Glass. Book , ^'^iH U^ REPORT REGENTS' BOUNDARY COMMISSION New York and Pennsylvania Boundary, WITH TIIV. KINAI, WKroKT nr IVI< . I-i. V\'. CJ^^XKKK, C. K.,. SURVEYOR fOK THK COTVlMIS^lO.N. «S i.' I 4mm ILLUSTRATED WITH NUMEROUS MAPS AND SKETCHES. ^ ALBANY: WEED, PARSONS AND COMPANY LEGISLATIVE PRINTERS. 188C. / REPORT REGENTS' BOUNDARY COMiSSlON New York and Pennsylvania Boundary, WITH THE FINAL REroHT (IK WLcnj. H. W^ CLARKE, C. K. >rRVEVOR I- OR THE COMMISSION. 43734 ILLUSTRATED WITH NUMEROUS MAPS AND SKETCHES ALBANY: WEED, PARSONS AND COMPANY, LEGISLATIVE PRIN'TERS. 1880. ■3iNa By transfer FEB ; ) 1908 STATE OF NEW YORK No. 71 . IN SENATE, April 22, 1886. FINAL EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONERS ON THE BOUNDARY LINE BETWEEN THE STATE OF NEW YORK AND THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. New York Boundary Commission, ) Office of the Commissioners, > Albany, April 22, 1886. ) To the Hon. Edward F. Jones, President of tJie Senate : Sir — On behalf of the Commissioners on the Boundary Lines between the State of New York and the States of New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and by their direction, I have the honor herewith to transmit to the Legislature their final report in relation to the sur- vey and settlement of the boundary between this State and the State of Pennsylvania, extending from a point on the Delaware river, near Hale's Eddy, to Lake Erie. Very respectfully. Your obedient servant, H. R. PIERSON, Chairman of Commission on jpart of New York. CONTENTS. Report of the Commissioners ;; Copy of Fiual Agreement . . 24 Preliminary Letter of Maj. H. W. Clarke, Surveyor for the Joint Com- mission = 31 Abstract of Contents of Report 34 SURVEYOR'S FINAL REPORT. Preliminary 37 Parallel Boundary: Historical Sketch 40 Establishment of Initial Point, 1774 62 Surveys before the Boundary was tixed 73 Official Survey of 1786-7 76 Error in Revised Statutes of N. Y 97 Early Laud Surveys 101 Joint Reconnaissance of 1877-9 under the present Commission. . . . 123 Final Operations of 1881-4 under the present CommissKm 154 Meridian Boundary: Historical Sketch .... 175 Surveys and Operations under the present Commission 204 APPENDIX. A. Laws Relatint? to the Re-survey of the Boundary 212 AA. Instructions to the Surveyors 219 B. Descriptive Schedule of Monuments, 1881-5 222 C. Table of Distances and Deflection Angles 263 D. Astronomical Stations of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, etc. 271 E. County and Town Corners 280 P. Names of Coimnissioners and Persons connected with the Survey, 1877-1885 286 G. George Palmer's Papers and Surveys, 1774, 1784 291 H. Holland Land Company's Records of Surveys 313 J. Keating Estate Surveys 384 K. New York and Pennsylvania on Ancient Maps. 390 L. Disputes with Connecticut and Massachusetts: The :Massachu3etts Claim . . 402 The Connecticut Claim in Pennsylvania 417 The Connecticut Gore in New York 429 M. The Erie Triangle 438 N. Maps of the Boundary showing locations of New Monuments 459 Index. 457 [Note. — A detail description and sketch of each of the oi-ie:inal monuments discovered, will be found in the "Diary of Operations," filed with the Official Records of the Commission in the office of the SecretarV of State. Reduced copies (half size) of the Maps of the origiual survey of 1786-7 are inserted at page 77.] REPORT. To the Legislature of the State of New YorJc : The commissioners appointed by the Board of Regents under authority of chapter 340 of the Laws of ISSO, to ascertain and re- store the boundary lines between the State of Kew York and the States of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, respecti v^ely, submit their report in relation to the final establishment and re-marking of the boundary line between the States of New York and Pennsylvania, extending from a point in the Delaware river near Hale's Eddy, to Lake Erie. The Regents of the University were charged by the Legislature in 1875 with the duty of " an examination as to the true location of the monuments which mark the boundary," between this State and New Jersey and Pennsylvania. The execution of this duty was intrusted, by order of the board, to a committee consisting of the late Chancellor, Mr. Pruyn, Mr. Pierson and Mr. Perkins. On the decease of Mr. Perkins the vacancy was filled by the ap- pointment of Mr. Depew. The authority under which this work was undertaken is derived from the provisions of chapter 424 of the Laws of 1875, which law is as follows : An Act in regard to the boundary monuments of the State. Passed May 2G, 1875; three-fifths being present. The People of the State of New Yorh, represented in Seriate and Assembly f do enact as follows : Section 1. The Regents of the University are hereby authorized and directed to resume the work of '' examination as to the true location of the monuments which mark the several boundaries of the State," as authorized by the resolution of the Senate of April nine- teenth, eighteen hundred and sixty-seven, and in connection with the authorities of Pennsylvania and New Jersey respectively, to re- place any monuments which have become dilapidated or been re- moved on the boundary lines of those States. 6 [Senate § 2. The snra of three thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated for expenses of renewing and replacing monuments, and for contingent expenses. § 3. The Regents shall report to the Legislature on the progress of this work with an account of all expenditures. § 4. This act shall take effect immediately. On the 19th of May, 1877, the committee of this board met the commissioners of Pennsylvania in the city of New York, for the purpose of making preliminary arrangements for the examination of the boundary line between these States. At this meeting this board was represented by John Y. L. Pruyn, Chancellor, Henry R. Pierson, Chauncey M. Depew and S. B. Wool- worth, Secretary. The State of Pennsylvania, by James Worrall, Robert N. Tor- rey and C. M, Gere. After some time spent in conversation on the objects proposed to be accomplished, the following resolutions were unanimously adopted : 1. Resolved,, That in the judgment of the joint commission it is expedient that a reconnaissance of the boundary line between the two States be made by skilled surveyoi's, in order to ascertain what monuments are missing, and the condition of those that remain, with such incidental facts as may be desiralde. Also, that an astronomical determination be made, at four points on the line, to ascertain the due location on the surface of the earth of the forty-second parallel of latitude, and that a report in writing embracing the several mat- ters aforesaid be made to the commissioners. 2. Resolved, That the commissioners of each State appoint or em- ploy a competent surveyor for the purposes aforesaid, and that the two persons thus appointed be requested to co-operate in the work of the survey. 3. Resolved, That the commissioners respectfully request the Su- perintendent of the United States Coast Survey, if he can con- veniently do so, to make the determination of latitude before re- ferred to, and that the commissioners wdl pay the expenses of the officer detailed for the work in equal proportions. 4. It was further resolved that the commissioners of each State fix the compensation of its surveyor, and provide for the payment of the same. Also, that the surveyors jointly employ such chain, flag and axe-men as they shall deem neces-ary, and at such compensation as they shall consider reasonable, and that said compensation be paid equally by the two States. The commission then adjourned subject to the call of the chair- man. No. 71. J 7 In conformity with the second resolution, H. Wadsworth Clarke, a civil engineer of good repute of Syracuse, was appointed surveyor on the part of this State. C. M. Gere, of Montrose, Penn., one of the Pennsylvania com- missioners, was appointed surveyor on the part of that State. 0)1 the 19t:h of June the joint commission met at Hale's Eddy, on the Delaware river, near the eistern end of the boundary line. Here in 1774, two nionuznents were placed to mark the parallel of forty-two degrees. A most thorough search for these monu- ments was made, but neither of them was found. This caused much embarrassment to the surveyors. They were obliged to proceed westward until they found mile monuments, and then to run back to the river, and thus fix as nearly as possible the initial point of the boundary line. This having been done, the surveyors retraced the line westward. Some of the monuments were found unimpaired and apparently in place ; others were broken, some had evidently been removed from their original position, and others had entirely disappeared. The line was found to be very irregular, rarely two monuments aligning with a third. The report of the surveyor, herewith communicated, with the accompanying maps, shows the line as it was run by the commis- sioners of the two States in 1786 and 1787, as nearly as can now be ascertained. This northern boundary of Pennsylvania was described by the charter of King Charles the Second, to William Penn, under date of March 4, 1680, as on the parallel of forty-two degrees, north lati- tude. Of this there has not, at any time, been dispute. The pur- pose of the commissioners of 1786 and 1787 was to run a line on this parallel. To determine its position they made astronomical ob- servations, first at the Delaware river, and then at distances of a' -out twenty mile^, to Lake Erie. The instruments used, though the best which could then be obtained, would now be regarded as rude and unreliable. The line between these astronomical stations was rim by the compass, subject to the variations of the magnetic needle. These methods left the true place of the parallel in great uncer- tainty. In conformity with the third resolution of the joint com- mission, an arrangement was made witli the Superintendent of the United States Coast Survey, by which four points on that parallel were established, with all the accuracy known to modem science. As the surveyors proceeded with their work, they found the line 8 [Senate as run by the commissioners of 1786 and 1787, to be, in some places, on one side of the parallel, and in some on the other, its greatest vari- ation being nearly 1,000 feet. It is to be regretted that these deviations exist, though less posi- tive evil results from thein than, ou a cursory view, it might be pre- sumed would be experienced. The Penusylvania commissioners have been understood to favor the change of the monuments to the par- allel, where they are found to deviate from it. The law which pre- scribes the power of this board gives no authority to do this, and against it there are grave objections. Sucli change will involve change of jurisdiction and disturbance of the records of titles. It will transfer citizens from one State, with whose laws and usages they are familiar, to another, whose civil polity is quite different, and may be even repulsive. AViien the work of the season was about one-half completed, the committee received a proposal from the commissioners of Pennsyl- vania, that Mr. Clarke, the surveyor on the part of this State, should assume its entire direction, by reason of the impaired health of Mr. Gere, the surveyor on the part of Pennsylvania. The committee saw no reason for declining this proposal, and they regarded it as a very gratifying evidence of contiJence in the ability and faithfulness of Mr. Clarke. The work on the boundary between this State and Pennsylvania, during the season of 1877, closed at the 119th mile-stone. The field work was resumed on the 13th of June, 1878, and con- tinued, with the exception of about fifteen miles, to Lake Erie, which was reached on the 28th of October. The part omitted was rough and uncultivated, on the border of Cattaraugus county. It was found that its examination would occupy so much time, that if it was made the other part of the line could not be com- pleted. It was, therefore, determined to omit it until another season. The condition of the monuments, on this part of the line, was found to differ not materially from that of those on the part exam- ined in 1877. On the 26th day of June, 1S79, a meeting of the joint commis- sioners of the two States was held at Clifton Springs. Cols. Wor- rall and Gere of the Pennsylvania branch of the commission were present, and Regents Leavenworth and Pierson of the Regents' Committee appeared in behalf of this State, accompanied by Assist- No. 71.] 9 ant Secretary Pratt and Surveyor Clarke. At this meeting, the account current between the two States was settled, and the plan of operation for the season was substantially arranged. This was to include the recoiinai:>sance of about fifteen miles of line between Cattaraugus and McKean counties, omitted the previous year, and a review of the work of 1877, between the Delaware and Sut^quelianua rivers. At the solicitation of the Pennsylvania commissioners, it was also agreed, in case satisfactory arrangements could be made with the otticers of the U.- S, Coast Survey, that a number of latitude deter- minations, additional to those of 1877, should ho made for the pur- pose of showing to what extent the line westward from the Delaware river corresponds, or fails to correspond, with its original description, as being along the astronomical parallel of forty-two degrees of north latitude. The proposals made by the officers of the Coast Survey were accepted after a careful consideration as to the propriety and importance of these latitude determinations, and the work was accomplished at considerably less than the authorized expense. In the progress of the work of ascertaining the position of the ancient monuments, two facts were establisiied : J^l rst, tha,t many monuments were lost or their exact location not positively ascertain- able ; and second, that the line of the boundary as traced on the earth was not a straight line, that is, that every monument was not on the parallel. The commissioners on the part of the State of Pennsylvania de- sired to change the old line to a straight line, if possible. The com- missioners on the part of N"ew York held that they had no jjower to make the change, and that the line established by the commission of 1774, 17S6 and 1787was now tlie true line. The following correspondence took place : Office of the N. and W. Boundaky- CoManssiONS, ) Department of Internal Affairs, V IIarrisburo, Penn., Dec. 14, 1880. ) Hon. D. J. Pratt, Assistant Secretary Board of Regents, Albany, N. Y.: Dear Sir — It is only within a few days that I have received a copy of Major Clarke's report, or I should have communicated with you sooner as to the view which the Pennsylvania board of bound- ary commissioners takes of it, at least a majority of them, the third having not yet been heard from.* Should the New York board * Since tliis letter was written, the tliird lueiuber of ili« board lias indicated his as.seut to llie viewa herein expressed. [feen. Doc. No. 71.] 2 10 [Senate agree with us, I do not see why we might not agree upon our action without a meeting, which is in any ease inconvenient and is certain to cause individual expenditure of money. We liave given this subject our deepest consideration, as indeed its importance demands; we liave besides, unofficially, consulted very liigh legal authority to aid us in our conclusion, and our views are the result of such consideration and consultation. It is only necessary, we think, to read Major Clarke's reports to be convinced that to restore the line to what it was at the time of its being laid down, in the last century, is simply an impossibility. The line as found appears to be composed of a series of crooked continuous lines and gaps extending for miles unmarked in any way, to restore which, from any discoverable data, cannot be done. The whole of the frasrments of line discovered are not straio-ht. They vary from north to south by no rule. Scarcely three monu- ments to be found are in the same straight line, but form irregular curves, the theory of which cannot be divined. The blank portions of the line then must have been erratic in the same way, and there is no rule to point out the system of their errors. Thrre is hardly a monument on the whole line that is upon the forty-second parallel, at or near the points which have been laid down for us upon that line by the Coast Survey, and yet the forty- second parallel of north latitude remains the true boundary between the two States. Yet weve we to reject the parallel as our boundary, how is it possible to restore the line of the last century? Any line must be the result of the oj)inion of the last surveyor, and it is cer- tain that he has jio rule and can discover no rule upon which to form that opinion. It appears then to this board, that in order to establish this line it is absolutely necessary for us to have the parallel laid down with the utmost care and precision attainable at this age, and cither recommend that the said parallel shall be the boundary from this time forward, or adjust the fragments of Major Clarke's constructed line to it in such a manner as not to disturb vested interests. And in this process should it be found that the parallel to be laid down will not seriously affect these interests, then let there be a system of compromise established by which no owner on either side of tliat line shall be unjustly treated. The law calls us. to find the "true location" of the monuments, on which '' true location " they can be set. We cannot conceive any true location for them except upon the parallel, and that is not to be No. 71.] 11 found except by laying it down with " all the appliances and means to boot'' attainable at the present day. "We are informed that the State of New York is now liaviuijj a geodetic survey of her territory made by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey.* The parallel laid down geodetically would be a most important element in such a survey, and its cost would be much reduced if the State of Pennsylvania were to assume one li.df thereof. The State of Pennsylvania will very soon iiud it to her advantage to have a similar survey of her territory made, and would equally require the parallel as a basis in such survey. She would also partake of the benetit of having the cost of laying dt)wn the parallel divided by two in like manner. So there can scarcely be a better time than the present to ccmie to such conclusion. We have inquired at the Coast Survey bureau and find that to lay down and mark by suitable monuments a line detining the forty -second parallel geodetically, which means, w-itli the utmost precision attain- able in this age ; also, to lay down, in a similar maimer, the nineteen or twenty miles of meridian dividing a portion of the two States from each other, would cost each State, say $18,000. Whilst the cost of laying down a line constructed from the vestiges of the old line it is impossible to estimate. The surveyors might withdraw from the Held under the impression of having finished their work, but there is no knowing how often they might be recalled to explain their work. A geodetic line laid down by the bureau would embrace a belt in each State, on each side of the parallel, from fifteen to thirty miles wide ; a belt which would contain every object of interest embraced within that area. A geodetic line would possess the advantage of having trigonometrical references to the parallel, by means of whi(;h it could always be. restored, should it by accident, or (as it would most certainly) by design, at any time become disintegrated. We see by Major Clarke's report that he has reason to believe that his line has been tampered with already, and he has reason to infer that the line has been tampered with in various places in ycavs gone by. Any other line could only be preserved, or attempted to be pre- served, by close local indices. Self-interest or mere wanton mischief * The survey referred to by Col. Worrall is not in charge of the United States Coast Survey l)ureau, but is a State survey uuderaboard of State coraiuissioners. 12 [Senate might seriously break it at many points ; it and its local references both. But trioronometrical references, such as none but scientific knowledge could even understand (although perfectly simple to geodetic surveyors from the records), would retain the means of renewing the Hue against all its enemies, wliether those of accident, design or neglect, through the inattention of years. Unless this parallel is laid down what have we for the data of our boundary ? It is only necessary to read Major Clarke's reports and examine his maps to answer. If the old line be called for — what is the old line ? We find two pieces of the old line ; one, per- haps, curving to the north, the other to the south, and a gap between them. Did the curves continue into the gap and how far 'i The curves possess no status in geometry ; we imagine tangents to them, versed sines, abscissas, what not ; but they are not to bo defined by any such references. Did the northern curvature extend into the gap, or was the gap straight, or where did the southern curvature commence ? An answer to any of these questions must be made empirically. There is no specialty of rule, and an owner likes to know how to set up his fences, yet how can he do it ? Owners are some- times scientific men — star-gazers let us say. Such mon, knowing that these boundaries have reference to the heavens, will be found very often appealing to the heavens and asking the authorities to have the errors they have discovered corrected, for they can use a telescope as well as the survej^or-general, who has set their metes and bounds. But this subject is almost infinite. Thousands of cases may be imagined through which trouble would arise to posterity, unless we lay down the line now, appealing to the highest scientific light attainable. That was indeed done by our forefathers. The first surveyors of this line were philosophers of the age, friends and corresponds of Franklin, Rumford perhaps, and other distinguished lights of the last century in Christendom. The Riften- houses, the Ellicotts, the Porters, the Clintons and others, who were interested in these boundaries, were the highest authorities of the age. They have left imperfect work behind them, but their instru- ments were imperfect, and geodesy was hardly known at that day. Their meridians are fair enoug'i, but their parallels we can liardly understand. Their astronomical stations do not seem to be seriously erroneous, but their parallel is absolutely unintelligible. Yet how much of that has remained undisturbed for one hundred years — who can tell ? * *S«e remarks of Assistant Edwin Smith in Report of United States Coast and Geodetic Survey for 1880, p. 18. No. 71.] 13 Thej had the best instruments of the day it is true ; they got them from the best makers known at the time ; jet see what work they have left behind them ! But again ; these men were the highest authority of tlie age, selected by the great parties in interest. Is it not the duty of the same parties in interest to select the highest authorities of this age ? Then these authorities were individual philosophers. To-day Ave have an institution whose geodetic work has shed a luster u})on our countiy. The work of the Coast Survey has been tested again and again, and is acknowledged to have attained to a precision not surpassed by any similar work in any part of the world. Shall we have this boundary laid down by them, or shall we trust to private authority, which, however adept in ordinary surveying, is, naj', cannot but be inexperienced in geodetic work. Tlie utmost difference in cost can scarcely reach to $10,000 for each State, and what is that in comparison to the satisfaction that would be felt by the State and people, knowing that their work is done as correctly as it is possible to have it done at this time. But regarding the line as it has been explored, who can estimate the difficulties, were we to undertake to adopt it ? Major Clarke suggests that it would possibly be necessary to revise, at more than one point, at tlie final settling. It would indeed be necessary to revise it at very many points at the final settling. Indeed wo cannot see how it is possible to pro- nounce on it unless we know where the forty-second parallel is for the whole distance. Whatever trouble may seem to be necessary in fixing this bound- ary had better be taken now. To defer the final consideration is only putting off the evil day. The longer it is deferred the greater will be the uncertainty, and the greater will be the final cost. The two Legislatures may be reported to, laying down the facts as they are, and the whole matter can be proceeded with under the provisions of a concurrent bill. I beg that you will lay the above letter before your board for their consideration, and as both Legislatures meet very soon, the}', the Legislatures, should be informed of the position of affairs up to the period of their meeting. Can we arrange matters by correspondence ? I am very respectfully your obedient servant, JAMES WORRALL, Chairman. 14 [Senate STATE OF l^EW YORK : New York and Pennsylvania Boundary Commission, ) Office of the Regents of the University, v Albany, December 30, 1880. ) To the Hon. James Worrall, Chairman^ etc. : Dear Sir — I have read and considered very carefully your com- munication of December 11th, in regard to the boundary line between New York and Pennsylvania, and I have noted your proposition as to the future joint action of the commissioners of the two States. Without undertaking to discuss in detail the points, which you so ably state in your paper, it will be better that I proceed at once to explain the position of the New York commission, and the limita- tions M'ithin which any further action on their part must be taken. Declared Policy of the State of New York. In the first place, from the whole tenor of the action of the State of New York, and especially from its declarations as to the present case, I think I am authorized in saying that the State has adopted a definite policy, as to the principles which should govern in all measures regarding its boundary lines. The original resolution, passed by the Senate April 19, 1867, authorized the Regents of the University : " To cause an examination to be instituted as to the con- dition and true location of the monuments which mark the several boundaries of the State, and ascertain whether any, and what action may be needed to preserve and renew them." Chapter 424 of the Laws of 1 875 authorizes the Regents of the University : " To resume the work of examination as to the true loca- tion of the monuments which mark the several boundaries of the State * -» * and, in connection with the authorities of Pennsyl- vania and New Jersey respectivelj-, to replace any monuments which have become dilapidated or been removed." The authority conferred by these two express declarations of the Legislature, it will be seen, extends only to the work of examining as to the monuments, and of replacing any which have become di- lapidated or been removed, and does not contemplate any step toward locating a new line, or erecting monuments on any other than the original line. A similar definite policy is apparent in the action of the Legisla- ture in regard to the Connecticut boundary. By chapter 159 of the Ko. 71.] 15 Laws of ISOO, it directs the commissioners: " To survey and mark with suitable monuments the said line between the two States, as fixed by the survey of 1731." The State of Connecticut for a time resisted this mode of settlement and insisted on a ratification of the line, to make it accord with the verbal description ; but finally by au agreement between the commissioners of the two Sratcs, ratified by both States, the line originally surveyed and which had Ijeeii recog- nized as such, was fixed as the true bound try. The same policy is manifest in the language of the Revised Stat- utes in which the boundaries of the State of Xcw York are estab- lished by law. The boundary between Xew York and Pcnn>ylvania is not described as the line of the forty -second parallel, !)ut as " the line established and marked by the last-mentioned commissioners." According to this statute, the line actually traced on the ground by the joint commissioners of the two States is the legal an 1 authentic boundary. Finally referring to the line between ]S"ew Y'ork and Pennsylvania, in an act passed May 20, ISSO, it is declared that the lines originally laid down and marked with monuments ])y the several joint commis- sioners duly appointed for that purpose, and w'lich have since been acknowledged and legally recognized by the several States interested, as the limits of their territory and jurisdiction, are the boundary lines of said States, irrespective of want of conformity to the verbal descriptions thereof. The same act authorizes the E-egents to desig- nate three (^f their number as commissioners, who, in connection with commissioners from the otiier States, " shall proceed to ascer- tain and agree upon the location of said line as originally established and marked with monuments ; and in case any monuments are found dilapidated or removed from their original location, said commission- ers are authorized to renew or replace them in a durable manner in their original positions, and to erect such additional monuments at such places on said line as they may deem necessary for the proper designation of the boundary lines of said States." In view of these plain indications, and especially this last un- equivocal declaration, there can be no doubt that it is the settled policy of the State "of New York to hold the lines originally laid doAvn on the ground, and recognized as the limits of their teri-itory and jurisdiction, as the true boundary lines, irrespective of their want of scientific accuracy. 16 [Senate Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States. 2. This policy which the State has adopted, and made the basis of its action, in every case of disputed boundarj^, is that which is sanctioned by the decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States. A celebrated case, in which the question here considered was adjudicated, was that of Rhode Island v. MassachusetU^ as reportel in 12 and 11 Peters and 4 Howard. The boundary line in dispute was described in the letters-patent to tlie Colony of Massachusett:i Bay in 1621, as lying "three English miles south of the Charles river, or any part thereof." In 1612 this boundary was run by surveyors, taking as their start- ing-point, a stake set three miles south of the most southern bend of a small tributary of the Charles river, and not of the river itself. The question as to the true location of the boundary was finally brought into court by the State of Rhode Island, alleging that the line as run upon the ground did not conform to the legal description thereof. The final decision was rendered in 1810, in which Justice McLean, who delivered the opinion of the court, in speaking of this point, says : " For the security of rights, whether of States or individuals, long possession under a claim of title is 2')rotected. And there is no controversy in which this great principle may be involved "with greater justice and propriety, than in a case of disputed boundary." And, again, " Whatever inaccuracy may be detected in the latitude or h>ngitude of the station of Woodward and Sallrey, as given by them, or in the volume of water called for, the place being identified will control other calls." (1 Howard.) It was on such reasoning that the case was decided against Rhode Island and the line as run on the ground, although through a mis- conception erroneously located, was confirmed as the true boundary. Practice of the United States. 3. It will be found that this principle, in the settlement of boundary lines, is one which has been observed in all disputes, whether between States, or between the United States and foreign powers. Thus, in the case of the north-eastern boundary between this country and Canada, a portion of it, lying on the north of Vermont and New York, is described in the treaty of 1783, as fol- lows: " Thence down along the middle of said river (Connecticut) to the forty-fifth degree of north latitude ; from thence by a line No. 71.] 17 due west on said latitude, until it strikes the river Iroquois or Cataraquy," etc. (Treaty of 1783, art. 2.) Now this line of the forty-fifth degree of north latitude had been surveyed by Yalentine and Collins previous to 1774. But the work, although perhaps as well done as the instruments and methods of tlie time would allow, was not equal to the tests applied to it half a century later. At St. Hegis the old line differed from the rectified line by 1,375 feet, and at Rouse's Point the two diverged 4,576 feet, nearly a mile. Yet in the settlement of this boundary effected by the Ashburton Treaty in 1842, instead of ijisisting on a rectification of the line, and the establishment of a scientific boundary, the high contracting parties agreed that the old line should be adhered to, describing it in words as follows: " Thence down the middle of said stream, till the line thus run intersects the old line of boundary, surveyed and marked by Valentine and Collins, pre\ious to 1774, as the forty-fifth degree of north latitude, and which has been known and understood to be the line of actual division between the States of New York and Yermont, on one side, and the British Province of Canada on the other ; and from said point of intersection, west along said dividing line, as heretofore known and understood, to the Iroquois or St. Lawrence river." Scientific Boundaries Impossible. 4. This principle for the settlement of boundaries seems to be a necessary result of the imperfection of the methods which must be used to locate a hue according to its verbal description. To rim a straight line on the surface of the ground is an impossibility. The very highest result of modern science is only an approximation, more or less accurate, according to the precision of the instruments, and the skill and time expended by the surveyors. If, therefore, we were to admit the necessity of making a boundary line conform per- fectly to its description, in order that it should become the true boundary, we should be compelled to run it anew at every advance in scientific instruments, and readjust the questions of land titles and jurisdiction at every new rectification. The only escape from this conclusion is in applying to the boundaries of States the same prin- ciples that we employ in questions of boundary between the prop- erty of individuals. We must regard the line upon the ground, run with the best skill available at the time, and indorsed and acquiesced [Sen. Doc. No. 71.] 3 18 [Senate in by the States, as the permanent boundaries. The formal laying out of the lino and the marking with monuments must be looked upon as the joint interpretation of the verbal description, whicli in- terpretation the parties agree to regard as the true line, and by their agreement are estopped from thereafter calling in question. History of the New York and Pennsylvania Boundary. 5. The history of the New York and Pennsylvania boundary illus- trates, in the most striking manner, the importance of the principles above stated. The northern boundary of Pennsylvania was described in the original letters-patent, granted to William Penn, as the be- ginning of the forty-third degree of northern latitude. The line along this parallel remained undetermined and unmarked until, in 1774, the initial point thereof on the Delaware river was ascertained and fixed astronomically by the joint commissioners appointed for that pui-pose, viz.: Samuel Holland, on the part of New York, and David Eittenhouse, on the part of Pennsylvania. No further steps were taken in the matter till the close of the war, when the demand for lands in central and western New York, and in the rich valleys of Pennsylvania, called attention to the necessity of settling the limits of the two States. The State of Pennsylvania first moved in the matter and appointed commissioners " to run and mark a temporary line." Governor George Clinton, of New York, at once procured the passage of an act providing for a joint comtnission " to run ont, mark and ascertain the said line of jurisdiction, beginning at the place so fixed and ascertained by the said commissioners, as above men- tioned, on the Mohawk, or western branch of the Delaware, at the beginning of the forty-third degree of north latitude." Governor Clinton, in communicating this action of the New York Legislature to Governor Dickinson, of Pennsylvania, calls his atten- tion to the fact, that " our law provides for the establishment of a permanent line * * * instead of a temporary line, between the two States." Whereupon, on the suggestion of Governor Dickin- son, the Pennsylvania General Assembly rescinded its former action, and passed an act March 31, 1785, providing for a joint commission to establish the common boundary. David Eittenhouse and Andrew Porter were appointed commissioners on the part of Pennsylvania, and Philip Schuyler, James Clinton and Simeon De AVitt, commis- sioners on the part of New York. The joint commission, in the summer of 1786, finished ninety No. 71.] 19 miles of the line to the Tioga river, marking the same with sub- stantial mile-stones. The work was resumed in 1787, with Andrew Ellicott and Andrew Porter as commissioners from Pennsylvania and Abraham Hardenbergh and William W. Morris, commissioners from New York. For the purpose of greater accuracy, they divided the whole line, from the Delaware to Lake Erie, into sections, and at stations determined, by astronomical observations, the latitude. The several commissioners reported the results to their States. This line so run and marked, comprising the initial point on the Delaware river, the ninety miles run in 1786, and the remainder in 1787, was established and confirmed by act of the State of Pennsyl- vania, passed September 29, 1789, as the boundary between it and the State of New York, as follows : " That the said boundary line, so as aforesaid run, marked and returned, * * * * gj^^U be, and forever hereafter shall be deemed and taken to be, and is hereby declared to be, the true and just line of boundary and partition, both of territory and jurisdiction, between the State of Pennsylvania and the State of New York." In like manner the State of New York by formal statute enacted that " it is therefore declared that the State of New York is bounded as follows : - * - * to a monument in the beginning of the forty-third degree of north latitude, erected in the year 1787, by Abraham Hardenbergh and William W. Morris, commissioners on the part of this State, and Andrew Ellicott and Andrew Porter, commissioners on the part of the State of Pennsylvania, for the pur- pose of marking the termination of the line of jurisdiction between this State and the said State of Pennsylvania ; then east along the line established and marked by the said last-mentioned commissioners to the ninetieth mile-stone in the same parallel of latitude, erected iu the year 1786 by James Clinton and Simeon DeWitt, commissioners on the part of this State, and Andrew Ellicott, commissioner on the part of Pennsylvania, which said ninetieth mile-stone stands on the western side of the south branch of the Tioga river, then east along the line established and marked by said last-mentioned commission- ers, to a stone erected in the year 1771:, on a small island in the Delaware river by Samuel Holland and David Kittenhouse, commis- sioners on the part of the colonies of New York and Pennsylvania, for the purpose of marking the beginning of the forty-third degree of north latitude." (N. T. Revised Statutes.) It is evident from the language of authorizing and confirming acts 20 [Senate on the part of both States, that it is the lines run upon the ground which were intended to be, and were confirmed as the permanent boundaries. Nothing can be stronger or more unequivocal than the declaration of the State of Pennsylvania. And in the light of these declarations, it seems unwarrantable for the joint commission to open the whole question anew, and undertake to make a new boundary between the States. From such a step certainly the JSTew York commissioners are restrained not only by considerations as to the general policy of the State, but by the definite instructions contained in the act under which they were appointed and are now acting. Conclusion and Recommendations. "What remains for the joint commissioners to do, under these cir- cumstances, seems plain. It is to restore the marking of the old Jine. That this presents some difficulties there is no doubt. The state of the line as revealed by the reconnaissance of Major Clarke, the surveyor for tlie joint commissioners, shows clearly that the work of restoring it is undertaken none too soon. As to the methods to be pursued, they do not differ from those pursued in ascertaining the boundary lines between tracts of land owned by individuals. This principle is expressly decided in the case of Rhode Island v. Mas- sachusetts^ 12 Peters, 734. First, monuments or marks on the ground must govern. Wher- ever such marks can be found, they determine points in the line. If there is evidence of the marks havino: been changed from their oris:- inal location, they must be restored to their ancient place. When the monuments are lost, then evidence of their original location must be gathered from the boundary hnes of tracts of" land abutting on the State line, from public acts of recognition as shown In the jurisdic- tion exercised by local officers and courts, and from traditional testi- mony supported by such public acts. Having ascertained the mon- uments, or the places where they once were, the intermediate lines between them must be run and connected, so as to form a continu- ous boundary, however crooked it may turn out to be, or whether it conforms to the forty -second parallel ov not.* It is just as easy to connect the monuments of such a line with a * See opinion of Hon. George A. Simmons in regard to the Connecticut bound- ary, in which the same principles here involved are discussed. The Connecticut boundary was settled in accordance with tliesa principles. (N. Y. Senate Doo- ament 165, 1857.) This opinion is given in full in the report of Major Clarke. .\o. 71.] 21 system of trigonometrical stations, as those pi-oposed to be put upon the scientific parallel. Such monuments would, therefore, have the same security against being lost or displaced as those of a new line. The New York State Survey will reach many parts of this line in the summer of 1881, and it will be entirely feasible to make each of the monuments a station in the triangulation and thus to fix effectually its location, so that it may at any time be found. The difficulty of accomplishing such a restoration of the old line would be as nothing 3onipared with the embarrassment and incon- venience, not to say the injustice, caused by the survey of a new line on the forty-second parallel. Probably through its entire extent, it would vary from the recognized line, sometimes on one side and some times on the other. Persons and property with all their vested rights would be transferred from the jurisdiction of one State to that of another. Private titles would be disturbed, the limits of towns, counties and villages would be changed and endless sources of litigation would be opened. No "system of compromise" or compensation, in my opinion, can be conceived, which will be ade- quate to make amends for such consequences. Proposed Course to be Pursued. Instead of attempting this, I respectfully submit, on the part of the New York commission, the following course, which the joint commission, in the further prosecution of their duties, may legiti- mately and properly pursue : 1. That the work of examining the monuments, and describing :ind mapping the present condition of the line, be completed. 2. That the woi'k of restoring the monuments be at once under- taken ; granite to be used as the material ; underground marks and reference points to be established. 3. That additional monuments on the line be established, at its intersection with important roads and rivei'S, where their publicity will make thetn useful ae reference points, and will protect them against disturbance. 4. That the portion of the line intervening between the monu- naents be aligned and described in the recoi'ds of the commission. 5. That a map of the line be constructed in duplicate, to form part of the records to be deposited in the archives of the two States. 6. That arrangements be made with the commissioners of the New York State Survey, that whenever and wherever their opera- 22 [Senate tions shall reach this line, the monuments thereof shall be included in and form stations of their triangulation ; and that whenever a survey of the State of Pennsylvania shall be carried out, measures be taken to effect in the triangulation a similar connection with the boundary monuments. I have the honor to be, very respectfully your obedient servant. HENEY R. PIEESON, Chairman of the New York Com/missiotu Eeoeganization of the Commission. In the meantime the following act had been passed by the Legis- lature : AN ACT to provide for the settlement of the boundary lines between the State of New York and the States of Pennsylvania and New Jersey respectively. Passed May 20, 1880; tbree-fiftlis being present. The People of the State of Neio York, represented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows: Section 1. Whereas, by an act of the Legislature, passed the 26th day of May, 1875, the Regents of the University were authorized and directed, " in connection with the authorities of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, respectively, to replace any monuments which have be- come dilapidated or been removed, on the boundary lines of those States ; " and, whereas, from the examination made by said Regents it has been found that said monuments, as located by the original "joint commissioners, do not conform in all cases to the verbal descrip- tions of said lines, and questions have arisen between the commis- sioners of said States as to the proper location of said monuments ; therefore, it is hereby declared that the lines originally laid down and marked with monuments by the several joint commissioners duly appointed for that purpose, and which have since been acknowl- edged and legally recognized by the several States interested as the limits of their territory and jurisdiction, are the boundary lines of said States, irrespective of want of conformity to the verbal descrip- tions thereof. § 2. Said Regents are hereby authorized and empowered to desig- nate and appoint three of their number as commissioners to meet such commissioners as have been or may be appointed and vested with similar powers, on the part of the States of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, or either of them, and with such last-mentioned com- missioners, as soon as may be, to proceed to ascertain and agree upon the location of said lines as originally established and marked with monuments; and in case any monuments are found dilapidated or removed from their original location, said commissioners are autlior- iaed to renew or replace them in a durable manner, in their original No. 71.] 23 positions, and to erect such additional monuments at such places on said lines as they may deem necessary for the proper designation of the boundary lines of said States. The said Regents shall report the action of said commissioners to the Legislature of this State for its consideration and ratilication. § 3. The sum of three thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated out of any moneys in the treasury applicable for such purposes, to pay the necessary expenses and disbursements of said commissioners in the performance of the duties required by this act, and the Comptrollei* is authorized to draw his warrant upon the Treasurer for moneys hereby appropri- ated from time to time as the same may be needed. § 4. This act shall take effect immediately. In pursuance of the above law the Regents of the University, on the 13th day of July, 1880, adopted the following resolution: Whereas, By chapter 340 of the Laws of 1880, the Board of Hegents are " authorized and empowered to designate and appoint three of their number as commissioners to meet such commissioners as have been or may be appointed and vested with similar powers on the ])art of the States of Pennsylvania and New Jersev. or either of then), and to proceed to ascertain and agree upon tho location of said lines as originally established and marked with monuments . " thei'efore. Resolved, That Yice-Chancellor Pierson and Regents Leavenworth and DejDew be appointed commissioners under the above act with full powers to carry out the provisions thereof. The commissioners thus appointed entered at once upon the work intrusted to them. Annual reports have been made by them to the Legislature, showing the progress made from year to year by the joint commission in agreeing upon and establishing the boundary line between the two States, in replacing monuments which were found dilapidated or removed, and in erecting such additional monu- ments as they deemed necessar}-. For information in regard to the progress of the work in these particulars, reference is respectfully made to these annual reports. Instructions were issued to the surveyors (for which see Appendix AA) giving full directions for the continuance and completion of the work in hand. In pursuance of these instructions the surveyors proceeded to re- survey the line and remark it with monuments. The details of their operations are given in the report made by thera to the joint commissioners, and is herewith transmitted, and in tlie field-books kept by them. 24 [Senacb Final Agreement. The work of surveying the boundary hue and re-mai-king it with suitable and durable monuments having thus been completed to the satisfaction of the commissioners of the two States, a formal agree- ment was made by the commissioners, and duly executed by them on behalf of the two States. It was stipulated that this agreement should become binding and operative Mdienever it should be ratified and confirmed by the Legislatures of the two States, and approved by the Congress of the United States. Accordingly a bill has been framed and is submitted herewith, ratifying and confirming the agreement entered into by the commissioners. By this bill the Gov- ernor is authorized, when he shall have received due notice of a like ratification by the State of Pennsylvania, in concurrence with the Executive of Pennsylvania, to communicate the action of the two States to Congress and to ask its approval of the same. The agreement entered into by the commissioners is as follows: AN" AG-REEMENT made tlie Twenty-sixth day of March, in the year Eighteen hundred and eighty-six, between Henry R. Pieraon^ Ellas W. Leavenworth and Chauncey 31. Depew^ Commission- ers on the part of the State of Neio Yorl:,^ and Christopher M. Gere and Robert N. Torrey, Commissioners on the part of the State of Pennsylvania. Whekeas, By the first section of Chapter four hundred and twenty-four of the Laws of the State of New York for the year 1875, the Regents of the University of tiie State of New York were authorized and directed to resume the work of •' examination as to the true location of the monuments which mark the several boundaries of this State " as authorized by the resolutions of the Senate of April 19, 18G7, and, in connection with the authorities of Pcnnsyh'ania, to replace any monuments which may have become dilapidated or been removed on the Boundary line of that State ; and Whereas, The said Board of Regents of the University did, through a Committee of said Board, previously appointed for the purpose under said Senate Resolutions of 1867, proceed to carry out the instructions contained in said Chapter four liundred and twenty-four of the Laws of 1875 ; and Whereas, By Chapter three hundred and forty of the Laws of the said State of New York for the year 1880, the said Regents of the University were further authorized and empowered to designate and appoint three of their number as Commissioners to meet such Commissioners as may have been, or may be, appointed on the part of the State of Pennsylvania, and with such last-named Commission- No. 71.] 25 ers, as soon as may be, to proceed to ascertain and agree npon the location of the Bonndary Hue between s;ud States, as originally es- tablished and marked with monuments, and in case any moimments are found dilapidated or removed from their original locations, to replace them in a durable manner in their original positions, and to erect such additional monuments at such places on said lines as they may deem necessary for the jjroper designation of the Boundary line between said iStates ; and Whereas, The above named Henry R. Pierson, Ellas W. Leaven- worth and Chauncey M. Depew, were by resolution passed on the thirteenth day of Jidy, ISSO, duly designated and appointed by the said Regents of the University of the State of New York as Commis- sioners on the part of the State of New York for the purposes men- tioned in said Act : and Whereas. Also, by an Act of the Legislature of the State of Pennsylvania entitled " An Act in regard to the Boundary monu- ments on the line between the State of Pennsylvania and New York with an appropriation for expenses of the same " passed May 8, 1876, the Governor of the State of Pennsylvania was authorized and empowered '' to appoint three persons to be a Commission to actm conjunction with a similar Commission of the State of New York, to examine as to the true location of the monuments which mark the Boundary line between this State and the State of New York, and in connection with said Commission of the said State of New York, to replace any monuments which have become dilapi- dated or been removed on the Boundary lines of said States : " and Whereas, The Governor of the State of Pennsylvania under authority of said Act did duly designate and appoint James Worrall, Christopher M. Gere and Robert N . Torrey to be a Commission for the purposes of said Act ; and Whereas, James Worrall, the first named member of said Com- mission, died during the progress of the work on said boundary line, to-wit, on April 1, 18S5, and the surviving members, to-wit, Chris- topher M. Gere and Robert N. Torrey, have continued the work of said Commission on the part of the State of Pennsylvania, authorized by the aforesaid Act : Now, THEREFORE, The Said Commissioners, for and on behalf of their respective States, having duly performed the duties imposed upon them by the said acts, and having examined said Boundary line and replaced in a durable manner the monuments to mark the same, in pursuance of the authority duly given as aforesaid, have agreed, and do hereby agree, as follows : FiEST. The channel of the Delaware River, from a line drawn across said channel, from a granite monument erected upon the East- ern bank of said River, in the year 1882, by the Joint Boundary Commission of the State of New Jersey and New York, to mark the Western extremity of the Boundary line between said States of New Jersey and New York, in a AVesterly prolongation of said [Sen. Doc. No. 71.] 4 26 [Senate Boundary line, up and alonof said channel of said Delaware River, as it Avinds and turns, for a distance of eighty-five miles or there- abouts, to a line drawn East across said River, from a granite monu- ment erected upon the West bank of said River, in the year 1884, bv H. W. Clarke and C. M. Gere, to mark the Eastern extremity of the first line hereinafter described, shall continue to be a part of the Boundary or partition line between the said two States : Pro- Abided, however, that the limit of territory between the said two States shall be the center of the said main channel ; and Provided further, that each State shall enjoy and exercise a concurrent juris- diction Avithin and upon the water of said main channel, between the lines of low Avater at either bank thereof, between the limits hereinbefore mentioned. Second. The line extending from the Delaware River aforesaid, at a point upon said river fixed and marked with monuments (which have since disappeared), by David Rittenhouse and Samuel Holland, in the month of November, in the year 1774, West, as the same Avas surveyed and inarked with monuments in the year 1786, as far as the ninetieth milestone, by James Clinton and Simeon DeWitt, Commissioners on the part of the State of Xew York, duly ap- pointed for that purpose by the Governor of said State, in pursu- ance of an Act of the Legislature of said State, entitled, " An Act for running out and marking the Jurisdiction line betAveen this State and the Commoinvealth of Pennsylvania," passed 7, March, 1785, and DaA^d Ritteniiouse, AndrcAV Porter, and AndreAV Ellicott, Commissioners on the part of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, duly appointed for that purpose by the Supreme Executive Council of said CommouAvealth, in pursuance of an Act of the General As- sembly of said CommouAvealth, entitled, "An Act to authorize and enable the Supreme Executive Council to appoint Commissioners, to join Avith the Commissioners appointed, or to l)e appointed on the part of the State of Xew York, to ascertain the IS'orthern boundary of this State from the river DelaAvare westAvard to the Northwest corner of Pennsylvania," passed 31 March 1785, and from the said ninetieth milestone, West, as the same was surveyed and marked with monuments and posts in 1787, by Abraham Har- denbergh and William W. Morris, Commissioners on the part of the said State of New York duly appointed in the place of Simeon DeWitt and James Clinton aforesaid, by the Governor of said State, in pursuance of the Act aforesaid, and the Act supplementary thereto, passed by the Legislature of said State, 21 April, 1787, and Andrew Ellicott and AndreAV Porter aforesaid, Commissioners on the ])art of the CommouAvealth of Pennsylvania, to the point at which said line is intersected by the Line of Cession or Meridian Boundary hereinafter described, which said lino, so surveyed and marked in the years 1786 and 1787, has since been acknoAAd edged and recognized by the said two States as a part of the limit of their respective territory and jurisdiction, shall, notwithstanding any No. 71.] 27 . want of conformity to tlie verbal description as written in the Charter of the Pi'o\'ince of Pennsylvania, granted to William Penn in the year 1G82, or as recited by the Conmiissioners aforesaid, continue to be the boundary or partition line between the two said States from the Delaware River aforesaid to the said point of inter- section with tlie said Line of Cession ; Provided, that wherever upon said line the locations of any of tlie monuments or posts erected by the said Commissioners in 1786 and 1787 have been lost and cannot otherwise be definitely fixed, then and in that case, and in every case where it is required to establish intervening- points in said line, a straight line drawn between the nearest adjacent monu- ments whose localities are ascertained, shall be understood to be and shall be, the true Boundary line. Third. The Line of Cession, described as a meridian line drawn from the fortj'-fifth degree of North latitude, Soutli through the most westerly bent or inclination of Lake Ontario, in the Deed of Cession to the United States of certain territory claimed by the State of New York, lying West of said line, executed 1 March 1781, by James Duane, William Floyd, and Alexander McDougall, Delegates in Congress of said United States from the said State of New York, in pursuance of an Act of the Legislature of said State, entitled, " An Act to facihtate the Completion of the Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union among the Ignited States of America," passed 19 February, 1780, which said territory was afterward conveyed by the United States aforesaid to, and became a part of tlie territory and jurisdiction of, the said Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, as the said line was surveyed and marked with posts and moiminents of stone in the year 1790, by Andrew Ellicott, who was duly appointed for that purpose by the President of the United States, in jwrsuance of a resolution of Congress passed 19 Angust, 1789, which said line. and its prolongation due North into the waters of Lake Erie until it intersects the Northern Boundary of the United States aforesaid, have since been acknowledged and recognized by the said two States, as a part of the limit of their respective territoiy and jurisdiction, shall notwithstanding ajiy possible Avant of conformity to the verbal description thereof as contained in said Deed of Cession, continue to be the boundary or partition line between the two said States, so far as said line so surveyed and marked in 1790, shall extend. Fourth. The monumental marks by which the said Boundary line, except such portions thereof as may lie within the waters of the Delaware River and Lake Erie, shall hereafter be known and recog- nized, are hereby declared to be: L The original monuments of stone erected in the years 178G and 1787, by the" Commissioners aforesaid, and in the year 1790, by Andrew Ellicott aforesaid, as the same have been restored and re- established in their original positions, or have been replaced by gran- ite monuments erected in the years 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, andlS85 by H. Wadsworth Clarke, Surveyor on the part of the State of 28 [Senaik! New York, and Christopher M. Gere, Surveyor on the part of Penn- sylvania, duly appointed by the parties hereto, II. The new monuments of granite erected in the years 1881 to 1885 inclusive, by the aforesaid surveyors at intervals of one mile, more or less, and numbered consecutively, along said line originally surveyed and marked in the years 1786 and 1787, beginning from the Delaware River ; and severally marked on the north side with the letters " N. Y.," and on the South side with the letters " PA," and along said line originally surveyed and marked in the year 1790, beginning at the shore of Lake Erie, and severally marked on the east side with the letters " N. Y." and on the West side with the letters " PA" III. The new monuments of granite erected by the said surveyors, in the years 1881 to 1885 inclusive aforesaid, at intervening points on .said line, and at its intersection with public roads, railroads, and rivers, and at other points, and severally marked on the one side with the letters " N. Y." and on the other side with the letters " PA." IV. A large monument of granite, erected in the year 1884, by the said Surveyors, 600 feet West of the center of the Delaware River in the said line originally fixed in the year 1786, to mark its eastern terminus : A large monument of granite, erected in the year 1884, by the said Surveyors in the said line or Meridian Boundary as originally fixed in the year 1790, 100 feet north from its intersection with the line originally surveyed as aforesaid in the year 1787, which said point of intersection is marked by a small uioiiument of granite buried in the center of the highway in 1884 by the said Surveyors ; and also a large monument of granite, erected in the year 1869, by John Y. L. Pruyn, George R. Perkins, Samuel B. Woolworth, and George W. Patterson, on the part of the State of New York, and William Evans, on the part of the State of Pennsylvania, 440 feet south of the original tnonument, erected in tlie year 1700, by Andrew Ellicott aforesaid, upon the South shore of I^ake Erie, in the line originally surveyed and marked by him, as aforesaid. Fifth. The field-book of said Surveyors, containing the notes of the re-surveys along said line in the years 1877, 1878, and 1879 ; also t.lie ''Record of Monuments " prepared by said Surveyors, containing the descriptions of the locations of the several monuments erected by them, and of the witness marks thereto. Also the Maps of said line, and the vicinity thereof, showing the locations of said monu- ments ; and also the " Diary of Operations " of said Surveyors, under the direction of the parties hereto ; the same having been duly authen- ticated by the signatures of the said Surveyors. And the several documents and books of record, containing the transactions of the parties hereto; all of which being placed on file in the ofiice of the Secretary of State of New York, and the office of the Secretary of Internal Affairs of Pennsylvania shall constitute the permanent and No. 71.] 29 authentic records of said Boundary lino and are hereby adopted by the parties hereto; and made a part of this agreement. Sixth. This Agreement ahall become binding- upon the two State* when ratified by tlie Legislatures tliereof respectively; and when con- firmed by the Congress of the United States. In Witness whereof, the said Commissioners have hereunto set their hands and seals, in duplicate, the Twenty -sixth day of March 1886 aforesaid. Executed in the presence of Witnesses. As to Henky H. PiERSoN ) jj ^ PIERSON, JliUWARD 1. Devlin, \ Ae to E. W. Leavenworth, ) ^ LEAVENWORTH, H. W. Clarke, j ' As to Chauncey M. Depew, [ CHAUNCEY M. DEPEW, Edward 1. Devlin, \ ' As to C. M. Gere, j ^ ^ ^j,^^ A. D. dirchard, \ As to Robert N. Torrky, i j^qBERT N. TORREY. Andrew Ihompson, ) Conclusion. The commissioners of New York have prepared to be filed along with the evidence of the ratification of the agreement by the two States and of its approval by the Congress of the United States whenever it shall be received, the following documents, which con- stitute permanent and authentic records of the boundary, viz. : 1. The duplicate original copy of the agreement signed by the several commissioners. 2. The duplicate original books of the surveyors, containing the de- scriptions of the locations of the several monuments erected by them and of the witness-marks thereto. 3. The duplicate original report made by the surveyors, contain- ing the account of their work in as(;ertaining and marking said line. 4. The duplicate original topographical map of the boundary line and vicinity. 5. The duplicate original minutes of the commissioners of the two States in joint session. 6. A volume in manuscript, containing a complete record of all transactions connected with the work of ascertaining and re-mark- ing the boundary line. The commissioners have great satisfaction in thus reporting the entire completion of the work intrusted to them upon this bound- wy. They desire to testify to the admirable spirit of cordiality and 30 [Senate, No. Y1.] harmony with which the commissioners of Pennsylvania have co- operated with them in this work. There has been entire agreement between the commissioners of the two States, not only in relation to the general principles by whicli they were to be guided, but also in all their discussions per- taining to the details of their work. It is believed that the monuments with which the line has been marked are of so durable a character, and have been so substantially set, that they are not likely to require to be re-set in a very long period. The imperfect and comparatively perishable monuments set in 1786 and 1787 have served to preserve the line for nearly a century. We may fairly expect that the more substantial and indestructible monuments with which it has now been marked will continue for a much longer period. Even if the monuments projecting above the ground shall be destroyed or moved, it will always be possible, from the full and carefully recorded descriptions of the points, and from the underground marks which are entirely indestructible, to find and verify these points, even after the lapse of centuries. Respectfully submitted, H. R. PIERSON, E. W. LEAVENWORTH, C. M. DEPEW, Commissiooiers of N'ew York. SURYKYOR'S FTML REPORT. Sfrvevok's Pkeliminakv Letiek. To the Joint Boundary Commission of the [States of J^ew Tork and Pennsylvania : Gentlemen — 1 Lave tlic honor to submit herewith a final report of the operations upon the Boundary hne between Kew York and Pennsylvania under your direction. In the preparation of this report I have treated of the history of the Boundary quite in detail, and of the various surveys by which it was established and by which it has been affected, before the com- mencement of the work which has just been completed. The Parallel and Meridian Boundaries have been taken up sepa- rately in the report as they were established at different dates, under different authority, and their histories are almost entirely without connection. The work upon the reconnaissance and upon the final adjustment and permanent marking of the line, under your direction, are also given quite minutely. The preparation of the report has involved a large amount of careful investigation, personal and by correspondence, and I have en- deavored to present all the proceedings connected with the history of this important Boundary with as nearly absolute accuracy as possible. Annexed to the report are several appendices, including matters intimately connected with the subject-matter of the report itself. Among them a.re,Ji7'st, abstracts from the official records which have been prepared to be deposited in the proper offices in Albany and Harrisburg ; second, abstracts from the field-notes of original sur- veys along and adjacent to the Boundary, to which frequent recourse was had during the progress of the work under the Joint Commission, and to which frequent reference is made in the report and records; ikii'd, historical sketches of transactions since the Boundary was estab- hshed, which form pendants to the preliminary history of the line. Appendices B, C, T>, and E, especially, are intended as digests of the official records, which it is important should be published for the general information of the public. Appendix X contains transcripts of the official maps, upon a re- duced scale, showing the locations of all the monuments. 32 [Senate The various laws of botli States relating to the re-snrvey of the Bountlaiy under which the Joint Coniniission has been acting are embodied in Appendix A. Accompanying the report are the following documents, etc., which have been prepared in duplicate as the official record of the operations of the Joint Commission, to be deposited in the offices of the Secretary of State, in Albany, New York, and of the Secretary ef Internal Affairs in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania : I. A lield-book of the reconnaissance, with memoranda of the Tarions monuments. II. A " Record of Monuments," classified by counties, giving Hiinute descriptions of all the new monuments and their locations, with data for their ready identification. III. A series of maps, by counties, showing the location of the new monuments. IV. And a " Diarj' of Operations" from 1877 to the present time. I earnestly recommend that extracts from the " Record of Monu- ments," and transcripts from the maps, be also filed in the office of the county clerk or register of each county, adjoining the Boundary, in each State, each extract and transcript not necessarily exhibit- ing more of the Boundary tiian is adjacent to the county to which it I'elates. These records and maps will then become accessible to that portion of the public more immediately interested. I would further recommend that the monuments be, by legislative act, placed under the official inspection, supervision and care of the highw^ay officials of the various towns, upon the boundaries of which they stand, with suitable regulations and penalties. In closing I must acknowledge the courtesy of innumerable gentlemen in various localities in both States, accorded me as the representative of the Joint Commission, iaresponding to requests for information, and in affording me opportunities of examining field- books, maps and other documents ; and it would seem invidious to name some without enumerating all of them, which would be almost impossible. Several gentlemen, however, residing in localities adja- cent to the line, took especial personal interest in our operations, spending considerable time upon the line with the party, furnishing copies of original field-notes and maps, or loaning valuable papers. Among these 1 cannot refrain from referring to Mr. M. R. Hulse of Deposit, N. Y., Hon. W. F. Warner of Waverly, K. Y., Z. F. Walker, Esq., of Athens, Penn., Robert Kinir, Esq., of Smethport, Penn., Hon. O. D. Hinckley of Clymer, N". Y., George Piatt, Esq., of Girard, Penn., and W. A. Crosbv, Esq., of Condersport, Penn. I must not omit the late Jacob Fatzinger, Jr., of Weaversville, Northampton county, Penn., in whose hands Col. Gere and myself found George Palmer's surveys made near the Initial Point more than a hundred years as^o. Since Mr. Fatzino-er's death his laru^e and valuable collection of papers has been deposited with the His- torical Society of Pennsylvania, in Philadelphia. No. 71.] 33 The gentlemen in charge of the land offices of the varions lar^e est.ites in western New \oi'k and Pennsylvania have always readily complied witi\ every request for information. My correspondence during the entire time has been quite extensive, and, with but one or two exceptions, it has met with courteous responses. Nor can I let this opportunity pass without acknowledging my great indebtedness to Connnissioner Gere, who has acted as surveyor on the part of Pennsylvania. And I have to thank the other gentlemen of the Joint Commis- sion for the confidence which has been reposed in me during all these years, and for the uniform courtesy with which I have been treated. It is greatly to be regretted that Col. James Worrall, the chair- man of the Joi)it Commission, was not spared to see the completion of a work in which he took such an absorbing personal interest. The following abstract gives in a general way the contents of the report and appendices. Respectfully submitted. H. W. CLAP.KE, Civil Engineer. Syracuse, N. Y., 1 December ^ 1885. I concur in the accompanying report. C. M. GERE. Montrose, Peim., 1 December^ 1885. [Sen. Doc. No. 71.J 5 34 [Senate ABSTRACT OF CONTENTS OF REPORT. Preliminary. Parallel Boundary, Early History. Grants to the Duke of York and William Penn. Jealousy of the New Yorkers toward, the Proprietaries of Penn- sylvania. South Boundary of New York. Early uiaps exhibiting the Boundary. Ambiguity in William Penn's Charter. Pennsylvania's claims north of the parallel of forty-two degrees. Indian treaty of 1768. The Proprietaries ask to have their boundaries fixed. Joint action of the Colonies and establishment of the Initial Point. Action of the States preliminary to a resumption of the survey. Independent surveys for the location of lands. Survey of 1786-7. Details of operations and incidents in 1786-7. Original monuments. Confinnation by statute. Error in Revised Statutes of New York. Early land surveys adjacent to the Boundary. Recent ex pai'te official examinations of portions of the Boundary. Joint reconnaissance of 1877-9. Astronomical observations by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey; and operations of the New York State Survey. Initial Point : Its probable position. Condition of the Boundary as developed by the reconnaissance. Discussion by the Commissioners of the proper method of adjustment. The new monuments and final adjustment: Operations of 1881-4. Adjustment. Meridian Boundary, Preliminary historical sketch. Original surveys. Original monuments. Reconnaissance of 1878. Initial monument of 1869. Final adjustment ; setting of monuments. Appendix. A. Laws relating to re-survey of the Boundary. AA. Instructions to Messrs. Gere and Clarke. B. Schedule cf Monuments, with description of locations. No. 71.] 35 C. Table of Angular Deflections. D. Astronomical Stations ; and results of observations. E. County and town corners. r. !Naines of Commissioners; and persons connected with the survey, 1877-1885. G. George Palmer's papers and surveys : I. Commission as Deputy Surveyor. II. Survey of the Delaware river up to the Initial Point. III. "Journal up Delaware" in 1784, and notes of sur- vey from the Delaware to the Susquehanna. ly. Drake and Delong's " Journal up Susquehanna and across to Delaware," June, 1784. Y. Letter from Surveyor-General Lukens. VI. Extracts from field-notes of Wan-ant surveys. H. Holland Land Company's surveys : I. Description of the marks upon posts and witness trees. II. Extracts from Augustus Porter's Field J>ook (No. 2). III. Extract from Seth Pease's traverse of the shore of Lake Erie. IV-IX. Record of surveys of south line of Ranges 1 to 6. X. Record of survey of south end of" Willink Strip." XI-XVIII. Record of surveys of south line of Ranges 7 to 14. XIX. Record of surveys of south and M'est lines of Range 15. J. Resurveys of the Keating lands in Pennsylvania. K. Representation of New York and Pennsylvania on ancient maps. L. Disputes with Connecticut and Massachusetts. I. The Massachusetts claim against New York. 11. The Connecticut claim against Pennsylvania. III. The " Connecticut Gore " in New York. M. Erie Triangle. N. Maps of the Boundary line. Sketches Illustrating the Report. No. 1. Copy of an ancient map showing the Boundary line at 43°. No. 2. Ritrenhouse and Holland's sketch of the Initial Point, 1774. No. 3. Sketch of George Palmer's survey between the Delaware and Susquehanna rivers, 1784. No. 4. Relative position of Palmer's line and the present boundary. No. 5. Interference of Donation Lands at the west end of the Boundar3\ No. it. Eighth Latitude Stone. No. 7. Delaware river near the Initial Point, 1885. No. 8. Irregularities in the Boundary between milestones 135 and 159. No. 9. Initial monument set 1884. No. 10. Showing the adjustment of the second section. No. 11. Showing the irregularities between milestones 86 and 95. 36 [Senate, No. 12. Showing the irregularities in the vicinity of milestones 115 and 119. No. 13. Showing the angles in the Boundary in the vicinity of the Seventh Latitude Stone (milestone 167 ■^). No. 11. Showing the adjustment of the Boundary west of milestone 208. No. 15. Adjustment of south end of Meridian Boundary. Appendix N contains reduced copies of the official maps, showing the locations of all the new monuments. JSTo. 71.] 37 PRELIMINARY. The work upon which we liave been engaged for several years past undoubtedly grew out of the i-eport submitted by Dr. C. H. F. Peters, director of the Litchfield Observatory at Hamilton Col- lege, to the Regents of the University in 1806. Dr. Peters, under the direction of the Regents, had previously visited several ]ioints in the State for the purpose of making astronomical observations for latitude and longitude. One of these points was tlie northern ex- tremity of the Meridian Roundary, on the shore of Lake Erie in 1865. In his report to the Regents giving the results of his observations, referring to the original monument which marked the initial point of this boundary, he says : " This important monument is now in very bad condition. What remains of it consists of a sh\b four inches thick, two feet in length, and reacliing about one foot above the ground witli its longer faces placed parallel to the meridian. The upper portion, which once contained the inscription, is evidently cut off by wilful destruction. But a greater danger even is threatening these renmants by the inroad of the Lake. Squire Mann, who formerly owned the adjacent lot, and to whom 1 am indebted for much valuable information about the locality, stated that within his recollection the distance from the stone to the edge of the bhi:fif upon which it stands, was several rods, while now it is only seven feet.* It must be ex- pected therefore, that within a few years the site of the stone will become a prey of the waves, and it seems desirable that a new and durable monument, more inland, be erected to mark the partition be- tween the two great States."f "In the year 1857, an appro])riation was made by the Legislature to the Regents, which was continued and renewed in 1858 ;:j: to de- fray the expenses of ascertaining the true meridian of such impor- tant locality or localities as the Board should prescribe. " In this State, the longitude of only one point, the private ob- servatory of Mr, Rutherford, at the corner of Second Avenue and Eleventh Street in the city of New York, had been thus deter- mined § prior to the year 1857 " Desirous to bring to the work committed to them the highest accuracy and the best practical skill, the Regents accepted a propo- *Holland Laud Compauy Surveyors placed a stake in 1798, 39 links north of tlie monument. In 1878 tbe Bite of the monument was in the edge of the bluff, the monument itself had dropped off. ■|- Assembly Documents, 1866, No. 161. jThe appropriation of 1858, was " for the purpose of continuing the determina- tion of longitude " under the law of the preceding year. §The method adopted in the Coast Survey determinations is referred to. 38 [Senate sitioa from the Trustees of the Dudley Ohservatory to determine the lono^itiide of that Iiistitutioa, it being understood that the work should proceed with the aid and under the direction of the Scien- tific Council of that Observatory of which Professor Bache, Super- inteniieut of the Coast Survey, was a member. * * * " The Regents afterwards accepted a proposition from the Trustees of Hamilton College, first to detennine the longitude of their recently erected Observatory, and then that of several other import- ant points in the State. Under these arrangements, the means placed at the disposal of the Regents have sufficed to determine the loniJ:itude of seven points, to- wit : — Dudley Observatory, Hamilton College Observatory, Syracuse, Buffalo, Elmira, Ogdensburgh, and the first or most northerly monument on the western Boundary of the State " Though the Legislature directed the determination of longitudes only, the tlegents have also had the corresponding latitudes ascer- tained in the case of Syracuse, Buffalo, Ogdensburgh, and the first monument of the western boundary. The latitude of each of the other stations had been previously ascertained." * In a communication to the Legislature 15th April, 1867, referring to the report transmitting Dr. Peters' report, the Regents close by saying : '' During the past year, the Regents have taken some pains to ascertain, by correspondence, the condition of the monument origi- nally erected at the intersection of the southern and western bound- aries of the State, and they are informed that the site of this monument is at or near the center of a highway with no visible mark to denote its position. It is quite probable that many of the milestones and other landmarks originally placed upon the boundar ries of the State are becoming obliterated, and the Regents, there- fore, suggest the propriety of such an appropriation by the Legis- lature as may enable them to ascertain the facts in relation to such monuments, and to meet the necessary expenses of collecting such historic material as may be needed for the preparation of an account of the several boundaries of the State, as before suggested." And soon after, the Legislature by resolution of the Senate au- thorized the Regents " to c:iuse an examination to be instituted as to the condition and true location of the monuments which mark the several boundaries of the State, and to ascertain whether any and what action may be needed to preserve or renew them ; and also to procure and put in form sucli historical information in regard to the said boundaries as they may deem to be of interest, at an expense in the whole, not to exceed three thousand dollars, and to report their proceedings under this resolution to the Legislature.'' In pursuance of these instructions the Regents, by correspondence carried on throu^ their indefatigable Assistant Secretaiy, the late Dr. D. 'J. Pratt, endeavored to ascertain the condition of the monu- *X. Y. Senate Doc, 1S62, N"o. 95, p. 5- Ko. 71.] 39 ments along this Boundary, and to obtain, so far as possible, sndi notes or documents from public or private sources as -vrould in anv manner throw light upon its history or upon the original survers. The result of this correspondence is embodied in 3»evr York Senate Document Xo. luS (1873). at pages 341, etc The efforts of Dr. Pratt to ascertain the condition of the monuments along the line were in a great measure futile, the othcials of but one countv, Ciiautauqua, taking interest enough in the subject to co-operate wi:h the Kegents in the investigation. A new granite monument was placed near the northern extremity of the Meridian Boundary in 1869, and with this the subject rested until the winter of 1875, when the Regents of the ITnivcrsity were again charged by chapter 424 of the Laws of 1S75 with the duty of "an examination as to the true location of the monuments which mark the several boundaries of the State.*' The execution of this duty was intrusted by the Board of He^nts to a committee consisting of Chancellor J. V. L. Pruyn, Hon. Henry R. Pierson. and Professor George R. Perkins. Mr. Perkins died soon after, and the vacancy w:is tilled by the appointment of Hon. Chauncey M. Depew. Afterward, upon the death of of Chan- cellor Pruyn, Greneral E. W. Leavenworth was placed upon the com- mission. Tlie co-operation of Pennsylvania was obtained through an act of the Legislature in lis76, requiring the Governor to appoint a com- mission to act in conjunction with the Xew York c-oramission. Governor Hartranfi designated as commissioners Colonel James Worrall of Harrisbnrg, Colonel C. M. Gere of Montrose, and Cap- tain Robert X. Torrey of Honesdale. * The two commissions met in Xcw York city in Mav. 1S77, and organized as a Joint Commission, with Colonel James Worrall as chairman, and the late Dr. Samuel B. Woolworth as secretarv, and decided upon a thorough reconnaissance of the Boundary. Early in June. I was requested to take charge of the survey on the part of Xew York, and upon the 10th of that month the reconnais- sance was commenced near the Delaware river, Commissioner Gere acting as surveyor on the part of Pennsylvania. This reconnaissance or preliminary survey was not completed until October, 1S79. De- tailed reports of progress were transmitted to the commissioners, and were published in Xew York Assembly Documents No. 49 of 187"?. No. 91 of 1S79, and No. 100 of 1880, and in the reports of the Secretary of Internal Affairs of I^ennsvlvauia for 1877- ^-9 and 1880. Before entering upon the discussion of the Boundary as it was found upon the reconnaissance, it is worth while to review the his- tory of the establishment of tlie line, and the various early surveys connected with it. • Colonel Worrall died April 1st, 1SS5. The vacancy caased by his death was not filled. 40 [Senate PARALLEL BOUNDARY. Eakly History — GiiANTs to the Duke of York and William Penn. The first grant of lands to the Dake of York in 16G4 covered an indefinite amount of territory extending alono^ the ocean from the St. Croix river to a certain place called Peniaquid, and from the west side of the Connecticut river to the east side of Delaware bay, in- chidini^ the " River called Hudson's River," and all the islands lying south of Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut. Its extent inland was not limited. The inference is that the grant was intended to extend westward to the "South Sea" in the same manner as granted to the colonies of Massachusetts and Connecticut.* That part of the grant included in tlie following words : " Together alsoe with the said River called Hudson's River and all the land from the west side of Connectecutte River to tlie East side of De la Ware Bay," interfered with the previous grants to Massachusetts and Con- necticut. These interferences were settled after the Revolution in a manner which may be referred to farther on. (See Appendix L.) This grant to the Duke of York was confirmed by a new patent, 29th June, 1064. On the same day the Duke of York released the Province (now State) of New Jersey to John Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. The Charter to William Penn, of the Province of Pennsylvania, was granted 4th March 1681, by Charles tlie Second. The boundaries are more definitely described than those in the charter to the Duke of York and are as follows : " All that Tract or parte of land in America with all the Islands therein contejmed as the same is bounded on the East by Delaware River, from twelve miles distance Northwards of New Castle Towne vnto the three and fortieth degree of Northerne Latitude if the said River doeth extend soe farre Northwards But if the said River shall not extend soe farre Northward, then by the said River soe farr as it doth extend and from the head of the said River the Easterne Bounds are to boe determined by a Meridian Line to bee drawnefrom the head of the said River vnto the said three and fortieth degree. The said lands to extend westwards five degrees in longitude to bee computed from the said Easterne Bounds and the said lands to bee bounded on the North by the beginning of the three and fortieth degree of Northern Latitude " Although the description of the boundaries of the Province con- tained in this charter are quite definite, there is still an apparent am- *Tlie King, eighteen years afterward, by his grant to Penn, practically made the Delaware river the western limit of the Province of New York. Xo. 71.] ttl Ingnitj which somewhat confused the ideas of high officials of the Province years afterward, as to the real extent of its territory toward the north. This discrepancy will be referred to hereafter. Tlie Duke of York surrendered any claim he might have over this territory by a deed to Penn, 31 August, 1G82. It was a shrewd move on the part of Penn to require this quit-claim from the Duke of York. His charter being prior to Penn's, and the boundaries described therein not being very clear, simply specifying a certain frontage upon the ocean, as the grants in those days were generally made, his domain might be construed to reach to the "South Sea," wliich would have covered all the lands granted to Penn. The Con- necticut claim under this construction of its charter was not settled until after the Revolution. (See II, Appendix L.) Thus more than ninety years before any attempt was made to fix the boundary between the Provinces upon the ground, the northern boundary of Pennsylvania was defined, and the Duke of York, by his release, accepted it as the southern boundary of the Province of New York, Jealousy of the New Yorkers toward tue Proprietaries of Pennsylvania. Before the creation of the Province of Pennsylvania, the mer- chants and traders of New York had found the wilderness adjacent to the Delaware and Susquehanna rivers a prolific source of profit, and the separation of so large a portion of it, and the diversion of its Indian traffic to a very thrifty rival city, was taken quite to heart b}' them; and the shrinkage in the New York trade seems to have been likely to affect the ducal revenue, for we find that Sir John Werden, secretary to the Duke of York, wrote 10 March, 1684, to Governor Dongan, who had been commissioned about six months after the patent was issued to Penn, as follows: '' The Comm" are unanimous in it, that noe lands beyond the bounds of E. and West Jersey (betwixt the Rivers) ought to be sepa- rated from yo"" governem' upon any termes, and y* you should use great care to hinder M"" Pen and the inhabit'^ of both Jerseys from obstructing y^ Peltry trade of New York, and y' in ord"" to y^ you should prevent all you can the uniteing of any part of either Jersey with M"' Pen (who as you observe) is very intent on his owne inter- est in those parts."* And again, 27 August following, he writes: " Touching Susque- hannah River or lands ab'' it or trade in it, ^v'^^ the Indians convey to you or invite you to, we thinke you will doe well to preserve yo"" in- terest there as much as possible that soe nothing more may goe away to M' Penn or ether New Jersey's. For it is apparent they are ajtt enough to stretch their priviledges as well as the people of New England liave becne."t * N. Y. Col. Hist., iii, 341. t-^^- Y. Col. Hist., iii, 350. [Sen. Doc. No. 71.] 6 42 [Senate The agents of the Dnke of York seem to have been very appre- hensive that Mr. Penn desired to control tlie traffic of the entire Susquehanna valley, as well as to get possession of the territory which embraced it. The Onondaga and Caynga Indians, whose hunting grounds would have been included in the limits of Penn's Province, as Governor Hamilton claimed them seventy years after- ward, seem to have preferred to remain under the patronage of tiieir New York friends. Lu August, 1684, they made the following propositions to Governor Effingham, of Virginia, and Governor Don- gan, of New York : " Wee have putt all our land and our selfs under the Protection of the great Dnke of York, the brother of your great Sachim ; we have given the Susquehanne River which we wonn with the sword to this Government and will not that any of your Penns people shall settle upon the Susquehanne River; That we do putt the Susquehanne River above the Washinta or falls and all the rest of our land under the great Duke of York and to no body else. " And you great man of Yirginia, meaning the Lord Effingham Govern'" of Virginia, We let you know that Great Penn did speak to us here in Corlaer's house by his Agents, and desired to buy the Susquehanne River, but we would not hearken to him nor come under His Government " Meanwhile Charles I, who had granted Penn his charter, died, and the Duke of York himself became king. The attack on Penn's privileges Avas renewed upon recommendation of the Lords of Trade in a report to the king dated 15 July, 1685, in which tliey state: "• Wee hive also received a Lre from y^ Mayor Aldermen & principal Officers of y'' Citty of New York dated y^ IS*^*^ of May last setting forth that since yo"" Ma*^^' hath been pleased to p'mit Delaware & j" two Jerseys to be separated from y^ Gov™* of New York that City hath extreamly suffered by the loss of at least one third p*' of its Trade & hath ever since much decayed in the number of Inhabitants Rents & Buildings And that yo"" Ma'* Revenue doth likewise suffer thereby whereupon wee likewise offer o"" opinions that yo"" Ma'^ Attorney Gi'all. may liave directions to con- sider the several Grants and Proprietycs of East & West New Jer- sey & of Delaware aforemenconed & to enter y^ like writs of Quo Warranto against y® respective Proprietors if he shall find cause it being of very great & growing prejudice to yo"" Ma'^ affaires in y° plantacon & to yo"" Customs here that such independent Govern- ments be kept up and maintained w"'out a nearer & more Ime- diate Dependance on yo"" Ma'y."f The King approved the recommendation and directed the Attor- *N. Y. Col. Hist,, iii, 417-8. See, alao, Indian Deeds, Idem, iv. 908-911, and V, 800-1. f N. Y. Col. Hist., iii, 362. No. Tl.] 43 ney-General to enter the writs, and the next April the Attorney- General was further directed to renew the writs and to prosecute theni to effect. Governor Dongan was re-comtnissioned and, in a long report to the Lords of Trade, dated 22 February, 1687, he took up the sub- ject of the encroachments of l''enn's agents as follows : '' Further if Pensjdvania bee continued as by Charter running five degrees to the W estward it will take in the most of the five Na- tions that lye to the West ward of Albany, and the whole Beaver & Peltry Trade of that Place, the consequence whereof M'ill bee the De- population of this Governm* for the people must follow the Trade. Those Indians & the people of this Government have been in continued peace & amity one with another these tift}^ years. And those Indians about forty years agoe did annex their Lands to this Goverum* & have ever since constantly renewed the same M'ith every Governor that has been here both in the time of the Dutch & the English & in particular to myself who have given them largely in consideration of their lands. And I am certainly informed, that they have declared they will goe and live on y^ other side of the lake than bee under any other Goverm'' on this than ours. En deavors have been used (tho to noe purpose) to p''suade some of our Traders who speak the language to goe and live upon the Susque- hanna River tho I cannot find out yet by whom this has been made " I cannot beleivc that ever it was the Kings intention to grant away soe considerable a part of this government which has l)een so long appropriated to it & even the people think it as a part of them- selves and would be much troubled at a separation from soe good and ancient neighbours that at first of their own free wills became soe and have ever since continued with such constancy to desire and maintain a mutual friendship and correspondence. If therefore his Maf were pleased to have a line run from 4-1 d and 40 m in Delaware River to the Falls upon the Susquehanna,* and to let M"" Pen keep all below that it would be suliicicnt for him the bounds below it being conjectured to contain more than all England besides the lower Countys w^hich is near upon 100. miles from the Cape up the River ; And in breadth more than thirty miles, as is generally beleeved " To preserve the Beaver & Peltry Trade for this and Albany, and to bee an encouragement to Our Beever Hunters I desire I may have order to erect a Campagne Fort upon Delaware in 41 d 40 m ; another upon the Susquehanna where his Mat^' shall think fit M' Pens bounds shall terminate " I setid a Map by M"^ Spragg whereby your Lo'"' may see the sev- eral Goverin^* &c how they lye " For the Longitude, Latitude, and contents of this Government I refer yo"" Lo^* to the afore mentioned Map, wherein you will see in what narrow Bounds wee are cooped up * Wyaliising Falls (?), Bradford Co., Penn. 44 [Senate " The Land of this Governm* is generally barren rocky land, ex- cept the Land wee have right to on the iSusquehanna-Iliver & up into the Country amongst our Indians where there are great quanti- ties very good " * Governor Dongah soon afterward wrote to the King : — " M'' Penn hath written that I was to be called home and I doe not doubt but would do all hee can to effect it, liaving noe great kindness for race, because I did not consent to his having tSusquehannah liiver." f Mr. Penn was too enterprising a neighbor for the New York peoi^le who had had a monopoly of the Indian trade before his ad- vent, and the mayor and common council of the city took up the matter and sent a " Immble address" to the King in which they ac- knowledge, "late favours in recommending to Yo'' Majcstys Captain General of this Province the preservation of all the ancient rights & Priviledges of this Yo' Ma*^* Citty in the Management of Trade which of late years hath much decreased thro' the impetuous en- croachments of Our Neighbours the Inhabitants of East and West Jersey, Pensilvania & Conecticut." After complimenting the en- deavors of the Governor, they say: "A j^articular Accompt whereof your Ma*y will find fully expressed in an address unto Yo'' Ma'^^from Your Ma'^^ Captain General & Council of this Your Ma'^''^ Province, And alsoe fully delineated in a Mapp which his Ex"*^ hath with much labor & charge accomplished to give Your Ma'^ a true information of the state of this province to which wee humbly referr Your Ma*y and doubt not but that it will bring Your Ma'^^ into the con- sideration of the absolute necessity there is that those adjacent parts of Connecticut East and West Jersey, Pensilvania, or at least soe far of Pensilvania as extends from the Falls of Susquchannah, should be united to this Yo"" Ma'^" Province." :j: April 7, 16S8, Governor Dongan was superseded by Sir Edmund Andros, who was commissioned Captain -General and Governor-in- Chief over the British Dominions between the St. Croix river and latitude 40^ "our province of Pensilvania and country of Delaware only excepted," § This was apparently the only answer to Dongan's scheme to annex the SuRquelianna river and northern Pennsylvania, Less than a year afterward King James ran away to France, and William and Mary reigned in his stead. The agitation against Penn was again renewed, and upon 6 August, 1G91, the Governor (now Richard Ingoldsby) and Council presented a long address to the new sovereigns, in which they say among other things : "These incon- veniences of Connecticutt, East and West Jersey are not only preju- dicial! to Yo' Maj'y* intrest, but also the pretences of William Penn Esq' to the 3 lower Countys on Delaware River and to the Susque- hanna River are equally, if not more, injurious to Your Maj'^ and particularly in this respect. Susquehanna River is scituate in the mldle of the Sinnekes country, which they gave unto Your Maj- * N. Y. Col. Hist., iii, 393-4-5-6-7. ^X. Y. Col. Hist., iij, 424-5. t K. Y. Col. Hist., iii, 422. § Idem, iii, 543, etc. No. 71.] 46 estj's crowne and hath belonged as an appendix to this Your Maj"^^ governm*^ many yeares before M''. Penn had his patient. Notwith- standing thereof M'. Penn endevors to disturb Your Majesty in the peaceable and quiett possession of the premises ; endeavouring to tempt the Indians to sell it again to him, by that means not only to dispossess Your Majesty of your antient rights but also to pervert and draw away the trade of the Indians to his Province ; which will be an irreparable loss to Your Majesty, all the Nations with whome Albany hath tlieir trade liveing at the head of the Susque- hanna River. So the revenue of 10 p"" Cent, the impost upon pow- der, lead, alumn and furrs, quite lost, and if M^ Penn should attain his pretences to the Susquehanna River, it will not only destroy the best branch of Your Maj"" revenue, but it will likewise depopu- late Your Province, the inhabitants of Albany haveing only seated them selves there and addicted their minds to the Indian language and the misteries of the said trade, with purpose to manage it, that if it should be diverted from that channell, they must follow it, haveing no otlier way or art to gett a livelyhood."* A dire calamity to befall the future Capital. Further on they say, " by all which Your Majesty may perceive that the pretences of M^ Penn to the Susquehanna River are very injurious to Your Maj"*^* right and revenue ; so that some care must betaken if Your Maj'^ sees cause he shall remain a distinct governm^ that his line doth encroach upon Your Majesties right noe farther upon the Susquehanna River than the fall thereof; otherwise its scituatiou being so near the Sinnekes In- dians, if planted by them, must of necessity divert the whole trade of Albany " The premises considered we humbly presume and represent unto Your ]\[ost Sacred Majesty that there cann be no thing in America more conducive to Yo"" Maj''''^ dignity and advantage and for the safety of Yo"' Maj^'®* subjects upon this continent then that Con- necticut, East and West Jersey, Pennsilvania and 3 Lower Countys be re-annexed to this Yo"" Maj*^'" Province which then will be a gov- ern m' of sufficient extent." f That such representations as these seem to have had some weight in the mind of William III, is shown by the fact that 21 October, 1692, Benjamin Fletcher, who had already been commissioned Gov ernor of New York, was constituted Governor-in-ciiief of " Pensil- vania and Countrey of New Castle and all the Territories and Tracts of Land depending in America."';}: This appointment was upon the petition of Penn revoked 20 August, 1694. South Boundary of the Province of New York. Not until 1738, do we find the parallel described in Penn's Char- ter as the northern boundary of Pennsylvania, mentioned as the * X. Y. Col. Hist., iii, 798. JN. Y. Col. Hist., iii, 861. fN. Y. Col. Hist., iii, 799. 46 [Senate southern boundary of New York.* Cadwallader Golden, Surve^^or- General, in a report to Lieutenant-Governor George Clarke, in answer to queries of the Lords of Trade, gives the boundaries of the Province as follows : " From the 41^* degree of Latitude on Hudson's River, it runs northwesterly to 41 degrees & 40 niin of Latitude on the most nortlicrly Branch of Delaware River, which falls near Cashiektunk, an Indian Settlement on a Branch of tliat lliver call'd tlie Fish kill. " Thence it runs up that Brancli of Delaware River till the 42'^ de- gree of Latitude be compleated or to the Beginning of the 43*^ de- gree, Pensylvania stretching along the west side of Delaw^are River, 60 far northward as to this parallel of Latitude. From the Begin- ning of the 43*^ degree New York runs westerly, on a Parallel of Latitude, along the Bounds of Pensylvania to Lake Erie, or so far west as to comprehend the Country of the Five Nations " The Boundaries between New York Province & the Provinces of New Jersey & Pensylvania ai-e so well Described, in the Grants to tlie Proprietors of New Jersey & Pensylvania, that by deter- mining the proper Parallels of Latitude on Hudson & Delaware Rivers, the Boundaries between them may at any time be fixed with sutheient certainty. But as this has not hitherto been actually done, Disputes now in several parts subsist, between the Proprietors of the lands near the line, which is supposed to run between New York & New Jersey, from Hudson's River to Delaware River. And it is probable the like Disputes will happen, between the Inhabitants of the Provinces of New York iSc Pensylvania, when the lands near the line Dividing them shall be settled." f Governor George Clinton, in a report to the Board of Trade, 23 of May, 1749, describes the boundary of the Province of New York thus : " '2nd. The province of New York is bounded by Fludson's River on the West from the mouth of the said River to the latitude of 41 Degrees on that River, and then by a line running from thence to the latitude of 40 Degrees ^ 40 Minutes on Delaware River, Hud- son's River and the aforesaid line being the boundaries between this Province & New Jersey from 41 Degrees 40 Minutes of latitude on Delaware to the beginning of the 43 Degrees, or to 42 Degrees com- pleat. Oti the same River is the boundary between it & Pensyl- vania & from 42 Degrees compleat a parallel of Latitude divides it from Pensylvania as far as Pensylvania extends, or to the claims of the French of Louisiana. To the westward from hence & to the Northward no Boundaries setled between us and the French, & most probably will be determined by occupancy or Force. To the * The Lords of Trade and Plantations in an elaborate Representation to the King (George I) in 1721, in which among other things, the boundaries of each Colony are described in detail, bound New York. " Southwest by the province of Ni'w Jersey, Northwest by Delaware river." (N. Y. Col. Hist., v, COO.) f N. Y. Doc. Hist. (4°) iv, 114-15 (From Oolden's MS.). The document as trans- mitted to the Lords of Trade is given in N. Y. Col. Hist., vi, 121, etc. No. 71. J 47 Eastward it is bounded by the New England Governm" of New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay and Connecticut to the sound be- tween the Main and Long Island, find to the Southward it is bounded by the Atlantick Ocean including Long Island. The Divid- ing line from Hudson's River to Delaware is Disputed by the Pro- prietors of the Lands on each side of it. The occasion of the Dis- pute, so far as I understand it, arises only from private Interest in which his Maj* interest is little concerned any farther than that Jus- tice be done : the Boundary between this Province & Pensylvania is not ascertained upon the land, & this ought to be done to prevent disputes & Encroachments on his Majesty's Lands."* Douglass, a historian of North America of about the same period (1751-5), in describing the boundaries of the Province says : "Its W. line runs up Cataraqui river, and lake called generally lake Ontario, and terminates on lake Erie in north lat. 42 d. complete. From Oswego upon lake Ontario may be reck- oned the widtli of the government of New York, 220 miles, viz, due W.f from the lake 200 miles to Albany on Hudson's river, and from Albany 20 miles due W.f to to the west line of Massachusetts- Bay province. " The southern line of the province of New-York is in several directions or flexures. 1. From lake Erie along the north or head- line of Pensylvania in lat. 42. to Delaware river. 2. Thence 20 miles down said river to the north divisional point of New- York and New-Jersies on said river in lat. 41 d. 40 m. 3. Thence in a streight line E. 42 d. S. to 41 d. lat. on Hudson's river." ^ He had previously remarked§ " Some of the New York Politi- cians say, that Their Line with Penn- sylvania is limited by Delaware River, and the Parallel of 43 D. N. Lat." The New York politicians of those ancient days must most certainly Jiave been more modest and self-sacrificing than their modern prototypes, to so readily waive their title to so broad a belt of the present territory of the State ! Early Maps Exhibiting the Boundary. These moderate New York politicians may have studied " a Map of the British and French Dominions in North America, with the Roads, Distances, Limits,and Extent of the Settlements, by D'^Jn". Mitcliell,''|i printed at Amsterdam [1755]. This is a large map of eastern America, compiled with considerable detail, and apparently carefully engraved. Upon the copy of the map in the New York State Library, the various Provinces are each tinted separately. The topo- graphical features are quite correctly laid down ; much more so than upon most of the maps of that early day. * N. Y. Col. Hist., vi, 508. t Hist, of N. Amer., ii, 230. t [Sic] Should be E. S Idem, i. 16. 1 A sketch of Dr. John Mitchell may be found in N, Y. Col. Hist., viii, 437. 48 [Senate Upon tliis map the northern line of Pennsylvania is a meridian line from the head of the Delaware river north to the parallel of forty-three degrees, which it follows west a distance of five degrees of longitude, passing through the south end of Lake Genentaha (Onon- daga) and the outlet of Lake Erie. These boundaries include the whole of the Susquehanna river within the Province of Pennsyl- vania. This is undoubtedly the map referred to by Governor Tryon in his report upon the state and condition of the Province, dated 11 June, 1774:, in which he describes the boundaries of 'New York, " On the West Thence the Line established between New York and New Jersey to Delaware River, Thence the River Delaware to the North East Corner of Pensylvania or the Beginning of the Latitude 43, which in Mitchel's Map is by mis- take carried thro' the whole of that degree — Thence the North Boundary Line of Pensylvania to the Northwest Corner of that Province ; and continuing the same line to a point in Lake Erie."* A French transcript from this map was published in Paris in 1777. Lewis Evans' map of 1749, which is also comparatively correctly drawn, exhibits the northern boundary of Pennsylvania, as following the parallel of forty-two degrees. An inspection of the maps of this section of the British Provinces pubhshed at various dates previous to the Revolution develops the fact that most of the map-makers of the period were inclined to Penn's liberal construction of his charter, placing the northern boundary where it would include the entire Susquehanna valley. A list of many maps examined is given in appendix K. Sketch No. 1 is a copy of part of one of these, printed in full in volume viii of the New York Colonial History. It is annexed to the report and representation of the Board of Trade upon the state of Indian affairs, 7 March, 17G8, exhibiting the boundary between the Colonists and the Indians, which had been agreed upon south of " Owege," on the Susquehanna river. Some of these maps are fine specimens of cartography, being very clearly engraved and printed ; and although the topography is very much distorted in some sections, a person can obtain from them a very good idea of the geography of the country in those early days. Ambiguity in William Penn's Charter. In this connection I will refer to the apparent ambiguity in the description of the boundaries of the Province of Pennsylvania in the original charter. The eastern boundary is fixed in the Delaware river as fiir northward as the " three and fortieth degree of North- erne Latitude,'' o? if the river should not extend far enough north » the eastern bounds were to be determined by a meridian drawn from the head of the river to the " said three and fortieth degree." But in describing the limit of the Province on the north, ''the said lands to bee bounded on the north, by the beginning of the three and fortieth degree." The apparent ambiguity arises from a possible misappre- * N. Y. Col. Hist., viii, 438. 3ion iin- rty- je" 'ere rty- 8yl- ent the 3l." .on- red by hat •ty- an- ted 42^ de- t the the >tle ree the ted , as ■lin ide e" ver re- re, of :he th. nd lie 3S, ed tea the •UD 13.) ter :ue e." S>V.^\c^\\ UO,- \ Q?'pe.(Zei^_ V^a ^^=0hi^cu^MjLc3«-^ 1 lin< for ofl da^ wh vai in 11 Yo bet the the tak Bo Pr> Le dra the sec to the chi en1 in pri is up boi ag! cle irn; sro( des the riv err the the de.^ be( de< No. Tl.] 49 hension of the intent of the scribe in tlie use of the expression " three and fortieth degree." The " three and fortieth degree" un- doubtedly inchides the space between the forty -second and forty- third parallels, and the plirases " to the three and fortieth degree " and " to the beginning of the tlu-ee and fortieth degree " — were probably intended to be synonymous, and to mean '' to the forty- second parallel."* That Lieutenant-Governor Hamilton of Pennsyl- vania did not thus construe the meaning of the scribe, is evident from his letter quoted fartlier on. He apjDarently considered the "three and fortieth degree" to mean the " forty -third parallel." Dr. Mitchell, the author of the map described above, evidently con- strued it thus, and in laying down the northern boundary, ignored the subsequent phrase M'hich bounded tlie Province on the noith by the " beginning of the three and fortieth degree." Tlie fact that the head of the Delaware river is considerably north of the forty- second parallel may have helped in the misconstruction of the lan- guage of the grant. Surveyor-General Golden in his report quoted above, did not intend to be misconstrued when he said " till the 42* degree of Latitude be compleated or to the Beginning of tlie 43'' de- gree." The claim of lands north of the "beginning of the forty- third degree" was undoubtedly an outgrowth from the dispute be- tween Penn and Lord Baltimore over the south boundary of the Province, which is described in the charter thus: — "And on the South, by a Circle drawne at twelve miles distance from New Castle Northwai-d and Westwards vnto the beginning of the fortieth degree of Noriherne Latitude and then by a streight Line westwards to the Limitt of Longitude al)ove menconed." Here the King's limited knowledge of the geography of the country is especially displayed, as a circle drawn twelve miles from New Castle would not reach within half a degree of the " beginning of the fortieth degree." Beside this. Lord Baltimore's grant included the entire "fortieth degree" which would include tlie city of Philadelphia. This dispute over the interference of the grants was finally settled in 1732, by the re- lease of the present State of Delaware to Penn by Lord Baltimore, and fixing the" streight line westwards " not upon the " beginning of the fortieth degree," but upon a.parallel fifteen miles south of the City of Philadelphia, nearly three-fourths of a degree farther north. The.se lines were afterward run and made permanent in 1767, and were thenceforth known as " Mason and Dixon's Line " from the names of the surveyors. By this compromise the Proprietaries, while they lost a very material portion of the grant in area, gained what was more desirable, an extended water frontage.f * The representation of the Lords of Trade, referred to in a previous note, states the boundaries of Pennsylvania thus " the river Delaware on the east, unto 43 Degrees of Northern Latitude, & from thence a Meredian line run westward, whicli is to extend 5 Dei^rees in longitude." (N. Y. Col. Hist., v. 603.) f III the deed of the final purchase from the Indians, of lands within the diarter limits, in 1784, the north line, from the north-west corner, is described as " a due east line, separating the forty-second and forty-third degrees of north latitude." (Smith's Laws, ii, 123.) [Sen. Doc. No. 71.] 7 50 [Senate Pennsylvania Claims North ok the Parallel of Forty-two Degrees. As early as 1751, it seemed desirable to settle the boundary be- tween the Provinces, as we see from the letter of Governor Clinton to the Lords of Trade, 5 November, 1751:^ " As it is expected, that the Proprietaries of Pennsylvania may make application for an order, to put a stop to any a^rants of lands in this Province to the Northward boundary of Pennsylvania, I have thought it proper to enclose a copy of the Lieut* Gover' of Pennsylvania's letter to me on that subject, together with the opinion of the Council of this Province thereon. '' I shall only add, that there is a large Tract of vacant Land in this Province to the Northward of Pennsylvania, and that any order to stop the grant thereof (till that Northern boundary l)e "fixed) may be a prejudice to the peopling and cultivating of this Province, ami likewise a prejudice to His Maj'^''* Kevenue, by his Quit rents, unless care l)e taken at the same time that the necessary ex pence be ])rovided for ascertaining of that line without delay."* The " Lieut* Gover'' of Pennsylvania's letter" referred to, is dated 13 September, 1751. Governor James Hamilton sa3's : " What I am now about to represent to your Excell'^', will I hope be considered as my indispensible duty to the Proprietaries of this Province, whose interests, if my information be true, may be very much affected, by the proceedings of Coll: Johnson and some other Gentlemen in your Govern*, who I am told have obtained a warrant for laying out a very large tract of Land, more than one hundred thousand acres, on the East branch of Susquehannah River, to ad- join the line of this Province. Now, as the Northern boundary of Pennsilvania is not yet fixed, those Gentlemen for want of due informiition, may probably by virtue of this Warrant, survey lands within our Province, which may hereafter occasion disputes, between us, especially if settlements should be made upon tlieuL With a view thei'efore of avoiding every thing of that kind, I should be much obliged to your Excell'"^', to signify to the Gentlemen concerned in this Grant, that I w^ill advise the Proprietaries of it, by the next conveyance, that if they please they may take immediate measures for settling their Northern boundary with the Crown. Such a step which it is the Proprietaries interest to take, will put the boundary • out of dispute, and then these Gentlemen or any others concerned in grants of land, will be under no difficulty where to locate their Warrants, but till that be done, it ajjpears to me, they will run a great risk in their locations. " As a testimony of my regard for those Gent", and for their future information, I beg leave to accjuaint your Excell'^^', that the Province of Pennsylvania, by the Poyal Patent, is to contain all the lands within five degrees of AVest Longitude, from the River Delaware, which is the Eastern boundary thereof ; and throe degrees ~ * New York Col. Hist. vi. 747. No. 71.J 51 of Latitude, beginning at a circle drawn at twelve miles distance, Northward and Westward, from tlie Town of Newcastle, and to be bounded by that circle, till it intersects a line running due West from the Town of Newcastle, and by that Hue continued due West to the limits of Longitude above mentioned, which part of the said cir- cle and due west line, is to be the south boundarj^ of the said prov- ince, so that it is of little import in what degree of latitude that part of the said circle and West line fall, nor what is supposed to l)e in the patent, since Newcastle is a certain determined point or sta- tion given and fixed in the patent, from whence and not from any imaginary point or line in the heavens, the three degrees of latitude are to be measured. If these Gentlemen therefore will consider how far three degrees of latitude to be measured from Newcastle will extend (perhaps not short of the latitude of Albany) they will be the better able to judge how to keep their survey clear of this province. " I hav^e not gone into this account of the Bounds of Pennsylvania with any design to begin a dispute, but merely with a view to ap- prise your ExcelP^', and the Warrantees, of the light in which the boundaries of this Province arc considered here. And that in my opinion it would be for the interest of the parties, that our proprie- taries should first be made acquainted with their Grant, before they put themselves to any considerable expence about it, in order that they may take measures with the Crown, to ascertain their Northern boundary. But if the lands should be actually located, and there should be reason to think any part of the survey comes within the line of this Province, I hope your ExcelP^' for prevention of any future disputes, will permit the Agents of the Proprietaries of Penn- sylvania residing here, to lodge a Caveat in your Land Office, against the acceptance of such survey."* This letter was drawn out by the following " Extract from a Let- ter of lames Alexander, Esq'', to M'' Richard Peters," Penn's Secretary of the Land Office. "A Lycence to purchase of the Indians one hundred and thirty thousand Acres on the east Branch of Sasquehanah Uiv^er, down to the Line of Pennsylvania, is granted here to Colonel William lohn- son and Company, and I hear its to be surveyed in Se])tember next. It might prevent Dis])utes hereafter if that Line could be settled be- fore any Grants were made on it, at least before any Settlements upon it. I understand that the Delancy Family are the Company of Coil. lohnson, which Family are the chief Supporters of the Disturbances concerning the Line of New York and New lersey, which will now cost much troubl charge and expence to have set- tled, whereas before any Grants or Settlements had been made near it in New York, it might have been done M'ith small charge — I submit it to you whether it may not be proper in behalf of your Proprietaries to memorial our Governor for the settling that line ; * New York, Col. Hist. vl. 748-9. 52 [Senatb And in the mean time that all Purchases and Grants that can pofsibly intertere with it be stayed. I would not have you mention my name in this affair." * Governor Hamilton,* the day after he wrote the letter to Governor Clinton, addressed a long communication to Thomas Penn, one of the Proprietaries, upon various subjects, in which this matter is referred to in the final paragraph, as follows: "Upon Mr. x^lcxanders accquainting M'. Peters that Coll. John- fon and the Delanceys had obtained a licence from the New York Government to purchafe from the Indians a large Tract of Land lying on the East Branch of Sasquehannah, to adjoin tlie North Bounds of this Province, which was intended to be sui'vey'd this Fall, and expressing his apprehenfion that it may in time occasion disputes between the two provinces: I have written to M''. Clinton to apprife him of the Bounds of Pennsylv^, and to put him and the Warratitees upon their guard not to make encroachments upon thif Province telling him that in my opinion it M^ould be better those Gentlemen should defer the location of their Warrants, till you were acquainted with the Grant, and had an Opportunity given you of concerting meafnres to fettle your North Bounds with the Crown. What Regard JVP. Clinton Avill pay to my letter I know not. But I have defircd of him that (in cafe thofe Gentlemen should have located their Warrants) your Agents here may have the liberty to lodge a Caveat in the New York Land Office against the Accept- ance of such Survey, as by a Copy of my letter now fent you will see. M"". Alexanderf has acted a very friendly part by you in this affair but desires not to have his Name mentioned upon the Occafion.":}: And about the same time (September, 1751), Governor Hamilton, in response to the circular of the Lords of Trade, thus modestly claimed the Province of Pennsylvania as " bounded on the north by the Province of New Y^ork and a part of Lake Ontario * * * on the west by a small part of said Lake Ontario, the Straits of Nia^-ara,' Lake Erie, and the Country now possessed by the Six Nation Indians." Governor Hamilton's letter being submitted to the New York Council at its session u]ion 30th Se|)tember, 1751, by Governor Clinton, it was "referred to a Committee of the Council or aiiy three uf them and that they make Report thereon as soon as con- veniently may be." § The committee reported as follows : " j\la>j it 2>lease Yotcr Excellency : " In Obedience to your Excellency's Order in Council the 30"" September last, referring to a Committee, A Letter then communi- * P»^nn~MSS.. v. m. " ■)■ I lines Alexander had been Surveyor-General of East Jersey, and afterward of the Provinces of New Jersey and New York and Attorney-Ueneral of New York. He was early identified with the settlement of the boundary between these Provinces. He was the father of General Lord Sterling of the army of the Revo- lution. JPenn. MSS., v, 173. g N. Y. Council Min..xxi, 461. No. 71.] 53 ■ cated to the Council By your Excellency from Governour Hamilton of the 13th Ultimo, respecting the Boundaries of the Province of Pensylvania, the Committee have duly weiglied and considered the same. And upon Examining the Record of the Letters patent granted by King Charles the Second, in the thirty-third year of his Keign to William Penn EsqJ" for the Province of Pensylvania, do find the Lands therein granted, to be bounded on the North by the beginning of the three and fortieth Degree of Northern Lati- tude, And therefore the Committee are humbly of Opinion Your Excellency may grant any Lands to the Northward of that Boundary : Otherwise it may be a hindrance to the Settlement of this Province, and Prejudicial to His Majesty's Revenue, arising from the Quit Rents. " By Order of the Committee, " October y"', 1751. Edward Holland, Chairman^* A copy of this report was immediately transmitted by Governor Clinton to Governor Hamilton in tlie following words : " J have communicated your Favour, of 13"'. of last Month, to the Gentle- men of His Majesty's Council, as you will perceive by the enclofed Copy of a Minute of that Board, by which you will obferve that it is their Opinions that the Northern Boundary of your Colony is ■fixed by the beginning of the 43'^ Degree of Latitude, and no ways depending on your Southern Boundary, or on any Agreement en- ter'd into between the 1 Proprietaries of Pennsylvania and Lord Bal- timore. " Jt is thought, that the Facts must have been misrej)resented, that could induce your Honour to fix the Beginning ofthe 43^* De- gree near Albany : and J assure you S"", that J shall take all particu- lar care that no Lands maybe located to the Southward ofthe North- ern P>oundaries of Pensylvania." f Richard Peters addressed the following note to Thomas Penn upon the subject, over the date of 12 June, 1752. •' Mr. Alexander's Letter wc'' I have copied will shew you what sad distracted work the People of New York are likely to make in the construction of their Boundaries, and that Admiral Warren and the Delancy Family are concerned in the Warrants tho not named and that on account of the uncertainty of the Crowns Construction of the Bounds of New York it is thought proper to drop the Su)-- vey here and to apply imcdiately to the Crown for the Grant wc'' however may be ask'' for Lands comprized within certain metes so that J shou'' think y"" Caveat shou'^ be enter*' by youv agent in the proper office at Westminster. "The Capt" is come to a determination of going in his Vefsel w^'' obliges me to close & to refer you to my next by Messard or Shirley who sail next week." :}; That tlie authorities of New York continued to be apprehensive that the Proprietaries still entertained the idea of claiming beyond ■"■ Pfiin. MSS., V, 181. t Idem, v, 185. j:Idem. v, 2;]9. 54 [Senate the " beginning of tlie forty-third degree," is appai-ent f roui the fol- lowing extracts fro;n the minutes of the New York Council, 11 March 1755. "His Honour communicated a Letter from Governor Morris of the 6"" Instant (Pensilvania) desiring the countenance of this Gov- ernment in respect to a meeting of the Six Nations of Indians at CoP Johnson's House this Spring, where M"" Morris proposes to treat with them by Commissioners, and to purcliase of them in be- half of the Proprietors of that Province, All tlie Lands within the same, as bounded in the royal Charter. And desiring that John Lydius who has lately made a Purchase of Lands within tliat Gos-- ernment, in behalf of some People of Connecticut,* may be ])rose- cuted for the same. The Charges whereof he will defray. " As to the first Point, the Council were of Opinion his Honour might signify to Governor Morris his Consent to the propos'd Meet- ing, Provided that at such Meeting no Lands be purchased in behalf of M'. Penn, to the Northward of the Beginning of the 4:S^ Degree of Northern Latitude, which is esteemed to be the Southern Boundary of this Province in that Part, and the Northern Boundary of Pensylvania. " As to the second Point. The Council were of Oijinion, as the Charge against the said John Lydius is general, this Board cannot order a Prosecution against him by the Attorney General, hut that the Government of Pensylvania, might be at Liberty to commence and carry on a Prosecution against him in the King's Namc^'f And also the minutes of 27 March, 1755 : "The Governor communicated a Letter of the 25"' Instant from Governor Morris, touching the Purchase he proposes to make of the Indians in Behalf of Mr. Penn, of the Lands included witiiin the Grant of the Crown ; In which M"" Morris says 'that in Case they can agree with the Indians, he proposes to take the Grant in the express Words of M^ Penn's Charter, and against this he conceives this Government can have no Objection, since this Province, will be after any such Indian Purchase, in the very same Circumstances it is now, as to the Interpretation of the Extent of the King's Grant, for tho' they differ widely in this Point, yet the Claim of this Province will not be at all affected, if tlie Indian Boundaries be the very same with those described in the Royal Charter.' " The Council adhere to their former Opinion on this Matter, entered in the Minutes on the 12"' Instant, and advise his Hon', to send a Copy thereof to Col°. William Johnson, and to signify to him, it is the Opinion of this Board, that he do his utmost to pre- vent any Purchase being made of the Indians, otherways than may be expressly conformable to their said Former Opinion.":]: * Susquehanna Company's Purchase. See II, Appendix L. Lydius does not ap- pear iu the subsequent controversy between Pennsylvania and Connecticut, ex- cept as a witness before the Council at Trenton, to identify the Indian deed of 1754, which he had an agency in procuring. f N. Y. Council Min., xxv, 4. :j: N. Y. Council Min., xxv, 11. No. 71.1 55 Governor Hojt in his " Syllabus of the Controversy between Connecticut and Pennsylvania" says (page 40): " Perhaps it was not altogether ' ignorance ' of bounds that moved onr wortliy predecessors. In the course suggested to ' get rid ' of the deed of 1754 to the Susquehanna Company, under date of July 2, 1755, Thomas Penn writes to Governor Morris, ' When a pui-- chase' (from the Indians) 'is made, I would not have it in words too particular, but to extend to the Northern Boundary of Penn- sylvania without any mention of a degree ' ' I had rather avoid niaking the Government of New York privy to it, as they expect we shall confine our purchase to the forty-second degree, whereas we shall certainly expect three degrees.' " Indian Treaty of 1768. In June, 1754, delegates from several of the Colonies assembled at Albany to consider a plan of union, and to make a treaty with the Six Nations. By this treaty the Indians ceded to the Proprietaries of Pennsylvania all the land west of the Susquehanna river south of a line extending from a point opposite the site of Sunbury, north-west to the western boundary of the Province. This line, drawn upon the map, intersects the present north line of Pennsyl- vania near the north-west corner of McKean county, and would strike the western boundary of the Province, as it was claimed to the •' forty-third degree,"' north of Lake Erie. After the treaty, when the Indians had discovered the true pur- port of the deed Ijy which their chiefs had conveyed away a large territory which they still wished to hold, they became very much dissatisfied, and their discontent was taken advantage of by the Freiich, and this was one of the causes of the desertion of some of the tribes to the French, one of the consequences of which was the fatal defeat of Braddock. In October, 1758, a new treaty was made at Easton by which the Proprietaries relinquished all claims to the lands covered by the deed of 1754, lying north-west of the "Alleghany or Appalachian hills." * The territory thus surrendered included the site of Fort DuQuesne and other desirable spots upon which the whites looked with longing eyes. Fort DuQuesne w^as soon after captured by tlie British, and the influence of theFrench with the Indian tribes south of the lakes began rapidly to wane. Notwithstanding the surrendci- of the lands west of the Alleghanies by the Proprietaries, white set- tlers continued to encroach upon the hunting grounds of the Indians, particularly after the peace of 17ti3. Proclamations were fulmi- nated against them, and early in Febi-uary, 170S, an act was passed by the Legislature of Pennsylvania prescribing the penalty of death to such squatters as failed to remove from the coveted territory within a certain time. But proclamations and edicts were of no avail, and tlie disputes * Smith's Laws (of Penn.) ii, 121-2. 56 [Senate between the whites and Indians as to the proper boundary or limit between thetn had become so frequent that a general treaty wae made in 1768, in which a new boundary was fixed, reaching from the Mississippi to Lake Ontario. By the minutes of the New York Council, 9th of September, it was apparently expected that the claims of the Proprietaries to lands within the "forty-third degree" would be asserted anew. " His Excellency was pleased to observe to the Board that M^ Penn Lieutenant Governor of the Province of Pensilvania was expected in this City, in his "Way to the Congress soon to be held with the Indians for the Settlement of a Boundary Line between tliem and His Majesty's Colonies ; and that M"". Penn he was informed, intends at this General Meeting of the Indians, to purchase of them, in Behalf and at the Expence of the Proprieta- ries of that ProN'ince such part of the Lands to be ceded by the In- dians, as may fall within the Province of Pensilvania which M'' Penn supposes doth extend Northward so far as to include the forty third Degree of Northern Latitude, whereas the Northern liimits of that Province are by the Charter expressly confined to the Begin- ning of the forty third Deg'-ee, and if extended to the End of the said Degree of Northern Latitude, would not only greatly contract the Limits of this Province, but by breaking in upon many Ancient and valuable Settlements under this Government, be productive of great Dissatisfaction and Uneasiness among the Possessors of the Soil. " The liecord of the Charter or Letters Patent from King Charles the Second in the thirty third Year of his Reign to William Penn Esq^ for the Province of Pensilvania, was then Read " llis Excellency having required the Advice of the Board there- upon : and the Council being of Opinion that such Purchase if effected, may greatly prejudice the Rights of the Crown ; therefore unanimously advise his Excellency to apprize Sir "William Johnson of the Information he Las received, and stronglj' to recommend it k) him, as his Majesty s Superintendent of Indian Aifairs, to interpose and prevent, if attempted, the Purchaseing of any Lands in behalf of the Proprietaries of the province of Pensilvania, to the Northward of the Beginning of the three and fortieth Degree of Northern Latitude, tlie utmost Extent of that Province: until his Majestys pleasure shall be known." * The •' Treaty " or convention was held at Fort Stanwix in Octo- ber and November in that year. Governor John Penn (grandson of William) was present during the preliminary negotiations, but before the formal opening of the " Treaty " he was obliged by the " affairs of his Province to set off for Philadelphia, leaving behind him as Commissioners Messrs. Peters and Tilghman.'" The King and Colo- nists were represented by Sir William Johnsi^on, Superintendent of *N. Y. Council Min., xxvi, 128. No. 71.] 57 Indian Affairs, Governor William Franklin, and Chief Justice Frederick Smith of New Jersey, Commissioner Thomas Walker of Virginia, and Richard Peters and James Tilghman from Pennsyl- vania. Eight Indian tribes (including the Six Nations) were present in large numbers. Many belts of wampum were passed, and doubt- less much tobacco was smoked, in the prolonged negotiations between the representatives of the two races. The boundary line had already been practically agreed upon by the treaty of 1765, through Penn- sylvania to a point called •' Oswegy " (Owegy) upon the Susquehanna river, which from the imperfect geographical knowledge of the period was supposed to be at the northern limit of Penn's Province. Beyond this point through New York the direction in which the line should be run seems to have occasioned the greatest discussion. The question was finally satisfactorily settled and a deed was made and signed the fifth day of November by a representative from each of the Six Nations, fixing and describing the line and granting the land east of it to King George the Third. Penn's claim to land« north of the " beginning of the forty-third degree " seems not to have been asserted as was anticipated by the New York Council. The boundary thus agreed upon is described in the deed, " begin- ning at the Mouth of Cherokee or Hogohege River, to a Creek called Awandae, thence down the same to the East Branch of Susquehanna and across. the same and up the east side of that River to Oswcgy,t from thence East to Delawar River and up that River to opposite where Tianaderha falls into Susquehanna thence to Tianaderha " ;{: This line is known in the history of New York as the '* l^iuc of Property;" especially that portion which reached from the Delaware to the Susquehanna, forming the east line of Broome county. That the portion of this boundary agreed upon by the Indians, ex- tending from " Oswegy " east was intended to be in the north boundary of Pennsylvania appears from the letter of Governor Henry Moore of New York to the E:irl of Hillsborough, 37 June, 1769, in which he states, '' The inclosed sketch was sent to * Tennessee River. f "Owegy" on the rude map made by Guy Johnson which is enclosed in Sir William Johnson's letter written to the Earl of Hillsborough, the Colonial Secre- tary, a few days after the date of the Indian deed. It is spelled "Owege " upon the map attached to the Report of the Board of Trade, referred to at page '6i (Sketcii No. 1). This name seems to have been spelled indiscriminately "Os- wegy " and " Owegy " in the various documents, and by the distorted representa- tion of the geography of the country upon some of the maps of the i)eriod, it would seem to have been erroneously placed at the locality afterward known as Tioga Point. A line drawn east from Owego would strike the Delaware a long distance above the point at which the line north to the Susquehanna leaves it, and would have left the Indian villages of Chenango, Chughnut and Ouaquaga in possession of the whites, thus defeating the object of the detour to the Delaware. Upon Guy Johnson's map annexed to the Rev. Charles Inglis' " Memorial concern- ing the Iroquois" in 1771 (N.Y. Doc. Hist. (4'^) iv, 661) " Owegy" is more correctly located and the Indian Boundary is shown by a diagonal line drawn south-easterly from that point to the present Initial Point. J N. Y. Col. Hist., viii, 136. Tianaderha is now known as the Unadilla River. Awandae is now Tonawanda. rSoii Doc. No. 71.] s 5S {Senate me by Sir William Johnson, in order to be laid before the liouse of Asseml)h' and only shews so much of the line as relates to this Province. Pennsylvania is now bounded on the north by the East and West line drawn from Owei>y to the Delaware," * Owegy located upon this map just below the intei-section of the parallel of 42 degrees with the Susquehanna river, and the line drawn East from the point passes entirely south of all the Indian villages on Susquehanna, intersecting the Delaware near the present" Initial Pohit." In the Indian Deed to the Penns, signed at Fort Stanwix the same day that the deed defining the general boundary line between the Indians and the Colonists was signed, the grant to Thomas and Richard Penn covered "all that part of the province of Pennsylvania not heretofore purchased of the Indians, within the said general boundary line and beginning with said boundary line, on the east side of the East branch of the river Susqueliannah, at a place called Owegy and running with the said boundary line down the said branch then up the said river Delaware on the west side thereof to the intersection of it, by an east line to be drawn from Owegy aforesaid to the said river Delaware, then with that east line to the beginning at Owegy aforesaid." Sir William Johnson and the New York commissioners present would not have consented to this grant, had they an idea that "Owegy" was north of the " beginning of the fortj'-tliird degree." In 1774, the line of cession was run east from the mouth uf Owego creek to a point about four miles east of Binghaniton, by Robert Lettis Hooper, and a number of British military land warrants were laid out along the south side of it, in the present county of Broome, forming what afterward became Bingliam's Patent. Coxe's Manor in Tioga county was laid out south of it at the same time. This location of the line of 1708, so mucli farther north than was intended at the time of the treaty, created great dissatisfaction among tlie Six JSations, and came very near influencing them to cast their lot with the Colonists against the British in the Revolution, Such a I'esult from the inaccurate knowledge of the early geography of the coun- try displayed l)y the English officials in their dealings with the In- dians would undoubtedly have materially shortened the war of the Revolution, and have entirely changed the history of the United States. This survey was the sul)ject of discussion at two congresses witii the Indians in 1774, and it required considerable diplomacy on tlie pai't of Col. Guy Johnson, who had succeeded Sir William John- son at his death as Superintendent of Indian Affairs, to induce the Indians to remain friendly to the British, f Col, Johnson, 16 March, 1775, in transmitting the proceedings of these congresses to the Earl of Dartmouth, refers to the subject thus: "The next part of the inclosures contain Transactions with the Chief of the Lower Senecas (a Man of great fidelity) and with a party * N. Y. Col. Hist., viii, 149, 150. f Idem, viii, fjoO-l, and 560-1. No. 71. j 59 of Cayugas, and the last is the substance of my proceedings witli those Six Nation Indians who inhabit about the Susquehanna, and who are much alarmed at finding that the boundary line lately run from Owegy on the before mentioned river to Delaware includes four of their Villages contrary to the intention of tlie Fort Stanwix Treaty in 1768. — This error was occasioned thro' the want of a proper survey of the course of the Susquehanna, at that time, all the Maps then to be found having given it a much more Northerly direc- tion than it appears to have (above Owegy) according to the late survey which leaves tlieir Villages within the limits of the Coloniet- & thereby causes much discontent, not only amongst those imme- diately aifected, but the rest, who have applied to me for redress, as previous to their executing the Deed of Cession they in a public speech stipulated : ' That the Lands of the Mohawks, as also the residences of any others of the Confederacy, affected by the Cession should be considered as their sole property.' And, therefore, it may appear necessary to give them some security for the lands they oc- cupy about the Villages so circumstanced, otherwise at a time where so much jealousy subsists on account of lands and encroachments, this would be aggravated into a high grievance by the Confederacy (who are bound to provide their people with lands) and probably in- cline them to engage in some of these evil Councils or Associations, which it has been my constant endeavours to prevent. I therefore hope to be enabled to signify to them His Majesty's commands thereon, and if I can also receive orders respecting some land (and other) matters mentioned in former letters, previous to the General Congress, that must shortl}^ take place, it will pro\e of great advan- tage to the service, for I find that rejiorts of encroacliments ettc. have spread amongst the Nations to the Westward, and, I likewise discovei", that measures are now in agitation to draw the Six Nations Into the schemes of the disaft'ccted by persuading them, that they are in danger and that their applications will be disregarded ; so that any marks of attention at this time will strengthen their confidence in His Maj'^' wliich I continually labour to promote, than which nothing can be more necessary, wiien not only amongst themselves, but also a great number of the White people are endeavouring to alienate their aifections and even spirit them up to worst purposes. This I have hitherto been fortunate enough to prevent, and under the sanction of Govern'^ I trust, I shall neither prove wanting in zeal or infiuence to render their schemes abortive.'*'"'' The ]nilitary land warnmts located by Hooper were never con- firmed by the British government of the Colony. Aftei" the Revoli;- tion, and the actual line of Pennsylvania had been run, New York found it necessary to extinguish the Indian title to the lands south of Hooper's line, and to grant new w'arrniits for the re-survey of most of the lands he had laid out in 1774-5. X. Y. Col. Hist., viii, 548-9. 60 [Senato The Proprietaries ask to Have Their Boundaries Fixed. The questionof a settlement of the location of the Boundary seemB to have rested until 1774, when the Proprietaries of Pennsylvania, having had their south boundary settled arbitrarily upon a line con- siderably north of that described in the charter, petitioned the King to have the remaining boundaries fixed and marked. Their peti- tion is as follows : *' To the Kings most excellent Majesty in Council : *' The humble petition of Thomas Penn and John Penn Proprie- taries of Your Majesty's Province of Pennsylvania in America [August 26, 1774]. ' Sheweth. '' That on the 4th day of March 1680 His late Majesty King Charles the Second was graciously pleased By Letters Patent under the Great Seal to Gi-ant unto William Penn Esquire (late Father of your Petitioner Thomas Penn and Grandfather of your Peti- tioner John Penn"! in Fee the said Province of Pennsylvania " That the Extent and Bounds of the said Province were ex- pressed in the said Letters Patent in the following "Words (that is t» say) "That the said William Penn and his Children claiming under him have as they humbly hope answered the Purposes for wbicfe the said Province was granted * * * '' That the Boundary Line of the said Province of Pennsylvania hath now been finally adjusted and settled between your Petitioners and the late Right Honorable Frederick Lord Baron of Baltimore in the Kingdom of Ireland Proprietoi- of the Province of Mary- land " That at the Time of the making of the said Grant to the said William Penn the Continent of America was not so well under- stood as the same hath been of later Years for your Petitioners conceive that the province of Maryland (which was granted prior to that of Pennsylvania) as bounded by the Line drawn by the said Commissioners extends now considerably farther Northward than it was apprehended the same would have extended at the Time of the Grant to the said William Penn and it is now certainly known that the Circle at twelve Miles distant from New Castle caii never touch the beginning of the fortieth Degree of northern Lati- tude as the said Grant of the said Province of Pennsylvania sup- posed ; Your Petitioners therefore could not have three Degrees of Latitude according to the Intention of their Grant without en- croaching upon the Province of Maryland and the Line betweea your Petitioners and Lord Baltimore which ought to have been ran due West from the Circle twelve miles distant from New Castle at the beginning of the fortietli degree of nortliern Latitude was run in that direction towards the end of the said fortieth Decree but to No. 71.] 61 the manifest prejudice of your Petitioners Wherefoi-e your Peti- tioners apjirebend that to the Westward of Maryhmd wliere no other Grant interferes they ought to liave the whole Extent of three Degrees of Latitude viz': from the beginning of the fortieth to the l>eginning of the forty-third Degree of northern Latitude. "That your Petitioners also apprehend it is now certainly known that the said River Delaware doth extend to and beyond the beo-in- ning of the three and fortieth Degree of Northern Latitude from twelve miles distance Northwards of New Castle Town yet still the spot at which tlie two and fortieth Degree of Northern Latitnde doth end and the forty third Degree doth begin hath never been fixed and the whole Northern ajjd AVestern Boundaries and the Southern Boundary to the "Westward of Maryland remain yet to be drawn. " That great numbers of People mider Grants from the Province of New York are settled and daily settling in those Parts where (as your Petitioners apprehend) the Northern Boundary of the said Province of Pennsylvania according to the Intention of their Char. ter ought to run and others are settled and daily settling without any Grants whatever in those Parts where (as your Petitioners ap. prchend) the Western Boundary of the said Province ought to run, and an Application having lately been made to your Majestv for erecting into separate Province a large Tract of Land on the River Ohio to the Westward of Pennsylvania unless the Bounds of the Province of Pennsylvania be set out and ascertained Your Peti- tioners apprehend great Contentions m:iy hereafter arise between the Inhabitants of the said Province, and those claiming to be witliin tlie Lines of New York or of such other Province as may be erected to the Westward of Peimsylvania and many Outrages be committed the Perpetrators Mdiereof by reason of the uncertaintv of the said Northern and AVestern Boundaries Avill with difhculty be made amenable to the Justice of any of the said Provinces. "Wherefore your Petitioners most humbly pray your Majesty that you will be graciously pleased to order such disinterested Per- sons in those Parts as your Majesty shall think most proper to be appointed with Power to join with sncii Persons as shall be named by your Petitioners for the marking and ascertaining the ]>eirinning of the forty-third Degree of Northern Latitude on the said River Delaware and for the marking and ascertaining a strait Line to the Extent of five Degrees in Longitude due West from the Place which shall be nsccrtained to be the beginning of the forty third Dec^ree of Northern Latitude to be fixed and settled as the Northern Boiind- aiy of the said Province of Pennsylvania and for the marking and ascertaining a Line due South from the Western Bounds of the said Proviirce of Afaryland to the Beginning of the fortieth Deo^ree of Northern Latitude All which your Petitioners have thouo-ht it i-ight to submit to your Afajesty's ^Vjsdom in Order th;it your Majesty may if you shall so please give Directions that the said 02 [Skx.vtic Lines mav an'oixling'ly l>o I'un to provrnt .iiiy dispute whicli may hereafter arise toueliiin;- the Boundaries of the said Province. " And \ our Petitioners (as in all Putv bounds shall evei- prav From this petition it seems that the elain\ to lands beyond the ** heginnino" of the ft>rty-third Deiiree " l»ad been abandoned. It had become evident to them that King Charles had sold the contid- ini;- Quaker three degrees of latitude and had delivered but little nn>re than two. •lolNl- AvMlON 0)~ rilK (\>I.OXlKS AN1> Esr.VlU.lSUMKN r OK TMK iNmAL Point. The authorities o( both Provinces seem by this time to have been seriously considering the necessity of marking the r)Onndary, but the question of provision for the expenses had first to be settled. As a preliminary to the actuiil business of marking the Botnidary ointed by this and your Province, than if refer'd to Oommissionci-s to be appointed by the King. The Latitude may be determined with the greatest certainty in the months of November and December, by observing the Altitude of the Pole Star above :md below the Pole. In this Method no calculation is necessary, nor is there anv Dependance on the previous Work of othei-s.'' f Tlie Council seems to have taken the subject of the petition ]>romptly into consideration. At a session held September 1, 1774, the following minute was made : " The Council humbly Advise that His Honor do Signify to Governor Penn, that they conceive it to be very expedient, that the Limits of this and the Province'of Pennsilvania In? speedily ascertained and marked out. But that no Engagement e.nn be made for bearing any Part of tlie Expences until the General Assembly have taken* the Subject Matter oi Governer Penn's Letter into' Consideration." ^ Governer Colden, in transmittinof this action of the Council to * N. Y. Tol. MSS.. 0. 147. ^ N. Y. Couucil Min.. xxvi, 407. f Peuu. Arcb., iv. 502. No. 71.] 03 Venn, says : " In the Conversation which I liad with the Gentlemen of tlie Council upon this Occasion, they were of Opinion tliat the Assembly would not be induced to bear our Proportion of the Expence of runing the whole Northern Boundary of Pensilvania, which extends so much farther westward, than We have any proba- bility of settling in many years. Onr Assembly have experienced such a heavy expence attending the appointment of Commissioners under the Great Seal of England, that it may even be apprehended they will not at any rate, clioose to engage in that way. Jjut We do not doubt they would be willing to join with you in Appointing two Gentlemen, one of each Province to deterniine the Latitude on Delawar River, and the northern Boundary, so far as there is any room to imagine the Settlements on either side can extend for a considerable Time to come. In which way it may l>e done \'ery effectually, at much less Expence." * At another meeting of the Council November 8, another minute was read as follows : '• His Honor tlie Lieutenant Governor laid before the Board a Letter from The Hono'''^ : John Penn Es^j^: Gov- ernor of Petmsylvania informing his Honor, that the Surveyors on the Part of that Province, were set out, and requesting his Honor would direct the Surveyor on the Part of this Province to proteed as soon as possible to the River Delaware, and in conjunction with the Pennsilvania Surveyors to fix the Forty second Degree of North Latitude being the Boundary between the two Provinces. And the raid Letter liaving been read, the council humbly advise that his Honor do request Cap*^ Holland to act as Surveyor on the Part of this Province, and instruct liim to act in Conjunction with the Sur- veyors on the part of Penusilvania in ascertaining the said Latitude 'efore mentioned.''^ As surveyor on the part of the Province of Pennsylvania, Dr. David RittenhoiLse had been appointed. Capt. Holland was an officer in the Briti-h Army. Pie was Surveyor-General of Lands in the northern district of America. Dr. Rittenhouije had previously made observations for latitude upon the boundary of New Jersey. Capt. Holland and Dr. Rittenhouse went promptly at work, as appears from their report Mhich was submitte«i to the Council 2-5 Jan., 1775. This report is as follows : " Whereas, The Honorable Cadwalader Colden Es^^uire Lieu- tenant Governor of the Province of New York with the Advice of liis'Majesty's Council did on the Eiglith day of Novcmljer last, Nomi- nate and appoint Samuel Holland Esquire ifecto proceed in conjunc- tion with M"^ David Rittenhouse, or sucli Person as might be aj>- pointed on the part of the Province of Pennsylvania to tix the be- ginning of the 43'* Degree of North Latitude on the Mohawk or Western Branch of De!awai-e. and to proceed Westward as far as the season would permit along the Beginning of the said degree which is the Boundars* between the Provinces of New York and Pennsvlvania. * Penn. Arch, iv, 57S. -f N. Y. Council Miu., ixvi, 413. 64: [SENA.TK And Whereas the Honorable John Penn Esquire Governor «fec*, of Pennsylvania did on the twenty fourth Day of October last nomi- nate and appoint the said David iiittenhouse to proceed on the like Service in Conjunction with the said Samuel Holland or such Person as should be appointed on the Part of the Province of New York ; Now We the said Samuel Holland and David Ritteuhouse beg Leave to make the following joint Report of our Work viz^ Having in proceeding up the said River made several Observa- tions with a good Hadley's Quadrant, in order to Determine nearly the Latitude required, We fixed our Instruments on the spot marked A in the Annexed Draught as most convenient for our purpose, particularly an excellent Astronomical Sector of six feet Radius made by Mr. Bird, with which we made the following Observations wheu the several stars were on our Meridian. 1774 Nov"" 19''' Zenith distance of (^ Lyra + refraction =- 23 Zenith distance of a Cygni + refraction = 24 Zenith distance of a Lyra + refraction = 24 Zenith distance of cz Cygni + refraction = 26 Zenith distance of Castor + refraction =- 27 Zenith distance of a Lyra + refraction = 27 Zenith distance of u Cygni + refraction = From tlie above observations compared with the Declination of the Stars as determined by D"^ Bradley, corrected by Aberration and Nutation We conchided our Latitude to be 42° 00' 1".3 that is 132 feet too far North allowing 102 feet to a Second, Double this distance viz 2ij4 feet We measured on a Line bearing S 60° E in order to avoid the River, and there in a smnl! Island marked B in the Draught planted a Stone with the Letters ^'I'^w-york, q^^^ ^^^ ^^g gj j^ j^^jj ^^^ ^\^^, Top i.AT. 42^ VAR. 4^^ 20'. Thence due West on the West side of Delaware River, We collected a Heap of Stones at Higli Watermark and in the said West line 4 Perches distant, planted another Stone as at C with the Letters Pennsylvania q^^ ^^ ^\^q South side and on the Top Lat 42^"^ Var. 4'^. 20' and from thence due West 1 8 P. marked an Asli Tree. But the rigour of the Season prevented us from pro- ceeding farther. SAMUEL HOLLAND. DAVID RITTENHOUSE."t Dated at PniLADELPniA the 14"' December, 1774. ''•' *X. Y. Council Min., xxvi, 417-8. f Dr. David Rittknhouse was accounted one of tlie ablest astronomers and mailiemaliciaus of liis tiun^ He was of German descent, and was the son of Matthias and Wilhelmina Rittenbonse. He was born 8 April, 17;-{'3, in German- town, Penn. Injiis infancy, his father, who was a paper manufacturer, aban- doned the occupation and removed to Norritou, in Montgomery county, and en^raged in farming. David, until the age of eighteen, was employed upon the farm, but was constantly occupying himself with mathematical studies and dia- 3° .24'. , 40' 2 29 23 o u 24 38 2 29 22 9 38 36 24 39 2 29 18 A Sketch No. 2 . Map No. 211 . OFFICE OF SeCRETAftY OF STATE Albany. N.Y. ■ farm"; but waa couatantly occupyiug himself with mathematical studies and dia- No. 71.] 65 Sketcli No. 2 is a copy of the '* Drauglit " referred to in the report.* We have very little information as to the preliminary work done by Messrs. liittenhouse and Holland before reaching tiie point which they settled npon as the approximate latitude. Anioni^ the papers of George Palmer now in possession of the Historical Association of Pennsylvania is a field-book of a traverse of the Delaware river, a copy of which is given in the Appendix (App. G). Tlie-traverse, or survey of the river from a point some distance below the present Port Jervis, terminates 15 November, 17T4-, at a " beech stump cut high for ye observation," we can only infer from the dates that Messrs. Pitten house and Palmer gradually felt their way up the Delaware until this point was reached. That this w^as probably the case is shown by Mr. liittenhouse's account for his services in whicli grams. He frequently displayed proofs of his mechanical genius. Wlien he was eighteen years of age, his father set him up as a clock and mathematical instru- ment maker. He made most of his own tools, and applied himself to his studies and work until the age of twenty-five. His uncommon talents attracted the attfMitiou of John Lukens, afterward Surveyor-General of the State, and, through the influence of Mr. Lukens and a few other friends, he was induced to take up astronomical work and surveying, in the pursuit of which he himself made, or bad made by his brotlier Benjamin, the chronometers and other instruments nec- essary to his practice. He is said to have invented the vernier compass now in use in ordinary surveying. The Penns employed him, in 17G3, in gefgraphical work, preparatory to fixing the Delaware and Maryland boundary, particularly upon the " New Castle Circle." He was married in 176(5, 20 February, to f^leanor Colston, wlio died, and he afterward married Hannah Jacobs, December, 1772. November 17, 17G7, he was made Master of Arts by the College of Philadelphia; and, in 1709, was employed as astronomer upon the boundary line between New Jersey and New York. In that year, too, he was one of tlie gentlemen appointed by tlie American Philosophical Society to observe the transit of Venus, the ob- servatory for which purpo.se, in Philadelphia, was constructed under his direction. He removed his residence to Philadelphia in 1770, when he constructed his celebrated Planetarium. In 1773, and again in 1781, he was Appointed a commis- sioner for improving the navigation of the Schuylkill river. In conjunction with Captain Samuel Holland, of the Royal Engineers, he fixed the Initial Point of the boundary between New York and Pennsylvania in 1774, and in 1785 he was ap- pointed one of the commissioners for completing this boundary. He had previously, in 1784-5, been engaged upon the continuation westward of " Mason and Dixon's " line, and in rvmning the west line of Pennsylvania. He was ac- tively employed upon the New York boundary during a part of 1786. but. in 1787, he was engaged upon a commission appointed by Congress to settle the boundary between Massachusetts and New York. He was State Treasurer from 1776 to 17S9, and, after the completion of his boundary work, he devoted himself to astro- nomical observations, and was also engaged in the superintendence of surveys for some of the earlier public works of Pennsylvania. He was the author of a number of published scientific papers, and succeeded Dr. Franklin as president of the American Philosophical Society. He died 26 June, 1796. ♦Portfolio Map No. 211, OflBce of Secretary of State, Albany, N. Y. [Sen. Doc. No. 71.] 9 &Q [Senate he charges for time spent in surveying the river from Philadelpliia to this point.* Here after three or four days engaged in preliminary preparations they commenced the observations which were to lix for time to come the starting point of the Boundary between two great States. Governor Coldeu on 26 June, 1775, sent the following message to the New York General Assembly : " Gentlemen, In the month of August last, Governor Penn made an overture to me, for settling the boundary line between this Province and Pennsylvania. He very justly observed that, as the settlements under both governments were daily approaching the line, it was of gi'eat importance to have the boundary marked without delay. The gentlemen of the council were of opinion that it would be sufficient at this time, to find the beginning of the 43d degree of latitude upon the Delaware and Susquehannah rivers ; to mark those points, and so much of the boundary line as lies between them. They advised me to appoint Samuel Holland, Esquire, to perform the work on the pai't of this province, in conjunction with the per- sons whom Governor Penn should appoint on tiie part of Pennsyl- vania. "Mr. Holland and Mr. Rittenhouse went upon this work in November last, and lixed the latitude on Delaware river. They met with unexpected fatigue and danger, from the severity of the weather, which made it impossible to proceed an 3' further I send you Mr, Holland's account ; he has advanced a considerable part of the amount, and I recommend to you, gentlemen, now to make provision for the payment of this service, which I have reason to think has been accurately ])erformed,"f and upon the 15th of March the Assembly passed the following resolution : " That it is the opinion of this committee that there be allowed unto Samuel Holland, Esq. for his services on the part of this colony, in conjunction with Mr. Rittenhouse on the part of Penn- * The following copy of Mr. Ritteuhouse's bill was taken from the Penn MSS., xi, 81) ; " The Honorable The Proprietaries to D. Rittenhouse, Dr. "1774, Dec. "For 70 days of my own time spent in determining the Beginning of the 43'^. degree of Latitude on the River Delaware and sur- veying the sd River from thence to Philadelphia at 34f £119 „ „ "1775., Tune. " For continuing the survey of the river Delaware so far as it is * a boundary of the Province of Pennsylvania 5 days at 34f per day £8 „ 10 „ " To Cash paid for Provisions on the latter Survey £6 „ „ £133 ,, 10 ,, 0" [Endorsed on the back] "1775^ Aug. 20"' charges p'' V D. Rittenhouse | £133,, 10,, 0" J fJour. N. Y. Gen. ABsem, 1775, pp. 17, 18, No. 71.] 67 sylvania, in fixing the beginning of the 43'' degree of Latitude upon the River Delaware as per account, the sum oi I 202 13 6."* And tlnis, with only the intersection of the "beginning of the three and fortieth degree of North Latitude" with the Delaware River, marked upon the ground, the matter rested until after the Revolution. Action of the States Preliminary to a Resumption of the Survey. The war had no sooner ended than the merchants of Philadelphia began to agitate the question of inland navigation and commerce. And upon the 15 Sept., 17S3, the General Assembly of Pennsyl- vania received a report from the committee appointed to confer with the merclumts upon this question, and adopted a series of resolu- tions, among which was the following: " "Third, — To examine the navigation of the Susquehanna to the sources of the same, and ascertain as near as conveniently may be where the northwn boundary of this State will fall, particularly whether any part of Lake Erie is within the State of Pennsylvania, taking ])articul;ir notes of the nature and geography of the country as to the practicability of roads, water carriage, air, soil, natural pro- ductions, &ca."t Upon the 20 of the same month the General Assembly appointed "William Maclay, James Wilkinson and William Montgomery :j: com- missioners to perform the duties mentioned in the resolution above quoted. The Commonwealth had by treaty on 23 October, 1784, extin- guished the Indian title to all the land covered by Pena's original charter lying north-w'est of the line of property fixed in 1768, and it was quite desirable that its northern limit should be settled, both for the purpose of bringing the lands into market, and to fix a new boundary between the whites and Indians, who still retained their hold upon the lands in New York west of the line of 1768. Upon 18 Feb., 1785, the General Assembly of Pennsylvania took action as follows : " The report of the committee appointed to confer with the Com- missioners &c., read February 10, was read the second time and adopted as following (viz.) " Tlie committee appointed on the eleventh instant to confer with the Commissioners elected in pursuance of the third resolution of the General Assembly, adopted tlie fifteenth day of September 1783, to examine the navigation of the Susquehanna, and to ascer- tain as near as conveniently may be where the northern boundary of this State M'ill fall etc., beg leave to report. " That the ascertaining of the Northern boundary of this State is * Idem, p. 73. f Penn. Arch , x. 129. X William Montjromery resigned, and upon 17th August, 1784, Joseph Mont- gomery was pointed in his place. 68 [Senate rendered the more immediately necessary by the late purchase of territory from the Indians, and the design of opening the Land Of- fice for the Sale of lands bordering on the said boundary especially as your committee are well informed that the six nations of Indians have appointed one of their Chiefs to attend the Commissioners on the part of this State in running and marking the said boundary line as early as the season will admit. •* * * * * * " That your committee have conferred with two of the said Com- missioners, and find that they are nearly pi'epared and propose to set out on the business about the first of April, but as greater accu- racy seems now to be requisite in ascertaining the northern boundary, than was formerly in contemplation, a further supply of mathe- matical instruments may be necessary. ''Your Committee therefore offer tiie following Resolutions, " Resolved, That the Commissioners appointed in pursuance of, the said third resolution of the General Assembly of this State, adopted on the fifteenth of September 1783, be directed to proceed as early as may be to execute the objects of their appointment so far as may be done without proceeding up the Susquehanna beyond the limits of this State, being careful to mark the north boundary line thereof in such manner as that the same may be I'cadily known and understood by the Surveyors and settlers, also by the Indians who may approach the same. " Resolved," [this resolution authorizes the payment of sums nec- essary for purchasing instruments, provisions and other necessaries for tlie said service, not exceeding fifty pounds to each of the said Commissioners]. " Resolved, That the President and Supreme Executive Council of this State be desired to inclose the foregoing resolutions to the Governor of the State of JSTew York and to request that Commis- sioners on the part of that State may be appointed to run and mark a temporary line between the States of Pennsylvania and New York, in conjunction with the Commissioners of this State; and that the Commissioners of this State be directed to meet at the north-east corner of this State, or Station point as heretofore settled, on the first day of April next."* Governor Dickinson at once transmitted the resolutions of the General Assembly to the Governor of New York in the following words : " We inclose Resolutions passed yesterday by the General Assem- bly of this Commonwealth and request that Commissioners on the part of your State, may be appointed to run & mark a temporary Line, according to the said Resolutions. The Commissioners on the part of this State arc,"t [names not given J. The Legislature of New York responded very promptly to the action of Pennsylvania and passed upon 7 March, 1785, " An ACT *Pena, Arch., x, 412, 413. f Penn. Arch., x, 4 -?/, No. 71.] 60 for running out and marking the jurisdiction Line between tliis State and the Commonwealth of Penns^-lvania." This act, after reciting the action ah-eady taken bj the two States (Provinces), in 1774, in lixing the Initial Point at tlie Delaware, pro- vided for the appointment of three commissioners by the Governor who should meet the commissioners appointed on the part of Penn- sj^lvania and "then and there run out, mark and ascertain the said Line of Jurisdiction between this State and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania^ beghming at the Place so fixed and ascertained by the said Commissioners as above mentioned, on the j\Iohawl\ or Western Brancli of Delaware^ at the Beginning of the Forty-third Degree of North Latitude, and from thence to ]>roceed Westward, along the Beginning of the said Forty-third Degree of North Lati- tude, as far as this State and the said Commonwealth of Pennsyl- vania border on each otlier.''* These commissioners were also " empowered to employ a Sur- veyor or Surveyors, Chain-bearers and such and so many other Per- sons as may be found necessary to perform the executive Pai-t, in running, marking and ascertaining the said Line, in Conjunction with such Person or Persons as may be appointed on the part of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, for that Purpose ; and such Line so agreed upon, approved of, and consented to by said Commission- ers, or any two of them, and such Person or Persons as shall be appointed by and on the Part of the Commonwealth of Pennsyl- vania^ being reported to the Persons administring the Government of this State, and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, for the Time being, and ratified and confirmed by the Legislature of tliis State and the Legislature of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania^ shall hereafter be the Line of Jurisdiction between this State and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania^'' and an appropriation of one thousand pounds was made for the purpose of defraying the expenses.f Four days afterward Governor Clinton transmitted to Governor Dickinson a copy of this act with the following remarks: "Previous to my receipt of your Excellency's Letter of the 19th February, inclosing Resolutions of your General Assembl}^, a Bill had originated in our Legislature for running and marking the ju- risdiction Line between this State and Pennsylvania, which has since passed into a Law, and I have now the Honor to inclose you a Copy of it. " Your Excellency will perceive that instead of a temporary Line between the two States, which appears to be the object of your As- sembly, our Law provides for the establishment of a permanent Line; and 1 flatter myself, that upon a reconsideration of the matter, your Legislature will concur in the Idea. I presume it will be ad- *Laws of N. Y. (Jones and Varick). i, 194, 195. f Laws of N. Y. (Jones and Varick). i, 194, 195. An Act supplementary to this Act, providing for filling vacancies iu the Commission was passed 21 April. 1787 (Jones and Varick), ii, 172. 70 [Senaie mitted if a temporary Line only was to ran, it should be done with accuracy to prevent the obvious inconveniences which the Borderers would be subject to as tlie Settlements advance on either side ; and the consequent broils which the two States might be involved in by an incorrect Line in the lirst Listance, and in this Case there can be but little additional expeuce incurred in rendering it perfect and permanent. " By the Act, you will observe, it is left with our Council to ap- point Commissioners tor this Service on the part of this State, which shall be done, and Their Mames transmitted to your Excel- lency, and every other necessary Arrangement made on our part for carrying the business into effect, so soon as 1 shall be informed of the Concurrence of your State."* Pennsylvania responded 31 March in the following action by the General Assembly : "Whereas, it appears by documents and papers laid before this General Assembly, that the Legislature of the State of New York have by law provided for the running out, marking and ascertain- ing the boundary line between the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the State of New York, so that the same may be the lixed and permanent line of jurisdiction between the said States. " Resolved, that the resolution of the fifteenth day of September, 1783, for appointing Commissioners for certain purposes therein mentioned and the resolution of the eighteenth day of February last, for enlarging the powers of the Commissioners appointed in pursuance of the said resolve of the fifteenth day of September aforesaid, so as to enable them to run out and mark a temporary line of jurisdiction between this State and the State of New York, be, and the same hereby are, rescinded and made null and void. " Resolved, that the Executive Council be, and the said Council is hereby empo\vered to draw orders on the Treasurer of this State for the payment of such sum or sums of money as shall appear to be due to each of the said Commissioners for any services due or ex- pences borne by them, or either of them, under their appointment, as aforesaid." f These resolutions were supplemented by " An Act to authorize and enable the Supremo Executive Council to appoint commission- ers, to join with the commissioners appointed or to be appointed on the part of the State of New York, to ascertain the northern bound- ary of this State from the river Delaware, westward to the north- west corner of Pennsylvania," which was passed the same day. The Council appointed David Ritten house and Andrew Porter as commissioners under this act, and 6 April, Governor Dickinson transmitted to Governor Clinton a copy of the new law with the names of the new commissioners. By the passage of the new series of Resolutions by the Pennsyl- vania Assembly, rescinding the previous action for fixing a tempo- *Penn. Arcb., x, 422. f Penn. Arch,, x, 710. No. 71.] 71 rar}^ line, the commissioners previously appointed, Messrs. Maclay and Montgomery, were relieved from duty. Apparently the only act performed by these gentlemen which appears on the record was, the purchase of a transit instrument,* 22 Feb., 1785 at an expense of thirty pounds. It is possible they may have accomplished more than this, in establishing a temporary line, as we shall presently see. These gentlemen were advised of the appointment of the new com- missioners l)y the Secretary of the Commonwealth about three weeks after the passage of the rescinding resohitions. Upon 2 May following, Gov. Clinton wrote as follows to Gov. Dickinson : " Since I had the Honor of receiving your Excellency's last Letter, Phillip Schuyler,! James Clinton :|: and Simeon DeWitt, Esquires have been appointed on the Part of tiiis State for i-unning and as- certaining the jurisdiction Line between your State and this, so that nothing now remains to be done, but the appointing a Time for the commencement of the Business and making the necessary arrange- ments for carrying it into execution. I should suppose if these were *Dr. Rittenhouse in his letter 12 May, 1785, called it a "small astronomical Quadrant." f Schuyler did not act. ' j Qen. James Clinton was the third son of Colonel Charles Clinton, who set- tled in Ulster county. New York, in 1781. Col. Clinton was an excellent mathe- matician, and frequently practiced land surveying. He was judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Ulster county, aud a man of wide influence. James Clinton was born 9 August, 178G. In 1757 he was commissioned ensign in the Provincial army, aud in 1759 had attained the rank of captain, and commanded a company at the capture of Fort Frontenac. He continued in the Provincial service until 1763. In tliat year ho raised and commanded a battalion of four companies in defense of Ulster county against the Indians. At the close of the war he retired to private life and married Mary DeWitt, by whom he had four .sous, the third of whom, DeWitt Clinton, born in 1769, was Governor of New York, and father of the Erie canal. In 1770 Col. Clinton was appointed surveyor upon the New Jersey and New York boundary by the New York commissioners. At the out- break of the Revolution, while a delegate to the First Provincial Congress, be was appointed colonel of the Third New York Regiment. In 1776 he was pro- moted to brigadier-general, aud was engaged in the expedition again.st Canada Under Gen. Montgomery. With an insufficient force in 1777 ho was stationed at Fort Montgomery on the Hudson, and made a firm but unsuccessful defense against the attack of the British army under Sir Henry Clinton. He was wounded, but escaped capture. In 1778 he was stationed at West Point, and constructed the chain across the river to intercept the enemy's ships. June 1, 1779, Qen. Clinton, in command of 2,000 troops, moved by way of Otsego lake and Susque- hanna river to join Sullivan in his expedition against the Six Nations. At the time of Aruold'b treason he was ordered to Albany and took command of the northern department. He was present at the surrender of Cornwallis at York- town. Gen. Clinton was a member of the tlrst Board of Regents of the Univer- sity, appointed in 1784, and in 1785 he was appointed by Governor Clinton, who was his youngest brother, as one of the commissioners for the survey of the Penu- sylviura boundary. Elected a delegate to the convention of 1787, which formed tlie Federal Constitution, he resigned the boundary commissionership. He was member of assembly from Ulster county in 178S, and was in that year elected State senator and served four years. He represented Orange county in the as- sembly in 1800-1, and was a member of the State (.Constitutional Convention in 1801. His death occurred 22 December, 1812. The late Vice-Chaucellor Clintoa of the Regents of the University was a grandson of Gen. Clinton. 72 [Senate to be submitted to the Gentlemen respectively appointed to perform the service niirtters Might be so concerted by them as not only to facilitate it andt- save expences but so as best to suit their own Pri- vate Conveniency. I shall be happy therefore if this sentiment should meet with your Excellency's Concurrence."* 'i'liis letter was tran-mitted to Messrs. Kittenhouse and Porter with the following note: ''I received the inclosed Letter from Gov'r Clinton late last night ; & as his proposal of a Cori'espondence be- tween you & the Commissioner.-; of the State of New York, appears very proper to be adopted, I think it necessary that the Communica- tion should be made to you before you set out on your journey to the westward." f Dr. Rittenhouse responded as follows, May 8 : "1 thank your Excellency for communicating Governor Clinton's Letter. I likevvise received one last evening froui Mr. DeWitt one of the Gentlemen appointed by the State of New York for ascer- taining the Boundary Line. He proposes their meeting us at Phila- delphia to concert measures for carrying the business into execution, and wishes to receive our propositions by the next Post, as he is going to set off soon for Albany. He says they must depend on us for the necessary Instruments. I believe there is no Instrument tit for the purpose in this part of America excepting the 6 feet Sector belonging to Mr. Penn. But I have been for some time emploj'ed in making one which will be much more ])ortable than that of Mr. Penn, and I doubt not, equally accurate. It might soon be finished if I was not obliged to go to the westward.:}: " Whether the Northern Boundary may be deferred to another season Council alone can determine. I wi-h it might, as it seems scarcely possible to attend to both this Sunnner; if not I see nothing more eligible than the plan agreed on viz', for me to return some time in June, But I wish to remind your Excellency how little my Constitution is adapted to so much fatigue. "§ Governor Dickinson replied the next day that the Council had "thought proper to direct, that you & Coll. Porter should proceed to the westward agreeably to their instructions of the 6th inst. and that you should enter upon an immediate correspondence with the New York Commissioners and with them, determine when you can proceed to ascertain the northern Line."|| Dr. Rittenhouse wrote 12 May to Hon. James Irving, Vice-Presi- dent of the Council, thus : " When the marking a temporary Line between this State and New York was talked of a small astronomi- cal Quadrant was purchased for that purpose, it is very portable Jind would be useful on the western Line, not for the purpose of running the line or fixing the N. W. corner but for correcting the Geography *Penn. Arch., x, 450. f Idem, x, 454. |:Tlie line between Pennsylvania and Virginia upon which Messrs. Rittenhouse, Porter, and Elllcott were commiasioners, was run in 1785. It was on this account that the survey of the New York boundary was deferred until the next year. ^. § Penn. Arch., x, 454. | Idem, x, 455. T3 \^l^U s./^' vJ to be i the se facilit; vate C meet "< Thi with t CI into tween very p tion si the \v€ Dr. "1 Letter of tlie taiiiint del phi; and \v going for the for tli( belong in mali Penn, if I w "W season scarce 1 more e time ir Consti Gov " thou^i to the that v<: New"^ proeee' Dr. dent o betwee cal Qn; would the hn< *Peai tThe Porter, i that the gPeni Trennsyivania ana runs luence eastwara aiong saia Liine. [Sen. Doo. No. 71.] .--^10 SKE3TCH No. 4 . W K N _"_ Georye_Palm£rlsLin£__ JZ84^ T O R D 1 Q i> •^ 6 ^ ^/ JL—^-— 1^ [. — Parallel- of Latitiute 4-ii", Rfrndem. Camp^^J-'^''^^- Y Scale i.sooo N N 0- -- U ^ ^ ! ^ ^ u S''? X tL N I A i No. 71. J 73 of the Country, as it is public property and at present in my pos- session 1 would not hesitate to take it with me if 1 was assured that it will not be wanted by the Gentlemen who were «;-()iiii>- on the tem- porary Line. I shall be much obliged to you for any information oa this matte r." * Independent Surveys fok the Location of Lands. Meanwliile, settlers were impatiently awaitins: the formal action of tljc two (States preparatory to the final adjnstment of the line. Numerous appHcations were received by the Pennsylvania Land Office for the location of warrants in the north-eastern part of the State, and in 1784: Surveyor-General Lukens sent George Palmer to the ])oint lixed b}^ Rittenhouse and Holland, with instructions to expa)re the Boundary as far west as the Susquehanna, and lay out warrants in the north part of the present county of Wayne. June 1, Mr. Palmer reached the Initial Point and after a search of an hour and a half, found the monument which he had assisted in placing ten years before, and from which he ran a line west to the Susquehanna, a distance of twelve and live-eighths miles. His diary and field- book of this survey are now in the possession of the His- torical Society of Pennsylvania, and copies of these, as well as his commission as Deputy Surveyor, are given in Appendix G. Sketch No. 3, is a copy of Mr. Pahner's plot of this Survey .f The diary of two of his assistants is also given in A])pendix G. The original is also in the possession of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Mr. Palmer, upon the completion of the survey of this portion of the line, proceeded to lay out warrants based upon it from the Dela- ware river to a point seven miles west. When the present line was run two years afterward the latter diverged to the south from Mr. Palmer's line until at the Susquehanna river they were 454 feet apart. :}: There is no doubt that the surveys of several of the earlier tracts in the south-east part of Broome county, New York, were also based upon the Palmer line. The latter is still held as the land boundary at and near mile-stone 2. And a point near milestone '^ the Palmer line some 371 to 391 feet north of the present line "'^s held until 1865 by Pennsylvania owners as the true line. * Penn. Arch., x, 458. f Sketch Xo. 4 shows the relation of Palmer's line to the State line. I I'ho descriptioa of Hooper's 2000-acre Tract g-ranted in 1785, bea^inshere. The survey was made by James Clinton in 1T8G (the map was fiU'd ia tiie Secretary's onic(^ June fj,) probably while he M'as runninjj tlie Boundary. lie commences his certificate thus : " Began the Survey of Hooper's Tract on Pennsylvania Line at a Stake and Stones by it marked Pa. on one side and N. Y. on the other side, 6.88 ch. South from the random line standing on the East bank of the Susque- hanna River and run from there along the Pennsylvania line south 80^* ^5' East 100 ch." Tlie random line referred to was probably George Palmer's line of 1784, as the commissioners "Random" was south of Clinton's place of beginning. The description in the original grant before the survey was made, runs, '' Beginning on East bank of Susi^uehanna River on the Jurisdiction Line between New York and Pennsylvania and runs thence eastward along said Line." > ■ [Sen. Doc. No. 71.] - '^ 10 74 [Senate! Palmer's line was continued wefet to the second intersection of tlie river in June, 1784:, b}' Deputy Surveyor WilKam Gray, who based the surveys of a tier of warrants upon it. In the nortli-west corner of the State, the Legislature of Penn- sylvania liad set apart a tract of land as a donation to the Pennsyl- vania soldiers who served during the Revolutionary War to whom the warrants of survey were issued. The warrants in District No. 10 were surveyed by David Watts in 1785 and returns were made by him to the Surveyor-General 12 Feb. 1786. A map of the dis- trict was made from the returned surveys by direction of Surveyor- General Lukens, upon the margin of which are the following legend and certificates: — "A draught of the Surveys JlJade in District No. 10 of the Donation Lands by David Watts, Deputy Surveyor of said Diftrict as returned by him into the Surveyor Geni. Office February 12'" 1786 Protracted from a scale of 200 perches to an Inch Magnetic Yariation." "Surv. Gen>. Office, Aug. 21, 1786. " The above Draught is constructed from and compared with the Original returns remaining in my Office. " Jn° Lukens, S. G." "Surveyor General's Office Septemher 23, 1834. " I certify that the above draft is a copy of the Original made in. conformity with an act of Assembly passed 16^'' Februarj^, 1833. " Jacob Spangler, S. G. " " This District is boanded North by the Northern Boundaries of the State.'' The Donation Lands were set apart by a proclamation of Governor Mifflin in which the boundaries are described thus : " Beginning at the Mouth of Mogulbughtiton* Creek thence up the Allegany Kiver to the mouth of Conawaga Creek thence due North to ^he Northern Boundary of this State thence West by the said Boul^ 1- ary to the North West Corner of the State thence South by tl e Western Boundary of the State to the North-West Corner of Lands appropriated for discharging depreciation Certificates and thence by the same Lands to the place of Begirming." f The proclamation is dated 24 April, 1789. After the present State line was ran and the Holland Land Com- ' pany eonnnenced its surveys in New York, many of these Donation warrants were found to be in the State of New York. John Cochran, Deputy Surveyor of Erie county, Pennsylvania, was directed by the Surveyor-General to examine into the interference. Sketch No. 5 exhibits the situation as he found it * Mahoning Creek. f Penn.Pbysick. MSS., iv, 284. 0\^ Lines. I ' I CD! R ~| ~-~^~~-JL^: Z <^ 2- Ld > _ iii'*/j di 2I47| ~20{W __ 2003 2002 2001 Sketch No. 5. CLYMEIR --^------ le Is n- 011 ia, " •136.' Ko. 71.] 75 Among tlie papers formerly in the possession of the late Jacob Fatzin«»er, Jr., now deposited witli the Historical Society of Pennsyl- vania, is a large map in pencil, much dilapidated, evidently a compi- lation by George Palmer from his surveys along the Delaware river and in the north-eastern part of Pennsylvania. It shows that a line west of the Susquehanna below Great Bend, had been surveyed, the miles being numbered from the west, terminating at the left bank of the river at a beech 3G miles and 20G perches. The west portion of the map is torn off, so that the starting point does not appear, but it was doubtless at the Susquehanna river east of Waverly. This line bears the legend, " S. 87 E. supposed to be at or near the Northern Boundary of Pennsylvania." Xew York and Pennsylvania are each designated " Province,'' Indicating that the map may have been made before or during the Revolution. The line here shown may have been run by the Proprietaries at the close of the Revolution as a temporary limit to their warrant surveys. When it was done, or by whom, is unknown, as no field-notes or other memoranda relating to it have been found. It was probably a short distance south of the present line as at one point in the north- west part of Susquehanna county, an old line about a quarter of a mile south of, and nearly parallel with the Boundai'y, has long been known as the '' Old State Line." The second tier of warrants south of the Boundary in Susquehanna county, Penn., west of the Susqueiuxnna river were evidently l)ased upon this line, as the warrants which were surveyed in 17S4-5, are in each case, for over twenty miles, bounded on the north by the "State of New York." This tier of warrants bounded thus, has been traced into the eastern part of Bradford county. The early surveys of the lands south of the Susquehanna river, in Broome and Tioga counties, were also based upon a temporary line partly run in 177-i or 1775, by Robert Lettis Hooper, upon which, at the west end adjoining the river, he laid out a British Military Land Warrant, which, with several tracts east of it laid out (upon paper) in 178G,* were found in 1810, to encroach upon Pennsylvania lands. It is hardly ])robable that this line was identical with that shown upon George Palmer's map. It terminated on the left baidc of the Susquehanna, at its w-estern extremity, at " a Birch tree marked on two sides with three Kotches a blaze above them," nearly a mile below the present boundary. At its eastern extremity at the mid- dle intersection of the Susquehanna river, it was probably north of the present line. Deputy Survej'or William Maclay, who was one of the commis- sioners appointed by the General Assembly of Pennsylvania in 1783,f in 1784 or 178.5 ran a line, which he designated as the " Temporary line of the State," across the Susquehaima Valley and Chemung Flats in the north part of the present county of Bradford. This line is from one-half to five-eighths of a mile south of the present * See chapter upon " Early Land Surveys." f Penn. Arch., x., 130. \ 76 [Senate boundary, and forms the north line of the tract of " Northumber- land Lottery" warrants, laid out by him in 1785. And for three or four miles across and near the Tio<^a Valley near milestone 90. Maclay is known to have run in 1785 what ho designated in the surv^ey of two large warrants, the "Temporary line of York State," which was apparently a trifle north of the present line. The presumption is that he, under his appointment as commissioner, ran this tempo- rary line through from one river to the other. How much further west he ran is unknown. A couple of warrajits M'e-e laid out in 1785, in the vicinity of milestone 100, whieh- were probably based upon a continuation of this line. Maclay's line was continued east of the Susquehanna river, but was never used as a base line for warrant surveys, unless the line through the north-east part of Bradford and north-west part. of Sus- quehanna counties, referred to above, was a prolongation of this line. Maclay's line may be the line indicated upon the George Palmer map. Thus it seems that attempts were made to locate the eastern 90 or 100 miles of the Boundary before the States were ready to act. Survey of 1786-7. Although the commissioners of the two States were appointed early in 17S5, in consequence of the engagement of the conmiissioners from Pennsylvania, upon the western boundary of that State, it was summer in 1786 before they were ready for operations on this Boundary. No field-notes or diary relating to their preparations or the survey itself have ever been found, and all the information we have relating to their operations is contained in their brief formal reports and a few letters. Andrew Ellicott, \vho had been associated with Messrs. Ritten- liouse and Porter upon the survey of the western boundary, as a commissioner for Virginia, had been appointed an additional com- missioner on the part of Pennsylvania for the siuwey ot the north.ern boundary, and upon 3 April, 1786, Mr. Rittenhouse wrote him, "By direction of Council I wrote some time ago to the gentlemen appointed by the State of New York for running the northern boundary of this State. I have received their answer; which is, that they will meet us at Philadelphia on the 20th of this month, in order to concert measures for carrying that business into execu- tion. It will be necessary for you to attend, and I shall confidently expect you — 'till then, I must defer many things I have to say to and settle with you : perhaps copying the Nautical Almanack may wait until I see you. Hurry of business will not permit me to add more."* Mr. Ellicott's connnission was not issued until 16 June, 1786, and was signed by the Hon. Charles Biddle, Vice-President of the Supreme Executive Council. When the commissioners commenced operations in the field, we have no information, but a letter from Ellicott to his wife was writ- V * Barlon's Mem. of Rittenhouse, p. 239. n ^ -^ ^ l «3l^ \\is\ifi |fll?j^ | //l n 1 a. ; " l^5» i '^ i /^^ * ^ ' ''N"> Hl ^ ^H*^ ^ty^tt - i-/?v' " ~7*Banon'8 Mem. of Rittenhouse, p. 239. Fold-out Placeholder out is being digitized, and will be inserted at future date. No. 71.] 77 ten from the "Banks of the Susquehannali, August 6"', 1786.'" Ac- cording to Ellicott's letter to Robert Patterson, quoted eUewhere, their iii-st observations for latitude at this point were made upon the night of 21 July. In 1 786, ninety miles were completed, as appears from the re- port wliicli is signed by Ellicott, Clinton and DeWitt, and is as fol- lows : "We tlie subscribers being appointed Commissioners agreeably to Laws severally Enacted by the Legislatures of the commonwealth of Tonnsylvania, and the State of New York, for the purpiise of running and marking a Boundary Line between the said States, to begin at the River Delaware in forty two Degrees N'orth Latitude, and to continue in the same Parallel of fortj' two Degrees, to the western Extremity of the sd. States, — Have in conformitj- to our appointment finished ninety miles of the sd. Boundary, extending from the River Delaware to the Western side of the South Branch of the Tioga River, and marked the same with substantial mile stones. Witness our Hands and seals, this twelfth day of October in the year one thousand seven hundred and Eighty six, 1786."* Commissioners Clinton and DeWitt transmitted to Governor Clinton of New York, a copy of the report with the following let- ter dated December I, 17SG: " Sir By virtue of our Commission and agreably to the Act of the Legislature made for that purpose we have in conjunction with the Commissioners appointed on the ])art of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania run and marked the Jurisdiction Line between the said Connnonwealth and this State on the Latitude of forty two Degi'ees from the Delaware to the South Branch of the Tioga River comprehending ninety Miles as will appear by the Instrument of writing signed by the said Connnissioners and herewith inclosed to your Excellency. " We have to observe that the accuracy which a work of such im- portance demands and the difficulty of transporting provisions to a distant part tlirough an uninhabited Country has augmented the ex- pertsc to a sum higher than wdiat we at first apprehended, altho' we trust that by our accounts it will appear that the greatest CEconomy has been observed, and that, if it shall be deemed necessary for this State to prosecute the business the next season in conjunction with Pennsyh^ania a farther supply by the Legislature for the purpose will be requisite. " The Commissioners of Pennsylvania are directed by a Law of that State to continue the running of the Line even if New York should omit to co-operate with tliem.''f Of the operations in 1787 we have a few more details, although even these are quite meager. Andrew EUicott and Andrew Porter acted as commissioners for Pennsylvania, and Abraham Harden- bergh and William W. Morris for New York. Mr. Rittenhouse *Penn. Arch., xi, 522. f Clinton MSS., xxi, 5790. 78 [Senate being engaged in settling the boundary between Massachusetts and New York was unable to continue actively upon this Boundary, al- though he retained his position as a commissioner. March 15, 1787, the Governor of Pennsylvania addressed a note to Governor Clinton of New York, as follows : "I have the honor to inform your Excellency, that as the Season for resuming the business of the partition line between this State and that of New York is now fast approaching, The Commissioners of this State have it in instruction to communicate with the Com- missioners of yours upon the measures which must necessarily be Concerted previously to their setting off, and that for this purpose will attend at New Yoi*k on the 25tli day of this month." * Simeon De Witt, in a communication to Governor Clinton, 27 March, transmits, "the particulars of the accounts of Expenses incurred in running and marking the Jurisdiction Line between this State and Pennsylvania the general heads of which have already been exhibited to your Excellency I exj^ected to have had in my power to present them earlier but the authenticated accounts from the Pennsylvania Gentlemen which Mr. Rittenhousc informs me have been sent by the post a considerable time ago have never come to hand.f This has obliged me to make a Jorney to Philadelphia. * Penn. Arch., xi, 125. f This bill of expenses covers four foolscap pages. The following abstract, with a few of the items given in full : "The State op New York To James Clinton and Simeon De Witt, Dr : " Forone half of the expense ace'' of the Commissioners from New York and Pennsylvania in running the Jurisdiction Line £669„16„ 3 "Abraham Hardenbergh's wages as Surveyor from the 12 June 1786 to the 2'' Nov. 144 days at 24*\ per Day 172, ,16,, " John Thorntons wages as Commissary from the 18 June to the 28 October, 4 months & 10 days, @ £12 per month 52,,00„ " 2 Horsemans & 2 Soldiers Tents ; 30,, 5,, — "Medicine 4,, 4„ 9 929,, 2„— " Simeon De Witt's wages as Commissioner from the 6 July to the 28 Oct'. 115 days and 15 days going to Philadelphia returning and procuring the necessaries last Spring, in the whole 130 days at 40«. per day 260., 0,, " Expense to Philadelphia lately 61,, 4,, 1 "James Clintons wages as Commissioner " N. B. General Clinton not being in town and the precise number of davs he served not known his charge for wages is left blank. " Or. By Cash from the Treasury £100„00„00 " Account of Articles purchased and Incidental Expenses for running the Juris, diction Line between the States of New York & Pennsylvania by the Commis. sioners of New York " * * * Then follows a long list of bills for supplies and transportation itemized in detail, amounting to £326,,16,,10. Among the items of supplies were 5^ barrels (32 gallons each) of Rum, 2 barrels of Spirits and a half barrel of Brandy. " General Clintons expense ace'" amounted to £46„12„1. This included thetrav. eliug expensee of 8 men. No. 71.] 79 The provisions and expences were by mutual agreement made a common Charge by which I am persuaded they have come lower than otherwise they would have done. The Commissioners of Penn- sylvania are directed by the Executive Council to enter again on the business as soon as the season will admit. They are preparing ac- cordingly to commence by the first of June and expect the coopera- tion of this State. " Enclosed is likewise an Estimate delivered by them of the prin- cipal necessaries that will be required for the ensuing season which it is supposed will finish the Line. The remoteness of the place from the inhabited Country and the difficulty of transporting heavy articles through the Wilderness will make this seasons work more expensive than the last and a suflicient supply of money will be wanted for the purpose. The duties of my ofnce will not permit me to leave it this summer it will therefore become necessary to have some other Gentleman appointed in my room as a Commissioner. " I shall only farther observe that Pennsylvania has a Purveyor appointed to purchase the Stores superintend the Conveyance of them and have every necessary in order so that the Commissioners " Mr De Witts Expence Bill " was £18-3-9 " Cap' Hardenberglis Expenses " 5-4-1 " The mens account at 8 Thomas King, from June 6 to Nov. 1, 4 mc Mathew Dennison 13 David Clark Do Dollars per month )nths, 24 days .... M. Oct. 23 4 Do 4 Do 4 Do 4 Do 4 Do 4 14 4 Nov. 15 5 Oct. 2S 4 Do 4 Do 4 Do 4 Do 4 Do 4 Do 4 D. 12 12 12 12 12 12 3 3 10[.' 10 8 8 8 8 8 £15- 7^ 14- 1-6 14- 1-6 B. Carney Do J. Patterson Do 14- 1-6 14- 1-6 Geo Tavlor Do 14- 1-6 Andrew Gault Do A. Hains Do Jno. Belknap Do D'' Bosworth Do J* Morrow Do 14- 1-6 13- 2-6 16- 6-6 }ic.\ 13-17-4- 13-17-4 Eleazer Church Do George Church Do Robert Shannon Do 13-13— 13-13— 13-13— John Wemp Do Andrew Thompson Do Do Blacksmith's work 13-13— 13-13— 1- 4— " Deduct 4 mens wages for 22 days in Y' s ~ 226- 9-0 9- 7-9 from June 25 to October 28 Days " Hendrick Wemp's wages as interpreter \ at 10 Dollars per month 4 months & 2 " Moses DeWitta wages as an additional Si to 22' October, 75 days at 2 Dollars p( " Two pack-horses & Bridles «&° ... 217- 1-3 16- 8-0 irveyor from the 9"^ !r day August 60- 0-« 13- 10— - ' £704- 6-1" From this account it seems that New York paid upon the cost of surveying the first 90 miles of the Line (not including Gen. Clinton's " wages") $4,750.27. 80 [Senate have no time to loose from tlieir peculiar employment by making the previous arrangements and continually attending to them. This I mention in order tliat it may be considered wJiethcr a similar ap- pointment M'ith us would not be productive of CEconomy." "" In consequence of Mr. De Witt's f inability to act as Commis- sioner, the New York Legislature, 21 April, 1TS7, passed an Act supplementary to the act of March 7, 1785, which provided, " That it shall be lawful for the Person administring the Government of the State for the Time being, by and with the Advice of the Council of Appointment, to appoint and commission ucider the Great Seal of tills State, one or more Commissioners to continue the running ont, marking and ascertaining the Line of Jurisdiction between this State and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the lloom of such of the Commissioners appointed by virtue of the Act entitled, An A.ci for running out and tnarking the Jurisdiction Line he- tween this State and the Coramonwealth of Pennsylvania, as shall have resigned, declined the office, be sick or unable to attend the same. And that the Commissioners so appointed or such tico^ and not more than tftree of them as the Commissioners of the Land Office shall direct, are hereby authorized on the Part of this State to meet such Person or Persons, who may have been or shall be authorized and appointed on the Part of the Commonwealth of Pennsylv^ania aforesaid."" X Under this law William W. Morris was appointed commissioner in Mr. De Witt's place, 3 May, 1787, and Abraham ILirdenbergh was designated in place of James Clinton. Capt. llardenbergh had been the surveyor for the New York Commissioners the pre- vious year. April G, 1787, Mr. Ellicott wrote as follows upon the preparations necessary to be made for tiie summer's work to Mr. Biddle: " I have arranged my affairs in this state, and intend setting out for Philadelphia on the last of this month to assist in making such preparations as may be thought necessary to compleat the northern *Cliutoa Papers, MfeS.. xxi, 5841. f Siineoa De Witt was bora iu Ulster county, New York, 25 December, 1756 He received a fine education at Queens College, from which he graduated iu 1776. He joiued the army under Gen. Gates and was present at the surrender of Burgoyne. He was Assistant Geographer of the United States army from 1778 to 1780 and Qeographer-in-Chief to 1783, and was with the army at the sur- render of Cornwallis. He was appointed Surveyor-General of New York 13 May and held the position until his death. During his service most of the lands in the northern and western portions of the State were laid out under his direc- tion. Among these lands was the Military Tract, to the townships of which Mr. De Witt gave the names of classical military heroes. On 1796 Mr. De Witt was offered the position of Surveyor-General of the United States, but declined it. He was appointed a Regent of the University 13 March, 1798, was chosen Vice Chancellor of the University 3 February, 1817. and Chancellor 24 March, 1829. He published a fine map of the State of New York in 1804; and prepared a very detailed atlas of the State, showing the land subdivisions in each county, which was published in 1829. Mr. De Witt was a member of many literary and scien- tific societies. He died at Ithaca, 3 December, 1834. J Laws of 1787, chap. ciii. No. 71.] 81 boundary this ensuing summer. In tlie mean time it may be ad- visable for Mr. William Ai'rastrong to procure the pack-Horses that may be M^antiug, and make the other preparations for conveying our Instruments, &c., to Middletown, From that Gentleman's exertions last season, I am induced to place much confidence in him this. The Seneca Chiefs who attend on behalf of their nation, will expect two rifled Guns, I remember speaking to you on this subject last fall." * And again upon 16 April, " This day two weeks I shall set out for Philadelphia to attend on the northern boundary, and do think it highly necessar}^ that everything should be done by the commissary that we may be enabled to set out for Middle Town by the 7tli day of May next. I have procured Horses for myself, in consequence of which I have been under the necessity of drawing upon Mr. Ritten- house for the sum of sixty pounds, which I desire you would instruct him to pay ; the draught is at sixteen days sight, and therefore not payable 'till after I shaU have the pleasure of seeing you in Phila- delphia." f The final Peport of the commissioners signed by Messrs. Ellicott, Porter, Harden bergh, and Morris, is as follows: " We the subscribers being commissioned agreeably to Laws sever- ally enacted by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the state of NeM' York for the purpose of running and markuig a Boundary Line between the said States in the parallel of Forty-Two Degrees of North Latitude beginning at the River Delaware and extending to a meridian Line drawn from the South West Corner of the Com- monwealth of Pennsylvania. " Have in conformity to our appointments extended the said Line from the ninetieth Mile Stone to Lake Erie, and marked the same in a lasting and permanent manner by Milestones or posts surrounded by mounds of earth where stones could not be procured. The Stones at the several points where Latitude was determined are large and well marked, and contain on the south side Pennsylvania Latitude 42* N. 1787, also the variation of the magnetic needle. On the North side New York and their several distances from the River Delaware. " Witness our Hands and Seals this Twenty ninth day of October, One Thousand seven Hundred and Eighty seven." :j: This report was transmitted to Gov. Clinton by the New Yo.ik commissioners with the following letter dated 21 Dec, 1787 : "We have the honor of herewith transmitting to your Excellency the Joint Report of the Commissioners of the State of New York and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, respectively appointed, to ' run out and mark the Jurisdiction Line ' between those States ; together with a Geographical Map§ of the Line and -'» ?S4 '^^I'V adja- ■'^^'b,'* — '■ — * Penu. Arch., xi, 134, 135. t Peuii. Arch., xi, 526. t Mem, xi, 140. § Portfolio Maps No. 167 and 303 in office of Secretary of State Albany. Also Penu. Arch., xi. [Sen. Doc. No. Tl.] 11 82 [Senate cent ; as also an account of the Expenditures which this State has incurred in the prosecution of the business the last season — We trust that on an accurate Inspection of this account it will appear that it has been comjDleated with as much CEconomy as could have been expected from the distance at which the business commenced and the Expences which necessarily attend extensive Land Transpor- tation, especially tlu-oiigh a wilderness — " The delineations on the Map have been done with as much ac- curacy, as attention to the Observatory and other matters more im- mediately relative to the Line would admit of, and no part of the Country'has been laid down thereon but M^iat has either undergone actual Measurement or Observation. " Throughout the whole of this business the Line has been deter- mined at distances of not more than Thirty two nor less than Twenty miles, by Latitude deduced from a course of Astronomical Observa- tions with a Sector of upwards of Five feet Radius accurately con- structed for the purpose, on Six principal Stars the places of which are well ascei'tained, and no Observation has been taken into the Account which differs materially more than four seconds from a mean of the other Observations at the same position — " Thus prepared, and from having constantly observed those pre- cautions we are encouraged to assure your Excellency that no error of more than half a Second of a Degree equal to Fifty and an half Feet could possibly have been committed at the Points where the Latitude was so determined." ""'i Commissioner Porter f thus briefly announced to the Pennsyl- vania Executive Council the completion of the boundary from Philadelphia, 28 November, " I have the pleasure to inform Council that we have compleated the Northern boundary Line of this State ; Enclosed you have our Keport. A Draught of the Line will be compleated in a few weeks & delivered to Council." Andrew EUicott, 19 Dec, in that year, addressed the Executive Council of Pennsylvania, as follows : * Clinton MSS., xxi, 5924. \ Gen, Andrew Pokter's father, Robert Porter, emigrated to America from Ireland in 1720, and settled in the present Worcester township, Montgomery county, Penn, Hon. Andrew Porter, one of his nine sons, was born 24 Sept,, 1743. He early showed a taste for mathematics, and although apprenticed as a carpenter, his father determined on fitting him for the occupation of schoolmaster. t3ecom- ing acquainted with Dr. Ritteuhouse, the latter was so satisfied with young Por- ter's attainments that he advised him to move to Philadelphia and open a mathe- matical school, which he did in the spring of 1767. He conducted the school with success until 1776, when he suspended it to enter the service of his country. He had 10 March, 1767, married Elizabeth McDowell, by whom he had five children. She died 9 April, 1773, and 20 May he married Elizabeth Parker by whom he had eight children.^ In 1776, 19 June, Congress commissioned him captain of marines. He was soon ali,^ "transferred to the artillery as captain. In 1782 he was pro- moted to the mapirity of the Fourth Regiment of Artillery in place of Major Eust- ace, whom he had killed in a duel. Eustace had grossly insulted him and was chal- lenged. The duel took place 18 April, 1781, and Eustace was killed instantly. Capt, Porter was tried by court-martial and acquitted, and the Supreme Esecutive No. 71.] 83 " Having been concerned in running all the Astronomical Bounda- ries of the Commonwealth, and possessed of all the observations, (which are very numerons) used in determining the different limits of the State. In mj opinion now the business is compleated, it will be necessary to have some record, or rathej* a publication of the Observations, together with the methods that were pursued on that occasion ; not only for the satisfaction of the parties concerned, but also for the advantages which the science of Astronomy may derive from such a publication. I shall be happy in having a conference with any Gentlemen of your Body on this subject, and have no doubt but it may be made advantageous both to the State and to your H'bl Servt., "AND'W. ELLICOTT. "P. S. I will undertake arranging the Astronomical Observa- tions by which the boundaries of the State were determined, and also add such Observations as we have made on the Soil and Natural History of the country thro' which we passed, for the sum of £150, hard Money, or the value thereof in Paper, one half of the money to be advanced, and the other half to be paid when the work is finished — the work to be the property of the State, and ready for publication on or before the first day of June next."* An economical spirit doubtless pervaded the Supreme Executive Council at that date, and that Mr. Ellicott M'as not encouraged to carry out his intention of putting his observations on paper for the benefit of the pubUc as no document of the kind has ever been found, among the archives of Pennsylvania, or among his private papers. In the year 1806 the late Dr. Pratt endeavored, by extended cor- respondence with government and State ofiicials and descendants of Mr. Ellicott, to ascertain if any of his notes or memoranda relating to the New York and Pennsylvania boundary (more especially relating to the Meridian Boundary) were in existence. The researches were in a great measure fruitless. The correspondence on the subject is given in full in volume I of the Regents' Bound- Council of Pennsylvania immediately promoted him with rank from the day after the duel. He was afterward promoted to lieutenant-colonel, and colonel of the Fourth Regiment, which rank he held when the army was disbanded. He was attached to Gen. James Clinton's brigade, and accompanied him in his descent of the Susquehanna river to join Sullivan in 1779. After the clo.se of the war he retired to his farm, and in 1784 was engaged as commissary with the commission for extending Mason and Dixon's line; and in 1785-6 was a commissioner for run- ning the western boundary of Pennsylvania. In 1787 he acted in the same capac- ity upon the New York and Pennsylvania boundary. In 1800 he was appointed one of the commissioners to settle the controversies between the Connecticut set- tlers and Pennsylvania claimants in Luzerne county, but resigned soon after. The same year he was commissioned brigadier-general of Pennsylvania militia, and shortly afterward was promoted to major-general. April, 1809, he was appointed Surveyor-General of Pennsylvania, in which position he served until his death, which took place at Harrisburg 16 Nov., 1813. Porter's Journal, kept while engaged in the survey of the western boundary of Pennsylvania, is printed iu No. 3, vol. iv of the Pennsylvania Magazine of History. *Peim, Aich., xi, 316. 84 [Senate aiy Report, pages 316-329. In one of the letters from Mr. John A. McAllister of Philadelphia, occurs the following statement: " I am under the impression that some of the papers of Andrew Ellicott were in the possession of the late Peter S. Du Ponceau, for many years President of the American Philosophical Society, Mr. D. died in this city in 1844 — his papers became the j)roperty of his son-in-law, Garesche, and after his decease passed into the hands of a daughter of the latter, who contrary to my ni'gent wishes, sold the greater part of them to a rag dealer. I managed to secure a few of them, & Mr, Kline our Autograph dealer also some. Mr. D. was a great collector of Maps, Surveys & other documents relating to lands in your State. His position as Secretary to Mr, Livingston, & as an attorney for foreignei's residing here or abroad, gave him an opportunity for gathering together material of that character. Mr. D. may have presented some of these matters to the ' American Philosophical Society.' " Hon, J. C, G. Kennedy, a grandson of Mr. Ellicott, says: "And"^ Ellicott always preserved remarkably full notes of all his services." We can only infer that the cupidity of a thouglitless woman induced her to barter away a mass of invaluable memoranda, to increase her stock of tinware.* Details of Operations and Incidents in 1Y86-7. Were such a report as he proposed to make to the Executive Coun- cil to be found, it would unquestionably furnish us a much better idea of the methods employed and instruments used by the original surveyors in running this line. Almost the only information on the subject is contained in a com- munication addressed 2 April, 1795, to Robert Patterson, by Mr. Elli- cott. This paper is preserved in the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society,f and opens with this brief introductory sen- tence : " I herewith present you with a considerable number of Astro- nomical Observations, which, you will observe, were generally made on some very important occasions." Then follow several pages relating to the extension of the southern line of Pennsjdvania, and running the western line of that State, giving all the astronomical observa- tions taken for the purpose of determining the positions of these hues, and especially the position of the south-west corner of the State. He then remarks, in" a preliminary way, " The state of Pennsyl- vania is bounded on the north by the 42" of north latitude. This line extends from a point on the Delaware, (which was fixed by Dr. Rittenhouse and Capt. Holland in the year 1774,) and extends west to Lake Erie. It was completed in the years 1786 and 1787. In order to carry on the parallel of latitude with as much expedition * See note on this subject under the head of "Original Surveys "on the Merid- i:in Boundary. [ Trans. (1st Series), iv, 39. 'No. 71.] 85 and economy as possible, we dispensed with tlie method of tracing a hne on an ai-c of a great circle, and correcting into a parallel as pursued by Messrs. Mason and Dixon, in determining the bound'ary between this state, and the state of Maryland, and which we fol- lowed in completing their line in the year 1784. We commenced our operations by running a guide line west, with a surveyino- com- pass from the point mentioned on the Delaware 20J miles and there corrected by the foUowing zenith distances taken at its western termmation by a most excellent sector, constructed, and executed by Dr. Rittenhouse," and follows with detailed notes of observations and results along the entire Parallel Boundary. A^'othing farther is said of the metliods employed or the instruments used. So far as it relates to this Boundary, the letter presents simply a mass of astro- nomical data. By the dates given in the letter and the meager con- temporary information which has been obtained, we are able to trace the original commissioners in their progress upon the line. The iirst run of 20^ [20|] miles brought them to the right bank of the Susquehanna below Great Bend, "in the latter part of July, 1786. They were engaged at this point upon astronomical observa- tions, which are given in full in the letter, fi-oni 21 July to 5 Au- gust.* The results from these observations showed that they were l'\S, or 738 feet, too far south. The correction was made and the First Latitude Stone, which was marked " 20 M 29 ch, Yar 3° 32' West,-' was set to mark the point. " The guide line was corrected back to the Delaware," in what manner is unknown. It was prob- ably done by measuring computed offsets from the mile points in their random line and setting the milestones at the new points thus fixed. It is hardly probable that they undertook to re-run any of the intervals between their correction stations. It was from this station, on the banks of the Susquehanna, that Mr. Ellicott wrote as follows to his wife, under date of 6 August 1786, " at 10 o'clock at night : " — * ' " Mj dear, Being determined ro omit no opportunity of writing to you, I now embrace one with pleasure, nay with more than pleasure, because it recalls to my mind the happiness I enjoy when at Home in my domestic situation — I have just returned from attending divine service of the Indians in their camp — This Mall appear no doubt strange to you, but stranger yet^ when I assure you that I have found more true religion and Christianity among them, than with the white inhabitants on the frontier ; they are of the church of England and have the service complete in their own Language -they sing psalms to admii-ation ; much superior to the Dutch Methodists in Baltimore. Pray do nut fail informing our frien d Dr. West of this circumstance — The In- *In a foot-note Mr. Ellicott here remarks: " At this Station a number of obser- vations were rejected, on account of iheir disagreement, which we fortunately discovered was owing to the atmosphere being affected by the numerous fires we kept up to keep off the flies, musketoes, and gnats, which are very troublesome in that part of the Country." 86 [SEJSfATE dian town of Shanang* is about 12 miles from onr present position. The head Sachem with his family have been with us many days — he has a daughtei' by the name of Sally and a niece who lives with us, and share in all our amusements such as cards, and draughts, commonly called checkards — Commissioner DeWitt has taken a pic- ture of the daughter which I intend to have coppied large by Billy West — So mucli at present on account of the Indians — our busi- ness goes on very well — the New York Commissioners are agreeable and judicious gentlemen, which contributes not a little to render our situation as agreeable as could be expected — but as agreeable as they are I nevertheless dread the de])arture of my good friend Mr. Rittenhouse whose abilities and industry give me much leisure at present — but as great as his abilities and industry may be, his other qualities still go beyond them — We have our health very "well but I have frequently found the gout troublesome, and without ever com- plaining quietly submit to almost daily attacks — I am so very busy with tlie stars this night that I neither have time to coppy this or even read it after it is written — many particulars I shall write when Mr. Rittenhouse returns. Pray remember me to my good friends in Baltimore — and believe me with devout prayers for your welfare and the health of little ones to be. Your affectionate & Loving- Husband. " AND'W ELLICOTT."t Dr. Rittenhouse also wrote a long letter to his wife from this point upon the same date, from which we extract tlie following : " It is six long weeks since I have had thehappniess of seeing you or hearing from you ; and this is the first opportunity I have had of conveying a letter to you, since I left Wyoming. As I cannot hope to receive a line from you until we approach nearer to the habit- able world, my next greatest pleasure is to inform you of tlie favour- able state of my health; this pleasure is indeed damped in some de- gree, by my fears that you will not give full credit to what I say, though I mean to bide strictly by the truth. The liead-ach has been unknown to me, almost ever since I left you ; my cough, though much better is not quite removed ; and I have no other complaint, except that which will never leave me in this world : this, however, far from being worse than usual, is certainly something less trouble- some ; which I attribute to my being more at liberty to use mode- rate exercise, and less exposed to summer heats than I should be at home. This seems to be a diffei-ent climate from that you are in ; the weather is constantly cool, but not cold. We are at present situated on a pleasant bank of the Susquehanna, about fifteen miles above the mouth of the Chenango, one of the principal branches of this river. From this place to Middletown in Lancaster county, is, by estima- * This town was npon the site of the present city of Bingham ton. It is desig- nated "Otsiningoo" on Guy Johnson's map 1768, and "Ofewingo" on Evans' map 1755. Dr. Rittenhouse spells it " Chenango." f Regents' Rep't on Boundaries, i, 263. No. 71.] 87 tion, 270 miles along the river : much of the road is very bad, so that we had a tedious journey. " At Chenango, there are a few Indian families settled, amount- ing to forty souls. Some of these people frequently visit us, and bring us tish and venison ; in return for which, they are very desirous to have flour or salted provisions : and we live in the greatest harmony with them. Five or six days ago, one of the Onondaga Sachems with his family came up in tliree canoes, and encamped in the evening, just below us. Next morning, we received a message from them, requesting an audience for two young ladies of the family. To this, a proper answer was returned (General Clinton having prudently brought an interpreter with him,) and at the time appointed they were introduced to us in our tent imattended by any other Indians. After a draught of punch, and a decent silence, our visitors were told that we were ready to hear what they had to say. The eldest of the two, a fine girl of about twenty, and extremely well dressed, with a becoming modesty made a short speech ; con- cluding with an handsome apology for acquitting herself no better, on account of her youth and sex. The purport of her speech was, that thinking it would not be disagreeable to us, they were come to spend a few days in our company : that they were poor, and in want of provisions, especially flour ; and hoped we would furnish them with a sn^all portion of our stores, — at least for present use, whilst they staid with us. We eiiicouraged them to bring us fish and other fresh provision ; in return for which, they should have salt meat and some bread. Business being over, some cheerful conversation ensued : and we had reason to think our interpreter went much further than he was warranted to do ; for he made some proposition which the young lady negatived strongly, though we are ignorant of what it was. He was then bid to assure them, that no insult should be offered, and that they might visit us at our tents whenever they pleased : to this one gentleman added, that we would treat them as we would our own country women. " It seems the old interpreter mistook the word treaty and con- strued it, the giving them victual and drink : in cruisequence of this mistake, the ladies expected to dine with us every day. They then departed, seeming well satisfied ; but in the afternoon we received a message from them, complaining that we had already broken the treaty, in not sending for them to dinner. To this we eent a verbal answer, with an apology, and letting the ladies know we should expect them to tea. To my great surprise, we then received a writ- ten note, thanking us for our kindness and promising to drink tea with us, — siijned, Jacoioe and Sally : it was in the Indian language, and written by Miss Sally herself. We now thought it our duty to return a written compliment likewise ; and this intercourse ended with a verbal message from Miss Sally, assuring us, that she thought herself honoured by our letter and would carefully preserve it. The ladies did not fail to come; and have drank tea every day, 88 [Senate and sometimes dined with ns. They are cheerful and agreeable ; but cannot, or will not, speak one word of English. Mr. De Witt draws prettily, and is taking a very good picture of the young princess, which I hope to have the pleasure of shewing you in a few weeks. I have mentioned their writing, which you will be surprised at : but these Indians are in some measure civilized ; many of them have learned to read ; — they have the Common Prayer Book of the Church printed in their own language which is the Mohawk. The family now with us have several books with them ; likewise paper, pens, and ink. Every evening, the females jointly sing several religious hymns, and their music is at least equal to any of this kind I have heard: the old mistress is very devout, and sometimes says her prayers with great fervency. They are, nevertheless, still Indians ; and Miss Sally will sit, with all her finery about her, flat on I the ground for hours together, under a miserable bark shed, making! buckskin shoes, until her eyes are almost smoked blind ; then by way of relaxation, she and her cousin will step into a little tottering canoe, where, standing upright, they row away with incredible swiftness. " You will excuse me for entertaining you so long with an account of these poor wretches. But your news, and your politics, are almost forgotten. Still, my principal happiness is, that not only waking but frequently in my dreams, I feel all that esteem and af- fection for you, which I hope will never end. My companions are agreeable enough ; but as every one has his own humours, it is by no means a desirable thing to be cooped up in a little tent, night and day, for weeks together with any one. I want something to employ my leisure hours. This I could do by writing, but here is no'privacy: I am at present obliged to write badly and in a small hand, to prevent its being overlooked. I cannot think of taking my departure for Philadelpliia, until we approach nearer the inhabited country ; our next station but one, will be at or near Tioga, and from thence I shall return." '" From the First Latitude Stone another guide line was started west, probably upon the bearing deduced from the new variation observed (3*^ 32'). This terminated upon the Apalachin flats in the present borough of Little Meadows. Here upon the nights of 17 to 21 August, they were engaged upon astronomical work, the results from which showed their observatory to have been 7", or 708 feet, too far south. This correction was made and the Second Latitude Stone was set. Of this monument no vestige now remains. The same process of correcting back was gone through with and a new guide line was started upon the new variation (3'^ 40'), which was run to the left bank of the Chemung river west of the village of Waverly, N. Y. Here the results of their observations, which occu]3ied them from 1 to 10 September, showed that they had run 3''.8 (384 feet) too far north. The correction was made and the * Barton's Memoirs of Rittenhouse, p. 241, etc. Ko. n.] 89 Third Latitude Stone was set. The remains of this stone were found in 1877, and authenticated by the testimony of parties wlio had seen the inscription before the monument was broken down. It was inscribed "60 M 69 Ch." " Var. 1*^ 50^" It was replaced with a new monument in 1881. Dr. Rittenhouse probably left the j^arty at this point. A new random line was started west from this monument and was run for a distance of nearly 29 miles (the preceding intervals wei'e 19 or 20 miles each) to the left bank of the Tioga river upon the " Coy ease Flats " * where the astronomical results showed that they had run too far south by ■i'.8 (486 feet). They were occupied with their astronomical work at this point from 22 to 30 September. The correction was made and the Fourth Latitude Stone inscribed " 89 M. 53 Ch." "Yar 2'' 30' " was set. This is not now to be found, having been washed out by freshets in the river. At mile- stone 90, 27 chains west of this monument, the commissioners sus- pended operations in 1786 and went home. It is upon the section between the third and fourth stations that recent observations show the greatest variation from the astronomi- cal parallel of 42 degrees. At " Station "Waverly " the third lati- tude stone (about a mile west of the station) was found in 1879 to be 144 feet too far north, and at " Station Lawrenceville " near the site of the terminal station of 1786, the error was but 120+ feet to the north. The hue between in the reconnaissance of 1877 was found quite convex to the northward, varying in the center, south of the city of Elmira, nearly 1,000 feet to the north. The next season operations were resumed 11 June, at this point, by running a random Hne west about 19 J miles to the valley of Troup's Creek. Here again were observations taken for correction occupying them from 19 to 29 June, and it was found that they had run 12".4 (1255 feet) too far north. This correction was made and the Fifth Latitude Stone set near the bank of the creek. This monument was marked on the north side. N. YORK 109 M & 36 ch. and upon the south side 1787 PENNS^ Lat42 Yar 1° 52' Weft. It was undermined and broken by a freshet, and its site is now occupied by the bed of the stream. The upper part of the monument was found some forty years ago and set up in the line fence about 800 feet west of the creek. While re-subdividing Township 1 of Range 3 of the Phelps and Gorham's Purchase, A\ . H. Bull at one point came upon the random *EIlicott and Porter call them in 1787, tlie " Cawwaniskee Flats." [Sen. Doc. No. 71.] 12 90 [Senate line of tlie original survey of this section of the Boundary, and mis- took it for the true line. He made this memorandum in his field- notes, " 30.90 marked a Hemlock tree for 144, 145 on the old pack horse line supposed to be the State Line through mistake, the dis- tance to the Pennsylvania line would be 36.54." This was between milestones 95 and 96. In the re-survey of Township 1, Range 4 ("WoodhuU, Steuben county), in 1792, Robert James made the following " Remarks in 6"" Mile West side N° 1, in 4 R." " 61 . 17 To an Hemlock tree marked N" 1, on North side with these figures 1789 blazed on the E. & W. sides also blazed on S. side three hacks cut therein the former Surveyor had made his corner here supposing it to be the Pennsylvania line but he was Mistaken for it is the Random line to the Pennsylvania line." " 76 To the Pennsy'* line marked a stake "" * * * * oi^e Mile & 15 Chain West of the 106 Milestone in the Pennsylvania Line." From the Fifth]Latitude Stone, a new start was taken, and a random line was run west into the valley of Honeoye creek, or as it was then called, "Owantandago Branch," about a mile east of the present Alma post-office. At this point the astronomical results from obser- vations extending from 7 to 19 July, showed that they had run too far north by 15", or 1518 feet. In measuring off this correction to fix the place for the Sixth Latitude Stone the distance carried them entirely out of the flats upon the very steep slope of tlie mountain. Here a very substantial slab of sandstone was set up which still remains intact. It is plainly marked on the north side : NEW YORK 136 M 50 CL and on the south side ania PENNSYLV Lat 42° Yar 0° 45' W. 1787. In 1792, while running the west line of Township 1 of Range 5 of the Phelps and Gorham's Purchase from the north, Thomas Djivis " Came to a Random line and stake set up " 5.25 chains north of the boundary, between milestones 116 and 117 ; the distance shows this to have undoubtedly been the random line run west from the Fifth Latitude Stone. Their next run took them to the Tuna valley ; and a very random ru7i it must have been, for when they had concluded their astro- nomical observations, which occupied them from 7 to 16 August, they found themselves 32".5, or 3290 feet, too far south. This correction was made and the Seventh Latitude Stone set upon the Tuna flats, a short distance west of the Tunanguant ('' Cheneonguaont ") creek. It is a very substantial monument, and stands flrmly and undisturbed. It is inscribed on the north side. N YORK 167 m & 8 ek. /a I ^ Ko. 71.] 91 aud oil the south side PENNS^ Lat 42 Var 1° 30' W 1787 111 correcting back to the starting point on this section, owing to tlie exceedingly rough and irregular country over which the long off- sets were measured, the irregularities in the random line were un- doubtedly reproduced in the hnal line, with variations. The section between the sixth and seventh latitude monuments embraces the most irregular portion of the Boundary, The main cause of the enor- mous error in running their random line here is probably an erro- neous variation of the needle at the Sixth Latitude Stone, where by some local fault, their magnetic results were about one degree too small. This is inferred from the fact that at the Fifth Latitude Stone, the variation was found to be 1° 52' and at the seventh 1° 30'. The mean declination would have reduced the error to a little more than 700 feet. From the Tuna valley to the banks of the Kiantone creek their next run carried thein. Here, a short distance from the small Indian town of "Kyenthono," they fixed their observatory and spent the time from 25 August to 9 September in astronomical work and found that they had run 21". 3 (2,156 feet) too far north. This distance measured, the Eighth Latitude Stone was set upon the bluff south-east of the creek, 660 feet west of milestone 195, and about 9,600 feet west of the Conewango river. This monument stands firmly in place, although shattered somewhat by a fallen tree. A small slab split from the south side is now in the State Library at Albany. Sketch No. 6 is a portrait of this stone. The variation at this point wa3"0° 55' AV." While at this station Messrs. EUicott and Porter addressed the following informal report of progress to the Pennsylvania Council, dating it from " Observatorv on the west side of Conawango, August 29th, 1 787. " Gentlemen, We now take the earliest opportunity we have had of acquainting you with the progress we have made in the business which you have intrusted to us. We arrived at the Cawwaniskee Flats on the 11"' day of June, where the 90th milestone was sefrup last season — The Susquehannah was remarkably low, which prevented our Boats making the necessary expedition. From the 90tli mile- stone we sent our instruments up the TliNosa"" in Canoes about 10 miles ;f our water-carriage then failed, and we had recourse to our Pack-Horses, but the ruggedness of the country at the Heads of the Susquehannah, Geneseeo. and Allegany Rivers, soon killed, and ren- dered useless about two-thirds, but fortunately for our business, wdien the Horses failed, we found ourselves on a small branch of the Alle- gany River ; necessity then pointed out the propriet}^ '«^ they would have swelled the paper to a great length, secondly no difficulty can arise in making them to any person moderately acquainted with practical Astronomy." Mr. Ellicott concludes this record of the astronomical observations upon this boundary witli the following words : " The above correction being made, completed the Astronomical boundaries of the State of Pennsylvania. " My associates in tracing the north boundary of Pennsylvania were Dr. Rittenhouse, James Clinton, and Simeon De Wit, in the year 1780. The first of those gentlemen left us in the beginning of September. The year following my associates were Andrew Porter, Abraham Hardenberg, and William Morris." The remainder of the paper is taken up with an account of the survey of the outlines of the District of Columbia, and the survey of Washington city, with frequent notes of astronomical observa- tions connected therewith. To sIjow how much greater pains were taken to secure accuracy in running the outline of the District, than were observed in tracing the line between two great States, the farther quotation from the paper is made, — " These lines were measured with a chain which was examined and corrected daily, and plumbed whenever the ground was uneven, and traced with a ti-ansit and equal altitude in- strument which I constructed and used in running the western Boundary of the State of New York. This instrument was similar to that described by M. Le Monnier in his preface to the French ITistoire Celeste ; except in being accommodated to a firm portable triangular frame. The transit and equal altitude instrument is of all others the most perfect, and best calculated for running straight lines, and when the different verifications are carefully attended to, may be considered as absolutely perfect." From the meager details contained in the few letters and brief re- ports, it seems that the commissioners, in 1787, were quite expedi- tious in their progress, notwithstanding all the drawbacks and delays occasioned by the loss of pack-horses and interference of the aborig- ines. Perhaps the too active interest taken in their operations by the *Peun. Arch., xi, 204. No. Tl.] 95 sons of the forest acted as an inducement for haste in their move- ments upon some portions of tlie hne. They were in the field from 11 June to 29 October, and ran and marked 169^ miles of bound- ary, besides spending so much time at six observatory stations in as- tronomical work for latitude. As a pendent to this account of the technical work of the com- missioners, their commissary, William Armstrong, addressed to the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania as follows, under date of 16 February, 1788:— " Gentlemen, Agreeable to the request of your Honorable Board I have looked over some of my notes Taken when out on the line last summer & find that after we Cross'd the Alligane river the last time, there was much of a sameness in the Country both as to Tim- ber & Soile on and near the line and a greater Variety of Wood on the same space then I ever saw in any other part, a large Proportion of which was Beach, Sugar maple & ash. The soile in general appears rich the' I believe rather Cold for some kind of grane, But well adapted to grass. The Country in general is midling Flat and level but more Particularly so on the heads or sorces of the small stremes, that Eraty into the alligani river, all the w^aters running into the Lake having a better Current & shorter distence to run. The high dry grounds have moderate ascents and appear Pleasant & very few stone to be seen on the surface, the waters of French Creek and the Connowonge both afford a good Boat Navigation to within a small distance of the Lake. I could not see that at and near the Lake it was more subject to Early frosts than many parts much more to the southward. I am of opinion that it is Equal in value to any Equal Quantity of land on the West side of the alligane river within the lines of the state, according to Information we Received from (Capt. Wm. Morris one of the Commissioners from the state of New York) that the line of session from New York to the United States would strike the line of our State at or near the 190 mile stone.* Tho' that is but matter of opinion founded on his Infor- mation at any rate we shall Include a large part of the Margen of the Lake with the only harber on it which is Priquelle."t It will be interesting also to know that David Rittenhouse, 3 De- cember, 1788, was voted by the Council of Pennsylvania "two hun- dred and eighty-one pounds, twelve shillings and six pence in full of his account for his services as a Commissioner in running and marking the northern boundary of this State and for several mathe- matical instruments purchased to enable him and the other Commis- sioners to perform said work.":j: The New York commissioners were allowed for their services by tlie Legislature, in the appropriation billt>, forty shillings per day. After settling with the State of Pennsylvania, Commissioner Por- * The intersection of the two lines is actually a short distance east from the 225 mile point. fPenu. Arch., xi. 242-3. JPenn. Col. Rec, xv, 614. 96 [Senate ter M^as sued for the value of a horse purchased for the use of the commissioners, which died in the service. The matter was brought before the Council, and, upon the recommendation of a committee, it was " Resolved that an order be drawn upon the Treasurer in favor of said Colonel Andrew Porter for the said sum of twenty four pounds, twelve shillings four pence agreeably to the Conijj- troller General's report."* In the account current of New York with Gerard Bancker, treas- urer, we find the following entries : £ s. d. 1786. To Cash, to the Pennsylvania Line Commis- sioners 1000 To ditto to the Pennsylvania Line Commission- ers 924 8 1 1788. To Commissioners for running the Pennsyl- vania Line 2111 18 6 Original Monuments. The rude monuments with which the original commissioners marked the Boundary were as varied in their size, character and ap- pearance as the Boundary itself is in alignment and topography. Of tlie original 22-i milestones, 71 per cent were found during the recon- naissance, nearly one-fourth of them out of place, and many of them in fragments or in various stages of dilapidation. It is to be pre- sumed that upon the western half of the line where so many vacant intervals were found, that at some points were set " posts surrounded by mounds of earth where stones could not be procured." Gener- ally the appearance of the old monument indicates that some pains was taken in its selection. A suitable water-worn stone from some neighboring stream or a small slab split out of some convenient flag- stone ledge, was obtained and rudely marked with " ]^. Y." and the number of miles on one side and " P." on the othei'. Others were of an inferior and shaly texture. In some cases this may be the result of the action of fire in the woods. A few were quite regu- lar in shape, many very irregular, and in some instances a singu- larity of outline seems to have been the guide in the selection. Most of the milestones found were small and very easily handled. Mile- stone 1 was a block of sand rock, 5 inches thick, from 7 to 17 inches in width aud less than 2 feet in length, the letters well cut, and aside from its length was a very substantial monument. Milestone 208, the most Avesterly monument found, was a lai'ge, rough, irregular solid slab, 3 or 4 inches thick, 32 inches long and 16 inches in width, the lower half tapering to a point at the bottom ; rudely in- scribed. Milestone 90, where the original commissioners suspended their labors for the season in 1786, is a squarely-trimmed slab of flag- stone, firmly set in the ground, 2 inches thick, 19| in width, and * Penn. Col. Rec, xv, 644. No. 71.] 97 projecting 2 feet above the surface. No two of them are alike in size or appearance, many were smaller and thinner than milestone 1. And the wonder is why more of them have not been lost. Most of the smaller stones were apparently set in shallow excavations. Two or three of them were found which required considerable effort to remove when the new monuments were I'eady to be placed. Others, from their peculiar form, as in the case of 208, could not possibly have remained in position under the action of the frosts of the past hundred years. The Latitude Stones, set at the points where the original commis- sioners corrected their position by astronomical observations, were uniformly of a more substantial character, and greater pains seem to have been taken in trimming, marking and setting them. The Eighth Latitude Stone is the most peculiar in shape. Sketch No. 5 gives a fair likeness of this old monument. Confirmation by Statute ; Err(:»r in Revised Statutes of New 1 ORli. The Boundary thus established was formally confirmed by an act of the Pennsylvania Legislature passed 29 September, 1789.* Sec- tion 1 of this act, after reciting the various preliminary legal steps, including the proceedings of Rittenhouse and Holland in 1774, goes on to say : ''And udiereas the said Andrew Ellicot, on the part of this commonwealth, and the said James Clinton and Simeon De- witt on the part of the state of New-York, did, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-six and seven, in pur- suance of the powers so as aforesaid vested in them, run, fix and ascertain the said boundary line, beginning at the first mentioned stone, marked as is herein above recited, and extending thence due west by a line of milestones, marked with the number of mile and miles which each stone is distantfrom the said first mentioned stone, planted in the said small island, to the bank of Lake Erie, at the distance of two hundred and fifty-nine miles and eighty-eight perches from the said first mentioned corner stone ; and the said commis- sioners did accordingly return a draft or plot of the said line, under their hands, to the Supreme Executive Council of this common- wealth ; in which said draft or plot are noted and laid down the sev- eral principal waters, mountains, and other remarkable places, through and over which the said boundary line runs ; which said boundary fine is and ought to be forever hereafter deemed and taken as the true boundary of territory and jurisdiction between this State and the state of New-York, so far as the State of New- York is bounded thereby :" Section 2 provides : '' That the said boundary line, so as aforesaid run, marked and returned, by the said Andrew Ellicot, commis- sioner on the part of this state, and the said James Clmton and Simeon Dewitt, commissioners on the part of the state of New- * Carey and Bioren's Laws of Penn., iii, 392-5. [Sen. Doc. No. 71.] 13 98 [Senate York, beginning at the first mentioned corner stone, planted in the said small island, in the Mohawk or west branch of Delaware river, and thence extending due west, by the marked stones aforesaid, so far westward as to meet the meridian line, which is hereafter to be fixed and established as the western boundary of the state of New- York, shall be, and forever hereafter shall be deemed and taken to be, and is here by declared to be, the true and jnst line of boundary and partition, both of territory and juris- diction, between the state of Pennsylvania and the state of New-York; and that this commonwealth of Pennsylvania doth not, nor at any time hereafter shall or will, claim to liavc, hold or exer- cise, any right, power or jurisdiction in or over the soil or inhabit- ants dwelling northward of the said line hereby established, east- ward of the said meridian line, or western boundary of New York : Provided aliuays nevertheless, That nothing in this act shall be deemed to bind the commonwealth of Pennsylvania, until the legis- lature of New- York shall establish and confirm the said boundary line on their part, as fully and effectually as the same is by this act established and confirmed." It would seem that this joint boundary line was not thus for- mally confirmed by the Legislature of New York, and no action was taken by the Legislature subsequent to the joint resolution of 1785, so far as now appears, until the adoption of the Revised Statutes in 1829. No question, however, has been raised as to the legal effect of this omission upon the Boundary, which has always been accepted by the autli(»rities of both States as a basis for land surveys, and as a line of jurisdiction. A description of the boundaries of the State of New York of which this line forms a part, is given in detail in section 1 of title I, chapter I of the Revised Statutes,* and the adoption of the first i-evision in 1829 may be considered a tacit confirmation of the survey, by the Legislature. This description, so far as it relates to the Pennsylvania Boundary, is as follows, " , to the waters of Lake Erie ; then westerly through the same, and along the said line," [of the Treaty of Ghent] " until intersected by a meridian line drawn throu'^'li the most westerly bent or inclination of Lake Ontario ; then south along said meridian line to a monu- ment in the beginning of the forty-third degree of north latitude, erected in the year one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, by Abraham Ilardenburgh and William W. Morris, commissioners on the "part of this state, and Andrew Ellicott and Andrew Porter, commissioners on the part of the state of Pennsylvania, for the purpose of marking the termination of the line of jurisdiction be- tween this state and the said state of Pennsylvania ; then east along the line established and marked by the said last mentioned commissioners to the ninetieth milestone in the same parallel of * R. S. 1st Ed. i, 61-5 ; also Part I of each edition since. No. 71.] 99 latitude, erected in the year one thousand seven hundred and eighty- six, by James Clinton and Simeon DeWitf, commissioners on the part of tins State, and Andrew Ellicott. commissioner on the part of Pennsylvania, which said ninetieth milestone stands on the west- ern side of the south branch of the Tioga river; then east along the line established and marked by said last mentioned commissioners, to a stone erected in the year one thonsand seven hundred and sevent3"-fonr on a small island in the Delaware river, by Samuel Holland and David Rittcnhoiise, commissioners on tlie part of the colonies of New- York and l^ennsylvania, for the purpose of mark- ing the beginning of the forty-third degree of north latitude ; then down along said Delaware river to a ])oint opposite to the fork or branch formed by the junction of the stream called Mahackamack with the said Delaware river in the latitude of forty-one degrees twenty-one minutes and thirty-seven seconds north." In tiie description above quoted occurs an error, in fact, as well as historical, which is unaccountable, in terminating the Meridian Boundary at " a monument in the beginning of the forty-third degree of north latitude, erected in the year" 1787 by Hardenbergh and Morris, Ellicott and Porter, " for the purpose of marking the termination of the line of jurisdiction between this state and the said state of Pennsylvania." lieference is made at the end of tlie description in each edition of the statutes to the foot-note, " Com- piled from documents in the office of the Secretary of State." The Meridian Boundary was not run until 1790, three years after Har- denbergli and his co-laborers are said to have placed this monunient. Tiiat the location of this point was unknown to the commissioners of 1787 is evident from the letter of William Armstrong quoted above, and also the text of section 2 of the confirming act of the Pennsylvania Legislature. There is certainly nothing among the archives in the ofiice of the Secretary of State to warrant the state- ment. Tlie compiler seems to have forgotten that the commission of 1787 ran their line through on the parallel to the lake without regard to any meridian line beyond which New York had agreed to surrender jurisdiction. At the time the Parallel Boundary was run it was expected that the meridian line would intersect the parallel near the present south- east corner of Chautauqua county. And Pennsylvania was very much disappointed in its final location, which reduced tiie actual area of the land acquired to about one-fourth its estimated area. The original revisers of 1829 in their preliminary report accom- panying the chapter, say : " It will be perceived that the Chapter commences with a particular description of the bounds of the State. It is a singular fact, that no complete account of the bounds of the state, as now established and claimed, is to be found in any printed work or public record. It was thought, that a correct description of our limits, would not only supply an important desideratum, but form an appropriate introduction to the provisions for maintaining 1 100 [Senate the jurisdiction of the State, and to the description of its civil divis- ions, which will be given in chapter II. " The description presented has been compiled with great care, from authentic materials, with the assistance of the Surveyor Gen- eral, and is believed to be correct." * And in the original note subjoined to section 1, — "The sources from which the above description has been compiled, are generally indicated in the description itself: but it may be satisfactory to the legislature to receive a more particular account of the various pro- ceedings by which our boundaries have been established, than could be incorporated in the Statute." " The western extremity of this state derived its present boundary from acession made to the United States, on the 1st of March, 1781, f pnrsnant a law of this State passed on the 19th of February, 1780, (Jones & Yarick, 53).:{: The act of cession and other proceedings may be found in the journals of the old congress, vol. vii, p. 43 to 48. . On referring to the act of cession, it will be seen that the line is described in the alternative ; and that the ultimate boundary is made to depend on a contingency which could not be determined without actual survey. Such a survey was afterward made, and the line adopted in the above description, thereby established. " The line along the north bounds of Pennsylvania was not fully surveyed until after the revolution. The patent to William Penn grants all the territory ' bounded on the east by Delaware river, from twelve miles distant northward of Newcastle town unto the three and fortieth degree of northern latitude ; ' extending westward five degrees of longitude, and bounded ' on the north by the three and fortieth degree of latitude.' In the year 1774, lieutenant-governor Colden appointed Samuel Holland, and governor Penn appointed David Kittenhouse, to fix the beginning of the 43d degree of north latitude on the western branch of the Delaware, and to proceed west- ward as far as the season would permit, along the beginning of said degree." " The remainder of the line to its western extremity, was run and marked in the following year," [1787], "by Abraham Hardenburgh and William W. Morris, on the part of this state, and Andrew Elii- cott and Andrew Porter for Pennsylvania. From the 43d degree of latitude to the New-Jersey Line, the Delaware river, and probably its west bank, is the boundary. As it is possible that Pennsylvania may dispute our right to the whole of the river, the above description hereby provides that the line shall run ' down along said river^ leaving the question, if it shall ever arise, to be settled hereafter."§ *R. S. 2d Ed. (1836), iii, 421. f Regents' Boundary Report, i, 163-6. See historical sketch of the Meridian Boundary in this report. Also Appendix M. Xldem, i, 149-151. § R. S. 2d Ed. (1836), iii, 424-5. No. 71.] 101 The revisers thus seem to have found nothing to indicate by whom or when the monuuient at the south-west corner of New York was set, but it is probable that the compiler was led into error in supply in«^ the missing link in the chain of evidence, upon the presumption that as the cession was made as early as 1781, the survey of the Meridian must have been made at the time the Parallel Boundary was run. No record or report of the survey of the Meridian Boundary having ever been found in the proper offices at Albany or elsewhere, the com- piler, doubtless, took it for granted that the survey of this line was included in the report of Hardenbergh and liis associates, in Octo- ber, 1787. AprojDos to the reference of the revisers to the line through the Delaware river, my investigations have led me to l)elieve that they had good reason to be in doubt as to the status of that portion of the boundary. By the charter to the Duke of York, his grant was bounded by the east side of Delaware bay, no reference being made to the river; and by William Pcim's charter, Pennsylvania was bounded " East by Delaware River."* New Jersey under the <:rant to Lord Berkeley " hath upon the TVest Delaware Bay or River." Strictly speaking, then, the title to tlie river ajjpears still to have continued in the Crown or the aborigines, and the present States have only a claim to it by occupation and possession, the actual limit of which is not defined in any treaty or law. This question was raised in 1783 between New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and was settled at that time by a joint commission. The islands and land under water were divided between the States, and each State was to " enjoy and exercise a concurrent jurisdiction witliin and upon the water. " We have now a good opportunity to adjust the remainder of the river boundary of Pennsylvania in a similar manner and thus supply the deficiency disco\^ered by the revisers of the New York statutes. Early Land Surveys along the Boundary. Having thus given in detail the history of this Boundary and of its final settlement and location, we will now refer to the early sur- veys of lands along the line, which were, or were intended to be, based upon it. The unsatisfactory condition in which the Boundary had been found at many points may be accounted for as a con- sequence of the looseness of some of these surveys. We have seen that at each extremity of the Parallel Boundary, surveys had been made and the line approximately fixed, under the direction of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, two years before the Boundary was officially surveyed. At the eastern extremity, George Palmer having run a line from the Delaware to the Susque- hanna in 1784, laid out warrants based upon it, in 1785, reaching from a point east of milestone 2 nearly to 1.\ The first one of these ■■■■'rhe Indian deed to the Proprietaries Iq 1768, heretofore quoted, limits tbera to tli3 " west side." f See VI, Appendix G. 102 [Senate begins at the "Birch" which was liis two-mile tree, and wliich undoubtedly was identical with the "yellow Birch," the remains of which were identified in 1877. The north-east corner wan-ant in Pennsylvania was surveyed by Mr. Pahner in October, 1786, " Be- ginnino^ at the Stone set for the N. E. Corner of Pennsylvania." The two intermediate warrants were surveyed in 1794 by Anthony Crothers. West of the warrants surveyed by Palmer, separated from them by a narrow warrant of recent date, are four warrants which although surveyed in 1793, there seems to be no question, were also based upon the Palmer line. These warrants formed part of the "Drinker Starrucca Tract" which was surveyed and re-subdivided some forty- five years ago by John Boyle, the Palmer line being then taken as the nortli line of the tract. A portion of this line was held to the exclusion of New York proprietors until within about twenty years. In Henry Drinker's Journal, in the possession of the Histoiical Society of Pennsyhania, we find this entry relating to these lands. "June 5, 1788, went out with John Adlum to survey some land bounded by the State Line & lies between Susquehanna & Delaware. We went over some very good land but there are some parts of it which are very stoney." A very accurate description. Still farther w^est, upon the west bank of the Susquehanna near milestone 13, the warrant of Wilcox Phillips was surveyed in Sep- tember, 1781. Palmer's line, rim in June of that year, terminated upon the east side of the river, and this warrant was in another sur- vey-district, but it is quite probable that the deputy surveyor extended Palmer's line west and based his survey upon it; and it is also prob- able that he continued the line west to the second intersection of the river, as all the warrants adjoining the Boundary, nine in number, were surveyed within a week after the Phillips warrant. Thus it is quite apparent that most of the early Pennsylvania land surveys upon the eastern twenty miles of the line projected beyond the present bounds of the State. The survey of the Hooper 2,000- acre tract, which lies a mile and a quarter along the Boundary, in each direction from the first intersection of the Susquehanna, by General Clinton, at the time he was engaged in running the line, probably settled the title at that point. But east of this, we nave reason to believe that the New York surveys, of several small patents, were also based on the Palmer line, and that from some cause the " milestone line " had been lost sight of until a compara- tively recent period. The most easterly tract upon the north side is John Carpenter's Military Location surveyed in 1790, which begins "on the west side of the Delaware River at the monument erected for the north bounds of Pennsylvania " and runs along " said north bounds a true west course" 150 chains. Adjoining this upon the west is the Delaware tract which was subdivided in 1820, the south- east corner of which is at the "yellow birch " which is supposed to be George Palmer's two-mile tree.* West of the Delaware Tract is * No tree is mentioned in the survey of Carpenter's patent. No. 71.] 103 the Edgar patent, granted to. make up a deficiency in the Edgar Tract in the soutli-east corner of Tioga county, New Torlc. The date of the surveys upon this patent is unlcnovvn. It was subdivided by Steplien Dexter, who made no note of any milestones. Adjoining it npon the west is the J. Watts deficiency patent, surveyed in 1811;''^ beyond this the Cooper 3U0-acre tract surveyed in 1831; and between tlie latter and Hooper patent before referred to, is the third tract in Windsor, subdivided in 1819 by William Macclnre. Well-defined corners in the Watts patent have been identified upon the Palmer line ; and upon the thii'd tract in Windsor, one lot near milestone 10 had been cleared to the Palmer line, along whicii a stone wall had been built, which still remained at the time of the reconnaissance in 1877. Thus there is apparently a gore of land along the north side of the Boundary for more than ten miles which the IState of New York has never conveyed, although it is occupied at many points by adjacent owners on the north. Between the Hooper patent and the Bingham patent, at the second intersection of tlie Susquehanna river lie, the First Tract in Windsor, whicli was subdivided by William Macclure in 1819; the Nichols Patent, the south-east corner of which is at milestone 15, granted to make up a deficiency in the Nichols Tract in Tioga county ; and a small tract of State land subdivided in 1815 by William Macclure. The sur- veys of these tracts so far as is known were based upon the present Boundary. Macclnre mentions only milestone 15 in his survey of the First Tract, at the south-west corner of the tract. He may have run at random for the State line as he did for the east and west lines of the tract, as they were found to interfere with the tracts east and west of it. In 1841 Eli Nichols was sent to re-survey the east tier of lots adjoining the Hooper and Garnsey patents. Instead of begin- ning at the State line, he commenced at the north end nearly three miles from the Boundary and his survey carried him sixty feet south of the latter when he reached it. The south end of the Hooper, Wilson and Bingham patent, at the second intersection of the Sus- quehanna river, was a military land warrant for 3,000 acres, located and laid out in 1775 for John Trotter, a British officer, by Robert Lettis Hooper. It was based upon a random line designated " Northern Boundary of Pennsylvania " which was run parallel with the north line of the tract (the cession line as run east from Owego, in that year, by Hooper). At this point this random line was prob- ably a little north of the present boundary .f This particular land warrant was laid out 100 chains in each direction along this line from Snake creek. This, and a number of other military land warrants laid out at the same time along the river in the present county of Broome were all assigned to Eobert L. Hooper, and were consolidated into one warrant in 1785, and in 1786 were patented to * This was laid out, Wm. Macclure to make up a deficiency iu the Watts tract in the present towns of Colesville, Kirkwood and Windsor, Broome county, f See sketch No. 9 for approximate location of this line. 104 [Senate Hoojjer, Wilson and Bingham, The. center of the south end of the consohdated vvarrant, upon the re-survey, was considerably east of Snake creek. The subdivision surveys near the State line were made by Moses B. Cook in 1796. Between the second and third intersections of the Susquehanna river, two distinct random lines seem to have been run before the State line was officially fixed, that run by Robert It. Hooper, mentioned above, the other probably that shown upon George Palmer's map. It is doubtful, however, if the Hooper line was run through from river to river. We have seen tliat a long line of Pennsylvania warrants surveyed in 1Y81-6, reaching nearly thirty miles, were apparently based upon the line shown upon Palmer's sketch, and are described in the returns as being bounded on the north by the " State of New York; " * while a line of warrants from three-eighths to one-half a mile wide had since been surveyed north of these. In the Wap- pasening Yalley near milestones 50 and 51, a warrant granted to WilHam Bradford, 9 May, 177+, on the " Waters of Mughcaango or Red Bank Creek," f and surveyed in August of that year, was found to project some distance north of the State line ; and a war- rant granted to Samuel Morris, Jr., the same date, was laid out almost entirely in New York. The latter warrant was afterward abandoned, and a new one was i.-sued at a more recent date, covering the narrow strip which remained in Pennsylvania. Upon the New York side, Robert L. Hooper in 1774 laid out adjoining the left bank of the Susquehanna river, mainly in the present town of Nichols in Tioga county, four military land war- rants. The warrant for Phineas Atherton was based upon the line designated " Northern Boundary of Pennsylvania," and extended 220 chains along it east from tiie river. This warrant was entirely south of the present State line ; a portion of one or tAvo others pro- jected beyond the present boundary also. These tracts were con- veyed by the warrantees by deed to Hooper,:]: and after the Revolu- tion the portion remaining within the State of New York was subdivided by him. Between these military locations and that at the second intersec- tion of the river lie two townships of the " Lands purchased by the state of New York from the Oneyda and Tuscarora Indians " at the treaty of Fort Herkimer in 1785. These townships were laid out upon paper, based on the north, east, and west, upon the surveys of the Hooper and Coxe patents, which separated them entirely from the remainder of the purchase. The original map shows the town- ships cut up in mile sections, but they were sold at public vendue in 17^6 in four tracts each. * Tliree or four of this tier of warrants, in Bradford county, surveyed after the present State line was run, are bounded north by the " supposed State of New York." fin the return of survey of William Butler's military warrant just north of this in New York this stream is called " Wapascinning or White Stone Creek." X Deed Book 23, Office of Secretary of State, Albany, pp. 294-5. No. 71.] 105 The first and fonrtli tracts in township No. 6, " Sidney," were sold to Nicoll Floyd ; the third tract to Nicholas Fisli, by whom it was assigned to Robert Morris, who after receiving the patent con- veyed it to Judge Cooper of Cooperstown. Al)ijah Hammond took the second tract. Butween his patent and the State line was a gore apparently not inchided in his purchase : Edward Sulfern of Ramapo Avas the original proprietor of this gore, a map of which was made in 1848 by the late William Wentz. In township No. 7, " Hambden," the first and second tracts, in Tioga county, and fourth tract, in Broome county, were sold to Nicholas Fish, by whom the certificate was transferred to Robert Mori-is, who received the patent. These three tracts afterward came into the liands of Henry Nichols, and have since been known as the Nichols Tract. Gen, Alexander Mafomb took the third tract, in the south-east corner of Tioga county, which was afterward known as the Edgar Tract, from a subsequent owner, wiio conveyed it in 1817 to James Pumpelly, by whom it was re-subdivided. When Nichols took possession of his purchase and commenced his surveys, ho found that his three tracts Nvould extend into Pennsyl- vania, and in 1810 he called the attention of the Commissioners of the Land Office to the matter. Under their orders William Mac- clure was directed by Simeon DeWitt, tlie Surveyor-General, to examine into the alleged claims for deficiency. Mr. DeWitt's letters are still extant among Macclure's papers in the hands of M. R. Ilulce, Esq., of Deposit. From Mr. Macclure's notes and a sketch found in the State Engineer's oftice, it seems he found that by the paper surveys upon which the sales were made, the south line of the townships would be considerably south of the State line, and not parallel Mith it.* Surveyor- General DeWitt, in a report upon the application of John Watts, for compensation for deficiency in a patent in another part of the Indian purchase says, "The Indian Purchase of 1785, of wdiich this tract forms a part was by law directed to be divided into Town- ships and Quarters on maps only witliout actual surveysf and thus to be sold ; to provide for the inaccuracies which would necessarily result from such an uncertain mode of procedure, the 14'** Section of the 32*^ chapter of the 12*^ Session was enacted especially.":}; In making these maps. Hooper's location of the boundary in his sur- veys in 1774, had doubtless been accepted as authentic. The firft and second tracts in Hambden, owued by Henry Nichols, were found deficient about 3500 acres in consequence of this inter- ference ; the third or Edgar Tract, fell short over 1200 acres,§ and * See sketch No. 10 for approximate location of this line. f Section 2, ciiapter 67, Laws of 1786. Chapter 103, Laws of 1787, was passed to correct this loose method ; meanwhile the Indian purchase had been sold under the former law. I Laws of 1789. The Watts Tract in the south-east part of Broome county was granted as an equivalent in this case. DeWitt's reports, as well as all the pro- ceedings in these cases, will be found in the minutes of the Commissioners of the Laud Otfice. § The claim for deficiency in the Edgar Tract was not made until 1817. Minutes of L. O. No, 5, p. 398. [Sen. Doc. No. 71.] 14 106 [Senate the fourth tract 250 acres. The tliird tract, in Sidney, owned by Judge Cooper, was also found deficient about 300 acres. Lands were granted in the south-eastern part of Broome county under acts of the Legislature, passed 5 April, 1810, and 3 April, 1811, and Mac- clure was directed to survey them.* No claims seem to have ever been made for deficiencies in the reiriaining three tracts in Sidney. The interference here was very much less than along the township of Harabden, The Inter subdivision surveys of most of tliese tracts, as well as those of the Hooper patent west of them, were based upon the State line, and the milestones were generally noted. But little is known of the details of these re-surveys. The second tract in Sidney was surveyed in June, 1787, by Nicoll Floyd. In Pennsylvania, west of the third intersection of the Susque- hanna, in the last purchase from the Indians in 17S'l, the surveys seem to have been carried on with a little more system than in the older purchases. The system of land subdivision in vogue in Pennsylvania is at best a crude one. Over three-fourths of the State ai*e spread tens of thousands of detached farm surveys practically independent of each other. A warrant for the survey of each parcel has been granted, to be located, possibly at the option of the warrantee, upon any unappropriated land belonging to the Proprietaries, to be sur- veyed by the deputy surveyor of the district. The returns of the surveys of these detached parcels are made upon separate slips of paper, and until within a few years the only records of the land surveys of the great State of Pennsylvania were contained in these innumerable slips, many of them nearly worn out from frequent examinations, filed away in bundles in the pigeon-holes of the Land Ottice. Numerous interferences of surveys in various sections of the State has been the result of this loose system, and gores of un- appropriated land have frequently been found between warrants which, from the records, appear to join each other. As an instance, Josiah Lockhart received two warrants for about 1,1<)0 acres, each dated 17 May, 1785. These were located and surveyed by William Maclay in August, 1785, a year before the State line was run and the returns were made. They extend nearly four miles along the Boundary. These were bounded on the north by the " Temporary Line of York State." The west one of these embraced the Cowanesqua Flats upon which the vil- * Mr. De Witt's letters to Macchire, aside from the business in hand, are quite interesting. Among other things which he discusses, is the variation of the needle, as follows : I "Concerning the daily variation of the magnetic needle all we know is that it exists, that it commences in the forenoon and acquires its maximum about that time in the afternoon when the heat of the day is greatest and after that dimin- ishes till at night it becomes nothing. I have observed it to amount to a full quarter of a degree. In warm weather it is greater than when the weather is cold. Hence it is supposed that the cause is the heat of the sun but in what manner it operates, we know not." No. 71.] 107 lage of Lawrenceville stands. William Dewees was granted upon the same day a warrant which was not located until 1792, when it was laid out by John Adhim, adjoining the Boundary, beginning at the Fourth Latitude Stone and extending west over the Cowanesqua Flats, entirely within the west Lockhart warrant and embracing about half its area. A. warrant for a re-survey of the latter was granted in 1814, which covered so much of it as was not absorbed by the Dewees warrant, which it incloses on three sides. The older warrants generally were not numbered, and to find the record of any particular parcel of land is a good deal like looking for a needle in a hay -stack. The present Secretary of Internal i^.ffairs, under whose charge the Land Office is placed, while deputy secretary, a number of years ago, succeeded in initiating the transfer of these old warrant sur- veys from detached slips to record books. This is now gradually being accomplished, and in a few years the records of these old sur- veys will be in better shape for preservation and reference. In the last Indian purcliase (of 1784) the lands of the Common- wealth were surveyed more generally in large blocks of warrants, although the return of each individual warrant was made upon a separate slip of paper as formerly. The territory was divided into districts by meridian lines based upon the State line, and these dis- tricts were assigned to various deputies. In the purchase of 1768, which embraced the eastern portion of the Boundary, Charles Stewart was the first deputy of a district which adjoined it. He was appointed in March, 1769, as deputy of that part of the ]>urchase west of the dividing ridge between the Delaware and Susquehanna. He it was who made the detached surveys in the Wappasening valley before the Revolu- tion. George Palmer, in 1773, was appointed deputy for Northamp- ton county, which then embraced the present county of Wayne. Palmer was continued as deputy surveyor more than fifty years. In 1785 William Gray was appointed deputy surveyor for Northumber- land county, which embraced that portion of the Boundary between Wayne county and the third intersection of the Susquehanna. Gray surveyed the warrants which were fictitiously bounded north by the " State of New York." He also laid out the range of warrants be- tween the first and second intersections of the Susquehanna, which encroached on New York territory. In 1792 the north part of the districts of Gray and Palmer was placed in charge of deputy surveyor Anthony Crothers, who laid out the warrants in Drinker's "Starrucca Tract," which lapped over into New York. Returning to the last Indian purchase. William Maclay* and Thomas Tucker were the first deputies appointed (early in 1785). Maclay' s district extended from the Susquehanna river to a line * Maclay was one of the commissiouers first appointed by Pennsylvania to run a " temporary " boundary line ia 1783. He was afterward U. S. Senator from Pennsylvania. 108 [Senate wliicli strikes the Boundary west of milestone 97. Tucker's dis- trict extended from this to a short distance west of milestone 108, the present east line of Brooktield, Tioga county. In 1792, these districts were consolidated and John Adlum and William Ellis were made the deputies of a district (iNo. 1) which extended from the Susquehanna river to milestone 115.* Maclay surveyed the warrants adjoining the Boundary in his dis- trict as far west as milestone 66, the same year the Boundary was run. He noted the milestones and the Third Latitude Stone. He also laid out a warrant in that year in each of the valleys of Bent- ley creek near milestone 70, and of Seely creek near milestone 79. Two warrants surveyed by him in the Tioga valley the year before the Boundary was run, and the temporary line run by him across the Susquehanna and Chemung valleys in 1784, have already been men- tioned. Very few of the warrants along the Boundary in this dis- trict were surveyed by Adlnm. Tucker surveyed the warrants in his district along the Cowanesqna river, three or four of which reached to the Boundary, in the north-east corner, in 1785-6. He mentioned no milestones, although one of his warrants corners upon 102. Wil- liam Ellis surv^eyed nearly all the Avarrants upon the sections left vacant by Maclay in 1795-4 reaching from milestone 70 to 77, from 79 to beyond 87, and a long gore between the Cowanesqna valley lots and the State line, reaching from milestone 92 to the east line of Tucker's district. He also laid out in 1794 all the warrants from a half mile west of milestone 100 to 108 with the exception of one laid out by Tucker in 1786. Three warrants in the north-west cor- ner of Tioga county, covering about three and one-half miles of the Boundary were surveyed b}' John Adlum ; here he noted milestones 112 and "115. A long irregular warrant granted to Robert Morris in 1798 was not surveyed until 1826. It embraces the valley of Troup's creek, and extends nearly three miles along the State line in the north-east part of Brooktield, Tioga county, l^o note was made of any of the milestones, however. A number of small warrants at various points in the district were not surveyed until from 1827 to 1840, by the county surveyors of the counties in which they were located. In these comparatively recent surveys the positions of milestones are noted, and adjacent warrant corners are referred to them. West of milestone 115 the territory was at first divided into nar- row districts and the deputies designated. But these were reorgan- ized and deputies appointed who made most of the tinal surveys in the northern part of the State. John Broadhead, 10 April, 1792, was made deputy for district No. 2, extending from milestone 115 to 140. He surveyed all of the northern part of his district except the north-west corner warrant, * John Adlum had in 1791 run the west line of the Phelps and Gorhani Pur- chase ill New York. He made the surveys of the reservations in the north-west- ern part of Pennsylvania in 1789, for which he received £175, Ss 8d. (Col. Rec, xvi, 169.) He probably was engaged upon the resurvey of the Bingham estate. No. 71.] 109 wliicli was laid out in 1805 by Wtn. Ellis; and a narrow gore reach- ing irom a short distance west of milestone 132, nearly 5^ miles along the State line, the warrant for which was granted in 1793 but which was not surveyed until 1845, by a special deputy surveyor, who made no mention of any milestones in his return.* Jdlin Canan was appointed 11 April, 1793, deputy for District No. 3, between milestones 140 and 160. William Bingham was gi-anted warrants for the land in this district west of the north-west corner of Poiter ci>nnty, with the exception of one warrant in the north-west corner of the district, and his warrants were surveyed by Canan in June, 1704. The north-west corner warrant, which embraces the valley of Indian Creek, was not surveyed until 1807, by Wm. Foulke. The north-eastern warrants in Canan's district were surveyed in 1805 by James Johnston. None of the returns mention any milestone-!. James Hunters district, No. 4, extended from milestone IGO to the cast line of Brady's district, which intersected the Boundary near milestone 177. Hunter surveyed all tlie warrants in the nortli part but mentions no milestones in his returns. The western tier of warrants in this district was taken up by Wilhelm Willink of the Holland Land Company. Wm. R. Brady, 18 April, 1792, was given District No. 5, reaching 14 miles west along the Boundary to a point beyond milestone 101. The warrants east of the Allegany river were granted to Kobert Morris, and those west of the river to John Dorsey. Brady in his surveys commenced some miles south of the Bound- ary and worked nortli, laying off his tiers of warrants one mile wide until he thought he had gone far enough, and then stopped. The warrants east of the Allegany river were surveyed in 1793, and those west of the river in 1795. He evidently did not undertake to find the State line, but stopped at random. In consequence he laid out the north tier of warrants covering a distance along the Bound- ary over fourteen miles, almost entirely in New York ; nor was the north line of this tier of warrants made continuous across the river. In the section east of the river where the original timber is still standmg, at some points the warrant line may be clearly traced a short distance south of the J^oundary. At one point in the recon- naissance, we found our random line following close upon it. The plaiii line of marked trees which we had unconsciously approached W'as at first taken as the State line, until a milestone was reached and several witness trees of the Holland Land Company's surveys identified, about one hundred feet farther north. The owners of the infringing warrants east of the river finding them ahnost entirely absorbed by New York abandoned them, and as a consequence, the State Boundary not being a recognized property line, was entirely lost sight of for years, until the milestones were discovered in 1873 * This lonp warrant, or gore, was included in the re-surveya of the Bingliara estate some thirty or forty years earlier, when all the milestones along its nortli line were found and located. They were all, with one exception, in place in 1878. 110 [Senate by the McKean and "Warren County Line Commission. West of tlie Allegany an apparently wider strip of the interfering warrants was left in Pennsylvania. West of Brady's district was District No. 6, all of wliicii west of the Conewango was assigned to Smnuel Nicholson. The land in his district, beginning at milestone 195 and reaching to the east line of the Donation lands, between milestone 213 and 214, was taken up by the Willinks, who were connected with the Holland Land Company in New York. These lands were all surveyed by Nicholson in 1796. He based his surveys upon the Boundary and fixed the corners of his north tier of warrants at the original mile points.* This is the only section where this wass)^stematically done. Except in a very few in- stances, the original milestones seem to have been entirely ignored by the deputy surveyors upon their returns. If their field-notes could be found, these would undoubtedly exhibit much more com- plete memoranda than are shown in the returns. In the few instances where access has been had to the private notes of the original sur- veyors, thoy have been found quite full in detail. One great error in the Pennsylvania system was in not requiring the deputies to deposit copies of their field-notes. Robert Morris, who for a time owned the Phelps and Gorham Purchase, and the Holland Land Comj)any in New York, did this, and in consequence a complete description of each line surveyed is accessible. John Adlum upon the map of his district, notes the milestones so far as his surveys and those of his predecessor follow the Boundary. Broadhead upon his map of district No. 12 shows them also. The surveys of the Donation Lands at the western extremity of the Boundary have already been referred to. Certified township No. IS, Athens, which was confirmed to the Connecticut settlers of the Susquehanna Company b}' the Compensa- tion Act of lT99,'f' was laid out in May, 178(3, five miles square "ad joining the State Line," by John Jenkins, who began '' on the north line of the Susq* Purchase one mile west of the Tioga Branch " (Chemung R.). This survey was made a short time before the pres- ent boundary was run, and it is quite apparent from the plot of the township that the " State line" referred to, was the temporary line laid out across the Susquehanna and Chemung valleys by William Maclay in 17S4. This township was covered by Pennsylvania Lottery warrants laid out by Maclay in 1785. Extensive blocks of warrants in Tioga, Potter and McKean counties held by individuals have been re-surveyed with much more care and detail than the original surveys exhibit. The principal estate, that of William Bingham, extended along the Boundary from a point be- tween milestones 111 and 112 nearly to 138, in Tioga and Potter * In his returns of surveys these are not referred to as milestones or luileposts, but simply thus " 197"^ mile," etc. In some of the patents based upon the war- rant returns the word " stone " has been added. f See II, Appendix L, No. 71.] Ill counties, and from milestone 160 to a point west of 168 in IMcKean county. Tlie field notes of the re-survey are deposited in the fire- proof Land Office of the estate in Wellsboro, Penn. They show that considerable pains were taken with tiie survey. Nearly all the mile- stones were found and noted. The re-surveys of the Keating Estate in the north-east corner of McKean county were made in 1801 and 1802 by Francis King and were entirely independent of the original warrant surveys, manv of which have become obsolete. A portion of the tract was again re-surveyed in 1806, 1808 and 1810 by Thomas Lightfoot. Tlie notes, which are in descriptive form, are deposited in the Land Office in Smcthport. Abstracts from them, so far as they relate to tlie Boundary, will be found in Appendix J. In 1809, Dr. Robert H. Rose pnrch?.sed about 100,000 acres in the nortli-west part of the Susquehanna county and north-east part of Bradford county, Pennsylvania. This purchase included most of the warrants which were bounded north by the " temporary State Line," and some of those lying between that line and the true line, and extended along the latter about thirteen miles. The tract was carefully re-surveyed and subdivided into small holdings under Dr. Rose's direction. In the re-surveys many of the original wan-ant lines were disregarded. Most of the records of this re-survey were probably destroyed when the mansion of Dr. Rose, at Silver Lake, was burned in 1849. Enough are yet accessible to show that the surveys were very carefully made. The milestones upon the State line were all noted and the corners of subdivisions were referred to them. The Sobieski Ross estate in Potter county, embracing many thou- sand acres, some portions of which reached the Boundary, was re- surveyed at an early date, but the details of the surveys are not now accessible. In the State of New York adjoining the Boundary west of the third intersection of the Susquehanna, are first, the Wheeler Doug- lass Military Location reaching 200 chains along the Line from the river, to a short distance west of Milestone 59 ; adjoining this on the west is the Joseph Benedict Military Location patented to Gen- eral Thomas Thomas in 1780, the south-west corner of which is near Milestone 63. These were laid out by Moses De Witt,* brother of the Surveyor-General, in June, 1788. The interior subdivisions ■were made at a much later date. All the Milestones along the south line of these tracts were noted in the original survey, and at that early date were undoubtedly in good shape. No notice seems to have been taken of the Spanish Hills Monument at 60f miles, or the Third Latitude Stone. These Military Locations and that of John Carpenter in the * Moses De Witt acted as Compassiuan iu 1786 upon the Survey of the Bound- ary. He drew Lot 3, in the Township of Potnpey, for services in the Army, and settled upon it. 112 [Senate south-east corner of Broome county, were granted under an "Act for raising Two Regiments for the defence of this State on bounties of unappropriated Lands," passed 20 March, 17S1, and '"An Act for raising Troops to complete the Line of tliis State in the Service of the TJnited States," etc., passed 23 March, 1782. The Military Tract in Onondaga and other interior Counties in New York was granted under these laws. Between Benedict's Location and the famous Eighty-second Mile- stone hes the allotment of the old "Town of Chemung" which was subdivided in 1788 by James Chnton, John Hathorn and John Can- tine, Comnnssioners, Moses De Witt being the Surveyor. The field-notes of this Tract arc contained in Field Book No. 27, in the Office of the Secretary of State at Albany. This survey was made under a Concurrent Resolution of the Legislature passed Alarcli, 1788, appointing those gentlemen commissioners to settle disputes among the settlers (or squatters) upon the unoccupied lands in that section, and to subdivide and convey the land to them. They were also directed to organize the Town. In the survey, the river bottom lands wei^e laid out in small lots frcmtingon the Chemung River, and reaching back upon the hills. For about half the distance along the Boundary, the State Line forms tlie rear boundary of a large num- ber of these lots. The high hilly land was laid out into larger tracts or lots, many of which were afterward subdivided into smaller par- cels. Among these adjoining the Boundary were James Watson's Small Tract, reaching from Milestone 73 to 30 chains west of 78 ; and James Watson's Large Tract, between Milestone 81 and 82. These were surveyed in 1819 by Herman Pumpelly and Robert Lawrence, and the field-notes are in the possession of lion. John Arnot, Jr., in Elmira ; Large Lot 144 east of Watson's Tract has also been subdivided into small lots. In the original survey of the Township, the Mile- stones were all noted ; some of them were made the corners of Sub- divisions, and the comers of other subdivisions were referred to Milestones; so in the survey of the Watson Tracts. The survey and acts of the Commissioners were confirmed by the Legislature the next year. (Chap. 4, Laws 1789.) From Milestone 82 to a point 1,401^ feet east of Milestone 127 lies the celebrated " Phelps and Gorham's Purchase " reaching from the Boundary north to Lake Ontario.* This Tract was subdivided by approximate meridian lines into seven Ranges, numbered from the East, and each range was divided into Townships, Township 1 in each Range adjoining the Boundar}'. The meridian lines were originally run in 1788 by Hugh Maxwell, and the next year, assisted by Augustus Porter, he ran the lines subdividing the Ranges into Town- shifts. The notes of these surveys are inaccessible, and probably not extant. Of the lands adjoining the Boundary, Phelps and Gorham sold Township 1, Range 2,to Col. Eleazer Lindley, 13 August, 1789, and in * See I, Appendix L. m. 71. 1 113 November, 1790, transferred tlie remainder to Eobert Moriis. The meridian and Township lines were caretully re-surveyed thronohout the entire tract in 1792 by Thomas Davis, Eobert James, and Frederick Saxton, under the geneial direction of Major Adam Hoops of Philadelphia. Major Hoops was a member of the staff of Gen. Sullivan, durino- his raid into this territory of the Senecas in 1779, and it was upon his representations of the fertility of the country that Morris was induced to become so extensive a purchaser of lands in Western New York. Very full notes of the re-surveys were kept, transcripts of which are in the land office at Bath, Steuben county. In these surveys the State line was not retraced, except for short intervals for the purpose of referring three of the Range lines to the nearest milestones; the eastern three Range lines commencing directly at Milestones 88, 94, and 100. The west line of the tract was run in October and November, 1791, by John Adlum. His record of this survey opens as follows : — " October 17"' 1791 Began a Survey of the line dividing the land of Gorham and Phelps & the Indians. Beginning at the forks of the Genefsee River at an Elm marked O. P. on the East side. V Mile On the Nights of the 15'" & 17'" of Octobei- by accu- rate observation of the Pole Star's passing the Maredian found the Magnetic variation to be five Minutes East," etc. He took frequent observations for variation, which at the south end of the line he found 0° 45' west. On the eighth of November at 51 miles and 29P).7 perches he struck the State Hue and made this note: — ''NB, when I intersected the Pennsylvania line set up a post and marked the two nearest Beech trees with the Number of Miles & ps from the forks of the Cnienefsec." Tiiis point is now wholly unmarked even by a fence. He measured east on the Boundary 244.4 perches to Milestone 126. The corner is 22.14 chains east of milestone 127 according to Augustus Porter's preliminary survey of the Holland Company's Lands in July, 1798. Interior lines were run through some of the Townships in 1792. Major Etoops' certificate to the record of the field-notes is as fol- lows : '' The above are the Contents of Sundry Townships and Tracts of land in the County of Ontario & State of New^ York sold by Mess'* Gorham and Phelps to the Honorable Robert Morris esq'', the several surveys were made by the pei-sons whose names are herein before mentioned and their field Books ct Notes — retierence being had thereto as directed in the Margin at A. B. C. D. E. will shew the Surveys of the particular Tow^nships & Tracts. "Returned at Philadelphia in the State of Pennsylvania this Fourth day of February Anno Domini 1793. The Contents being as above written in figures One Million two hundred and sixty four tlioueand and Five hundred and Sixty nine Acres One Rood and ten perches. " Signed A. HOOPS Surveyor." In April, 1792, after Major Hoops had commenced his surveys, [Sen. Doc. No. 71.] ' 15 114 [Senatk the Tract was sold by Kobert Morris, througli liis English agent, to Capt. Charles Williamson, the agent for a syndicate composed of Sir "William Pnlteney, John Plornbv, and Patrick Colquohoun. Major Hoops completed the surveys under the direction of Capt. William- son. In March, 1801, the transfer was perfected by conveyance b}' Capt. Williamson to the individual members of the Syndicate, the land along the Boundary being taken by Sir William Pnlteney, by whose estate much of the lands have since been conveyed in small parcels. Some of the Townships were subdivided into lots, and others were conveyed in large Tracts. Of the latter,' adjoining the Boundary, the Carroll Tract in the South-east corner of the Purchase, acquired in 1814 by Charles Carroll was not subdivided until a comparatively recent date. A narrow strip in the center of Township 1, Range 4, was conveyed to John Hornby in October, 1806, and was subdivided into lots bv him. The whole of Township 1, Range 6, was purchased in 1795 by Walsh and Staats and by them sold in smaller Tracts. Wm. Cooper purchased the east half of this Township and in Dec , 1806, conveyed it to Goldsbrow Banyar, for whose heirs in 1816 it was subdivided into lots by Major Zephon Flower. Major Flower located all the milestones along the south end of the half Township.* A map of the tract was made in 1842 by William Wentz of Bing- hamton, by whom many of the lots were re-surveyed. The south-west quarter of the Township was conveyed to Sir Edward Ellice ; when it was subdivided is unknown. Squire Whipple made a map of it in 1871, upon which some of the milestones are shown. The remainder of the south tier of Townships was subdivided into, small lots by the Pnlteney Estate. Township 1, Range 1 (except the Carroll Tract) was surveyed in September and October, ISIS, by Wm. H. Bull. Townships 1 in Ranges 3 and 5 were subdivided in 1794 and 1796 ; they were afterward re-surveyed. Range 3 by Wil- liam H. Bull in 1818, and Range 5 by Christopher Hulbert in ISlo. Township 1, Range 4, excepting the Hornby Tract was surveyed in 1819 by James Reed ; and Township 1, Range 7, in the south-east corner of Allegany county was surveyed by Major Moses Van * Major Flower's notes are still in existence in the possession of his grandson, Z. F. Walker, Esq. , of Athens, Peun. With reference to this survej^ he says: ■' This is the S"* time these lands have been surveyed. Esq. Backus began at the 115 milestone which was 28 C. 60 L. too far East as Mr. Cameron said (the Land Office agent at Bath) but I find the old corner was 28 C. 30 L. West of the 116 milestone. I had a plan of the first Survey, but neither it nor the field notes gave any place of beginning. After going to the Land Office & obtaining all informa- tion I could, Mr. Ford thought best to niake use of Esq. Backus survey as possible, but when I measured the lots I found some much wider than others, and after using 2 days to very little purpose, I concluded to run the cross lines anew. In tracing the State Line I found the S. E. cor. of the town 28 c. 30 1. West of the 116 milestone, aiid a line running N 2-* E about 21: years since as grains of the growth showed. Also I found a cor. IS c 7o 1. west of the 119 milestone and a line running N. 2*^ E. about 12 years old. Said cor. being so near the center of the town I thought best to make use of it and line as the west bounds of my Survey. From the 118 milestone I find a line running from it 24 years old." No. 71.] 115 Campen, who noted all the milestones along the south line. In some of the other Townsliips no attention seems to have been paid to the milestones. Ool. Lindley, who purdiased Township 1, Range 2, settled upon his tract in 17*J0, on the Tioga Flats near milestone 90. The Town- ship was never regularly subdivided into lots, but was probably con- veyed in long narrow timber-lots reaching in each direction back from the Tioga River ; a large proportion of the Township west of the River, adjoining the Boundary, being held until after his death, when it was subdivided among his heirs in 1S29 by Michael B. Thorpe. In his survey he made note of the milestones and the Fourth Latitude Stone on the left bank of the River. Phelps and Gorhanrs Purcliase from JVIassachusetts in 1787. originally embraced all the land in the State of New York, along the Boundary, west of Milestone 82, but the portion west of the tract since popularly known by that designation, was abandoned by them before the Indian title was extinguished. It was reconveyed by Massachusetts to Robei-t Morris in 1796, and after reserving a tract 12 miles in width along the Boundary, he conveyed the remainder' to the Holland Land Company. lie divided the Reserv^c into two Ranges, and these into Townsliips six miles square, which were cut np into mile square sections. Whether these sections were all of them marked upon the ground is not known. It is probable that they were only marked upon the outlines of the Townships, the in- terior lines not being run, as was the case in the Holland Land Com- pany's Purchase. The Ranges were conveyed in Large Tracts irrespective of the Township lines, and these tracts were re-subdivided at the option of the purchasers. The Willing and Francis Tract in the south end of Range 1 was cut up into lots of about 160 acres each, the field notes of which are lost, and the Sterritt Tract in the southern extremity of Range 2 was subdivided into lots of about 108 acres each, by whom is unknown. The Holland Land Company placed its surveys in charge of Joseph Ellicott, a brother of Andrew, and judging from his instruc- tions to his deputies in the matter of marking trees, he was as .care- ful and accurate a man as his brother.* The initial survey was made by Augustus Porter who, " July 5"', 1798 Began at Gorham & Phelps South West Corner which is a post & 13eech tree standing on the North Boundary line of Penn- sylvania which was set by John Adlum in Nov'' 17^*1. From thence measured West along the said North Boundary line " setting mile posts at the end of each mile, and noting the Sixth Latitude Stone and all the milestones except 135 (which was discovered in the sur- vey of the Bingham Estate in Pennsylvania in 1806) until he had measured 12 miles, the width of the Morris Reserve, which point he reached 9 July.f Here he set a stake to mark the south-east cor- * See I, Appendix H. f See II, Appendix H for Extracts from Porter's. Field Book. 116 [Senate ner of the possessions of the Holland Land Company, " & return about 40 perches on Line and encamp it being 1 oclock and very rainy." The stake marking this important corner he afterward re- placed with a siibstantial stone monument which still remains undis- turbed. It stands upon a steep North-easterly slope south of the Hoiieoye Creek, about 150 feet above the bottom lands, and about a mile S". 45° W. from Ahna Post Office and 3,958 feet west of Mile- stone 138. It is quite plainly marked on the east side: No. 1. S. W. Corner W. & J. WiLLiNK, S. E. Corner south edge — Top SA Pen Lat. 42^" Meridian 12 miles West of (jr ife r b. W . Corner -, ^^^ From this monument a transit line was run north under Ellicott'^ direction, by his brother Benjamin, as the eastei'n Boundary of the territory. This has always been known as the " Eastern Transit Meridian." Milestones were set upon it marked " W. & J. W." in addition to the number. The system of subdivision adopted by Joseph Ellicott was almost identical with that now in use in the surveys of the Public lands of the United States, the system of Ranges and Townships. It had been previously used by his brother Andrew in surveys of Govern- ment lands in Ohio. Who invented this simple and comprehensive plan is questioned ; by some it is ascribed to Gen. Wm. H. Harrison. Andrew ElHcott may probably be correctly credited with it. The entire tract was divided into 15 Ranges, bounded by Meridian lines reaching from the Parallel Boundary to the Lakes, and num- bered from the east. Ranges 1 and 2 were each 6 miles in width ; 3 and 4 were each 4 miles wide; 5 and 6 were each 6 miles. Range 7 included the " Willink Strip," and the lands, about 5^ miles, re- maining East of Range 8. Ranges 8 to 15 were each 6 miles in width, and were consecutively laid off from the west, commencing at the south-west corner of the State. The Ranges were sub-divided into G-mile Townships numbered from the south. The surveys of the Township outlines were made in 1798-0 by various»Deputies. Mile and half-mile posts, witnessed by three or four trees, were set, the original intention being to sub-divide the interior of the Townships into mile sections and quarter sections as is now done upon United States lands. The unit of sub-division finally adopted, v»'as 360 acres, or 60 chains square. At the South-west corner of Range 6 was set a monument similar to that at the south-east corner of the Purchase. No. 71.] 117 It was found intact in 1879. It is marked East side : — HOLLAND LAND South West Corner Range N^ 6. West side : — W. leted in July and August, 1879. And later in the same season the eastern 40 miles, upon which the compass was used exclusively in the reconnaissance of 1877, was very carefull}' re-surveyed with the transit. Milestone 1 was found at this time, some 66 feet"South of the compass random of 1877. Astronomical Observations by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey ; and Operations of the New York State Survey. In order to test the accuracy of the original astronomical location of the Boundary, the Joint Commission in 1877 requested the Su- perintendent of the United States Coast Survey to undertake a series of observations for Latitude at four stations at various points. Assistant Edwin Smith of the Coast Survey was detailed by the Superintendent to make these observations. The stations occupied in 1877 were '• Travis," near the Initial Point on the Delaware; "•Finn,"' near Milestone 20 in the Susquehanna Valley ; "Burt," between Milestones 69 and 70, South-east of Elmira ; and " Clark" 5,480 feet East of the " Coi-ner." Telegraphic observations for Longitude were also made at the first three of these stations. In 1879 the Joint Commission decided to request the Superin- tendent of the Coast Survey to undertake a series of astronomical observations at nine additional stations which were to be located at convenient points, to divide the Boundary approximately into Sec- tions of uniform length. These stations were : '" Little Meadows," in the Apalachin Yalley, at Milestone 39|-; ■" Waverly," in the vil- lage of that name in the Chemung Yalley, 860.8 feet East of Mile- stone 60 ; " Lawrenceville," at Milestone 90, between the Tioga and Cowanesqua Kivers; " Austinburg," in the valley of Troup's Creek, between Milestones 109 and 110; " Genesee Yalley " west of the Genesee River, 1,104.85 feet East of Milestone 129 ; "Ceres," west of the village of that name, in the valley of Oswayo River, near 128 [Se.\ate Milestone 149; "Tuna Yalley'' at the Seventh Latitude Stone, upon the flats west of the Tunaunguant Creek; " Corydon," at Milestone 184 in the Allegany Valley ; and " Sugar Grove," about a mile north of the village of that name, between Milestones 203 and 204. The observations at these stations were all made by Assistant Smith. No obsei-vations were made for longitude in 1879. The results of the observations for Latitude and Longitude are given in detail in Appendix D. Those stations which were occupied before or during tlie reconnaissance were carefully connected with its lines. A few of the othei's were afterward located and connected with the lines of the reconnaissance, before the commencement of the finu. work of adjustment in 1881. At most of the stations occupied in 1819 the observing party failed to leave permanent meridians, so that when the>e stations were reached, their connection with the Boundary could only be made approximately. Permanent meridians marked hy monuments will be found at stations Travis, Finn, Little Meadows, Burt and Clark. The New York State Survey, befoi'e its suspension, had extended its system of triangles south across the State to the Boundary, and had established Primary and Secondary Stations adjacent to the Line as far west as Steuben County. Several of these stations are situated in Pennsylvania. At one point only has this Survey yet made a direct connection with the Boundary. This is at Station Warren in the north-east corner of Bradford County, Penn. From this Station the positions of Milestones 40, 41,42 and 43 have been accurately fixed. The results at this Station are given in Ap- l?endix D. It is to be hoped that this important pubHc work may be resumed at an early date, and that by its means the positions of all the mile- stones may be as accuratelv known. Initial Point. Its Probable Position, The positions of these Stations formed a convenient division of the Parallel 13oundary into Sections of about 20 miles, except that between Stations '* Waverly " and " Burt,'' which is less than ten miles. This division into Sections will be made use of in describing the condition of the Boundary developed by the reconnaissance, the first section extending from the Initial Point to Station Finn. At the Initial Point, as was stated in the outset, no vestige of tlie original monuments was found. The Delaware Kiver, where it is intersected by the Parallel Boundary, flows in a shallow current toward tlie south-east after having swept from the west and north around the peninsula which forms the arable portion of " John Carpenter's Military Location," the south-east point of Broome County. Upon its south-west bank are precipitous bluffs at the foot of a steep wooded mountain slope. These bluffs, or the probable alluvial flat at theii* base, being exposed to the erosive effects of every freshet in the stream within the last hundred years, have been gradually under- No. 71.] 129 mined, until the monument which Dr. Rittenhouse and Capt. Hol- land placed upon the right bank, tumbled out many years ago, and has disappeared. This monument was of blue stone. This is the recollection of Mr. M. R. Hulce, who had seen it lying beside the River, when a youth.* Its probable site is discussed farther on. Upon the opposite side of the stream are broad flats, between which and the bluffs lies, for some distance, a bayou. Near the upper end of the flats are evidences of a former channel connecting the bayou with the river. Upon this flat, at that time an island, Messrs. Rittenhouse and Holland fixed the Initial Point of the Boundary in 1774, setting a monument to mark the point, as is stated in their report heretofore quoted. These flats are swept by the freshets of every spring, which carry with them ice and logs and flood-wood with irresistible force, and the monument undoubtedly, early disappeared before the glacial action of one of these floods. The action of high water in tlie river during the past century has, without doubt, materially clianged the form and appearance of the islands and shores, so that were the base of the monument still in exist- ence, it would be a difficult matter to find it, without digging over a considerable area of tlie island. Upon the low point of hard land which projects to the river bank just above the island, Messrs. Rittenhouse and Holland probably set up their Sector upon the " beech stump cut high for ye observation." Froui the right bank of the River, the Boundary passes quite diagonally up the steep mountain slope nearly to the summit, and then down into a deep gorge upon the west side of which Milestone 1 was found in 1879. One mile east of Milestone 1 is at a point some distance from high-water mark of the Delaware in the present channel, 132 feet west of its present center. It may be questioned whether the orig- inal surveyors commenced their measurements at the monument on the right bank, or at the probable center of the river. Judging from the present condition of things, not taking into consideration * Mr. Hulce, who is above the age of 80, and stiU active, ia a native of Deposit hia place of residence, about 7 miles above the Initial Point. The latter locality and all its traditions have been familiar to him from childhood. In a letter since this part of the report was written, he says, " Your suggestion that the shore of the right side of the river extended out some distance from the base of the steep Isank in 1774 is undoubtedly correct. The flat then extended farther down than now. Messrs. Rittenhouse and Holland say they made a heap of stones at high- water mark, and four rods farther west set up a monument; this monument stood near the foot of the steep bank or hill, where the river shore now is. It was of common blue stone. The one on the Island was of marble, brought up in a canoe by Rittenhouse. * ****!□ August, 1814, there came an unprecedented flood in the Delaware River, which swept off portions of alluvial flats and in- creased tlie width of the river at least one-quarter of its present width. The flood washed away the shore nearly to the second monument of Rittenhouse and Holland. A slide of earth some years after carried this monument a short distance down to near high-water mark, when F. Greenman set it up against a tree. About fifty years ago Newel Evans built a mill-dam across the river a short dis- tance below, and his workmen in gathering stone took it and put it in the dam, as I was told by one of the party who did it." [Sen. Doc. No. 71.] " 17 130 [Senate any changes whicli nndonbtedly have taken place in the channel of the river in the past ill years, it would seem as though the distances were measured from a point in the channel.* Sketch No. 7 exhib- its the outlines of the river banks and bluffs as they exist at pres- ent. From an inspection of the sketch, a clear idea may be formed of the possible change in the line of the channel since the point was fixed. Compare with Sketch No. 2. If the south-westerly bank of the river was originally as now, a high bluff underlaid with rock which reaches above ordinary high- water mark, the freshets would have made but a slight impression upon its outline. While the flood is confined within the banks of the river, the force of the current as it swings around the bend at the east end of " Carpenter's Location " against the left or easterly bank, is deflected to the right and strikes the opposite shore just above the Boundary, but the water in this case is not high enough to have a very marked effect upon the bluff as it now stands, altliough at a point above the intersection of the Line the bluff shows recent effects of the erosion. And right at the intersection of the Boundary, since the reconnaissance, there has been consider- able slip in the face of the bluff' from the undermining action of the warer. When the freshets are at their highest, the high water spreads over the flats on the left bank, and the current is not thrown with full force against the bluffs on the other side. The main channel of the stream undoubtedly, at an early day, was through the present bayou north of Monument Island. In this case there was considerable flat land or lower ground in front of the bluff' upon the other bank. The current of the river has gradually worn its way toward the right through the alluvial soil of the flat, and silt- ing up its old bed, formed the island upon M-hich the flrst monu- ment was ])laced, and at the time the Initial Point was fixed (1774) a considerable portion of the flat may have remained upon the right bank in front of the bluff; or the latter may have sloped more gradually farther out into the present limits of the channel. This must have been the case. For, if the right bank of the river had at that time been a steep declivity as it now is, its slope would hardly have been selected as the site of the Initial Monument which Messrs. Rittenhouse and Holland say they placed four perches from the heap of stones at high-water mark. The distance along the line from high-water mark to the top of the bluff, within which there is now no stable site for a monument, ts about 155 feet — nearly ten perches. Thus it seems highly probable that the western monu- ment was set upon lower ground, Avhich has since been entirely M^orn away by the river, and that the ash tree which they marked at eigliteen perches farther west, was upon the high ground near the edge of the present bluff. * In the Act of the Pennsylvania Legislature confirming the survey, an ab- stract from which is given upon a previous page in this report, the statement is made that the milestones are marked with their distances from the stone on the "small island." ^v ETCH No. 7. iware River INITIAL POINT. mia the ih," 35i dis- •h" lint -^ Hr ^ "^ \ Fold-out Placeholder This fold-out is being digitized, and will be Inserted a future date. any changes the river in t were measui-t its the outliD' ent. From p of the possibl fixed. Comp If the sout high bhiff un watermark, tl upon its outhi the river, the the east end o: bank, is deflec above the Bou to have a ver although at a ] shows recent e1 of the Boundai able slip in the the water. Wj spreads over the with full force The main chj througli the pre there was consic upon the other 1 way toward tlie ing ap its old b( meut was ])]aced a considerable p bank in front ( gradually farthe: must have been ' at that time be hardly have been Messrs, Eittenho the heap of stone from high-water now no stable sit.. perches. Thus it raent was set np Avorn away by the eighteen ])erches : edge of the prese *In the Act of tbe stract from which is ^ made that the milestc "small island." ^ 54- -fe *> S Fold-out Placeholder This fold-out is being digitized, and will be inserted a future date. \ any eh the ri^ were n its the ent. . of the fixed. If t". high b water i upon i1 the riv the eas bank, i above i to havi altlioiii shows of the able sh the wai spreads with i\ The throngl there w upon tl way to^ ing ap nrient w a consi' bank i gradua must 1 at th? hardly Messr the h- from now perc] men M^on eigb edg. *J stra' mac "si No. 71.] 131 The snrvey of the nortli-east corner Warrant of Pennsylvania l)egan at the Monnment on the right bank of the River, and the distance of this monnment from George Palmer's " 2-mile Birch," according to the varions intermediate wan-ant surveys, was 635^ perches (158.88 chains ; 73.9 feet less than two miles).* This dis- tance measnred from the probable remains of the "two-mile birch" reaches into the present channel, as shown in the Sketch, to a point but 23 feet short of one mile east of Milestone 1. It is perhaps useless now to speculate upon the reason why these important monuments were placed in such exposed positions. Undej- the present conditions momiments placed at corresponding points would hardly survive the vicissitudes of the first winter and spring The entire country being at that time covered with forest, it is probable that the extreme freshets of later days were unknown and that the appearance of the banks indicated greater stability than they have since shown. Condition of the Boundary as Devei-oped by the Reconnais- sance. Between Milestone 1 and Milestone 5 nothing authentic was found. The remnant of old Milestone 3 was lying among the stone upon the surface of an abrnpt rocky slope. The line fences and old cor- ners exhibited an uncertainty of direction attributable to the de- struction of the original marks. Upon the M-est side of Sand Pond Brookf flats, the land is owned upon both sides of the Boundary by one person, and is not indicated by fences. Near the left bank of this stream are the remains of the yellow birch wliich marks the South-east corner of the Delaware Tract. For some distance in either direction from this the fences, when there are any, are proba- bly upon the Palmer Line of 17S4. The general alignment of the First Section, as shown by the mile- stones, is quite uniform ; no very marked deflections being apparent at the various mile points. Milestones 5, 6 and 7 were found apparently undisturbed, except in the case of the latter, which had been badly shattered by the ac- tion of fire and falling timber. Between this and Milestone 10 the line through the open woods was only indicated by a few marked trees and occasional stakes, the Palmer line, a short distance north, being more plainly indicated where the original timber is standing. Between Milestones 11 and 15, which were both found in place, the fence line again exhibited an uncertainty of purpose, although the two monuments (almost the only intermediate monuments in ex- istence) at the intersection of the Susquehanna River, are very * The survey of Jobu Carpenter's Military Location in New York makes tlii.s distance but 150 chains, which would not reach down to the foot of the mouu tain slope west of the River. This distance is i)robably erroneous, and must bavts been intended as 160 chains. f Known in the early surveys as the *' Little Kookhoose liiver." 132 [Senate nearly in line between the two milestones. From Milestone 16 to 19 was another blank interval, verj fairly marked, however, b}^ the fences. Milestone 19 seemed to have been disregarded by early ISTew York surveys from the West, which to within 800 feet of the Mile- stone are marked by stakes and fences some 40 feet south of the line. A stone monument marking an old Pennsylvania corner, 165 feet west of 19, was found to be witliin a foot of the Milestone line. Milestone 20, upon the flats east of the Susquehanna River, was not found. Upon the Second Section, between Stations "Finn" and "Little Meadows," the First Latitude Stone at 20f miles, and Milestones 23, 26, 33, 36 and 39 were the only original monuments found m place. Four others were found, but these had been pulled up and moved about, beyond the memory of iuan. Other authentic points were found, especially in the long interval between Milestones 26 and 33, which were afterward made use of in adjusting the Boundary along this Section. These points were ; — a stone pile upon the high rocky summit west of the Susquehanna River, upon the probable position of Milestone 21. placed by County Commissioners of Susquehanna County under the supervision of Col. Gere, several years before the i-econnaissance of the Boundary, to mark the corner of tlie towns of Great Bend and Lil)erty ; a small stone monnment marking a Pennsylvania corner at or near the site of Milestone 28 : and a large stoiie iirmly set in a large stone pile near the 31 mile ])oint, which had for many 3'ears been recognized as a " State Line Monument." At the First Latitude Stone there is a quite perceptible bend in the Boundary to the right (north) and at Milestone 21 another, the two forming a deflection of one degree. At Milestones 28, 31, 33, and 35, the Boundary bends quite decidedly the other way. Upon the Third Section between Stations " Little Meadows " and " Waverly," all the Milestones except 42, 45, 56, and 58 were found undisputedly in place. Milestone 45 stood in the center ot a road and had been broken in pieces, but its site was readily identified. Milestone 54 had been broken down years ago but had been replaced with a more durable slab of rock. The same may be said of Milestone 47. A substantial stone monument marked with a cross, and some old field-notes of surveys of the Wheeler Douglass Military Location, made before Milestone 58 was lost, made the replacement of that Milestone a matter of no difficulty. At Milestone 40 upon the summit of a point of a high hil\ on the west side of the Apalachin Yalley, a marked bend to the left (south) occurs beyond which for the remainder of the Section, the Milestones are in an irregular curve toward the right, bending quite perceptibly north of M^est at Milestones 54 and 55. The Fourtli and Fifth Sections, between Stations Waverly and Lawrenceville cover the ground of the fourth section of the original sui'vey, and will be considered together. Milestone 60, in the heart I No. 71.] 133 of the village of "Waverlj, had been dug up and carried awav, and the exact line through the village had been a matter of dispute. Milestones 63 and 64 had been pulled up and moved ; 70, 76, and 77 were entirely missing ; there was some doubt about tlio integrity of 79 and 80, although they were hnally accepted as in place. The same may be said of Milestone 82, the monument upon which depended the surveys of miUions of acres in Western New York. Milestones 83 and 87 had been lost, and 84 and 85 had been pulled up and removed ; and the Fourth Latitude Stone upon the left bank of the Tioga River had been washed out long since. Tlie line through the village of Waverly was adjusted at once by alignment between Milestone 59 and an original monument at 60|- miles. The Une adopted was a curve having the normal curvature of the parallel of 42®. Monuments were set at each street intersec- tion by the village authorities, and Milestone 60 was re])lace(l. The direction of the line through the village is North 80° 15' West (true) : a marked deflection to the left occurs at 60|- mile monument and another to the right at Milestone 61 on the riglit bauk of the Che- mung River, so that the line west of the latter if prolonged East, would pass over ten feet South of the line through the village. The Boundary, between Milestones 61 and SO, consists of two somewhat uneven tangents joined between 75 and 81 by an irregular curve convex northward, flattened between Milestones 75 and 78 by the interpolation of a strait line. At Milestone 89, an'abrupt deflection to the right (north), and at the site of the Fourth Latitude Stone, a deflection to the left take the Line across the Cowanesqua Flats. While the Boundary at either end of the two Sections is from 70 to 105 feet north of the Astronomical Parallel, in the middle at Mile- stone 75, its latitude as deduced from Stations Burt and Lawrence- ville is 42° 00' 09". 53, or 965 feet north of the same parallel. Upon the Sixth Section the general alignment of the Boundary is more nearly west, with some irregularities. At Milestone 92 an abrupt deflection to the north occurs, and another nearly as great at 93. Milestones 95 and 102 were entirely lost ; 93 had been pulled up and broken in pieces; 100 had been washed out by floods in a small brook ; 107 had been displaced ; and the Fifth Latitude Stone had been torn from its place by floods in Troup's Ci-eek. No material discrepancies in the alignment are perceptible in the line of occupation in the vacant intervals. Some very marked unevenness occurs upon the Seventh Section between Stations " Austinsburg" and '' Genesee Valley." At Mile- stone 117 an abrupt bend to the left (south) occurs and a similar one to the right at 120 ; and the line Avest of the latter produced east would pass 200 feet south of the Line cast of the former. From Mile- stone 120 west, the Boundary is comparatively even in alignment, with a bend toward the right at 126. Milestone 111 was entirely missing, lp;hadl)cen pulled up and moved about; but an old Township 134 [Sknate Corner, a short distance west, and the notes of Surveys of the Phelps and Gorhani's Purchase, afforded ready means for replacing it ; Mile- stones 118 and 123 had been pulled up and left upon the surface of the ground , and 126 had been dug out in working a road. Upon the Eighth and jSTinth Sections, between Stations " Genesee Valley " and " Tuna Valley," and particularly the portion between Milestones 135 and 155, is the most irregular portion of the Bound- ary, and upon the crooked portion occur a number of vacant inter- vals. Upon this crooked portion also, in the valley of the Honeoye ^reek in the vicinity of Milestone 1-11, the location of the Boundary had been in litigation, and was still practically unsettled. There is comparatively little unevenness between Milestones 129 and 135. Milestone 131 had been lost and 133 had been plowed out. A bend to the right (north) occurs at 135 ; a very abrupt crook to the left at 136, and another toward the right at the Sixth Latitude Stone at 136| miles. West of the latter monument, owing to a probable local magnetic error, the i-andom line of the original Survey was thrown more than a degree too far to thq South, resulting in the enormous error at the next correction station, of nearly five-eighths of a mile. The random line, owing, no doubt, to the local irregn- larities of the variation of the needle, was crooked, and the crooked- ness was repi'oduced in correcting into the final location. Sketch No. 8 exhibits on an exaggerated scale the condition of this 2:)ortion of the Boundary. Milestones 139, 140, 141, 145, 147 and 148 upon the Eighth Sec- tion, and 149, 150 and 166 upon the Ninth Section were entirely missing; 142 had been dug up in making a road, and afterward broken in pieces; 143 was found, in 1S84, lying upon the surface of the ground; 146, 153, 158, 160 and 167 had been pulled up; 145 was found in place, in 1884, after a protracted searcli, and 152 and 154 were abo found the same year at obscure points. A very abrupt bend to the left (south) exists at Milestone 144, and as great a bend toward the right at 145. But one greater angle than either of these two exists upon the line, that at the Seventh Latitude Stone at the western ext • nity of the ninth section. Very perceptible crooks occur : to chv. left, at 148 ; to the right, at 149 and 150 ; to the left, at 153 and 157 ; to the right, at 160 ; to the left, at 161, and to the right again at 164, the intermediate portions of the Boundary being tolerably regular. Devious and irregular fences at many points, with duplicate lines of marked trees at others, added to the original uncertainty of the Line. U])on these sections, originally so crooked and with so many va- cant intervals, a number of authentic points were identified, which were afterward nsed in the final adjustment. These were: the stump of an origmal marked tree east of Milestone 131 ; the monu- ment at the south-east corner of the Holland Land Company's Pur- chase ; a witnessed stake at the District Corner (Penn.), the probable site of Milestone 140 ; a section corner west of 141 ; a stone inonu- \ Fold-out Placeholder This fold-out is being digitized, and will be insertec future date. 1^0. 71. j 135 ment marking a Holland Land Company's Section Corner upon the Oswayo Flats, 14 chains 10 links East of Milestone 14S ; the founda- tion of a chnrch, the north face of which was placed 3 feet south of the line, in the village of Ceres, a short distance east of Milestone 149 ; an old corner-marked elm west of Milestone 150, and an ancient marked Hemlock upon the left bank of the Allegany River near 153. At the Seventh Latitude fetone, the western extremity of the Section, the Boundary deflects to the left (south) 1° 41', the great- est crook at any one point upon the Parallel Boundary. Upon the Tenth Section, after passing the Seventh Latitude Stone, the line is very nearly straight to Milestone 171, where there is a deflection to the riglit (north) of about one degree, beyond which, to Milestone 179, the genei-al direction is slightly south of west with some unevenness of alignment. At Milestones 179, ISO and 181, the line gradually bends to the north of west by deflections of 30 to 44'. This Section covers the Wilderness portion omitted in the re- connaissance of 1878, Milestones 169, 17'> and 177 had entirely disappeared, and 174 had lost its status. The remainder of the Mile- stones were accepted as in place. Two of the mile points of the Holland Land Company's Survey were identifled by means of the original witness trees, all of wliichwere standing about one of the points, and two remaining at the other. These points were the 3 mile post upon the suuth line of Township 1, Range 7, and the south-west corner of tiie same township. From these, by means of the Holland Land Company's Field-Notes, the positions of Milestones 174 and 177 were afterward lixed. , The close proximity, at the south, of Brady's Warrant line had contributed to the obscurity of the State Line between Mile- stones 177 and 183, and, in consequence, the intermediate milestones had been entirely lost sight of until discovered by the County line Commission in 1873. This obscurity may have been the means of their preservation. Along the Eleventh Section, from Station Corydon, the line passes, with a few minor intervening irregularities, with marked bends to the left (south) at Milestones "l85, 189, 191 and 192, and toward the right at 194." At the Eighth Latitude Stone at 195'- railes, a deflection of about one degree to the left occurs, and af 199 another to the right of about the same amount. Upon this Section only Milestones 184,^* 188, 189, 192, 200 and 203 and the Eighth Latitude Stone were found in place. The dis- placed remnams of Milestones 185, 186, 187, 190, 191, 195, 196, 197 and 201 were found lying upon the ground. Several other authentic points were identified, which were after- ward used in adjusting the Boundary upon some of the vacant inter- vals. These points were : — the 4 Mile Post upon the south line of ■" Milestone 184 was a stone set up by the McKean and Warren Counly Line (.'onimissiou in 187;} Xo original milestone was ever known at this point. The stone set up in 187:J was accepted, after a careful investigation 136 [Skxate Township 1, Range 10, 1107.75 feet west of Milestone 191, located in ISTO, bj O. D. liinckley, from un original witness tree ; the sand- stone monument set by A. T. Prendergast in 1871, at the 194 mile point ;* and the 2^ mile post upon the south line of Township 1, Range 11, 286.1 feet East of Milestone 199, located by Mr. Hinck- ley in 1870, fronl an original witness tree. Upon this section, an extraordinary discrepancy in distance in the original survey was discovered. It was tirst noticed in inspecting the iield-notes of the Holland Land Company's surveys across the south end of Range 10 (the east range of Chautauqua County) which was laid out six miles wide, none of the milestones are noted in the Company's Field Book. LTpon the south end of Range 9, Milestone 189 was located 1372.8 feet east from the south-west corner. On the south line of Range 11, the Eighth Latitude Stone at 195^ miles is noted as 771.5 feet weot of the south-east corner of the Range. Thus these monuments Avhich purported from their marks to be 6 miles 660 feet apart, seemed to be 6 miles 2144.3 feet. Upon the reconnaissance this was confirmed. The distance between these two monuments measured 6 miles 2143.3 feet, a very close agreement with the Holland Land Company's measurements. Milestone 192, the only one in place upon the south end of Range 10, was found in 1878. Its distance from 189 is 3 miles 376.5 feet, still leaving be- tween 192 and 195, the extravagant surplus of 1106.8 feet across the Conewango Valley, the tlats in which at the time the line was run wei'e covered by a dense black ash swamp. The Twelfth Section, from Station Sugar G-rove to the " Corner," was found almost entirely deficient in original monuments, Milestones 204 and 208 being the only ones remaining. A innnber of other authentic points were found which.wereaftei'ward accepted and used in adjusting the Boundary along this Section. These were; — a sleigh- shoe driven to mark the corner of two Willink warrants in Pennsyl- vania, the site of Milestone 205 ; theremainsof ancient stakes wliich for years have marked a warrant corner, the site of Milestone 207 ; the 3 mile post upon the south line of Township 1 of Range 13, a short distance east of Milestone 210, located from original witness trees identified in 1870, by Mr. Hinckley ; a stake and stones upon the site of Milestone 212 making a \Villink (Penn.) warrant corner; a Llolland Land Company's section corner stake 696.1 feet west of Milestone 215, set many years ago from the original witnesses; an- other Section Corner 529.4 feet west of Milestone 218, the orio-inal *The late Judge Foote of! Jamestown, in a letter to Secretary Wool worth in 1868, says: "The State Line between Chautauqua County, N. Y., and Warren County, Pa., passes within about 8 miles of this village, and on the old stage-road from this to Warren, Pa., as I have travelled over that road from time to time for more than 53 years. I knew when I passed tlie line, altliougli iu native vvoodhmd by a certain white oak tree on the east side of the road" [near the 194 mile pointj. " That tree is dead and nearly gone with its many marks upon it, and soon no trace of it will remain " I could relate many comical anecdotes of persons fleeing past that point to the ' City of Refuge.' witli an officer iu pursuit, especially before the law for non-im- prisonment for debt was enacted." No. 71.3 13 witnesses to which are still standing'; and the 5^ uiiie 2X)st upon the south line of Township 1, liaug-c io, 2002.4 feet west of Milestone 2lt), located from the stump of an original witness identilied by iVIr. Hinckley, some years before his official reconnaissance of this portion of the Boundary. For nearly the entire length of the Section, owung to the loss of the original monuments, the devious fences showed a remarkable de- gree of uncertainty at many points. In the vicinity of Milestone 214, the location of the line had been for years the subject of bitter litigation. This uncertain condition afforded a very fair opportunity in the final adjijstment, by the use of the few authentic points iden- tified, to reduce the general alignuient to a few long straight lines, one of which, west of Milestone 219, is the longest upon the entire Parallel. The following is a recapitulation of the situation in which the Parallel Jioimdary was found, so far as the original monuments were concerned : Milestones in place and undisputed 123 Milestones found removed from their places and in various stages of dilapida- tion 37 Milestones entirely missing 60 Latitude Stones in pla«e (two broken down) 5 Latitude Stone found out of place (broken) 1 Latitude Stones entirely missing ^ 2 Holland Company's monuments in place 3 Holland Company's monuments missing. , . 1 Other intermediate monuments found in place 3 Initial Monuments gone 2 241 Intermediate monuments may have l)een placed at the second aud third intersections of the Susquehanna River, but they have entirely disappeared. Of the milestones found in place at least 25 had been more or less broken, some of them quite badly shattered, and three others had been so broken that at some time interested parties had replaced them with better stones. In general along the entire Parallel the distances between the milest^jnes is in excess of one mile. There is no uniformity in the amount of the surplus, except on a few short sections. In a few of the intervals the distances are a little less than one mile, and in a few others the variation from a mile is but trifling. The shortest inter- val, — between Milestones 152 and 153 — is 5017.7 feet, and the longest interval, except the intervals between Milestone 192 and the Eighth Latitude Stone, is 5513 feet between Milestones 180 and 181. This irregularity in distance made it very difficult to find many of the original milestones in obscure localities. The search for Mile- stone 145 was a notable instance. It was not found upon the recon- naissance. From the talk of residents in the vicinity during the final adjustment in 1884, it was supposed to be still in existence PVom [Sen. Doc. No. 71.] 18 138 [Senate the peculiar condition of the recognized Line it was quite necessary that it should be found ; without it, a portion of the Boundary would possibly have to be changed over a hundred feet from its traditional location. Its place was upon a steep hillside cov^ered with old fallen trees, and upturned roots of "windfalls of an early date ; a few old dead trees standing, intersj^ersed with saplings, bushes and young trees, a very unpromising locality. A careful inspection of the marks on the few remaining old trunks limited the site to a com- paratively small space which was carefully examined by the entire party for over an hour, with final success, the monument having been broken down and entirely buried by a fallen tree. The distance from the Initial Point of 1786 to the "• Corner " by the Milestones is 224 . 84 miles Chained distance (1877-8) from the probable position of the Initial Monument + 1 mile (East of Mile stone 1) 226.84 do Thus the measured distance from the Delaware to the " Corner" is two miles in excess of the distance as indicated by the Milestones The distance between Station Travis and the Meridian Boundary, deduced from the Astronomical results of the Coast Survey observa- tionsiit the former Station and the Lake Survey Longitude of the mon- ument at the north end of the Meridian Boundary is 226.82 miles. The chained distance is. 227. 13 do Milestone 40 is the farthest point East yet fixed geodetically. This Avas done in 1882 by the New York State Survey by connection with the TJ. S. Lake Survey Systom of triangles.* The Geodetic distance AVest from this Milestone to the " Corner," the position of the latter being derived from the U. S. Lake Survey Longitude, is 186.16 miles; chained distance 1877-9, 186.31 miles; original distance by the Milestone-s, l'^4.84 miles, DlSOCSSlOX IJY THE CoMMISSIONKKS OF THE PrOPER MeTHOD OF Adjustment. The reconnaissance of the entire Boundary being completed, and the line being found to vary quite materially at many points from the parallel of Latitude along which it was supposed to have been run, the subject of the final adjustment and permanent marking of the Boundary was considered by the Joint Commission. This involved the question of the power of the Joint Commission to cor- rect the errors of the original survey : and of the policy of a change in the line however erroneous it might be, after having been accepted as a Boundary line by botli States, for more than ninety years, without question. The Legislature of New York by the following " Act to provide "See Appendix D. i I ERRATUM. Line 15 sliould read: "of the Initial Monument (1 Mile East of Milestone 1)." r J No. 71.] 139 for the settlement of the Boundary Hnes between the State of New- York, and the States of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, respectively," passed May 20, 1880, stated the position of that state upon the subject. " Section 1. Whereas, by an Act of the Legislature, passed the twenty-sixth day of May, eighteen hundred and seventy-five, the Regents of the Univei'sity were authorized and directed, 'in con- nection with the . authorities of Pennsylvania and. New Jersey, respectively, to replace any monuments which have become dilapi- dated or been removed, on the boundary lines ot those States ; ' and, whereas, from the examination made by said Regents it has been found that said monuments, as located by tne original joint commis- sioners, do not conform in all cases to the verbal descriptions of said lines, and questions have arisen between the Commissioners of said States as to the proper location of said monuments ; therefore, it is hereby declared that the lines originally laid down and marked with monuments by the several Joint Commissions duly appointed for that purpose, and which have since been acknowledged and legally recognized by the several States interested, as the limits of their territory and jurisdiction, are the Boundary lines of said States, irre- spective of want of conformity to the verbal descriptions thereof. " § 2. Said Regents are hereby authorized and empowered to desig- nate and appoint three of their number as Commissioners to meet such Commissioners as have been or may be appointed and ^'ested with similar powers, on the part of the States of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, or either of them, and with such last-mentioned Com- missioners, as soon as may be, to ^^I'oceed to ascertain and agree upon the location of said lines as originally established and marked with monuments ; and in case any monuments are found dilapidated or removed from their original location, said Commissioners are authorized to renew or replace them in a durable manner, in theii' original positions and to erect such additional monuments at such places on said lines as they may deem necessary for the proper desig nation of the boundary lines of said States. The said Regents shall report the action of said Commissioners to the Legislature of the State for its consideration and ratification." * Li accordance with the provisions of this Law, the Board of Regents designated the members of the Boundary Committee as the Commission to carry out its instructions. A copy of the law, with the action of the Board of Regents, was transmitted to the Commissioners from Pennsylvania, and corre- spondence ensued between the chairmen of the two commissions. [The letters which passed between Col. Worrall and Chancellor Pierson are given in full in the report of the Commissioners, which prefaces this report.] The New York Commissioners reported in January, ISSl, to the Board of Regents as follows : * Chapter 340, Laws of 1880. 140 [Senate " The Coramissiouers, appointed under chapter 340 of the Laws of 1880, on the Boundary lines between the State of JSTew York and the States of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, respectively, sub- mit to the Board of Regents the following report : " The purpose of the law, under which, this Commission was ap- pointed, appears plainly to have been,^V6'^, to make an authoritative declaration as to the principles ou which the settlement of these Boundary lines must be eft'ected, and secondly^ to provide for the appointment of Connnissioners with adequate authority to effect this settlemenl'. The duly of the Commission is, therefore, to take up the work carried on by the Joint Commissioners authorized by chapter 424 of the Laws of 1875, and which was fully detailed in the report of the New York Commissioners, transmitted by the Board to the last Legislature. " It seemed appropriate, however, that tlie Pennsylvania Com- missioners should be informed of the new action of the New York Legislature, and of the re-apj^ointment of the old Commissioners, to act under the new law. Accordingly a copy of the act of 1880 was transmitted to Col. Worrall, as well as the report of Major Clarke, the surveyor who had been einployed to make the examination of the Boundary line. " The further correspondence on this subject is herewith submit- ted. It indicates a fundamental divergence in opinion, as to the further steps to be taken in the settlement of the Boundary. The Pennsylvania Commissioners favor the establishment of a line by rigorously scientific methods, on the 42nd ])arallel. This would constitute in fact a new Boundary, differing in its entire length from that which was run l)y the joint commissioners in 1786 and 1787, and which has since been the recognized partition line. On the other hand, the act of the New York Legislature, above referred to, declares the whole line to bo the true and only Boundary, irrespect- ive of its want of conformity to the verbal description, and authorizes the Commissioners to ascertain the location of the lines as originally run, and to renew and replace the monuments thereon. " The New York Commissioners have deemed it their duty in .re- plying to the chairman of the Pennsylvania Commissioners to enter somewhat at length into the subject, and to explain the very de- cided and unequivocal position which the State of New York has taken. It is hoped that from this discussion may be developed some common ground for the two States, and that the Legislature of Penn- sylvania may take such action as wjU enable the question to be settled." The following Documents were also submitted with this report. Copies of them had been previously forwarded to Col. Worrall. " Office of the Regents, Albany, Dec. 20, 1880. "James T. Gardiner, Esq., Director of the State Survey : " Dear Sir — Questions having arisen in the Joint Commission on the Boundary line between New York and Pennsylvania, as to the No. 71.] 141 principles to be followed in restoring said lines, the New I'ork Commission respectfully request that you will furnish them with such information, as your experience may suggest, as to the rules which have governed the marking out on the ground, and the re- storing when partially lost, of boundaries between the States of the United States, and between the United States and other countries, when such boundaries are described by parallels of latitude; and also as to the feasibilit}^ of surveying and marking a line so that it can always be found with ease and precision. " The importance to the State of adopting a true policy in i-egard to this c^uestion is my excuse for giving j^ou this trouble. " Respectfully yours, " HENRY R. PIERSON, Chairman." " New York State Survey, Office of the Director, ) Albany, Decemljer 21, 1880, \ " To the ITonoraoie Henry R. Pir<:RsoN, Chairman of the New York Coviinission on the New Yorh and Pennsylvania Boundary Line : " Dear Sir — In response to your inquiries for information, as to the rules which have governed the marking out on the ground, or restoring when partially lost, of boundaries between the States and Territories of the United States, and between the United States aiid other countries, when such boundaries are described as parallels of latitude, and in answer to your question as to the feasibility of mark- ing and surveying a line, so that it can always be found with ease and precision, I have the honor to replay, that every State and Terri- tory of the Union, except two, is partially bounded in descriptions, be they, decrees, laws or agreements, by parallels of latitude, and that only one general method has been employed in defining these parallels upon the ground, so far as I have been able to learn their history ; that there is therefore a perfectly settled usage, by which commissioners and surveyors of State and territorial boundaries have interpreted the words ' parallel of latitude,' occurring in de- scriptions of boundaries; that this um'form method of interpretation has been repeatedly ratified by the States and General Government, and established by decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States ; that in restoring old lines practice has long ago settled upon certain methods as being in the whole fairest ; and last!}', that it is perfectly within the means of trigonometrical surveying to fix the position of any line so that it may always be easily and accurately found. "All public boundaries on parallels have in this country been run by determining astronomically certain points on the astronomical par- allel, and then attempting to run straight lines between the points 142 [Senate so fixed. The resulting line is invariably and necessarily crooked. Every State or United States houndary laid down on maps as a straight east and west line is really crooked on the ground. " The first cause of this is the fact that it is not within the power of astronomy to fix points exactly east and west of one another., owing principally to the deflection of the plumb-line froui the vertical by the unequal density of the earth's crust. This source of error canjiot be overcome. It amounts often to hundreds of feet. The stations fixed by astronomical observation, as on a given parallel of latitude, are therefore not m a straight line, or arc of a circle, but a line running through them is always crooked. " Another source of error is in attempting to run straight lines be- tween the astronomical stations. These are always more or less bent, depending upon the refinement of method employed in alignment. I have examined the results of the recent reconnaissance of the New York and Pennsylvania Boundary, and am prepared to say, that both in straightness and in approximation to the parallel, it compares very favorably with similar boundaries of other States and Territo- ries, both east and west.* It is not unusually crooked, and it is un- usually near its true parallel. It probably conforms to its legal de- scription as nearly as any similar boundary in the United States. " Since this Boundary was fixed by the method always employed in la^'ing out boundaries described as parallel, and since the work was of the best (puility of its day, therefore, according to all precedent and legal ruling, there can be no doubt that the line marked on the ground by our Coirnnissioners in 1Y86 and 1787 is the bounding line between New York and Pennsylvania. Every effort should, there- fore, be made to restore this line. In such cases the practice is to use landmarks and all available testimony to recover as man}'- points on the line as possible, and then to connect these with straight lines. This method was adopted in the final settlement of the boundary between the United States and Great Britain, and with all other cases with which I am familiar. In the case of the New York and Pennsylvania Boundary, I see no reason for departing from this well- established practice. " When the line has been thus settled, it can be permanently pre- served by marking every angle with a gram'te post, and with under- ground marks not readily found except by surveyors. Every monu- ment should then be connected with the triangulation of the State Survey, whose stations on the neighboring hills will command the line, and from these State Survey stations any portion on the Boundary could be recovered, even if all visible trace of the boundarj'- monu- * Assistant Edwin Smith, of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, in reporting his observations of Latitude in 1879 says: " They she ,v a surprising •degree of accuracy in the survey of the line by Bittenhouse in 1787. His party must iuive cut their way through the woods. The line was run with a compass. and the instruments used to determine latitudes must have been inferior in con- struction as compared with those now employed." U. S. C. & G. Report, 1880, p. 18. No. 71. J 143 ments was removed. The triangnlatiou of the N. Y. State Survey will reach the Peuusjlvania Boundary in the year 1881, and will be ex- tended along it. When this is done the crookedness of the line presents no obstacle to its being accurately surveyed and mapped, and it will be so connected with reference points, set by the State Survey, that no part of the line can never again be lost. " Verv respectfully yours, "JAMES T. GARDINER. " Director M. Y. State Survey:' "New York and Pennsylvania Boundary Survey, ( Syracuse, January 8, 188.1. j Hon. H. R. Pierson, Chairnian of the Bouiidary Cominission of the Regents of the University of New York : " Sir — In response to )^our note of 31 Dec, I have the honor to submit the following memoranda. " The scientific and legal objections to an entirely new line have been discussed elsewhere, and by other gentlemen. " The jjractical obstacles in the way of an adjustment of the Bound- ary upon a new line, howe\'er accurate or perfect, arise in the oppo- sition on the part of residents and property owners, to a change in a line which for nearly a century has been accepted as the correct boundary of farms and communities. Instances are rare, and the intervals short, where proprietors own^idjoining lands in both States, and have disregarded the Boundary as a division line. And in each one of tliese cases the Boundary forms the legal bound of separate premises in each State. " From my intercourse with the inhabitants upon the debatable ground, I am convinced that, although the parties directly affected by a change in the line might generally acquiesce in the change, if made by competent authority, for the same reason that they would submit to any arbitrary act of law, most, if not all of them, are cer- tainly unfavorably disposed toward the change for the following, among other reasons: — "' First. It will still leave in an unsettled, and at many points unsatisfactory, condition the old line which has for years formed, and will continue to form, a portion of their farm boundaries, and which at points even the most arbitrary settlement would be satis- factory. Were the maximum change but a few feet, the new line in time might gradually be accepted as the true land boundary, and the old line obliterated. In the actual situation of tlie case such an adjustment would be impossible, the variations being too great, Tlie line as originally run formed the base line for nearly all the land surveys in both States, and deeds and descriptions depend upon it or refer to it. 144 [Senate "Second. While in a few rare instances, as in two or three cases in the village of South Waverly, Penn., and in Ceres, JN. Y., the entire area of a party's i)03sessions ina}^ l)e transferred from one State to the other, throughout the entire Boundary heside, a new Boundary -would divide tlie farms and premises it would intersect. This would subject each owner, upon a portion of his property, to assessment and other sumptuary laws entirely different from those under which he has perlia])3 alwaj^s lived. His land will be taxed under two different systems, paying a portion of his taxes into the treasury of a town or county in which he has no mterest, aside from the fact that a few acres of his land have been arbitrarily amiexed to its territory. He will also, of necessity, be required to perfect his title in two clerks' offices instead of one. As a peculiar example of the hardship such a state of affairs might entail upon parties affected by a change, I will refer to the village of Lawrenceville, Tioga County, Penn., at Milestone 90. The present Boundary, which is well marked by monuments and undisputed, forms the rear line of a row of village lots for about three-fourths mile, which front South upon a street parallel with the Boundary. The Astro- nomieal Parallel, as determined at that point in 1879, passes through the front part of all these lots, and perhaps intersects most of the houses. " In one instance however a change might be more favorably received. The present Boundary passing through the little village of Ceres, between the 148 and 149 mile points, intersects an extensive lumber mill and a large grist mill. Here frequently occur disputes over assessments in two communities, which are a fair example of what may arise at many points along the Boundary, if a new line be estal)lishcd. The proprietor of these establishments frequently expressed himself in hopes that a new line, if one should be fixed, would place his property entirel}'^ in one State or the other, he was indifferent which. It would relieve him and the town officers on both sides from frequent embarrassment. A new line, however, especially if laid along the Astronomical Parallel, would fail to en- tirely relieve him, although it would place the most valuable part of his property, the mills themselves, all in Pennsylvania. " Third. It would in many instances transfer the residence of parties, involuntarily, from a State whose laws and customs they have been familiar with for j^ears, to one in which the laws and customs are materially different. It would remove them and their families arbitrarily into new communities. " As the surface of the earth along the Boundary is so broken, the beauties of an accurate line will be hardly more apparent to the mind of the* passer-by than the irregularities of the present line.* As * There are very few points at which the deflections in the Boundary may be detected with the naked eye from intersecting highways. One of these points is in the Tuna Valley near Milestone 167, where occurs the greatest deflection in the line. Ko. 71.] 145 long as an irregular line is so well and permanently marked that it may always be found, and it will satisfy ninety-nine-hundredths of the people interested, more than a new and perfect line in a new loca- tion. And the monuments which may be placed in the new line will be much more liable to interference, from interested parties, than if set in the old farm bounds. " In the reconnaissance of the Parallel Boundary, most of the ground had been passed over before the amount of variation from the parallel of 42° was known, except by inference from the irregu- larities in alignment. In consequence the occasions to sound the opinions of the inhabitants with whom I came in contact, upon the subject of a radical change in the location of the Boundary, were at a minimum. Had the place of the parallel been even approxi- mately known at all points in advance, I am confident that 1 should have daily met with opinions decidedly adverse to a change. Where by means of the astronomical observations, a marked variation was made known, as at stations " Firm," "Burt,"" and "Clark," where valuable lands and tenements would be transfered, opinions had become crj^stalized, and opposed to the adjustment of the Boundary npon the Astronomical Parallel, or any other, not coincident with the line as originally laid npon the ground. " The average American citizen is an individual technically tena- cious of all his rights and privileges in matters touching his citizen- ship, or the boundaries of his real estate, obstinately adhering to the ' old farm lines,' however erroneous they may be. And in the case of this Boundary, the most elaborate series of provisos for the protection of vested i-ights will hardly satisfy the party affected b}'' it, for a change, the 'practical object of which is not apparent to his mind. " Considering the temporary character of the monuments placed to mark this Boundary 94 years ago, it is surprising that more of them had not disappeared. Had monuments similar to those now used by the State Survey, been set originally, there is no doubt that 99 per cent could now be readily found. ''The proportionately slight variations in alignment of the greater portion of points upon the Parallel Boundary, are not so apparent or serious as the dis-alignment of nine-tenths of the rambling fences constructed npon surveyed lines throughout the agricultural districts of the two States. " The only line, other than the original of 1786-7, which should be adopted, if a change is to be made, should not be the Astronomi- cal parallel, or a mean geodetic parallel located by an independent system of triangles dependent upon an Astronomical determina- tion of the latitudes of its base line. But it should be a curve inter- polated, after extending from the south the system of geodetic triangles of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, and that of the State Survey of New York from the north, until they meet, and the probable errors in the positions of the joint stations of the two [Sen. Doc. No. 71.] 19 146 [Senate i systems, along the Boundary, are reduced to tlie minimum, by the' most exact appliances of science. This will be a work not of months, but of years, and its probable cost will be ditticult to esti- mate. The cost of an independent geodetic survey, as estimated by Col. Worrall, will be Irom $36,000 to $40,000. While to fix the line along tlie Astronomical parallel, (wiiicli would be a practically needless change) or to adjust and peraianently mark the original Boundary of 1786-T, the cost need be but 20 or 25 per cent of the amount. "Respectfully submitted, " H. W. CLARKE, Civil Engineer, " Surveyor on the part of New YorhP " Opinion of Counsel. "The following opinion of the Hou. Geo. A. Simmons, of Keeseville, was prepared at the request of the New York Commissioners on the Connecticut Boundary. As it embodies the legal principles on which that question was settled, and which must prevail in every settlement, it is herewith reprinted. **'The question to be considered arises from conflicting views as to the houndary line between the State of New York and Connecticut. " In May 1855, the Legislature of Connecticut a])j)ointed commis- sioners on the part of that State ' to ascertain the boundai-y line between that State and the State of New York,' and authorized them, jointly with commissioners to be appointed by the Legislature of the State of New York, vested with similar powers on the part of the latter State, ' to ascertain the said boundary line and erect suitable monuments at such places as they should deem necessary to prevent an r further mistakes concerning the same.' "In April, 1856, the Legislature of New York appointed similar commissioners with the like powers ' to ascertain the boundai-y line between this State and the State of Connecticut, and to erect suit- able monuments at such places as they should deem necessary to pre- vent any further mistakes concerning the same.' " From the ^:>/'6a?W(^/^.s of the two legislative resolutions appointing the commissioners, stating 'that sundry differences and disputes have arisen among the inhabitants resident near the line dividing the States of New York and Connecticut concerning said dividing line, and that most of the bounds and monuments erected on and along said dividing line have been removed or destroyed, rendering it uncertain to which of said States sundry citizens, residents as aforesaid, belong ; now, therefore,' tfec. It is not to be presuraed^ that the commissioners were meant to be empowered to make a new line where the old one could not be found, and thus exercise the' powers of a court of chancery to settle confused boundaries ; for the, operative and directory part of the resolutions is confined in terms to the duty of finding or ascertaining the old line — ' to ascertaim No. 71.] 147 the boundary line between this State and the State of Connecticut and to erect suitable monuments at such ])]aces as they shall deem necessary,' etc. But l)esides these words, thus .excluding the com- missioners from makinc; a new line and restricting them to the duty of ascertaining or finding and marking the old one, even a Court of Equity, never authorizes any other thing if the ancient boundary can be ascertained, nor even M-here it cannot be, until acting for itself on a report of the facts and evidence made by the commis- sioners as to tiiat point ; and then only by a subsequent order of the Court adapted to the case. 1 Chitty Gen. Pr. 722 ; 2 Meriv. 507 ; 1 8 want. 9. " If, then, the commissioners are satisfied that the old line can be found or ascertained, they have performed their duty, and it is for the Legislatures of the two States to say whether they will give them authority to alter it or make a new line, not the commissioners. And even tlie State Legislatures cannot authorize such alteration without the approval of Congress. 10 U. S. Statutes at large, p. 602, and Constitution U. S., see art. 4, sec. 3. " But more than tin's, the two Legislatures must have assumed the existence of an old line once marked on the land and that it is capa- ble of being ascertained by careful and pi'oper re-surveys with the help of ancient marks and documents, and they have precluded the notion of making a new line or altering the old one in any respect. We may take for granted, then, that the only question to be decided by the comn)issioners is, lohere is the old line? " This line was agreed on by the two colonial governments in 1683 and ratified by the King in council in the year 1700. ■' It was provided in the agreement, that in case certain lines therein mentioned should diminish or take away land within twenty miles of Hudson river, that then an equal quantity should be added out of the bounds of Connecticut. In 1864 a survey was made by joint commissioners and several lines run. It was ascertained that these lines <'/i6? diminish the territory of New York to the amount of 61,440 acres, and that a tract must be taken fruiu Connecticut containing an equal number of acres in an oblong form as an equiva- lent for tlie 61,440 acres, and th6 particular location of the ohlong was agreed to and the agreement and survey were confii-med by the King in council. But the greater part of the bounds remaining un- surveyed, and unmarked on the land, and Connecticut retaining possession of the equivalent lands, and the old marks becoming con- siderably effaced by time, the two colonial Legislatures in 1725 authorized a resurvey of the old lines as far as run, and a further survey to be made of the remaining lines not before run, and the erecting of suitable monuments with proper marks on the land, pur- suant to the agreement and partial survey of 1683 and 1684. It appears from the colonial act of New York in 1725, that the boundary line from the mouth of Byram river, including the paral- lelogram of 61,440 acres taken from the territory of New York, 148 [Senate was run by the surveyors in 1684, but that the boundary line from the northeast corner of tiie parallelogram to the bounds of Massa- chusetts colony, and containing the equivalent lands to be added to the territory of iSew York, had never been actually run and marked on the land, and that the marks and monuments made in 1684 around the parallelogram conceded to Connecticut had become some- what obliterated. " The commissioners, appointed in 1Y25 to resurvey the old lines and to complete the survey of the remaining lines begun in 16n4, did resurvey and ascertain the original bounds as far as the original survey had been actually made, and agreed upon a proper mode of surveying and marking the remaining lines from the northeast cor- ner of the Oblong conceded to Connecticut, to the Massachusetts line, and in such way as to concede and add to New York the 61,440 acres. And again in 1731 the commissioners completed the survey of the whole line to Massachusetts bounds and marked them on the land in due form according to the original aame. That it shall and may be lawful, to and for the Delegates of this State, in the Honourable Congress of the United States of Atnetnca, or the major Part of such of them as shall be assembled in Congress : and they the said Delegates, or the major Part of them, so assembled, are hereby fully authorised and empowered, for and on Behalf of this State, and by proper and authentic Acts or Instruments, to limit and restrict the Boundaries of this State in the Western Parts thereof, by such Line or Lines, and in such Manner and Form, as they shall judge to be expedient, either with Eespect to the Jurisdiction, as well as the Right or Pre- emption of soil ; or reserving the Jurisdiction in Part, or in the Whole, over the lands which may be ceded or relinquished, with Respect only to the Right or Pre-emption of the Soil. "II. And he it further Enacted hy the Authority aforesaid. That the Territory which may be ceded or relinquished by virtue of this Act, either with Respect to the Jmisdiction as well as the Right or Pre-emption of Soil, or the Right or Pre-emption of Soil only ; shall be, and enure for the Use and Benefit of such of the United States, as shall become Members of the federal Alliance of the said States, and for no other Use or Purpose whatsoever. "' HI. And he it further Enxicted hy tfte A uthority aforesaid, That all the Lands to be ceded and rehnquished by Virtue of this Act, for the Benefit of the L^'nited States, with Respect to Property ; but which shall nevertheless remain under the Jtirisdiction of this State ; shall be disposed of and appropriated in such Manner only, as the Congress of the said States shall direct ; and that a Warrant, under the Authority of Congress, for Surveying and laying out any Part thereof, shall entitle the'Party, in whose Favour it shall issue, to cause the same to be surveyed, and laid out, and rettirned, according to the Directions of such "Warrant ; and thereupon. Letters patent under the Great Seal of this State, shall pass to the Grantee for the Estate specified in the said Warrant ; for which, no other Fee or Reward shall be demanded, or received, than such as shall be allowed by Congress. Ko. 71.] 183 " IV. Provided always^ and he it further Enacted hy the Aiir ihority aforesaid^ That the Trust reposed by Virtue of this Act, shall not be executed by the Delegates of this State, unless, at least three of the said Delegates shall be present in Congress."* And at the same time the Legislature adopted the following : " Instructions . ... to their delegates in the Honourable Congress of the United States of America.'' " Whereas by an Act passed at this present meeting of the Legis- lature held at the city of Albany Entitled An Act to facilitate the Completion of the articles of Confederation & perpetual Union among the United States of America. " You the said delegates are authorized to hmit and restrict the boundaries of this State In the western parts thereof by such line or lines and in such manner and form as you for the purposes mentioned in the said act shall Judge expedient. And M'hereas ; It is Con- ceived necessary in a business of such high moment to the state that you should be Instructed by the legislature m the Discharge of tlie trust reposed in you by the Said Act : You are therefore directed in limiting the said boundaries to Insist on the following propositions in the order in which they stand viz*' : " 1*'. On a line from the North East Corner of Pennsylvania along the north bounds thereof to Its north-west Corner and Continued from thence until! It Intersects a Meridian Line drawn from the 45*" degree of North Lattitude thro a point ten miles due west from the most westerly Bent or Inclination of the Strait between Lake Erie and Lake S' Clair ; Thence by the said Meridian line to the 45*^ degree of North lattitude and thence by the said 45**' degree of North lattitude. "2**'^. On a line from the North East Corner of Pennsylvania along the north bounds thereof to Its north west Corner and Con- tinued from thence until It Intersects a Meridian Line drawn from the 44**^ degree of North Lattitude thro a point ten miles due west from the most westerly bent or Inclination of the Strait between Lake Erie and Lake St. Clair thence by the Said Meridian line to the 44th (^ggj.ge of North lattitude Thence by the said 44*'' degree of North Lattitude to lake Ontario or the Piver S*^. Lawrence Thence down the north banks of the Said Lake and the Said river to the IS*** degree of north Lattitude, thence by the said 45*'' degree of north Lattitude. " S*^'^'. On the bounds mentioned In the first proposition for the Jurisdiction of this State ; Yielding up to the united States the right of or preemption of Soil of the tract of Country lying west of a Meridian line drawn from the 45**^ degree of north Lattitude thro a point twenty Miles due west of the most westerly bent or Inclination of the river or Strait of Niagara as far south & North & West of the s'd Meridian line as this State extends. u 4hiy_ Qj^ ^j^g bounds mentioned In the Second proposition for *N. Y. Legis. Papers (MS.), No. 126. ' 184: [Sknate the Jurisdiction of this State Yielding up to the united States the right or preemption of Soil of the tract of Countrj described In the third proposition. " 5'='^'. On a line from the North East Corner of Pennsylvania along the north bounds thereof to the northwest Corner thence southerly along the west bounds thereof until the head of the Cayahoga bears due west thence due west to the Head of the Cayahoga thence down the Cayahoga to the mouth thereof thence due north to the 44"' degree of North Latitude, thence by the 44*'' degree of north latitude to Lake Ontario or the River St. Lawrence; thence by the North banks of the said Lake and of the said Kiver to the 45"' degree of North Lattitude & thence by the said 45'^'' degree of North latitude. "6'''^. On the bounds described In the fifth proposition for the Jurisdiction of this state Yielding up to the united States the right or preemption of Soil of the tract of Country described in the third proposition and also the right or preemption of Soil of the tract of Country laying west of Pennsylvania and on the South Side of Lake Erie. ufjhiy^ You are at liberty to agree upon any other line or lines which You may Judge from Circumstances to be Consistent with Y^our trust and equally advantageous tor the State with either of the Propositions above mentioned but if neither of the said propositions or such others as you shall state shall take place You shall In no case restrict or limit the Bounds of the State so as to Exclude or relinquish Any part of the Territory comprized within the following descrip- tion which you are to Consider and Maintam as the ultimatum of this State both In respect of the right of soil or Preemption from the Natives and of Jurisdiction subject to the Proviso hereinafter named to witt — a line from the North East Corner of Pennsylvania along the north bounds thereof to Its northwest Corner continued due west untill It shall ije Intersected by a meridian line to be drawn from the 45"' degree of North lattitude thro a point twenty miles due west from the most westerly bent or Inclination of the River or strait of Niagara, thence by the said Meridian line to the 45*'' de- gree of North Lattitude, and thence by the Said 45*'' degree of North Latitude, Provided Nevertheless that If the Great object of the Said Act cannot otherwise be accomplished you Shall be at. Liberty to cede for the benefit of the united States the right or pre- mption of Soil reserving tlie Jurisdiction, or even both the right or, Preemption of Soil and of Jurisdiction to that tract of land part of' the Territory described In this Ultimatum which lies east of the Meridian Line mentioned in this Ultimatum and North of the 44*'' degree of North Lattitude and of the Lake Ontario and of the River St. Lawrence."* To us who know the comparatively small and insignificant area of territory which was actually covered by this release, the promjit ac- tion ©f New York, concurred in afterward by Massachusetts, who * X. Y. Legis. Papers (MS.), No. 596. Ko. n.] 185 had a prior claim upon the land, would seem really to have been in the nature of '' buncombe," or a shrewd political move to effect a grand purpose with a very small sacrifice, as Madison assei'ted ; but M'hen we consider that tliis action was taken in the hight of the Revolution, with the tide of success just upon the turn in favor of the United States, and the probable northern limit of the embryo republic still unknown, the case assumes a different aspect. Governor Tryon in liis Report upon the Province of New York in 177-4,* while he acknowledged that under the grant to the Duke of York the Delaware River formed the M^esteru Boundary of the Province, had claimed that under the treaties of 1701 with the Five ISTationSjf and 1726 with the Cayugas, Onondagasand Senecas,:{: the real boundaries of the Province were the '' Streights of Detroit and of Lake Huron " on the west and the Parallel of 45 degrees on the north. This was the flimsy title to which Madison referred. Governor Tryon based his description of the Northern Boundary of the Province, north-west of the Saint Lawrence and Lake On- tario, upon the Royal Proclamation of 7 October, 1763, fixing the southern Boundary of the Province of Quebec. Parliament, 23 June, 177-i, passed what is known as the " Quebec Bill," which an- nexed to tluit Province all the territor}^ ceded by the treaty of Peace of 1763, west of the Niagara Riv^cr, Lake Erie and the western boundary of Pennsylvania, and north-west of the Ohio River. This bill M'as opposed in all its stages by Edmund Burke, and was de- nounced by Lord Chatham as " a most cruel, oppressive and odious measure." Burke succeeded in having a section insertetl providing *'That nothing herein contained relative to the Boundary of the Province of Quebec, shall in any wise affect the Boundaries of any other Colony." This bill formed one of the grievances of the Colo- nies, which precipitated the Revolution. Early in 1779 Congress was considering the ultimata to be de- manded fn a negotiation for peace, and upon 19 March adopted the following : " 1. That the thirteen United States are bounded, north, by a line to be drawn from the north-west angle of Nova Scotia, along the high lands which divide those rivers which empty them- selves into the river St. Lawrence from those which fall into the Atlantic ocean to the north-westernmost head of Connecticut river; thence down along the middle of that river to the forty-fifth degree of north latitude ; thence due M'est in the latitude forty-five degrees north from the equator, to the north-westernmost side of the river St. Lawrence, or Cadarac^ui ; thence strait to the South end of lake Nepissing ; and thence strait to the source of the river Missis- sippi " The Commissioner (Mr. Adams) appointed to negotiate a treaty of peace was required in his instructions to conform to these ultimata. Although the new instructions by Congress, 15 June, 1781, to the Oommissioners practically repealed the others, so far as Boundaries . * N. Y. Col. Hist., viii, 434-457. f Idem, iv, 908-9. t Idem, v. 800-1. [Sen. Doc. No. 71.] 24 186 [Senates were concerned, they were still held to as expressing the expecta- tions of Congress.* In the negotiations at Paris in 1782, the Boundaries as tirst fixed were first acceded to by the British Com- mission, but being submitted to tlie King were rejected. In the second set of Articles agreed to 5 Nov., 1782, the northern Boundary was fixed : — " and along the said highlands to the northwestern- most head of Connecticut river, thence down along the middle of that river to the 45"' degree of north latitude, following the said lati- tude until it strikes the river Mississippi.*' The third set which was finally adopted fixed the present Boundary, where William Penn had suggested eighty years before. Thus it will be seen that the territory so readily released by New York and Massachusetts was supposed at the time to be quite as ex- tensive as that held by Yirginia, and the actual sacrifice was greater as the line of Cession was placed farther east than the lines agreed to by any of the other Provinces as they afterward successively ceded their western lands. The description of the New York line of ces- sion shows that the " 15"' degree of North latitude " was understood to he the nortliern Boundary of New York west of the Kiver St, Lawrence. This idea is further supported by the instructions to her delegates in 1780, quoted above, when they were authorized to cede territory east of the meridian and north of the 44"' degree, etc. The charter claim of Massachusetts covered but little more than one-fifth of the area of the western lands thus considered to be apper- taining to !tjew York, although it included the entire area of the territory as actually ceded. September 6, 1780, "Congress took into consideration the report of the committee to whom were referred the instructions of the gen- eral assembly of Maryland to their delegates in Congress, respecting the articles of confederation, and the declaration therein referred to, •the act of the legislature of New-York on the same subject, and the remonstrance of the general assembly of Yirginia ; which report was agreed to," and this resolution adopted, " Resolved, That copies of the several papers referred to the com- mittee be transmitted, with a copy of the report to tlie legislatures of the several states, and that jt be earnestly recommended to those states, who nave claims to the western country, to pass such laws, and give their Delegates in Congress such powers as may effectually remove the only obstacle to a final ratification of the articles of con- federation; and that the legislature of Maryland be earnestly requested to authorize their delegates in Congress to subscribe the said articles." Copies of the report and of the several papers therein referred to, * " As to disputed Boundaries and other particulars, we refer you to the instruc- tions formerly given to Mr. Adams, dated 14th August, 1779, and 18th October, 1780, from which you will easily perceive the desires and expectations of Con- gress; but we think it unsafe, at this distance, to tie you up by absolute and per- emptory directions upon any other subject than the two essential articles above mentioned." No. 71.] 187 were sent to the Governors of the several States prefaced by a circu- lar from the President of Congress, in which he says, '■■ 1 am directed to transmit copies of this report and the several papers therein men- tioned to tliQ legislatures of the several states, that they all may be informed of the desires and endeavours of congress on so important a subject, and those particular states wliich have claims to the western territory and the state of Maryland, may adopt the measures recom- mended by cojigress in order to obtain a final ratification of the articles of confederation." In response to this appeal from Congress Virginia, 3 January, 1781, passed the following resolution " For a cession of the lands on the north west side of Ohio to the United States." " The general assembly of Virginia being well satisfied that the happiness, strength and safety of the United States, depend, under Providence, upon the ratification of the articles for a federal union between the United States, heretofore jiroposed by congress for tlie consideration of the said states, and preferring the good of their country to every object of smaller importance, Do Resolve, Tliat tliis commonwealth will yield to the congress of the United States, ioT the benefit of the said United States, all right, title, and claim that the said commonwealth hath to the lands northwest of the river Ohio, upon the following conditions, to wit : That the territory so ceded shall be laid out and formed into states containing a suitable extent of territory, That the States so formed shall be distinct republican States, and be admitted members of the federal union, having the same rights of sovereignty freedom, and independ- ence as the other States " That all the 'lands within the territory so ceded to the United States, and not reserved for or appropriated to any of the herein be- fore mentioned purposes, or disposed of in bounties to the officers and soldiers of the American army, shall be considered as a common fund for the use and benefit of sucli of the United American States, as have become or shall become members of the confederation or federal alliance of the said states (Virginia inclusive) according to their usual respective proportions in the general charge and expendi- ture, and shall be faithfully and bona fide disposed of for that pur- pose, and for no other use or purpose whatsoever "That all the remaining territory of Virginia included between the Atlantic ocean and the southeast side of the river Ohio, and the Maryland, Pennsylvania, and North Carolina boundaries, shall be guaranteed to the commonwealth of Virginia by the said United States. " That the above cession of territory by Virginia to the United States shall be void and of none effect, unless all the states in the American Union shall ratify the articles of confederation heretofore transmitted by congress for the consideration of the said states. " Virginia having thus for the general good proposed to cede a great extent of valuable territory to the continent, it is expected in ^ 188 [Senate return that every other State in the Union, under similar circum- stances as to vacant territory, will make similar cessions of the same to the United States for the general emolument."* The action of New York and Virginia so far obviated the objec- tions of Marylaud that her Legislature passed "An Act toenipower the delegates of this State in Congress to subscribe and ratify the articles of confederation." "And that the said articles of confederation and perpetual union, so as aforesaid subscribed, shall henceforth be ratified and become conclusive as to this state, and obligatory thereon. And it is hereby declared, that, by acceding to the said confederation, this state dotli not relincpiish, or intend to relinquish, any right or interest she hath, with the other united or confederated state?, to the back country ; but claims the same as fully as was done by the legislature of this state, in their declaration, which stands entered on the journals of Congress; this state relying on the justice of the several states here- after, as to the said claim made by this state. "And it is further declared, that no article in the said confederation, can or ought to bind this or any other state, to guarantee any exclu- sive claim of any particular state, to the soil of the said back lands, or any such claim of jurisdiction over the said lands or the inhabitants , thereof." James Duane, one or the New York delegates, wrote 3 February to the presiding ofticers of the New York Legislature : " Amidst our many and great Embarasments we have the satis- faction to inforni you that Virginia has ceded to the united States all her Claims to the westward of the Ohio ; and we are preparing to execute our powers on the same Subject. Maryland we are in- formed, though not ofhcially, has ■ acceded to the Confederation : we believe there is no doubt of the Fact, These are Events of the utmost moment to our Lidependence and future Tranquility, and they are more pleasing as onr State has taken the Lead in the meas- ures bv which they liave been accomplished." In Congress, 1 March, 1781, the Delegates from New York signed the following declaration : "Whereas it is stipulated as one of the conditions of the cession of territory, made for the benefit of the United States by the legis- lature of the state of Virginia, that the United States should guar- antee to that state the bo'undarics reserved by her legislature for her future jurisdiction ; and it would be unjust that the state of New York, as a member of the federal union, should be compelled to guarantee the territories which shall be reserved by other states making such cessions, when her OM^n boundaries, as they are to be limited and restricted by the act or instrument of cession now to be executed, shall not be guaranteed in the same manner ; wherefore, the said delegates for tlie state of New York, being uninstructed on this subject by their constituents, think it their duty to declare, and * Hening's (Va.) Statutes at Large, x, 564-6. No. 71.] 189 they do by this present instrnment declare, that the cession of terri- tory and restriction of boundary of the state of New York, now to be made by them in behalf of the people, of the said state, shall not be absolute ; but on the contrary shall be subject to ratification or disavowal by the people of the said state, represented in senate and assembly, at their pleasure ; unless the boundaries reserved for the future jurisdiction of the said state, by the instrument of cession now to be executed by us, shall be guaranteed by the United States, in the same manner and form as territorial rights of the other states shall be guaranteed, which have made or may make cessions of part of their claims for the benefit of the United States ; the people of the state of New York, on their part, submitting tliat any part of their limits, which are or may be claimed by any of the United States, shall be determmed and adjusted in the mode prescribed for that purpose by the articles of confederation." After which, in the same presence, they executed also a Deed of Cession, by which they, "for and in behalf of the said state of New York, limit and restrict the boundaries of the said state in the western parts thereof, witli respect to the jurisdiction, as Avell as the right or pre-emption of soil, by the lines and in the form following, that is to say : a line from the northeast corner of the state of Pennsylvania, along the north bounds thereof to its north-west cor- ner continued, due west until it shall be intersected by a meridian line, to be drawn from the 45'^ degree of north latitude, through the most westerly bent or inclination of lake Ontario ; thence by the said meridian line to the 45"" degree of north latitude; and thence by the said 45"' degree of north latitude ; but if on ex- periment, the above described meridian line shall not compre- hend 20 miles due west from the most westerly bent or inclination of the river or strait of Niagara, then we do by these presents, in the name of the people, and for and on behalf of the state of New York, and by virtue of the authority aforesaid, limit and restrict the boundaries of the said state in the western parts thereof, with re- spect to jurisdiction, as well as the right of pre-emption of soil, by the lines and in the manner following, that is to say ; a line from the north-east corner of the State of Pennsylvania," [etc., as above], '' And we do by these presents in the name of the people, and for and on behalf of the state of New York, and by virtue of the power and trust committed to us by the said act and commission, cede, transfer, and forever relinquish to, and for the only use and benefit of such of the states aa are or shall become parties to the articles ot confederation, all the right, title, interest, jurisdiction and claim, of the said state of New York, to all lands and territories to the northwar.d and westward of the boundaries, to which the said state is I'n manner aforesaid limited and restricted and to be granted, disposed of, and appropriated in such manner only, as the Congress of the said United or Confederated States shall order and directr" 190 [Senate Thereupon two of the Delegates of Maryland did, " in behalf of the said state of Maryland, sign and ratify tlie said articles, by which act the confederation of the United States of America was completed, each and every of the Thirteen United States, from New Hampshire to Georgia, both included, having adopted and confirmed, and by their delegates in Congress ratified the same." The New York Deed of Cession was referred to a committee which already had under consideration the Virginia act of Cession, the remonstrances of claimants of certain of Virginia's western lands, and a conditional act of Cession passed by the Legislature of Con- necticut 12 October, 1780. The Committee 1 May, 1782, reported the following resolution ; " That Congress do, in behalf of the United States accept the cession made by the state of New York, as contained in the instrument of writing execnted for that pnrpose by the agents of New York, dated the — day of — last past, and now among the tiles of Congress ; and that the president do take the proper measures to have the same legally authenticated, and registered in the pubhc records of the State of New York,'' and stated the reasons which induced them to recom- mend the acceptance : " 1st. It clearly appeared to your committee that the lands belong- ing to the Six Nations of Indians, and their tributaries, have been in due form put under the protection of the crown of England by the said Six Nations, as appendant to the late government of New York, so far as respects jurisdiction only. '' 2d. That the citizens of the said colony of New York have borne the burthen, both as to blood and treasure, of protecting and sup- porting the said Six Nations of Indians, and their tributaries, for upwards of 100 years last past, as the dependants and allies of the said government. "3d. That the crown of England has always considered and treated the country of the said Six Nations, and their tributaries, inhabiting as far as the 45th degree of north latitude, as appendant to the gov- ernment of New York. " 4th. That the neighboring colonies of Massachusetts, Connecti- cut, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, have also, from time to time, by their public acts, recognized and admitted the said Six Nations, and their tributaries, to be appendant to the government of New York. " 5tii. That by Congress accepting this cession, the jurisdiction of the whole western territory belonging to the Six Nations and their tributaries, Avill be vested in'the United States, greatly to the advan- tage of the Union." Tiie committee also submitted the following, with their reasons: " Resolved, That Congress do earnestly recommend to the states of Massachusetts and Connecticut, that tliey do without delay release to the United States in Congress assembled, all claims and pretensions of claim to the said western territory, without any conditions or re- strictions whatever." No. 71.] 191 " Resolmd, That Congress cannot, consistent with the interests of the United States, the duty they owe to their constituents, or the rights necessarily vested in tliem as the sovereign power of the United States, accept of tlie cession proposed to be made by the State of Virginia, or guarantee the tract of country claimed by them in their act of cession referred to your committee '• Resolved^ That it be earnestly recommended to the State of Vir- ginia, as they value the peace, welfare, and increase of the United States, that they re-consider their said act of cession, and by a proper act for that purpose, cede to the United States all claims and preten- sion of claim to the lands and country beyond a reasonable western boundary, consistent with their former acts while a colony under the power of Great Britain, and agi-eeable t5 their just rights of soil and jurisdiction at the commencement of the pi-esent war, and that free from any conditions and restrictions whatever." The general discussion of the subject was prolonged through the Session, until 29 October, 1782, when ou motion of the Delegates from Maryland it was, •' Resolved, That Congress do, in behalf of the United States, accept all the right, title, interest, jurisdiction and claim of the state of New York, as ceded by and contained in the instrument of writing executed for that pui-pose by the agents of New York, dated the iirst of March, 17S1," Massachusetts and Virginia voting in the negative. Thenext day a motion "That it be resolved, that nothing in the resolve passed yesterday, be understood to operate towards prevent- ing the determination of any dispute that has arisen or may arise concerning territory, between the state of New York and any other state or states in tlie union, by the 9th article of the confederation, in tlie same manner as if the cession had not been made," was re- jected. This referred to the contest between Massachusetts and New York (see Appendix L). The discussion of the Virginia act of Cession still continued. The delegates from New Jersey in June, 1783, presented a remonstrance from the Legislature of that State in which " They do therefore ex- press their dissatisfaction with the cession of western territory made by the State of Virginia, in January, 1781, as being far short of affording that justice which is equally due to the United States at large, and request that Congress will not accept of the said cession, but that tliey will press upon the said state to make a more liberal surrender of that territory of which they claim so boundless a pro- portion." Upon 11 and 13 September, the report of the committee on the cession of Virginia was again considered, and after being amended by adding the following paragraph, it was adopted. " As to the last condition [8. Tliat all the remaining territory of Virginia, included between the Atlantic ocean and the southeast side of the river Ohio, and the Maryland, Pemisylvania and North-Caro- lina boundaries, should be guaranteed to the commonwealth of Vir- 192 [Senate ginia, by the United States] your committee are of opinion, that con- gress cannot agree to guarantee to the commonwealth of Virginia, the land described in the said condition, without entering into a discussion of the right of the state ol Virginia to the said land ; and that by the acts of Congress it appears to have been their intention, which tlie committee can not but approve, to avoid all discussion of the terri- torial rights of individual states, and only to recommend and accept a cession of their claims whatsoever they might be, to vacant terri- tory. Your committee conceive this condition of a guarantee, to be either unnecessary or nnreasonable; inasmuch as, if the land above- mentioned is really the property of the state of Virginia, it is suffi- ciently secured by the confederation, and if it is not the property of that state, there is no reason or consideration for such guarantee. " Your committee therefore upon the whole recommend, that if the legislature of Virginia make a cession conformable to this report, Congress accept such cession." The Virginia Legislature soon afterward passed a new act of Ces- sion in accordance with the terms stipulated by Congress '* in full confidence that congress will, in justice to this state for the liberal cession she hath made, earnestly press upon the other states claiming large tracts of waste and uncultivated territory, the propriety of making cessions equally liberal for the common benefit and support of the' union.''* And on the 1'' day of March, 1784, the Delegates from Virginia signed the Deed of Cession and Congress ordered " the same to be recorded and enrolled among the acts of the United States in Congress assembled." April 29, Congress resolved to again present the subject to the States which had not yet complied with the recommendations to cede the vacant territory, and adjourned upon the third day of June after receiving a petition from the Legislature of Massachusetts setting forth that New York had possession of a ])art of the land covered by her charter, and tequesting a court agreeably to the provisions of the Articles of Confederation. Upon 13 November following, the Legislature of Massachusetts passed " An Act empowering the Delegates of the Commonwealth, in the United States in Congress assembled, to relinquish to the United States certain Lands, the Property of this Commonwealth. " Whereas several of the States in the Union have at present no interest in the great and extensive tract of uncultivated country, lying in tlie westerly part of the United States, and it may be rea- sonable that the States above mentioned should be interested in the aforesaid country : " Be it enacted hy the Senate and Rouse of Representatives^ m General Court assembled, and hy ■ the authority of the same, That the delegates of this Commonwealth, in the United States in Con- gress assembled, or any threef of the said delegates, 1)e, and they hereby are authorized and empowered, for and in behalf of this * Hening's Stat., xi, 326-8. t Afterward amended to two. No. 71.] 193 I Commonwealtli, to cede or relinquish, by anthentick conveyance or conveyances, to the United States, to be disposed of for the common benefit of the same, agreeable to a Resolve of Congress of October the tenth, one thousand seven hundred and eight}-, such part of that tract of land belonging to this Commonwealth which lies between the rivers Hudson and Mississippi, as they may think proper; and to make the said cession in such manner and on such conditions as shall appear to them to be most suitable." April 18, 1785, Congress accepted the cession and the following day the deed was executed by two Delegates in which they "' assign, transfer, quitclaim, cede and convey to the United States of America, for tlieir benefit, Massachusetts inclusive, all right, title and estate of and in as well the soil as the jurisdiction, which the said common- wealth hath to the territory or tract of country within tlie limits of the Massachusetts charter, situate and lying we?t of the following line : That is to say, a meridian line " [as in the Deed of Cession executed by the New York Delegates, 1 March, 17S1.] Thus the History of the statute establishment of the "Meridian Boundary" between New York and Pennsylvania is complete. The consideration of the subject of the cession of the vacant west- ern lands by the remaining States still continued. North Carolina had passed an act ceding all her territory west of the Allegany Moun- tains, and had afterward rejiealed it, as " the States of JIassac/iv setts and Connecticut, after accepting the Cession of New York and P\>- glnia, have since ])ut in Claims for the whole or a large Part of that Territory, and all the above expected Measures for constituting a substantial common Fund, have been either frustrated or delaved," The Connecticut act of Cession was considered, and a resolution was adopted agreeing to accept of a cession of her lands west of a line 120 miles west from the western line of Pennsylvania, in accord- ance with which a new act of cession was passed by her Legislature, which was accepted 14 September, 1786, although George Washing- ton thought the compromise allowing her to retain the " Westei-n Reserve" a disadvantageous one for the Union (See II and III, Ap- pendix L). The South Carolina Legislature passed an act of cession of a por- tion of her Western Lands, 8 March, 1787, which was accepted by Congress. Georgia had also passed an act which, on account of the terms proposed, was not accepted. And not until 1802 were the final arti- cles of agreement and Cession concluded with that State. Nortli Carolina, in 1789, adopted anew law authorizing her Dele- gates to convey to the L^nited States her lands west of a certain Boundary, which was accepted by Congress in 1790. Connecticut in 1800, at the reqnest of Congress renounced her right and title to all lands claimed by her west of the east line of New York except the " Western Reserve," the jurisdictional claim to which only was renounced. [Sen. Doc. No. 71.J 25 194 [Senate Meanwhile the Parallel Boundary between New York and Penn- sylvania had been established upon the ground by joint action of the two States. This was six years after the Deed of Cession was exe- cuted by the New York Delegates. It was necessary for the United States to know the Eastern limit of the ceded lands. She had con- tracted to sell the Tract to Pennsylvania, and it was requisite to know its area and its boundaries. It was estimated that tlie line of cession would mtersect the new State Boundary somewhere near the Conewango River, over thirty miles East of the actual point of inter- section. Even Andrew Porter, one of the Commissioners who sur- veyed the Boundary in 1787, had tiiis idea of the geography of the region. An explanation of this erroneous idea is found in the fact that the initial point of this line, the western end of Lake Ontario, where it was fixed upon, was entirely within the enemy's country, which swarmed with hostile savages. No one, from any of the maps of that date, or from any idea formed by traversing an almost unbroken wilderness, could possibly make any definite estimate as to where a meridian line from tliis point would intersect the south shore of Lake Erie. On the sixth day of June, 1788, Congress upon the report of a Committee adopted the following : '"''Resolved, That the geogra])her of the United States be, and he is hereby directed to ascertain by himself or by a deputy duly appointed for the purpose, the boundary line between the United States and the states of '^qw York and Massachusetts, agreeably to the deeds of cession of the said states. " Tiiat the said geographer inform the executives of the states of New- York and Massachusetts of the time of running the said line, in order that they or either of them may, if they think proper, have persons attending at the time. " That the said geographer or his deputy, having run the meridian between Lake Erie and the state of Pennsylvania, and marked and noted down in his field-book, proper landmarks for perpetuating the same, shall proceed to make a survey of the land laying west of the said line, between lake Erie and the state of Pennsylvania, so as to ascertain the quantity thereof."* Captain Thomas Ilutchins was the Greographer-General of the United States from 1781, until his death in 1759. He appointed as his deputy to run the line, Andrew Ellicottf who had been one of the *Penii. ArcU., xi. 383. f Maj. Andrew Ellicott was born in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, 24 January, 1754. He was the eldest son of Joseph Ellicott, a man noted for his mechanical skill and mathematical knowledge, which were inherited by his children. Andrew, at the age of fifteen, had been quite expert in the manufacture of mathematical instruments, la 1774 he married and removed with his father to Ellicott's Mills in Maryland, there they were engaged in making watches, clocks and astronomi- cal instruments. As Major, he commanded a battalion of Maryland Militia in the Revolution. Iiu 1784 he was a Commissioner on the part of Virginia in extending Mason and Dixon's line and running the Meridian Boundary between that State and Pennsylvania. Removing his family to Baltimore iu 1785, he was appointed No. n.] 195 Commissioners in rnnninof the western line of Pennsylvania in 1785, and for tlie surve_y of the Parallel Boundary between New York and Pennsylvania in 17S6-7. Mi-. Ellicott, npon accepting the appoint- ment, addressed President Mifflin of Pennsylvania, 19 December, 1788, as follows: " Sir, Being appointed to run the Line between the western boundary of the iState of N. 1: ork, and the late purchase made bj this State (of Congress) of a Tract of Country lying on the South side of Lake Erie, I shal just mention some difficulties which will 23rol:)a- bly attend the execution of this business, — and first^ because the Point which limits the State of N. York to the Westward^ agreeably to the cession made by that State, and the State of Massachusetts to Congress in the year [1781], lies within the British Settlements on the West end of Lake Ontario, it will therefore be necessary to ob- tain leave from the Commandant at Niagara, or the Governor of Canada to go within the British lines to commence the business. As this will be a matter of science only, and cannot possibly interfere with either their Jurisdiction or Property, we may reasonably expect that a proper representation made by Authority will be attended with success. The second difficulty will be the Indians, but as they are particularly attached to, and influenced by Cols. Butler and Brandt, I would beg leave to suggest the Idea of obtaining their interest by some means or other."* Ylce-President Ross of the Executive Council 23 January, 1789, called the attention of the Delegates in Congress to the matter thus : '•Gentlemen, Andrew Ellicott Esquire who is appointed by the Geographer General of the United States to run the line between the Western boundary of the State of New York and the late purcliase made by this State of Congress of a Tract of Land lying on the south of Lake Erie, has applied to the Executive Council of this State, stating some difficulties which he apprehends may probably attend the execution of that Business. Commissioner with Ritteuhouse and Porter, by the (Governor of Pennsylvania, to locate tlie remainder of the Western Boundary of tliat State, and in 17S(i-7,vvas a Commissioner on the Nortliern Boundary of Pennsylvania. Major Ellicott rep- resented Baltimore in the Leg;islature. In 1789 he moved to Philadelphia, and in that year he was appointed by President Washington to run the Cession Line, now the Meridian Boundary of New York, and survey the Erie Triangle. On llie death of Captain Tiiomas Hutcliins he was appointed Geograplier of the United States. After completing tlie survey of the Erie Triangle he was engaged upon the survey of the District of Columbia, and in laying out the City of Washing- ton. Assisted by his brother Benjamin, and Augustus Porter, he ran the New Pre-emption Line north from Milestone 83 in New York in 1794. xMay 4, 1796, he was appointed by President Washington, Commissioner to fix the Boundary of the United States and the Spanish Possessions. He was absent npon this expedi- tion four years, and published a journal of his experiences and observations upon it in 1803. Appointed Surveyor-General of the United States in 1801, he was at the same time until 1808, Secretary of the Land Office of Pennsj-lvania. He was commissioned to run the North Boundary of (Jeorgia in 1811-2. And was appointed Professor of Mathematics at the West Point .Academy, 1 September, 1813, and continued as such until his death, 28 August, 1820. He had four sons and six daughters. * Penn. Arch., xi, 429. 196 [Senate " Conneil have thought it expedient previous to their taking any measures to expedite the completion of tliis work, to write to the delegates to know wliat steps or if any have been tal^en by Congress to obtain leave from tlie Governor of Canada or the Commandant at for the Geographer General or any person under his appoint- ment to go within the British settlements or lines to make the ne- cessary observations to enable him to begin and carry into execution the laying off the Tract of Country aforesaid."* The delegates replied in a note dated February 2, as follows : "ISir, We have been honoured with a communication from the Executive Council of the 23"^ Ultimo. " The same Ideas were suggested by the Geographer last summer, but no measures were adopted by Congress to facilitate the comple- tion of that survey." f Tench Coxe w^rote 1 February to President Mifflin upon the same subject, " As there is not yet a Congress, and there is not a certainty of seven states, I would submit the propriety of applying to the Secy, for foreign affairs to write to the Governor of Canada, for permission to enter the British country to make the necessary astro- nomical observations, & for information whether Mr. Ellicott can have the necessary supplies of provisions, boats, &g., from the Brit- ish posts. Mr. Gorman [Goi-ham] of Massachusetts, who is among the purchasers of the cession of property by New York, to that State, is of opinion that difficulties might arise if our Geographers name (Capt. Hutchins and Jonson) should appear, as he is consid- ered by them in the light of an officer leaving their service in time of war.:}; . . I find amono^ the papers of Congress an ap- plication from Capt. Hutchins to them in June last, to take up this Business, which would have been done in a few days, but when our delegates were prepared, there ceased to be a quorum of States. The delay of this matter till the next Government meets, will throw it into the great Mass of objects that will go before them. I therefore think it very proper that we apply to Mr. Jay, if council approve the step without the least delay." § A question of finance was next to be settled. Ellicott presented a petition to Congress asking that money should be "advanced to defray his expenses, and to enable him to execute an act of the late Congress for determining the western Boundary of the State of New York." The matter was referred to a Committee. The Cora- raittco reported and the House proceeded to consider the report, which was adopted after being amended to read " That the survey directed by Congress in their act of June 6*'°, 1788, be made and returned to the Secretary of the Treasury, without delay ; and that * Penn. Arch., xi, 537. f Idem, xi, 543. ^ Capt. H. was in Loudon at the commencement of the Revolution, and in 1779 was suspected of holding correspondence with Franklin, then in France, for which he was imprisoned six weeks. See Allen's American Biog. Diet., article TJiomas Hutchins. § Penn. Arch., xi, 543. No. 71.] 197 the President of the United States be requested to appoint a fit person to complete the same, who siiali be allowed five dollars per day, whilst actually employed in the said service, with the expenses necessarily attending the executiou thereof." This was concurred in by the Senate, Secretary John Jay announced to Gov. Clinton of New York this action of Congress, 4 September, 1789. "Sir. — Iti pursuance of the orders of the President of the IJiiited States, I have the Honor of transmitting to your Excellency here- with enclosed, a Copy of an Act of Congress of the 6th June, 1788, and of a concurrent Resolution of the Senate and House of Representatives (passed by the latter on the 10"', and concurred in by the former on the 10"' August last.) In pursuance of a Request contained in this Resolution, the President has been pleased to ap- point Andrew Ellicott to compleat the Survey therein mentioned, who will begin that work on the 10'''' Day of October next ; and I am directed to give your Excellency this information, in Order that the State of New York may if they think proper, have Persons at- tending at the time." * Mr. Ellicott addressed the Executive Council 11 September thus: " In executing the Survey to be made on Lake Erie, I shall stand in need of two Surveying instruments, and a small Quadrant, the prop- erty of this Commonwealth : If they should not be otherwise en- gaged, I shall esteem it a particular favour to have the loan of them, on the above occasion." And the Council "^ liesolved^ That the re- quest of Mr. Ellicott be complied with, and that David Rittenhouse, Esquire, be directed to furnish him with the said instruments, taking a receipt to return them when required." In another letter dated 22 September, Mr. ElHcott says to Presi- dent Mifflin, "As the State of Pennsylvaniii by its pui-chase of the United States of a Tract of Country lying on the South side of Lake Erie, has become interested in the Execution of the survey, so far as it relates to the Quantity of Land, I would therefore just suggest tiie Idea of some person being autliorized to attend on behalf of the State. — I shall leave this City about the last of this week, and pro- ceed to Niagara in order to execute my commission on behalf of the United States." f And again to the Executive Council 3 June 1790, "In order to satisfy the Indians, and insure safety to myself, and party, in the execution of the resolve of Congress of June 6tli, 1788, I think it will be necessary to have a copy of the Deed given by the Senecas, to Messrs. Butler, and Gibson, Commissioners on behalf of the State of Pennsylvania, for certain land lying on the South side of Lake Erie, and we-t of the Conawango River, and the Carrying place between Lake Chaughtaughque,:|: and Lake Erie." This deed was that executed by Cornplanter and twenty -three other chiefs of the Six Nations, conveying to Pennsylvania the land ceded by New York and Massachusetts to the United States. * We find no record of such, an appoiatment. Cliatou Papers (MSS.), N'' 6044. ■j-Penn. Arch., xi, 615. j "Ja-da-qua," Place of easy death. Ja-dax-que on some old maps. 198 [Senate The history of the purchase of the " Erie Triangle," as the ter- ritory ceded by New York to the United States is popularly desig- nated, is further discussed in Appendix M. Okiginal Surveys. < As for the actual business ol the survey we have hardly any record. In fact no record at all has been found, not even a diary or a report, of Andrew Ellicott's work upon this Boundary, or uj)on the Survey of the " Erie Triangle." The Assistant Secretary of the Board of Regents, the late Dr. D. J. Pratt, in 1866, endeavored by extensive correspondence with the Departments in Washington, and with relatives and descendants of Mr. Ellicott, to find the missing documents, but without success. The correspondence may be found in Regents' Report on Boundaries, i, 316-329."" Aside from an official letter to President Washington, we have very little that is authentic relating to the Survey. He was accompanied by his brothers, Joseph and Benjamin, as his Assistants, and by Gen. Israel Chapin, and Frederick Saxton, who went with him on behalf of Phelps and Gorham, who had pur- chased the IVEassachusetts Pre-emption in Western New York. The initial point of the survey was the western *' bent" of Lake Ontario, a point nearly forty miles within the British Dominions, and it was necessary that the Surveyors should proceed to this place, for the starting point of their Survey. Ellicott, as we have seen, had applied to the proper authorities to obtain permission to invade the British Territory for this purpose. The party arrived at Fort Niagara be- fore the required permission had reached them. His letter to Presi- dent Washington written from Philadelphia 15 Jan., 1790, tells the whole story : " Sib, I arrived in this City the day before yesterday, after a long and tedious journey from Fort Erie, and have the satisfaction to in- form your Excellency that so much of the Survey on which I was employed, that fell within the Territory of his Britanick Majesty is compleated. I find the Geography of the Country about the Lakes very erroneous, too much so to be even a tolerable guide. The south side of Lake Erie is laid down half a degree too far to the South, in the American Atlas pubhshed in 1776 ; and said to be corrected by Maj"^ Holland, De Brahm, and others. The same Lake is by Hutch- ins, and McMurry, placed 20 miles too far north ; similar errors attend all that country thro' which I passed A corrected Chart of the west end of Lake Ontario, the Strait of Niagara, and part of Lake Erie comprehending the whole British settlement of Nassau shall be handed to vour Excellency as soon as I come to New- York. * Judge William Peacock, wlio was well acquainted with Major Ellicott, was of the opinion that the report was made to the Secretary of State at Washina:ton, and was probably lost or destroyed when the British burned the public buildings in 1814. No. 71.] 199 " From certain data^ whicli cannot be materially defective, the Sale of Lands made by the United States to the State of Pennsylvania will not neat less than thirteen thousand pounds specie to the Union, rating Certificates at f to the pound. " On my arrival at ' the Garrison of Niagara on the 21^*^ day of October last, I was introduced by the Officer of the day, in company with Gen. Chapen of Massachusetts, and Mr. Joseph Ellicott of I>al- timore, to the Commandant Lieu'. Col. Harriss. After the introduction I produced my Commission, which the Col. looked over; and then addressed himself to me in the following words. — ' Pray Sir what request have you to make from this paper?' (meaning the Commis- sion.) To which I repKed, ' In order to execute the duties of my appointment it will be necessary to go into the Territory of liis Bri- tanick Majesty ; but as you may not be authorized to grant such permission, an express has been sent on by our Secretary of foreign aifairs to his Excellency Lord Dorchester Governor of Canada to ob- tain this privilege ; and if the express has not yet arrived, my present request is only that myself and party may have the liberty of staying in the Country, with such privileges as are allowed to other gentle- men from the LTnited States, and wait his arrival.' To which the Col. replied ' You cannot have permission to stay in this Country. You must leave it Sir.' 1 then informed him that our going away so precipitately must be attended with inconveniency to ourselves, and the present expence of the United States, sacrificed to no purpose ; and as I was confident that the express would arrive with the first Vessel, and from a desire to have the business executed with all pos- sible dispatch, I should not be very punctilious about the privileges ; but would willingly be confined to one single Acre of Ground, or any other space, and under any restrictions which he himself should prescribe : to which he replied, ' Y our request cannot be granted Sir, you must leave this Country and that with expedition.' I then in- formed him, that myself, and companions were much fatigued with a long and painful journey, and our Horses broken down with hai'd duty and the want of food ; and that our return home might be marked with some degree of certainty, I requested the privilege of continuing some few days in the country to refresh our- selves and recruit our horees. To which he returned ' I cannot be answei-able for your situation. You are not to continue in this country, and if you stay anywhere in it, I shall hear of you, and will take measdres accordingly.' I then observed to him that I had some Gentlemen in my party, who were very desirous to view the falls of Niagara, and as this was the only probable opportunity which would ever fall in their way, I requested that their curiosity might be gratified ; particularly as the falls Mere not near any of their posts. To which he answered, ' Your Gentlemen cannot be gratified, they cannot see the falls, too many people have seen the falls already.' I then began to make some observations on the com- mon usage of all civilized Nations with regard to matters of Science, 200 [Senate and natural curiosities ; but was soon interrupteJ by the Col. who desired that I ' would not multiply words on that subject,' that he ' was decisive and we must depart.' He then addressed liimself to Col. Butler of the R.uigers, (who was present), as follows. Col. it is our Lunchio7i time, will you go and take 'a cut with us.' Thea turning to nie he said ' You may retire to the Tavern in the Bottom, and purchase such refreshment as you may want ; in the meantime (pointing to my Commission which hiy on the Table) 'I will take a copy of that paper, after which the Adjutant shall return you the original.' We were then attended by the Officer of the day to the Tavern. — After some consideration I thought it best to malvo one other request to the Commandant which was, that myself, and party might have permission to go to the Indian Settlement on Buffalo Creek, which is 30 miles from the Garrison, and in the Territory of the United States, and there wait the arrival of the express. This request was handed to Col. Harriss by my companion Gen, Chapen; but shared the same late with the others. — Some time after dark the Adjutant waited upon us with the enclosed pass, M'ithout which we could neither get out of the Garrison nor pass the Indian Settle- ments in our own country. — From the tenor of the pass it appears that the Military jurisdiction of the British Garrison at Niagara is extended to the Jenesseo River ; but this in my opinion is more fully confirmed by their general conduct in that quarter. After leaving the garrison, we had five miles to ride to join our party, on our ar- rival, we gave immediate orders to have our Baggage prepared, and every measure taken for an early movement the next morning ; but before we had time to leave the ground, a Lieut. Clarke waited upon us and renewed the orders of the Col., and added 'that the Com- mandant desired that our departure might be attended with expedi- tion.' — We left the gronnd about 9 o'clock in the morning and pro- ceeded to the Jenesseo Iliver a distance of near 100 miles, where we received Lord Dorchester's permission to execute anj^ part of our business, which might fall in the Territory of his Britanick Majesty by an express sent by Cap'. Guion, who had in the meantime arrived at Ningara from Quebec. — Although our Horses were unable to re- turn, I was nevertheless determined to go on with the business. — We then employed Canoes to carry our Instruments and Baggage down the Jenesseo River to the carrying-place, where we procured a Boat and returned up Lake Ontario to Niagara. — On our return, we were treated with politeness, and attention. We entered innnedi- ately upon the execution of our business, Avhich was attended with uncommon difficulty and hardship. — No Horses were to be had in that Country at any price, we were therefore under the necessity of employing a greater number of men than would otherwise have been wanted which has added considerably to the expence." The gallant Briton who so valiantly defended the Canadas from this irruption of scientific marauders graciously furnished theni with the following pass when he so summarily sent them away from the Fort. No. 71.] 201 " By John Adolphus Plarris Esquire, Lieut Colonel of the 1^* Battallion, GO"^ Regiment, Commanding Isiagara &e &c " Permit the Bearers Andrew Ellicott, Joseph Ellicott, Benjamin Ellicott, Jonathan Browns, Isaac Bornet, John Sullivan, Israel Chapen and Frederick Seaton [Saxton] to pass from hence without delay and by the nearest Route to the Genecies. " To all Concerned Given under my hand & Seal at Niagara this Twenty-first day of October, 1 789, — " Jn° Al)0LP^ Harris (Seal) Lieut : Col". Com'"'' Upper Posts:' From such meager information as is available, it is probable that Mr. Ellicott after getting the longitude of the starting point, made a survey east to the Niagara River, traversed that river and the south shore of Lake Erie until he found himself, by computation from his measurements, in the meridian of the starting point. Gen. Charles B. Stuart, in his biographical sketch of Ellicott, says : j " It was Avhile making the traverse of the Canadian side of the Niagara River in 179U, that Andrew, Joseph and Benjamin Ellicott first saw the Falls of Niagara; and that Joseph and Benjamin, as the Assistants of Andrew Ellicott, made the first actual measure- ment of the entire length of Niagara River, the respective falls of the river from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario, the height of the Great Falls, and the descent of the Rapids. Andrew Ellicott, in making his report of the survey of the boundary line, makes mention of these measurements of the river, which have ever since been the acknowledged authorities in all books giving an account of Niagara Falls." Having verified his position upon the South shore of Lake Erie, he run the line south in the Meridian. Of the character of the instruments used we can only infer from his letter to the Executive Council, 11 September, 1789. Except, in his letter to Robert Patterson, 2 April, 1795, in describing the methods used in laying out the District of Columbia, he says, '' These lines were traced with a transit and equal altitude instrument which I constructed and executed in 1789, and used in running the Western Boundary of New York." "^ This instrument he used in rimning the principal avenues in the city of Washington ; and in fixing the Boundary between the United States and tiie Spanish Possessions (Florida) in 1 790-9. f How much time was required to run the Meridian Boundary is unknown. In his letter to President Washington, quoted above, writing from Philadelphia, he had completed so much of the Survey as "fell within the Territory of his Britanick Majesty." He had * Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans, (l^ Series), iv, 49. f Ellicott's Journal (App.), p. 45. [Sen. Doc. No. 71.] 26 J 202 [Senate still the traverse of the East and South shore of Lake Erie to make before he should reach his starting point. By a private letter writ- ten from Presq' Isle (Erie), 11 October, 1790, he states that he "yesterday completed the survey of the territory annexed to the State of Pennsylvania, after mnch difficulty and hardship. The land contained in this survey is generally good, and from its peculiar situation an important object to the State, " The Indians did not appear to be well disposed towards the execution of our business, but after a treaty, and receiving some small presents, accompanied with rum and tobacco, permitted us to go on." The expen.se of the survey, including the preliminary Vv'ork in Canada, the survey along tlie Niagara Ilivcr and Lake Erie, run- ning the Meridian and surveying and estimating the " Erie Trian- gle," is shown in the following abstract from Receipts and Expendi- tures of the United States, 1791 : " Payments made for executing the surveys directed hy Congress in their act of June 6, 1788, and a concurrent resolution passed the 26"' day (f August, 1759. Dols. Cts. 1790. March 30. To Andrew Ellicott, surveyor —Warrant No. 267. . 1234.78 Aug. 18. To Josiah Howell, junior, agent for Andrew Elli- cott, surveyor — Warrant No. 616. ... 1200. Dec. 2. To Andrew Ellicott, surveyor — Warrant No. 760.. 200. 1791. Jaa. 8. To Andrew Ellicott, surveyor— Warrant No. 820. . 663. Feb. 17. To Caleb Strong, agent for Israel Cliapin, for sun- dry expenses incurred by the said I. CJhapin un- der Andrew Ellicott —Warrant No. 903 34.33 Ap7-il 23. To Andrew Ellicott, surveyor — Warrant No. 1033. 718.75 $4049.85" Original Monuments. A map of the line is among the papers of the Holland Land Com- pany, probably a copy of the original official map. Upon this the south end of the Boundary is about two-tenths of a mile east of Milestone 225 of the Parallel Boundary.* The entire length of the Line was 18.66 miles (985-'5 feet). At tlie shore of Lake Erie and at the intersection with the Parallel Boundary stones were placed; also at the 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 13, 11, 15, 16, 17 and 18 mile-points. The re- maining mile-points were marked Ijy M'ooden posts, live or six inches square. In 1796 Deputy Surveyor Samuel .Nicholson subdivided the " Erie Triangle" into Warrants, with the exception of a snal] portion in the soutii-east corner, which was held by the Donation Warrantees. No notes of his surveys are known to be in existence, except such as may be contained in his meager returns to the Land Office. His map * Deputy Surveyor Cochran of Erie County, Penn., in his survey of the inter- ference of' the Donation Lands made it fifty perches (835 feet) East of the ' 235 M. tree.' No. Tl.] 203 of the " Triangle" is in the Land Office at Harrisburg. Upon this, Milestone 225 is marked as the south-east corner of the tract. As he did not survey the south-east coi'ner warrant, he probably had no positive knowledge of the actual corner. A more recent survey of the South East Warrant mentions a "Stone S. W. Corner N. Y. State." None of the monuments upon the meridian, except that at the Lake shore, are mentioned upon his map, or in his returns of Surveys. This line was re-surveyed for the Holland Land Company under thodirsction of Joseph Ellicott, by James Smedley, in July, 1798. In his notes he describes the '' Corner" as marked by a Sngar Maple Post in a heaj) of stones. Deputy Surveyor Cochran makes no men- tion of a Monument at this point. Smedley ran north upon the Line, setting mile and half-mile posts along it, witnessing each with two " bounded trees," until he reached the Lake shore, where he set a post 39 links north of the monument set by Ellicott in 1790. He makes no note of any intermediate milestones or posts set by Ellicott.* Seth Pease, another Holland Land Company Surveyor, started from this post 28 Jnly, 1798, and made a traverse of the Lake shore. He speaks of the monument as broken in pieces, A part of the base which remained in the ground until within ten years mnst at that time have contained parts of the inscriptions, which are given by Pease, "August 23'^ 1790, Latitude 42-- 10- 13" Yariation 0« 25' West."f The inscriptions upon this monument as preserved in the Pennsylvania Archives, (xi) seem to have been as follows : [On the west side :] " TERRITORY ANNEXED TO THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA, NORTH LATITUDE 42^ 16' 13" VARIATION 25 "WEST." [Ou tlie east side :] " MERIDIAN OF THE WEST END OF LAKK ONTARIO STATE OF NEW YORK 18 MILES AND 52.5 CHAINS FROM THE NORTH BOUNDARY OF PENNSYLVANIA AUGUST 23'^ 1790." Judge Peacock in his survey of the McMahon Tract in the North West Corner of Ilipley in October, 1801, describes it thus : " Stone standing on the Bank of Lake Erie in the Pennsylvania line it is Broken into Pieces, which I Cannot Describe the Letters." The total length of the line as measured by James Smedley, was 18 miles 50 chains 91 links (98400 feet), to a point 39 links north of the Initial Monument. The two intermediate Township Corners on this line were fixed in July 1798, by Warehani Shepard, who laid out the Townships in Range 15 of the Holland Land Company's Purchase^ * See XIX, Appendix H. Office, Albany, N. Y. f See III, Appendix H. Also Small H. L. Co., Field Book No. 37, Secretary's 204 [Senate The Surveyors who subdivided the Townships adjoining this hne into Sections, make no mention ol any of the original milestones or posts. They made the total length of the line 98313 feet. Hon. O. D. Hinckley in his reconnaissance of the outline of Chau- tauqua county under the direction of the Board of Su])ervisors, at the request of the Board of Regents, in 1870, retraced this line from south as far as Milestone 3, and identified quite a number of the witness trees of the Holland Land Company's Surveys. He found Milestone 17 lying upon the surface of tiie ground ; also a fragment of Milestone 7. Milestones 3 and 0, were in place, the latter broken in several pieces. He also found what was probably the remnant of the Ninth mile-post in an old sod-grown mound of small cobble stones,* upon the flats near a tributary of the north branch of French Creek. He also found the remnant of the square post set at Ave miles which had been known for many years.f At the twelve mile- point he found an unmarked stone standing crosswise of the line "Tradition says, set by Ellicott." Tlie map shows that a post was set at this point, not a stone. ^Nothing more was found except the stake surrounded by stones buried in the road at the " Corner." He did not carry his reconnaissance north of Milestone 3. Dr. Peters in 1865, when he observed for the Latitude and Longitude of the Initial Monument, referred to its condition, as quoted in the opening paragraphs of this Report. Judge William Peacock, who for many years, early in the Century, had charge of the afi'airs of the Holland Land Company in Chautau- qua County, asserted that this monument was broken down by the Lidians, who in that region were unfriendly to the Yankees ; and that other Boundaiy Monuments were destroyed by them. The Reconnaissance of 1878. Upon reaching the "Corner "with the reconnaissance of the Parallel Boundary, 11 October, 1878, the party were transferred to this Line, and the work was pushed rapidly northward upon an initial random transit line started parallel with the meridian of the "Corner," as deduced from angles measured from the Meridian of "Station Clark," 5,480 feet East. The Lake Shore was reached 20 October, and the i)arty was disbanded for the season. A number of the Holland Land Company's points identified by Mr. Hinckley were found. Milestone 17 was found as he had found it, lying upon the ground with no evidence to show where it had stood. Tlie unmarked stone at the l2-mile point was al,30 found *Mr. Hinckley ia liis notes says, " At 48.75 struck cherry stake in stone heap (Ellicott's Survey). Root of Post now in the ground (top rotted off above ground) but found in good condition. The stake has been known to be there for fifty years. Ellicott's Map sliows a cherry stake at this point. No doubt of its origin." f Mr. Hinckley says, " At 47.50 found remnant of Chest. Post on line (Ellicott's 5 mile Post) bottom rotted but top sound and standing where first set. Has been known 45 or 50 years. Stood there when the land was cleared. No doubt of its origin." No. Yl.] 205 and inspected. Tlie present owner of the land adiacent states that the stone was set to replace the orit-^inal post, which had become badly decayed, and which had been known and recognized as anthen- tic from the time the land was originally cleared. The heap of cobble stones, matted with sod, with a hole in the center, at the 9- mile point was also found and appeared, from its position, to be the original mound ])iled about the post of 1790. JJiothing was dis- covered of the fragments of Milestone 7. The remains of Mile- stone G were found in place. At the 5-mile point the upper part of a squared chestnut post, six inches square, M'eather-beaten, with the lower part rotted away, M^as found standing where the evidences showed a stake had been set and mouldered away. This was said by the gentlemen who owned the land on the east side of the line, and who cleared it up over 40 or 50 years ago, to sta,nd where it stood then, and there is no doubt that this is part of the original post. This remnant was sent to the State Library at Albany. A stone was found near the 4-mile point M'hich is probably the re- mains of the original milestone, although it had no marks upon it by which it might be identified. Milestone 3 was found in place, although evidently disturbed by frost. It was a stone over seven feet long and about 8 inches square, very cai'efully marked, standing upright, but i^y comparison with the illustration in Dr. Peters' re- port of IbGT), it must have been raised at least a foot by frost or some other influence since he examined it. Nothing was found of the original initial monument upon the bluff at the Lake, except the hole where it had until very recently stood, on the edge of the bluff, the monment having dropped out, leaving the sod, and the stones that were embedded beside it, in plar^e. The monument itself was either buried in the debris at the foot of the bluff, or had been carried away. The length of the line as measured upon the reconnaissance was 98,448 feet. This is the actual chained distance without correction for error in leno;tli of chain, which would add about 75 feet.'" New Initial Monument of 1869. Upon the report and recommendation of the Board of Regents, the Legislature, 11 April, 1860, passed the following Joint Resolution : " Resolved^ That in conformity with the recommendation of the Regents of the University in their repoi!" on the longitude of the western boundary of the State, submitted to the Legislature at the present session, that the said Regents be authorized to make such arrangements as may be found desirable, with the authority of Penn- sylvania, for renewing and replacing the monument near Lake Erie, on the said western boundary line.'' " The preliminary correspondence with the Governor and the Leg- * From a careful remeaaurement of about If miles of the north end of the Meridian in 1885, the aggregate error in chaining in 1878 was estimated at 85 feet. 2a6 [Senate islatnre of Pennsylvania on this subject, will be found in the Penn. Legislative Documents for 1867, vol. ''^,'pp- 945-94:8, and tlie Penn. Senate Journal for March 28, 1867, ^j^a 812, 813. An appropria- tion of ' two hundred dollars, or so much thereof as maybe necessary,' to the surveyor general for erecting a more durable monument, further inland was made by the Laivs of Penn. for 1867, No. ], Section 75. On conferring with the Surveyor General of Penn., it was agreed that the Regents should take measures to procure tlie monument, and a contract was executed on the first day of May, 1869, with Messrs. Williams, S[)elman & Co., of Albany, to furnish a block of Quincy granite, eight feet long, two feet wide and eight inches thick, properly dressed and inscribed, and to erect it at the point on the Western boundary line to be designated, for the sum of four hundred dollars ; which contract was duly executed." Chancellor Pruyn received the following notification from the Surveyor-GeneraFs office in Ilarrisburg, dated 13 September, 1869 : "Sir. — 1 am instructed by Genl. J. M. Campbell, Surveyor Gen- eral of Penn\ to say that if he is unal^le to meet you at State Line Station on the 15'^ inst., the bearer William Evans, Esquire, a Sur- veyor of this Office will represent him in relation to the erection of the monument on the State Line near the shore of Lake Erie. M"". Evans takes with him the amount of money appropriated by the 75"' Section of the Act of 11"' April, 1867 of Penn^ towards defray- ing the expences of procuring & erecting the monument referred to, (two hundred dollars) which he is instructed to pay over to you or other authorized party representing the State of Kew York. I have the honor to be, Sir, Yery respectfullv. Your obedient servant "POBT. A. McCOY." Upon 14 January, 1870, the Chancellor, from the select Committee on Boundaries, " stated that the initial monument on the shore of Lake Erie was replaced with a])])ropriate ceremonies, by the desig- nated authorities of this State and of the State of Pennsylvania on the 15*^'' September last, and submitted a copy of the memorandutn of proceedings had at that thiie, and which isin the words following, to wit : " ' State of New York : — State of Pennsylvania, " 'State Line, Septemher loth, 1869. " ' The undersigned, duly authorized for that purpose by their respective States, do hereby certify, that on the day above named, they attended at the monument placed on the margin of lake Erie, which marks the boundary line between the said States, and witnessed the erection of a new monument in place of the original monument now dilapidated, at a point distant four hundred and forty feet due south from the original monument ; which new monument is of Quincy granite, about two feet wide and about eight inches in thick- ness, and has on the east and west faces thereof a copy of the inscrip- tion on the corresponding faces of the original monument as stated No. 71.] 207 in the archives of the two States, and on the north and sonth faces thereof the following inscriptions respeetivelj' : " [North face] " [Soutli face] ' 1869. ' 18G9. LATITUDE OF THIS STONE Erected by the States of IS'ew 42'= 15' 57" 9 York and Pennsylvania, 440 LONGITUDE feet south of a monnment 79" 45 54" 4 now dilapidated, on which VARIATION were the iusci'iptions on the 2"^ 35' w.' east and west faces of this monnment.' " ' That the said new monnment was placed in all respects to our satisfaction, and at the joint expense of the said two States, as au- thorized by their respective Legislatures. " ' In witness whereof we have set our names to duplicate copies hereof at the State line aforesaid, on the day and year first above mentioned. " ' On the part of the State of Pennsylvania : WILLIAM EVANS, For J. M. CAMPBELL, Surveyor-General of Pennsylvania " ' On the part of the State of New York : JOHN Y. L. PRUYN, Chancellor of University. GEO. R. PERKINS, Com. of the Regents. S. B. WOOLA¥ORTH, Secretary of the Regents. GEO. W. PATTERSON.'"* This monument was found in 1878, about one foot out of line to the east, and leaning slightly i)i that direction. In 1884 it was found to lean about six inches from the perpendicular. The hight of this monument above the surface of the ground is fonr feet. Final Adjustment : Setting New Monuments. Upon the completion of the work upon the Parallel Boundary in September, 1884, a large terminal monument was set in the Meridian Boundary 100 feet Nortli of the "Corner." This monu- ment is similar to that set in April of that year upon the right bank of the Delaware River near the Initial Point. The party was then transferred t<3 the north end of the Meridian Boundary. The first three miles were carefully re-run and the monuments set. No attempt was made to rectify the position of the large monument set in 1869, at this time. A successful observ^ation was made for a mei-idian, and this Sec- tion of the Boundary was found to vary but slightly f tom it. Upon the 2r)th day of Septemlier the field-work upon the Bound- ary was suspended and the party disbanded. * Regents' Report 1871, pp. x, xi. 208 [Senate Owing to legislative delays in the matter of appropriations, the field-work in 1885 was not resumed nntil late in June, when the party assembled at the north end of the Meridian. The first work done was to obtain a careful re-measurement of the distance from the approximate site of Dr. Peters' astronomical station of 1865 to the site of the original Initial Monument upon the Lake shore. (See note, end of Appendix D.) Tlie large granite monument set in 1869 was at the same time carefully re-adjnsted to the Line and re-set. The field-work suspended in 1884 was taken up at the 7-mile- point. An observation for a meridian, was made npon •' Polaris " at its Eastern elongation before one o'clock upon the morning of 30 June. The method adopted in this observation, was the same used upon the Boundary north of Milestone 3 in September previous. The transit, in the present instance, was stationed over a nail in a stake about 1160 feet south of the 7-mile-stake, and by two observations of the Star at its elongatior, one with telescope direct, and the other with telescope reversed, a point in the same vertical plane was fixed upon a stake 1492 feet north of the instrument. This observation was repeated about a month afterward with satisfactory results. In the forenoon of 30 June, an oifset, calculated from the azimuth of the Star, was measured west from the stake, and from the meridian thus fixed a random transit line was started in each direction across the wide valley. It was continued north to a point north of the 5- mile-stake, and transferred by ])arallel offsets to the west side of the line, and was run north to Milestone 3. In the other direction it was extended to the summit of the ridge south of the 8-mile-point, and after being transferied to the West side of the Boundary, was continued south to the " Corner." Frequent offsets were measured from these transit lines to the stakes of the reconnaiesance, and to points In the Boundary. IVIilestones 3 and 6, the stake at the 9-mile-point, and the stone at the 12-mile-point were found to be in a line, which varied but little (0.23 f. per mile, west of south) from a meridian. It M'as apparent from this survey that the north thirteen or fourteen miles of this portion of the Boundary were originally very carefully run. Between Milestones 13 and 14 is the original limit of the heavy hard-wood timber, into which it is quite evident that the original line must have been continued by the use of a compass, instead of a transit inde- pendent of the needle. None of the original milestones were to be found (except 17, which had been displaced), but a number of points fixed and witnessed within eight years after the original survey, by James Smedley, surveyor for the Holland Land Company, show that the south end of the Meridian wavered considerably ; and the " Cor- ner" was found about thirty feet west of the line of 3-6-9-12, produced. Upon a careful study of the line after the transit line had been run throughout, it was found impracticable to adjust the line upon a •^ -ir -k '^ S Fold-out Placeholder This fold-out is being digitized, and will be inserted future date. \ fielc part don app site not( a car( poi at of r the tra ab< of wi up th. , th I th th r ' 111 w ar cc fi P' tl (( f P IS t t T i i No. 71.] 209 meridian or upon a single strait line. The line 3-12 was therefore extended to the 14-mile-point, and a strait line drawn thence to the "Corner," making a deflection to the west, of between 4 and 5.* The unknown mile-points were fixed at equal distances, between Milestones 6 and IS, the latter being placed ^^\ mile north from the " Corner." This is the distance given upon the original map. This adjustment of the distances brought the 12-mile-point almost exactly at the stone marking that point. Placing the Monuments upon the lines thus fixed, was at once commenced, and before 1 August, thej were all, thirty-six in number, set. The 9, 10, 14, 15, and 16-mile-points were found unsuitable sites for monuments, three of them falHng in beds of brooks, and these milestones were therefcjre set a few feet, in line, in either direc- tion, the changes being noted in the Hecord (see Appendix B). These milestones being in places somewhat unsuitable for convenience of )-eference, and safety from possible disturbance from the elements, it was thought advisable to set intermediate Monuments at several of the Holland Land Company's mile and half-mile Points south of Milestone 14. The number of new Monuments set upon the Meridian Boundary, including the Monument of 1869, is as follows : Milestones 18 Higliway Monuments 21 Lake Shore Monument (small) . 1 Initial Monument (1869) 1 Large Terminal Monument (1884) 1 Railroad Monuments 2 Other Intermediate Monuments 7 51 Four of the Milestones upon the Meridian are highway monuments. The entire length of the Meridian Boundar}' is known to have been measured by direct chaining, four times : First, in the original survey of 1790 ; twice by the Surveyors of the Holland Land Com- pany : and upon the reconnaissance of 1878. The resulting distances of these monuments, together witli the length of the line deduced from various Latitude observations, are given in the following table : ■ Feet. Andrew Ellicott, 1790 (18.66 miles). 98,525 James Smedley (H. L. Co.) 1798, (less 39 links) 98 , 374 Section surveys, H. L. Co., 1800 do 98,287 Reconnaissance 1878 + chain correction 98,533 Astronomical (Edwin Smith, U. S. C. & G. S., Lat. of " Corner" 1879)— (Dr. Peters, Lat. of Initial Monument)., 97,311 do (Smith 1879) — (Dr. Peters, corrected by re-measurement from his station in 1885) 96,696 do (Smith 1879)— (U. S. Lake Survey Lat.. New Initial Monu- ment + 440 feet) 97,969 These distances give the extreme range of error 1 ,837 * Sketch No. 15 exhibits on an exaggerated scale the adjusted Boundary south of 14, as it relates to old stakes and fences. [Sen. Doc. No. 71.] 27 APPENDICES TO SURYEYOR'S FIML EEPORT. A. Laws Relating to Re-suTvey of the Boundary. AA. Instructions to Messrs. Gere and Clarke. ,B. Schedule cf Monuments, with description of Locations. C. Table of Angular Deflections. D. Astronomical Stations ; and Results of Observations. E. County and Town Corners. F. l^ames of Commissioners ; and Persons Connected with the Survey, 1877-1885. G. George Palmer's Papers and Surveys : I. Commission as Deputy Surve3^or. IL Survey of the Delaware River up to the Initial Point. III. " Journal up Delaware " in 1784, and notes of Sur- vey from the Delaware to the Susquehanna. lY. Drake and Delong's " Journal up Susquehanna and across to Delaware," June, 1784. V. Letter from Surveyor-General Lukens. VI. Extracts from Field-notes of "Warrant Surveys. H. Holland Land Company's Surveys : I. Description of the Marks upon Posts and Witness trees. IL Extracts from Augustus Porter's Field Book Ko. 2 (Survey of the South end of Morris Reserve). III. Extract from Seth Pease's Traverse of the Shore of Lake Erie. IV-IX. Record of Surveys of South Line of Ranges 1 to 6. X. Record of Surveys of Soutli end of" Willink Strip." XI-XVIII. Record of Surveys of Soutli Line of Ranges 7 to 14. XIX, Record of surveys of South and West lines of Range 15. J. Re-surveys of the Keating Lands in Pennsylvania. K. Representation of New York and Pennsylvania on Ancient Maps. L. Disputes with Massachusetts and Connecticut. I. The Massachusetts Claim against New York. IL The Connecticut Claim against Pennsylvania. III. The Connecticut Gore in New York. M. Erie Triangle. N. Maps of the Boundary Line, 1885. 212 [Senate APPENDIX A. Laws Relating to the Re-surveys of the Boundary Line Be- tween JSTew York and Pennsylvania. ^EW YORK. In Assembly ) Albany, April 11, 1866. \ llesoVoed (If the Senate concur), That in conformity with the recommendation of the Regents of the University in their report on the longitude of the western boundary of the State, submitted to the Legislature at tlie present session, that the said Regents be authorized to make such arrangements as may be found desirable, with the authority of Pennsylvania, for rencAving and replacing the monument near Lake Erie, on the said western boundary line. By order of the Assembly, J. B. CusHMAN, Clerk. In Senate, April 16, 1866. Passed without amendment. By order of the Senate, Jas. Terwilliger, Clerl'. In Senate, April 19, 1867. Resolved^ That in view of the communication of the Regents of the University to the Legislature, dated April 15, 1867, the said Re- gents are hereby authorized to cause an examination to be instituted as to the condition and true location of the monuments which mark the several boundaries of the State, and to ascertain whether any and what action may be needed to preserve or renew them, and also to procure and put in form such historical information in regard to the said boundaries as they may deem to be of interest, at an expense not to exceed three thousand dollars, and to report their proceedings under this resolution to the Legislature. Senate Journal, 90th Session, 1867, page 1030. Laws of 1875, Chapter 424. AN ACT in regard to the boundary monuments of the State. Passed May 26, 1875; tbree-fiftbs being present. 'Fhe People of the State of Nev) Yorh, represented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follovjs : Section 1. The Regents of the University arc hereby autlicn-ized and directed to resume the work of " examination as to tlie true lo- No. 71.] 213 cation of tlic monTimcnts whicli mark the several boundaries of the State," as authorized by the resolution of tlie Senate of April nine- teenth, eighteen hundred and sixty-seven, and in connection with the authorities of Pennsylvania and New Jersey respectively, to re- place any monuments whicli have become dilapidated or been re- moved, on the boundary lines of those States. § 2. The sum of three thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated for expenses of renewing and replacing monuments, and for contingent expenses. § 3. The Kegents shall report to the Legislature on the progress of this work, with an account of all expenditures. § 4. This act shall take effect immediately. Laws of 1877, Chaptek 275. AN ACT making appropriations for certain expenses of government and supplying deficiencies in former appropriations. Passed May 16, 1877. The sum of three thousand dollars appropriated by chapter four hundred and twenty -four of the laws of eighteen hundred and seventy-five for the expenses of renewing and replacing state bound- ary monuments is hereby appropriated for the same purposes. . Laws of 1878, Chapter 252. AN ACT making appropriations for certain expenses of government and 8up23lying deficiencies in former appropriations. Passed May 13, 1878. For the payment of the expenses for finishing the work of renew- ing and replacing state boundary lines, in pursuance of chapter four hundred and twenty-four of the laws of eighteen hundred and seventy-five, the sum of five thousand dollars. Laws of 1880, Chapter 340. AN ACT to provide for the settlement of the boundary lines be tween the State of New York and the States of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, respectively. Passed May 20, 1880, three-fifths being present. The People of the State of Neio York, represented in Senate and Assembly, do enact asfoUotos: Section 1. Whereas, by an act of the Legislature, passed the twenty-sixth day of May, eighteen hundred and seventy-five, the regents of the university were authorized and directed, '• in connec- tion with the authorities of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, respect- 214 [Senate ively, to replace any monuments wliicli have become dilapidated or been removed, on the boundary lines of those States ; " and whereas, from the examination made by said regents, it has been found that said monuments, as located by tlie original joint commis- sioners, do not conform in all cases to the verbal descriptions of said lines, and questions have arisen between the commissioners of said States as to the proper location of said monuments ; therefore, it is hereby declared that the lines c>riginally laid down and marked with monuments by the several joint commissioners, duly appointed for that purpose, and which have since been acknowledged and legally recognized by the several States interested, as the limits of their territory and jurisdiction, are the boundary lines of said States, irrespective of want of conformity to the verbal descriptions thereof. § 2. Said regents are hereby authorized and empowered to des- ignate and appoint three of their number as commissioners to meet such commissioners as have been or may be appointed and vested with similar powers on the part of the States of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, or either of them, and with such last-mentioned com- missioners, as soon as may be, to proceed to ascertain and agree upon the location of said lines as originally established and marked with monuments ; and in case any monuments are found dilapidated or removed from their original location, said commissioners are author- ized to renew or replace them in a durable manner, in their original positions, and to erect such additional monuments at such places on said lines as they may deem necessary, for the proper designation of the boundary lines of said States. The said regents shall report the action of said commissioners to the legislature of the State for its consideration and ratification. § 3. The sum of three thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated out of any moneys in the treasury applicable for such purposes, to pay the necessary expenses and disbursements of said commissioners in the perform- ance of the duties required by this act, and the comptroller is au- thorized to draw his warrant upon the treasurer for moneys hereby appropriated, from time to time, as the same may be needed. § 4. This Act shall take effect immediately. in pursuance of the above law, the Regents of the University, 13 July, 1880, adopted the following resolution : Whereas, By chapter 340 of the Laws of 1880 the Board of Regents are " authorized and empowered to designate and appoint three of their number as Commissioners to meet such Commissioners as have been or may be appointed and vested with similar powers on the part of the States of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, or either of them, and to proceed to ascertain and agree upon the location of said lines as originally established and marked with monuments ; " there- fore. Resolved^ That Yice-ChancellorPierson and Regents Leavenworth and Depew be appointed Commissioners under the above act, with full powers to carry out the provisions thereof. No. 71.] 215 Laws of 1882, Chapter 362. AN ACT making appropriations for certain expenses of government and supplying deficiencies in former appropriations. Passed June 37, 1883. For the commissioners appointed under chapter three hundred and forty of the laws of eighteen hundred and eighty, for the settlement of the boundary lines between the state of New Y ork and the states of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, respectively, for the necessary ex- penses and disbursements under said act, the sum of five thousand dollars or so much thereof as may be necessary. Laws of 1885, Chapter 525. AN ACT making appropriations for certain expenses of government and supplying deficiencies in former aj)propriations. Passed June 13, 1885. For the Commissioners appointed under chapter three hundred and forty of the laws of eighteen hundred and eighty, for the settlement of the boundary lines between the state of New York and the states of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, respectively, for the necessary ex- penses and disbursements under said act, the sum of two thousand five hundred dollars, or so much as may be necessary.* PENNSYLYANIA. Extract from an act of the General Assembly of the Common- wealth of Pennsylvania, entitled An Act, To provide for the ordinary expenses of the Government, and other general and specific appro- priations." Approved the 11th day of April, A. D. 1867. " Section 75. — For the surveyor-general, for the expenses of sur- veying and determining the exact position of the stone that marks the line, on the shore of Lake Erie, between the state of Pennsylvania and New York, and the erection of a more durable monument, fur- ther inland, the sum of two-hundred dollars ($200) or so much thereof as may be necessary." An Act In regard to the l)0unda7y monuments on the line 'between the State of Pennsylvania and New York, with an appropriation for expenses of same. [Passed May 8, 1876. P. L. 143.] Section 1. Be it enacted^ (&g., That as soon as practicable after the passage of this act it shall be the duty of the Governor to appoint * See chapter 560, Laws of 1886 (N.Y.), for act confirming the proceedings of the Commission; and chapter 449, Laws of 1886, for act providing for the care and preservation of Boundary monuments. 216 [Senate three persons to be a commission, to act in conjunction with a simi- lar commission of the State of New York, to examine as to the true location of the monuments which mark the boundary line between this State and the State of New York, and in connection with said commission of the said State of New York, to replace any monuments which have become dilapidated or been removed on the boundary lines of snid States. § 2. The sum of two thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated for expenses of renewing and re- placing monuments and for contingent expenses. § 3. Said eommission shall make report to the Secretary of Inter- nal Affairs on the progress of the work, with an account of all ex- penditures, which shall be transmitted by said Secretary to the Gen- eral Assembly at its next session; and said commission shall, on com- pletion of said work, prepare and tile in the Department of Internal Affairs a full report of their proceedings, accompanied with such maps or drafts as may be necessary to a clear understanding of the same. ASu Pl'LEMENT To an act in regard to the boundary laonuments on the line hetween the State of Pennsylvania and neio Yorh, with an appropria- tion fo7^ expenses of same ^ approved May eighth^ one thousand eight hundred and seventy -six ^ appropriating money for contimdng the provisions of the said act. \Passea June 11, 1879. P. Z. 132.] Whereas, The appropriation provided for in the act to which this act is a supplement, amounted only to the sum of two thousand dollars, whereby the main cost of the survey of the boundary line has fallen upon the State of New York, the commissioners of the said State having carried on the work through the aid of their own appropriation, with the understanding, however, that the fact should be laid before the Legislature of Pennsylvania, which has been done by the Governor in his annual message, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-nine, and trusting that the Commonwealth of Pennsyl- vania would bear her just proportion of the cost ; And 'whereas. The amount appropriated by the State of New York for the purpose in hand is eight thousand dollars, of which a large portion has been already expended, and the work not yet com- pleted : SECTiOiSr 1. Be it enacted^ c&c, That the further sum of six thou- sand dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, be and the same is hereby appropriated, out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, in order to equahze justly, as between the States of New York and Pennsylvania, the cost of carrying out the provisions of the act to which this act is a supplement, and provide for the further prosecution of the surveys and investigations defined No. n.] 217 in the said act, in conjunction with the Paid State of New Yorlv ; and the duty, authority, and accountability of the conunissioners on the part of Pennsylvania, appointed by the Governor, shall continue as in the said act prescribed, no portion of which is intended to be re- pealed by the passage of this act, the intention being to aid by an appropriation the carrying out of its provisions. A Further Supplement, To an act in regard to the houndari/ nnonutnents on the line between the State of Pennsylvania and Neio ITork^ toith an appropria- tion for expenses of sa7ne, approved May eighth, one thousand eight hundred and seventy -six, appropriately money for continu- ing the provisions of the said act. [Passed Ji/lij 5, 1883, P. L. 190.] Whereas, it was impracticable when the act to wliicli this act is a supplement was passed, to ascertain to any certainty the final cost of fulfilling its provisions ; And whereas, The amounts appropriated in said act and its sup- plement, approved June eleventh, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-nine, being in all eight thousand dollars, have jjroved inade- quate for the })urpose of establishing a line or lines, with monu- ments, x)ver two hundred and forty miles in length ; And lohereas, The State of New York has appropriated some eight thousand dollars more than the State of Pennsylvania has done for this purpose, besides contributing the services of three of her reo'ents of the university ; And %ohereas, The cost of such a line completed has been ascer- tained per mile by actual outlay on the line established between Pennsylvania and Ohio ; And, whereas, Through loss of time occasioned by a discussion of final methods, now, however, fully settled, an appropriation by" the Legislature of Pennsylvania at its session of one thousand eight hun- dred and eighty-one, failed for the time being, whereby a considera- ble portion of the work upon which there was no disagreement in the joint commission has been done by the commissioners of the State of New York alone, they expecting their State to be renm- nerated by Pennsylvania to the extent of her moiety, through the promised representations of her counnissiouers, to be laid before the Legislature of Pennsylvania at its present session ; And loher'eas, The amount herein proposed to be appropriated, will, judging from experience on the western boundary of Pennsyl- vania, it is believed, complete the line at a reasonable cost per mile as contemplated by the act to which this act is a supplement ; there- fore, Section 1. Be it enacted, die, That the further sum of eight thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, be and the same is hereby appropriated for the purpose of marking perma- [Sen. Doc. No. 71.] 28 218 [Senate nently the boundary line or lines between Pennsylvania and New- York, as contemplated in the original act to which this act is a sup- plement, and of equalizing the just cost of the same to each of the States interested, and the duty, authority, and accountability of the commissioners on the part of Pennsylvania, appointed by the Governor, shall continue as in the said act prescribed, no portion of which is intended to be repealed by the passage of this act ; the ob- ject being to aid by an appropriation the carrying out of its pro- visions. No. 72. A Further Supplement To an act providing for the acljustment of the Boundary line be- tween Nev) York and Pennsylvania^ apjyroved on th^ eighth day of May, one thousand eight hundred and seventy- six, and its supplements, appropriating money for the comphtiorh of the same. Whereas, The amount of money appropriated by the several acts, to which this act is a further supplement, has proved inade- quate for the purposes provided for in said acts ; therefore, Section 1. Be it enacted, <&c., That the further sum of three thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, be and the same is hereby appropriated to be applied to the completion of the same, and to be expended in strict accordance with the provis- ions of the acts to which this act is a further supplement. Approved — The 11th day of June, A. D., 1885. KOBT. E. PATTISON. No. 71.] 219 APPENDIX AA. Instructions. To H. Wadsworth Clarke, C. E., Surveyor on the part of New Yorky and Christopher M. Gere, C. E., Surveyor on the part of Pennsyl^ vania. At a joint meeting of the Boiinclary Commissioners of the States of New York and Pennsylvania, held at the city of Syracuse, N. Y., on the 25*^^ day of July, 1883, the following instructions for the further prosecution of the work of ascertaining and re-marking the Boundary line between the two States, were adopted and ordered to be transmitted to the Surveyors. 1. The work of ascertaining and re-marking the Boundary line between !New York and Pennsylvania is to be resumed as soon as possible at its Eastern extremity, and to be continued during the remainder of the season of 1883 and during as much of the season of 1884 as may be necessary for its completion. 2. Wherever practicable the locations of the old Boundary Monu- ments are to be ascertained, and in case they are still in existence they are to be restored and re-set in a substantial manner in their original location."^" 3. At each mile interval along the line a new monument of the form and character hereinafter described is to be established, and in case the old monument still remains at any point, the new monu- ment is to be placed on the line in a position contiguous to the old monument.f 4. In cases where the old monuments which marked the Boundary line are missing, such evidence of their oi'iginal locations as may be obtained is to be collected, and when this is deemed sufficient the new monuments are to be set accordingly ; but in cases where the original location of the line cannot otherwise be determined, a strait line is to be run between the nearest adjacent points whose locations are known and on this strait line and at the proper intervals the new monuments are to be established. 5. In the event of a serious doubt as to the proper location for any one of the proposed monuments, or of a disagreement between * From the small size and irregular shape of many of the original milestones (quite a number being broken) it was found impracticable to carry this out generally. The smaller ones were used as witness marks under the new monu- ments. f See previous note. The old monuments, most of them, could hardly be set permanently without entirely burying them. 220 [Senate the two Surveyors as to sncli location, the question in doubt or dis- pute is to be submitted to tlie Joint Commission, and to be decided after investigation and consultation, by mutual agreement. 6. At each highway and at eacli hue of railway and river crossed by the Boundary line, and in a strait line between the nearest adja- cent mile monuments, monuments of the form and character herein- after described are to be established in a conspicuous but secure location at the side of such highway, railroad, or river. 7. The mile monuments hereinbefore referred to are to be of granite, four feet long, the top to be dressed six inches square, to a distance down of six inches ; upon one side, to be cut the let- ters "]S[. y.," ujjon the opposite "PA.," and upon a third side a number corresponding to the number of miles from the eastern ex- tremity of the line ; quarter-inch grooves to be cut at right angles across the center of the top parallel to the sides.'" 8. The monuments to be erected at highways as hereinbefore de- scribed are to be of the same material as tlie mile monuments, but to be four and one-half feet in length, and six by twelve inches in cross- section, and dressed at the to]) for a distance of one foot ; and they are to be marked in the same manner as the nule monuments, except that they are not to be marked with numbers. The monuments to be erected at railways and rivers are to be of the same form and material as the mile monuments as described in the seventh section, except that no numbers are to be inscribed upon them. 9. The excavations to receive the monuments are to be carried six inches below the bottom of the monument, and powdered charcoal or other durable foreign material is to be sprinkled over the bottom, and a flat disk of earthenware, six inches in diameter, perforated in the center, is to be placed vertically beneath the point to be marked by the monument ; the monument is to be sunk so that in the case of the mile, railway, and riv^er monuments, only six inches of the top shall project above the surface of the ground, and in case of highway mon- uments, twelve inches. Each monument is to be secured in its proper place by packing broken stone and earth in the excavation around it. 10. Special monuments of a more elaborate character are to be erected to mark the eastern termination at the Delaware River of that portion of the Boundary line constituting the forty-second par- allel, and also the western termination where the parallel intersects the Meridian Boundary line betAveen the t\vo States.f The material and plans for these monuments are to be substantially the same as for those erected by the Commissioners to mark the ter- minal points of the Boundary line between the States of New York and New Jersey. Commissioner Worrall on the part of Pennsyl- vania, and Commissioner Leavenworth on the part of New York are specially charged with the erection of these monuments, and the * Mile monuments, the locations of which were in highways, were made of the size and form prescribed in the next paragraph. f See Sketch No. 9 for an illustration of these monuments. No. 71.] 221 Surveyors are to set such monninents in a snl)stantial and permanent inannei". 11. The Stations established in the vicinity of the Boundary line by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey for the purpose of determining the latitude of the line, are to be marked in a sub- stantial and permanent manner, by granite monuments of such form and dimensions as the Surveyors may decide, and the location of these monuments and their character and purpose are to be indicated in the description of the line. (See Appendix D.) 12. Accurate records of the work done in re-marking this Bound- ary are to be kept, in which shall be given, among other things, descriptions of the several monuments, together with their under- ground marks, nature of the soil, their surroundings, and temporary witness marks which may serve to identify their location. These records are to be made out in duplicate, one copy for New York and one for Pennsylvania. 13. The topographical map of the line is to be prepared, npon which the exact positions of the monuments are to be indicated, and this map is to be duplicated, so that one copy may be fui'nished to the Commissioners of New York, and one to the Commissioners of Pennsylvania. 14. At the close of the present season of 1883, a report of the progress of the work is to be prepared, giving details of the j^arts accomplished and the parts still remaining, and also a statement of the expenditures incurred, and estimates of the expenditures re- quired to complete the same. At the close of the work, a full report of your work of surveying and re-marking the entire line is to be prepared, giving such particulars as to the history of the line, the mode of settling doubtful points, and such descriptions of the monu- ments, their location and their surroundings, as will serve to make a complete record of the Boundary Line; and both these reports must be prepared in duplicate so that one copy may be furnished to the Commissioners of New York, and one copy to the Commis- sioners of Pennsylvani;i. 15. Accurate and detailed accounts are to be kept of expenses incurred in the prosecution of your work and quadruplicate vouchers are to be taken therefor. A monthly abstract of these expenses in duplicate is to be presented, charging to each State the one-half of such expenses, one copy for each of the States, each abstract to l)e ac- companied with duplicate vouchers of each of the items therein. You will be authorized to draAv in advance for funds with which to meet the current expenses of your work, one-half from each State, such advances to be accounted for in your monthly statements. A true copy of the minutes. DAYID MUERAY, Secretary of the Joint Commission. Approved^ JAMES WORRALL, Chairman of Joint Commission. 222 [Senate APPENDIX B. SOHEDULE OF MILESTONES, AND A FeW OF THE PRINCIPAL MONU- MENTS, SET UPON THE PaEALLEL BoUNDAEY IN 1881-2-3-4. A description of each monument and its location is given, with data for its ready discovery and identification. The date each monument was set is added at the end of each description. The New Monuments set upon the Parallel Boundary, with the exception of the Large Initial monument at the Delaware river, are of reddish-gray granite from the quarries of John Beattie, Leete's Island, Connecticut. They are of five classes, of which the following descriptions are taken from the official " Record of Monuments : " (See Sketch No. 16.) " First Class — Highway Ildnuments. "These are placed at highways intersecting or following the Boundary. Milestones placed beside highways are of the first class. The monuments are 4^ feet long, the top is dressed rectangular, 12 inches by 6 inches, and at right-angles across the center, parallel with the edges, are cut two quarter-inch grooves ; the upper end of each side to the depth of 12 inches is also dressed, and upon one broad (North) face, are cut the letters ' N. Y.,' and upon the other (South), the letters ' PA.' A milestone of the first class has, in addition, the number of the original mile monument with the addi- tion of the letter ' M.' These monuments weigh from 375 to 500 pounds. " In setting monuments of this class, tlie longer groove was uni- formly placed in the direction of the Boundary. " Monuments of the second, third, and fourth classes are 4 feet long ; the top is dressed 6 inches square, and the upper end of each side is also dressed to the depth of 6 inches. Tliey weigh from 170 to 220 pounds. " Second Class — Milestones. " These are placed at the original mile-points, which are not marked by monuments of the First or Fourtli classes. Across the top, at right-angles, and parallel with the faces, are cut two quarter- incli grooves. On opposite faces are cut the letters ' N. Y.' (north) and 'PA.' (south), and upon a third (east face) the number of the original monument with the letter ' M.' " Third Class. " These are similar m all respects to monuments o£ the Second JtCethocL ofKyetting, VK\\a.b\^Y^^ = ><^*^mYK\\^t^ "bXii^NW Or».w » b» ^^«T«<) c.ik\\<«>. m. 71.] 223 Class, with the exception that the number upon the tliird face is omitted, except in a few instances. They are placed at Railway and River intersections, and at such other points as were necessary. " Monuments of the Second and Third Classes are set so that the faces containing the letters 'N. Y.' and 'PA.' are parallel with the Boundary. '•'' Fourth, Glass. " Diagonally across the top are cut two quarter-inch grooves, and the monuments are set so that one of the diagonal grooves is in the direction of the Boundary. The faces are specially lettered. These monuments are generally milestones marking Town or County Cor- ners, and the face of the stone toward the Town or County is marked with the initial letter of the name. ''Fifth Class. "Monuments of this class are' placed to mark the Astronomical Stations of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, occupied in 1877 and 1879. Each monument is a block of granite of the general dimensions of 12 inches square and 18 inches or more deep. The top is dressed and the station point is marked upon it in the center by a cross (-)-). Upon the top are also cut the name of the Station, the letters ' U. S. C. & G. S.,' and the year in which the Station was occupied." (See Appendix D.) Ordinary Highway Monuments, Railroad monuments, and monu- ments of the Fifth class are not included in the following schedule. For detailed descriptions of these, reference must be had to the offi- cial Record. The Manner of Setting. "With a few exceptions, the manner of setting monuments of the First, Second, Third, and Fourth classes was as follows : — " A hole of proper size was excavated to a depth of at least 4 feet. Id the bottom was carefully laid a circnlar disk, 6 inches in diameter, and one inch thick, with a small hole in the center. The hole in the disk was placed vertically beneath the point to be marked, which is indicated by the intersection of the grooves in the top of the monument. " The disks used in 1881, and under a few monuments in 1882, were unglazed eai-thenware (brick). The disks generally used were glazed stoneware. In a few instances, disks were omitted. " The disk in the bottom of the excavation was carefully buried in four or five inches of foreign material, generally vegetable, upon which a flat stone (occasionally a piece of board) was placed, and upon this the monument stands. " Each monument was carefully placed so that the dressed faces are vertical, the proper groove upon the top lying in the dii'ection 224 [Senate of the Bouiidaiy, and the excavation was filled about it with earth and stone, M^ell rammed, until all the monument except the di*essed faces, is buried. In a number of instances, the excavation was partly filled with hydraulic-cement mortar and broken stone."* Broome County, N. Y. A small monument was set on the Delawai'e County side of the Delaware River, at the intersection of an easterly' prolongation of the Boundary with the Meridian of Astronomical Station Travis. This mon- ument is marked with diagonal grooves upon the top, and is set flnsh with the surface of the ground just north of the wagon-track of the highway, 2025^^ feet East of the large Initial Monument west of the River, and 81^ feet South of the center of a granite monument mark- ing Station Travis. (The latter monument is 2^ feet underground, and is 462'-'^ feet South 39° 36' East (true) from the south-easterly corner of the foundation of the main part of the dwelling of John Hills.) The latitude of the intersection monument is 42° 00' 01". 85. April 12, 1884. Upon a rock, above high-water mark on the I'ight bank of the River, 984 feet South of the intersection monument, in the meiidian of Station Travis, is cut a "ci'ow-foot" for a meridian mark. Messrs. A. Lord and John Brown of Hale's Eddy, and M. R. Hulce of De- posit can show its position. A large Initial Monument of Rhode Island granite, 600 feet west of the center of the DelaM'are River, near the south-westej'ly side of the road along the right bank of the River. This monument is fully described and illustrated in the Report for 1882. April 11, 1884. (See Sketch No. 9.) Milestone 1 is a highway monument about 30 feet East of a road which winds up the mountain, south-east from Hale's Eddy, on the west side of a deep ravine. Replaces the original milestone. July 18, 1882. Milestone 2 is a small monument near the left bank of Sand Pond Brook, about 870 feet East of a monument in the west side of the highway near S. B. Alexander's house. Original milestone not found. July 18,1882. The top of original Milestone 3 stands opposite tlie point where it was found, on a very steep, rocky, southerly slope, almost inaccessi- ble. It was found out of place in 18Y7. July 20, 1882. New Milestone 3 is a small monument, in the west edge of woods near the east side of a wood road, 21 chains west of the position of the original. July 20, 1882. Milestone 4 is a highway monument standing on the north-easterly side of the road along the left bank of the east branch of Sand Pond Brook. The original milestone was not found. July 19, 1882. Milestone 5 is a small monument in the north-westerly part of a * The Angular Deflections in tlie Boundary, at the various monument points, will be found in Appendix C. No. 71.] 225 clearing, about a qnaTter of a mile north of Georo^e Lee's house, near the top of a south-easterly slope, about 500 feet East of the summit of the ridge east of the west branch of Sand Pond Brook. Replaces the ori^nal milestone. July 17, 1882. All the monuments east of Milestone 5 are in a curved line, having the normal curvature of the parallel, passing through Milestones 5 and 1. Milestone 6 is a small monument, at the foot of a steep easterly slope, about 155 feet East of a highway monument on the west side of the road south from Danville. Replaces original milestone. July 15, 1882. The corner of "Wayne and Susquehanna Counties, Penn., is marked by a highway monument near the point at which the road which fol- lows the Boundary turns toward the South-west and leaves the line. July 15, 1882. Milestone 7 is a small monument in cleared land near the foot of a steep slope, the easterly side of Deep Hollow, about 1692 feet East of a highway monument at the Deep Hollow Road. Replaces the oi-iginal milestone. July 14, 1882. Milestone 8 is a small monument in a wind-fall in thick woods, about 200 feet West of the top of a steep westerly slope, about 3684 feet West of the highway monument at the Deep Hollow Road- Original milestone not found. July 14, 1882. Milestone 9 is a small monument, in tliick woods on a steep east- erly slope, about 150 feet East of the summit of a narrow ridge, and about 2600 feet East of a highway monument at Pig-pen Run road. Original milestone not found. July 13, 1882. Milestones 8 and 9 are in line between Milestones 7 and 10. The corner of the Towns of Sanford and Windsor is marked by a small monument, marked on the top with diagonal grooves; it is 440 feet East of Milestone 10. July 12, 1882. Milestone 10 is a small monument in thick woods near a M^ood-road, south-east of a large upturned root, 605 feet East of a small monument at a new road, at the corner of the farms of Lynes and O'Rourke. Replaces the original milestone. July 12, 1882. Milestone 11 is a small monument at the foot of a steep North- westerly slope, 1356' feet East of a highway monument standing at the w^est side of the east Cascade Yalley road. Replaces the origi- nal milestone. July 11, 1882. Milestone 12 is a small monument standing upon the summit of a high narrow ridge between Cascade Yalley and the Susquehanna River. This Milestone is in line between Milestone 11 and the east River monument. The original milestone was not found. July 11, 1882. Two small monuments mark the intersection of the Boundary with the Susquehanna River. That upon the left bank is 50 feet East of the original monument which stands at the edge of the River bank. July 7, 1882. That upon the right bank is 20 feet west of the origi- [Sen. Doc. No. 71.] 29 226 [Senate nal monument whicli stands upon the edge of the River bank. July 26, 1882. The line is not continuous across the River. Milestone 13 is a small monument in cleared land, 1698 feet West of the monument on the right bank of the Susquehanna Riv^er. The original milestone, which had been displaced, was re-set at the west side of the new monument. August 4, 1883. The Corner of the Hooper Patent and the Third Tract in "Wind- sor is marked by a small monument with diagonal grooves ; upon a steep northerly slope in a laurel thicket in thick woods, opposite the position of the stone set by the State Deputy Surveyor in 1841, 591' feet east of Milestone 14. August 7, 1883. Milestone 14 is a small monument in a laurel thicket in thick woods; steep northerly slope; 1647^ feet east of a highway monu- ment standing at the S. W. side of a road on the summit of the ridge. The original milestone was not found. August 6, 1883, The last three monuments are in line between the monument stand- ing on the right bank of the Susquehanna River and Milestone 15. Milestone 15 is a small monument with diagonal grooves ; in cleared land about 250 feet East of the foot of a steep easterly slope and 557^ feet West of a highway monument at the west side of a road along the west side of the valley. This monument replaces the original milestone, and marks the corner of the Towns of Oak- land and Great Bend in Susquehanna County, Pa. 25 July, 1882. Milestone 16 is a small monument in a wet meadow, 672' feet West of a highway monument on the N. E. side of the road north-west from Locust Hill Church. Replaces the original mile- stone. July 24, 1882. Milestone 17 is a small monument on a short steep easterly slope, about 40 feet from the bf'ow ; 369* feet East of a highway monu- ment on the west side of the road along west side of the valley, N. E. from Red Rock. The original milestone was not found. August 5, 1883. Milestone 18 is a small monument in a clear patch near the south- west corner of a piece of woods. West side of rocky summit near the brow of a high steep nortli-westerly slope, overlooking the valley of the east branch of Trowbridge Creek. The original milestone was not found. August 16, 1883. Milestones 17 and 18 are in an easterly prolongation of a line be- tween the First Latitude Stone on the right bank of the Susquehanna River and Milestone 19. Milestone 19 is a small monument in thick young woods on a steep easterh' slope, about 465 feet West of Trowbridge Creek. Replaces orimnal milestone, which was reset at the west side of the new monument. August 11, 1883. " Fan-tail Corner " is a rough monument of native rock, 165 feet West of Milestone 19. It marks the common corner of 6 Pennsyl- vania sub-divisions. The corner of the towns of Windsor and Kirkwood is marked by No. 71.] 227 a small monument with diagonal grooves; in the open field 442* feet west of a highway monument upon the high summit Nortli of the village of Great Bend, and 2037' feet West of Milestone 19 ; 95' feet South-westerly from the South-westerly corner of Squire's big barn. Apiil 15, 1884. Milestone 20 is a small monument upon the Riv^er flats, 654* feet East of a highway monument on the east side of the Hiver Road. It is in line between Milestones 19 and the First Latitude Stone (Milestone 20|-). The original monument was not found. August 18, 1883. Astronomical Station Finn is marked by a granite monument buried 2^ feet under ground, 97" feet north-westerly from the north- westerly corner of the foundation of the main part of James Finn's dwelling. The center of the Station is 256^ feet North and 142^ feet West of the highway monument on the west side of the River road. April 16, 1884. A small monument is set in the meridian of Station Finn, 650^ feet North of the Station, at the south side of a stone wall on the north line of the land of John Cline. April 16, 1884. Milestone 20-| is a small monument at the east side of the base of the First Latitude Stone which was left in place, about 20 feet East of the right bank of the Susquehanna River. The latitude of tbis monument as deduced from the Astronomical observations at Station Finn, is 41° 59' 56".71. July 27, 1882. Milestone 21 is a small monument with diagonal grooves, standing upon the probable site of the original milestone at the north end of the summit of the high ridge between the Susquehanna River and Snake Creek. It marks the corner of the Towns of Great Bend and Liberty, Susquehanna County, Pemi. August 21, 1883. Milestone 22 is a highway monument at the west side of the Montrose and Binghamton Turnpike, west side of Snake Creek valley ; in line between Milestones 21 and 23. The original mile- stone was not found. Aug. 20, 1883. Milestone 23 is a small moimment a little east of a wood road, surrounded by briars and upturned roots, north of a small brook which runs South-east. Replaces original milestone. August 21, 1883. Milestone 24 is a small monument in a shallow gully in an open field belonging to Chas. Adams, 329' feet East of a highway monu- ment standing on the west side of the road leading to Corbettsville. The original milestone was not found. Aug. 25, 1883. Milestone 25 is a small monument in the west edge of " Wolf Swamp," which was formerly the bottom of a mill-pond. The original milestone has been displaced for years. Milestones 24 and 25 are set in line between Milestones 23 and 26. August 24, 1883. Milestone 26 is a small monument in thick woods about 100 feet North of a clearing, and just below the top of a steep slope west of north, opposite the bottom of a deep hollow in the road which 228 [Senate passes nearly parallel with the line, a short distance south: 398 feet West of the S. E. Corner of the Town of Binghamton. Keplaces the original milestone. Aug. 28, 1883. Milestone 27 is a small monument with diagonal grooves, standing iu the south side of a road which follows the line, and 197 feet West of a highway monument at the point where the road turns from the line toward the north-east. It is in line between Milestones 26 and 28. The original milestone had been displaced in working the road. It marks the corner of the Towns of Liberty and Silver Lake in Susquehanna Co., Penn. Sept. 4, 1883, Milestone 28 is a highway monument at the west side of the old Hawleyton turnpike. Replaces an old Pennsylvania Corner stone which was assumed as marking the site of the original milestone, which was not found. Sept. 3, 1883. Milestone 29 is a small monument in cleared land north side of a stone wall, upon a westerly slope, about 100 feet west of the summit, and north of the village of Brackney ; 1415 feet East of a highway monument west side of road from Brackneyville. The original milestone was not found. Sept. 5, 1883. Milestone 30 is in cleared pasture land about 70 feet west of a brook, 875' feet East of a highway monument standing near the N. W. corner of a barn. The original milestone was not found. Sept. 5, 1883. Milestones 29 and 30 are set in line between Milestones 28 and 31. Milestone 31 is a highway monument in the south side of a road on hue, about 124 feet East of a brook crossing the road. It is in an easterly prolongation of a line from Milestone 33 through a rough stone monument standing 74^ feet West of Milestone 31, known as the " State Line Stone." The original milestone had been displaced for years. Sept. 6, 1883. Milestone 32 is a small monument with diagonal grooves, standing about 75 feet West of the west side of the summit of the high ridge East of the Choconut Yalley. It is set in line between Mile- stones 31 and 33 and marks the corner of the towns of Silver Lake and Choconut in Susquehanna County, Penn. The original mile- stone was found displaced. Sept. 6, 1883. Milestone 33 is a small monument upon the east slope of the mountain 935 feet West of Choconut Creek. Replaces original mile- stone. Aug. 4, 1882. Milestone 34 is a small monument on a rough slope East, covered with burnt woods, 78 feet West of a small brook, running South. In line between Milestones 33 and 35. The original milestone was not found. Sept. 10, 1883. Milestone 35 is a small monument standing at the top of a steep bluff, sloping south of east 14^ feet West of the corner of the (N. Y.) farms of Warrick and Waffel. It was set in an easterly pro- longation of the line between Milestones 36 and 39. The original milestone was not found. Sept. 10, 1883. Ko. 71.] 229 Milestone 36 is a small monument standing in a thick briar-patch, north edge of thick woods, 303 feet West of a highway monument standing beside tlie Tracy Creek road. It replaced the original milestone. Sept. 11, 18S3. Milestone 37 is a small monument in south edge of woods, 300 feet East of a deep ravine, and 1028' feet East of a highway monu- ment on the west side of a road. It is set in hne between Mile- stones 36 and 39. The original milestone was not found, Aug. 5, 1882. The South-west corner of Bkoome County is marked by a small monument with diagonal grooves, in cleared land, 809^ feet East of Milestone 38 and about 1600 feet w^est of the summit of the ridge South-east of Jones Creek. Sept. 12, 1883. Tioga Coukty, N. T. Milestone 38 is a small monument standing in open woods beside an abandoned road, near the north-west corner of a clearing, 809* feet West of the south-west corner of Broome County. It is set in line between Milestones 36 and 39. The original milestone was not found. Aug. 5, 1882. Milestone 39 is a highway monument standing in the South side of a road which follows the Boundary north-east of the village of Little Meadows ; a short distance west of the intersection of Jones Creek, Replaces the original milestone, which was reset at the east side of the new monument. Aug. 2, 1882. Milestone 39^ is a small monument midway in line between Mile- stones 39 and 40. It is in the meridian of Astronomical Station Little Meadows, 2*' feet South of the center of the Station, about 75 feet E. of Jones Creek ; in rear of house of P. Hinds. The lati- tude of this monument, as deduced from the astronomical observa- tions at Station Little Meadows in 1879, is 41° 59' 59'.93. This monument is near the site of the Second Latitude Stone which disappeared many years ago. Aug. 7, 1882. A small monument is set in the meridian of Astronomical Station Little Meadows, 1760± feet North of Milestone 39^, in the south side of a rail fence N. 78° 45' W. (true) 34* ft. from a leaning Maple. Sept. 12, 1883. Milestone 40 is a small monument with diagonal grooves, in the north-east corner of a piece of woods just west of the summit of the north end of the high ridge west of Apalachin Creek. It replaces the original milestone and marks the corner of the Counties of Sus- quehanna and Bradford, Penn. The Latitude and Longitude of Milestone 40 as deduced Geodetically by the New York State Sur- vey are, Lat. 41° 59' 55", Long. 76° 08' 46", July 29, 1882. Milestone 41 is a small monument standing in a cove in the north side of a ridge, near the foot of the steep northerly slope at the north-east corner of a clearing in the north line of land belonging to Notewire. Replaces original milestone. July 31, 1882. 230 [Senate Milestone 42 is a SMiall moniiinent upon level gronnd, north of burnt woods, 1150 East of tlie summit of a ridge and about 1448 feet East of a highway monument standing in the west side of a road. It is in line between Milestones 41 and 43. The original milestone was found upon the top of a stump near by. August 1, 1882. Milestone 43 is a highway monument standing on the west side of the Milford and Owego Turnpike, at its intersection with the Prince's Hollow Road. Replaces the original milestone. August 1, 1882. Milestone 44 is a highway monument standing just east of a road upon a steep easterly slope, 120 feet west of a brook. Replaces the original milestone. August 3, 1882. Milestone 45 is a higliway monument standing in the westerly side of a road upon the summit of a high ridge east of the valley of Babcock Brook. It stands 13^ feet West of the site of the original milestone, which was in the center of the road. Aug. 15, 1882. Milestone 46 is a highway monument standing close beside (west of) the wagon track of a road, just south of a sluiceway. It replaces the original milestone and marks the corner of the towns of Warren and Windham in Bradford County, Penn. Nov. 12^ 1881. Milestone 47 is a small monument standing in nearly level ground, about 660 feet West of a highway monument standing in 'the west side of the highway, nortli of Jere. Waite's house. Re- places a stone set in place of the original milestone. Nov. 12, 1881. Milestone 48 is a small monument in woods near west edge of new clearing. On an easterly slope about 175 feet West of a brook ; 2356 feet East of a highway monument on west side of road cross- ing the hue. Replaces original milestone. Nov. 11, 1881. Milestone 49 is a small monument in thick woods at the north- westerly edge of the nearly level summit of the ridge east of the Wappasening Yalley, and about 3020 feet West from the last above- mentioned highway monument. Replaces the original milestone. Nov. 11, 1881. Milestone 50 is a highway monument standing in the south bounds of the highway which follows the Boundary east from Wap- pasening Creek ; near the point at which it turns north-east. Re- places the original milestone. Nov. 11, 1881. Milestone 5L is a small monument standing at the south edge of thick woods, 2000 feet East of the summit of the high ridge west of Wappasening Creek. Replaces original milestone. Nov. 11, 1881. Milestone 52 is a small monument with diagonal grooves, stand- ing about half-way up the low bluff, east side of Little Wappasen- ing Creek, and 67" feet East of a highway monument on west side of the Creek Road. It replaces the original milestone and marks the Corner of the towms of Windham and Litchfield, Bradford County, Penn. Nov. 10, 1881. Milestone 53 is a small monument under a stump fence, in cleared land upon high ground which is nearly level, north-west of the west No. 71.] 231 branch of the Little Wappasening Creek, 3302 feet E. of a highway monument at the East end of State Line Road. Replaces original milestone. Nov. 10, 188L Milestone 5-i is a highway monument standing in the south bounds of the State Line Road at the N. E. corner of C. Ellis' farm, about 6-10 feet East of a highway monument standing at the west end of the State Line road. Replaces a stone set in place of the original milestone. Nov. 10, 1881, Milestone 55 is a small monument standing upon a southerly slope a short distance south of a barn and about 100 feet East of tlie point at which a short piece of road along the Boundary, turns toward the north-east. Replaces the original milestone. Nov. 5, 1881. A small monument stands one-half mile West of Milestone 55 upon the high summit overlooldng the Susquehanna Valley. Aug. 18, 1882. Milestone 56 is a small monument near the center of a road which follows the Boundary. It is set with its top flush Avith the surface of the ground, about 1090 feet East of a highway monument stand- ing in front of the cemetery on the River Road. The original monu- ment was not found. JNov. 1, 188L A small monument stands on the River flat about 30 feet East of the left bank of the Susquehanna River. This monument replaces a boulder which was set over 10 years ago to mark the line. Nov. 4, 188L A small monument stands on the River flat 50 feet West of the right bank of the Susquehanna River. Nov. 1, 188L The last four monuments are in line between Milestones 55 and 57. Milestone 57 is a small monument standing in cleared land, roll- ing ground, about 2175 feet West of the right bank of the Susque- hanna River. Replaces the original milestone. Nov. 4, 1881. Milestone 58 stands upon the steep west slope of a narrow gravel ridge, about 1550 feet East of a highway monument standing on the South-east side of a road. This milestone was set in an easterly prolongation of a line drawn from Milestone 59 over a rough stone monument with a cross upon its top, 165 feet West of Milestone 58, marking the corner of subdivisions of the Douglass Military Patent. The original milestone had disappeared. Nov. 2, 1881. Milestone 59 is in an open cultivated field, about 100 ft. north of the high embankment of the D., L. & W. R. R., and about 70 ft. East of the G. I. & S. R. R. Replaces the original milestone. Sept. 15, 1883. Milestone 60 is a small monument standing in the rear end of a gar- den which fronts north on Railroad Avenue in tlie village of Waverly ; about 210 feet East of Fulton st. The original milestone had been dug up and removed. The latitude of Milestone 60 as deduced from the astronomical observations at Station Waverly in 1879, is 42^ 00' 00". 71. Station Waverly is 860« feet East and 1" feet South of this milestone. Oct. 31, 1881. A highway monument was set upon the summit of the narrow 232 [Senate ridge extending northerly from tlie Spanish Hills, 15 feet East of the original Spanish Hills monument at 60| miles, which was left stand- ing m place, about 75 feet south of the Delaware, L. & W. R. R. Sept. 15, 1883. The last two monuments are set in a curved line having the nor- mal curvature of the parallel, drawn from Milestone 59 to the orig- inal Spanish Hills monument. Milestone 60|- is a small monument standing upon the river flats, about 50 feet South of the high embankment of the D., L. & W. R. R., at the east end of tlie River bridge and about 25 feet East of the left bank of the Chemung River. Replaces the base of the original Third Latitude Stone. Oct. 27, 1881. Chemung County, N. Y. Milestone 61 is a small monument standing upon the right oank of the Chemung River in the foot of the slope of a high railroad embankment; 132 feet East in line toward the Spanish Hills monu- ment from the original milestone, which is buried in the embank- ment. It is 2r ft. South of the west abutment of the D., L. & W. R. R. bridge, and in line with the face of the abutment above the bridge-seat. Oct. 27, 1881. Milestone 62 is a small monument standing upon level ground north side of a thick growth of bushes, and 2335 feet East of a highway monument standing on the west side of the Chemung River road. It replaces the original milestone. Oct. 28, 1881. A small monument stands upon the river flat upon the right bank of the second intersection of the Chemung River. Oct. 28, 1881. Milestone ()3 is a highwav monument standing at the east side of a private road, south of Wynkoop Creek, about 950 feet West of the left bank of the Chemung River. The original milestone had been pulled up and moved about. Nov. 1, 1881. Milestone 64 is a small monument standing south side of a stone wall, about 70-1 feet East of a highway monument standing west side of the road upon a high bluff overlooking the Chemung River. The original milestone was found upon the top of a stone wall. Nov. 1, 1881. The last three monuments are in Ihie between Milestones 62 and 65. Milestone 65 is a small monument with diagonal grooves, standing in level cultivated land one-fourth mile West of a highway monu- ment in the south-westei-ly side of the River road. It replaces the original milestone, and marks the corner of the Towns of Athens and Ridgebury, Bradford County, Pennsylvania. Oct. 28, 1881. Milestone 6Q is a small monument standing in thick woods uj^on a steep north-easterly slope, 396 feet East of the north-east corner of the small clearing east of the summit. Replaces the original mile- stone. Aug. 29^ 1882. Milestone 67 is a small monument standing in thick woods upon No. 71.] 233 a northwesterl}' slope, about 250 feet West of a wood road and about 340 feet East of a brook in a deep ravine. Replaces the original mile- stone. Aug. 30, 1««2. Milestone 08 is a small monument in tlie edge of thick woods in the north-east corner of a bush lot, at the northeast corner of the farm of Raynor, about 200 feet AV est of the summit of the ridge. Replaces the original milestone. Aug. 28, 1882. Milestone G9 is a small monument in thick woods on a steep north-easterly slope, about 635 feet West of a brook in a deep ravine. Replaces the original milestone whicli was reset at the west side of the new monument. Aug. 28, 1882. A highway monument, standing on the east side of the Bentley Creek road South of the village of Wellsburg, is 441^' feet North and 40' feet West of the center of Astronomical Station Burt. The Latitude of this monument as deduced from the observations at Sta- tion Burt is 42° 00' 07".95. Aug. 25, 1882. A small monument was placed in the meridian of Station Burt 1779 feet South of the Station, north side of a stump fence ; on the land of Mrs. Jerusha Gray. A]u-il 21, 1SS4. Milestone 70 is a small monument standing in an open field, cleared, high up on the Avest slope of the valley of Bentley Creek, 279 feet East of a highway monument on the west side of tlie road near the summit. This milestone is set in line between Milestones 69 and 71. The original milestone was nefer found. Aug. 25, 1882. Milestone 71 is a small monument standing in a root fence close beside a small hickory tree, in cleared land, 1175 feet West of a highway monument standing at the east side of the west intersection of tiie telegraph-road. Replaces the original milestone, which M'as reset at the west side of the new monument. Aug. 26, 1882. Milestone 72 is a small monument in a gap in a stone wall, south side of a piece of woods, north side of a lane on a steep northwest- erly slope, about 400 feet West of the summit of the ridge east of Soutli Creek. Rephices the original milestone. Sept. 2, 1882. Milestone 73 is a small monument standing at the eastedo-e of the summit of the high steep ridge west of South Creek valley, 1650 feet West of the Creek. Replaces the original monument. Sept. 4, 1882. Milestone 74 is a small monument standing in a narrow clay swamp in a deep valley, a few feet west of the bed of a brook. Re- places the original milestone. It is about 1180 feet East of the East end of the State Line Road on the summit of the Ridge. Sept. 4, 1882. Milestone 75 is a highway monument standing upon the left bank of a ravine, at the north side of a road which follows the line ; 33 feet West .of the original milestone, which was left in place in the bottom of the ravine close to the north side of the road embankment. The original milestone marks the corner of the Towns of South Creek and Wells, Bradford County, Penn. Milestone 75 is the most [Sen. Doc. Xo. 71.] 30 234 [Senate northerly monument upon the Boundary. Its variation from the Astronomical Parallel of 42° is about 960 feet Korth. Sept. 9, 1882. Milestone 76 is a small monument upon a cleared westerly slope, about 700 feet West from the summit. The original milestone was not found. Sept. 13, 1882. Milestone 77 is a small monmnent standing in the bottom of Bird Creek valley 204'^ feet West of a highway monument standing in the west side of the Creek Hoad. The original jnilestone was car- ried away many years ago. Sept. 12, 1882. Milestones 76 and 77 are set in line between Milestones 75 and 78. Milestone 78 is a small inonument in a hollow, about 700 feet East of the summit of the high ridge East of Seely Creek valley. Replaces the original milestone. Sept. 7, 1882. Milestone 79 is a highway monument standing upon a bank, above the south-westerly side of a road which follows up a narrow ravine westerly fi-om State Line Station on the Tioga Railroad, and about 450 feet from the latter. Replaces the original milestone. Sept. 7, 1882. Milestone 80 is a highway monument standing in a narrow swamp upon the south side of a highway laid out along the line but not worked, and about 1150 feet West of the end of a road from the south. It replaces the original milestone and marks the corner of the Counties of Bradford and Tioga in Penn. Sept. 8, 1882. Milestone 81 is a small monument standing upon the east side of the narrow summit of a high ridge, at the south-east corner of a piece of woods, and about 990 feet West of a highway monument stancUng at the west end of a road on the Boundary. Replaces the original milestone. Sept. 6, 1882. Milestone 82 is a highway monument standing East of the wagon track of a road. It replaces the original milestone and marks the Corner of of the Counties of Chemung and Steuben in New York. Sept. 18, 1883. Steuben County, N. Y. Milestone 82 marks the south-east corner of Steuben County. Milestone 83 is a small monument standing north of the fence, in cleared land upon the summit of a low ridge which crosses the Boundary quite diagonally. A small fragment of the original mile- stone was found lying upon the surface of the ground near by. Sept. 16, 1882. Milestone 84 is a small monument standing in the open cleared field south of the fence, in rear (north) of a dwelling house and about 825 feet East of the point at which a road along the Boundary turns toward the south-east. The original"^ had been removed from its place. Sept. 16, 1882. Milestone 85 is a highway monument standing just south of the wagon track of the State Line I'oad, upon the north-easterly side of a hollow, about 350 feet East of a brook. The original was dug up in working the road. Sept. 18, 1882. No, 71.] 235 The last three monuments are set in line between Milestones 82 and 86. Milestone 86 is a small monument standing under a stump fence at the south edge of thick woods, upon a westerly slope, about 200 feet West of the top. Replaces the original milestone. Sept. 15, 1882. Milestone 87 is a small monument standing near the bottom of a bluii at the east side of a narrow swamp, 237^ feet East of a high- way monument standing upon the west side of a road. It was set in line between Milestones 86 and 88. The original milestone was not found. Sept. 21, 1882 Milestone 88 is a small monument with diagonal grooves, standing at the south-east corner of a piece of woods. It replaces the original milestone, and marks the corner of the towns of Caton and Lindley in Steuben County, N. Y. 23 Sept. 1882. Milestone 89 is a small monument standing at a New York farm corner, upon a south-easterly slope, about 500 feet East of the sum- mit of the ridge overlooking the Tioga Valley. Sept. 22, 1882. A small monument was set upon the river flat near the left bank of the Tioga River, 24^ feet West of a large marked oak standing at the edge of the channel. This monument was placed in an east- erly prolongation of the line between Milestones 90 and 91, and 75 feet West of the probable position of the original Fourth Latitude Stone, which was washed out by river floods. Sept. 23, 1882. Milestone 90 is a small monument standing upon the Tioga River flats at the east side of the original milestone, which was left standing in place. It is about 1260 feet East of a highway monument stand- ing near the west side of Main street in the village of Lawrenceville. The Latitude of this milestone as deduced from the astronomical observations at Station Lawrenceville in 1879, is 42° 00' 01".03. The center of the Station is 8" feet North and 2'^ feet West of the new milestone. Sept. 23, 1882. A small monument was set upon the river flats, about 940 feet West of Main street, Lawrenceville, and about 200 feet East of the channel of the Cowanesqua River. Sept. 29, 1882. Milestone 91 is a small monument standing in open woods on a steep southerly slope, about 250 feet West of the crest of the ridge and about 250 feet South of a clearing upon the summit. Replaces the original milestone. Sept. 27, 1882. Milestone 92 is a small monument standing in thick woods upon a gentle westerly slope, 125 feet West of the south-west corner of a clearing. Replaces the original milestone. Sept. 25, 18S2. Milestone 93 is a -highway monument standing in the edge of thick bushy woods south side of road along the line, near the top of aslope toward the west. Replaces the original milestone. Sept. 25, 1882. Milestone 94 is a highway monument standing north of the wagon- track of the State Line road, about 276 feet East of the summit of a ridge. It replaces the original milestone, which was reset at the east side of the new anouument. It marks the corner of the Towns 236 [Senate of Lindley and Tuscarora in Steuben County, New York. Sept. 26, 1882. Milestone 95 is a highway monument standing in the north line of the State Line road just east of the south-east corner of a pine grove, 203 feet East of a highway monument standing at the east side of the road leading north-east from the village of Nelson. This milpstone was placed in line with Milestones 93 and 94. The original milestone was not found. Oct. 4, 1882. Milestone 96 is a small monument standing at a Pennsylvania farm corner, south side of a piece of woods on a gentle slope west not far from the top, and 1354 feet East of a highway monument standing in the west side of the highway leading north from the village of Nelson. Replaces the original milestone. Oct. 2, 1882. Milestone 97 is a small monument in a clay swamp in the bottom of a deep valley, about 525 feet West of a road and 230 feet west of a brook. Replaces the original milestone. Oct. 11, 1882. Milestone 98 is a small monument standing near the east side of a narrow clearing upon a gentle slope south-east overlooking the Cow- anesqua Valley ; 69 feet "West of the south-east corner of Lot 139 in Tuscarora. It is set in line between Milestones 97 and 99. The original milestone had been pulled up and broken in pieces. Oct. 3, 1882. Milestone 99 is a small monument standing upon a steep westerly slope about 30 feet West of the west edge of woods; 1521 feet East of a highway monmnent standing at the west side of the Addison Road. Replaces the original milestone. Sept. 30, 1882. Milestone 100 is a small monument with diagonal grooves, stand- ing in the north edge of the channel of a brook 160^ feet East of a highway monument standing at the south-westerly side of the road leading north from the village of Elkland. This milestone marks the corner of the Towns of Tuscarora and WoodhuU in Steuben County, New York, and is set in hue between Milestones 99 and 101. The original milestone had been washed out by floods, and was found in the village of Elkland. Oct. 5, 1882. Milestone 101 is a small monument in cleared land, south side of an orchard, 221^ feet East of a highway monument standing at the east side of tlie road from Osceola to Addison. Replaces the orig- inal milestone. Oct. 9, 1882. Milestone 102 is a small monument M'ith diagonal grooves, stand- ing in a thick growth of saplings on level ground, about 150 feet East of a clearing, about 900 f eet^West of tlie summit of a high ridge. This milestone is placed in line between Milestones 101 and 103, and marks the corner of the Towns of Osceola and Deerfield in Tioga County, Penn. The origina"" milestone was not found. Oct. 9, 1882. Milestone 103 is a small monument in cleared land at the foot of a steep westerly slope, 240 feet East of a brook running south thronsh a piece of woods. Replaces the original milestone. Oct. ■6, 1882. Ko. 71.] 237 Milestone 10-i is a small monnment standing in a springy spot on an easterly slope, 568* feet West of a highway monument standing in the east side of the Holden Creek road. Keplaces the original monument. Oct. 6, 1882. Milestone 105 is a small monument standing in edge of thick bushy woods upon the north-east side of the summit of a nigh steep ridge. Replaces the original milestone. Oct. 10, 1882. Milestone 106 is a small monument standing in a wilderness of bushes and dead trees, N. 51° W. 21^ feet from a living hemlock tree, 21" diameter ; about 175 feet "West of a rough road through the woods. Replaces the original monument. Oct. 10, 1882. A small monument was placed upon the summit of a high ridge, 1103^ feet West of Milestone 106, overlooking the Boundary over 20 miles toward the east. Oct. 11, 1882. Milestone 107 is a small monument standing in partially cleared land about 50 feet South of the south edge of cultivated land and 1046^ feet East of the South-west corner of the Town of Wood- hull. A fragment of the original milestone was found lying loosely upon the surface of the ground. Oct. 16, 1882. A highway monument was set at the east end of a road laid out upon the State Line, 16* feet East of the corner of the Towns of Woodhull and Troupsburg, in Steuben Co., X. Y. Sept. 19, 1883. The last three monuments were set in line between Milestones 106 and 108. Milestone 108 is a small monument near the south-west corner of burnt woods upon a steep southerly slope, 1061 feet West of a high- way monument standing near the west end of a road laid out along the Line. Rephices the original milestone. Oct. 13, 1882. Milestone 109 is a small monument standing in cleared land at the west edge of the summit of a gravel bluff north of Troup's Creek at the village of Austinburg, 978 feet West of a highway monu- ment standing on the west side of the road leading from Austinburg to' Addison. Replaces the original milestone. Oct. 13, 1882. A highway monument is set in the south-westerly side of the Troup's Creek Road, 767^ feet West of the probable original posi- tion of the Fifth Latitude Stone (now in the channel of Troup's Creek) in line between that pohit and Milestone 110. The latitude of this monument as deduced from the Astronomical observations at Station Austinburg is 42° 00' 01".38. The center of the Station is 12* feet West and 3"^ feet South from the center of this monu- ment. Oct. 18, 1882. Milestone 110 is a small monument standing on the southerly slope between two small knolls, spurs of the main bluff, 2141 feet West of the highway monument above described. Replaces the original milestone. Oct. 13, 1882. Milestone 111 is a small monument standing near the foot of a northerly slope of a high ridge bounding a semi-circular cove on the South, 251 feet East of the corner of lots 100 and 101 in the Town 238 [Senate of Troupsburg, Steuben Co., N". Y., in line between Milestones 110 and 112. The original milestone was not found. Oct. 18, 1882. Milestone 112 is a small monument standing at the south edge of open woods, at the north-east corner of a hickory grove, on nearly level land. Replaces the original milestone. Oct. 13, 1882. Milestone 113 is a small monument standing in the north edge of thick woods on a little knoll just south of a swampy brook, about 174 feet West of the south-west corner of Lot 97 of the Town of Troupsburg, N. Y. Replaces the original milestone. Oct. 20, 1882. Milestone 114 is a small monument standing near the top of a south-easterly slope, about 56 feet West of the corner of Lots 94 and 95 in the Town of Troupsburg, and 1528^feet East of a highway monument standing on the west side of the road leading north from Brookfield P. O. Replaces the old milestone. Oct. 20, 1882. Milestone 115 is a small monument with diagonal gi'ooves, stand- ing on a steep north-westerly slope, about 100 feet below the brow. It replaces the original milestone and marks the corner of the Counties of Tioga and Potter in Pennsylvania. Oct. 19, 1882. Milestone 116 is a small monument standing upon a steep westerly slope among upturned roots and fallen trees, about 500 feet East of a highway monument standing upon the west side of the road up the valley of the North Fork ol the Cowanesqua River. This milestone was set in an easterly prolongation of a line drawn from Milestone 117 through the corner of the ToMms of Troupsburg and West Union in Steuben County, at a point 2S chains 60 links from this corner. This is the distance of the Township Corner from the milestone, given in the records of the surveys of the Phelps and Gorham Purchase. The original milestone had been pulled up and removed from its place. Oct. 21, 1882. A small monument was set at the Township Corner above referred to, replacing an old stake and stones. Oct. 25, 1882. Milestone 117 is a small monument standing upou a south-westerly slope in open woods, a short distance north-easterly from the west branch of the North Fork of the Cowanesqua River, about 200 feet east of a wood road and about 1301 feet East of highway monument standing upon the east side of a road opened and worked north of the Line. Oct. 24, 1882. Milestone 118 is a small monument standing in open woods upon a steep northerly slope about 25 feet from the top, near the broken stub of a huge hemlock, and about 400 feet East of the north-east corner of a new clearing. It is set in line between Milestones 117 and 119. The original milestone was found lying loosely upon the surfece of the ground. Oct. 24, 1882. Milestone 119 is a small monument standing at the south side of a garden, among a few small scattering maples, about 70 feet South- west of a dwelling, and 174" feet West of a highway monument on the west side of the road north of White's Corners. It replaces the original milestone. Oct. 23, 1882. A small monument with diagonal grooves was set at the south- No. 71.] 239 east corner of the Ellice Tract (the center line of Township 1 of Range 6 of the Phelps & Gorham Purchase) ; close to the west side of an oak stump, 4 feet in diameter ; 1253' ft. West of Milestone 119 in line toward Milestone 120. Oct. 3, 1883. Milestone 120 is a small monument standing upon a short easterly slope, near the foot, north side of an open grove of beech and maple, and about 147 feet West of the south-west corner of Lot 8 of the Ellice Tract. Replaces the original milestone. Oct. 23, 1882. Milestone 121 is a small monument with diagonal grooves, stand- ing upon level cleared land on summit west of Rose Brook valley ; 2538^ feet East of a highway monument standing upon the west side of a road. It replaces the original milestone, and marks the corner of the towns of Harrison and Bingham in Potter County, Penn- sylvania. The original milestone was set at the west side of the new monument. Sept. 28, 1883. Milestone 122 is a small monument in cleared land north side of a pole fence lined with briars, and about 12 feet East of the east end of a board fence, east of a shallow ravine. Replaces the original milestone. Sept. 28, 1883. A small monument with diagonal grooves was set in line between Milestones 122 and 124 to mark the Corner of the Counties of Steuben and A.llegany, N. York. It is upon level ground a short distance west of a low bluff sloping east, and was set 699° feet West (the distance given in the records of the Surveys of the Phelps and Gorham Purchase) from Milestone 122. Sept. 28, 1883. Allegany County, N. Y. 'Milestone 123 is a small monument standing in cleared land upon a gentle westerly slope, 473 feet West of a highway monument standing upon the west side of the road south of the village of Spring Mills, N. Y. It is set in line between Milestones 122 and 124. The original milestone had been pulled up and moved about. It was reset at the west side of the new one. Oct. 2, 1883. Milestone 124 is a small monument standing in a gap in a stone wall in a narrow clearing upon a high summit south-west of the Vil- lage of Spring Mills. Replaces the original milestone. Sept. 26, 1883. Milestone 125 is a small monument standing upon a south-westerly slope, N. side of cultivated land, North of the dwelling of M. D. Briggs. Replaces the original milestone which was reset at the west side of the new monument. The latter was mutilated, soon after it was set, by some malicious person, who evidently undertook to break it in pieces. Sept. 27, 1883. Milestone 126 is a highway monument standing upon the south side of a road which follows the line for about one-half mile, opposite the north-west corner of a barn belonging to, Theodore Potter. The original milestone having been removed in working the road, the new milestone was set in a westward prolongation of the line between Milestones 124 and 125. 4 Oct., 1883. 240 [Senate Milestone 127 is a small monument with diagonal grooves, stand- ing upon the steep north-westerly slope south of the valley of Cryder Creek, in. thick woods, in the west side of a narrow windfall, 15 feet north-west of a huge upturned hemlock root ; about 660 feet w^est of the brow of the slope. It replaces the original milestone and marks the corner of the towns of Bingham and Genesee, Potter County, Penn. 5 Oct., 1883. Milestone 128 is a small monument standing at the south-easterly corner of a partial clearing, upon a south-easterly slope of a gravel ridge east of the Genesee River ; 280 feet west of a small brook, and 525' feet West of a highway monument standing on the west side of the Cryder Creek road. Replaces the original monument. 11 Oct., 1883. A highway monument standing on the westerly side of the stage road south of the village of Shongo, is 53" feet South and 74* feet East from the center of Astronomical Station Genesee Yalley. The latitude of this monument as deduced from the observations at the Station in 1879 is 41° 59' 57".76. 11 Oct., 1883. Milestpne 129 is a small monument standing upon a steep north- easterly slope covered with a wilderness of briars, fallen logs, tree tops and burnt timber, 1180' feet west of the highway monument above described. It is a little south-west of a clump of green beeches and maples, and replaces the original monument 8 Oct., 1883. Milestone 130 is a small monument standing upon a short northerly slope, surrounded by briars and fallen logs, about 150 feet south-east of a brook. It is 27^ feet west of Bryan McGinnis's south-west corner and 690 feet East of a highway monument stand- ing on the north-westerly side of the Irish Settlement road. Replaces the original milestone, which was reset at the west side of the new milestone. 10 Oct., 1883. Milestone 131 is a small monument standing in cultivated ground north side of tangled woods on a southerly slope. The original milestone was not found. The new milestone was placed in an easterly prolongation of a line drawn from Milestone 132 through the stump of an original " Line Tree " standing beside a road 1712 feet West of 131. l3 Oct., 1883. Milestone 132 is a small monument standing in a small depression in open woods, about 75 feet South of a wood road, a short distance east of the east side of a clearing and 770 feet West of Ore Bed Creek. Replaces the original niilestone. 17 Oct., 1883. A highway monument in the road on the second summit west of Milestone 132, marks the corner of the Towns of Willing and Alma, Allegany Co., N. Y. 16 Oct., 1883. Milestone 133 is a small monument standing upon a steep westerly slope, 426' feet east of a highway monument upon the east side of a road in the bottom of the valley. It marks the Corner of the Towns of Genesee and Oswayo in Potter County, Pennsylvania. The original milestone had been plowed up and removed. 16 Oct., 1883. No. 71.] 241 The last two monuments were set in line between Milestones 132 and 134. Milestone 134 is a small monument, standing upon the level top of a knoll between two shallow ravines of Redwater Creek, 350 ± ft. West of a highway monument standing on the west side of the Wellsville and Coudersport Turnpike. Replaces the original milestone which was reset upon the west side of the new monument. 15 Oct., 1883. Milestone 135 is a small monument standing on a gentle north- westerly slope in thick open woods. The timber immediatelv sur- rounding the milestone is mostly hard-wood. Replaces the original milestone. 15 Oct., 1883. Milestone 136 is a small monument in thick open woods on a steep north- westerly slope, close beside a large beech stump, 950 feet East of a brook in a deep ravine. Replaces the original milestone. 19 Oct., 1883. Milestone 136|- is a small monument standing at the west edge of the original Sixth Latitude Stone, which was left standing in ])lace. In thick woods upon a steep north-easterly slope, about 480 feet West of the south branch of Crandall Creek. This monument was erro- neously marked by the stone-cutter " 136|- M." 19 Oct., 1883. Milestone 137 is a small monument standing in open woods, upon a north-easterly slope, about 50 feet from the foot of a steep pitch ; about 600 feet East of the summit of the mountain. Replaces the original monument. 19 Oct., 1883. Milestone 138 is a small monument standing in thick hemlock woods, on a steep we-^terly slope, about 250 feet West of the sum- mit of the ridge, 75 feet east of an abandoned road, and about 1173 feet West of a higliwa}^ monument standing on the M-est side of the road south from Alma P. O. Replaces the original milestone 20 Oct., 1883. A small monimient marked on the top with a A\ stands at the south side of the monument wdiich was set in 1798 to mark the south-east corner of the Polland Land Company's Purchase. The north edge of the new monument indicates the Line. L^pon a steep north-easterly slope, about 600 feet West of a deep ravine. This monument marks the corner of the Towns of Alma and Bolivar in Allegany County, N. Y. 23 Oct., 1883. Milestone 139 is a small monument upon a steep northerly slope in thick hemlock woods near the north-east corner of a slashing; directly south of the residence of S. C. Stratton, 1148* feet West of the preceding monument. The original monument was not found. The new milestone was placed in a westward prolongation of the line joining the two preceding monuments. 23 Oct., 1883. A small monument with diagonal grooves marks the Corner of the Towns of Oswayo and Sharon in Potter County, Penn. It is in the South edge of partially cleared (pasture) land, north of a rough i-oad which follows the line ; on a steep northerly slope 2710* ft. West of [Sen. Doc. No. 71.] 31 242 [Senate Milestone 139 ; 882 feet west of a brook in a deep ravine, and about 614 feet East of the Sonth-west corner of Section 1, Township 1, Range 1, of the Holland Land Company's Purchase. This monu- ment was set in line between Milestones 139 and 140 at the point indicated by the stake set for the town line, by request of the County Commissioners. 16 May, 1884. Milestone 140 is a small monument standing in thick woods in swampy ground, at the foot of a steep northerly slope, south of Honeoye Creek. Heplaces an old stake identified as the corner of two Pennsylvania Land Districts, which was oriofinally marked by Milestone 140, wliich was not found. 782' feet West of a highway monument standing on the west side of a road leading to Hyatt's house. 16 May, 1884. A small monument is set upon the south-east edge of the Honeoye flats at the N. W. side of a flood-water channel of the Creek, in line between Milestones 140 and 141, 1485 feet East of Milestone 141. 17 May, 1884. Milestone 141 is a small monument in the edge of wet ground upon the Honec^ye flats, 180 feet West of a lane leading to an aban- doned saw-mill, and 1148^ feet East of a highway monument stand- ing on the south-east side of the stage-road. The original milestone has never been known. The new monument was set in an easterly prolongation of a line drawn from Milestone 144 through an authen- tic New York Section Corner, west of 141. 16 May, 1884. Milestone 142 is a highway monument standing upon a bluff, west side of a road leading northerly from Goldsmith's Corners. The original milestone had been dug up in working the road and broken in pieces. 17 May, 1884. Milestone 143 is a small monument, standing upon a very steep southerly slope, upon the north-easterly side of a high rocky peak, east of Horse Run valley, surrounded by briars, logs, and dead bushes ; 173 feet West of a white oak 35 inches in diameter, and about due north from East Sharon school-house. The original mile- stone was found lying on the slope near the point at which the new milestone was set. 17 May, 1884. Milestones 142 and 143 were set in line between Milestones 14L and 144. Milestone 144 is a highway monument standing in the north line of the road which follows the line across Horse Run valley bottom, 370 feet West of where the Run crosses the road. Replaces the original milestone. 27 Oct., 1883. Milestone 145 is a small monument, standing in a quick growth of saplings upon a steep south-westerly slope, surrounded by dead stubs and fallen trees ; 271 feet East of a highway monument on the east side of a road east side of Coon Brook valley. Rej)laces the original milestone. 15 May, 1884. A small monument with diagonal grooves marks the Corner of the Counties of Potter and McKean in Pennsylvania. It stands in No. 71.] 243 thick woods 5' feet North of the north side of a large pine stump which has always been known as marking the County Corner ; on a steep north-westerly slope a shurt distance below the brow. It is 3592" feet West o'f Milestone 145, and 913' feet West of the North- east Corner of Penn., Warrant No. 4330. 19 May, 1884. Milestone 146 is a small monument standing in thick woods upon a steep westerly slope 575 feet East of a brook in the bottom of a deep valley. The oriOTual milestone had been pulled up and left lying beside a hemlocK tree near by. 19 May, 1884. Milestone 147 is a small monument standing in thick woods on a gentle southerly slope just west of a small spring brook and 9^ feet South of a huge Pine stump ; about a quarter of a mile east of the brow of a north-westerly slope toward the Little Genesee Creek. The original milestone was not found. 21 May, 1884. A monument of ordinary stone marks the Corner of Sections 25 and 33 in Township 1 of liange 2 of the Holland Land Company's Purchase (N. Y.). It stands in the open field upon bottom land about 530 feet west of the Little Genesee Creek. The top, marked' " L 25 '' and " L 33 ", has been broken off, but lies beside it. The last four monuments are in line between Milestones 145 and 148. Milestone 148 is a small monument standing In open woods upon flat wet ground north-east of the Oswayo River ; 3" feet North-west from a white pine, 24 inches in diameter. The original milestone never was found. The new monument is set in a westerly prolonga- tion of a line drawn from Milestone 145 through the Section Corner above described and 14 chains 13 links West of the latter point (14.10 Cli. is the distance to the 148 mile tree, given in the Records of the surveys of the Holland Land Company's Purchase). 21 May, 1884. Milestone 149 is a highway monument standing in the south line of Main street in Ceres, opposite the school-house, and 105 feet West of the north-west corner of the Cemetery. It is 106.9 feet West and 56" feet South from the center of Astronomical Station Ceres. The latitude of the milestone, deduced from the observations at this Sta- tion, is 4L° 59' 58". 66. The original milestone has never been known. This milestone was set in a line drawn from 148 through a point 8 feet north of the north face of the foundation of the Church in Ceres. 19 May, 1884. Milestone 150 is a small monument standing in rough wet ground, in a thick growth of saplings in the north edge of thick woods upon the Oswayo flats, about midway of a narrow clearing north of the line, about 275 feet East of tlie Corner of Sections 49 and 57 in Township 1, Range 2, of the Holland Land Company's Purchase (N. Y.). The original milestone M^as not found. The new milestone was set in a easterly prolongation of a line drawn from Milestone 151 through an elm tree marked for a Pennsvlvania Subdivision Corner ia87'feet West of 150. 21 May, 1884. ' 244 [Senate A small monument was set upon the Oswajo flats, 40 feet "West of the left bank of the Iliver. 22 May, 1884. A small monument with diagonal grooves, marks the Corner of the Counties of Allegany and Cattaraugus in New York. It stands in low wet ground, among scattered trees, about 1043 feet East of Milestone 151, and about 200 feet east of a bayou or flood-water channel of the Oswayo Kiver. The longitudinal position of this monument was fixed by measurement from the original witness trees indicated in the records of Surv^eys of the Holland Land Purchase, One of these trees, an elm (N. E.), is still vigorous.* 22 May, 1884. The last two monuments are set iu line between Milestones 150 and 151. Cattaeaugtjs County, K. Y. Milestone 151 is a small monument standing in open woods about 30 ft. South-west of the left bank of the Oswayo River. Replaces the original milestone. 22 May, 1884. Milestone 152 is a small monument standing in open scattered woods, just west of a tract of burnt timber. Upon a steep northerly slope at the easterly side of a cove; 850 ft. E. of the summit of the high ridge between the valleys of the 0.swayo and the Allegany. Replaces the oi'iginal milestone. 5 May, 1884. Milestone 153 is a small monument standing in a narrow dyke be- tween the Allegany River and a slough or flood- water channel, a few feet South-west of a boom house, and 36 ft. West of a dead hem- lock (an old line tree) standing on the edge of the left hank of the River. This monument stands a few feet west of the probable site of the original milestone, which was found lying upon the ground near by. 28 May, 1884. Milestone 154 is a small monument standing in thick woods near the south-west corner of a hemlock slashing, about 50 feet West of a wood road and 28 feet East of a small run in the bottom of a deep valley, about 75 feet above (north of) where it is joined by a brook from the north-east. Replaces the original milestone. 29 May, 1884. A small monument with diagonal grooves marks the comer of the Towns of Portville and Olean in Cattaraugus County. It stands upon a gentle slope east in a tangled mass of briars, bushes, logs, and tree tops about 300 feet East of Loup's Creek and 1190° feet East of Milestone 155. Its longitudinal position was fixed by measuring the distance from 155 given in the Records of the surveys of the Hol- land Land Company. The monument set by this company to mark this ])oint was abstracted 40 years ago or more.f 29 May, 1884. *2i3me Post. Elm, 6"d., X. 51 E 21 linlis ; Hickory, 10' d., N. 29 W. C6 links; Maple 21" d. S. 53 E. 34 linka The stump of the hickory yet remains. In 1877 it was a tall stub upon which the marks were quite distinct. t" Large st(me 28 miles west of Phelps and Gorham's south-west corner, marked east side ' W. & J. Willink. S. W. Cor.', west side H. L. Co. Beg.'" James Bperry iu his re-survey of Section 1 in Township 1, Range 4, in 1847 makes no mention of this stone. No. 71.] 245 Milestone 155 is a small monument standing in thick open woods, upon a very steep easterly slope 660 ft. East of the summit of the mountain west of Loup's Creek valley. Replaces the original mile- stone. 29 May, 1884. Milestone 156 is a small monument standing in a wet spot upon a steep westerly slope, about 700 feet East of Meek's Creek and 845 feet East of a highway monument standing upon the east side of the Meek's Creek road. Replaces the original milestone. 31 May, 1884. Milestone 157 is a small monument standing upon a narrow ter- race in thick open woods, about 175 feet North-east of an oil derrick and 225 feet East of the summit of the high ridge between Meek's and Indian Creeks : general slope quite steep north-easterly. Re- places the original milestone. 2 June, 1884. Milestone 158 is a small monument standing in open woods upon a bhiff, steep south-easterly slope to a biook in a ravine, flowing E. N. E. about 60 feet distant; about 1200 feet West of the :N~orth branch of Indian Creek and 1593 feet West of a highway monument standing upon the east side of the telegraph road. The original milestone was found lying upon the surface of the ground. The new monument is set in line between Milestones 157 and 159. 7 June, 1884. A small monument with diagonal grooves marks the corner of the Towns of Eldred and Otto in McKean County, Penn. It was set in line between Milestones 157 and 159 opposite the old War- rant Corner stake, near the top of a bluff on a steep easterly slope, south of thick woods, 222 feet West of a highway monument stand- ing upon the east side of a road north of the hamlet of Wigwam. 7 June, 1884. Milestone 159 is a small moniiincnt standing in thick woods on a southerly slope, 15^ feet East of a Spring brook, and 1752° feet East of a highway monument on the south-westerly side of the Indian Ci'cek road. Replaces the original milestone. 7 June, 1884. Milestone 160 is a small monument standing in thick woods upon a steep north-easterly slojie ; directly south of Derrick No. 9, of the Bradford Oil Company, about 700 feet East of an immense rock near the summit of the ridge, and 1338 feet East of a highway monument standing on the north-easterly side of a road on the sum- mit of the ridge south-west of Indian Creek. This milestone is set in a westerly prolongation of the line between Milestones 157 and. 159, O])posite the j3robable corner of two Fennsylvania Land Dis- tricts. The original milestone had been pulled up and moved. 9 June, 1884. Milestone 161 is a small monument standing upon a steep westerly slope, cleared for oil purposes and partially burned over, surrounded by bushes, stumps, and logs; 93** feet west of a highway monument standing upon the east side of the road leading from Knapp's Creek Station to Duke Center, and about 275 feet east of the middle branch of Knapp's Creek. Replaces the original milestone. 12 June, 1884. 246 [Senate Milestone 162 is a small monument, standing in woods and bushes upon a steep southerly slope about 12.3 feet north-easterly from Der- rick No. 5 of the Union Oil Compan)-, and about 490 feet West of Pembroke liun. Replaces the orig-inal milestone. 13 June. 1884. A small monument with diagonal grooves inarks the corner of the Towns of Otto and Bradford in McKean County, Penn. It stands upon a steep rocky, southerly slope which is covered with bushes, fallen trees, and logs: 2354 feet AVest of Milestone 162, and about 300 feet west of the head of a valley which trends S. W. 14 June, 1884. Milestone 163 is a small monument standing in open woods, upon level ground, south-east side of the summit of the ridge west of the head of Chipmunk Run, about 200 feet South of the fourth Der- rick of the Enterprise Transit Oil Co. Replaces the original mile- stone. 14 June, 1884, Milestone 164 is a small monument standing in an open space in the woods, cleared for a log skidway, upon a gentle slope south-east, about 50 feet north of a timber tramway, about 450 feet north-easterly from where the tramway crosses Harrisburg Run, T chains 79 links (Records of Survej'S of Holland Land Company's Purchase) east of the south-west corner of Lot 1, Section 13, of Township 1, Range 5. Replaces original milestone. 24 June, 1884. Milestone 165 is a small monument standing in thick o]>en woods upon a narrow terrace upon a steep westerly slope, 883 feet West of the S. E. Corner of Carrolton in Cattaraugus Co., which is upon the west side of the summit of the high ridge between Harrisburg Run and State Line Run. Replaces the original milestone. 21 June, 1884. Milestone 166 is a highway monument standing in a narrow open- ing (cut for a skidway) in thick woods near the south-east side of State Line Run road, which is little used ; 166 feet East of a small brook. The original milestone waf not found. The new monu- ment was placed in line betM^een Milestone 165 and the Seventh Latitude Stone. 21 June, 1884. Milestone 167 is a small monument standing upon the Tuna Flats, south-east side of a narrow slough ; about 200 feet East of Tunaun- guant Creek ; about 139 feet West of a railroad monument standing at the east side of the track of the Bradford Branch of the N. Y., L. E., & W., R. R., and about 15 feet North of iron oil tank No. 506, United Pipe Lines. The original milestone had been pulled up and moved. The new monument was placed in line between Milestone 165 and the Seventh Latitude Stone, 528 feet east of the latter. 20 June, 1884. Milestone 167y*ij- ^^ ^ small monument upon the Tuna Flats, at the east edge of the original Seventh Latitude Stone, which was left ■ standing in place, a short distance north-east of iron oil tank No. 637, United Pipe Lines, about 250 feet West of Tuuaunguant Creek. The new monument is 8'' ft. South and 0"^ ft. East from the No. 71.] 247 center of AstronoiTiical Station Tuna Yalle}', and its Latitude as de- duced from the observations at this Station is 42° 00' 04". 09. A deflection in the Boundary to the south, of 1° 41' occurs at this monument. 17 June, 1884. Milestone 168 is a small monument standing upon a little knoll upon a steep IS orth-easterly slope westtside of the head of a cove in the mountain, about 200 feet west of a brook, and about 525 feet East of the narrow summit of the hit^h ridge west of the Tuna Valley. Rei)lacesthe original milestone. 26 June, 1884. Milestone 169 is a small monument standing upon a gentle west- erly slope in thick open woods north-east side of the head of a valley opening out upon Bolivar Brook ; about 865 feet West of the west side of the summit of the main ridge. The original milestone was not found. 2 July, 1884. Milestone 170 is a small monument standing in a partially cleared space in thick woods, upon a very steep easterly slope, about 600 feet west of Bolivar Brook ; 485 feet East of a small monument with diagonal grooves which marks the corner of Sections 54 and 66 in Township 1, Range 6, Holland Land Company's Purchase,* (the distance given in the record of the Surveys of the H. L. Co., is 495 feet but it was found impracticable to set the milestone there on account of upturned roots,) and 109s^ feet West of a highway monu- ment standing upon the east side of the Bolivar Brook lioad. The original milestone was not found. 1 July, 1884. A small monument Avith diagonal grooves was set at the south end of the "Western Transit Meridian" of the Holland Land Co. Pur- chase, opposite the original transit monument, which was reset at the North side of the new monument. It stands in thick open woods upon a gentle northerly slope, about 20 feet South of a wood road, and marks the corner of the Towns of Carrolton and lied House in Cattaraugus County, N. Y. 30 June, 1884. The last three monuments were set in line between Milestones 168 aud 171. Milestone 171 is a small monument standing upon level ground in thick open woods (beech & maple) 548* feet West of the " Transit Monument." Replaces the original milestone. 30 June, 1884. Milestone 172 is a small monument standing in thick open woods upon a gentle south-easterly slope, about 50 feet north-westerly from brow of slope South-east to Bennett Brook, and 800 feet East of a highway monument standing on the north-easterly side of the old Bradford Trail. Replaces the original milestone. 3 July, 1884. A small monument with diagonal grooves was set in line between Milestone 172 and 173 to replace the original monument set by the Holland Land Company to mark the south-west corner of the " Wil- link Strip." Upon level ground iu thick woods, surrounded by old fallen logs and upturned roots, about 60 feet South of the old JBrad- * " Beech 6'd. N. 21" W. 33 links ; Beech 9"d. N. 24° E. 30 links." Both these witness trees yet remain. 248 [Senate ford Trail, and 1539 feet West of Milestone 172. The original monument was reset at the north side of the new one. 3 July, 18S4. Milestone 173 is a small monument standing in thick hendock woods, upon level ground covered thickly witli mossy rocks. South- west of a gentle slope toward Ked House Creek ; about 2000 feet south-westerly from an abandoned lumber camp on Red House Creek known as '' Cass Dii ell's old Shanties." Replaces the original mile- stone. 7 July, 1884. A small monument marked " 3 M. P." was set in the place of the 3 mile post upon the south Jme of Township 1, Rantre7, of the Hol- land Land Company's Purchase, which was located by measurement from the 3 original witness trees noted in tiie Records of the Sur- veys of the H. L. Co.* In thick open woods, upon a steep northerly slope, surrounded by rocks; about 10 feet west of a small spring brook ; about 260 feet west of the corner of Sections 25 and 33 of Township 1, Range 7. 9 July, 1884. Milestone 174 is a. small monument standing in tliick, open, mossy woods, upon a slope northerly toward Quaker Run ; about 000 feet E. of the easterly brow of sunmiit which the Boundary intersects quite diagonally, and about 1052 feet. west of the 3 M. P. monu- ment. The original milestone was found lymg upon the surface of the ground. The new monument was placed in line with Mile- stones 173 and the 3 M. P. monument. 9 July, 1884. Milestone 175 is a small monument standmg in thick open woods upon a steep southerly slope near the foot and about 100 feet west of a w^indfall ; 1555"^ feet East of a highway monument standing on the southerly side of a trail from Quaker Run to Pi-adford, and about 1072 feet East of the corner of Sections 41 and 49 Township 1, Range 7, II. L. Go's Purchase. Replaces the original milestone. 9 July; 1884. Milestone 176 is a small monument standing in thick woods upon a steep southerly slope, about 300 feet South of the summit of the ridge, and about ^ mile west of brow of slope where it intersects the Boundary ; 268 feet West of the S. E. corner of Section 57 in Township 1, Range 7, (Holland Land Company's Purchase). Re- places the original milestone. 12 July, 1884. A small monument w^as set at the 5^ mile post on the south line of Township 1, Range 7, in line between Milestones 176 and 177 at a point identified by means of the original witness trees.f It is in thick bushy woods, on a narrow terrace of a steep south-westerly slope, about 200 feet above the foot of the slope, 1411 feet West of Milestone 176. 12 July, 1884. Milestone 177 is a small monument standing in the north edge of thick woods near a ])artial clearing about 125 feet west of the north- west corner of a cleared field and 455' feet ^7est of a highway * "3 Miles. Sugar Post: Beech 20' d. S SS'' W. 45 links: Birch lO'd. N 35*=" E. 7 links: Hemlock 20' d. S 30° E. 45 links " f " 54r miles. White Ash Post; Hemlock 24" d. N 15° W., 11 links; Sugar 26' d. S 12° VV., 10 links." No. 71.] 249 monument standing npon the west side of the road np the sonth branch of Quaker E.un. The ori^jinal milestone was not found. The new monument is set in an eastward prolongation of a line drawn from Milestone 178 through the monument at the south-west corner of the Town of Red House. 10 July, 1884. A small monument with diagonal grooves marks the corner be- tween the towns of Red House and South Valley. It stands in open woods, upon a short steep northerly slope, south side of a nar- row ravine, about 10 feet soutli of a brook running west ; 2753" feet East of Milestone 178, and about 000 feet west of the summit of the ridge west of Milestone 177. The position was fixed by measurement from two of the original witness trees, which are still standing.* 10 July, 1884. Milestone 178 is a small monument standing in the north edge of a burned slashing, covered with fallen trees and bushes, south of thick open woods ; upon a north-easterly slope 330 feet east of the summit of ridge east of the valley of Wolf Run, 1G7 feet West of a large mapfe standing upon the brow of a very steep north-easterly slope ; and 1170 feet West of the west branch of Quaker Run. Re- places the original milestone. 10 July, 1884. Milestone 179 is a small monument standing in thick open woods upon level ground upon the north bank of a shallow ravine, about 200 feet East of Wolf Run and 9' 8 feet East of a highway monument standing on the south-west side of the Wolf Run road. Replaces the oi'iginal milestone. 11 July, 1884. Milestone 180 is a small monument standing in thick open woods on a steep north-westerly slope, Q6 feet east of a brook (branch of Wolf Run) m a deep ravine. Replaces the original milestone. 11 July, 1884. JMilcstone 181 is a small monument standing south side of a large Oak log in thick open young woods, (principally oak and chestnut,) on a gentle south-westerly slope, about 200 feet north from the north- west corner of a clearing which has grown up to bushes, overlook- ing the valley of a branch of Willow Ci'eek ; and 1000 feet East of the brow of a steep north-westerly slope. Replaces the original mile- stone. 15 July, 1884. Milestone 182 is a small monument standing in a small opening in thin bushy woods on a steep southerly slope north of Willow Creek valley, 1742 feet East of a l)rook in a deep ravine, and about 300 feet west of the summit of the ridge. Replaces the original milestone. 15 July, 1884. A small monument with diagonal grooves marks the corner of the Counties of McKean and Warren in Pennsylvania. It stands upon a south-westerly slope in thiu bushy woods, 297 feet West of Milestone 182, in hue toward 183, opposite the position of a large * "6 mile post. Su^ar 20"d. N. 82i°K, 56 links; Birch 15"d. N. Gl° W., 40 links." [H. L. Co. Survey of Township 1 Range 8]. The later survey of Section 1 in that Township gives an additional witness, "Beech 14"d., N. 46"^ W., 77 links." The Sugar and Beech yet remain. [Sen. Doc. No. 71.] 32 250 [Senate stake surrounded by a pile of stones, set by the County Line Com- mission in 1873. 15 July, 1884. Milestone 183 is a small monument standing upon level ground in a small opening in woods north side of a grove of pine and oak, between two brooks, branches of Willow Creek, about 800 feet East of the west edge of the woods. Replaces the original milestone. 16 July, 1884. An iron Monument set by the U. S. Commission in 1878 or 1879, to mark the S. E. corner of the Allegany Indian Reservation, stand- ing in the center of the Road, 1783" feet West of Milestone 183, is U^° ft. too far south. Milestone 184 is a small monument standing upon nearly level ground, in an open field east of the Allegany River, and 590"^ feet East of a highway monument standing in the east side of the River Road. Replaces a monument set in 1873 by the McKean and War- ren County Line Commission, and is 4" feet South and 0^' ft. east from the center of Astronomical Station Corydon. Its latitude, as deduced from the observations at the Station in 1879, is 4i° 59' 59". 5. 16 July, 1884. Milestone 185 is a small monument standing in a small clear spot in a bushy pasture, South of thick woods, upon a north-easterly slope. South of State Line Run, 290 feet West of a small brook in a shallow ravine. The original milestone had been pulled up and left lying upon the ground. The new monument was set in a westward prolongation of the line between Milestones 183 and 184, 294* feet East (the distance given in the Records of Surveys of tho Holland Land Company) from the south-west corner of the Allegany Indian Reservation. 22 July, 1884. The latter comer is marked by a monument of the highway pat- tern, which is set opposite the point at which an iron monument was temporarily placed by the U. S. Con?mission in 1878 or 1879. The iron monument was reset at the north side of the granite monument. Upon a gentle easterly slope in a thick growth of briars, south side of a large hemlock stump, just south of the brow of a steep north- erly slope toward State Line Run. 22 July, 1884. Milestone 186 is a highway monument standing upon the north- westerly side of the State Line Run road, about 50 feet north of State Line Run. The original monument had been pulled up and left lying upon the surface of the ground. 22 July, 1884. Milestone 187 is a small monument standing upon a southerly slope in woods grown up to bushes, north side of an upturned root, and about 50 feet cast of a wood road. The original milestone had been thrown out, probably by the upturning of the roots of a tree. ' 24 July, 1884. The last three monuments are set in line between Milestones 185 and 188. Milestone 188 is a highway monument standing in thick woods, upon a gentle south-easterly- slope, surrounded by fragments of rock, m. 71.] 251 about 50 feet north of an abandoned road, and 450 feet east of State Line Run below an old bridge, and 1014 feet West of a highway monument standing in a sJiallow I'avine marking the corner of Sec- tions 34 and 49 of Township 1, Range 9, of the Holland Land Company's Purchase. Replaces the original milestone. 21 Julv, 1884. A small monument in line between Milestones 188 and 189 marks the corner of the Towns of Elk and Pine Grove in Warren County, Penn. It stands in the open field upon the east side of the summit of Robbins' Hill, 292' feet East of a highway monument standing upon the east side of the road on the summit. It is set opposite the stake placed in 1881, by order of the County Cominiscioners, to mark the To"wn Corner. 4 Aug., 1 884. Milestone 18'J is a small monument standing in thick tangled woods on a steep westerly slope, about 330 feet M'cst of the west edge of a clearing, and 730' feet west of the highway monument standing upon the east side of the Road upon the summit of Rob- bin's Hill. Replaces the original milestone. 4 Aug., 1884. A highway monument marks the corner of Catfaraugus and Chautauqua Counties in New York. It stands at the southwest- erly corner of bushy woods, at the soutli end of a road laid out on the County Line but not opened. 1380' feet West of Milestone 189 and 982'^ feet East of a highway monument standing U]ion the west side of a road. It is set oj)posite the stake set by O. D. Hinckley from the remains of the original witness trees* in 1870, and in line between Milestones 189 and 191. 5 Au^., 1884. ov Chautauqua Countf, N, Y. Milestone 190 is a small monument upon nearly level land covered with briars and fallen logs, about 200 feet north of a clearing, at the south side of a gully, about 15 feet south of the north branch of a brook running west. Opposite the point where the original mile- stone is said to have stood when it was broken down by a falling tree; in line between Milestones 189 and 191. 5 Aug., 1884. Milestone 191 is a small monument standing in cleared land north of a piece of woods upon an easterly slope, about 1365 feet West of a highway monument making the corner of Sections 9 and 17 in Townshij) 1, Range 10, of the Holland Land Co., Purchase, standing east side of the road in the valley of Storehouse Brook. The mile- stone is set in an eastwardly prolongation of the line from Milestone 192 through the 4 M. P. monument. The original milestone has been plowed up and moved about. 6 Aug., 1884. A small monument replaces the stake set in 1870 by O. D. Hinck- ley by measurement from the original witness trees to mark the 4 mile post upon the south line of Township 1, Range 10, of the Hol- *"QMile Post; W., pine, 30' d. N. G'^ E. 45 links ; Poplar, 24" d. N.77° W. 4 links." Botii are now gone. One was standing in 1870. 252 [Senate land Land Co., Purchase.* It stands upon a steep bluff west side of a deep raviue, about 100 feet west of a brook, and 1107'^ feet west of Milestone 191. 6 Aug., 1864. Milestone 192 is a small monument standing in an open chestnut grove, South side of thick woods, ou a westerly slope, south-east side of a small ravine, and 395 feet west of the summit of a ridge west side of a deep ravine. Keplaces the original milestone. 6 Aug., 1884. _ _ . Milestone 103 is a small monument standing upon a narrow gravel ridge between two swamps in the Conewango Flats, 5600 feet West of Milestone 192 and about 2200 feet east of the Conewatigo River. The original milestone was nut found. 6 Aug., 1884. A small monument stands upon the left bank of the Conewango River. 7 Aug., 1884. The last two monuments are in line between Milestones 192 and 194. Milestone 194 is a small monument standing in the edge of thick woods, against the east side of a large sandstone monument set by A. T. Prendergast in 1871, west side of a road, about 3575 feet West of the Conewango River. T Aug., 1884. Milestone 195 is a small monument with diagonal grooves, stand- ing in nearly level cleared land, east side of a shallow ravine, and 367* ft. East of a Highway monument on the west side of the road leading from Kiantone to Pine Grove. It marks the corner of the Towns of Pine Grove and Farmington in VVairen Co., Penn., and is set in line between Milestone 194 and the Eighth Latitude Stone, 660 feet East of the latter. The original milestone was found lying upon the surface of the ground broken in pieces. 11 Aug., 1884. Milestone 195|- is a small monument set at the east edge of the original Eighth Latitude Stone which was left standing in place. It is in the north edge of thick woods, at the west brow of a narrow ravine. T Aug., 1884. Milestone 196 is a small monument standing upon a gentle north- erly slope, north side of thick woods, 2-12 feet East of the south- west corner of a clearing. The original milestone was found lying upon the surface several rods South. 13 Aug., 1884. Milestone 197 is a highway monument standing upon a gentle slope north, 30 feet East of a road. In cultivated land. The origi- nal milestone was found in a stone pile near by. 13 Aug., 1884. Milestone 198 is a small monument standing upon level land, north side of a clearing, in the edge of woods, 705^ feet West of a highway monument standing upon the east side of the road upon the Town line of Kiantone and Busti in Chautauqua Co., N. Y.' The original milestone was not found. 13 Aug., 1884. The last three milestones are sot in a line drawn from the Eighth Latitude Stone west through the 2|- M. P. monument. *" 4 mile post; chestnut 8" d. N 60° E., 11 links. White oak 18" d. N 42° W.' 7 links." The chestnut was standing in 1870. No. 71.] 253 A small monument replaces the stake set in 1870 by O. D. Hinck- ley by measurement from the original witness tree,,* to mark the 2^ Mile Post upon the south line of Township 1, Range 11, of the Hol- land Land Company's Purchase. It is in open woods, upon a west- erly slope, about 3U0 feet west of the summit of the ridge and 2475 feet West of Milestone 198. 14 Aug., 1884. Milestone 199 is a highway monument standing upon the west side of a road near the head of York Run. The original milestone was not found. The new monument is set in a westward prolonga- tion of the line from the Eighth Latitude Stone to the 2^ M. P. monument, and at the distance from the latter given in the Field Notes of the Holland Land Company's Surveys for tlie position of the " Beech tree, 199." 14 Aug., 1884. Milestone 200 is a small monument standing at the south edge of woods, upon a southerly slope, north of a ravine, at the corner of two Pennsylvania farms, which is also the corner of Penn., War- rants No. 242 and 291 ; about 100 feet East of the head of a lono- westerly slope. Replaces the original milestone. 13 Aug., 1884. A small monument marks the corner of the Towns of Farmington and Sugar Grove in Wai-ren Co., Penn. It was set opposite a stake set in 1881, by order of the County Commissioners, to mark the Town line. It is upon level ground, in a little cove in a low bluff, which slopes south, about 13 ft. south of the foot of tlie slope; about G50 feet west of a brook flowing north-westerly and 2620^ feet West of Milestone 200. 22 Aug., 1884. Milestone 201 is a highway monument standing at the west side of the road east of Stillwater Creek. The original monument had been pulled up and used in blocking up a I'ail fence corner. 10 Aug. ,1884. Milestone 202 is a small monument standing in an open field north of a garden and orchard, upon an easterly slo]ie, 211'^ feet West of a highway monument standing at the north-west side of the stage road leading from Jamestown to Sugar Grove. The original milestone was not found. 16 Aug., 1884. Tlie last three monuments were set in line between Milestones 200 and 203. Milestone 203 is a small monument standing in thick woods, upon nearly level ground, at the corner of Pennsylvania AVarrants No. 289 and 214, and 20^ feet West of the south-east corner of J. Bos we IPs farm; about 500 feet east of a brook in a deep ravine. Replaces the original milestone. 18 Aug., 1884. A highway monument standing upon the east side of the road north from the village of Sugar Grove, 2U83 feet West of Milestone 203 in line toward 204, is 7"" feet West and 23" feet North from the center of Astronomical Station Sugar Grove. The Latitude of this monu- ment as deduced from the observations at the Station in 1879 is 41° 59' 59".07. 21 Aug., 1884. * " 40 Chain Post : Beech 7" d. N 22° E. 10 links. Beech 12" d. N 58° W. 39 links." Both are now gone. The west witness was standing in 1870. 254 [Senate Milestone 204 is a small monument standing at the edge of thick open woods about 15 feet East of the south-west corner of a clearing, and at the corner of Pennsylvania Warrants No. 244 and 243 ; about 75 feet East of a brook flowing north in a shallow ravine. Replaces the origuial milestone. 18 Aug., 1884. Milestone 205 is a small monument standing upon a gentle west- erly slope in open woods, about 360 feet west from a brook flowing southerly in a shallow ravine, and about 2404 feet West of a highway monument standino; at the east side of a road leadino- north-west from Sugar Grove to Ashville. Replaces a sleigh-shoe which for a long time has marked the corner of Pennsylvania Warrants No. 243 and 193, the probable position of the original milestone, which was never known. 20 Aug., 1884. Milestone 206 is a small monument with diagonal grooves standing in cleared (pasture) land north of a thin piece of woods, upon an easterly slope, about 50 feet East of the brow ; 1520 feet West of a highway monument standing at the east end of a short jog in the road crossing the line. The original milestone was never known. Tlie new monument is set in line between Milestones 205 and 207, opposite the stake set in 18SI, by order of the County Commissioners, to mark the line between the Towns of Sugar Grove and Freehold in Warren County, Pennsylvania. 20 Aug., 1884. Milestone 207 is a small monument standing at the north-west cor- ner of a triangular piece of woods^ upon nearly level ground, 400^ feet west of a highway monument standing upon the east side of the road upon the line between Ranges 13 and 14 of the Holland Land Company's Purchase. Replaces the remains of three stakes of various ages, which have for years marked the corner of Pennsylvania War- rants No. 192 and 187. The original milestone was never known. 22 Aug., 1884. Milestone 208 is a small monument standing in open woods upon nearly level ground, about 10 feet west of the top or a low bluff, the w^est bank of a hollow ravine ; about 45 feet West of Deer Lick Creek, and 462 feet East of same Creek where it again crosses the Boundary flowing south-westerly. Replaces the original milestone. 25 Aug., 1884. Milestone 209 is a small monument standing upon level partially cleared ground, about 50 feet west of the right bank of the Little Brokenstraw Creek. An original milestone was never known. 17 Sept., 1884. Milestone 210 is a small monument standing in an open space in woods upon a low knoll, in a swamp, 986' feet West of a small monument at the north-west side of the track of the N.Y., P. & O. R. R. The original milestone is unknown. The new monument was set opposite a stake which marked the corner of Pennsylvania Warrants No. 103 and 104. 15 Sept., 1884. Milestone 211 is a small monument standing in cleared land at the north end of a lence which indicates the line between Pennsylvania No. 71.] 255 "Warrants 103 and 392, on a south-westerly slope, about 150 feet east ot" a brook in a shallow ravine. An ori<;inal milestone was unknown. 15 Sept., 18S4. The last three milestones were set in a hue drawn from Milestone 208 through a stake set in 1S70 from tlie remains of tiie original wit- nesses by O. D. Hinckley, to mark the position of the 3 Mile Post upon the sonth line of Township 1, Kange 13, of the Holland Land Company's Purchase* (402' feet East of Milestone 210). A large boulder with a cross upon its top, in line between Milestones 211 and 212, marks the line between sections 41 and 49 in Township 1, Range 13, of the Holland Land Company's Purchase. It stands in cleared land upon the summit north-east of the village of Bear Lake. Reset 17 Sept., 1884. Milestone 212 is a eraall monument with diagonal grooves, stand- ing on nearly level ground in woods, near the north-east corner of a partial clearing, about 750 feet east of a brook, and about 1017 feet West of a highway monument standing at the east side of the road leading north from the west e'ld of the villao;e of Bear Lake. Re- places a stake and stones set to mark the corner of the towns of Freehold and Columbus in "Warren County, Pennsylvania. An original milestone was unknown. 17 Sept., 1SS4. Milestone 213 is a small monument standing in cultivated land upon a gentle westerly sloj)e, about 738 feet -west of a highway monument standing at the east side of the road which follows the line between the Towns of Harmony and Clymer in Chautauqua Co., New York. 18 Sept., 1884. Milestone 214 is a highway monuinent standing upon level cleared land, covered with clumps of bushes and briai-s ; north side of a road which follows tlie State Line; about 80 feet West of a wet swail, and 458* feet East of a highway monument standing at the inter- section of State Line Road with a road leading South-westerly toward Columbus. 16 Sept., 84. The last two milestones are set in line between Milestones 212 and 215. Milestone 215 is a small monument standing in open woods, upon rolling land, upon a gentle easterly slope, about 30 feet East of tlie east brow of a deep ravine; about 1221 feet West of a highway monument standing upon the south-westerly side of a new road west side of a swamp on a branch of Big Brokenstraw Creek. An orig- inal milestone is unknown. The new monument is set in an east- ward prolongation of the line drawn from Milestone 218 through the Section Corner 696' feet West of 215. 16 Sept., 1884. A highway monument marks the corner above referred to, of Sec- tions 17 and 25 in Township 1, of Range 14. of the Holland Land Com- pany's Purchase. It stands in level wet ground, at the south edge of *"3 Mile Post : Maple, 13" d., N. 2° E., 33 links; Beech, 8"d., X. 24'' E., 25 links." Mr. Hinckley says, "At 3 miles, identified both witnesses and set red- beech stake on line. Witness trees down and badly decayed." 256 [Senate tliick woods, near the nortli-east corner of a clearing, at the soutli- easterly end of a road laid out and cut tln-ou^h the woods, but now abandoned. Replaces the old stake which was set by reference to the original witnesses which are not now standing. 16 tSept., 1884. Milestone 216 is a small monument standing in the open field upon a westerly slope, 717' feet east of a highway monument standing upon the north-easterly side of the road leading from Cly- mer to Columbus. An original milestone is unknown. 12 Sept., 1884. Milestone 217 is a highway monument in the north line of the road which is laid out along the Boundary ; upon a westerly slope, about 730 feet west of the west side of the summit of the ridge cast of the Big Brokenstraw Creek. An original milestone is unknown. 12 Sept., 1884. The corner of Wabren and Erie Counties in Pennsylvania is marked by a lii^hway monument standing in the north side of the road along the Boundary, opposite the stake set in 1881 by order of the County Commissioners to mark the County Corner. Upon a westerly slope, 47° feet West of a large maple standing upon the north side of the road, and 462* feet West of Milestone 217. 12 Sept., 1881. The last four monuments are set in line between Milestones 215 and 218. Milestone 218 is a small monument standing in a maple grove, north of an orchard, upon a north-easterly slope, 786' feet West of a highway monument standing in the east side of the road leading from Clymer down the west side of the valley of the Big Broken- straw Creek. An original milestone is unknown. The new monu- ment is set in a line drawn from Milestone 219, through a Section Corner 529' feet West of 218. 11 Sept., 1884. A small monument with diagonal grooves marks the corner above referred to, of Sections 49 and 57. It stands midway upon a very steep north-westerly slope, the south-easterly side of a deep ravine, in a bushy piece of. woods, partially cleared on the south. Superfluous figures were cut out of the westerly faces of the monument. Re- places a stake which was set by measurement from the original wit- ness trees,* which still remain. 11 Sept., 1884. The Corner of the Towns of Clymer and French Creek in Chautau- qua County, is marked by a highway monument standing beside (North of) the ^vagon track of the State Line Road. It is set in line between Milestones 218 and 219, opposite the point at which stood the old stake which marked the Corner of Townships 1, of Ranges Hand 15, of the Holland Land Company's Purchase. 11 Sept, 1884. Milestone 219 is a highway monument standing at the north edge of the wagon track of the State Line Road, upon level ground upon the second summit west of Biar Brokenstraw Vallev. The orisjinal * '• Hemlock 24" d. N 45^ W. 15 links; Hemlock 16" d. N 24" E., 61 links." No. 71.] 257 milestone was not found. The new monument is placed in the east- ward prolongation of a line drawn from the monument at the South- west Corner of New York through the 5^ M. P. monument 2002^ feet, (the distance given in the Records of the Surveys of the Hol- land Land Compau}) west of Milestone 219. 4 Sept., 1884. .A. highway monument, standing in the north line of the State Line Road, marks the place of the original 5^ Mile Post upon the south line of Township 1, Range 15, of the Holland Land Company's Purchase. The point was fixed by measurement from the stump of the original cherry witness* which still remains. 4 Sept., 1884. Milestone 220 is a highway monument standing in the north line of the State Line Road upon the east slope of the third knoll west of a deep ravine, east of the valley of Hare Creek. The original milestone was not found. The new monument was placed at the distance East of the Corner of Sections 9 and 17, in Township 1, Range 15, given in the Holland Land Company's Records. 10 Sept., 1884. Milestone 221 is a highway monument standing in the south edge of woods, west of a ravine, north side of .the State Line Road, where the road turns toward the south-east, above the summit of a steep easterly slope. The original milestone was not fouid. The new monument was placed at the distance west of the Corner of Sections 9 and 17 in Township 1, Range 15, given in the Holland Land Company's Records. 9 Sept., 1884. Milestone 222 is a highway monument standing upon cultivated ground upon the north side of the State Line Road, on a westerly slope 760^ feet west of a highway monument standing upon the summit of the ridge at the south-east corner of a School-house lot. An orio^inal milestone was never known. 5 Sept., 1881. Milestone 223 is a highway monument standing in the south edge of thick woods, north side of State Line Road, upon an easterly slope toward Herrick Run, a short distance east of the summit between two branches of that stream, 397^ feet West of a highway monument standing beside Herrick Run, at the west side of a new road leading to French Creek. The existence of an original milestone is unknown. 5 Sept., 1884. A highway monument set with its top flush with the surface of the ground in the wagon track of the State Line Road, stands in the meridian of Astronomical Station Clark, 69'' feet North from the center of the Station, and about 984 feet East of Milestone 224. The latitude of this monument as deduced from the observations at this Station in 1877 is 42° 00' 01".47. 6 Sept., 1884. Milestone 224 is a highway monument standing at the north side of the wagon track of the State Line Road, upon the second sum- mit East of the valley of French Creek. The existence of an original monument is unknown. 9 Sept., 1884. *" 40 Chain Post; Beech 16" d. N 45« E., Clinks; Cherry 24" d. N 41« W.. 8 links." [Sen. Doc. No. 71.] 33 258 [Senate Tlie Corner of the Towns of Wayne and Amity in Erie County, Penn.j is marked by a highway monument set with its top flush with the surface of the ground in the wagon track of the State Line Road, upon a steep westerly slope, 376' feet East of the monument at the Sonth-west Corner of New York. 6 Sept., 1884. The last seven monuments are set in line between the 5^ M. P. monument and the monument at the South-west Corner of New York. The intersection of the Parallel and Meridian Boundaries at the South-west Corner of New York is marked by a small monument with diagonal grooves, set with its top flush with the surface of the ground, in the wagon track of the State Line Road, upon level ground, at the foot of a long westerly slope. East of the valley of French Creek ; about 4496 feet West of Milestone 2L'4, and 825 feet East* of the probable position of original Milestone 225, It is 20 feet South of a highway monument standing in the north side of the State Line Road, and 98^ feet South of the south side of the base of the Large Terminal Monument standing in the Meridian Boundary. Replaces a stake which was set to replace the original monument, which was broken down. The latitude of the " Corner" monument as deduced from the observations at Station Clark is 41° 00' 01 ".42. 6 Sept., 1884. MERIDIAN BOUNDARY. The Monuments upon this Boundary are similar in all respects to those upon the Parallel Boundary. They are marked. East side, "N. Y^."; west side "PA." None of the Fourth and Fifth classes were set. The Milestones which are not highway monuments, with one ex- ception, are marked with the number on the north face. Chautauqua County, N. T. A small monument stands upon the bluff overlooking Lake Erie, 40 feet South of the site of the original Initial Monument of 1790 ; 550 feet North of a highway monument standing upon the north side of the Lake road, and about 40 feet South of the edge of the bluff. 24 Sept., 1884. A large monument of Quincy Granite was set in 1869, 440 feet south of the original Initial Monument of 1790. It was re-adjusted in aligimient 26dune, 1885. It is 150 feet north of a highway monu- ment standing upon the north side of the Lake road. The Latitude and Longitude of this monument deduced from the memoranda of the United States Lake Survey, corrected from the tables contained I * This distance is taken from the resurvey of the Line, along the interference of the Pennsylvama Donation Lands, by Deputy Surveyor John Cochran in 1802, in which he gives the distance from the 235 mile Tree to the "Corner "as 50 perches. No milestone was ever known at this point. (See p^age 120.) No. 71.] 259 in the Final Report of that survey, are — Latitude 42° 16' 05".39. Longitude T9° 45' 45".26. Milestone 1 is a small monument standing in a thicket of saplings and bushes in a somewhat swampy piece of woods, 849* feet North of a highway monument standing at the North end of the road lead- ing nortii from North ville upon the State Line. 24 Sept., 1884. Milestone 2 is a small monument standing in an open cultivated field, 443® feet south of a small monument standing between the tracks of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway. 24 Sept., 188L A Small Monument was set upon each bank of the canyon of Twenty-mile Creek. 25 Sept., 1884. The last six monuments stand in line between the original Initial Monument and Milestone 3. The true bearing of this line is North 0' 00' 08" West. Milestone 3 is a small monument standing in level wet ground in the bottom of a bro&,d shallow ravine in cultivated land, about 1000 feet south of the canyon of Twenty-mile Creek. It replaces the original milestone, which was reset at the south side of the new monument. 25 Sept., 1884. A small plain monument stands upon the left bank of the deep gorge south of Milestone 3, in open woods, about 30 feet from the edge of the bliaff. 1938 feet north of Milestone 4. 30 July, 1885. Milestone 4 is a small monument standing upon a steep north- westerly slope at the west side of cleared land, and in a narrow open- ing between two pieces of woods on the east side of the Line. It is midway between Milestones 3 and 5, 56" feet north of a stone marking a New York farm corner. 30 July, 1885. Milestone 5 is a small monument standing at the point at which the remnant of the original 5 Mile Post was found in 1878, in cleared and cultivated land. It is about 1200 feet South of a highway monu- ment standing upon the north side of road. 30 July, 1885. ■ Milestone 6 is a highway monument standing upon level cleared land, west side of the State Line road, and 43 T feet South of a highway monument standing at the North-west Corner of Section 84 of the Town of Ripley. New York. The latter monument replaces a large boulder which for over 50 years has marked the section cor- ner. The new milestone replaces the original milestone. 31 July, 1885. Milestone 7 is a highway monument standing upon the west side of the State Line Road, upon a south-westerly slope, in cultivated land, opposite the center of a private road leadmg East to Charles Stetson's house, and 1858 feet North of a highway monument stand- ing at the South-west corner of Section 64 of the Town of Mina, New York. The original milestone had been broken down and lost. 30 July, 1885. ' Milestone 8 is a highway monument standing in cultivated ground 260 [Senate on the west side of the State Line road, 645' feet Sonth of the Korth-east corner of the Town of Greenfield, Erie Co., Penn., 635* feet North of a large boulder which marks the North- west corner of Section 62 of the Town of Mina, N. Y., and 950^ feet North of a highway monument standing at the intersec- tion of the State Line road and the Stage road from North-East to Findley's Lake. The boulder referred to has been recognized for years, and is marked on top with a + and " N W LXIl" ; it was reset in line opposite its original position the same day. 29 July, 1885. Milestone 9 is a highway monument standing in the East line of the State Lme road, in level cleared land, at the north-easterly edge of a low blntf, 54 feet south of the probable site of the oi'iginal 9 Mile Post, which is m low wet ground. The monument is about 160 feet south of Black Brook, a branchsof French Creek. 29 July, 1885. Milestone 10 is a small monument standing upon a terrace in the steep south-westerly side of a deep ravine. The monument point and probable position of the oriuinal milestone (one-third of the dis- tance from Milestone 6 to 18) was in the bed of the brook, close to the exposed base of the caving bluff, and the monument was there- fore set 50 feet farther south. Jt is 487'' feet South of a large hem- lock marked "N XIII" which is suj^posed to indicate the south- east corner of Warrant No. 13 in the town of Greenfield, Penn. ; and about 2"^00 feet North of a highway monument standing on the north side of the road leadmg west from Findley's Lake Post-office. 28 July, 1885. Milestone 11 is a small monument in level meadow land, west of a Siigar-bush, -^^ distance from Milestone 6 to IS, and 781 feet North of a higlnvay monument standing at the north end of a short piece of road which follows the State Line south from the north- west corner of Section 50 of the Town of Mina, N. Y. 25 July, 1885. Milestone 12 is a small monument, and replaces a stone which was set a long tune ago to mark the site of the original 12 Mile Post. It is in cultivated land upon a narrow knoll, north of a shal- low ravine, and 208* feet Korth of a highway monument standing upon the north side of a road. 21 Jul}^, 1885. Milestone 13 is a small monument upon the brink of the south- easterly bank of a narrow ravine, west side of a thick growth of saplings, and about 1940 feet South of a highway monument north side of a road at or near the corner of the Towns of Greenfield and Venango, Erie Co., Penn., and Mina and French Creek, Chautauqua Co., N" Y. The number of this milestone is cut upon its south face. Its location is \ distance from Milestone 12 to 18. The original milestone was not found. 24 July, 1885. Milestone 14 is a small monument standing upon level ground in thick open woods, 20 feet North, and 20 feet East of the channel of No. 71.] 261 a brook which flows north-westerly. The monarnent point, | distance Milestone G to 18, was found to be in the channel ot the brook, and the monument was therefore set 20 feet farther north. The original milestone was not found. 27 July, 188o. This milestone and all the monuments between it and Milestone 3 are set in a straight line drawn from Milestone 3 througii the original 6, 9 and 12 mile points. At 14 occurs a deflection to the west of about 4'. The monuments south of this point being set in a line between Milestone 14 and the ''Corner" Monument. A small Monument, marked on the south face ' m p", is set oppo- site the Holland Land Company's 4|^ mile point, which was fixed by measurement from the original witness trees, which are still vigorous. (See XIX, Appendix H.) Upon level ground in thick open woods \vest of a partial slashing, 742* feet South of Milestone 14. 27 July, 1885. Milestone 15 is a small monument upon level ground in the bot- tom of a deep ravine in thick open woods, about 6 feet from the foot of the south bluff, and 20 feet South of the channel of a brook flowing westerly. The monument point, |- distance from Milestone 6 to 18, being in the brook^ the milestone was set 20 feet further south. The original milestone was not found. 27 July, 1885. A small monuinent, marked on the south side "mV 5 is set opposite the Holland Land Company's 3| mile point, which was fixed by meas- urement from the original witne^^s trees, which are still in good con- dition ; 744' feet south of Milestone 15, in open woods upon ground sloping shghtly toward the South-west. 27 July, 1885. A small monument, marked " ^j^p", is set opposite the Holland Land Company's 3 mile ]>oint, which was fixed in 1878, by measure- ment from the remains of one of the original witness trees. It is at the East edge of a meadow, a short distance south of a deep ravine, and 245* feet north of a highway monument standing upon the south side of a road. 21 July, 1885. Milestone 16 is a small monument upon a narrow terrace, near the bottom of the North-easterly bank of a narrow ravine, about 9 feet east of a large boulder lying upon the east bank of brook which flows south-easterly, in the midst of an extensive windfall. The monument point, | distance from Milestone 6 to 18, was upon the steep unstable southerly bank of the ravine, and the monument was therefore set 40 feet farther North, and 1574 feet South of the high- way monument mentioned in the preceding paragraph. 22 July, 1885. A small monument, marked on the south side " ^^p", is set opposite the Holland Land Company's 2 mile point, which was fixed by measurement from the original witness trees, both dead. It is upon the steep south-westerly side of a short, narrow ravine crossing the line toward the South-east ; in thick open woods, 1794 feet north of Milestone 17. 21 July, 1885. Milestone 17 is a small monument in the south edge of thick woods, 1^ distance from Milestone 6 to 18, 135 feet south of the 262 [Senate summit of the ridge, and about 50 feet north of the top of a steep bhiif, north side of the valley of the east branch of French Creek, and about 1300 feet north of the creek, 21 July, 1885. Milestone 18 is a small monument -^^^ mile North of the South- west Corner of New York, in the east edge of a clearing, upon level ground just north of thick open woods. The original monument was not found. 21 July, 1885. A large monument similar to that set upon the right bank of the Delaware River, marked "100 feet north of the S. W. Corner of New York," is set in the meridian of the ''Corner" monument, which IS 98* feet south from the South side of its base. 8 Sept., 1884. CERTIFICATE. I hereby certify that the preceding schedule, entitled " Appendix B," contains accurate descriptions of all the Milestones, and seventy- six otlier granite monuments erected by me upon and adjacent to the Boundary line between the States of New York and Pennsyl- vania, under the direction of the Joint Boundary Commission, in the years 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, and 1885, together with the locations of the same, the manner in which they were set, and the dates of erection, all of which are described and contained in the official " Recoi'd of Monuments," which is deposited in the Office of the Secretary of State of New York, and the Office of the Secretary of Internal Affairs of Pennsylvania. And I further certify that in addition to the monuments described in the preceding schedule, there were erected by me, under the same direction, and in the same years aforesaid, other granite monuments, as follows, to-wit: — Two hundred and twenty -live highway monu- ments, standing at or upon the sides of pul-lic roads; twenty-seven monuments set at the intersections of rail-roads ; thirteen monuments set to mark the Astronomical Stations of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey adjacent to said Boundary line, occupied in the years 1877 and 1879, descriptions of which may be found in Ap- pendix D hereto attached; and three other monuments ; the locations of which, the manner in which they were set, and the dates of their erection, are given in detail in the official " Record of Monuments " aforesaid. And I further certify that the total number of new granite monu- ments thus set by me upon said Boundary is five hundred and eighty- six, including in said number the monument erected near the shore of Lake Erie in 1869, which was reset. H. W. CLARKE, Civil Engineer, Surveyor on the part of New Torh, and Engineer in charge of Field work. Steacuse, N. Y., 1 Dec, 1885. No. 71.] 263 APPENDIX C. Table of Angular Deflkctions at each Milestone est the New York an^d Pennsylvanla. Boundary. The angle given in the last column being the deflection of the Line connecting the given milestone with the next angle west, to the North {-\-) or South ( — ) from the line connecting it with the preceding angle. The table is arranged by Counties in New York. The distances given in the Second Column are those from point to point; those in the third colnmn are the consecutive distances from the eastern limit of the County. By reference to Appendix E, the limit of each County in Penn- sylvania may readily be lixed. Delaware County. Station Travis, 1425 feet East of center of Delaware Kiver. Broome County. MILESTONES, Etc. New Initial Monument Milestone 1 2 3 (old) 3 (new) 4 5 G 7 8 9 10 11 12 East Eiver Monriment. West do do Milestone 13 14 15 16 17 Distance. 600 4826 5229 5271 1386 3810 5359 5299 5351 5383 5383 5383 5343 5150 3670 472 1698 5505 5495 5391 5436 Distance West from center of Antrim Delaware River ^"S"=- Deflection 6001 5426 10655 15926 I 17312 I 21122 j 26481 31780 37131 42514 47897 53-^;&0 58623 63773 67443 679] 69613 75118 80613 86004 91440 '443 ) r9]5 ) Curve slightly north. — 0"05' -fO 16 — 09 none. + slight + 0° 09' — 04 none. jo^ to south across River. — 0"04' none, none. — 0°11' + 09 — 12 264 [Senate Broome County — Continued. MILESTONES, Etc. Distance. Distance West from center of Delaware River Deflection Angle. Milestone 18 5436 5436 5367 794 1150 13 3392^ 5341 5300 5359 5358 5359 5360' 5299 5307 5307 5307 5307 5307 5i540 5320 5330 5312 4501 96876 102312 107679 108473 109623 1096243 113017 118358 123658 129017 134375 139734 145094 150393 155709 161007 166314 171621 176928 382268 187588 192918 198230 202731 none. 19 none 20 none. Statioii Finn none. 20| none First Latitude Stone + 0'>30' + 30 none. 21 22 23 + 0^12' none. 24 25 none. 26 — 0°18' 27 none. 28 , — 0^13' 29 none. 30..... 31 none. — 0*^20' none. 33 — 0°08' none. 35 — 0° 15' 36 none. 37 none. County Corner none. Tioga County. MILESTONES, Etc. Milestone 38 do 39 j do 39^ j Station Little Meadows Milestone 40 do 41 do 42 do 43 do 44 do 45 do 46 do 47 do 48 do 49 do 50 do 51 Distance. 812 5312 2658 2658 5361 5313 5461 5392 5392 5388 5388 5401 5376 5359 5408 Distance from S. W. Cor. of Broome Co. 812 6124 8782 11440 16801 22114 27575 32967 38359 43747 49135 54536 59912 65271 70679 Deflection Angle . none. + 0°13' none. + 0^ — 11' 16 none. + + + — + + + — + 12' 04 16 14 09 12 06 04 01 No. 71.] 265 Tioga County — Continued. MILESTONES, Etc. Milestone 52 do 53 do 54 do 55- do 56 do 57 do 58 do 59 Station Waverly Milestone 60. . . do 60f Spanish Hills Monument. Milestone 60-| Left bank Chemuns: Eiver Distance. 5381 5372 5440 5117 5352 5352 5394 5187 4419 861 3995 15 596 25± Distance from S. W. Cor. of Broome Co. 76060 81432 86872 92289 97641 102993 108387 113574 117993 118854 122849 122864 123460 123485 Deflection Angle. + 07' — 12 + 29 + 21 none. + 0° 08' + 03 — 08 none. 4- slight, none. — 0°44' none. Chemung County. milestones, Etc. Distance. Distance West from left bank Chemung River Deflection Angle. Milestone 61 (new) 565 132 5287 5316 5287 5298 5178 5291 5122 5289 4022 1258 5154 5305 5248 5285 5316 33 5271 5304 5304 5179 5206 5308 5268 565 697 5984 11300 16587 21885 27063 32354 37476 42765 46787 48045 53199 58504 63752 69037 74353 74386 79657 84961 90265 95444 100650 105958 111226 none. do 61 (old) + 0°28' + 14 none. do 62 • do 63 do 64 none. do 65 + slig))t. do 66. + 0°17' — 31 do 6? do 68 + 02± + 13 none. do 69 Station B urt Milestone 70 none. do 71 — 0°17' do 72 — C4 do 73 — 09 do 74 + 12 — 25 do 75 (old) do 75 (new) none. do 76 none. do 77 none. do 78 — 0°20' do 79 — 16 do 80 — 09 do 81 + 01 + 15 do 82 [Sen. Doc. No. 71.] 34: 266 Steuben County. [Senate MILESTONES, Etc. Distance . Distance West from Milestone 82. Deflection Angle. Milestone 83 5338 5338 5337 5337 5280 5320 5330 3551 1809 5287 5324 5272 5331 5280 5349 5281 5231 5231 5270 5270 5322 5322 5303 5325 5275 5285 5281 5495 2380 782 2126 5320 5321 5330 5334 5310 5320 5339 5293 5378 5350 5356 5361 699" 5338 10676 16013 21350 26630 31950 37280 40831 42640 47927 53251 58523 63854 69134 74483 79764 84995 90226 95496 100766 106088 111410 116713 122038 127313 132598 137879 143374 145754 146536 148662 153982 159303 164633 169967 175277 180597 185936 191229 196607 201957 207313 212674 213373^ none. do 84 none. do 85 ; none. do 86 + 03' none. do 87 do 88 — 0° 03' do 89 + 50 — 30 Angular Point Milestone 90 none. do 91 + 07' + 36 — 22 do 92 do 93 do 94 none. do 95 + 04' + 28 — 16 do 96 do 97 do 98 none. do 99 + 0°11' none. + 05' none. do 100 do 101 do 102 do 103 + 0° 07' — 22 do 104 do 105 + 11 — 08 do 106 do 107 none. do 108 — 0°11' do 109 none. Angular Point — 0°05' Station Austinburg none. Milestone 110 — 0° 24' do 111 none. do 112... + 0° 06' — 02 do 113 do 114 + 07 + 20 + 03 — 59 do 115 do 116 do 117 do 118 none. do 119 05' * do 130 + 44 do 121 — 07 do 122 + 04 none. Corner of Allegany Co No. n.] 26T Allegany County. MILESTONES, Etc. Milestone 123 do 124 do 125 do 126 do 127 do 128 Station Genesee Valley Milestone 129 do 130 do 131 do 132 do 133 do 134 do 135 do 136 do 136|. 6th Latitude Stone Milestone 137 do 138 Holland Land Company's Corner Stone Milestone 139 do 140 do 141 do 142 do 143 do 144 do 145 do 146 do 147 Section Corner Milestone 148 Station Ceres Milestone 149 do 1 50 Corner of Cattaraugus Co Distance. 4653 5352 5347 5350 5350 5338 4202 1105 5332 5296 5296 5284 5289 5332 5302 3288 1899 5244 3958 1149 5286 5304 5321 5285 5303 5313 5281 5281 4350 932 5200 108 5310 4267 Distance West from Steuben County. 4653 10005 15352 20702 26052 31390 35592 36697 42029 47325 52621 57905 63194 68526 73828 77116. 79015 84259 88217 89366 94652 99956 105277 110562 115865 121178 126459 131740 136090 137022 142222 142330 147640 151907 Deflection Angle. ■ none. — 0°14' none. + 34' — 10 — 02 none. + 0°12' + 25 4-0 05 + 20 none. + 16' + 31 — .0 + + + 15 53 15 04 none. + 0° 32' — 1 06 — 49 none, none. — 1° 26' + 1 33 none. none. none. -0°20' none. -f 0° 40' + 34 none. Caitaraugus County. MILESTONES, Etc. Distance. Distance West from S. W. cor- ner of Alle- gany County. Deflection Angle. Milestone 151 1043 53h9 6018 1043 6432 11450 — 0°01' do 152 + 23 — 37 do 153 268 [Sen ATE Cattaraugus County — {Cordinued). MILESTONES, Etc. Distance. Distance West from S. W cor- ner of Alle- gany County. Deflection Angle. Milestone 154 5475 5319 5244 5236 5271 5271 5216 5240 5174 5310 5263 5203 5258 5259 5266 14 1 4756 5305 5306 4483 548 5461 1539 3933 5501 5453 5357 5265 5265 5300 5407 5513 5448 5398 5349 5232 5467 5353 5354 5475 1380 16925 22244 27488 32724 37995 43266 48482 53722 58896 64206 69469 74672 79930 85189 857156 85717 85718 90474 95779 101085 105568 106116 111577 113116 117049 122550 128003 133360 138625 143890 149190 154597 160110 165558 170956 176305 181537 187004 192357 197711 203186 204566 + slight + 0° 09' -1-0 05 — 23 do 155 do 156 do 157 do 158 none. do 159 none. do 160 -1- 0^ 35' — 40 do 161 do 162 — 12 do 163 4-0 12 + 23 + 16 none. do 164 do 165 do 166 do 167 none. do 167tV none. Seventh Latitude Stone — 1°41' Station Tuna Valley none. Milestone 168 — slight, none. do 169 do 170 none. Transit Meridian Monument none. Milestone. 171 -1- 0^58' -1-0 04 none. do 172 Willink Corner Milestone 173 — 0°12' do 174 + 09 + 21 + 02 — 21 do 175 do 176 do 177 do 178 — 13 do 179 4-0 30 4-0 40 4-0 44 — 01 do 180 do 181 do 182 do 183 — 09 do 184. Station Corydon Milestone 185 none. — 0''25' do 186 none. do 187 none. do 188 4- 0° 07' — 26 do 189 , Corner of Chautauqua Co Uone. No. 71.] 269 Chautauqua County. MILESTONES, Etc. Distance. Distance West from S. W cor- ner of Catta- raugus County. Deflection Angle. Milestone 190 4095 5370 5371 5600 59t;5 5382 6581 19 4620 5305 5336 5337 5389 5314 5299 5299 2076 3280 5327 5417 5277 5343 5310 5311 5318 5310 5304 6305 5304 5305 5304 5305 5304 5329 5323 5321 5321 4337 984 4496 4095 9435 1-1836 204o6 26401 31783 324411 32443 37063 42368 47704 53041 58430 63744 69043 74342 76418 796!iS 85025 90442 95719 101062 106372 111683 117001 122311 127615 132920 138224 143529 148833 154138 159442 164771 170094 175415 180736 185073 186057 190553 none. do 191 — 0° 13' t^-} 11)2 — 19 do 193 none. do 194.. : + 0° 27' none. do 195 do 195^ none. Eighth Latitude iStone — 0''59' Milestone 196 none. do 197 none. do 198 none. do 199 + 0° 58' — 11 do 200 do 201 none do 202 none. — 0° 04' Static*! Sugar Grove none. Milestone 204 •+ 0° 06' — 03 do 205 do 206 none. do 207 + 0°22' — 06 do 208 do 209 none do 210 none. do 211 + 0^ 25' + 04 none. do 212 .... do 213 do 214 none. do 215 + 0°16' none. do 216 do 217 none. do 218 — O'^' 10' do 219 — 06 none. do 221 do 222 none, none. do 223 none. Station Clark none. Milestone 224 none. ''Corner" Angle at " Corner" between Parallel and Meridian, 89° 52' (from the East). 270 Meridian Boundary. Chautauqua County. [Senate MILESTONES, Etc. [Distance. Disfee S. from Original Initial Monum'nt 1790. Deflection Angle (West—.) Milestone 40 400 4828 5268 5268 5241 5241 5279 52832 52832 53232 52932 52332 52832 52832 52432 20 53232 52232 53233 52832 3385 100 40 440 5268 10536 15804 21045 26286 31565 36848 42131 47455 52748 57981 63264 68547 73791 73811 79134 84357 81«680 94963 98348 98448 + 85 none. Initial Monument, 1869 none. Milestone 1 none. do 2 none. do 3 — slight none. do 4- do 5 do 6 none, none. do 7 none. do 8 do 9 none, none. do 10 none. do 11 none. do 12, none. do 13 none. do 14 none. 14 Mile Point -0«04'+ none. do 16 none do 17 none. do 18 none. Large Terminal Monument " Corner " none. No. 71.] 271 APPENDIX D. Astronomical Stations occupied by the paktt from the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Office in 1877 and 1879. At all the Stations, the Observer was Assistant Edwin Smith, IT. S. C. & G. S. In 1877 he was assisted by Sub-Assistant J. B. Baylor as Recorder, and in 1879 by Sub-Assistant F. H. Parsons. No. 1. Station Travis. This Station was occupied in July, 1877. At that time, the Land was owned bv Squire Travis; now, by John Hills. The Station is situated in the Town of Hancock, Delaware County, New York, upon a knoll, 50 feet north of a hiojhway, about 2 miles below (East of) the village of Hale's Eddy, and about 200 feet north-easterly, at right angles, Irom the New York, Lake Erie, and Western Rail Eoad, above the flats on the north-easterly side of the Delaware River. A brick pier was built at the eastern extremity of a random line run east (S. 83° 20 E. magnetic) with the Compass from Milestone 5, in June, 1877. The pier was removed 12 April, 1884, and a granite monument, (hfth class — see Appendix B), was buried upon its site at a depth of 2^ feet below the surface of the ground. The cap-stone of the Pier Avas bedded upon the surface over the monu- ment.* The center of the Station is 462" feet South 39° 36' East (true) from the most southerly corner of the foundation of the main part of John Hills house. Upon a rock above high-water mark on the right bank of the River, in the Meridian of the Station, a mark was cut in 1877. A granite monument (fourth class) was set 12 April, 1884, upon the north side of the highway, in the meridian of the Station at its intersection with the eastward prolongation of the Parallel Boundary, 81° feet South of the Station. This monu- ment is 142.5' feet East of the intersection of the Boundary with the center of the Delaware River ; 2025' feet East of the large Initial Monument standing upon the right bank of the River ; and 6851 feet East of Milestone 1. The followina: are the final results from the Astronomical Obser- vations at the Station. Latitude 42° 00' 02".66± 0".14 North. Longitude (Time) 5'^ 01'" 25^5. do (Arc) 75° 2P 22 '.5 West from Greenwich. The direction of the Boundary west from the meridian of this Station is South 89° 48'+ West '(true). * Upon 7 August, 1885, the cap-stone was found to have been removed, and the filling over the monument partly dug out, by parties unknown. 272 TSenate ]N"o. 2. Station Finn. This Station was occupied in August and September, 1877._ It is situated upon the land of James Finn, upon the River flats, in the Town of Kirkwood, Broome County, New York, about two miles north-west of the Borough of Great Bend, Susquehanna County, Peun. A brick pier, capped with a marble slab, was built in the north-west corner of Mr. Finn's garden near the east side of the River Road. The Pier was removed 1(5 April, 1884, and a Station Monument buried in its place. The upper part of the pier was re- placed upon the surface above the monument, and a granite monu- ment (third class) was set in the meridian near the South side of a stone wall, 650' feet north. The center of the Station is 97' feet North 43° 14' West (true) from the westerly corner of the founda- tion of Mr. Finn's dwelling; it is 256' feet North and 142' feet west from a granite highway monument standing upon the easterly side of the River Road 654* feet West of Milestone 20 and 257' feet East of a railroad monument between the tracks of the New York, Lake Erie, and Western Railroad ; and it is 271' feet North, and 1141 feet East, of the old First Latitude Stone at 20f miles. The following are the final results from the Astronoraic^al Observa- tions at t'.iis Station: — Latitude 41° 59' 59".38±0".ll North. Longitude (Time) 5'^ 03"^ 02\ 09, do (Arc) 75° 45' 31 '. 35 West from Greenwich. The direction of the Boundary opposite this Station is South 89° 22' West (true). No, 3. Station Little Meadows. This Station M'as occupied in September, 1879. It is situated upon the hind of Preserved Hinds in the Town of Owego, Tioga County, New York, about a half mile nortli of the Post-office of Little Meadows, Penn. Upon a low bluff about 75 feet east of the channel of Jones Creek, and 458* feet East of a granite highway monument standing upon the easterly side of the Stage road from Little Meadows to Apalachin, N. Y, The pier, which was a section of a hemlock log, was removed 18 April, 1884, and a Station monu- ment buried in its place. The center of the Station is 2*' feet north of Milestone 39^, which stands in the meridian of the Station midway between Milestones 39 and 40. A granite monument (third class) was set, 12 Sept., 1883 in the meridian of the Station 1760±feet North. The center of the Station is 57t>" feet North 38° 39^' West (true), from the south-west corner of the foundation of the main part of Mr. Hinds' house ; and 2" feet north of Milestone 10. The following is the final result from the Astronomical observa- tions at this Station. Ko. 71.] 273 Latitude 41° 59' 59".95±0/'12 North. Ko observations were taken for Longitude. The direction of the Boundary at this Station is North 89° 59^ West (true). No. 4. Statton Waveelt. This Station was occupied in A.ugust, 1879. It is situated in the village of Waverly, Tioga County, ISew York, 115 feet East of Penn- sylvania Avenue and about 9^ feet North of the Boundary, upon land owned bv John H. Murray. The pier, which was of brick, had been removed, but the center of the Station was found by reference to Milestone 60 and a village monument in the east line of Pennsyl- vania Avenue, by means of notes taken in October, 1879, and a Station monument was buried upon its site 19 April, 1884. The center of the Station is 70^^ feer, North 48° 39' East (true) from the north-westerly corner of Mr. Murray's dwelling; it is 146 feet East and 7^° feet North of a granite highway monument on the west side of Pennsylvania Avenue ; and 86(/ feet East and 1" feet South of Milestone 60. The following is the final result from the Astronomical observa- tions at this Station: — Latitude 42^" 00' 00' .69 ± 0".ll North. No observations were taken for Longitude. The direction of the Boundary opposite this Station is North 89° 15' West (true). No. 5. Station Burt. This Station was occupied in August, 1877. It is situated upon the flats about 800 feet East of Bentley Creek, in the town of Ridgebury, Bradford County, Penn., upon the land of David A. Burt, about 35 feet west of the Creek Road, about one mile South of the village of Wellsburg, Chemung County, New York. The brick ])ier Avas reinoved 21 April, 1884, and a Station monument buried upon its site. The upper part of the pier was replaced upon the surface above the monument, and a granite monument (third class) was set in the meridian of the Station 1779 feet South. The center of the Station is 10' feet east of the North-east corner of Mr. Burt's blacksmith shop; 59' feet. North 45° 16' West (true) from an elm tree 36" diameter, standing at the west side of the road ; and 4411 feet south and 40'' feet East of a granite highway monu- ment standing in the Boundary at the east side of the road, 4062 feet west of Milestone 69. The following are the final results from the Astronomical obser- vations at this Station: — Latitude 42° 00' 03^59 ± 0".12 North. Longitude (Time) 5^^ Oe'" 54«.61. do (Arc) 76^ 43' 39".15 West from Greenwich. [Sen. Doc. No. 71.] 35 274 [Senate The direction of the Boundary opposite this Station is North 89° 18' West (true). No. 6. Station Laweenceville. This Station was occupied in September 1870. It is situated upon the flats between the Tioga and Cowanesqua Rivers, in the Town of Lindley, Steuben County, New York, just north of the village of Lawrence ville, Tioga County, Pennsylvania, upon the land of Joel Parkhurst, deceased. The pier, which was a section of a hemlock log, was removed and a Station monument was buried in its place 22 April, 1884. The center of the Station is 8" feet north and 2" feet west of new Mile- stone 90, which was set in 1883 at the east side of the original mile- stone, and is about 1200 feet East of Main Street. The followino^ is the final result from the Astronomical observa- tions at this Station : — Latitude 42° 00' 01M2 ± 0'M4 North. No observations were taken for Longitude at this Station. No. 7. Station Austinbtjrg. This Station was occupied in September 1879. It is situated upon the flats, 165 feet north-west of Hilltown Creek and 800 feet west of Troup's Creek upon the land of H. B. Murdock, in the Town of Brookfleld, Tioga County Penn., at the south-west side of the stage road about three-fourths of a mile north-west of Austinburg Post- oflice. The pier, which was a section of a whitewood log, was removed 23 April, 1884, and a Station monument buried in its place. The center of the Station is 3.2 feet south and 12^ feet west from a granite highway monument standing in the south-west side of the stage road, 2138 'feet East of Milestone 110. The following is the final result from the Astronomical observa- tions at this Station : — Latitude 42° 00' 01".35 ± 0".ll North. No observations were taken for Longitude at this Station. No. 8. Station Genesee Yalley. This Station was occupied in September 1879. It is situated upon a high bluff on the west side of the valley of Genesee River, above the river flats, upon the land of William Cobb in the Town of Willing, Allegany County, New York, about 30 feet west of the stage road, about If miles South-east of the village of Shongo, and about a half-mile west of the Genesee River. The pier, which was a section of a hemlock log, was removed 26 April, 1884, and a Station monument buried in its place. The center of the Station is 53' feet North and 74* feet West No. 71.] 275 of a granite hifi^liway monument standing in the sontli-westerly side of the stage road 1180' feet East of Milestone 129. The following is the final result from tlie Astronomical observa- tions at this Station : — Latitude 41° 59' 58".29 ± 0".13 North. No observations were taken for Longitude at this Station. No. 9. Station Ceres. This Station was occupied in September, 1879. It is situated upon the land of Camptield upon the Oswajo Flats, in the Town of Genesee, Allegany County, New York, north of Main Street, near the south-east corner of the Scliool-house lot, opposite the Cemetery and about 1050 feet West of the Post-office in the village of Ceres. The pier, which was a section of a hemlock log, was removed 2 Mav, 1&81:, and a Station monument buried in its place. The center of the Station is 5G" feet North and 106" feet East from Milestone 149 which is a highway monument standing in the south line of Main Street; it is also 125^" feet South 42° 43' East (magnetic, 1884) from the south-east corner of the school-house. The following is the final result from the Astronomical observa- tions at this Station : — Latitude 41° 59' 59".2l± 0".13 North. No observations were taken for Longitude at this Station. No. 10. Station Tuna Valley. This Station was occupied in September and October, 1879. It is situated on the Tuna Flats upon the land of William Beardsley in the Town of Carrolton, Cattai-augus County, New York, about 250 feet west of Tunaunguant Creek, about 1^ miles South of the village of Limestone, New York. The pier, which was a section of a hemlock log, was removed 25 June, 1884, and a Station monument buried in its place. The cen- ter of the Station is 8" feet north and O''* foot west from Milestone 1'67-fV? which stands at the east side of the old Seventh Latitude Stone, about 40 feet North of Iron tank No. 637, United Pipe Lines. The following is the final result from the Astronomical observa- tions at this Station: — Latitude 42° 00 '04".1S± 0".12 North. No observations -were made for Loniritude at this Station. The direction of the Boundarv Eant of this Station is South 89° 40' East (true) ; and xcest, South 87'= 39' West (true). No. 11. Station Corydon. This Station was occupied in October, 1879. It is situated in the Town of South Valley, Cattaraugus County, upon land belonging to the Allegany Indian Reservation, but occupied by P and D 276 [Senate Root, who own the adjoining farm in Pennsylvania, about one mile north of the village of Corjdon and about 775 feet East of the Allegany River, on the River flats. The pier, which was a section of an oak log, was removed 16 July, 1884, and a Station monument buried in its place. The center of the Station is 4" feet north and 0" foot west from the center of Milestone 184. The following is the final result from the Astronomical observa- tions at this Station : — Latitude 41° 59' 59".54 ± OMl North. No observations were taken for Longitnde at this Station, The direction ol" the Boundary at this point is North 89° 08' "West (true). No. 12. Station Sugar Geove. This Station was occupied in October 1879. It is situated upon high orroiind in tlie town of Sugar Grove, Warren County, Penn., east side of a highway one mile north of the village of Sugar Grove upon the land of James Woodside. The pier, which was a section of a white ash log, was removed, and a Station monument buried in its place 21 August, 1884. The center of the Station is 28" feet South and 7°' feet East from a granite highway monument standing in the east side of the highwav 2083 feet west of Milestone 203. This milestone is 31"' feet' north of the Station. The following is the final result from the Astronomical observa- tions at this Station : — Latitude 41° 69' 5S".84± 0M2 North. No observations were taken for Longitude at this Station. The direction of the Boundary opposite this Station is South 89° 46' West (true). No. 13. Station Clark. This Station was occupied in July, 1877. It is situated upon high land in the town of Wayne. Erie County, Penn., upon the land of L. D. Clark, near the northwest corner of his door-yard. The pier, which was of brick, was removed and a Station monu- ment buried in its place, 6 September, 1884. The cap-stone of the pier was embedded in the surface of the ground over the monument. The center of the Station is 69^^ feet South of a highway monument set in the wagon track of the State Line Road, with its top flush with the surface, at the intersection of the meridian of the Station with the Boundary, 984 feet East of Milestone 224 and 5480 feet east of the monument at the south-west Comer of New York. The center of the Station is 64 feet South of the " Corner " monument. A hole drilled in a boulder buried at the east side of a farm road, on the summit of the ridge 1128^ feet South, is in the meridian of the Station, No. 71.] 277 The following is the final result from the Astronomical observa- tions at this Station : — Latitude 42° 00' 00".79± 0".09 North. No observations were taken for Longitude at this Station. The Latitude of the " Corner," as deduced from the results at this Station, is 42*^ 00' 01".42. The direction of the Boundary opposite this Station is South 89° 57' West (true). Station Warren, 395, N. T. S. S. Station Warren, a Primary Station of the New York State Sur- vey, is situated upon a high hill upon the land of F. M. Fox, in the Town of Warren, Bradford Cuuntv, Penn., about 3250 feet South of the Boundarv, and 9534 feet South 69° 44' West (true) from Milestone 40, wliich marks the north-west corner of Susquehanna County, The following is the Geodetic position of this Station deduced from the Lake Survey System of triangles, and subject to correction upon the completion of the connection with the Coast System of the U. S. C. & G. Survey.* Latitude 4l« 59' 22".05 North. Longitude 76° 10' 44".43 West from Greenwich. The Geodetic positions of four milestones of the Boundary as re- ferred to this Station are as follows, subject to the same correction : — Latitude Longitude. Elevation above tide-water. Feet. Milestone 40. . . do 41... do 43.. do 43... .... ... . 41° 59' 54' 54 54 53 .63 .45 .01 .55 76° 08' 45". 94 09 56 .93 11 07 .23 13 19 .56 1246 1470 1624 1408 Astronomical L; Geodetic atitt do ide of Milestone 40. . . do 41° 59' 59". 93 41 59 54 .68 Difference . 05". 25 Equivalent to 5 31 feet. Dr. Peters' Station near the Initial Point of the Meridian Boundary. This Station was occupied by Dr. C. H. F. Peters in August and September, 1865. It was approximately located and connected with the Boundary in October, 1878, and also in 1885 * the site being in- *Tliis correction, for Station Warren, estimated from the results given in Ap- pendix 9 of Coast Survey Report for 1884, just published, which affects equally the positions of the four milestones referred to the Station, is Latitude + 1".43 Longitude — 0".39 This result in Latitude will reduce the difference between the Astronomical and Geodetic Latitudes of Milestone 40 to 3", 83 =<= 388 feet. 2Y8 ■ [Sena-te dicated by Mr. D. R. Taylor, upon whose land it was located, about 25 feet north of the front door of his duelling. It is in the village of JMortliville in the Town of iiipley, Chautauqua County, New York, about 2U0 feet north of State Line Station on the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Hailroad, about 1060 feet east of the Boundary and about a mile and three-fourths South of Lake Erie. Dr. Peters gives the results of his observations, and his method of connecting his Station with the Initial Monument on the bank of the Lake, in his report published in N. Y. x\sserably Documents No. IDl in 1866, and No. 239 in 1867. His Astronomical results at his Station are as follows : — Latitude 42'^ 14' 26".0 ± 2.74. Longitude (corrected to Greenwich) ... 79 45 45.1. These, as transferred to the Initial monument on the bank of Lake Erie by him from his measurements, made the position of the mon- ument as follows : — Latitude 42° 16' 02''.8. Longitude (corrected to Greenwich) 79 46 09 .2. But Dr. P. made a very material error in his measured distance north of his Station,* which when applied to the position of the latter would make the Latitude of the Initial monument 42° 15' ,66". 8±. * Dr. Peters, in his Report heretofore alluded to, gives the distance of the Initial Monument north of his observina: station 971)5 feet, and Milestone 8, 6471 feet soutli of it. Tiie position of Dr. Peters' instrument stand was indicated to me in October, 1878, by Mr. D. R. Taylor, the gentleman who owned the place, and who occupied the house at the time the oliservations were made. This jioint was con- nected with the lines of the reconnaissance, and when the lake was reached, it was evident that there was a great discrepancy in tbe measurements. As the in- tervals between the known points south of Milestone 3 showed a uniformity in the length of the miles as marked, with but little variation from the normal length, and my total measured length of the entire Meridian Boundary cor- responding so closely with the figures upon the original map, I was satisfied that Dr. Peters was in error, from the fact that he had made the distance from to 3 over-run so excessively. In June, 18S"), in order to test the accuracy of the measurements of 1878 (which by-the-way, were made with a chain [GO'] which had been in constant use for some time without testing, and consequently its error was not known) tlie ap- proximate site of Dr. Peters' station was carefully connected with the Boundary line as monuraented, and the distance measured north to the lake with a light chain (100') vvhicli had been purposely tested and corrected. The resulting dis- tance corresponded closely with that of 1878. The actual chained distances are as follows: — Station North to Initial Monument (1790) 9187.2 feet. do SouthtoM. S. 3 6631 Initial Monument to M. S. 3 15818.2 feet. Tlie distance South to Milestone 3 was not remeasured. TJie difference between my distance north of the Station and that given by Dr. Peters, 607* feet, is equal to 6" of Latitude. There appeared to be no practical difference between the distances of the Sta- tion East of the Line. H. W. C. Ko. 71.] 279 The United States Lake Survey^ Las located the position of the new monument set in 1869 by stadia measurements from the Geo- detic Stations of that Survey, and we have as a result four different latitudes for this one point. Latitude according to Ellicott 1790 42° 16' 13" da do Dr. Peters 43 16 02.8 . do Dr. Peters (corrected) 42 15 56.8 do U. S. Lake Survey, 1882 (-1-440 ft.) 42 16 09 74 Diflfereuce between last two 13".94 The Lake Survey result for Longitude 1883 is 79"^ 45' 45".26 Dr. Peters .. . 79 46 09.2 DifiFerence 23". 94 280 [Senate APPENDIX E. COUNTY A:^^D TOWN CORNEES. Parallel Boundary. Seven Counties in New York adjoin the Parallel Boundary; these are, — Broome, Tioga, Chemung, Steuben, Allegany, Cattaraugus, and Chautauqua, containing in all 35 Towns; and eight Counties in Penn- sylvania : — Wayne, Susquehanna, Bradford, Tioga, Potter, McKean, AVarren, and Erie, in which there are 41 Towns. The following schedule gives a description of the intersection of the lines between these Counties and Towns with the Boundary, and the manner in which they are marked. NEW YORK. Delaware River forms tlie Boundary between Delaware and Broome Counties, at the Initial Point. The Corner between the Towns of Sanford and Windsor, Broome County, is marked by a granite monument (fourth class — see Ap- pendix B) 440 feet East of Milestone 10, set 12 July, 1882, at the request of the Supervisors of the towns. The Corner of the Towns of Windsor and Kirkwood, Broome County is aiarked by a granite monument (fourth class) 2037' feet west of Milestone 19 set 15 April, 1884, at the request of the Super- visors of the Towns. The Susquehanna River forms the Boundary between the towns of Kirkwood and Conklin in Broome County. The Corner of the Towns of Conklin and Binghamton, in Broome County is marked by an old stake and stones 398 feet East of Mile- stone 2C. The Corner between the Towns of Binghamton and Yestal in Broome County is at a point unmarked, between Milestones 30 and 31, 14S4± feet west of the former. The Corner of the Counties of Broome and Tioga is marked by a granite monument (fourth class) 809° feet East of Milestone 38. Set 12 September, 1883. The Corner of the Towns of Owego and Nichols in Tioga County is at a point — indefinite — between Milestones 46 and 47. The statute description of the Town boundary is a line due South from the mouth of Owego Creek. A monument was provided for this Corner, but never set, as the Supervisors of the Towns failed to have the line run. Ko. Tl.] 281 The Susquelianna River forms the boundary between the Towns of Nichols and Carton in Tioga County. The line between Tioga and Chemung Counties begins in the Boundary at low M'ater mark on the left bank of the Chemung Hiver near Milestone G0|, and follows up that bank to a certain sulphur spring. The Comer between the towns of Chemung and Ashland in Chemung County was fixed in ISO 7 at the coi"ner of the farms of John Fincher and Clark Howard. This Corner according to John F.ncher's Deed is 12.50 cliains east of the South-east corner of Lot i\o. 3S, of Chemung Township, about 28.28 chains (ISGC feet) "West of Milestone QS. The point is not definitely marked. The Comer of the Towns of Ashland and Southport in Chemung County, is at the south-west corner of Lot 111 of Chemung Town- ship, about G1.50 chains (1059 feet) West of Milestone T2. The point is not definitely marked. There is supposed to be a " Gore " between Lot 111 and the east line of James Watson's Large Tract, the South-east Corner of which is not far from Milestone 73. Milestone 82 marks the Corner of the Counties of Chemung and Steuben. Milestone 88 marks the Corner of the Towns of Caton and Lindley in Steuben County. • Milestone 91 marks the Corner of the Towns of Lindley and Tuscarora in SiCuben County. Milestone 100 is at the Corner of the Towns of Tuscarora and Woodhull in Steuben County. The Corner of the Towns of Woodhull and Troupsburg in Steu- ben County is in the center of a new road IG^ feet west of a high- wav monument which stands 1030 feet west of Milestone 107. The Corner of the Towns of Troupsburg and West Union in Steuben County is marked by a granite monument (third class) 1887' feet west of Milestone IIG. A granite monument (fourth class) G99'' feet West of Milestone 122, marks the corner of Counties of Steuben and Allegany. The Corner of the Towns of Independence and Willing in Allegany County is at the South-west corner of Phelps & Gorham's Purchase, unmarked, 22.11 chains (1461^ feet) East of Milestone 127. A highway monument 1511^ feet East of Milestone 133 marks the Comer of the Towns of Willing and Alma, in Allegany County. The Town line is near the center of a road. The Corner between the Towns of Alma and Bolivar in Allegany County is marked by the original stone monument at the South- east comer of the Holland Land Company's Purchase, and a new granite monument (third class) set 23 October, 1883. This monu- ment is 1118® feet east of Milestone 139. The line between the Towns of Bolivar and Genesee in Allegany County, is undefined. It is between Milestones 111 and 115 about 64.40 chains (4250* feet [H. L. Co. Notes]) west of the former. [Sen. Doc. No. 71.] 36 282 [Senate The Corner of Allegany and Cattaraugus Counties is at a new- granite monument (fourth class) 1043 feet East of Milestone 151. The Corner of the Towns of Portville and Olean in Cattaraugus County is marked by a granite monument (fourth class) set 29 May, 188-4, to replace the original 16 mile Monumeut of the Holland Land Company, 1,196' feet East of Milestone 155. The Comer of the Towns of Olean and Allegany in Cattaraugus County is unmarked. It is a short distance west of a granite monu- ment (fourth class) which marks the corner of the Towns of Eldred and Otto in Pennsylvania, between Milestones 158 and 159. The Corner of the Towns of Allegany and Carrolton in Cattarau- gus County, is marked by a large stake on the west side of the sum- mit of the mountain, 888 feet East of Milestone 165. The Corner of the Towns of Carrolton and Ked House in Catta- raugus County is marked by the original monument at the south end of the Western Transit Meridian, and a new granite monument (fourth class) 548 feet East of Milestone 171. The Corner of the Towns of Red House and South Yalley is marked by a granite monument (fourth class) 2753^ feet East of Milestone 178. The Highway monument 1380 feet w^est of Milestone 189 marks the Corner between the Counties of Cattaraugus and Chautauqua. The Conewango River forms the boundary between the Towns of Carroll and Kiantone in Chautauqua County. The line between the Towns of Kiantone and Busti, Chautauqua County, is in the center of a road about 689 feet East of Milestone 198. The Corner of tiie Towns of Busti and Harmony, in Chautauqua County is at the Corner of Sections 41 and 49, marked by an old stake 2132 feet west of Milestone 205. The dead trunk of the origi- nal north east witness (" Beech 15M. N. 52° E. 52 hnks") still re- mains. The line of the Towns of Harmony and Clymer in Chautauqua County is in the center of a road, about 726 feet east of Milestone 213. The Corner of the Towns of Clymer and French Creek is marked by a highway monument, 649' feet East of Milestone 219. The South-Avest Corner of Chautauqua County is marked by the " Corner " monument, at the intersection of the Parallel and Merid- ian Boundaries. PENIS^SYLYANIA. The Corner of Wayne and Susquehanna Counties is marked by a highway monument 1988 feet west of Milestone 6. The Susquehanna River forms the boundary between Harmony and Oakland in Susquehanna County. Milestone 15 marks the Corner of the Towns of Oakland and Great Bend in Susquehanna County, No. 71.] 283 Milestone 21 marks the Corner of tlie Towns of Great Bend and Liberty in Susquehanna County. Milestone 27 marks the Corner of the Towns of Liberty and Silver Lake in Susquehanna County. Milestone o2 marks the Corner of the Towns of Silver Lake and Choconut in Susquehanna County. The line between the Towns of Choconut and Apalaeliin in Sus- quehanna County is indefinite, between Milestones 35 and 36, " 75 perches " east of the latter. Milestone 40 marks the Corner of the Counties of Susquehanna and Bradford. Milestone 46 marks the Corner of the Towns of Warren and Windham in Bradford County. Milestone 52 marks the Corner of the Towns of Windham and Litchfield in Bradford County. The Susquehanna River forms the boundary between the Towns of Litchfield and Athens, in Bradford County, — between Milestones 56 and 57. Milestone 65 marks, tlie Corner of the Towns of Athens and Ridgebury, in Bradford Countj". The Corner of the Towns of Ridgebury and South Creek in Brad- ford County is at a point, unmarked, 21.68 Chains (1431 feet) East of Milestone 71. The Corner of the Towns of South Creek and Wells in Bradford County is supposed to be at old Milestone 75. This Corner is lo- cated in the original record (Bradford Co., Docket 3, page 205) thus, begins at "74''' Mile tree being a large white pine stand'ng on the west hranch of a small creek thence one mile west on the state line to a large hemlock marked on the west side ' W ' and on the east side ' S. K.' ^ After thorough search the 75"" Milestone or tree could not be found and this was therefore designated as the north west corner of the new township." The Corner thus designated was probably a short distance west of Milestone 75. Milestone 80 marks the Corner of the Counties of Bradford and Tioga. The Corner of the Towns of Jackson and Lawrence in Tioga County is at a point 6| miles west of Milestone 80. Milestone 95 marks the Corner of the Towns of Lawrence and Nelson in Tioga County. The Corner of the Towns of Nelson and Elkland in Tioga County, is at a stump 3538 feet west of Milestone 98. The line between the Towns of Elkland and" Osceola in Tioga County is indefinite, between Milestones 100 and 101. Milestone 102 marks the Corner of the Towns of Osceola and Deertield in Tioga County. The Corner of the Towns of Deerfield and Brookfield in Tioga County is " 63 perches " West of Milestone 108. Milestone 115 marks the Corner of the Counties of Tioga and Potter. 284 [Senate Milestone 121 marks tlie Corner of the towns of Harrison and Bingham in Potter County. Milestone 127 marks the Corner of the Towns of Bingham and Genesee in Potter County. Milestone 133 marks the Corner of the Towns of Genesee and Oswayo in Potter County. The Corner of the Towns of Oswayo and Sharon in Potter County is marked by a granite monument (fourth class) 2710^ feet west of Milestone 139. Set 16 May, 1884, at the request of the County Commissioners. The Corner of the Counties of Potter and McKean is marked by a granite monument (fourth class) 3592* feet west of Milestone 145. Set 19 May, 1884, opposite the stump of the original Corner tree. The hue between the Towns of Ceres and Eldred in McKean County is the west line of Warrant No. 4325, between Milestones 152 aiid 153. It is undetined and unmarked. The Corner of the Towns of Eldred and Otto in McKean County, is marked by a granite monument (fourth class) 1260 feet East of Milestone 159, at the north west Corner of Warrant No. 4321. The Corner of the Towns of Otto and Bradford in McKean County is marked by a granite monument (fourth class). Set 14 June, 1884, at north-west corner of Warrant No. 4333, 2354 feet West of Milestone 162. The Corner of the Towns of Bradford and Corydon in McKean County is at the north-west corner of Warrant No. 4917, about 1000 feet west of Milestone 175, unmarked. The Corner of McKean and Warren Counties is mai-ked by a granite monument (fourth class) set 15 July, 1884, opposite the stake set by the County Line Commissioners in 1873, 297 feet west of Milestone 182. The Allegany River forms the line between the Towns of Cory- don and Elk in Warren County. The Corner of the Towns of Elk and Pine Grove is marked by a granite monument (third class) 951* feet East of Milestone 189. Set 4 August 1884 at the request of the County Commissioners. Milesto'ne 195 marks the Corner of the Towns of Pine Grove and Farinington in Warren County. The Corner of the Towns of Farmington and Sugar Grove in Warren County, is marked by a granite monument (third class) 2620' feet west ot Milestone 200, set"22 August, 1884 at the request of the County Commissioners. Milestone 206 marks the Corner of the Towns of Sugar Grove and Freehold in Warren County. Milestone 212 marks the Corner of the Towns of Freehold and Columbus in Warren County. The Corner of the Counties of Warren and Erie is marked by a hio-hway monument 402' feet West of Milestone 217. No. 71.] 285 The Corner of the Towns of Wayne and Amity in Erie County, is marked by a granite nioiiuinent (tirst class) intlie center of the State Line F.oad 376^ feet East of the "' Corner " monument. The line between the Towns of Amity and Venango in Erie County is a westward ^prolongation of the Parallel Boundary. Meridian Boundaby. One County in each state adjoins the Meridian Boundary — Erie in Pennsylvania, and Chautauqua in New York — each containing 3 towns which lie upon this portion of^the State Line. NEW YORK. The line between the Towns of Ripley and Mina, is unmarked save by a rail fence wliich is supposed to be upon the Line, about 1960 feet North of Milestone 7. The Corner of the Towns of Mina and French Creek is at or near a granite Highway Monument standing opposite the center of a road which lies upon the Town line, about 1940 feet North of Milestone 13. PENNSYLVANIA. The Corner of the Towns of North-East and Greenfield is marked by a granite highway monument standing in a little ravine, upon the west line of the ' State Line Road,' 645^ feet north of Mile- stone 8, opposite a stake certified by the County Commissioners as marking the Town Line. The C'orner of the Towns of Greenfield and Venango is at or near the same highway monument to which is referred the Corner of the Towns of Mina and French Creek in New York. The point is approximately that fixed by the County Commissioners in August, 1881. 286 [Senate APPENDIX F. Names of Commissioners and Persons Connected with the Survey. Joint Boundary Commission. Col. .lames Worrall of Penn., Chairman; Dr. Samuel B. Wonlworth, Albany, X. Y., Secretary; (Dr. Woolworth died in 1880;) after his death Dr. David Murray, Albany, Secretary; Dr. Daniel J. Pratt, Albany, Assistant Secretary; (Dr. Pratt died 12 September, 1884.) Chancellor John V. L. Pruyn, Albany; (died 21 Nov., 1877;) Chanct'llor Henry R. Pierson Albany; Gen. Elias W. Leavenworth, Syracuse; HoQ. ChauQcey M. Depew. New York; Commissioners for New York. Col. James Worrall, Harrisburo:; (died 1 April, 1885;) Col. Christopher M. Gere, Montrose; Capt. Robert N Torrey, Honesdale ; Commissioners for Pennsylvania. Major H. Wadswortli Clarke, Syracuse, N. Y., Surveyor on the part of New York and Engineer-in-charge of Survey. Col. C. M. Gere, Montrose, Penn., Surveyor on the part of Pennsylvania and Consulting Engineer. Members of Party ^ 1877. Frank C. Ainslie, Syracuse, N. Y., Principal Assistant; Daniel E. Hayden. Syracuse, N. Y., Clerk; Henry R. Mills, Binghamton, N. Y., flagman; Joseph Becket, Hale's Eddy, N. Y., Nicholas Brown, do and David D. Terwilliger, New Baltimore, Pa., Axmen; Charles E. Curtis, Lanesboro, Penn., Teamster. Members of Party, 1878. Frank C. Ainslie, Principal Assistant ; Daniel E. Hayden, Clerk; Charles H. VVells, Pompey, N. Y., flagman : Eduardode A. Villares, Para, Brazil, do ; Luther C. Ainslie, Jamesville, N. Y., Asman Nicholas Brown,* Hale's Eddy, N. Y., do Geo. L. Ainslie, Jamesville, N. Y., do Will C. Martin, Pompey, N. Y., do Charles E. Curtis, Teamster. Members of Party, 1 879. Frank C. Ainslie, Principal Assistant; Daniel E. Hayden, Clerk; * Killed on Erie Railway, 1879. No. 71.] 287 John B. Fuller, Montoursville, Penn,, Flagman; Charles H. Wells, bush-hook man; Almerin F. Hamilton, Syracuse, N. Y., Axman; William Portman, Corydon, Penn., do E. Williams, do do John F. Stewart, Lanesboro, Penn., do Charles E. Curtis, Teamster; James Giles, Limestone, N. Y., (temporary teamster): Charles Terry, Corydon, Penn., ( do ); Members of Party ^ 1881. Charles H. Wells, Pompey, N. Y., Flagman; A. F. Hamilton, Syracuse, N. Y., Axman; Benj. D. Barnes, Waverly, N. Y., do ; Charles E. Curtis, Lanesboro, Pa., Teamster. Members of Party, 1882. Harry C. Allen, Syracuse, N. Y., Principal Assistant; Charles H. Wells, Axeman; Benj. D. Barnes, do ; Charles E. Curtis, Teamster. Memlers of Party, 1883. Harry C. Allen, Clerk and Principal Assistant; Joseph Sill, Uuion City, Penn., Transitman; Charles H. Wells, Axman; Albert Taylor, Lanesboro, Pa., Axman; Fred. C. Simmons, Brookfield, Pa., do ; Charles E. Curtis, Teamster; Arthur Thomas, Spring Mills, N. Y, (temporary teamster). Members of Party, 1884. Harry C Allen, Transitman and Clerk; Charles H. Wells, Axman; Fred. C. Simmons, do ; Will. H. Wells, Pompey, N. Y., Axman: Charles E. Curtis Teamster. Members of Party, 1885. Harry C. Allen, Transitman; Charles H Wells, Axman; Fred. C. Simmons, do ; Charles E. Curtis, do ; Fred Luce, State Line Station, N. Y., Teamster; Win. W. Kasson, Lanesboro, Penn., do ; Mr. Allen has also, duriig nearly his entire connection with the survey, acted as chief clerk and draughtsman. Astronomical Party frorn the Offi.ce of the hnitecl States Coast and Geodetic Survey. Assistant Edwin Smith, Observer; Sub-Assistant John B. Baylor, Recorder, 1877; Sub-Assistant F. H. Parsons, do , 1879. * 288 [Senate Col. "Worrall died at his residence in Harrisbnrg, 1 April, 1885. He was born 12 Jan., 1S12, in the city of Limerick, Ireland. His father, John AVorrall, a merchant, having failed in business, came to Americ.t and became a teacher in a ladies' boarding school. He died in 1845. The son, after an apprenticeship with Carey, Lea & Co., of Philadelphia, at the age of VJ, secured a position under F. W. Rawle upon a raih'oad survey in Northuniljerlatid Co., running from Shamokin to Susquehanna and West. I'his road laid out in 1831 was built in 1882. In 1832 lie was engaged on a rail-road survey in North Carolina, and in 1833, under Judge I3enj. Wright, he was engaged upon the Erie Canal. He then joined the Engineering Corps on the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal wliere he remained, until 1835, wlien lie assisted in the survey of the rail-road from Trenton to New Brunswick, N. J. After this he was on the James and Kenawha Rivers with his old chief, Judge Wright, and Charles Ellet, Jr. In 1838 he was engaged in making a survey through Pennsylvania from the Cumberland Valley on a line of road now partly occupied by the South Pennsylvania Railroad. He was next, priiu-ipal assistant to Col. W. Miinor Roberts on the Erie Exten- sion of the Pennsylvania canals. In 1841 he became connected with a conti-acting tirm, and built a large portion of the St. Lawrence Canals, the Rutland and Burlington, and the Ogdensburg and Lake Champlain Rail-roads. In 1850 he returned to his profession, and became Chief Engineer of tlie Union Canal of Pennsylvania. Upon the completion of the enlargement of this Canal, he became Principal Engineer on the Western Division of the Philadelphia and Erie Rail-road. In 18(30 he returned to Harrisburg and became again intei'ested in tlie South Pent!., Raili-oad line. He surveyed a connection M'ith the route of 183s from Harrisburg, and investigated several other lines, and upon the organization of a company was elected president and so remained until it was bought out and merged into the South Pennsylvania Rail-road. After 1860 during the war, he acted as Clerk in the Quarter- master's Department, with rank of Colonel, his age and a limb crip- pled from an accident, preventing more active service. In 180(3 at the instance of Sir Morton Peto, he recommended an extension of the Catawissa Rail-road System across the State of Pennsylvania to the Ohio River. In 1867 he was engaged in projecting a canal on the Rock River in Illinois and Wisconsin, and in 1868 in similar work on the Illinois River. And later he M'as engaged under the General Government in survey's for a water communication bt-tween Lake Erie and the Allegany and Susquehanna Rivers, and the im- provement of tiie navigation of these streams. Since 1869 he had acted as Fish Commissioner for Pennsylvania, and as Actuary for the State Board, lie was appointed Commissioner on the New York'Boundary by Gov. Hartranft in 1876, and upon the organiza- No. 71.] 289 tion of the Joint. Board was made chairman. He was also Com- mifjsioner upon the Boundary lines betvveen Pennsylvania and Ohio and West Virginia. He left a widow and one daughter. An only sou had died a few months previously. Hon. John V. L. Pruyn, LL.D., was a native of Albany, Kew York, where he was born 1811. He received his education in the Albany Academy, and in 1832 was admitted to the bar. He was apj)ointed Master in Chancery by Governor Marcy ; and in 1835 was chosen a director, and counsel, of the Mohawk and Hudson Kail Road; and afterward was Tieasurer of the JS'ew York Central Rail Road. In 1831 he became connected with the Albany Institute, and was its President from 1855 until bis death. In 1844 he- was elected a member of the Board of Regents of the University of 'New York, and in 1862 was chosen Chancellor of the University. He was a member of the State Senate in 1802-63, and of Congress 1863-65, and 1869-71. At the time of his death, which occurred at Clifton Springs 21 Nov., 1877, he was President of the State Board of Charities, and of tlie Board of Commissioners of the State Survey. r Dr. Samuel Buell Woolworth, LL.D., first Secretary of the Joint Boundary Commission, was born in Bridgehampton, Suffolk County, New York, 5 December, 1800. He was fitted for College by his father, and was admitted in 1819 to the Sophomore Class in Hamilton College, from which he graduated in 182:4. For two years after his graduation he was a teacher in Monson Academy in Massa- chusetts. In 1824 he was called to the Principalship of the Onon- daga Academy at Onondaga Yalley near the present City of Syra- cuse, where he remained six years, leaving to become Principal of the Cortland Academy in Homer. Here he remained for twenty- two years. During this service, he, in 1845, was one of the organ- izers of the New York State Teachers Association, of which he was in 1847 elected President. In 1852 he was appointed Principal of the State Normal School at Albany which position he tilled until 1856, when he was elected Secretarj' of the Board of Regents of the University of New York. From 1836 until his death he was one of the Trustees of Hamilton College. In January 1 880, on account of failing physical powers, he resigned his position as Secretary of the Board of Regents, and removed to the residence of a son in Brooklyn, where he died 30 June, 1880. He was buried in Homer, New York. Dr. Woolworth was twice married, his second wife dying in 1876. Dr. Daniel J. Pratt, Ph.D., was born in the town of Westmoreland, Oneida County, N. Y., 8 March, 1827. He graduated at Hamilton College in 1851, with all the honors. He was teacher of Mathe- matics in Fredonia Academy in Chautauqua County from 185 L to [Sen. Doc. No. 71.] " 37 290 [Senatf 1854, when lie was chosen Principal, which position he filled until 1864:. In the latter year he spent several months with the Army of the Potomac in Virginia, in the service of the U. S. Christian Commission, In October 1864, he was appointed to a Clerkship in the Office of the Board of Regents of the University of New York, and in 1866 was made Assistant Secretary of the Board, as which he served until his death. He was also Secretary of the Albany Institute, and Clerk of the State Survey, and had charge of the Rec- ords of the Boundary Commission. He also compiled the docu- ments published in the Regents' Boundary Reports. He died 12 Sept., 1884, at Albany, after an illness of nearly a year, leaving a widow, two daughters, and a son to survive him. No, 71.] 291 APPENDIX G. Copies of Docu]vients found among the Papers of George Palmer, NOW IN THE Possession of the Historical Society of Pp:nnsyl- VANIA, BY BEQUEST FROM THE LATE JaCOB FaTZINGER, Jr., OF Weaveksville, JSorthampton Co., Penn. I. Palmer's Commission as Deputy Surveyor. II. Survey of the Delaware liiver from Minisink Island to the Forty second Parallel in November, 1774, by Messrs. Ritten- house and Palmer. III. Palmer's " Journal up Delaware May 1784," including notes of Survey from the Delaware to the Susquehanna. IV. "Journal up Susquehanna & across to Delaware," June, 178J. John De Long and William Drake. Y. Letter from Surveyor General Lukens to George Palmer. YI. Extracts fronj Palmer's Field-notes of Warrant Surveys. I. John Lukins Surveyor General of the province of Pennsylvania, and of the Counties of New Castle Kent Sz Snfsexupon Delaware, by Virtue of a Commilsion from the Honble James Hamilton Esq': Lieutenant Governor of the province and Counties aforesaid. To George Palmer of the County of Philad** : sendeth Greeting : Know that reposing Special Trust and Confidence in your [l. s.] Skill, Care and Integrity, I have Nominated deputed and ap- pointed, and do by these presents Nominate, depute and appoint you the said George Palmer to be Surveyor of part of the County of Northampton, to wit, of all that part (now purchased of the Indians) Lying to the North of the Lehi and West of Delaware River, commonly called the Forks of Delaware, together with Wil- liams Township in said County Lying South of the Lehi, joining Delaware River and the Durham Tract; Givmg and granting unto the said George Palmer, full power. Right, and Authority to survey, resurvey & Admeasure all the Proprietary Land and Manors within the said Limits, and to Execute all Warrants and orders of Survey by me directed to you in pursuance of tiie Proprietary Orders for Sur- veying, resurveying or measuring any Tracts or Lots within the said Limits. And Especially requiring you to Execuse all such ¥/arrants and orders of Survey [and also all former Warrants and orders of Survey heretofore granted and directed to any former Deputy Sur- veyor, not yet Executed, within the Limits aforesaid] duly, faithfully and without partiality ^o Execute accovding to the respective tenures of the same : and Exact accounts thereof with dratts and Plots of 292 [Senate the said Surveys Carefully done to Return into my office. In Wit- nefs whereof I have hereunto set my hand and seal this Fourtli day of August One thousand seven hundred and feventy tliroe. JNO LUKENS 6'urv- GenK [Endorsed] Deputation To George Palmer. rPalmer continued to hold the position of Deputy Surveyor under the Provincial Government and the Commonwealth over 50 years.] 11. [Survey of the Delaware River from Ten Mile River in the present town of Tusten, below Xarrowsburgh, Sulliv^an County, N. Y., to the Initial Point of the Parallel Boundary, in November 1774 ; and from Minisink Island, New Jersey to Ten Mile River in the same month.] [The outside leaf of the field-book from which the following extracts were made, is missing, but its contents are — beside the traverse of the Delaware River — the Surveys of Warrants in the present Counties of Monroe, Pike, and Wayne, Penn., made in 177o-4. It is a book of about 100 pages, made by folding unruled foolscap sheets into eight leaves. The first few pages are occupied by the notes of a survey of the upper part of the Delaware river ; this is followed by the notes of a traverse of the Rive- below, probably made by Mr. Rittenhouse. The Warrant Survey.s were all made by Palmer. The first part of the first sentence is evidently gone with the outside leaf. Palmer had the faculty of leaving many of his i'a uncrossed and i's uudotted. H. W. C] \Pacje.\ true Variation 4°. 35' East taken at Zeal Tylors by M'. Lukens's Meredian. Bearing & Distance frora Ten mile River up Delaware N 27 W 274 N 80 W — 72 N 50 W 86 N 36 W 76 N 22 W 108 Penfvlvania side bears N 17^ W 1^ 10 W 157 Pennfylvania S 2 E N44 W— 168 N 65 W 51 N 48 W 70 N 27i W 282 to a buttonwood tree by Francis Delongs house N 38 W 124 N 25 E 28 N 64 E 38 to a pine No. 71.] 293 N80 E — 22 opposite to lower end an Istand. S 83 — 31 S 67 24:] bearino- of y« Station N 76|- E N 82 E j<= base or from 2" Station to J first is N 2 E 15 West side of River bars Due West IPage.] N 21i W — 100 N18 E — 28 N 60 E — 22 N72 E — 74 S 77 E 40 S 5UE 107 N77 E — 45 N 33 E 52 N 5 W 340 to pine thence to edge River 18 ps tlien on Penn- fylvania side y^ s** pne tree beors H 85 E thence up River :N'oi-th 100 P & y« pine bars S 23f E in all on tliis course 320 opposite to Horse Island N12 E 95 N 44 E 170 NIO W 78 :N'25 w 110 to upper end Coshecton falls N85 W 44 N 281-W 68 N 6 E 2 outs 1 chain to mouth of Corkings creek a little below Robert Lands house 72 Ps {Page.] N5UE 188 N 5 W 54 to Proprietary Land 184 to a post a httle above a Rock N16iW 68 N 18i W 122 to upper end of Coshicton Island N 251 W 54 N 38i W . 174 to a Cashers run in all on tliis Course 205 N 12 W 85 N 14 E 38 N39 E 62 294 [Senate l!i 6Q E 26 S 85 E 48 to creek in all 102 ps to a marked biii sh froin which Station Rock bears (S 11 |W) thence S 65 A- E 2 onts & Station Rock (bears S 7'l W S 651 E in all 136 N6H E 32 to stone. N 4 E 52 N IH W 48 NIT^ W 78 N 6^ w 206 to w. o. sap. marked IP oj^posite y® lower end of an Island [Page.] N 2 E 80 N 1 W 104 N n^ w 50 N40 E - . 76 to upper end of s^ Island & upper end of a little Island by s.'' other Hand next Fennfylvania N lOi E 40 N 1 W 84 opposite Daniel Skinners house and mouth of a Gut — N 12 E — 88 [Page.] N21 W 44 N38 ^Y 76 oposite to EhnDan^ Skinners corner N 9 W 44 N 19i W 60 N42^W 44 N 50-1- W 60 — to lower end of Dreamers Island N70^ W 64 to a Rock N59^ W 72 N21f W 40 N58 W 24 N 85 W 50 S 77^ W 80 S 71| W (14 S 88 W to run) 62 131 IS 6Q W — 50 N79 W 58 N 30 W 84 N 12 W 48 near v^ upper end of Button Wood Hand — N134E 66 No. 71.] 295 N 3|- W (28 to a small run) iQ all— 57 N 19 E 216 so far Plotted - N 51^- E 92 N 43|- E 86 to a flat rock N 31 E 44 N 73 E 84 to Gnm marked at lower end of Long bottom S 6S^ E 108 N 76 E 64 IPage.] [Page.] th ] 2 Saturday N 43^ E — 42 N 25 E 194 N13^E 80 N 7^ W 61 N 65 W 44 N 89 W 68 S 611-W— 37 S 63i W 86 N 87 W — 45 to maple marked S 85 now suppos*^ to be N 66 W 76 104 115 to birch 32 80 106 to water beech by 78 106 132 48 54 42 38 118 28 Sunday — 30 40 32 92 29 28 34 86 N66 E N43 W N35| W N66 W N57 W N64| W ^161 W mouth of a creek. N 19 E E N 5$E Nil W N 40tt W ^73" W — N 87 W S 86 W N834 W th 13 N56 W~ N32 W — ^"38 W N42 w N 83^ S 86 w W — S 77 w S 6Q w 296 [Senate S 80 W N 81 W N 62i W N30 W N18. W N 9^ W Nil E N 16.i W N 3'J.i- W K68 W S 72 W S 53^ W S 24 W- Siirvey N T6| W crofs Hiver y' River York side thence up y* River 51 50 100 115 to broken lin Stump 64 47 175 78 60 20 28 53 28 to M' Rittenhouse to 19 S s N89 N50 45f W W — W — W 160 59 24 46 33 N33i W So 49 W erofs j" River to small Brook on Pen! side, thence up River — [Page.] 1 N 21 41 N41 85 JS" 50 — 56 K 63 35 N 2Ii toyor V side. N 70 108 to littl Stream * N 89 60 "> S 70 W 144 on York side S 49^ W 64 S 27 W 102 N40 W 25 S 41i W 88 " S 85 W 24 opposi N 17i W 61 N41 W 18 ye mouth of Equinunk .N27 W 18 N 72f W 15 K20 W 102 J N 51 W 30 N53 W 22 to middle of an Island West 118 S 641 W 34 S 47 W 124 S 76^ W 27 N 83^ W 103 N 42 W 78 N26I W 22 Ko. 71.] 297 N" 21 W 74 to M^ Rittenhonse Survej^ & 5 Ps ought to be added to his first Jiiie — N 18^ E 15] N 24 E — Ifi I V 1 N3liE- 24 1^ ^^5'; N 421 E — 20 I ^'^^ '2 [P(i(/e.] N5U^E— 106 J N 6^E— 40 N 13 W 162 N 53 W. 52 N71-W. 118 N 14 W — 72 almost opposite to Tophpollurk creek Peniifylvania side — Monday th y^ 14 — bearing over y^ Eiver S 81° E North 144 N 30 E 28 ^^ 49 E 82 N 27^ E — 62 North — 86 N 17^ W — 83 N 17| W. 48 Sng^ \Page.] N 22 W 152 N 18 W— 90 N 17. E. 118 Hand N 22 E 78 N 24 W 20 to lower end Island N 40 W 80 to Sugar maple w by beech marked S : M : N : N 17 W — — 64 N 25 W 26 to forks River ~ N 36^ W 18 N 53 W 51 to Island N 29 W 94) S 82 W 4 cliains to Stream water 57 N 59 W 33 N 33 W 50 [Sen. Doc. No. 71.] 38' 298 [Senate Korth — 22 near upper end Island N 19 E 100 KIO E 72 N30 W — 31 N47 W 23 N81 W 2 outs to opposite to brook 64. S 75 W 40 S 53^ W 18 S 15 W 31 S 4 E [Page.-] Monday Noverab( 23 to Eock 3r y^ 21. 1774 Pennsylvania side — Beginning at v^ un der said Hemlock thence down y^ River N 78 E — 32 S 65 E 41 to upper end of an Island good land S 22 E 22 S 31^ E — 24 S 51 E 80 to lower end of s*^ Island S 40 E 38 ' After 4 days S 44 E — 130 snowing a little y® S 5 E 14R Wind turning to S : E S 50 E 60 began to snow S 36 E — 97 sniartley a soft wet S 711-E 32 snow &, snowed N85 E 50 Prodigious fast till S 34 E — 24' 8 o'clock at night we came in to Shohochin* about ^ oClock after a tedious Jour- ney S 66iE — 12 S 86 E 50 1 .0 an Island NT8 E 10 N 4|- E to y« s^ Roc 'k mentoned — before thence down v« Ri vere N 42 E — " 14 thence down ]S^ 6 W to y^ s-i Re 852 >ck %^^<l 76 W - 20 K61 W- 38 K 47A W 24 N 24| W 66 N 14,^ W 342 N 5U \V 118 N 744 W 37 to small Island S 81 AV 34 S 64 W 110 S 47 W 124 at 4 outs Fergusons Sawmill — S 29 W 94 S 50 W ' 1 50 S 65 W 78 N 80^ W 34 N58 W 50 N 42t^ W 384 N72" W 122 80 S 80 W 060 S 80- W 60 S 691, VV 230 S 84' W 242 Plotted — this line N 69 W 62 N25 W. 34 N 131 E 64 N 20 E 46 N 42i E 78 to Rock began above y® Rock on same side Kock bears S hs^ W thence up River N 5| W JO Ps from thenc y^ Rock bears S 19 W N 23i W 28 N 51 W 110 N 74:1 W 148 K 29| W 40 N 124 W 81 N 1 W 170 N21 W- 44 to J® opposite y® mouth of Sholiolev N454W 110 to 4 way brook N78 W S 85 W 104 40 Side Done N 774 W 38 302 [Senate [Page.] N 53 W 36 N45 W 138 N 70 W 54 N 88 W 170 S 39 W 70 S 63 W 60 S 62 W 72 S 76 W 40 N 85 W 118 N 72^ 124 N7U 150 N 65 18 N35^ 16 N31 42 N 10^ 65 N 7 E 34 opposite y^ mouth of Lexawaxin — N16 E 18 N 74: W over to Pennfjlvania Side N 7 E 30 N28 E 86 N 23 E 68 K 1 E QQ K ^ W 54 N 6 W 104 N34 W 46 N67^ W 30 N 86i W 80 S 85 W 146 N 61 W 48 N 4 E 60 N 10 E- 12 N 9 W 30 N 10^ E 34 N 32 E 74 to Huo-li Jones N 28i E 32 N 8" W 36 N15 W 22 N 2U W 36 N32" W 25 N46 W 26 N40^ W 62 N47 W 32 N 52 W 32 N55 W 54 N 50 W 60 N55 W 20 l^o. 71.] 303 N 78 W 78 N 64 W 54 N48 ^Y 14 N 3* W 120 to Mast-hope creek N 27 W 20 N 49 E 177 Cut strait cross y^ River makes a Curve of 40 ^ — N 2 E 44 IS" 10^ W 37 [Par/e.] N18iW 118 N 38^ E to yorke Side at y'^ mouth of 10 mile River [On a loose leaf, probably the last ,leaf of the preceding field-book, I find the following : — ] Names places up River Tyshaw = y*" upper end of minisink is a hole on Pennfylvania side were a snake is reported to have gone down near Mahockamack river Mingaup a River Equinock by y*^. called — Shohockin at y®. forks of Popacktunk & y® Mohawk or Cookhouse branch. III. Journal up Delaware May 1784 [Page] N B. Fryday Hired John Belong for 3 shillings ^ Day and gave him 3 Dohars £1.. 2.-6 [Page] On Wednesday the 26 May In Company with Cap Craig We Set of from my House came to Nazareth paid for fish hooks 16 Expences at Nazareth 2 at Hellers Expences 8 6 & came to Fort Pen at Strowds 27 Thursday hired W"\ Drake & a horse from Garret Broadhead bought f C Flower & Bag paid to black Smith for Shoes ) r. i^ n. and Nails f 15 for Gun Powder 3 9 Expences at Strouds 304 [Senatk &: caniC'to Ganfallea 28 Fryday bought of Ganzalles 7^ fo of bacon at 1/' ? tt> . 'i' 6 paid at Gaiizales for Oats &* provifi 5 8 on and came to Shaholy 29 Saturday paid at Shoholj for Horse pasture 2 for Milk 1 paid at Month Laeka waxen for to Crofs the Lechawack in a Canoe 10 Crofsing the Delaware at 10 Mile River in a Canoe & Swam the Horses 2 [Page] £. S. D. Lodged this Night in an Old Cabin about 2 Miles below the Coshecktnnk falls 30 Sunday canie to Mitehels breakfast & from thence to Dan! Skinners the River is fo In'gh we could not Crofs with Horses losiah parks who lives at Equinunk Engaged to go home to morrow morning witli a Canoe & to help us to Crofs ftaid at W Rofs's we arived here at Rofses about 3 O Clock 81 Munday Hired losiah Parks in the Morning with his Canoe & came this day to the Mouth of Equinunk to Parks paid for Milk at night & in the Morning 3 9 St June 1 Tuesday came to Shohockmg & Ca]jt. Craig killed a Bear on which we Dined hartily ife then came to M'". Rittenhouse & Cap Hohands Obfervitory tt Encamped I hunted near li Hours before I found the Corner 2** Wendnesday began to Run the line N" 86^ 20 W at 300 [Page] a small brook running into York 1 Mile to post 3<»4 to large Creek* Empty * Sand Pond Brook. No. 71.J 305 . ,, ing at little Cookhouse "" ' 2 Mile Birch rained Hard this day 3 Thursday at 82 r in Pen 3 Miles to Beech by large Rocks at 143 run in ( at 308 Creek in Penn 4 Mile Beech at 160 Top Ridge 5 Mile Sugar at 80 over ridge a little North a Spring at 120 Pond Creek South at 137 Spring- North 195 Dividing Ridge 144 Creek in G Mile Beech at 112' run in at 300 s. r North & a little South a spring South 7 Mile Beech 4 Fryday at 62 run South at 90 s r N. W 8 Mile beech little over ridge West side Stony at 107 s r South at 1 28 s r South 9 Mile Beech on Top of Hill (then Stony) at 248 Spring S. W. 10 Mile Birch marked on 4 sides — X at 37 Small r South [Page] good land at 120 River Hill at 244 s r North 11 Mile Beech at 50 Creek South at 64 s r in at 70 Creek* South 5 Saturday at 314 Top of River Hill 12 Mile Asp at 110 s. r S. W. 211 post between Sng'. & Hickoryf down River S 12 E. up River N 25 W losiah Parks Who came with me to take care of the Horses thro the Woods afsured me we were below the Tuscarora Town:|: & said he had been at it that the Creek came in at the East side of the River at the Foot of the hill he & Capt. Craig & my felf went up, about 2 Miles thro' the thick Woods & returned but could not See any sines of any person being up but discovered some Indians Tracks on this night lodged about ^ mile belo^v the line — * Cascade Creek. f Upon a ragged map made up of a compilation of Palmer's surveys there is a note at this point of a " Small dead Lynn marked Sam' Harris with red ledd." I Probably Ouaquaga opposite Windsor, Broome Co., N. Y. [Sen. Doc. No. 71.] 30 306 [Senate This dav discharged losiali parks cfepaidliim35/ 1 " 15 ' & lolin Land paid him 1 ' 15 [Page.] 6 Sunday Traveled down tJie Kiver to where we condnded the old Tuscorora Town* Stood & traveled about 4 Miles further down the lliver could perceive nothing of M"" Walace we now had no more provifsion but ^ ft) bread a piece & Crosed the River & hill & Steered Southerly for Wioming & traveled about 6 Miles & the Pack horse gave out & we left him & then turned S. E. & Stood for Lacawaxen creek & Encajnped on one of the head branches of Tunkhau nuck & Eat up the last of our bread here is good land — by fm' Pond. 7 Munday — Kept our course crosed fevereal high hills though good land and about 11 O. Clock came to the head of Mane branch Tunkhau uck creek here we caught three small Trout, which Served for breakfast & dinner & then turned down the Creek & encamped about 4 Miles down the Creek Shot 3 Pidgeons & catched 1. Trout Supper [Page.] 8 Tuesday — traveled on tfe about. 10 OClock W'" Drake found a land Tortle which he Cooked & Capt Craig & he Eat, lohn Delong picked Nettles & he & I Eat them — & traveled on till below the Forks &: Encamped blow John Belongs Encampen place here he knew the Creek to be Tunkhannuck we Eat nothing 9 "Wendesday — Traveled on & found a Sort of "Water Tortle cfe opened it & found Seven Eggs therein which we eat about 9 OClock here Cap*. Craig left us & travailed about 4 Miles down the Creek to Austin hunts & fent a boy out to us with about a Quart of Parched Indian Corn, which much revived us & we came in to hunts about 2 OClock & Eat some more Indian Corn — & then travailed on to about 4 or 5 mile to the mouth of * On the site of Great Beud Borough, Penn. No. 71.J 307 the Creek at M^ Earles liere we got some bread & inilk 10. Tlnu'sday hired M'. Earls son to take our Sadies & Sadie bags to Wioming & that & expences there we paid 27/ 6 & came to M' Hollobacks 1 " 17 " 6 [Page.] 11. Friday at M"" HoUebacks at wioming had the Flncks purchased 30 ft) of Flower for lohn Delong and W"' Drake to return with a Letter 12. lohn Delong & Drake fet of with Letter paid M"" Hallamback for Flour & Expences £4 " 12— 6 paid lolm Delong 0—17— 2 paid W™ Drake 0—15— ]^aid for lohn Delong Expences 7 — paid for AV"> Drake 2—3 for Bottle 2/& 1 qnart rum 2/6 4 " 6 & for our horses at Wioming .... 7 " 6 paid at Bullocks for . . 9 13 Sunday paid at Browns on ) Locas hill where we f taid on V 7.6 Saturday night ) at white oak run " " 10 at Learns Dinner & Horses — 6 " & came to Hellars at Windgap here we staid all night here I was Obliged to leave my Horse [Page.] Brought forwards 14 Monday paid at Hellers £0'- 9" 28 June William Drake returned to me from Susquehanna with a Letter from T. Matlock & paid him the Residue of his wages which in the whole was £5 " 7 " 6 paid him 4 " 12 " 6 & paid John Delong the Refidue of his Money in the whole was £5 " 5—0 Refidue 3 " " 6 [Page.] I paid of W'" Drakes xMoney 17/6 Cap*^ Craig paid the rest [The above journal was kept in a little book made by folding sheets of writing paper. The pages are 4i by 7 inches. The notes are plainly written in ink ; but the portion relating to the survey of the line west from tlie Delaware was evidently first kept in pencil and afterward traced over with ink. A fac simile of the plat of the line accompauving the above field notes, is given in Sketch No. 3.] 308 [Senate lY. John Delong & William Drake lournal up Susquehanna [Outside page.] & acrofs to J3ela\vare 12 lune left VViomina: & 23 Encamped on Delaware, June y' 12'^ 1784 Jngaged Witli M'' Palmer at 4/o p"" Day Logded at Capows — y* 13 Be iug Clovdy Jn tlie fore part of the Day not Being able to find the Road JSTor Stear our Coarse Lay By uutill in the ofter Noon when marched in Order To follow Louchawaney to The Head of Tiie Ball'' Mountain when at Evening about the Time of Jncomping Shat a Done, which we Roastd part in order to toke Ou our march y®. 14*'' we marcht up The Laughan}' about 6 miles & found it to run two Much from the East for our Corse we struck of and marcht North & Nor west a Bought 12 miles & Jnconipt on the East BraTich of Tunk honnock ye° 16"* Had to Lay By this Day By reason of Rocks ye 16"" Being Cloudy But persued on our Jorney not Being able to keep our corse travel about ten or 12 miles & Struck [Main Branch which we came Down] Tunk honuock about 12 or 11 Miles aboue the Mouth then traveled about — 5 or six miles S: Jnconipt y^ 17"' Travelled up Tunk honnock To the head & Jncamped — lb"' Treaveled on & Struck Hungry Jsland on Syseohonnok abought 12 O. Clock & finding That Wallaces party had Bin up to line & Re- turned & we followed Down the River About 10 miles & Saw no fresh Sines of him Concluded they Where gone of concluded to Open the letter & See Jf the Contents was very urgent To Be De- lever'd ;e not too steep for tillage, . . to a creek^ one perch wide, running southwesterly 60 to the 144 mile stone, Thence along level land, 40 to a post and the commencement of Upland of the 2'' Quality Timber beech and maple. . . to a run running southeasterly . . to the ascent of a hill facing southeasterly, and to the commencement of Upland of the S^ Quality, Thence ascending 16 . . . . to a white ash post, being the southwest corner of said Township, J c; o 20. CN I 10. r^ 5. '•^ o "* V4 cc C ■^, r^ IS CM 6. Explored the 28'" October 1798. ( Surveyor JOSEPH ELLICOTT \ for ( Holland L'lC". [See also small Field Books N». 1 and 3.J V. Surreyed TOWNSHIP N° 1 in the 2' RANGE. [Genesee, Allegany Co., 1 R. S. 361 (6tli ed.)] Beginuing at a white ash post standing on the north boundary line of the state of Pennsylvania, being the southeast corner of said Tow-nship, and the southwest corner of Township N° 1 in the first Range, from which post two hounded trees bear a beech north thirty- seven degrees east twenty three links, and another beech north eighty five degrees west twenty two links ; and running thence from tlie aforesaid white ash post West bounding south on'the north boundary line of the state of Pennsylvania aforesaid. 40 At forty chains a beech post from which one bounded tree bears, a sugar maple south twenty nine degrees east twenty two links. 80 At eighty chains a birch sapling from which two bounded trees bear, a birch sapling south sixty four deo-roes west thirteen * Horse Run. [Sen. Doc. No. -71.] 41 322 [Senate links, and another birch sapling north thirty nine degrees west eighteen links. 120 At one liuiulred and twenty chains a beech post from which two bounded trees bear, a pine sontli thirty four degrees east twelve links, and a white oak south sixty five degrees west twenty seven links. 160 At one hundred and sixty chains a beech post from which three bounded trees bear, a beech south forty degrees west six- teen links, and another beech north fifty degrees east, twenty seven links, and a maple nortli twenty two degrees west eighteen links. 200 At two hundred chains a hemlock post from which two bounded trees bear, a hemlock south twenty three degrees west twenty six links, and another hemlock north fifty eiglit degrees west thirty links. 240 At two hundred and forty cliains a beech post from whicli three boinided trees bear, a beech south five degrees east twenty eight links, and another beech north one degree west twenty seven links. 280 At two hundred and eighty cliains a white pine post* from which two bounded trees bear, a maple south forty three de- grees east thirteen links, and a beech north forty three east sev- enteen links. 320 At tliree hundred and twenty chains a beech post from which tliree bounded trees bear, a beech north seventeen degree s west nine links, another beech north sixty nine degrees west fifteen links, and a white pine south twenty two degrees west eight liidvs. 360 At three hundred and sixty chains a beech post from which two bounded trees bear, a beech north sixty three degrees east twenty links, and a white ash south forty four degrees east nineteen links. 400 At four hundred chains a black ash post from which three bounded trees liear, a black ash north fifty two degrees east nine links, another black ash south eighteen degrees east thirty four links, and ati other black ash south twenty eight degrees west thirty four links. 440 At four hundred and forty chains an elm sapling from which two bounded trees bear, a white ash south fifty two de- grees east thirteen links, and an elm north sixty one degrees east twenty one links. 480 Four hundred and eighty chains to a hickory tree being the southwest corner of said Township, and the southeast corner of Township N" 1 in the third Range, from which tree two bounded trees bear, an elm north fifty one degrees east twenty * Error. In the ori^iaal Notes of the Surveyor (Small F. B. No. 3, Aug. Porter, Surveyor) this is a Wiiite Pine tret 60 inches diameter. The remains of this stump were there in 1878. No. 71.] 323 one links, a hickory north twenty nine degrees, west thirty six links, and a maple south lifty three degrees east tliirty four links. Thence running from the said hickory tree Nortli Range 2 REMAEKS ON TOWj^JSHIP N° 1. Beginning at a wliite ash post [etc. as above] OS and commencing with '^ Upland of the 3'^ Quality, — -Timber beech, maple and hemlock, 10 . . . . Thence ascending a hill facing southeasterly to the top ° of said hill, and to the descent of the same facing north- .2 westerly, ^ 13. . 70 to the bottom of said hill too steep for cultivation to a run* running southeasterl)-, and to tlie ascent of an- other hill facing northeasterly, Thence ascending 16.. 30 to a beech post, .c 10. ... to the top of said hill, and to the descent of the same ^ facing southwesterly. Thence descending said hill too ^ steep for cultivation § 10. . . . to the commencement of Upland of the 2'^ Quality, Timber black ash, birch maple, hemlock, beech, and white pine, Thence descending 20. . . . to a birch sapling 23. . 50 to the bottom of said hill not too steep for cultivation, to a run running southerly, and to tiie ascent of a ridge facing easterly ; Thence ascending 16. . 50 to a beech post, 10. . . . to the top of said hill, and to the descent of the same facing westerly, Thence descending 30 . . . . • to a beech post, 12. . . . to the bottom of said hill not too steep for cultivation, to a run running southwesterly, and to the ascent of a ridge facing soutbeasterly, 18.. .. to the top of said ridge, and to the descent of the sanie facing northwesterly, Thence descending 10 . . . . to a hemlock post, 15 . . . . to the bottom of said ridge not too steep for cultivation, 16. . . . to a creekf two perches wide running southwesterly, 9 . . . . to a beech post, * Coon Brook, f Little Qenesee Creek. c 15. 24. 20. . 90 o 1 20., . . . 18. . 50 21. . 50 40. . 40. \ 50 6. • - • 6. . 50 27. . . . 324 [Senate to the 148 mile tree in the Pennsylvania line to a white pine tree ;* Land level, to a run running southwesterly near its junction with Oswaiye Creek one chain wide running northwesterly and southwesterly, to a beech post, to a run running southerly, to a beech post, to a black ash post, Land level to an elm sapling, to a run running southwesterly, to the same nm running northwesterly, 50 to Oswaiye Creek one chain wide running northwesterly to a hickory tree being the southwest corner of said Township Explored the 23*^, of October, 1798. [See also small Field Book No, 2.] VL Surveyed TOWNSHIP N° 1 in the 3" RANGE. [Portville. Cattaraugua Co., 1 R. S. 363, 365 (6th ed.)] Beginning at a hickory tree standing on the north boundary line of the state of Pennsylvania being the southeast corner of said Town- ship and the southwest corner of Townsliip N" 1 in the second range from which Tree three bounded trees bear, an elm north fifty one degrees east twenty one links, a hickoryf north twenty nine degrees west thirty six links, and a maitle sonth fifty three degrees east thirty four links. Thence running from the aforesaid iiickory tree West bounding south on the Pennsylvania line aforesaid. 40 At forty chains, a black ash Xv^.q^ from M'hich two bounded trees bear, an elm north fifty three degrees east twenty one links and a maple north twenty eight degrees east thirty one links. 80 At eighty chains a beech post from whi(;h three bonnded trees bear, a white pine north three degrees west nineteen links, another white pine east thirteen links, and a maple south forty two degrees east twenty links. *2U Mile tree, see note page 322. f The elm was standing in 1884 quite viprorous. The bark was smooth and showed no sigfns of marks. A block cut out of the south side revealed an ellipti- cal mark about the size of a man's hand about sis inches under the wood. From the appearance of the wood over the mark it seemed evident that the mark was made by cutting away and peeling the bark with a knife. No axe marks were seen and the shape of the mark was quite true. In 1878 the broken stub of the hickory witness was standing with the marks plainly showing iu the bark, No. 71.] 325 120 At one hundred and twenty cliainsa maple tree from which two bounded trees bear, a maple south thirty five degrees east nine links and a white pine south fifty two degrees west twenty links. 160 At one hundred and sixty chains a beech tree from which two bounded trees bear, a hemlock north eleven degrees east thirteen links, and. another hemlock east six links. 200 At two hundred chains a beech tree from which one bounded tree bears, a beecli south twenty degrees west seventeen links. 24:0 At two hundred and forty chains a hemlock post from which three bounded trees bear, a hemlock south fifty five degrees east fifteen links, another hemlock north thirty two degrees east fourteen links, and another hemlock south thirty six degrees east twenty five links. 280 At two hundred and eighty chains a dogwood post from which two bounded trees bear, a hemlock north twenty three degrees east twenty three links, and another hendock north six degrees west sixteen links. 320 Three hundred and twenty chains to a large stone being the southwest corner of said Township, and the southeast corner of Township N" 1 in the fourth range, from which stone two bounded ti-ees bear, a beech north eighty five degrees west twenty four links, and another beech north forty degrees east fourteen links. Thence running from the aforesaid stone North Range 3 KEMARKS on TOWNSHIP Nr 1. Beginning at a hickory tree ....... [etc.. as above] and commencmg with CT o ^ Uplarid of the 1^*^ Quality °. Timber black ash, maple, elm, and beech, land level. 2 10.- 50 to Oswaye creek two perches wide running south- westerly, 50 to the same creek running northwesterly, ; . to a black ash tree, . . to the ascent of a hill facing northeasterly northerly and northwesterly and to the commencement of Upland of the 3'^ Quality Timber, hemlock, beech, and black oak. Land, Steep and stony. Thence ascending 50 to a run running northeasterly 3. '^H o CO 13 lO _ 1-4 o iO ^ O L 7 326 [Senate 19 50 to a beech post, Thence descending said hill facing northwesterly, _ 30 . . too steep and stony for cultivation, ^ Thence still descending ,5 10 . . to a maple tree, ^34 . . to the bottom of said hill not too steep for cultivation O and to a run running northwesterly, ci 6 . . to a beech tree and to the commencement of o g Bottom land of the 1*' Quality 'J3 Timber, beech, maple, and elm, Q 11 50 to the Allegany river running northwesterly io 13 50 to the commencement of Upland of the 2^ Quality c Timber beecli and hemlock •;:: 15 . . to a beech tree O 20 . . to the ascent of a hill facing easterly and to the com- ^ mencement of r^ Upland of the 3-^ Quality Timber hemlock and beech 20 . . to a hemlock post on the top of said hill and to the de- scent of the same facing westerly 18 . . to the bottom of said hill too steep for cultivation and O to the ascent of another hill facing southeasterly o 12 . . to the top of said hill and to the descent of the same I facing nortliM'esterly Thence descending 10 . . to a dogwood post 20 . . to the bottom of said liill too steep for cultivation 50 to a run running southwesterly and to the ascent of a hill facing southeasterly, southerly and southwesterly. Thence ascending and descending said hill 15 to the bottom of said hill too steep for cultivation, to a run* running southeasterly, and to the ascent of a hill facino; northeasterly. ~ Ihence ascendmg ^4 50 to a large stonef being the southwest corner of said ^ Townsliip [etc. ; as above] Explored the 23'^ day of October 1798. {Surveyor for the Holland Land C" [See also small Field Books No 2 and 3.] _ ^ _ * Loup's Creek. ^ f This stone is described in the original Field Book. It was marked, East side, " W. & J. Willink's S. W. Corner ; " West side, " H. L. Co. Beg." It disappeared over forty years ago. No. 71.] 327 YII. Surveyed, TOWNSHIP N° 1 in the 4'^^ RANGE. [Olean, Cattaraugus Co.,— 1 R. S.,363, 365 (6tli ed.)] Beginning at a large stone standing on the north boundary line of tiie state of Pennsylvania being the southeast corner of said Township and the southwest corner of Township N° 1 in the third range, from which stone two bounded trees bear, a beech north eighty live degrees west twenty four links, and another beech north forty degrees east fourteen links. Thence rurniing from the afore- said stone West bounding south on the north boundary line of Pennsylvania aforesaid. 40 At forty chains a hemlock post from which two bounded trees bear, a hemlock noi'tli forty degrees west forty tive links, and another hemlock north seventy one degrees east thirty three links. SO At eighty chains a hemlock post from which three bounded trees bear, a beech south eighteen degrees west twenty four links, a hemlock north sixty five degrees west twenty seven links, and a beech north seventeen degrees east sixteen links. 120 At one liundred and twenty chains a sugar maple post, from which two bounded trees bear, a sng-ar maple north thirty eight degrees west five links, and an ironwood north fifty degrees east twenty five links. ICO . At one hundred and sixty chains a hemlock post from • which three bounded trees bear, a beech south forty five degrees west twenty links, another beech noitli fifty three degrees west fort}' one links, and a hemlock north fifteen degrees east twenty eight links.* 200 At two liundred chains an ironwood post from which two bounded trees bear, a beech south nineteen degrees east ten links, and a basswood Tiorth thirty eight degrees west twenty four links. 240 At two hundred and forty chains a sugar maple post from which three bounded trees l)ear, a beech south twenty three degi'ees west four links, another beech north thirty one degrees west twenty nine links, and another beech north forty four degrees east nineteen links. 2S0 At two hundred and eiglity chains a hemlock post from whieli two bounded' trees bear, a beech south twenty two degrees east eleven links, a sugar maple north eighty six degrees west twenty five links. * All of these witness trees were still vigorous in 1878. They have since been cut. 328 [Senate 320 Three hundred and twenty chains to a sugar maple post being the southwest corner of said Township and the southeast corner of Township N° 1 in the fiftli range, from whicli post three bounded trees bear, a beech south forty live degrees east twenty seven links, another beech north fifty five degrees west ten links, and another beech north thirty three degrees east twenty seven links. Thence running from the aforesaid Sugar Maple post, North Range 4 EEMAEKS on TOWNSHIP N° 1. Beginning at a large stone [etc., as above] and commencing: with o 5 3 Upland of the 2^ Quality. Timber, hemlock beech, birch, sugar maple, black oak chesnut and white pine. Stony chocolate colourd soil 11 . . to the ascent of a hill facing northeasterly, Thence ascending 7 13 *tit for cultivation 6 87 to the top of said hill not too steep but too stony for cultivation. 7 . . to the descent of a hill facing southwesterly. Thence descending 8 . . to a hemlock post 5 . . to the bottom of said hill not too steep for cultivation, to a run running southeasterly and to the ascent of a hill facing northeasterly 18 . . to the top of said hill not too steep for cultivation 5 . . to the descent of a hill facing southwesterly. Thence descending 12 . . to a hemlock post 21: . . to the bottom of said hill not too steep for cultiva- tion chocolate colourd soil 5 . . to a runf rurming southeasterly 11 . . to a sugar maple post 10 . . to the ascent oi a hill facing northeasterly 25 . . to the top of said hill not too steep for cultivation 5 . . to a hemlock post 5 . . to the ascent of a hill facing northeasterly. Thence ascending ■This is the location of Milestone 155 according- to the Field Book. ■ Meek's Creek. No. 71, j 329 12 30 *fit for cultivation 2 70 to the top of said liill not too steep l)ut too stonj for cultivation 5 .. to the descent of a hill facing southwesterly 2 15 . . to an ironwood post and to the bottom of said hill i not too steep for cultivation chocohite colourd soil O 1 . . to a run running southeasterly and to the ascent of a "2 hill facing southeasterly easterly and northeasterly "T' 9 . . to a point of said hill facing southerly not too steep ^ for cultivation and to the descent of the same liill facing southwesterly 20 . . to the bottom of said hill not too steep for cultivation 1 50 to a run running sontheasterly 7 . . to another runf running southeasterly 1 50 to a sugar maple post 12 . . to a run running northeasterly 3 . . to the ascent of a hill facing northeasterly. Thence ascending 1 82 :}:not too steep but too stony for cultivation. Thence still descending§ 18 18 lit; for cultivation. Thence still descending! ■ 5 . . to a hemlock post 2 . . to the top of said hill too steep for cultivation and to the descent of the same facing southwesterly 2T . . to the bottom of said hill not too steep for cultiva- tion 3 . . to a run runing southeasterly 8 . . to a sugar maple post being the southwest corner of said Township Explored the IS^'^ day of October, 1798. rSee also small Field Books No. 11 & 43.] YIII. Surveyed Township N° 1 in the S"' Range [Allegany, Cattaraugus Co., — 1 R. S. 362, 365, {6th ed.)] Beginning at a sugar maple post standing on the north boundary line of the state of Pennsylvania, being the southeast corner of' said Tfjwnship, and the southwest corner of Township N" 1 in the fourth Range, from which post four bounded trees bear, a beech north nine degrees west thirty links, another beech north thirty four east twenty live links, another beech north seventy eigiit degrees west twenty five links, and another beech north fifty four degrees west ten links. Thence running from the aforesaid sugar maple post West * To Milestone 157 (Field Book N°. 11.) ■]■ North Branch of Indian Creek. :j:To xMilestone 158 (F. B. K". 11.) § Sic. Ascending. [Sen. Doc. No. 7i.J 42 330 [Senate bounding south on tlie north boundary of the state of Pennsylvania aforesaid. 40 At forty chains an ironwood post 80 At eighty chains a sugar maple post 120 At one liuiitlred and twenty chains a sugar maple post 160 At one hundred and sixty chains a maple post from which three bounded trees bear, a beech north twenty seven degrees west thirty four links, another beech nortli forty degrees east sixty seven liuks, and another beech south forty degrees west twenty six links. 200 At two hundred chains a beech post from which two bounded trees bear, a chesnut south thirty nine degrees east twenty links and a beech north sixty three degrees east twenty seven links 240 At two liundred and forty clwins a beech post from which three bounded trees bear, a beech noi'th sixty one west twenty one links, another beech north five degrees west sixteen links and another beech north thirty nine degz'ees cast four links. 280 At two hundred and eighty chains a beech jiost from which two bounded trees bear, a maple south seventy four degrees west eight links, and a beech south sixty two degrees east forty Jinks. 320 At three hundred and twenty chains a beech post from which three bounded trees bear, a hemlock south nineteen de- grees west eleven links, a white pine north forty nine degrees Avest thirty live and a half links, and a white oak nortli tifty one degrees east twenty three links. 360 At three hundred and sixty chains a sugar maple post from which two bounded trees l)ear, a beech north thirty four de-. grees east seventeen links, and another beech north eighty nine degrees \\-est thirty one links. 400 At four hundred chains a beech post from which three bounded trees bear, a hemlock* south thirty degrees west iifteen links, another hemlock north seventy live degrees east thirty links, and a beech north eighty six degrees west twenty links. 440 At four hundred and forty chains a beech post from which two bounded trees bear a hemlock north eleven degrees and thirty minutes west eleven links, and another hemlockf south thirty eight degrees east twenty links. 480 Four hundred and eightj^ chains to a chesnut post being the southwest corner of said Township and the southeast cor- ner of Township N** 1 in the sixth Kange f rom which post four bounded trees bear, a beecli s^mth fifty four degrees west twenty links, another beech south forty six degrees west thirty five links, a birch north seventeen degrees east eleven links, and another birch north thirty seven degrees thirty minutes west forty eight links. Thence running from the aforesaid chesnut post North * Cut iu vista, 1878. f Stauding in 1878. \ Ko. 71.] 331 Range 5 Remarks on Township N° 1. Beginning at a sugar maple post [etc., as above]. . . , .| and commencing with -Upland of the 2^ Quality Timber, sugar maple, beecii, oak white pine and under brush of laurel, to the 159"' mile stone to a run running southerly to an iron wood post to a creek* one perch wide running southei'ly to a bend of said creek running northeasterly and southeasterly to the ascent of a hill facing northeasterly Thence ascending along the side of said hill to a sugar maple post Thence still ascending to tlie IGl)^^ mile stone 92 to the top of said hill not too steep for cultivation to a sugar maple post to the descent of a hill facing westerly to the bottom of said hill not too steep for cultivation to the ascent of a hill facing southeasterly Thence ascending said hill to a maple post to the top of said hill not too steep for cultivation to the descent of a hill facing northwesterly Thence descending to the IGI*' mile stone. to the bottom of said hill not too steep for cultivation to the ascent of a hill facing southeasterly to the top of said iiill not too steep for cultivation to the descent of the same hill facing southwesterly and ^ southerly, and to the connnencemeut of Upland of the 3*^ Quality Timber, a thick growth of laurel Thence descending said hill 4. . to a beech post 18, . 50 to the bottom of said hill too steep and stony for culti- vation, to a runf running southwesterly, and to the ascent of a hill facing easterly . 11. . 50 to the top of said hill too steep for cultivation. ^ 7.. to the descent of the same hill facing northwesterly ^ Thence descending said hill to a beech post too steep for cultivation and to the com- mencement of * Indian Creek. f Knapp's Creek, a o a 17. 17. . 22 . 28 Q I. 5. U. 1. 15. JO. . 50 16. . 8 13. . 92 10. 12. 16. 2. 10. 3. I-H 5. 7. . 11 Q 3. 1. . 89 T-l ■t— 1 1 13. 3. rJH 332 [Sknate Upland of the 2" Quality Timber, cliesnut, heech, maple, white pine, ash, oak, and hcmloek to the bottom of said hill not too steep for cultivation, to a run'^ running southerly, and to the ascent of a hill facing northeasterly Thence ascending said hill 25 to the 162'' mile stone 75 to the top of said hill not too steep for cultivation. . . to a beecli post . . to the descent of a hill facing southwesterly Thence de- scending and ascending along the hide of said hill . . to a beecli post to the top of said hill not too steep for cultivation 34 to the IGH" mile stone 66 to a beech post to the descent of a hill facing westerly southwesterly *- and northwesterly and to the commencement of Upland of the 3'' Quality Timber, hemlock and beech Thence descending said hill 16.. to a spring running northwesterly ^ 10. . to the bottom of said hill too steep and stony for culti- vation, and to a run running northwesterly 7.. 7.. rd 18.. O 2.. o oo I 38 . .. 10.. O 4.. o 25.. 1 10.. •v 4. . to a beech post and to the commencement of Upland of the 2^ Quality Timber, beech hendock, oak and maple. 2. . 50 to a creekf one perch wide running southwesterly 9. . to a run running southwesterly 2. . 95 to the 1G4"» mile stone 2. . 55 to a run running southwesterly ^ 3.. to the ascent of a hill facing southeasterly southerly o and southwesterly ^ Tlience ascending along the side of said hill n 20. . to a beech post (^ 3. . 50 to the bottom of said hill not too steep for cultivation, ^ to a run running southwesterly and to the ascent of a ^ hill facing easterly iJ 29. . 50 to the top of said hill not too steep for cultivation g 7. . to a chesnut post being the southwest corner of the said ^ Township O Oti I Explored the IS*'' October 1798 [See also small Field Books No. 17, and 43.] * Pembroke Ruu. f Harrisburg Run. No. 71.] 333 IX. Surveyed Township N° 1 in the 6*'' Rantre. [Carrolton, Cattaraugus Co., — 1 R. S. 365 (6th ed.)] Beginning at a chesnut post standing on the north boundary line of the state of Pennsylvania being the southeast corner of said Township and the southwest corner of Township N** 1 in the fifth liange from which post four bounded trees bear, a beech south fifty four degrees west twenty links, another beech south forty six degrees west tliirty five links, a bircli^ nortli seventeen degrees east eleven links, and another birch north thirty seven degrees thirty minutes west forty eight links. Thence running from the aforesaid chesnut post West bounding south on the north boundary line of the state of Pennsylvania aforesaid. 40 At forty chains a beech post from whicli two bounded trees bear, a beech north sixteen degrees west thirty two links, & a hemlock south ten degrees west nine links. 80 At eighty chains a sugar maple post from which three bounded trees bear a hemlock south fifty tliree degrees west tlfirty three links, another hemlock south twenty six degrees east fifty two links, and another hemlock north fifty seven de- grees east fifty eight links. 120 At one hundred and twenty chains a hemlock post from which two bounded trees bear a white pine north forty fiv^e degrees east twenty two links, and a hemlock south nineteen degrees east fifty three links. 160 At one hundred and sixty chains a sugar maple post from which three bounded trees bear, a beech north forty eight degrees west forty links, a maple north sixty eight degrees east forty five links, and another maple south twenty seven degrees west forty finks. 200 At two hundred chains a sugar maple post from which two bounded trees bear, a white pine north seventeen degrees west twenty six links, and another white pine south forty six degrees west twenty two links. 240 At two hundred and forty chains a sugar maple post from which three bounded trees bear a beech north twelve degrees west thirty eight links, a maple north forty eight degrees east forty nine links, and a birch south sixty five degrees east forty four links. 280 At two hundred and eighty chains a sugar maple post from which two bounded trees bear, a sugar maple south sixteen degrees west thirty six links, and a beech north seventy three degrees west forty three links. 320 At ihree hundred and twenty chains a birch post from which * Stump and fallen trunk Identified in 1878. 334 [Senate three bounded trees bear, a beech south fifty nine degrees west seventeen links, another beech south ti.fty seven degrees east sixteen links, and another beech north twelve degrees west nine- teen links. 360 At three hundred and sixty chains a sugar maple post from which two bounded trees bear, a birch north thirty degrees east nine links, and another birch* south sixty eight degrees east thirty eight links. 400 At four hundred chains a sugar maple post from which three bounded trees bear, a beech south sixty eight degrees east seven- teen links, a sugar maple south twenty two degrees east twenty three links, and a birch north forty five degrees east seventeen links. 440 At four hundred and forty chains a sugar maple post from which two bounded trees bear, a beech ni)rth ten degrees east twenty five links, and another beech south fourteen degrees east thirty eight links. 480 Four hundred and eighty chains to a monument stone standing in the western Transit Meridian bearing east six chains and thirty three links from the 17 i**^ mile stone in said litie and marked on the east side" Holland Land C Southwest Cor- ner Range Is° 6 " on the west side " W & J WILLINK'S Rs^ N° 7" on the south side " P" on the north side '• T K° 1 " and on the top " Yar 1 W. July l®' 1799" being the southwest corner of said Township and the southeast corner of Township Iv'* 1 in the seventh Range, also the southwest corner of a tract of Land intended to contain looT^ooo ^''anted by Robert Morris and Mary his wife to Herman LeRoy John Linklaen and Gerritt Boone by deed dated the 27'*^ dav of F(ibruary 1793 and the southeast corner of a tract of land containing 54,000 acres granted by Robert Morris and Mary his wife to Herman Le Roy William Bayard and Mathew Clarkson by deed dated the 20^^ day of July 1793 from which stone three bounded trees bear, a beech north seventy one degrees west thirty eight links another beech north sixty degrees east twenty nine links, and another beech south fifty four degrees east thirty four links.f Thence runnins: from the aforesaid stone North along the aforesaid Western transit Meridian, * Standing in 1884. f All these witness trees were etauding in 1884. No. 71.J 335 13 3 ost from which two bounded trees bear a black oak north fifty eight degrees west twenty one links, and a white oak north sixty eight degrees east thirty four links. 160 x\t one hundred and sixty chains a sugar maple post from which three bounded trees bear, a black oak north seventeen degrees east sixteen links, a chesnut north forty five degrees east forty six links, and a sugar maple north sixty six degrees west thirty links. 200 At two hundred chains a white pine post from which two bounded trees bear, a chesnut north forty six degrees east twenty one links, and another chesnut north ten degrees east twenty seven links. 240 At two hundred and forty chains a white pine post from which three bounded trees bear, a white pine north fourteen degrees west thirty five links, a chesnut north four degrees west thirty seven links, and a white pine north seventy one degrees east thirty seven links. 280 At two hundred and eighty chains a sugar maple post from which two bounded trees becir, a white oak north twenty six degrees east forty links, and a sugar maple south eighty eight degrees east seventeen links. * An Iron Monument was set in 1878 by the United States to marK this corner. It is 0.55 feet too far south, f Error, Uast. 344 [Senate 320 At three hundred and twenty chains a sugar maple post from which three bounded trees bear, a sugar maple north sixty degrees west thirty six links, another sugar maple south sixty- degrees east eleven links, and another sugar maple north twenty five degrees east foi'tj live links. 360 At three hundred and sixty chains a beech post from which three bounded trees bear, a birch* north nine degrees west tliiity two links, and a beech south sixty seven degrees west sixty one links. 400 At four liundred chains a beech post from which three bounded trees bear, a hendock north tifty nine degrees west thirty links, another hemlock* south forty degrees west six links, and another hemlock south eighty degrees east twentyseven links. 440 At four hundred and forty chains a sugar maple post from which two bounded trees bear, a beech south thirty three degrees west thirty seven links, and a sugar maple south live degrees east thirty four links. 410 Four hundred and eighty chains to a chesnut post being the southeast coi-ner of said Township and the southwest corner of Township N° 1 in the seventh Range from which post two bounded trees bear, a sugar maple north thirty two degrees thirty minutes east fifty six links, and a birch north sixty one degrees west forty links. Thence running from the aforesaid chesnut post North Range 8 Remarks on Township N° 1 in the 8"' Range Beginning at a white oak post [etc , as above] and Commencing with O" .a /3 ^ Upland of the 2*^ Quality Q Timber black and white oak and white pine. CO Thence ascending a hill facing westerly •§ 5 , . to the top of said hill not too steep for cultivation g 7 . . to tiie descent of said hill facing easterly 4 . . to the bottom of said hill too steep for cultivation 2 . . to a run running northeasterly and to the Conmience- — ■ ment of — Upland of the 1 quality Timber black and white oak cucumber and maple. cr> 13 . . to a run running northeasterlyf * Vigorous in 1884. f Should be • south-easterly." 2 3 w n r-A O s CQ 4 • rt a Q 8 ^ 2 CD I No. 71.] 345 7 . , to another run ninning northwesterly* and to tlie ascent of a hill facing southeasterly,'" Thence ascending . . to an iron wood post . . to a spring running southeasterly Thence still gently ascending . . to the Top of said hill and to the descent of the same facing southeastei'ly easterly and northeasterly . . to the bottom of said hill not too steep for cultivation , . to the descent of a hill facing northeasterly Tiience descending . . to a Sugar maple post 50 to the bottom of said hill not too steep for cultivation, to a run running northeastei'ljf to the ascent of a hill facing northerly t & to the commencement of Upland of the 2'' quality ^ Timber black and white oak chesnut, white pine, &c. 'T^ 21 . . to the top of said hill too steep for cultivation and to ^ the descent of the same facing easterly, o Thence descending ^, 5 75 to the IS'i*^ mile Stone Thence still descending ^ 10 75 to a sugar maple post CO 6 . . to the bottom of said hill too steep for cultivation, to a "T run running northeasterly:]; and to the ascent of a hill *- facing southwesterly 1 50 to the top of said hill not too steep for cultivation and to the descent of the same facing northeasterly:}: 1 50 to the bottom of said hill not too steep for cultivation to a run running northwester]y§ 9 . . to the ascent of a hill facing northwesterly and north- erly 2 . . to the top of said hill too steep for cultivation 3 . . to the descent of the same hill facing northeasterly 5 . . to the bottom of said hill too steep for cultivation & to a run running northei'lyf 50 to the ascent of a hill facing northwesterly 11 50 to the top of said hill not too steep for cultivation to a sugar maple post and to the descent of said hill facing southeasterly and easterly 28 50 to the bottom of said hill too steep for cultivation to a *3 run running northeasterly*^ and to the ascent of a hill ^ facing north-westerly o 7 50 to the top of said hill not too steep for cultivation '"■? 10 . . to the descent of said hill facing southeasterly and ^ southerly thence descending * Should be " south westerly," and" north-westerly." •f- Should be " south-easterly" and '•' southerly." i Should be " south-easterly." g Should be "south-westerly." j Should be " southerly." ^Should be " south-westerly." [Sen. Doc. No, 71.] 44 '« 7 Q 25 -* Id CO L 10 '5 1 M o Ol 1— ( I 346 [Senate 03 to the 18P* mile stone Thence still descending 97 to a wliite pine post too steep for cultivation . . to the bottom of said hill not too steep for cultivation . . to a white pine post . , to the Commencement of Upland of tlie V^ quality Timber, oak sugar maple and chesnut . . to the descent of a hill facing southeasterly and to the commencement of Upland of the 2^ quality Timber black and white oak, beech, chesnut white pine hemlock & birch 12 , . to the bottom of said hill not too steep for cultivation and to a run running northeasterly 50 to the ascent of a hill facing northeasterly* thence as- cending along the side of said hill 5 50 to a sugar maple post g 25 . . to the top of said hill facing westerly too steep forcul- "S tivation Q 3 . . to the descent of a hill facing southeasterly CO Thence descending "? 12 . . to a Sugar maple post not too steep for cultivation . . to the bottom of said hill too steep for cultivation 50 to a run running northeasterly 50 to the Commencement of Upland of the 1^' quality Timber sugar maple beech & birch . . to a run running northeasterly and to the ascent of a hill facing northwesterly and to the Commencement of Upland of the 3"^ quality 1. . 50 to the top of said hill too steep for cultivation and to G the descent of the same facing southeasterly ^ 1. . 50 to the bottom of said hill too steep for cultivation and ^ to a runf running northwesterly and to the Commence- ^ ment of Upland of the 2^ quality Timber sugar maple, beech, hemlock, and birch 4 . . to a run running northwesterly:}: o 5 C' CM 1 14 <^ r. a M 11 O 1—1 r-i I * Should be "north-westerly." f Wolf Run. :j: Milestone 179 was found standing a little east of this point, No. 71.] 347 , . to a beech post . . to the same run i-unning southwesterly . . to a beech post and to the ascent of a hill facing west- erly and southwesterly . . to the top of said hill not too steep for cultivation . . to the descent of said hill facing southeasterly and easterly . . to the bottom of said hill not too steep foi- cultivation . . to the ascent of a hill facing westerly and southwesterly . . to the top of said hill not too steep for cultivation 50 to the 178"" Mile Stone and to the descent of said hill facing easterly Thence descending 50 to a sugar maple post . . to the bottom of said hill not too steep for cultivation 50 to a run* running northerly 50 to a chesnut post being the southeast corner of said Township CO 2 5 Q 35 CO i 7 3 5 7 10 6 1 10 6 23 Explored the 15"' day of October 1798 [See also Small Field Book N". 23.J [Note. — The topogjrapliy upon the first three miles of this township is somewhat mixed iu this record.] XIIL Surveyed [T. 1, R 9.] [West Part of South Valley, Cattaraugus Co., - 1 R. S. 366 (6th ed.)] Begiiiniiig at a beech post standing in the north boundaiw line of the State of Pennsylvania being the southwest corner of said Township and the southeast corner of Township N° 1 in the tenth Range from which post two bounded treesf bear, a white pine north thirty six degrees east forty five links and a poplar north seventy nifie degrees west forty nine links. Thence running from the afore- said beech post East bounding south on the north boundary line of the state of Pennsylvania aforesaid 40 At forty chains a beech post from which two bounded trees bear, a sugar maple north seventy one degrees west twenty seven links, and a chesnut north thirty five degrees east twenty one links. 80 At eighty chains a beech post from which three bounded * South Branch of Quaker Run. f Witnesses identified in 1870 by Mr. Hinckley, (South-east corner of Chautau- q,ua county.) 348 [Senate trees bear, a hemlock nortli seventy nine degrees west forty five linlvs, another hemlock north fifteen degrees west twenty two links, and a beefh north nineteen degrees east twenty links. 120 At one hundred and twenty a birch post from which two bounded trees bear, a beech north thirty eiglit degrees west thirty four links, and a hemlock north thirty seven degrees east twenty three hnks. 160 At one hundred and sixty chains a beech post from which three bounded trees bear, a beech north eighty degrees west thirty two links, another beech north twelve degrees west twenty five links, and another beech north forty five degrees east thirty three links 200 At two hundred chains a beech post from which two bounded trees bear, a white pine north forty one degrees west forty five links, and a hemlock north twenty one degrees east twenty one links. 2-iO At two hundred and forty chains a hemlock post from which three bounded trees bear, a hemlock north forty one degrees west thirty two links, a white pine north nine degrees west twenty five links, and a hemlock north seventy eight degrees east twenty six links. 280 At two hundred and eighty chains a beech post from which two bounded trees bear, a beech north twenty nine degrees west twenty eight links, and another beech north six degrees east twenty three links. 320 At tliree hundred and twenty chains a sugar maple tree from which three bounded trees bear, a beech north fifty one degrees west forty six links, a sugar maple north thirty degrees east forty one links, and a basswood north sixty tw^o degrees east twenty five links. 343 Three hundred and forty three chains to a beech post being a corner of said Township and the south-westernmost corner of Allegany Reservation* from which post seven bounded trees bear, a hemlock north five degrees east twenty links another hemlock nortli twenty degrees east fifteen links, another hem- lock north fifty four degrees west twenty nine links, another hemlock south seventy one degrees west twenty three links, a beech south twenty nine degrees thirty minutes west twenty eight links, another beech south three degrees west twenty four links & another beech south sixty eight degrees east twenty seven links. Thence running from the aforesaid beech post Nortli six degrees East * Marked in 1884 by a Granite Monument, with the U. S Iron Monument North of it. No. 71.] 349 Range 9 Beginning at a beecli post [etc. , as above] and Commencino; with O" •5 r-; o o CO •S 5 tH o -Upland of the '2^ qnah'ty Timber black oak chesnnt, white pine and sugar maple. Land stony. to the descent of a hill facing southeasterly to the bottom of said hill not too steep for cultivation to the ascent of a hill facing southwesterly 10 . . to the top of said hill too steep for cultivation 10 . . to a beech post 5 . . to the descent of a hill* facing southeasterly 2i , . to the bottom of said hill not too steep for cultivation, — to a I'unf running northeasterly and to the ascent of a hill facing northwesterly 4 . . to the top of said hill not too steep for cultivation 7 . . to a beech j)ost 5 . . to the descent of a hill facing northeasterly 10 50 to the bottom of said hill not too steep for cultivation to a runf. running southeasterly 24 50 to a birch post 13 50 to a run running southeasterly 26 50 to a beech post 4 . . to a run running southeasterly 11 . . to another run running southeasterly 25 . . to a beech post 6 . . to the descent of a hill facing easterly 4 . . to the bottom of said hill not too steep for cultivation, to a run running southerly and to the ascent of a hill facing westerly 4 . . to the top of said hill too steep for cultivation 4 . . to the descent of a hill facing southeasterly Thence descending 22 . . to a hemlock post 23 . . to the bottom of said hill not too steep for cultivation, and to a run running northeasterly 1 62 to the 186'" Mile Stone 2 38 to a run:|: running northeasterly 3 . . to the ascent of a hill facing northwesterly Thence ascendinsr ♦RobbinsHill. f State Line Run. section. X State Line Run, Milestone 188 is a sbort distance east of tbe second inter< 350 [Senate 10 . . to a beech post 11 50 to the top of said hill not too steep for cultivation 5 50 to the descent of a hill facing southeasterly. Thence descending 23 . . to a sugar maple tree 1 50 to the bottom of said hill not too steep for cultivation 3 50 to a run running nortlieasterly 13 50 to the ascent of a hill facing northwesterly ^ 2 50 to the top of said hill not too steep for cultivation 2 . . to a beech post being a corner of said Township .... Explored the day of JOSEPH ELLICOTT | fSd Wl C» [See also Small Field Book No. 23.] [The Allegany Indian Reservation, the south end of which comprises the re- maining 137 chains of the south line of Township I, Kange 9, was surveyed iu Sept., 1798, by Richard M. Stoddard, whose notes are contained iu small Field Book N = . 49. The South-west cornerof the Reservation is 4^'* chains West of Mile- stone 185.] XIV. Surveyed Township N° 1 in the lO^l^ Range [Carroll and small part of Kiantone, Chautauqua Co. — 1 R. S. 367 (6"> ed ).] Begiiiiiiilg at an Iron wood post standing in the Xorth boundary Line of the State of Pennsylvania it being the South west corner of said Township, also the Southeast corner of Township 1^° 1 in the eleventh Range from which post four bounded trees bear ; an Elm* north fifty seven degrees west thirty six links another Elm* south fifty five degrees west thirteen links ; a Sugar Maple north thirteen degrees east forty seven links; and an Iron wood South seventy four degrees east twenty five links ; and thence running East bound- ing south on the north boundary Line of the State of Pennsylvania aforesaid — [at forty cliains, a Maple Post from which two bounded treesfbear; a White Oak north thirty eight degrees west tw^enty nine links; and a Hickory north thirty five degrees east forty seven links ; at eighty chains a Hickory Post from whit-h two bounded trees bear ; a Cucumber wood north fifty two degrees west twenty eight links ; and a White Pine north one degree east fifty two links ; at one hundred and twenty chains, a Birch Post from which two bounded treesf l»ear ; a Birch north forty degrees west eleven links; also another Birch north seventy three degrees east twenty five links ; one hundred and thirty three chains to west bank of the *Elm stumps identified in 1870 by 0. D. Hinckley. Gone in 1878. f Identified in 1870 by Mr. Hinckley. No. 71.] 851 Canawango River, at one hundred and thirty five chains and eighty one links across to the east side of the aforesaid river at one hundred and sixty chains a white pine post from which two bounded trees* bear, an Hemlock north twenty degrees east nine links ; also another Hemlock north fifty five degrees west thirty seven links ; at two hundred chains a white Ash Post from which two bounded trees bear, a Sugar Maple north fifty two degrees east twenty two links also another Sugar Maple north forty five degrees west thirty eight links; at two liundred and forty chains, a White Ash Post from which two bounded treesf bear, a White Pine north thirty degrees east fifty three links; also another White Pine north three degrees East forty six links ; at two hundred and eighty chains, a Chesnut Post from which two bounded trees bear, a Chesnut:j: north forty five degrees west tlnrty two links ; and a White Ash:{; north sixty five degrees east fotirteen links ; at three hundred and twenty chains, a red Oak Post from which two bounded trees bear ; a White Oak§ north forty two degrees west seven links; and a Ches- nut north sixty six degrees east eleven links ; at three liundred and sixty chains, a Maple tree from which two bounded trees bear ; a Maple north thirty one degrees east thirty five links ; and an Hem- lock north thirty five degrees west twenty one links; at four hundred chains, a Beech Post from which two bounded trees bear ; an Hemlock north two degrees west nineteen links; also another Hemlock north forty seven degrees east fifty three links; at four hundred and forty chains, a Beech Post from which two bounded trees]! bear; a Beech north seventy one degrees east twenty two links ; also another Beech north seventy three degrees west eight hnks ; ] — four hundred and eighty chains, to a Beech Post being the sontheast corner of said Township also the southwest corner of Township ]S'?. 1 in the ninth Range from which Post two bounded trees bear; a White Pine north thirty six degrees east forty five links and a Poplar north seventy nine degrees west forty nine links; Thence running from said Post North * Identified in 1870 by Mr. Hinckley. f Stnnips of Witness trees identified in 1870 by Mr. Hinrkley. :{: White Ash Witness and Chestnut stump identified by Mr. Hinckley in 1870. ^ Down in 1870, identified then by Mr. Hinckley. Mr. H.'s stake was replaced with a granite monument in 1884. Jl Both standing in 1878. 352 [Senate Range 10th HemarTcs on Township N?. 1. Beginning at an Iron wood Post [etc., as above] rs ta s • M O* ,J3 a o U r-J ^ m ft r\ 35.. . . o 10.. , . , iO ^ - OD 30.. , . . 2.. • 1 o^ A. o •<+l 34 10 rH 3 Slj 9, o L. 1 tn c 03 u 1 I.. 3, Commencing with Upland of the 1?'. quality timbered with Sugar maple Elm Iron wood Cherry and Cucumber wood Hickory Pine &c, to the ascent of a side hill facing northerly to a Soft Maple Post on the side of said hill to the commencement of Up Land of the 21"? quality timber White Oak Red Oak White Pine & Hickory to an Hickory Post on the side of the above mentioned hill the bottom of the aforesaid hill fit for tillage to the commencement of a Swamp* Miry timber Black Ash to a Birch Post standing in said swamp to the Commencement of Bottom Land of the 2"4 quality timbered with BeechElm Basswood Birch &c . . to the west brink of the Canawongo River 81 across to the east bank of said River nine Perches wide running southeasterly 19 to the commencement of Bottom Land of the 1?* quality timber Basswood Hickory Beech .' quality timber as above described ascending the aforesaid hill too steep for Cultivation 7. . . . to a small run* Running south and to the ascent of a hill facing northwesterly 2. . . . to a soft maple tree on the side of said hill 10. . . . to the top of said hill too steep for tillage thence de- scending along a side hill facing southerly 30. . . . to a Beech Post on the side of said hill 7. . . . to the bottom of the aforesaid hill facing southeasterly g steep and stony and to a small run Running south- "3 westerly likewise to the ascent of a hill facing Q northerly oi 3 . . . , ascending said hill too steep for tillage to the commenee- ^ ' raent of ■f. '5 17 O r- rH 1 ao H 2 10 CJ o 1— t I- 3 10 2 xn s ec A Q 3 '^ •<* I 26 *Storehouse Brook. No. 71.] 355 Up Land of the 2'^? quality timber Hemlock Beech Sugarmaple Birch vfec to a spriug run Kunning south-easterly to a spring on tlie side of the aforesaid hill to a Beech Post on the side of said hill to the top of said hill not too steep for tillage to the summit of a hiU thence descending to a Beech Post being the southeast corner of said Township Explored the 7"' da^^ of August, 1798. [See also small Field Book No. 27.] XV. Surveyed Township N° 1 in the 11"* Range. [Eastern part (4 lots) of Busti, and Western part (4 lots) of Kiantone, Chautauqua Co. — 1 R. S. 366-7, (6th ed.).] Beginning at a Sugar Maple post standing in the North boundary Line of the State of Pennsylvania it being the Southwest corner of said Township and the Southeast corner of Township N° 1 in the twelfth Range from which post two bounded trees bear a Sugar Maple North twenty five degi-ees West seventy seven links also an- other Sugar Maple North twenty nine degrees East ten links. And Thence running from the aforesaid post East bounding South on the North boundary line of the State of Pennsylvania aforesaid — [At forty chains an Iron wood post from which two bounded trees bear H Beech North fifty two degrees East forty five links, also another Beech North fifty three degrees West twelve links : at eighty chains an Ironwood post from which three bounded trees bear, a Sugar Maple North eighty one degrees East twenty six links, an- other Sugar Maple North ten degrees East twenty seven links also a Beech North thirty six degrees East twenty four links : at one hundred and twenty chains, an Iron wood post from which two bounded trees bear a Sugar Maple North seventy five degrees East forty six links, also a Beech North five degrees West five links : at one hundred and sixty chains a Beech Post from which three bounded trees bear a Beech North fifty nine degrees West thirteen Hnks another Beech North twenty degrees East twenty links, also another Beech North twenty eight degrees West twenty links : at two hundred chains a Beech post from which two bounded trees bear a Beech North twenty two degrees East ten links, also another Beech* North fifty eight degrees West thirty nme links : at two * Identified in 1870, by Mr. Hinckley who set a stake from it. Tree down in 1884. Stake replaced by a granite monument. 356 [Senate hundred and forty chains a Beech post from which three bounded trees bear, a Sugar Maple North fifty nine degrees West twenty Hnks, an Ehn* North fifteen degrees West twenty seven hnks, also a Beech* North twenty three degrees East thirty eight links : at two hundred and eighty chains, an Iron wood post from which two bounded trees bear a Beech North nineteen degrees West thii-ty six links also another Beech North twenty seven degrees East thirty five links : at three hundred and twenty chains an Iron wood post from which three bounded trees bear a Beech North sixty six degrees East fourteen links, an Iron wood North thirteen degrees East thir- teen links, also a Sugar Maple North six degrees West twenty tln-ee links : at three hundred and sixty chains a Sugar Maple post from which two bounded trees bear a Sugar Maple North twelve degrees West twenty four chains, also another Sugar Maple North seven degrees East forty one links: at four hundred chains a Beech jDost from which three bounded trees bear an Iron wood North fifty eight degi'ees West twenty two links, a Beech North twenty four degrees East six links, also a Sugar Maple North fifty degrees East tliirty seven links : at four hundred and forty chains a Beech post from wnich two bounded trees bear a Sugar Maple North thirty four degrees West fifty Hnks, also another Sugar Maple North six- teen degrees East twenty three Hnks : ] — Four hundred and eighty chains to an Iron wood Post being the Southeast corner of said Township, and the Southwest corner of Township N° 1 in the tenth Range, and from which post four bounded trees bear, an Elm North fifty seven degrees West thirty six links, another Elm South fifty five degrees West thirteen links, an Iron wood South seventy four degrees East twenty five links, also a Sngar Maple North thirteen degrees East forty seven links : and running Thence from the afore- said post North Range IV}} Hemarks on lownship JV° 1 Beginning at a sugar maple post [etc., as above] O* Commencing with Upland of the 1?^ quality timber sugar maple, Beech, Basswood, Elm and Iron- wood, 9 . . — to a rivulet bearing Northeasterly, 18. . 50 to another rivulet bearing Northwesterly, 12. . 50 to an Iron wood post, 40 . . to another Iron wood post, 1 Mile 40 . . to another Ironwood post, * Both dowu in 1870, but were identified by Mr. Hinckley. No.Yl.] 35Y 4. . 50 to a small run bearing to the Northeast, 32. . 15 to a Beech tree marked 199 miles of the Pennsylvania Line. 3 . . 35 to a Beech post, 2 Miles. 40 — to a Beech post, Laud continues level, 40 — to a Beech post, 3 Miles. 8 . . 50 to a small run bearing Northwesterly, 31 . . 50 to an Ironwood post. Land of the 1^' quality, .3 13 . . 50 to a rivulet* running Northeasterly, thence recrossing ^ the same running southeasterly, at ^ 2 . . 50 recross the same again bearing Northeasterly ^ 24 — to an Ironwood post, 4 Miles. ■^ 40 — to a sugarmaple post, Land continues level. 21 — to a small run bearing southeasterly 19 — to a Beech post, 5 Miles. 40 — to another Beech post, Land very level and good, 10 — to a creekf 1 perch wide, bearing to the North T.. 50 to another creek;}: running as above. and to the ascent of a very steep bank facing Westerly, 1 — to the summit of said Bank, 21 . . 50 to an Ironwood post being the southeast corner of said township, Explored the 19^? day of luly 179S [See also small Field Book Xo. 30. J XVI. Surveyed Township N9 1 in the 12 Range. [Eastern part (3 lots) of Harmony, and western part (6 lots) of Busti, Chautau- qua Co. — 1 R. S. 369, 368 (6th ed.).] Beginning at a Beech post standing in the north boundary line of the State of Pennsylvania it being the south west corner said Township and the southeast corner of Township N? 1 in the thir- teenth Range from which post two bounded trees bear ; a Beech nortli ten degrees east, thirty five links, and a Cucumber north sixty eight degrees west thirty eight links, and thence running East from the said post bounding south on the north bouudery line of the State of Pennsylvania aforsaid — [At forty chains a Sugar maple post from which two bounded trees bear; a Sugar maple north fifty eight degrees east ten links, also another Sugar maple north forty five degrees west fifty three links ; at eighty chains a Sugar maple post from which two bounded trees§ bear a Beech north twelve de- grees west thirty two links, a Sugar maple north forty three degrees * York Run. •)■ Kiantone Creek. | Spiritual Spring. § Stumps identified in 1870 by Mr. Hinckley. 358 [Sknate east forty seven links: at oue liundrecl and twenty chains a Beecb post from which two* bounded trees bear a Bass north thirty two deo-rees east thirty eight links a Beech north Sixty six degrees east twenty seven hnks ; at one hundred and sixty chains a Basswood post from which two bounded treesf bear a Sugar maple post north iiftv four degrees east forty nine links and another Sugar maple north forty eight degrees west fiftj' seven links ; at two hundred chains a Bass wood post from which two bounded trees bear a Sugar maple north fifty four degrees east twenty eight links and a Beech north forty degrees west thirty one links; at two hundred and forty chains a Sugar maple post from which two bounded trees bear' a Beech north "fifty six degrees east eighteen links and a Bass north fifty two degrees west thirty six links ; at two hundred and eighty chains an Iron wood post from which two bounded trees bear, a Beech north forty degrees west thirty eight links also another Beech north forty nine degrees east fifty one links ; at three hundred and twenty chains a Bass wood post from whicli two bounded trees bear; a Sugar maple north sixty eight degrees East twenty links and a white Ashf north eight degrees west forty links ; at three hun- dred and sixty chains a Beech post from which two bounded trees bear a Sugar- maple north fifty three degrees east eleven links, also another Sugar maple North thirty five links ; at four hundred chains a Sugar maple post from which two bounded trees bear a Beech north fortv four degrees east twenty one links and a Sugar maple north two"^degrees east fifty five links; at four hundred and forty chains an Hemlock post from which two buunded trees bear; a Beech north twenty nine degrees west twenty one links and an Hemlock north three degrees Vest thirty links] — Four hundred and eighty chains to a Sugar maple post being the southeast cor- ner of said Township and the south west corner of Township N? 1 in the eleventh Kange and from which post two bounded trees bear; a Sugar maple north twenty five degrees west seventy seven links also another sugar maple north twenty nine degrees east ten links and thence running from said post north *Bass, and Beech stump, identified by Mr. Hinckley in 1870. t Identified in 1870 by Mr. Hinckley. No. 71.] 359 Range 12tli EEMARKS on TOWNSHIP 1^" 1. Begiuiiiug at the Soutli-west Corner [etc., as above,] ■-^ O 2 Commencing with Up Land of the 1?!; quality ■^ Timbered with Sugar maple Beech, Bass, Elm, Cucum -ber and Cherry o 23. . to a small run running northerly. 17. . to a Beech Post standing in a small run running northerly. 39 . . 50 to a small Run running northwesterly . . 50 to a Sugar maple Post. Land level, and to the Commencement of — Bottom Land of the P* quality. Timbered as before 5. . to the Commencement of — Up Land of the 1^' quality. Timbered with Sugar maple, Bass, Beech, cherrj'^, Ash and Cucumber. 35 . . to a Beech Post Land still continues level. to a small Run running south Easterly to a small Run running Southwesterly to a Bass wood Post. Land continues level. Timber Sugar Bass Cucumber, Elm, Cherry and Beech, to a Bass wood Post, to the ascent of a Hill. descends gradually to the bottom of said Hill, facing Easterly-. to a Sugar maple Post. ^ 5 . . to the Commencement of Bottom Land of the 2? quality. £ Timber as before. "^ 5.. to a small run running southeasterly Q 3. . to the ascent of a Hill, and the commencement of CO Kt) CO I 7 23 10 40 a 35 s 4 Q CM 1 360 [Senate 05 Up Land of the 2'^ quality. '^ Timber Beech, Ash, Jrou wood, and Bass wood. ^ 7 . . to the top of said Hill facing South westerly, not too o Steep for Cultivation. to the descent of a Hill northeasterly 50 descends gradually to a small run at the bottom run- ning southeasterly, and the Commencement of Up Land of the 1?^ quality. Timbered with Sugar maple Ash, Bass, Oak & Beech. 50 to an Iron wood Post. to the descent of a Gully. descending gradually to a small ruji at the foot of the Hill running southwesterly, rising gradually from the run to the top of the oppo> site side of said Gully. to a Bass wood Post, to a small rim running Southeasterly to a Beech Post. Land level. to a small run running Southeasterly, and the Com- mencement of Up Land of the 2^ quality. Timbered with Poplar, Oak, Chesnut, white Pine, Bass, and Hemlock. — to the descent of a Hill. — to a small Spring run running southeasterly down the side of said Hill. — still descending said Hill to a sugar maple Post. Continues descending to the bottom of the Hill facing Easterly, not too steep for Tillage, and the Commencement of L Bottom Land of the 2» quality. Timber Beech Sugar maple white Ash, white Pine, But- ternut, and Hemlock. g 18 . . — to a small Creek* two Perches wide running northerly •| 2. . 75 Cross the said Creek running Easterly. ^ 5 . . 25 to the said Creek running northerly CO 9 • . to an Hemlock Post. ^ 3. . to the Commencement of a miry Swamp. rjj 16, *s 1 o ^ L -js - ^ h^ 2, O 26. CO 2 ce r^ 9 O ^ , cq CO L «3 10 37 ^ 3 o CO 3 iO I. 16 11 v. 'S 10 r^ 5 o cq '^i * Stillwater Creek. No. 71.] 361 Timbered with black Ash. to the Comineneenient of *-H 12.. a -G O oq — H I a O 10.. o tH I Up Land of tlie 2;! quality, Timbered with Hemlock, Bh'cli. and Beech. to tlie Commencement of Up Land of tlie V}. (piality, Timbered with Sng-ar maple white Ash, Bass, and JBeech. 15 . . To a Sugar maple Post, being the Sonth East Corner of said Township Explored the 4**^ day of luiy 1798 [See also small Field Book No. 34.] XVIL Surveyed Township N" 1, in the 13tli Range. [Western part of Harmony, Chautauqua Co. — 1 R. S. 368 (Otli ed.).] Beginning at a Sugar maple tree standing in the north boundary line of the State of Pennsylvania it being the southwest corner of said Township and the southeast corner of Township JS?. 1 in the fourteenth Range from which sugar inaple two bounding trees bear as follow, a Beech north forty nine degrees east thirty nine links and a white pine* north eighty three degrees west forty one links and thence running East from the said sugar maple bounding sonth on the aforesaid line [At forty chains a sugar maple post from which two bounded trees bear as follow a sugar maple east eight links also another sugar maple north seventy three degrees west twenty two links ; at eighty chains a Beech post from which two bounded trees bear as follow, a Beech north twelve degrees east thirty links also another Beech north twenty three degrees M^est seventeen Hnks ; at one hundred and twenty chains a Beech post from which two bounded trees bear as follow a Beech north sixty two degrees east fifty four links also another Beech north forty seven degrees east thirty two links ; at one hundred and sixty chains a sugar maple post from which two bounded trees bear as follow a Sugar maple north thirty five degrees west four links and a cherry north fifty eight degrees east twentv- * Stump identified in 1870 by Mr. Hinckley; remains of it to be found in 1884. [Sen. Doc. No. 71.] 46 362 [Senate five links; at two hundred chains a Beech post, from which two bounded trees bear as follow a Sugar maple north thirty five degrees east sixty one links also another sugar maple north tifty five degrees west twenty six links ; at two hundred and forty chains a Beech post from which two bounded trees* bear as follow a Beech north twenty four degrees east twenty iive links and a Sugar maple north two degrees east thirty two links ; at two hundred and eighty chains a Beech post from which two bounded trees bear as follow a Sugar maple north sixty two degrees east twenty six links also anotlier sugar maple north forty nine degrees west thirty eight links; at three liundred and twenty chains a Black ash post from which two bounded trees bear as follow a Hemlock north twenty six degrees east nineteen links and a black ash north eighty degrees Avest twenty links ; at three hundred and sixty chains a hemlock post from which two bounded trees* bear as follow, a Beech north ten degrees east twelve links and a hemlock north twenty one degrees west eighteen links; at four hundred chains a Beech post, from which two bounded treesf bear as follow a Beech north four- teen degrees east twenty nine links also another Beech north nine- teen degrees west seven links; at four hundred and forty chains a Beech post, from which two bounded trees bear as follow a sugar maple north eighty four degrees "west twelve links and a Beech north seventy four degi-ees east forty six links ; ] four hundred and eighty chains a Beech ])ost being the South east corner of said Township and the south west corner of Town N° 1 in the twelfth range from which post two bounded trees bear as follow a cucum- ber north sixty eight degrees west thirty eight links and a Beech north ten degrees east thirty five links and thence running from tlie said post Nortli Eange 13tli Beginning at the southwest corner [etc., as above.] .,. ao .S oj 5 6— 50 13 50 CM l_ Commenceing with Upland of the 2S Quality timbered with sugar maple Beech Hemlock and Cu- cumber — to a small run running south Easterly to the commencement of Upland of the V^. quality """ Ideutified iu 1870 by Mr. Hinckley, both down and decayed; Mr. H.'a red beech stake was standing iu 1884. t Identified iu 1870 by Mr. Hinckley, No. 71.] 363 timbered with sugar maple Beecli Cucumber Ash and Chesimt to a Sugar maple post to the descent of a liill descending said hill to the bottom facing easterly noit too steep for Cultivation to the commencement of Up Land of tlio 2'! quality timbered with Beecli Hemlock and Birch 50 to a run one perch wide running South Easterly 50 to the ascent of a liill ascending said hill to the top facing north west not too steep for tillage gradually descending said hill to the bottom facing South East to a Beech post to the Commencement of Upland of the l?t quality timbered with sugar maple poplar Beech Cherry and Black Oak to a small run running North East to a Beech post the Land Continueing level to the commencement of Upland of the 2'.J quality timbered with Hemlock Beecli and Sugar Maple to the descent of a Hill. descending said hill to a small spring run running Northerly descending the hill from said run to the bottom facing Easterly not too steep for tillage crossing said spring run running Sonth East to a Beech Post — and to the Commencement of Upland of the 3'? quality timbered with Hemlock and Beech ■ to the descent of a gull)- descending the said gully to the Bottom facing East- terly too steep for Cultivation and to a small run running South 50 to the ascent of a hill 50 ascending said hill the top facing westerly too Steep for tillage descending said hill to the bottom facing East too steep for Cultivation likewise to the ascent of another hill a: 20- •§ 2- r - 5 "^ O 01 3- 1 r— • r-H 5 Q c o- ^ 10- ^M I" 11- CO •| 2- c cc 3- CO 1 1 20- a: •^ ci ^ 7- c . oo 13- CM 8- l_ 10- 4- Vi 3- Q o (N o- 12- 6- 2- w 3 C a 6 2 •* ^H I 364 [Senate a 7 — ascending said hill to the top facing North Westerly "^ too steep for tillage and to the commencement of Q ce C5 ■i-t I. o 11- 1— 1 1—1 L w 10- "5 10- 5- o CO I 5- Upland of the 2? quality timbered with Beech Black Oak and Pine g 19 to a Beech Post and to the Commencement of CO Upland of the 1?^ quality •| timbered with sugar maple ash Black Oak and Chesnut p 10 — to the descent of a hill 15 — descending said hill to the bottom facing Easterly not Cjj too steep for Cultivation and to the Commencement of CD Bottom Land of the 2? quality •^ timbered with Beech sugar maple Birch and Hemlock g 4 — • to a small run running northerly 11— to a Beech post 4 — to the commencement of c A swamp '§ timbered with Black Ash not miry Q 4 — to the commencement of 'c Bottom land of the 2'? quality •3 timbered with Beech Sugar maple & Hemlock •Q 11 — to the ascent of a hill and to the commencement of Upland of the 2*? quality timbered with Beech and Sugarmaple ascending the said hill to the top facing Westerly not too steep for tillage and to the commencement of Upland of the 1!* quality timbered with ash sugar maple Beech Basswood and poplar to a Beech post to the descent of a hill descending said hill to the bottom facing JS^orth Easterly not too steep for tillage to the Commencement of No. 71.] 365 Bottom land of the 2? quality timbered with Hemlock and Beech to the commencement of Bottom land of the 1^^ quality timbered with Basswood Buttenmt Elm and Hemlock to a stream* two perches wide runnin<^' Southeasterly to the commencement of Bottom land of the 2"? quality timbered with Hemlock Beech Bass & Sugar to a Black ash post to the commencement of Upland of the 2'.' quality timbered with Beech Sugar maple Hemlock and Bass- wood to an Hemlock post to the descent of a hill and to the commencement of Upland of the 3? quality timbered as before descending said liill to the bottom facing South easterly too steep for tillage to a small runf running South-westerly to the said run running North West to said run bearing South West to the aforesaid run running North west and to the ^ commencement of « Upland of the 2^1 quality •§ timbered with Hemlock Sugar maple and Beech g 8 — to a Beech post ^ 5 — to the commencement of 3 ~ a f"* r^ o 5 — ^ L CO - «^ "5 Q 7— o 3— T-i I CO — l*H "i Jm 5 — 10— ■•^ l_ rj^ — '3 J5 80— -* 13— cc 3 ~ '§ 4_ c^ o 1— ca 1 — a '3 6— 7— — Upland of tlie 1?^ quality timbered with Beech Sugar maple poplar and Ash 2 — to a small run running North Easterly 17 — to a small runf running Northerly 3 — to the ascent of a hill facing West *Little Brokenstraw Creek. f Deer Lick. 366 [Senate 5 — ascending said hill to the top not too steep for Culti- g vation •g 8 — to Beech post the land continues level and timber the Q same ^ ttO — to a Beech post being the soutli East Corner of said '^ Township Explored the 2'^ day of luly 179S [See also small Field Book X". 85.] XVIII. SurYeyed Township N" 1 in the 14*^ Kange. [Clymer, Chautauqua Co.— 1 R. S. 367, 369 (6th ed.).] Beginning at a Beech Post at the Southwest corner of the afore- said Township which is also the Southeast corner of Township iV^" 1. in the fifteenth Range, from which post four bounded trees bear as follow, a Beech North thirty five degrees east eighteen links ; another Beech North twenty four degrees west forty four links ; another Beech South thirty one degrees west twenty seven links ; also another Beech South thirty three degrees east thirty four links ; thence run- ning East bounding south on the North boundary line of the State of Pennsylvania. (At forty chains, a Beech Post from Mdiich two bounded trees bear as follow, a Beech North fifty degrees east forty three links; also another Beecli North twenty eight degrees west twenty six links ; at eighty chains, a Beech Post from which two bounded trees bear as follow, a Beech North forty four degrees west thirty seven links; and a Sugar Maple North forty seven degrees east forty eight links ; at one hundred and twenty chains, a Beech Post from which two bounded trees bear as follow, an Hemlock North forty two degrees east forty one links ; also another Hemlock North fifty six degrees west twent}' six links; at one hundred and sixty chains, a Sugar Maple Post from wdiich two bounded trees bear as follow, a Sugar Maple Noi'th thii'ty four degrees east seven links ; and a Beech North fifty seven degrees west thirt}^ eight links ; at two hundred chains, a Sugar Maple Post from which two bounded trees bear as follow, a Bass wood North twenty two degrees west twenty nine links ; and a Beech North sixty eight degrees east thirty links; at two hundred and forty chains a Cucumber w^ood Post from which two bounded trees bear as follow, a White Ash North twenty thi-ee degrees east six links ; and a Sugar Maple North forty two degrees east fifteen links ; at two hundred and eighty chains a Beech Post from which two bounded trees bear as follow, a Beech North forty five degrees west twenty seven links ; and also another Beech North fifty six degrees east thirty five links ; at three hun- dred and twenty chains, a Sugar Maple Post from whicli two No. 71.] 367 bounded trees bear as follow, a Sugar Maple. iSTortli nine degrees east thirty seven links ; and a White Pine North seventeen degrees west fifty five links ; at three hundred and sixty chains, a Black Ash Post from which one bounded tree bears as follows, a Black Ash North ten degrees west seventeen links;- at four hundred chains a Beech Post from which two bounded trees bear as follow ; a Sugar Maple North forty three degrees east thirty seven links ; also an- other Sugar Maple North thirty degrees west fifty five links; at four Iiundred and forty chains a Beech Post from which two bounded trees bear as follow, a Beech North twenty eight degrees west twent}' three links ; and an Hemlock North eighteen degrees east forty three links ; ) four hundred and eighty chains, to a Sugar Maple tree being the southeast corner of said Town and the southwest corner of Town JV" 1 in the IS'"" Eange from which Sugar Maple two bounded trees bear as follow, a White Pine North eighty three degrees west forty one links ; and a Beech North forty nine degrees east thirty nine links ; and running thence from the afore- said Sugar Maple Nortli Range Hth Beginning at a Beech Post [etc., as abovej Commencing with Upland of the l^'. quality timbered with Beech Sugar Maple Hemlock Cherry and C^icumber "^ 2. . 5U to the descent of a gully and the connnencement of o ^ Q CM I ^. Upland of the ?>\'^ quality -^ 1 . . descending said gully to the bottom facing north east ^ too steep for tillage likewise to a small run running '^ North-west ^ . . 50 to the ascent of a gully facing south west ^ 2. . ascending said gully to the top too steep for tillage '^ and to the Commencement of _!5 34 O 17 K5 l. a - ~~ 4 O -* L ^ o 1 lO -d O r-l l. ._ ^ -q o 17 lO 5 ^ O (^ (M I ^ O 7 iO ^ 6 Q CO tH L — ^ ^ o 13 o -XJ o CO 368 [Senate Upland of the 1^* quality timbered with Beech Sugar and Cucumber wood Maple Cherry Hemlock to a Beech Post Land Continues level to the summit of a hill and the Commencement of Upland of the 3'".'! quality descending said hill to the bottom facing south east too steep for tillage and to a small run Running ISTorth east 50 ascending a gnlly to the top facing North west to« steep for tillage and to the Commencement of Upland of the 1^\ quality timber Beech Sugar Maple Cherry Cucumber ttc. 50 to a Beech Post Land level — to the Commencement of Bottom Land of the 2"? quality timbered with Hemlock Beech and Birch 50 to a large Creek* three perches wide Canoeable at some seasons of the year — to the Commencement of Upland of the 21'? quality timbered with Hemlock Beech and Sugar Maple 5U to the Commencement of n 8 00 10 1-i L, Bottom Land of the 2".'? quality timbered with Hemlock Beech and Birch to a Beech Post Land continues level to the Commencement of * Biff Broken Straw Creek. ^o. 71.] 369 2 Upland of the 2".1 quality •S timber Beech Sugar Maple Hemlock White Pine &c Q 30. , — to a Sugar Maple Post & the Commencement of o CO I Upland of the 1?' quahtj^ Timl)ered M-ith Beech Sugar Maple White Ash White Pine ('Ucumber and soft Maple to a small run Running South to a Sugar Maple Post to a small run Running South Land level to a Cucumber wood Post timber continues as before mentioned to the descent of a hill and the Commencement of Upland of the Z\'} quality timber Beech Sugar Maple Hemlock & Birch 50 descending the aforesaid hill to the botton facing South eastei'ly too steep for tillage likewise to a small run running N"orth easterly Q 4. . 50 ascending a hill to the top facing Northwesterly too 17., . 50 22.. 11.. , 50 , 50 D 28., , 50 L 15.. 30 I a -a cc _•— ' 'k c 4. -^ I CO a 19. Q 16. t- 2. CO l_ steep for tillage and the Commencement of — Upland of the 2?;' quality Timbered with Beech Sugar Maple Hemlock &c 12. . — to the summit of a hill thence descending 5. . — to a Beech Post standing on the side of s? hill 4. . — to a small spring run Running North east i 7, . — to a small spring run bearing North east Q 6. . — to the bottom of said liill facing east not too steep for Cultivation to a small run running North and the Com- ^ mencement of 'to Bottom Land of the 2"? quality timbered with Sugar Maple Birch & Hemlock to the Commencement of Upland of the 2"?? quality Timber Beech Sugar MapleWhite Pine &c to a Sugar Maple Post. Land level, to the descent of a hill descending to the bottom of said hill facing east and to the Commencement of [Sen. Doc. No. 71.] 47 370 [Senatk M h-I ii 14 5 _:3 1 o CO fN I -/) " 'S -C IV, O (?i 1— 1 L ^ - yA o lO a to * 1 _a O "* an Alder swamp not very miry 50 to a small rnn Running North — to a small run* running ISorth westerly 50 to Sugar Maple Post 50 to the commencement of Upland of the 2V? quality Timbered with Hemlock Beech and Birch — to the commencement of Bottom Land of the 2"."^ quality Timbered with Bii'ch and Beech — to a small I'un* running south 50 to the commencement of Upland of the 2?? quality timber Hemlock Beech Birch "White Pine and Sua-ar p maple — to a small run running south westerly — to a Beech Post. Land continues level — to a Beech Post timber as before described — to a Sugar Maple tree being the south East corner of said Township Explored the 28*'^ day of Line 1798 [See also small Field Book N». 36] XIX. Surveyed. Township N? 1, in the 15*.'^ Range [French Creek, Chautauqua Co.,— 1 R. S. 369 (6th ed.).] Beginning in the Boundary line that divides the State of Penn- sylvania from the State of New York at a Sugar Maple post in a heap of stones, being the Southeast corner of a Triangular piece ot Ground sold by the United States to the State of Pennsylvania whose Hypothenuse is in and along the shore of Lake Erie, which post and heap of stones is also the Southwest corner of the aforesaid Town, from which two bounded trees bear as follows a Beech North ten degrees East eighty five links, also another Beech Nortli * South Branch of Big Brokenatraw Creek. OS -a 13 O 9 O 40 I 40 No. 71.] 37L iifty degrees East sixty four links. Thence runninsr East bounding South on the North boundary hne of the State of Pennsylvania afore- said — (at forty chains an ash post from which two bounded trees bear as follows a Beech North forty nine degrees West twenty links, also another Beech North thirty degrees East forty one links : at eighty chains a Beech post from which two bounded trees bear as follows a Beech North twelve degrees East eight links also another Beech north fifty nine degrees east forty eight links: at one hundred and twenty chains a Beech post from which two bounded trees bear as follows a Beech North twenty nine degrees AVest eighteen links, also another Beech North forty degrees East fifty eight links : at one hundred and sixty chains a beech post from which two bounded trees bear as follows a Beech north forty eight degrees West twenty six links, also another Beech North four degrees West eleven links : at two hundred chains a Beech post from which two bounded trees bear as follows a Beech North thirty two degrees West forty two links, also another Beech North nine- teen degrees East forty one links: At two hundred and forty chains a Beech post from which two bounded trees bear as follows, a Sugar Maple North sixty six degrees West twenty three links, also another Sugar Maple North forty one degrees East fifty three links: at two hundred and eighty chains a Beech post from which two bounded trees beai- as follows a Beech North forty eight degrees West tw^enty links, also another Beech North sixty six degrees east fifty five links : At three hundred and twenty chains a Beech post from which to bounded trees bear as follows a Beecli North eighteen degrees West twenty links, also another Beech North ten degrees East eighteen links : At three hundred and sixty chains an Hemlock post from which two bounded trees bear as follows a Black Ash North fifty one degrees West thirty six links, also an Hemlock North fifteen degrees East twenty nine links: At four hundred chains an Hemlock post from M'hicli two bounded trees bear as follows a Beech North twenty degrees West thirty links, also another Beech North fifty five East thirty seven links : at four hundred and forty chains an Hemlock post from which two bounded trees bear as follows a Cherry* North forty one degrees West eight links, also a Beech North forty five degrees East six links) Four hundred and eighty chains to a Beech post being the Southeast corner of said Town and the South west corner of Town N° 1 in the 14"^ Range from which post two bounded trees bear as follows, a Beech North thirty five degrees East Eigh' teen links, also another Beech North twenty four degrees West forty four links ; and running Thence from the aforesaid post North bounding East on the West boundary line of the aforesaid Town N? 1 in the 14*'» Range ;— '^ The stump of this Cherry was fully identified by Mr. Hinckley some years before his reconnaissance of the Boundary in 1870. It was standing in 1884, and was used iu the adjustment of the west end of the Parallel Boundary. (See page 372 [Senate Four liundred and eighty chains to an Iron wood post, being tne ]Vortlieast corner of said Town Thence from the aforesaid post west bounding North on the South boundary of Town Nf 2 in the iifteenth Range Four hundred and eighty chains and seventeen links to a Beech post standing in the East boundarj^ hue of the aforesaid Triangular piece of Ground being the Northwest corner of said Town, and the Soutliwest corner of the aforesaid Town N? 2 from which post three bounded trees bear as follows a Sugar Maple South fifty nine de- grees East twenty nine links, another sugar maple North twenty degrees East twenty seven links, also a Beech North fifty two degrees East sixteen links. Thence running from the said Post South bounding West on the aforesaid Triangular piece of Ground at thirty nine chains and seventy five links, a post, from which two Bounded trees bear as follows a Cucumber JSiorth sixty six degrees East fifty nine links aleo a beech North twenty three degrees East thirty seven finks at seventy nine chains and seventy five links a post, from which two bounded trees bear as follows a Black Ash North seventy eight de- grees East forty two links also a Beech South thirty degrees East thirty links : at one hundred and nineteen chains and seventy five links a post from which two bounded trees* bear as follows an Hemlock North seventy two degrees East tM^enty four links, also another Hemlock South twenty five degrees East forty five links : at one hundred and fifty nine chains and seventy five links a post from which two bounded trees bear as follows a Beech North fifty eight degrees East twenty seven links, also another Beech South seventy eight degrees East fifty eight links : at one hundred and ninety nine chains and seventy five links a post from which two bounded treesf bear as follows a Beech North thirty eight degrees East thirtj' links, also an Hemlock South eighty three degrees East thirty nine links : at two hundred and thirty nine chains and seventy five links a j)ost from which two bounded trees bear as fol- lows a Cucumber North seventy two degrees East twenty seven links, also an Hemlock;}: South sixty six degrees East forty three links : at two hundred and seventy nine chains and seventy five links a post from which two bounded trees§ bear as follows an Hemlock North seventy degrees East thirty four links, also another Hemlock South seventy one degrees East thirty three links : at three hundred and nineteen chains & seventy five links a post from which two bounded trees bear as follows a Black Ash North sixty one degrees East thir- teen links also a Beech || South thirty five degrees East fifty six links : * Identified in 1870 by Mr. Hinckley. f Identified in 1870 by Mr. Hinckley. Both standing in 1885. j Identified in 1870 by Mr. Hinckley. Down in 1878, but stump and trunk iden- tified. §Both fltanding in 1885, one was cut in the vista of that year. J Standing in 1879. . :No. 71.] 373 at three hundred and fifty nine chains and seventy five links a post from which two bounded trees bear as follows a Beech North lifty one degrees East twenty six links, also an Hemlock South forty one degrees East thirty eiglit links : At three hundred and ninety nine chains seventy five links a post from which two bounded trees* bear as follows an Elm South eighty degrees East fifty links, also a Beech South fifty eight degrees East forty eight links: at four hundred and thirty nme chains and seventy five links a post from which two bounded trees bear as follows a Beech North sixty degrees East seventeen links, also another Beech South fifty six de- grees East fifteen links : ) Four hundred and seventy nine chains and seventy five links, to the aforesaid sugar maple post in a heap of stones at the place of Beginning, Containing twenty three thou- sand and thirty eight Acres. Surveyed on the 22*? day and follow- ing days to the 30*^ of June 1798. I certify that the foregoing is an accurate description of Township N? 1 in the fifteenth Range compared with and corrected from the original Field Notes JOSEPH ELLICOTT I |-XW1C?. [See also Small Field Book No. 37.] Range 15tli Remarks on Township N" 1 Beginning in the boundary line [etc. , as above] . . "S .5 -^ o Commencing with Upland of the 1'^^ cpiality, 5 Timber Sugar maple, cucumber, and ^ 1 — Basswood, to a small brook runniiig northwesterly, •§ 1 — to the ascent of a hill facing southwesterly, ^ 11 — to the top of said hill, not too steep for cultivation ; _^ 7 — to the summit of a hill, thence descending ^' 4 — to the bottom, fit for tillage ; and to the commence- ^- ment of Upland of the 2'."' quality, Timber Beech, Hemlock, and some sugar maple 50 to a small run, running Northwesterly, 50 to another small run running Northwesterly, — ■ to an ash post, land level and good for cultivation, — to the connnencement of. * Stumps of both identified in 1870 by Mr. Hinckley. w ^ a " j=i 8 U 7 I 10 374 [Senatp: Upland of the 1^^ quality timber Basswood, sugar maple, Elm cucumber, Ash and Beech, Land level, 30 — to a Beech post. 7 — to a small run running Northerly 23 — to the vertex of a hill, thence descending 10 — to a Beech post. 5 — to the bottom of said hill fit for tillage. — . . 50 to a small brook runriing Northwesterly and to the bottom of a hill, 2 . . 50 to the top of said hill not too steep for tillage 3, . to the descent of a hill, thence descending said hill c 4 — to the bottom, fit for cultivation, ^ 1 .. 50 to a small run running Northerly, O 17.. 50 to another small run* running North-westerly land 3 level and timber as above described, r-H Q — to a Beech post, and the commencement of Upland of the 2"?:' quality timber Beech, sugar maple. Hemlock, cucumber and Poplar, 2 — to a small run running southwesterly, 2. . 50 to another run running southwesterly, 35. . 50 to A Beech post land level and timber as above, 5 — to the bottom of a hill, thence ascending 7 — to the summit of said hill, facing southwesterly 3 — to the top of another hill and descending 2 — to the bottom of said hill fit for cultivation 1 — to a small brook running southeasterly, I 22 — to a Beech post, land level and timber as above 2 34 — to the descent of a hill facing Northeasterly, thence O descending gradually, ^ 6 — to a Beech post. T-i 8 — to the bottom of said hill, and to a small run running ^ Northwesterly, .2 3 — to the bottom of a hill ascending gradually and facing ^ southwesterly, g 8 — to the summit of said hill, T-f 1 — to the commencement of, — Upland of the 1^*: quality, timber sugar maple. Beech wdiite ash and Basswood, 9 . . 25 to the 221 mile post on the Pennsylvania line. 10. . 75 to a Beech post, land level, Q 13 — to the summit of a hill, thence descending gradually ^ 12 — to the bottom facing N orth-easterly, 'f 1 — the commencement of * Herrick Run. Xo. 71.] 375 ^ Bottom Land of the 2'?? quality, *i timber Hemlock, Birch, Black ash, Elm, Butternut &c.. Q 11 — a small run* running to the South, ? quality, timbered principally with Hemlock o 15 50 to a post, and to the commencement of .= Upland of the 1?* quality ^ timber Beech, sugarmaple, Basswood &^ ^ 15 . . to the commencement of 2 Bottom Land of the 2!^? quality, timber Beech, siigar- •g maple, Basswood and Cherry ^ 10 . . to a post Land level, ^ — . . 25 to a small run bearing Westerly, ■^ 3.. 75 to a Black ash swamp not miry, and to the com- men cement of Upland of the V.\ quality g timber sugar maple, Beech, Cherry &c •^ 4 — to the south side of the above swamp, ^ 32 — to a Beech post Land level and fine, i;^ 30. . 25 to a Brook bearing Easterly 'r 9. . 75 to a Beech post at the place of Beginning Explored the 4'*^ day of July 1798 JOSEPH ELLICOTT Surveyor for the Holland Land C? [See also small Field Book N? 37.1 380 iSknatb Surveyed ToM'iiship K" 3 in the 15**> Range. [Ripley, Chautauqua Co., — 1 R. S. 3 »8 (Otli ed.).] Beginning at a Sugar Maple post standing in the East boundary Line of a Triangular piece of Ground sold by the United States to tlie State of Pennsylvania Avhose Il^^pothenuse is in and along the Shore of Lake Erie it being the Southwest corner of said Township and the Northwest Corner of Township N° 2 from v.'hich post two bounded trees bear a Beech South thirty three degrees East thirty seven links, also another Beech N^ortli twenty nine Deg* East forty five links Four hundred and eighty chains and thirty nine links to a Beech post being the South East corner of said Township Thence from the aforesaid post Xorth seven hundred and eighty chains and seventeen links to an Iron wood post on the Bank of Lake Erie it being the Northeast corner of said Townsliip . thence traversing from the afoi'esaid Iron woods post bounding Northwestwardly by the Southeast shore of said Lake, to a post [standing on the Shore of said Lake J being the Northwest corner of said Township, and also the North-east corner of the afore- said Triangular piece of ground sold by the United States to the State of Pennsylvania and Thence from the aforesaid post South bound- ing West on the East boundarj^ line of the aforesaid Triangular piece of ground] — At thirty nine links a Monument Stone* in the aforesaid boundary line: At fourteen chains and twenty seven links a post from which two bounded trees bear a Beech North sixty seven degrees and thirty minutes East forty links, another Beech South thirty nine degrees East forty two links : at fifty four chains and twenty seven links a post from which two bounded trees bear a Chesnut North fifty degrees East fifty four links, also an Hemlock South fifty eight degrees East eighty four links: at ninety four chains and twenty seven links a post from which two bounded trees bear a White ash North eighty degrees East sixteen links, also a Beech North fourteen degrees East forty three links, at one liundred and tliirty four chains and twenty seven links, a ])ost from which two bounded trees bear a Black ash South sixty eight degrees East fift}' nine links, also an Hicory North forty four degrees East thirty live links : at one liuudred and seventy four chains and twenty seven links a post from which two bounded trees bear an Iron wood North seventy four degrees East forty live links, also an Hickory South sixty nine degrees East thirty six links: at two hundred and four- *In 1865, when seen by Dr. Peters, this mouunient was 7 feet from the edge of the Bank. In 1878. the site vva-s at the edge, the monument had fallen out. No. 71.J 381 teen chains and twenty seven links a Stone corner on the west bank of a creek* from wiiieh two bounded trees bear a Biittonwood South eighty two degrees East ninety two links, also an Elm Nortli eighty three degrees East one cluiin, at two luindred and fifty four chains and twenty seven links a post from which two bounded trees bear a Chesnut North fort}^ live degres East twenty four links, also another Chesnut South forty nine degrees East twenty four links: at two hundred and ninety four chains and twenty seven links a post from which two bounded trees bear a Chesnut North thirty seven degrees East lifty links, also a Maple South sixty fiv-e degrees East forty six links : at tliree hundred and thirty four chains and twenty seven links, a post from whicli tM'O bounded trees bear a Beech North forty two degrees East thirty four links also a Poplar South sixty three degrees and thii-ty minutes East twenty seven links: at three hundred and seventy four chains and twenty seven links a post from whicli two bounded trees bear a Beech South fifty seven degrees East sixty four links also another Beech North thirty two degrees East twenty eight links: at four hundred and fourteen chains and twenty seven links a post from which two bounded trees bear a Beech South seventy two degrees East ten links also another Beech North foi-ty six degrees East lifty six links : at four liundred and fifty four chains and twenty seven links a post from which two bounded trees bear a Beech ^'orth tM'enty two degrees East twenty seven links also another Beech South ten degrees East twenty inks : at four liundred and ninety four chains and twenty seven links a post from M-hich two bounded trees bear a Beech North forty seven degrees East forty seven links, also a Sugar Maple South sixty six degrees East twenty two links :] five hundred and thirty four chains and twenty seven links to the first mentioned sugF maple post at the place of Beginning. — Containing thirty thousand eight hundred and sixty two acres ; Surveyed on the 29'.^? of June and following days to the Uth of July 1798." 1 certify that the foregoing is an accurate description of Townsliip N° 3 in the fifteenth liange compared with and corrected from the Original Field Notes JOSEPH ELLICOTT \ ^'T^jJ''' ^^n. I Holland Land C* * Tweuty Mile Creek. 382 [Senate Range 15tli Remarks on Township N?. 3 [West line of T. 3, R. 15.] 5 -g ^ <§ 6 ^ Commencing with Upland of the 1?^ quality, «-. timber Beech, Basswood, Sngarmaple, and Hickory ^ — . . 39 to a Monument stone, ■^ 13.. 88 to a post 29 — to a rivulet bearing Northwesterly, 11 — to a post, Land continues as above described, 12 — to a small run bearing North westerly-, 11 — to the commencement of a B. ash & Hemlock swamp, '^ 12 — to the South side of said Swamp, l^ 5 — to a post, t^ 8 . . 50 to the Presque Isle path, ^ 31 .. 50 to a post, (on the last half mile, the Land descends .fl gradually to the Nortli-west,) and to a Black ash ^ swamp — ^ 5 . . — to the South side of said swamp not miry.^ o5 35 . . — to a post. Land level and fine, ^ 20 — to the commencement of oQ Upland of the 2"'^ quality, •5 timber Chesnut, ^ 12 — to the summit of a very steep hill* facing South- -^ westerly, and to the commencement of Upland of the Sl^ quality, timber Chesnut, Oak &9. c 8 — to a stone standmg on the West bank of a creek 2 ^ perches wid bearing Northwesterly, also to the O bottom of the above mentioned hill and to the Com- °9 mencement of Upland of the 2^? quality, timber as above, thence ascending another hill facing Northeasterly, 6 . . 50 to the summit of said hill* too steep for tillage 33 . . 50 to a post Land somewhat broken, 10 — to the ascent of a steep liill facing S. westerly 3 — to the bottom of said hill, and to a small run running Northwesterh^ 14. . 22 to the summit of a hill facing southwesterly *^ortb and South banks of Twenty Mile Creek Canyon. No. 71.] 383 4. . 78 to the bottom of said bill too steep for tillage and to a _fl rivnlet bearing Northwesterly,* also to the ascent of _5 another hill facing N.east^. too steep for cultivation Q 5 . . 50 to the top of said hill, § 2 .. 50 to a post, V 20 — to the commencement of Upland of tiie 1?! quality, timber Basswood Beech, Sugar maple, with some _G Hemlock and Chesnut ; 3 20— to a post, O 30 .. 50 to a small ran bearing Northwesterly, § 9 .. 50 to a Post, Land level and line, ^ 40 — to another post 14. to a rivulet bearing Westerly 26 . to a post. Land very excellent covered with nettles 18. to a small ran bearing Soutli-westerly .g 16. to another run bearing Westerly _5 6 . to a post ^ 11 .. 50 to a small run bearing Westerly § 28 .. 50 to the first mentioned Sugar maple post at the place of beginning Explored the 9^^ day of July 1798 JOSEPH ELL [See also small Field Books N^o. 37, 39, & 55.] JOSEPH ELLICOTT } HdlamrC"^' * Gorge about 2,200 feel North of Milestone 4. 384 [Senate APPENDIX J. [Extracts from Field Book of the Keating Estate in tbe Counties of Potter and McKean, Pennsylvania, in the possession of Robert King, Esq., C. E., of Smeth- port, McKean Co. This is a book bound in vellum: 321 pager*, 6 inches by loi inches. It is probably a record of the notes from the Field Books proper. 'J'he earlier Surveys were made by Francis King, grandfather of Robert King.] [Page 1.] The 1^^ of the 7'*^ Montli 1801. Began at a Hemlock corner 68 perch west of the Holland Companj 13 mile stake on the State line where we fonnd a Sonth line which proved to be the District line dividing between districts N° 2 & 3* and traced it South ascending a mountam throngh a thick wind fall [Page 5.] Our provisions being exausted we returned home after some fruitlefs attempts to find the line on the east side of our lands. The 12 of the 10*^ montli went out to make further search after the East line of our lands mentioned in the last page [4tii The most of this day proved wet; in the evening travelled to the 5 mile tree in quest of a North & South line s'^ to have been seen by the hands, but could not find such a line. Was led to con- clude the line seen, was the one blazed for a road from the head of Pine creek to the Oswaya in the fall of 1797, which crofsed the line we traced in an oblique manner from S.East to N.West. We then went to meet the pack horses which had been previously directed to meet us on the [Page 6.] South bi'anch of the Allegany, thinking we should find a line that led that way [Page 14.] 27*^^ Being short of provisions through the failure of the pack horse, we could not proceed to go round the west part of the land, I therefore resolved on returning to the beech corner from which we traced the 25'^'^ to which we proceeded & continued it nortli to ascertain the distance to the State line from those lines we had found in this part. [Pago 16.] 3 p.* Went out to traverse Some of the lines West of the Allegany * Site of Milestone 140. No. 71.] 385 river in order to find the Cliesnut corner mentioned in the map at the junctiou of the West line of tlie District IS''' 3, with the State line, and iinding the South line of lot N° 4322 not far from the S. E. Corner we traced it West to a Sngar tree Corner where the West line ended, when finding a line to the South we followed it one mile to a beech corner, hoping to find a West line ; here the South line ended and no line appeared to west, but one to East. We then re- turned by the line we came by, to the former beech corner and ran by compass north to the State line ; which we struck 74 p'* East of our 6 mile mark on a Sugar tree. Then proceeded to our nine mile Stake and measured from it west by the State line. At 159.4 pf in the descent of a lawrelly mount", found a line to South, with much loping but no corner marked. On this line at 12 p? from the State line, we found a corner marked on a large ches- nut stump about 30 feet high, with the bark mostly off. The notches were perfect in the timber except on the west side which had not been cut through the bark, but was perfect in it which we left standing against tlie stump. 2'' Arrived at home when it began to Snow. [Page 18.] 29'? of 7'? M° North 298.6 p^ the State ( 3.1 p! west of 151 Mile tree ) line ■< 3.8 from the Suposed Stake >• . ( 12.3 from the 151 Mile Stone ) The 4'? of the 8*? M° Measured from the Supposed Stake 151 Mile Mark West. At 3.8 p? our Cornr of lot, 86.6 p? the Holl'' Com- pany's 24^ Mile 196 p? Ascent of hill. 245.6 p! the H. C-^.' 25 Mile Stake, 280 p^. top of hill 320.1 the 152 Mile Stone. At 0.1 P? Mile Stone then oblique along the point of hill, 66 p? steep descent 80 p? foot of steep hill 83.5 p? the H. C^? 25^ mile Mark, 157.5 p? a Stone w'^ N. Y. & P: 221.6 p^ the H: C-".^ 26 Mile Mark on a Beech. 266.6 to a blaz'* Elm on the bank of the Allegany, 278.9 to a marked stone (on the West* bank of d") w*^?' we removed to 302.3 p? tins appearing by the pointers to be its place. 320 P? Marked 2 Miles. — ~ At 80.5 p^ the Holland C^? 26^ Mile mark, 140 p'! Ascended grad- ually, 230 Y)^ top of hill 240.7 p^ the H. C>? 27 Mile mark, 270 p^ descent of hill, 310.8 the 154 Mile stone 2 p? short of a small run, 320 ascent of hill. 6**> At 30 p? top of hill, 56 it. descent of hill 79.4 the H. C^.' 27^ mile post, 12u p? foot of hill, 161 small run from ISorth, 170 p? rose a pomt, 180 top of point, 200 p? descent of point, 214 foot of hill 220 p® small run from N. W, 238 p? a large stone and a mark on a *Thi& undoubtedlj is a slip of the peu aud should be " East." This was Mile- stone lob. The distance he removed it would place ii on theWest baukot the River where it has since remained. (See foot note, page 167.) [Sen. Doc. No. 71.] 49 3S() [Senate Beech, W & J Willinks S W Corn^ and on another Beech 28 miles from G & P? S. West Corn':, 288 ascent of Mounf? 310.3 if. the 155 Mile Stone, 320,4 Marked 4 Miles on a small Beech. At 16 p^ top of hill, 46 p! descended obhque the hill 76.9 p? a post but no marks, 197 p* small run from N. W. in a narrow hollow, 170 pnop of hill, 185 p? descent, 232.8 p? a 1 mile post, 300 p? foot of hill, 319.9 Marked 5 Miles on a Heml'J 320 p! a Post. [Page 19.] At 26 if small Creek* from N. W. 71.2 p! a post, pafsing oblique • to left of hill, 180 p' a dry draught to rio-ht, then ascended, 200 p? top of hill 230.6 p? to a 2 Mile stake, 29"9.2 the 157 Mile stone on side of liigh point 320 p? Marked 6 miles on a small Sugar tree. At 10 p! descent of hill, 69 p? the H: C".^ i mile post, 76 small run to S: "W. 120 p? top of point, 193 p? small Spring run 210 p! a small spring run, 221 p? a small Creek from N: W, 227.4 to 3 mile post, 278 a small spring run 280 p? ascended oblique the hill to right, 284.4 the 158 mile stone 320 p? put in a post and marked 7 Miles on a Beech 4 links back. At 6Q p? the H: C^.* i mile post. 72 p^ top of narrow Eidge. 180 p? foot of hill 193 p? small creek from N: W, 223. 9 p! to a post marked Ranges N° 4 & 5 & Township's N? 1, at 292.5 the 159 Mile stone 320 p? put in a post and marked 8 miles on a large pine 4 links forward. 7'^) At 23 ]f. a small spring run to left, 41 p^ a small spring run to left 63.6 pUhe li: O-^.^ i Mile post, 122 p? a little Creekf runingE. S. E, 154 p^ a considerable spring run from the left, 180 p? Marked the distance on a large Beech and put in a post, 220 p? a small run from left and ascent of hill 223.2 to a Mile post of the H: C^^ 286.7 if. the 160 Mile Stone 320 p? put in a post and marked 9 miles on a Beech 13 links forward ; a little past this on the left is a very large rock and a smaller one on the right. — Serched much for the district line, but without efect, then rernrned toward home. 8'** Arived at home. — 10'^ and 11".^ much rain. The 3'! Meridian East of Cerestown. 12*)^ Went to the Corners N*? |il?} \IZ\ on the 4 Mile line & ran north Ascended gradually 302.6 p? made a small Beech CornT at the State Ime.iJ: [Page 30.] First Meridian East of Cerestown. The 26^^ of the 8t^ M? Began at Corners N? {o'^ii} {i}^?} on the 4 mile line and removm the Corn'." 19. 1 p': East and marking the numbers on a Beech 15 links East, ran North. * Meeks Creek. f Indian Creek. ^ North-east corner of Warrant No. 4330, 13 74 Chains East of N. E. Corner of McKean County, No 71.] 387 [Page 21.] At 40 p? descent of hill, 99.6 jd? Marked the distance on a Hem- lock by road. — Then went to a Corn^ made last year 35.4 p^ West of a stake at the 149 Mile tree, on the State line & ran South, — At 103 p? bank of tiie Creek 107 jj? South bank of Creek 146 p^ the run at the back of the Island 150.7 put up a post 160 p? Marked ^ mile on a small Iron wood in Corn'." of Meadow, 205 p? the road & right an2;ular with the tree marked this morning, the distance to s'? line 14^6 p! Second Meridian East of Cerestown. Began at Corners N°^{^J^J|{|}J} on the 4 mile line and having re- moved the corn"" 15.3 p? East and marked the numbers on a post & small Beech allso, ran North. — 301 .1 p? made a post Corner on the State line 11.5 p? west of the Holland Comp^'? 20^ mile post. — [Page Gl.] Resurveying Part of the line of Districts N° 2 & 3. by Th? Lightfoot, [1806.] [Page 66.] Then North 266 p? to the State line a small beech corner Then along the State line West at 320 p? a mile tree at 406 p? found an old corner marked 20 miles at 464 p^ the 147 Mile Stone 566— found a post marked 20^ M. 583 p! a post Corner at 640 j3? the 2 Mile tree at 6SQ the Genesee Creek left at 720 p^ 21 Mile post. 878 p? the 21^ Mile tree at 960 p? a large pine right opposite the Indian Camp* marked 3 mile .1166 p? a pine Continued at 236 p? the 22| Mile tree at 320 p^ the 4 mile tree an ash. Continued at 224 p?the 23^ mile tree at 280 p? the f Ossweye creek right 320 p? a sugar marked 5 mile tree. Continued at 102 p? entered the Osswaye creek and 114 p! left the Creek right 120 p? the 151 Mile Stone at 132.5 Francis King's Corner. Left the woods 7"^ M? lO*'' m the evening. Continued went to the woods 7'^ M*? 14*^^ with but two hinds. Continued the State line at 160 p? made a new Corner 2 p^ East of a Corner made by Cary — at 242 p? post Marked 25 miles, at 313 p? the 152 mile stone at 320 p? a sugar mile tree [Page 67.] Continued at 239 p? a tree marked 26 miles at 292 Allegany right 294 p* the 153 mile:]: 320 p? a mile marked on a hemlock. Contmued *This tree stood near tlie site of the mills in Ceres. f Originally written Osswego and then altered in difiFerent ink to Osaweye. X See foot note page 167. 388 [Senate at 296 p^ the 154 mile stone at 320 p? the 3 mile tree a birch Con- tinued at 222 p! found a large stone marked PX & S L. & a great deal of Witnefsing* at 320 p? tlie 4 Mile tree a hemlock. Continued at 214 found a post marked 1 mile at 301 p? found a dead hemlock marked 5 mile at 320 p^ made a 5 mile tree a beech by the side of a deer lick & 3 p'? north of a run running nearly East. Continued at 8 p? a run left at 211 p? a post marked 2 miles at 299 p? the 6 mile tree a Sugar at 320 p^ a hemlock 6 Mile tree. Continued at 268 p? the 158 mile stone at 296 p! a post marked 7 mile 320 p? a beech marked 7 mile tree. Continued at 263 p* the ]59 Mile stone at 292 p? a large pine marked 8 mile at 320 p1^ marked a hemlock 8 miles. Continued at 148 p? a beech marked 8 miles at 254 p? the 160 Stone at 289 p! a nine mile tree a few p? East of a large rock (Which is about 1 p? South of the State line I think it one of the great cunosities of nature about 3 p^ square & 35 feet high) at 320 p^ the 9 mile tree a Sugar. Continued at 125 p? made a post corner. f Then South land good chocolate Soil timber Sugar maple beech chessnut white pine &c [Page 109.] On Tuesday the 29*** September 1808 Started for the Tunonmag- uont:{: on the same day got 19ib of beef of William Atherton. October the 1^' began at an old cucumber corner on the State line, 19 pi West of the 168 mile stone on the side hill Then South on the old line [Over nearly 2 pages.] [Page 110. to the maple corner Then North descending 180 p? foot of hill 200 p? large run right 220 p! rising a hill 326 to a post corner on the State line. !Now [Page 111.1 back to the maple East descending 120 Spring left 190 large run right a-t the foot of the hill 250 rising a hill, 420 bill 480 descend- ing 585 p? to a beech corner on an old line 10 p? south of an old beech corner. Then North descending 100 p^ foot of hill 108 p! large run right 120 risingahill then along the side hill 160 spring right 170 spring right 212 run right then risingahill 326 p? to a beech cornor on the State Hue Then East along the State line 550 p? to a Cucum- * Holland Land Company's 28 Mile point. South- west corner of Olean. f North-west corner of Warrant No. 5949. ^ Elsewhere in the Field Book from which these extracts are made this name is spelled Tunemengwant and Tuuonmegont. In the Holland Land Company's Field-boobs it is spelled Tunaunguan. Familiarly it is known as Tuna. C. D. Webster, C. E., of Bradford, Penn., found it Ischunuongwandt in some old notes. On the original Boundary Map it is spelled Cheneonguaont. Tunegawant and Tunungwant are local variations in spelling. Tuua-uuguaut is the most accept- able orthography. No. 71.] 389 ber* corner the place of beginning. Then returned home on the 8^^ day of October 1808. [Page 233.] 31^' of the T'' M? 1810. Went to the State linef & measured West 161 p? and made a beech corner and ran South at 239 p? the bank of the Allegany river made a hickory corner %Q p? above the angle The river runing S. 68 E. Then measured West 159.5 p? and made a maple corner on the bank of river then ran North up a small run. 218.1 to a sugar tree corner on the State line. Showering & wet all the after noon Then started for potatoe creek and lodged at Arnolt Hunter's {Page 249.] Not having the notes of the lots run near the State line this Sum- mer went to the S. W. Corner of N° 49 and measured North 218.2 p? to the State line. Began at the West side of N° 49 and measured West 144.5 and made a post "orner on bank of river and ran North between N"* 50. 51. At 113 p? small run to right Then gradual ascent 240.1 p? made a post corner on the State line Then measured West along the State line descending at 40 p! foot of hill and small run to left 45 ascent 60 top of hill Then gradual descent at 100 p? foot of hill and Small Creek to left at 118 p? to Holland Company 28 Mile mark 136.6 made a post corner and ran South between N? 51.52. at i6 p' Spring run left Then oblique ascent [Page 250] 120 top of point Then descended at 180 foot of hill 265.6 p? made a hemlock corner on the bank of the river. 2'' Measured West 116.2 p? and made a post corner on the bank of this river by foot of hill. Then ran north ascending oak hill pretty steep, land thin at 21 p? top of hill Then gradual descent at 51 p? Spring run to right 120 p? foot of hill 133 Small creek runing right 266 spring nin runing to the left 332 made a pose corner on an old line which we took for the State line altho' it was 16.3 p* further tlian we made it by calculation *The above is a resurvey of lands covered by warrants 4334-5, etc., west of Tuna Valley, in McKean Co. The stump of the Cucumber was identified in 1877, and yet remains, f He probably began at the west bank of the Allegany River. 390 Li^ENATE APPENDIX K. REPEESENTATIOX of XEW YOP.K and PEX^SYLVAXIA- in ANCIENT MAPS. [The following is a memorandum of a large number of Maps, published before or during the Rev^olution, exhibiting portions of North America, which include the provinces of New York and Pennsylvania. A few exhibit the entire nortliern Continent. A brief descrii3tion of the Boundary line between the two Provinces, as shown upon each map, is given. It will be noticed that in most of these maps the northern Boundary of Pennsylvania is shown about as claimed by Lieut.-Governor Hamilton of Pennsylvania. Many of the Maps referred to are without date, so that their proper chronological arrangement is impossible.] The Maps described in the first Series are iu the New York State Xibrary at Alban3\ " A MAP of the British and French Dominions in North America, witli the Roads, Distances, Limits, and Extent of the SETTLEMENTS, By DT Jn*^ Mitchell." [At Amsterdam.] " Printed for I. Covens and C. Mortier." No date [1755 ?] A large map of Eastern America, apparently carefully engraved, and with a great deal of detail. Scale, about 30 miles to the inch. All the parallels and meridians are shown. The Provinces are colored diiierent tints. \rhe Line of ' Pensilvania ' is a meridian north from the head of theNPelaware Eiver, which is nearly in Longitude 74° 30', to the parallel of 43 degrees, which it follows west to Longitude 79° 30', 23assing through the south end of Lake Genentaha (Onondaga) and the outlet of Lake Erie ; the west line being drawn parallel with the Delaware River. Upon this map the Eastern branch of the Delaware is represented as the main River, the 'Mohocks' or Western branch being a short stream coming in from the north-west. The parallel of 42° inter- sects the Delaware above the forks (Hancock), passes about 7 miles South of ' Osewingo ' (Binghamton), and just north of ' Owegy.' This undoubtedfy is the Map refered to by Governor Tryon in his report concerning the Province of New York. (See page 48.) [Atlas 1, No. 41.] " Pensylvania Nova Jersey et Nova York cum Regionibus ad Eluvium Delaware in America Sitis, Nova Delineatione ob oculos posta per Matth, Seutternm, S. C. M. Geogr. Aug. Vind." No. 71.J 391 A roughly engraved Dutch Map of no date. The Xew England States are especially very much distorted ; the representation of Xew Jersey is quite fair, extending to the northern claim line: The three original Counties of Pennsylvania are shown colored to the line of the iirst Purchase. A dotted line drawn West from the Delaware at about the site of Deposit is inscribed, "Die Grantz von Pensylvanien nach dem Koniglichen Patent. Limites Pensylvanise juxta diploma regium." [Atlas l,Xo. 46.] " Recens edita totius Nova Belgii in America Septentrional i .... Matthei Seutteri, Sac. Cass. Maj. Geographi August. Yind." A terribly distorted Map of no date, probably older than the preceeding. Includes only the north-eastern Provinces, which are colored various tints. An irregular dotted line drawn west from the Delaware, about west of Catskill on the Hudson, (but in latitude 43° according to the margin of the Map) divides " Nova Belgica sive Neu Trionalis Niederland Nu Jorck ■' from " Neu Pars Peimsvlvania." [Atlas i, Xo. 47.] " Totius Neobelgii Nova et Accuratissima Tabula." "Apud Reinier & losua Ottens Amstelodami." An uncolored Map of no date. Very nearly a duplicate of the preceding Map with fewer subdivision lines shown. The irregular line between " Nu Jorck " and Pennsylvania apoears however. [Atlas 1, Xo. 48.] " New Map of English Plantations in America *' By Robert Morden. Maryland is bounded North by the 40'*^ Paiallel, New York coming down to Delaware Bay, Pennsylvania not shown (Date about 1680?) [Atlas 2, No. 57.] " A New Map of America according to the Best and Latest Observations." Henry Overton's Map of North and South America. No date. No Boundaries shown. The parallel of 45° passes through the first two syllables ''Pensil" of Pennsylvania, which is lettered in two lines just west of Hudson's River. [Atlas 3, Xo. 3.] " A New & Correct MAP of the Trading Part of the West Indies including the Seat of War betM^een G"" Britain and Spain : Likewise the British Empii-e in America. 1741 " H. Overton. New York and ' Pensilvania ' are divided b}' a waving dotted hue from the Delaware river, near the north-west corner of New Jersey, 392 [Senate to a point below the outlet of Lake Ontario. The ISTorth line of Maryland extends north-westerly and westerly (nearly West of Philadelphia) and northerly. East of Lake Erie and Niagara River, to Lake Ontario. [Atlas 2, No. 54.] " Carte des Possessions Angloises & Frangoises du Continent de I'Araerique Septentrionale 1755." [Name of another torn off.] The line of "• Pensilvanie " extends north from near the head of Delaware River to a point a little north-west of Otsego Lake and thence west throngh the head of Onondaga Lake and the Outlet of Lake Erie. [Atlas 2, No. 8.] A small Map with no title, showing " Claims of French in 1756." The North line of " Pensilvania " extends west from Otsego Lake to a point South of Niagara. [Atlas 2, No. 11.] " Carte des Possessions Angloises & Frangoises In Continent de I'Amerique Septentrionale 1755 Amsterdam Chez R. & J. Ottens" Provinces tinted. North line of Pennsylvania as in preceding map. [Atlas 1, No. IC] "A new and accurate Map of the English Empire in North America Representing their rightful Claim as confirmed by Charters . By a Society of Anti-Gallicians " Published Dec' 1755. Evidently an English transcript of the last preceding Map. [Atlas 1, No. 20.] " North America from the French of Ml" D'Anville Improved with the Back Settlements of Virginia and Course of Ohio Illus- trated with G-eographical and Historical Remarks " May 1755, pub- lished by Thomas J effreys. The North-east Corner of Pennsylvania is north-east of Otsego Lake which hoM^ever is located due west of a point between Albany and " Cooksocket " and nearly (E. of) South 75 miles from Onon- tagne, a Meridian from the head of the Delaware reaching to this point. The line passing due west about 33 miles north of the par- allel of 42°, strikes throngh " Chadocoin " Lake and intersects Lake Erie east of the site of Erie. The North Line of Connecticut pro- duced West would pass near " Osewingo" and about 20 miles south of the most southerly point of Lake Erie. [Atlas 1, No. 22'.] "AMERICA SEPTENTRIONALIS a Domino d'Anville in Gallis edita nunc in Interiordm Virginiam deductes nee non Flivii Ohio curfu aucta notisq geographicis et liistoricis illustrata. Sump- tivus Komannianorum Keredum Norebergse A° 1756" This Map is evidently a transcript from the preceding, except that the marginal " Remarks " are in Dutch. [Atlas 1, No. 23.] " Nouvelle Carte Particuliere de I'Ameriqne. A map of the Britiscli Empire in America with the French Span- No. 71.] 393 ish and the Dutch Settlements adjacent thereto by Ilemy Popple, a London Grave par Jean Corn*. Beck 1756" Upon this Map the course of the Delaware and Susquehanna Rivers is due south 'and almost straight. The north line of Penn- sylvania passes due west from the head of the Delaware north of all the New York Lakes nearly to Oswego, striking Lake Ontario east of Fort Niagara. The west line is a meridian south from Lake Ontario, east of Fort Niagara, passing through the eastern extremity of Lake Erie. [Atlas l, No. 2G.] " Carte Particuliere de 1' Amerique Septentrionale." By Henry Popple. Printed at Amsterdam for I. Covens and C. Mortier. No date. Nearly a transcript of 'the last preceding map. [Atlas 1, No. 37.] " Carte Nouvelle de 1' Amerique Angloise a Amsterdam Chez Pierre Mortier Libraire." A French map with no date. Tlie line of Pennsylvania is a me- ridian from the head of the Delaware to a point north of the Mo- hawk, and then west, striking Lake Ontario 40 miles East of " Fort de Conty " at outlet of Niagara. The South line is drawn along the 40*'^ Parallel. [Atlas 1, No. 33.] "Nouvelle Carte Particuliere de I'Amerique." No date. Represents the present area of the United States and Canada in two maps, divided North and South through Central New York. Upon it, as in some of the preceding, the course of the Delaware is almost straight, due South. The North line of '"Pennsylvania" is drawn M^est from the head of the Delaware, passing between Oneida Lake and Oswego, striking Lake Ontario east of Fort Niagara ; The west line passing east of the Niagara River. In the north-west corner of the Map is the following : — " Mr. Popple undertook this MAP with the Approbation of the Right Honourable the Lords Commissioners of Trade and Planta- tions; and greate Care has been taken by comparing all the Maps, Charts, and Observations that could be found, efpeciallj' the Anilien- tick Records & Actual Surveys transmitted to their Lordships by the Governors of the British Plantations, and Others, to correct the many Errors committed in former Maps, and the Original Draw- ing of This having been shewn to the Learned Dr Edmund Hallet, Profesfor of Astronomy in the University of Oxford and F. R. S. he was pleased to give his Opinion of it in the words following " / have feen the ahove-mentioned Map, lolch as far as I am Judge, feems to have heen laid down with great Accxtracy, and, to shew the Position of the different Provinces & Islands in that Pai't of the Globe more tridy than any yet extant. "EDMUND HALLEY" (Compare with any modern map of the United States !) [Atlas 1 No. 87&38.] [Sen. Doc. No. 71.] 50 394: [Senate " America Septeiitrionalis A map of the Britisli Empire in America" by Hen. Popple" ^o date. Rivers and Boundary shown as in other Popple Maps. [Atlas 2, No. 7.] "A Map of North America With the European Settlements & whatever else is remarkable in y^ West Indies from the lateft and beft Observations." " R. W. Seale delin." A small uncolored map without date — The North line of Pennsylvania passing; west fi'om the head of the Delaware River, n6rth of Oneida Lake, strikes Lake Ontario east of Fort Niagara. [Atlas 2, Xo.4.] [It was undoubtedly from Maps of the character of the few last preceding that Gov. Hamilton ^ot his idea that Pennsylvania was bounded north and west partly by Lake Ontario.] " Chart of the Atlantic Ocean with the British, French, & SjDanish Settlements in North America and the West Indies as also the Coast of Africa." T. Jeffreys, No date. The line of "Pensilvania" is rather indistinctly shown by a line of color passing from the head of the Delaware, around Otsego Lake and down to " Oswiga," and along Lake Ontario. [Atlas 2, No. 9.] A small map with no title showino; the " F'"ench Dominions in America as prepared by M. Bussy, 1761" The line of Pennsylvania is shown by color as in the last preced- ing map. [Atlas 2, No. 10. j "A New Map of North America shewing the Advantages obtained therein to England by the Peace." A map 6 by 8 inches with no date. North line of ' Pensilvania ' drawn irregularly from Otsego Lake west to the frontier line of the L'oquois east of the head of the " Ohio," about west from Albany. [Atlas 2, No. 6.] " A New Map of North America from the Latest Discoveries, 1763" "• J. Spelsbury Sculp." A small map showing the Eastern half of the present United States. The North Hne of Pennsylvania passing west from the meridian of the liead of the Delaware River, through Onondaga and outlet of Lake Erie. [Atlas 3, No. 5.] " Province de Neuyork par ordre du Gouverneur Chez le Ronge rue des grands augustins." Tins map has no printed title. The above is written in the margin. ISTo. 71.] 395 It includes Xe\v York, Pennsvl^aiiia, Maryland, and the New Eng- land and Canada Provinces. Without date, but the present line be- tween New York and Xew Jersey is shown, inscribed '' en 1769." A dotted line along the parallel of 42° is inscribed, " Limites de la Penfylvanie par Patentes," It passes west from near its present intersection with the Delaware, to Kortli of Binghamton. A dotted line starting from the same point, passing south of west to the forks of the Susquehanna, is inscribed " Limites Meridionales eutre la Pensylvanie et les Six Nations." [Atlas 1, No. 52. J " A Map of the Wliole^ Continent of America divided into North and South and West Indies" " Compiled from MT D Anville's Maps of that Continent, 1772." Published in London, April 1, 1772, by Robert Sayer. North, line of Pennsylvania is not shown. The East line follows the Delaware to near the present Nortli-west Corner of New Jersey, then an irregular line north crossing the upper Delaware and Sus- quehanna, terminating in Central New York. [Atlas 1, No. 95.] A French Map of the " Seat of War in Araericry." " Supplement au Courier d L'Europe No XXXII Vol II" without date. Shows the Boundary about as at present, north of " Endless Mountains." [Atlas 1, No. 56.] An Accurate MAP of North America Describing and distin- guishing the British Spanish and the French Dominions on this great Continent ; Exhibiting the Present Seat of War and the Frencli Encroachments. "Also all the West India Iflands Belonging to, and pofsessed by the Several European Princes and States. The whole laid down ac- cording to the latest and Moft authentick Improvements. By Eman Bo wen Geogr to His Ma.iesty, And John Gibl'on, Engraver." A map on large scale with no date, uncolored but varnished. It includes Mexico and Central America and the southern portion of Hudson's Bay. The north line of " Pensylvania" passes through " Onondago," and " Oskwego " at the outlet of Lake Erie. [Atlas 1. No. 91.] " An Accurate Map of North America Describing and distinguish- ing the British and Spanish Dominions in the Great Continent Ac- cording to the Definite Treaty Concluded at Paris 10''' Feb^ 1763." Nearly a duplicate of the last preceding. [Atlas i, No. 94.] " A Map of the Middle British Colonies in North America First Pubhshed by M^ Lewis Evans of Philadelphia in 1755." HevisL'd l.v T. PowtiHll. Published March 25, 1776. 396 [Senate TsTorth line of 'Pensylvania' sliown by a green line from the Dela- ware in Latitude 42° 05' M^est to Lake Erie north of " Jadaxque." A Copy of this Map is in the possession of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. [Atlas 2, No. 13.] " A General Map of the Middle British Colonies in America Corrected from Governor Pownall's Late Map of 1776." Along the upper margin of the map is the legend, " The Seat of War in the Middle British Colonies Containing Virginia, Maryland the Delaware Counties &ca." The line of Pennsylvania, dotted and colored, follows up " Great Viskill " or Delaware River to about the location of Deposit, then North-east to the Susquehanna, and then a Meridian north to a point 7 miles East of " Oneyda Lake." then due west through that Lake striking Lake Ontario just west of Oswego ! [Atlas 2,No. 12.] " A New and Correct Map of North America with the West India Islands divided According to the last Treaty of Peace Concluded at Paris 10*^ Feb^ 1763, wherein are particularly Distinguished the Several Provinces and Colonies which Compose the British Empire. Laid down according to the Latest Surveys, and Cori-ected from the Original Materials of Gover' Pownall, Mein*^^ of Parlia"*, 1777." A large Map, evidently a revision of Bowen's Map described above. Shows the North Boundary of Pennsylvania on the 42° parallel intersecting the Susquehanna below " Osewingo ; " but an alternative boundary lined with color runs north from the head of Delaware River, on the Meridian of 75°, to a point near north-east corner of Oneida Lake; then west, passing north of that Lake, to Lake Onta- rio just West of Oswego. Lines of Provinces colored. [Atlas 1, No. " Carte de la Partie Septentrionale des Etats Unis, comprenant Le Canada La Nouvelle Ecosse, New Hampshire, Massachuset's Bay, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Torek, Etat de Vermont avec partie de Penfilvanie et de New Jersey." " Andr^ Scripsit. ' A well engraved map with no date, of eastern portion of Middle States, with Canada and the Eastern States. Boundary of " Pen- sylvanie " from the head of the Delaware to " Conajohari," up the Mohawk to its head and across to Lake Ontario. [Atlas 1, No. 29.] " Carte Generale des Etats Unis de l.'Amerique Septentrionale renfermant aussi quelques Provinces Angloises adjacentes." " Andre scrip " A Map showing the United States east of the Mississippi. The east line of " Pensilvanie" crosses from head of Delaware River to the Mohawk, up which it follows, and down the Black River to Lake Ontario. [Atlas i, No. 30.] No. Yl.] 397 " A New Map of the United States of Nortli America with the British Dominions on that Continent &c By Samuel Dunn Mathe- matician Improved from the Surveys of Capt. Carver." Embraces east half of North America. Boundaries of the United States outlined in green. Xo Boundary shown between New York and Pennsylvania. [Atlas 2, No. 3.] [The preceding Maps are in the New York State Library in two large Atlases. In Del'Isle's Collection in the State Library are the following : — ] " L'Ameriqne Septentrionale Par G. del'Isle Geographe A Paris 1700." Exhibits all known North America, The north-western line of the British Provinces passes in a south- westerly direction across the center of Lake Champlain and south-east of 'Onontague,' and east of the Ohio. The northerly corner of ' Pensilvanie' is in this line, a little south of east of ' Onontague,' and in Latitude 42°. The Delaware is a short stream not reaching so far north. [No. 69. Del'Isle's Coll.] " Carte du Canada on de la Nouvelle Finance Par Guillaume Del'Isle 17U3 " Exhibits the North eastern part of North America, North of Virginia. North line of ' Pensih^anie' runs "^vesterly from head of ' Delvar,' in Latitude 42°, nearly to head of Ohio Kiver and then South. If continued west it would strike Lake Erie near the present site of Erie. A river heading in " Buks" County runs north, parallel with the ' Delvar,' into a long lake a short distance west of ' Onontague,' and is called " R. de Chowegonen." [No. 71, Del'Isle's Coll.] " Carte du Mexique et de la Floride des terres Angloises et des Isles Antilles Par Guillaume Del'Isle Geo Graphe 1703." Includes all the present area of the United States. The Pennsyl- vania line is drawn very nearly as in the last preceding map. [No 73 Del'Isle's Coll.] " Carte de la Louisiane et du Cours du Mississipi Par Guil^""'*^ Del'isle de I'Acadamie W? des Sciences." 1718 Exhibits the entire area of the United States west of the New England States and East of the R. del Norte. * Pensilvanie ' is bounded north by a line starting from a large lake at the head of the Delaware in Latitude 41° 30', and running south westerly to the Susquehanna River. [No. 72, Del'Isle's Coll.] "Etats Unis de I'Amerique Septentrionale Avec les Isles Royale, de Terre Neuve de St Jean I'Acadie &c 1785." 398 [Senate " Chez Delamarche." The line between " Pensilvanie " and New York follows the west branch of Delaware to the head, and then an irregular line northerly to Onondaga Lake and down the River to Oswego. [No. 74, Del'Isle's Coll.] In the History of North America by " William Douglass, M. D." 1755, facing the title page, is a copy of the Jeffreys Map, Atlas 1, JSTo. 22, above. As a very apt commentary npon his own map, wit- ness the following extract from a foot-note on page 3G2 of Vol. i : " Dr. Cotton Mather's Map of New England, New York, Jersies, and Penfylvania, is composed from some old rough draughts of the first discoverers, with obsolete names not known at this time, and lias scarce any resemblance to the Country : it may be called a very er- roneous antiquated Map. " Cap* Cyprian Southack's land map of the eastern North America, is worse ; it is as rude as if done by an Indian, or as if done in those ages when men first began to delineate countries : it gives no information, but has no other bad effect, than turning so much jDaper to waste. But his large chart of the Coast of Nova Scotia and New England, being one continued error, and a random performance, may be of pernicious consequence in trade and naviga- tion ; therefore it ought to be publickly advertised as such, and de- stroyed, wherever it is found among sea Charts." " A New Map of the British Dominions in North America with the limits of the Governments annexed thereto by the late Treaty of Peace and settled by Proclamation October 7^.'' 1763 Engraved hy T Kitchen Geographer." A fairly engraved Map at page 130 of the Annual Register (Lon- don) for 1763. It shows the line of " Pensylvania," running north from the head of the Delaware to the 43*^ parallel, crossing the out- let of Otsego Lake, then west, passing north of "Onondago" and through the outlet of Lake Ei-ie. [N. Y. State Library.] " A New Map of North America from the latest discoveries, 1763." A duplicate of the above, very clearly engraved. Facing title page of small volume of Charters of various provinces in North America. [N. Y. State Library.] " To His Excellency William Tryon, EsqE Captain General & Governor in Chief of the Province of New York &c &c. This Map of the Country of the VI Nations Proper, with part of the Adjacent Colonies is humbly inscribed by his Excellency's Most Obedient humble Servant, Guy Johnson 1771." A MS. Map (framed) in New York State Library. Shows only a diagonal line extending south of east from No. 71.] 399 " Oweg_y " to the point on the Delaware where the present line begins. " Tiaoga," just below the present intersection of the Boun- dary', is shown very nearly west from the Delaware intersection of the Line drawn on the Map. This Map was prepared by Col. Guy Johnson at the request of Kev Chas. Inglis, and was attached by the latter to " A Memorial concerning the Iroquois.'' The Memorial with a copy of the map is to be fo'und in X. Y. Doc. Hist. (4°), iv, 661. " A Chorographical Map of the Northern Department of North America Drawn from the Latest and most accurate Observations." A Map printed at New Haven, showing the State of Vermont, parts of New Hampshire, Massachusetts. Connecticut, New York and Pennsylvania, and Canada. No date. Coj^y published in N. Y. Doc, Hist. (-1:°), iv, 331, accompanying papers on the controversy between New York and New Hampshire. Represents the north east corner of Pennsylvania just west. of Fort Stanwix ; the north line passing north of Oneida Lake, strik- ing Lake Ontario west of Oswego. [The following Maps are among those in the possession of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.] ^' Amerique Septentrionale " corrected in 1776 by M. Hawkins, pubhshed at Paris in 1777, is evidently a French transcript of the map by " Dr. Michel " first described in this list. It shows the line of the Provinces about as in the original Mitchell Map, the north line of Pennsylvania being about 2 minutes north of the parallel of 43 degrees, "A New Map of North America" with no date, "Printed for John Bowles at the Black Horse in Cornhill, London." "This Map is Laid down by De la rochette and Engra\'ed by Tho. Kitchen," It places the north-east Corner of Pennsylvania east of Otsego Lake, the north line passing through that Lake, the village of "Onondage" and the outlet of Lake Erie. " A Map of Pennsylvania New Jersey New York and the three Delaware Counties," by Lewis Evans, 1749. Shows the Boundary between New York and Pennsylvania upon the parallel of 42 de- ^'ees, which is drawn to intersect the Delaware River at the site of Deposit, and the Susquehanna at Owego ; and the line is marked " The Bounds of Pensilvania by Patent." A copy of another Edition (175;"i) of Lewis Evans' Map (described among the Maps in the New York State Library.) This Map is accompanied by a 32 page Octavo book of " Geo 400 [Senate graphical, Historical, Political, Philosophical and Mechanical Essays. The First Containing an Analysis Of a General Map of the Middle Britisli Colonies in America And of the Conntry of the Confederate Indians A Description of the Face of the Country ; The Boundaries of the Confederates And the Maratime and Inland Navigations of the Several Rivers and Lakes Contained therein By Lewis Evans Philadelphia Printed by B. Franklin, and D. Hall. MDCCLV." In a foot note to page 3, Mr. Evans remarks " We call nothing Surveys but actual Mensuration with a Chain, and the Course taken with a good Surveying Instrument. Courses with a Pocket Com- pass and computed Distances we call Computations^ " The Province of New York and New Jersey with part of Pennsylvania and the province of Quebec Drawn by Major Holland Surveyor General of the Northern District in America Corrected and Improved from the Original Materials By Governor Pownall Member of Parliament 1776." Gives no northern boundary to Pennsylvania; but it shows the parallel of 42 degrees drawn through the site of Deposit and north of "Osewingo" (Binghamton). Sauthier's Map of 1779 does not reach West of the Delaware River, and so does not show the position of the Pennsylvania Boundary. [N. Y. Doc. Hist., Vol. i.] The two Maps represented in Yol. viii, of the Colonial History of New York, (Sketch No. 1 being a transcript from one) are already mentioned in the text. " A General Map of the Northern British Colonies in America " Regulated by the Astronomical and Trigonometrical Observa- tions of Major Holland and Corrected from Governor Pownall's Late Map 1776 " Embraces the North East provinces, N. J., and N. Y., and east half of Penn. The Boundary between New York and Pennsylvania is a Meridian from the Delaware river near the present east line of Broome County, north to near Fort Stanwix, and then a line drawn west, passing north of " Onondaga (Oneida) Lake " to Lake Ontario west of Oswego. "A General Map of the Middle British Colonies in America Corrected from Governor Pownall's Late Map, 1776 '' The Boundary between the two States is represented very nearly as in the preceding. [The last two maps are N° 3 and 4 in the " American Military Pocket Atlas" in the New York State Library. Published in Lon- No. 71.] 401 don by Sayre and Bennett. I believe there is a copy in the Penn- sylvania State Library.] "To the Honorable Thomas Penn and Richard Penn Esqnires True and Associate Proprietors and Governors of the Province of Pennfylvania and the Territories therennto belonging and to the Honorable John Penn Esquh'e Lieutenant Governor of the Same This Map of the Province of Pennsylvania Is humbly dedicated by their most Obedient humble Servant W. Scull. Philadelphia printed by James Novel for the Author April 1^* 1770." In the office of the Secretary of Internal Affairs at Harrisburg. It shows a line extending east from " Owegy," north of 'Chenengo,' nearly to the river north of Onaquago, and then South. This is Pobert L. Hooper's line of 177-1, mentioned at page 58. It also shows the line north west from the forks of the Susquehanna, fixed by the Treaty of 1754, afterward abrogated. [Sen. Doc. No. 71.] 51 402 [Senate APPENDIX L. The Disputes with Massachusetts and Connecticut. The settlement of the claims of Massachusetts and Connecticut to lands " beyond the Province of New York," based upon their orig- inal charters, forms an interesting chapter in the history of both the Parallel and Meridian Boundaries. The story of the Massachu- setts claim is really a part of the history of the Meridian Boundary. The Massachusetts Claim. King James I granted by Letters Patent in 1620, November 3, to " The Council established at Plymouth, in the County of Devon, for the planting, rnhng, ordering, and governing of New England in America, .... all that part of America lying and being in breadth, from fourty degrees of northerly latitude, from the equi- noxtiall line, to fourty-eight degrees of the said northerly latitude, inclusively, and in length of, and within all the breadth aforesaid, throughout the maine lands, from sea to sea, together, also, with all iirme lands, soyles, grounds^ havens, ports, rivers, waters, fish- ing, mines, and inineralls, as well royall mines of gould and silver, as other mines and mineralls, precious stones, quarries, and all and singular other commodities, jurisdictions, royalties, privileges, fran- chises, and prehemininces, both within the said tract of land upon the maine, and also within the islands and seas adjoining : Provided always that the said islands or any the premises hereinbefore men- tioned, and by these presents intended and meant to be granted, be not actually possessed or inhabited by any other Christian Prince or State, nor within that Southei-n Colonies heretofore by us granted to be planted by divers of our loving subjects, in the south part." The exception in the proviso applied^ among other possessions, to those of the Dutch along and near the Hudson Kiver. Upon 19 March 1628, the Council conveyed to Sir Henry Rosewell and his associates, " all that Parte of Newe England in Amiriea which lyeth and extendeth between a great River there commonlie called Mono- mack, alias Merrimack River, and a certen other River there, called Charles River, being in the Bottome of a certen Bay there, comonlie called Massachusetts .... and all Landes and Hereditaments whatsoever lyeing within theLymitts aforesaide. North and South, in Latitude and Bredth, and in Length and Longitude, of and within all No. 71.] 403 the Bredtli aforesaide, tlironghout the MayneLandes there from the Atlantick and Westerne Sea and Ocean on the East Parte, to the Soutli Sea on the West Parte." A charter was o^raiited in 1629, 4 March, by Charles I covering the same lands, with the proviso excepting lands '' actually possessed or inhabited by any otiier Christian Prince or State." The south bounds of this grant were afterward found to be in Latitude 42° 02', the latitude of the present north boundary of Connecticut. In 1664, 12 March, Charles II granted to his brother, James, the Duke of York, certain lands in New England. " Together alsoe with the said River called Hudsons River and all the land from the west side of Connectecutte River to the east side of De la Ware Bay . . . . " This part of the grant interfered with the pre- vious grants to Connecticut and Massachusetts. The extent inland was not fixed ; the limit of '' the South Sea" even being omitted. The presumption is that the Southward bound, the east side of Delaware River, following up the Delaware River, was also intended to be its western bound — King Charles evidently construed it thus when he made his grant to Penn in 1682. At the date of this grant (of 1664) the territory which it covered was in the possession of the Dutch, holding originally under a trad- ing charter incorporating the Dutch West India Company in 1621, M'ith indefinite jurisdiction. As is remarked in the History of the Meridian Boundary the Dutch were a coastwise people, confining their settlements to a narrow margin along the navigable waters, making no formal claim over the interior of the country beyond that of a few manorial grants with definite boundaries. Their title in- land seems to have been rather prospective than actual, as is sliown by Van der Donck in his Description of Kew Netherland in 1656. "On the north, the river of Canada stretches a considerable dis- tance, but to the northwest it is still undefined and unknown. Many of our Netherlanders have been far into the country, more than sev- enty or eighty miles from the river and sea-shore. We also fre- quently trade wnth the Indians who come more than ten and twenty days' journey from the interior, and who have been farther off to catch beavers, and they know of no limits to tlie country, and when spoken to on the subject they deem such enquiries to be strange and singular. Therefore we may safely say, that we know not how deep, or how far we extend inland. There are however many signs, which indicate a great extent of country, such as the land winds, which domineer much, with severe cold, the multitudes of beavers, and land animals which are taken, and the great numbers of watei- fowl, which fly to and fro, across the country, in the spring and fall seasons. From these circumstances we judge that the land extends several hundred miles into the interior ; therefore the extent and greatness of this province are still unknown." To remove any doubt of the validity of the Duke's title, the char- ter of 1664 was supplemented and confirmed by a second grant, 29 June, 1674, covering the same territory. iO-i [Senate In 1684 the Massachusetts Charter of 1629 was adjudged void by the High Court of Chancery of England. This apparently did not affect the validity of the deed given by the Council, although the New York Council was of the opinion in 1753 that the original Charter of 1620, under which the deed was given, was void in itself, which would include the deed in its effects.* Upon the application of the agents of the Colonists a new charter was granted 7 October 1691, incorporating the colonies of Massachu- setts Bay and New Plymouth, Maine and Nova Scotia into " one real province, by the name of our province of the Massachusetts Bay, in New-England." The Boundaries of the new province included " all that part of New England, in America, lying and extending from the great river commonly called Monomack, alias Merimack, on the north part, and from three miles northward of the said river to the Atlantick or Western Sea or Ocean on the South part, and all the lands and hereditamerits whatsoever, lying within the limits afore- said, and extending as far as the outermost points or promontories of land called Cape-Cod, and Cape-Malabar, north and south, and in latitude, breadth, and in length, and longitude, of and wnthin all the breadth and compass aforesaid, throughout the main land there, from the said Atlantic or Western Sea and Ocean, on the east part, towards the South Sea, or Westward, as far as our colonies of Rhode-Island, Connecticut, and the Narraganset country " The new Charter, it will be seen, limited the Colony " toward the South Sea, or Westward " as far as the Colony of Connecticut, no doubt with the idea that the western limit of Connecticut had been fixed by the agreement between the Commissioners of the Duke of York and Delegates from the Colony, 30 November, 1664,t twenty miles east of Hudson's River, and subsequently, 28 Nov., 1783, con- firmed by agreement between Governor Dongan, and Governor Treat and the Commissioners of Connecticut. :j: Connecticut however claimed lands west of the province of New York, and practically made good her claim in her contest with Penn- sylvania, as we shall presently see. Under this construction of the Connecticut Charter, the lands conveyed by the Second Massachu- setts Charter would be co-extensive, and reach beyond the province of New York also. The Massachusetts General Court in 1754, held that notwithstand- ing the decision of the Court of Chancery on the charter of 1629, the charter of 1691 practically confirmed the original grant of 1620 through which Sir Henry Rosewell and others obtained title. § Governor Tryon in his report upon the Province of New York in 1774,1 in answer to the question, " What are the reputed Boundaries, and are any Parts disputed and by whom ?", argues the case in favor of New York thus ; " The Boundaries of the Province of New York * N. Y. Council Minutes (MS.) xxiii, 55. f N. y. Col. MSS., Ixix, 4 8 Idem Ixxviii, 64 i Idem Ixix, 10 1 N. Y. Col. Hist., viii, 434-457. 'No. 71.] 405 are derived from Two Sources First, the Grants from King Charles the Second to his I>rother James Duke of York dated the 12 March 166f, and the 29 June 1674, which were intended to convey to the Duke all the Lands claimed by the Dutcli, the first occupants of this Colony. — Secondly, from the Submission and Sub- jection of the Five Nations of Indians to the Crown of England. "The Descriptive part of both tlie Duke's Grants is in the same Words and exclusive of the territory Eastward of Connecticut River, since granted to the Massachusets Bay by their Charter of 1691, comprehends ' All that Island or Islands commonly called Matta- wacks or Long Island, together with Hudson's River, and all the Land from the West side of Connecticut River to the East side of Dela- ware Jjay.' Connecticut River extends beyond, and Hudson's River takes its rise a little to the Southward of the Forty fifth Degree of Northern Latitude ; And as a Line from the Head of the River Con- necticut to Delaware Bay, would exclude the greatest part of Hud- son's River, which is expressly granted to the Duke of York, the Boundary most consistent with the Grants to the Duke, and the Claim of New York founded thereon, is a Line from the Head of Connecticut River to the Source of Hudson's River, thence to the Head of Mohawk Branch of the Hudson's River, and thence to the East side of Delaware Bay. "That this has been the reputed Boundary under the Duke's title has been confirmed by tlie Grants of this Government extend- ing Westward nearly to the Head of the Mohawk Branch of Hudson's River, and Southward of that Branch to within a few miles of the North Boundary of Pennsylvania. " No other Construction will justify the Terms of the Grants to the Duke, nor any Lines less comjjrehensive, include the Lands pat- ented by this Province or ceded to the Crown by the Indians, at the Treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1768. " The Second source of the Title of this Government is grounded on the claim of the Five Nations who are in the Treaty of Utrecht acknowledged by France to be subject to Great Britain. "Soon after the English conquered this Country from the Dutch, pursuing their system of Policy, they entered into a strict Alliance with the Natives, who b}^ Treaties with this Colonj^, subjected them- selves to the Crown of England, and their Lands to its protection, and from this Period were always treated as Subjects, and their Country consider'd by this Government as part of the Province of New York, which probably gave rise to the extended jurisdiction of this Colony beyond the Duke's Grants, signified by the M'ords ' The Teretories depending thereon ' which are found in all the Com- missions of the Crown to its Governors " It is uncertain at this Day to what Extent the Five Nations car- ried their claim to the Westward and Northward but there is no doubt it went to the North beyond the 45 Degree of Latitude and West- 406 [Senate ward to Lake Huron, their Beaver Himtiiig Countr}' being bounded to the West by that Lake, which Country the Five Nations by Treaty with the Governor of this Province at Albanj'- in 1701, snrrender''d to the Crown to be protected and defended for them — Mitchel in his Map* extends their claim uuich further Westward, and he is supported in this opinion by Maps and other authorities very Ancient and Respectable. " Tlie above Treaty of 1701 is to be found among the Kecords of Indian Transactions but it is recited and the surrender made thereby confirmed in a Deed dated the 14 September 1726f by whicli tlie Seneca, Cayouga and Onondaga Nations also surrender'd their Llab- itations to King George the first " Without any view to the more Westerly claim of the Five Na- tions, supposing the Colony to comj^rize wdthin its Limits or Juris- diction, the Country those Nations surrendered to the Crown by the Description of the Beaver Hunting Country as before mentioned — The Boundaries of the Province of New York are as follow. " On the West Thence the North Boundary Line of Pensylvania to the Northwest Corner of that Provin"ce; and continuing the same Line to a point in Lake Erie which bears due South from the East Bank of the Streight of D'Etroit and of Lake Huron to the Forty Fifth Degree of Northern Latitude. " On the North, A Line from a point on the East bank of Lake Huron in the Latitude of forty five East to the River St. Lawrence, or the South Boundary Line of Quebec ; Thence along the South Boundary Line of that IVovince across the River St. Lawrence to the Monument on the East Bank of Lake Champlain, fixed there in the 45 Degree of Northej-n Latitude ; Thence East along the Line alread)^ run and marked to the Monument or Station fixed on the West Bank of the River Connecticut in the same Latitude." Then speaking of the dispute with Massachusetts over the Eastern Boundary of New York he says after mentioning the abrogation of the Massachusetts Charter of 1829, " instead of so extensive and unreasonable a Grant of Three Thousand Miles in lengtli, they ob- tained, it is true, by that Charter [lODl] a great addition of Territory Eastward, but were confined in their Western Limits, which extend ' toward the South Sea as far as the Colonies of Rhode Island, Con- necticut and the Narragansett Country.' " * See Appendix K. f This Deed contains an actual surrender to the Crown by the Senecas, Cayugas and Onondagas, of " All that Land lying & being sixty Miles Distance taken Directly from the Water into the Country, Beginning from a creek called Cana- hogue [Cuyahoga River] on the Lake Oswego, [Erie] all along the said Lake "and the Niagara River and Lake " Catarackqui " [Ontario], "to the creek called Cay- nunghage [Salmon River] belonging to the Onnondages." (See N. Y., Col. Hist., v, 800-1). The Indian Deed of 1701 is in N. Y., Col. Hist., iv, 908-9. It covered aa indefinite area as far west as the head of Lake Michigan. No. 71.] 407 Then referring still further at length to this claim he asserts that " had it been considered as well grounded would long since have been prosecuted and brought to a decision. ... A claim so long dormant, can hardlj be expected under any Circumstance to be now revived with a prospect of success, and whatever Judgment the Assembly of Massachusetts Bay may have formed, certainly their present Governor had no opinion of its solidity, M'hen at the late meeting of the Commissaries of both Provinces at Hartford in 1773, he declared, ' That it was a mere Ideal, Yisionary project, in which he believed Nobody to be sincere,' and discovered an anxiety least it sliould interrupt the progress of the Treaty." Governor Tryon heroin acknowleges that the most consistent western boundary of New York according to the Grant to the Duke of York is the Delaware River. Massachusetts apparently made no formal claim to lands westward , of New York under either of these charters until after the Revolu- tion. The disputes during the Colonial period were confined to the proper Eastern Boundary of the gi-ant to the Duke of York. The w^estward claim was incidental. During the discussion of this subject between the Assemblies of the two Provinces the General Court of Massachusetts in February 1768, ^'■Resolved, 1st. That the Massachusetts government have always claimed as their right, jurisdiction over the whole territory, within their north and south limits, from the Atlantic ocean to the South sea, saving only such part thereof as on the third day of November, in the eighteenth year of King James the First, was actually possessed or inhabited by any other Christian prince or state." And also resolved to concede a line twenty miles east from the ITudsons River, " Provided^ That this concession, if not agreed to by New York, be not improved to the disadvantage of the Massa- chusetts claim ; Provided also,. That nothing shall be understood to prejudice the right of this province to lands westward of the prov- ince of New-York. And this court, for the reasons above men- tioned, doth further concede, that the aforementioned lines of distance from Fludson's river, shall be measured as horizontal lines, instead of lines measured according to the surface of the earth." To this the' New York Assembly at once responded, (5 February,) " That this house are sorry to find, that their hopes entertained of a friendly agreement between the colonies, will probably be frustrated by the immoderate claims of Massachusetts Bay, it appearing from the said resolutions of the general court, that disputes may arise between that colony and this, as well with respect to our Avestern as our eastern boundary, there being a proviso inserted, that nothing in their resolutions is to be understood to prejudice the right of that province to lands westward of this colony, which this house apprehend may prove a new and fruitful source of anx- iety and confusion, not only to this colony and Pennsylvania, 408 [Senate but to all the new colonies that his majesty may hereafter think proper to establish to the westward as far as the South seas. " " That if the province of the Massachusetts Bay will not recede from their last resolution, the house conceive that there is no pros- pect of a friendly accommodation of these differences, by any agree- ment between the two colonies; the house beino; of opinion, that even if the acceptance of the last offer of tlie Massachusetts Ba}'-, should be agreeable to the private patentees under this province, by a fartlier cession of right for the sake of peace ; yet as the crown is so deeply affected by these extravagant claims of the Massachusetts Bay, on the east side of Hudson's river, and their still more exorbi- tant pretensions to the westward of tliis province, no countenance should be given to the last resolutions of the general court, until his majesty shall be pleased to signify his royal pleasure on this head." The Revolution intervened with the question unsettled, although an attempt was made in 1773 to run a line between the provinces under an agreement made 18 May, but which failed from a disagreement of the surveyors. In 1784 the Legislature of Massachusetts presented a petition to Congress in which after reciting the Grant of 1620 and the Deed to Sir Henry Rosewell and his associates with the descriptions of territory contained therein they say, " in breadth of latitude afore- said, extending throughout all the main land, in longitude west- wardly to the southern ocean. And the said legislature in their claim herein described, do aver, that the point or place situate 3 miles south of the bay called Massachusetts-Bay, is a point or place situate in 42 degrees of northern latitude, 2 minutes north ; and that the place, point or boundary aforesaid, of 3 miles to the north- ward of every part of the river Merrimac, is a place or point situ- ate in 44 degrees northern latitude, 15 minutes north; and that by the grant aforesaid, the said Sir Henry Ros well and his associates, be- came seized of all the lands before described and contained in the grant aforesaid, of the said council established at Plimouth ; and that the same grant was confirmed to the said Henry Ros well and his asso- ciates, by the said king Charles, by his letters patent, dated in the 4th year of his reign ; and that the said sir Henry Roswell and his associates, \verc, immediately upon making the grant aforesaid by the said council, in the actual seizen and possession of all the lands aforesaid, and for many years held the same, under the name and title of the governor and company of Massachusetts-Bay, in Kew England. " And M'hereas the state of New- York have set up a claim to some part of the land befor^mentioned, and it being highly neces- sary to have the same claims brought to an immediate decision, they do therefore, in behalf of .the said commonwealth, most sol- emnly request the United States of America in Congress assembled, No. 71.] 409 that Commissioners may be appointed for enquiring into and de- termining upon the claim aforesaid of the said legislature, and that such other proceedings respecting the premises may be had, as are by the federal government of the said United States in such cases made and provided." New York had in 1780 ceded the western portion of her claim to the United States, but as yet Massacliusetts had taken no action. She wished first to assert before Congress her prior claiai to the ter- ritor3^ On the third day of June, 1784, Congress "Kesolved, That the first Monda}' in December next, be assigned for the appearance of the said states of Massachusetts and New York, by their lawful agents, at the place in which Congress shall then be sitting," and the two states were notified to appear. Charles De Witt, a Delegate from New York, in a letter 1o Gov. Clinton, 4 June, says: — "I hope the Legislature have taken every precaution respecting the W Territory. I believe Sir a Plan is formed and perhaps wrought into System to take that Country from us. Massachusetts Delegates have put in a petition yesterday from the Legislature of that State setting forth that New York is pos- sessed of a part of their Land and requested a Court agreeably to the Confederation for a Decision eine legally settled." " In November, 177(>, the town of Westmoreland was erected into a County of Connecticut, to be called Westmoreland, and thereupon its civil and military organization was com])lete. " Three companies of troops were raised there for tlie Continental establishment, and were part of the Twenty-tourth regiment of the Connecticut line." " From this time a complete civil and military establishment took place and continued until the decree of Trenton, in December, 1782. That the troops raised in this tei'ritory were part of the Connecticut line, and as such recognized b}' Congress. Tliat the whole settlement stood then as a guard and protection of the frontier. Pepresenta- tives attended the Legislature. Courts were constituted and tried Ko. 71.] 423 all causes, real and personal civil and criminal, and carried their judgments into effect. Executions wore extended upon land. Judges of Probate held cog dzaiice of testa!iient;ii*\- matters. Records were reguhu'ly kept. Offenders against the laws of (Connecticut were in- dicted, tried, convicted, and punished. All grades of officers, civil and military, were appointed, and exercised tlie various functions of their ofiices. " That all these incidents gave the actual settlers ' color of title ' : whether that title was otherwise perfect or not, they were actual set- tlers and improvers. That i^er contrci, the Pennsylvania claimants were not there as bona fide settlers and improvei's, but as a posse, or in military capacity. It is not believed tliat the Propi'ietaries created any bona fide titles to individuals here before 1771. There may have been holders of these titles, improvers, but if so, t1iey lived in a Connecticut community, and liad been governed by Connecticut law, under Connecticut jurisdiction,"* Pennsylvania M'arrant surveys covered tliose made by the Connec- ticut surveyors with a new series of lines. At the close of the Revolution, Pennsylvania brought th& question promptly before Congress asking it to appoint Conn^iissioners '' to constitute a court for hearing and determining the matter in ques- tion, agreeably to the ninth article of the confederation." Connec- ticut asked for delay, but this was overruled by Congres.s which, 28 August, 17S2, appointed William A\' hippie, of New Ham]«hire, AVelcome Arnold, of Rhode Island, David Rrearly anj^|.g Boundary. The settlers petitioned the State Legi? ^^^ of oblivi-^j^p-j. ^.^^.q Jj^^-q ^^j^, sideration and grant a " general "^^ under aut,,j j^j^,] indemnity," and confirm judicial proceeding= ., , . hority of Connecti- cut, /point Commissio. The Assembly resolved to ap'"'^ March, 17s3, ^^^g a ^^ make full inquiries into the cases", and ^ . Dassed a stay law, pending the investigation. > 'cHned to take th. These Commissioners were in extreme Pennsyl- No. 71.] 425 vania view of the case. They reported in August, 1YS3, recom- mending '' to the families of tiiose who had fallen in arms against the common enemy, reasonable compensation in land in western Pennsj'lvania, and to the other holders of Connecticnt titles who 'did actually reside on the land at the time of the decree at Trenton, provided they delivered possession by the l^*' day of April follow- ing.' " The stay law was repealed ; troops were stationed among the set- tlers ; arrests and counter-arrests were made; settlers were dispos- sessed and their buildings and crops destroyed ; and the " Second Peniiamite War " was in full progress. The sympathies of the peo- ple were still with the oppressed settlers. The Council of Censors took up the case. Their duty was " to inquire whether the Constitution has been preserved inviolate in every part, and whether the legislative and executive branches of government have performed their duty as guardians of the people, or assumed to themselves, or exercised, other or greater powers than they are entitled to by the Constitution." Upon 11 September, 1T84, they solemtily denounced the vheasures instituted by the Executive Council against the settler^j^^and in con- clusion said. " In short, we lament that our Govern',^Qnt has, in this business, manifested little wisdom or foresight., ^'^qj. have acted as the guardians of the rights of the people con^^^^^j^^ed to their care. Impressed with the multiplied evils which ^^^ve spruno- from the improvident management of this business -"^^g j^qIJ it up to censure, to prevent, if possible, any failher ii'^^tances of bad government, which might involve and distract ^^^^^T' Jiew-formed nation." The Executive Council still kept on. T'^j^^ militia were ordered out but refused to march. A posse went .J^ ^^ dispossess those who had re- occupied their farms. Upon \r^ September, 1784 the Assembly passed an "Act for the moiy^ spe,3dy restoring the possession of certain messuages, lands, and * tenements in Nortlmmberland county, to the persons who lately he^ ^-^ ^j^^ g^_ ^^^ „ T^l^e troops or " posses " were recalled and " thus er^^^^^ ^j^^ jf^^^ expedition fitted out by the government ot Pennsylva .^^^3^ ^^ op(3rate against her own peaceful citizens. ' In 17S5, the Susqueharl Pennsylvania was pany was pushing when Ethan Allen, f i"esUf 'f ^q^^^^' Ygji,'^ '^^^^g victory in her contest with New York, was bn j^^ y the ^^ Company into the scheme, which was to erect the ( :!onnecticut clai m into a separate state. And now the contest seemed ^^ ^^ betweei^ the settlers, who had had enough of trouble, and ^^^^ u^-^i^i Yail kees," as the revolutionists were called. e A petition was sent h ^|^g ^^^^^^^^ ^^^.^e Legislature praying that the seventeen lownship 4 Iq^^^q^ by the V Connecticut settlers before the decree ot Trenton, ^^^gj^^. ^g contirmHed to them and 27 March, 426 [Senate 17S7, an " Act for ascertaining- and confirming to certain persons, called Connecticut Claimants, the lands by tlieui claimed within the County of Luzerne, and for other purposes therein mentioned," was passed. After a preamble setting forth the case, it enacted, " That all the said rights or lots now lying within the county of Luzerne which were (jccui)ied or acquired by Connecticut claimants who were actually settlers there, at or before the termination of the claims of tlie State oF C Outside theeeventeen towirS^"'ps? ^^^e cnse was different. An In- trusion Act was passed 11 Mf^^'^*'^' 1^^'^' ^^nd another 16 Feb., 1801; and 6 April, 1802, an act w^'^^ passed " t<9 maintain the territorial rights of this State, and protfe^'^ ^'^e propertjy of per.-ons holding lands *Although the number of cerf'"?^ Townships is g-eneially given aa 17, an eigliteeuth, Athens, was apparent"^ included in the: confirmation to the settlers. *Tliis Township was laid out fiv *^ miles square, Vlay 7, 1786, by John Jenkins. " Beginning at stake marked, sta'-"^'°^ °" ^^^ norMi line of the Susq" Purchase one mile west of Tioga Branch. Thence East on s. aid line crossing both Branches of the Susquehanna 5 miles to a' ^''^'^ ^^^^ marked,' ' etc. The north line on the Map is marked " Adjoining ihej ^J^te Line." Th.'s was undoubtedly Maclay's "temporary liaie," aliout half a'^™'^'' ^''^^^^ °^ the Si*:ate Line as officially located Boon after. ' (Seepage 75.) No. 71.] 427 under the same." The act excepted the lands of claimants who had taken advantage of the Cotiiproinise Act of 1709. In a litigated case, the court expressed it, '' the manifest ohjeet of this act appears to have been to continue the kindness which had been extended to the seventeen townships, but to cut up by tiie roots the title of Connecticut in all other parts." In the general discussion among the states near the close of tiie Revolution as to the disposition of the unlimited tracts of lands covered by the Royal Charters, New York had early ceded her right to all such hind west of the present Meridian Boundary of JNew York. The Connecticut Legislature, with the Pennsylvania contest still upon her hands, upon 12 OctobL-r, 17S0, prior to the decree of Trenton, passed an Act of Ces>ion authorizing their delegates in Congress to convey to the United States, "their Right or preemp- tion of Soil in or to so much of the vacant and unappropriated Lands Claimed by this State contained and comprehended within the ex- tent and Limits of their Charter and Grant from King Charles the second, and which lies and extends within the Limits of the same Westward of tlie Susqnehannah Purchase so called and Eastward of the River Misisipi, as shall be in just pro[)ortion of what shall be Ceded and relinquished by other States." This offer of Connecticut was so conditional t'.iat Congress, in- fluenced in a measure by the opposition of Vlie delegates from Pennsylvania refused to accept it, and ui^on 29 April, 1784, presented the subject again to the states, which stilt held claims to we.-tern territory. Connecticut in 1786 passed a ?;.iew act of cession in pur- suanre of which her delegates executed IJ, Septeml)er in that year a deed granting to the United States/.' all the right, title, interest, jurisdiction, and claim to certain i-vestern lands, beginning at the completion of the forty-first degr-ee (f north latitude, one hundred and twenty miles west of the wf,jstern boundary line of the Common- wealth of Pennsylvania, as no' .v claiued by tlie said Commonwealth and from thence by a line dr^Awn north parallel to, and one iiundred and twenty miles west of >'iaid west line of Pennsylvania, and to cojitinue north until it coinjes to fort^.two degrees aiid two minutes of north latitude," which was accepted by Congress, 14 Sept., 1786 "to be recorded and enrolled among the acts of the United States in Congress assembled." -This seemed to be a virtual recognition of the validity of the Conne-cticut Chart^er by the United Stales. That General Washington did not lc)ok "favorably upon tliis com- promise with Connecticu:t is evinced by the following extract from a letter to a member of Congress, 26 Jfuly, 1786 :— " '•For want, I suppose, of a competen,t knowledge of tiie Connecti- cut claim to western ternitory, the comjpromise which is made with her appears to me to be 'a disadvantag.,eous one for the Union, and, if her right is not one - of the motive:^* (according to your account) for yielding to it, in my humble opinioW, is exceedingly dangerous and bad." ^- 428 [Senate The settlers upon the "Western Reserve," as the tract of 120 miles retained by Connecticut was called, found that the jurisdiction of Connecticut could not be extended over them without great inconvenience, and that they could not submit to the territorial government established in the North Western Territory, without endangering tlieir titles, applied to the Legislature of Connecticut to cede the jurisdiction of the Reserve to the United States, and the Legislature of that state in October, 1797, passed an '"Act autiioiiz- ing the Senators of the said State in Congress to execute a deed of release in behalf of said State to the United States of the jurisdic- tion of said territory." By an act passed 28 Apiil, 1800 accepting the Deed of Cession and directing the President to execute letters patent to confirm the title of the soil to the settlers, ^''Provided however, Tliat such let- ters patent shall not be executed and delivered, unless the State of Connecticut shall within eight months from passing this act, by a legislative act, renounce forever, tor the use and benefit of the United States, and of the several individual states who may be thereiil concerned respectively, and of all those deriving claims or titles froin them or any of them, all territorial and jurisdictional claims whati^ver, under any grant, charter or charters whatever, to the soil and juVisdiction of any and all lands whatever lying west ward, northwestward, and southwestward of those counties in the state of Connecticut', which are bounded westwardly by the eastern line of the state of isie^r Vork, as ascertained by agreement between Connecticut and ISTew Yo.'']^»i'i the year one thousand seven hundred and thirty-three, exceptino-'only from such renunciation the claim of the said State of ConnectTcut; and of those claiming from or under the said State, to the soil of sai'-d tract of land herein described un- der the name of the Western Ttle^erve of Connecticut."* " In accoi-dance with the fcn-egoJng act of Congress, the General Assembly of the State of Connecticut, on the second Thursday of May, 1800, passed ' An Act renoun.'^ing the claims of this State to certain lands therein mention.ed ' and the several cessions of Western Lands, hiitiated by New York- in 17b0, were, after a lapse of twenty years made complete." By the passage of this act Connecticut' formally renounced all her claims outside of her present Boundaries. Governor Hoyt concludes his discussio n of this controversy thus, " All the foregoing discussio^J converges u'lpon two pi-opositions, each somewhat paradoxical : ' " 1. In the forum of Law,' Connecticut, with a title regular on its face, failed justly. " 2. In the forum of Equ.ity, ' the Con^necticut settlers,' without other title than the ' possessrM^pedis,'' prev'ailed rightly." *U. S. Statutes at Large, ii, 56, 57. No. 71.] 429- III. The Connecticut Gore. Very few of the dwellers aloni^ the Parallel Boundary, in the State of New York, are aware that the title to a narrow strip along that Line was involved in the controversy between Connecticut and Pennsylvania, and that Connecticut, after having abandoned the con- test with Pennsylvania, undertook to renew it with New York. The south line of the territory conveyed by the charter of Massa- chusetts was found to l)e along the parallel of latitude 40° 02', 2-j3^ miles north of the forty-second parallel, the north line of Pennsyl- vania. By the Charter of Connecticut granted 1662, the territory conveyed was hounded " on the north by the line of the Massachu- setts Colony running from East to West (that is to say) from the said Narrogansett Bay on the East, to the South Sea, on the West part." Connecticut confined herself in her contest for the actual posses- sion of the lands covered by her Charter, west of the Province of New York, to that portion of them which were contained within the limits of the territory granted to William Penn. The Indian Deed to the Susquehanna Company conveyed " to the forty-second or be- ginning of the forty-third degree ot North Latitude." Connecticut iiad her hands full with a contest with New York over the Line east of the Hudson, and evidently did not care to complicate it by setting up claims for lands which might possibly be claimed by New York in the other direction. The controversy went on in Pennsjd^ania, and was ended, so far as the State of Connecticut was concerned. The latter State had ceeded her western lands, beyond the Western Reserve, to the Uni- ted States, and by her acceptance of the Decree of the Trenton Com- inission, she abandoned her claim to lands within the territory of Pennsylvania. Considering the Delaware River as the western limit of the Prov- ince of New York, as it was evidently construed by King Charles in his grant to Penn, and as admitted by Gov. Tryon in his Report of 1774,* there still remained to Connecticut the nominal title to a strip of land two minutes of latitude in width, extending from the Dela- ware River to Lake Erie, to which she had never laid claim, either by actual pre-emption by her agents, or by conveyance to other parties. In the controversy between Connecticut and Pennsylvania, upon the question whether Connecticut could hold beyond the province of JSew York under her Charter, eminent Crown lawyers were con- * The Lords of Trade aud Plantations made an elaborate " Representation " of the condition of the Colonies in detail, to the Kin^ (George I) 8 Sept., 1731 in which the Boundaries of each province are given. New York is stated as being bounded " southwest by the Province of New Jersey, northwest by Delaware river" and they were careful to give no western Boundary to Connecticut, although they bound New rork East by that Colony. (N. Y, Col. Hist, v, 600.) 430 [Senate suited. The Penns submitted tlieir ease to the Attorney General, afterward Lord Camden, whose opinion is dated 7 March, 1761. "If all tlie colonies in North America were to remain at this day, bounded in point of riglit, as tlicy are described in the original grants of each, I do not believe there is one settlement in that part of the globe that has not in some measure either been encroached upon, or else usurped upon its neighbours : so that if the grants were them- selves the only rule between the contending plantations, there never could be an end of their disputes without unsettling large tracts of land, when the inha!)itants have no better title to produce, than either possession, or posterior grants, which in point of law, would be superseded by prior charters. Hence I conceive that many other circumstances must be taken into consideration, besides the parch- ment boundary : tor that may at this day be extended or narrowed by p 'ssession, acquiescence, or agreement ; by the situation and con- dition of the territory at the time of the grant, as well as by various other matters. " With respect to the present dispute, the western boundary of Connecticut was barred at the time of the original grant by the Dutch settlement : and the Crown were deceived when they were called upon to convey a territory which belonged to another State then in amity with the Crown of England. I 'esides this objection, the settlement of the new bonndarv, under the King's commission, in l()<)4r, and what is still stronger, the new line marked out by agreement between this province and New York, has now precluded Connecticut from advancing one foot beyond these limits. "I am of the opinion, therefore, that the Province of Connecticut has no right to resume their ancient boundary by over- leaping the Province of New York: or to encroach upon the Penn- sjdvania grant, which was not made until after the Connecticut boundary had been reduced by new confines, which restored the lands beyond those settlements westward, to the Crown, and laid them open to a new grant." The Connecticut case was submitted to Lord Thurlow and other eminent lawyers : — " Question II. Have not the said Governor and Company of the Colony of Connecticut, the right of preemption and the title under the Crown to the lands aforesaid, within the limits and bounds of their patent aforesaid, lying westward of the Province of New York, and not included m the charter of King Charles II to the Duke of York, notwithstanding the several settlements of boundaries between the colony on the east and the province on the west, made as well by agreement between the parties as under the royal authority, and notwithstanding the subsequent charter to Sir William Penn ? "'"Answer. The agreement between the Colony of Connecticut and the Province of New York can extend no further than to settle the boundaries between the respective parties, and has no effect No. 71.] 431 upon other claims that either of tliein had in other parts : and as the charter of Connecticut was granted but eighteen years before tha to Sir William Penn, there is no ground to contend that the Crown could, at that period, make an effectual grant to him of that coun- try, which had been so recently granted to others. But if the country had been actually settled under the latter grant, it would now be a matter of considerable doubt Avhether the right of the occupiers or the title under which they hold, could be impeached by a prior grant, without actual settlement." While in the Pennsylvania matter the last opinion was favorable to the Connecticut claim, in the New York matter it was practically adverse to it. Thus Connecticut in accepting this opinion, had the unanimous decision of counsel agaiiist her in advance. The State of Connecticut was building a State House in Hartford. In those early days it seems to have been as much of an elephant on the hands a 442 [Senate " That the said geographer inform the executives of the states of New York and Massachusetts of tlie time of running the said hne. in order that they or either of them may, if they think proper, have persons attending at the time. " That the said geographer or his deputy, having run the meridian between Lake Erie and the state of Pennsylvania, and marked and noted down in his field-book, pi-oper land marks for perpetuating the same, shall proceed to make a survey of the land lying west of the said line, between lake Erie and the state of Pennsylvania, so as to ascertain the quantity thereof, and make return of such survey to the board of treasury, who are hereby authorized and empowered at any time before or after such survey, to sell the said tract in whole, at private sale, for a price not less than three-fourths of a dollar per acre in specie, or public securities drawing interest." These Resolutions were transmitted to the Council of Pennsyl vania by the Delegates in Congi-ess requesting insti'uctions, and 14 June, the Council "Kesolved, That the President inform our Delegates in Congress, that they are authorized and empowered by this Board to negotiate and contract with Congress, in behalf of this State, for the purchase of the lands before described, at the rate of three-quarters of a dollar per acre in specie or public securitys bear- ing interest."* Upon 7 July the Delegates addressed the United States Board of Treasury : — ' ' We the delegates of the State of Pennsylvania, in compliance with instructions, and in virtue of powers, received from the said State, do hereby offer to contract (in behalf of the said State) with the Honble Board of Treasury, for a tract of land belonging to the United States, contained in the interval betwixt a Meridian Line, run between Lake Erie and the state of Pennsylvania, and the Boundaries of the States of New York and Massachusetts, at the rate of three-fourths of a dollar per acre ; payable in Gold or Silver, or in public securities of the United States, bearing interest ; when the quantity ascertained by actual survey, in the manner prescribed by a resolution of Congress, of the 7^^ of June, ITSS.f "WM. BINGHAM. JAMES R. REID." Samuel Osgood and Arthur Lee of the Board of Treasury xe- sponded : — " Gentlemen, The United States in Congress having by their act of the 20th instant;}: determined that no reservations are in their judgment, necessary to be made on account of the United States, in a certain Tract of Land, contained in the interval betwixt a meridian Line, run between Lake Erie and the State of Pennsylvania ; and the Boundaries of the State of New York and Massachusetts. We * Penn. Col. Rec. xv, 471-3. f Perm. Arch, xi, 383. :}:This Act does not appear in tlie printed Journals of Congress. No. 71.] US beg leave to acquaint your that we accept your Proposal for the pur- chase of the said tract, on behalf of the state of Pennsilvania, as expressed m your letter of the 7th July, 1788."* This proposition was at once reported to the Executive Council by the Delegates.f Congress on tt September, 1788, adopted the following Preamble and Resolution, a copy of which was transmitted the same day to the Executive Council of Pennsylvania. " Whereas it appears that the board of treasury, in conformity to the act of Congress of the 6th of June last, have entered into a con- tract with the delegates of the state of Pennsylvania, in behalf of the said state, for the tract of land bounded east, agreeably to the cession of western territory, by the states of Massachusetts and New-York, south by Pennsylvania, north and west, by Lake Erie ; and whereas the said tract is enth-ely separated from the other lands of the western territory, over which the jurisdiction of the United States extends ; And whereas under these circumstances it will be expedient for the state of Pennsylvania to hold and exercise juris- diction over the tract aforesaid ; therefore, " Resolved., That the United States do hei'eby relinquish and trans- fer all their right, title and claim to the government and jurisdiction of the said tract of land, to the State of Pennsylvania, forevei". And it is hereby declared and made known, that the laws and pub- lic acts of the said state shall extend over every part of the same tract, to all intents and purposes, as if the same had been originally within the charter bounds of the said state ; provided that the in- habitants of the said tract shall be maintained in all the rights and privileges which other citizens of the said state of Pennsylvania are now or may hereafter be constitutionally entitled to enjoy." President Muhlenberg, 8 September, transmitted the Pesolution of Congress to the Speaker of the General Assembly with the fol- lowing remarks : — " By accounts received from Pittsburgh, a pacific disposition is manifested on the part of the Indians, and there is now reason to expect a large meeting of the Northern and Western Tribes at Mus- kingum, to hold a treaty with the Continental Commissioners. This favorable opportunity ought not, in the opinion of Council, to be missed — for altho' the quantity of Land in the Triangle purchased from the Board of Treasury cannot be ascertained with precision before the necessary lines are run agreeable to the Act of Congress of the sixth day of June last, yet, as a great part of the Expence attending Treaties with Indians is incurred by collecting and fur- nishing thein with provisions; charges which, in tliis Instance, may be avoided. " Council, therefore, earnestly recommend the appointing Com- missioners on the part of this State to attend the ensuing Treaty for purchasing from the Indians who may appear to have just Claims to the same, the whole of the Triangle aforesaid, as nearly as the * Penn. Arch, xi, 383. fPenn. Col. Rec. xv, 533-4. 444 [Senate bounds of the same may be ascertained by the best information which can be now obtained."* And the Supreme Executive Council submitted the following re- port to the Asse.mbly, — " That they have negotiated with Congress for purchasing the land contained in the interv^al betwixt a meridian line run between Lake Erie and the State of Pennsylvania, and the boundaries of the States of New York and Massachusetts," " An Estimate of other probable expenditures that may be in- curred by the purchase is herewith presented, amounting to the sum of Nine hundred and fifty pounds. " To conchide the business with the United States, it now remains for tlie General Assembly to make the requisite appropriation of j)ublic securities, and to assign funds whence the other expences may be drawn. "1788, Septr. "An Estimate of the expence that may probably attend the business of the Lake Erie Lands, if it should be directed to purchase the claim of the Six Nations of Indians. Supposed price in various suitable articles amounting 1000 dollars £375 Provisions of different kinds 100 Charges of Waggonage, Boat hire, &c 150 Pay of Commissioners, hire of Interpreters, Runners, &c., 250 Presents to the Great Men > 75 t£950 " These Communications were referred to a committee which re- ported 13 September as follows : " That your Committee are of opinion that the purchase made by Council is advantageous to this Connnonwealth, and should be con- firmed by this House. " That it will therefore be necessary to provide adequate Funds for complying with the Contract and making the purchase of the Country from the Indians, agreeably to the Policy and Justice which have ever marked the Conduct of Pennsylvania in such Cases. " That as a Treaty is now about to be held with the Indians at Muskingum, it will be proper and oeconomical to take advantage of this Circumstance to make overtures at least to, and if practicable to compleat the purchase of the said Country from, tlie Savages, The Expence and delay of a particular Treaty for so small an object will hereby be avoided, " That in order to ascertain as nearly as might be the quantity ol Land which was the subject of the Contract, your Committee re quested the attendance of Mr. Ellicot, an intelligent person and * Penn. Col. Rec. xv, 530-1. f Peun. Arch, xi, 389, 390. No. 71.] 445 well acquainted with that Country. But as the meridian Line form- ing the Western Boundary of New York is not actually run, the Quantity cannot, with any degree of accuracy, be ascertained. On an estimate, calculated on the supposed place of the.said meridian in a point of the Northern Line of Pennsylvania the most favorable to the pretension of New York, there appear about one Million of Acres contained within the Boundaries of this Purchase. Wherefore your Committee are of opinion that the following Resolution be recommended to the Consideration of the House. " Resolved, That this House accept, on the part of this Common- wealth, the Contract made with the Board of Treasury of the United States by the Supreme Executive Council of this State, thro' the Agency of the Delegates of this State in Congress, as mentioned in the proposals of the said Delegates, dated the 7th day of July, in the present year, " That the Supreme Executive Council be, and they are hereby authorized and fully empowered to take the Necessary Steps for pur- chasing of the Indians — who have just Claims thereto the said Tract of Country, and for this purpose to appoint, when they may think necessary, two persons as Commissioners to negotiate and compleat the said purchase.* " Resolved, That the Supreme Executive Council be, and they are hereby authorized and empowered to draw on the Treasury of this State for a Sum not exceeding Nine hundred and fifty pounds for the purpose of making the purchase of the Indians of the said Tract and bearing all Expences of the same, agreeably to an Es- timate by the said Council, communicated to this House."t The report was adopted and Gen. Richard Butler and Gen. John Gibson were "appointed Connnissioners to carry into effect the said resolutions so far as circumstances will admit."^ On the third of October following an Act was passed by the Penn- sylvania Legislature authorizing the Supreme Executive Council "to draw on the State Treasurer for a sum of money for defraying the expence of purchasing of the Indians lands on Lake Erie." (Chap- ter 1355). By this Act a sum of £1200 was granted for this pur- pose. And a further grant of £865, 15s. 4d. was added 28 Sept., 1789. (Chapter 1439.)§ . Messrs Butler and Gibson were immediately notified of their ap- pointment by Vice President Muhlenberg in the following letter of instruction : — "Gentlemen; — You will herewith receive a resolution of the Honorable the General Assembly of the thirteenth ultimo, together with the several resolutions of Congress, respecting the triangular piece of Country which lies adjoining Lake Erie and the northern *The " Erie Triangle " was a part of the territory ceded to the Proprietaries by the Six Nations at the Treaty of Albany in 1754, and relinquished by them at the Treaty of Easton in 1758. f Penn. Arch, xi, 395-6 fPenn. Col. Rec. xv, 533 § Smith's Laws, ii, 123-4 446 [Senate line of Pennsylvania, by which you will find that this State is now vested with both right of jurisdiction and soil. You will likewise receive a commission for the purpose of purchasing from the Natives their claim to the soil, agreeably to the constant usage of Pennsyl- vania, as also a rough draft* of the country in question, laid down by Mr. Ellicot, in the best manner he has been able from Ids present knowledge of it " The Board have great reliance on your prudence, sagacity and particular knowledge of these people, as well as a proper knowledge of their present disposition from the Continental transactions, which one of you have or are now especially conversant with. If there- fore, you shall find the Indians who have just claims in a proper temper or otherwise, you will be governed accordingly, it is, however, hoped that you may be able to dispose the minds of these people, at least to appoint delegates to meet at a certain future day and place, to finish what you have happily now begin."f For making the map the Records of the Council show that Ben- jamin EUicott received the sum of one pound five shillings. The Commissioners met the representatives of the Six Nations at Fort Harmar, on the Ohio Piver, in November and December. Cornplanter took a leading part in the negotiation and exerted his influence in favor of the State, incurring thereby the resentment ^of many of his people who were opposed to allowing the whites any further concessions. The treaty was concluded and the follow- ing agreement was signed : "Be it remembered by all whom it may concern : " That on the ninth day of January, in the year of onr Lord, one thousand seven hundred and eighty nine, in open and public Coun- cil, we the undersigned Chief, Warriors, and others, Representing the following named Tribes of the Six Nations, to wit — The Ondwagas, or Senecas, Cayugas, Tuscaroras, Onandagas, and Oneidas ; for and in behalf of ourselves, our tribes, our and their Heirs and Successors, on the one part — and Richard Butler and John Gibson, Esquires, Commissioners for and in behalf of the State of Pennsylvania (Onas) on the other part, did make and con- clude upon the following articles, viz. ; Article 1st. " That as soon as these articles are signed, interchangably by the aforesaid Chiefs and Commissioners, the said Chiefs will execute a Deed of Conveyance to the State of Pennsylvania for a tract of Country as. hereafter shall be described. Article 2nd. " The signing Chiefs do acknowledge the right of the soil and jurisdiction to, in, and over that tract of Country bounded on the * This Map is published in Penn. Arch. xi. + Peun. Col. Records, xv, 554-5. No. 71.] 447 South by the North line of the State of Peiiiisjlvania, on the East by the West boundary of the State of New York, agreeable to the cession of that State and the State of Massachusetts to the United States, and on the North by the Margin of Lake Erie, including Presqne Isle and all the Bays and harbors along the margin of said Lake Erie, from the West boundary of Pennsylvania to where the West boundary of the State of New York may cross or intersect the South margin of the said Lake Erie Article 3rd. " The said Chiefs do agree that the said State of Pennsylvania shall and may at any time they may think proj^er, survey, dis- pose of and settle, all that part of the aforesaid Country lying and being West of a line lumning along the middle of Conawago river from its confluence with the Allegany Kiver into the Chadochque Lake, thence along the middle of the said lake to the North end of the same, thence a meridian line from the North end of the said lake to the margin or shore of Lake Erie Article 5th. " That as several villages belonging to the signing Chiefs and their people are now living on the said Conowaga creek and in other parts of the country supposed to be within the tract of country West of the West line of the State of xNew York and East of the line through the waters as described in the third Article — And as they have no country to remove to from where they now live, the said chiefs do reserve for their own and their people's resi- dence, hunting and fishing, all that part of the tract of Country described in the second Article, passing from the Allegany river along the middle of the Conowago creek, the Chedochqne Lake and a meridian line from the North end of said lake to Lake Erie. Article 7th. " The said Richard Butler and John Gibson, Esquires do agree to the aforesaid articles .... and that the aforesaid Chiefs and the people of their tribes, shall have full and peaceable liberty to hunt and fish within any part of the Country first above described, they demeaning themselves peace- ably towards the inhabitants. But the said Chiefs or their success- ors, shall not at any time hereafter, directly or indirectly, lease, rent, or make sale of any part or parcel of the tract here Reserved for their Use and Residence, to any other State, person or persons. " In testimony of the above Articles " In presence of "Richard Butler (L. S.) A"" St. Claii-, Jno. Gibson (L. S.) [and seven others]," Cachunwasse, (L. S.) [Seneca] Or Twenty Canoes." I [and twenty-two other Indians.]* * Penn. Arcb. xi, 530-533. 448 [Senate Afterwliieh Cornplanter and twenty three other Chiefs executed the Deed, which is as follows : •' Know all men by these presents that we the undersigned Chiefs, Wariors & others representing the following named tribes of the Six Xations, to wit : The Ondawagas or Senecas Cayngas, Susque- hannas, Ouandagas & Oneidas, for, and in consideration of the sum of Four " [? two] " thousand Dollars to us in hand paid by Richard Butler and John Gibson, Esqs, Commissioners for and in behalf of the State of Pennsa., the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, and we, for ourselves, our tribes, our & their heirs ife successors, [are] there- with fully paid & satisfied, have granted, bargained, sold and assigned over, and by these presents do grant, bargain, sell, remise, release [and forever] quit claim & assign over unto the sd. State of Pennsa., all our and their [right,] title, claim, and interest of, in and to all that tract of Country, situate, lying & being within the territory of the United States, bounded on the South by the Xortli'n [line or] boundary [of the State] of Pennsa., on the East by the Western line or boundary of the State of Xew York, agreeable to an act of Cession of the said State of jS'ew Tork, and the State of Massa- chusetts to the United States, and [on] the North by the Southern shore or Margin of Lake Erie, including Presq' isle and all the Bays [and] Harbors along the shore or Margin of the said Lake Erie from the West Boundary of the Said State of Pennsa., to where, the west hue or boundary of the State of !N"ew Tork may cross or intersect the southern shore or margin of the sd. Lake Erie.''* By the second treaty of Fort Stanwix, in October, ITSi, at the same time that Pennsylvania purchased the Indian title to the lands within her boundai'ies northwest of the Fort Stanwix line of 1768, the United States had concluded a treaty of peace with the Six Nations and the latter agreed to relincpiish all claims to the Country lying west of a line " beginning at the mouth of a creek about four miles east of Niagara, called Oyonwagea, or Johnston's landing place, on the Lake named by the Indians Oswego, and by us Ontario, from thence Southerly in a direction always four miles East of the Carry- ing place between Lakes Erie, and Ontario, to the mouth of the Tehoseron, or Buffalo Creek, on Lake Erie, thence South to the North Boundarv of the State of Pennsylvania, thence West to the end of the said'^Xorth Boundary, thence South along the West Boundary of the said State to the river Ohio. " The said line from the mouth of the Oyonwagea to the Ohio, shall be the Western Boundary of the lands of the Six Nations, so that the Six Nations shall, and do yield to the United States aU claim to the country West of said Boundary, and then they shall be secured in the peaceful possession of the lands East and North of the same, reserving only six miles square round the Fort of Oswego to the United States for the support of the same." This however was considered simply as a definition of boundaries " Penn. Arch, sii, 100-101. No. 71.] 449 and not a cession of temto:y, and therefore Pennsylvania found it necessary to treat anew with the Indians in order to quiet them. The Commissioners when they reached Fort Harmai found that their stock of money and presents was not sufficient for the purpose and made a requisition for an additional stock of goods for presents. Generals Butler and Gibson reported to the Executive Council 24 March, 1789, presenting tlie agreement and Deed which they had obtained. General Butler also sent a letter recommending a grant of land of 1000 or 1500 acres to Cornplanter in consideration of his services to the State in the various Treaties. The east line of the land ceded by Xew York, for the purchase of winch Pennsylvania wa^ negotiating, had not been run, and a good deal of uncertainty existed, as we have seen, in the minds of the State officers, as to where it would strike the north line of Pennsyl- vania, and as to the amount of land she would gain by it. The following letter from Tench Coxe, 26 January, 1789, to President Mifflin of the Council, bears upon this point : — •' Sir, I had the honor of writing you a very few lines shortly after my arrival [at New York]. Mr. Gorham having arr'd since, we have five states, and every reason to expect there wdll be seven in a week or ten days " In conversation last Night with Mr. Gorham, I find he and Mr. Philips," [Phelps]. " wlio purchased of Massachusetts, all the lands between the line of pre emption and the western bounds of New York are of opinion that the words of the New York cession to Congress do not operate a transfer of the lands east of Erie to Congress, and of course that the jurisdiction remains in New York and that the property is vested in them under the grant of New York to Massachuset'ts — 'Tis certain that the grant or cession of New York discovers a considei'able deficiency of Geographical in- formation, which you will easily see. Sir, by recurring to it. The substance is that New York is to continue her South line along our Nortli line to the end of the latter and so far heyond it as to throw a particular part of tke Western waters (the western Bend of Lake Ontario) 20 miles east of a line to be run from the extremity of the South line aforesaid to the 45th degree of N. Latitude. It is now ascertained, that the 20 miles east of the place in contemplation wiU be contained within a line that will fall far on this side Erie — The question will be, what will be the Consequence of this geographical Error? My opinion on a slight examination is, that it will leave our purchase good. Mr. Gorham seems desirous if the law proves theirs to sell to Pennsylvania, but it is necessary that we remember their doctrine deprives us of the Jurisdiction, for New York most probably will not part with it. I think it proper to add further that Mr Gorham raised a question, whether the grant of the Juris- diction to Penns'a by Congress was valid. Tiiese loose hints. Sir, upon so important a point are not fit m form, at least, for the pub- lic Eye, but it is necessary, that you. and the otlier superior characters [Sen. Doc. No. 71.] 57 450 [Senate in our government should be apprized of the difficulty which is at- teinjjted to be raised. " The purcliase made of Indians by Mr. Gorham & Co., (part of their whole purchase from the state) begins at our 82d mile stone, and runs along our N. line to tlie 124th,* and then runs due.K to the great Fork of the Genesee river." . . . f Andrew Ellicott, who had been one of the Commissioners upon the Western Boundary of Pennsylvania in 1785, and upon the Northern Boundary in 178G-7, was appointed by President "Wash- ington to make the survey of the Cession line, and of the tract wiiich Pennsylvania proposed to purchase. He had first been designated by the Geographer Genei"al, Gapt. Thomas Ilutchins, to undertake the work under resolution of Congress of 6 June, 1788, but no provision seems to have been made for payment for his services. He therefore applied to Congress for an advance of money to defray his expenses, and Congress, 19 Aug., 1789, amended the resolution authorizing the survey to read as follows : — " That the survey di- rected by Congress in their act of June 6th, 1788, be made and re- turned to the Secretary of the Treasury, without delay ; and that the President of the United States be requested to appoint a fit person to complete the same, who shall be allowed five dollars per day, whilst actually employed in the said service, with the expenses necessarily attending the execution thereof." The re-appointment was made 4 Sept., 1789, under this Resolution. Before proceeding to the frontier, Mr, Ellicott made the following suggestion to the President of the Council of Pennsylvania: — "As the State of Pennsylvania by its purchase of the United States, of a Tract of Country lying on the South Side of Lake Erie, has become inter- ested in the Execution of the survey, so far as it relates to the Quan- tity of Land, I would therefore just suggest the Idea of some person being authorized to attend on behalf of the State.":}; And in June, 1790, while engaged on the survey he addressed the following note to the Council : — " Gentlemen, In order to satisfy the Indians, and insure safety to myself, and party, in the execution of the resolve of Congress of June 6th, 1788, I think it w\\\ be necessary to have a copy of the Deed given by the Senecas, to Messrs. Butler, and Gibson, Commis- sioners on behalf of the State of Pennsylvania, for certain land ly- ing on the South side of Lake Erie, and west of the Conawango River, and the Carrying place between Lake Chaughtaughque, and Lake Erie."§ His request was granted. The Deed to which he referred is that signed by Cornplanter and other Indian Sachems, given suiyra. The following extract from a letter written by Mr. Ellicott to a friend in Albany, jST Y., 11 October, 1790, details some of the dif- ficulties he labored under. || * About onefourth mile East of 127. \ Penn. Arch., 539-540. I Penu. Arch, xi, 615. No one appear.s to have represented Pennsylvania how- ever. § Penn. Arch, xi, 704. [ See, also, Eliicott's letter to President Washington, page 198. No. 71.] 451 " I 3''esterday completed the survey of the territory annexed to the State of Pennsylvania, after much difficulty and hardship. The land contained in this survey is generally good, and from its pecu- liar situation an important object to the State The Indians did not appear to be well disposed toward the execution of our business, but after a treaty, and receiving some small presents, accompanied with rum and tobacco, permitted us to go on." The few details which are known relating to the survey of this tract will be found in the history of the Meridian Boundary.* No report or Diary referring to the work has ever been found, and the information accessible is very meager and unsatisfactory. A refer- ence to Vol. I of Regents Report on Boundaries {Senate Doc, 18Y3, N". 108) pages 316-329, will explain the deficiency. After the survej' was finished and the boundaries and area of the tract were known, the negotiations for the purchase by Pennsylvania were completed. t In ] 791 the Legislature of Pennsylvania passed the following " Act to authorize the Governor to compleat the purchase of a cer- tain tract of land, lying between Lake Erie and the northern bound- ary of this Commonwealth. " Whereas^ An agreement has heretofore been entered into be- tween the United States and this State, respecting the purchase of a certain tract of land, the property of the said United States lying between Lake Erie and the northern boundary of Pennsylvania, and tlie extent and value of the said tract of land being now ascer- tained, it is proper to make provision for carrying the said agree- ment into effect : Sect. 1. £e it enacted hy the Senate & House of Representa- tives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in General Assem- bly met, and it is hereby enacted by the ^authority of the same, That the Governor shall be and he hereby is authorized and empow- ered, upon the part of this commonwealth, to do, execute and per- form, all matters and things whatsoever, which shall be necessary for compleating the purchase of the said tract of land, according to the terms, stipulations and conditions of the agreement heretofore made and entered into, as aforesaid, between the United States and this State, and thereupon to take and receive from the said United States, or any person or persons by them in that belialf duly authorised, a good and sufficien't conveyance and assurance, in fee simple, of the said tract of land, in the name and for the use of this Commonwealth. "Approved April the thirteenth, 1791.'':}: Upon the 5th of May Governor Mifilin wrote Alex'r Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, " As I understand that the Quantity of * See page 198. f The expenditure of the United States for the Surveys of the Boundary Line, and of the tract conveyed to Pennsylvania paid, in 1790 and 1791, aggregated $4049.85, of which $3815.53 were paid to Andrew Ellicott. X Dallas' Laws, iii, 75-70. 452 [Senate Land contained in the above mentioned tract, has been ascertained, by actual survey, it is proper to inform you, that I am ready on the part of Pennsylvania to comply with the terms of the Contract."* The Governor, 11 June wrote Comptroller Nicholson of Pennsyl- vania, — "Sir, I have directed the Secretary to deliver to you, the various documents, respecting the contract between the United States and Pennsylvania for the purchase of a Tract of Land on Lake Erie; from which, and from the Survey of the Tract, deposited in the of- fice of the Secretary of the Treasury ; you will be. pleased to state and adjust, with the Auditor and Comptroller General of the United States, an account of the sum, either in Public securities or in spe- cie, which will be necessary to discharge the consideration money, according to the terms, stipulations, and conditions of the agreement ; and report the same to me with all convenient dispatch."f The following is the statement of Account which was made out by the Comptroller : — " In pursuance of an agreement between the United States & the State of Pennsylvania .... now that the Survey hath been so made and returned, and in virtue of authorit}^ f rom his Excellency The Governor of Pennsy'a to me to state and adjust the account of the Sum to be paid by fhe State as aforesaid " I state the Account Following, viz., " The Commonwealth of PenrCa " To the United States, Dr "For the purchase money of the Territory & Tract of Land bounded as follows, .... of which Tract a survey and Return hath been made and returned into the office of the Secretary of the Treasury according to Resolution of Congress, whei-eby the same is found to contain 202,187 acres, which at f of a Doll'r per Acre payable according to the terms of the Contract in Certificates of the Debt of the United States bearing an Annual Interest of 3 per Centum is, 151,640^ Doll'rs. "Signed, JOHK NICHOLSON •' in behalf of Penn'a ". % Comptroller Nicholson made, the following Report to Governor Miffln, 16 Aug.— *|Penu. Arch, xii, 90. t Penn. Arch, xii, 90, 91. :]: Penn, Arch., xi, 655. According to the accounts of the Register of the Treasury, this amount was paid in +he following manner 1 Certificate of Registered Debt (Interest from 16 Aug. 1779) $85082.08 1 Certificate (Int. from 21 Aug. 1788) 4285.20 Accrued Interest thereon to 10 June, 1791 62322.97 $151640.25 [Penn. Arch., 2° Series, vi, 630. i No. 71.] 453 "Sir, Shortly after I was honored with your directions respecting the Account of Lake Erie purchase; I obtained the quantity from the Return in the OtRce of the Secretary of the Treasury, and made out and exhibited an Acct. thereof to the Auditor's Office. The vacancy therein, prevented any thing being done therewith — Until a few days past, when upon the Secretary's suggestion from you, tiiat they were ready at the Treasury of the United States to proceed thereoi], I called thei'e, and it was determined that the papers should be sent to the Comptr's. Office that the matter might be settled with- out the help of an Auditor." And on 22 August Secretary Hamilton addressed the Governor thus: — "The Secretary of the Treasury presents his respects to the Governor of Pennsylvania, and has the honor to inform him that the vacancy in the office of Auditor, is no impediment to the adjustment of the afiFair of the lands with the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The only source of delay is a difference of opinion, concerning the Certificates, in which payment is to be made ; the Comptroller of the Treasury insisting that it ought to be in such certificates as bore in- terest at the time of the contract, and the Comptroller General of Pennsylvania offering the funded three per Cents in payment.""^ The transaction was finally completed by the issue of the following Letters Patent from the United States : — " In the Name of the United States, to all to whom these presents shall come. " WHEREAS, by an act of Congress, intituled ' An act for carry- ing intoeft'ect a contract between the United States and the State of Pennsylvania,' it was provided, that for dulj' conveying to the said State a certain tract of land, the right to the government and juris- diction whereof was relinquished to the said State, by a resolution of (Congress, of the fourth day of Septembei", in the year one thousand seven hundred and eighty-eight, and whereof the right of soil has been sold, by virtue of a previous resolution of Congress, of the sixth day of June, in the said year, the President of the United States be authorized, on fulfilment of the terms stipulated on the part of the said State, to issue letters patent, in the name, and under the seal of the United States, grantins: and conveying to the said State forever, the said tract of land, as the same was ascertained by a survey made in pursuance of the resolution of Congress, of the sixth of June, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-eight. " NOW KNOW TE, that inasmuch as it appears by a certificate from the Comptroller of the Treasury, that the terms stipulated on the part of the said State concerning the tract of land aforesaid, have been fulfilled, according to the true intent and meaning of the said contract. I do by these presents, in pursuance of the above recited act of Congress, grant and convey to the said State of Pennsylvania, *Penu. Arch. xii. 94. 454 [Senate forever, the said tract of land, as the same was ascertained bj the survey aforesaid, a copy whereof is hereunto annexed. " In Testimony whereof, I liave caused these letters to be made patent, and have hereunto subscribed my name and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed, at [l. s.] Philadelphia, this third day of March, in the Year of our Lord, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-two, and of the Independence of the United States of America the sixteenth. "GO WASHINGTON. " By the President, Th. Jefferson."* In order to quiet the Seneca Indians and to remove every shadow of Complaint on their part, the Pennsylvania Legislature appropri- ated Eight hundred dollars as a consideration, for which Cornplanter, Half-Town and Big Tree, " in behalf of themselves and the whole Seneca Nation " executed a release to Governor Mifflin, 3 Feb., 1791, and for the use of the Connnonwealth " quit-claimed all claims and detnands whatsoever which on account of any cause, matter or thing whatsoever they the said Cornplanter, Half-Town, and Big- Tree, and the said Seneca Nation have or conld or might have had against the said Connnonwealth of Pennsylvania from the beginning of the world unto the day of the date of these presents ; " and pi'o- vided that it should not be construed to make void the privilege of hunting reserved in the Cession of 1784.t The State of Pennsylvania owed the favorable consideration of their proposition to purchase this tract from the Indians, in a great naeasure, to the efforts of Cornplanter. Tlie Six Nations, who had been hostile to tlie Americans during the Be volution, did not take kindly to the occupation of their territory by their former enemies, and threw obstacles in the way at every turn in the negotiation. " After the conclusion of the treaty [of 1784] the commissioners engaged Cornplanter to make special endeavors to pacify his people, the Senecas and others; as a compensation for which exertions a special grant of land was made to him on the Alleghany river, within the State of Pennsylvania, on which he resided until his death. But his people were not easily reconciled ; and they were yet more ex- asperated at the conduct of Cornplanter, when, live years afterward, at the treaty of Fort Harmar,:|; he gave up a still larger portion of their territory. He was bitterly reproached for this transaction ; his life was even threatened — a cii'cum- stance to which he referred in the ])athetic speech to ' The Great Counsellor of the Thirteen Fires' at Philadelphia in 1790.''§ Gyantwahia, or Cornplanter, was a Chief of the Senecas, the most *Penn. Arch. xii. 103, 104. f Penu. Arch., 2= Series, vi, 627. i This was the Treaty by which the ludiau title to the "Erie Triangle" wag extinguished. § Stone's Life of Red Jacket, p. 1:^2. JNo. 71.] 455 important tribe of the Six Nations. He was a half-breed, the son of an Irish tiader by the name of O'Bail, by whidi name he was fre- quently-called. He was born on the Genesee River, and before the Revolation had become a chief. After peace was declared he exer- ted his influence constantly in favor of the United States. He died in 1836. His Reservation, now the only remaining piece of land held by the aboriginal occupants of the soil in Peimsylvania, is situated upon the west side of thvi Allegany River, about 3 miles south of the State Line, below the Allegany Indian Reservation in New York. It con- tains about one thousand acres, a large proportion of which is river bottom land. In the southern portion, near the rude school house, is the burial ground, in the center of which is the grave of Cornplanter, where the State of Pennsylvania has erected a marble monument upon which are the following inscriptions ; — [West SiiIe on Shaft.] [Wkst Side Pedestal.] the ^ 0>^ ^^ DIED At Cornplanter Town Feb. 18 A. D. 1836. Aged about 100 Years. ► [South Side Pedestai>.] Chief of the Seneca tribe and a principal Chief of the Six Nations from the period of the Revo- Itttionary War to the time of his death. Distinguished for talents, courage, eloquence, sobriety and love for his tribe and race, to whose welfare he devoted his time, his energies and his means during a long and eventful life. 456 [Senate, No. 71.] [East Side Pedestal.] Erected By authority of the Legislature of Pennsylvania By act passed Mar. A.D. 1866. [jSTo inscription on North side.] APPENDIX K IVI APS BOUKDAET LINE BHTWEEN NEW YORK AND PENNSYLVANIA. Showing the Positions of the Monuments set under the Direction of the Jo:nt Boundary Commission, 1881—1885. Snryeyor on tlie part of New Yorlf. Snrveyor on ilie part of Pennsylvania. Cy^^^^-Tr-^i^^^ y/^^'0^^^<^^^/-^^ Chairman. HABBISBURa. J^ONTROSi;. SONESBALi:. ^yXjvy\r~-t -^n— ALBANT. SYRACUSE. :NirtVTORK. Secretmy: AIDANT. CONTENTS. PARALLEL BOUNDARY: COUNTIES IN NEW YORK. Pages. Delaware, .... 1 Broome, .... 1-7 Tioga, 8-11 Chemung, .... 12-15 Steuben, . . 16-22 Allegany, .... 23-27 Cattaraugus, .... 28-34 Chautauqua, 35-4 1 COUNTIES IN PENNSYLVANIA. Wayne, .... 1-2 Susquehanna, .... 2-8 Bradford, .... 8-15 Tioga, 15-21 Potter, . . 21-27 McKean, .... 27-33 Warren, . .' . . 33-40 Erie, ..... 40-4 1 MERIDIAN BOUNDARY, . . . .4 2-45 ;o3 :im>^lHli- — ■) J3 r~ u i-v 1- — L___ --- ! K cv 1 1 n I-I--N .-^1- IJ tJOIJ fJl,ia.U^IJ^Jl)(^^ 03 N:^anaj.s 9Smio.ni(£ s,Mii3'%iJOQ~^ ScTj'^^j ^iii'j~7^~o^ U','st Iti, 24" £a. -H- u <2) — N UJ _±_. — [■ < -^- i x^ R^ 26 I H -^ r ^ N ^ ?f n^ r- ME SEE 51 I "^ Jo 50 K. >. L_(^ 0© P^ ^1 /5''^ 1 r '1 5. y^ vv f^ <. 1 «o H V 1 *^ ST' Y 1 ,6 \^ 1 f^ -^—^ 3> '' f. !fl Pi CATTARAUGII ALLEGANY /C CHAUTAU Q UA GATTARiVUGU ■^'1 T — 4^2 4*3 I INDEX. PAGE. Acts of CessioHj various States pass. « > 193 Acts of Connecticut: of Cession ISS, 427 relating to grant of land in Pennsylvania 421 organizing town of Westmoreland , , , . 422 releasing jurisdiction of " Western Reserve " 428 renouncing Claims to Western Lands 428 sale of Connecticut Gore 431 Acts of Maryland : of Ratification of Articles of Confederation 188 Acts of Massachusetts: of Cession 192, 415 for Settlement of Controversy with New York 411 Acts of New York: in regard to Boundary Monuments 5, 14, 24 Reorganizing Commission, 1880 ^ 22, 139 for running and marking the Line, 1785 2G, 69 Appropriating money, etc 37 Providing for additional Commissioners. 80 of Confirmation, not passed 98 Revised Statutes 98, 99 Providing for Military Bounty Lands 112 for preservation of Records of Holland Land Company. ..... 119 to provide for settlement of Boundary, 1880 139 of Cession of Western Lands ^ 181, 415, 438 relating to re-snrvey of Boundary 212-215 Appointing as:ents to settle Massachusetts Claim 410 Inrrusiou (17'.t6) 433 to finally settl'- Controversy with Connecticut 436 Acts of Pennsylvania : in regard to Boundary Monuments 25, 153 to appoint B Hindary C/ommissioners (1785) 26, 70 Confirmiui: th B .undary (178;t) 97,130 oro:anizing McK-ah and Warren County Line Commission.. 121 relating to re-snrvey of Boundary 215-218 to restore l-.imls to Connecticut Claimants 425 for Confirmation of Connecticut titles 426 Compensation to Pennsylvania Claimants 426 to complete puccliase of Erie Lands 445, 451 [Sen. Doc. No. 71.] 58 458 [Senatk Acts of United States: _ page. relating to survey of Allegany Indian Reservation i::i2 Accepting Cession of New York , 193 Appointing Commissioners in Controversy between Connecti- cut and Pennsylvania , 423 Accepting Cession of Connecticut 428 Acts of Virginia : Cession of Western Lands 187 Adams, John, United States Minister 185, 186 Adjustment, discussion of proper method 138 Obstacles in the way of new 143 Final, of Parallel Boundary ISi Methods of 156 west of Milestone 208 156, 171 Final, of Meridian Boundary 207, 20J> Adlum, John, surveys Drinker's Lands 102 lays out an interfering Warrant 107 appointed Deputy Surveyor 108 runs the West line of Phelps andGorham's Purchase 108, 113 foot-note relating to 108 Extract from notes of. 113 S. W. corner of Phelps and Gorham's Purchase fixed by.. . 115, 3i6 Africa, J. Simpson, Secretary of Internal Affairs of Pennsylvania, initiates transfer of surveys to record books 107 Agreement, Final, in Settlement of Boundary (1886) 24 between Commissioners from Massachusetts and New York. 411 between Imlians and Pennsylvania Commissioner- 446 Albany, 31, 32, 43, 47, 56, 71. 72, '112, 203, 279, 289, 290, 313, 394, 421 431, 450 Prosperity of, in danger 45 Gov. Hamilton claims North Boundary of Pennsylvania near latitude of 51, 53 Treaty of, 1754 55, 445 Piece of Eighth Latitude Stone in State Library at 91 5-mile post in State Library at 205 Maps in State Library at 390 et seq. Alexander, James: letter to Governor Hamilton 51 Biographical foot-note 52 Allegany County, N. Y 274, 275, 280' Early land surveys in > 114 New monuments along 165-168, 173 Descri|)tion of locations of new monuments along 239-244 Angles and distances along 267 County and Town corners 281 Augustus Porter's survey along 316, 317 Record of Holland Land Company's Surveys along 318-324 Connecticut claim to lands in 429 et seq.. Allegany Indian Reservation , 455 Survey of South line of 118 U. S. Commission to re-survey 122 New Monuments along 169, 2oO No. 71.] 459 Alleganv Indian Eeservation — {Continued) : page. iron Monuments 250, 343, 348 corner of -. 343 surveyed by R. M. Stoddard 350 Allegany Mountains 55, 181, 193 Alleganv River.. ,74, 91, 93, 95, 109, 121, 122, 135, 244, 250, 276, 288 384, 389, 440, 447 Milestone on bank of 167, 244, 385 a town line , 284 Corn planter's Reservation on 454, 455 Allegany Valley 128 Allen, Etlian, in Pennsylvania 425 Angular Deflections, Table of • 263-270 Angular Points not marked with Monuments Iu3, 164, 235, 237 Apalachiu Creek 229 Flats, Correction Station on, 1786 88 Valley 127, 132 Appendix 211 el seq. Armstrong, William 99, 439 Commissary for Pennsylvania Commissioners 81 describes the Lake Erie country 95, 440 Astronomical observations of Rittenhouse and Holland 64 Instrument purchased by temporary line Commissioners. ... 71 Instrument, Dr. Rittenhouse writes relative to 73 observations, results of, 1787 82 Results of observations 1786-87, Ellicott's letter detailing, 84-93 observations, smoke affects accuracy of 85 Instruments used by Ellicott , 94 observations, stars used in 94 observations of United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. . . 127 results not exact 142 parallel through Lawrenceville, etc 144 Stations, Monuments for 154, 155, 221 observations of Dr. Peters 37, 175, 278 length of Meridian Boundary 209 Stations (1877-79), detailed Schedule of 271-9 results in 1877-79 271-9 results at Lake Erie, variation in ... 279 Athens, certified township of 110 survey of 426 Atherton, Phineas 104 Atwater, Amzi, Survevor for Holland Land Companv 117, 118 Austinburg, Astrononiical Station ..127, 133, 163, 164,165, 237, 266 Detailed record of 274 Bancker, Evert, Speaker of New York Assembly 181 Gerard, Treasurer of New York 96, 415 Bath, K.. Y., Land Office of Pulteney Estate at 113, 114 Baylor, John B., Sub-Assist., U, S, Coast and Geodetic Survey, 271, 287 Bear Lake 255 Beattie, John, furnishes new Monuments 154 Beech stump, " cut high for ye observation," 1774 65, 129, 299 460 [Senate PAGE. Bennett Brook. 247, 838 Bentley Creek 233, 273 Beuton, Stei^hen, Jr., Surveyor for Holland Land Company. . . . 118 Bingham ton, Indian Village on the site of 57, 8G, 87, 390, 400 Bingham's Patent 58, 103 Bingham, William, granted Warrants in Pennsylvania 109 Estate of. Re-surveys 108, 109, 110, 115 Delegate in Congress 442 Bird Creek 234 Black Brook 260, 378 Blake, Francis, Jr., Assistant U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey/ 124 Bly, New York State Survey Station 1 64 Bolivar Brook 247, 336 Boundaries, Meridian and Parallel. (/See Meridian Boundary «nc? Parallel Boundary.) Scientific, impossible 17, 141 all East and West., Crooked 142 Boundary, Indian, 1768 56, 57 described in Revised Statutes of New York*. 98 in Delaware River not defined 100, 101 Early land surveys along 101 Ex parte official Examinations along 119 between English and French, suggested by William Penn... 176 Boundary, Northern, of Pennsylvania: described in charter 7, 40 - run in 1786-7 7 Initial point fixed, 1774 7, 63 found not to follow the parallel 9 Monuments many of them lost 9 Pennsylvania Commissioners desire its correction. 9, 13, 14§, 152 History of 18 accepted as Southern Boundary of New York 41 exhibited on Early Maps 47, 390 et seq. described by Lords of Trade 49 Lieut. -Governor Hamilton 50 Governor Moore 57 the Proprietaries - 60 Action of New York Council in 1774 6 i necessary to be immediately ascertained 67 Commission appointed to run temporary line 68 permanent line provided for by New York 69 new Commission appointed by Pennsylvania 70 rough MaD of, by Palmer 75 Survey of "1786-7 76 referred to by Ellicott 87 Military Land Warrants based upon 103 finally established 438 {See Parallel Boundary.) Boutelle, Capt. C. 0., reminiscence of Daniel Webster 150 Boyle, John, a Pennsylvania Surveyor ... 102 Bradford County, Penn 43, 173, 273. 2>-" No. 71.] 461 Bradford County — ( Continued) : page. Warrants in, based on temporary State line 75 Maclay's temporary line in 75 Early 'land surveys in , 104, 107, 108 Kose Estate in Ill N. Y. State Survey Station in 128, 277 New Monuments aloncr IGO, 163 Description of locations of 229-234 Angles and Distances along 264, 265 County and Town Corners 283 Connecticut Townships in 424 Bradford, William 104 Brady, William R., Pennsylvania Deputy Surveyor : Surveys of, interfere with New York 109 District of. 122 Warrant line of, still plain 135 Broadhead, John, Pennsvlvania Deputy Surveyor 108 Brokenstraw, Bio-, Creek"! 255, 256, 368, 370 Little, Creek 254, 365 Broome County, N. Y. 112, 156, 173, 272, 400, 431 East line of, part of '' Line of Property " 57 Early land surveys iu 58, 73, 75, 102-106 Early Surveys in, based on Palmer's line 73 Hooper's location of Indian Boundary in 58 Hooper's temporary line along 75 Supervisors of three towns in, cause corners to be located. . . 123 South East point of 128 New Monuments along , , 157-159 Description of locations of 224-229 Angles and distances along 263 County and Town Corners '. 280 Geo. Palmer's Surveys along 304, 305 Lands in, ceded to Massachusetts 411 Connecticut claims to land in 429 Bull, William H., strikes random line of 1787 89 Surveyor upon Phelps and Gorham's Purchase 114 Burke, Edmund 185 Burt, Astronomical Station, 127, 128, 133, 143, 161, 162, 163, 233, 265 Detailed Kecord of 273 Butler, Richard, Commissioner to purchase Lake Erie Lands, 197, 445 Indian Deed to 448, 450 Canada Boundary 16, 17, 185 Canan, John, Pennsylvania Deputy Surveyor 109 Canoes, Commissioners obliged to make 92 Carroll, Charles \ .... 114 Cary, Ebenezer, a Surveyor for Holland Land Company. ... 118, 387 Carpenter's Military Location 102, 111, 125, 128, 131 Cascade Creek 305 Valley 157, 225 Cattaraugus County, N. Y 9, 122, 173, 275, 280 Section of Boundary adjacent to, omitted in 1878 8, 127 462 [Senate Cattaraugus County — ( Continued) : vaqe. Early land Surveys in llG-1 1 9 Brady's District In Pennsylvania along 119 New Monuments along 167-] 71 Description of locations of 244-251 Angles and distances along 2G7, 268 County and Town Corners 282 Record of Holland Land Company's Surveys along 324-350 Connecticut claim to lands in 429 Ceres. Astronomical Station 127, 165, 167, 168, 243, 267 Detailed llecord of 275 Village of, church in lo5, 167, 243 line through mills in 144 Cerestown 386 Cession, Line of, {See Meridian Boundary.) Chapin, Gen. Israel, represents Phelps and Gorham upon Sur- vey of Meridian Boundary 198 Chautauqua County, N. Y 39, 92, 121, 123, 278, 280 Early land Surveys in 118 Interference of Pennsylvania Donation Lands in 120 Hinckley's reconnaissance of Boundary along , . . . 120, 204 State Line tree 136 Discrepancy in distance along , 136 New Monuments along 169-173, 209 ^ Survey of Meridian Boundary along 203 Description of locations of new Monuments along (Parallel Boundary) 251-258 Description of locations of new Monuments along (Meridian Boundary) 258-262 Angles and distances along 269. 270 County and Town Corners 282, 285 Record of Holland Land Company's Surveys along 350-383 Connecticut claims to lands in 429 et scq, Chautauqua Lake 392, 396, 439 ' Signification of name- 197 mentioned in Indian treaty 447 Chemung County, N. Y 173, 273, 280 Early land Surveys in 112 New Monuments along 161-163 Description of locations of 232-234 Angles and distances along 265 County and Town Corners 281 Lands in, ceded to Massachusetts 411 Connecticut claims to lands in 429 et seq. Chemung Flats 75 New Monuments upon 154, 161, 232 Chemung River, Correction Station on bank of (1786) 88 Surveys near 110, 112 Monuments on bank of 133, 154, 161, 232 a County Boundary 281 Chemung, Town of, laid out 112 Field book referred to 112 :no. 71.] 4*)^ PAGE. Chenango, Indian Village 57, 86, 87, 401 Cherry stump identified by Mr. Hinckley. 137, 172, 257, 371 Chipmunk Hun 246 Choconut, Creek 228 Indian Village 57 Clark, Astronomical Station ^ . . . 127, 145, 172, 2U4, 257 269 Detailed Eecord of 278 Olarke, H. Wadsworth, appointed Surveyor on part of New York, 7 9, 37, 28G requested to take entire charge of Field-work 8 Keports referred to 9, 11, 12, 20, 39, 140 Preliminary letter of. Surveyor 31 attends meeting at Initial Point , 124 letter upon policy of re-adjustment of the Boundary ]43 Instructions to ^19 Certificate to Schedule of Monuments 262 Clifton Springs, N. Y,, Joint Boundary Commission meets at. . . 8 Clinton, Gt-orge. Governor of Province of New York : describes the Boundaries of the Province 46 transmits Gov. Hamilton's letter. 50 communicates action of New York Council to Gov. Hamil- ton .... 53 Clinton, George, Governor of State of New York 18 transmits act providin'g for a permanent line 69 announces the appointment of Commissioners 71 announces claim of Massachusetts 409 announces settlement of controversv 414 Clinton, James ' 19, 'Z6, 83, 94, 97, 99 Biographical foot-note 71 appointed Boundary Commissioner , .... 1 8, 71 surveys Hooper's 2, 000- Acre tract 73, 102 sis:ns report of Survey of 1786 77 Bill of expanses 78 Commissioner to allot " Town of Chemung" 112 Coast Survey, etc. {See United States.) Cochran, John, examines interference of Donation Lands.... 74, 120 finds no mile-posts . 118 return of the survey - 1 20 gives distance between ^'Corner " and 225-mile point, 172, 202, 258 Colden, Cadwallader, Surveyor-General of New York : describes Boundaries of New Yoriv. . . .46, 49 Governor of New Y'ork, letter relative to joint action of Colo- nies, 1774 62 transmits action of New York Council to Pennsylvania 63 reports results of Rittenhouse and Holland at Initial Point. , GH Columbia, District of, Surveyed by Andrew Ellicott; . . .'. 94 Commissioners, Boundary. (See Joint Boundary Commission; also New York, cmd Pennsylvania.) Compass used upon Survev of 1786-7 85 Conewango River, 74, 91, 92", 95, 110, 194, 197, 252, 351, 439, 440, 447, 450 a town line 282 464 [SENATJi PAGE^ Conewango Swamp 35^ Valley, discrepancy in distance across 136 New Monuments in 252 Confederation, Articles of. Discussion over 178 et seq. Act to facilitate completion of 18i Congress. {See United States.) Connecticut, Boundary line settled 15, 20 Simmons' opinion on Boundary question , 146 requested to release Western Lands 190 Cedes lands West of New York 193 Western Reserve of 193, 424, 428 Claim to lands in Pennsylvania 417-428 Charter of 418, 427, 429 Petition to General Assembly of, for grant of lands in Penn- sylvania 41& organizes a town and County in Pennsylvania 422 townships in Pennsylvania 424 offers to cede lands in United States 427 final act of Cession . 428 Gore in New York 429-437 opinions of lawyers on claims of 430 conveys land in New York 431 Land Company organized 432. , Claimants bring suits of ejectment 434 Legislature appoints Commissioners to negotiate with New Y^ork 435 Land Company petitions New York Legislature 437 Cook, Moses B., a surveyor 104 Coon Brook 242, 323 Cooper, William 105, 106, 114 Cornell, Alonzo B., Governor of New York, transmits documents to Governor of Pennsylvania 152 ''Corner," South West, of New York, original Monument at 99 maple post at 118, 203, 370 Cochran's location of 120, 202, 258 Boundary near 127, 136 distance to 138, 204 New Monuments at 155, 172, 207, 220, 258, 262, 285 end of Twelfth Section 171 Stone at 203. variation of Meridian Boundary at 208 angle at 269 Latitude of 277 Corners of Counties and Towns 2t;0-285 Cornplanter favors the object of Boundary Surveyors 92 and other chiefs Deed to United States "'. 197 Deed to Pennsylvania, of Erie lands 448 Grant of land to, recommended 449 and other chiefs quit-claim to Pennsylvania 454 Biographical sketch 454 Reservation 455 ISTo. 71.] 465 Corn planter — ( Continued) : page. monument to, described . . . . ; 455 Correspondence, relative to rectification of the Boundary. 9, 14, 141, 152 relative to (jondition of the Boundary 38 relative to Ellicott's papers 83, 198, 451 Corydon, Astronomical Station 128, "135, 168, 1C9, 171, 250, 267 Detailed Eecord of 275 County and Town Corners, Schedule of 280, 285 Cowanesqua Eiver 91, 127, 285, 238, 274 Surveys along 108 Flats, line across 89, 106, 107, 133 Coxe's Manor located '. 58 Coxe, Tench, letter to Gov. Mifflin 196, 449 Crandall Creek 241, 317 Crosby, Wm. A., courtesy acknowledged 32 re-surveys town lines of Potter County 123 Crothers, Anthony, Pennsvlvauia Deputy Surveyor 102, 107, 312 Cryder Creek . . /. " '. -. 240, 316 Davis, Thomas, comes to random line of 1787 90 Surveyor upon Phelps and Gorham Purchase 113 Deep Hollow Creek 225 Deer Lick Creek 254, 365 Deflections, Angular, Table of 263-270 Delaware County, N. Y 124, 173 Station Travis in 127, 271 New Monuments in 158, 224 Delaware River, the boundary of 280 Delaware River. 3, 5, 7, 19, 26, 39, 40, 41, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 59, 62 67, 73,84, 98, 107, 174, 220, 263, 291, 390, 403, 407, 412 Boundary line in, fixed (1885) 25 Western limit of New York 40, 46, 185, 429 Fort upon 43 part of Indian Boundary, 1768 „ 57 Initial Point on, fixed, 1774 63 Rittenhouse and Palmer's survey of Qb, 292 Commissioners commence survey at, 1786 77 Note of revisers of New York Statutes upon 100 Location of various boundaries along 101 Boundary fixed in, between New Jersey and Pennsylvania. . 101 appearance at Initial Point ] 24 original flats at 128 floods in 129, 130 New Initial Monument at 154, 220, 222, 224 distance of Station Travis from 263, 271 a County Boundary 280 Palmer's traverse of 292-303 Journal up, by George Palmer - 303 Drake and Delong reach 307 Field notes of Warrants on 312 a Charter Boundary 403 Winthrop builds a fort upon 419 [Sen. Doc. No. 71.] 59 466 [Senate Delaware Eiver — ( Continned) : page. Connecticut purchase on .... .' 4^0 Delaware Tract , 102 Yellow birch tree. South East corner of 1:>5, 131 Delong. John, Journal up Susquehanna and across to Delaware. . 308 Depew, Cliauncey M., Commissioner for New York, .5, 6, 23, 39, 286 signs Final Agreement 29 Deposit, N. Y 1U5, 129, 224, 400 results for magnetic declination at 126 Dewees, William 107 Dewey, James, a Surveyor for Holland Land Company 118 De Witt, Charles, letter of 400 Do Witt, Moses, additional Surveyor 79 surveyed Military locations in Chemung and Tioga Counties. Ill foot-note relative to Ill Surveyor of Town of Chemung 112 De Witt, Simeon 19, 26, 72, 94, 97, 99 Biographical foot-note 80 appointed Boundary Commissioner 18, 71 signs report of Survey of 1786 77 transmits report to Gov. Clinton 77 transmits bill of expen.'ses 78 inability to act, 1787 80 takes a picture of an Indian Maiden S6, 88 reports upon deficiencies in patents 105 , note on variation of the needle 106 certifies to Ellieott's Survey of new Pre-emption Line 416 Dexter, Stephen, a Surveyor 103 "Diary of Operations" (contains detailed record of all original Monuments found) 28, 32 Dickinson, Governor, of Pennsylvania 18, 69, 72, 78 transmits action of General Assembly 68 announces names of new Commissioners 70 directs Commissioners to proceed to Virginia line 72 Disks used for underground marks .220, 223 Distances along Boundary, Table of 263-270 Documents, official, of the Commission filed 29 accompanying Surveyor's Eeport 33 previous reports published in 37, 39 Donation Lands, Pennsylvania, surveyed by David Watts 74 Map and Boundaries of 74 encroach on New York territorv 74 referred to ". 110, 120, 202, 258 Dongan, Governor, Thomas, reports on encroachments of the Penns 41, 43 superst^ded by Andros 44 Douglass Military Location Ill old Monument on 132, 160, 231 Douglass, William, Historian, describes boundaries of New York. 47 criticises maps of the Colonies 398 Drake, William, Journal up Susquehanna and across to Delaware. 308 Drinker's Starrucca Tract 102, 107 N"o. 71.] 467 PAGE. Duane, James, Delegate from New York 27, 410 aiinotmces action of Maryland 188, 410 Dudley Observatory 38 Duell's, Cass, " shanties " 248 Dutch m New Netherland 17G, 402, 419 Edgar, Patent 103 Tract, deficiency in 103, 105 Ellice, Sir Edward .' : 114 Tract, Monument at Corner of 239 Ellicott, Andrew. ..12, 19, 26, 77, 97, 98, 99, 100, 204. 209, 279, 317 439 Biographical foot-note 194 Commissioner on Pennsylvania and VirginiaBoundary . 19, 72, 76 appointed Commissioner on New York Boundary 76 signs report of Survey of 1786 77 letter upon preparations for 1787 80 draws on Dr. Rittenhouse for funds 81 signs report of 1787 81 proposes to arninge his notes for Pennsylvania 83 his papers not to be found 83, 198 letter to Robert Patterson 77, 84, 201 letter to his wife 85 reports progress from Conewango 91 laid ont village of ^yl^•ren, Pennsylvania 92 and Porter announce completion of Survey 93 surveys District of Columbia 94 invents U S. System of land Surveys 116 appointed deputy Geographer of the United States 194 states difficulties in way of Survey 195 asks for funds ., 196 appointed Surveyor by President Washington 197 asks for surveying instruments 197 letter to Governor Mifflin 197 Correspondence relative to papers of 19S, 451 sets out to survey Line of Cession 198 letter to President Washington. . , 198 not allowed to make observations on British territory 199 Gen. Stuart's sketch of 201 runs the Meridian 201 describing instruments used 94, 201 announces completion of survey 202 payments ibr surveying 202 transit owned by 416 surveys Pre-emption line 416 asked for opinion on Erie country 444 appointed to Survey the Erie lands 450 Ellicott, Benjamin, runs Eastern Transit Meridian 116 accompanies Andrew Ellicott to Niagara 198 runs New Pre-emption line 416 makes a Map of Erie Lands 446 ■168 [Senate PAGE. Ellicott, Joseph, Chief Surveyor for the Holland Land Company. 115 119, 203, 315, 417 adopts system of Surveys now used by the United States 116 accompanies Andrew Ellicott to Niagara 198 Ellis, A. R., old Surveyor of Broome County 159 Ellis, William, Pennsylvania Deputy Surveyor 108, 109 Elkland, Pennsylvania 91, 236 Ehnira, longitude of, determined 38 greatest variation South of 89, 133 Station Burt South East of 127 irregular Curve South of . , 162 Erie County, Penn • 93, 276, 280 Donation Land Surveys in 74, 110, 120, 202 recent surveys of Town lines in 123 New Monuments along 172-3, 209 Samuel Nicholson subdivides Erie Triangle in 202 Description of the locations of new Monuments along . . .256-262 Angles and distances along 269-270 County and Town Corners 284-285 History of the Erie Triangle 438 et seq. Erie, Lake. {See Lake Erie.) Erie Triangle, divided into Warrants 202 Historical Sketch , . , .438 et seq. Estimate of expense of purchase , 440, 444 Treaty with Indians for. 446 price i^aid for , , . , 452 Fan-tail Corner 132, 158, 226 Fatzinger, Jacob, Jr., papers of, deposited witli Historical Society of Pennsylvania 32, 65, 73, 75, 291 Field Notes of George Palmer 73, 292 et seq. of Ellicott not to be found 83, 198, 451 of William Macclure 105 of Deputy Surveyors not returned 106 of Bingham estate Ill of Zephon Flower 114, 160 of Holland Land Company's Surveys 119, 313, 316 et seq-. lack of, quite embarrassing 156 of re-survev of Keating Estate 384 et seq. Finn, Astronomical Station 127, 132, 145, 158, 227, 264 Detailed Eecord of , 272 Finn James 272 Fish, Nicholas ... 105 Fletcher, Benjamin, Commissioned Governor of "^qw York, etc. . 48 Flower, Zephon, Surveys Banyar Tract 114 extract from notes of 114 Papers of, in possession of his grandson 160 Floyd, Nicol 105 Foote, E. T., letter of reminiscences of Ellicott 92 refers to " state line tree." 136, 170 Fort Harmar , 446, 454 No. 71.] 469 PAGE. Fort Herkimer, treaty of 104 Fort Niagara 195, 393, 448 Andrew Ellicott at 198, 199 Fort Stanwix, Treaty of 55, 58, 405 Error in treaty 59 second treat} of 448 Foulke, William, a Surveyor 10^ French Creek 95, 357, 258, 260, 282, 376, 378, 440 Flats, Correction Station on, 1787 93 Gardiner, James T., Director New York State Survey » 124 Letter of, to Chancellor Pierson 141 Genesee, Little, Creek 243, 323, 387 Genesee Eivei 91, 113, 127, 200, 240, 2'<4. 316, 317, 415, 455 Genesee Valley Astronomical Sta.,127, 133, 134, 164, 165, 166,240, 267 Detailed Record of 274 Gere, Christophei M., Commissioner for Pennsylvania, 6, 26, 28,39, 286 appointed Surveyor for Pennsylvania 7 retires from field duty 8 signs Final Agreement 29 concurs in Surveyor's Final Report 53 present at Initial Point, 1877 124, 125 locates site of Milestone 21 132, 159 Instructions to 219 Gibson, Gen. John, Commissioner to purchase Erie lands from Iixdians 197, 445 Indian Deed to 448, 450 Gore, Connecticut 329 ct seq. (See Connecticut.) Graj, William, continues Palmer's line West 74 appointed Deputy Surveyor 107 Hale's Eddy, ISJ. Y .5, 224, 271, 286 Commissioners meet at 7 separate at - 125 Haisey and Ward purchase Connecticut Gore 431 organize a land company 432 Hambden, Township of. New York 105 Hamilton College, Trustees, detail Dr Peters for Astronomical work upon the Boundary 175 Hamilton, James, Lieut.-Governor of Penn.42, 49, 291, 390, 394, 421 letter claiming Boundary in latitude of Albany 50 reports Johnson's intended location on the Susquehanna. ... 52 describes the Boundaries of Pennsylvania 52 Report ot New York Committee on letter of 53 Hamlin, A. D., County Line Commissioner and Surveyoi, Penn .. 121 Hammond. Abijah • 105 Hancock, N. Y., Commissioners meet at 124 Hardenbergh, Abraham 19, 2ii, 94, 98, 99, 100 Boundary Commissioner in place ot James Clinton 77, 80 Surveyor in 1786 78 470 [Senate. Hardenbergh, Abraham — {Continued) : page. signs report of Survey, 1787 i < < « < i • • , * 81 letter from, to Gov. Clinton 81 Hare Creek ." 251, 375 Harrisburg, Penn 9, 39, 286, 288 Land Office in 31,32, 106, 107, 120, 203, 206 Harrisburg Run 2-lG, 332 Harrison, Gen. Wm. H 116 Harriss, John Adolphus, Lieut.-Colonel commanding at Fort Niagara 199, 201 refuses EUicott permission 199 Heise, David, furnishes Extracts from Tioga County Kecords. . . , 123 Herrick Run 257, 374 Highway Monuments described 220, 222 Hinckley, Otis D., courtesy acknowledged 32 reconnaissance of Boundary adjoining Chautauqua County. . 120 interested in the present Survey 123 locates points from original witnesses 126, 139 locates point for Prendergast's Monument .... 170 identifies points on Meridian Boundary 204 his notes referred to, 171, 251, 253, 255, 347, 350, 351, 355, 356 357, 358, 361, 362, 371, 372,. 373, 377 Holden Creek 237 Holland, Edward 53 HpUand Land Company, surveys of, commenced 74, 113 purchases large tract from Robert Morris 115, 417 -- Joseph ElHcott, Surveyor for 115, 119 Surveys of lands of 116 South-east Corner Monument 116, 134 Field Notes and Records in Albany 119^ 313, 417 Corners in 134, 135, 169, 172, 173 Monuments 137, 166 Surveyor locates Milestone 153 167 Discrepancies in field-notes of 118, 168, 3-14, 345 Mile posts on Boundary 170, 171, 209, 261 Map of Meridian Boundary , 202 Extracts from Field books and Records of Surveys 313-383 Holland, Samuel ... .19, 26, 65, 66, 73, 84, 97, 99, 124, 129, 130, 304 appointed Commissioner for New York, 1774 18, 63, 100 signs report upon Liitial Monument at Delaware 64 allowance for Services 67 Maps bv 198, 400 Honeoye Creek 116, 317, 3-.'0 Correction Station near, 1787 90 Crooked line across valley of 134- New Monuments upon flats of 242 Hooper, Robert Lettis, runs the Indian cession line, 1774 5'8, 103 locates Military Land Warrants 59, 75, 100 temporary line in Bradford County, Pennsylvania 75, 104 takes conveyances of lands laid out by himself 104 line showu on map 401 Hooper's 2000- Acre Tract 73, 102, 103, 226 ]N"o. 71.] 471 PAGE. Hooper, Wilson and Bingham's Patent 103, 411 Hoops, Adam, record of Survey of Phelps and Gorham's Purchase, 113 a member of General iSuHivau's staflt" , 113 Surveyor for Robert Morris 415 Hornby, John, lands of ,. H4 Horse Run ... 242, 321 Horses, failure and death of 91 Hoyt, Henry M., Governor of Pennsylvania, quoted relative to Penn's claim north of 42° 55 Message to Pennsylvania Legislature 153 Account of Pennsylvania's Controversy with Connecticut. .. 422 Conclusions upon the subject 428 Hulbert, Christopher, a Surveyor 114 Hulce, Martial R 32 Macclure's papers in possession of 105 Results of observation for declination by 126 Letter from, on position of Initial Point 129 a native of D -posit, New York 129 can show position of Meridian mark at Station Travis :;i24 Hunter, James, Pennsylvania Deputy Surveyor 109 Hutching, Thomas, Geographer General of the United States. 194, 198 foot-note upon 196 Commissioner to run Massachusetts Boundary 411 Indian Creek 109, 245, 329, 331, 386 Indian Treaty of 1 768 55 Boundary of 1768 57 Deed to the Proprietaries of Pennsylvania 49, 58 title to lands soutli of Hooper's line extinguished, 1786, . 58, 59 title to remainder of Pennsylvania extinguished, 1784 . . .67, 448 delegates to be present when temporary line is run 68 families at Chenango visit the Commissioners 86, 87 Maiden, picture taken bv Simeon DeWitt 86, 88 Purchase of 1785 (N"e\v York) laid out 104, 105 Purchase of 1784 (Pennsylvania), surveys m 106 Deed of Erie Triangle 197 Deed of lands along the Lakes 406 title to Phelps and Gorham's Purchase extinguished 415 Deed to Susquehanna Company 421 Treaty of Fort Harmar 446 Indians, letter of, to Governors Effingham and Dongan 42 Penn charged with diverting trade with 45 proposed purchase from, by Pennsylvania 54 dissatisfied with Hooper's location of their boundary in 1774, 58 expect presents 81 object to a continuance of the Survey 92 pacified with rum and tobacco 93 a formidable enemy to the Colonies 179 under protection of England 190 in the waj- ot a survey of the Line of Cession 195 aestroy monuments ...... 204 472 [Senate Indians — ( Continued) : page. Resolutions to quiet the 414 stipulate with the Proprietaries not to sell 4'^1 Treaty with, for purchase of Erie* lands recommended. .443. 446 Initial Point, on Delaware River," fixed^ 1774 63, 69 Palmer at, in 1784 73 Joint Commissioners meet at, 1877 124 Station Travis at 127 probable position of 128 New monument at 154, 155, 157, 224 Surveys for sketch of 174 Beech stump cut for observation at .... 65, 129, 299 Ingoldsby, Richard, Governor, address upon the encroachments of Pennsylvania 44 Instructions to Surveyors, 1883 219 James, Robert, a Surveyor upon Phelps and Gorham's Purchase 113 finds stake in random line of 1787 90 Jay, John, Secretary, letter to Governor Clinton 197 Governor of New York, announces purciiase of Connecticut Gore to Legislature 432 Proclamation of 433 Jenkins, John, surveys Township of Athens 110, 426 Johnson, Guy, Map of Indian Boundary by 57 . reports dissatisfaction of Indians over location of boundaries. 59 Map by, referred to - 86 Map by, described 398 Johnson, Sir William 58 location of land by, upon the Susquehanna objected to 50 •equested to prevent purchases by Penn., from Indians. . .54, 56 present at Fort Stanwix, 1768 56 Johnston, James, a Pennsylvania Deputy Surveyor 109 Joint Boundary Commission, 1877.. ..24, 33, 127, 140, 152, 153, 286 organizes at New York 6, 39 Resolutions of, directing reconnaissance 6 meets at Initial Point 7 meets at Clifton Springs 8 meets at Hancock 124 discusses proper method of adjustment 9-22, 138 et seq. concludes upon course to be taken 154 meets at Syracuse, N. Y 219 Jones Creek 229, 272 Keating Estate, surveys of ill, 384-9 reterred to 167 Kian tone Creek 357 Correction Station, 1787, on bank of 91 King, Krancis, Surveys of Ill, 3n4 finds Milestone 153 out of place 167, 385 King, Robert, courtesy acknowledged 32 furnishes Sketch of Boundary along McKean County 1etailed Record of" ^^ ' ^' ^'^' ^^^' ^^^' ^-9' ^^4 Lockhart, Josiah 272 Loup's Cret'k. 106, 107 ^'1nsi,S"'T^r"^T^'^^^^^ HistuKts R.lm.M- to layout Warrants.. ' it ^^^witm::*^! ^h'ir- Morriswisheshim'prosec;uted.V. 54" So witness belore Council at Trenton ' .? 54 ^''p'ln'J^' ;'"""', '''T^' ^^"'^« "^ I^'-oon^e County.. . . 1,0 Papers ot, 1,1 hands of M. R. Hulce in Macla7'w,1hH» ^'r,"'''""«'^« "^ P'^tents in Ti'oga'CountV. *'.'.'. 105* i?o I^n'o:;:: xZ 1^^ '^^ Bn^lfoi-d-and Tioga C^u^t^;; 75! Ve, 106 474 [Senate. Maclay, William {Contimied) : pagk. Senator from Peunsylvauia , , 107 temporary line referred to . . ArZQ Macomb, Gen. Alexander 105 Madison, James 177, 185 Mahoning Creek 74 Maps, Boundary, referred to.. 21, 28, 29, 31, d-i, 64, 81, 124, 202, 221 Earlv, showing boundaries of Provinces 47, 390-401 Mitchell's 47, 390, 406 Evans', of 1719 48, 399 Guy Johnson's 57, 86, 398 Peter S. Du Ponceau, a great collector of 84 Marks upon Witness trees 313, 324 Maryland refuses to sign Articles 178 requested by Congress to ratify 187 delegates instructed to subscribe to Articles 188 delegates subscribe 190 Mason and Dixon's Line 49, 65, 83, 85 Massachusetts, disputed boundary between Rhode Island and. 16, 20 Decisions upon boundary between Rhode Island and 149 Charter claim of 177, 186 passes act of Cession 192, 193, 415 claim to New YorJi Territory 402-417 Charter 402, 404 Maxwell, Hugh, Surveys township lines in Phelps and Gorham's Purchase 112 McKean County, Pennsylvania 55, 280 Section of Boundary adjacent to, omitted in 18T8 8, 9, 127 Early Land Surveys in 109 Bingham Estate Surveys in 110 Keating Estate Surveys in Ill, 384-9 and Warren County Line Commission 110, 121, 135, 169 Xew Monuments along 166-9, 174 Description of locations of new Monuments along 242-9 Angles and distances along ^67-8 County and Town Corners 284 Connecticut Townships in 421 Meek's Creek 245, 328, 386 Meridian Boundary, Deed of Cession 27, 189 fixed in Final Agreement 27 Latitude observation at 37, 38 Monument at Lake Erie, 1869 39 Ellicott's notes of, probably destroyed 84 expected to pass near Milestone 190 99, 439 Note on, by revisers of New York Statutes 100 re-surveyed by James Smedley 118 Reconnaissance of, by 0. D. Hinckley 120, 204 Reconnaissance of, in 1878 (H. W. Clarke) 127, 204 New terminal monument in 154, 262 setting new monuments on 155, 207 New monument at South End of 1 72 Number of new monuments along 174, 209 No. 71.] 4Y5 Meridian Boundary — ( Continued ).' page. Historical Sketch of 175 et seq. alternative lines of Cession proposed 183 location of line of Cession unknown 192 Ellicott appointed to Survey 194, 197, 450 Original surveys 198 run by Andrew Ellicott 201 Expense of Survey 202 Original Monuments on 202 Mile-posts on 202, 204 Map of ;^02 initial monument 203, 205, 380, 382 length of 202, 203, 204, 205, 209 Judge Peacock thinks initial monument broken down by Indians 204 new initial monument 205, 258 Soutli end of, irregular , 209 Description of new monuments along 258 Schedule of new monuments along 258-2G2 Table of distances along 270 various latitudes of Initial Monument 279 Seth Pease finds Lake Erie Monument broken in pieces 317 Eecords of Holland Land Company's Surveys along 362-383 Massachusetts claim, a part of history of 402 West line of lands ceded by New York to Massachusetts.. . , 415 Erroneous ideas of location of 439 Congress asked to cause survey to be made 441 not yet run 445 Meridian, observations for, by John Adlum 113 at Astronomical Stations 128 marked by Monuments. . . .159, 160, 172, 227, 229, 233, 276 observations for, on Meridian Boundary 207, 208 mark at Station Travis -?24 Mr. Lukens, used by George Palmer 292 observations for, by Seth Pease .... 318 {See Transit.) Mifflin, Governor, letter to, from Tench Coxe 196 ready to close contract for Erie lands 452 Milestones, described 222 {See Monuments.) Mitchell, Dr. John, map published by 47, 49, 390, 399, 406 foot-note referring to 47 Mix, David E. E., in possession of Field Notes of Holland Land Company 119, 313 Monument Island 64, 99, 124, 130 Monuments designated in Final Agreement 27-28 perishable, have served for nearly a centurv 30 Original Initial, at Lake Erie ". 37, 317, 380 New, at Lake Erie 39, 206 Original, described 96 peculiar forms of original 97 Initial, on Delaware, undermined 1 29 476 [Senate Monuments — [Contijiued) : page. site 01, at Delaware River < i 130 Original, found 133 old, " State line Stone " 133, 159, 228 Number of original 137 New, described 154, 233, 223, 258 first one set 154 Large Initial and Terminal 154 Isew, set, in detail 157-174 total number 173, 174 Original, on Meridian Boundary 202 New, on Meridian Boundary 207 described in Instructions 220 manner of setting of new 2.'3 Description of locations of new 224-2(52 Monument to Cornplanter 455 Montgomery, James, Commissioner of Pennsylvania to run tem- porary line 67 superseded 71 Montgomery, William, Commissioner, to run temporary line. . . 67 declines 67 Moore, Henry, Governor of New York, letter describing Indian Boundary, 1768, as North Boundary of Pennsylvania... 57 More, William, Supervisor, letter referring to Milestone 89 162 Morris, Governor (Pennsylvania), proposes to purchase lands of Indians. 54 wishes Lydius prosecuted 54 Morris Reserve, Survey of South end of 115, 316 divided into Ranges 417 Morris, Robert, purchases tract in Broome county 105 Warrants of, in Pennsylvania 108, 109 required surveyor's field notes to be returned 110 purchases Phelps and Gorham's lands. 113, 415 purchases remainder of territory in New York 115, 416 conveys it to Holland Land Company 115, 417 retains " Reserve" 417 Morris, William W 19, 26, 94, 95, 98, 100, 440 Commissioner in place of Simeon De Witt 77, 80 signs Report of Survey of 1787 81 letter of Hardenbergh'and, to Gov. Clinton — 81 Murray, David, Secretary of Joint Commission 221, 286 Names of Commissioners and persons upon Boundary Survey. .286-87 of persons employed in 1786 79 Neversink River 99, 299 New Jersey, 23, 25, 29, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 52, 292, 390 et seq., 423 4:29 Boundary Monuments 5, 25 New York Commissioners to act with Commissioners from, 22, 139 Release of Province of 40 Line in Delaware River between Pennsylvania and K'l new Monuments furnished by John Beattie 154 No. 71.] 477 New Jersey — ( Continued) : page. Boundary, party encraged upon 155 Delegates from, remonstrate ll^l New :Netherland 1?6, 391 described by Vander Donck 403 New York . . .9, 15, 18, 19, 33, 53, 76, 77, 95, 96, 101, 133, 146, 194 196, 201, 439, 449 Boundary Committee, 1877 5, 39 Boundary Commissioners, 1881 23 represented in Joint Commission 6 H. W. Clarke appointed Surveyor for 7 Commissioners opposed to change in Boundary 9, 14, 20 Policy of. regarding Boundaries 14 State Survey to locate monuments 21 Reorganization of Commission 22 Boundary fixed in final agreement 24 Charter to Duke of York. 40, 403 Soutli Boundary of 41, 45 Politicians referred to by Douglass 47 Boundaries of province described 46, 47, 404, 429 Boundaries Exhibited on Early Maps 47, 390 et seq. consents to meeting with Indians 54 Governor of, expects claim to 48° renewed 56 action of Council on Governor Penn's letter, 1774 62 Council provides for fixing line at the Delaware 63 Legislature passes an act for marking a permanent line 69 Boundary Commissioners appointed (1785) 71 Revised Statutes of, error in 99 Early land surveys in 102-106, 111-119 South West Corner of, 120, 127, 138, 171, 172, 173, 203, 204, 257 258, 262, 270, 276 Commissioners report to Regents 139 Commissioners undertake entire charge 153 without a fixed Western Boundary 175 a Dutch Province 176 Indians dependents of 177, 185, 190, 406 Legislature instructs delegates 183 Delegates from, sign declaration . . .■ 188 execute deed of Cession 189 Laws of, relating to Boundary 212-215 County and Town Corners in 280-82, 285 Boundaries described by Governor Tryon 404 Delaware River the western limit of 407, 429 Legislature denies claim of Massachusetts 407 Cedes land to Massachusetts 411 Legislature requests De Witt to run Pre-emption line 416 Connecticut claim to lands in 429 et seq. resolution of Legislature relative to 432 Attorney-General of, directed to defend suits 435 Legislature rejects Connecticut proposition 436 Legislature refuses to accede to terms of compromise 437 {See Meridian and Parallel Boundary ; also the several coun- ties along the Boundary; also Regents of the University.) 478 [Senate PAGE. New York City, Mr. Rutherford's observatory in 37 Joint Commission meets in 39 officials lament the loss of trade caused by the Grant to Penn 42 officials compliment Goveruor Dongan's endeavors ... 44 New York State Survey 11, 21, 128, 138, Ul, 143, 145, 289, 290 Director of l-.^4, 140 Station in Bradford County 128, 277 locates Milestone 40 138 monuments 154 Station Bly , 164 Latitude and Longitude of Milestone 40 229, 277 Niagara Falls, seen by Ellicott 201 height first measured 201 Niagara River 52, 183, 184, 189, 198, 201, 202, 393, 400, 412 Nichols, Eli, resurveys First Tract in Windsor 103 Nichols, Henry ,. . . 105 Nichols Patent in Broome Co., N. Y 103 Tract in Tioga Co., N. Y 105 deficiency in 105 Nicholson, Samuel, Pennsylvania Deputy Surveyor 110 surveys Willink Lands 110 surveys Erie Triangle 202 Northumberland Lottery warrants (Pennsylvania) 76, 100 Observations. (/See Astronomical ; a?so Meridian.) Oil P'ield, Northern, Line through 154, 168, 327-336 monuments in 245, 246 Ontario, Lake. 27, 47, 52, 56, 112, 183, 184, 185, 18i), 195, 198, 392 393, 394, 396, 399, 400, 406, 412, 413. 448, 449 Ore Bed Creek 240, 316 Oswayo River 92, 127, 243, 244, 324, 325, 387 Flats 117, 135, 244. 275 Ouaquaga, Indian village of 57, 305, 401 " Owegy," the starting point of Indian Boundarv 57, 58, 59, 390 399, 401, 411 PaciBc Ocean the Charter limit of Provinces 177, 418 Palmer, George 32, 102, 104, 308 Notes of, in possession of Historical Societvof Pennsylvania, 32, 65 73, 75, 291 accompanies Rittenhouse and Holland 65 runs a line from the Delaware to the Susquehanna 73 rough map compiled by 75, 76 lays'out warrants in 1785 101, 102 appointed Deputy Surveyor 107, 291 remains ot two mile birch identified 125 birch tree referred to 131, 157, 310 line of, still occupied 131 Copies of documents found among papers of 291-312 Ko. 71.J 479 Palmer, George — {Continued) : page. Commission as Deputy Surveyor 291 Survey of Delaware River by 292-303 notes of Survey west from the Delaware 304-306 letter to, from John Lukens 309 Field-notes of warrant surveys by 310-312 Parallel Boundary fixed in Final Agreement 26 Historical Sketch of 40 Survey of 1786-7 76 Original Monuments on 96 Note by revisers of New York Statutes 100 Early laud surveys along 101 Survey of, commenced 1877 125 found to be crooked 126 Wilderness portion omitted 127 divided into sections 1-8, 157 Condition of 131 Monuments found upon 132, 137 length of intervals on 137 length of 138 Commissioners discuss method of adjustment 138 obstacles in the way of re-adjustment .... 143 a base line of land surveys 143 inhabitants opposed to a change in 145 setting of new monuments on, commenced 154 total number of New Monuments upon 173 Surveys for sketch at Eastern Extremity of 174 established 194 New Monuments on, described 222 manner of setting monuments on 223 Schedule of Monuments on 224-258 Table of Angular deflections and distances along 263-9 Counties and Towns along 280-285 {See also Boundary, Northern, of Pennsylvania.) Patterson, George W 28, 207 Patterson, Robert, Ellicott's letter to 77, 84, 201 Peacock, William, Surveyor for Holland Land Company 119 thinks Elliott's papers burned by the British 198 describes Lake Erie Monument 203 thinks it broken down by Indians 204 Pease, Seth, Surveyor for Holland Land Company, mentions Lake Erie Monument 203 Extract Irom field- notes of 317 Pembroke Run 246, 332 Penn, John, Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania. . .54, 60, 62, 63 64, 66, 401 present at Fort Stanwix 56 Penn, Thomas, Proprietary of Pennsylvania . . .58, 401 instructs Governor Morris upon terms of purchase from In- dians 55 Indian Deed to, 17C8 58 petitions the King to have boundaries fixed 60 4:80 [Senate PAGE^ Penn, William 42, 44, 45, 49 Charter to, of Pennsylvania..?, 18, 27, 40, 51, 53, 54, 56, 60, 67 100, 101, 431 ambiguity in 48 Quit-claim to, from Duke of York 41 suggests the proper Boundary between French and English 176 his idea adopted 186 Pennsylvania represented at Joint Meeting 6, 39 C. M. Gere appointed Surveyor for 7 Commissioners favor a rectification of Boundary 8, 9, 140 Boundary of, fixed in Final Agreement 25 Governor of, appoints Boundary Commissioners 25 Charter of 40 Jealousy of New Yorkers toward 41 Ambiguity in Charter description of Boundary of 49 Boundaries of, described by Lords of Trade 49 described by Governor Hamilton , 50, 52 claims a Boundary North of 42^ 50 proposes to purchase lands from Indians 54 Proprietaries of, petition to have Boundaries fixed 60 Boundaries of, described 61 Resolutions of General Assembly, 1783 67 Commission of, appointed to examine the subject of inland Navigation, etc 67, 438 Commission to run a temporary line 68 '- General Assembly rescinds resolutions . . , 70 expenses of Temporary Commission provided for 70 General Assembly provides for a new Commission 70 Commissioners directed to continue survey without co-opera- tion of New York 77 Commissioners ready for operations, 1787 78 has a Purveyor appointed 79 Line in Delaware River between New Jersey and 101 Early land surveys in J 01