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 GEOGRAPHICAL RESULTS 
 OF THE GREAT WAR 
 
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 AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 
 
GEOGRAPHICAL RESULTS 
 OF THE GREAT WAR 
 
 BY 
 
 STILES A. TORRANCE 
 
 MAPS BY 
 
 EDWARD Y. FARgUHAR 
 
 AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 
 
 NEW YORK CINCINNATI CHICAGO 
 
 BOSTON ATLANTA 
 
^i 
 
 b 
 
 NOTE 
 
 This pamphlet is intended as a forerunner, pending a more formal and 
 authentic account of the important changes resulting from the Great War, 
 such as can be prepared only when the changes are completed. This is a 
 temporary document, and makes no pretense to being final or authoritative. 
 
 The hxing of new boundaries and the establishment of new countries are 
 contingent upon the acceptation and enforcement of the Treaty of Peace 
 with Germany which was signed June 28, 1919, upon subsequent treaties 
 with other Central Powers which are not yet completed, and upon the out- 
 come of wars still being waged in and near Russia. Besides, the treaties 
 themselves are purposely indefinite, from the geographer's standpoint. 
 They leave much to be determined later by commissions, or by the "princi- 
 pal Allied and Associated powers," or by the proposed League of Nations. 
 The future nationality of certain areas is to be decided through plebiscites. 
 Other areas are to be governed or protected by mandatory nations yet to be 
 assigned. 
 
 In view of these unsettled conditions, the maps and statements in this 
 little book must be understood as only tentative. But up-to-date informa- 
 tion concerning the lands speciallv affected by the Great War is so urgently 
 needed, and so vital to the student's interest in geography, that a booklet 
 of this character needs no defense. Its publishers are confident that it 
 will prove a valuable adjunct in studying the ethnic, commercial, political, 
 and historical problems that are comprehended in our present world 
 geography. 
 
 American Book Company 
 
 September i, 1919. 
 
 CopvRiGH't,*igig, BY 
 AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY. 
 
 Geog. Results Obeat War. 
 
 Q^f-^^ 1^1^ 
 
 ©CI.A5354(37 
 
GEOGRAPHICAL RESULTS OF 
 THE GREAT WAR 
 
 One result of the Great 
 War was the enormous 
 amount of destruction, 
 — the loss or wrecking of 
 millions of lives and bil- 
 lions of dollars worth of 
 property, the devastation 
 of large areas in France, 
 Belgium, Poland, and 
 other mvaded lands. In 
 Europe the victorious 
 Allied nations as well 
 as the defeated Central 
 Powers were almost 
 ruined financially by the 
 terrific burdens of the 
 long war. Production 
 and commerce were 
 greatly impaired. But 
 these results of the war, 
 it IS believed, will be only 
 temporary. 
 
 On the other hand, it 
 is hoped that most of 
 
 the new states and new boundaries result- 
 ing from the war will be permanent. The 
 boundaries are fixed, in general, with due re- 
 gard to the wishes of the people in the ceded 
 areas. The Conference of Versailles, which signed and ratified the treaty of June 28, 1919, 
 began in January, 191 9, not only gave the was much changed from the German Empire 
 most careful study to the proposed boundaries of 1871-1918. One result of her deteat in 
 and to the financial and other details of the the Great War was a German revolution, 
 peace treaties, but also framed a constitution Not only the emperor but also the monarchs 
 
 3 
 
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 M 
 
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 ""^^r •* 
 
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 iil^iili iitii Milii 
 
 J^ 
 
 General John Pershing, commander of the Ameri- 
 can Expeditionary Forces 
 
 for a proposed League 
 of Nations, including 
 definite provisions for 
 preventing wars of ag- 
 gression in the future. 
 The treaty with Germany 
 was signed June 28, 1919, 
 and ratified by Germany 
 shortly afterward ; but it 
 was not to come into 
 force until ratified also 
 by three of the five prin- 
 cipal powers — United 
 States, British Empire, 
 France, Italy, Japan. 
 I'reaties with Austria, 
 Hungary, and Bulgaria, 
 and agreements concern- 
 ing former Turkish do- 
 minions, were still under 
 negotiation in August, 
 while in Russia and on 
 her borders actual war- 
 fare was still in progress. 
 Therefore, although the fighting in the Great 
 War ended November 11, 1918, some of its 
 geographical results are still in doubt. 
 
 The New Germany. — The Germany that 
 
GERMANY 
 
 of the various German states were deposed, Nations which was planned to prevent future 
 and repubhcan governments were set up. wars if possible. The countries joining the 
 The voters — men and women o\er twenty — proposed League agree to make no war on 
 
 were divided into manv 
 political parties ; but in 
 the central German gov- 
 ernment and also in 
 Prussia, Bavaria, and 
 most of the other states, 
 the moderate socialists 
 and democrats came into 
 power. 
 
 By the treaty of 1919, 
 Germany loses about one 
 sixth or one eighth of her 
 area, depending on the 
 result of plebiscites (votes 
 of the people) in several 
 districts. Nearly all the 
 territorial cessions are 
 taken from Prussia, which 
 thus loses a still larger 
 proportion of her area. 
 Part of Prussia is sepa- 
 rated from the rest of 
 German}^ (as it was a 
 hundred and fifty years ago) by territory France, Italy, Japan, and four other nations 
 ceded to Poland ; but Poland must allow free selected by the League Assembly from time 
 railroad traffic between them. to time. In both the Council and the As- 
 
 By other provisions of the treaty, Germany sembly, most questions of importance are 
 gives up all her colonies and special conces- to be decided by unanimous vote ot the 
 sions outside of Europe. Her army and members present. 
 
 navy are restricted to small forces. Most of The countries whose representatives signed 
 her ships are taken to replace those she the treaty with Germiny, and which become 
 destroyed in the war. Her industries are members of the League of Nations it and 
 handicapped not only by the losses of territory when they ratify that treaty, are, besides the 
 and population, but also by the loss of much five named above, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, 
 foreign trade, and by treaty agreements to Canada, Australia, South Africa, New Zea- 
 pay money and goods for part of the damage land, India, Cuba, Ecuador, Greece, Guate- 
 she wrought in the war. mala, Haiti, Hedjaz, Honduras, Liberia, 
 
 League of Nations. — Germany thus weak- Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Poland, Portugal, 
 ened, however, was still a power that might Roumania, the Serb-Croat-Slovene State, 
 again threaten the peace of the world, espe- Siam, Czechoslovakia, and LTruguay. In 
 cially the security of new, weak states. In addition, China, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, 
 the treaty with Germany, therefore, was Denmark, Netherlands, Norway, Paraguay, 
 included the constitution of a League of Persia, Salvador, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, 
 
 Marshal Joffre, commander of the French armies, 
 1914-1917 
 
 one another without first 
 giving opportunity for 
 arbitration, and to join 
 in resisting the aggression 
 of any country that shall 
 make an unwarranted 
 attack on any member of 
 the League. 
 
 The League is to have 
 a permanent secretary's 
 office, where all future 
 treaties of member na- 
 tions must be registered 
 and made public in order 
 to be binding. In meet- 
 ings of the League As- 
 sembly, each member 
 nation has one vote. An 
 advisory Council is to 
 consist of nine members 
 — one representative 
 each from the United 
 States, British Empire, 
 
GEOGRAPHICAL RESULTS OF THE GREAT WAR 
 
 and Venezuela were invited to join the League. 
 It is planned that other nations will be ad- 
 mitted when they have established stable 
 governments and have shown themselves 
 to be in sympathy with the aims of the 
 League. Any independent country or fully 
 self-governing colony may be admitted, on 
 certain conditions, by a two-thirds vote of 
 the League Assembly. 
 
 Alsace-Lorraine. — Under the treaty with 
 Germany, Alsace-Lorraine is reunited with 
 France. This territory is a little larger than 
 the state of Connecticut, and is very impor- 
 tant because of its coal and iron mines and 
 its frontage on the river Rhine. The people, 
 about 5 per cent of the population of France, 
 are largely of the German race and language. 
 
 but they were separated 
 from France in 1871 
 against their will, and 
 it is believed that most 
 of them are now glad 
 to be again under the 
 French flag. 
 
 Alsace-Lorraine is a 
 prosperous region of 
 farms, mines, and fac- 
 tories. Without it, in 
 1871-1918, France was 
 hopelessly outrivaled 
 by Germany in the pro- 
 duction of iron and of 
 manufactures of iron, 
 both of which she im- 
 ported in large quanti- 
 ties, besides much coal. 
 Now as a result of the 
 war, France becomes a 
 very important iron- 
 manufacturing country, 
 and has secured favor- 
 able terms for the impor- 
 tation of coal and other 
 articles; the Rhine, 
 moreover, is open to the 
 ships of all nations. 
 Strasbourg (German Strassburg), very near 
 the Rhine, is the chief city of Alsace-Lorraine ; 
 it is nearly as large as Lille, the great manu- 
 facturing city of northern France. 
 
 During the war, the factories and mines 
 of northern France, together with many 
 houses and farms, were thoroughly wrecked 
 or destroyed by the German invaders. In 
 fact, the wealth and population lost by France 
 during the war were far greater than those of 
 Alsace-Lorraine. 
 
 Sarre Basin. — As compensation for the 
 destruction of coal mines near Lille, and other 
 damages, Germany cedes to France the 
 excellent coal mines of the Sarre (German 
 Saar) Basin, just north of Lorraine. This 
 region, peopled almost entirely by Germans, 
 
FRANCE, BELGIUM, DENMARK 
 
 is separated from Ger- 
 many and given a gov- 
 ernment of its own, 
 under the control of the 
 Leagueof Nations. After 
 fifteen years, the people 
 of the Sarre Basin are 
 to vote, by districts, m 
 favor of union with 
 France, or union with 
 Germany, or remaining 
 as before, under the con- 
 trol of the League ot 
 Nations. 
 
 The Sarre Basin is 
 about two thirds the size 
 of Rhode Island. It is 
 nearly as large as Lux- 
 emburg, another small 
 country on the borders 
 of France and Germany, 
 which was made nearlv 
 independent about fifty 
 years ago. 
 
 Luxemburg, however, 
 
 Marshal Foch, commander of the Allied armies, 
 1918-1919 
 
 near Denmark) and 
 partly Germans (in the 
 south, near Germany). 
 It happened that the 
 king of Denmark was 
 also the duke of Schles- 
 wig, and presently he 
 tried to unite the duchy 
 with Denmark. Prussia 
 and other German states 
 interfered. In the end 
 Prussia, by making wars 
 against Denmark and 
 against Austria (1863- 
 1866), seized the whole 
 of Schleswig for herself. 
 Many of the Danes there 
 were oppressed and un- 
 happy under Prussian 
 rule. 
 
 The treaty of 1919 
 provides that the people 
 of north Schleswig may 
 decide by vote whether 
 that region shall now be 
 
 be based on the vote by districts in a border 
 zone. The whole land whose fate is thus in 
 
 had by 1914 fallen largely under German in- added to Denmark. The new boundary is to 
 fluence and control. The treaties securing 
 this control are now renounced by Germany, 
 and Germany accepts in advance whatever 
 arrangements the Allies may make concerning 
 Luxemburg. The Luxemburgers are mostly 
 of the German race, and speak a German dia- 
 lect mixed with French words. 
 
 Additions to Belgium. — To Belgium Ger- 
 many cedes three small frontier districts 
 (Malmedy, Eupen, and Neutral Moresnet), 
 which together are about one fourth as large 
 as Rhode Island. They have important 
 mines and metal-working plants. Their 
 people are partly German and partly of the 
 same races (Flemish and French) as the 
 Belgians. 
 
 Additions to Denmark. — A hundred years 
 ago Germany and Denmark were separated 
 bv the duchy of Schleswig (Danish Slesvig), 
 whose people were partly Danes (in the north, 
 
GEOGRAPHICAL RESULTS OF THE GREAT WAR 
 
 15 
 
 POLAND 
 
 SC^LE OF MILES 
 25 5(j 7i iiy^ 133 100 
 !••• BouuJsr^ cf Poland before 1772 
 .^H Boundarln or GenuaDj, AuEtrla and !!u£Eia 
 
 Id 1914 
 ^ New DouDdories by Treaty of 1010 with Gennan, 
 l:^y-^1 German or Polisb aceordlng H> Plebiseite 
 f +4 + Approximate Linguistic BounJarr uf Pules 
 >o Approximate Lin^islic Boundary of Leila 
 nnd Lllhuaniana 
 
 Lonijitnde 
 
 question is somewhat less than Delaware in 
 area and population. Like Denmark, it is a 
 lowland plain where dairying and farming 
 are the chief industries. (Map, page 4.) 
 
 Poland. — A hundred and fifty years ago 
 Poland was one of the largest countries in 
 Europe. It included the great mass of the 
 Polish people, also the Lithuanians and some 
 of the Russians. But the government of 
 Poland was weak, and attempts to strengthen 
 it were defeated by the Polish nobles and by 
 the jealous neighboring powers — Russia, 
 Prussia, and Austria. In a series of wars 
 (1772-1795) those three powers robbed Poland 
 
 of her border lands and finally of her inde- 
 pendence ; all her territory was annexed, and 
 the Poles became subjects of the Russian, 
 Prussian, and Austrian monarchs. But in 
 spite of all oppression, most of them clung to 
 their language and their hope of freedom. 
 
 Oneof the important results of the Great War 
 is the setting up of an independent Poland. 
 It is planned to include all the lands where 
 the majority of the people are Poles ; mingled 
 with them are some Germans, Jews, Russians, 
 and other people. Germany cedes to Poland 
 territory twice as large as Massachusetts 
 (map, page 4), and agrees to the cession of 
 
POLAND, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY 
 
 other areas larger than Massachusetts, de- Most of them are Roman CathoHcs. Ameri- 
 
 pending on the vote of the people in those can history tells of the aid given by Poles 
 
 areas. The limits of the cessions to come in the Revolutionary War. On the roll of 
 
 from Austria and Russia are not yet deter- famous Polish names are those of several 
 
 mined. The Poles have already established great musicians. One of them, Ignace Pa- 
 
 a strong republican government, and their derewski, after long residence in the United 
 
 armies, including one recruited in the United States, returned to Poland and early in igig 
 
 States durmg the Great War, have taken became premier of the Polish Republic, 
 
 possession of nearly all the lands claimed by Danzig. — The city of Danzig, near the 
 
 them. These lands include large areas in mouth of the Vistula, was part of the old 
 
 Austria (Galicia) and Russia beyond the Poland, but during a century and a half of 
 
 linguistic boundary shown on the map. Prussian rule many Germans settled there. 
 
 That boundary is only approximate; in a The German treaty of 1919 makes Danzig a 
 
 wide zone beyond it the population is mi.xed, free city under the protection of the League of 
 
 including some Poles as well as Lithuanians, Nations. With surrounding territory nearly 
 
 Russians, and others. as large as the Sarre Basin, Danzig is to have 
 
 The new Poland claims possession of a government of its own, independent of 
 
 territory more than half as large as France, both Germany and Poland, 
 
 in area and in population. The chief in- This city is important chiefly as the seaport 
 
 dustry is agriculture, but there are mines of ol the Vistula basin. Therefore the treaty 
 
 coal, iron, zinc, and salt, and extensive manu- carefully secures to Poland the use of railroads 
 
 factures of many kinds, including sugar, and docks in Danzig, to provide a free exit 
 
 leather, iron and tor Polish foreign commerce. 
 
 Break-up of Austria- 
 Hungary. — Another very 
 
 cotton and other textiles 
 steel. The leading crops 
 are rye, oats, wheat, po- 
 tatoes, and sugar beets. 
 Fine horses, cattle, and 
 sheep are raised. 
 
 The Vistula River is 
 an important water way; 
 nearlv all of its basin is in 
 Poland. 
 
 Warsaw, on the Vis- 
 tula, is the capital, by far 
 the largest city (about 
 900,000), and the chief 
 railroad center; here are 
 tanneries, sugar refin- 
 eries, and many factories. 
 At Lodz are large cot- 
 ton mills. Near Cracow, 
 the ancient capital of 
 Poland, are wonderful 
 old salt mines. 
 
 The Poles are a peo- 
 ple of the Slavic race. 
 
 Marshal Haig, commander of the British armies 
 in France, 1915-1919 
 
 important result of the 
 Cheat War was the long- 
 expected dissolution of 
 the Dual Monarchy. 
 Revolutions took place 
 in the different parts 
 of Austria-Hungary, and 
 several independent re- 
 publics were established, 
 — Czechoslovakia, Aus- 
 tria, Hungary, — while on 
 the borders the people of 
 the Polish, Jugoslav, Ital- 
 ian, and Roumanian races 
 hastened to unite with 
 their kin in outside na- 
 tions. 
 
 Even before the com- 
 pletion of the treaties 
 under negotiation, the 
 general outlines of the 
 
CZECHOSLOVAKIA, AUSTRIA. HUNGARY 
 
 II 
 
 new order, based on independent nationalities, 
 can plainly be seen as described in the follow- 
 ing pages. 
 
 Czechoslovakia. — The Czechoslovak Re- 
 public was established by the Czechs or 
 Slavic people of Bohemia and the neighboring 
 provinces of Austria, together with the Slo- 
 vaks to the east of them, in what was north- 
 western Hungary. The Slovaks are a Slavic 
 people whose language is much like the Czech. 
 Near the boundary with Germany, which 
 follows mountain ranges for the most part, 
 some Germans are included in Czechoslo- 
 vakia. The boundaries with Austria, with 
 Hungary, and with Poland will probably be 
 drawn to include the districts where the 
 majority are Czechs and Slovaks ; that is, 
 they will be not far from the linguistic 
 boundaries shown on the map. 
 
 The Czechoslovak Republic thus claims an 
 area one fourth the size of France, and a popu- 
 lation nearly one third as large as the French. 
 Most of the people are Roman Catholics. 
 The Czechs are among the best-educated 
 people in Europe. 
 
 Czechoslovakia takes in about one fifth 
 of the area and about one fourth of the popu- 
 lation of the old Austria-Hungary. It in- 
 cludes most of the coal mines of the former 
 Austria-Hungary, and the chief manufactur- 
 ing regions, where iron and steel, textiles, 
 glass, and beer are made. But many Czechs 
 and Germans and most of the Slovaks are 
 farmers, and the country produces nearly all 
 the food it consumes. In the Carpathian 
 Mountains are valuable forests. 
 
 Although the country has no seacoast, it lies 
 in the basins of the Elbe, Oder, and Danube, 
 which are now opened to the shipping of all 
 nations. 
 
 Prague, on the river Elbe, is the capital 
 and an important center of trade and manu- 
 facture. 
 
 Austria. — The new republic of Austria 
 is that part of the old empire where most 
 of the people are Germans. It is smaller 
 
 than Czechoslovakia, and has a smaller pop- 
 ulation — between 6,000,000 and 8,000,000. 
 Its capital is Vienna, the chief city of the 
 old Austria-Hungary and one of the very 
 large cities of Europe. 
 
 The land produces grapes, grain, potatoes, 
 and other crops. There are mines of iron, 
 coal, and other minerals, and some manu- 
 factures. The Tyrol, near Switzerland, is 
 famous for its summer resorts. 
 
 Some of the Austrian people, after the war, 
 wished to unite with Germany. The treaties 
 of 1919, however, provide that Austria shall 
 be an independent country. 
 
 Hungary. — East of Austria is Hungary, — - 
 the part of the old Hungary where the ma- 
 jority of the people are Hungarians. Most 
 of it is a fertile plain which produces large 
 crops of wheat and corn and affords good 
 pasturage for sheep and cattle. 
 
 The Danube River, crossing Austria and 
 Hungary, is a great highway of commerce 
 for both countries, neither of which now has 
 any seacoast. Budapest, on the Danube, is 
 the capital, chief railroad center, and largest 
 city of Hungary. 
 
 The Hungarians, or Magyars, are de- 
 scended from an Asiatic people who came 
 to the Danubian plains about a thousand 
 years ago. Throughout the old Hungary 
 before the Great War they were the ruling 
 race, though less than half the total popu- 
 lation. Some are Protestants, but most 
 are Roman Catholics. 
 
 The boundaries of the new Hungary are 
 very uncertain, especially on the east, where 
 in large areas Hungarians and Roumanians 
 are in nearly equal numbers, and on the 
 south, where there is much mingling with 
 the Jugoslavs. It is probable, however, 
 that Hungary, like Austria, will have a 
 smaller area and a smaller population than 
 Czechoslovakia. 
 
 Eastern Galicia. — One part of the old 
 Austria-Hungary whose destiny is most un- 
 certain is the land of the Ruthenians, com- 
 
12 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL RESULTS OF THE GREAT WAR 
 
 prising eastern Galicia and small adjacent 
 areas in Bukowina and the old Hungary. 
 
 The Ruthenians, about 4,000,000 in num- 
 ber, are a branch of the Little Russians. 
 Hence the larger body of Little Russians, 
 or Ukrainians (page 15), would like to anne.K 
 the whole area. 
 
 But the Ruthenians have long been a 
 subject people — mostly peasants and la- 
 borers owning little property. Mingled with 
 them in various parts of the land are middle 
 and upper class Poles, Germans, and Hun- 
 garians ; in Lemberg and other cities, there 
 are more Poles than Ruthenians. Hungary 
 claims to its old boundary along the Car- 
 pathians, and Poland claims at least all of 
 Galicia, which was part of the old Polish 
 kingdom for several hundred years before 
 1772. On the east and west, also, Roumania 
 and Czechoslovakia would like to e.xtend 
 their borders. 
 
 The land of the Ruthenians is a land of 
 farms and forests. Eastern Galicia also 
 yields much petroleum. 
 
 Jugoslavia. — The southern part of the old 
 Austria-Hungary is the home of the Slovenes, 
 the Croats, and many Serbs. Near the end 
 of the Great War a union was arranged be- 
 tween them and the Serbs of Serbia and 
 Montenegro, for the formation of the Serb- 
 Croat-Slovene state. The three peoples are 
 of the Slavic race and speak similar lan- 
 guages. They are called Jugoslavs, which 
 means South Slavs, and hence their country 
 is commonly known as Jugoslavia. 
 
 For the most part, the Serbs (in the east) 
 are of the Orthodo.x Greek faith, while the 
 Croats and Slovenes (in the west) are Roman 
 Catholics. The Jugoslavs have political dif- 
 ferences, also ; some favor a republic, some 
 a kingdom under the royal house of Serbia, 
 while some are opposed to the union in 
 either form. In the first half of 1919 the 
 kingdom came into the control of nearly all 
 the country, in spite of some opposition in 
 Montenegro and Croatia. 
 
 Jugoslavia is much larger than Czecho- 
 slovakia, the new Slavic country in the 
 north, but it probably has a smaller popu- 
 lation. Much of the country is mountainous, 
 and it has few railroads. Excepting the 
 port of Fiume (claimed by Jugoslavia and 
 by Italy), the frontage of Jugoslavia on the 
 Adriatic Sea has small value because of high 
 mountain ranges near the coast. The chief 
 industry is farming. 
 
 Cessions to Italy. — On the borders of 
 Italy the old Austria included two districts 
 peopled chiefly by Italians, — one about the 
 city of Trent in the Alps, and the other about 
 the large and important seaport Trieste at 
 the head of the Adriatic Sea. Both these 
 districts are to be ceded by Austria to Italy, 
 with mountain boundaries that include 
 many Germans and Jugoslavs besides the 
 Italians. 
 
 Farther southeast, along the coast of the 
 Adriatic, are towns and seaports with popu- 
 lations chiefly Italian, though the country 
 back of them is almost solidly Jugoslav. 
 Therefore a long, narrow strip of the coast, 
 with many ofF-lying islands, is claimed not 
 only by Jugoslavia but also by Italy, which 
 took possession at the end of the war. 
 
 In the case of Fium;, by far the most im- 
 portant of these ports, several compromises 
 have been suggested. One of them is similar 
 to the plan followed with Danzig, namely, 
 to make it an independent free city; for 
 its relation to the foreign commerce of 
 Jugoslavia (and Hungary) is somewhat like 
 the relation of Danzig to the foreign com- 
 merce of Poland. 
 
 During the war Italy occupied much of 
 Albania ; and she lays claim to the perma- 
 nent possession of Avlona, a port at the mouth 
 of the Adriatic Sea, just opposite the " heel " 
 of the Italian peninsula. 
 
 All together, these European territories 
 annexed or claimed by Italy have an area 
 and a population greater than those of 
 Maryland. 
 
JUGOSLAVIA, ITALY, ROUMANIA, BULGARIA 
 
 13 
 
 
 TEERITORIAL ADDITIONS 
 
 TO 
 
 ITALY 
 
 SCALE OF MILES 
 
 50 luu 150 i]uO 
 
 1 ) Ceded by Austria to Italy 
 I ,:- ■ I Claimed by Italy 
 
 Bessarabia, the Rus- 
 sian province between 
 the Pruth and the 
 Dniester, was annexed 
 by Roumania before 
 the end of the Great 
 War. It is a farming 
 land twice as large as 
 Massachusetts. The 
 population, numbering 
 about 2,500,000, is 
 largely Roumanian, but 
 contains also many di- 
 verse elements — Great 
 Russians, Little Rus- 
 sians, Poles, Bulgarians, 
 Greeks, and Jews. 
 
 If the final treaties 
 confirm these additions 
 west and northeast, 
 Roumania will be 
 doubled in area and 
 population, and thus 
 made greater than any 
 other country that is 
 shown fully on the map, 
 page 10. 
 
 Cessions to Roumania. — The eastern parts Bulgaria. — Though defeated in the war, 
 
 of the old Austria-Hungary are claimed and Bulgaria is not to lose much territory, 
 occupied by Roumania. The boundary is This is because nearly all the land within 
 uncertain, but this addition to Roumania her boundaries of 1914 is the home of Bul- 
 seems likely to be as large and populous as garians only. The most important excep- 
 the southern part of the old Austria-Hungary tion is in Western Thrace, which Bulgaria 
 transferred to Jugoslavia. It thus forms won from Turkey in 1912-13. This region 
 one of the five or six very large pieces into is now claimed by Greece because the pop- 
 which most of the old Dual Monarchy is ulation in 191 2 was more Greek than Bul- 
 now broken. (Map, page 10.) garian. A suggested compromise is that part 
 
 The population is very mixed, but Rou- of it be kept by Bulgaria, part be given to 
 manians form the most numerous element, Greece, and part be made an international 
 with many Hungarians and some Germans, zone or independent district like Danzig, so 
 Ruthenians, Serbs, and others. Much of that through it Bulgaria can have access 
 the land is forest-covered mountains, but to the Aegean Sea. (Map, page 10.) 
 in the valleys and plains there are excellent On the other hand, Bulgaria claims parts 
 
 farms and pastures. Some coal, gold, and of southern Serbia and northern Greece 
 silver are mined. Transylvania is noted for (that is, parts of ancient Macedonia), and 
 its scenery. the whole of the Dobrudja — the part of 
 
H 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL RESULTS OF THE GREAT WAR 
 
 Lniiffitiije 
 
 Roumania between the Danube and the 
 Black Sea — on the ground that their popu- 
 lation is mostly Bulgarian. The area for 
 which her claim has the best foundation is 
 the little strip that was taken from Bulgaria 
 by Roumania in 1913. In the Dobrudja 
 proper, north of that strip, the people include 
 many Roumanians and Turks as well as 
 Bulgarians, and Roumania needs the terri- 
 tory to secure her access to the Black Sea. 
 The Dobrudja is larger than the state of 
 Connecticut, but has a population only a 
 third as great. 
 
 Greece. — Besides asking for Western 
 Thrace from Bulgaria, Greece would like to 
 annex most of Eastern Thrace from Turkey. 
 Moreover, she claims and occupies part of 
 
 southern Albania and 
 part of western Asia 
 Minor, including the 
 great seaport Smyrna. 
 She asks Great Britain 
 to cede Cyprus to her. 
 She also lays claim to 
 Rhodes and neighbor- 
 ing islands, which Italy 
 took from Turkey in 
 191 1 ; and she opposes 
 Italian claims to part 
 of Asia Minor. All 
 the lands claimed by 
 Greece were Greek in 
 ancient times and now 
 have a population 
 partly Greek. (Maps, 
 pages 10 and 17.) 
 
 As already stated, 
 however, the treaties 
 affecting Bulgaria and 
 Turkey were still under 
 negotiation in August, 
 1919; not till they are 
 completed and ratified 
 can the final disposi- 
 tion of these territories 
 be definitely known. 
 Break-up of Turkey. — The fate of Turkey 
 is like that of Austria-Hungary — the dis- 
 ruption of an empire held together by force. 
 Most of Asia Minor, or Anatolia, where the 
 majority of the people are Turks, may (or 
 may not) remain an independent Turkey of 
 perhaps 6,000,000 population. But it has 
 been announced by Allied statesmen that 
 the rest of the empire is to be set free from 
 Turkish rule. 
 
 Constantinople, with part (or perhaps all) 
 of Eastern Thrace and a corner of Asia 
 Minor, is to be put under international con- 
 trol, in order to keep the outlet of the Black 
 Sea open to the ships of all nations. The 
 United States, it is said, may be requested to 
 take charge of it. 
 
GREECE, TURKEY, EGYPT, RUSSIA 
 
 15 
 
 The western coast of Asia Minor is claimed 
 by Greece, as we have seen, because of its 
 many Greek inhabitants. To the south is a 
 region claimed by Italy. 
 
 Armenia, it is said, is to be made inde- 
 pendent of Turkey, but aided for a time by 
 the advice and assistance of some more ad- 
 vanced power. It is understood that the 
 United States may be requested to undertake 
 this guardianship of Armenia. The Arme- 
 nians are a Christian (Orthodox Greek) 
 people of the white race whose language is 
 akin to those of Europe. 
 
 Syria, likewise, is to be freed from Turkey, 
 and there is an understanding that it may be 
 placed under the guardianship of France. 
 
 Mesopotamia and Palestine were taken 
 from Turkey by British expeditions during 
 the war, and it is understood that they may 
 remain under British protection. Their 
 population is largely Arab, but it is planned 
 to make Palestine the home of many Jews. 
 
 The kingdom of Hedjaz, with British aid, 
 threw off the Turkish yoke in 1916 and, near 
 the end of the war, helped in the conquest of 
 Palestine. This little nation of Arabs, it is 
 believed, may form the nucleus of a greater 
 Arabia. 
 
 All these regions separated from Turkey 
 have suffered much in the past from Turkish 
 misrule and oppression. All are in a back- 
 ward state of development ; almost the only 
 industries are farming (by primitive methods) 
 and grazing. By irrigation and other im- 
 provements, the production of these regions 
 can be greatly increased. 
 
 Egypt. — Before the war Egypt was nomi- 
 nally subject to Turkey, and British control 
 there was sometimes objected to by other 
 powers. Since 1914, however, it has been a 
 sultanate under British protection, and this 
 arrangement is confirmed in the treaty with 
 
 Russia. — Not only in Austria-Hungary 
 and Turkey, but to some extent in Russia, 
 war and revolution have brought about the 
 disruption of an old empire. Various border 
 lands, where the Russian people are in a 
 minority, have broken away and have set 
 up independent governments. Political and 
 linguistic differences among the Russians 
 themselves have led to civil wars that are 
 still raging, threatening the possibility of 
 further disruption. (Map, page 17.) 
 
 The largest part of the Russian people, 
 more numerous than any other European 
 nation, are the Great Russians. Their ter- 
 ritory in central and eastern Russia is larger 
 than any other country in Europe. Most 
 of it in August, 1919, was under the rule of 
 the Bolshevik or extreme socialist party. 
 The Bolshevik leaders seized control late in 
 1917, and held it by a reign of terror. They 
 tried to stir up workmen's revolutions in all 
 countries, and they made war to extend their 
 influence over neighboring lands. 
 
 The Great Russians are the dominant 
 people also in Siberia, in much of southeastern 
 Russia, and in parts of northern Russia about 
 the towns of Archangel and Murmansk, the 
 seaport terminals of Russian railroads. But 
 those four parts of the old empire were (in 
 August, 1919) under the control of men who 
 were fighting to overthrow Bolshevik rule 
 and to establish, they said, a democratic 
 all-Russian government. 
 
 The White Russians, numbering about 
 10,000,000, speak a Great Russian dialect 
 somewhat resembling Polish. Their land 
 was a battle ground in the war between the 
 Poles and the Bolshevik Russians. 
 
 Ukrainia. — The Little Russians, or Ukrai- 
 nians, about 25,000,000 in number exclusive of 
 the Ruthenians (page 12), differ slightly from 
 the Great Russians in race and language. 
 
 Germany. Hence one result of the war, if They set up an independent government in 
 that treaty becomes effective, is to make 191 7, but fell for a time under German in- 
 Egypt formally and definitely a part of the fluence and control. Later they were de- 
 British Empire. feated and plundered by Bolshevik Russians, 
 
i6 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL RESULTS OF THE GREAT WAR 
 
 but in the middle of 1919 were apparently 
 recovering their independence. 
 
 Inside the linguistic boundary shown on 
 the map there is a wide strip where the mid- 
 dle and upper classes of the population are 
 largely Polish (in the west) or Great Russian 
 (in the east). Hence the boundaries of 
 Ukrainia, if it maintains its independence, 
 are very doubtful. 
 
 Ukrainia is a rich farming land, the most 
 fertile part of the old Russia. It also con- 
 tains the best coal and iron mines and many 
 manufactures. Two of its cities have a 
 population of over 600,000 each : the capital, 
 Kief, and the chief seaport, Odessa. A con- 
 siderable part of the people in these and other 
 cities are Jews. 
 
 Baltic States. — In this study of new states 
 and new boundaries, we have read about 
 many Slavic peoples — Poles, Czechoslovaks, 
 Jugoslavs, Bulgarians (partly Slavic), and 
 several kinds of Russians. We now come to 
 some peoples of the old Russian Empire 
 who are not Slavs. 
 
 The Lithuanians and the Letts have 
 languages much alike ; together they con- 
 stitute the Baltic group of the white race 
 in Europe ; the other groups being Greek, 
 Albanian, Celtic, Latin, Teutonic, and Slavic. 
 
 Lithuania has a population of perhaps 
 3,000,000, mostly Lithuanians, who have set 
 up an independent republic. This land (with 
 part of Letvia) was included in the old Po- 
 land, and the new Poland would like to annex 
 it. The small area between the Niemen River 
 and the old northeast German boundary is 
 ceded by Germany to the principal powers ; 
 it will probably be added to Lithuania, as its 
 population is largely Lithuanian. 
 
 Letvia, or Lettland, numbers about 1,000,- 
 000 Letts, mingled with some other people, 
 especially in the towns. 
 
 Esthonia is the home of nearly 1,000,000 
 Esthonians, who speak a Mongolian language, 
 together with some Russians and others. 
 Nearly all the Esthonians are Protestants. 
 
 In all three of the Baltic States the land 
 is low and some of it marshy. The chief 
 industries are farming, lumbering, and fishing. 
 The large land owners, before the war, were 
 mostly Germans. A German army, in con- 
 trol of the Baltic States at the end of the 
 war, was left there for a time to aid in de- 
 fending the country from the Bolshevik 
 Russians. 
 
 Finla.nd. — The grand duchy of Finland 
 was taken from Sweden by the czar of 
 Russia more than a hundred years ago. It 
 suffered much oppression under Russian 
 rule, and in 1917 declared its independence. 
 It accepted German aid in defending itself 
 against the Bolshevik Russians, and even 
 chose a German monarch ; but after the 
 victory of the Allies it adopted a republican 
 government instead. 
 
 Finland is more than half as large as 
 France, but has a population of only about 
 3,000,000. The people are well educated, 
 and very nearly all are Protestants. About 
 one eighth of them are Swedes and seven 
 eighths are Finns, a people descended partly 
 from the yellow race, whose language is much 
 like the Esthonian. 
 
 The country is a low plateau, with many 
 lakes and streams. Farming, dairying, and 
 lumbering are the chief industries, and there 
 is water power for some manufacturing, es- 
 pecially wood working and paper making. 
 The capital and chief city is Helsingfors. 
 
 East of Finland are some Finns and related 
 peoples, and therefore Finland would like 
 to extend her boundaries to the White Sea 
 and the Arctic Ocean. 
 
 Other Russian Border Lands. — The Lapps, 
 Samoyeds, and other yellow peoples of 
 northern Russia are few in number, and 
 their home lands are dreary wastes. 
 
 The Caucasus is the home of many greatly 
 varying peoples, among whom the Georgians 
 and others claim independence. Both there 
 and in the other Asiatic possessions of Russia, 
 the future is still most uncertain. 
 
Yaroslavl 
 
 ^ci/:^ J 
 
 ll^//> 'iv-A — '-v °°:i^ »* I r^^*-> 
 
 gM»i> 
 
 
 
 
 "tome 
 
 -V^ 
 
 te^d^ 
 
 V \ 
 
 c^katennoslaf • '^ 
 
 %M 
 
 
 ;aterinoaar^ 
 
 
 ■'^a'on/Jc E 
 
 
 PEOPLES AND BORDERLANDS 
 
 OF 
 
 RUSSIA 
 
 SCALE OF MILES 
 
 Aleppo ( 
 
 Damascus 
 
 SBatijn" 
 
 ■-.?-4 
 
 R 
 
 LougitiiJt 
 
 ■•__• Boundary of Europeun Russia iu 1914 
 Political bouiniaries o£ Finland and 
 
 Russian Poland in 1914 
 ^^^B Aiiproxiinute boundury between ^Yhite 
 
 and Yellow Races 
 5O00OOO Approximate linguistic boundary of the 
 
 Letts nnd Lithuanians 
 ^^^^ Approximate lini;uistic boundary of the 
 
 Little Russians 
 
 , 1 
 
GEOGRAPHICAL RESULTS OF THE GREAT WAR 
 
 l^oiiU'itiidt 118 Kiibt 
 
 Shantung. — About twenty years ago Ger- 
 many forced China to give her the colony 
 of Kiaochow, with control of railroads and 
 mines in the province of Shantung. Early 
 in the war, Japan ousted the Germans and 
 took possession in their stead. By the treaty 
 of 1919 with Germany she takes over all 
 German rights there ; but it is understood 
 that she is later to hand over the political 
 control to China. 
 
 German Colonies in the Pacific. — Early 
 in the war the German possessions in the 
 Pacific Ocean were seized by the naval forces 
 of Japan, Great Britain, Australia, and New 
 Zealand. By the treaty of 1919 Germany 
 renounces her claim to them, leaving it to 
 the principal powers (United States, British 
 Empire, France, Italy, Japan) to dispose of 
 them. It is understood, however, that those 
 south of the equator are to be governed by 
 
 1 A U \lN&0- South |V=S PI 
 
 j J Maiillli^^, 
 
 f iJ-'^l C It ' n a >S-S"- 
 
 H I. N A 
 
 Jfv.e^'?... 
 
 Hongk6ng 
 
 /C/foRMOSA 1 
 
 Tropic ot Cancer 
 
 '^J 
 
 < 
 
 'LUZON 
 
 PHILIPPINE 
 
 iUltr"U PALAS 
 
 »Nj"«t?SLANDS M 
 
 Sea 
 
 { To Japan 
 
 M 
 
 
 • MARIANAS 
 
 # (Tu Japan) 
 
 'GUAM I, 
 r C R 
 
 Jst 
 
 CAROLINC ISLANDS. - 
 
 \. E A S T tfrN D I E S 
 
 '■ A N 'd is' 
 
 w-^y 
 
 MARSHALL 1 
 
 ■■: ■ ,v • ! 
 
 ISLANDS 1 
 
 
 o c 
 
 I X\D I A Jf 
 
 SjC~^ 
 
 Norihwett Cape (^r^ — ^^ 
 
 Equator ^GrLBEBT- s. k£» i.-""*"'" ' 
 
 <f^.- '.^Hl'^OLOMON IS. ELLjCE IS. 
 
 CP.Iork 
 
 ^---- - — ...... . UNION IS. 
 
 .^(Br.) . {Br.) -.1 ••.-. (Br.) 
 
 *> "^.c.*"". P O L Y N E S I;A ■••/ 
 
 • ^Br^) I SAM^OA 
 
 _ , i NEWOjHEBRIDES c3t 'J" ;^"j< ("•«.) 
 
 Coral ^ea leAiFr.) cfT'i' ^"'"i^ 
 &'■) 
 
 y 
 
 lioRTHEBN ; ^, L. ''' . 
 !- .. .; ,\ 4^K, — Tt, 
 
 (Br. i Fr.) 
 
 SOCIETY IS. 
 COOK IS./-:. ffV.) 
 
 \ Ncrthweat Cape [1"^-^. ] (TERRiTOBf 
 \ X — ^-i''^''^ 1 ■ 9''EE»'*'-*''° 
 
 
 "?; ^? NEW "^iN *, LOYALTY IS 1 ^vTtoNGA OR (Br.) 
 
 ,'Jv, CAlioONIA^-^"',";;',' '=■• / FRIENDLY IS. / .,,.t=., ,." - 
 
 K A .U S f R "Ji. LI A VSa^rfv <*■)"• T'OP''^ of 7 Capricorn 7 l^-' 
 
 A y V^'^-. * souTHfr-ir } >.: T 
 
 Cape 
 
 ISLAND POSSESSIONS 
 
 CEDED BY GERMANY 
 
 SCALE OF MILES 
 
 ieeuu'/n^ A-T-//uatr<.;iun i.'iy/.fy'f'JIf^- WALES /^,,ln..J' I JiOrth Coae 
 
 '^\ AdelaiJ^yi; i^a, •fimlx-rra Vfi,„.iM,„l 
 
 ItSTrt //>r.,««i,J..I.<./™p.l»I' W c! ,r; 
 
 #Mtlbourne north i.) '^^''" ■-' 
 
 .aS.^Srra.r Taarri'aB .Sea c/j'^lSEW 
 
 *^ J." >ii ^n/ollliii-t 
 
 
 ^WelUugrtou 
 
 pCMATHAM IS. 
 
 jth i./L/''""' f'- 
 ^/^'ZEALXND ""•' 
 
 BTfWAHT I.P 
 
 SoutA Cope I 
 
 100 I-oniriiude 120 Enst 
 
 HO from 
 
 JfiO Gre.>nwi.Ii 180 Lomritude lUO "W,".! 140 
 
GERMAN COLONIES 
 
 19 
 
 Australia and New Zealand 
 under the general oversight of 
 the League of Nations, while 
 those north of the equator 
 are likewise to be assigned to 
 Japan, with the exception of 
 some island, probably ^ ap, 
 which will be occupied by the 
 United States as a cable sta- 
 tion. 
 
 These islands north of the 
 equator have a small area 
 and about 75,000 inhabitants, 
 nearly all Malayan natives. 
 They include the Mariana, 
 Marshall, Caroline, and Pelew 
 groups. 
 
 The possessions south of the 
 equator are more important. 
 They include the Bismarck Ar- 
 chipelago, part of New Guinea 
 (Kaiser Wilhelms Land), and 20 
 part of the Samoa group. All 
 together they have about as 
 much land and about as many 
 people (mostly natives) as the 
 state of T 'tah. 
 
 German Colonies in Africa. 
 — The German colonies in 
 
 Africa had, in 1914, an area ot over 1,000,000 ownership. Part of Togo also was placed 
 square miles and a population of more than under French control, and the remainder of 
 11,000,000. By the treaty of 1919 their dis- these two colonies under British control, 
 position, like that of the Pacific colonies, is awaiting their final disposition by the prin- 
 left to the principal powers. cipal powers. 
 
 It is understood, however, that German German East Africa is the largest, most 
 
 Southwest Africa, which was conquered by populous, and most valuable of all these 
 (British) South Africa, will remain under the colonies. Most of it is a fertile plateau, with 
 government of that country. It is the least a climate suitable for white men. It was 
 valuable of the German colonies in Africa, stubbornly defended by the German colo- 
 because the climate is so very dry. nists and some of the natives, but was finally 
 
 Togo and Kamerun were conquered by taken by the British (including South Afri- 
 British and French troops. They are fertile, cans), with the cooperation of Belgian and 
 but too hot and wet for the homes of white Portuguese forces. 
 
 men. Part of Kamerun, transferred to Ger- No matter how the principal powers 
 
 many from French Equatorial Africa in finally dispose of this colony, it seems cer- 
 191 1, was promptly restored to French tain that there will no longer be any political 
 
20 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL RESULTS OF THE GREAT WAR 
 
 obstacle to the completion of the " Cape to 
 Cairo " railroad, under British control, from 
 one end of Africa to the other. 
 
 The United States. — Our country is not 
 directly affected by any of the important 
 territorial changes resulting from the Great 
 War, although it was during the war, and 
 
 partly because of it, that we purchased the 
 Danish West Indies (for $25,000,000). Our 
 share in the war, however, resulted in win- 
 ning for us the friendship of the Allied powers 
 and the respect of all nations. Thus the 
 United States has gained a more influential 
 position in the world than ever before. 
 
 PRONUNCIATIONS 
 
 MARKINGS : a in late, a in senate, a in fat, « in «ccouiit. a in far, a in last, « in sofn ; e in me, e in return, 
 e in met, bgrry, e in term ; i in fine, ■ in tin ; K = German ch ; o in note, 6 in obey, 6 in not, 6 in f6r, oo in school, 
 ob in wool ; 5 in tune, u in unite, tl in nut, ii in clrcSs, u in burn. 
 
 Albania (Sl-ba'm-d) 
 
 Alsace-Lorraine (3,l-sas'l6- 
 ran') 
 
 Anatolia (3,n-a-to'li-a) 
 
 Arabia (a-ra'bl-u) 
 
 Arabs (Sr'abz) 
 
 Archangel (ark'an'jel) 
 
 Argentina (ar-jen-te'na) 
 
 Armenia (iir-me'ni-a) 
 
 Avlona (av-lo'nii) 
 
 Baltic (b61'tlk) 
 
 Bavaria (ba-va'ri-d) 
 
 Bessarabia (b6s-a-ra'bi-d) 
 
 Bismarck (bis'mark) 
 
 Bolshevik (boUshe-vek') ; plu- 
 ral, Bolsheviki (bol-she-ve- 
 ke') 
 
 Budapest (boo'da-pest; 
 
 Bukowina (b6o-kf>-ve'na) 
 
 Bulgaria (bo61-ga'ri-d) 
 
 Cairo (ki'ro) 
 
 Chile (che'la) 
 
 Colombia (k6-l6m'b^-a) 
 
 Cracow (kra'ko) 
 
 Croatia (kro-a'.shl-d) 
 
 Croats (kro'ats) 
 
 CypriLS (si'priis) 
 Czechoslovak (chek'S-slo- 
 
 vak') 
 Czechoslovakia (chek'6-.sl6- 
 
 vSk'i-d) 
 Czechs (chfks) 
 Danzig (dau'tsiiv) 
 Dniester (nes'tSr) 
 Dobrudja (do-bro6'ja) 
 Egypt (e'jipt) 
 Elbe (61'b6) 
 Esthonia (es-tho'ni-d) 
 Eupen (oi'pen) 
 Flume (fyoo'ma) 
 Foch (fosh) 
 Galicia (gd-lish'I-d) 
 Guatemala (gwa-tS-ma'ld) 
 Haig (hag) 
 Haiti (ha'ti; 
 Hedjaz (hej-az') 
 Helsingfors (hel-sing-fors') 
 Joffre (zhftf'fr') 
 Jugoslavia (yoo-go-sla'vl-d) 
 Jugoslavs fyoo'go-slavz') 
 Kaiser Wilhelnis Land (ki'zer 
 
 vil'helms lanl) 
 
 Kamerun (ka-ma-robn') 
 Kiaochow (kyou'cho') 
 Kief (ke'yef) 
 Lemberg (Ifm'berK) 
 Lille (lei) 
 
 Lithuania (lith-ii-a'ni-d) 
 Lodz (16dz) 
 Lorraine (lo-riln') 
 Macedonia (mjs-e-do'ni-d) 
 Magyars (niod'yorz) 
 Malmedy (mal'ma-de) 
 Mariana (ma-r^-a'na) 
 Me.sopotamia (me.s-6-p6-ta' 
 
 ml-d) 
 Moresnet (mo-ra-ng') 
 Murmansk (moor-mansk') 
 Nicaragua (nlk-d-ra'gwd) 
 Niemen (ne'men) 
 Oder (o'der) 
 Odessa (o-des'd) 
 Paderewski (pa-df-r6f'sk^) 
 Palestine (pal'es-tin) 
 Paraguay (par'd-gwa) 
 Pelew (pe-loo') 
 plebiscite (plfb'i-sit) 
 Pruth (prooth) 
 
 Rhodes (rodz) 
 Roumania (roo-ma'nl-d) 
 RiUhenians (roo-the'ni-anz) 
 Saar (ziir) 
 
 Salvador (sal-va-dor') 
 Samoyeds (s5m-6-yedz') 
 Sarre (sar) 
 Schleswig (shlas'viK) 
 Shantung (shan't<56ng') 
 Slesvig (sla.s'vig) 
 Slovaks (sl6-vaks') 
 Slovenes (slo-venz') 
 Strasbourg (straz-boor') 
 Stras.sburg (shtras'boorii) 
 Togo (to'go) 
 
 Tran.sylvania(triln-.sil-va'ni-d) 
 Trie.ste (tre-esf or tr^-gs'ta) 
 Tyrol (tlr'61) 
 Ukrainia (u-kriln'i-d) 
 L^ruguay (ii'roo-gwa) 
 Venezuela (ven-J-zwe'ld) 
 Versailles (v6r-sii'y' or ver- 
 
 salz') 
 Vistula (vTs'tii-ld) 
 Yap (yap)