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CARNEGIE FREE LIBRARY 
 
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 Tucson, Arizona's Metropolis 
 
 By Allan B. Jaynes 
 
 TUCSON has a history rich in 
 anecdotes of the adventures of 
 the Spanish conquerors and of 
 the American invaders who came to the 
 southwest after the Gadsden purchase. 
 As early as 1649 the missionaries from 
 Sonora penetrated southern Arizona 
 as far north as the Gila river and estab- 
 lished missions at Tubac and at San 
 Xavier. In the valley nine miles north 
 of the San Xavier Mission, the Span- 
 iards built a post to protect their set- 
 tlements from Apache invasions, and the 
 small village which grew up around the 
 soldiers' barracks was called Tucson, a 
 name which the Indians applied to the 
 watering place in the valley near the 
 town. 
 
 On the mountain which rose up from 
 the Santa Cruz valley just west of Tuc- 
 son, the Spanish soldiers threw up 
 breastworks and built a lookout from 
 which they could survey the country far 
 to the north, for it was from this direc- 
 tion that the Apaches swooped down on 
 their raids. Tubac was made the head- 
 quarters for the Spanish soldiers in 
 those days, and Tucson was merely an 
 outpost peopled by the most venture- 
 some. And so it remained for almost 
 two hundred years. 
 
 In 1853 came the Gadsden purchase, 
 which added the territory in which Tuc- 
 son is located to the United States. 
 This was followed by an American inva- 
 sion, and Tucson became a station for 
 
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 SOME HOMES OF TUCSON SHOWING TM'ES OF I'RESENT ARCHITECTURE 
 
the overland mail and the largest and 
 most important point in Arizona, a dis- 
 tinction which it has held down to this 
 day. For many years after the Ameri- 
 can occupation Tucson was but a mili- 
 tary and trading post and a mail station. 
 On many occasions the savage Apaches 
 territied the inhabitants, and the troops 
 stationed at Tucson and old Fort Lowell, 
 which was near the town and is now 
 dismantled, were engaged in putting 
 down the Indians. 
 
 Although a .lively frontier town in 
 those days Tucson was not destined to 
 become an important point until the 
 Southern Pacific Eailroad arrived in 
 the yea,r 1884. This event quite natu- 
 rally revolutionized the frontier post; 
 new industries were established, the rich 
 mining country around Tucson was 
 opened up, and the soldiers, having paci- 
 fied the Indians, marched away. But for 
 all of this the old Mexican, pueblo still 
 retained its relics of the past, its narrow 
 streets lined with adol^es remained 
 
 unchanged and the large Mexican popu- 
 lation clung to the old customs. It has 
 only been in the past few years that 
 Tucson has emerged from a somewhat 
 obscure past to find herself a modern city 
 in every sense of the word, a great busi- 
 ness center and the metropolis of a 
 rapidly growing territory, rich in nat- 
 ural resources. 
 
 While the history of the early days in 
 Tucson is a remarkable one, the story of 
 her recent transformation from a quaint 
 old Mexican pueblo to a modern Ameri- 
 can city is not less marvelous. • In the 
 past five years the city has been practi- 
 cally rebuilt, but the many new buildings 
 have not taken from Tucson her foreign 
 fiavor, as her builders have preserved in 
 these new structures the most pictur- 
 esque features of the Mexican architect- 
 ure and many of her new buildings are 
 of Aztec design. The Santa Rita Hotel, 
 a handsome new structure, is built after 
 this fashion, as are also many residences 
 and a new club-house. These remnants 
 
 SAN XAVIER MISSION 
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 PUBLIC SCHOOL BUILDINGS OF TUCSON 
 
THREE OF TUCSON S CHURCHES 
 
 of the past, thus preserved, make Tuc- 
 son as attractive in that respect toda}' 
 as when the Spanish soldiers paraded 
 her streets in their glittering uniforms. 
 The modem Tucson is a growing city 
 of fourteen thousand inhabitants. Her 
 rapid growth in the past few years can 
 be attributed to her advantageous loca- 
 tion as a distributing point for southern 
 Arizona and Sonora, to the rich mining 
 and grazing country which surrounds 
 the city, and to the matchless climate, 
 which attracts hundreds of health-seek- 
 ers in the winter months. The Mexican 
 population, which was formerly in the 
 majorit}', now comprises less than one 
 third of the total population and the 
 Mexican merchants are among the most 
 successful and enterprising citizens of 
 Tucson. The principal business street 
 of the city always presents a metropoli- 
 tan appearance. All of Tucson's streets 
 are level, well graded and well lighted 
 at night. The business blocks and stores 
 equal those found in a city twice the 
 
 size, and new store and office buildings 
 are constantly being erected to meet the 
 ever increasing demand. 
 
 The schoolhouses, churches and other 
 public institutions of Tucson are among 
 her most remarkable features. A few 
 year ago three new school buildings of 
 a very artistic design were constructed, 
 and it was supposed at that time that 
 they would meet the needs of the city 
 for a number of years to come, but they 
 are already well filled and another new 
 school building is under construction. 
 The Catholic Sisters maintain the St. 
 Joseph's Academy and parochial schools 
 at Tucson. All of the leading denomina- 
 tions — Congregational, Episcopal, Meth- 
 odist, Baptist, Presbyterian and Eoman 
 Catholic — are represented by churches. 
 The Pima county court-house, with the 
 public park adjoining it, is the most 
 inviting spot in the center of the city. 
 The Carnegie free library, erected two 
 years ago at a cost of $25,000, is sur- 
 rounded by well-kept grounds and faces. 
 
— Tucson has thrown off her out-grozvn shell and emerged from a somciuhat obscure past to find 
 
 a rapidly grozving territory. 
 
 AYashington Park, the military plaza of 
 the old Mexican town, and the largest 
 public park in the cit}^ The Elks, Odd 
 Fellows and United Workmen all own 
 handsome buildings, and the residence 
 of the Owls is the most unique structure 
 in Tucson. 
 
 Tucson is well able to care for the 
 winter visitors that come from all over 
 the country to enjoy her matchless 
 climate. There are twelve hotels in the 
 city, and one of these, the Santa Kita, 
 which has just been completed, is decid- 
 edly the most novel of tourist hotels 
 in the southwest. The Santa Eita, 
 named for the high range of mountains 
 to the south, is by far the most imposing 
 structure in the old pueblo of Tucson. 
 It is built after the Aztec fashion, 
 and its white walls loom up above 
 all of the other buildings. From its 
 spacious roof gardens one can survey 
 the mesa for miles over its vast sweep 
 to the mountains, for Tucson lies in a 
 natural amphitheatre, surrounded on 
 all sides by ranges. On one side the 
 mountains come within a few miles 
 of Tucson, while in another direction 
 the Santa Cruz river can be seen wind- 
 ing for a great distance to the moun- 
 tains at its source. This scene from the 
 roof garden of the Santa Rita is said to 
 
 rival the view of the Alps from Milan's 
 cathedral. A perfect paradise, too, 
 are the patios and palm gardens of this 
 new hotel, the equipment of which is 
 in keeping with the charm of the coun- 
 try which surrounds it. The climate, 
 unexcelled anywhere, makes Tucson the 
 most alluring of winter resorts. 
 
 The University of Arizona, the head 
 of the territorial system of education, 
 is located at Tucson. The campus of 
 this institution is on high, open ground 
 northeast of the city and overlooking the 
 country around. There are three hun- 
 dred students always in attendance at 
 the university, and the faculty is com- 
 posed of twenty professors from lead- 
 ing educational institutions east and 
 west, and their assistants. In addi- 
 tion to a half dozen older buildings, a 
 new gymnasium donated by a mining 
 company has just been completed, and 
 a new library building is being erected 
 at a cost of $25,000. The Arizona 
 experiment station, a manual training 
 school, and a mill for the reduction of 
 ores are connected Avith the university. 
 The mining school ranks very high, and 
 the credits of the University of Arizona 
 are accepted by the leading institutions 
 of learning. For the size and age of 
 the university, the equipment is very 
 
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 herself a modern city in every sense of the word, a great bnsiiicss center and the inetropoUs of 
 rich in natural resources. 
 
 complete aiul additions are constantly 
 being- made. Many persons prominent 
 in the literary world spend the winters 
 in Tucson, and they have shown a great 
 deal of interest in the university and 
 have done much to raise its standard to 
 the present high level. 
 
 The Desert botanical laboratory of the 
 Carnegie institution has just been estab- 
 lished in the mountains west of Tuc- 
 son for the purpose of experimenting 
 with the desert flora. The laboratory 
 building is constructed of the black vol- 
 canic rocks used by the Spanish soldiers 
 in erecting their breastworks and is built 
 on the shelf of the mountain used by 
 them as a lookout. A thousand acres 
 of hill and plain surrounding the labor- 
 atory are being used for experimental 
 purposes, and scientists expect that the 
 discoveries of the laboratory will add 
 greatly to the knowledge which they 
 already have of the desert flora. The 
 Desert laboratory was the first piece of 
 real estate to be acquired by the Car- 
 negie institution, and one of its first 
 branches. The first report of the labor- 
 atory, which has just been issued, is 
 attracting the attention of scientists 
 abroad as well as in this country. 
 
 Outside of the university and the 
 Desert laboratory, there are a number 
 
 of other interesting places in and 
 around Tucson to which the visitor 
 can make excursions, chief among which 
 is the San Xavier Mission, nine miles 
 south of Tucson in the Santa Cruz val- 
 ley. The old mission was established 
 by Jesuit priests in 1590, and the old 
 church is a very interesting structure, 
 with its decorations of the seventeenth 
 century, its wall paintings, its fantastic 
 facade and its half-ruined towers. Fort 
 Lowell, which in former days was com- 
 manded by now famous generals, has 
 been abandoned, but is nevertheless a 
 delightful place for picnicking. Fort 
 Lowell is seven miles from Tucson, and 
 eight miles further on a sparkling brook 
 comes down through Sabino canyon and 
 out of the Catalina mountains. A scenic 
 trail leads up this canyon through 
 forests of pine and spruce to the high- 
 est point, 10,110 feet, from which Tuc- 
 son can be seen, twenty miles distant, 
 a mere dot on the vast expanse of 
 tableland. 
 
 A country club has just been estab- 
 lished, and a handsome club-house will 
 be erected on a pretty spot not far from 
 the city. An automobile stage line 
 carries passengers to a resort in the Cata- 
 lina mountains forty miles north of 
 Tucson. The ranches around Tucson 
 
-all of Tucson's streets arc level,..* * * zvell graded 
 
 Putnam & Valentine, Los Angeles, plioto 
 
 THE ELKS CLUB HOUSE 
 
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 t'ltlT4IM i I ,1 « 111 KttIM I I I 
 
 SANTA RITA HOTEL 
 
 and the cowljoys who ride the range also 
 attract the tourist, while the Indians on 
 the reservation south of the city and 
 the caballeros of the Mexican quarter 
 add to the attractions which the city 
 has for the visitor. 
 
 The industries of Tucson are many 
 and varied. There are two national 
 banks in the city, whose deposits 
 exceed over a million and a half of 
 dollars; a trust company was organized 
 
 some months ago, and has met with suc- 
 cess; three building and loan associa- 
 tions have been established for several 
 years; the city is equipped with a com- 
 plete telephone system, while light is 
 supplied by gas and electric light plants ; 
 two daily papers, morning and evening, 
 are published in Tucson ; two iiour mills 
 grind the wheat raised by the Mari- 
 copa and Pima Indians; two ice plants 
 supply the needs of the citizens; the 
 
ONE OF THE NEW SCHOOLS 
 
 ST. MARY S SANATORIUM 
 
Southern Pacific maintains large sliops 
 at ^J'ncson, and a foundry and machine 
 sliop employs many men. At Tucson's 
 modern theatre the leading attractions 
 of th" American stage stop en route to 
 California. 
 
 Tucson is located on the main line 
 of the Southern Pacific railroad three 
 hundred miles west of El Paso and five 
 hundred miles east of Los Angeles. A 
 branch of the Southern Pacific runs to 
 Nogales on the international line and 
 thence to Hermosillo and Guaymas on 
 the Gulf of California, making Tucson 
 a gateway to the rich state of Sonora, 
 whose possibilities in a mining way are 
 just beginning to be realized. Tucson 
 has a large trade at smaller places along 
 the line of the Southern Pacific, and 
 southeastern Arizona is reached by the 
 El Paso and Southwestern, connecting 
 with the Southern Pacific at Benson. 
 Towns not on the railroad, ranches and 
 mining camps are reached by stage lines 
 
 running out of Tucson to places a 
 hundred miles distant. 
 
 The grazing lands of Pima county 
 make ranching very profitable. Many 
 forage grasses grow to maturity in the 
 rainy season, and the snow on the 
 mountains, melting with the advent of 
 spring, waters the ranges at that time 
 of the year. The government has estab- 
 lished the Santa Eita forest reserve 
 south of Tucson for the sole purpose of 
 experimenting with the desert grasses 
 with a view of obtaining practical 
 results. In the springtime the ranges are 
 covered with poppies and other beauti- 
 ful wild flowers. The agricultural pos- 
 sibilities of the Santa Cruz valley are 
 wonderful, for where water can be 
 carried out over the land two crops a 
 year can be raised and as many as 
 five and six crops of alfalfa, the staple 
 product of all Arizona farms and 
 ranches. If the attempts to develop 
 artesian water in the Santa Cruz valley 
 
 CONSOLIDATED NATIONAL BANK 
 
 ARIZONA NATIONAL BANK 
 
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 BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 
 
PTMA COUNTY COURT-HOUSE, TUCSON 
 
 be successful, it has in store a wonderful 
 future as a farming section. 
 
 Among her own citizens, Tucson's 
 jjrosperity and commercial advantages 
 are considered her greatest attraction, 
 but abroad she is best known for her 
 climate. The dry air and altitude of 
 Tucson make it a natural sanitarium for 
 those afflicted with throat, lung and 
 many other troubles, so that many find 
 rest and cure every winter under her 
 Italian sky. The Catholic Sisters main- 
 tain a complete hospital and sanitarium 
 for tuberculosis patients, just west of 
 the city, where those who are afflicted 
 with that disease and seek Tucson for 
 the beneficial effects of the climate, can 
 receive the best of care. 
 
 The residents of Tucson are ever 
 loyal to their city. There is something 
 about the air, the sky and the mountains 
 which clings to them when they go 
 elsewhere, and sooner or later thev 
 
 wander back. Those who spend the 
 winter in Tucson go away to tell of their 
 delightful times in the old pueblo, of the 
 prosperity of her citizens, and of her 
 many commercial advantages. Others 
 hearing, perhaps for the first time, of 
 the enterprise of this southwestern city 
 are attracted to Tucson, many of them 
 locating and establishing new business 
 enterprises. In this way Tucson has 
 sprung from an old Mexican pueblo and 
 military post to the modern city which 
 she is today in a comparatively short 
 time. A few of the pioneers remain to 
 tell of the wars with the Apaches and 
 of the hardships of the early days on 
 the frontier, but to those who have come 
 to Tucson in recent years this seems 
 somewhere in the far distant past. For 
 Tucson has cast aside her outgrown 
 shell and stands today a monument to 
 the enterprise of her citizens and to 
 the resources of the surrounding section. 
 
HANDIWORK OF INDIANS ON THE RESERVATION NEAR TUCSON 
 
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION 
 
 CONCERNING TUCSON AND VICINITY 
 
 ADDRESS 
 
 CHAMBER OF COMMERCE 
 
 TUCSON, ARIZONA