1W»TW1 '^^^^^^^^^♦♦♦^^^^m^t^^^viii'C.' SILK-CULTURE DIRECTORY. 0. BARRICELl BY (ScL Eni, KdJ 1884* ^^^^^^•^^, ;iLK-CULTURE DIRECTORY I SILK-GATERPILLARS DISORDER'S, BY ^. MMICILM. (llth Edition^ the 3d in English.) *Ex Cathedra.* X.rX3 ^ 1B84. CONTJSNT8. . (jaliieriiig the Silk C'rop^ --,.;; Presorvin> i INCIIUI'.LK \ C I^ui'^ting ■ } Decay '^^ ^ ( (janiirene '/, '. > A\01I)Ai!LK ' ~ ' ' Rf*d disea-e ; Alio,)!tv ,^, Vomit; S.il.cal.o;,'; b.arr.a '; Tvphu. \\ 'lilack MM,ui-ue' or -cal. inatio T * " " '^ j Dorp^y: Jaundice -''^ ' Aspiiyxy ; «. uiiln^r !0{) | Buitcrilj...- Dlsc^ascs- " " J^^l J (Corolla M' •- 102 '■ ,. (renerxl TaMes - l^*:? 1 u;; illALstrai, rj.e development nffk^ 'uJ^^t;'' ^-u>KT .p:.c. 'm^m^m m 111 Bl/l¥llfl IWfltl, (fhr 1st iff English.) 'V\w u-r'.\-it(st indusirv for lioasewivc^s, girls, school girls, thrifty huiit^s Nvonieii in geiu'riil, seiny-inv;ilici |)eo[)le, i>oys out of schoo], sFuart children, teachers iii vacation, people enjoying the country, clergymen, and other people-*haviiig leisure time at home*, is the \K'T OF GR()WIX(; SILK. The Silk-CATERPILLAK {('(miraoiily. or after the Frencli man- ner^ ('ailed WORMS — in F. ''rer a sole'\ in (jerriiau ^ '• Seidenraupe' \ in Italian ^'hijatt/^'' c^lc.) that prodnee their highly priced textil material, so miicii sought after hy dignitaries and by brides, is so ( I.HAX AND IXDUSTRIOUS THAT IT RIVALS TME BEE, AXD SO IIARM- ! F.SS AND U»U<]I'^UL THAT, IT PROVES TO liE STPERIOR, \\\ FAR, TO THE '>NEY PRODUCING GREATi RE ; and of such intrinsic value that each 10, 000 of Ihem ( occupy ipjg no more than fifteen s(|uare yards of surface) yield more dolhirs and cents, in 40 dtjys, than ten hens i: the lapse of a year, foi' : I'en thousand Silk-Caterpillars^ of selected ])reed and in favoura- ble season, will i)rodu(ie. in about forty days, silk valued at, about, twelve dollars, whilst te:i hons can. scarcely produce 200 eggs, ir, such lenght of time, Ini^dly valued two dollars a)id no more ! We quote the hens because, usually, they' are the means em})loyed. to )'aise pin money ; but it is not difficult to prove that even a cow produces, in forty days less than a 'brood' of Silk-Cater[)iHars. b: fact i/a (;()W ^/ields, in same time, 120 s>jdlons of iiiilk it brino-s into PREFACE. :he house iess than six dollars, (not either cah'ulatin;:^ th'^ cutlav invested for her keepiiiir) when if, siy, 20,000 of ('aterpilhirs aiT reared, with little trouble, small ex|)ense and in such short time, ohev can give over twenty dollars of profit. But *it must be hinted a new, that the gains on silk— growing can be obtained without giv- ing up other industries, without l^uyi ng fodder, without renting any expensive buildings— as stables etc. 'and at home'* Silk, mostly used by ladies, clergymen and secuhir dignitarie.-^, is laised, (for paMiine, in the Old Worldj practically by the same 'Consumers and other refined and intelligent persons. Then althoAgh it is true that peasants grow silk there, yet they do it directed by 5)arned leaders who take care of the Silk— Caterpillar's ^^-^^^^ in win- ter and spring and, then, hatch them with artificial healthful con- trivances. So it is a matter of fact (when such fine persons attend to this industry) that no hard work is needed to secure a silk-crop and that it affords "good retuirs ( on bir-ed uilh kic.i. ledge of S'alural History as well as amuscmeiit. Those who grow silk in the Old World are provided with family help, mulberry —trees and room ; but those who will grow it here should have airy room, osage plant s — '?iV-^ mulberry-trees, and fam- fh assistance — hired labor not being profitable for silk nrowini . Thence people who find their home-life weary — foi" need of aii\ occupation and are losing the profits of exercise, prac'ical studv of Entomology and migJit]/ dollars, could undertake to i-ear here those dear little pets which produce the precious material, with which arc woven those valuable silk-goods, so indispensable to brid(\s. In Italy, China, Japan and Persia Silk— Culture i^ enc) n-a/r^^d and protected: it being the industry of the people, at large, and :it the sametirae ooe of the sources for the revenues of said countries, it is guided and jdirected by their governments. It is -veil knuvvn. 4 ? R ;-: ?■ A c K . i!<>'v-:;-{[;iv, how (he i'.iii|ircss of („ hina, presides, in tliat vast empire, (nrr \]ii< nios': \;ilj:i])le i)i\)diK'e, and how, early in sprlii<^, she au - j!fH[n( es to her subjects to prepare themselves for the approachini: .•^eason (/f 'cares' : it is s!so well known how on the 14 of January each year, in Japan is solemnly performed the r/<'is< The Hrst American edition (5000) of this Directoi'v was exahusti:,i I>^"f()ro its immber could he distrihutcd to nil the persons who apph. li ^oracopy. The foremost merits of such an exceptional dema^tl [for a l)ook on an alinost new to[)ic] were not alone its very ch ;.r air(.'tions in rearin- Silk-Caterpillars, (because, althou-h tliere Is no Silk-Culture here, in the real meaning of the term, yet here c:.:i he had, at least, a dozen of pamphlets on the subject) but also [it< i:> nvni'^ silk,^ almost wifhout expense.'^—Le. neither needhuj cnn/ raplNd to start 7rith, nor running ant/ risk of a loss. Ihivmg giyen the aboye explanation it is deemed, now, a matf< r of the utmost importance, to inform the Myould be silk-orowers^' about the followino- important iufjuiries. Will it pay? In truth : to grow silk, it is man^- times more ditHcult than t(, rai^- grain, corn, cattle, or poultry ; but it must be remembered that, a 1 the farm produces are as much liable to fail (by drou-ht th,od,' in- sects, epizotic etc.) as are the Catorpiliars exposed to failure hy a:- inosferic influences, although the former are so in lesser degr(>es. Los- ses, of any stock, caused by carelessness and mismanagi^ment are •7 P R F, FACE. not incntioned iu this p^iragraph !) Yet, to raise any farm crop it i:- waiited a large capital and a wliole year of time, whilst to grovr silk no capital is necessary, and only 40 days. How BTSLSGh? Silk-Culture 1)rin»'cver_ t'aeles ; S'jienc,' C^.u'hes tlr.i' '-prevention i^ b-tter than cure" and tiierefore it wih be insisted on ^preventive rules"*, in this book, even* to bid when the diseased Cacer[)illars shorld bi^ thrown av/ay (in or- der to prevent loss of time and expenses) rather thr.n to wait for their r.^eovery. With such method 'expectations', only, can be h)>t. e. BAr.r.iSELU. How tlieCaterpilhir eggs can be hjitched, and their larcas, reared in :i cmntry where the growing of niulberrj has scarcely began, and fhe notions about ^ilk-^ultare are mixed so badly, purposely or other- wise? Then again : Th(> ninlberry-cuttings, now ])hinted, li^w ion- will they stand the ine'enien^y of this cold (•lianlk^ oi when wil] till l)eople of this country know how to cultivate, protect, nnrsci, and ^ trenghten this eastern 'Silk Plant?' On this point the enemies uf 'vAnierican Silk -( ailtare'' held the ground a long while, and if It is Mor overcome, thc^y may triumph again. Also the speculation in imiiberry slips, 40 years ago. fell by itself when this eastern plarr I^'c::yed hero in a short while ! Now, without Bilk-food, presently, and with no real prospect to n 'quire it, in fut.ire, what is left to do in o.d.r to ^eneouraire and nr rrodnee' silk-growing almost evervwhere in these United States V A. new silk-produeing-food must be found, and proper mana-pmer=^ must he e3:ercised. ^^" A.: in regard to the management it wil] be set down in this book : ■■' ^■;>-'_the newsilk-produ-ing-leave^. (he problem is solved with I'u following analysis and its explanations: , . /^•■'^- ^ /J.ct, -^-'^''^- 0.06 ^ Azo:e •; (,.. ^^^.n^^'-'- • .In % Oxygen '. '00 ^''^'^"'' .41 I Fiber, . --. ^''-'^'^ .28 ^ Resin. '--li . ., •- ' '^o ^ Sugar. -r; ^^^^^^'- ; .08 ? W^itfr ■[() ^^^*^ 10(i ''''r'^ '■'^•-■■^ '^^- ^'^^^^ «f Silk-C.ti-pilkrs ; /6er s digested and ■•i^VUr:i : racrharine matter and water noiirislies them, and the ns'i; 9 ^h-M) with il, analysis th >;ive8. having less libre Mil, lire Riorn prcdiictivc : whiist ihev are eqiial to the miiioerri ; i nourishing ingredients. J.'3^^"^'^ ^^'^ nttcntio:: •• who will rear ^ >a£i\'. :r]v called, because: The watery r.art oi 1 embodied in them \iiot when mist, or rain, make.^ ..em v.cij iicips the digestive organs of the larva to assimilate the :iccharinc part. This assertion is easily proved In' knowing that in *drv -e;\son* the Caterpillars ( for want of enougli liquid aiim?:it es, to be sure), often, die struck with the diseas** call ? i and when they eat leaves either wet on the outside .laigv^d with water, they are struck v%ith on >sAGE MUST BE PRACTICED ONLY EARLY IN SPRING, otherwi^ the leaves, becoming very sui-cnlenl. will be poisonous to th particulars, of course, the instructions must 1k« rcad.-'^^^;^ In Italv, wiiere the mulberrv— plant is under tlie hisfhest tion, these latter diseases are generally avoided : bur ,as dec:? etable matters are impregnated with '^^toin's life", so it happens that the Caterpillars are attacked by 7nonades, corptuich -.<. iiud other invisible mores which make a sad haroc among tlui.i. rii: •I* >tv^'> ^11 F'->nce and Italy [in fact in all j*Iuropej iv ^ '• -^^-in^ - 10 PRHLILIINAHV :: '-..J .It .va8t:i-ch7 mmadei attack t'i^ helpless auj inoffea^ix^ re:iriii-.>, directly, or germinate on* the mulberry lea vrs. and ) ais stiUe are swallowed bv them. The Lirtercase is admitted to be more possible. Pasteur and Ve, alrhoagh antagonistic in their views abont C aterpiliui-s^ di.s isc-> have mieroscoped vlbrwnes on mulberry-leave. .- so did Cor :iglia. ]5;>llani. Bonafu.. Cariet, C^avalieri, Mkestri, Dut- iau3., mair. :her.5 and mvself. Thon the disease of the Caterpiilur is iu the tre., . ,>.. the tree b. - iaffe;N-d, poisons them with ffanyrenous ffas:nent,,;~f—iunri t, -is :rio:i. () , tjis piin »iple, is it not better to eh.ng.' the C:i:erpi!- ■/ diotV They endeavored to do so on the other side of the witc .d,.o:.Id n<.t do it: but this blessed land, ^hore ali iadueeutents V irr.iuted by mighty nature, can do it. horh for u'lolesome se- :d for o<-ouoniioal pursuits. We k:K»v that os^tare plants are free from any exti-aneus bod.,—;, from the "Am^ricm Silk Planf : a thing which Occordin- silk-c:ut:i:-ists, revenue-hunters with nudberry nurseries. bade-r<,- ■;th!o« books etc. et.-. etc.) cannot happ.-n before fiftr vearrL aa. if the lauiberry-plauts g.-ow. and the millions of wom"-n. chi!- a and uon-produciag old men are all able to biiv, at hime which [-after succediag"'] mieht be earned . 1.0-.V Sil- Cultuiv can bo really started against these, almo.- Dumo..v|.ss precocious spec'-dations? It is a pivy that people praising 11 pRELi:.'i::iARY. this Oinuloyiiient should niiike it ii misfortune, rather tluir. riii help, to li .<>;reMt majority of ''\yoakI })o sllk-g^'owers' only !)e,';iuhe those would-he-instructors ;lo not know the busiiu'ss in i\\\ k; lirances and make light of it. The silk-business th;it was stra'ted for ''tiu* i>oo;)le"' is [)n'scnted ijiow as if it should be an industrv for the gai-deiier, the scionlist and Ihe nianufaetnrer. It is clear that things are to])sy-tin-v'v. \\k' Inne !aO silk-growth, but we have inducements to reel it — a thing wh.icli would destroy in experiments even the little silk raised hei-e, ov at the utmost, allow to ])e })i()duced a f(nv coarse home-nrivlc sj Ik- goods. ^Ve have an unlimited supply o+' the 'Ariiei-ican silk pl;i->t\ ind the market is ghitted with mul])erry tj-ees. '-^Our peoph\ v.ho ('<» !K)t ki.iow much about silk-growing, and have no means to stai'l ; 1 tin's business, are asked to buy cabinet aj)paratus and expcnsiNc eiittits. Is this ^Siik-( 'ulture' or, "charity bcgirjung at hdinv^^ 'f --^ It is to keep down such dealings tha.t cramp and choke this .^-n at i^rodiue, and to increafse the wealtli of their countries, tiial oliier governments Inne the lead of it I In ortier to grow-silk, the following gene]-al rul(>s mii-r be nrae- t.c(Hl with cfire ; — I. Kear the Caterpillars economically. '2. Hateh the ega's when the leaxes are tltus : f ^^%>... ■•). Send thr^ cocoons to the market, })y Ex[)ress, even, <■-: tlicy have ])een build by the Caterpiilars. br.t do iM^t •: oay- ler.rpt- PRELiMINARY. . Ijav<^ repi\>Jii(;cd only enougrh eggji. to hatch yourself, and .i'uns' of vour :i/j]j MJitri-es, the folio'^ing year — not more. u. Sci! the co.^o )ns only to those who buy for -readv cash' ».fte^ *'V'Hoii>iiiO- the ]'eceiv(>(l jivvids. 'Vhv ;ib(>)ve ireaern,!, a id business, rules — to. ere 1 her vviih followmK dii-ec-tions. ar;M3noagh to establish (almost suddenly and forever, ii, ihe U;]ii:ed States) Silk -Husbandry and its good-luck because, thos«- vviio have mulberry-trees can use their leaves to feed the Caterpi!* lars, and th(jse who have none of them can very well feed v/ith the lu- uiimerablc^ osage [hedge] plants— spread, almost, upon the wholr surface of the Union, and proved to be just as useful to grow silk. a> mulberry leaves. The above rules are earnestly recommended, especially l)ecaube. the following wrong iuformations have been given, liere, in the pasi 1. It i; erroneous to attempt to rear, with 'two persons' Catei'- pillars issuing from four ounces of seed. 2. It is II great mistake to think that, because there is not anv market for raw-silk in America, the would be silk-growers musi raise i^i^g^ — the ;b) p. et. of which could not be ')argained, even, for a coavse pair of garters last year and, therefore, were thrown b\ unprt attracted with lower prices) omitting to inform the -^ilk-gr()we!-s that, al^out, one dollar per lb. is tiic price obtained for 13 ocoous -stifled Mud dri:^d"— au uver^-e of three lbs. of -f.-esh' oo- ■oous to one of 'dry'. ;). It is not to be recomiiK-nded [as tiiey do] to stdie and dry 'he cocoons before sendinjz tlicin to the market because, the ^drying H-ocess', bein^o; even more exact and difficult than 'reeling', cannot •)e blindly ccnitided in new hands, and purchasers of cocoons have contrivances adapted for that operation, and know their business )etter : besides 'drying the cocoons' defers (he cash. 6. They teach, also, that the cocoons nrast, be reeled [i. e. wound ,ff from thecocoonsj by their producers, when now a day, large nanufacturies supply prompter, cheaper, and stronger articles —even the once home-made stockings, and whilst the reeling work s a very difficult operation. "What is the historical standing of silk?" Silk was grown and donned long before Solomon said, ^ [Proverbs, M. 22. ' because, in the next 'translation' it will be found out that \dam dressed himself with the roughly-carded-like shrcMids of tin' larvas rather than with the celebrated tig leaves. *She MAKF/ni hersklf covKiiiN(Js ok tai'i:>t):y : iiwu '^i.otm in<< s SILK AND PURPLE.* U ["CilLTOiE OIICTOE r:.tcrpiilnrs -Micrnlly live in open air and feed eiMier on herh, o" on leaves-. Most of thoin make silk, hut the only marketable silk is produce'^ )>vthe7.'A.-^.^ Silk -Caterpillar, so called for the excellence and ,- Inmdance of its produce— as ^vell as for its domestic habits, or ii- door life. But although 'nian' was able to subjucatc also tbr (Viterpdlar, yet he did not succeed to change its natural habits- .. declaration easily proved l)ecause, when these 'domestic invertebn.l beings' are deprived of plenty of pure air, thev surely die. To l vcnd such a draw-back it has been tried, with good result the herei;; de-icribfid iiwinging OUTFIT TO REAR SILK-CATERPILLARS. I- riie above engrav driven in the ceiling :i.;' represents iwo rack . iuinglng from hook^ The racks are niade with v. forked line ['clothes 1/) GEMERAL INSTRUCTION. line will do well'] and cross-rods much like the liaudlo of it broom ; these rods are tied to the lines jibout 15 inches tibovc each other :j.iid should be nearly 40 inches in length. The lines, which nmst be j,s long as required by the height of the ceiling, are knotted belovv ^he forking (as shown in the cut) and hung to place in due time. The above sketch shows a shelf upon which Silk-Caterpillars •five kept — the little creatures never budging from any place when- they may be situated. Now to make such shelves, either *drv' c.anes, long straight 'dry' branches etc., or lattice laths about two yards in length can be used. With any of the above materials every person can have the ingenuity of building these *'airy shelves" tie- ing one in. apart, with twine, either the reeds or the slats etc.. Shelves like the above, after having been finished, look verv much .•similar to the slats of a spring bed, except that the slats of these shelve? are verv much narrower. M Tkis last engraving denote, the "swinging shelves'" set up for 16 CATERPILLARS^ OUTFIT, iise. Then, after that iln^ racks [or r>helfs holders j huve betn put t.: place the lattice-like ; holves aro laid 0:1 the roi^ and tLCcI to thestj and tlie lines. Another way to ni ike th:! sheh^es is by u-^eiu^ diiildui^ papc:- whicli. :ifter having been cut to desired le;io:th is framed and hei 1 betvfeen two strips (>f lumber, which form ;t kind uf a double frame. The framing slips, or slats, need not be heav^ as they sua i lay on the holders of the racks. Four, or more tiers hung one a-bove another, as in the drawing: form a C aterpillars' swinyer. With a 'swinger' of more tliMn foui tiers a step-stool nuist be used because, '^the bottom shelf shouic^ be at not less than from 20 to 24 inches fron) the floor''. One 'swinger' with fiVe shelves [or hurdles] about 3(ix72 inche: can accommodate nearly 6000 Caterpillars; therefore people havin;. other facilities for 'rearing' should prepare in winter 7 swinf/er:^. Kir^'^'^^^se Swingers should cost nothing, or very little. (The outfit after the services rendered, the iirst time, vm\ b^^ «' isily, stored away to be used in other years. ) Seven 'swingers' should occupy a room lNx20 and 8 ft. hia:il quaiililv of ^Ivaw-papcr iiiusl be pl-rced bv holes cut into ':i at about live eights of an inch fi-oni eaeh other. This jx^^foi-ated i)a[)er is iH-.Mled for veiuoviii-- th;' hirvas fmin their litters. It is very ea^-iy prepared 1)V puncliing iu the paper with an diobow i)nneh' and a -wad (aittei'. The |)aper perf(U'- .ited with the 'pnneir is used, ci enur^e, when Ib.e ('alerpil!ai's an- vouni!:, that pcn-foratrd with the -c itter' is used wlu-n they an' fulL .-ryown UQVcv beiniT safe to toacli the C'atei-riilars withcuil hur!- hig theni. To eut the p:i[».'r ea-ily it should 1)^' rah^il lirsl. ^df in your family arc u )' u^:rl nu'.^r 'p Di'h' U')r ^nittci-' u>- \ou!- oen-knife or a pair of scissors, and make l;oles in tlu^ paper ii be- iv^ not strictly neeessaav to )jc [)artieular in making round hou'.> ■md other 'ireneral sugii'estions".* SKETCH OF PEin^^OTJATFd) PAPER. a^thi- ^&:w^ ^SP »«>;5S» .cS_«'-:>. >-i i4',«Jtt'*!£i:ajriJ)W"Vi-*--.^s»' The Caterpillars ca:i bo removed from their litters al<(^ by mean ; <.d-* 'shoots' (as exphr.ned in the article on chanc^inc; ) hut the u. e of perforated pap 'r fa -iHtiites the operation. So, also, these most useful creatures can be reared on any other \mtrivance unlike the described 'swinging shelves' but, tliese l)ring the Caterpillars nearer to their natural life It shoidd be, positively, remembered that all the fefi- needs to 18 :^PACS, AND GOCOOMKir;. rear the Caterpillars inust he prepared before that the time of )iatehiii,ause if the 'animalcules' engender in tlie latter they, the 'am'mnl- ',ules', will pray, without avail, on the former. i >esides a 'cocoonery' prepared inexpensively, healthy, and han<]y with alreadv given hints, breeders should have a place wherein ■ -aves, for fodder, should i)e kept on hand. * The Caterpillars nmst be fed daily (as shall be taught in -Special iistruction', and can be seen in Table on end of 'First Part' ) sev- ei-al times ; but they want [osage or cultivated mulberry, of course ! ) •aves absolutely fresh, yet, neitlier damp nor warmed l>y llie sun, r in any way fermented. The leaves will ))ecome ovei- heated a.nd euteu' into fermeutaliou .vhen tliey are j)icked and, then, "pounded into the bags' [for (jafhrr- :.n.ij leaves'] as well as when they are kept, 'even two or thi-ee houi's, :u a high heap*. To avoid su<'li troul)les, tlien, and to liav(^ leaves ill a wholesome state for the Cat<'rpillars, silk-growers must ha\(' a *]ace, })roprerly, adapted to preserve the leaves. A di'v cellar or a li)>arn ,a wood— shed void of otiors. well venVilatcMl, but not op<'ii to CONDITION OF LEAVES, CONT.NLJiD. r»in, dampues, wind or the rays of the sau is suitable. When a small quantity of leaves is wanted pick them in a basket ,, but when the Cater[)iUars are grown they use a great many of then, and then the leaves mu-^t be either carried in a bag, made of loosr canvass or netting, or nuist be picked, from their shootb. by th( children at home, after that they have been trimmed from the hedge- and carried there r)y stronger people. The last pains are important, only, in the last ten or fifteen day.- ])recedino' the silk-product, and should be taken oiil}^ by families rear- ins: the issue from one ounce of Silk-Caterpillars eggs. In order to have leaves fresh — but not damp, they should b.- (X)llected in the morning (after the sun is very high up and the fog is disappeared) for the afternoon, and, then, near sunset should be picked those needed in the next morning. iJ^^^^Beware of damp orfirmented leaves, beivaref Breeders having a supply of leaves cannot fear foggy or rain\ weather; because they can wait for the leaves to dry on the tree^ before to gather them anew. But, again, the reserve leaves must be kept in ;> cool light place and on boards, at least, one foot fron the iioor — otherwise they may be spoiled. Those who have no leaves in rainy weather should not feed too soon when it. clears, because the surplus water not having yet evap- orated, would affect the Caterpillars just the sa:n3 as if the leaves should be wet on the outside. Althouijh in the last age the Caterpillars must be fed without in- terruptions, yet before that time, especiall}^ in rainy weather, they can fast a while if the provision of leaver' is all used up : but this case should very seldom happen if a good supply of leaves is kept on hand. Indeed, it is not bad to have one 'or two' days provisimi stored in a fresh-dry place, as it has been said befor.^ provided that they 21 CONDITION OF LEAVES, GONTIHII^D. are not more i!i;iii ;i foot dee}) iind "not packeji down", to prevent wliich ihcv should be, irentlv, shaken two or three time;^ ii dav. * * * Our system of Silk-Culture is bused on rearing the Caterpillars only, after the "spring rains" are over,, and on trying to accoin- inodate them with thoir natural choices in orde/ to avoid too much tL-o.i'>le a'vJ insu:-.^ a better su '.',jss \v\th rh,; -a ; but if the May fih()u,eri^ last too niar.y days, or if the leaves bj^onie wet by :iiiy othei storm and the good ones have run short, then the dam}) one.-- '-must be re- coverd" before bein.g given to the C.iterpillars. This is done by {)utting the w^et leav's o\\ a "clean tloor, or dry boards, moving lifting and changing them, with a pitch-fork [or something alike] from place to plac3 until they arc no more damp : then, after a short w^hile, they can b3 served to the Caterpillars. This eva[)orating operation can be performed either in open air or inside of the house with open windows —never mind to do it "near a big flame"' as somebody else says, b^ -ause it wilts them. Another way to atta'n the same, consists in shakinji- the wet leaves in •()i)eir sheets. It ha been spoke. i often in tliis ^^jeneral Instruction" ab(»ut the Caterpillars' Outfit and on the necessity of having good fresh J,EAVE8, becRUse these are two of the three most impoahant requi- sites to rear Silk-Caterpillars successfully — the third one being [as in everything else] "cleanliness". By "cleanliness", in this case, is ment "jn-otection" to the Cat- erpillars against decuyed-life (that is, the animalcules eiigendered with it) and moisture — both of which take hold of the litters when loo hold, and cause diseases among the Cateri)illars. It is then very wii"iir articles * * * Besides all the said ^outtit', ('ater|)il]ars~l)i-eeders should niakr vlnee or four frcn/s^ as large ;is a sjieet of straw ])aper, the\- hciuLr !j>ed to remove tlu' litters. *- * No more tluni tlu' above picpai-ations are recjiiired to rear, tVoin. lliirty six, to, fc>rty thousand C'aterj)illars — the 'dsolatiMi swiiio-jui:' -ipparatus" sa\inii- them frniu thr annoyanees ar»d ra^•aLi■es of ants »"oek-roaehes. mice, and the like: hut to protect IIkmu from uii:<^--- ed iosects (especially if l)ee-in\(\^ and wasp-uests are not \vv\ far from the coc()Oiie]-y-room ) it is iMM'cssai-y to have niosciuit<» n<'ttin^- ('11 all the o[)eninl^|5 'I .jv! $mv^G'H'&-^. .--» . T(> ':. er-. a^ L—TBrnPERATiJIRE AmDyENTkLATlQH. '['he cconomiciiJ au-.l healthfrJl Silk -(Miluiro Sy,stpr)i -^lowii in tlii>- ir*'u.tj«e, relies wn^vv on })ractj«"al cares IIkiu ou entoiaolop^ical obsor v:'.li(tii.s ; therefoT'c it has not yet been inentioued, herein, any 'spec iilativ(i' application — supposed to bo De^^ded iji taking care of Silk ('atcrpillars. And, indeed, it should luive been superfluous to do so [)ecau8e /SiUc-CuUure does not at all signify the pursuit i^f th<> rea: savant who incases for observation an 'htmelitra' or an entire Melo lonta, OVA PapiJio ynachaou with its ycti'MYvAi' cephalo-theca and. . .ex case me, gentle readers, 1 was dal)b'dag mv bvgoue knowhidge o' Zoolog}' with the purely industrious no}}le art of silk growing, litit.. Of course, it is known that a thermometer kept in a cocoouer^ suggests the different degrees of heat, which make.- the Caterpilhir-* more or less hungry ; but it must be known, also, that when th* CaterpMllars are hungry they should have more food. In such occur- rence the thermometer, by itself, does not help nuich in iriiigini; the hir Vie through, bat it is n?-jessa.-y to regalate taeii;;ti. i.n th hatching room, [see hatching] when their eggs are incilK/cd arti ticially — which needs extra expense and knowledge. About ''ventilation'' these golden liints are given : i^-.- ;ii ■ outside- air circulate freely in the cocoonery, especially in th:) .i^hts and 2b^ TE:/;PERATUR:^, <':■ '.■ ;-.::t:; AT ^ON. days in which t\v^ .lir is-saitry'. la Uu^ in : set said openings should be shut u]), only enough to save the (Cat- erpillars [which otherwise '>ou-ld not nu)ve al)out and protect theni- ■ielvrs] and when the dang(?- is over they should be wide o])en again, c^^resh air is tin* tirst necessity foi- larv^e(as \vi* will iind on dissecting one of them), thence 'though it is vahiable to shelt(M' tliem fi(im at- •nosph(U'ical pheiiomenthi f distuibancesj yet it i-^ alwMVN (-alamilous ■o kee|) them locked up. The celebrat(?d chemists ivi'gnault and Keisrt ha\e foimd that (h«' Silk--('at(U'j)illars in lu'eathiiig !nuke use of a> mucii (rxy^j^v.n [ iv,- jifr :)art of the nirj as an (»x. or a hor.-M', ///' cvfn .'rcif/U' .' that is, taken :'Xce|>tions of their different natural siz(^ ; but it snu-l i)c also ujkJ'.'i- -tood that in summei* an ox ,or a horse, wouhJ not liv<' in a stal^l'' s'liieh ]■< not large enough to oontr.in tifleen ui twenty tin;es more. the volunje of U^eif l)o lies. The ab'.tV(^ jiarau'raph iplaii)]} slurvv-^ i hat to rear t(>o many Catci-- )ilt;irs ill one roo!]!, or on ojh^ >h»'if ]< rathi-r agaiiA-t. than in favor ?:• ;perat:jr -, v^^intilation, & fooi>. of tl.Mjir breathing plenty o'C. pu^^ air. Whichever niiirlit l)e tho. place for Silk-Cjitorpilhirs let it l>e well ventilated, clean, and free from ol)n()xious odors : admit till possible h'iire air and Nat- ur,';] (.utside lem|,)eratnre. Now this should be alwavy even ' 'Therefore, vriieii the bMnperatnre is 'Hoo high," give to the Cater [)iHr!rs fresbi h-aves oflpjier iiud it will lower, and when it is ^'too hnv," sapply Ic^x leaves to attain the n-vei'^e of it. [See '''Distri- t)u[i(U! of Meals/ '] II. S FOO!D„ Silk-Caterpillars, like nil other Caterpillars, feed on a ])a:'tleular kind of leaves, which does not agree with the taste of the others. Until lately Silk-Cati^rpillars lived only on mulberry leaves, but not rdl kind of such leaves were v/no^e ome for th-^m, for: if the mnlljorry-ti'ces were uot highly cultivated (by gr.; fling, pruning, manuring with vegetable j-efuse, etc.) they either decayed or killed tlu^ Cateripillai's. Now it is useless to spe:dv here :'.')out this kind of foixl abnost so rare in Anun'ica that with it woni^* n(>t ])e reareei Caterp.illars enough to eJlow one silk ^Mtow" to ea< '. of our genth: sex ! Therefore v.e will speak of :nK)ther kind of i\)od, which i- ju:-t as good if not better, (because more whoU-.oiue) tbnn die mid berry leaves. This food has been already hinted to the lovers of Silk-rulture, aud is the osa^/e orange leaver. As they are so widely ;r.ne\vn here^ in the west and south-west, we do not describe th(M:n. ;' \h^M we v»ith the same kind of leaves — a plaii: impossibility when tlie following is pondered. Tlien here below we put the different varieties belonging to one speeie, {Bornbyx mows) : 3-l)ndfi Albay Millkaiilus, JVigra, Ihis- ^ian.j 0/1/ na^ Japponkas Fillipp^^ie, etc., e c, and find dircetly tliat, as high eiviiization has been tain [jering on the natural rights of the uiimal kingdom, so it ]ja.s also done on the proclivities of tlie /egetable one. No wonder if th*> Silk-Cas. are stru -k with terribh; md destructive epidcvmics. V/liai it i-- pur[)()rl:od to Icivo l>eon a •7.'/ii76'-6e/';'y-produeing-mnlI)erry-tree has b.^Mnnc riow clianged by speculators in rofie. dark^ blacky pviplf-:, .'(lor. cr live I » ) lies pic..- dueing mulberries, In- grafting over and over again. .Xnd to be short, the properties that wore found in the mulberrv trees, liave. been lost or have become poisonous and :ii-e ag'dn>t the Silk-C.'a'r. We. c[iu see h^-^w vomixicA is vhe liber of tlie osage leaves, but we can only see how optn is tha,t of fhe ni-nberry. How ('an it jje told, tlioji, that the mulbei'iy heaves are mo/e w!u>!e-;ioine and als'* more 28 DIS7P. IBo'i'ION OF r.lL'ALG. piodiKifivc. "W'iiolesome !... filled with vibrio, ^h, fai}f/o.sidit.'f, ani- ntcilcuIeA,^ mirroscd^u'iii. i' te? .niu'.-eryniers we sav : Stick tr> one vari- ty (if iiiulberrv and hcitter it with approved eultivatioii, and then, withisi fit't}^ yi'ars, this ^ast counti*}', Tjorhaps, will pT-odiice maeb silk froMi inulheiTv-treeh^. But to Caterpillar breeders, we add. ratiier tha») to wait Hfiv years, go ahead now with your Araericari silk-})lant, which, does not need to be selected before you feed, which never becomes yellow or covered with "rust spots" or '^sweets,'* and is avoided hy all other insects jind atoins. To young Caterpillars must be given J'oung leaves not quite d(;eply green ; to grown ('aterpilhirs must be given older leaves and of deeper color. This management is not hard to accninplish, when it is consid- ered that the Cater[)illa.r's eggs are |)ut to hatch about ten davs after the trees have commenced buddhig. [See Hatching.] The damper the season ( if the eggs a.re hatched too early or if "the seascn is late") the moie it is necessury that the leaves must be thoroughly //^^s7^ cnid dry ! Thcicfore they must not ue (jath- EUED bp:foue sunshine oil AFTER SLNSET, cspcciallv when dew or fog make them damp. We have already told how to evaporate them when they are wet by show(^rs. III. DISTRIBUTIOi^ OF MEALS. As a rule *the Cateri)illars should receive f^tt^ndif liriid ineah which should be repeated as soon as they Jire eaten.* But as it is, of no use to give a rule, which will not be observed, vvc sav : it i^ absolutely necessary to give at least six meals a day, at about the following times : The first at sunrise — () a. m., or thereal)Out ; the 29 r:STR':BurioK o;- :.: ;.. . . secoiu; urr ast— 9 a. m. ; the third before ii()o:i~ll a. lii. ; -^^ ^^'^^^''^' ■ oon— .2 p. in., the iltth befoi'o sinisi^t— 1> p. m. ; ih(? sixth bc'forv >-et,iriDg--10 p. m. ''When the Caterpillars an^v oung riiev must Iiave one single layer of leave;? f^)'r their ineal.'' ^'^^'^ P'^^ '^ -' - 'ii> h'aves, one after an(jrlu)r, and if they devour •hem hi onc-iinlf of an hour, feed again. /SVdc/t/y Ferdhuy give^ a little more tronbl.^ hut as it shortens the ^ife of tlu^ (^aierpillais, it is to be far niore r(>eommended. • In taet, when the Caterpillars live loss time, Ihey are less liable to get diseas-d. On tiijs verv point ^! the Old World, ihev rear the Cat- ^rpilhuN by n.eans of arfificml heat, the contrivance-, to obtain which, .^re expensive and difficult. But in this connti'v where rhe ^umtne]- heat sets in [>efore the vegetation has attained its full -Cn>vnh, it will not be dilricult lo obtain .-nough heat for the (\iter- ■'ilhu-s wluMi the^e come forth, at about the latter part cd' April, ^n ihi. ease, if 1 hey aie fed :;nd well cared after, they wilUpin •lunr eoeoo.is ii, about thii'ly -eight days. Therefore. ssVa^^ the ■vcMlher i^ vei-v warm, the Caterpillars should be fed UgliUir ^x^<^ ^ft^n.'n^. and. when the nights are also verv warm, then an extra feed should he given to thorn late in the evenii «:. ( 12 ]>. m. ). i^nnn th(^ above ii appears thai: the Caterpillars u r jes. leav 's '•'^^^^ it is <•()(>] than when it is wnrai, but they use the sa i : q i n- % during their existence anyhow. i>:>caa^o uhe:i iyv^l tiiov live ong,.r. ■\'\M^ leav,-. must be distribute i alwavs cv^^-Vy at i.-x-^A feed. ^ecaM«_' otherwise some CaLerpillars \rA ]>e dr>uj, and as the^ -row udTiM morespaee. so in pr-^poriiou ^.--t b,; increased the qua ;ritv „f 30 ....... ,0... di.tnbutea. ^ESn<«s;;'tl VK.V. win ... founa „;., .„.,.;., .rticle edited for each .gc of the Caterp.Uav. IV. ATTENDANTS. 0„. ,....»<. ean attend to Caterpilhu's issuing fron> one ounce o^ ,„„., . ,,1, „„f,, the seeond mmat ; after that period it ,s needed an- 3;: :/togathe. the leave, and at the la.t age (after tne lh..WO. at h.t,two other person, are neeessary to eollee. ;;;;;: ^,^,., j,„„,,, ,0 m-ing then. hon. and help al.onVehang,n. the littrrs, prop^irin-- the cotta-es, &e. r^.The oriaina, Japanese breed are rather h..,y n. ehnd.u.g «, ,h;:;-::.tta.e. and son.et,ime. would .pin then eocoons an.ong.t the Lr. therehv depreeiating their (the <.o..oon.) value, taerefo e ;;":;;., hand-sh,>ald be re,uired to^.s-A them to the eottage. ..h the means shou-ii hereafter. PiSlf Ifl CAllS its AIL A€;-18. Good food, pure air, nuu.h space and perfeet cleanliness e.nnoi „e Leful if Caterpidar breeders do not know the folU.vn.g part.c- "T^T, . O..KUA. WAV. S,.K-CATK.r.n..AU BuKKO.HS TJ^BM WE... T>MB K.M.... nKTWBE. BACH -mov.t' of the Catcrpdh.r .;,, .earing of which we will now consider in- the foliown.g d.s.nct articles : CaterpUlnrs Mori/r (that is, ./.er?, or c/.an^., the.r^ al.iost mMs- ib^e sH/i ) four times duriniJ; their shoit life. Wh!n tlev reach each ti.ne of MO...sa they loose th.ir appeute ,„, „,:„,„ o;e:- the leaves, without eating then,, where v„ey take an 31 MOULTING, CONTINUED. ;ili;iost upright position with the fore-part of then* body, as will b(3 .shown liereiu witli cuts For a (Imv or more jn-io^' to each change, the laj-va (J) seems !;in^»'ni(l, refuses food, k)osc.s its beautiful pearl-white coh)r, and undergoes this important change. Fastening itself by its legs to the surface on which it standi, it twists and contorts the fore-part of the body until t!ie skin splits .-ilonijc the l.)ack, and by progressive contortions and motioas it withdraws the whole body through this rent. The skin, when cast, is often so entire that it may be mistidvCK for tlie larva itself. After each 'moult' the lar\a appears weak and languid ji rain, vvhile the whole body is extremely soft, and is very wet. A f(^w hours' exposure to the air, lowever, gives tenseness to tlu^ mem- branes, and it soon l)eg!ns dovoai-ing its food with a gr.'aier appetite tluin ever. Altliough the body of the Si.k-Caterpillar increases in size fi'om day to day, yet all its segnjcnts become, daily, more tenser and vtompact, until the enveloping skin is v.o longer capal)ie of contain- ing them : then it 'sheds', and directly after the moult the' l)ody grows more rapidly. So, people will hardly believe that the body of a Caterpillar tiiat has just mo ilted is, after the first moult three times larger than before the change ; — after the second weighs four times as niuch as it did before : — after the tliii'd wt'ighs tv.'elve limes more : — after the fourth, twenty ;— when full p:ri)\\-n, fv)rty. (i) The larva is the state of the insect im mediate Oy after it is hat(!hed from the egg, in which condition it eats voraciously, sheds its skin several times, and has the power of locomotion, but not that of j)ropagation. 32 POSITIVE CARES FOR ALL AGES No\y, when tlie Cfi«;erpiri3>i";^> are at this stage, in which tb.ej ■>-'- main from 12 to 24 hoiuYs they must not be fed, othciwise (as tleir metamorphosis is .Vlvancin;: -I'Sid they are unable to go about) thej vfoujd be burled under tlio liavos and, not beinir '.n contar;! wilh the air, would ^r':^ a longer t^me to 'be undressed'. " Besides, it must be knov/n that if the Caterpillars a'e ifot kepi s- rf^rily, hy means of the rules _?iveii below, they cannot moiiLT, "al- most, nl] at t'le same tnne" : thence, it happens that, oc the same litter, or shelf, some undergo xoultiag tind some are unable to do it : in this case, of course, a number of them does not need food and another does. Then now, a bad Goiiundruiii should be so'vcd because, if the needy ones arc fe:I, those not so are injuried, being not in contact with the air ; and if, to avoid such, these are not fed, the (»thers wib suiTor for want of food. To avoid this difficulty in i-enr'ng Silk-Caterpillars it is needed eveness on each shelf. II. EVEI^ESS. To kecj) the C;iterpil]ari evexly nriist be ol^served the folIo^^ing riit s which., allowing more heat to those hatched later, give them a pi'sli to vi\HA\ those issued from the (::-r,^3 soonnor: — 1 . Thoie hatched the iirst day mu;]t be put on the lower shelf of ;: swinger and kept rJl by themsclvcr^ ; those hatched tlie sec- ond d:iy nui?t be put on the nert shcC ; those hatched the third day on the thb'd shelf, etc. 2. The \)od must be distributed evenly to all the Caterpillars, i. c. gcp.ily spreading (al)out) the same amount of leaves to all. • ). If after oiu^ or two hours, all the Caterpillars occupying a shelf are not resting to moult, those which are yet hungry must be removed from said shelf and })at on another — this 0})eration be- ing done as in the following [)aragra})hs on changing and snACi-:. 38 POSITIYS CARES FOR A.L AGKS, VriioD Cateri)ir!;irs ;ire tiH^iited as above, durino- their life, they v.lll iu)t 1)0 ti'oir^'lesome, because breeders will haxe always a luuu- b?r of them MorLTiXG and anotlier number eating-whieh arraiigc- i:ioiil peniuts a good distn])i tioii of cares, avoids waste of food t.iid favors tlio health, of tlu' Caterpillars ; also lessens the work. Ill CM AN CI MQ. Vnien the Caterpiihirs nmst be cmanged from the old litters (whicli is explaijicd hei'eiii) they must be attracted by fresh appe- tizing leaves to some place. Therefore, when they are young they must be attracted with tlie leaves on the 'p^rforaied paper and when old they can he changed hy feeding them with young shoots, or smali branches with fresli lea\'es. It has been already explain.ed how to make the 2)erf orated paper. Xovr take a sheet of such paper and lay it on the Caterpillars ; or better: cover all tiie Caterpillars laying on a shelf with sheets of such papex, situated one next to another ; then spread leaves on the sheets. After you have done so, repeate the same doing with all the other Caterpillars that must be removed ; then go to the shelf you tirst ''springled with leaves" and see if the greatest number of the Caterpillars have crowded through the holes on the fresh leaves. If they did not so, wait a while ; if they did, take one of the ''per- forated sheets", by its diagonal corners, and carry it to the nearest empty shelf. Lay it there and go to take the others and i)ut them one next to the other until the sludf is covered with them. IVhen that is accomplished, look if any Caterpillars are left in the old litters. If you iind any of them, remove them to a shelf KEPT PURPOSELY FOR THE LAZY AND DISEASED ONES ; tllCU reUlOVC the litters, either rolling u}), from end to end, the 'straw-patjcr' whereon thev are or sheet ])v she^t. POSITIYS GARrlS FOR ALL AGES. il^^^If the litters of the yonng Caterpillars appear well cov- ered with silk-web, it indicates tliat a irood silk ])rodiu'in«- hreed is kept on hanil. After tlie al)ove, the shelf is ready to eontaiii some Caterpillars agaiii-and so on with all the old litters and shelves. And that is the operation of changing, or, cleaning the litters of the Caterpillars . If yon tijid difficulty in removing the 'perforated pa[)ers' filii^eii wirli C^iterpillars, use half sheet ; or i)etter : pull a sheet on a ^ina, traij as large as a sheet of sfraw 2)u]}er (of which tray we spoke v\ No. 5) and then lay it on a clean shelf, as already wi'itteu. Wlien the Caterpillars are full-grown they can be su})p]ied witli /ouiig shoots without bard thorus-if they are fed on osage. In tlii,^' ' ase it is not necessary to use the 'perforated paper', because thi^ slioots can be taken on the trays and then replaced on another shelf. Sometimes the Caterpillars do not ?/Ioult all within one or two hours on ihe same .-helf : then again, after moulting, they must ha\e more space than they did before : therefore it is evident thai wlicn they are changed then more s])ace must be given to them, be- cause after each ^foi'LT they grow largei'. So, if a shelf is crowded with Carerpilhirs it should be covered twice witli 'perforated paper', that is, a number of the Caterpillars nnist be removed with the tirst hif/ing on and the rest with the sec- nd (which makes two shelves from one) : the fev^^ tarch/ ones to be put separately. IV SPACE. The Caterpillars must be ke])t PosrnvELY uncrovvded. I'hey can be seen on the shelves either crowded as jnits around the mouth r-" an aiit-hill, or as a swarm of ants v/itliin a few feet of their nests, [f thev are s< attercd. like in tlie latter case, thev have 'sp^Ayr-' e~ POSITIVE CARRS FOR ALL AGKS iiouii'li : but when they are almost one above auotht^i-, like in tli^.^. former, they must be divided. This is done not only when the Cat- erpillars are 'changed' but also by puttins: fresh leaves where the\ appear Rway'yniu'j and, after awhile, removing said leaves (or shoots ^'limbed by Caterpillars) to a more ope)) place of the same shelf — a w^ay to keep even all the lauvas on one given surface. Should a whole shelf be over-crowded, then it must be nvidr sparse at once, occupying one or more shelves with its su})erabundant (Cat- erpillars — in this case to be removed, quicker, with the 'perforated paper', which must not h^ -pulled, in this case, but must be lifted in order not to hurt those laying under it.j KS^^^ the silk-web on the litters is too thick, it shows that the Caterpillars are too man3/ together (i.e. have not enough 'space' ) and therefore they must be thinyied. --Vd*>i* ^^fi'>icdP>*-3 -r fi. ^f §1), #f %§r^^. Owinj>; to •Miioncpoly and fnuid" Caterpillars' eggs are nov. ijccoining more atod more' unreliable. In hwX ; formerly it wasonh important to detect wortlilet?>-; eggs, but at present— fi^ult of ih. importers of Japrriieso medicated silk and inferior breed of Cnter pillar-eirixs one must look out for the ^ 'cheap breed" (given away. even, free to depreciate the value of the American silk) and try t^ rear'only those Caterpillars whose silk l)eing acknowledged to bf. the best coujuuinds better prices. Ill order that i)eoph' may know what they buy we give the folic w ing rules : The examination of the seed becoming niore and more important must be made iirst on the outside, and then, a little time befon hatching, with a powerful microscope. The principal characteristics of good seed are, externally : a per feet resembhmcc among the eggs, viz. : the}^ must be all of tht same size, hav« all almost the same color and the same little de- pression in the middle ; they must also stick to the place when thev were laid by the butterflies and must be absolutely odorless Jni)anese and bivoltine eg*!^ are usually smaller than the Italian an nuals, ''so being also their coming Caterpillars." If the eggs wen laid one next to anotlier, regularly, it is a proof that the l)utterfly layini:- thenj was heidthy and lively, but if the eggs are laid in litth' heaps, it ma}- signify that they might h{iv<^ been sickly. Fruitful oirus belona'iiig to the y^^How-cocoons-bcst-producing breed are like the white spots in this cut. TYii^y have u v'o'el coh;:- wiuii s/ougiio in FriMuary; appear dark- si-;sD OR i-:ggs, co:v:\l^u.i[.. gray when bought in March ; bought near hatching time they a, - near lio-ht viohjt, but obscrvmn' thciii eh)selv their .-lu'll i.s cleafjy distinguishable and their inside is uviwW bhick — which is the litth" Caterpillar body ready to eoint^ forth. Besides, evcj-y now and J.hen, a little cracklmg, caused by :ni invisible split in the sholU can be distinctly heard among them. These eggs produce only once a year, no matter what scientific ])ro(:ess might be employed to foiee them to life oftener, and, therefore," ai-e called annuals. Forty thousand (round number!) of them weigh ovie ounce. Fruitfal eggs of the white eocoons-producing-brecd have the oame characteristics and weight of the above. The white cocoons of this breed are very fine, but owing to the fact that they are eas- ily soiled by the Caterpillars, and in handling, their prices are al- ways cut dowr. unmercifully ! Fruitful eggs of a breed producing cocoons white, light yellow ■ind deep yellow, have a light olive color: these cocoons are the pest of the silk actually raised here in America ! Kggs about the same weight. Fruitful eggs of aW polivoUines, that is, eggs that will hatch over and over again in one year, have about the same color of the yellow cocoons breed, but about 45,000 of them w^ill weigh one ounce. Cocoons lighter than the annuahs. Fruiifd Japanese eggs, light green, straw or wdiite, have color bright violet, etc. About 54,825 of them weigh an ounce ! Lighter cocoons still, and the cheapest ! ! ! Urfruitful ^g^s are ea&ily detected by everybody when they arc dried up ; but it must be known that all, either reddish or yellow eggs, are unfruitful v:]ien bought. The eggs can also be examined hy their i oh hg'O:^? (jomtinu;;;^. tlitni, wliiJst one \s r.nd })nt them oii a small piece; of .^dass, situated o.i so;i!t' while j)aper : then wet them Avithi a. (h'op of eommon iim inoi:ia ; If tiiev hl eji*!:-^, breed of egi]a})es, tlu^y are disea>ed. \ microscopical examir.:itiori can be taken only with powerful and expensive microscopes, and a-- these are not at tlu^ service of all the peoi)le, we don't give here a,n exphuiation about ii, h{^[nng that what we have said here a!)o^'e m"ghi be of good use to r.lL Wdien the ('a.terj)iilars luiv(^ been well reared, v.'ill produce ('ocoons, \('l.ow or v.!i:te (according to bre(si) weigliing 2o3 [)ei lb. against ;>;':^ of Ja[)aiiese breeds Then the xalue of tlie forme!' i^- double or ti'eble tiiat of Viie latvc:*. \Xc end t ' s artleie bv tcliiig our renders, that the !)esi eggs ar*'- o:) hatch: II G . those described as above and th;ii tiiey can ])c .-old on ]j'.i'vc^ of paper — board, |}apcr or linen, avIi;- eon the l^iterpiihirs laid them. Then, if buyers oi c\irg- receive -.. ached or loose eenses, whilst iXw latter have required only one month. Do not fear the heat then, no matter what is said against it. We have reared Caterpillai's here in the months of Jalj/ and August, and have had good pro- duce after the lapse of tv»enty-four days only. (When too warm do not forget to feed li>jht and often.) Hatchvig must begin when it is known that enough little leaves can be gathered and supplied to the rising little Caterpillars. Then 40 HATCHING. vv'hen on the, lOtb or 15lh of April wc see the trees fijrly budded, we must bring the seed in the h.atehing room. (Any room will do only it irmst be supplied with a stove, thermometer and shelving, Vv'hercon to ]Hit the eggs .'ind keep the young worms for ii few days. ) In the lirst four days in Vvhieh the seed has been |)ut in the liatching room, the temperature mu-^t ije, night and day, not below 50 degrees frt., and not above 5-5 ; in the next four d;iys, not i)el()vv- 55 and not above TtO ; in the next four days from 60 to 65 ; then adf] a degree of heat every day until it has reaehed 77 degrees. This last tem]Kvrature must be kept in the hatehing room in the time the Caterpilhirs are eomlng forth as well as through all their lirst age. 'rh(^ seed cim be put in the hatehing room, cither stuck on the paper l)oards vvdiere they had been laid or in a little square box as here below. In both eases the eggs should be touched with a solu- tion of common s:ilt in order to destroy any corpuscle which might have wintered on the shell, and also in order to wx^aken the shell and so help the little insect to pierce thr(>ugh it. This hatJi of sail water is applied to the (i^^'Ji'o stuck on paper, etc, with a soft vret rag or sponge, but if the eggs are detached or loose, the}' can be dipped in. salt water outright, ruid after having been kept tliere for a C(>u[>ic of minutes, they must be spread to dry on blotting paper. When they are dried they must i)e put (each ounce) in two boxes six by eight inches, (or ten) about one inch deep. Over this box nuist l)e iixed a piece of tcuiaian or white mosquito net, (for pur- poses exj)lained in the article oi\ first aje) and so prepared tlicy are kept, as t:ie i^-^i^jx^ on paper in the hatching room, in the Iap^>o of ten or tifieen days, the eggs put to hatch become a light-i' luu] wlii'er color, ih^^ little Cater|ui]ars are sei^u in them, a clic':iag h 41 heiird and a few Jbrc/iinner^ avQ t^oen issuing forth. Soin^:^ poojiU' suir2:A(^/(//?:c of their near |)assing army) why cannot they foretell also being taken care of— the ap[)r();ic!i of their going to spin their cocoons? It is no trouble at all to take care of sich a few, and they will n^mind you of the siuv time in which tlum- kind are i>:oing to hatch, to shed their skin, to cat, to be voracious, to spin, etc., then^fore be merciful with them. The youni>: insects come forth almost always at the second and third hour after sunrise. One ounce of eggs wluui progressively iiatched, takes two or three days oidy to produce, but otherwises takes four, live and even eight days — in the latter cas(vs the n^aring becoming more difficult as we explain in next article. g'^^The rule about the warmth of the weather, given iii tlie head of this article, cannot be applied to the n.nmy different climates of jhe States possessing 'osage plants', because the leaves of osage are 'Hlangerously affected" by showers and the hot rays of tlu^ sun. On this account (to avoyd the, almost suddenly, 'thickened sap' of said leaves) it is absolutely important for the prosperity of Silk Culture in those States where the temperature is too inconstant to st;ard the hatching of the eggs vvhen the heaves an^ just budding. In this way, it has been experimented that tlie Cater])iilars come up all right. But, now, must be used artificial heat. This can be easily 'pio- vided either witli the house or with the kitchen heating apparatus ; any of which being n-ed must have a degi'ce of moisture, whicli is procured by constantly keeping on the stove a kettle full of water, containing a little pulverised lime. WORMS do always well in 42 FIRST AGE. ill newly white-waslied houses, and are never reared in the kitchen To keep the Caterpillars warm by means of the direct heat emanat- ing from Ji cast-iron stove [especially if new] it is to procure the Jl acidify in them. FAULTS IN HATCHING. People unacciu'iinted with Silk-Culture, detach the little e<''<>-sfroni the j;)lace wliere they were laid, rubbing, loosing and crushing most of them ; then they put them under the mattress, in the sun, or ii. their breasts at a temperature of 85 to 95 degrees; this is not //r//c// /;/{/: it is h:i]f-cooking the Silk-Caterpillars' eggs — which are kept in a little bag wherein are mixed up bad eggs, shells, little Diulberry leave.^ and little worms together. Then this is the foun- dation of the silk-rearing disasters, and it is no wonder that man-^ l)reeders (loho attempt to rear ivitJi another person and with such bad hatch in J process, Caterpillars issuing from four or five ounces oj ''J [is) scared}^ '^c^i \ii\\ or fifteen pounds of bad cocoons. CAEIS Mf AILEliei 14< hm. FIRST ACE. Caterpillars just hatched from the eggs are as large as in the cut. If they have citiier a deei) (chestnut or a u.uK color, they are hcallliy; but if they are reddish or l)lack, they have been hatched I adlv, are sickly and will give triable ; bettor throvv them away.. At about noon .'incl six iionrs after, galJier the little (Caterpillars, putting tender K^-^^vji^i:^. o - mulborry leaves on them, or on the isios- 4a F I R S 7 AGE. quito iiol— ahoiit v:\v.ch. iuis already bctc:! sp()ko:i of. Let the leaves reniaiii so for al-MKit one; hour a:id tiu^v will soon he covered with buiidieds of Caterpillars, 'i'ake, then, each leaf again verv carefully aiid from t]\Q. j)edicJe, and lay 1 hem one after anotlier on a sheet of straw [)a])er, which you must Ijave jib'eady situated near the hatching •\:rs : when this paper is full pul! it on the ,'imaJI frcr// and sitiiate h on a lower shelf, and there p. -.:. also all tlu^ other sheets of straw p:iper covered with leaves ful oJ little Cater[)illars c/afhered the tirsi time. When you f/o'fher the Caterpillars the next dtiv, put them on the above shelf and so on. Such treatment is needvMi to kec^p them ( rt^n, X <-oiiple of hours aftei you have (lafJiercd the young Caterpil- hirs, feed them with well cut up leaves. Do not mash tlu^ leaves when you cut them u[), but aftei- having made a little l)uuch, cut them :is ^nndl as a hair, if ])()^sil)le, with a shai'p knif(>. Lny, then, these sharinr/s, erejil'/ on tlu^ Caterpillars and repeat such as soon as they dry up. Wlien you feed idlow always niMve rooat to the Cater[)illars. (See paragra})hs on. space and iiATrniN^;). The color of the little Caterpillar^ originate from hairs, with which their body is covered, although their skin is r(>ally irJiitisJi, and their snout black and shining. \\'hen they are three days old thev become hungrier, their head whitens and their bodi(vs are a dark yellow. On the fourth day they a[)pear y('lh>iris]i-bluf ; on the fifth, their appetite lessens, and on the end of the sixth day they rest for moiM^ing. The first cut on next page shows the Cater- pillars m 'd. moidthf/ attitude, which is .v/ZZ/y^cxv, //pad mvoU en, fore- part of hodt/ elevated. lu all the MOUi/nxG hours, care, must be taken that the Cater- pillars are not struck by a "sudden change of temperature :'* there- fore, to the wdndows and all other openings must be given the 44 S E C O r ■. AGE. proper attention. Neither mast they feel sudden shocks; henc^^ eare must be taken in moving, "with more consideration in th»^ ujoiiltinp!: hours", the swingers on which they are laying. CatcrpHhirs should not {>e kept more crowded than they are seer. in the above engraving. BivoUine issuing from the eggs are a little smaller than the Cat- erpilhirs of lirst cut. In all this age no more than twelve pouna^ of leaves are needed. For food wanted daily and in each ao-e, se-e table published in this Directory. SECOflD ACE. One or two hours after CaterpiHars are moulted^ thov begin U look for food, wliich must be given to them on the small-sized per- forated straw paper (page 1^^) in order to change them. (See changing). Caterpillars issued from one ounce of eggs will occupy at this aire fro ui twelve to ♦'rhteen sh^^rts of straw pap(M", according'* tc the number of them 1 rou2:lit sa't\ iv to this time. Thev iro throuo-'i this second age iu l-?ss time ti;:in in the former — that is, in tiv^ days. When just moulted the ' ,-st time their heads are aboux three-fold larger than befon; an(i are w'litish ; their body has a dari- gray color whicli ccnitinually beco^n'^^s dearer unti! it takes an ash- colored hue and :i little y<>]if)\vi At this time two liitle curvec ,iiies are perceived on their buck, as ^ ; l)esi(]t\>--, their body's length increase^ [if they are healthy] to the size represented in the above v,'ii<>:raviiii>:, and their weio'ht is. iihnost six times greater tlian that of their lirst ai>e. On the third day they must be elianged again and nituated on fi'oiM -ixteen to twc^iity-foiir sheets of paper. AV^hen fiiev i-est for the .'■■(^cond moult \\\v\ are almost transparent and h)ok as in the first cut here beh)W. Food about I'.iirty. eight po.uids. ; See table). THIRD ACE. The medium si/.e of Caterpilliirs are now tlius : This aire lasts nearly seven davs. The Caterpillars must be cJianged, as has been shown for the previous age. As soon as they begin to look for food they are changed and situated on from twenty-four to thirty-six sheets of straw paper. After the fourth day they are changtd again and put on from thirty-six to iif(\' sheets of paper. When just moulted the t^econd time they seem pearl-colored — some of them looking speckled. At this stage of their life they always become more clear and white ; they also in- crease twice as large and four limes as heavy, and when they rest 46 7 O "J R T H A O E . in woalt the third tuiu\ they appear as in the next out: The CaterpiUars are kept almost always fno crowded, and \n rhangiivf them many of them are thrown away with the litters. Tiic' h'aves are kept too much piled up, and when gathered an- pounded into the bags or Iniskets. The k^ayes will ferment or at kMsl sweat, whieh is enough to ruin the ))est party of Caterpillars. FOURTH ACE. ( Rules jziyen in the different ages of Silk-Caterpillars are meant fov the number of CaterpiUars issuing from one ounce of Qg^^.) (\iterpillars go through this age in seven or eight days. Afte^ having just moulled ihi^ third time (as well as iif all their other moults) they appe:u- for a few hours rather f*-eble, being stil- until wh(n their very delicate skin, and pariiciilnriy their snoots, are gr>)yn iirm ; after having bee i in coiitai^t w ah the air, the;^ they^acquiic strength, look for food, lose their light lerm cotU, color, ^vhich they had after tiie moult and become more white, daily. Now, it can be \Qvy well perceived if they have been eat 47 F . F T H A G S . inp;, by seeing ti. ' eight segirK-iiis [oi- riijg.^J of {-lei: bod'-e; to ap- pear of a grcciiidli hue. At this time of their lif >, rhev g/ow as large as the above engraving, whieh has been taken afier nature. When Silk grou-ers find their CaterpiUars about as large as those herein sketched [unless they are bivoltines'] they ean ho[)e for a good success, a- «ve!l as when the Caterpillars moalt, resting about in rhe-same po^idon as the foUowiiig : Feed as in the 1\ible. After rnoaUliiy the f(»urth time, and when they move the forepart of tJie body in search of leaves, they must receive them on large perforated pa})er and be changed. This llnic [if a great many of them have been reared safely] tliey must occupy about eight}^ sheets of straw paper or from six to eight shelves. <)x3 feet. On the fourth day they must be changed again, and put on from 80 to 120 sheets— eight to twelve shelves. The Cater- [)illars are not injuried by cold weatJier ; they only need good food, plenty of pure air and cleanliness ; that is, they must never lay on old litters^ and what is worse, o\\ fermented litters. To avoid odors, better ^change' in the early morning hours. Do not give too maiiy leaves at once. [See Table.] But if the weather is cold, they do not est so much : whilst they will eat more than is ealculated if it is ver}^ warm, and the iattin- (-ase is better bocaust^ (hey become ripe ,:i, but after that time they must be covered with leaves one or t\\o inches dee ^, siv times in twenty -four hours, and if they linish them in less than half of an hour, they must receive more : in short, they ??2K.s'/^ eat continuously; if otherwise, they vvill spin bad c(,c'0()ns. If tlie season is very warm, the leaves must bo giver- in less quantity and oftener. Total amount of leaves eaten by nearly 39,000 Caterpillars is about 1,300 pound;. At least every other day the Caterpillars must be cha igcd in this age. If many Caterpillars have not b.'cn lost in previous ages, and if the weather is ver}' damp, it is better to situiite Uwm in more than twenty-foi.r shelves, as shown in the table. To make it eas} chang,3 tie Caterpillais at four different times of the day, a part each time. Wb.en they are chang >d on the seventh day of this age, the sheets of straw paper must nol be Japped, on the shelves (as it :-• . F T H A (} j! . must litive becM! 'toLie before), but must be situated there one inch apart from eacii other in ordei* to arrange the dvij shn'js ^p^ige 2o] among them. Should the 'iiiters' appear veiy damp, and if it be impossible to ehanire, it is ii ■ >f.il to sprinkle them wilii crambled straw. Woe to the (^alerpillar breeders, now, U ihey shut up windows, doors or any ;iir-ho]e ; if they do, they jeopardize their iiieoming silk crop. AVe spoke of this already. If it is too hot, sfvin(/ the outfit a Avhile. If the sun's rays strike the Caterpillars, overshadow them with paper, linen, etc., and if it is dam[), waif, but do not shut the openings of the cocoonery ; remember this, and in a few days you will be rewarded for the pains taken in the short forty days (or less) of cares. *^*The above paragraph is limited only when a wind-storm is raging, in which case small apertui-es will [)roduce a little draft, which can supply all the needed air. To avoid odors carry the litters a little off, let them dry in the sun, and they will also be a good winter fodder for your live stock. Caterpillars after their Jouvth moult, which can last even two days or more, (if the temperature is low and if they are in good health) when undressed of their fornuu" skin, have a terra cot, a color; next to this they show from their tail up, a transparent yel- low rosy tinge, which advances onward toward the middle of the body, until it becomes all of the same appearence — very much like A piece of amber examined through the light. If the Caterpillars are of the white-cocoon-producing-breed they do not appear to be of a yellow rosy hue, but they hvq jjeJlncid, nevertheless. When the Caterpillars appear so they are near to become ripe for ^^pianing ihQiv i)>.. .<((((^^ 52 l'v^>,%^'s^,^^%^*,^**%%%^%^%%'%^^^^^%^1iefoi'(' the Ciiterpilhiivs hiive reached tliis stage of their litV' Silk-growers must hS^v^e prepared the dry ])rash-wo()d, turnip- stalks, heath or hay, etc., etc. Now four or live days before the Caterpillars are ripr, any of thf above brush nnist coniiuence to be arranged on the shelves. This i.*; *ione as f(;il()ws : After tlie tine stems of some of the shrubl)ery hav. their silken shrouds, usually c;died cocoons. On the above fine stems of brush-wood others, are added vnth care and wlie^ Mie num- ber of ripe CaterpHhi-s increases, sinall branches ju-o a-M<-l with 53 S H R 13 B -^ ' N G , the inferior part on the shelf and the superior one, opened lik< fan, laying on the shelf above as in this cut : ^^W?^^K^^ ^^i^S.1^ Mli«iipf| If ueith' r the brushwood noi* heath, etc., is on hand, shrubby- plants of ai'V kind will suit, provided that they are wi'il di'v branchy without leaves, thorns or little twiir^-, apt to mix u[) witli the outside web (floss silk), and particularly not very crowdy or thick in order that the air may circulate freely also for Caterpillars ripening later. This brush must be high enough to fit between two shelves and form an arch under the upper one. If //ay is used it nuist be tied up very loose with twine and made to suit the .same purpose. When almost all the Caterpillars have climbed on the shiubs, some well seasoned leaves (not dry because they will crumble) of oak tree must be added among those which ramble around without going to work. The shrubs, by reason of their 54 |i\ little trkr the shiijc nf sninll coltii^^cs ns iii t\v.^ cut : (':!!•(' inu^l ]);• takoii th:'t the side h/iish do not coiiu' o'ltssde (}f lh«' i I'eucllli and leDiilh of ti.e shelves, ^ther\vi^^o ^on.e ('alei'jHlJsirs f./i! l<> t he i^- o;iiid. SIXTH AC^. T. ;;- period eoiiipreheuds ihv iiijie in whleh the picioa^ tarr^f <'ea;-hs.. l(? tahe uoiirislinieiir produces the silk (hope and ai/n of the hiik-( ;iUi[h;hir droedc^is) ^piiiiiiiig it in eoeooiis, in which en- .yh.!(>[.(h';l, it t r:\iisfoi-nis \{>v\f iiUo ;i c/tri/salis, until tiie time ir. which it !n<'tanioi'phosiz,'s it>cif a;^ain iiito a pei'fect insect— tiiat i>; into a !;;iticT'(|y. WduM! i\\i' Calerpilhir ; l)e_i>ii> to becoine ri]H;\ t-iat is, l)ecouie nearer to llieir uiosr d-.i -..tc traiisforuuition they muse continually hatlie in [)ure air, hut Jiow as weil as Vvdien they moult, they nui^t not feel sudden chan2"'s of tein[)eraturc. Neither cold noi" wjiimp Wc'athe]-, hurts wed fei, not overcrowded, often changed and well- aired Caterpilhirs ; they ni i^^r h^ protected orily from Huddei: .^ I :-: T H kGF.. chanires ol' teiviperature. When too warm do not admit too many people ill the cocoonery, and in rainy weather do not admit dam[) objects, ])ut ^vhil^;t a sudden cold weather or a bad Avind disturb and arrest the respiration of tlie I'aterpil ars, the want of air, if doors and windows are kept eh)sed, will choke a large swarm of Cater}>ilhirs in a single night. At this r.ge ii too h)ng al)stineiK'e may also be against the Cater- pillars, therefore if leaves should be wet, they must be dried artiii- cially (we said how in the first pa.ri) but the Caterpillars nuist not he in need of them a single hour. A\'e insist on the above adv i es h'ccause this is the e[)och of th(> disappoiiiinuuit for those who :.:ive reared the Caterpillars \\ithoui the due attention. Now at this time the Caterpi]i:.rs at vrork must not be disturbed ; therefore to cLcnif/e those Caterje.Hars which were not yet ri[)e, it is necessary to feed them with slioc^ts, and when they Inive climbed on them they can be removed t-,) another shelf; tlu^ litters tlu^n are gently swept on the dust [)an and carried out. If some ripi? Cater- pillars do not go to the shrubs th(^y can be mo\'ed with care a llltie towards and near them ; when only a few wanderers are left ann)nnr the cottages, it is l)etter to remo'.c them to another shelf with ready inade vshrubber}-. As a rule, Cater})illars climb; !\u-//*ee/// produce the best cocoons; \vhen such ones, after clind)ing empt}^ themselves of a few drops of clear water, they foretell an excellent silk produce. For neatness' sake, s[)rinkh> now a light layer of crmnpled straw upon the straw litters. Two and even three day.^ after the first Caterpillars climbed (if they are very healthy and the temperature is at from 80 to 85 de- SI L K--G AT H E R . HG. irrees) almo.-t all of them will Iiave climbed oii the shrubs, those exceoted which must be put bv themselves, as explained above. -~s-<:^ --^^ :;■ «r^ «^^ iAKEllit 1 Ml Sltt €l§F. I'^iree days after the fetr //zir^^^^e C.iterpillars have been removed to a sp -eial shelf (or in different word-^ : three days after the greatest number of Caterpillars have enveloped themselves in their silken- shroud ) the GATHEiviNG must be accomplished, and iritis done nmch later. Silk-growers run the risk to spoil the crop, for reasons giveu iKyreafier. This most delightful, cas\', i.i.d charming occupiition lasts, bv no m.'nns, a short time — VvMkmi about ;;cS,000 cocoons must hc' c'>:iec::cd. Then, in order lo do sooi^, as is required, it is a trcai aiKi a commodity to invite soi;..e family friends who willingly will nel[) in tliis last duty. l\ie uUiU)st care must ba taken i i order not to squeeze or masli the cocoons. Thence ; — The sh]-uus, laden whh the aiiuring pjecious silken shrouds, placed upon the bottc^m shelf of a 'Swinger' must be taken down first, and l)e situated on a clean place ; then all the others -piogressiy- elv- After this has been done, the cocoons must be gathered from each shrub and spread, about three inches deep in a dry place — sai/ on one or two well cleaned shelves covered with nev/ t)jiper. Now, whilst the cocoons are collected, they must be, strictly, assorted -taking away the soiled, the shapeless, all the double-co- coons, (i. e. those few very large and very hard, containing two &7 PRESERVING COCOONS. iXVYdd) and all the imperfect ones, which are those not being like 'Jie hirgest ni:iii})er. The size, if the cocoon is not otherwise worth- less and if the Caterpilhirs were v;ell fed, does not depreciate very :-iuch the crop. On this account Silk-growers, for their own interest -•should not mix stained cocoons with the tine ones, if thn' do the •vhole lot will he depreciated. At tliis stage all the cares of the Silk-grower should be over and :)nly the disposal of the crop should be looked after. Yet, to make ".his book Ciunplete, we give heie the next o])crai.!on pei'forin* d on :he new, or fresh, cocoons. As these cocoons are the sh.clter of the larva\ v« iieici:-. i!i«'\ l.c- cozne a perfect insect [tliat is, a buttei ily] so, w lien the ]:irvai nave cl-anged their forms, for the h:.»t t^me, the ];i1t< r I'lnrr th<* former and come to the liirht au;iin, thus : m ^0^ Isow the larvffi become butterflies vritliin 10 or 20 d.ns afcer ihey have enclosed themselves into the silk, the higher the tempera! '.iro, 58 PUESERVING COCOONS. the sooner they trMHsform ; and «*ifler they iire out of the cocooils they reproduce (see reproduction), but their shrouds after having been pierced cannot be reeled — i. e. wound off foi' making first class silk-'jonds. Then, in order to make the cocoons good for this o[)er:itiou, the comiiKj out (>f the buttertiies must be prevented. This is done, effectually and icnJtout spoiling tlie produ.ce, first by choking the shrouded insects with steam, and ih^^n )>y gradually drying their remains \n tlie cocoons. To stiHe, or choke, it is needed an apparatus wherein the cocoons ar(^ spread in different layers two or three inches high ; then steam is turned intf^ this uir-tight apparatus, for about tlite(>n minute?^, after tluil, hot-air is substituted in the room, and in doing so th(^ enclosed ii!-;K'[s become lifeless and dry, and the silky-shrouds cai! be ke>)t intact a \Qvy long time. Tsow the stiflir.g and drying~roo!i! is attached always to those establishments udiich buy the raw-silk — i. e. /re.s-A cocoons ; there- fore it is not to be recommended to the Silk-growers to attempt the stifling of the larva^ — particularly because in doing it ; — First ; steamed cocoons, if not gently and progressively dryed up, will mould, and becoming spotted will greatly depreciate : and second, they cannot Ix^ sold as soon as gathered, because if their builders are choked they must, also, be dryed to accertaln the weight of the silk, and to prevent the moulding of the silk. At any rate ; if in the past it has been recommended to the Silk- growers to ''stifle the coco^fis'' ( !) it has been because the buy<'rs 59 PRESERVING COCOONS. did not have nccomodjitions for doing it, or did not. know how to do so, or did not want the risk. But when this pi'oduce takes such a. short time to be raised, itisapitj to jeopardize it with opei-ations which do not beh)ng strictly to the grower : besides it is too bad that the industrious persons who work in early Spring cannot make any money (if any ! ) until late in Autumn— whilst the ^.tock s on hand and must be kept safely watched and stored ! About the -reeling' of the cocoons, by the Silk-growers, it ha. ■ een written enough on the fourteenth pag(\ Finally; those who raise silk to get a silk-dress, should cousidei- fhat it is easier surer and quicker to buy one with the nuxioy c::rned in a short ti?>ie, with the raised raw-silk, than by Wv'uvj; to mak.^ one, or to make chea]) handkerchiefs, with it. We found the new food for the Silk-Caterpillar, and we give the ^suggestions which make Silk-Culture a 7-eal possihUUy hen^. Wi^^^^r-^xtlfefec^^i m ,,,»»»»,****»**»,««»»*«»******^»-.»»**"**»«*»«»**««*»*»« Sbimi®. ai® iiimse. 5»!« The best way, nay the only way, to sell the cocoons is to scu* them to the reeling-mill. The fr':xA cocoons, in order that they m-.iy not be crushed and spoiled, should be laid in tight b:.xcs having partitions each si, inches. Tiiey must be sent by Express, ociy. It is better to send to the silk^reeling-miU only the perfeci cocoons-the imperfect ones being very few and commanding r. very low price. They might be good for fancy home consumption, but' if 1 hey are sent to the market with the good ones they must be laid in one of the partitions by themselves. The waste cocoons, of a succssful rearing, will, ^scarcely, average two lbs. in one hundred pounds. Never (ill and ship two boxes when you can mnke one ; if not, (U SELLING, AND SHIPPING Express charges will be double ! And if you can join jour silk- crop with the Silk-giowers of your neigliborood, do it. and .liip in one box with two or more divisions. *De.-.l always with a 'truthful and practical Silk-growing-firm whieh at the proper time will an.swer free of chaige, for the advaiierment of Silk-Culture, for the destruction of foreign monop- oly, foi- the u^elfare of industrious willing yorth and old age, will HUbuvr all quer^tions pcrtainirg to Silk-Husbandry, with ghidnesi,: But, be sure to avoid the sijk-brokers, (real or otherwise), because they buy only dry o.coons and on commission: wjmh really means that they do not buy from you, but that they will sell Tor you [when they please, or when they can] and pay tiicmselves iirst the "fearful brokers-fees'". This last part is not about Si!k-Culture, indeed, but ii is of such i iportance for the success of it that we conclude with the poet : "A WORD TO THE WISE 13 SUFFICIENT !' * %'^'^'^V%/M/%/Vii/%/%% If g H2 l.^'^*^%'»%'%%%■*•v%*'^^^^^'«,% -i ^t.^t-^^'&i %^'k^ * v» v%*'%*%*v*%w%-%%^*^»*%*%v* -v t —BUTTERFLIES, FECUNDATION, EGGS.— SEVEr^TH ACE. Only iliut Silk-Gi-owc;- \vli<) li;is liad ;i uood -;iic('os.s in the rearuiq [s:iy loo |!»^,. of corc.ijns froin I o/. of sccmI] should ])r()vi(l(' the ogirs forlli^' foih»\viii'r y(\n- : f. t tlio-.c who failed it would ho hcttcr to huy SiH'd a^niii rather thau to I'ajsc it fi-oui tiu; sieklv survived lai'\:i' and butterflies. For such |)uri)<)se must he chosen cocooiis of medium size (sk't'd on pau'c 5S) as Hrni in the )nit be disparaged, because their chiysalis is worthless. Double cocons, (See j)age 57.) those the least soiled, the * sha[)e- less and those 'too tight' in the middle must be also disregarded. It is well to raise (hnible the amouiit of seed v.-anted the next year because if the first incubatioii fads, by any unforeseen cirumstance, it can be i-epeated l>y using the rest of tlie seed which has not lieeii put all at once in the hatching room: besides it is always well to initiate sojiie new |)ers()ns into Silk-Culture, and when a few c<»"f''s are on hand they will tu.rn useful for any mentioned purposes. But it is the silk that is wanted and. . .well the grower will follow suggestions given oii page 13, and be repaid for his cares ; other- wise; his success will come to naught ! As a rule, from one lb. of selected cocoons (ncarlj^ 300) can he 63 SEVENTH AGE. obtained one ounce of perfect seed -perhaps one fourth more than the above amount can be obtained, but it is better to be 8tri\muk> from the previous insect into an oblong aiid oval foruj, and its epidermis takes a golden hue in the tirst day of its mc-tamorpho^ sis; then becomes darker ixnd takes the outlines of a buUeiUv. AVithin eight days, if it is very warm, and tifteer; diiy>, if iho temperature is medium, the outlines become perfect parts and the chrysalis softening one end of its shroud emerges from it. The Bow/jix imago, aUhcmgh is endowed with perfect wing.-,, does nolo-lide in the air— p( rl)ai)s, JHw-ause its functions are limited only to the coiitinuation of the kind, and not to llw. sell sustenance': buttertlies, do not eat, therefore they uo not wander! ' At sunrise only, or tliereabout, the butUertlies conie forth. At tirst, they have damp and imi)tu-fect wings, but in a few minutes the wings take theh- normal ai)pearanee which is :— Healthy female butterflies are larger than the nudes, rather he.Lvy for their size, on which account they are almost stationary : their wings are of a pearl-white candor slightly shaded and ai'e alway.^ (34 :VKN.T}! AGE. , . .1 o]v on H miner hud on a ^my (page 24) and , „, ,,„,,„., „.,eWrK. l,.vo, ,.e..... , n.nK,v.l, aU the sn.gle o. . then who.. ne,v cupl.s are scea a.uoag then, ,U .. . t.K u a, '^'■^:^;;^ i';,::: '^.S:' h;::'::;. -.ee,, cav^ea away, it uam-e- ti.a eu'::<:: ::.,.. o: a few. enu.es .ave.eeale..,,g.e,fo..w.. of a a.Ue., in ti,e ,-e,a-oaucti.,n n.on. Then if the fonue. are ,ua te ,..s ,h<.v n,u. I.e preserved, Ueeause the next day there ,«,g.t. be „..j<,,.U;of female. andiftUeiaUerarenKaeW. tl.eya.o,nas^ Uekept;aad,an.,ean.ed.afu.rae..up,eof houvs...a.aa.h^^ which has already been ia the da.U roon,. Bat to preserve the UKae for the „.om.v pr...aar,oas ,sh .aid h. taken, other.v.se ne .:.. fatigue hin,self with his uaeeasia, shaking of -ngs and vo:. - ,,.;„...,. Theref,,rethesa:K.r,,ua,e.ary.nalesso.,,d,ehe .s^nl! boxes, one by one, where tlu,v wdl be stdl un,.d ta. n...t *"'i>;S::';r:;:"edS"\!ow'aU the battertlies, .tncrge.l fron, .l>e eo- ' •"^"" ,,.';• -u .st be ae-csarlv handled to piss throagh coons on the arst di\, mast ot, n- . the above described atteatioas, and in doing so the opportun ty o „..kotheehoieeisaffovh.d. Therefore, now, give away to he ^„„,,,, ,U ..eddish, yellowish, ashy-olored batterihe. ; a.-ay al tae ,,,,U ..Hl l,laek-spottese with a swollen belly : awav those with one wn.g an th.^ wang- ,ess,awav to the fowls all those withoat -feelers' or w.th one i«el- ;,. those ^ith h.ss than C le:r< and *\: among three hundred hutte . '- are fonnd n.ore than thirty d,sea^ed and -imperfect ones it .s betua- to d.. awav with all of the.n and bay new seed rather than compro- Iv.se ,hc prospeets of voar i.ture rearing, wah eggs the pa.ee.. -t ISEVENIU AOB. which Avcnc iniporfoct, even only, ten p. r cent.* For easiness and eoo.K.my .ake, it, i..s \n:n du-c.-tod here,,, taal i:... .ele-ted eoc.H.ns should de .(..vud .m an 'airy-.helf ; but th.3 .,ive.. hiu. is partieularlv go.,d for tlx.sc who rai.e a hu-e <,ua.,tity of 'industrial seed-, fo." «de or for distribution. But, Si!k-Growevs who provide for themselves .mly one or two oun.-es ot e;-s, ea» „soasn,all table, or ..nctin^rlike-espeeially when they prepare the i,„.rM,ed surface tor the reeepti.-n of the h.yin.,. l.utterflies, as bclow^ This is a..eon>plisbed bv stretehinjr one or two pieees of undressed „.u^.li„ (whieh, for the halh, [p. 41] is better than p.aper) on one or 1 wo sn.all trays, like those of page 24, and hung like a fratne fron, the wa!l-bul uplifted with a little prop under the lower pur ..,d not slanting, like franu-s, fn.n. the top. These fnunes wdl .„.wer verv well to eontaiu eaeh fn.n. 90 to 100 lay...g butterfl.e, whieh wiUdeposit about 4.5 thousand eggs. So.ne butterflies wdl ren.ain united, even, longer than a day, ...d'vet the .<2as have been found, as fruitful as when their pare-.t. ■we,e ....upled; onlv. one half ..f an hour... JM >ke,n aJo.e any,.. As soo., as the females quit the .nales they .nasi be wa.ehed unt.J «,,K.n they have delivered then.selves, again, of sonte reddish bqu.d .hen the; must be taken, anew, gently by the wings. »nd p.aeed ''Vh:i:r«t:"S^:r- - some of their supeH,oushttnn.s ,,„U. ,hey a>e laving the eggs ; as this moist u,e would endanger the ,,..,uhine's of the seed, it nn.st be preve.ttcd. This is aec<.mpl.shed , " . ,.,. „ t,„ travs- holding' tbe linen, as mueh as possd.le :;;d :;::u:uu;; the- butterflies- from the top. first. a..d not too sulre!. 'by disea-e-, the least ios, of Caterpillars, the lay.ng b,. e,- ()7 flic- can be allowed to hiy all tlicir eggs,' which will. be just as good a.s those laid earlier ; but when 'a few-' Caterpillars died before building their shrouds, then the butterflies must be allowed to lay foi- about 2(S houi-s oidy — the eggs laid after that lime coutainiuo- rather unhealthy life, as it has been found by diligent observations. .After the butterflies have done their duties they are abandoned. "Jndusti-ial seed" is procui-ed as al)ove : "cellular seed"' is pre- pared [)y i-earingeacii larva isolated in a little cell and then by exam- ining their eggs witii [)o\vei-full microscopes etc. As only few trust nnd can follow this method, wv do not describe it at leno-ht. '6' rRESEKVATIOX OF SEED The preservation of the Siik-Calerpillar eggs, or seed, is rather difficult and is as follows. Fii-st, they must be pr(;tected from mice and insects, which is don*e by susjx'nding the muslin whcj-eoii thev were stuck, from a ceiling, and by visiting them often. ISeoond : they must be kept from hatchiug before the leaves which they eat ■have sprung forth. The eggs of the ^uiimals' cannot hatch be- fore having reached the eigiith month of their age, bec.aise the embryo of the little in.sect will not be formed before that time— a few hundred of them hatching much sooner, lu-vertheless. Now as the eggs, in this country are obtained in the latter paj't of June so it a[)pears that they would be rea:.s; must he kept in a dry room with windows .a the north. Air should circu- late freely in the roonj, also cold, but evenly; tiierefoi-e in a *c()ld wave' 01- wind-storm and at night half shut the windows. The eg must be examined oft<'!i, and in Februi'av all the red yellow and di'ied ones must, l)e era>ed fnnn the linen. [See p. b . \ ^^o^©'g^>/::J■o.Q■, -,0 o o <:< c.o,«f, 08 6^ va 7. -fc^^Mk^vft^v^^^^^ ^ %/i/i^^%%, \%^%%^^-^'-^^ ■:.-:.%%% %%%^ %%^%%% %\%%^'^% ■ ^$^^#ifSf#^. The directions given to the present in this book are n\\ what is want'd [in a positive iva^] to knovv, in order to rear Silk-Cater- l)lllMr^ economically and successfuny. We did not give specidat ire infoi-niations ])ecause they are not necessary to 'practical' silk-grow- ers, hut are only practiced 1)/ 'experimenters'. Therefore we con- clude this FIRST PART w^itc the followinii- encouraoino; words • Those .Silk-growers who were scared at given positive and exigent teacliings imiy now reflect on the g]eat w^arning given by Mother Natni-e, whi-h ])rovides with many eggs certain species of beings (as to sny the moth of the Silk-C^iterpilhirs, which lay from 450 to 500 eity or for neglects and nristakei* made in their rearing. Nevertheless, it must not be supposed that the C^aterpiilars are without possil)ilities of living; ill fact, it is al- most impo-^sible to destroy their short existence, when tliev enjoy it freely : niid although th(y peiish sometimes when kept captive, yet it can be said that they are rather killed by their breeders than de- stroyed by nature. Now the following information m!i:;it be suSjiont to v :.:oam N L U S 1 O N . reiiiaiM in a comntose condition, and do not eat even for weeks. 2. They can stand to a high temperature, when they devour Tnuch food and become ri/pe in a .shorter time. 3. They cannot be drowned before having been kept at least three hours in the water. 4. The rain does not hurt them, and when it rain>s, they d(» not p.at before the wet is evaporated. 3. Neither gas affects them r.or sulphuric fumigations. Before coming to the end, this Silk-Culture Directory wishes to fiAT that it is better to take young Cater[>ilhirs from * experienced leading breeders*, than to buy even perfect eggs because ; one single hatching-room fitted out and out, is capable to funru-h in s[);-ing, *3ven, 1,000 families with young Silk-Caterpillars : but si"'i number of families require 1,000 hatching-rooms, completely o.itiltted, and 1,000 experienced persons when they will hatch eggs themselves progressively, and after that they have been properly preserved from the time they were laid to when they are put into incubation. This last suggestion goes to show that the leading-firm, which distributes \^on nominal and eanj cojiditionsl^ the principal stock to «tart irell vSilk-Culture, and hin/es the produce for readt cash, may rncur a loss, (if it does not know the business, or if rh(^ S( ason IS unfavorable) but not the »ilk-growers at large. "«((®^^^^g^l»i: 70 APPE.YDIX. * The directions regardincr shelves made with "buildin": paper", dn-ections o-jveii on paires 17 and 19, should not be understood ag-ainst the foundamendal pi-inciples of this system. In fact ; the thick pa})er, being less i)()r()us than lumber, shoijld be perforated in order to be healthy, and if it is not so it will do more harm to the Caterpillars than any lumber shelf, because it will be a worse conductor of air. ^)* There is enough of proof to hold that the Caterpillars are not destroyed by imaginary ravenous motes and vihriom [See II part], nevertheless we cannot be to stringent in asking, for goo c-invi^ihie vibrio)is [and Co.] A\''iiilst the olher dru^ir> arc uxhI to fnini^'Mte said rooms hefoi'c heu'lnninii" the rearinu", also to l)iasl the inona'lr,<, known, 'hv .Mipposition', to he hovei-in<^' all nroiind the room wait- ing for the eomirg pi:'V- ^^ <" make ae(;iia;iited cur readers with such happeiiing, ami now wi* will also write (h)>\ n one of the i)r()ofs spoken of in the i)ei!'':ining of this paraL:raph. ?\Irs. Parmilia Ohroninger, of Ilolden, Missou'/i , r-.M-eived, at tiie [)roj)e; time, in 18^3, nearly 20,000 \\n\\vj: Caterpilhirs. She had arraugri the necessary otitlit, dt'>er!h('d in the "oeginning «d" tliis !)ook, i'.i a well ventiiatefl and spa -ioas ro;»ai— whi<'h h.ad hv\}\\ ler";; unoc- cupied and neuieeted f.>r a lo.w" tim >. H 'ft).\' a!L she whitiMva^h.ed the room as a nnlle;- (»f eivraH.iess of coarse, and !)e('ause in t'aere existed many troal)l',M()m:' spiders -although there vv(re no -in- visible ravenous' atom-. X'»w the person from whom Mrs. C, aiel others, receiv.-d Catei'DJilars, h.iviug !)een tric-kod hy a lui'dilvr was unable to hav.' whitv'v i-liel hi> eoc )onery anl, exci'pl this i:n- portant j)reeaution, lie n.-eJ s^diilst !ie reared, all and even nt'>,<- kinds of ircvMition.'d drui>. Tnc re- ilt betwe;'n tiiese i)arties sf;u) i • thus: tlie lady, who rer.'ivel the little larve erirly iii Sp:ni r and cleaned her rooms witii iye and lime, grow over tifiy pou;idy 72 oy coL*:>.'>;is !):;t I'r.' ot.lioi w'.io !i;i:l no time to wliitewasli and wvnt oil wit'i funiigatidas and disinf(;claiits, was not iOAa to save with th'.':n, not OLJO sin.'j:le Cat(.>r|)iil-u' — ajiirr 'Hhe wet sea>;()n"set in. u:y'Ai tli(^ above cases s[)cak In' tho.nselves and do not need iu'v ev>nii-nent . + In some States th.' leaves are t(;o fnll of v/ater beeaiise the Sprinii'-rains then.' as'e ahno-t [X'remiiai : if so, tiie leiives inast ^loi b ' driven to tiie Cato'-pillars as soon as gathei'ed beeaiise, altliongli they do not seem wet vet, they a;-e exeossiv.dy dam]) : thenee the iar\\e niisi 1) > fed always witii leave-^ eolleetcvl the previous day, and preS'i^rved, as already reeo'ii!'!ir„ ^>%i^'V%UUU WlrV^%*%^'i,^», ^ V%r*V*% V I r +-- '-' ^'~' i^ X' • -^ ^ b/; "^ r ;^ -♦.V i/ C( bf. ^ i-^_ Q COS €S3 Ti( aves-Pickcrs Attt'ndr.nts. L'.. I'v's daily. ! i/v's ill each A. ]^\'od^ in "24 h* s. ci z ^ = ffi K ^-: ci :-. -I > O a ^ ^ -^ 5^ .- X X v: r-- ". \ Sh(\<^ts of })ainM-. < Space iti sh Iv .sj _ :: - ^, - - -: Tc!iij)erature. ^^ ^r. —. r-' '^ r;- CO CTv — i — ^ 1-H •30V XSTTI^ -a.OV aNC)3:T;^ "i t ^-fc-^-^pt^i^^^^^^^^ V tt-S^'fr^^*^^^ U V*.%% ^ «^%tk% %'«>'!b,^ tiV%■v^1l^^'t^%«^%s,vft*%*'B -v IS ;:!: ^- 2J^ 2_3. 5l2* ?i^' ^ '^^"^ *^' ^ '''' .^i^_i_§i5^^^^ SECOND PART, BlSeiBlEi, ei BiSMBSS. iF FK9iM. 'IK-n.' all suspicion needs inu.st be abandoned. All cowardice must, need be here extinct." Loivjjellow, It is wvW known that a!] org-niized beings go through certain ab- i;.orinal i^eriods, during their livt-s, which are '.'allcil diseases. Industrial I.arva?, or Silk Cater[)i:!ars, are thence also subject- to disorders ia the ordained parts of their body : bu';, ownig to the extreme small size (which nmong domesticated animals is onli- next to the honey-bee), to the present, they have been ke[)t out ot the caiesof the medical science, and at the same time ])eing so valual)le have fallen m the researches of speculative savants. These embroiled in deep sui)po3itions have pretended to suppress death giving out that a parassitical-m/cro^co/)Kv// l^-'j li^<^ was tht> cause of the most destructive ravi^ges-and the interested people, like a drowning por^oi t!i i' grasps at a straw, in order to rear 81 DISEASES. their larvae, accepted the theory v,nd 2Jaid...Jov 6ome jears to the •ipeculative school. Then the theory based on microscopic observation gave way. to modern physic ; therefore now the insects are studied by patologj and biology rather than by un'onnded parassitelogy. To be l)ri('f and avoid to eni[)l()y much s[)ace for the micro? copic controversy-, we will 2:ive here below illiistiation> with th« hii>potetical [)oints shown l)y the originatoi':* of ilie microscopic tinds — reserving to us the space for exliilMting the iir.lamatory and phlegmatic character (»f the more fatal distempers. 1 / Hie contents of a fccnndcd egg, after iiaving been mash'- 1 nnd spreaf] on a \)wvq of limpid g!a>s will appe^ir undvM- a ^^-vy pov.'crful microscope eitlier likv F.gure N. 1, or like X. '1 Y\'s, No. 1. Fig. No. 2. Tae teachers aft^u" niLn'Oi -opy tell u^ thit Figure 1 contains 82 DISEASES. corpuscles [i. e. little bodies or physical iitoiiis] which can l)e only pr-'-.HHVpd '>v means of an instrument mao-nifving not less than 300 ' • • f )ld. W;v:- I this oh^orvatioi i^ ;)3.-f.)r n?d eg^^ e:icu;u')-:-ed with corpuscles do not show their protophistic matter shaped quasi like little dots I as in Figure 2] but among the dotted outlines exhibit a few ovoid, or oblong, shapes as in N. 1. Those shrides, or slsapes, scarcely covering the surface of a sq. l(3th of an in. — but a^ bodiless ns an umbnige, vibrate [and thence are called viuriones'] and therefore are [)re.-«umed to be I'nicrocosnis, or corpuscles which is all one thing. But: — Does not vibrate also the substance appearing like little tansparent d'>ts? Ix does : cither alive or dead it loos : a'ive, bv'cause it is a proto- plasm, deud because it is in metam<)i"[)liosis. \\'e will enforce our affirmation with the ex})res.si()ns of HEiiHEur SpfixcKi; ; — **It is not the rustic, nor the artisan-, n(>r the trader, who sees ■*onlv something more than a mere jnatrer of course in the hatchinir *u\f a chick ; Imt it is the biologist, who, pushing to the uttermost •'his analysis of vital phenomena, renrhes his greatest perplexity *'when a speck of protoplasm under the iiiicroscope shows him life "in its sim[)lest form, and makes him feel that however he 83 • D I S B A S ES. ••formulates his prov'x^sses the iictual play of force;' remains • ' un i m agl n abl e . * * And if the dot-like sketch moves, trein'nh'^ or vi'orates, like tho ovoid one, wl)y the atomism is applied to tlie ellii)tic shapes and not also to the spheric ones? Is it perhaps because the microscop*' cannot "describe the organism of tlie s/fajj'^ which, only, it h:\< discovered?" AViiat are these parassitic vibrating atoms, or 'vil>:;ones' ?. Let us transalate the answer: — "Corpuscle-^ have a typical ovoiJal form [form noi hodij ! Ed. J which sometimes becomes (^itho* cylindrical or pyiiform. Tbci outline of these 'form.-' called cor])usclcs [i. e. little bodie-.'J is. in general, a little brown or dark, and at other times is scc.rcely visi)*>]<\ Their length ( w«'. rather say, the leiigth of these only visible j)vms and n.ot of tlie cor[)uscles) is. ahoiit one eigVst of ar. in. and the breadth is about one loth of an in. How thick X\\i.^^j are? Ge- ometry here must be fLiulty, wc have a 'holy' witii missing sides ; but let us go 0:1. The inside of \.\\q c()rpu.<.'Ic.> ( real not 'form.-/) is occupied by an aniorphu- pell leid slightly yellowish green lluid vv'hich isericlosed in a very diininulive bladder ; tlic weight of (real) corpuscles is heavier than the li ju'.d element in which they ' v". To tind out— hoar ! — what is Ihc^ir nature they were tiyed with divers chemicals, but no result was obtained. Th.-y, tlic eo/2)us;;;e.H 84 I) I S S A S ES. and not the fearful fonr.s, are insoliil)!e '.sither in hot or in ice vnter ; lUcohol, etlier, potash do not aff.3ct thesn and neither liquid miueral acids : ou the contrary, they are destroyed by condensed niinei-al acids..— — It i^ very clear tliat the ab(>ve can be applied to ♦bodies', eve!\ intinitesinial, but not to vain unoriranized air bubbles or forms. •Lebcrt' i!:fi)r!ns tlial, real eorpuseles iii : "'Which i.s v/hicii," thoiia-htfiill rcader.s? II Let us dwell now on the vliNS('eliiiea v^te [see [). 0.] just before tliev build their shrouds. Laiv;e . betore they eithei- .spin it in a cocoon or die. /' Fiir. No. 3. Fig:. No. 4. In the above sketches it is easily perceive i that Fii;. No. 3 m represented by a dear outline the inside of which is supposed 8r> DIABASES. to coiitiiin tlic coaguhited resinous part of the leaves, is even and turgid thioiiohout , while the outline of Fig. 4 is oioken many times Uy little transparent bladders very niaeh in s'iai)e like the elear ;itt]e /ormx .see!) \n Fig. 2, and rather thin. Now we liavi' little bladders indeed: wliat are they? are they <'orpu>nes miy, also, be expected the revci*^e of it ; but now we must also know that larv;e affected as in F:g. 4 c;in, sometimes, live and not o vv pr ) lii'e silk but also become butterflies, an 1 these butterflies UMW be with the little bubbles seen in No. 4 anreoious insects, is too hard to be followed, and we look at the effecis of the distempers to study positive causes — from which wcj may try to learn and [jreven^ '...but, as yet not [pretcjid tol en re I ^7 DISJS A8 ES. All substances apt to putrefy becoine, whilst they eiiler into putrefaction, a fernicnt. The cntlfc reuini of organic; matter vvjieu *^xpose(J to a quasi heated air in a moist condition, more or less, rapidily 1)egin8 to ferment. **\Viiat [)asses in a state of cliaiig*; is called a ferment.** • The fermentation of solid matter is Mn ai)[)(aranee' rather simple: e. g. a fruit-calvr first undergoes a change of color, and odor, then becomes a littinii: object for .\h('olo<>v and becornin<^ darker putrefies and dries. The fermentation of li(|uid su')>tanc'os, instead of, is ratlier diffi.nilt to understand, but o r-e !i;iViiig a sus[)icioii aboat, it con be, aiso easily doteeted : e, g . \\\\\\^ lirsl acquire-! a slig'itly greenish color and ha>^ a sour taste [now ''actic acid' is pre[)ar]ng the 'feu-- mont'] then lias a rank .smell and litMe bubbles appear on its surface which at this stage is iu fnll fermentation — il)«.' i)iil)bles being effected by (-xpui'ion (>f 0x3 d c:iir into [)airef;i 'lioi beoiuing foiniy an I fi'owzy. FETtME y T d )e-; uot enter into ehemical (-(Muposiiiou with the fermenting substances oj- its products. 'Acid fe;\uentation' Is being subdivided into acetic lactic', d)Uttiric acid' and }/iuccini\ DKCOMPOSinoN BY Aiii ANJ) w\\Th:u : — Coinplete 0:'ganic bodies are subject to oxydation and ,uMiinateiy. break \i\) into ovgMnie 88 D I S B Ag KS. compounds t-aruonic acid, iniinioiiia aud water. If this process of d<'pecies of larvae, that 'i consume its leaves and buds, stems, trunk, roots, sa[), and even Uhe old timber) has a capillary system of soins which contahis kheir orsfanie tluid, or .so/;. Thi:* sap is a chemical compound of liquid substances and atmospheric gases (resin, sugar, water, azote, [and oxigen:) and is subject to two periods of change. 1 Some plants shelter and feed more than one species r)f insects. '|-»ut only one s[)ecie in each [)eri()d })receeding the c/ian/je.—lt has |il)cen already exphiined that "wdiat passes in a state of * change' ig i'aWed/ermeiit. — So, ^. g. the tree-hoppers, cri(!kets, gilded-dandy t'lc, follow each othei by turn in 'sampling' the different tastes acquired in different periods by elm, plum, (he'ry, and apple-trees 89 D I SB AS BS. Upon which they thrive. Now it would hv unnatural to feed a Hon on hay and an ox on flebh ; thence it wouUl he just as much unna- tural to 'keep hack' the o.gir^ of the Silk-Caterpilhirs in order to ha^ch them when it is more convenient to the hreeders — /. e. when tin* leaves are faii-ly grown — because the inset-ts couhl not partako of the fre-^h juice of the phint to which the}^ Jtrc naturally destined. Now Larvjc are very voracious because their stomacs are incapai)h5 to dissolve their food but nio'ely extract from it a juice : thein'c they never drink any water ()l)tain!!^ir tlieir necessary moisture from the leaves which they eat, no matter liow dry they may be. Thl^ teaches that, if the Calcrpillars eat wet leavf.^s they fill themselves with an adulterated jiTrce, and it tliey eat leaves after the trees have underixone a climacteric, rhanr/p they devour fermented fodd, what is still worse, because its juice cont:iins the fermetif, which enters in their very simj)lo or<:uiiiz:ition and causes them to decay. When the trees are in sap they recjuire a constand t(^ij)graturc to allow tb.e juice to circulate in their capillary channels ; MiouTd a rain- storm is followed by hot sun, we see the stems of flowers bend down and often without raising up again What is that? It is the action of the rays of the sun on the moist condition of the platits, an action which heats the volalil azote of the leaves and causes ^ tlie sudden tnniinrj of the sai), which means colhipse and prompt putrefaction. On the tenderer pi-oductions of the vegetable kindoin 9() I) I S 1 A S E8. the sudden, or cliinactenc tuniin>j (wbich is not the natural c/ia/i(/«, and often is tn^t-n fatal to plants) is destructive us above, but stroiiger |ji:i )ts and trees, althoujch they will survive the effects of the atrno^|>h««r;c ohange, yet they will have 'turned' J*ap which^, by deirr€'es. affects tiieir limbs AWii leaves. The disorders of the plants are more cx})rieitly drawn in admin ;■ isUM-ing their jui<'e to L irvie which we know to be alimented by it. As early as tlie budding time we may have hatched one or twa deposition of Siik-Caterpillars eggs and feed the issui^d little Larvtr witii th^ yoiinj buds. The insects, being only about SOC, and part- I akinir of the liquid of leaves connected with themselves by degrees . of lieat, quaV.ty of moisture, ccmtact with the air, and age, prosi>er I hkp all jrrub* do in theii- wild natural sLite, and grow in the ratio of growth alh>wed to vegetation— ind share with it tlie different \ graduation (»f eiiioroscence which an healthy plant undergoes; but ! if the efflorescence is turned into deli-piescence by bad weather ! and fermentation, even the small number of Caterpillars, above quoted, will be subject to it because their vitality, mostly derived j from the juice of the |>iant upon which they thrive, will be just a.^ much struck by the 'change' as the plants and leaves have been. Here, perhaps would be useful to otate the density (>f the fluid found in plants before and after turning ; but the connections about the leaves having been lengthy enough for the support of the object 91 D I SK A S Ej*. ; we can now pasb to the topic of this Second Part. ' Caterpillars breathe by ,ncans of t^vo tubes that extend along the sides of the body and give out to each abdouiinal segment or ring two branches called spiracles, and these, througli the stomata, or breathing holes situated, (and looking like litttle spots sur- round.>d with a slightly darker siiade ) at the side of each nn-, inhale and exhale air. That the little brown .spots are the real respiratory organs, is proved by ])utting oil, or any greasy sub, stance near theije air-holes, the co'isequence of which will be i.. - mediate death by suffocation. From these tracheae also pass out many littl.; tube, that en:e a ; p trts of t!ie body, even bctweui the muscles, and so aerate or rather "oxygenate" the blood. Evciy Caterpillar has stoin:ich, he-art, inte>tii]es and two ]o,ig terpentine organs, like Figure No. 3, which extend to the hind part of the body, and theiuv' back to the neck, wliere they op«n at llie inferior lip. Those tubes contain, a. already said, the substances which the animal u.es in spinning,:^^^,vhie:j is yeih.w or white --according to t!i. fo . I it tak 3s-, a-i 1 u;).:i this also, depends" the fineness of the silk they make, in the same manner as thecpiality and color of .butter deper.ds upon the food ef the cow. : The juice contained in said tubes i^ nothiiig more nor less rh;.i. the juice absorbed from the leaves aud as these contain the li.piid 1>2 DISS AS ES. es-'Cnce of refill, $o we tind it in th^ .silk-repository — when in a )>r:)|>er condition i.e. not in :i 'fonni^iit' — refined in a consistent kind v)f pa-^te, or varnish, which would be soon ready to pass throniiii the sfjitvieret situated under the lower lip of the insect, to ])e congealed by c:)nt;i;-'t of :i:r a i I y )vyd [ i u co^o:)!. So much ex])Iained, we will make ca[)ital of it to conclude that the existence of commercial larvai depends ; — I. From the statua of the food from which it is derived : II. From climacteric ehani^cs which can strike the insects with ferment directly, and not by the action of the aliment ; III. By unwise or careless 'rearimx.' I Here it may be stated, for the support of No. IF., that if a Cat- I erj.illar is puv under water, or alcohol, air l>ui)bles will be seen issu- \ inix from innumeiable minute hoh^s in all parts of its bodr : and I ^ i when the skin is taken off from the insect and held up airainst the I . I light, the holes may be distinctly recognized, and the whole skin. I *appears as if it were perforated with an iinmense number of fine I p -ic.is.* — Which shows that larv;e live in an ocean of oxygen which, I bathes all their external as well as internal organs, and that, when fermentation intervenes, it caii invade the little creatures not only by contaminated food, but also by entering through the •stomata' and the said large number of pores, which pierce the derma, or skin._ 93 DISK A S E§. From this it must be also estahlished tliat, the little bubbles ^eeu in Figure f(nir are caused by the expulsion of oxygen from the general system of the insects — oxygen expelled by inHammation, or ferment, vvhit-h turns the blood and the silk-paste in phlegm. (»r mucus, i. f. state of 'decay'. , It appears t Ink when the *resiiious substance' is coagubitcd iiiio «ilk-varnisli by tiie oi'ganic principle of the Larva^, and not by tiie atmospheric influence, it is al)und;nit. :unb(M-like, odorb'S :snd rather firm : but when it is atrotied by the affecting influx, we do not see a real silk-varnisli. but only a [)ale slim, more or less, viscid inuck in a decaying state : and wc nlso see that when tin' \a eather is imfavoralile tlie viscid luunor poncLrates all parts of the Caterpilhirs' body l)esides corru|)ting and diminishing Uie congealed silk situated in the ser[)entine tubes. Then again ; the moj'c saul essence has become fermented-virus 8(^ nuK^h the more su-lden is the dissolution of the infected insects. The density of the inucus then, (density analyzed from the various had atm(»s))heric inHuences) de'-ide- svliethei* the larvie shall dii' by decay or by {)utrefacti(;n. [See page S-l] The subject can b^ argued at grctit length but, this mach is ;s are not hatched at pro[)er time and young [ hu-\';.e arc fi'd with U'aves abojt umi divs ohder than thianseives thev I will i)e >(rnck with sudiii'ii acrimoiy [l)y reasons given on i)ai>"e i)l] ^ evi'ii in \\\r\v first age. The C;il(M*[>illars tluis affected at this time, I Witlion! showing any sym[)tom, suddenly nijiisrat the up[)er part of j liscii- b >dy t'xpeiling from it a rather den>e d irk-yellow humor, I find in h's> than one hour die. ^-* Tiie black spot on this cut i; sliows a litlh' hii'va affected a> -, \ above. Feedinu-with tendei- e.- 0,1 F ;n iv stop i) irstiiij:, b it !'/ on their fourth age, they Ml also, fall j)!'ey of the follovving t-' disease, because the juice of their food-plant will, either change soon, or be too substantial to be a-simihited by them. Flux, or Dkcay. — If the Caterpillai's are fed with turned, or feriuented leaves, Ihey wiil not die suddenly but will linger on un- till their next moult pouring slimi'. yellow or white^ nuie-is from the ^kin, besides they become thinner and slenderer, then end their life in i)taek gangrene i. e. 'putrefaction. This disease strikes the insect-^, mostly, near and after the foarth moult. In this case they, either do not shed their skin or, die 9o whilst chaHgmg it. But, .-it the firtst stage ot thoir decaj they do not show by any physiciil sign tlie approaching soouige ; yet it must^ be always surmised when the caterpilhirs grow thin» Mmeven', not. >>hownig the shade described for each nge and day in this book and positively when they, while young, ranibie al)out, huddle together mostly on the west end of the shelves and throw themselves, or fall on the floor. Fig. 5, illu.nrales a Urva ai)pro{iching disso^utioii after the 4th moult : P>ody smaller than its age requires ; frouxv yellowish matter from bodv and bespattered around ; little hornet on hind k\^s Mhibby and black', bottom of proj)s, or le"';^ also bU -k. FiiXni e .). Ganguenk. — Sometimes l.;ie insects prospj^r and look absolute! v well, but the leaves will b; sp )ih; 1 wii.h Ute d('^-an i.^un, or the Sout-East wi id blows, [[).ige 73] and then th^y— at any nge, awl even while they a-e seltlingto weave fwir shrouds— drop unnerved burst and die — ill their bo ly becoming, \p. \o>h thtn one hour, Ro much advanced in pu'.refactoi to de.iotft th^t its conteiits' have been suddenly turnelina fu":nl«iating giiigJ^en? [the gani^- rene enters into inllanm itio!i^ like the ery^ipela-* ] or .^pr)p}?'x:v. In all the above cases, if t;ie Citet pillars liiiger aid do not re- cover within three daySi^r^^in which tirne they should not rece. v ■> food and be ^changed', even, twice a ihiy 'hey can be thrown away, because their desease i> iull leuoe i bv -ferui^nt* ir'ii^^h, if it IM) D I SK A S ES. has taken hold of plant^-; and leavc'> will not coase to ravrriie the larvje to the hist one of tiiem, hut if it is hy atnio.spherie disturb- ance^ it may disai)[)ear within sueh time. T'le ahove are the ni(jre destruetive distem[)ers of the most ase- fiil liitie heinu's. Their origin is eh'at, and tiierefore let us try to avoid, at le^'T a>; niiicli as wo c;i!!, :i!I pnistakes leiidinii: to strike the Caverpiliars with 'feriioia' even worse than that eaused hy clinia- eterie eahumtoiis disoriiers. riiere is )\ > need to dcchire, iiere, tliat we do not reeoLT'iize the Siik-Caterniliar diseases as eontaaio.is, 'thon^lj they are epidemieal uhen the juive of their food has been altered — either b}^ ferment or bv eongehiiion. • 'i'hc — avoidable — deseases are : ' 'Red disease', Atrophy, Vomit, I S lifoL-atioi!, Diarrhea, Typlais, Dropsy, Janndiec, Asphyxy an I >'(ai-linii: '', these disorders beiuir caused aNo by the i)rineiple of ferment, vriiieh in the latter eases has been started by in[)ro[)er m liiai'ement : — Kko djseasi:. — The ins(H'ts, just issued fron) the eixirs, api)ear reddish (it has been p.iude mention on p. 4:>) if the egvii-s have l)een h U'.'lied ^vitl) toa high artificial heat. Wnen not thrown awav they j g!'t)W affeeted with the following (li,;ease and die. Atrophy. — It is closely connected wnth the 'incurable' dkcat, the only difference betwe(Mi both being that the latter is caused by the E'cments whilst the foraiL^r is p.- > I i -ed by overhv.iting of eggs, not fo ) 1 enough, too minv leaves at one time, crowding, uneveness, not- enough of air, too rank Ieive> to young larv.\^, too tender to the older ones, not 'changing' and 'ill other carelessnesses. Caterpillars 97 DISEASES. affected with Atrophy [/. e. wasting of the ])ody — caused by bad rearing] may recover sometimes, })rovided that tliey are better and ueater kept; bat they neither ca.i give a good i)roduet, nor c;ui be recommended for reproduction. When suffering with this dis- order they ai-e not bvely, dj not moult at given time, eat less, look slender and t'leir color is not [)earl-white but rather ])ale-v\ hite juid seems shaded with dust. V(»iiT. — Leaves \varme(i up by the sun, or heated in ;.he bags for gathering tliem, cause vi.inii. Feeding should Ix; stop[)cd at onc^^, and fumigations of sulphur must be i)r()duced in the loom untill the vomit is stop[)ed, tlien ilie animais are changed and i'vi\ with i)etter leaves. Sinne iar\:e may ilic witii this troul)le which is plainly seen in the green sp()i> uiih which thei)apei' is soih-d, al>o the body and, esi)ecially the he;id and mouth of the Calei-pi. lar>. Sl'FFOCatiox. — When the leaves, 'oy being exposed as above, be- come witheied aiul are eaten hy the hungry insects, jilso w In ii tender buds are given t(» grown insects or o.d leaves to little ones, they are straiigied in vomiting. The }>r(^cautions set down again«, .spiii, !)ui, only *j»a-»f dead insects is found only a black, (:<><»!• of the Citerpillai-vS Mr. ***? iv was a heHutiful yellow coU)!*..., Lifvjie mre never str ick with Jaundice in th« tlrst ages : when so, they are usl likt those describtd hy Mr. *** *. e. like the foHowing V Figure 7 What is it *os.si'>lvit is the re'^liK.us essence altered in a dens© viscid substance instead of to congtilaic in an elastic one. Kee[)inf' th^' inse. :s n vt aired enough, fe?J:;ig them with wet leaves, and not nUowing iheni plenty of space cause^ it. As soon as discovered, the Cat.', i-iiiiars ;s!)'>ul(l he moved in ;i hirger roon) and be situated o J morf- si)p|Tes. They will spin a light produce If tfiey do not die. AspiiTXY. — The Larvjti struck with asj)liyxy will appear alive al- thoagh ih^y may have died a couf)le of hours before. Want of air, Hud sultry weather will do it. I5y closing windows in the rearin"-- room aiijai of Asphyxy can be quickly had. [See bottom of p. 73.1 CuHLiNG. — Avery few growii Larv;e, in every I'caring, instead of climbing on the cottages, their pi ops having becom« scalded-like, or -^ore, on the litters, shrink and curl up like in F\.d although this diseases shows itself without diiiiculty, yet it must he adjuitted that l)uttertiies sometimes are also affected with Typim , or •hlack-scurge': in this case, as tliey had no power to deyelo|) inso ti c()ni[)lete perf«^,ct instct, so their wings are short uneyen and ciii^- pled, whilst little black s[)()ts of fluid ap[)ear nrar the -stomatn , the up[)er segments of their body and on the wings. 'J'hese sixu.v were the vital hunnn', or blood, of the insectts ; this liumor not hayinji" the density possessed by iioaUy blo')d, and tiniiing relajjsed the poi'Oiis system of a weakned buUerdy dripps out and, coming ie. contact with the air, a-vsunn's tiu' unlu'iiilhy color, liiis explains wliv aL the al)norriial butterHies should !>e disregarded for repro- duction [)ur[)()^es, as it is (•x[)lained on page GH. The fc/ilowing infei-ence may bv.' fairly drawn from all the inform- ation contained in this Treali>e; — 1. .Silk-C:iteipiilars, although reared indr/ors, to [)rolcct theni from birds eu-., yet lliey ^iiouid i)e iroated as if they sliouiU ix? living in their Natural biali-. 2. Considv'ring that lliey camiot be neglected; that the atten- tions bestowed u[)on them are bgnt instructive and piL-asing; that hii'ed labor /-s A/'/A, and that atmospheric iiiilnence may Jiurt the in>ectsi^""no large ca[ntal should he invested in vS:ik-v,-ulture, bat instead of, a iea>onable numbei' of larvje should be reared by intel- ligent persons — wiio have •lime to spare' aiul accommodations. 3. A fortune cannot be made in growing siik : 3 et if the mem- bers of "a family at lei>ure'' can gam [say] $40, in a little over a month, and at iiome, and if 1.0(H).0I)0 families gr(»w silk here a new wealth of $ t(*,()i),OdO, -primg up from nothing, can enrich the honest and willing [)eopie of liie V . S. -.,^< IVir^^a'd)))" 1(52 GENERAL TABLES. OiH» onijce of eggs of Ciiterpillai\s producing jellow cocoons, contjiins about ". .40.00Q *» ,, Japanese breeds contain al)out 60.000 The produce from cacii ounce of c<^- caii l)e estiniatea thus ; — yeUow breeds Japanese breeds!» Very good .... .... \hs. i:\o lbs. 120 Go(Ki * 100 - Hb Medium ** 75 - 00 Poor *' 45 "■ 30 On a })roduce of (.'ater[»iliars nr eggs U)st or dead are lbs. 135 '' J^ *• fi-oni 44 100 4* 44 4. 44 44. 75 4» 44 .4 .4 44 45 44 4. 4. 4. Average price of fresh, yc^iiovv cocoons •• Japai eso *' drij '* 3.000 to (kOOO 5.000 8.000 15.000 18-000 25.000 27.000 Price per lb. • 4 4 k 45 ct5. k k 4 4 28 cts. 44 4 4 $1,10 about 255 cocoons - 31>5 One lb. of fresh yeUow cocoons contains about '' Japanese ** *Tiiree lbs. of fresh cocoons will uuike one of dry* ( I) If the sveather be very hot ( 78 d. ) will weigh lbs. C after a day \)\C ^ oz. One hundred lbs. of cocoons } after five days 97 ( after ten days 92 \ O aire hedoe fencing: a sq. acre can furnish food for 60.0*JO Larvie, One butterfly lays from 393 to 5H> eggs. i)5 Butterflies lay about 45.555 eggs some (/f which are imperfect. One yellow cocoon has at thread about 1.000 feet in length. Any other information on this subje( t will be cheerfully given b}^ the author. 103 GKNKKAL TABK^ES. TliohradofaC^terpillar that has Just cast its «kin is, at least r/four tinier hirgcr than it was ])efore. ATtei the hrst moult '* S »* 44 *' second ** it 15 ^ : ^^ *' third '* »' :>(^ 4« ** fourtli '* *' 42 4< ,4 In full growth '» 5(^ ,4 One n>r Caterpillar welohs fvnm 75 to 80 Grain.- ** female Butterfly " '* 28 *' '59 »* '* male * ** .4 1 r. 15 »* ;>Q 'HE END. KM «i sii.E-sei.i5ii mmm^fB mmMmwi, m lississipp! Vallev Sil'^eiillers Enterpiise. WHAT IS IT ? ♦ Thi' iiinis of the Finn knovni us a1)ove are the foUowing ;— 1 ]'t intends U> establish l.ere Silk-reeliiig-nnlls, and to do so, i5 i^ ,M.nsinaisin,.i- a yearly silk-evo,, :"inn.orts' of n.h.Mk \u 1880 were: *12.()-i4,>;|)i) : ,m- portsof n,anufaetured-siik: *:!3,n(.;>,4.;() : fnnn latest offieial statm- ties and, fv',:rei^ tell fad. heiU-r fhnn wonU.' '.> KnoVin- that a yearly silk-erop can he grown here ( as .5 cvj'lVnied inliie -Silk-CluHure Diredory, and not with extravagant o"utl'>ys")the Director of the Finn is ofi^ering every indueenient to lead int.. Siik-CuUin-e ail uiliing persons, without •■harging then> under anv pretence whatever! , , • , •• !|^:iiUAnd it has REAl) V CASH to buy tie. pn.duee raised unaer itrnmna-enient, and wii h i s supplied starting-stock i. Said Fii'uialso enroll, in a v:o.,K.rat>ve Co. ad those who «To\v .ilk. as above ; , , ,. ■, , . Tl. coonerators of the CompailV in-ing entdu-d to d,v,d,:rh wiOK.nt Unvin-'anv .Krk, when the bu-iness is fnlly estabhsh<.i; (; The' number of cooperatois. or members ot ilns to., to be limit.d e.t not over one th.n.sand for the present and to be a:,lo>„t.d when the possibilities of the Co. a.re fully develoi-ed : 7 So if this Co. supplies raw-silk enougl. within one. two or ,hn.e years, and this .silk is reeled at the Company', nulls, all us n,end,;rs will be entitled to FfFTY per ernt of the A A f pr<,hls ea.rr.e,i fr.un the sale of the reeie-I-silk ; the other iifty to go to tne ats to employ, i" it« hrauches, o",ly nuv.ulKU-.s who are capable to perform some spe-ial duties, for tiie;)usine.ss. 10. .\greed that the interests of the M. V. S. -C. C, which i.s 1 ilt£"CBllCll MKa€f0ET's gCFJ-iSMEIT. li. \et the mon.b,.r.,„f tho Co, ra:, a.k ,.,:, aeeounti..^ of tl,« !'".s.n(««, ,f ,.,y frnud uill ho ad.an.cU into it ■ '" _ U' So ,,f the .«nnng.s are abov; ik, «-hoSc exp<.ns<>s_,l,„.e and no ,i,v,de„d,s are paid, the Teal o.stato' of tl.o Co l;., , seized and .^aiiiis a.sse.....ed thei-e(,f. I-!- liMt the l,usi„e.s.s "if „„t a.nenahle und.r the a!,ov. artieie is uiaheiiabh, and belou-s r„ its nre^eit rir>,t „ „. *..».:„;';^;;;;;::m;/;^;j;I,;:--;«::- ^ ■'-""- roi'AUTMCis. ou !;K.Mi-,Kas OF riir, cohvxmt. 1. All persons l!„t hav,- ..,-oo,„, fa,.i!_v help, h.kI ...a.-e or eu!- vated ■,u.,be„,-r,.ee.- (as exph,ined in ou,- ,uide-bo<,U ,h- i) .v e . ^^ ^ -Hi -,.a^e the;n.,..!v-e, in ,nnvi.g silk boeo.ne u,erd,e f this Coiiipanv. "•■...oi.is or 2. The men.ber. are univ tho«. who ,s„l„eWbe the ••a.n-.euient fonu , and not each person b.i.M.ging to he,- o,- his fan.Hv ... 1 hey are enlith.d to f ally on. h,,!f of the earniH.^. of th« Con.pany, as .rat,.i on previ„as v„. -._,, u. aiyia.d ^n, , . I lU 0,(.U, ean I.e yearly d.vided anu.n,. twenty th.Hr.and nunnbe-s 4. In ••earnn-. ,t rs nient the profit, aeernrd hv means of the busuies. „,a,,a,^en,en, of the (\,._.,/;>, /,„.;,,, OOrcnV i/." cowor/i^r:. !'.,r ready eish fi,^ ,. , ., , • i V ^''-^'-f-lH from ■'• i5atto snare mine «l,„.-e. no.v undeveloped p.oduee thr li'onibers of tiu» Co. ninst !,e yearly Sii'--. I'-"J^lc, the .iveup,nea.eof.,ne-fai.are;;;t"d-:7c::;::^^^^^ J- i«s,d. ; tiu.y in.nt n,a.. k r„vn S.ik-Onltn.-e an. ,n,. frien ' Ji-.ed ,n ,„s Offie.a, Organ of .SHk-Cuiture, -eopyri-dUed- and ^^. Ke:Ki the NOTICE Id rhi.pnnor. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 002 842 923 f / — B. Jaeger, Prof, of Zoology, on Catorpiilars. — **So easy and amusing \^ the praces.s of growing silk that, it is surprising that young pe()})le living in qui country villages do not more often engage in i(. Nothing would be easier than to raise silk from the proceeds of which each individual might realize a hand- some salary. But to say nothing of pecuniarj'advantage, the en- nol)ling nature of the employment ought to he ample compensation for all the care their culture requires, "certainly a sulHcient remune- ration for so many otherwise idle or misspent hours.** ss 002 ^42 923' i^ Hollinger Corp. pHas