xOq. 
 
 ' .. -> O^ <^ ^ * » ^ 'c> V 
 
 -- '^ .S- * (^ ^^' 'hi o ^^- .^^^' 
 
 
 >o^ 
 
 v^q.. 
 
 * -,^' • ft <b O -1 -^ J 
 
 -■^ J * A. O "^ 
 
 '0 <^ ° • >• A N c , "V- 
 
 G » ,f 
 
 .^<^., 
 
i^jiBiaEiasacsiraiaBaisaBiaciaciiaoaEaEi^EjaEaE^BiaEaBaEiaBiaEaiBiaEiiaBaB 
 
 ■^ Biia 
 
 . Ga 
 ^ uu 
 
 uu 
 nn 
 uu 
 
 BSI 
 
 Eiia 
 
 Bia 
 
 BQ 
 
 Bia 
 
 BQ 
 BSi 
 BQ 
 Bia 
 
 BQ 
 
 Bia 
 
 BO 
 
 B!a 
 
 rl^apsas 
 
 The Southern Fanner's 
 Guide. 
 
 What, How and When to Plant in the South 
 
 Bia 
 
 BQ 
 
 Bia 
 
 BS 
 
 Bia 
 
 BO 
 
 Bia 
 
 BO 
 
 Bia 
 
 BO 
 
 Bia 
 
 BO 
 
 Bia 
 
 BO 
 
 Ba 
 Bg 
 
 BO 
 
 Big 
 
 BO 
 
 Bia 
 
 BO 
 
 BS 
 
 BO 
 
 Eg 
 
 BO 
 
 Ba 
 
 BO 
 
 Bia 
 
 For Profit. 
 
 PREPARED FOR THE LATIT 
 
 BO 
 BQ 
 
 BO 
 
 Bg 
 
 BO 
 
 Bia 
 
 BO 
 
 Bg 
 
 BO 
 
 Ba 
 
 BO 
 
 Bg 
 
 IS . Price 25 CentsS::.^:^^)!!!^ ^ ^^ 2 - ^'H 
 
 By BO 
 
 BH Ba 
 
 B'IjI bo 
 
 Bgri3i!Si3EaBaEgEaEaBS5P!gTs?nEanaEaEgngrigBaBaBaBiaBaBaBiaBaBaEa 
 
 BOL]OUOUOt£OliOeOi£yk2!iik£yiuOISOIuiOBOBOQy£:OlL20BOBOBOBOBOBOBOBOBO 
 
 ARKANSAS DEMOCRAT CO., LITTLE ROCK. 
 
 Bia 
 
 Bg 
 
 BO 
 
 Eg 
 
 BO 
 
 /Bg 
 
 'BO 
 
G. F. Baucum, President. M. H. JOHNSON, Cashier. 
 
 W. E. ToBEY, Vice President. R. O. Hopkins, Ass't Cashier 
 
 BANK OF LITTLE ROCK, 
 
 LITTLE ROCK, ARK. 
 
 OiVt^ITArv P*A.ID, ^300,000.00. 
 
 .WE SOLICIT YOUR BUSINESS AND INVITE CORRESPONDENCE. 
 
 IDIPiElCrrOPiS : 
 
 G. F. BAUCUM, President. M. H. JOHNSON, Cvshiek. 
 
 W. T. WILSON, W. E. TOBEY, 
 
 of \V. T. & R. J. Wilson, Wholesale Grocers. ^ President Carl & Tobey Co., Wholesale Grocers. 
 
 D. G. FONES, ] JOHN S. MAJOR. 
 
 President Fones Brothers Hardware Company. j Treasurer Kearney Lumber Company. 
 
 J. H. McCarthy, [ CHAS. N. fowler, New York, 
 
 of J. H. McCarthy & Co., Cotton Factors. % B. J. BROWN, Capitalist. 
 
 MAXWELL COFFIN, CHAS. S. STIFFT, 
 
 of Coffin & Ragland, Bankers and Brokers. Wholesale and Retail Jewelry. 
 
 FURNITURE, CARPETS, Etc. 
 
 We are headquarters in Arkansas for 
 any and everything in the above line 
 
 SEND US YOUR NAME 
 
 And we will mail you one of our Illustrated Catalogues, 
 and will prepay the Freight Charges to your nearest railroad 
 station on all orders amounting to $10.00 and over. 
 
 Arkansas Carpet and Furniture Co. 
 
 Menlicn this Pamphlet. LITTLE ROCK, ARK. 
 
The Soathern 
 palmer's Guide 
 
 CUhat, Hocu and CXihen to 
 Plant for Profit in 
 
 Af^KA]4SflS 
 
 
 Price 25 Cents 
 
 Ovdeps for this Book, and all Coprcspondenee should be addfessed 
 • to E. m. PHlliUlPS, Uittle I?OGk, Apk. 
 
(aiir©®ei iiQeeg. 
 
 FARMS •:• AND •:• HOMES 
 
 IN ARKANSAS. 
 
 Two Million Acres 
 
 Farming, Grazing, 
 
 Fruit, Timbered 
 
 and Mineral Land 
 
 SOLD IN TRACTS TO SUIT PURCHASERS. 
 
 Mild Climate, Variety of Products, 
 
 Low Prices, Low Interest. 
 
 EASY TERMS. 
 
 S'' 
 
 Maps and Circulars free. Address 
 
 G. A. A. DEANE, 
 
 LAND COMMISSIONER. 
 
 St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern, and Little Rock & Ft. Snnith Ry's 
 
 LiITTIiH ROCK. ARKflNSflS. 
 
 Copyright iSqs h E. M. PHILLIPS. All Rights Reserved. • 
 
 
Si,, 
 
 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 MANY farmers are now leaving the Northern 
 ) y^ States and finding homes in the South, where 
 conditions of soil, climate and products differ so 
 greatly from those they have been used to, it has seemed best 
 to publish this little volume for their benefit, hoping also that 
 they may, by mailing it to their friends and relatives who have 
 not yet started on their pilgrimage, induce them to come to 
 this goodly Southland, 
 
 The State of Arkansas has a population, according to the 
 census of 1890, of about 24 persons to the square mile, Massa- 
 chusetts having 278 and England 550. This State has as 
 small, if not a smaller, percentage of waste lands than either of 
 these countries, and is fully able to sustain as dense a popula- 
 tion. It is, therefore, true that there is plenty of room here yet 
 for thousands upon tens of thousands of good people and their 
 families. 
 
 This is an inviting land to come to. The immigrant will not 
 have to suffer here many of the hardships which confront him in 
 
the States of the West and Northwest, Here he will find water 
 plentiful and excellent, rains seasonable, irrigation unnecessary, 
 winters short, summers delightful. Here timber for building, 
 fencing and fuel is abundant, and the immigrant can build his 
 own house with his own materials, even to the foundations, root 
 cellars and chimneys, for good building stone is found in almost 
 every county. Here failures of crops are virtually unknown, 
 and with fruits and vegetables in plentiful supply, and pasturage 
 for his cattle with small expense the year round, the incomer 
 may lead a joyful life. 
 
 The experience of the writer, who came here from Illinois 
 twenty-five years ago, and of thousands of others who have re- 
 sided here for many years, has proved this to be an exception- 
 ally healthful climate. 
 
 To such, then, as have lately come to this State, or who 
 are investigating the question of migration hitherward ; who 
 are tired of cold winters, blizzards and drouths, this book is 
 respectfully dedicated ; the design being to show what has been 
 and what can be done here in the way of good and profitable 
 farming, stock raising and horticulture. 
 
.... GRASSES .... 
 AND OTHER FORAGE CROPS FOR ARKANSAS. 
 
 The cultivation of grasses, both for hay and pasturage, is 
 considered by all the prominent agricultural authorities of 
 America and Europe as at the very foundation of good farming. 
 
 The South is eminently a grass country. Arkansas has 
 over 150 varieties of native grasses, and all the cultivated grasses 
 of the North do excellently well here; and here too other excel- 
 lent varieties that cannot be grown at the North, thrive and are 
 exceedingly profitable. 
 
 BERMUDA GRASS. 
 
 As a permanent pasture grass at the South, Bermuda is 
 unexcelled. It furnishes an abundance of rich, sugary herbage 
 of which cattle, horses, hogs and sheep are very fond. 
 
 The method of propagation is very simple and inexpen- 
 sive. Small pieces of the plant are dropped 3 or 4 feet apart 
 on land that has been plowed and harrowed, and pressed in 
 with the foot. Another plan is to cut the Bermuda sod up fine 
 in a hay cutter, and scatter it over the ground, rolling or har- 
 rowing it in. It will cover the ground with a strong sod, and 
 when once established it is permanent; close grazing or tramp- 
 ing will not kill it. When the ground is damp in the spring or 
 fall, is of course, the best time to plant. 
 
 It affords a vast amount of the best of pasturage for nine 
 months in the year; and while it is not considered a hay grass, 
 on good soil it grows tall enough to cut for that purpose, and 
 will yield 5 tons of hay in a season. It is a much more profit- 
 able grass, either for pasturage or hay, than timothy, as it is 
 
6 The Southern Farmer'' s Guide. 
 
 perennial, costs nothing for seeding, and yields a greater ton- 
 nage when cut. On a dairy- or stock farm, it is almost invalu- 
 able at the South. 
 
 JOHNSON GRASS. 
 
 FAVORABLE AND UNFAVORABLE POINTS. 
 
 This is one of the most wonderful hay grasses of the 
 world. It grows from 8 to lo feet tall, and can be propagated 
 either from the roots or from seed. It should be cut when 
 half grown. Being a member of the sorghum family, it has a 
 sweet juice and stock are exceedingly fond of it. It is a very 
 fattening and healthful food, keeping stock in prime condition. 
 
 It can be cut profitably four or five times in a season, yield- 
 ing from 6 to lO tons per acre, according to the richness of 
 the soil, and the hay should bring as good price in the market 
 as timothy, as government experiment tests show it to be richer 
 in fat and flesh producing elements than timothy hay. 
 
 It is a perennial grass, like the Bermuda, and when once 
 established all expense and care of it ceases, excepting as to 
 cutting and curing of the hay. Getting fodder in this way is 
 much easier and less expensive than "pulling corn fodder." A 
 big barn full of Johnson hay can be secured at less cost than it 
 takes to pull, tie up and stack 200 bundles of corn fodder; and 
 a barn full of Johnson hay means fat calves, cattle and horses 
 in the spring. We advise all our Southern farmers to try a 
 few acres of this wonderful and easily grown forage plant. 
 
 A few words of caution should be added. It should not 
 be sown and left to ripen its seed so that it can spread itself by 
 this means where it is not wanted, for once in the ground it is 
 very hard to eradicate. It will take the entire farm if allowed 
 to seed itself. It is best not to sow it close up to fences, where 
 it can get into fence corners, go to seed and catch over in the next 
 lot. Better leave a belt of land 20 or 30 feet wide all around the 
 patch next to the fence and plant that in corn or field peas — 
 anything that will keep the Johnson grass out of the fence corners. 
 
The Southern Farmer' s Guide. y 
 
 These two grasses (Bermuda and Johnson grass) will sup- 
 ply the Southern farmers with abundant and excellent pasturage 
 and hay, but if a diversity of feed is desired, or fine hay to sell 
 at a good price in some town near by, put a few acres into 
 
 ALFALFA. 
 
 It is a mistake to suppose that this valuable food plant will 
 only thrive in California or Colorado, where it can be irrigated. 
 It grows splendidly in Arkansas wherever the land is rich, or is 
 made rich by fertilizers, and is thoroughly and deeply plowed 
 and pulverized by harrowing. 
 
 This plant should never be pastured, but cut and cured, or 
 fed green, and should not even be cut the first year, as the great 
 thing is to secure a good stand ; after it is once established it is 
 good for twenty years, and will yield from 5 to 10 tons of hay, 
 or 30 tons of green feed, per acre; and one acre will keep five 
 horses, mules or cows in prime condition the year round, or will 
 feed and fatten as many hogs as 3 acres of average corn. It 
 should not be sown in a shady place — it likes sunshine — neither 
 should a wet and poorly drained piece of ground be selected. 
 
 In order to secure a good stand, drill in the seed in rows 
 18 inches apart, early in the spring, and keep it clean with 
 small horse hoe or cultivator. After the first season it will 
 take care of itself, and is ready for use very early in the spring 
 and can be cut three or four times each year; but it is best to 
 leave a good growth on the ground in the fall, to act as a win- 
 ter protection. 
 
 Ten pounds of seed are sufificient to sow per acre, and should 
 cost from 10 to 15 cents per pound, according to quantity 
 bought. It can be bought in St. Louis. See the advertisement 
 of the Plant Seed Company in this book. 
 
 THE COWPEA. 
 
 This Southern fodder plant has great value in several ways. 
 It furnishes a heavy growth of green feed of a highly nitroge- 
 
8 The Southern Farmer' s Guide. 
 
 nous character, and with care to prevent its heating and mould- 
 ing, can be cured, forming an excellent hay for neat cattle. 
 
 Two crops will mature on the same ground in one season 
 in the South. The peas (or beans rather, for it belongs to the 
 bean family) are a valuable food for man or beast. 
 
 As a fertilizer, to be plowed under, either green or dry, 
 this plant is not surpassed by clover or any other known vege- 
 table growth ; even the roots which remain in the ground after 
 each crop is harvested, contribute to the fertilization of the soil; 
 and this plant can be profitably grown after oats or wheat, to 
 better the condition of the land for the next season's crops. 
 
 At the United States Experiment Sub-station, at Newport, 
 Ark., it was found that cowpea vines, with pods on the vines, 
 plowed under, increased the yield of wheat over 250 per cent 
 above unmanured land, while vines with the pods off increased 
 it 200 per cent, and cowpea roots alone 100 per cent. As it 
 takes two years to grow a crop of red clover suitable to plow 
 under, while two crops of cowpeas can be grown in one, the 
 great value of this plant as a fertilizing crop is apparent. 
 
 THE COWPEA. 
 
 The only drawback to the use of cowpea hay as fodder, 
 has been the difificulty found in curing it without having it heat 
 and mould. If thoroughly sun dried, the stems are hardened, 
 and the mature pods are broken off and lost. Dews also dam- 
 age the hay, and the leaves, the jnost important part of the 
 plant excepting the peas, drop off. 
 
 To overcome these diflficulties, Professor R. L. Bennett, of 
 the United States Experiment Station, at Fayetteville, Ark., has 
 devised a "stack frame for curing and storing cowpea hay." By 
 the courtesy of Professor Bennett we are allowed to present here 
 the cut which he had made of this device and to give the fol- 
 lowing abridged description: 
 
 The plan of construction is a series of open shelves ar- 
 ranged one above the other. The shelves are made of fence 
 
The Southern Partner'' s Guide. g 
 
 rails placed 12 inches apart, their ends resting on horizontal sup- 
 ports. The supports are nailed 2 feet apart to upright posts 
 put with one end securely in the ground. Strips 1x4, with one 
 end resting on the ground, are nailed diagonally to the horizon- 
 tal supports for braces. They are essential to prevent the 
 frame from inclining, and for supporting and holding in place 
 the ends of the horizontal pieces. 
 
 The length of the stack frame can be increased indefinitely 
 by erecting frames similar to the one shown, in the front end of 
 
 the stack and distant from each other the length of a fence rail, 
 or whatever is used. These cross frames can be made on the 
 ground and then set in place. The sides of the stack must be 
 perpendicular, since pea vines will not turn water. To give the 
 top the proper pitch to turn water, the top shelf is made nar- 
 rower than the shelf below by leaving out the side rails, as 
 shown in the cut. SuflBcient straw or grass hay should be used 
 for covering, and it must be made to project over the edges of 
 the first wide shelf so as to turn all the water off the sides of the 
 
10 The Southern Fartner' s Guide. 
 
 frame. The dimensions used were as follows: width, lo feet 
 (made so because the planks used were already cut that length) ; 
 length, three fence rails, each fence rail ii feet. Shelves or 
 floors 2 feet apart. Rails placed 12 inches apart on the hori- 
 zontal supports. Capacity 4 tons dry hay; 5 tons if covered 
 with tarpaulin. 
 
 STACKING THE HAY. 
 
 The first floor of rails is put about 12 inches apart on the 
 horizontal supports and one man unloads the hay from the 
 wagon while another places it. When hay has been put evenly 
 on until it is a few inches above the place for the next floor, the 
 second set of rails is put in place. They press down the hay, 
 but as it dries it settles, leaving a space. This process is re- 
 peated until all the floors are laid and filled, and the hay cov- 
 ering, or tarpaulin or boards, are in place on the top. 
 
 When feeding, remove the hay first from the lower floors, 
 leaving the top covering in place until the last. 
 
 Small poles, taking up less space, and longer ones, can be 
 used and the number of cross frames lessened. 
 
 If tarpaulin cover is used, a ton or more of the grass hay 
 for topping out can be saved, and this will more than pay the 
 cost of the cloth covers the first year. A permanent roof of 
 boards can be used ; and in that case, instead of using the di- 
 agonal braces, posts similar to the middle one can be used and 
 the ends of the horizontal supports nailed to them. The mid- 
 dle posts can then be taller to support the comb of the roof, 
 while the eaves would be supported by the outside posts. 
 
 SORGHUM. 
 
 One great feature in the South about the raising of sorghum 
 is the fact that it can be successfully grown as a second crop. 
 It need not be planted until the middle to 20th of May, and a 
 crop of early Irish potatoes worth say $150 per acre, can be 
 grown and marketed by that date. Then sorghum can go right 
 
 For RAILROAD LANDS at JLOW PUICES See A<ivertisement on Page 3. 
 
The Southern Farmer'' s Guide. ii 
 
 in on the same ground ; it will mature in August and can be 
 followed by a crop of cowpeas that will be fully ripe before frost. 
 The government experiments with sorghum juice in Kan- 
 sas and other States, prove that 1,875 pounds of sugar and 10 
 gallons of syrup can be produced from an average acre of good 
 sorghum. The farmer's account with his acre of land will stand 
 at the end of the year thus upon the credit side: 
 
 Irish potatoes $150.00 
 
 1,875 pounds sugar at 4^ cents 84.38 
 
 10 gallons molasses at 40 cents 4.00 
 
 4 tons fodder at $5 20.00 
 
 25 bushels sorghum seed saved from first cutting at 50 cents 12.50 
 
 Loose fodder and strippings from first crop, one ton 5.00 
 
 $275.88 
 
 No account is here taken of the value of the cowpeas or of 
 the bagasse, which can be used as fuel or a fertilizer. From 
 the gross proceeds must of course be taken the cost of pro- 
 duction, milling, etc., but it is easy to see that in this plant the 
 South has a very paying crop when handled in the proposed 
 manner, with potatoes as a first crop and cowpeas or turnips as 
 a final crop. This arrangement is not possible at the North, 
 the growing season not being long enough. 
 
 We quote from United States Commissioner Coleman, in 
 regard to the new process for making sugar from sorghum, 
 as follows : 
 
 "The experiments consist in the trial of a new process in 
 making sugar in this country, which dispenses entirely with the 
 costly and ponderous mills and steam engines, etc., and uses a 
 far simpler and less expensive method of extracting the juice, 
 by which all the saccharine matter is obtained, while by the 
 former method, from 30 to 40 per cent on the average of the 
 juice, even with the Southern sugar cane, is left in the cane 
 after passing through the mill, and with sorghum a still greater 
 quantity because of greater difficulty in extracting. * * * 
 A yield of 15 tons of cane to the acre was being secured, which 
 would produce, by this new process, 1,500 to 1,800 pounds of 
 sugar. This sugar is worth by the carload 5/^ cents per pound 
 at present ( 1890). 
 
12 The Southern Farmer'' s Guide. 
 
 A complete sugar factory will cost about as much as a 
 flouring mill, and can be run at a great profit, according to the 
 present experiments." 
 
 This opens a most promising field for both the farmer and 
 the capitalist, especially as it is well known that our Southern 
 sugar plants are all richer in saccharine properties than those 
 grown at the North. 
 
 SORGHUM FODDER. 
 
 Sorghum raised exclusively as a fodder crop can hardly be 
 outclassed by any other plant; yielding as it does 8 to 9 
 tons to the acre of the best of sweet nourishing fodder, 4 to 
 5 tons the first crop or cutting, and a like amount the second. 
 These cuttings should both be made before the cane gets hard 
 and woody. Sorghum is a much better fodder plant than corn 
 as it yields two crops or cuttings, corn only one. It produces 
 double as much forage, and is more easily cured than corn 
 fodder. Amber cane is the best variety for this purpose, and 
 should be sown early in May or as soon as all danger from frost 
 is gone. Plow and work the ground well and sow i bushel 
 of seed broadcast per acre, and cut as soon as the heads begin 
 to form. On fair land it will grow 6 or 7 feet tall, and on rich 
 land twice or three times that height. It furnishes a most ex- 
 cellent feed for cows, and increases both the flow and quality of 
 milk. Sorghum grows rapidly, chokes out weeds, and puts the 
 ground in excellent condition for the next season's crops. 
 
 ARTICHOKES FOR HOGS, SHEEP, ETC. 
 
 This plant, commonly known as the Jerusalem artichoke, 
 {Hclianthus tuberostis) is one of the easiest fodder plants to 
 raise, yields immensely, and does excellently in this part of the 
 South. From 600 to 800 bushels are produced on good land 
 per acre, and hogs and sheep are very fond of this food, the 
 former digging them themselves. 
 
 They are grown from root sets the same as potatoes. 
 
 For RAILROAD LANDS at LOW PRICES See Ailveitisemeiit on Page 8. 
 
The Southern Farmer's Guide. JJ 
 
 Plant and cultivate them as you would potatoes, the rows 
 4 feet apart running north and south, and set from 2 to 3 
 feet apart in the rows. Eight to ten bushels of the tubers plant 
 an acre, and cost from $i to $1.50 per bushel at the seed stores. 
 They will grow on almost any kind of soil, but of course do 
 better on good, rich land. The stalks also, if cut and cured 
 before frost, make excellent and ample fodder, and all kinds of 
 stock — horses, mules, cattle, sheep and hogs are very fond of it. 
 
 Artichokes are a good crop for orchard growth, if not 
 placed too close to the trees. Pigs can be turned in and will 
 cultivate the ground thoroughly while finding the tubers. At 
 the end of the year, put on a top-dressing of manure, harrow 
 down smooth and the small roots left in the ground are ample 
 seed for the next year's crop. Hogs thrive on this food, and 
 it is estimated that an acre of artichokes, grown on good land, 
 and where both the roots and stalks are utilized, is worth from 
 $300 to $500 to the farmer. 
 
 OTHER GRASSES AND FORAGE PLANTS. 
 
 All other fodder plants common to the North grow here 
 luxuriantly, such as red top, red clover, crimson clover {trifo- 
 lium carnatum) , timothy, millet and the root crops — turnips, 
 rutabagas, mangel-wurzels, etc. We cannot say that they are 
 grown here largely, yet enough has been done in the way of 
 testing them in this State to prove their eminent adaptability to 
 our climate, and that they can be grown here as profitably as 
 in any other part of the United States. 
 
 While upon the subject of forage plants, we desire to call 
 attention to the great value of sorghum for this purpose, as see 
 remarks on sorghum fodder on page 12. 
 
 WINTER PASTURAGE. 
 
 The Northern farmer has little use for winter pastures as 
 snows would cover them up for months, and when the snows 
 melt, the ground is too wet to let the stock out on it. Stock of 
 
l^ The Southern Partner' s Guide. 
 
 all kinds must be penned up and fed for half of the year; but 
 in the South green winter forage can be successfully grown and 
 pastured. Cattle men should note this great advantage and 
 secure stock ranches here in the South, where stock can be 
 handled and fed in winter so much more economically than at 
 the North, and their profits correspondingly increased. 
 
 Orchard grass, fall sown oats and rye, and on soils rich in 
 lime, blue grass, afford excellent winter and early spring 
 pasturage. 
 
 CEREALS .... 
 
 CORN AND WHEAT. 
 
 Winter wheat is the variety of wheat sown here, and yields 
 well when the ground is properly prepared and is rich, or has 
 been fertilized. Nearly all the counties of the State have fur- 
 nished fine samples of their grain at the Arkansas agricultural 
 exhibits. 
 
 In corn, the State has lately made a good showing, as 
 compared with some other States, as is witnessed by the census 
 of 1890, which gives returns as follows: 
 
 ACTUAL YIELD OF CORN IN SEVERAL STATES IN \\ 
 
 STATES. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 STATES. 
 
 BUSHELS. 
 
 
 33,982,318 
 27,154,633 
 
 29,261,422 
 
 13,770,417 
 
 30,073,036 
 
 25,783,620 
 
 3,701,264 
 
 13730,506 
 
 380,662 
 
 3,097,164 
 
 988,806 
 
 1,700,688 
 
 253,810 
 1,330,101 
 1,471,979 
 
 California 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Colorado 
 
 2,381,270 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Georgia 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 Alabama 
 
 28,785,579 
 1,511,907 
 
 583,489 
 24,696,446 
 
 82,535 
 183,929 
 238,203 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Arizona 
 
 Florida 
 
 North Dakota. 
 
 Oregon 
 
 
 Washington 
 
 156,413 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 25,162 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 14,225 
 24,095 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 Utah 
 
 Nevada 
 
 84,760 
 6,540 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 
 
 
 Arkansas is in 
 States and her crop 
 
 the lead in 
 the past year 
 
 comparison with the above 
 ( 1894) was undoubtedly much 
 
The Southern Farmer' s Guide. ij 
 
 larger than that quoted above, as the price of cotton having 
 been low, farmers have turned their attention to corn raising. 
 
 UPLAND RICE. 
 
 This crop can be grown successfully and profitably on any 
 of the good uplands of Arkansas just as easily and more prof- 
 itably than wheat. The average yield is larger, the price 
 higher, and the labor in raising and harvesting no greater. 
 
 Upland rice is in every respect as good as lowland and sells 
 for the same price. A 40-acre field yielding as an average crop 
 40 bushels per acre, if sold at $1.25 per bushel would bring 
 $2,000, and the rice hay, for the plant is cut while the stalk is' 
 still green and makes excellent hay, would yield 60 tons, worth 
 $7 per ton or $420, or a total of $2,420 from 40 acres, besides 
 the aftermath or second crop growth from the roots, which fur- 
 nishes excellent pasturage until frost. Rice should be sown 
 early in March and is ripe and ready to mow in July. After it 
 is cut, leave it on the ground until it is cured, then tie in bundles 
 and stack for a few weeks until it goes through a sweat and 
 whitens and hardens the grain. 
 
 BROOM CORN. 
 
 This crop is best raised in drills, not in hills although some 
 growers plant it so. In drills about 10 quarts of sound seed 
 will plant an acre, the drills being 3^ feet apart. A kindly 
 loam soil is preferred to a stiff clay or a sandy one, although 
 any soil that will grow a good crop of field corn will grow broom 
 corn and it should be made rich by applications of well rotted 
 stable, pig or sheep manure, if not naturally so. This may be 
 worked in after it is spread broadcast, by the plow and harrow, or 
 if the land is quite poor can be applied in the rows. A grain drill 
 which opens the rows, plants and covers the seed, all at one 
 operation, can be used to advantage in the extensive growing 
 of this crop. Land should not be run in broom corn more than 
 
 See HOLL.ENBERG Music Couip:iiiy's Announcement, Outside Back Cover. 
 
i6 The Southern Farmer'' s Guide. 
 
 two years in succession as it draws heavily upon the strength of 
 the land; it is better then to alternate with root crops, clover 
 or cowpeas. 
 
 Broom corn should not be planted until the ground is 
 warm, say the first of May in Arkansas, and when it is up run 
 between the rows with cultivator or pony harrow, keeping the 
 soil mellow and well stirred, working also with hoe so that 
 weeds and grass get no advantage. Thin out the plants when 
 2 or 3 inches high to about 3 inches in the rows or four to six 
 plants in the hill^ according to the fertility of the soil. 
 
 Long and straight staple is the main point and this can be 
 secured only by encouraging a strong growth by heavy manuring 
 and good culture and by bending down the brush part, called 
 "lopping off, " at a point a foot or foot and a half below the brush. 
 
 When ripe, that is, when the blossoms shed, cut the brush 
 off at the point where bent over, with a sharp knife and lay the 
 heads where they will cure perfectly straight, and dry under 
 cover in a barn, shed, or curing house. This curing will be 
 perfected in three or four weeks, and can best be done on light 
 slat racks, so that the corn can be dried in thin layers on the 
 different slat shelves of the rack. When fully cured the seeds 
 are removed by combing them out in a hackle made of iron or 
 hard wood bars with pointed ends set firmly upright, not more 
 than a quarter of an inch apart, in a wooden frame. The broom 
 corn should then be packed in a square bale, heads upon heads 
 the butts outside, evenly and smoothly, the length of the bale 
 being 4 or 5 feet, and the height and breadth about 2}^ to 3 
 feet, with slats or thick laths at the corners and sides (not at 
 the butt ends), and all held in place by strong wire or heavy 
 twine bands. 
 
 The present price of broom corn is only from $35 to $70 
 per ton according to quality and length, but is sometimes worth 
 about double these figures. That which has a green color and 
 yet is perfectly matured and cured is esteemed very much better 
 than that having a yellow or red appearance. 
 
The Southern Far?ner' s Guide. JJ 
 
 Broom corn seed hackled out from the brush, though not 
 sufficiently mature to use for planting, form a good feeding 
 grain when ground with corn for hogs, sheep or poultry. 
 
 Broom corn fodder is valuable for feeding purposes after 
 the brush has been removed, and cattle should be turned in on 
 it in the field to help themselves. The stalks make a good 
 fertilizer and should be run through a corn cutter and cut 3 or 
 4 inches long and put in the barnyard where they can be tramped 
 down by the cattle and absorb the urine and other nitrogenous 
 products, or they can be burned in the field and the ashes used 
 as fertilizers. The former is, however, the best way of securing 
 the full value of their chemical constituents and making them 
 useful. 
 
 . . . .TOBACCO .... 
 
 "Tobacco is a filthy weed; 
 
 It was the devil sowed the seed." 
 
 So says some "machine poet." Be this as it may, and we 
 leave the question of its origin to others, mankind seems to love 
 it, and as a money-making plant in the South it has a promi- 
 nent place, 
 
 Arkansas has not given .much attention to its culture as yet, 
 having produced in 1889 but 1,156,000 pounds, but her lands 
 and climate are declared by good tobacco farmers to be as well 
 suited to this plant as those of any other State. In North Car- 
 olina, land that will grow fine thin golden leaf tobacco is very 
 valuable, while equally good lands for this crop can be bought 
 in Arkansas at from $3 to $5 per acre. 
 
 In the year 1882, I. W. G. Wierman planted 15 acres in 
 tobacco, in Saline County in this State, of which he says: "No 
 finer crop ever grew on American soil." We give here a few 
 points in the growing of fine tobacco abridged from his directions. 
 Sow the seed early in January where a large brush heap has 
 been burned, raking the ashes into the soil, then sprinkle the 
 seeds over the bed and press them down with a flat board. Set 
 
 Pz 
 
i8 The Southern Farmer' s Guide. 
 
 out the plants in April — the earlier the better, when the weather 
 is favorable. New land is not as good for tobacco as that 
 which has been cropped for several years, but it should be rich 
 or fertilized with wood ashes or well rotted manure, applied 
 broadcast or in the hill. Set plants from 2 to 3 feet apart, ac- 
 cording to variety. Nearly level culture is best. Work well 
 and often; after a rain is a good time to cultivate it. 
 
 Tobacco should be "topped" before if blossoms — how 
 high or low is a matter of experience — about the eighteenth 
 leaf from the ground is the general practice. All suckers 
 should be pulled off before they are 3 inches long, but let 
 all the leaves grow; the lower leaves prevent the sun from dry- 
 ing the ground about the roots, and protect the leaves above 
 from dirt when it rains. 
 
 When a tinge of yellow comes on the leaves or they as- 
 sume a mottled appearance, or they break when folded over 
 between the thumb and finger, the tobacco is ripe. Then with 
 a hatchet cut into the stalk to the heart, 10 inches above the 
 ground, then split down the middle of the stalk to within 3 
 inches of the ground, turn up all the leaves and chop it off close 
 to the ground. The stalks are then hung on laths and are 
 ready for drying. The best time to cut tobacco is after 3 
 o'clock. If cut on a hot day and allowed to lie in the sun for 
 fifteen minutes it is burned. The drying barn must be got 
 ready for use before the crop is ripe and should be 24 feet wide 
 by 48 feet long and 14 feet high, with three ventilators on top 
 of roof, and lines of posts 4 feet apart, resting on rock bases 
 and nailed to the roof rafters. These posts hold the cross pieces 
 which support the laths of drying tobacco. Care must be taken 
 to hang the laths so the tobacco on one does not touch that on 
 any other. 
 
 No fire is used in curing fine, thin tobacco, such as is used 
 for cigars, but heavier, such as is used for pipe smoking and 
 chewing, is fire-cured. 
 
 For RAILROAD LANDS at LOW PRICES See Advertisement on Page 8. 
 
The Southern Farmer'' s Guide. ig 
 
 .... FRUITS .... 
 APPLE ORCHARDS. 
 
 The fame of Arkansas apples may justly be said to be 
 almost world-wide, as she has carried off first honors wherever 
 she has exhibited her fruits ; such apple countries as New 
 York, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Canada and the Pacific 
 Coast States having been beaten again and again in the compe- 
 tition, and the leading pomologists of the country have sung the 
 praises of the matchless fruit she has exhibited. 
 
 In that part of the State lying north of the Arkansas River 
 the business of apple raising has passed the experimental stage 
 and has assumed large proportions, some of the counties having 
 hundreds of thousands and will soon have millions of bearing 
 trees, and the quality of the fruit is unsurpassed. 
 
 Apple trees one and two years old cost here from $4 to $5 
 per hundred. It is best to buy trees grown in the South, as 
 there are large and reliable nurseries raising such varieties as 
 are found to succeed best here. The favorites for profit are Ben 
 Davis, Missouri Pippin, Mammoth Black Twig, Ingraham, 
 Jonathan, Shockley, Winesap, Ozone Red, Rome Beauty, 
 Huntsman's Favorite, Hoss, Springdale, Clingman's Yellow 
 Forest, and the Tull apple; and for early varieties, Early Har- 
 vest, Red Astrachan, Arkansas Red, and Red June. A failure of 
 the crop was unknown until last year, 1894, when a freeze in 
 March ruined almost the whole crop of this State. 
 
 For the southern lowland portions of Arkansas and ad- 
 joining States we can highly recommend the Arkansas seedling 
 "Tull" apple, now being introduced by C. B. Davidson, of 
 Little Rock, a large, beautiful red-striped apple, which does 
 not rot, maturing perfectly, a good bearer and winter keeper; 
 and also the "Yellow Forest" apple, another excellent South- 
 ern variety, grown and offered to the public at the Clingman 
 Nurseries, at Homer, La. 
 
20 The Southern Farmer'' s Guide. 
 
 We consider these two apples as almost invaluable upon 
 the cotton lands of the State, having originated on the alluvial 
 lands, they have, after trial for the past fifteen years, proved 
 their eminent adaptability to this section. (See the advertise- 
 ment of these excellent fruits). 
 
 The market for Arkansas apples is mostly in Texas, Col- 
 orado and the Northwest, and the price in carload lots is from 
 50 cents to $1 per bushel. 
 
 Taking the lowest figure as the price, apple raising is a 
 very profitable business. 
 
 Trees planted 20 feet apart give 100 trees to the acre. The 
 more prolific sorts, such as Ben Davis, will bear at five years 
 from the nursery a bushel to the tree, the sixth year they will 
 bear 5 bushels, when ten years old from 10 to 20 bushels, 
 and above that age from 30 to 50 bushels. 
 
 Supposing that only 50 trees are set to an acre instead of 
 100, and that they bear an average of only 20 bushels to a tree, 
 this would give 1,000 bushels per acre, and if sold at the lowest 
 price, 50 cents per bushel, would make the income from i acre 
 $500, or $5,000 from 10 acres. 
 
 When it is remembered that root crops, such as sweet or 
 Irish potatoes, can be successfully grown between the rows of 
 trees while they are coming into bearing, an idea is gained of 
 the profit there is in apples on the exceedingly cheap lands of 
 Arkansas. Thousands of immigrants have already found out 
 these facts, have settled here and are raising Arkansas apples, 
 but we have still room for hundreds of thousands more. 
 
 There is no danger of overproduction, for England stands 
 ready to take all the surplus of good apples we have to ship. 
 The export from American ports the season of 1891-92 was 
 1,448,712 barrels; since that date not so many have been ex- 
 ported, because the country hadn't them to spare. 
 
 For RAILROAD LANDS at LOW PRICES See Advertisement on Page 2. 
 
The Southern Farmer'' s Guide. 21 
 
 PEACHES AND PEACH LANDS IN ARKANSAS. 
 
 The whole State of Arkansas is a peach country. From 
 the earliest days of the settlement of the territory fine seedling 
 peaches have flourished and borne beautiful fruit by the side of 
 every farm house throughout the entire State, but in a commercial 
 way interest seems at present to center in three different local- 
 ities, namely, Hempstead and the adjacent counties in the south- 
 west, Drew County in the southeast, and Crawford dnd Frank- 
 lin counties in the northwest. Other counties may ultimately 
 prove to be full as desirable locations as these, but for the pres- 
 ent these are recognized as the leading peach districts. 
 
 Any soil adapted to the growth of corn is said to be good 
 for the peach; yet, upon investigation, a rich, friable loam, 
 with well drained red clay subsoil, seems to produce the best 
 results; elevated sites, or the presence of bodies of water near 
 by, lessening the danger of injury by late frosts, are desirable. 
 Sandy soils are not objectionable where they are enriched by 
 the application of ashes or marls, as is done in the famous 
 peach lands of New Jersey. 
 
 Speaking of the lands in Hempstead and adjoining counties 
 in Arkansas, Professor John Branner, a most eminent geologist, 
 says: "The sandy surface residual soils of these marls, are no 
 doubt the finest soils possible for fruit trees, and especially val- 
 uable for growing peaches. In this connection it is interesting 
 to note that they present the same physical condition and oc- 
 cupy the same geologic horizon as the celebrated peach grow- 
 ing regions of New Jersey." 
 
 CULTURE OF PEACH TREES. 
 
 Peach trees are set by orchardists all the way from lO to 2i 
 feet apart; or from loo to 400 trees to the acre, and do well at 
 either distance, according to variety and soil. Perhaps the 
 best way is to plant 400 to the acre, and when trees grow large, 
 say at eight years old, cut out the alternate trees in the rows. 
 
22 The Southern Farmer' s Guide. 
 
 Peaches begin to bear early in Arkansas, and are as long 
 lived as in any part of the United States. At three years from 
 setting out, trees often produce a good crop, and when in full 
 bearing the best varieties yield at the rate of from 300 to 400 
 bushels to the acre. Choice peaches will bring from $1 to $2 
 per bushel net, 10 acres of peach orchard often yielding as 
 much as from $4,000 to $5,000 from a single crop. A like 
 profit can also be made by evaporating the fruit, which should 
 be first peeled and stoned to secure best prices, although good 
 results are obtained without peeling. 
 
 Mr. A. W. Poole, of Ozark, Ark., has trees in his orchard 
 that bore fruit in 1892 and 1893 which sold at prices equal to 
 $1,600 per acre. 
 
 The peach crop of the Delaware and Chesapeake peninsula 
 in 1893 was 6,000,000 baskets, which were sold at an average 
 price of 35 cents per basket, or $2,100,000 for the crop. The 
 fruit growers of Arkansas have not only a Northern market but 
 the great Northwest to supply, and there is no danger of over- 
 stocking the market. 
 
 The peach now attracting the most attention at the South 
 is the Elberta, a large, freestone peach, 9 inches in circumfer- 
 ence, very juicy, melting, and of good quality; color yellow, 
 with a brightly colored red cheek. It was esteemed the best 
 out of 14,000 seedlings. It ripens early, but not so early as the 
 Amsden or Alexander, but is infinitely better and a surer bearer 
 and ripener, the tendency of those being to rot on the trees be- 
 fore they are ripe. The Elberta is one of the handsomest 
 peaches ever grown. 
 
 The Crosby, a "frost proof" variety, large, handsome, 
 yellow, freestone, sweet, delicious, with very small pit, is well 
 worth trying, so also is C ling man'' s May Peach, introduced by 
 A. K. Clingman at his nurseries at Homer, La. It is a very 
 early freestone peach, blooms late, large, prolific, flesh white, 
 deep crimson skin, delicious in flavor. It is recommended to 
 those wanting a very early good peach. 
 
The Southern Farmer' s Guide. 23 
 
 PEARS. 
 
 The pear is one of the finest fruits the Lord ever made, 
 and the South is the place to grow them to perfection and of 
 the finest flavor. 
 
 In Arkansas are found many old trees bearing annual crops 
 of large luscious pears, many of them doubtless native seedlings, 
 but as yet very little has been done here in the way of raising 
 this fruit for market. This business presents a very inviting and 
 lucrative field; who will enter upon it? The Le Conte, which 
 originated in Georgia, has made good money for many planters in 
 other Southern States, why not here on our cheap red clay lands, 
 which have all the chemical properties required by the pear? 
 
 Mr. William Jennings, of Georgia, gives his method of the 
 management of these trees as follows : 
 
 "Begin with one-year-old trees, which are really the best 
 for orchard planting. Three feet of the top should be cut off 
 before planting, or, in other words, the tree should be cut back 
 to 2 feet. 
 
 "During the summer some of the low buds should be 
 rubbed off, throwing the growth into the upper bud. This top 
 bud should make a growth of from 5 to 8 feet, and during the 
 following winter should be cut back to 4 feet from the ground. 
 
 "Subsequent pruning consists in annually cutting back the 
 leader, and the longer branches, and removing the inside 
 branches. A Le Conte pear should at five years be of sym- 
 metrical cone shape. If the leader and longest limbs are an- 
 nually cut back, leaving the leader somewhat the longest, and 
 the useless buds and limbs removed, the tree naturally assumes 
 the shape described. 
 
 "At five to six years old the tree commences to form fruit 
 buds and will require but little pruning thereafter. An average 
 twelve year old tree is 30 inches in circumference above the 
 collar, 20 feet high and 20 feet wide. * * * We find them 
 profitable and so treat them generously." 
 
 Our own experience would not sanction the use of stimu- 
 lating manures for pear trees. It causes them to throw out too 
 
24- The Souther 71 Farmer' s Guide. 
 
 large a growth of long immature wood, deranging the shapeli- 
 ness of the tree and predisposing it to blight. 
 
 Ashes and lime are exceedingly valuable fertilizers for the 
 pear, and salt in moderate amount sown broadcast in the spring 
 around the tree as far as the roots extend. A good location 
 for pear orchard is a northern slope on loamy soil, with clay 
 subsoil, and if these have gravel intermingled or rest upon a 
 porous shaly base so much the better. If the land has not good 
 natural drainage and you cannot furnish it by good under or 
 surface drainage, you had better not set pear trees there, for they 
 will be unhealthy, dwarfed and die soon. 
 
 Pears on suitable soils and best locations are very long 
 lived. Cole's American Fruit Book gives instances of pear 
 trees now in vigorous life and bearing that are from fifty to sev- 
 eral hundred years old. One in England is mentioned, the 
 branches of which have bent down and taken root until it now 
 covers half an acre of land. Another tree near Vincennes, Ills., 
 bore 184 bushels of fruit in 1834. It is still living. 
 
 Pear trees can be propagated from the seed and budded in 
 the root, or from suckers where they spring up from the roots 
 of the parent trees, or by cuttings. If by the latter mode, the 
 cuttings should be started in a shallow box filled with sand 
 which should be kept moist, and at an even warm temperature. 
 Set the cuttings sloping in the sand, packing it tightly around 
 them. 
 
 We do not recommend the use of dwarf trees, which are 
 obtained by grafting the pear on quince stocks. At the South 
 standards are best, and most long lived. 
 
 Pears sell well, bringing from $1.50 to $2 per bushel, and 
 at this rate would net the grower from $800 to $1 ,200 per acre. 
 
 Other favorite varieties in the South besides the Le Conte 
 are Keifer, Flemish Beauty, Bartlet, Louise Bon De Jersey, and 
 of lately introduced varieties, the Idaho and Vermont Beauty. 
 
 See HOLLENBEKG Music Company's Anuouiiceuient, Outside Back Cover. 
 
The Southern Farmer'' s Guide. 25 
 
 PLUMS. 
 
 The plum is a native of the South and will do well on any 
 soil that will produce corn, and now that spraying is so largely 
 introduced, the curculio is no longer feared. For this pest and 
 for other insect depredators upon apples, peaches, or plums, a 
 few young pigs are also a good medicine, as they eat up the 
 falling fruit and destroy the next crop of insects. But if you 
 have potatoes or artichokes in the young orchard, better keep 
 the pigs out, and use the insecticides by spraying. 
 
 Plum growing at the South has proved very profitable; the 
 average net price to the grower for the past ten years having 
 been $2 per bushel. The trees are usually set 12 feet apart 
 each way, and at five years old will average a bushel to the tree, 
 or 300 bushels to the acre, which will net the grower $600; or 
 $6,000 from a lo-acre orchard. Plums bear transportation 
 well and are sent to market in one-third bushel boxes. By 
 planting three or four different varieties, the bearing season can 
 be extended over three months, so that the work of picking 
 and shipping need not come all at once. 
 
 The favorite varieties are Wild Goose, Damson, Green 
 Gage, Lincoln, Wolf, and the Japanese varieties, Abundance, 
 Burbank, Kelsey, etc. There is good money in plums in Ar- 
 kansas and those who have tried find it so, 
 
 CHERRIES AND QUINCES. 
 
 Some sorts of cherries do well here, especially the Morello 
 and the Louisiana Ironclad. This last named is especially well 
 adapted to Southern culture — is vigorous, hardy, enormously 
 productive, fruit large, dark red, growing in clusters, often 
 twenty on a twig 6 inches in length; flesh acid but juicy and 
 pleasant. This fine cherry was introduced by Mr. Clingman, 
 of Homer, La., who also introduced the Clingman's Early May 
 peach and Yellow Forest apple. 
 
 Quinces do as well here as anywhere. They are usually 
 
26 The Southerti Farmer' s Guide. 
 
 shy bearers, and the trees have to have age to show good re 
 
 suits, somewhat as orange trees do in the orange growing States. 
 
 We have had several good crops from our trees set out about 
 
 fifteen years ago. 
 
 GRAPES. 
 
 When the Spanish and French explorers first visited Ar- 
 kansas they found immense vines of wild grapes on the hills 
 and in the valleys, and here fifty years ago Nicholas Longworth, 
 of Cincinnati, Ohio, the nestor if not the father of intelligent 
 grape growing and wine making in the United States, found 
 growing wild such large, luscious grapes as were not native to 
 any other State of the Union; and to-day commercial vine- 
 yards in various parts of Arkansas supply our State markets with 
 fine Ives, Concords, Delawares, Wordens, Niagaras, etc., at 
 prices ranging from 7 to 20 cents per pound. There is big 
 money here for the man who will raise them in large quantities 
 and ship them North, where they will have the market all to 
 themselves for at least a month before Northern grown fruit is 
 ripe. 
 
 L. H. Bailey, of Cornell University, in his "Annals of 
 Horticulture for 1893," states that the money invested in the 
 New York, Chautauqua and Lake Erie grape district is $1,000,- 
 000; that the business gives employment to 15,000 persons 
 the year round, and that the grapes net the raisers 2 cents to 
 2^ cents per pound, or from $40 to $50 per ton. He. adds 
 that "it is these facts and figures that have induced so many 
 people to go into raising grapes. * * * There has been a 
 demand for grape land, and at the present time the price ranges 
 from $100 to $200 per acre without a vine on the soil." ( !) 
 
 What a commentary this is upon the prices of Arkansas 
 grape lands, which can now be bought at from $3.50 to $5 per 
 acre. 
 
 Good, well-rooted grape vines can be bought at from 3 to 
 5 cents each of the leading varieties in lots of 100, or even at 
 less prices by the thousand. 
 
The Southern Farmer^ s Guide. 
 
 27 
 
 The various methods of planting, training, and pruning 
 vines would take too much space to be given here, but are 
 easily learned and understood by those who wish to engage in 
 the business. I will merely say that wires and posts are not 
 necessary; vines can be economically grown and trained on 
 stakes 8 feet long, driven a foot in the ground close by each 
 vine, which should be set 7 feet apart each way. 
 
 Grapevines to bear good crops must be pruned both in the 
 winter and in the spring, the latter being done with the finger 
 and thumb nails, pinching off the ends of the young sprouts 
 just beyond the third leaf above the last bunch of grapes, as 
 soon as the buttons or bunches of blossoms, which will mature 
 into the future bunches, show well upon the vines. 
 
 THE SCUPPERNONG GRAPE. 
 The Scuppernong is a native grape of the Southern States, 
 a distinct variety that needs no pruning, bears prodigious crops 
 of large, delicious, sugary grapes, of a russet golden yellow 
 color when ripe. They should be transplanted not later than 
 February and set from 30 to 50 feet apart, and will in a few years 
 cover almost any extended trellis room that may be given them. 
 It is best to prepare a permanent arbor, which should be of 
 cedar or some other indestructible wood, with posts 4 to 6 
 inches square, 8^ feet long, set 18 to 24 inches in the ground. 
 These may be set 12 or 15 feet apart in square form with one 
 in the center, on the south side of which the vine should be set, 
 and a flat trellis constructed from one to the other as shown in 
 
 u 
 
 
 u 
 
 n 
 
 
 r 
 
 the diagram. This trellis can be extended as the vine grows 
 larger. It need not be built until the third year after the vine 
 is set, as this vine is a slow grower at first. 
 
28 The Southern Farmer^ s Guide. 
 
 The Scuppernong does not take kindly to fresh manures, 
 and all fertilizing should be done upon the surface and worked 
 in with a fork or plow. When in full bearing immense quan- 
 tities of fruit are produced upon each vine, which can best be 
 harvested by shaking the branches over a cloth, made hopper 
 fashion, over a large, flat basket or wagon bed. This vine can- 
 not be propagated from cuttings but by layering, which should 
 be done any clear, warm day in February. 
 
 .... BERRIES .... 
 
 STRAWBERRIES. 
 
 The first thing to be sure of in strawberry raising (as is 
 also measurably true of other fruits) is that your location is 
 right as to a good, near-by market, or has good shipping facil- 
 ities, so your crop can reach the consumer in prime order and 
 with little delay. 
 
 The following directions for the cultivation of strawberries 
 are given by Dr. H. McKay, a noted Southern small fruit 
 raiser : 
 
 "Having selected fair medium land, with good yellower red 
 clay basis, latter preferred, sloping, if possible, to the south or 
 southeast, plow and work thoroughly and then lay off in ridges 
 or beds as if for cotton or corn, but letting the middle of the 
 bed rest on two deep subsoil furrows, and elevated 3 to 5 inches 
 above the general level, rows being 3 to 3^ feet wide and run 
 so as to secure good drainage. Set the plants in the center of 
 these beds from 12 to 15 inches apart, and about an inch 
 deeper than they formerly set, pressing the earth tightly about the 
 roots. For early planting, October and November, or late Feb- 
 ruary and March. Some berries will be produced the following 
 spring, generally 100 to 300 quarts per acre, which, however, 
 are not well suited for market, being more sappy and trashy 
 from growing closer to the ground. If it is desired to pick 
 these berries, give them only surface work with a sharp hoe. 
 
The Southern Farmer' s Guide. 2g 
 
 and commence the regular working after the crop is gathered. 
 If this crop is disregarded, and work commenced earlier, the 
 stools will be stronger and go through the warm weather better. 
 In any case the working should continue upon thin land until 
 middle of July or on rich land until ist of August. 
 
 "It is best to give two or three workings with the plow, 
 following each time with the hoe, running the subsoil plow in 
 the bottom of the turn plow furrow, so that the land . is thor- 
 oughly broken and pulverized at least 8 or lO inches deep. 
 The grass is then allowed to grow for winter protection and 
 to keep the berries clean. No further work except very light 
 surface hoeing until the crop is gathered the following spring. 
 
 "It is my deliberate conviction that cheaper and better 
 berries can be made in this latitude on medium or thin land 
 than on rich or highly fertilized." 
 
 For Arkansas the early varieties we have found best are 
 Hoffman, Haverland and Crescent, the latter fertilized, with 
 Michel set every third or fourth row. Parker Earle is a good 
 medium early, and hardy if it escapes the rust. It is a very 
 heavy bearer, having been said to yield as many as 15,000 
 quarts per acre, but produces but few plants. 
 
 For a splendid late berry the Gandy holds first place as 
 yet. It is not good as a shipper North, however, as it ripens 
 too late for that market. 
 
 The towns of Judsonia, Beebe, Austin, Alexander, Benton, 
 Arkadelphia, Prescott and Hope, on the main line of the St. 
 Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railroad, and the towns on 
 the line of the Little Rock and Fort Smith Railway are all well 
 situated for this business, and several of them shipped straw- 
 berries in 1894 to the amount of 60,000 cases each, a case 
 containing 24 quarts. 
 
 RASPBERRIES. 
 
 Of black cap raspberries we find the best here to be the 
 Palmer. The Gregg and Tyler are both somewhat subject to 
 
 For RAILROAD LANDS at LOW PRICES See Advertisement on Page 3. 
 
30 The Souther?! Farmer^ s Guide. 
 
 blight, but Palmer seems to be rust proof and bears large crops 
 ripening well together. There may be a good late variety but 
 we have not discovered it. 
 
 Of red raspberries the Turner leads as yet. The Cuthbert 
 seems unsuited to the climate, and though it produces some 
 splendid berries, the crop is light and the canes die out. 
 
 The Golden Queen is here a moderately strong grower, 
 producing delicious golden colored fruit. 
 
 Another promising berry is Child's Everbearing, which 
 came into bearing the first time for us in 1894 and continued in 
 bearing until frost. The fruit is rich in flavor and of dark red 
 color. We think it may prove very hardy and good as a very 
 late bearer here. 
 
 BLACKBERRIES. 
 
 This is a noble fruit and well worthy of more attention than 
 it has yet received from our Southern fruit growers. We find 
 Early Harvest, Taylor, Ancient Briton and Warren all good. 
 The Early Harvest as its name indicates is a very early berry, 
 and valuable on this account, though not as sweet, rich or large 
 as the others. 
 
 The Lucretia Dewberry produces heavily of fine large lus- 
 cious fruit, but is of such a spreading habit, rooting as it does 
 from the ends of its long octopus like canes, we fear it will get 
 away from us and invade the territory of all other neighboring 
 plants ; it is a wonderfully strong grower. 
 
 .... VEGETABLES .... 
 IRISH POTATOES. 
 
 It used to be thought that early Irish potatoes alone could 
 be successfully grown in Arkansas, and these, while profitable 
 for early shipment North, or sale in our larger towns, would not 
 keep well ; but within the past few years it has been found that 
 a late crop planted with seed of the early one dug before they 
 
The Southern Farmer'' s Guide. 3^ 
 
 are fairly ripe, say when they are as large as hen's eggs, or 
 better still, with seed of a late crop grown the previous year, 
 produce a second crop which keeps admirably. 
 
 H. Strother, of Fort Smith, Ark., writing to Coleman s 
 Rural World, says: "The finest of Irish potatoes have been 
 in the markets here for some time, dug from the second crop of 
 potatoes on the same land this year. * * * The first crop 
 was shipped North the last of May and first of June, and netted 
 the shippers $i per bushel, and furnished the grower the cash 
 to run his farm with, and now the second crop is selling at from 
 75 cents to $i per bushel (at retail by grocerymen here at 
 $1.20)." 
 
 Mr. A. W. Poole, of Ozark, Ark., who raises from 20,000 
 to 40,000 bushels of potatoes each year, states that every potato 
 planted for the second crop should be cut in two or more pieces, 
 to insure germination. 
 
 The Arkansas Experiment Station, at Camden, Ark., rec- 
 ommends the bedding out of the seed potatoes in July for the 
 second crop (dug from the first crop), the same as sweet pota- 
 toes are bedded, covering the potatoes 6 inches deep with good 
 soil, and watering the bed until the sprouts are well started, 
 when the sprouted tubers are taken up carefully and planted. 
 
 A yield of 400 bushels was grown on i acre, on "choco- 
 late" river bottom land, near Clarksville, Johnson County, 
 Ark. — 225 bushels the early and 175 bushels the late crop. 
 
 Arkansas second crop potatoes find ready market North, as 
 seed potatoes, coming as they do out of our root cellars and 
 potato pits in the spring, in prime, fresh condition. 
 
 A crop of cowpeas the previous year, plowed under, puts 
 the land in prime condition for Irish potatoes, also supplying 
 the nitrogen which this plant is found to require. 
 
 An ideal mode of culture as recommended by Mr. Elbert 
 S. Carman, editor of the Rural New Yorker, is to plow a piece 
 of well-drained land thoroughly, 6 inches deep, then lay off 
 with the plow trenches running north and south (if the slope of 
 
j2 The Southern Far?ner'' s Guide. 
 
 the land is favorable), 6 or 8 inches deep and 3 ieet apart; run 
 a subsoil plow in the trench 6 inches deeper, pulverizing the 
 soil thoroughly. In this trench plant the sets 6 inches below 
 the natural level of the ground, i foot apart (this is said to 
 give better results than if farther apart), covering with earth 
 evenly, or with straw, old hay or leaves and manure, scattered 
 on top. This method insures the retention of moisture, which 
 is essential to success in raising potatoes. The subsequent 
 working should be shallow and level, not Jiilling the potatoes, 
 which has a tendency to run the water away from the roots and 
 to cut off the fine long rootlets upon which the plant depends 
 for the nourishment of the growing tubers. 
 
 Potatoes pay well at even 100 bushels to the acre, sold at 
 50 cents a bushel ; but kept in root cellars or out-door pits 
 until spring, they will bring 75 cents to $1 per bushel in our 
 towns or railroad stations in carload lots for shipment. 
 
 On testing grounds in New Jersey, over 1,000 bushels have 
 been raised per acre by the use of high grade fertilizers and 
 best methods of culture. Potatoes are an excellent crop to 
 grow in young orchards while trees are growing to maturity. 
 They are a fine money crop at the South. 
 
 Mr. Poole, referred to above, gave some valuable hints on 
 potato raising at the late meetings of the Arkansas State Hor- 
 ticultural Societies. 
 
 He does not exactly use the trench system, but breaks his 
 land deep and harrows, then plants in shallow furrows, by hand 
 from a short sack, hung by a strap around the planter's neck, 
 near his waist. As each cut piece of potato, which he prefers 
 to have of large size with two or three eyes, is dropped about 
 16 inches apart in the furrow, the planter steps on it; this, Mr. 
 Poole afifirms, is of the first importance as it packs the potato 
 firmly in the ground and the soil snugly around it, and this 
 packing tends to bring or retain the moisture so necessary to 
 the strong growth and productiveness of this plant. 
 
 For KAILROAD LANDS at LOW PKICES See Advertisement on Page 3. 
 
The Southern Fartner'' s Guide. jj 
 
 After thorough trials, Mr. Poole recommends the use of 
 late crop seed, grown the year before and kept over, for the seed 
 of both his early and late crops, the latter being planted not 
 earlier than the middle of July. He recommends the Par- 
 son's Prolific, and says, "I cut any way to get as much meat 
 as possible to the two or three eyes I leave. I never split at all." 
 
 Mr. Poole emphasizes these points in planting Irish po- 
 tatoes: Plow land deep, furrow shallow, step on the sets with 
 a good heavy shoe or boot as you plant, cover deep, especially 
 for the late crop, then as soon as they begin to sprout harrow 
 or knock off ridge over potatoes so as not to leave the potatoes 
 more than 3 or 4 inches deep, then cultivate as nearly level as 
 possible. In regard to the time to plant the late crop, this will 
 vary in the different parts of the State — in the northern and 
 higher altitudes they should be planted in June or July; in 
 the lower part of the State the ist of August may be better. 
 
 SWEET POTATOES. 
 
 Almost everybody knows how to raise sweet potatoes, but 
 a few hints may be acceptable to our Northern friends. 
 
 To raise the "slips," select a sunny piece of ground, shel- 
 tered from north and west winds by buildings or fences ; here 
 make beds 4 feet wide sloping them a little to the south, dig- 
 ging them thoroughly and working in plenty of well-rotted 
 manure. It is best to box the edges with 6 to 10 inch boards 
 to prevent washing of the soil. On these beds lay smooth un- 
 bruised potatoes, side by side, an inch or so apart over the 
 entire bed ; cover with 3 or 4 inches of fine soil and water them 
 frequently until the sprouts are well grown. The bed should 
 be prepared the last of February or first of March, From 5 to 
 10 bushels will furnish enough slips to plant an acre, some varie- 
 ties furnishing more sets than others. Remove the slips from 
 the beds by pressing down the earth over the potatoes with one 
 hand, pulling off the sprouts with the other, so as not to disturb 
 the fibrous roots, as the parent potato will continue to furnish 
 
 slips for several months if not disturbed. 
 P.1 
 
34- The Southern Farftier^ s Guide. 
 
 Two crops can be grown the same year if slips for the early 
 crop are grown in a hotbed, and the plants set in the field just 
 as soon as all danger of frost is over. If only one crop is grown 
 this can be planted to good advantage after a crop of winter 
 oats is harvested, say by July ist. The crop of potatoes should 
 average 300 bushels per acre, worth $150, and the oats say 
 $20, or $170 for one year's crops. 
 
 In planting sweet potatoes the rows should be laid off 3^ 
 to 4 feet apart and the slips set 18 inches apart in the rows, care 
 being taken to have the rows broad at the top. Keep clear of 
 weeds by light hoeings until vines cover the ground, then go 
 through occasionally with a pitchfork and carefully lift the vines 
 from the ground to prevent them from taking root and drawing 
 away strength from the growing potatoes. 
 
 <'KILN DRIED" SWEET POTATOES. 
 
 This does not mean dessicated or evaporated sweet pota- 
 toes, but is a new idea and enterprise, easily managed by any 
 raiser of this vegetable, and is a matter of prime importance to 
 Southern farmers. 
 
 Kiln drying is simply extracting the surplus moisture from 
 whole potatoes. This is done in a building to suit the require- 
 ments of the size of the crop, say 40x60 feet, 16 feet high, 
 without windows and with but one door at the end. When the 
 frame is up take thick building paper and tack on the studding 
 inside and out, under ceiling and weatherboarding; put same 
 material in roof, floors and overhead ceiling; this makes a frost 
 proof and air-tight building. Then when the potatoes are ripe 
 and properly air dried, the merchantable potatoes are "ricked 
 up" in this house. The ricks are made by putting upright 2x4 
 studding 6 feet apart. The potatoes are then corded in straight 
 as you would rick up cordwood until the house is full, excepting 
 a space 10 feet square in the center directly under the ventilator 
 in the roof, which should be made to close when needed. 
 
The Southern Far?ner's Guide. J5 
 
 In this space put a stove, a coal base burner is best, build 
 fire in this and close everything, provide a thermometer and let 
 the temperature run up to from 90 to 1 10 degrees. Within 
 thirty-six hours little white shoots will sprout from the potatoes, 
 and in sixty hours (still keeping the temperature above 90 
 degrees) the surplus moisture in the composition of the potato 
 will be carried off, the tubers being at the same time covered 
 with the white shoots. Then the potato is "kiln dried, ' ' and will 
 keep for two years if left in the racks in this air-tight building, 
 or from six months to a year in barrels. The best variety to 
 dry is the Yellow Nansemond or Jersey Yam. The larger 
 whiter fleshed varieties cannot be easily kiln dried. 
 
 The shoots are rubbed off with the hand at packing time 
 by boys or women, and barrels filled and headed up the same 
 as in packing apples. The potatoes are of a fine nut brown 
 color and of superior flavor, and are the only sweet potatoes, 
 excepting a few very early ones, that will sell in any Northern 
 city. These sell f. o. b. in carload lots at $3 per barrel, but 
 others will not sell at any price. Thousands of carloads of kiln 
 dried can readily be sold. 
 
 CABBAGES. 
 
 TWO CROPS PER ANNUM. 
 
 We find cabbages can be just as successfully grown in Ar- 
 kansas as in Illinois or New York; the only difference being 
 that here you can grow two crops in the year, there but one, 
 "How to do it?" Sow your seed in January in boxes in the 
 house, or in hotbeds or "cold frames" with covers made with 
 cotton cloth tacked on slat frames, which will usually be suffi- 
 cient to keep off frosts, but which must be supplemented during 
 hard freezes with extra covers of matting, gunny sacks or old 
 carpeting. 
 
 These beds should be in some warm corner, on the south 
 side of buildings or fences, where they will be protected from 
 cold winds. The plants will be ready to set out (if they have 
 
j(5 The Southern Farmei-'' s Guide. 
 
 been watered and tended well by giving them plenty of air and 
 sunlight so that they have not grown spindling and "drawn") 
 the middle to 20th of March. If, however, it is desired to have 
 earlier plants, to set out say the ist of March, sow the seeds in 
 October or November (in poorer soil than in January) and when 
 grown large enough to set out, transplant them into another bed 
 or cold frame in poor soil, putting them close together to stand 
 over winter, giving them all the cold air possible night and day, 
 only covering them during hard freezes. 
 
 The best very early variety we consider the Jersey Wake- 
 field, though some prefer the Winningstadt. Cabbages will do 
 well only on good rich clay or loam soil, with clay subsoil, and 
 should be heavily manured with the best of well rotted manure, 
 cow manure being preferable. Applications of lime and salt 
 the previous fall and winter are beneficial, tending to destroy 
 and keep off cutworms, and also to act chemically upon the 
 manures, rendering them more easy of assimilation by the plants. 
 It is highly important that the ground be worked deeply, 
 either with spade or fork if in the garden, or with plow and 
 subsoil plow if in the field, before setting the plants. 
 
 The Jersey Wakefield variety can be set i6 or i8 inches 
 apart, while the larger and later sorts, such as Flat Dutch, 
 Drumhead, Fottler's Brunswick, etc., should be set not less 
 than 2 feet, and all plants of the cabbage family should be set 
 in the ground np to the first leaf, no matter how long the stem 
 may be, and the earth pressed tightly about the root. Setting the 
 plant deep is one of the most important points in cabbage cul- 
 ture, they will not head otherwise. 
 
 Another important point is to work the ground frequently, 
 especially when it is damp, early in the morning or after a rain. 
 For the second crop, sow the seed in June or July in a bed 
 on the jiorth side of a building or fence, watering the bed regu- 
 larly, and setting out as soon as the plants are large enough ; work 
 them well and frequently, as directed above, and the crop will 
 be ready for market before cold weather comes in the winter. 
 
The Southern Partner'' s Guide. J7 
 
 A good crop of beans or of some other quick growing veg- 
 etable can be grown on the same ground, between the time of 
 gathering the early cabbages and planting the late ones. The 
 early crop of cabbages should be ready to cut from the first to 
 the middle of June, and the late crop should be planted about 
 the ist of September, and will be ready for use in December 
 or January. 
 
 Cut worms are pretty sure to trouble cabbage growers early 
 in the spring, eating the plants in the night and burying them- 
 selves in the soil near the stems in the daytime. They must be 
 dug out and killed; a small stick or a large nail are good tools 
 to do this with (the cut leaves or stems will show where the 
 worms are) . The patch should be "wormed" every few days. 
 Later the ^r^^;^ worms will appear, generally lying along the 
 central ribs of the leaves, and these must be picked off. 
 
 A few broods of young chickens are good things to have 
 near a cabbage patch. Applications of dry wood ashes and a 
 little Paris green mixed are recommended to kill worms on 
 young cabbages, but this should only be applied before they 
 begin to head at all. It should not be used on cabbages that 
 are heading, as it might lodge and be retained in the head. Paris 
 green as is well known is an arsenical preparation, and a deadly 
 poison. Water heated to 120 degrees (no hotter) can be used on 
 cabbages to kill worms or lice, and does not injure the plants. 
 
 Keep sufficient plants back in your seed beds to reset where 
 any have failed to live or been eaten off by cut worms. 
 
 Remember then, if you please, the main points in cabbage 
 growing in Arkansas are : 
 
 Rich soil deeply worked. 
 
 Early plants or very late ones. 
 
 Deep setting. 
 
 Firm packing of the soil about the roots of the young plants. 
 
 Frequent workings, especially when ground is damp. 
 
 Worms well fought and destroyed. 
 
 For RAILROAD L,ANDS at LOW PRICES See Advertisement on Page 8. 
 
j8 The Southern Farmer' s Guide. 
 
 Attention to these points will bring success, and success in 
 cabbages, while it means lots of work, means also lots of money; 
 sometimes with a good market as much as $500 or $600 per 
 acre for one crop, or twice as much for the two, 
 
 ONIONS. 
 
 Twenty-five years ago these vegetables were grown here 
 almost exclusively from "button" onions, or from "sets," 
 small onions, about the size of a swallow's egg, which were all 
 imported from the North. 
 
 We have found it to be just as easy to raise fine large onions 
 from the seed as from sets or buttons, and that if seed or sets 
 are wanted they can be grown here just as well as at the North. 
 
 L.et the ground be well plowed or spaded and enriched — 
 there is no danger of getting it too rich, provided the manure 
 is well rotted — then harrow and roll with a light roller. Ap- 
 plications of ashes, salt, lime, bone dust and gypsum or sul- 
 phur will supply nearly all the chemical elements this crop 
 requires. 
 
 Peruvian Guano (which Is much richer in phosphates and 
 nitrates than the droppings from domestic poultry), mixed 
 with pulverized charcoal and bone meal is highly recommended, 
 but we have found no difficulty on good rich clay or loam soil 
 fertilized with well-rotted cow manure and chips and sawdust 
 from the wood pile, with some ashes, in growing crops of fine 
 large onions, both from seed and sets, without using any of the 
 more expensive fertilizers enumerated above. 
 
 Plant or sow in February or March, as soon as the weather 
 will permit, putting the rows i to 15 feet apart. If buttons or 
 sets, put them from 4 to 6 inches apart in the rows, or if seeds 
 are sown drop them about an inch apart. When as large as 
 pipe stems thin out to 3 or 4 inches apart, transplanting those 
 pulled out to other beds. 
 
 The Fayetteville Experiment Station finds that transplanted 
 onions yield about 15 per cent more of marketable size than 
 
The Southern Far?ner' s Guide. jp 
 
 those not transplanted. It will be well, therefore, to have other 
 ground ready on which to set the surplus plants. 
 
 Be sure your seed is fresh ; old onion seeds will not vege- 
 tate. Test them by sprouting a few, keeping them damp in a 
 shallow dish set in a warm place. If good they should show 
 sprouts in thirty-six to forty-eight hours. Buy your seeds of 
 reliable seedmen, such as the Plant Seed Company, of St. Louis, 
 whose card you will find in this book. 
 
 Never sow onion seeds broadcast, as they cannot then be 
 properly hoed. 
 
 If you intend to work onions with plow or cultivator, the 
 rows must be put 2 to 2^^ feet apart, but for hoe culture 12 to 
 14 inches is enough. The best hoe is one that has a long, nar- 
 row blade, not more than 2 inches wide, running to a point at 
 one end, the other having a chopping edge, the handle being 
 in the middle. Such a tool as this is invaluable in ' onion cul- 
 ture, for working up close to the rows; the middles can be 
 worked out with plow or a common broad bladed hoe. 
 
 Onions should not have the earth hilled up about them; 
 work it away rather than towards the plants ; they are said to 
 grow larger and keep better thus. 
 
 It is easy to keep a large onion patch clean with hoes of 
 the pattern described, but grass and weeds in the rows must be 
 pulled out by hand. 
 
 Onions can be grown year after year on the same ground 
 and the crop does not deteriorate. They have been success- 
 fully grown in Europe for over 100 years on the same land every 
 season. Of course if this is done the strength of the soil must 
 be kept up by applications of fertilizers. 
 
 We have found the Yellow Globe Danvers onion a very 
 satisfactory sort, but the; large Red Globe is also a strong grower 
 and produces well. 
 
 We prefer the globe shape to the flat, as they are better 
 keepers and with us produce larger crops. 
 
 The oniop is an easy plant to raise from the seed if the 
 
^O The Southern Farmer's Guide. 
 
 ground is made rich, they are sowed early, worked and weeded 
 well, and given plenty of room in the rows; from a late sow- 
 ing it is almost impossible to get a stand. In hot weather the 
 seeds although fresh are hard to germinate. 
 
 When the tops begin to die, harvest and put in a loft out 
 of the sun, spreading them out and giving them plenty of air. 
 
 To raise seed, set out either in the spring or fall some of 
 the largest and best onions of the black seed varieties and har- 
 vest the seed when they begin to turn black in the pods, when 
 they should be carefully dried. 
 
 By planting "button" varieties you get buttons on the top 
 of the seed stalks in place of seeds 
 
 To raise "sets," sow black seed thickly in rows 4 to 6 
 inches wide, rows i foot apart, in poor soil; work a little be- 
 tween the rows, but let the onions grow thick together, weeds 
 and all, and they will be stunted and small, and should be kept 
 when harvested in some dry place where they will not freeze, 
 and will be as good for late fall or early spring setting as any 
 Northern grown sets. 
 
 ASPARAGUS. 
 
 This vegetable is an excellent shipping product and is pro- 
 duced in Arkansas of fine size and flavor, and can be made 
 here in every respect a commercial success, with as little ex- 
 pense and trouble as anywhere in the United States. 
 
 Plants are grown from seed, or can be obtained from any 
 nurseryman, ready to set out in permanent beds. These 
 should not be more than 4 feet wide so that trampling upon 
 them may be avoided. 
 
 Previous to making the beds the ground should be worked 
 deeply, either by plowing, both with turning and subsoil plows, 
 or by digging and trenching, filling the trenches with an ample 
 supply of well-rotted manure. A large amount of fertilizing 
 material is all important in asparagus raising, as the beds once 
 
 For RAILROAD LANDS at LOW PRICES See Adveitiseijient on Page 3. 
 
The Southern Farmer' s Guide. 41 
 
 established last twenty or thirty years, and the vigor of the 
 plants and size of the edible shoots depend greatly upon the 
 richness of the soil. A shady place is to be avoided, as the 
 plant likes the sunshine, and comes earlier where the location 
 is sheltered, warm and sunny. Forty-six inches will be found 
 a convenient width for beds, with a path 24 inches wide between 
 them. Set the plants 8 inches from the outside edge of the 
 bed, 12 inches apart in the rows, and let the rows be 15 inches 
 apart. The crown of the plant should be set so it will be cov- 
 ered 2 inches deep with earth. 
 
 Give the beds a good, heavy top-dressing of well-rotted 
 manure each fall, after cutting off the dead canes, and in the 
 spring sprinkle with salt or pour on brine which will tend to 
 keep down weeds, and is beneficial to the plant. 
 
 In marketing, cut the shoots off when 6 or 8 inches long, 
 having them of uniform length, tie them in bundles 3 inches in 
 diameter, and pack in the ordinary one-third bushel cases, such 
 as peaches are shipped in. There is an almost unlimited market 
 for early asparagus in Northern markets, as it comes in before 
 any other vegetables, unless it may be onions, or hotbed pro- 
 ducts ; in fact the growing of asparagus in hotbeds or cold 
 frames will pay admirably, as it can then be got into market 
 fully a month earlier than by open air culture. An acre in as- 
 paragus, well set and manured, would help many a poor] man 
 to lift a mortgage, or build a fine, new barn, or a young man 
 to get money enough to take him through college. The ship- 
 ping facilities, however (by express or fast freight), must be 
 good. 
 
 CELERY. 
 
 This vegetable will bring money into the hands of the 
 market gardener in the late fall, and if he provides himself with 
 a cellar to house it in, in the winter and early spring. It can 
 be as easily raised in Arkansas as in Michigan. Hear what 
 members of the Arkansas State Horticultural Society at their 
 meeting at Fort Smith had to say about it. We quote from the 
 published report: 
 
^2 The Southern Farmer'' s Guide. 
 
 "Mr. Foltz — I experimented on celery and met with re- 
 markable success; found it to be profitable and better than any 
 that was shipped into this place. I think we can grow it fully 
 as well as they do in Michigan and other places. It is easily 
 propagated; plant in moist ground, ground that in the spring 
 is too wet for anything else. Let it grow there until late in the 
 fall, then cover over and bleach. 
 
 "Mr. Hightower (colored) — I have raised it for six years, 
 after having been told that we could not grow celery in this 
 country. I got Mr. Foltz to make out my order for seed, and 
 told him to put down some celery seed. I had some land that 
 was fit for nothing else. Your plants will be strong by the 
 middle of July, then throw a furrow and work the dirt away. 
 By September you have a full growth. For fear of a freeze or 
 frost, get some hay and cover with it. You will have fine cel- 
 ery. It has been preferred to any celery shipped here. I re- 
 alized $8 from two rows the length of this building, and I find 
 there is more in raising celery than in any other vegetable you 
 can grow." 
 
 One thing especially in favor of celery culture is that there 
 is always a splendid home market for it in the towns and cities 
 of the South, with all the leverage of the long freight haul in 
 favor of the Southern grown article as to price and profit. 
 
 OTHER VEGETABLES. 
 
 In the growing of early vegetables, such as cucumbers, 
 tomatoes, peas, beans, cauliflowers, watermelons^ canteloupes, 
 etc., there is ample and profitable opportunity for the enter- 
 prising truck farmer all along the lines of our railroads. A few 
 of our towns have made a good commencement in the growth 
 and shipment of these products, but we have still room for 
 thousands more. Every such shipper should provide himself 
 with hotbeds for the early starting of such vegetable growths 
 as cabbages, cucumbers, tomatoes, etc., and so get into market 
 months before those Northern grown are ready. 
 
The Southern Farmer' s Guide. 4.3 
 
 NUTS 
 
 PEANUTS. 
 
 Peanuts are an exclusively Southern production. The plant 
 thrives best on rich sandy loam, but good crops can be profitably 
 grown on light sandy soils. A green crop of cowpeas turned 
 under the preceding fall (on land that has borne some other 
 crop in the early part of the season) puts land in fine condition 
 for planting peanuts early the following spring, say middle of 
 March to ist of April. They continue to grow until frost, and 
 will produce from 75 to 200 bushels per acre and sell at from 
 $1 to $1.50 per bushel. The Spanish variety is said to be the 
 best, and also yields 2 to 3 tons of forage of a superior character, 
 being very nutritious and especially valuable as a food for cattle. 
 
 If raised solely as stock food, mow the vines when the nuts 
 are ripe, and when the hay is cured and saved turn in your pigs 
 and they will dig the nuts themselves ; they are said to be worth 
 twice as much as corn to fatten pigs. If you wish to save and 
 sell the nuts, plow out the vines and nuts, then go through with 
 a fork and shake the dirt off and pile in cocks to cure. In a 
 week or ten days gather the nuts. They are full as easy to cul- 
 tivate as potatoes; should be planted in rows 3 feet apart, the 
 plants 2 feet apart in the rows ; keep down weeds by level cul- 
 tivation and only hill slightly when laid by. The blossoms do 
 not form the fruit, but this grows under the ground. In plant- 
 ing put three or four pods in a place to insure a good stand, 
 and thin out to two. You cannot double crop land planted in 
 peanuts as you can so many other crops at the South. It takes 
 the whole season to grow them, but as one man and horse can 
 tend 40 acres it is a profitable crop. 
 
 PECANS. 
 
 Probably there is nothing that will prove a better life in- 
 surance at a less cost than a pecan grove. Pecans seem to suc- 
 ceed on almost all kinds of soils in the South, and are indige- 
 nous to Arkansas. 
 
44 The Southern Farmer^ s Guide. 
 
 Nuts freshly fallen from the trees should be taken, to 
 insure germination, and should be planted about 3 inches 
 deep, either in nursery rows or where they are to remain, the 
 latter being preferable, as the pecan has a long tap root, which 
 in good soil will in one year be longer than the stem. They can 
 be set from 16 to 35 feet apart and will begin to bear at from ten 
 to twelve years from planting. The location of each tree or place 
 of planting the seeds should be marked by good strong stakes 
 of oak or some other lasting wood, driven into the ground. 
 
 The ground between the rows may be cultivated in a crop, 
 such as potatoes or cotton, for the first five or six years and 
 after that let the trees have their own way and take care of 
 themselves, 
 
 A good plan is also to plant peach trees alternately in the 
 rows, if the location is a good one for this fruit, or plums, 
 cutting them out when the pecans have grown large. 
 
 The outlay for a lo-acre grove of pecans is not heavy; it 
 will cost in Arkansas about as follows : 
 
 Ten acres of improved land $100 00. 
 
 Nuts and planting. 50 00 
 
 Interest and taxes, 12 years 190 00 
 
 Total cost $340 00 
 
 If forty trees only are set per acre, and the yield the twelfth 
 year but half a bushel to the tree and sold at $2.50 per bushel, 
 which is a very low price, would bring $50 per acre; when 
 twenty-five years old the trees will bear 5 bushels, to the tree, or 
 200 bushels per acre, worth at least $500; or from a lo-acre 
 grove the snug sum of $5,000 per annum. Surely, then, we 
 are not in error in saying that pecans furnish an excellent life 
 insurance policy at a very small cost. 
 
 BLACK WALNUT GROVES. 
 
 The black walnut is another splendid nut to plant in the 
 South. 
 
 Prepare the ground as if for a corn crop, then lay it off in 
 
 Tor KAILKOAD LANDS at LOW PUICES See Advertisement on Page 2' 
 
The Southern Farmer' s Guide. 4.5 
 
 check rows 16 feet apart and at each intersection drive in a 
 stake of dry oak or some other lasting wood and plant near this 
 stake three or four nuts (just off the tree) to insure a good 
 stand, removing all but one of the plants as soon as they are 
 well established the second year. 
 
 Trees at 16 feet apart give 170 to the acre, and it is esti- 
 mated that the fruit after the eighth year will be worth $40 per 
 acre and after the fifteenth year double that amount, while the 
 trees at their fifteenth year would furnish lumber worth over 
 $2,000 per acre, or if allowed to stand until fifty years old would 
 cut into lumber worth $8,500 per acre, and at the same time 
 would each year have been producing nuts worth from $80 to 
 $100 per acre. 
 
 Black walnut trees, like pecans, have a long tap root, and 
 derive the most of their sustenance from the subsoils, and crops 
 can be grown between and in the rows while the young trees 
 are growing, to the advantage of the trees, and such crops can 
 be made to pay all interest on the money expended in land, 
 taxes and interest while the trees are coming into bearing. 
 
 .... MISCELLANEOUS .... 
 HOW TO BUILD A ROOT OR FRUIT CELLAR IN THE SOUTH. 
 
 Do not build it under the house; it is much easier man- 
 aged when built independently. 
 
 The best place is in a hillside, or where the ground is 
 sloping. Commence on the lower side, where a roadway can 
 conveniently come in, and dig say 15 feet wide and 30 to 40 
 feet back into the bank, sloping the floor a little to the front 
 for drainage. It is best to have it front south or east. A good 
 rock wall, laid up with mortar, 18 to 24 inches thick, should 
 then be carried up 8 feet high, with air ducts or chimneys built 
 on the sides from the floor to 2 feet above top of wall. 
 
^d The Southern Farmer'' s Guide. 
 
 Bank the earth you have thrown out, around the sides to 
 near the top of the walls. Frame a roof and cover with 
 boards laid close together and shingle the same as you would a 
 house. It might be well in the north part of the State to put 
 building paper under the shingles to make the roof more imper- 
 vious to cold; in fact, the whole building should be both cold 
 and heat proof. 
 
 The ventilators which may be built as directed above, or 
 put in the roof, must be closed when the thermometer drops to 
 20 degrees or less above zero. 
 
 Put the potatoes in piles 10 feet deep on the dirt floor, if 
 it is not damp, or on a cemented floor or board decking raised 
 a few inches. Keep the temperature 50 degrees. The tubers 
 will not sprout if kept at an even low temperature, and Arkan- 
 sas late potatoes will keep in splendid condition thus until the 
 following May or June. The cellar should be kept dark. 
 
 Apples keep admirably in bins or long trays in such a cel- 
 lar, so they can be looked over from time to time and any 
 decaying fruit picked out. 
 
 LIVE STOCK IN ARKANSAS. 
 
 From what has been said herein in regard to grasses and 
 forage plants, which furnish a plentiful supply of excellent pas- 
 turage and fodder, it will be readily seen that Arkansas is a 
 favored land for stock raising. 
 
 But in addition to these advantages other features should be 
 noticed, such as the abundant supplies of fine stock water, and the 
 long genial summers and correspondingly short and mild winters. 
 
 There is another great advantage enjoyed here in the emi- 
 nently cheap and yet exceedingly valuable food found in cotton 
 seed, cotton seed meal, and cotton seed hulls, both as daily 
 rations in small quantities to young stock, and as fattening food 
 in the place of corn to grown cattle. 
 
 After full trial it is found that a daily ration of 7 to 8 
 pounds of cotton seed meal with 20 to 24 pounds of cotton seed 
 
The Southern Farmer' s Guide. ^7 
 
 hulls, fed daily 100 days to 100 head of cattle, increased their 
 weight on an average 4 pounds per day each. But this is not 
 all; every farmer should know that a poor steer weighing but 
 800 pounds will only sell for about $15 to $16, while the same 
 steer if well fattened up to 1,200 pounds will bring $50. This 
 results not only from the additional weight gained but in the 
 greatly improved quality of the entire beef. The Arkansas 
 Cotton Oil Company, of Little Rock, Ark., who run one of 
 the largest oil mills in the world, will furnish cotton seed 
 hulls and meal or cake at lowest market prices, delivered 
 in any part of the country. See their advertisement in this book. 
 
 If the Arkansas farmer lives remote from any of our great 
 cotton oil mills, and from railroad station, so that he cannot 
 well supply himself with cotton seed meal and hulls so cheaply 
 furnished by these manufacturing enterprises, which have proved 
 to be of such immense value to the South, a ration of cotton 
 seed, corn and corn cobs ground up all together will be found 
 a very cheap and excellent food. But whether the cattle are 
 fed with the commercial meal and hulls or with home ground 
 cotton seed, corn and cobs, the stock should always have free 
 access to plenty of pure water and of salt. 
 
 The farmer who lives remote from railroads would do well 
 to provide himself with a good horse power mill for grinding 
 such foods as those spoken of. The Dickinson Hardware Com- 
 pany or the D. E. Jones Company, of Little Rock, whose ad- 
 vertisements are found in this book, will furnish such mills. 
 
 Once a week, say on Sunday, the cattle should be fed hay 
 or fodder only, or should be turned into a good pasture, 
 thus keeping the bowels open and the stock in fine healthy 
 growing condition. These are not matters of speculation, there 
 is no guess work about it, but for the past six or seven years 
 thousands of cattle have been fed in the yards near our great 
 cotton seed oil mills with results above quoted. There are now 
 
 See HOL,L.£NB£KG Music Company's Announcement Outside Back Cover. 
 
^8 The Southerti Farmer' s Guide. 
 
 in the yards at Little Rock about 5,000 head of cattle being fed 
 in this manner. Why should not every Southern farmer avail 
 himself of these splendid fattening foods and fatten his own cattle? 
 
 .... ADVANTAGES .... 
 THE FARMER AND CAPITALIST FINDS IN ARKANSAS. 
 
 In addition to the inviting fields for enterprise in Arkansas 
 set forth in the preceding pages, there are others of great value. 
 
 The first we will mention is the raising of cotton. As 
 everybody knows, a cotton crop, like a wheat crop, does not at 
 present prices pay large returns, but if half of our Southern 
 farmers will make a square turn and raise such crops as we have 
 set forth herein, the price of cotton, when prosperity has again 
 come back to our country, will again reach 8 or 10 cents per 
 pound, at which price cotton is a good crop, when economically 
 raised, and when one is not tied up to it but raises his own fod- 
 der and bread and meat. 
 
 Then there are the other textile crops, such as flax, hemp, 
 rammie and silk, all well adapted to the South; also sugar 
 beets, millet, buckwheat, barley, hops, melons of all kinds, and 
 in the south part of our State, sugar cane, together with other 
 crops which we have not the space here to enlarge upon. All 
 of those we have mentioned have been found to succeed excel- 
 lently well here. 
 
 There are also here the advantages of our long summers, 
 giving opportunity for double cropping land, to a far greater 
 extent than is enjoyed at the North, 
 
 The early springs are also a very great advantage, enabling 
 our fruit and vegetable raisers to put their products into Northern 
 markets from one to two months earlier than those Northern 
 grown, thus securing the very best prices. 
 
 To the man who is feeding and fattening cattle and hogs 
 our long summers and short mild winters are also a great 
 advantage. 
 
The Souther?i Farmer' s Guide. 4Q 
 
 It is well to remember that while soils can be changed and 
 ameliorated by fertilizers, by drainage, by irrigation, etc., the 
 climate man has to take just as God gives it to him, and surely 
 He has blessed Arkansas wonderfully in this respect. 
 
 An experience of over t\venty-five years in the North and 
 over twenty-five years in Arkansas enables us to say that here 
 life is a continued pleasure; winters are not dreaded, the sum- 
 mers are genial, and the heat not so great as at the l^orth. 
 Here a man can work out of doors, comfortably, nearly if not 
 quite 360 days out of the 365, and a delicate child can play 
 in the open air the year round, in about the same proportion. 
 No wonder it is a healthy country. 
 
 In timber, minerals and water power, this State is unsur- 
 passed. 
 
 Here, too, will be found good schools, good laws, good 
 people. 
 
 This is certainly the land for the man seeking a home ; for 
 the invalid whose health has run down under the rigors of 
 Northern climates ; it is also the land for the small farmer or 
 the large farmer, the rich or the poor man — for any man of 
 enterprise and brains. 
 
 L4 
 
J. W. CHKKK, 
 
 District Agent 
 
 Land Department 
 
 St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern and Little 
 Rock and Fort Smith Railways. 
 
 For the 
 
 Counties of 
 
 Pulaski, 
 
 N^evada, 
 
 Saline, 
 
 Ouachita, 
 
 Grant, 
 
 Hempstead, 
 
 Garland, 
 
 Howard, 
 
 Hot Spring, 
 
 Sevier, 
 
 Dallas, 
 
 Lafayette, 
 
 Clark, 
 
 Little Piver, 
 
 Pike, 
 
 Miller. 
 
 FOR 
 
 SALE 
 
 Large Tracts of Pine and l^ardwood Timber Lands 
 
 Suitable for General Farming, Fruit Growing, Stock Raising, etc. 
 
 IIVrPROVED KARMS 
 
 CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED. 
 
 Office Land Department, St. L., I. M. & S. Ry. Co. 
 
 I.ITTJLE ROCK, ARKANSAS. 
 
Land for the Landless, Bargains for the Boys, 
 their Mammies and their Daddies. 
 
 .A.LFALFA FARM, 14 mile from Malvern, suited for Apples and Apricots, Arti- 
 chokes and Asparagus Price, $1,000 
 
 JtSLUEGRASS FARM, joining Malvern, of 160 acres, 100 cleared, with two-story 
 house, barn, well and brook, suited to Blue and Bermuda 
 grasses, Beets and Broom corn Price, $2,500 
 
 CLOVER FARM of 6c acres, all improved, 2 miles from Malvern, suited for Corn, 
 
 Clover, Cabbages, Carrots and Celery Price, $1,500 
 
 I>AIRY FARM, Vt mile from Malvern, of 40 acres, part cleared, spring, brook, suit- 
 ed to Dairying, iJucks, Dewberries, etc. Price, $1,000 
 
 EVERGREEN FARM, V2 mile from Malvern, of 40 acres, part cleared, suited to 
 
 Evergreen grasses. Endives, Eggplants and Esculents Price, $1,000 
 
 F^LOWERY GROVE in Malvern of 4 acres, suited for Figs, Flowers, Ferns, 
 
 Filberts, etc Price, $ 500 
 
 GtRASSY GROVE, near railway switch, of 200 acres, suited for Grapes, Geese, 
 
 Grass and Gooseberries Price, $1,000 
 
 HICKORY RANCHE of 200 acres, i mile from railway station, suited for Horses, 
 
 Hogs, Hops and Hoops Price, $1,000 
 
 XVY RANCHE, of 200 acres, 20 cleared, house, stable, well, creek, 5 miles from « 
 
 Malvern, suited to Indian corn and Irish Potatoes Price, $1,000 
 
 JESSAMINE PLATEAU, 160 acres, 10 cleared, 7 miles from Malvern, suited to 
 
 Johnson grass, Jap. Persimmons, Jap. clover and Prize fruits Price, $1,000 
 
 ICALEGARDEN of 40 acres, part cleared, Vi mile from railway station, suited for 
 
 Kitchen vegetables. Kohlrabi and Kale .. Price, $ 500 
 
 IL«ILAC LAWN, 3 lots in Malvern suited to Le Conte Pears, Lettuce, Leeks, Lilacs 
 
 and Lillies .. Price, $ 250 
 
 IWIIGNONETTE GROVE, 2 acres in Malvern, suited to Melons, Mulberries, Moss 
 
 roses. Mushrooms Price, $ 500 
 
 ^IINA'S KNOLL, 3 lots in Malvern, suited to Nectarines, Nightblooming Cereus, 
 
 Narcissus and Jasmine Price, $ 300 
 
 OUACHITA FARM, 2 miles from Malvern, of 200 acres, 20 cleared, suited to 
 
 Onions, Okra, Orchard Grass and Orchids Price, $1,000 
 
 I*ECAN PLANTATION of 1,000 acres on river, 3 miles from station, for Pecans, 
 
 Peas, Plums, Peaches, Peanuts and Pigs Price, $5,000 
 
 QUERCITRON RANCHE, 640 acres, ■; miles from station, suited to Quinces and 
 
 Tanning from its yellow oak, pasturage and sheep Price, $2,000 
 
 lelCE PLANTATION, Vi mile from station, of 320 acres, for Rice, Ribbon Cane, 
 
 Rutabagas, Raspberries and Red Top Price, $1,600 
 
 ISUNNYSIDE, 2V2 miles from Malvern, of i6o acres, for Strawberries, Sweet Pota- 
 toes, Squashes and Sugar Corn Price, $ 800 
 
 TOMATO FARM of 40 acres, V2 mile from station for Turnips, Tomatoes, Tobacco, 
 
 etc Price, $1,000 
 
 "UNTER-DEN-LINDEN" lands, where umbeliferous fruits and flowers grow in 
 
 unequaled beauty, 40 acre tract Price, $ 200 
 
 "VINELAND, 21/2 miles from Malvern, of 160 acres, for Vegetables, Vines and 
 
 Vetches Price, $ 800 
 
 '^^J'lLLOWDALE, of 400 acres, i mile from station, for Watermelons, Willows and 
 
 Wintergrasses Price, $2,000 
 
 3CHELVITIA, of 160 acres, near station, excellent timber for Axhelves, Spokes, 
 
 Hubs, Bolsters, etc Price, $ 800 
 
 "y E above lands have plenty of timber, for buildings, fences, fuel and shade, and can mostly be re- 
 duplicated many times over, on our Railway Company's lands at from $3 
 to $5 per acre according to soil, timber, and distance from stations. 
 
 55ENOBIA WATERPOWERS, near Iron Mountain Ry., to manufacture Electricity 
 for Light, and Power to run Cars, Spindles, Looms, Turning 
 Lathes, Saw, Planing and Grooving Machinery, etc., and to 
 smelt Antimony, Aluminum, Copper, Lead, Nickel, Silver 
 and Zinc, at $5 to $25 per acre. 
 
 SeC We have some select locations of Coal and Lignite to bake Crucibles, Glassware, Queens- 
 ware, Stoneware, Firebrick. Tiles, Paving and Building Brick, all of which 
 raw materials are here in abundance, and can now be had very cheap. For 
 further information apply to WM. KILPATRICK, K. R. Land Agent, 
 
 Malvern, Ark. 
 
ALFRED PLANT, Prest. GEO. URQUHART. V. Prest. FRED S. PUNT, Secy. 
 
 Established 1845. Incorporated 1873. 
 
 PLANT SEED COMPANY. 
 
 GARDEN, GRASS and FLOWER 
 
 In Any Quantity. 
 
 Trite us in Heference to Anything Ifou Need for \m hm or Carden. 
 
 812 & 814 N. FOURTH STREET, C^ T ^tttc Mr\ 
 815 & 817 N. THIRD STREET, »J 1 . LUUl^, 1 lU. 
 
 Chas. T. Abeles & Co. 
 
 .. 3Iamifacturers o£ , 
 
 Sasn, Doors, Blinds, mouliimgs, 
 
 AND GENERAL MILL WORK. 
 
 .... Jobbers in .... 
 
 Paints, Oils, Window Glass, Wall Paper, Window Shades, 
 Picture Frames, Artists' Materials, Etc. 
 
 Main Office and Store, 215 IVIain Street, 
 Factory, 212, 214, 216 & 218 Scott Street, 
 
 Branch Store: 
 
 301 & 303 Second Ave., 
 
 Fine Bluff, Ark. 
 
 LITTLE ROCK, ARK. 
 
THE5 
 
 Stock 
 Food 
 
 FOR CATTLE. 
 
 COTTON SEED HULLS AND MEAL 
 
 Fed in the proportion of one part Cotton Seed 
 Meal to four of Hulls, they are found to be an ideal 
 fattening ration. 
 
 We put up for shipment 
 
 COTTON SEED MEAL 
 
 In strong, loo-pound bags, and 
 
 COTTON SEED HULLS 
 
 In loo-pound compressed bales, and in bulk. 
 
 These are the best and cheapest fattening- foods 
 known ; 800 pounds of Cotton Seed Meal and 2400 
 pounds of Hulls, at a cost, including labor of feeding, 
 of about $10.00, bring a lean steer worth only f 20.00 
 up to a fat beef in prime condition worth $50.00. 
 
 Prices by the Ton or Car Load on Application. 
 
 Arkansas Cotton Oil Conapany, 
 
 LIXTLE ROCK. ARK. 
 
Ca.T.^H. J. Wilson 
 
 WHOLESALE 
 
 Cor. Scott and Second Sts., LITTLE ROCK, ARK. 
 
 Till irlkiisii iif s@ri@s 
 
 Offer for sale a large stock of 
 
 ARKANSAS SEE D LING FRUIT TREES 
 
 and other varieties mostly of Southern origin, that have been tested 
 and found to be adapted to the soil and climate of the Cotton Belt. 
 
 Also offer a limited number of the 
 
 New So uthern Winter Apple, the "Tull," 
 
 the only winter apple that will mature perfectly in the lowlands 
 of the South. The most profitable apple for Southern planters. 
 
 Send for catalogue and prices to 
 
 C. B. DAVIDSON, Gen'l Agt., 212 W. Fifth St., Little Rock, Ark. 
 
 A. D. SiAZKN, 
 Real Estate Broker and Insurance Agency. 
 
 GOVER.\MENT TITLES A SPECIALTY. 
 
 PRAIRIE OR TIMBER LANDS. 
 
 Have now for sale the B. Cramer Perfect Title Lands ; also the very desirable lands adjoining the 
 city, owned by Revs. A. and M. Buerkle. Correspondence Solicited from Investors and Land Owners. 
 
 Office. One Door South of Post Office, STUTTGAHT, Af^I^AflSflS. 
 
 ARKANSAS BOOK # PAPER CO. 
 
 Wholesale and Retail 
 
 BOOKS, STATIONERY AND WALL PAPER. 
 
 store and Office, T ITTT 17 DrtPIf II DV Warehouse, 
 
 307 Main Street. LlllLCi KUI&, At(K. 1 1 1 & 1 1 3 E. Third St. 
 
 The Leading House of the State. 
 
 Eastern Prices Duplicated. 
 
 Correspondence Solicited. 
 
CLINGMAN NURSERIES, 
 
 A. K. CLINGMAN, Proprietor, 
 
 HOMER AND KEITHVILLE, LOUISIANA. 
 
 ESTABLISHED, 1873. 
 
 SOUTHERN TREES 
 
 FOR 
 
 SOUTHERN PLANTERS 
 
 Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Grape Vines, Ever- 
 greens, Shrubs, Roses, Etc. 
 
 We are the owners and introducers of the following valuable new varieties : 
 
 YELLOW FOREST APPLE. 
 
 Native and suited to the South ; color, clear yellow ; rich, 
 aromatic, tender, juicy ; a long keeper. Trees healthy and productive. 
 
 CLINGMAN'S MAY PEACH. 
 
 The best large, very early, free stone peach. A boon to the 
 South. Just what Southern planters have been looking for so long. 
 
 LOUISIANA IRONCLAD CHERRY. 
 
 Fruit large, dark red, grows in clusters, frequently twenty on a 
 twig six inches long. Tree vigorous, hardy and very productive; 
 succeeds where all others fail. Correspondence solicited. Special 
 inducements to large planters. 
 
 CAXALOQUES ON APPLICATION. 
 
Gleason's . Hotel, 
 
 f\fT\(ir\Qai) plai}, 
 
 -,»^_$2 to $2.50. 
 
 EUROPEAN, 
 
 i^oo/n $1 to $1.50. 
 
 pipe Sample F^ooms, 
 
 St(?am fleat. 
 
 Corner Second and Louisiana, 
 LITTLE ROCK, ARK- 
 
 DUDLEY E. JONES COMPANY, 
 
 LITTLE ROCK, ARK. 
 
 DEALERS IN 
 
 Machinery and Machinery Supphes, 
 
 IRON AND WIRE FENCING. 
 
 A Large 
 Variety of 
 
 Roofing, 
 
 SewerlPipe,!^ 
 Lime, Cement, 
 I Plaster, Etc. 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF THE 
 
 SAILOR COTTON ELEVATORS. 
 
JOHN 
 
 rHJisirHJisifzjLsirHJisi 
 
 Had some plowing to do, so 
 he went to town and on the 
 sign, over the door of the 
 
 151 RJ 151 fell LSI fSJtSlR. 
 
 leading dealer, he saw the 
 word 
 
 DEKRK 
 
 
 He knew what that meant 
 
 isirHJi5irHJL5iRJi5iraj 
 
 and before long he came out 
 
 is]faJi5irHJi5iraJi5i[2j 
 
 with one of the 
 
 
 OLD EELIABLE 
 
 C. H. D. CULTIVATORS 
 
 -AND A- 
 
 PIvOW 
 
 Send for Descriptive Circular, to 
 
 DEERE & COMPANY, 
 
 MOLINE, ILLINOIS. 
 
Kurnislned. with Fertilizer and. Corn Planter 
 Attachments vv'hen Desired. 
 
 We also make POTATO CUTTEKS, PARIS GREEN SPRINKLERS, 
 POTATO DIGGERS, POTATO SORTERS, Etc. 
 
 JVriie for our Free Illustrated Catalogue of Potato Machinery. 
 
 flSPINWflLL niflNUFflCTURlHG CO., '•*S^Ih°''- 
 
H. J. GEORGE & CO. 
 
 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL 
 
 1 
 
 201, 203 East Markhanj Street, LITTLE ROCK, pK. 
 
 Are in a position to make 
 
 CLOSE PRICES. 
 
 BEFORE MAKING YOUR PURCHASES 
 
 WRITE THEM FOR 
 
 DELIVERED :• PRICES 
 
 NEAREST •:• STATION. 
 
 Correspondence solicited in 
 
 GERMAN, POLISH, BOHEMIAN, 
 
 FRENCH, ITALIAN OR SPANISH 
 
 Languages. All Letters answered by return mail. 
 
"The Arkansas House," 
 
 «-™ Printers, 
 Binders, 
 Stationers. 
 
 CATALOGUE AND PAMPHLET 
 WORK A SPECIALTY. 
 
 Largest and Most Complete Print 
 
 ing Establishment in the 
 
 Southwest. 
 
 CORRESPONDENCE INVITED. 
 
 Address : 
 
 Arkansas Democrat Co., 
 
 Nos. 214 and 216 East Markham Street, 
 Little Rock. 
 
Sole Agents for. 
 
 f Buckeye Double-Acting Force Pumps. 
 1 Oliver Chilled Plows. 
 
 Our Specialties : 
 
 Maninelle and Nebo Cook Stoves • Arkansas Chopper Axes. 
 
 Our stock is the largest and our prices the lowest in Arkansas. 
 Correspondence solicited and promptly answered. 
 
 HEADQUARTERS SPORTSMEN'S SUPPLIES. 
 
 iiiifusii mm$ iiiPiiif , 
 
 THE ONLY EXCLUSIVE SPORTING HOUSE IN THE STATE. 
 
 Agents for Winchester Repeating Arms Company, Marlin's Firearms Company, 
 Parker Guns, Smith Guns, Chamberlin Cartridge Company, Austin and Hazard 
 Powder Companies, Columbia Bicycles, A. G. Spalding & Bros. Sporting and 
 Athletic Goods, Geo. Barnard's Hunting Clothing. 
 
 Have the exclusive sale of the Layman Pneumatic Sporting Boat. Boxing Gloves, Striking Bags- 
 
 We handle all the Black and Nitro loaded Shells. We have an experienced 
 
 gun and locksmith, and solicit the most difficult repair work. 
 
BROWN'S IRON TONIC, 
 
 WILL ENRICH THE BLOOD. 
 
 Cures DYSPEPSIA and INDIGESTION, regulates the LIVER and KID- 
 NEYS,— destroys the effects of MALARIA, removes habitual CONSTIPATION, 
 increases the FLESH, and restores the HEALTH and VIGOR OF YOUTH. 
 
 DOES NOT BLACKEN THE TEETH, 
 
 And is the very best of all Tonics. Insist on having IRON TONIC. 
 
 LINCOLN'S RHEUMATIC CURE 
 
 [TAKEN INXERNALLV.] 
 
 Cures RHEUMATISM in any form; a sure Specific for 
 
 Rheumatic Gout, Sciatica and Lumbago. 
 
 Three to Six bottles guaranteed to cure any case of Chronic Rheumatism. 
 Give it a trial and be convinced. Prepared only by, 
 
 C. J. LINCOLN COMPANY, 
 
 LITTLE ROCK, ARK. 
 
 THE UNION 
 
 .IS QUEEN. 
 
 ^ 
 
 Combining the de- 
 sirable features of 
 all other nial<es in 
 one. 
 
 It stands as the 
 triumph of mechani- 
 cal skill. 
 
 We want dealers every- 
 where and are prepared to 
 o ffer Special inducements. 
 
 We keep parts of all kinds 
 of machines and the best 
 Repair .Shop in the South- 
 west. 
 
 Correspondence Solicited. 
 
 Union Manufacturing Co. 
 
 W. S. HOLT, Mg'r, 
 Little Rock, Ark. 
 
H EMPSTEAD R flUNTY, ARKANSAS. 
 
 Good Homes. Good Lands. 
 
 GOOD PEOPLE. 
 
 Can accommodate One Thousand Families 
 with First-class Farms 
 
 Hempstead County is noted throughout Arkansas as being one of the 
 best localities in the State for diversified farming and stock-raising. Its 
 fruits, excepting apples, are not excelled by any county in the South. Lands 
 can be obtained at reasonable prices and on good terms. 
 
 Address 
 
 F. P. HARKNESS, 
 
 Real Estate Agent. WasWDgtOD, Hcmpstead Co., irtansas. 
 
 ^nr. l. f-xjwtsxoit, 
 
 Statuapy, Headstones, Copings, Tombs, 
 Fupniture Slabs and Plan:ibeps' Ctlork. 
 
 Building Work of Every Description, of Alabama Lime Stone and Red Sand Stone, 
 Everything in the Marble, Granite and Stone Line. 
 
 Fine Work a Specialty. Correspondence Solicited. 
 
 605 &. 607 Main St., LITTLE ROCK, ARK. 
 
 Manufacturer of 
 
 Seals, Hubber Stanxps, Stencils, £tc. 
 
 OFFICE STATIONERY AND PRINTERS' SUPPLIES. 
 
 118 Wesi Maikham St., I^ITIXU ROCK, ARK. 
 
VALUAB LE ASS ISTANCE. 
 
 THE following Traveling and Passenger Agents of the Missouri Pacific 
 Railway, " Iron Mountain Route," are constantly looking after the in- 
 terests of the Line, and will call upon parties contemplating a trip, and will 
 cheerfully furnish them lowest Rates of Fare, Land Pamphlets, Maps, Guides, etc. 
 
 Or they may be addressed as follows: 
 ATCHISON, KAN.— C. E. STYLES, Passenger and Ticket Agent. 
 AUSTIN, TEX.— J. C. LEWIS, Traveling Passenger Agent. 
 BOSTON, MASS.— LOUIS W. EWALD, New England Passenger Agent, 300 Washington St. 
 
 CHATTANOOGA, TENN.— A. A. GALLAGHER, Southern Passenger Agent, 103 Read 
 House. 
 
 CHICAGO, ILL.— BISSELL WILSON, District Passenger Agent, 199 South Clark St, 
 
 CINCINNATI, OHIO.— N. R. WARICK, District Passenger Agent, 131 Vine St. 
 
 DKNVER, COL.— C. A. TRIPP, General Western Freight and Passenger Agent; E. E. 
 HOFFMAN, Traveling Passenger Agent. 
 
 HOT SPKINGS, ARK.— R. M. SMITH, Ticket Agent. 
 
 IXDIANAPOLIS, IND — COKE ALEXANDER, District Passenger Agent, 7 Jackson Place. 
 
 JACKSON, MICH.— H. D. ARMSTRONG, Traveling Passenger Agent. 
 
 KANSAS CITY, MO.— J. H. LYON, Western Passenger Agent, 800 Main Street; E. S. 
 JEWETT, Passenger and Ticket Agent, 800 Main Street; BENTON QUICK, Passenger and As- 
 sistant Passenger Agent, 1048 Union Avenue. 
 
 LEAVENWORTH, KAN.— J. N. JOERGER, Passenger and Ticket Agent. 
 
 LINCOLN, NEB.— F. D. CORNELL, City Passenger and Ticket Agent; R. P. R. MILLAR, 
 Freight and Ticket Agent. 
 
 LITTLE ROCK, ARK.— AUGUST SUNDHOLM, Passenger and Ticket Agent. 
 
 LOUISVILLE, KY.— R. T. G. MATTHEWS, Southern Traveling Agent, 304 West Main St. 
 
 MEMPHIS, TENN H. D. WILSON, Passenger and Ticket Agent, 309 Main St.; J. E. 
 
 REHLANDER, Traveling Passenger Agent, 309 Main St. 
 
 NEW YORK CITY.— W. E. HOYT, General Eastern Passenger Agent, 391 Broadway ; J. P. 
 McCANN, Traveling Passenger Agent, 391 Broadway. 
 
 OMAHA, NEB J. O. PHILLIPPI, Assistant General Freight and Passenger Agent ; THOS. 
 
 F. GODFREY, Passenger and Ticket Agent, Northeast corner 13th and Farnam Sts. ; S. D. 
 BARNES, Traveling Passenger Agent, Northeast corner 13th and Farnam Sts. 
 
 PITTSBURG, PA.-S. H. THOMPSON, Central Passenger Agent, 1119 Liberty St. 
 
 PUEBLO, COL.— WM. HOGG, Commercial Freight and Ticket Agent. 
 
 SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH.— S. V. DERRAH, Commercial Freight and Passenger .\gent, 
 21 Morlan Block. 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.— A. J. DeRUSSY, General Pacific Coast Freight and Passenger 
 Agent, 132 California St. 
 
 ST. JOSEPH, MO.— F. P. WADE, Passenger and Ticket Agent. 
 
 ST. LOUIS, MO.— A. A. HEARD, Assistant General Passenger and Ticket Agent; H. F. 
 BERKLEY, City Ticket Agent, Northwest corner Broadway and Olive Sts.; H. LIHOU, Ticket 
 Agent, Union Station; M. GRIFFIN, City Passenger Agent, Northwest corner Broadway and 
 Olive Sts.; W. H. MORTON. Passenger and Emigration Agent, Union Station; J. C. 
 NICHOLAS, General Baggage Agent, Union Station. 
 
 WICHITA, KAN.-E. E. BLECKLEY, Passenger and Ticket Agent, 114 North Main St. 
 
 Land seekers arriving at the Union Station, St. Louis, should call immediately on Mr. W. H. 
 MORTON, Passenger Agent, Room 402, Union Station, who will assist them in securing tickets, 
 checking baggage, shipping freight, and giving information in regard to lands, prices, terms, etc. 
 
 W. B. DODDRIDGE, H. C. TOWNSEND, 
 
 General Manager. Gen'l Passenger and Ticket Agt. 
 
 ST. LOUIS. MO. 
 
• TTHE • 
 
 Ipon Mouqlain I|ou(b 
 
 WITH ITS LINES AND BRANCHES REACHES 
 
 The Great Timber Districts, 
 
 The Valuable Mineral Deposits, 
 
 The Incomparable Fruit Lands, 
 
 The Fine Grazing Territory, 
 
 The Broad Corn and Cotton Fields, 
 The Cheap Railway 
 
 A.ND 
 
 GOVERNPvlENT LANDS OF 
 
 ARKANSAS 
 
 4 DAILY TRAir^S 7i 
 
 krom: sx. LOUIS. 1 
 
 Solid Trains from Kansas City via Wagoner Route. 
 
 W. B. DODDRIDGE, H. C. TOWNSEND, 
 
 Gen'l Manager. Gen'l Pass. & Tkt. Act., Sr. Louis, Mo. 
 
ESTABLISH 
 
 1853. 
 
 FACTORY REPRESENTATIVES 
 
 OF 
 
 Hallet & Davis ^W. W. Kimball Companies 
 
 ANNUAL CAPACITY 
 
 9,000 Pianos 
 20,000 Organs 
 
 ^ With these facihties, it is evident that our economic advan- 
 ta^s are unequaled, and patrons are insured that our prices cannot 
 be duplicated, if quaUty is considered. We carry an immense 
 stock in our warerooms, displaying all the latest designs and 
 beautiful cases, which afford customers the opportunity to make 
 unlimited comparisons and suit their own taste 
 
 S9 
 
 ^"^ 
 
 PIANOS AND ORGANS BY MAIL 
 
 We have complete catalogues, price-lists and circulars giving 
 full information as to differences in style, finish, price and terms of 
 payment which we will mail, free of charge, to any desired address. 
 Parties ordering may be sure they will receive all the benefits a 
 large stock and capable judges afford, and, if on examination, any 
 instrument ordered is not entirely satisfactory, it may be returned 
 at our expense. 
 
 Send for catalogues, prices and terms, we will furnish all infor- 
 mation asked for. 
 
 Offices and Warerooms : 
 
 317 Main Street. Little Rock. Ark. 
 243 Wabash Avenue. Chicago. III. 
 700 Harrison Avenue, Boston, Mass. 
 
 Address, 
 
 HollenDBrg music Co. 
 
 LITTLE ROCK, ARK, 
 
o 0^ 
 
 
 
 •f. -— 
 
 
 M#>'^ 
 
.V «^"' 
 
 -> 
 
 « I \ 
 
 ,0^ cO_-- 
 
 
 
 
 ^.<^^' ^/ 
 
 
 ■x^''"- 
 
 
 
 .^^ 
 
 
 1> c,^ -■ " 
 
 .0 
 
 A- 
 
 ^• 
 
 
 -r. 
 
 \0°^. 
 
 "oo'^ 
 
 ^0 
 
 (^. 
 
 
 >■ 
 
 ■'^.-^ ,-V 
 
 S^-^; 
 
 C^ 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 v^ 
 
 
 vv 
 
 V 
 
 .^'' 
 
 s^ -^^ 
 
 .^:^'% = 
 
 ■> --<</> 
 
 .^^ s 
 
 , V > B 
 
 O^ 
 
 .■^^ 
 
 
 
 A' 
 
 r!\%^A