and
beautiful. The sky was flecked with white ciouds, and the breeze
continued a little bit longer off the land that morning than usual.
After I had eaten breakfast I came up to take a survey of the situa-
tion with glasses. We were lying, at that time, possil)ly three miles
or a little bit over from the land, and I wondered very mucli why they
had permitted us to remain so close. It was a maiter of constant in-
(juirv and discussion on bo ird, especially why the Spanish batteries
(lid not lire on us. .\t 8 4.") my orderly reported to me that signal
had been mnde from the flagship to disregard her movements, and
tliat she liad gone eastwa'd. I did not, of course, know where she
had gone.
" I sal under an awning th it we hid put into position each day as
the sun arose, in order that the officers might collect there. I
think we also had one forward for the men. I came on deck with
mv glasses, after having gone below for a little while ; and, while I
APPENDIX 243
was sitting abaft on a hatchway I heard a call from the forward
bridge: 'Tell the commodore that the fleet is coming out.' That
was sometime after the men had been called to quarters, about 9.35
o'clock.
"The ship at that moment was lying with her head in toward
the land, in the direction of Cabanas, which was a litile cove to the
westward. I looked over the starboard side and saw the enemy
coming out of the entrance to the harbor. I then looked eastward
to see the position of our ships, and I saw the Texas apparently a
point or more abaft our starboard beam. My own recollection is that
the Brooklyn's head was pointing nor'-nor'-west. The Texas ap-
peared to be heading on one of the easterly courses. To the left,
and eastward, of her was the Iowa. The Oregon was eastward of
the Iowa, and the Indiana was eastward of that position. The
Gloucester was lying in under the land, in the neighborhood of
Aguadores. The New York was out of sight and out of signal
distance, with glasses.
" The moment I saw that I went forward to a little platform I had
had Vjuilt around the conning tower as my position in battle in
order to be very close to Captain Cook. I had only been there a
moment or two when Captain Cook joined me. In the meantime,
Mr. Hodgson, who was on the upper bridge, sang out something to
the captain al)out being connected up and all ready, and at the same
time he said to me; 'Commodore they are coming right at us.'
' Well,' I said, 'go right for them.' The helm was put a-port, and
the ship was started ahead. She took her way very quickly, and
when we headed around I said to Captain Cook: 'Go ahead, full
speed, and hoist signal to clear ships for action.'
"The Brooklyn, as well as the other vessels of the squadron,
charged immediately into the entrance, in accordance with the origi-
nal plan of sinking the enemy's ships in the entrance or driving
them ashore. We continued directly for the head of the enemies
column, the idea uppermost in my mind being that if we could
arrest them long enough for the battleships, to close in and knock
them to pieces, that would be our best point of attack. We con-
tinued on this course, porting and starboarding to meet the move-
ments of the leading ship, which I assumed to be Admiral Cer-
vera's flagship. I suppose from the time we started we were ten
or twelve minutes turning first with port helm and then advanc-
ing direct to the enemy. I saw the ships to the eastward and
westward closing in. I said to Captain Cook : ' Close action' or 'Close
up' has been hoisted, and it means to keep inside of a thousand
yards, out of effective torpedo range. Captain Cook was stand-
ing alongside of me and said : ' Yes, we will soon be within the
cross-fire of these shi])s.' I said : 'Yes,' and I then saw we had ad-
vanced without firing. The first gun, I ihink, was fired by Lieu-
tenant Simpson, almost directlv over the forecastle of the shij>.
" I saw the leading ship, which apparently had started with the
intention of ramming, take a turn ahead to tlie westward, leaving a
gap between her and the ship following, which sub.seciuently proved
to be the Vi.scaya. We were advancing in the direction of the
244 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
Viscaya, wlien she also seemed to have given up the intention to ram
and turned to the westward, following the direction of the leading
ship. It then became apparent, as we were steering on diametrically
opposite courses, that the original plan had failed and that the Span-
ish fleet, in order and apparently at distance, had succeeded in
passing the battleship line.
"A new feature of the fight became immediately apparent, and
Captain Cook gave the order to port the helm. The helm was put
hard over. I never saw the ship turn more rapidly than she did
at that time. Her turn was absolutely continuous, and we passed
completely around the circle.
"The last range that was given before the Brooklyn turned was
eleven hundred yards, and the fact of the nearness of that ship (the
second Spanish shipMmpressed itself upon my mind, and will never
be forgotten, because I could see with the naked eye men run-
ning over her turrets to her superstructure deck, and I observed the
daylight between their legs as they ran. Before we turned, the lead-
ing ship was abeam, or a little abaft the beam, and when we turned
about she was ahead of us — that is, on the starboard bow — and all
four ships and the forts were firing at the same time, and from that
moment the following ten or fifteen minutes were the most furious
part of the entire combat. I remember very distinctly seeing, from
time to time, as my attention was attracted for a moment, the jets of
water ahead and astern, over and short. The roar of projectiles was a
thing that can l^e heard only once in a life-time, and then never
forgotten. It appeared at that moment that all four of these ships
were at work upon the Brooklyn, and up to the moment of turning,
so far as we could perceive, there was not the slightest evidence
they had 1)een injured. The thought passed through my mind that,
after all our precautions and waiting, those fellows would get
away. At that moment I felt, and I think I remarked to Captain
Cook, that we were alone and would perhaps have most of the fight
on our hands, because I did not know then that the battleships could
possibly keep up their speed. But I said to him : ' We must stay with
this crowd.' I had no idea that we would escape. Of course, if they
could have shot as well as our people did they would have got us.
"When we had completely turned around on a westerly course,
the ships appeared to have been broken up a little although still in
some semblance of formation, and just at that moment I saw the
Oregon break through the cloud envelope. She came into view on
the starljoard quarter of the flagship, perhaps fonr or five hundred
yards distant. The two ships, the Brooklyn and Oregon, were firing
in a manner I had never seen before. I never before realized what
rapid gun-fire meant. Both ships were at that time a sheet of flame.
Soon after I saw that the leading Spanish ship was evidently bat-
tered hard. She lagged astern, and I saw smoke pouring out of her
ports and hatches. I said to Captain Cook ,who was constantly at my
side and always in my confidence : ' We have got one. Keep the
boys below informed of all the movements. They cannot see and
they ought to know.' He did so throughout the action. Every
few minutes messages were sent below to the men that were
APPENDIX 245
answered oftentimes with cheers, which we could hear through the
ventilators.
" It appeared to be a very short interval of time after that that I
saw a second ship on fire, which proved later to be the Oquendo.
She evidently had suffered very severely and started immediately
inshore, leaving the Viscaya and the Colon. The Viscaya im-
mediately took a leading position on the bow and I thought for a
little while that she would perhaps out-foot us. The Colon worked
inshore, and the time between the dropping out of action of those
two ships until the \'iscaya turned inshore was a period of perhaps
thirty minutes, during w'hich time she was abreast of the Brooklj-n
and the Oregon.
" On the trip outward after the turn I was very anxious about
the ranges, because I did not want the Viscaya and the Colon to get
out of good fighting range. Ellis, who was an expert with the
stadimeter, constantly kept that instrument on those vessels, and,
knowing exactly their heights reported to me that they were main-
taining the same range. But I thought my eye was a little more
sensitive, and I said: ' No, they are evidentl}' gaining.' He went
from me the second time, and that was the last I saw of him alive.
In performing this magnificent duty he lo.st his life. He was struck
about ten feet from where I was standing and instantly killed.
"He fell to the deck, and it was a shocking sight to men who
had never seen such things before. Lieutenant McCauley and Dr. De
Valin got down, or rather they were standing between me and the
turret. They picked up the body and carried it to the side. I just
happened to see then through the opening, and called out to them
not to throw that body overboard; that I thought that one who had
fallen so gallantly deserved to be buried as a Christian. His body
was laid under the lee of the forward turret, and covered with a
blanket, and there kept until after the battle.
"Just before the Viscaya turned to run ashore, she put her helm
to starboard, apparently starting out for the Brooklyn or Oregon, I
don't remember which. Evidently at that moment she got a very
severe wound, for I saw (juite an explosion in her bow, and a mo-
ment afterward she put her helm hard a-port, turning inshore,
smoke coming from all her hatches. I thought she was going to
capsize, she had such a tremendous list to port. Just then I saw a
shell strike and it appeared to me to rake her fore-and-aft, and I
thought to myself, 'She will sink in deep water.' So I told the
signal officer to signal the Texas to lookout for her men and save
them; but the Texas was too far astern to receive the message. Dur-
ing this part of the fight I noticed that all of the signal halyards
of my ship were cut, I think possibly with one exception. One of
the speed-cones we had hoisted was cut, and came very near strik-
ing me as it came down in front of me and went overboard.
"After the Viscaya had turned in afire, her colors down, the
Colon edged inshore, and a])peared to be following the contour of
the coast, and I thought at that time, looking astern and ob.serving
what had happened to her consorts, that she was seeking the best
place she could find in order to end the matter at once. From
246 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
Ass,?raderos, which was behind, some sixteen nnles west of the har-
bor, to the point Rio Tarqiiino, is perhaps about thirt}- miles, so I
said to Captain Cook : ' Cease fire,' and to make the signal. I also
told Captain Cook to let his men come out of the turrets into the
cooler air and get something to eat. I think I went into the bat-
tle-tower myself at that time, and sang out to the men below that
we had got all of them except one, and that I thought they could be
depended u])on to catch that other vessel. I heard a good deal of
merriment and rejoicing.
" I went back to the bridge, and soon realized that they were
doing their best. There was a jingle to the rails and a vibration
to the vessel and I perceived that the motions of the ship were slug-
gish. I suggested to Captain Cook that we pos,sibly had some com-
partments filled. He sent the carpenter down, and it developed
that one of the after compartments had filled with water, which we
thought was due to the fact that we had received some injviries below
the water-line. The carpenter, as well as the captain, thought it
unwise to examine the compartment until we could get into smoother
water, where we could possibly handle it much more readily. That
course was decided upon. The ship's speed, of course, came up with
.some rapidity, and toward twelve o'clock it was apparent that we
were gaining upon the chase. I said to Captain Cook several times
during the action : ' Would it not be a good idea to edge in, so that
we could finish these fellows quicker,' and he replied that we had
them in most excellent target range, and that the guns of the two
ships seemed to be doing most admirable work.
"We were pointing at that time for Tarcjuino Point, under Cape
Cruz, at the point extending to the southward. My idea was that in
steering that course, if the Colon kept up her course, she would be
obliged to come out. I then said that I would get up a lot of extra
ammunition, so that when she came out into close quarters it would
be a question of but a few minutes before we knocked her out.
" As we were going out to head her off there were various signals
between the Oregon and myself, of a pleasing character. The posi-
tion of the Colon l)eing directly under the fire of the two ships, there
was no question in the mind of the captain of the Colon that it would
be fatal. I think he did exactly right. A sacrifice of life would have
been unnecessary, so he fired a gun to the leeward, and hauled his
flag down, and ran in on the bar at the mouth of the Rio Tarquino.
" I signaled at once tocea.se firing, thatthe enemy had surrendered.
We hauled up and immediately passed into position. When the
surrender took place, I naturally felt interested in the vessels that
w-ere following. I was then on the bridge, and with glasses I saw
three vessels astern. I could seethe masts of two; coidd only see
smoke of the third one. We lowered the boat, and Captain Cook
went aboard. He said to me : , Commodore, what are the terms of
surrender?' I said to him: ' l^nconditional. Those are matters
which the commander-in-chief nmst arrange. We can only receive
an unconditional surrender.'
" At two o'clock and twenty-three minutes, a1)Out, the New York
came up. I made the signal to her that it was a glorious day for our
APPENDIX 247
country, and as soon as I could went on board to pay my respects.
While I was talking to the commander-in-chief, word came to us
that a Spanish battleship was on the coast, heading westward, and
I was directed to take the Oregon and go eastward to meet her. We
got under way at once ; but the Oregon was detained, and the
Brooklj'n went on alone. The supposed enemy turned out to be an
Austrian cruiser, seeking authorit}' to enter the harbor of Santiago.
Before her identity was discovered we went at her with all our
guns loaded and pointed, and in the dim light of apjjroaching night
! he had to turn her searchlight on her colors to enable us to make
them out. We warned her off the coast and went on our way back
to the entrance to the harbor.
"Arriving there, I was hailed by Captain Evans, who said that
x'\dmiral Cervera was on board the Iowa, and would like very much
to see me. I went over to see him, and found him on the after part
of the ship ; but, before approaching him, I directed that there
should be no cheering, as I did not think it would be proper to exult
over a foe who had fought and behaved so gallantly, and that we
ought to omit that, which was done.
"I then went over to see the Admiral, whom I found, of course,
very much dejected. I said to him that I knew he had lost every-
thing, clothing as w-ell as money, and that I wanted to say that
the object of my vi.sit was to inform him that my w-ardrobe, as well
as my purse, was at his disposal. He replied that he thanked me
very much, and said that he had never met a sailor who was not a
gentleman, that he was very much obliged, but all he cared for was
to send a dispatch to his government or to the Captain-General,
announcing what had happened to his squadron. I told him, of
course there would be no objection whatever to that.
"That ended my part in the battle of Santiago."
This condensed statement is taken from my testimony before the
Court of Inquir}^ held in 1901, at Washington, is ©•rrect, and pre-
sents the main features of the Battle at Santiago on July 3d, 1898,
as I witnessed them from a position situated on the Flagship
Brooklyn. W. S. SCHLEY,
Rear Admiral, U. S. N..
G
CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND
ADOPTED BY THE CONVENTION
Which Assembled at the City of Annapolis on the Eighth Day of
May, Eighteen Hundred and Sixty-seven, and Adjourned
on the Seventeenth Day of August, Eighteen Hundred
and Sixty-seven, and Ratified by the People on the
Eighteenth Day of September, Eighteen Hundred
and Sixty-seven, with Amendments and De-
cisions of the Court of Appeals, to
and Including 94 Md.
DECLARATION OF RIGHTS
rrcaniblc
We, the people of the State of Maiylaiid, grateful to Almighty God
for our civil and religious liberty, and taking into our serious con-
sideration the best means of establishing a good Constitution in this
State for the sure foundation and more permanent security thereof,
declare:
Origin and foundation of government. Right of reform
Article 1. That all Government of right originates from the
People, is founded in compact only, and instituted solely for the
good of the whole; and they have, at all times, the inalienable right
to alter, reform or abolish their form of Government in such manner
as they may deem expedient.
Constitution of U. S. the supreme /ar..'
Art. 2. The Constitution of the United States, and the Laws made
or which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all Treaties made,
or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States,
are and shall be the Supreme Law of the State; and the Judges of
this State, and all the People of this State, are, and shall be bound
thereby, anything in the Constitution or I^aw of this State to the
contrary notwithstanding.
I'oci'ers resrrzrd
Art. 3. The powers not delegated to the United States by the
Constitution thereof, nor prohibited by it to the vStates, are reserved
to the States respectively, or to the People thereof.
State's rights
Art. 4. That the People of this State have the sole and exclusive
right of regulating the internal government and police thereof, as a
free, sovereign and independent State.
APPENDIX 249
Common lazv: trial by jtiiy — Etii^lis/i statutes — Charter of the State
Art. 5. That the Inhabitants of Maryland are entitled to the
Common Law of England, and the trial by Jury, according to the
course of that law, and to the benefit of such of the English statutes
as existed on the Fourth day of July, seventeen hundred and seventy-
six; and which, by experience, have been found applicable to their
local and other circumstances, and have been introduced, used and
practiced by the Courts of Law or Equity; and also of all Acts of
Assembly in force on the first day of June, eighteen hundred and
sixty-seven; except such as may have since expired, or may be
inconsistent with the provisions of this Constitution; subject, never-
theless, to the revision of, and amendment or repeal by, the Legisla-
ture of this State. And the Inhabitants of Maryland are also
entitled to all property derived to them from or under the Charter
granted by His Majesty, Charles the First, to Ctecilius Calvert,
Baron of Baltimore.
Right of reform — A'oti -resistance
Art. 6. That all persons invested with the Legislative or Execu-
tive powers of Government are Trustees of the Public, and as such,
accountable for their conduct: Wherefore, whenever the ends of
Government are perverted, and public liberty manifestly endanger-
ed, and all other means of redress are ineffectusl, the People may,
and of right ought to reform the old, or establish a new Government;
the doctrine of non-resistance against arbitrary power and oppression
is absurd, slavish and destructive of the good and happiness of
mankind.
Right of stiff rage
Art. 7. That the right of the People to participate in the Legisla-
ture is the best security of liberty and the foundation of all free
Government; for this purpose elections ought to be free and frequent,
and every white* male citizen having the qualifications prescribed
by the Constitution, ought to have the right of suffrage.
Separation of the depaitjiients of government
Art. 8. That the Legislative, Executive and Judicial powers of
Government ought to be forever separate and distinct from each
other; and no person exercising the functions of one of said Depart-
ments shall assume or discharge the duties of any other.
Suspension of laws
Art. 9. That no power of suspending Laws or the execution of
Laws, unless by, or derived from the Legislature, ought to be
exercised, or allowed.
Freedom of speech
Art. 10. That freedom of speech and debate, or proceedings in
the Legislature, ought not to be impeached in any Court of Judica-
ture.
♦The word "white" omitted under the l.lth Ameiidiuent to the Constitution
of the United States.
250 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
Si'at of government
Art. 11. That Annapolis be the place of meeting of the Legisla-
ture and the Legislature ought not to be convened, or held at any
other place but from evident neccessity.
JMeeting of Legislature
Art. 12. That for redress of grievances, and for amending,
strengthening, and for preserving the laws, the Legislature ought to
be frequently convened.
K'ight of petition
Art. i;j. That every man hath a right to petition the Legislature
for the redress of grievances in a peaceful and orderly manner.
Levying of taxes
Art. 14. That no aid, charge, tax, burthen or fees ought to be
rated, or levied, under any pretence, without the consent of the
Legislature.
roll tax — Taxation according to actual ivorth — Fines
Art. 15. That the levying of taxes by the poll is grievous and
oppressive, and ought to be prohibited; that paupers ought not to be
assessed for the support of the (rovernnient; but ever%- person in the
State, or person holding property therein, ought to contribute his
proportion of public taxes for the support of the Government,
according to his actual worth in real or personal property; yet fines,
duties or taxes may properly and justly be imposed, or laid with a
political view for the good government and benefit of the community.
Sanguinary laws
Art. 16. That sanguinary Laws ought to be avoided as far as it is
consistent with the safety of the State; and no I. aw to inflict cruel
and unusual pains and penalties ought to be made in any case, or at
any time, hereafter.
A'etrospcctiz r la ws
Art. 17. That retrospective Laws, punishing acts committed
before the existence of such Laws, and by them only declared
criminal are oi)pressive, unjust and incompatible with liberty;
wherefore, no e.v post facto Law ought to be made; nor any retro-
spective oath or restriction be imposed or required.
. Ittainder
Art. 18. That no Law to attaint particular persons of treason or
felony, ought to be made in any case, or at any time, hereafter.
A'ig/it to have justice
Art. 19. That every man, for any injury done to him in his
person or projjert}' ought to have remedy by the course of the Law of
the Land, and ought to have justice ; nd right, freely without sale,
fully without any denial, and speedily without delay, according to
Law of the Land.
APPENDIX 251
Trial of facts
Art. 30. That the trial of facts, where they arise, is one of the
greatest securities of the lives, liberties and estate of the People.
Criiiiina! prosccittions; indiduient — Counsel and rvittiesses —
Trial by jury
Art. 31. That in all criminal prosecutions, every man hath a
right to be informed of the accusation against him; to have a copy
of the Indictment, or Charge in due time (if required) to prepare for
his defence; to be allowed counsel; to be confronted with the wit-
nesses against him; to have process for his witnesses; to examine
the witnesses for and against him on oath; and to a speed}' trial by
an impartial jury, without whose unanimous consent he ought not
to be found guilty.
Tlvidcnce against oneself
Art. '2^1. That no man ought to be compelled to give evidence
against himself in a criminal case.
Freemen not to be imprisoned
Art. 33. That no man ought to be taken or imprisoned or dis-
seized of his freehold, liberties or privileges, or outlawed, or exiled,
or in any manner destroyed, or deprived of his life, liberty or
property, but by the judgment of his peers, or by the Law of the
Land.
Slai'ery abolished
Art. 34. That Slavery shall not be re-established in this State; but
having been abolished, under the policy and authority of the United
States, compensation, in consideration thereof, is due from the
United States.
Tail and fines
Art. 85. That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive
fines imposed, nor cruel or unusual punishment inflicted by the
Courts of Law.
Sear eh wai' rants
Art. 8(5. That all warrants, without oath or affirmation, to search
suspected i)laces, or to seize any person or pro])erty, are grievous and
oppressive; and all general warrants to search suspected places, or
to apprehend suspected persons, without naming or describing the
place, or the per.son in special, are ilk gal, and ought not to be
granted.
Corruption of blood
.Art. 87. That no conviction shall work corruption of blood or
forfeiture of estate.
Militia
Art. 38. That a well regulated Militia is the proper and natural
defence of a free Government.
252 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
.Sy^; II if i no- ,- Inn ies
Art. 39. That Standing Armies are dangerous to liberty, and
ought not to be raised, or kept up, without the consent of the
Legislature.
Military subject to civil power
Art, 30. That in all cases, and at all times, the militar\^ ought to
be under strict subordination to, and control, of the civil power.
Quartering- of soldiers
Art. 81. That no soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in
any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war,
except in the manner prescribed by Law.
Martial laiv
Art. 32. That no person except regular soldiers, marines and
mariners in the service of this State, or militia, when in actual ser-
vice, ought, in any case, to be subject to, or punishable by, Martial
Law.
Judiciary
Art. 33. That the independency and uprightness of Judges are
essential to the impartial administration of Justice, and a great
security to the rights and liberties of the People; wherefore, the
Judges shall not be removed, except in the manner, and for the
causes, provided in this Constitution. No Judge shall hold any other
office, civil or military or political trust, or employment of any kind
whatsoever, under the Constitution or Laws of this State, or of the
United States, or any of them; or receive fees, or perquisites of anj'
kind, for the discharge of his official duties.
Rotation in office
Art. 34. That a long continuance in the Executive Departments
of power or trust is dangerous to liberty; a rotation, therefore, in
those Departments is one of the best securities of permanent freedom.
Holdiiiii offices — Presents
Art. 35. That no person shall hold, at the same time, more than
one office of profit, created by the Constitution or Laws of this State;
nor shall any person in public trust receive any present from any
foreign Prince or State, or from the I'nited States, or any of them,
without the approbation of this State.
Religious lihert} — M 'itnesses
Art. 30. That as it is the duty of every man to worship God in
such manner as he thinks most acceptable to Him, all persons are
equally entitled to protection in their religious liberty; wherefore,
no person ought, by any law to be molested in his person or estate,
on account of his religious persuasion or profession, or for his relig-
ious practice, unless, under the color of religion, he shall disturb the
good order, peace or safety of the State, or shall infringe the laws of
morality, or injure others'in their natural, civil or religious rights;
APPENDIX 223
nor ought any person to be compelled to frequent, or maintain or
contribute, unless on contract, to maintain any place of worship or
any ministry; nor shall any person, otherwise competent be fleemed
incompetent as a witness, or juror, on account of his religious
belief; provided, he believes in the existence of God, and that under
His dispensation such person will be held morally accountable for
his acts, and be rewarded or punished therefor in this world or the
world to come.
Oath of office
Art. 37. That no religious test ought ever to be required as a
qualification for any office of profit or trust in this State, other than
a declaration of belief in the existence of God; nor shall the Legis-
lature prescribe any other oath of office than the oath prescribed by
this Constitution.
Disqualifications of Ministers and religious bodies.
Art. 38. That every gift, sale or devise of land to any Minister,
Public Teacher or Preacher of the Gospel, as such, or to any Relig-
ious Sect, Order or Denomination, or to, or for the support, use or
benefit of, or in trust for, any Minister, Public Teacher or Preacher
of the Gospel, as such, or any Religious Sect, Order or Denomina-
tion; and every gift or sale of goods, or chattels, to goin succession,
or to take the place after the death of the Seller or Donor, to or for
such support, use or benefit; and also every devise of goods or chat-
tels to or for the support, use or benefit of any Minister, Public
Teacher or Preacher of the Gospel, as such, or any Religious Sect,
Order or Denomination, without the prior or subsequent sanction of
the Legislature, shall be void; except always, any sale, gift, lease or
devise of any quantitv of land, not exceeding five acres, for a church,
meeting-house, or other house of worship, or parsonage, or for a
burying-ground, which shall be improved, enjoyed or used only for
such purpose; or such sale, gift, lease or devise shall be void.
A dm in isteriiig oath s
Art. 39. That the manner of administering the oath or affirmation •
to any person ought to be such as those of the religious persuasion,
profession, or denomination, of which he is a menil)er, generally
e.steem the most effectual confirmation by the attestation of the
Divine Being.
Uherty of the /'ress
Art. 40. That the liberty of the press ought to be inviolably pre-
served; ;hat every citizen of the State ought to be allowed to speak,
write and publish his sentiments on all subjects, being responsil)le for
the abuse of that privilege.
Monopolies
Art. 41. That monopolies are odious, contrary to the spirit of a
free government and the principles of commerce, and ought not to
be suffered.
254 LEADIND EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
Titles of nobility
Art. 42. That no title of nobility or hereditary honors ought to
granted in this State.
Duties of the Leiiislature
Art. 4:1 That the Legislature ought to encourage the diffusion of
knowledge and virtue, the extension of a judicious system of general
education, the promotion of literature, the arts, sciences, agriculture,
commerce and manufactures, and the general amelioration of the
condition of the people.
Constitutions apply in 7uai and peace
Art. 44. That the provisions of the Constitution of the United
States, and of this State, apply as well in time of war as in time of
peace; and any departure therefrom, or violation thereof, under the
plea of necessity, or any other plea, is subversive of good govern-
ment and tends to anarchy and despotism.
I\ lights retained by t lie people
Art. 45. This enumeration of Rights shall not be construed to
impair or deny others retained by the People.
CONSTITUTION
All Amendments are Included in Brackets and Follow the Sections as
Originally Adopted
ARTICLE I
ELECTIVE FRANCHISE
Elections by ballot — Qualifications of voters — Residence — Removal
Section 1. All elections shall be by ballot; and every white* male
citizen of the United States, of the age of twenty-one years, or
upwards, who has been a resident of the State for one year, and of
the Legislative District of Baltimore city, or of the county, in which
he may offer to vote, for six months next preceding the election,
shall be entitled to vote, in the ward or election district in which he
resides, at all elections hereafter to be held in this state; and in case
any county or city shall be so divided as to form portions of different
electoral districts, for the election of Representatives in Congress,
Senators, Delegates, or other Officers, then to entitle a person to vote
for such officer he must have been a resident of that part of the
county, or city, which shall form a part of the electoral district, in
which he offers to vote for six months next preceding the election;
but a person, who shall have acquired a residence in such county or
city, entitling him to vote at anv such election, shall be entitled to
vote in the election distinct from which he removed, until he shall
have acquired a residence in the part of the county or city to which
he has removed.
/ > isq ua lifica t io ns
Sec. 2. No person above the age of twenty-one years, convicted
of larceny or other infamous crime, unless pardoned by the Governor,
shall ever thereafter, be entitled to vote at any election in this State;
and no person under guardianship, as a lunatic, or a person non
compos mentis, shall be entitled to vote.
Bribery Penalties
Sec. 3. If any person shall give, or offer to give, directly or
indirectly, any bribe, present, or reward, or any promise, or any
security, for the payment or the delivery of money, or any other
thing, to induce any voter to refrain from casting his vote, or to pre-
vent him in any way from voting, or to procure a vote for any
candidate or person proposed, or voted for, as Elector of President
and Vice-President of the United States, or Representative in Con-
gress, or for any office of profit or trust, created by the Constitution
or Laws of this State, or by the ordinances, or Authority of the
*The word "white'' omitted uiuler the 15th Ameudnient to the Constitution
of the United States.
256 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, the person giving, or offering
to give, and the person receiving the same, and any person who gives,
or causes to be given, an illegal vote, knowing it to be such, at any
election to be hereafter held in this State, shall, on conviction in a
Court of Law, in addition to the penalties now or hereafter to be
imposed by law, be forever disqualified to hold any office of profit or
trust, or to vote at any election thereafter.
Punishuicnt for i/les^al voting
Sec. 4. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to pass Laws
to punish, with fine and imprisonment, any person who shall remove
into any election district or precinct of any ward of the city of Bal-
timore, not for the purpose of acquiring a bona fide residence therein,
but for the purpose of voting at an approaching election, or who
shall vote in any election district or ward in which he does not reside
(except in the case provided for in this .•\rticle), or shall, at the same
election, vote in more than one election district, or precinct, or shall
vote, or offer to vote, in any name not his own, or in place of any
other person of the same name, or shall vote in any county in which
he does not reside.
Registration
Sec. 5. The General Assembly shall provide by law for a uniform
Registration of the names of all the voters in this State who possess
the qualifications prescribed in this Article, which Registration shall
be conclusive evidence to the Judges of election of the right of every
person thus registered to vote at any election thereafter held in this
State; but no person shall vote at any election, t'ederal or State,
hereafter to be held in this State, or at any municipal election in the
City of Baltimore, unless his name appears in the list of registered
voters; and until the General Assembly shall hereafter pass an Act
for the Registration of the names of voters, the law in force on the
first dayof June, in the year eighteen hundred and sixty-seven, in
reference thereto, shall be continued in force, except so far as it may
be inconsistent with the provisions of this Constitution; and the
registry of voters, made in pursuance thereof, may be corrected, as
provided in said law; but the names of all persons shall be added to
the list of qualified voters b}' the ofllcers of Registration, who have
the qualifications prescribed in the first section of this Article, and
who are not disqualified under the provisions of the second and third
sections thereof.
Oath ofoffiee
Sec. (>. Kvery person elected or appointed to any office of profit
or trust, under this Constitution, or under the laws, made pursuant
thereto, shall, before he enters upon the duties of such office, take
and subscri])e the following oath or affirmation : I, , do swear.
(or affirm, as the case may be,) that I will support the Constitution of
the LTnited States; and that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance
to the State of Maryland, and support the Constitution and T^aws
thereof; and that I will, to the best of my skill and judgment, dili-
gently and faithfully, without partiality or prejudice, execute the
APPENDIX 257
office of , according to the Constitution and Laws of this State,
(and, if a Governor, Senator, Member of the House of Delegates, or
Judge), that I will not, directly or indirectly, receive the profits or
any part of the profits of any other office during the term of my
acting as
A'i'ii' election on refusal to take oath
Sec. 7. Every person hereafter elected or appointed to office in
this State, who shall refuse or neglect to take the oath or affirmation
of office provided for in the sixth section of this Article, shall be
considered as having refused to accept the said office; and a new
election or appointment shall be made, as in case of refusal to accept,
or resignation of an office; and any person violating said oath shall,
on conviction thereof, in a Court of Law, in addition to the penalties
now or hereafter to be imposed by law, be thereafter incapable of
holding any office of profit or trust in this State.
ARTICLE II
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT
Goi'entor's term of office
Section 1. The executive power of the State shall be vested in a
Governor, whose term of office shall commence on the second Wed-
nesday of January next ensuing his election, and continue for four
years, and until his successor shall have qualified; but the Governor
chosen at the first election under this Constitution shall not enter
upon the discharge of the duties of the office until the expiration of
the term for which the present incumbent was elected; unless the
said office shall become vacant by death, resignation, removal from
the State, or other disqualification of the said incumbent.
Time, place and nuDuier of electing (lovernor
Sec. 2. An election for Governor, under this Constitution, shall
be held on the Tuesday next after the first ]Monday of November, in
the year eighteen hundred and sixty-seven, and on the same day and
month in every fourth year thereafter, at the places of voting for
delegates to the (reneral Assembly; and every person qualified to
vote for Delegates shall be ciualified and entitled to vote for
Governor; the election to be held in the same manner as the
election of Delegates, and the returns thereof under seal to be
addressed to the Speaker of the House of Delegates, and enclosed
and transmitted to the Secretary of State, and delivered to said
Speaker, at the commencement of the session of the General .Assem-
bly next ensuing said election.
/'Iniality to elect
Sec. n. The Speaker of the House of Delegates shall then open
the said returns in the presence of both Houses; and the person hav-
ing the highest number of votes, and being constitutionally eligible,
2S8 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
shall be the Governor, and shall qualify, in the manner herein pre-
scribed, on the second Wednesday of January next ensuing his
election, or as soon thereafter as may be practicable.
Tic vote — House to decide all questions
Sec. 4. If two or more persons shall have the highest and an
equal number of votes for Governor, one of them shall tie chosen
Governor by the Senate and House of Delegates, and all questions in
relation to the eligibility of Governor, and to the returns of said
election, and to the number and legality of votes therein given, shall
be determined by the House of Delegates; and if the person or per-
sons, having the highest number of votes, be ineligible, the Governor
shall be chosen by the Senate and House of Delegates. Every
election of Governor by the General Assembly shall be determined
by a joint majority of the Senate and House of Delegates, and the
vote shall be taken viva voce. But if two or more persons shall have
the highest and an equal number of votes, then a second vote shall
be taken, which shall be confined to the persons having an equal
number; and if the vote should again be equal, then the election of
Governor shall be determined by lot between those who shall have
the highest and an equal number on the first vote.
Oualijicatiojis of (-ovenwr
Sec. 5. A person to be eligible to the office of Governor must have
attained the age of thirty years, and must have been for ten years a
citizen of the State of Maryland, and for five years next preceding
his election a resident of the State, and, at the time of his election,
a qualified voter therein.
rilection by ^Issembly
Sec. 6. In the case of death or resignation of the Governor, or of
his removal from the State, or other disqualification, the General
assembly, if in session, or if not, at their next session, shall elect soTue
other qualified person to be Governor for the residue of the term for
which the said Crovernor had been elected.
Succession — Impeachment
Sec. 7. In case of any vacancy in the office of Governor, during
the recess of the Legislature, the President of the Senate shall dis-
charge the duties of said office, until a Governor is elected, as herein
provided for ; and in case of the death or resignation of the said
President, or of his removal from the State, or of liis refusal to serve,
then the duties of said office shall, in like manner, and for the same
interval, devolve upon the Speaker of the House of Delegates. And
the Legislature may provide by Law, for the impeachment of the
Governor; and in case of his conviction, or his inability, may declare
what person shall perform the Executive duties ; and for any vacan-
cy in said office not herein ]>rovided for, provision ma\- be made by
Law ; and if such vacancy should occur without such provision
being made the Legislature shall be convened by the vSecretary of
State for the purpose of filling said vacancy.
APPENDIX 259
Governor to be Comuiander-iyi-Cliief of Dlilitia
Sec. 8. The Governor shall be the Comniander-in-Chief of the
land and naval forces of the State ; and may call out the Militia to
repel invasions, suppress insurrections, and enforce the execution of
the Laws ; but shall not take the command in person, without the
consent of the Legislature.
Duties
Sec. 9. He shall take care that the Laws are faithfully executed.
Appoi}it))iei!ts
Sec. 10. He shall nominate, and by and with the advice and con-
sent of the Senate, appoint all civil and military officers of the State,
whose appointment or election is not otherwise herein provided for ;
unless a different mode of appointment be prescribed by the Law
creating the office.
AppoijitiHoits duriiii^' recess
Sec. 11. In rase of any vacancy during the recess of the '-"enate,
in any office which the Governor has power to fill, he shall appoint
some suitable person to said office, whose commission shall continue
in force until the end of the next session of the Legislature, or until
some other person is appointed to the same office, whichever sh«ll
first occur ; and the nomination of the person thus appointed during
the reces«, or of some other person in his place, shall be made to the
Senate within thirty days after the next meeting of the Legislature.
Rejection by Senate
Sec. 12. No person, after being rejected by the vSenate, shall be
again nominated for the same office at the same session, unless at the
request of the Senate ; or be appointed to the same office during the
recess of the Legislature.
Time of Nouiination — Term of office
Sec. 13. All civil officers appointed by the Governor and Senate,
shall be nominated to the Senate within fifty days from the com-
mencement of each regular session of the Legi.slature ; and their term
of office, excejjt in cases otherwise provided for in this Constitution,
shall commence on the first Monday of May next ensuing their ap-
pointment, and continue for two years, (unless removed from office),
and until their successors, respectively, (jualify according to Law;
but the term of office of the Inspectors of Tobacco shall commence
on tlie first INIonday of IMarch next ensuing their appointment.
I'acancy durint^ session
Sec. 14. If a vacancy shall occur during the session of the Senate,
in any office which the Governor and Senate have the ])ower to fill,
the Ciovernor shall nominate to the Senate, before its final adjourn-
ment a proper person to fill said vacancy, unless such vacancy occurs
within ten days before said final adjournment.
260 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
Courts uiartial
Sec. 15. The Governor may suspend or arrest any military officei
of the State for disobedience of orders or other military offence; and
may remove him in pursuance of the sentence of a Court Martial ;
and may remove for incompetency or misconduct, all civil officers
who received appointment from the Executive for a term of years.
Extra sessions of Legislature
vSec. 16. The Governor shall convene the Legislature, or the Senate
alone, on extraordinary occasions; and whenever from the presence
of an enemy, or from any other cause, the Seat of Government shall
become an unsafe place for the meeting of the Legislature, he may
direct their sessions to be held at some other convenient place.
/ 'eto power — I 'etoed bills: how passed — ) ~eas and nays —
/ 'eto within six days
Sec 17. To guard against hasty or partial legislation and en-
croachments of the Legislative Department upon the co-ordinate,
Executive and Judicial Departments, every Bill which shall have
passed the House of Delegates, and the Senate shall, before it be-
comes a law, be presented to the Governor of the State ; if he approve
he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it with his objections to
the House in which it originated, which House shall enter the
objections at large on its Journal and proceed to reconsider the Bill;
if, after such reconsideration, three-fifths of the members elected to
that House shall pass the Bill, it shall be sent with the objections to
the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if it
pass by three-fifths of the members elected to that House it shall be-
come a law ; but in all such cases the votes of both Houses shall be
determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting
for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House,
respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the Governor
within six days (Sundays excepted), after it shall have been presented
to him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he signed it, un-
less the General Assembly shall, by adjournment, prevent its return,
in which case it shall not be a law.
/ eto of items
[The Governor shall have jiower to disapprove of any item or items
of any Bills making appropriations of money embracing distinct
items, and the part or parts of the Bill approved shall be the law,
and the item or items of appropriations disapproved shall be void
unless repassed according to the rules or limitations prescribed for
the passage of other Bills over the Executive veto.]*
Governor to examine Treasury aceounts
Sec. 18. It shall be the duty of the Governor, semi-annually,
(and oftener, if he deems it expedient), to examine under oath the
♦Thus amended bv Chapter lii4, .\cts of 1S90, ratified hy the people, November
3rd, 1891.
APPENDIX 261
Treasurer and Comptroller of the State on all matters pertaining to
their respective offices, and inspect and review their bank and other
account books.
R eco III mcndat ions
Sec. 19. He shall from time to time, inform the Legislature of
the condition of the State, and recommend to their consideration
such measures as he may judge necessary and expedient.
Pardons — Notice in newspapers — Reports to Legislature
Sec. 20. He shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons, ex-
cept in cases of impeachment, and in cases in which he is prohibited
by other Articles of this Constitution ; and to remit fines and forfeit-
ures for offences against the State ; but shall not remit the principal
or interest of any debt due the State, except in cases of fines and
forfeitures ; and before granting a nolle prosequi, or pardon, he shall
give notice, in one or more newspapers, of the application made for
it, and of the day on or after which his decision will be given ; and
in every ca.se in which he exercises this power, he shall report to
either Branch of the Legislature, whenever required, the petitions,
recommendations and reasons which influenced his decision.
Residence and salary
Sec. 21. The Governor shall reside at the seat of government, and
receive for his services an annual salary of four thousand five hun-
dred dollars.
Secretary of State
Sec. 22. A Secretary of State shall be appointed by the Governor,
by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, who shall continue
in office, unless sooner removed by the Governor, till the end of the
official term of the Governor from whom he received his appoint-
ment, and receive an annual salary of two thousand dollars, and shall
reside at the seat of government ; and the office of Private Secretary
shall thenceforth cease.
Duties of Secretary
Sec 23. The Secretary of vState shall carefully keep and preserve
a record of all official acts and proceedings, which may at all times
be inspected by a committee of either branch of the Legislature ; and
he shall perform such other duties as may be prescribed by law, or
as may properly belong to his office, together with all clerical duty
belonging to the Executive Department.
ARTICLE III
LEGI.SI.ATIVE DKrARTMENT
Section 1 . The Legislature shall consist of two distinct branches —
a Senate and a House of Delegates — and shall be styled the General
Assembly of Maryland
262 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
Ji/cctio)i of Senators — 'I'cnn
Sec. 3. Kach County in the State, and each of the three Lej^isla-
tive Districts of Baltimore City, as they are now, or may hereafter
be defined, shall be entitled to one Senator, who shall be elected by
the qualified voters of the Counties, and of the Legislative Districts
of Baltimore Citv, respectively, and shall serve for four years from
the dale of his election, subject to the classification of Senators here-
after provided for.
Legislative distriets — Election of Senators — Term
[Sec. 2. The City of Baltimore shall be divided into four legi.sla-
tive districts, as near as may be, of ecjual population and contiguous
territory, and each of said legislative districts of Baltimore City, as
they may from time to time be laid out, in accordance with the
provisions hereof, and each county in the State shall be entitled to
one Senator, who shall he elected by the cpialified voters of the said
legislative districts of Baltimore City, and of the counties of the
State, respectively, and shall serve for four years from the 9. ratified liy the people at Novem-
ber election. I'lul.
tUnder the State Cen.siis authorized by the .\ct of HMll. (Special Session*, and
by the amendment to Sec :.'. the allotment of representation of the several
counties in the House of Delegates is as follows : Allegany County five; Anne
Arundel Conntv, four: Baltimore County, six ; Calvert C>)unty two: Caroline
County, 'wo : Carroll County four : Cecil County three : Charles Counly two :
Dorchester County four: hrederick County, five; Garrett County, two: Harford
Couii'y, four; Howard County, two; Kent County two: Montgomery County
four; i'rince George's Countv. four; (Jueen Anne's Countv. three : Somerset
County, three; St. ATarv's Countv two ; Talbot Ccjunty three: Washington
County, five; Wicomico County, three; Worcester County, three: and Baltimore
City, twenty-four delegates. Total, Uil.
APPENDIX 263
Basis of representation in House — Le^i^islati'ee districts in Ilattitnorc
City may he changed
Sec. 4. As soon as may be after the taking and publishing of the
next National Census, or after the enumeration of the population of
this State, under the authority thereof, there shall l)e an apportion-
ment of representation in the House of Delegates, to be made on the
following basis, to wit: Each of the several Counties of the State
having a population of eighteen thousand souls, or less, shall be en-
titled to two Delegates, and every County having a population of
over eighteen thousand, and less than twenty-eight thousand souls,
shall be entitled to three Delegates ; and every County having a pop-
ulation of twenty- eight thousand, and less than forty thousand souls,
shall be entitled to four Delegates; and every County having a pop-
ulation of forty thousand, and less than fifty-five thousand souls,
shall be entitled to five Delegates ; and every County having a popu-
lation of fifty-five thousand souls, and upwards, shall be entitled to six
Delegates, and no more ; and each of the three Legislative Districts
of the City of Baltimore shall be entitled to the number of Delegates
to which th-i largest County shall or may be entitled, under the
aforegoing apportionment. .\nd the General .'\ssend3ly shall have
power to provide by law, from time to time, for altering and chang-
ing the boundaries of the three existing Legislative Districts of the
City of Raltimore, so as to make them, as near as may be, of equal
population ; but said Districts shall always consist of contiguous
territory.
Basis of representation — Legistatiir districts in Baltimore City may
be c/ianged,
[Sec. 4. As .soon as may be, after the taking and publishing of
the National Census of 1900, or after the enumeration of the popula-
lation of this State, under the authority thereof, there shall be an
apportionment of representation in the House of Delegates, to be
made on the following basis, to wit : Each of the several counties
of the State, having a ])o])idation of eighteen thousand souls or less,
shall be entitled to two (Ulegates; and every county having a ])0])u-
lation of over eighteen thousand and less than twenty-eight thou-
sand souls, shall be entitled to thiee delegates; and every county
having a population of twenty-eight thousand and less than forty
thousand souls, shall be entitlerl to four delegates ; and every county
having a ])opulation of forty thousand and le.ss than fifty-five thou-
sand souls, shall be entitled to five delegates ; and every county hav-
ing a po])nlation of fifty-five thousand souls and upwards, sha'l be
entitled to six delegates and no more ; and each of the Legislative
Districts of the City of Baltimore sludl be entitled to the uuml)er of
delegates to which the largest county shall or may be entitled under
the aforegoing apportionment, .'uid tlie (Tcneral .\ssembly shall have
the power to provide by law, from time to time, for altering and
264 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
changing the 1)oundaries of the existing legislative districts of the
Citj' of Baltimore, so as to make them as near as may be of eqnal
popnlation ; but said district shall always consist of contiguous
territory. ]*
Governor to arrange representation — Proclaviation
Sec. 5. Immediately after the taking and publishing of the next
National Census, or after any State enumeration of population, as
aforesaid, it shall be the duty of the Governor, then being, to ar-
range the representation in said House of Delegates in accordance
with the apportionment herein provided for ; and to declare, by
Proclamation, the number of Delegates to which each County and
the City of Baltimore may be entitled under such apportionment ;
and after every National Census taken thereafter, or after any State
enumeration of population, thereafter made, it shall be the duty of
the Governor, for the time being, to make similar adjustment of
representation, and to declare the same by Proclamation, as aforesaid.
Election of Delegates— Term
Sec. 6. The members of the House of Delegates shall be elected by
the qualified voters of the Counties, and the Legislative Districts of
Baltimore City, respectively, to serve for two 3-ears from the daj' of
their election.
Time of Election
Sec. 7. The first election for Senators and Delegates shall take
place on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in the month of
November, eighteen hundred and sixty-seven ; and the election for
Delegates, and as nearly as practicable, for one-half of the Senators
shall be held on the same day in every second j'ear thereafter.
Classijication of Senators
Sec. 8. Immediately after the Senate shall have convened, after
the first election, under this Constitution, the Senators shall be
divided by lot into two classes, as nearly equal in number as may be.
Senators of the first class shall go out of office at the expiration of
two years, and Senators shall be elected on the Tuesday next after
the first IVIonday in the month of November, eighteen hundred and
sixty-nine, for the term of four years, to supph' their places ; so that,
after the first election, one-half of the Senators may be choosen every
second year. In case the number of Senators l)e hereafter increased,
such classification of the additional vSenators shall be made as to
preserve, as nearly as may be, an equal number in each class.
Qualifications of Senators and Delegates
Sec. 9. No person shall be eligible as a Senator or Delegate who,
at the time of his election, is not a citizen of the State of Maryland,
and who has not resided therein for at least three years next preced-
ing the day of his election, and the last year thereof, in the County,
♦Thus amended by Act of 1900, Chapter V.VX. ratified by the people at Novem-
ber election, 19tll.
APPENDIX 265
or in the Legislative District of Baltimore City, which he may be
chosen to represent, if such County or Legislative District of said
City shall have been so long established ; and if not, then in the
County or City, from which, in whole or in part, the same may have
been formed ; nor shall any person be eligible as a Senator unless he
shall have attained the age of twenty-five years, nor as a Delegate
unless he shall have attained the age of twenty-one years, at the
time of his election.
lueligiblcs
Sec. 10. No member of Congress, or person holding any civil or
military office under the United States shall be eligible as a Senator
or Delegate; and if any person shall, after his election as Senator or
Delegate, be elected to Congress, or be appointed to any office, civil
or military, under the Government of the United States, his accept-
ance thereof shall vacate his seat.
Iiieligiblcs
Sec. 11. No Minister or Preacher of the Gospel, or of any religious
creed or denomination, and no person holding any civil office of
profit or trust under this State, except Justices of the Peace, shall be
eligible as Senator or Delegate.
De/aidters ineliffihli'
Sec. 12. No Collector, Receiver or holder of public money shall
be eligible as Senator or Delegate, or to any office of profit or trust
under this State, until he shall have accounted for and paid into the
Treasury all sums on the books thereof charged to and due by him.
I \xcancies
Sec. IB. In case of death, disqualification, resignation, refusal to
act, expulsion, or removal from the county or city for which he shall
have been elected, of any person who shall have been chosen as a
Delegate or Senator, or in case of a tie between two or more such
qualified persons, a warrant of election shall be issued by the
Speaker of the House of Delegates, or President of the Senate, as the
case may be, for the election of another person in his place, of which
election not less than ten days' notice shall be given, exclusive of
the day of the publication of the notice and of the day of election;
and if dtiring the recess of the Legislature, and more than ten days
before its termination, such death shall occur, or such resignation,
refusal to act or disqualification be communicated in writing to the
Governor by the person so resigning, refusing or disqualified, it shall
be the duty of the Governor to issue a warrant of election to supply
the vacancy thus created, in the same manner the said Speaker or
President might have done during the session of the General Assem-
bly; jirovided, however, that unless a meeting of the General Assem-
bly may intervene, the election thus ordered to fill such vacancy
shall be held on the day of the ensuing election for Delegates and
Senators.
266 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
Ti)iic of Dtciiiiiii of Lciii slat lire
Sec. 14. The General Asserabl)' shall meet on the first Wednes-
day of January, eighteen hundred and sixty-eight, and on the same
day in every second year thereafter, and at no other time, unless
convened by Proclamation of the Governor.
Lhnit of sessions — Coinpensation — 3/ileage — Extra sessions
Sec. 15. The General Assembly may continue its session so long
as in its judgment the public interest may require, for a period not
longer than ninety days; and each meml)er thereof shall receive a
compensation of five dollars per diem for every day he shall attend
the session, but not for such days as he may be absent, unless absent
on account of sickness or by leave of the House of which he
is a member, and he shall also receive such mileage as may be
allowed by law, not exceeding twenty cents per mile; and the pre-
siding officer of each House shall receive an additional compensa-
tion of three dollars per day. When the General Assembly shall be
convened by Proclamation of the Governor, the session shall not
continue longer than thirty days, and in such case the compensa-
tion shall be the same as herein prescribed.
Books not to be purchased
Sec. 16. No book or other printed matter, not appertaining to the
business of the session, shall be purchased or subscribed for, for the
use of the members of the General Assembly, or be distributed
among them, at the public expense.
Disqualifications
Sec. 17. No Senator or Delegate, after qualifying as such, not-
withstanding he may thereafter resign, shall during the whole period
of time for which he was elected be eligible to any office which
shall have been created, or the salarj' or profits of which shall have
been increased, during such term.
Freedom of debate
Sec. 18. No Senator or Delegate shall be liable in any civil action
or criminal prosecution whatever for words spoken in debate.
Po'ivers of each House
Sec. 19. Each House shall be judgeof the qualifications and elec-
tions of its members, as prescribed by the Constitution and Laws of
the State; shall appoint its own officers, determine the rules of its
own proceedings punish a member for disorderly or disreputable be-
havior, and with the consent of two-thirds of its whole number of
members elected, expel a member; but no member shall be expelled
a second time for the same offense.
Qnoriun
Sec. 20. A majority of the whole number of members elected to
each House shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business;
APPExNTDIX 267
but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and compel the
attendance of absentmembers in such manner and under such penal-
ties as each House may prescribe.
Sc'ssioiis to he open
Sec. 21. The doors of each House and of the Committee of the
Whole shall be open, except when the business is such as ought to
be kept secret.
Journals to be published — y'eas and )iays
Sec. 22. Each House shall keep a Journal of its proceedings, and
cause the same to be published. The yeas and nays of members on
any question shall at the call of any five of them in the House of
Oelegates, or one in the Senate, be entered on the Journal.
Disorderly persojis
Sec. 23. Each House may punish by imprisonment during the
session of the General Assembly, any person not a member, for dis-
respectful or disorderh' behavior in its presence, or for obstructing
an}' of the proceedings or any of its officers in the execution of their
duties; provided, such imprisonment sliall not at anyone time ex-
ceed ten days.
Powers of House — Grand inquest — Afay call for persons and papers —
Conti-acts
Sec. 24. The House of Delegates may inquire, on the oath of wit-
nesses, into all complaints, grievances and offences, as the Grand In-
quest of the State, and may commit any person for any crime to the
public jail, there to remain until discharged by due course of law.
They may examine and pass all accounts of the State, relating either
to the collection or expenditure of the revenue, and appoint auditors
to state and adjust the same. They may call for all public or official
papers and records, and send for persons whom they may judge neces-
sary, in the course of their inquiries, concerning affairs relating to
the public interest, and may direct all office bonds which shall be
made payable to the State to be sued for any breach thereof; and
with the view to the more certain prevention or correction of the
abuses in the expenditures of the money of the vState, the General
Assembly shall create, at every session thereof a Joint vStanding
Committee of the Senate and Hou.se of Delegates; who shall have
power to send for persons and examine them on oath and call for
public and official papers and records; and whose duty it shall be to
examine and report upon all contracts made for printing, stationery,
and purchases for the pul)lic offices and the library, and all expendi-
tures therein, and upon all matters of alleged abuse in expenditures,
to which their attention may be called by resolution of either House
of the General A.ssembly.
.hljouiiiinenl
Sec. 25. Neither House shall, without the consent of the other,
adjourn for more than three days at any one time, nor adjourn to
any other place than that in which the House shall be sitting, with-
out the concurrent vote of two-thirds of the members present.
268 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
[ynpcaclunoit
Sec. 2(>. The House of Delegates shall have the sole power of iiu-
peachiuent in all cases; but a majority of all the members elected
must concur in the impeachment. All impeachments shall l)e tried
by the Senate, and when sitting for that purpose the Senators shall
be on oath or affirmation to do justice according to the law and the
evidence; but no person shall be convicted without the concurrence
of two-thirds of all the Senators elected.
Sec. 27. Any bill may originate in either House of the General
Assembly, and be altered, amended or rejected by the other; but no
bill shall originate in either House during the last ten days of the
session, unless two-thirds of the members elected thereto shall so de-
termine by yeas and nays; nor shall any bill become a law until it
be read on three different days of the session in each House, unless
two-thirds of the members elected to the House where such bill is
pending shall so determine by yeas and nays; and no bill shall be
read a third time until it shall have been actually engrossed for a
third reading.
]\xssas:c of bill a
Sec. 28. No bill shall become a law unless it be passed in each
House by a majority of the whole number of members elected, and
on its final passage the yeas and nays be recorded; nor shall any
resolution requiring the action of both Houses be passed except in
the same manner.
Style of laics— Mode of enact uient — Liuiitatioiis
vSec. 29. The style of all laws of this State shall be, "Beit enacted
by the General Assembly of IMaryland," and all laws shall be passed
by original bill; and every law enacted by the General Assembly
shall embrace but one subject, and that shall be described in its title;
and no law, nor section of law, shall be revived or amended by
reference to its title or section only, nor shall any law be con-
strued by reason of its title to grant powers or confer rights which
are not expressly contained in the body of the Act; and it shall l)e the
duty of the General Assembly, in amending any article or section of
the Code of Laws of this vState, to enact the same as the said article
or section would read when amended. And whenever the General
Assembly shall enact any Public General Law, not amendatory of
any section or article in the said Code, it shall be the duty of the
General Assembly to enact the same, in articles and sections, in the
same manner as the Code is arranged, and to provide for the publi-
cation of all additions and alterations which may be made to the
said Code.
Bills to he sit^ned ly (lorenior — Laivs to Iw recorded in the Court
of Appeals
Sec. 30. Every bill, when passed by the General Assembly, and
sealed with the Great Seal, shall be presented to the Governor, who,
if he approves it, shall sign the same in the presence of the presid-
ing officers and chief clerks of the Senate and House of Delegates.
APPENDIX 269
Every law shall be recorded in the office of the Court of Appeals,
and in due time be printed, published and certified under the Great
Seal, to the several courts, in the same manner as has been hereto-
fore usual in this State.
U7ieii hicC's take effect
Sec. 31. No law passed by the General Assembly shall take effect
until the first day of June next after the session at which it may be
passed, unless it be otherwise expressly declared therein.
Appropriations — Coutinoeut fund — Financial statement to be
pubtis/ied with lazvs
Sec. 32. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury of the State
by any order or resolution, nor except in accordance with an appro-
priation by law; and every such law shall distinctly specify the sum
appropriated and the object to which it shall be applied; provided
that nothing herein contained shall prevent the General Assembly
from placing a contingent fund at the disposal of the Executive, who
shall report to the Creneral Assembly at each session the amount ex-
pended, and the purposes to which it was applied. An accurate
statement of the receipts and expenditures of the public money
shall be attached to and published with the laws after each regular
session of the General Assembly.
Special lazvs prohibited
Sec. 83. The General Assembly shall not pass local or special
laws in any of the following enumerated cases, viz: For extending
the time for the collection of taxes, granting divorces, changing the
name of any person, providing for the sale of real estate belonging
to minors or other persons laboring under legal disabilities, by
executors, administrators, guardians or trustees, giving effect to in-
formal or invalid deeds or wills, refunding money paid into the
State Treasury, or releasing persons from their deljts or obligations
to the State, unless recommended by the Governor or officers of the
Treasury Department. And the General Assembly shall pass no
special law for any case for which provision has been made by an
existing general law. The General Assembly at its first session
after the adoption of this Constitution, shall pass general laws pro-
viding for the cases enumerated in this section which are not already
adequately provided for, and for all other cases where a General
Law can be made applicable.
Debts iTi^nlated — Credit of the State not to be ,Q;i-een— Public debt—
Temporary deficiencies
Sec. 34. No debt .shall be hereafter contracted by the General
Assembly unless such debt shall be authorized by a law providing
for the collection of an annual tax or taxes sufficient to pay the in-
terest on such debt as it falls due, and also to discharge the principal
thereof within fifteen years from the time of contracting the same;
and the taxes laid for this purpose shall not be repealed or applied to
any other object until the said debt and interest thereon .shall be fully
270 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
discharj^ed. The credit of tlie State shall not in any manner be
given, or loaned to, or in aid of any individual association or cor-
poration; nor shall the General Assembly have the power in anj'
mode to involve the State in the construction of Works of Internal
Improvement, nor in grantins^ any aid thereto, which shall involve
the faith or credit of the State; nor make any appropriation therefor,
except in aid of the construction of Works of Internal Improvement
in the counties of St. Mary's, Charles and Calvert, which have had no
direct advantage from such works as have been heretofore aided by
the State; and provided that such aid, advances or appropriations
shall not exceed in the aggregate the sum of five hundred thousand
dollars. And they shall not use or appropriate the proceeds of the
Internal Improvement Companies, or of the State tax, now levied,
or which may hereafter be levied, to pay off the public debt [or] to
any other purpose until the interest and debt are fully paid or the
sinking fund shall be equal to the amount of the outstanding debt;
but the General Assembly may, without laying a tax, borrow an
amount never to exceed fifty thousand dollars to meet temporary
deficiencies in the Treasur}', and may contract debts to any amount
that may be necessary for the defence of the State.
Extra coiiipc'iisatioii prohibited
Sec. 35. No extra compensation shall l)e granted or allowed by
the General A.ssembly to any Public Officer, Agent, Servant or Con-
tractor, after the service shall have been rendered, or the contract
entered into; nor shall the salary or compensation of any public
officer be increased or diminished during his term of office.
Lotteries, proli i hi ted
Sec. 8(i No Lottery grant shall ever hereafter be authorized by
the General Assembly.
Stales
Sec. o7. The General Assembly shall pass no Law- providing for
pajnient by the State for Slaves emancipated from servitude in this
State; but they shall adopt such measures as they may deem ex-
pedient to obtain from the I'nited Slates compensation for such
Slaves, and to receive and distribute the same ecpiitably to the per-
sons entitled.
Sec. 38. No person shall be imprisoned for debt.
/lanfcs
Sec. 3!). The General Assembly shall grant no charter for Rank-
ing purposes, nor renew any Hanking Ct)rporation now in existence,
except upon the condition that the vStockholders shall be liable to
the amount of their respective share or shares of stock in such Hank-
ing Institution, for all its debts and liabilities upon note, bill or
otherwise; the books, ])apers and accounts of all Banks shall be open
to inspection under such regulations as may l)e ]3rescribed by Law.
APPENDIX 271
Compcnsatio)i for property taken for public use
Sec. 40. The General Assembly shall enact no Law authorizing
private property to be taken for public iise, wiihout just compensa-
tion as agreed upon between the parties, or awarded by a jury,
being first paid or tendered to the party entitled to such compensa-
tion.
Duellists
Sec. 41. Any Citizen of this State who shall, after the adoption
of this Constitution, either in or out of this State, fight a duel with
deadly weapons, or send or accept a challenge so to do, or who shall
act as a second, or knowingl}- aid or assist in any manner those
offending, shall ever thereafter be incapable of holding any office of
profit or trust under this State, unless relieved from the disability by
an Act of the I,egislature.
Elections
Sec. 43. The General Assembly shall pass Laws necessary for the
preservation of the purity of elections.
// ijYs property protected
Sec. 48. The property of the wife shall be frotected from the
debts of her husband.
lixemption
Sec. 44. Laws shall be passed by the General Assembly to protect
from execution a reasonable amount of the property of the debtor,
not exceeding in value the sum of five hundred dollars.
Co)npeiisation of Clerics and A'es^ isters
Sec. 45. The General Assembly shall provide a simple and
uniform system of charges in the offices of Clerks of Courts and
Registers of Wills, in the Counties of this State and the City of
Baltimore, and for the collection thereof; provided, the amount of
compensation to any of the said officers in the various Counties shall
not e.xceed the sum of three thousand dollars a year, and in the City
of Baltimore thirty-five hundred dollars a year, over and above office
expenses, and compensation to assistants; and provided further that
such compensation of Clerks, Registers, assistants and office expenses
shall always be paid out of the fees or receipts of the offices,
respectively.
drants front ( '. S.
Sec. 4(i. The General Assembly shall have power to receive from
the United States any grant or donation of land, money, or securities
for any purpose designated by the United States, and shall administer
or distribute the same according to the conditions of the said grant.
Contested elections
vSec. 47. The (General A.ssembly .shall make provisions for all
ca.ses of contested elections of any of the officers, not herein
provided for.
272 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
Corporations
Sec. 48. Corporations may be formed unde rgeiieral Laws; but
shall not be created by special act, except for municipal purposes,
and except in cases where no general Laws exist, j^roviding for the
creation of Corporations of the same general character, as the
corporation proposed to be created; and any act of incorporation
passed in violation of this section shall be void. And as soon as
practicable, after the adoption of this Constitution, it shall be the
duty of the Governor to appoint three persons learned in the Law,
whose duty it shall be to prepare drafts of general Laws, providing
for the creation of corporations, in such cases asniay be proper, and
for all other cases, where a general Law can be made; and for
revising and amending, so far as may be necessary or expedient,
the General Laws which may be in existence on the first day of
June, eighteen hundred and sixty-seven, providing for the creation
of corporations, and for other purposes; and such drafts of Laws
shall by said commissioners, be submitted to the (General Assemblj',
at its first meeting, for its action thereon; and each of said commis-
sioners shall receive a compensation of five hundred dollars for his
services, as such commissioner.
All Charters granted or adopted in pursuance of this section, and
all Charters heretofore granted and created, subject to repeal or
modification, may be altered, from time to time, or be repealed;
provided, nothing herein contained shall be construed to extend to
Banks, or the incorporation thereof.
Corporations
[Sec. 4H. Corporations may be formed under general laws, but
shall not be created by special act, except for municipal purposes and
except in ca^^es where no general l^aws exist, providing for the
creation of corporations of the same general character as the corpo-
ration proposed to be created, and any act of incorporation passed
in violation of this section shall be void; all charters granted or
adopted in pursuance of this section, and all charters heretofore
granted and created subject to repeal or modification, may be altered
from time to time, or be repealed; provided, nothing herein con-
tained shall be construed to extend to banks or the incorporation
thereof; the General Assembly shall not alter or amenrl the charter
of any corporation existing at the time of the ado])tion of this Article,
or pass any other general or special Law for the benefit of such
corporation except upon the condition that such corporation shall
surrender all claim to exemption from taxation or from the repeal
or modification of its charter, and that such corporation shall there-
after hold its charter subject to the ]ir()visions of this Constitution;
and any corporation chartered by this State which shall accept, use,
enjoy or in anywise avail itself of any rights, privileges, or advan-
tages that may hereafter be granted or conferred by any general or
APPENDIX 273
special Act, shall be conclusively pre'uined to have thereby sur-
rendered any exemption from taxation to which it may be entitled
under its charter, and shall be thereafter subject to taxation as if no
such exen'ption has been granted by its charter.]*
Elections
Sec. 49. The General Assembly shall have power to regulate by
law, not inconsistent with this Constitution, all matters which relate
to the Judges of Election, time, place and manner of holding
elections in this State, and of making returns thereof.
Bribery — Punishment — Evidence — Disqualification
Sec. 50. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly at its first
session, held after the adoption of this Constitution, 1o provide by
Law for the punishment, by fine, or imprisonment in the Penitentiary
or both, in the discretion of the Court, of any person who shall bribe
or attempt to bribe any Executive, or Judi< ial officer of the State of
Maryland, or any member, or officer of the General Assembly of the
State of Maryland, or of any Municipal Corporation in the State of
Maryland, or any Executive officer of such corporation, in order to
influence him in the performance of any of his official duties; and
also, to provide by Law for the punishment, by fine, or imprison-
ment in the Penitentiary, or both, in the discretion of the Court, of
anv of said officers, or members, who shall demand or receive any
bribe, fee, reward or testimonial for the performance of his official
duties, or for neglecting or failing to perform the same; and also, to
provide by Law for compelling any person so bribing, or attempting
to bribe, or so demanding or receiving a bribe, fee, reward or
testimonial, to testify against any person or persons who may have
committed any of said offences; provided, that any person so
compelled to testify shall be exempted from trial and punishment
for the offence of which he may have been guilty; and any person
convicted of such offence shall, as jiart of the punishment thereof,
be forever disfranchised and disqualified from holding any office of
trust or profit in this vState.
Taxation of personal property
Sec. 51. The personal property of residents of this State shall be
subject to taxation in the county or city where the x^<~\(\fi\\\. bona fide
resides for the greater part of the year, for which the tax may or
shall be levied, and not elsewhere, except goods and chattels perma-
nently located, which shall be taxed in the city or county where they
are so located.
Taxation of personal property
[Sec. 51. The personal property of residents of this State shall
be subject to taxation in the county or city where the resident bona
fide resides for the greater part of the year for which the tax mav or
shall be levied, and not elsewhere, except goods and chattels
*As amended by Charter IS,'), Acts of 180(1, ratified bv the people Novetnher
3,1891.
274 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
periiianeiitly located, which shall he taxed in the city or county
where they are so located, but the (ieneral Assembly may by law
provide for the taxation of mortgages upon property in this State
and the debts secured thereby in the county or city where such
property is situated.]*
Private c/aiins
vSec. 52. The General Assembly shall, appropriate no money out
of the Treasury for payment of any private claim against the State
exceeding three hundred dollars, unless said claim shall have been
first presented to the Comptroller of the Treasury, together with the
proofs upon which the same is founded, and reported upon by him.
Uifinsses
Sec. r)3. No person shall be incompetent, as a witness, on account
of race or color, unless hereafter so declared by Act of the General
Assembly.
Counties forbidden to contract debts 7i'itliout authority
Sec. 54. No County of this State shall contract any debt, or
obligation, in the construction of any Railroad, Canal, or other
Work of Internal Improvement, nor give, or loan its credit to or in
aid of any association, or corporation, unless authorized b\- an Act
of the General Assembl}', which shall be published for two months
before the next election for members of the House of Delegates in
the newspapers published in such County, and shall also be
approved by a majority of all the meml)ers elected to each House of
the General Assembl}', at its next session after .said election.
Ilalyeas Corpus
Sec. 55. The General Assembly shall pa.ss no law suspending the
privilege of the Writ of Habeas Cor/>us.
Po7cers of . Isseuih/y
Sec. 50. The General Assembly shall have power to pass all such
Laws as may be necessary and proper for carrying into execution
the powers vested by this Constitution, in any Department or office
of the Government, and the duties imposed upon them thereby.
Interest
Sec. 57. The Iinessdone in the State
by all foreign corporations.
/'ension system abolis/ied
Sec. 5!». The office of "State Pension Commissioner" is hereby
abolished; and the Legislature shall pass no law creating such
office, or establishing an}- general pension system within this State.
*Thiis amended by Chapter 4u't>. .\cts of IWIll, ratified by tlie people November
3, 1891.
APPENDIX 275
ARTICLE IV
JUDICIARY DEPARTMENT
Pait I:— General Provisions
Coiirts^^/ustices of the Peace
Section 1. The Judicial power of this vState shall be vested in a
Court of Appeals, Circuit Courts, Orphans' Courts, such Courts for
the City of Baltimore as are hereinafter provided for, and Justices of
the Peace; all said Courts shall be Courts of Record, and each shall
have a seal to be used in the authentication of all process issuing
therefrom. The process and official character of Justices of the Peace
shall be authenticated as hath heretofore been practised in this State,
or may hereafter be prescribed by Law.
O na / i ft eat ion s of J udoes
Sec. 3. The Judges of all of the said Courts shall be citizens of
the vState of Maryland, and qualified voters tinder this Constitution,
and shall have resided therein not less than five years, and not less
than six months next preceding their election or appointment in the
judicial circuit, as the case may be, for which they may be respec-
tively elected or appointed. They shall be not less than thirty years
of age at the time of their election or appointment, and shall be
selected from those who have been admitted to practice Law in this
State, and who are most distinguished for integrity, wisdom and
sound legal knowledge.
Election of Judges — Terin of office — Retirement
Sec. ;i The Judges of the said several Courts shall be elected in the
Counties by the qualified voters in their respective Judicial Circuits
as hereinafter provided, at the general election to be held on
the Tuesday after the first Monday in November next, and in the
City of Baltimore, on the fourth Wednesday of October next. Each
of the said Judges shall hold his office for the term of fifteen years
from the time of hiselect'on, and until his successor is elected and
qualified, or until he .shall have attained the age of seventy years,
■whichever may first happen, and be re-eligible tliereto until he shall
have attained the age of seventy years, and not after; but in case of
an}- Judge who shall attain the age of .seventy years whilst in oflice,
such Judge may be continued in office by the General Assembly for
such further time as they may think fit, not to exceed the term for
which he was elected, by a resolution to be passed at the session
next ])receding his attaining said age. In case of the inability of any
of said Judges to discharge his duties which ellicienc)', b)' reason of
continued sickness, or of physical or mental infirmity, it shall be in
the power of the ("Tencral ;\sseml)ly, two-thirds of the members of
each House concurring, with the approval of the Governor, to retire
said judge from ofiice.
276 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
A'l'uio val of Judges
Sec. 4. Any Judge shall be removed from office by the Governor,
on conviction in a Court of Law, of incompetency, of wilful neglect
of duty, misbehavior in office or any other crime, or on impeach-
ment, according to this Constitution, or the Laws of the vState; or on
the address of the General Assemblv, two thirds of each House con-
curring in such address, and the accused having been notified of the
charges against him, and having had opportunity of making his
defence.
Sec. 5. After the election for Judges, to be held as above men-
tioned, upon the expiration of the term, or in case of the death,
resignation, removal, or other disciualification of any Judge, the
Governor shall appoint a person duly qualified to fill said office, who
shall hold the same until the next general election for members of
the General Assembly, when a successor shall be elected, whose
tenure of office shall be the same, as hereinl)efore provided; but if
the vacancy shall occur in the city of Baltimore, the time of election
shall be the fourth Wednesday in October following.
li led ion of Judges — Appoint iiieut by Governor
[vSec. 5. After the election for Judges, as hereinbefore provided,
there shall be held in this State, in every fifteenth year thereafter,
on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November of such year, an
election forjudges as herein provided; and in case of death, resigna-
tion, removal or disqualification by reason of age or otherwise of any
Judge, the Governor shal' appoint a jierson duly qualified to fill said
office, who shall hold the same until the next General Election for
members of the General Assembly, when a successor shall be elected,
whose term of office shall be the same as hereinbefore provided, and
upon the expiration of the term of fifteen years for which any Judge
may be elected to fill a vacancy, an election for his successor shall take
place at the next General Election for members of the General Assem-
bly to occur upon or after the ex])iration of his said term; and the
Governor shall appoint a person duly (jualified to hold said office from
the expiration of such term of fifteen years until the election and
qualification of his successor.]*
Duties
Sec. 6. All Judges shall, bv virtue of their offices be Conservators
of the Peace throughout the State; and no fees, or perquisites, com-
mission or reward of any kind, shall be allowed to any Judge in this
State, besides his annual salary, for the discharge of any Judicial
duty,
Disqualificatiotis
Sec. 7. No Judge shall sit in any case wherein he may be inter-
ested, or where either of the parties may be connected with him by
affinity or consanguinity within such degrees as now are or may
hereafter be jirescribed by Law, or where he shall have been of
counsel in the case.
*Thus amenled by " ct of ISSil.ch. 417, ratified bv the people at November
election, ISSI,
APPENDIX 277
Sec. 8. The parties to aii}' cause may submit the same to the
court for determination, without the aid of a jury; and the Judge, or
Judges of an}' Court of this vState, except the Court of Appeals, shal,
order and direct the record of proceedings in any suit or actionl
issue or petition, presentment or indictment, pending in such court,
to be transiiiitted to some other court, (and of a different circuit, if
the party applying shall so elect,) having jurisdiction in such cases,
whenever any party to such cause or the counsel of any party, shall
make a suggestion, in writing, supported by the affidavit of such
party or his counsel, or other proper evidence, that the party cannot
have a fair or impartial trial in the court in which suit, or action,
issue or petition, presentment or indictment is pending, or when the
Judges of said court shall be disqualified under the provisions of this
Constitution to sit in any si:ch suit, action, issue or petition, present-
ment or indictment; and the General Assembl}- shall make such
modifications of existing Law as may be necessary to regulate and
give force to this provision.
Trial nnthont jury — Reuioval of cases
[Sec. 8. The parties to any cause may submit the same to the
Court for determination without the aid of a Jury and in all suits or
actions at law, issues from the Orphans' Court or from any Court
sitting in Equity, and in all cases of presentments or indictments
for offences which are or may be punishable by death pending in
any of the Courts of Law of this State having jurisdiction thereof,
upon suggestion in writing under oath of either of the parties to said
proceedings, that such party cannot have a fair and impartial trial
in the Court in which the same may be pending, the said Court shall
order and direct the Record of Proceedings in such Suit or Action,
Issue, Presentment or Indictment, to be transmitted to some other
Court having jurisdiction in such case, for trial; but in all other
cases of Presentment or Indictment pending in any of the Courts of
Law in this State having jurisdiction thereof, in addition to the
suggestion in writing of either of the parties to such Presentment or
Indictment that such party cannot have a fair and impartial trial in
the Court in which the same may be pending, it shall be necessary
for the party making such suggestion to make it satisfactorily appear
to the Court that such suggestion is true, or that there is reasonable
ground for the same; and thereupon the said Court shall order and
direct the Record of Proceedings in such Presentment or Indictment
to be transmitted to some other Court having jurisdiction in such
cases for trial; and such right of removal shall exist upon suggestion
in cases when all the Judges of said Court may be disciualified, under
the provisions of this Constitution to sit in any case; and said court
to which the Record of Proceedings in such Suit or Action, Issue,
Presentment or Indictment may be so transmitted, shall hear and
determine the same in like manner as if such Suit or .\ction, Issue,
Presentment or Indictment has been originally instituted therein;.
278 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
and the General Assembly shall make such modification of existing
law as may be necessary to regulat* and give force to this
provision. ]*
Officers of Court; horv appointed
Sec. 9. The Judge or Judges of any Court may appoint such
officers for their respective Courts as may be found necessary ; and
such officers of the Courts in the City of Baltimore shall be appointed
by the Judges of the vSupreme Bench of Baltimore City. It shall be
the duty of the General Assemblj- to prescribe by law a fixed
compensation for all such officers, and said Judge or Judges shall
from time to time investigate the expenses, costs and charges of
their respective Courts, with a view to a change or reduction there-
of, and report the result of such investigation to the General As-
sembly for its action.
Records — P\\'s — / isitorial po'n 'er — A'lttes
Sec. 10. The Clerks of the several Courts created or continued by
this Constitution shall have charge and custody of the records and
other papers ; shall perforin all the duties, and be allowed the fees
which appertain to their several offices, as the same now are or may
hereafter be regulated by law. And the office and business of said
Clerks, in all their departments, shall be subject to the visitorial
power of the Judges of their respective Courts, who shall exercise
the same, from time to time, so as to insure the faithful perform-
ance of the duties of said offices ; and it shall be the duty of the
Judges of said Courts respectively, to make from time to time such
rules and regulations as may Ije necessary and proper for the govern-
ment of said Clerks, and for the performance of the duties of their
offices, w'hich shall have the force of law until repealed or modified
by the General Assembly.
Filection returns — Commissions
Sec. 11. The election for Judges hereinbefore provided, and all
elections for Clerks, Registers of Wills and other officers provided in
this Constitution, except vState's Attorneys, shall be certified, and
the returns made by the Clerks of the Circuit Courts of the Counties,
and the Clerk of the Superior Coiirt of Baltimore City, respectively,
to the Governor, who shall issue connnissions to the different persons
for the offices to which they shall have been, respectively, elected;
and in all such elections the person having the greatest number of
votes shall be declared elected.
Tie elections
Sec. 18. If in any case of election forjudges. Clerks of the Courts
of Law', and Register of Wills, the oppo.sing candidates shall have
an equal numljcr of votes, it shall be the duty of the Governor to
order a new election ; and in case of any contested election the
Governor shall send the returns to the House of Delegates, which
*Thus amended V)y Act of 1HT4, ch. :5t)4, ratified by the people at November
election, 187").
APPENDIX 279
shall juilge of the election and qualification of the candidates at such
election, and if the judgment shall be against the one who has been
returned elected, or the one who has been commissioned by the
Governor, the House of Delegates shall order a new election within
thirty days.
Style of Commissions
Sec. 13. All Public Commissions and Grants shall run thus :
" The State of Maryland, &c.," and shall be signed by the Governor,
with the Seal of the State annexed ; all writs and process shall run
in the same style, and be tested, sealed and signed as heretofore, or
as may hereafter be provided b}' law ; and all indictments shall con
elude, " against the peace, government and dignity of the State.'-
Part II. — CouH of Appeals
Cli ief Judge— Jurisdiction — Sessions
Sec. 14. The Court of Appeals shall be composed of the Chief
Judges of the first .seven of the several Judicial Circuits of the State
and a Judge from the City of Baltimore specially elected thereto,
one of whom shall be designated by the Governor, by and with the
advice and consent of the Senate, as the Chief Judge ; and in all
cases until action by the .Senate can be had, the Judge so designated
by the Governor shall act as Chief Judge. The Judge of the Court
of Appeals from the City of Baltimore shall be elected by the quali-
fied voters of said city at the election of Judges to be held therein,
as hereinbefore provided ; and in addition to his duties as Judge of
the Court of Appeals, shall perform such other duties as the General
Asseiubly shall prescribe. The jurisdiction of said Court of Appeals
shall be co-extensive with the limits of the State, and such as now is
or may hereafter be prescribed by Law. It shall hold its sessions in
the City of Annapolis, on the first Monday in April, and the first
Monday in October; |on the second Monday in January, the first
Monday in April and the first Monday in October]* of each and every
year, or at such other times as the General Assembly may by Law
direct. Its sessions shall continue not less than ten months in the
year, if the business before it .shall so require ; and it shall be compe-
tent for the Judges temporarily to transfer their sittings elsewhere
upon sufficient cause.
Quorum^ iidge helo'cc )tol to sit — Opinion
Sec. 15. Four of said Judges shall constitute a quorum ; no cause
shall be decided without the concurrence of at lea.st three ; but the
Judge who heard the cause below shall not ])artici])ate in the deci-
•sion ; in every case an oi)inion, in writing, .shall be filed within three
months after the argument or submission of the cause ; and the
judgment of the court shall be final and conclusive; and all cases
shall stand for hearing at the first term after the transmission of the
record.
* Terms thus arranged by Act of ISSt;, cli. 18.5.
280 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
J'nh/icafioii of Reports
Sec. 16. Provision shall be made b\- law for publishing reports of
cases argued and determined in the Court of Appeals, which the
Judges shall designate as proper for publication.
Clerks — Removal — / 'aeauey
Sec. 17. There shall be a Clerk of the Court of Appeals, who shall
be elected by the legal and qualified voters of the State, who shall
hold his office for six; years, and until his successor is duly qualified;
he shall be subject to removal by the said Court for incompetency,
neglect of duty, misdemeanor in office, or such other cause or causes
as may be prescribed by law , and in case of a vacancy in the office
of said Clerk, the Court of Appeals shall appoint a Clerk of said
Court, who shall hold his office until election and qualification of his
successor, who shall be elected at the next general election for mem-
bers of the General Assembly ; and the person so elected shall hold
his office for the term of six j-ears from the time of election.
Rules for .Ippeals — Record — Practice — Costs — Rules iu lujuity
Sec. 18. It shall be the duty of the Judges of the Court of Appeals,
as soon after their election under this Constitution as practicable, to
make and publish rules and regulations for the prosecution of appeals
to said appellate court whereby they shall prescribe the periods
within which appeals may be taken, what part or parts of the pro-
ceedings in the court below shall constitute the record on appeal and
the manner in which such appeals shall be brought to hearing or
determination, and shall regulate, generally, the practice of said
Court of Appeals so as to prevent delays and promote brevity in all
records and proceedings brought into said court, and to abolish and
avoid all unnecessary costs and expenses in the prosecution of ap-
peals therein ; and the said Judges shall make such reductions in the
fees and expenses of the said courts as they may deem advisable.
It shall be the duly of said Judges of the Court of Appeals, as soon
after their election as practicable, to devise and promulgate by rules
or orders, forms and modes of framing and filing bills, answers and
other proceedings and pleadings in Equity ; and also forms and
modes of taking and obtaining evidence, to be used in Ecjuity cases;
and to revise and regulate, generally, the practice in the Courts of
Equity of this State, so as to prevent delays, and to promote brevity
and conciseness in all pleadings and proceedings therein, and to
abolish all unnecessary costs and expenses attending the same. And
all rules and regulations hereby directed to be made shall, when
made, have the force of Law until rescinded, changed or modified
by the said Judges, or the General Assembly.
Part III. — Circuit Courts
Judicial Circuits
Sec. 19. The State shall be divided into eight Judicial Circuits, in
manner following, viz : The Counties of Worcester, Somerset, Dor-
chester and Wicomico,* shall constitute the Eirst Circuit ; the
Counties of Caroline, Talbot, Queen Anne's, Kent and Cecil, the
APPENDIX 281
Second ; the Counties of Baltimore and Harford, the Third ; the
Counties of Allegany, Washington and Garrett, f the Fourth ; the
Counties of Carroll, Howard and Anne Arundel, the Fifth ; the
Counties of Montgomery and Frederick, the Sixth ; the Counties of
Prince George's, Charlep, Calvert and St. Mary's, the Seventh, and
Baltimore City, the Eighth.
County Coinis^Jnrisdiciioi!
Sec. 20. A Court shall be held in each County of the State, to be
stj-led the Circuit Court for the County in which it may be held.
The said Circuit Courts shall have and exercise, in the respective
Counties, all the power, authority and jurisdiction, original and ap-
pellate, which the present Circuit Courts of this State now have and
exercise, or which may hereafter be prescribed by Law.
Cliicfjiidiie and frco ^-Issociafes — /residence — Terms — Oiioruiii
Sec. 21. For each of the said Circuits (excepting the Eighth)
there shall l)e a Chief Judge and two Associate Judges, to be styled
Judges of the Circuit Court, to be elected or appointed as herein
provided. And no two of said Associate Judges shall at the time of
their election, or ai)pointnient, or during the term for which they
may have been elected or appointed, reside in the same County. If
two or more persons shall be candidates for Associate Ju ruleofthe Supreiue Bench, Deteuiber
21, 1J<97. See «: Md. lit].
}The jurisdiction of the Baltimore City Court, the Superior Court nnd the
Court of Common Pleas was enlarged by the Act of 1870, ch. 177.
284 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
Siipiriiw Bench of Baltimore Cit\ — Tcnii — Salary
Sec. ;}1. There shall be elected l)y the lej^al and qualified voters of
said city, at the election, hereinbefore provided for, one Chief Judj^e
and four Associate Judjjjes, who, toj^ether, shall constitute the Supreme
Bench of Baltimore City, and shall hold their offices for the term of
fifteen years, subject to the provisions of this Constitution with re.t^ard
to the election and qualifications of Judj^es and their removal from
office, and shall exercise the jurisdiction, hereinafter specified, and
shall each receive an annual salary of three thousand five hundred
dollars,* jjayable quarterly, which shall not be diminished durins^
their terin of office; but authority is hereby resent Constitution.
*Under this section, the General Assembly, by the Act of hSKH, Chapter 194,
established the Circuit Court No. 'i of Baltimore City, conferring upon it the
same jurisdiction as that possessed by the Circuit Court of Baltimore City.
APPENDIX 287
^■Idditional Judges
[Sec. 39. The General Assembly shall, as often as it may think the
same proper and expedient, provide by Law for the election of an
additional Jndge of the Snjjrenie Bench of Baltimore City, and when-
ever provision is so made by the General Assembly, there shall be
elected by the voters of said City another Judge of the Supreme
Bench of Baltimore City, who shall be subject to the same constitu-
tional provisions, hold his office for the same term of years, receive
the same compensation, and have the same powers as are, or shall be,
provided by the Constitution or Laws of this State, for the Judges of
said Supreme Bench of Baltimore City, and the General Assembly
may provide by Laws, or the Supreme Bench by its rules for requiring
causes in any of the Courts of Baltimore City to be tried l)efore the
court without a jury, unless the litigants or some one of them shall
within such reasonable time or times as may be prescribed, elect to
have their causes tried before a jury. And the General Assembly may
reapportion, change or enlarge the jurisdiction of the several Courts
in said city.Jt
Part r. — 0>p/ia)is' Courts.
Three Judges — Term — 'Jiirisdietiou — Per diem — / 'aeaiieies
Sec. 40. The qualified voters of the City of Baltimore, and of the
several counties, shall on the Tuesday' next after the first Monday in
November next, and on the same daj' in every fourth year thereafter,
elect three men to be Judges of the Orphans' Courts of said cit}- antl
counties, respectivel}', who shall be citizens of the State, and residents
for the twelve months preceding, in the city, or countv, for which
they may be elected. They shall have all the powers now vested in
the Orphans' Courts of the vState, subject to such changes as the Leg-
islature may ])rescribe. hach of said Judges shall be paid a per diem
for the time they are actually in session, to l)e regulated bv Law, and
to be paid l)y the said city, or counties, respectively. In case of a
vacancy in the office of Judge of the Orphans' Court the Governor
shall appoint, su])ject to confirmation or rejection by the Senate, some
suitable ])ers(m to fill the same for the residue of the term.
h'egistrr of 11 Ills — '/\'r)ii — / 'aeauey
Sec. 41. There .shall be a Register of Wills in each countv of the
State, and the City of Baltimore, to be elected by the legal and (|uali-
fied voters of .said counties and city, re.spectiveh', who .shall hold his
office for .six years from the time of his election, and until his succes-
sor is elected and qualified; he .shall be re-eligible, and .subject at all
times to removal for wilful neglect of duty, or mi.sdemeanor in office
in the .same manner that the Clerks of the Courts are removable. In
the event of any vacancy in the office of the Regi.ster of Wills, .said
vacancy .shall be filled by the Judges of the Ori)hans' Court, in which
such vacancy occut-s. until the next general election for Delegates to
the General As.sembly, when a Regi.ster shall be elected to .serve for
six years thereafter.
tThus amended by Chapter :{i:{, Acts of 18»;.', ratified bv the people November
7th. jsy;{.
288 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
Part I 'I.— Indices of the Peace.
^■Ippoinliiniit — Coustal)lcs
Sec. 4'3. The Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the
Senate, shall appoint such ninnl)er of Justices of the Peace, and the
County Commissioners of the several comities, and the Mayor and City
Council of Baltimore, respectively, shall appoint such num1)er of
Constables, for the several Election Districts of the comities and
wards of the City of Baltimore, as are now or may hereafter be pre-
scribed by Law; and Justices of the Peace and Constables so appointed
shall be subject to removal by the Judt^e or Judj^es liavini:^ criminal
jurisdiction in the county or city, for incompetency, wilful neglect of
duty, or misdemeanor in office, on conviction in a Court of Law.
The Justices of the Peace and Constables so a])])ointed and commis-
sioned shall be Consen^ators of the Peace; shall hold their office for
two years, and shall have such jurisdiction, duties and compensation,
subject to such right of appeal in all cases from the judgment of
Justices of the Peace, as hath been heretofore exercised, or shall be
hereafter prescribed by Law.
/ 'aca/!C!cs
Sec. 4'6. In the e\ent of a vacancy in the office of a Justice of the
Peace, the Governor shall appoint a person to serve as Justice of the
Peace for the residue of the term; and in case of a vacancy in the
office of Constable, the County Commissioners of the county in which
the vacancy occurs, or the Mayor and Cit}- Council of Baltimore, as
the case may be, shall appoint a person to sene as Constal)le for the
residue of the term.
Part I'll. Sheriffs.
/i/ectioii—Oiia/i/icatio?is — Term — / 'acancv
Sec. 44. There shall be elected in each County, and in the City
of Baltimore, in every second 3'ear, one person, resident in said
County or City, above the age of twenty-five years, and at least five
years preceding his election, a citizen of this >tate, to the office of
Sheriff. He sliall hold his office for two year.\ and until his suc-
cessor is duly elected and qualified; shall be ineligible for two years
thereafter; shall give such bond, exercise such poweis, and perform
such duties as now are or may hereafter be fixed by law. In case of a
vacancy by death, resignation, refusal to serve, or negiec: io qualify,
or give bond, or by disciualification, or removal from the County or
City, the Governor .shall appoint a person to be SherilT for the re-
mainder of the official term.
Coroners, &c
Sec. 45. Coroners, Klisors and Notaries Pu1)lic may be appointed
for each County and the City of Baltimore in the manner, for the pur-
pose and with the powers now fixed, or which may hereafter be
prescribed by law.
APPENDIX 289
ARTICLE V.
ATTORNEY-GENERAI^ AND STATE'S ATTORNEYS.
Attorney-Gimeral .
Election — Tcvdi
Section 1. There shall be an Attorney -General elected by the
qualified voters of the State, on general ticket, on the Tuesday next
after the first Monday in the month of November, eighteen hundred
and sixty-seven, and on the same day in every fourth year thereafter,
who shall hold his office for four years from the time of his election
and qualification, and until his successor is elected and qualified, and
shall be re-eligible thereto, and shall be subject to removal for inconi-
petenc)', wilful neglect of duty or misdemeanor in office, on conviction
in a court of law.
A'liiinis of election
Sec. 2. All elections for Attorney-General shall be certified to,
and returns made thereof by the Clerks of the Circuit Courts for the
several Counties, and the Clerk of the Superior Court of Baltimore
City, to the Governor of the State, whose duty it shall be to decide on
the election and qualification of the person returned; and in case of a
tie between two or more persons to designate which of said persons
shall qualify as Attorney-General, and to administer the oath of office
to the per.son elected.
Duties — Opi)iions — Satarv
Sec. 3. It shall ])e the duty of the Attorney-General to ])rosecute
and defend on the part of the State all cases which at the time of his
appointment and qualification, and which thereafter may he depending
in the Court of Appeals, or in the Supreme Court of the United States
by or against the State, or wherein the State may be interested; and
he shall give his opinion in writing whenever required by the General
Assembly, or either branch thereof, the Governor, the Comptroller,
the Treasurer, or any State's Attorney, on any legal matter, or sul)ject
de])ending before them, or either of them; and when rec|inred by the
Governor or the General Asseml)ly, he .shall aid any State's .Attorney
in pro.secuting any suit or action l)n)Ught by the State in any Court of
this State, and he shall commence aiul pro.secute or defend any suit or
action in any of said Courts, on the ]iart of the State, which the
General As.sembly, or the Governor, acting according to law, .shall
direct to l^e commenced, pro.secuted or defendecl; and he .shall receive
for his services an annual .salary of three thou.sand dollars; but he
shall not be entitled to receive any fees, perquisites or rewards what-
ever, in addition to the salary aforesaid, for the performance of any
official duty; nor have power to a]i])oint any agent, representati\c or
deputy, under any circumstances whatever; nor .shall the (rovernor
employ any additional coun.sel in any ca.se whatever, imle.ss authorized
by the General Assembly.
290 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
(Jiia/ijiciiiiojis
Sec. 4. No person shall be elis^ible to the office of Attorney-
General, who is not a citizen of this .State, and a qualified voter
therein, and has not resided and practiced Law in this State for at
least ten years.
/ \lC(lll('V
Sec. 5. In case of vacancy in the ofTice of .\ttorney-General,
occasioned by death, resij^nation, removal from the State or from
office, or other disqualification, the said vacancy shall be filled by the
Governor for the residue of the term thus made vacant.
Sec. 6. It shall be the duty of the Clerk of the Court of Appeals
and of the Commissioner of the Land Office, respectively, whenever a
case shall l)e broutjht into said court or office, in which the State is a
party or has interest, immediately to notify the Attorney-General
thereof.
The S/a/r's .-ittoyneys
Sec. 7. There shall be an Attorney for the State in each County
and the City of Baltimore, to be styled "The State's Attorney," who
shall be elected by the voters thereof, respectively, on the Tuesday
next after the first Monda}' in November, in the year eighteen hundred
and sixty-seven, and on the same day every fourth year thereafter;
and shall hold his office for four years from the first Monday in
January next ensuin^c his election, and until his successor shall be
elected and (pialified, and shall be re-eli_<^il)le thereto, and be subject
to remoxal therefrom for incompetency, wilful netjlect of duty, or
misdemeanor in office, on conviction in a Court of Law, or bv a vote of
two thirds of the Senate, on the recommendation of the Attorney-
General.
/\(/uy)is of ciciiioii
Sec. 8 All elections for the State's Attornej' shall be certified to
and returns made thereof by the Clerks of the said counties and city
to the Judj^es thereof havinjf criminal jurisdiction, res]:)ectively, whose
duty it shall be to decide upon the elections and qualifications of the
j^ersons returned; and in case of a tie between two or more persons,
to desij^nate which of said per.sons shall qualify as State's Attorney,
and to administer the oaths of office to the per.son elected.
Sec. 9. The State's Attorney shall perform such duties and receive
such fees and commissions as are now or may hereafter be prescribed
by law, and if any State's Attorney shall receive any other fee or
reward than such as is or may be allowed by Law. he shall, on convic-
tion thereof, be removed from office; pivx'ided, that the State's
.■\ttorney for Baltimore City shall have power to appoint one Deputy,
at a salary of not more than fifteen hundred dollars i)er aimum, to be
paid by the State's .Attorney out of the fees of his office, as heretofore
been practised.
APPENDIX 291
/urs
[Sec. 9. The State's Attorney shall perform such duties and
receive such fees and coniniissions or salary, not exceeding three
thousand dollars, as are now or may hereafter be prescribed by law;
and if any State's Attorney shall receive any other fee or reward than
such as is or ma}' be allowed by law, he shall, on conviction thereof,
be removed from ofifice; provided, that the State's Attorney for
Baltimore City shall receive an annual salary of forty-five hundred
dollars, and sliall have power to appoint one deputy, at an annual
salary, not exceedint; three thousand dollars, and such other assistants
at such annual salaries not exceeding fifteen hundred dollars each, as
the Supreme Bench of Baltimore City may authorize and approve; all
of said salaries to be paid out of the fees of the said State's Attorney's
office, as has heretofore ])een practised.]*
Oua/ifnatioiis
Sec. 10. No person shall be eligible to the office of State's Attorney
who has not been admitted to practice Law in this State, and who has
not resided for at least two years in the county or city in which he
may T)e elected.
/ 'acaiicy
Sec. 11. In case of vacancy in the office of State's Attorney, or of his
removal from the county or city in which he shall have been elected, or
on his conviction as herein specified, the said vacancy shall be filled
by the Juflge of the county or city, respectively, having criminal
ji:risdiction, in which said vacancy shall occur, for the residue of the
term thus made vacant.
/)idii\s
Sec. 12. The State's Attorney in each county, and the City of
Baltimore, shall have authority to collect, and give receipt, in the
name of the State, for such sums of money as may be collected by
him, and forthwith make return of and pay over the same to the
proper accounting officer. And the State's Attorney of each county,
and the City of Baltimore, before he shall enter on the discharge of
his duties, shall execute a bond to the State of Maryland, for the
faithful ]>erforTnance of his duties, in the penalty of ten thousand
dollars, with two or more sureties, to l)e a])])roved by the Judge of the
Court having criminal jurisdiction in said counties or city.
ARTICLE VI.
TRKASUKY DKPAKTMKNT.
Comptroller — Salary — Treasurer — Tertn — / 'acancies — Bonds
Section 1. There shall be a Treasury Department, consisting of a
Comj)tr()ller, chosen by the qualified electors of the State, at each
regular election of members of the House of Delegates, who .shall
receive an annual salary of two thou.sand five hundred dollars; and a
*Thiis amended by Act of liKJO, ch. I8.">, ratified bv the people at the November
election, 1901.
292 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
Treasurer, to be appointed by the two Houses of the Legislature, at
each rej^uhir session thereof, on joint ballot, who shall receive an
annual salary of two thousand five hundred dollars; and the terms of
office of the said Comptroller and Treasurer shall be for two years,
and until their successors shall qualify; and neither of the said
officers shall be allowed, or receive any fees, commissions or perqui-
sites of any kind in addition to his salary for the performance of anv
duty or services whatsoever. In case of a vacancy in either of the
offices In- death, or otherwise, the Governor, by and with the advice
and consent of the Senate, shall fill such vacancy by ap])ointment, to
continue luitil another election, or a choice by the Lej^islature, as the
case may be, and until the qualification of the successor. The
Comptroller and the Treasurer shall keep their offices at the seat of
Government, and shall take such oath, and enter into such bonds for
the faithful discharjj^e of their duties as are now, or may hereafter be
prescribed by law.
Co}npiro//er's duties
Sec. 2. The Comptroller .shall have the j^eneral superintendence of
the fiscal affairs of the State; he shall ditjjest and prepare plans for the
improvement and management of the revenue, and for the support
of the public credit; prepare aufl report estimates of the revenue and
expenditures of the .State; superintend and enforce the prompt collec-
tion of all taxes and revenue; adjust and settle, on terms jircscribed
by Law, with delin{|uent collectors and receivers of taxes and vState
revenue; preserve all ])ublic accounts; decide on the forms of keep-
ing and stating accounts; grant, under regulations prescribed by Law,
all warrants for money to be paid out of the Treasury, in pursuance of
a]jpropriations by Law, and countersign all checks drawn by the
Treasury upon any bank or banks, in which the moneys of the State
may, from time to time, be deposited; prescribe the formalities of the
transfer of stock, or other evidence of the State debt, and countersign
the same, without which such evidence shall not be valid; he shall
make to the (reneral As.scmbly full reports of all his jirocccdings, and
of the state of the treasury dej^artment within ten days after the
commencement of each Session; and i)erforni such other duties as
shall l)e ])rescribed by Law.
Treasurer's duties
Sec. 8. The Treasurer shall receive the moneys of the State, and,
until otherwi.se prescribed by law, deposit them, as .soon as received,
to the credit of the State, in such bank or banks as he may, from time
to time, with the a])i)roval of the Governor, select (the said bank or
banks giving security, satisfactory to the Governor, for the safekee])ing
and forthcoming, when required, of said de]>osits), and shall disl)urse
the .same for the pur])osesof the State, according to law, upon warrants
drawn by the Comptroller, and on checks countersigned by him, and
not otherwise; he shall take receipts for all moneys paid by him and
receipts for moneys received by him .shall be endorsed upon warrants
signed by the Comptroller, without which warrants, so signed, no
acknowledgment of money received into the Treasury shall be valid;
APPENDIX 293
and upon warrants, issued 1iy the Comptroller, he shall make
arrangements for the pa3'nient of the interest of the public debt, and
for the purchase thereof , on account of the sinking fund. Every bond,
certificate, or other evidence of the debt of the State shall be signed
by the Treasurer, and countersigned by the Comptroller; and no new-
certificate or other evidence intended to replace another shall be
issued until the old one shall be deli\'ered to the Treasurer, and
authority executed in due form for the transfer of the same filed in
his office, and the transfer accordingly made on the books thereof,
and the certificate or other evidence cancelled; but the Legislature
may make provisions for the loss of certificates, or other evidences of
the debt; and ma}^ prescribe, by Law, the manner in which the
Treasurer shall receive and keep the moneys of the State.
Accounts
Sec. 4. The Treasurer shall render his accounts quarterh- to the
Comptroller and shall publish monthly, in such newspapers as the
Governor may direct, an abstract thereof, showing the amount of
cash on hand, and the place or places of deposit thereof; and on the
third day of each regular session of the Legislature he shall submit to
the Senate and House of Delegates fair and accurate copies of all
accounts by him, from time to time, rendered and settled with the
Comptroller. He shall at all times submit to the Comptroller the
inspection of the money in his hands, and perform all other duties
that shall be prescribed by Law
71tnc of qualification
Sec. 5. The Comptroller shall qualify and enter on the duties of
his oflfice on the third Monday of January next succeeding the time of
his election, or as soon thereafter as practicable. And the Treasurer
shall qualify within one month after his appointment by the Leg-
islature.
Removal
Sec. 6. Whenever during the recess of the Legislature charges
shall be preferred to the Governor against the Comptroller or Treas-
urer for incomjjetency, malfeasance in office, wilful neglect of dutv,
or misappropriation of the funds of the vState, it shall be the duty of
the Governor forthwith to notify the party so charged, and fix a day
for a hearing of said charges; and if from the evidence taken, under
oath on said hearing before the Governor, the said allegations shall
be sustained, it shall be the duty of the Governor to remove said
offending officer and appoint another in his place, who shall hold the
office for the unexpired term of the officer .so removed.
ARTICLE VII.
SUNDRY OKPICHK.S
County Commissioners — Surveyor— State L ibrarian — Codi-
missioner of the Land Office — Wreck Master
County C 'omjnissioners
Section 1. County Commissioners shall be elected on general
ticket of each county by the (jualified voters of the .several counties
294 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
of this Slate, on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in the month
of Novend)er, eif^hteeii hundred and sixty-seven, and on the same
day in every second y ar thereafter. Their numbf r in each county,
their comj^ensation, ]:)owers and duti s, shall be such as are now or
may he hereafter ]:)rescril)ed by Law.
Co II ni} ■ Co I mil iss io n ci s
[Sec. 1. County Commissioners shall be electcallimore, (lualified l)y
Law to vote in said city for members of the Hou.se of Delegates, shall
on the Tuesday after the first Monday of November, eighteen
hundred and eighty-nine, and on the same day in every second year
thereafter, elect a person to be Mayor of the City of Baltimore, who
298 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
shall have such qualifications, receive such compensation, discharge
such duties, and have such i)owers as are now, or may hereafter be
prescribed by Law; and the term of whose office shall commence on
the first Monday of November succeeding his election, and shall
continue for two years, and until his successor shall have qualified.]*
Ciiy Council
Sec. 2. The City Council of Baltimore shall consist of two
branches, one of which shall be called the First Branch, and the
other the Second Branch, and each .shall consist of such number of
members, having .such qualification, receiving such compen.sation,
performing such duties, po.s.sessing such powers, holding such terms
of office, and elected in such manner, as are now, or may hereafter be
prescribed by Law.
Sec. 3. An election for memljcrs of the I'ir.st and Second Branch of
the City Council of Baltimore shall be held in the City of Baltimore
on the' fourth Wednesday of October, eighteen huntlred and .sixty-
seven; and for members of the First Branch on the same day in every
vear thereafter; and for members of the Second Branch on the same
day in every second year thereafter; and the qualification for electors
of the menibers of the City Council .shall be the same as tho.se
prescribed for ihe electors of 'Mayor.
'J'iiiic of elections
[Sec. 3. An election for members of the First Branch of the City
Council of Baltimore shall be held in the City of Baltimore on the
Tuesday after the first Monday of November in every year; and for
members of the Second Branch "on the Tuesday after the first Monday
of November eighteen hundred and eighty-nine, and on the same day
in every second year thereafter; and the qualification for electors of
the mei'nbers of the City Council .shall be the same as those prescribed
for the electors of Mayor.]*
Sessions — L imitation — I'lxtra session
Sec. 4. The regular sessions of the City Council of Baltimore
(which .shall be annual), .shall commence on the third Monday of
January of each year, and .shall not continue more than ninety days,
exclu.sive of Sundays; but the Mayor may convene the City Council
in extra session wlienever. and as often as it may appear to him that
the public good may require, but no called or extra session shall last
longer than twenty days, exclusive of Sundays.
Disqualifications
Sec. 5. No person elected and qualified as Mayor, or as a member
of the City Council, shall, during the term for which he was elected,
hold any o'ther office of profit or tru.st, created, or to be created by the
Mayor and Citv Council of Baltimore, or by any Law relating to the
Corporation of' Baltimore, or hold any employment or position, the
~*Tlius amended by ch. 123, Acts of 18M8 By ch. llfi, Acts of 1870, the term of
Mayor was made two years; and by ch. 397, Acts of 1888, the day of election
was set for the Tuesday after the first Monday in November.
*Thus amended by the Act of 1888, ch. 397.
or
APPENDIX 299
compensation of which shall be paid, directly or indirectly, out of tl
Cit)- Treasury; nor shall any such person be interested, directly ^.
indirectly, in any contract to which the City is a party; nor shall it
be lawful for any person holding' any ofifice under the Citv, to l)e
interested, while holding such office, in any contract to which the
City is a party.
Removal of Mayor
Sec. 6. The Mayor shall, on conviction in a Court of Law, of
■wilful neglect of duty, or niisliehavior in office, be removed from
office by the Governor of the State, and a successor shall thereafter be
elected, as in a case of vacanc\\
Debts
Sec. 7. From and after the adoption of this Con.stitution, no debt
(except as hereinafter excepted), .shall be created h\ the Mavor and
City Council of Baltimore; nor .shall the credit of the Mavor and City
Council of Baltimore be given or loaned to, or in aid of anv individual,
a.s.sociation, or corporation; nor shall the Mayor and Citv Council of
Baltimore have the power to involve the City of Baltimore in the
con.struction of works of internal improvement, nor in granting au}-
aid thereto, which shall involve the faith and credit of the City, nor
make any appropriation therefor, unless such debt or credit be
authorized by an Act of the General A.ssembly of Maryland, and by
an ordinance of the Ma3'or and City Council of Baltimore, submitted
to the legal voters of the City of Baltimore, at such time and place as
may be fixed by said ordinance, and approved l)y a majoritv of the
votes cast at such time and place; but the Mayor and Citv Council
may, temporarily, borrow any amount of money to meet anv defi-
ciency in the City Treasury, or to provide for any emergency arising
from the necessity of maintaining the police, or preserving the safety
and sanitary condition of the City, and may make due and proper
arrangements and agreements for the removal and extension, in whole
or in part, of any and all debts and obligations created according to
Law before the adoption of this Constitution.
Laws in force
Sec. 8. All Laws and Ordinances now in force applicable to the
City of Baltimore, not inconsistent with this Article, .shall be, and
they are hereby continued until changed in due course of Law.
C/huiges authorized
Sec. 9. The General As.sembly ma}- make such changes in this
Article, except in Section 7th thereof^ as it may deem be.st; and this
Article shall not be .so construed or taken as to make the political
corporation of Baltimore indepenilent of, or free from the control
which the General A.ssembly of Maryland has over all such Corpora-
tions in this State.
300 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
ARTICLE XII.
ITHI.IC WORKS
Hoard — Sessions — /'oii'ers
Section 1. The Governor, the Comptroller of the Treasury, and
the Treasurer shall constitute the Board of Pul)lic Works in this
State. They shall keep a journal of their preceedinf^s, and shall hold
regular sessions in the City of Annapolis on the first Wednesday in
January, A])ril, July and October in each \ear, and oftener if neces-
sary; at which sessions they shall hear and determine such matters as
affect the Public Works of the State, and as the General Assemb'v
may confer upf)n them the power to decide.
Duties
Sec. 2. They shall exercise a dilij^ent and faithful sujjervision of
all Public Works in which the State may be interested as Stockholder
or Creditor, and .shall represent and vote the stock of the State of
Maryland in all meetings of the .stockholders of the Chesapeake and
Ohio Canal; and .shall appoint the Directors in every Railroad and
Canal Coni])any in which the State has the legal power to appoint
Directors, which .said Directors shall represent the htate in all meet-
ings of the Stockholders of the respective Companies for which they
are appointed or elected. And the President and Directors of the
said Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Conipau}- .shall .so regulate the tolls
of said Company from time to time as to produce the Largest amount
of revenue, and to avoid the injurious effect to said Comjjany of rival
competition by other Internal Improvement Companies. They .shall
recpiire the Directors of all said Public ^^'orks to guard the public
interest and ])revent the establishment of tolls which shall discriminate
against the interest of the citizens or products of this State, and from
time to time, and as often as there shall be any change in the rates of
toll on any of the said Works, to furnish the said Hoard of Public
Works a .schedule of .such modified rates of toll, and .so adju.st them
as to promote the agricidtural interests of the State; they shall report
to the Cieneral A.ssembly at each regular session, and recommend
such legislation as they may deem necessary and recpiisite to promote
or protect the interests of the State in the .said Public Works; they
shall perform such other duties as may be hereafter ])rescribed by
Law, and a majority of them shall be competent to act. The Gov-
ernor, Com])troller and Treasurer shall receive no additional salar\'
for .services rendered by them as members of the Board of Public
Works. The ])rovisions of the .^ct of the General .As.sembly of Marj'-
land of the year 18G7, cha]:)ter 359, are hereby declared null and void.
Sec. 3. The Board of Pul)lic Works is hereby authorized to ex-
change the State's interest as Stockholder and Creditor in the Baltimore
and Ohio Railroad Company for an equal amount of the bonds or
registered debt now owing by the State, to the extent only of all the
preferred stock of the State on which the State is entitled to only .six
per cent, interest, provided such exchange shall not be made at less
APPENDIX 301
than par, nor less than the market valne of said stock; and the said
Board is anthorized, subject to such rejjjulations and conditions as the
General Assembly may from time to time prescribe, to sell the State's
interest in the other Works of Internal Improvement, whether as a
Stockholder or a Creditor, and also the State's interest in any bankino-
corporation, receiving' in payment the bonds and registered debt now
owing by the vState, equal in amount to the price obtained for the
State's said interest; provided, that the interest of the State in the
Washington Branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad be reserved
and excepted from sale; and provided further, that no sale or con-
tract of sale of the State's interest in the Chesapeake and Ohio
Canal, the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, and the Susquehanna
and Tidewater Canal Companies shall go into effect until the same
shall lie ratified by the ensuing General Assembly.
Pozi'ers
[Sec. 8. The Board of Public Works is hereljy authorized, subject
to such regulations and conditions as the General Assembly may from
time to time j^rescribe, to sell the State's interest in all works of
internal improvement, whether as a Stockholder or a Creditor, and
also the State's interest in any banking corporation, receiving in pay-
ment the bonds and registered debt now owing by the State, equal in
amount to the price obtained for the State's said iiaterest.]*
ARTICLE XIII.
NEW COUNTIES
County scats— Coiiscnf of voters — Area and population
Section 1. The General Assemlily may jirovide, by Law, for
organizing new Counties, locating and removing county seats, and
changing county lines; but no new county shall be organized without
the consent of the majority of the legal voters residing within the
limits pro])osed to be formed into said new county; and whenever a
new county shall be proposed to be formed out of ]iortions of two or
more counties, the consent of a majority of the legal voters of such
part of each of said counties, resjjectively, shall be required; nor shall
the lines of any county be changed without the consent of a majority
of the legal voters residing within the district, which, luuler said
projjosed change, would form a ])art t)f a county different from that to
which it belonged i>ri()r to said change; and no new county shall
contain less than four hundred square miles nor less than ten thousand
white inhabitants; nor shall any change be made in the limits of any
county, whereby the popidation of said count}- would be reduced to
less than ten thousand while inhabitants, or its tc-rritory reduced to
less than four hundred sc|uare miles.
*Thii.s anieiiiled hv .^ct isgil, ch. fii.', and ralified bv the people Novenil)er
Srd, 18i)l.
302 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
Wicoiiiiio lOHiity
Sec. "3. At tlie elfoliou to h\: held for the' adoption or rejection of this
Constitution, in each election district, in those parts of Worcester and
Somerset Counties, coni])rised within the followinjf limits, viz: Retjin-
ninsij at the point where Mason and Dixon's line crosses the channel
of Poconioke River, thence followinij; said line to the channel of the
Nanticoke River, thence with the channel of said river to Tangier
Sound, or the intersection of Nanticoke and Wicomico Rivers, thence
up the channel of the Wicomico River to the mouth of Wicomico
Creek, thence with the channel of said creek and Passerdyke
Creek to Dashield's or Disharoon's Mills, thence with the
mill-])ond of said mills and branch followinj^ the middle ]>rong
of said branch, to Meadow Bridge, on the road dividing the
Counties of Somerset and Worcester, near the southwest corner of
farm of William P. Morris, thence due east to the Pocomoke River,
thence with the channel of said river to the beginning; the Judges of
Election, in each of said districts, shall receive the ballots of each
elector, voting at said election, who has resided for six months pre-
ceding said election within said limits, for or against a new County;
and the Return Judges of said election districts shall certify the result
of such voting, in the manner now ])rescribe(l by Law, to the Gov-
ernor, who shall by jjroclamation make known the same, and if a
majority of the legal votes cast within that ]iart of Worcester County,
contained within said lines, and also a majority of the legal votes cast
within that part of Somerset County, contained within said lines,
shall be in favor of a new County, then said parts of Worcester and
Somerset Counties shall become aiifl constitute a new County, to
be called Wicomico County; and Salisbury shall be the County seat.
And the inhabitants thereof shall thenceforth have and enjoy all such
rights and ])rivileges as are held and enjoyed by the inhabitants of
the other Counties of this vState.
Provisions
Sec. 3. When said new Comity shall have been so created, the
inhabitants thereof shall cease to have any claim to, or interest in, the
county buildings and other public property of every description
belonging to said Counties of Somerset and Worcester respectively,
and sliall be lial)le for their proportionate shares of the then existing
debts and obligations of the said Counties, according to the last
assessment in said Counties, to be ascertained and a])])ortioned by the
Circuit Court of Somerset Comity, as to the debts and oi)ligations of
said County, and by the Circuit Court of Worcester County as to the
debts and obligations of Worcester County, on the petition of the
County Commissioners of the said Counties, respectively; and the
])ro])erty in each part of the said Counties included in said new County
shall be bound only for the share of the debts and ol)ligations of the
County from which it .shall be separated; and the inhabitants of said
new County shall also pay the County taxes levied ui)on them at the
time of the creation of such new County, as if such new County had
not been create 1; and on the ai)plication of twelve citizens of the
APPENDIX 303
proposed County of Wicomico, the Surveyor of Worcester County
shall run and locate the line from Meadow Bridge to the Pocomoke
River, previous to the adoption or rejection of this Constitution, and
at the expense of said petitioners.
Sec. 4. .\t the first general election held under this Con.stitution the
qualified voters of said new Count}^ shall be entitled to elect a Senator
and two Delegates to the General Assembly, and all such County or
other officers as this Constitution ma\ authorize, or require to be
elected by other Counties of the State; a notice of such election shall
be given by the sheriiTs of Worce■^ter and Somerset Counties in the
manner now prescribed b}' Law; and in case said new Count}' shall
be established, as aforesaid, then the Counties of Somerset and
Worcester shall be entitled to elect liut two Delegates each to the
General Assembly.
Sec 5. The County of Wicomico, if formed according to the
provisions of this Con.stitution, shall be embraced in the Fir.st Judicial
Circuit, and the times for holding the Courts therein shall be fixed
and determined by the General Assembly.
Sec. 6. The (xeneral Assembly shall pass all .such Laws as may be
necessary more fulh' to carry into effect the provisions of this Article.
ARTICLE XIV
AMENDMKNT.S TO THK COX.STlTfTIOX
/'roposa/ — J'liblicatiou — / 'otc — A'tinjiis — /'ivc/aiiiafiou
Section 1. The General Assembly may propose Amendments to
this Constitution ; provided that each Amendment shall be embraced
in a .separate Bill, embodying the Article or Section, as the .same will
stand when amended and parsed by three-fifths of all the members
elected to each of the two Hou.ses, by yeas and nays, to be entered on
the Journals with the proposed Amendment. The Bill or Bills pro-
])osing amendment or amendments shall be j)ublisheil by order of the
Goxernor, in at least two newspapers in each County, where so many
may be ])ublished, and where not more than one may be pu1)li.shed,
then in that newsi^aper, and in three newspapers i)ublished in the
City of Haltimore, one of which .shall be in the Geriuan language,
once a week for at least three months preceding the next ensuing
general election, at which the ])ro])ose(l amendment or amendments
.shall be submitted, in a form to be pre-^cribed by the General A.s.sembly,
to the qualified voters of the State for adoption or rejection. The votes
cast for and against said ])ro])()sed a'.nendment or amendments, sev-
erally, shall be returned to the (lOvernor, in the manner jircscribed in
other cases, and if it shall a])])ear to the Governor that a majority of
the votes cast at .said election on said amendment or amendments,
severally, were ca.st in favor thereof, the Governor .shall, l)y his
proclamation, declare tli? said amendment or amendments having
received .said majority of votes, to have been adopted by the ])eople
304 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
of Maryland as part of the Constitution thereof, and thenceforth
said anienchiient or anieiuhnents shall l)e ])art of the said Constitution.
When two or more amendments shall 1)e sul)mitted in manner afore-
said, to the voters of this State at the same election, they shall he so
suhmitted as that each amendment shall he voted on sc])arately.
( 'onvention ez'eiy ticeiity years
Sec. 2 It shall l)e the duty of the General AssemMy to provide hy
Law for takinjj, at the tjeneral election to be held in the year
eij^hteen hundred and eitjhty-seven. and every twenty years thereafter,
the sense of the j^eople in ret^ard to callins< a convention for altering
this Constitution; and if a majority of voters at such election or
elections shall vote for a comention, the General Assembly, at its
next session, shall jirovide by Law for the assembliui^ of such con-
vention, and for the election of Delejjates thereto. Each County and
Le<(islative District of the City of Baltimore shall have in such
convention a number of Delegates equal to its representation in both
Houses at the time at which the convention is called. But any
Constitution, or change, or amendment of the existing Con.stitution,
which may be adopted by such convention, shall 1)e submitted to the
voters of this State, and shall have no effect imless the same shall
have been adojited by a majority of the voters voting thereon.
ARTICLE XV
Mi.scia,i..\xici)r.s
k'diinis offers — Sa/aiy fiinit
Section 1. E\ery i)erson holding any office cieated by, or existing
under the Con.stitution, or Laws of the State (except Justices of the
Peace, Constables and Coroners), or holding any a])])()intment under
any Court of this State, whose ])ay or com])cnsatit)n is derived from
fees or moneys coming into his hands for the discharge of his official
duties, or in any way growing out cf or connected with his office,
shall keej) a book in which shall be entered every sum or svuns of
money received by him, or on his account, as a payment or compen-
.salion for his performance of official duties, a copy of which entries
in said book, verified by the oath of the officer by whom it is directed
to be kept, .shall be returned yearly to the Com])troller of the State
for his ins]5ection, and that of the General .-Vssembly of the State, to
which the Com]:)troller shall, at each regular session thereof, make a
rejiort showing what officers have c<)m])lied with this section; anil
each of the said officers, when the amount received by him for the
}ear .shall exceed the sum which he is l)y Law entitled to retain as
his salary or compensation for the discharge of his duties, and for the
expenses of his office, shall yearly pay over to the Treasurer of the
State, the amount of such exce.ss, subject to such dis])()sitioii thereof
as the General ."Xssembly may direct; if any of such officers shall fail
to comply with the requi.sitions of this section for the period of
APPENDIX 305
thirty days after the expiration of each and every year of his office,
such officer shall be deemed to have vacated his office, and the
Governor shall declare the same vacant, and the vacancy therein
shall be filled as in case of vacancy for any other cause, and such
officer shall be subject to suit by the vState for the amount that ought
to be paid into the Treasury; and no person holding any office
created by or existing under this Constitution or Laws of the State,
or holding any appointment under any Court in this State, shall
receive more than three thousand dollars a year as a compensation
for the discharge of his official duties, except in cases specially
provided in this Constitution.
Sec. 2. The several Courts existing in this State at the time of the
adoption of this Constitution shall, until superseded under its
provisions, continue with like powers and jurisdiction, and in the
exercise thereof, both at Law and in Equity, in all respects, as if this
Constitution had not been adopted; and when said Courts shall be so
superseded, all causes then depending in said Courts shall pass into
the jurisdiction of the several Courts, by which they may be respec-
tively superseded.
Sec. 'S. The Governor and all officers, civil and military, now
holding office under this State, whether by election or appointment,
shall continue to hold, exercise and discharge the duties of their
offices (unless inconsistent with or otherwise provided in this Consti-
tution), until they shall be superseded under its provisions, and until
their successors shall be duly qualified.
Sec. 4. If at any election directed by this Constitution, any two
or more candidates shall have the highe.st and an equal number of
votes, a new election shall be ordered by the Governor, except in
cases specially provided for by this Constitution.
Trial by jury
Sec. 5. In the trial of all criminal cases, the jury shall be the
Judges of Law, as well as of fact.
Sec. 6. The right of trial by Jury of all issues of act in civil
proceedings in the several Courts of Law in this vState, where the
amount in controversy exceeds the sum of five dollars, shall be
inviolably preserved.
(icueral e/fdioiis
Sec. 7. All general elections in this State shall be held on the
Tuesday next after the first Monday in the month of November, in
the year in which they shall occur; and the first election of all
officers, who, imder this Constitution, are required to be elected by
the people, shall, except in cases herein si)ecially jjrovided for, be
held on the Tuesday next after the first Monday of November, in the
year eighteen hundred and sixty-.seven.
30b LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
Notici-
Sec. 8. The ShcrifTs of the several Counties of this State, and of
tlie City of Baltimore, shall give notice of the several elections
authorized l)y this Constitution, in the manner prescribed by existinj^
Laws for elections to be held in this State, until said Laws shall be
changed.
Terms of office
Sec. 9. The term of office of all Judtjes and other officers, for
w-hose election ])rovision is made l)y this Constitution, shall, except
in cases othenvi.se exjjressly provided herein, commence from the
time of their election; and all such officers shall qualify as soon after
their election as practicable, and shall enter upon the duties of their
respective offices immediately upon their ciualification; and the term
of office of the State Librarian and of Commissioner of the Land
Office shall commence from the time of their appointment.
Qualification of officers — Oath to be recorded
Sec. 10. Anj^ officer elected or appointed in pursuance of the
provisions of this Constitution, may qualify, either according to the
existing ])rovisions of Law, in rclaticMi to officers under the present
Constitution, or before the (xovernor of the .State, or before an}-
Clerk of any Court of Record in any part of the vState; but in case an
officer .shall qualify out of the Comity in which he resides, an official
copy of his oath shall be filed and recorded in the Clerk's office of
the Circuit Court of the County in which he may reside, or in the
Clerk's office of the Su])erior Court of the City of Baltimore, if he
shall reside therein.
V()T]'; ox THE COX.STITITION
For the inir])ose of ascertaining the sense of the ])eople of this State
in regard to the ado])tion or rejection of this Constitution, the (Gov-
ernor shall issue his Proclamation within five days after the adjourn-
ment of this convention, directed to the Sheriffs of the City of
Baltimore and of the .several Counties of this State, commanding
them to give notice in the manner now prescribed b}' Law in reference
to the election of mendjers of the House of Delegates, that an election
for the adoptioii or rejection of this Con.stitution will be held in the
City of Baltimore, and in the .several Counties of this State, on
Wednesday, the eighteenth day of vSeptendjcr, in the year eighteen
hundred and sixty seven, at the usual ])laces of holding elections for
mend)ers of the Hou.se of Delegates in said city and counties. At the
sai, for the Maryland Board of Managers of the World's Fair.
The admirable series of Johns Hopkins University Studies in
Historical and Political Science contains a niunber of valuable works
on Maryland history. A complete list may be obtained by af^ldress-
ing the Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore. The following numbers
will be found especially useful:
Old ]VL\RYLAND Manors. By J. II. John.son. I- irst Series, vii. 30c.
Maryland's Influence Upon Land Cessions to the I'nited
States. ByHerbertB. Adams. Third Series, i, 75c.
Early Relations of Maryland and Virginia. By J. H.
Latand. Thirteenth vSeries, iii and iv. 50c.
310 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY
Causes ok the Maryland Revoia'Tion of 108!t. By Francis E.
Sparks. Fourteenth Series, xi and xii. 50c.
LiFic AND ADRiixiSTRATiON OF SiR ROBERT Eden. By Bernard
C. Steiner. Sixteenth vScries, vii-ix. $\.
EaRI.V DlvVEI.OPMENT OF THE CHESAPEAKE AND OHIO CaNAL
Project. By George W. Ward. Seventeenth Series, ix, x, xi. 75c.
Publications of the Maryland Historical Society
A list of these valuable works may be obtained by addressing
the Librarian, Athenaeum Buikling, Baltimore, Maryland. The fol-
lowing are especialU' suggested:
Fund Publications, 37 J\f umbers
15. A Character of the Province of ^Maryland. By George
Alsop. 16(56. $5.
18. Foundation of Maryland and Origin of the Act Con-
cerning Religion. By Bradley T. Johnson. 210 pp. |2.
31. Maryland in Liberia. By J. H. B. Latrobe. 138 pp. $1.50.
33. The Great Seal of Maryland. By Clayton C. Hall. 4
plates. |;l.25.
36. Early Maryland Poetry. Ed. bv B. C. Steiner. 2 plates.
$1.25.
Very interesting and valuable also, are the selections from the
Calvert Papers found in numbers 28, 34, and 35.
Twenty-two volumes of the Archives of Maryland have been pub-
lished. They embrace proceedings of the General Assembly (.from
1637), of the executive council (from 1636), and of the provincial court
(from 1637); the correspondence of Governor Horatio Sharpe, and
papers relating to the Revolutionary War. The price per volume is
$3.50 in paper, $3 in cloth, except Vol. XVIII (Muster Rolls of the
Revolution) which is $5.
Fiction
Richard Carvel. Bv Winston Churchill. The IMacmillan Co.
New Vork. $1.50.
A Maryland Manor. Bv Frederick limory. V. A. Stokes &
Co. New York. $1.50.
The Tower of Wye. Bv W. H. Babcock. Henry T. Coates &
Co. Philadelphia. $1.50.
Kent Foot Manor. Bv W. H. Babcock. Henry T. Coates &
Co. Philadelphia. $1. '
Sir Christopher. By Maud Wilder Goodwin. Little, Brown &
Co. Bo.ston. $1. 50.
Mistress Brent. By Lucy M. Thruston. Little Brown & Co.
Boston. $1.50.
APPENDIX 311
Jack and His Island. By Lucv M. Thruston. Little, Brown
& Co. Boston. $1.20 net.
Rob of Thk Bowl. By John P. Kennedy. Out of print.
Periodical Literature
Many useful and interesting magazine articles may be found
by consulting Poole's Index of Periodical Literature.
INDEX
Abolitionists 157-8
Agriculture, the sole occupa-
tion in early Maryland.... 17,00
methods in colonial times .. 92
at the present time 189-90
Altona 53
American Colonization Society 157
Amusements in colonial times 98
Annapolis, settlement of 38-9
picture 40
becomes capital 58
character in early days 60, 92
center of gaiety and iashion. 98
capital of the United States. 121
Wa&hingtou surrenders his
commission in State House
at 121
representation in House of
Delegates. 151; loses 152
Anne Arundel county formed
and named 39
Antietam, battle of 104
Aquarian products of Mary-
land, in the province 15 til
in the state 190-1
Archives, of the province 197
Ark and Dove J2
Armistead Major, in com-
mand of Fort McHenry — 137
monument to ISl
Art gallaries 198
Articles of Confederation, first
constitution of the U. S .. 125
Maryland refuses to adopt at
first 125, 12t;
adopted by Maryland 127
prove unsatisfactory 127-8
supplanted bv the Constitu-
tion '. 128-9
Assembly, Legislative, the first. 15-ti
of l()3.'^. not representative,
proxies 17
of 1639, made representative. 29
made bicameral 29, 48
Houses engage in contro
versy 55, (i8, 75
votes gift of 100 (KIO pounds of
tobacco to second proprie-
tary .55
asserts popular rights at time
of Revolution 79
General Assembly of state
established 87
sessions made biennial 152
under Constitution of I8ti7. . . 173
rejects fifteenth amendment
to Constitution of the U. S. 174
Attorney-general of Maryland 173
Augusta Carolina .. 14
becomes St Mary s county. . 18
Australian ballot 189
Avalon 4
Baltimore city, founded 08
pictures 07, 09
Germans immigrate to 70
rapid growth of '.2
capital of the U. S 109
leads in fitting out privateers
in the Revolution Hi)
zeal and patriotism in War
of 1812 134
threatened by the British. .. . 135, 130
attacked by the British 137-40
called the ■Monumental
City" 145
B. &0. R. R. Co. formed in.. 180
terminal of first electric tele-
graph line 151, 180
representation in House of
Delegates 151, 1.52, 173
Sixth Massachusetts regi-
ment mobbed in 160
representation of in the Gen-
eral Assembly 173
j udicial system of 173
lower parts are flooded 175
public buildings of 170
has first electric railway 180
defense celebrated " 180-1
manufacturing industries... 191
commercial center of .Marv-
land '.. 192
public school system 195
Baltimore City College i^H
Baltimore clipper ships 135
picture 136
ground broken, etc 148
completed to the Ohio river. 149
partiv destroyed during
Civ'il "War 100
strike on 179 80
development of 193
controlled by the I'ennsj'l-
vania railroad 193
Ballimoi i\ the cruiser l.H-l
picture 185
Baltimore & Ohio railroad,
company formed 147-8
Baltimore. Lord, see Calvert
and Proprietary
Bank of Maryland", fails 149-150
Barney, Johua, appointed to
command of the J/ytirr Ally 119
defeats the (ieneial Monk. . . . 121
in War of 1812 137
Battle Monument 146
picture 145
Beatty, William killed at the
• battleof Hobkirks Hill... 118
Benham, Rear-Admiral 187
Bennett, Richard 41
Bernard. Alfred Duncan 184
Bill of Rights 172-3
Blackislon's Island 12
314
INDEX
Bladeii'^biirg, battle of I'-u
Boundaries, charter 7
altered by tactics of William
Pell n 53
altered by surrender of ter-
ritory to Peiiiis 70-1
dispute over leads to border
warfare 71-2
Mason and Dixon's Line 72
eastern 72
southern and western 72
Bunker Hill S:j
Butler, R. F ](il
Braddock. General 74
Branch, the Kev. Henry llS-l
Brandy wine, battle of the Ill
Brent, Giles, temporary gfov-
ernor ;>1
Browning Louise S(l
Burgovne, General Ill
Butler' John 2,s
Cabot 2
Calvert, Benedict Leonard
governor (i.'^
Calvert, Benedict Leonard,
proprietary 5'.i
Calvert, Cecilius portrait .')
becomes Lord Baltimore tj
receives charter for Marv-
land ". . (i
character and plans 11, ,5U
yields to people right to pro-
pose legislation 17
attitude during Civil War
against Charles I :il
policy of religious toleration 12, lis
province restored to, after
Puritan Revolution 43
suppresses Kendall's Rebel-
lion 4!t
death no
Capital, see Annapolis and St.
Mary's.
Catholics, see Religion.
Calvert, Charles, governor of
Maryland tii;
Calvert," Charles, third Lord
Baltimore appointed gov-
ernor RO
becomes second proprietary. ;'>()
character Su
surrounded by difficulties... 53 5(5
voted gift of KiO.dilii pounds of
tobacco by the Assembly.. 55
becomes a mere landlord 57
death 5'.i
Calvert Charles fifth Lord
Baltimore 59
portrait .■>!»
government of (iti
death 73
Calvert, Frederick, becomes
sixth Lord Baltimore 73
character 73
death SO
Calvert, George 2,3
portrait 3
made Baron of Baltimore 3
plan for founding a colony.. 4
visits Virginia 4
death fi
character (j
Calvert, Leonard first gov-
ernor of Maryland 11
captures Kent Lsland 2^J
goes to England 3I
returns to Maryland ;-(2
flees to Virginia ;j3
recaptures St. Marv's 3
death 33
character 3;}-4
monument to 34, Isl
Calvert. Philip, secretary of
province 49
governor 50
Camden, battle of 114
Carmichael, Judge 162
Carroll. Chart, s of Carrollton 80
at burning of Peggy Stewart .><2
signs Declaration of Inde-
pendence 86
breaks ground for Baltimore
and Ohio railroad 14S
Caswell, General 114
Caulk's Field ]3f)-7
Census state, foot note 1,H9
I harles I becomes King of
England 4
tyranny of 30
at war with Parliament 30
beheaded 31
Charles IL becomes King of
England 3]
supports proprietarv in Fen-
dall's Rebellion.." 4il-50
Charleston, captured bv the
British " ]]:{
Charter of Maryland 6,7
Chase Samuel Sti
Citv Hall, Baltimore 17H
Civil War in England 30-1
Civil War in the United States,
proper attitude toward loG
causes and beginning 157-S
position of .Maryland in 1.5'.t-ti(l
progress and termination of. 1(H)
first bloodshed of 160
Maryland troops in 16;j-4
conditions in Marvland dur-
ing ■ 161-3
iuvasionsof Maryland during 164. 1(1()
Claiborne William character
and plans, influence on
Maryland 23-4
defies the authoritv of Mary-
land .' 24
sends out the Cockatrice ... 25
loses Kent Island 3S
in alliance with Richard
Ingle 32, 3
on commission to take
charge of Virginia 41
overturns Maryland govern-
nif nt 41-2
INDEX
315
Clinton General 112
captures Charleston Hi!
Cloberry and Company 24, 25
Cockburn. Admiral, commits
depredations in the Chesa-
peake 135
Cockrane Admiral 13tj
Collectors of duties, king's... .55, 5()
College of electors 87
Colleges and universities of
Maryland 19fi
Colonial architecture. see
Homes.
Colonial governments, three
kinds T
Columbus Christopher 1
Committees of Observation.. .. 83
Comptroller of the treasury. . . 1T3
Conditions of Plantation 17-8
Confederate States of America, 159
Congress, of the colonies Ki, 85
Constitution of Maryland, the
charter 6
in lt).58 48
first State {187(j) 86m
amendments to 151-2
of 1,S51 1.52
of 18ti4 172-4
Constitution of the U. S.
adopted 129
declared supreme law in
^Maryland 173
fifteenth amendment to 174
Convention, the, in Revolution 82-3
declares independence of
Maryland 8(3
Convention, commercial, at
Annapolis (178B) 128
constitutional (1787) 1.8
in Maryland adopts Federal
Constitution 129
Convicts transported to
colonies 62
Coode, John 56-7
Cooper. Peter 148
Copley, Sir Lionel 57
death 58
Copper mines in Maryland 93
Corn grown in early Maryland 19, 61
pounded in mortars... 19,61
in Kevolutionarv times 92
at the present time 189, 190
Cornwallis. Lord, a t Long
Island 105
at Trenton 108
in command in the South 113
at Camden 114
campaign against Greene... 116
surrenders to Washington.. 116
Cornwallis, Thomas, releases
Ingle 31
Council, governor's in the
province 48
under the state 87
abolished 1.52
Courthouse, Baltimore 17t'>
Cowpens, battle at the 116, 117
Maryland troops in 116-117
Crabs 190
Cresap, Michael 122
" Critical Period " of Ameri-
can history, the 127 8
Cromwell. Oliver, becomes
Lord Protector of the Com-
mon wealth 31
Cromwell Richard, becomes
Protector 31
Council of Safety 8.-3
Cumberland, fort 75
Cumberland city on site of
Fort Cumberland 75
terminal of Chesapeake and
Ohio canal 146
manufacturing industries... 191-2
commercial center of wes-
tern Maryland.. 195-4
pictures i91, 192, 193
Dancing 98
Declaration of Independence,
of the English colonies. .. . 83-4
signers for Marvland 86
the Maryland. . .' 86
Delegates in legislature, in
the province 29,48
in the state 87, 173
Dewey Admiral, wins battle
of Manila bay 185
president of Schley Court of
Inquiry 87
give« dissenting opinion in
Schley case 87
Dishes, table, in colonial
times 94-6
£)/.yi<'. the 188
Dove, see Ark and Dove
Dress in colonial times 96, 98
Dulaney, Daniel 80
Dunmore Lord 113
Duquesne, Fort 74
Dutch, occupy Maryland terri-
tory 52
Dyer, Captain 184
Early, General, invades Mary-
land 166
Eden, Robert, governor of
Maryland 79
legislates by proclamation.. 80
leaves Maryland 83
Education, in colonial Mary-
land... , 100
public lands granted for.
footnote 127
interest in following the
Revolution 132-3
in South aided by George
Peabody ." 166
in the state 194-7
Election law, in Maryland 189
Ivllicott Cifv. first terminus of
the Baltimore and Ohio
railroad 148
picture 150
partly destroyed by a flood.. 175
Elliott' Jesse Duncan i:i")
English colonies 1,3
316
INDEX
Enoch Pratt Free Library . .. 180, KtS
Episcopal church established
in Maryland 57
Episcopal clergMiien 58,93
Eutaw Springs, battle of. ICti. Hit
Maryland troops at 119
Eveliti, George, agent of Clo-
berry and Company 25
made commander of Kent
island under Maryland '-'8
Fi'diial h'ef>iihli,iiii. the 135
Fendall Josias, appointed
governor 4£
rebels against the proprie-
tary 49-50
Financial distresses USt-.5u
First colonists to Maryland... 11
Fleet, Henry guides first colo-
nists • . 14
conducts trading expedi-
tions 34
Floods 175
Food, abundance in colonial
times 15, (it, 95
Ford, )ohn D 184
Fort Washington lOfi, 108
Fort Mifflin 11:J
Fort McIIenry, location 137
repulses the British fleet 140
Foxhunting 98
France, fights with England
for control of Noi th Amer-
ica 73-5
aids American colonies in
Revolution Ill
Frederick, Fort 75
Frederick city, founded 70
picture 105
captured during Civil War.. lOri
manufacturing itulustries 193
as a commercial center 194
Free Schools, see Education.
French and Indian War 74
Frizell , Susan 03
Front Royal, battle at. 164
Fuller, w'illiam 43
command Puritans in battle
of the Severn 43
in Assembly of lOtiO 49
Gambling 98
Game, in the province 15,01
Gates. General 114
General Monk, the 131
Geographical Society of Balti-
more 197
George III. King of England,
character and policy of.... 70,85
Germans immigrate to Mary-
land in l.'^th centurv 70
Germantown, battle of. Ill
Maryland troops in 1 13
Gerrar-04... 173
under Constitution ofl8ti7... 173-4
Governor of Maryland , appointed
by proprietary 7
mav approve laws tempo-
rarily 39
presides over Assembly 39
duties and powers 48
juade head of state govern-
ment, election term 87
election of given to the peo-
ple, term made 4 years 152
powers and duties under
Constitution of 1807 173
Grant General 160,166
Great Seal of Maryland, stolen 35
descripton of 35
illustrations 30, 37
Greene, Nathanael, receives
command in the South.... 116
campaigns in the South 110
order to Williams at Eutaw
Springs 119
praises Marvland troops 119
Griflith. William Ridgelv 184
Guilford Courlhouse battle at. 110, 118
Maryland troops at 118
monument on battle field to
Maryland Line 183
(Junby, John, at the battle of
Guilford Courthouse 118
at the battle of Hobkirk's
Hill lis
Htibeaa rorfius, writ of, ex-
plained 101
suspended durin.g Civil War. 101
opinion on bv Chief Justice
Taney '. 101-3
resolution of Maryland As-
sembly on 103
Hager. Jonathan, founds
Hagerstown 70
Hagerstown founded 70
cajitured during Civil War.. 100
picture 107
manufacturers of VJ''
as a commercial center 194
Harford, Henry 80
Hart, governor 0(1
Havre de Grace, burned bv
British ". 135
INDEX
317
Heating of houses in colonial
times 95
Henrietta Maria, portrait 4
Maryland named in honor of 6
Herbert James R., in battle of
Gettysburg IGfi
monument to ISl
Herrman, Augustin, foot note. 52
Hobkirk's Hill, battle of 116, 118-9
Maryland troops at 118-9
Hoes of colonial times 93
Hood, stamp distributor 78
Hopkins. Johns. 170
Horse racing; 98
Hospitality in Marjland 63
Homes, in early Maryland .... 18, 60
in colonial times 94-6
pictures 61, 93, 94, 95, 97
Hospitality in Maryland 63,96
Howard. John Rager, at the
battle of Cowpens 116-7
assigned to troops to cover
Greene's retreat 118
at the battle of Guilford
Courthouse 118
at the battle of Eutaw
Springs 119
tribute to by Greene 119
governor of Marvland 131
Howard John Eager (grand-
son of foregoing) in Mexi-
can War 153
Howe. General Ill
Hundred, division of county. . 19
St, George s 19
Hydrr AU,'\\ the 119, 131
Indented servants 63
Indians, of Maryland 14
Leonard Calvert's dealings
with 14, 15
Land purchased from 14
Naiiticoke and Susquehan-
nocks cotumit outrages .... 39
threatening 49
methods of warfare 74, 75
Industries of Mar\ land, in the
province ' 17-9, 60, 91-3
in the state 189-92
see Agriculture. Aquarian
products. Mining, etc
Ingle, Richard, invades Mary-
laud ,33-3
Iron mines of Maryland 93
James, Duke of York, seizes
Maryland territory ,53
makes a grant to' William
Penn ,5;^
becomes king of England . . . ,53
helps Pcun to seize Maryland
territory .' ,t3
becomes a tyrant and is
driven from the tlirone 53
James I. king of ICugland 3, 3
opinion about the rights of
kings 30
Jamestown, settlement of 3
Jews, enfranchised I.53
Johnson. Bradley T., in com-
mand of the Maryland Line
in the Southern army 164
Johnson, Thomas, first state
governor of Maryland 87
nominates Washington for
commander..in-chief 103
in battle at Front Royal 164
portrait 164
Johns Hopkins Hospital 176-7
Johns Hopkins University 176
receives state aid 196
Joppa 68
Judiciary of Maryland, in the
province 48
in the state (1776) 87
under Constitution of 1867. . . 173
Julv the Third the battle of. . . 184-5
Kalb, Baron 114
Kenly, John R., in command
of Maryland troops in
Northern army 163
in battle at Front Royal 164
portrait 163
Kent Island, Claiborne estab-
lishes a trading piston ... . 34
capture of, bv Irduring French
and Indian War 75
asserted at time of Revolu-
tion 79, 82, Kl, 85
Maryland becomes a state... 8.5-0
state government formed.... 80-7
democratic changes 1.52
stated in Maryland Bill of
Rights 172-3
Population of Maryland at the
time of the Revolution 91
Pory. John, conducts trading
expeditions 24
Post office, Baltimore 170
Potomac Companv, formed .... 131
merged in C. & O. Canal Co.. 1.32
Pratt, Enoch 188
Presbyterians, spread in colony 93
Privations, American, in the
Revolution 119
in the War of 1S12 13.5
Professional schools 190
Property qualifications, for
voters and office holders.. . 87
abolished 15:i
Proprietary, rights and powers 7, 48
becomes a mere landlord .... 5.7
is restored to Maryland gov-
ernment .59
Protestants, see Religion
Protestant Association .50
Protestant RevolutionUl689). . . 50-7
Provincial Court 48
Providence, settlement of 38-9
Public Improvements, plans of
Potomac Co J31-2
Chesapeake and Ohio canal . . 145-6
Baltimore and Ohio railroad. 147-8
aided Viy the state 1.51
first telegraph line 151
Public Schools, see Education.
Pulaski, Count 122
Puritans, settle in Maryland... 39
granted freedom of worship. 39
rebel against Lord Baltimore 39-42
surrender province to pro-
prietary -13
control assemblvof 1000 49
Quakers ." 49, 55
Ramsay, Rear-.\dmiral 187
Ramsey, Nathaniel 112-3
portrait 112
Rawdon, Lord, at Camden 114
Rayner, Isidor 187
Redemptioners, see indented
servants
Reed, Philip, in command at
Caulk s 1-ield 130
mon\imcnl 13i
Religion, meaning of religiovis
intolerance 3
of first Marvland colonists... 12
Protestants" and Catholics in
Maryland _ 34
Toleration .\ct 35, 38
Puritan intolerance 39-42
I-eeling against Catholics 54
ICpiscojKil church established
by law • .. 57
severe laws aijainst Catholics .58
Religious Toleracion in Maryland. _ 12
Toleration .Vet 35, 158
Protestants protected 38
Puritans granted freedom of
worshi]) 39
Republican party, formed 1.58
elects Lincoln president 158
320
INDEX
"Rfliiuliation Day." fool note. 7H
Resonrcfsof NVesttTu Maryland ]:il
Revolutionary War. causes of. T'i-T'.'
task of tlie Americans in 10;i-4
campaigns of l()4-l(i
naval operation in lilt, ]-^l
close of ]'.il
Maryland in the 103-:i2
sufierino; of soldiers in lOX, lll-^i
Ridgely. Randolph 15:j
RinjIS'U'l. Samuel 15:5
"Rolling roads" (iO
Roosevelt. President 1.H7
Ross, General, arrives in the
Chesapeake VM
captures %Yashington VA~
killed l;5S
Rousby, Christopher, killed... 55
Rumsey, James, foot note 129
St. Clement's Island 12
St. Joseph's College, founded.. 132
St. INIarv's, first capital of Marv-
lancl '. . 14
location and settlement 14
ceases to be capital, and
dwindles away 5'.t
character of town (iO
Sampson, Rear-Adniiral 11^5
Schley, Win field Scott, second
in command in Cuban
waters 18
in battle of July the Third... 1S5
Court of Iiupiiry ],S7
aj)pcals to tile president 187
received popular sympathv.. 187-8
portrait " 18()
Schools, see Ivducation
Scotch-Irish immigrants 70
Scott, Irving M . . . 188
Secession, meaning of 128
threats of after the Revolu-
tion 128
threats of from New Kngland
states 134
difierences of opinion about. 158
Southern states secede ]58-!t
Secretary of the province 48
Secretary of State 173
Senate, s'ee Senators
Senators, chosen by electoral
college .87
elected by the people 1.52
under Constitution ofl'f!7 173
Servants, see Negroes and In-
dented servants
Severn, battle of the 42
Shad I'.'l
Sharpe. H7
Tories in Somerset and Wor-
cester countie.s 113
Towns, slow growth in the early
days 60,68
growth in later colonial times 93
Towson , Nathan 135
town of Towson named for,
foot note 135
portrait VH
Trade, with iMiglaiid in carlv
times .". 19
with Indians for furs 19
at plantation "landings," 60, 93
export in Revolutionary
times 91
need of trade route to West-
ern Maryland 131, 143
Chesapeake and (jhio canal
built for Western trade 14.5-6
Baltimore and Ohio railroad
built for Western trade 147-8
Travel, in early .Maryland 63
Treasurer, of Maryland 173
Valley l-"orge .' Ill
Virginia, founded 3
made a royal cohjny 4
colony jealous of Maryland.. 33
declares against the Calvert
claim to Maryland 34
takes side of king in civil
war T 41
loses in disputes with Mary-
land 43
compared with Maryland... 93
troops in the Revolution, 108, 114, 119
cedes land for Washington
city 133
Voyage of first colonists to
" Maryland 13
Wallace, Lew, defeated on the
Monocacy 166
Walters, Henrv 198
Walters' Art Gallery 198
War of 1813, causes'. i:^i
declared 134
attitude of Maryland in 134
military operations of 135
naval operations ol 135
in Maryland 135-40
ended bv treaty of peace
(1814) . .'. ". 141
Warfield, Charles Alexander.. 83
Warfield, Edwin 184
Warren, Ratclift'e 35
Washington city, founded 133
made capital of the U. S 133
captured by the British 137
terminal of first telegraph
line 151
Washington Monument 143
picture 144
Washington, George, sent to
Fort Duquesne 74
portrait 103
commander-in-chief of
American army 103
character 10.'J-4
retreats through New Jersey 108
captures Trenton 108
receives extraordinarj'
powers 109
at Brandvwine and German-
town .." Ill
at Monmouth 113
receives surrender of Corn-
wallis at Vorktown 116
surrenders his commission
to Congress 131
writes letters of thanks to
Mrs. Lee of Maryland
president of Constitutional
Convention 138
president of the V . S 139
president of the Potomac Co. 131
selects site for Washitigton
citv i;33
Washington, William, at the
battle of Cowpens 117
Washington College, founded. 133
Watson. William H 153
Webster, Colonel 114
Wheat, grown in early Mary-
land ." 19, 61
322
INDEX
raised extensively and ex-
ported '
White, Father Andrew, writes
narrative of the voyage to
Maryland
missionary to Indians
Whyte, William Pinkncy
William and Mary, king and
queen of Kngland
make Maryland a royal
province
Williams, Otho Holland, covers
C.reene's retreat through
the Carolinas
11
1«
IW
118
at Eutaw Springs 113
Winder, William H i:^7
Women of Maryland, duties on
plantations'. 94
dress in colonial times its
characteristics of in the
colony 9H
during the Revolution I'^l
Yeo .>3
Yorktown, surrender of Corii-
wallis at IIG
JUN 15 1903
COPY DEL. TO CAT, DIV.
JUN. 16 1903
IJUN 20 190: