LIBRPRY OF CONGRESS 
 
 015 870 917 ft 
 
 
TS 1630 
 
 S6 
 Copy 1 
 
 MTED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
 
 mm. BULLETIN No. 1100 | 
 
 &J* ^~ru 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 September, 1922 
 
 A METHOD OF DETERMINING 
 
 IN WOOL. 
 
 GREASE AND DIRT 
 
 By D? A. Spencer, Senior Animal Husbandman in Shee/i^ind Goat Investigations, 
 J. I. Hardy, 1 Sheep Husbandman, and Mary J. Brandon, Scientific Assistant 
 in Sheep and Goat Investigations, Animal Husbandry Division, Bureau of Animal 
 Industry. 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 P;il'.' 
 
 Object of this investigation 1 
 
 Method of obtaining data 1 
 
 Experimental work 2 
 
 Index figures for grease and dirt 2 
 
 Basis of the index figures 5 
 
 Conditioning for weighing 6 
 
 Experimental work. — Continued. Page. 
 
 Determining weight of grease 11 
 
 Determining weight of dirt 15 
 
 Weekly working schedule 15 
 
 E xplanation of wool-scouring data sheet . 19 
 
 Summary 20 
 
 OBJECT OF THIS INVESTIGATION. 
 
 The object of the wool-scouring' investigation here discussed is to 
 afford a fair basis for comparing the grease and dirt indices of va- 
 rious wools, the indices to be used to divide wools into groups for the 
 study of other qualities affected by or associated with grease and 
 dirt contents, such as length of fiber, fineness, densit}* of fleece, spin- 
 ning qualitj^, strength, and weight of clean wool per fleece. Data 
 obtained are to be used in planning the mating of the sheep that 
 grow the fleeces studied for the purpose of fleece improvement in 
 the qualities mentioned. 
 
 METHOD OF OBTAINING DATA. 
 
 Sheep-breeding investigations conducted by the Bureau of Ani- 
 mal Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, involve 
 extensive studies in fleece improvement. Individual fleeces of 
 about 2.000 sheep are studied each year, and the problem of obtaining 
 data on the net yield of clean wool from each fleece has prompted 
 the development of a method of single-fleece determination that 
 would yield dependable results without necessitating the complete 
 
 1 Moisture experiments reported in this bulletin were conducted by J. I. Hardy during the winter of 
 1919 and 1920. Doctor Hardy resigned from the department in February, 1920. 
 111962— 22— Bull. 1100 1 
 
 fa 2- 
 
2 
 
 BULLETIN 1100, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 scouring of all the wool. Separate, determinations of the grease and 
 dirt content of each fleece furnish information of great usefulness for 
 sheep-breeding studies in connection with their application to wool 
 improvement, but the expense of separate determinations for so 
 large a number of fleeces creates the necessity for working with 
 samples instead of. scouring entire fleeces. A sample weighing 
 approximately 1 pound is therefore taken from the side of each 
 fleece at the time the sheep are sheared. These samples are then 
 sent direct to the Bureau of Animal Industry wool laboratory, near 
 Beltsville, Md., and stored in a dry room until they are used in the 
 
 Fig. 1.— Wool containers, balance, and record book. The closed container shows the can of raw wool 
 ready for shipping and storing at the wool laboratory, Beltsville, Md. Upon preparing the wool for 
 scouring, the container is opened and the wool is placed in the basket shown on the balance. A sample 
 sheet of the data kept in the record book is shown in Table 7. 
 
 scouring test. Most of the fleeces studied to date have been grown 
 on the bureau's experimental range sheep at the United States sheep 
 experiment station, near Dubois, Idaho, although fleeces grown at 
 the bureau's farm sheep stations near Beltsville, Md., and Middle- 
 bury, Vt., are also being sampled for use in this investigation. 
 
 EXPERIMENTAL WORK. 
 
 INDEX FIGURES FOR GREASE AND DIRT. 
 
 Specially designed apparatus has been constructed to remove the 
 grease by the use of gasoline, without loss of dirt, and later in another 
 apparatus the wool is washed to remove all the dirt. 
 
 Approximately 250 grams of each sample of wool as it comes 
 from the storage room are used for the scouring test. The sam- 
 
 UBMrtr 6F CONQr1l88 
 
 *se«ivso 
 SFP30i9g2 
 
 DOCUMSNTf* 6IV|0I@N 
 
Ttb\&3o 
 
 DETERMIXIXG GREASE AXD DIRT IX T WOOL. 
 
 pies are placed in wire-mesh baskets (see Fig. 1) and brought to 
 a constant-moisture content 3 by drying in an oven. After heating 
 at 50° C. for three hours in this conditioning oven they are weighed 
 with a delicate balance. (See Fig. 2.) 
 
 The samples are then placed in extraction containers and washed 
 with deodorized gasoline (gas-engine gasoline) such as is used in 
 canning factories. After the gasoline is put on the samples they 
 are agitated up and down in the container 10 times and are allowed 
 to stand for 45 minutes, after which the gasoline is allowed to filter 
 through 13-inch filter papers. After all the gasoline is filtered, 
 
 Fin. 2.— Conditioning oven. Xote method of weighing woo] baskets without opening glass oven door. 
 Baskets are brought into position for weighing by turning the wheel shown below and in front of the 
 oven. When in position the basket is hooked on to the weighing apparatus. 
 
 the filter paper containing the dirt is folded and placed with the 
 sample. Clean filter papers are then placed under the extrac- 
 tion containers, and a second gasoline washing is given the wool 
 samples. The same filter papers are used for the second and third 
 extractions. After three gasoline extractions the remaining filter 
 papers are also placed with their respective samples and the wool is 
 again brought to air-dry condition. (See Figs. 3 and 4.) When it 
 is necessary to save time the samples are placed in a blower-dryer 
 to speed up this operation. (See A, Fig. 4, also C, D, and E, Fig. 5.) 
 Drying for one hour in the blower-dryer and standing in the open at 
 room temperature for 15 minutes brings the samples to an air-dry 
 
 ■ "Constant-moisture content," as used here, allows for a slight variation but is insufficient to affect 
 the results appreciably. 
 
 
 > 
 
 i,u-h 
 
4 BULLETIN 1100, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 condition. The samples are again dried, at 50° C. for three hours, 
 and weighed. 
 
 The samples are next washed with soap and water at a tempera- 
 ture of from 40° to 45° C. for three-quarters of an hour. (See Fig. 
 5.) About one-half pound of neutral soap is placed in the first vat 
 containing 150 gallons of water. After washing the samples, the 
 water is squeezed from them and they are placed in a second vat 
 and washed for half an hour in clear water at a temperature of from 
 40° to 45° C. When washing extremely dirty wool, one-quarter of 
 a pound of neutral soap is added to the 150 gallons of water in t he 
 
 
 Fig. 3. — Grease extraction apparatus. Extraction containers are shown in the right half of this illus- 
 tration, with filter papers beneath. The baskets of wool are placed in these containers and gasoline is 
 poured into the containers until within 2 inches of the top Lids are placed on the containers after the 
 agitating process, and the gasoline is allowed to stand 45 minutes. I'pon filtering, the gasoline returns 
 to the pressure tank, A. It is then forced into the distillation tank, B, condensed in tank, C, and re- 
 turned through the collecting tank, I>. and the upper pipes into can, E. At F is shown the card file 
 bearing the weekly schedule of work. A card is used for each day's program. This schedule is show n 
 in full on page 17. 
 
 second vat and the wool is again washed for 30 minutes, but soap 
 is not used in the second vat unless the wool is extremely dirty. 
 In case soap has been used in the second vat the water is squeezed 
 from the wool and it is washed a third time in clear water at the 
 same temperature. After the samples have been washed in one 
 clear water for 30 minutes the water is squeezed from them by the 
 use of a wringer; they are put into the original containers and dried 
 in the blower-dryer at 60° C. for eight hours, allowed to stand over- 
 night, and conditioned in the conditioning oven for three hours. 
 The weight of the grease is found by the difference in the weight of 
 conditioned, greasy wool and the conditioned weight of the sample 
 after three washings with gasoline. Likewise the weight of the dirt 
 is found bv the difference in the weight of the conditioned wool 
 
DETERMINING GREASE AND DIRT IX WOOL. 5 
 
 after washing with gasoline and the weight of the same conditioned 
 wool after washing with soap and water. 
 
 BASIS OF THE INDEX FIGURES. 
 
 A difference in dirt content of raw wool would cause a difference 
 in the percentage weight of grease and clean wool in samples that 
 
 Fig. 4. — Degreased wool airing after three treatments of gasoline. The two large cans in the foreground 
 are shown collecting the gasoline returned from the gasoline still in the rear. Air pipe. A, connects lower 
 and upper parts of blower dryer used for drying wool after trashing. 
 
 are similar except that one is of lower dirt content than the other. 
 Likewise, a difference in grease content would cause a realignment 
 of percentage figures. In order, therefore, to obtain a fair and 
 constant basis for indices of grease and dirt, the actual weight of 
 each of these materials removed is considered in its relation to the 
 
6 BULLETIN 1100, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 final weight of clean wool found in the sample. For example, the 
 grease index is calculated by the following formula: 
 100 X weight of grease 
 weight of clean wool 
 
 CONDITIONING FOR WEIGHING. 
 
 The foregoing outline shows the need of three weighings of each 
 sample. It often happens that different classes of wools may be . 
 handled at the same time and similar wools may be worked with 
 on days varying widely as to temperature and moisture. In order 
 to get useful data from the determinations made throughout the 
 year and with different wools, it is necessary to condition the wools 
 for each weighing in such way as to overcome the effect upon the 
 results of differences in natural moisture or of moisture contents as 
 affected by varying air conditions. Two samples of wool might 
 contain quite different quantities of moisture, due to their contents 
 of grease and foreign matter. The index figures would be based 
 upon final weight of clean wool. This index might be rendered in- 
 correct to the extent of 0.03 per cent in case conditioning was not 
 sufficient to bring these samples to a uniform moisture content, for 
 example : 
 
 Sample A under natural conditions in air contains — ■ 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Moisture 15 
 
 Grease 20 
 
 Dirt 40 
 
 * lean wool 25 
 
 Total weight 100 
 
 Sample B has similar amounts of grease and clean wool, but 45 
 per cent of its weight in dirt and only 10 per cent moisture. The 
 true composition is then as follows: 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Moisture 10 
 
 Grease 20 
 
 Dirt 45 
 
 I 'lean wool 25 
 
 Total weight 100 
 
 Results of tests shown in Table 2-c indicate that imperfect condi- 
 tioning might remove 60 per cent of the moisture from sample A 
 and only 50 per cent from sample B. Calculation of the grease index 
 on this basis would therefore result as follows : 
 
 Sample A, 60 per cent of 15 grams moisture removed equals 9 
 grams, leaving a remainder of 6 grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Moisture 6 
 
 Grease 20 
 
 Dirt 40 
 
 Clean wool 25 
 
 Total weight of conditioned sample 91 
 
DETERMINING GKEASE AND DIKT IX WOOL. 7 
 
 One hundred grams of such conditioned wool would have: 
 
 Grams. 
 
 100 X 6 
 Moisture — jp[ — = 6. o9 
 
 100X20_ 
 Grease — <pj — =21.98 
 
 100X40 ,„ .„ 
 Dirt £— =43. 96 
 
 100X25 
 ( lean wool — gr — =-■ 4' 
 
 Total 100 
 
 ,_„ 21.98 (grams of grease) „_ „, • , 
 
 100 x- _ ... , j— t^ i =80. 01, grease index. 
 
 27. 4^ (grams of clean wool) 
 
 Sample B, 50 per cent of 10 grams moisture removed equals 5 
 grams, leaving a remainder of 5 grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Moisture o 
 
 Grease 20 
 
 Dirt 15 
 
 < lean wool 25 
 
 Total weight of conditioned wool 95 
 
 One hundred grams of such conditioned wool would have — 
 
 Grams. 
 Moisture — 05 — = 5. 26 
 
 100X20 
 Grease — gg — =21. 05 
 
 100X45 ,. „_ 
 Dirt — 95— =47. 3i 
 
 < lean wool — pg — =26. 32 
 
 Total 100 
 
 ,-_ 21.05 (grams of grease) _. -.„ • , 
 
 100 X ng 00 }* f , & St = 79. 98, grease index. 
 
 26. 32 (grams of clean wool) 
 
 Even though there is a difference of 5 per cent in the moisture of 
 sample A as compared-with sample B, the grease index is not changed 
 appreciably, the difference here shown being 80.01-79.98 = 0.03. 
 
 Table 1 shows results from nine samples, A-l to A-9. The air-dry 
 weights of these samples were taken on a comparatively dry day and 
 conditioned for three hours at 50° C. These same samples were ex- 
 posed in a moist room and again conditioned for three hours at 50° C. 
 They are designated in the table as B-l to B-9. All weights are given 
 in terms of grams. 
 
BULLETIN 1100, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 Table 1. — Comparison of effects of dry weather 
 
 and wet weather on conditioning of wool. 
 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 Diflerenee between 
 conditioned weights 
 
 Sample. 
 
 Dry-day 
 
 air 
 weight. 
 
 After 
 
 3 hours 
 
 at 50° C. 
 
 Wet-day 
 
 air 
 weight. 
 
 After 
 3 hours 
 at 50° C. 
 
 A and B. 
 
 Per cent based on 
 
 conditioned "A" 
 
 samples. 
 
 1 
 
 Grams. 
 272.5 
 272. 8 
 271.1 
 27.3. 3 
 274.0 
 303.0 
 272.0 
 269.7 
 277.5 
 
 Grams. 
 263.5 
 262.0 
 259.7 
 262.8 
 262.3 
 291.1 
 262.5 
 259.1 
 266.0 
 
 Grams. 
 284.9 
 283.4 
 
 Grams. 
 266.2 
 263.2 
 
 Grams. 
 2.7 
 1.2 
 
 Per cent. 
 1.01 
 
 2 
 
 .45 
 
 3 
 
 _NJ. ii 261.6 1.9 
 283. 9 : 264. 9 2. 1 
 
 .72 
 
 4 
 
 .79 
 
 5 
 
 282.6 261.3 
 311.8 i 291.3 
 282. 7 1 263. 5 
 278. 5 , 259. 2 
 286. 8 266. 6 
 
 -1.0 
 0.2 
 
 1.0 
 0.1 
 0.6 
 
 - .38 
 
 6 
 
 .06 
 
 7 
 
 .38 
 
 8 
 
 .038 
 
 9 
 
 .22 
 
 
 
 
 
 There is a maximum difference of 2.7 grams, or 1.01 per cent, in the 
 moisture, of samples A and B after three hours' conditioning. Accord- 
 ing to calculations of grease indices for samples A and B, which are 
 shown just preceding Table 1, this difference is not large enough 
 to affect seriously the figures for grease index. 
 
 Table 2 shows the results of conditioning wool for different lengths 
 of time and gives comparisons of the effect of conditioning wool at 50° 
 C.as compared with conditioning at 100° C. Comparison of the weights 
 of samples after four hours' drying at 100° C. with the weights of the 
 same samples after five hours' drying at 100° C. shows that 
 the extra hour resulted in a very small loss in weight. It is, 
 therefore, assumed that the weight of the samples after five hours' 
 drying at 100° C. shows the lowest weight that may be obtained by 
 driving off moisture. In other words, weights of the samples after 
 heating five hours at 100° C. are considered moisture-free, and the 
 difference between these weights and the original air-dry weights rep- 
 resents the moisture contained in the air-dry samples, and this figure 
 is used as the basis for calculating the percentage of moisture lost. 
 
 Table 2. — Eesults of conditioning wool samples, 
 a. WEIGHTS OF WOOL SAMPLES. 
 
 Grade of sample. 
 
 Idaho fine medium.. 
 
 Delaine 
 
 Do 
 
 Idaho fine medium, 
 very dirtv 
 
 Do....: 
 
 Sample 
 No. 
 
 Air-dry. 
 
 Grams. 
 207.9 
 152.1 
 203.1 
 
 211.7 
 212. 
 
 Dried at 50° C 
 
 Dried at 100° C 
 
 End 
 first 
 hour. 
 
 Grams. 
 196.3 
 143.5 
 193.7 
 
 199.6 
 199.6 
 
 End 
 second 
 hour. 
 
 Grams. 
 190.7 
 140. 5 
 187.5 
 
 195.1 
 195.0 
 
 End 
 
 End 
 
 End 
 
 third 
 
 third 
 
 fourth 
 
 hour. 
 
 hour. 
 
 hour. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 Grams. 
 
 188.0 
 
 174.96 
 
 170. 7S 
 
 139.2 
 
 133. 63 
 
 132. 17 
 
 187.7 
 
 180.16 
 
 177. 54 
 
 192.5 
 
 177. 52 
 
 176. 57 
 
 192.6 
 
 180.52 
 
 179. 12 
 
 End 
 fifth 
 hour. 
 
 Grams. 
 168. 10 
 131.15 
 175. 61 
 
 174.47 
 177. 49 
 
 6. WEIGHT OF MOISTURE LOST. 
 
 Idaho fine medium . . 
 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 
 15 
 17 
 
 207.9 
 152.1 
 203.1 
 
 211.7 
 212.0 
 
 11.6 
 8.6 
 9.4 
 
 12.1 
 12.4 
 
 17.2 
 11.6 
 15.5 
 
 16.6 
 17.0 
 
 19.9 
 12.9 
 15.4 
 
 19.2 
 19.4 
 
 32.94 
 18. 47 
 22.94 
 
 34.18 
 31.48 
 
 37.12 
 
 l'l.lti 
 
 25.56 
 
 35.13 
 
 32.88 
 
 39.8 
 20.95 
 
 Do 
 
 27.49 
 
 Idaho fine medium, 
 
 37.23 
 
 Do 
 
 34.51 
 
 
 
DETERMINING GREASE AND DIRT IX WOOL. 
 
 Table 2. — Results of cmiditioning wool samples — Continued, 
 c. PER CENT OF MOISTURE LOST. 
 
 
 Sample 
 No. 
 
 Dried at 50° 
 
 C. 
 
 Dried at 100" 
 
 c. 
 
 Grade of sample. 
 
 End 
 first 
 hour. 
 
 End 
 second 
 hour. 
 
 End 
 third 
 hour. 
 
 End 
 
 tlurd 
 hour. 
 
 End 
 fourth 
 hour. 
 
 End 
 
 fifth 
 hour. 
 
 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 15 
 17 
 
 Pt r ci nt. 
 29. 15 
 41.05 
 14 19 
 32. 50 
 93 
 
 I't r cent, 
 1X22 
 
 55. 37 
 
 56. 38 
 44.59 
 
 19. 26 
 
 Per cent. 
 50.00 
 61.58 
 56.02 
 51.57 
 56. 21 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 82. 76 
 88.16 
 
 83. 44 
 91.81 
 91.22 
 
 Per cent. 
 93. 27 
 95. 13 
 92.97 
 94.36 
 95. 2S 
 
 Per cent. 
 100 
 
 
 100 
 
 Do.... 
 
 100 
 
 Idaho tine medium, very dirtv.. . 
 
 Do ;...." 
 
 100 
 100 
 
 
 
 Table 2-c shows that conditioning for three hours at 50° C. re- 
 moved from 50 per cent to 61.5 per cent of the moisture contained in 
 the air-dry wool tested. The calculations previously shown for the 
 theoretical cases of samples A and B are therefore in line with actual 
 tests shown in Table 2. These results, therefore, form the basis for 
 the decision that conditioning wool samples at 50° C. for three hours 
 is sufficient to permit scouring experiments to be conducted within 
 reasonable limits of error. As sufficient accuracy is possible by con- 
 ditioning at 50° C. for three hours while moisture-free conditioning 
 would require a great deal more trime and expense, all samples used 
 in the wool laboratory ..tests at Beltsville, Md., are conditioned for 
 three hours at 50° C. 
 
 The same samples as were used for the tests reported in Table 1 
 were also dried at 80° C. and records kept of the percentages of loss in 
 moisture at the end of each hour for a period of three hours. All 
 percentages in regard to the less-moist samples are based on the air- 
 dry weights of the less-moist samples, and all percentages in regard 
 to the more-moist samples are based on the air-dry weights of the 
 more-moist samples. The results of this experiment are given in 
 Table 3. 
 
 Table 3. — Wool samples with different amounts of moisture, weighed at end of each hour 
 while drying for a period of three hours at 80° C. 
 
 Sample. 
 
 $1 
 ?! 
 3 3 
 
 as ! b~ 
 
 S3.2P g „ 
 
 © © 
 
 §•5 13 
 
 «•- I ot'S 
 
 0.S 
 
 w S3 
 
 03 '5 
 
 06 
 
 *a 
 
 asa 
 
 5^- 
 
 <& Or- 
 
 
 'ft a 
 
 g 2 
 
 
 a 
 
 ,* Is-* 3 
 
 i3§ 
 
 
 o c.9 
 
 a 
 
 - z -~ 3 'Si 
 
 s^ 1 ai 
 
 S3 
 
 .23 1 si 
 
 a 3 
 
 o-. 
 
 a 
 
 9t"j 
 
 *J r* <V 
 
 2 S fc - 
 
 gS.a 
 
 2B-9 2 
 ft 1 
 § 3-° 
 3.2™ 
 
 — ■3 
 7 .23 
 
 ess 
 
 Gins. 
 
 1 267.3 
 
 2 267.7 
 
 3 269.6 
 
 4 
 
 5. 
 
 6... 
 
 7... 
 
 8... 
 
 9... 
 
 Average.. 
 
 269.2 
 267. 8 
 267. 2 
 265. 9 
 268 I 
 
 269. 3 
 
 Gms. 
 285. 4 
 282.5 
 284.1 
 282. 7 
 283 6 
 282. 6 
 281.0 
 282 3 
 2S4.0 
 
 Gms. 
 
 257. 7 
 
 255.3 
 
 259.3 
 
 260. 
 
 25' 
 
 255.5 
 
 253. 5 
 
 257.5 
 
 257.4 
 
 Gms. 
 268.7 
 267.1 
 269. 2 
 26S.3 
 266.8 
 264.3 
 262.9 
 266.1 
 
 P. Ct. 
 3. 59 
 3.51 
 
 3. 82 
 3.41 
 
 3. 84 
 4.37 
 
 4. 66 
 1 23 
 4.41 
 
 P.ct 
 5. 85 
 
 5. 45 
 
 5 24 
 5 09 
 
 5. 92 
 
 6.47 
 6.44 
 
 5.73 
 
 6. 40 
 
 Gms 
 
 251.7 
 
 252 7 
 
 2.74 
 
 254.6 
 
 252.1 
 
 249. 5 
 
 248.9 
 
 252. 
 
 252.3 
 
 Gms 
 
 260.7 
 
 26H.2 
 
 262. 4 
 
 201.7 
 
 259 5 
 
 256.2 
 
 255. 6 
 
 259.5 
 
 259.1 
 
 P.ct 
 5.8 
 5.60 
 5.52 
 5.42 
 5. 
 6.62 
 6.39 
 6 112 
 6.31 
 
 P.ct 
 S.65 
 7 
 7.63 
 7.43 
 8.49 
 9.34 
 904 
 8.07 
 s. 77 
 
 268. 1 2-3.13 257.41 
 
 266-57 
 
 3- 98 5. ■ 
 
 259.4 
 
 5.95 
 
 Gms. 
 
 248. 4 
 249.7 
 251.8 
 251.6 
 
 249. 3 
 246.7 
 245.7 
 250 B 
 249.1 
 
 Gms 
 
 277 7 
 27,7. .7 
 277. 5 
 257.2 
 254.9 
 252.0 
 250.8 
 255.4 
 254 
 
 P.ct. 
 7.07 
 6.72 
 6.60 
 6.53 
 6.90 
 7.67 
 7.59 
 6.73 
 7.50 
 
 P.ct. 
 9.71 
 9.56 
 9.25 
 9.02 
 10.12 
 10.82 
 10.74 
 9.52 
 10.31 
 
 S. 37 249. 23 
 
 255. 11 
 
 7.03 
 
 111962— 22— Bull. 1100- 
 
10 
 
 BULLETIN 1100, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 An analysis of Table 3 shows that the more-moist samples, air-dry, 
 averaged 15.03 grams heavier than the same samples of wool when 
 less moist and air dry, while the more-moist samples averaged only 
 5.88 grams heavier than the less-moist samples after conditioning 
 three hours at 80° C. In other words, the average difference in weight 
 due to moisture content was reduced by conditioning three hours at 
 80° C. to 39.1 per cent of the original difference between the more- 
 moist samples air dry and the less-moist u re samples air dry. It 
 will also be noted that the more-moist samples consistently lost 
 more moisture each hour during the conditioning process than was 
 lost from the less-moist samples. 
 
 In like manner the same samples as were used in the tests reported 
 in Table 3 were used to study the effects of conditioning at 50° C. 
 The samples were weighed air-dry and dried at 50° C. for three hours 
 and weighed at the end of each hour. The same samples were then 
 allowed to take on more moisture and weighed again in a similar 
 manner. All percentages in regard to both the less-moist and more- 
 moist samples are based on the air-dry weight. 
 
 Table 4. — Wool samples, with different amounts of moisture, weighed ni thi <"<l of each 
 hour while drying for a period of thret hours at 50 C 
 
 Sample. 
 
 ] 
 
 2.... 
 
 ■J 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9... 
 
 Average 
 
 p. • 
 
 C3 ac 
 
 272 :. 
 272. 8 
 271.1 
 
 271.11 
 
 303 
 272.0 
 269. 7 
 
 277 
 
 271. 2 
 
 
 284.9 
 283. 1 
 2S2.II 
 283.9 
 
 2v2 ii 
 Ills 
 282.7 
 278. :. 
 
 2S6. x 
 
 286 28 
 
 — - 
 
 Si 
 
 J* 
 
 Cms 
 267. 4 
 
 263. 7 
 
 2r,i; 9 
 
 IS 
 
 o * 
 
 £2 
 
 I* 
 
 271 2 
 271.7 
 27(1. :( 
 27.1. 4 
 
 266.5 270. I 
 
 295. 4 
 266 2 
 262. 6 
 
 211! I. 9 
 
 271.6 
 
 267. 3 
 275.3 
 
 269. 4 27.'.. 6! 2. 16 
 
 
 ; aS 
 
 i- *- o 
 
 5£.£ 
 
 p. a. 
 
 1 s7 
 
 2 I I 
 
 2. 73 
 2 24 
 2. 
 
 2. :.i 
 2. i.; 
 2. 63 
 
 2 7; 
 
 »-.5 
 
 3 • 
 
 £3 
 
 '3« 
 
 ££ 
 
 p. a. 
 3 75 
 
 1 12 
 4.14 
 3 69 
 1 II 
 l . 76 
 3.92 
 I 02 
 I. m 
 
 S3 
 
 71 — 
 
 3 = 
 
 263. :i 
 
 'i.i 
 
 264.3 
 26 I. 7 
 212. 4 
 263. 5 
 260.0 
 2H7. II 
 
 269 i 
 
 jm, ; 
 2rt4. 8 
 267. 
 264 2 
 
 2.14 
 
 2i.li I 
 
 262 ii 
 269 3 
 
 
 - ^ o 
 
 s S5 
 
 o — = 
 
 P.et. 
 
 2.93 
 3. 18 
 3. 65 
 3.29 
 3.75 
 3. 49 
 :?. 12 
 :i. 59 
 3.78 
 
 P. cl. 
 
 5 17 
 
 6 ii ; 
 6.09 
 5.70 
 
 ii. :.l 
 5 :.i 
 
 ;.. 7i 
 
 :,. 92 
 6.10 
 
 72 j.ii. i. 269 18 I 15 5.90 205 .:.: 2i.i'.. :,; ::.93 6.90 
 
 p.2 
 
 £1 
 
 21,.:. 5 
 262.0 
 2.".' i 7 
 262. 8 
 2'. I. I 
 291 . I 
 21.2. 5 
 259. 1 
 266.0 
 
 — s a ; 
 
 C ™ (- c . . 
 
 / r "- 
 ..- © = 
 
 c ^ — 
 
 
 3 — c 
 
 -;.7..v 
 2i.i.. 2 
 2.. 1. 2 
 2i,l i. 
 21'. 1.9 
 21.2. 2 
 291.3 
 263.5 
 259. 2 
 266. i'. 
 
 /'. <■/. 
 1.30 
 3.95 
 
 4 21 
 3.84 
 
 I i,. 
 
 :i. 49 
 3.93 
 1.14 
 
 /' et. 
 6.56 
 7.13 
 
 7. 2:i 
 1, I,', 
 7.18 
 6. 57 
 
 1, 79 
 
 I, 92 
 7.114 
 
 The weights presented in Table 4 show that the more-moist sam- 
 ples, air-dry, averaged 10.08 grams heavier than when they were less 
 moist but air dry. After conditioning for three hours at 50° C. 
 there was an average difference of only 1.2 grams between the more- 
 moist and less-moist samples. The conditioning for three hours at 
 50° C, therefore, resulted in reducing the difference in weight due 
 to moisture so that at the end of the three hours the average differ- 
 ence was only 11.9 per rent as great as it was before conditioning. 
 The final difference in the case of sample 8 was only 0.1 gram, which 
 was the smallest difference found in this test, while the greatest 
 
DETERMINING GREASE AND DIRT IN WOOL. 11 
 
 final difference was 2.7 grams in the case of sample 1. Using the 
 air-dry weights of the less-moist samples as the basis for percentages, 
 this difference of 2.7 grams amounts to only 0.99 per cent of the air- 
 dry weight of the original sample, and the average difference of 1.2 
 grams is only 0.43 per cent of the average air-dry weight of the less- 
 moist samples, while the smallest difference of 0.1 gram in the case 
 of sample 8 amounts to only 0.037 per cent, all of which are negligible. 
 In view of the fact that these experiments showed no advantage 
 in conditioning wool at a higher temperature, it was decided to con- 
 dition samples at 50° G. The object is to obtain a basic or "condi- 
 tional" weight, and on the basis of these experiments, 50° C. for three 
 hours seemed to offer this condition when there is no more than 20 
 per cent of moisture in the air-dry samples. In the experiments here 
 reported, 20 per cent moisture was the largest percentage for any of 
 the samples used. Results of these experiments prove that the dry- 
 ing of wool samples containing no more than the usual amount of mois- 
 ture for three hours at 50° C. is sufficient to remove all excess of 
 moisture that would cause an appreciable error in the determination 
 of grease, dirt, and clean-wool contents of raw wool. 
 
 DETERMINING WEIGHT OF GREASE. 
 
 The preceding discussion shows that in order to bring the samples 
 to a constant-moisture content it is necessary to condition them 
 three times before each of the three weighings in the process. It is 
 equally important that all the grease be removed between the first 
 and second conditionings in order to obtain the grease content 
 distinct from the dirt. 
 
 The results of tests, involving a scries of gasoline treatments on 
 20 Rambouillet and 20 crossbred 3 fleece samples (in which was shown 
 the percentage of grease removed by each gasoline extraction until 
 free from grease), form the basis for other tests to determine the 
 exact number of treatments necessary to remove all grease. Table 5 
 shows the results from the 20 Rambouillet and the 20 crossbred 
 wool samples. 
 
 > The crossbred sheep used in this investigation are the result of matin? Rambouillet ewes with rams 
 of coarse-wool breeds, and the interbreeding of such crosses; also sheep of the Corriedale breed. 
 
12 
 
 BULLETIN 1100, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 Table 5. — Grease removed by a series of gasoline treatments, conditioning between treat- 
 ments. 
 
 RAMBOUILLET FLEECE SAMPLES. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .a 
 s ■ 
 
 *1 
 •g* 
 
 a S 
 o ce 
 ■3 ** 
 
 a 
 
 Cumulative weight 
 of grease removed 
 at each treatment 
 -(grams). 
 
 Cumulative per cent 
 of grease removed 
 at each treatment. 
 
 SZ w £. 
 
 - -r ■' 
 
 2c 
 £ a <" 
 £v a 
 
 •a a 
 
 Per cent total 
 
 grease rem oved 
 
 at— i 
 
 Sample No. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a o S 
 
 >- s " 
 
 
 
 
 +3 
 
 1 
 
 CO 
 
 •a 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 g 
 
 ■Si 
 
 a 
 o 
 o 
 
 ■6 
 
 t- 
 
 3 
 
 .a 
 
 H 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 
 ■6 
 a 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 
 u 
 
 H 
 
 N 
 
 u 
 
 CO 
 
 e 
 
 N 
 
 Dh 
 
 a. 
 
 tu 
 
 PH 
 
 CO 
 
 e« 
 
 2779 
 
 234. 7 
 
 40.3 
 
 46.9 
 
 49. 1 
 
 49.9 
 
 17.17 19.98 
 
 20.92 
 
 21-21 
 
 2. vl 
 
 0.94 
 
 0.34 
 
 SO. 76 
 
 93.98 
 
 98.39 
 
 2826 
 
 
 
 230. 1 
 
 36.2 
 
 42.7 
 
 44.7 
 
 44.7 
 
 15.73 16 55 
 
 19.42 
 
 19.42 
 
 2.S2 
 
 .87 
 
 .OC 
 
 vii.: iv 
 
 '.I5. .',2 
 
 100.00 
 
 2936 
 
 
 
 233. S 
 
 24.0 
 
 28.1 
 
 30. 3 
 
 30. 3 
 
 10.27 12.03 
 
 12.97 
 
 12.97 
 
 1.76 
 
 .94 
 
 .oc 
 
 79.21 
 
 92. 73 
 
 100.00 
 
 2968 
 
 
 
 234.2 
 
 36.6 
 
 41.5 
 
 43.6 
 
 44.1! 
 
 15.62 17.71 
 
 18*61 
 
 lv 7v 
 
 2. OS 
 
 .9C 
 
 .17 
 
 83.18:94.31 
 
 99.09 
 
 2411 
 
 
 
 222.0 
 
 232 'J 
 
 28.5 
 49.6 
 
 32.3 
 56.8 
 
 33.3 
 59.4 
 
 34.1 
 59. 5 
 
 12.83 14.54 
 
 21.29,24.38 
 
 15.0 
 
 2:,. :,l 
 
 1 5. 3' 
 25. 54 
 
 1.71 
 3.09 
 
 .46 
 1.12 
 
 .36 
 
 .04 
 
 S3. 57|94. 72 
 S3. 36195.46 
 
 97.65 
 
 2474 
 
 
 
 99.83 
 
 2698 
 
 
 
 232. 1 
 
 35.0 
 
 40. S 
 
 42. 9 
 
 43.2 
 
 1 5. 46 1 17. .".7 18.48 
 
 IS. fil 
 
 2.11 
 
 .91 
 
 . 13 S3. 1 Hi. 44 
 
 99.31 
 
 3137 
 
 
 
 231.6 
 
 28.8 
 
 33. 7 
 
 35. 7 
 
 35. t 
 
 12.43 14.55 
 
 15. 41 
 
 15.5 
 
 2.12 
 
 .86 
 
 .09 80.2283.87 99.44 
 
 2136 
 
 
 
 237 v 
 
 m 4 
 
 37. 7 
 38.2 
 
 42. 9 
 44.4 
 
 44.7 
 46.5 
 
 44.7 
 46.8 
 
 15.85 18.04 
 
 16. 72119. 43 
 
 Iv 79 
 20. 35 
 
 lv 7! 
 20.49 
 
 2.19 
 2.71 
 
 .75 
 .92 
 
 .00!S4. 34:95.97 
 
 100.00 
 
 2147 
 
 
 
 .14 
 
 SI. 62 
 
 94.87 
 
 99.35 
 
 2151 
 
 
 
 .,.,., , 
 
 33.3 
 
 38.6 
 
 39. 4 
 
 39. 5 
 
 14.3216.61 
 
 16.95 
 
 i«. m 
 
 2.29 
 
 .34 
 
 .04 
 
 S4.3 
 
 97.72 
 
 99.74 
 
 2747 
 
 
 
 ■"'34 o 
 
 31.4 
 
 36.4 
 
 38. 3 
 
 38. 4 
 
 13.3815.51 16.32 
 
 16.36 
 
 2.13 
 
 .81 .04 
 
 SI. 77 
 
 94.79 
 
 99.73 
 
 1656 
 
 
 ...1229.1 
 
 32. 3 
 
 37.3 
 
 39. 1 
 
 838. 7 
 
 14 if 16.28 17 .">■ 
 
 216. 8S 
 
 2. 19 
 
 7v 2- .17 
 
 v3. 46 
 
 in] 3s 
 
 2101 .03 
 
 1779 
 
 
 . . . 239. 3 
 
 43. 5 
 
 49.6 
 
 51.4 
 
 51.7 
 
 18.17 20.7221.47 
 
 21.6 
 
 2.55 
 
 .75 
 
 .13 
 
 S4.13 
 
 95. 93 
 
 99.41 
 
 1824 
 
 
 . . . 236. 3 
 
 36. 7 
 
 42.4 
 
 44.5 
 
 44.5 
 
 15.53 17.94 lv B3 
 
 IS. S3 
 
 2.41 
 
 .89 
 
 .00 
 
 S2. 47 
 
 95. 28 
 
 100.00 
 
 1875 
 
 
 ... 218.3 
 
 27.2 
 
 31.5 
 
 33. 6 
 
 233.2 
 
 12 15 11 4245.39 
 
 215. 21 
 
 1.97 
 
 .97 
 
 2- .18 
 
 81.92 
 
 94. S7 
 
 2101.20 
 
 1216 
 
 
 . . . 235. 1 
 
 34. 5 
 
 39.9 
 
 41.2 
 
 M0. !) 
 
 14.(77 l(i.97 17.52 
 
 217.3S 
 
 2.30 
 
 .55 
 
 2- .13 
 
 84. 35 
 
 97.55 
 
 2100 73 
 
 1240 
 
 
 . . . 22S. s 
 
 33. 3 
 
 37.8 
 
 39.5 
 
 39.fi 
 
 14.5516.52l7.2i. 
 
 17.31 
 
 1.97 
 
 .74 
 
 .05 
 
 S4.09 
 
 95. 45 
 
 99.74 
 
 1251 
 
 
 ... 229.0 
 
 32. 5 
 
 37.4 
 
 39. 2 
 
 39.2 
 
 14. 19 10. 33,17. 11 
 
 17.11 
 
 2.14 
 
 .78 
 
 .00 
 
 .82. 91 
 
 '1,. II 
 
 100.00 
 
 12S4 
 
 
 
 »7 4 
 
 37.3 
 
 41.8 
 
 43.5 
 
 243.0 15. 
 
 218. 11 
 
 1.9 
 
 .71 
 
 2- .21 
 
 86. 74 
 
 97.21 
 
 2101.16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Average 
 
 
 
 231.9 
 
 34.9 
 
 40.1 
 
 42.0 
 
 42.1 
 
 15.04 
 
 17.31 
 
 18.11 
 
 lv I.", 
 
 2.27 
 
 .80 
 
 .04 
 
 82.89 
 
 95.36 
 
 99.77 
 
 CROSSBRED FLEECE SAMPLES. 
 
 A-227.... 
 
 A-2S7.... 
 A-364.... 
 A-440.... 
 B-742.... 
 B-799.... 
 B-887.... 
 Lcn. 211. 
 Lcn. 244. 
 Lcn. 460. 
 Lcn. 511. 
 i la. :«:... 
 Cla. 101.. 
 Cla. 112.. 
 Cts. 63. . . 
 C-260.... 
 D-1SS... 
 E-211.... 
 
 0-94 
 
 U. S. 168. 
 
 Average... 
 
 . 240. 2 
 . 247. 4 
 . 244. 3 
 . 240. 
 . 240. 7 
 . 239. 6 
 . 239.9 
 . 242. 
 . 238. 
 . 249. 2 
 . 2111. 1 
 
 236 6 
 
 .239.8 
 .241.0 
 .241.2 
 . :243. 5 
 
 243 7 
 .241.2 
 
 245.0 
 . 24S. 6 
 
 31.. 8 33 
 
 35.7 38.3 
 
 31.6 33.9 
 
 29.3 31.3 
 
 26.5 27.4 
 
 2v ;, m, i 
 
 25.3 2; 
 
 38 v 14 2 
 
 29.1 31.4 
 
 26.5 2H.2 
 
 21.1 22.4 
 
 25.9 27.2 
 
 I ! 
 
 25.3 29.0 
 
 17.9 
 18.7 
 
 24.3 
 29.8 
 
 42.11 
 43.6 
 
 29.3 
 
 19.5 
 
 20. 
 
 27.2 
 
 :-;2.i 
 45.7 
 47. S 
 
 32.li 
 
 37.5 
 41.9 
 37. 6 
 36. 5 
 31.8 
 35.2 
 32.4 
 46. 4 
 35.6 
 33.7 
 
 21,. I: 
 
 31.3 
 44.1 
 33.2 
 21.0 
 
 24.6 
 30.4 
 36 2 
 19.8 
 50.9 
 
 37.6 
 
 42.6 
 38. I 
 36.6 
 32.4 
 35.6 
 32 6 
 47.6 
 36 2 
 34.0 
 27 2 
 
 32, 1 
 45. 7 
 35.1 
 23. 6 
 25. 2 
 30. 
 36.6 
 50.3 
 51. S 
 
 36.6 
 
 23 1 1 
 43 15. 
 
 93 13. 
 91 12. 
 
 HI II 
 89 12. 
 
 5-1 11. 
 
 it: is. 
 
 22 13. 
 63 11. 
 78 9. 
 
 94 11. 
 5510. 
 4912. 
 42 8, 
 (.7 v 
 97 11. 
 
 35 13 
 
 1 1 |v. 
 
 53 19. 
 
 II i;,. 15 
 4v [6.93 
 15.39 
 14.83 
 13.21 
 14.69 
 13.51 
 19. 17 
 I I 9:, 
 
 ; J 
 11.07 
 13 22 
 
 iv ;i9 
 13.77 
 v .71 
 111. 10 
 12.47 
 17, 111 
 20. 32 
 20. 47 
 
 14.7S 
 
 15. 65 
 17.21 
 17, 71 
 
 I 1.87 
 13.46 
 14. 85 
 13.58 
 19.66 
 17, 21 
 13. (14 
 
 II 32 
 13. 56 
 19.05 
 14.56 
 
 9.78 
 10.34 
 12. 67 
 17,. 17 
 20.53 
 20.83 
 
 15.10 
 
 ll vv 
 
 1.05 
 .94 
 .81 
 .37 
 
 1. 
 .92 
 
 2.23 
 .97 
 
 1.08 
 .54 
 
 1. 
 
 1.54 
 .66 
 .S3 
 1.19 
 1.16 
 1.51 
 1.69 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.04 
 1.45 
 1.52 
 2.11 
 1.83 
 1.72 
 2.05 
 
 .91 
 1.76 
 l.vl 
 1.77, 
 1.73 
 1.90 
 1.74 
 
 . 63 
 1.60 
 1.31 
 1.50 
 1 67 
 1.25 
 
 1.7.9 
 
 0.50 
 .28 
 .32 
 .04 
 .25 
 .16 
 .07 
 .49 
 .26 
 .12 
 .25 
 .34 
 .66 
 .79 
 
 1.07 
 .24 
 .20 
 .16 
 .21 
 .36 
 
 .32 
 
 9(1 17, 
 89. 91 
 vv. 28 
 85.51 
 
 S4..-.I: 
 
 87.35 
 84. 35 
 92. 85 
 86. 74 
 88 
 
 7,7 v2 35 
 68184. 73 
 36 86. 21 
 07 82.62 
 v l 32 ' 2 
 
 14 
 S.8. 02 
 89.07 
 90.85 
 
 92. 27 
 
 87. 37 
 
 99.73 
 98.35 
 97.91 
 99.72 
 98.14 
 98.87 
 99.38 
 97.47 
 98.34 
 99.11 
 97.79 
 97.51 
 96.49 
 94.58 
 88.98 
 97.61 
 98.38 
 98.91 
 99.01 
 98.26 
 
 97.89 
 
 1 In calculating the percentage of grease in the last three columns the amount of grease removed by 4 
 gasoline treatments is accepted as the total amount contained in the samples and is used as a basis, because 
 the per cent of difference between t lie grease removed by the third and by the fourth treatment is shown to 
 be negligible, the average being only 0.3. 
 
 2 The weight of grease removed is determined by the subtraction of the conditioned weight of degreased 
 wool from the conditioned weight of greasy wool. It is shown in the previous discussion that not aU mois- 
 tnre is removed by conditioning. However, variation in moisture content of conditioned wool is not suffi- 
 cient to cause appreciable error. Consequently slight errors caused by overweight due to moisture in the 
 degreased samples occur at times but are not sufficient to aflect the value of the final results. 
 
 The average results in Table 5 show that from the Kambouillet 
 fleece samples the grease removed by one treatment was 15.04 per cent 
 of the conditioned weight of raw wool; 17.31 by two; 18.11 by three; 
 and 18.15 by four. The average results from the crossbred fleece 
 samples were 12.09 per cent of grease removed by one treatment; 13.19 
 
DETERMINING GREASE AND DIRT IN WOOL. 
 
 13 
 
 by two; 14.78 by three; and 15.10 by four. This indicates that after 
 three treatments of gasoline the remaining grease is not sufficient to 
 cause any appreciable error, there being only 0.04 per cent removed 
 by the fourth treatment from the Rambouillet samples and 0.32 
 per cent from the crossbred. 
 
 The results of three other runs of 20 samples each of Rambouillets 
 and erossbreds (based on the results of Table 5, which show that three 
 is the least number of treatments which can be used) show in Table 6 
 the amount of grease removed by each extraction above the third 
 until the samples are free from grease. 
 
 Table 6. — Grease removed by gasoline treatments, conditioning after the third and after 
 
 each succeeding treatment. 
 RAMBOUILLET FLEECE SAMPLES. 
 
 Sample No. 
 
 Con- 
 ditioned 
 weight 
 of raw 
 wool. 
 (grams) . 
 
 801-.. . 
 
 239.8 
 233. 6 
 242.4 
 241.0 
 235.7 
 239.9 
 237.4 
 236.6 
 238.6 
 230. 4 
 239. 3 
 240.6 
 239.1 
 235.6 
 2411. 
 236.4 
 237.5 
 233.6 
 236.6 
 239.0 
 239.5 
 239.6 
 242.9 
 236.7 
 239. 8 
 244.2 
 236.2 
 240.4 
 237. 1 
 237.1 
 239.2 
 236.7 
 234 5 
 
 U. S.77... 
 
 1303 
 
 1305 
 
 2058 
 
 2080 
 
 2141 
 
 2151 
 
 2268 .... 
 
 2353 
 
 235li 
 
 2366 
 
 2413 
 
 2569 
 
 26S6 
 
 2724 
 
 2753 
 
 275s 
 
 2910 
 
 2911 
 
 588 
 
 1101 
 
 1125 
 
 1201 
 
 1350 
 
 13s7 
 
 1850 
 
 2360 
 
 2410 
 
 2434 
 
 2470 
 
 2471 
 
 2582 
 
 2643 
 
 2.">4 2 
 
 2666 
 
 239.3 
 239.2 
 235.1 
 235.3 
 234. 6 
 230.4 
 239.5 
 237.6 
 231.4 
 236 S 
 
 2819 
 
 2931 
 
 2937 
 
 2999 
 
 3137 
 
 594 
 
 10S9 
 
 1122 
 
 1177 
 
 1205 
 
 235.3 
 
 1336 
 
 238.9 
 
 1345 
 
 242.2 
 238.3 
 239.9 
 
 1630 
 
 1823 
 
 2068 
 
 253.3 
 
 2194 
 
 23 S. 4 
 
 2343 
 
 240.3 
 
 2548 
 
 237.9 
 
 'See footnote 2 under Table 5 
 
 
 Cumulative weight 
 of grease re- 
 moved at treat- 
 ment (grams). 
 
 Third. Fourth. 
 
 40.3 
 35.9 
 61.6 
 42.4 
 37.1 
 45.1 
 40.6 
 34.6 
 40.7 
 37.6 
 54.9 
 42. 6 
 49.6 
 28.5 
 40. S 
 37.9 
 27.9 
 23.0 
 35.2 
 29.2 
 44.3 
 32.1 
 42.3 
 44.5 
 51.7 
 44.0 
 34.7 
 46.8 
 40.5 
 29.3 
 34.2 
 41.0 
 28.1 
 47.3 
 37.3 
 53.7 
 26.1 
 35.1 
 28.5 
 30.3 
 29.7 
 32.7 
 30.0 
 40.5 
 33.2 
 32.1 
 45.9 
 52.5 
 63.5 
 50.7 
 40.4 
 41.8 
 35.7 
 
 40.5 
 135.6 
 62.2 
 42.7 
 37.7 
 45.4 
 40.7 
 34.6 
 
 ■ 40. 4 
 '37.3 
 ' 54.5 
 
 45.0 
 
 '• 49. :, 
 
 ' 27.2 
 
 41.9 
 
 3S.1 
 
 28.3 
 
 24.7 
 
 '35.1 
 
 29.7 
 
 45.4 
 
 32.6 
 
 4:!. 3 
 
 46.5 
 
 '■ ; 7 
 
 4.-.. 1 
 
 35.8 
 
 48.0 
 
 42. 2 
 
 30.5 
 
 35. 2 
 
 41.3 
 
 ' 2S. 
 
 47. S 
 
 37.9 
 
 54.0 
 
 20. 2 
 
 '35.0 
 
 '28.4 
 
 '30.2 
 
 '29.6 
 
 ' 32. 5 
 
 31.0 
 
 40.9 
 
 33.8 
 
 32.8 
 
 ■ 45.7 
 54.0 
 63.8 
 50.7 
 
 '39.3 
 
 ' 41.6 
 
 36.3 
 
 Cumulative per 
 cent of grease re- 
 moved at treat- 
 ment. 
 
 Third. Fourth. 
 
 16. M 
 15.36 
 25. 41 
 
 17.59 
 15.74 
 18.79 
 17.1 
 14.62 
 17.05 
 15.91 
 22.94 
 17.71 
 20. 74 
 12.09 
 17.00 
 16.03 
 11.74 
 9. S4 
 14.87 
 12. 21 
 18.49 
 13. 39 
 17.41 
 IS. 80 
 21.55 
 IS. 01 
 14.69 
 19.46 
 
 17. OS 
 12. 35 
 14.29 
 17. 32 
 11.9S 
 18.81 
 15.58 
 22. 44 
 11.10 
 14.91 
 12.14 
 13.15 
 12.40 
 13.76 
 12.96 
 17.10 
 14.11 
 13.43 
 IS. 95 
 22.03 
 26.46 
 20.01 
 16.94 
 17.39 
 15.01 
 
 16.88 
 
 ' 15. 23 
 
 25.66 
 
 17.71 
 
 15.99 
 
 18.92 
 
 17.14 
 
 14.62 
 
 ' 16. 93 
 
 ' 15.77 
 
 ' 22. 77 
 
 18.70 
 
 ' 20. 70 
 
 l 11.54 
 
 17.45 
 
 16.11 
 
 11.91 
 
 10.57 
 
 ■ 14. S3 
 
 12.42 
 
 18.95 
 
 13.61 
 
 17. 82 
 
 19.64 
 
 22.39 
 
 is. 40 
 
 15.15 
 
 19.96 
 
 17.79 
 
 12. 86 
 14.71 
 17. 44 
 
 ' 11.94 
 
 15. 83 
 
 22. 57 
 
 11.14 
 
 ' 14. 87 
 
 12.11 
 
 13.11 
 
 ' 12. 35 
 
 ' 13.67 
 
 13.39 
 
 17.27 
 
 14.36 
 
 13. 72 
 i 18.86 
 
 22.66 
 26.51 
 20.01 
 i 16.48 
 i 17.31 
 15.25 
 
 Percent 
 grease 
 removed 
 by fourth 
 treat- 
 ment. 
 
 -0.07 
 1-. 13 
 
 .25 
 
 .12 
 
 .25 
 
 .13 
 
 .04 
 
 .00 
 
 ' - .12 
 
 i - .14 
 
 l - .17 
 
 .99 
 
 i -.04 
 
 ■ -.55 
 
 .45 
 .08 
 .17 
 .73 
 l -.04 
 .21 
 .4''. 
 .22 
 .41 
 .84 
 .s4 
 .45 
 . 41. 
 .50 
 .71 
 .51 
 .42 
 .12 
 l -.04 
 .19 
 .25 
 .13 
 .04 
 i -.04 
 1-.03 
 1 -.04 
 
 ■ -.05 
 
 ■ -.09 
 
 .43 
 .17 
 .25 
 .29 
 
 ■ -.09 
 
 .63 
 .05 
 .00 
 i -.46 
 ' -.OS 
 .24 
 
 Per cent 
 total 
 grease 
 removed 
 by three 
 treat- 
 ments. 
 
 99. 51 
 
 ■ 100. S4 
 
 99.03 
 
 99.29 
 
 9S.41 
 
 99.33 
 
 99.75 
 
 100.00 
 
 l 100. 74 
 
 l 100. SO 
 
 i 100. 73 
 
 94.66 
 
 l 100. 20 
 
 l 104. 77 
 
 97.37 
 
 99.47 
 
 9S.5S 
 
 93.11 
 
 l 100. 28 
 
 9S.31 
 
 97.57 
 
 9S.46 
 
 97.69 
 
 95.69 
 
 96.27 
 
 97.56 
 
 96.92 
 
 97.50 
 
 95.97 
 
 96.06 
 
 97.15 
 
 99.27 
 
 i 100.35 
 
 9S.95 
 
 98.41 
 
 99.44 
 
 99.61 
 
 l 100. 28 
 
 l 100. 35 
 
 l 100. 33 
 
 i 100.33 
 
 l 100.61 
 
 96.77 
 
 99.02 
 
 98.22 
 
 97.86 
 
 i 100.43 
 
 97.22 
 
 99.84 
 
 100.00 
 
 i 102.79 
 
 i 100. 4S 
 
 98. 34 
 
14 
 
 BULLETIN 1100, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 Table 6. — Grease removed by gasoline treatments, conditioning after the third and after 
 
 each succeeding treatrm nt — Continued. 
 
 RAMBOCILLET FLEECE SAMPLES— Continued. 
 
 Sample No. 
 
 Con- 
 ditioned 
 
 weight 
 of raw- 
 wool 
 (grams) 
 
 Cumulative weight 
 
 of grease re- 
 moved at. treat- 
 ment (grams). 
 
 Third. 
 
 Fourth. 
 
 Cumulative per 
 cent of grease re- 
 move! at treat- 
 ment. 
 
 Third. 
 
 Fourth. 
 
 Percent 
 
 removed 
 by fourth 
 treat- 
 ment. 
 
 Per cent 
 total 
 grease 
 removed 
 by three 
 treat- 
 ments. 
 
 2713 
 
 2751 
 
 2956 
 
 3015 
 
 3073 
 
 33-E 
 
 Average 
 
 237.0 
 
 237.2 
 235.7 
 227. 5 
 241.5 
 244. 2 
 246. 8 
 
 3H.5 
 32.9 
 41.7 
 37. 5 
 34.6 
 16. 3 
 l., 6 
 
 39.6 
 32.9 
 42.2 
 37.5 
 54.7 
 ' 45.9 
 46.6 
 
 16. 66 
 
 13. X7 
 17.69 
 16. 4S 
 22. 61 
 IS. 95 
 18.88 
 
 16.71 
 13.87 
 17.911 
 16. 4S 
 22. 65 
 i 18.79 
 18.88 
 
 0.05 
 .00 
 .21 
 .00 
 
 .1)4 
 
 -.16 
 
 .00 
 
 23S. ;, 
 
 39. v 
 
 in. 2 
 
 16 66 
 
 16. Si 
 
 i K'l.-SBRED FLEEl E SAMPL1 S. 
 
 99.74 
 lflO.OO 
 
 98.81 
 100.00 
 
 99.81 
 
 i 100.87 
 
 100.00 
 
 98.99 
 
 Lcn. 397 
 
 Lcn. 507 
 
 Bmy. 4s 
 
 A-24 
 
 A 18. 
 
 A-220 
 
 A-295 
 
 A-4S0 
 
 B-335 
 
 B-355 
 
 B-545 
 
 B-565 
 
 C-144 
 
 C 157 
 
 D-26 
 
 E-37 
 
 E-167 
 
 0-46 
 
 0-96 
 
 C. S. 32 
 
 Lcn. 439 
 
 Lcn. 467 
 
 Lcn. 472 
 
 Lcn. 475 
 
 ('1:1.61 
 
 A-5 
 
 A-70 
 
 B-5 
 
 B-352 
 
 B-409 
 
 B-451 
 
 B-579 
 
 C-58 
 
 C-159 
 
 C-191 
 
 D-8 
 
 E-42 
 
 E-165 
 
 O-106 
 
 U. S.7 
 
 Lcn. 160 
 
 Lcn. 388 .... 
 
 Lcn. 498 
 
 O-70 
 
 Cla. 54 
 
 Cla. 138 
 
 A-68 
 
 A -423 
 
 A-487 
 
 B-28 
 
 B-626 
 
 B-821 
 
 Lst. 21 
 
 D-1S 
 
 D-24 
 
 O-160 
 
 E-21 
 
 E-38 
 
 U.S. 37 
 
 U.S. 159 
 
 Average 
 
 238.4 
 239.8 
 245.0 
 246.5 
 ■237.1 
 239.4 
 244. S 
 230.2 
 236.9 
 216.9 
 234.0 
 220.0 
 240.5 
 241.7 
 238.0 
 236.4 
 235.3 
 236.6 
 249.4 
 253.2 
 255.8 
 240.7 
 237.8 
 251.9 
 237.6 
 250.0 
 294.9 
 251. s 
 239.7 
 181.4 
 234.2 
 260.1 
 239.6 
 238.0 
 242.7 
 241.5 
 237.7 
 250.4 
 235.5 
 238.1 
 240.8 
 239.4 
 245.3 
 244.9 
 261.3 
 239.6 
 250.0 
 254.0 
 235.3 
 253.6 
 239.3 
 234.9 
 235.5 
 235.1 
 240.1 
 248.9 
 228.2 
 236.4 
 248.5 
 228.0 
 
 241.0 
 
 40.8 
 53.4 
 30.9 
 
 47.3 
 
 35.1 
 25.0 
 36 3 
 28. 8 
 37.2 
 
 29 7 
 22.6 
 33.6 
 23. ; 
 26 8 
 41.7 
 
 
 ■j.; i 
 30.6 
 52. 4 
 
 26, 7 
 22. 8 
 28.9 
 
 27, s 
 16.4 
 32 2 
 37.5 
 33.1 
 34.1 
 26.3 
 36.3 
 31.6 
 27.3 
 28.7 
 23.3 
 19.3 
 30.1 
 16.7 
 22. 2 
 39.3 
 
 30 3 
 24.6 
 35.1 
 33.1 
 29.9 
 35 9 
 32 6 
 28 v 
 26. 9 
 28.6 
 27.1 
 22. 2 
 2L9 
 26.11 
 
 31 9 
 22 1 
 
 54.6 
 -1'.' 6 
 
 n i. 
 
 ' 40. 7 
 53.7 
 32.1 
 49.4 
 33.7 
 36.0 
 
 '24.8 
 37.0 
 29.0 
 
 ■37.1 
 29.7 
 23.0 
 34.2 
 24.4 
 26 8 
 45.4 
 24.5 
 23.4 
 30.7 
 52.7 
 26: 7 
 22 8 
 30.0 
 27.9 
 17.7 
 32.2 
 
 ■ 37.4 
 33.5 
 31.1 
 
 26.7 
 36.9 
 
 31.6 
 
 28.3 
 30.6 
 25.3 
 19.7 
 30.8 
 17.5 
 22.9 
 39.6 
 30.5 
 25. 1 
 
 33.8 
 30.1 
 37.2 
 33.2 
 28. S 
 28.8 
 29.9 
 28.9 
 22.2 
 •21.6 
 27. 1 
 32.4 
 24.7 
 36.6 
 55.4 
 50.2 
 16 4 
 
 31.5 
 
 17.11 
 22.26 
 12.61 
 19.18 
 14.17 
 14.66 
 10.21 
 15. 76 
 12.15 
 17.15 
 12. 69 
 111.27 
 13 H7 
 
 9.81 
 11.26 
 17.63 
 
 9.77 
 
 9.89 
 12.26 
 20. 69 
 10. 43 
 
 9.47 
 12.15 
 11.03 
 
 6.90 
 12.88 
 12.71 
 12.99 
 14.22 
 14.49 
 15.49 
 12. 14 
 11.39 
 12.05 
 
 9.60 
 
 7.99 
 12.66 
 
 6.66 
 
 9.42 
 16,51 
 12.58 
 10.27 
 14.31 
 13. 51 
 11.44 
 14.98 
 13.04 
 11.33 
 11.43 
 11.27 
 11.32 
 
 9.45 
 
 9.29 
 11.05 
 13.28 
 
 VS7 
 15.60 
 23.09 
 19.95 
 
 6.40 
 
 12.77 
 
 i 17.117 
 22.39 
 13.10 
 20.04 
 14.21 
 15.03 
 i 10. 13 
 16.07 
 12.24 
 i 17.10 
 12.69 
 10. 15 
 14.22 
 10.09 
 11.26 
 19.20 
 10.41 
 
 'I VI 
 12.31 
 20.81 
 111.43 
 
 9.47 
 12.61 
 11.07 
 
 7.44 
 12.88 
 l 12.68 
 13.14 
 11.22 
 14.71 
 15.75 
 12.14 
 II M 
 12.85 
 10. 42 
 
 8.15 
 12.95 
 
 6.98 
 
 9. 72 
 16.63 
 12.66 
 10.48 
 14.34 
 13.80 
 11.51 
 15.52 
 13.28 
 11.33 
 12.23 
 11.79 
 12. 07 
 
 9.45 
 '9.17 
 11.52 
 13.49 
 
 9.92 
 16.03 
 23.43 
 20.20 
 
 7.19 
 
 13.05 
 
 -0.04 
 .13 
 .49 
 .86 
 .04 
 .37 
 
 1-.08 
 .31 
 .09 
 
 1-.05 
 .00 
 .28 
 .25 
 .28 
 .00 
 1.57 
 .64 
 .00 
 .05 
 .12 
 .00 
 .00 
 .46 
 .114 
 .54 
 mi 
 
 | 03 
 .15 
 .00 
 .22 : 
 . 26 
 .mi 
 .42 
 .80 
 .82 
 .16 
 .29 
 .32 
 .30 
 .12 
 .08 
 .21 
 .03 
 .29 
 .07 
 .54 
 .24 
 .00 
 .80 
 .52 
 .75 
 .00 
 
 1— .12 
 .47 
 .21 
 1.05 
 .43 
 .34 
 .25 
 .79 ; 
 
 i llin.24 
 99.44 
 96.26 
 95. 74 
 99.70 
 97.50 
 
 ! 1UII Sll 
 '.IS. 11 
 
 99.31 
 i 100. 26 
 
 100.00 
 '.Is. 21. 
 98.24 
 97.13 
 
 100.00 
 91.85 
 93. S7 
 
 100.00 
 99.67 
 99.43 
 
 100.00 
 
 100.00 
 96.33 
 99.64 
 92.65 
 
 100.00 
 
 i 100.26 
 
 98.81 
 
 100.00 
 98 50 
 98. 37 
 
 100.00 
 96.46 
 93.79 
 92.09 
 97.96 
 97.72 
 95.42 
 96.94 
 99.24 
 99.34 
 98.01 
 99.71 
 97.92 
 99.33 
 96.51 
 98.19 
 
 100.00 
 93.40 
 95.65 
 93.77 
 
 100.00 
 i 101.38 
 95.94 
 98.45 
 89. 17 
 97.26 
 98.55 
 '.K Ml 
 89.02 
 
 .28 
 
 97. S4 
 
 >See footnote - under Table 5. 
 
DETERMINING GREASE AND DIRT IN WOOL. 15 
 
 Table 6 shows that the grease removed from the 60 Rambouillet 
 fleece samples by the first three extractions averaged 16.66 per cent 
 of the conditioned weight of the raw wool, while at the fourth extrac- 
 tion the per' cent averaged 16.83, or 0.17 per cent removed by the 
 fourth treatment. From the 60 crossbred samples an average of 
 12.77 per cent of grease was removed by the first three treatments, 
 and 13.05 per cent by four, or 0.28 per cent by the fourth treatment. 
 From the extremely small amount of grease removed by the fourth 
 extraction in each case, it is assumed that the per cent of grease 
 extracted by the four treatments shows the total quantity of grease 
 contained in the samples, and that the per cent removed by the 
 fourth is negligible. Using the figures obtained from the four extrac- 
 tions as the total amount of grease, and therefore as a basis for 
 calculation, Table 6 shows that 98.99 per cent of the total grease was 
 removed by three extractions from the Rambouillet samples and 
 97.84 per cent from the crossbred. Since these tests show that only 
 a negligible quantity of grease is removed by the fourth extraction, 
 it has been decided to use three gasoline treatments in the scouring 
 process. 
 
 DETERMINING WEIGHT OF DIRT. 
 
 Before the third conditioning of the wool in the oven, it is necessary 
 to remove all the dirt in order to obtain the clean-wool weight. A 
 part of the dirt is of course removed with the grease by the gasoline 
 treatments. This is caught by the filter papers and kept with the 
 samples until they are ready to be washed in the tub, when the dirty 
 filter papers are thrown away. The rest of the dirt is removed by 
 means of soap and water in the tub, about half a pound of rteutral 
 soap proving to be sufficient for the 150 gallons of water used. The 
 temperature of the water is kept at 40° to 45° C, as trials showed that 
 temperature to be sufficient for the removal of the dirt, without being 
 hot enough to felt the wool. After the wool has been washed, rinsed, 
 and dried in blower and oven, the clean weight of the wool is taken. 
 The weight of dirt is determined by subtracting the weight of 
 clean wool from the weight of degreased wool before the removal of 
 the dirt. 
 
 WEEKLY WORKING SCHEDULE. 
 
 In order to scour all the samples sent to the laboratory each year, 
 it is necessary to complete 60 each week. Owing to the fact that in 
 the process each set of samples must dry after the various treat- 
 ments — three, hours in the conditioning oven at three different times, 
 about three hours between each of the three gasoline treatments, and 
 eight hours in the blower dryer — it is evident that considerable time 
 elapses between the beginning and the completion of the scouring of 
 each run of samples. For example, a run started on Monday will be 
 completed on Friday. 
 
16 
 
 BULLETIN 1100, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 The laboratory is equipped to handle only 20 samples at a time. 
 Consequently it is important that the runs be arranged in such way 
 that they do not conflict in the use of the apparatus, and that all runs 
 will be handled in the same way as nearly as possible. Therefore, in 
 order to obtain uniformity of treatment and the largest possible 
 weekly output, the following schedule has been worked out. It is so 
 
 Fig. 5.— Washing apparatus. The empty washing baskets arc shown in the first tub and the washing 
 baskets filled with wool in the second tub. When this apparatus is in operation the washing baskets 
 rise, move from end to end, and fall. Not e the holes in the partition between the first and second tubs. 
 Water is allowed to rise almost to these holes and is then shut off. In case of an overflowlhe holes pre- 
 vent flooding the top. The water is heated by steam pipes in the bottom of each tub. At the right of 
 A is the electric switch button and the motor, B, that drives the washing machinery. The ordinary 
 clothes wringer shown in the foreground is used for wringing water from washed, rinsed wool samples. 
 The air pipe, C, conducts air into tank, D, of the blower-dryer. The heated air returns through the 
 upper part of the blower-dryer, where the baskets of wool are placed for drying, and the air passes out 
 of the dryer through the pipe shown at E. 
 
 arranged that it operates in weekly cycles (the work of each day of 
 the week being the same as that of the preceding week). This 
 schedule also has the advantage of rendering possible the picking up 
 of the threads of the process, without delay, in case of change in 
 individual operators in the laboratory. 
 
 The different steps outlined below are explained in detail on 
 pages 2, 3, and 4. 
 
DETERMINING GREASE AND DIRT IN WOOL. 
 
 17 
 
 Weekly schedule of work at Bureau of Animal Industry Wool Laboratory, Beltsville, Md. 
 
 A.M. 
 
 9.00 
 
 9.25 
 
 10.00 
 
 10.15 
 
 P.M. 
 
 1.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 4.45 
 
 Place baskets Sl-100 in oven empty. 
 Weigh baskets 81-100. Take 
 
 from oven, fill with new wool. 
 Put 81-100 in oven for three hours. 
 Fold and weigh filter papers. 
 
 Weigh baskets Sl-100. 
 
 Put gasoline on baskets 81-100. 
 
 Filter. 
 
 Blower on all day. 
 
 TUESDAY. 
 
 A. M 
 9.00 
 9.20 
 9.25 
 
 Place baskets 21—40 in oven empty. 
 Distill gasoline. 
 
 Weigh baskets 21-40. Take from 
 oven, fill with new wool. 
 10.00 Place baskets 41-60 (clean wool left 
 
 A. M. 
 9.00 
 9.20 
 9.25 
 
 10.00 
 10.30 
 11.15 
 P. M. 
 
 12.00 
 1.00 
 
 1.15 
 1.30 
 2.00 
 3.30 
 4.15 
 4.30 
 
 THURSDAY. 
 
 Place baskets 61-80 in oven empty. 
 
 Distill gasoline. 
 
 Weigh baskets 61-S0. Take from 
 
 oven, put in new wool. 
 Place 61-80 in oven for three hours. 
 Put gasoline on 21-40. 
 Filter. 
 
 Place 21-40 in blower for 1\ hours. 
 
 Weigh 61-80. 
 
 Distill gasoline. 
 
 Place 21-10 in oven three hours. 
 
 Fold and weigh filter papers. 
 
 Put gasoline on 61-80. 
 
 Filter. 
 
 Weigh baskets 21-40. 
 
 Blower on all dav. 
 
 from preceding week) n 
 
 l oven ior 
 
 FRIDAY. 
 
 three hours. 
 
 
 A. M. 
 
 11.00 Put gasoline on 81-100. 
 
 
 9.20 Distill gasoline. 
 
 11.45 Filter. 
 
 
 10.00 Wash 21-40. 
 
 P.M. 
 
 
 11.00 Put gasoline on 61-80. 
 
 1.00 Weigh baskets 41-60. 
 
 
 11.45 Filter. 
 
 1.15 Distill gasoline. 
 
 
 P. M. 
 
 1.30 Place baskets 21-40 in 
 
 oven for 
 
 1.30 Place 81-100 in oven for three hours 
 
 three hours. 
 
 
 1.30 Distill gasoline. 
 
 3.30 Put gasoline on 81-100. 
 
 
 3.30 Put gasoline on 61-80. 
 
 4.15 Filter. 
 
 
 4.15 Filter. 
 
 4.30 Weigh 21-40. 
 
 
 4.30 Weigh 81-100. 
 
 Blower on from 12 to 5 o'clock. 
 
 WEDNESDAY. 
 
 
 
 A. M. 
 
 
 SATURDAY. 
 
 9.20 Distill gasoline. 
 
 
 A. M. 
 
 10.00 Place baskets 81-100 in 
 
 oven for 
 
 9.20 Distill gasoline. 
 
 three hours. 
 
 
 10.00 Place 61-80 in oven for three hours. 
 
 10.15 Fold and weigh filter papers. 
 
 P. M. 
 
 11.00 Put gasoline on 21-40. 
 
 
 1.00 Weigh 61-80. 
 
 11.45 Filter. 
 
 
 1.30 Place 21-40 in oven for three hours 
 
 P.M. 
 
 
 1.30 Wash 61-80 in tub. 
 
 1.00 Weigh baskets 81-100. 
 
 
 4.30 Weigh 21-10. 
 
 1.30 Wash 81-100. 
 
 
 Blower on till noon. 
 
 2.30 Distill gasoline. 
 
 
 
 4.00 Put gasoline on 21-40. 
 
 
 
 4.45 Filter. 
 
 
 
18 
 
 BULLETIN 1100, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
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DETERMINING GREASE AND HUM' IN WOOL. 
 
 19 
 
 EXPLANATION OF WOOL-SCOURING DATA SHEET. 
 
 Actual weights taken in the laboratory are recorded as shown 
 in Table 7 in columns a, b, d, e, and h. All weights of wool shown on 
 data sheet are conditioned weights. The others are filled in from 
 calculations made from a, b, d, e, and h. The following formulas 
 show the calculation used to obtain the figures of each column. 
 a — b=c f— j=i 
 
 d-(b+e)=f 100 i-i-c=l 
 
 c—/=g 100 j^-c=m 
 
 h-b = i 100g-=-j=n 
 
 100 g+c=k 100 i-+-j=o 
 
 or: 
 
 Fig. 6. — Baskets of wool. A, raw wool before scouring. B, decreased wool, dirt remaining. C,clean, 
 scoured wool, free from grease and dirt. 
 
 The weight of basket (b) subtracted from the conditioned weight 
 of sample and basket (a) gives the conditioned weight of greasy wool 
 (c). 
 
 The weight of basket (b) and weight of filter paper (e) subtracted 
 from the conditioned weight of wool, filter paper, and basket after 
 extraction id) gives the conditioned weight of wool and dirt after 
 extraction (f). 
 
 The conditioned weight of greasy wool (c) minus the conditioned 
 weight of wool and dirt after extraction (/') ^ives the weight of grease 
 
20 BULLETIN 1100, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AG 015 870 917 A 
 
 The conditioned weight of wool and basket after washing (h) 
 minus the weight of basket (b) gives the conditioned weight of clean 
 wool (j). 
 
 The weight of grease (</) divided by the weight of greasy wool (c) 
 gives the per cent of grease in the sample (k). 
 
 The conditioned weight of wool and dirt after extraction (/) minus 
 the conditioned weight of clean wool (;') gives the weight of dirt (i). 
 
 The weight of dirt (i) X 100 divided by the conditioned weight 
 of greasy sample (c) gives the per cent of dirt (?) . 
 
 The weight of clean wool (j) X 100 divided by the conditioned 
 weight of the greasy sample (c) gives the per cent of clean wool (m). 
 
 The weight of grease (g) X 100 divided by the conditioned weight 
 of clean wool (j) gives the grease index (n). 
 
 The weight of dirt (i) X 100 divided by the conditioned weight 
 of clean wool (j) gives the dirt index (o). 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 Before the scouring process, all samples of wool are brought to a 
 constant-moisture content. 
 
 In the moisture experiments here reported, 20 per cent moisture 
 was the largest percentage for any of the samples used. 
 
 When there is no more than 20 per cent moisture in air-dry samples, 
 it has not been found necessary to condition them longer than three 
 hours nor at a temperature higher than 50° C. 
 
 Grease is removed by washing the samples in gasoline, which is 
 drained off through filter papers in order to retain all foreign matter. 
 
 Three gasoline treatments are used in degreasing the wool, since 
 it has been found that only 0.17 per cent of grease remains in Ram- 
 bouillet wool after three treatments, and 0.28 per cent in crossbred 
 wool. 
 
 Dirt is removed from the samples by means of soap and water. 
 A temperature of 40° to 45° C. is used for the water, as trials show 
 that this is sufficient to remove the dirt, without being hot enough 
 to felt the wool. 
 
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