F 173 
 T6 
 opy 1 
 
 THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT 
 
 AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE INSANE 
 
 BY 
 
 CLARA HARRISON TOWN, Ph. D. 
 
 RESIDENT PSYCHOLOGIST, FRIENDS ASYLUM FOR THE INSANE, 
 
 FRANKFORD, PA. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CLINIC PRESS 
 1909 
 
THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT 
 
 AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE INSANE 
 
 BY 
 
 CLARA HARRISON TOWN, Ph. D. 
 
 RESIDENT PSYCHOLOGIST, FRIENDS ASYLUM FOR THE INSANE, 
 
 FRANKFORD, FA. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
 
 THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CLINIC PRESS 
 1909 
 
\1 - 
 
 Gin 
 
 The Oui^ersttf 
 
 SE1 
 
 TOWN PRINTING COMPANY 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
THESIS 
 
 Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the 
 
 University of Pennsylvania, in Partial Fulfilment of 
 
 the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor 
 
 of Philosophy 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2011 with funding from 
 The Library of Congress 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/trainofthoughtexOOtown 
 
THE THATX OF THOUGHT. 
 
 In observing and studying experimentally the patients at 
 Friends' Asylum for the Insane, Frankford, one test has proved 
 especially fruitful of results. 
 
 The test is that used by Prof. Lightner Witmer for the study 
 of association. The subject is required to write a list of words, 
 one below the other, during a period of fifteen minutes. He is 
 directed to write without pause or choice each word as it occurs 
 to him. The experimenter records the number of words written 
 during the first two minutes, and during the first, second and 
 third periods of five minutes each. This fifteen minute test fur- 
 nishes material for the study of (1) the forms of association, (2) 
 the quality of the ideas expressed (perceptual or conceptual), (3) 
 the thought content, (4) the rapidity of thought, (5) the effect 
 of practice and fatigue, (6) the degree of concentration of thought, 
 and (7) the degree of the power of application. 
 
 The trend of thought is not controlled in any way by the experi- 
 menter, and the subject writing freely for a period of fifteen min- 
 utes, rarely fails to include many words indicative of his individual 
 interests and pursuits. In an insane subject this tendency is of 
 especial value as delusions are often expressed which would not 
 be betrayed in conversation or in a shorter written test. From 
 an examination of such a list, therefore, the investigator is usually 
 able to determine the general trend of the writer's thought, i.e. 
 to determine whether he is literary or scientific in his tastes, or 
 whether he is principally occupied with the daily routine of events 
 either in the narrow field of personal experience, or in the larger 
 sphere of the world's activities. A still closer study of the written 
 words will reveal whether the subjects' thoughts have been chiefly 
 perceptual in character, i.e. memory images (individual or sen- 
 
 1 
 
2 THE TRAIX OF THOUGHT 
 
 eral) of past experiences, or conceptual, i.e. thoughts so far re- 
 moved from a percept in character as to be essentially abstract. 
 
 The effect of practice and fatigue is learned by a comparison of 
 the number of words written during the first, second and third 
 periods; the degree of concentration is indicated by the length of 
 the uninterrupted trains of thought, and the degree of application 
 by the continuity of the effort, by the amount of distractibility 
 evinced during the test. 
 
 Lists of words have been secured from forty-five patients. They 
 have been analyzed with regard to the seven phenomena above 
 enumerated, and the results will be presented and discussed con- 
 secutively. 
 
 Association. 
 
 I shall first consider the merits of the method used as applied 
 to the study of the forms of association. 
 
 Wundt, (16*), Trautscholdt (15), Scripture (14), Munsterberg, 
 (10), Aschaffenberg (1), Howe (6), Smith (13), Cattell (3), Frances 
 Kellor (8), and Peterson and Jung, (12, 7), in their experiments 
 on association all apply a stimulus, either a word, a touch or other 
 sensory stimulus, and record the first associated word, or a series 
 of words following this stimulation. These methods test the 
 associations resulting from the application of certain discrete 
 stimuli, but their results throw no light upon the general trend 
 of association in thought uncontrolled by external stimuli, as 
 does the method here employed. Moreover, it is frequently dif- 
 ficult and sometimes quite impossible to induce an insane subject 
 to respond at all to such stimulation. The effort has to be re- 
 peated with each stimulation and the experimenter can rarely be 
 confident that the subject is giving maximum attention to the 
 stimulus, or expressing the first associated thought. Once per- 
 suaded to write, however, it is comparatively easy to hold such 
 a subject to the completion of the task. 
 
 Aschaffenberg (1) in addition to the method above described 
 used one resembling: that used bv Prof. Winner. It differed in 
 
 e numbers refer to the Bibliography, pp. 52 and 53. 
 
THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT 6 
 
 that it controlled the number of words written instead of the 
 time employed in writing them, requiring the subject to write 
 just one hundred words, regardless of time. This method, though 
 similar, does not possess all the possibilities of the longer test 
 which were enumerated above. It is, moreover, inapplicable to 
 use with insane subjects, as many of them are quite incapable of 
 writing one hundred words consecutively. The methods used by 
 Prof. Cat tell (3) and Miss Kellor (8) are similar to that of Prof. 
 Witmer in that they require the subject to write a list of words, 
 but they differ from it in applying a stimulus to initiate the train 
 of thought and also, very materially, in the time limit. Prof. 
 
 ""ell's subject wrote during twenty seconds and Miss Kellor's 
 ing one minute. Both of these periods are far too short for 
 general use with insane subjects, many such subjects requiring 
 longer periods for one association reaction. 
 
 To attain any degree of uniformity of test with the insane, I 
 have found it necessary to limit the time, not the number of words, 
 the shortest lists can then be included in groups for the purpose of 
 correlation and comparison. I have found also that much more 
 characteristic lists are written when the subject writes for a period 
 of fifteen minutes. This time might be lengthened with advan- 
 tage but should never be shortened. In addition, then, to the 
 light it throws on other mental processes, the fifteen minute as- 
 sociation test seems better adapted than other association tests 
 for gathering material for a study of association, especially when 
 the individuals studied are insane. 
 
 FORMS OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 The forty-five lists of words furnished a mass of associations 
 which it was my first task to analyze and classify. 
 
 Starting with the assumption that all associations are the result 
 of neural habit, we may, in this sense, call them all contiguity 
 associations. \Yhen a certain brain area is stimulated, the excita- 
 tion tends to spread to all those areas previously stimulated with 
 it; and when a brain area is stimulated a state of consciousness 
 exists similar to that accompanying its previous stimu- 
 
4 THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT 
 
 lation. These two hypotheses are the basis of the theory of 
 association. 
 
 In an adult brain every area must have myriads of associated 
 areas, and every idea, therefore, myriads of previously associated 
 ideas which it might possibly recall; indeed the possible associa- 
 tions of any idea seem to be limited only by the previous mental 
 experience of the individual. The fact that it is frequently not 
 obvious that recalled ideas are dependent upon contiguity asso- 
 ciation is accounted for by the theory that ideas do not recall 
 others as a whole but through their elements. An associated 
 idea may be made up of many elements, only one of which need" 
 be directly related by contiguity to the stimulus word or to one 
 of its elements. The associated idea as a whole, therefore, may 
 never have been experienced in conjunction with the stimulus 
 word, indeed it may be an entirely new combination of elements. 
 Just as the fine muscular movements used in articulation may 
 be combined so as to produce any one of the some three hundred 
 and eighty thousand words in the English language and in addi- 
 tion an unlimited number of words from other tongues, so, in a 
 highly cultivated mind, may the elements of ideas be combined 
 and recombined ad infinitum. 
 
 Which element will be most active as a recalling agent will 
 depend upon the past mental experience of the individual and 
 the resulting tendency of his mental activity, modified by the 
 mood of the moment, in short on what aspect of the stimulus is 
 most interesting to the individual at the time. 
 
 With some persons the interest is much diffused and there is a 
 probability of sensorial associations, or of a form of ideational 
 association which depends for its existence on the association of 
 the two ideas in some past experience. With others the interest 
 is more and more focalized and the aroused ideas are either sim- 
 ilar in meaning or recalled by the meaning of the stimulus word. 
 Thus a word may suggest others by its sound, or by the sound of 
 any of its letters or syllables; by its appearance, or by the appear- 
 ance of any of its letters or syllables; by its meaning or the mean- 
 ing of any of its parts; it may suggest a word previously associated 
 with it in speech habit, or words and ideas previously associated 
 with it in experience though not habitually. We therefore classify 
 
THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT O 
 
 associations, all of which are made possible by the facts of neural 
 habit or the law of contiguity, according to these several methods 
 of recall. 
 
 Before adopting a form of classification I have carefully ex- 
 amined those used by "Wundt (16 . Trautscholdt 15 . Kraepelin 
 (9), Asehaffenberg 1 . Miinsterberg (10 . Ziehen (17), Orth (11 , 
 Claparede (5 . Cattell and Biyant (3 , Calkins (4) and Bourdon 2 . 
 
 Miinsterberg's 10 is inapplicable to the method employed as 
 :: applies only to reactions obtained from a noun, a verb, or an 
 adjective stimulus. The classifications of Ziehen 17 . Orth 11 . 
 and Claparede (5 require too much introspective evidence from 
 the subject to be of practical value with insane patients. Ziehen's 
 17 main division is based on the presence \ sence of a judg- 
 
 nt, Orth's (11) on the presence or absence of accompanying or 
 intervening facts of consciousness. Claparede's is founded upon 
 differences in the psychological value of the associations. BGs 
 associations without value include repetitions, exclamations, and 
 free -sociations, i.e. those which have no apparent connection 
 with the stimulus word. He subdivides his associations with 
 value into those which are accompanied by a consciousness of the 
 assc liative relation and those which are not. Bourdon's 2 is i 
 three-fold classification embracing ideational (significant . phonetic 
 and grammatical associations. His subdivisions of the first group 
 are very minute, and his classification as a whole is most clear and 
 complete. 
 
 Wundt fl6, Trautscholdt (15) and Kraepelin (9) divide all asso- 
 : "ions into two classes, internal and external. The internal 
 includes all cases in which the obje - ssociated are purely ideal: 
 the external all those in which the i - iation is of objects of the 
 external world. This distinction is made by Fenberg, 
 
 and Bourdon also retains the cl. ion as a subdivision though 
 
 he changes the terminology. Cattell- 3 classification makes 
 
 : distinction the fundamental one, though it appears as in 
 Bourdon's classification under a new nomenclature. Cattell 
 calls the external class objective and describes it as comprising 
 those associations due to previous connection in ::>n: he 
 
 calls the internal class logical, and groups imder this headi 
 all associations due to thought. These main groups he subdivides 
 
6 THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT 
 
 again according to the time relations of the associated words: — 
 the objective into coexistence and succession, the logical into 
 rification and causation. These subgroups are further sub- 
 divided according to the logical relations of the ideas. The fol- 
 lowing is a copy of his scheme of classification. 
 
 1. Objective 
 Assc ::. ~ - 
 
 T:;:-:ence 
 
 3 v.: -cession 
 
 Coordination 
 Whole to part 
 Part to whole 
 
 f Forward 
 
 { Back 
 
 2. L _: 
 
 Ass :":•::;::. as 
 
 _ 
 
 ( Correlation 
 < Generalization 
 j Spc ialization 
 
 | Final 
 I Efficient 
 
 Miss Calkins 4 bases her classification on the degree of focal- 
 
 ization :: interest in the stimulus, or in other words, on whe~ 
 the recalli::_ gent a ; as a concrete whole or through its ele- 
 ments. Hri : : Lass contains Total or concrete associations 
 her second, "Partial association of elements :: consciousness 
 subdivided into "Multiple," in which the starting point of the 
 ti : n i ; Larg : gi up of persisting elements an i Focalized" 
 in which the starting point is single element or a small group. 
 "The ex writes Miss Calkins, "are obviously char- 
 
 i ::■ of opposing types of intellect, the literal and prosaic 
 
 and the penetrative and creative, which singles out 
 
 lote and subtle elements and qualities of its gi ss content." 
 In the light of our results this distinction, though very prominent, 
 does not seem so fundamental as the distinction between the cl 
 of : ions in which the meaning of the stimuli] - the 
 
 recalling agent, and the class in which the sens y a is 
 
 alone active. If we make this our fundamental distinction we 
 
THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT « 
 
 :her subdivide each group according to the 
 gree of focalization. 
 
 When the stimulus ts through its meaning there are present 
 varying degi pperceptive activity: when on the other L 
 
 the stimulus makes - ich - iperficial impression that : 
 
 racteristics claim the entire attention and one word foil ws 
 another simply linke soun .tnce or habit, there is a 
 
 ng indication that the mentality is simply passive: and just 
 here we have the great fundamental difference of mental activi- 
 ties, the difference between active, logical thought, guided 
 dominant motives and the passive flow of ideas depending upon 
 the chance impression of a moment. It is here too that we ap- 
 preciate the futility, the hopelessness of the attempt tc :::Iain 
 all thought processes any theory of assc iation. In mj 
 
 ne s jects the ass ~: ns are unimpeded, rapid and inclu- 
 7. one woman, for instan r entirely incapable of reason, wi te 
 for me 330 words in fifteen minutes of which 94% w is ted 
 
 one with another: another woman, a dementi . 
 
 >te 112 words, never once breaking the chain of iation. 
 
 Assc native power is wonderfully retained by the in-::: and 
 indeed seems to run riot in its absolute sway: what one misses 
 is the presence of goal ideas f concentrated motr control 
 
 and direct the associative activity. Facing these conditions we 
 l but think that psychologi ss iation considered isal 
 
 ivity breaks own entirely when one tries to apply it to logical 
 though:. That there is any train of thought at all depends, of 
 rse, on neural habit and when the train is one of superficis 1 
 soriaUy arc associati os ss iative activity might suffice 
 
 :i explanation, but when the stimulation arc mental 
 
 ivity, which ght will follow another - jei ns tc letermined 
 
 so much by the -:imulus as by the nature of the appercep:. 
 ss itself, and it seems nearei the truth tc say that the apper- 
 ts upon the new impression than that the imp: - 
 si n acts .;: >n it. 
 
 This difference between sensorial and ideational ass 
 appei rs to me to be a fundamental difference, one marking the 
 
 from undirected passive thought to active 
 thought, and I have therefore made it the basis : my classi 
 
8 THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT 
 
 tion. This difference is secondarily recognized in the classifica- 
 tions of Aschaffenberg and Bourdon. 
 
 I have omitted the distinction between objective and logical 
 association as it appears to me to represent a difference in the 
 quality of the ideas after their recall, and not to indicate any 
 difference in the method of association, which is all that the pres- 
 ent classification aims to embrace. When the idea, "courage," for 
 instance, leads to an enumeration of qualities and the idea, "pine," 
 to an enumeration of trees, the results seem to depend upon the 
 same principle of association — coordination. The fact that logical 
 ideas are aroused by the word "courage" and objective ones by 
 the word "tree" is determined, it seems, not by any difference in 
 associative processes, but by the difference in quality of the stim- 
 ulating words, "courage" and "tree". Some experimenters 
 who use the distinction find it necessary to note that the number 
 of logical and objective associations given depends largely upon 
 the character of the stimulus word; if it is abstract, logical asso- 
 ciations are apt to predominate, if objective, the associations are 
 largely objective. In an additional classification, presented in 
 the following section, which aims to throw light upon the quality 
 of the ideas expressed, the classes of percepts and concepts are 
 fully recognized. 
 
 The classification I have adopted is similar to those of Wundt, 
 Trautscholdt, Kraepelin, Bourdon, Aschaffenberg and Cattell, 
 though it differs in some particulars from each of them. It divides 
 all the associations into two groups: — the ideational in which the 
 meaning of the word is the recalling agent and the sensorial in 
 which the sound or appearance of the word or speech habit is the 
 recalling factor. Both of these groups are subdivided into two 
 groups, in the first of which the word as a concrete whole acts as 
 the recalling factor and in the second of which some element or 
 group of elements acts as a recalling factor. These are again 
 subdivided, the ideational, group I, into contiguity and sentence 
 form associations, group II into coordinations, subordinations, 
 surordinations and judgments: the sensorial, group I, into speech 
 habit and repetitions, group II into rhymes, assonances and alliter- 
 ations. 
 
THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT 9 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OF ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 I. Ideational Associations. 
 
 1. Idea as a whole J Contiguity 
 recalling agent. | Sentence form 
 
 / Coordinate 
 
 2. Element of idea j Subordinate 
 recalling agent. i Surordinate 
 
 ' Judgment 
 
 II. Sensorial Associations. 
 
 1. Word as a whole f Speech habit 
 recalling agent | Repetition 
 
 o -ni 4. r if Rhyme 
 
 2. Element of word . 
 
 < Assonance 
 recalling; assent . ,,. L 
 
 c l ( Alliteration 
 
 The several subdivisions in the table may require a few words 
 of explanation. 
 
 1. Contiguity associations include those in which the recalled 
 idea has been previously experienced in association with the 
 stimulus word. 
 
 2. Sentence form associations are such as exist between the 
 words of a sentence when the thoughts are written out in sentence 
 form. 
 
 3. Coordinations are those associations in which the recalled 
 idea is similar to or in contrast with the stimulus word, as apple — 
 peach; hope — despair. 
 
 4. Subordinate associations are those in which the recalled 
 idea belongs to the same category as the recalling, but is subor- 
 dinate to it, the order is from the general to the particular as 
 novels — Ivanhoe ; face — eye . 
 
 5. Surordinate associations are those in which the order of 
 the ideas is from the particular to the general, as Ivanhoe — novels; 
 eye — face. 
 
 6. Judgment associations are those involving a judgment. 
 
 7. Associations of speech habit or verbal contiguity occur be- 
 tween the words of habitual phrases, quotations, etc., not only 
 those which the subject habitually says, but also those which he 
 habitually thinks. 
 
10 THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT 
 
 8. Repetitions are words used more than once in the list. 
 
 9. Rhymes are associations determined by the terminal sound 
 of a word, 
 
 10. Alliterations are those associations in which the appear- 
 ance of a word is the recalling factor. 
 
 11. Assonances are associations in which the sound of any 
 part of a word is the recalling factor. 
 
 It frequently happens that several of these associative methods 
 are involved in the recall of one word. As an example I shall 
 cite a case, taken from a list written by a normal subject, in which 
 alliteration combined with coordination appears to make up the 
 recalling process. The subject had just written the word boots 
 when a person present asked "Is that the letter-carrier?" (the 
 letter-carrier always drives up in a little carriage and one was 
 passing at the time), the next word written was buggy, and the 
 following word also began with 6 and was in addition coordinate 
 with buggy, — bicycle. 
 
 In correlating the material given by the forty-five subjects, I 
 have grouped the individual results according to the clinical classi- 
 fication of the mental disease of the subjects. Fourteen are suffer- 
 ing from the excited form of manic depressive disease, five from 
 the depressed form of the same disease. Nine are cases of demen- 
 tia precox, nine cases of secondary dementia, and two cases of 
 senile dementia. Two are paranoiacs, two are cases of involu- 
 tional melancholia, one is an example of psychasthenia (abulia 
 and mysophobia) and one is diagnosed as a post febrile psychosis. 
 
 As the lists vary in length from 19 to 358 words I have reduced 
 the number of associated words to the percentage of the whole 
 number written, and the number of words in each class to the 
 percentage of the total number of associated words, thus obtaining 
 a fair basis for comparison and correlation. Some of the lists 
 included in the groups are so short, nineteen and twenty-four 
 words for instance, that one is inclined to think that the small 
 number of words may be due to other causes and not to slowness 
 and poverty of thought. This, however, does not appear to be 
 the case. The subjects as a rule seem to pause only when ideas 
 fail. 
 
 It is possible and indeed probable, that in some cases words 
 
THE TRAIN" OF THOUGHT 1 1 
 
 are suppressed which the subject considers as external in or:_ 
 In one subject wrote for me three hundred and thirty words 
 
 explaining that she '"heard them,' 7 when asked to write what she 
 thought herself, not what she heard, she wrote only forty-two. 
 The short list was of course excluded from our results. Other sub- 
 jects may have suppresse :ch words without my discovering the 
 fact. In such ses the list would be no gauge of the rapidity of 
 thought, and the train of ideas would frequently be interrupted as 
 the hallucinatory voices usually participate conversationally in the 
 dominant thoughts of the subject. If this has occurred it has 
 caused an error in the tabulated results of the individual c ; r, 
 but would hardly have happened frequently enough to alter the 
 group average materially. 
 
 It is rdso possible that the mere act of writing the word- even 
 without pause may impede the thought and render the lists value- 
 Less as a test : : its apidity. The experiments of Aschaffenberg 
 (1) and Cattell (3) negative this idea. Aschaffenberg had a sub- 
 ject write in shorthand, and he found no increase in number of 
 words. Prof. Cattell experimented on the train of ideas ^"~ing 
 one word and requiring the subject to write for twenty seconds. 
 In comparing this method with that of naming the £: st ; - r-ciated 
 word he says :hat "the number of the ideas was complicated by 
 the need of writing them down, but the results seem to show that 
 the number of ideas was limited, not bv the rate of writine. but 
 by the rate of though" Miss Kellor (8), in experimenting with 
 criminals, required them to write for one minute after applying 
 imulus. For the negroes who were unable to write, the words 
 were written down by the experimenter as the subject spoke them. 
 This resulted in an increased rate for them in comparison with 
 the white criminals who wrote with difficulty, but not in compari- 
 son with the student clas- For the average educated individual 
 it would seem that the number of words is limited by the rapidity 
 of thought and not by the speed of writir.^ 
 
 If we at first treat our material as one large group, we are sti :k- 
 ingly impressed by the great predominance of sensorial associa- 
 tion- rable VIII. p. 45 . The percentage of sens ri assc :ia- 
 tior " ich in -:hatonth^ _ -" ftheasso- 
 
 _ en depended merely on the sound or appearance of a 
 
12 THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT 
 
 word or on habitual verbal contiguity — that is, on visual, auditory 
 and kinaesthetic impressions. The average for alliteration, 19% 
 was the highest of the subgroups of sensorial association, indicat- 
 ing that the visual elements of the stimulus were most active as 
 recalling factors. Repetition follows with an average of 10%. It 
 is interesting to note here that both Aschaffenberg and Sommer 
 consider repetition a sign of pathological condition and state that 
 it is not resorted to in conditions of normal fatigue. 
 
 Of the average 54.4% for ideational associations, 24% belong 
 to the class of sentence form associations which is the most super- 
 ficial form of ideational associations. This leaves only an average 
 of 30.4% of associations in the groups of logical thought; of these 
 29% belong to the classes of contiguity and coordination, leaving 
 only 1.4% to be divided between the three remaining classes 
 which represent the more complex forms of thought. 
 
 If we arrange the classes of association in the order of per cent 
 of associations given under each, starting with the class in which 
 the largest percentage is given, we have the following succession — 
 sentence form, alliteration, contiguity, coordination, repetition, 
 speech habit, rhyme, assonance, surordination, subordination 
 and judgment. If we group the individual subjects according 
 to classes in which each gives the greatest per cent of associations, 
 Ave find that sentence form associations predominate with 35% 
 of the subjects, alliterations with 22%, contiguity associations 
 with 15%, speech habit with 13%, coordinations with 9% and 
 repetitions with 6%. The other classes take first place with 
 none. 
 
 The dominant characteristic of the thought of the insane seems 
 to be a very superficial association. Thought of this character 
 lends itself so readily to an associative explanation that one does 
 not wonder that Locke, the first to employ the term " association 
 of ideas," invoked it to explain the aberrations of thought, and 
 that Hume also, only found it necessary to assume such a process 
 in the attempt to explain "mistakes of thought" and " sophisms". 
 
 Personal experience in experimenting with the patients brings 
 the superficiality of their associations even more impressively 
 before one than does an examination of the tables, as the super- 
 ficiality is very pronounced in those patients who have not suffi- 
 
THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT 13 
 
 cient application to conform to the requirements of the test. 
 Many of the patients whom I examined either could not or would 
 not write for fifteen minutes, but would write for two, five or ten 
 minutes, and with these the tendency to alliteration and other 
 sensorial associations was as a rule, very marked. A patient 
 who was too suspicious to write for me or to comply with the 
 requirements of any test, showed the tendency quite as clearly 
 in her conversation. She was greatly confused and her conscious- 
 ness would seize upon a letter of a word as a basis for her next 
 thought. Noticing another patient who was mounting some 
 steps, she said, "She goes up and I go down — up — down — u — d, 
 you — damned, that is what it means — that is what it means, I am 
 damned," and so on. It would seem that some single element 
 of the impression rather than the impression as a whole acts as 
 controlling agent, and that even that element acts in a most cir- 
 cumscribed manner, arousing so little mental activity that the 
 word as a whole is not apperceived. Sounds and the appearance 
 of letters, which by a normal individual would be entirely over- 
 looked, owing to his greater interest in the idea suggested, now 
 occupy the centre of attention. There is an apparent increase 
 in the sensitivity to sense impressions, which is probably due to a 
 depression of intellectual activity and a consequent turning of 
 the attention to sensory impressions rather than to an increase 
 in sensorial activity or impressionability. Such a depression of 
 intellectual activity which leaves the field of consciousness clear 
 for sensory impressions may account for a mental condition many 
 times described by normal persons who have experienced some 
 great mental shock. They report an unusually clear conscious- 
 ness of the minute details of their surroundings, a consciousness 
 so clear, that at the time they vaguely wonder how they can notice 
 such trifles, while later the whole scene stands out in bold relief in 
 their memories. The shock has for the moment blocked all 
 power of voluntary thought and sensory impressions usurp the 
 field of consciousness. Patients in whom such a condition 
 persists are painfully aware of every sound in their vicinity. 
 Many interpret these sounds most erroneously, frequently fit- 
 ting them with words — a striking clock says to one patient, 
 'What are you after, what are you after?" a creaking pair of 
 
14 THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT 
 
 shoes to another, "I am taking it with me, taking it with me/ 7 etc. 
 These words are externalized and localized with the noise heard, 
 the patient believing that the words come from without as surely 
 as does the tick or the squeak. The thoughts which these words 
 represent are so entirely involuntary, so passive and beyond con- 
 trol, that their personal character is lost and a slight sensory stim- 
 ulation is sufficient to establish an associative link by which they 
 are externalized and their existence accounted for. This symptom 
 of believing the thoughts to be in some way apart from the per- 
 sonality is a very common one. There seems to be a splitting 
 off of part of the consciousness from the part which the patient 
 considers as forming his own body of thought. The division is 
 so complete, so absolute, that many such patients cannot be made 
 to believe that they themselves are authors of these thoughts. I 
 have had a patient say "They cannot be my thoughts, for they 
 are so unlike anything I have ever thought." 
 
 Patients interpret the condition variously. Some think they 
 hear the still small voice of God within them, some think that 
 others are communicating with them by telepathy, or controlling 
 their thoughts by hypnotism, while still others think that enemies 
 are making use of their brain, their ideas, and dearly bought 
 knowledge for their own purpose. A large number, as above 
 stated, connect the words with sounds coming from the external 
 environment, locating them wherever they are conscious of a 
 sounding object, such as a clock or a bird, while others believe 
 that they have the power of hearing through great distances or 
 that the words are transmitted by telephone. Many believe that 
 not only their thoughts and actions, but their emotions are con- 
 trolled from without. 
 
 The one characteristic which unites all these states is the ab- 
 solute belief of the patient that part of his thought is his own and 
 part belongs to some other personality and is completely beyond 
 his individual control. The patients are right, these thoughts 
 are beyond their own control, they are beyond all control, for 
 they are the direct and inevitable product of passive, superficial 
 association, when entirely uncontrolled and uninhibited. 
 
 The conscious personality is the final product of a long process 
 of blending and fusing of mental experiences. These experiences 
 
THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT 15 
 
 live, not as entities, but only in the transformed character of the 
 latest experience. Now if this highly complex mental structure 
 is weakened by disease, the effect of this past experience is lessened 
 or lost and new impressions are received blindly and passively 
 and not, as by a normal individual, in the light of the past mental 
 life. Words now call up others through their sensory qualities 
 chiefly, ideational associations paling to insignificance. The 
 patient, conscious of the difference in the character of his thoughts, 
 and realizing also that they come quite without volition on his 
 part, attributes them to some external source. 
 
 Such, it seems to me, is a plausible explanation of this very 
 frequent phenomenon of the division of the mental life into a per- 
 sonal part and an impersonal. When the impersonal side of the 
 consciousness takes the form of hallucinatory voices it seems 
 probable that the thought habit of the individual is largely verbal 
 with strong kinesthetic and auditory elements, and that this 
 tendency combined with complete passivity of association is 
 sufficient to account for the externalization. 
 
 One very interesting case illustrates most clearly the relation 
 between passive thought and the splitting off of a portion of the 
 consciousness from the personality, and the further transition 
 from this extrapersonal thought to externalization or true audi- 
 tory hallucinations. The patient, before her mental breakdown, 
 while she was still considered perfectly sane, became much in- 
 terested in some psychic theories suggested to her by "The Law 
 of Psychic Phenomena," by Hudson, "In Tune with the Infinite," 
 by Trine, and some " New Thought" journals. These theories led 
 her to think that perhaps by keeping her mind in a passive, re- 
 ceptive condition, she would be able to receive communications 
 from others or from some higher source. She made the effort 
 and succeeded. She grew so intensely interested in these thoughts, 
 which she believed were sent her by God, that she became more 
 and more absorbed in them to the exclusion of most else. She 
 would be attracted by some beautiful object, would fall into a 
 revery, and "be told" a story about it. Wonderful stories which 
 she enjoyed greatly and felt were far beyond her power to create 
 were "told her" in this way. She voluntarily suppressed all 
 volitional control and encouraged the most passive thought; 
 
16 THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT 
 
 the result was the same mental condition which accompanies loss 
 
 <©f volitional control caused by pathological conditions. 
 
 One day she was told a pretty story about a Japanese par- 
 
 -asol, which she had first been "ordered to buy." She was 
 told in detail how it was made by a certain little Japanese lady; 
 then finally that the little Japanese lady was present and would 
 talk to her, whereupon she heard the little lady talking to her from 
 the room. How intimate here is the relation between the internal 
 extrapersonal speech and the auditory hallucination, how rapid 
 the transition! The main difference between the internal and 
 ■external voices seems to be one of localization. 
 
 Many normal individuals experience an analogous condition 
 to that of the insane patient who hears articulate words in sounds. 
 They unconsciously, when the mind is not actively occupied, set 
 words to rhythmic sounds such as the "puff, puff" of an engine or 
 the twitter of a bird. Several of our common birds and insects 
 bear striking testimony to this tendency in the names which they 
 constantly proclaim to all the initiated — the bobwhite, the whip- 
 poor-will, and the katy-did. With the normal individual the ten- 
 dency seldom reaches the point of hallucination, but there are 
 many examples of the transition state when the patient feels 
 that the words come from without, but reasons against it, knowing 
 that this cannot be the case. The tendency in both the sane and 
 
 iinsane is most noticeable when there is a great decrease of rational 
 thought and the mind is chiefly alive to sensorial impressions of 
 the moment. 
 
 A normal subject in talking over his list of associations remarked 
 that when he could think of nothing more to write he used rhyme; 
 when his mind was active and ideas teeming the sound of the 
 word was lost on attention, but as soon as thought became barren 
 the auditory quality acted as the recalling agent. 
 
 When the thought is rapid and unimpeded and at the same 
 time undirected by any strong interest or goal idea we might 
 expect to find superficial associations in large proportion. When 
 the thought is labored and slow, and also barren of goal or motive, 
 sensorial associations would again be expected. When, however, 
 the mind is possessed by persistent ideas, sensory stimulation 
 
 .may become powerless to hold the attention and then we would 
 
THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT 17 
 
 expect the number of sensorial associations to decrease and to be 
 replaced by ideational associations and repetition. 
 
 The sensorial associations, apart from repetition, which is due 
 to a persistence of impression and often to poverty and slowness 
 of thought, may be grouped in three classes, — those in which 
 the visual element acts as a recalling factor, (alliteration), those 
 in which the auditory element acts as recalling factor, (rhyme, 
 assonance) and those in which the kinesthetic element, probably 
 in combination with the other two, acts as recalling agent, (speech 
 habit). It seems possible that the preponderance of any one of 
 these classes in an individual's list may indicate his sensory type. 
 
 When there is a more thorough apperception of the word, when 
 the past mental experience of the individual meets, clarifies and 
 enriches the incoming idea, the various forms of ideational asso- 
 ciation result — sentence form, contiguity, coordination, subordi- 
 nation, surordination and judgment occuring in the order named 
 as the apperceptive activity is more closely focussed on special 
 aspects of the idea. Thus we find that in both ideational and 
 sensorial associations the ideas are suggested sometimes by the 
 stimulus word as a whole and sometimes by its elements. For 
 instance the word clock acting through its sound element might 
 call forth the word block, acting as a whole through speech habit 
 it might recall (clock) maker; acting through an element of the 
 idea presented — time, it might suggest life or eternity, and acting 
 as a whole, it might, through contiguity, suggest City Halh. 
 Speech habit, sentence form and contiguity associations result 
 when the idea acts as a concrete whole; coordinations, subordina- 
 tions, surordinations and judgments, rhymes, assonances and 
 alliterations when it acts through its elements. 
 
 Thus we find that an idea often acts through its elements in 
 the most superficial as well as in the most abstract thought, the 
 difference being that in abstract thought the element is abstract,, 
 conceptual in character, and can only be derived from an ap- 
 perception of the meaning of the word, while in the sensorial 
 thought the element is purely sensorial. Thus the characteristic 
 of the association of elements of ideas, rather than of concrete 
 ideas, is not peculiar to the penetrative and creative activities of 
 the intellect as is suggested by Miss Calkins, but is also typical 
 of the most superficial thought connections. 
 
18 THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT 
 
 INDIVIDUAL RESULTS GROUPED CLINICALLY 
 
 The accompanying tables (i-viii) present the results for indi- 
 viduals and also the average results for each clinical group. 
 
 Of the nineteen manic depressive cases examined, fourteen 
 were in the excited and five in the depressed state. 
 
 MANIC DEPRESSIVE INSANITY EXCITED (TABLE I) 
 
 The number of words written by the fourteen subjects of the first 
 group is 2389 and the average 171, m.v.80, median 157. Of these 
 2147 or an average of 153 are associations. The average per cent 
 of associations is 86, the remaining words, 14%, being suggested by 
 the environment or some unrelated memory. Of the total num- 
 ber of associations (86%) 69% are ideational and 31% superficial; 
 45% of the 69% however are sentence form associations, the 
 most superficial of all ideational associations, and this leaves only 
 24% to be divided among the remaining ideational classes. The 
 classes of coordination, subordination and surordination, and 
 judgment are poorly represented, none of them amounting to as 
 much as 1% with the exception of coordination which numbers 
 9%; the balance of 14% is made up of contiguity associations. 
 
 Thus we see that the forms of association are pre-eminently 
 superficial, rarely reaching logical thought. The most distinc- 
 tive feature of these cases as a class is the very large per cent 
 of sentence form associations (45%). In individual cases it often 
 rises much higher than the group average, in seven subjects ex- 
 ceeding 60% and in one amounting to 94%. Of the fourteen 
 subjects seven gave the largest per cent in sentence form associa- 
 tions, three in contiguity associations, three in the speech habit 
 class, and one in alliteration. 
 
 MANIC DEPRESSIVE INSANITY DEPRESSED (TABLE II) 
 
 The number of words written by the five subjects in the second 
 group — the depressed state of manic depressive disease, — is 417, 
 the average is 83, m.v. 74.4, median 31. Comparing these numbers 
 with those given by the first group we find a falling off of 88 words 
 n the average and 126 words in the median. The number of 
 
THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT 19 
 
 associations is 291, average 58. The average per cent of associ- 
 ations is 52; again comparing we find that this is 34% less 
 than the average per cent given by the first group. There is 
 evidently less activity of thought and also less continuity of 
 thought, the train is often interrupted by sensory impressions 
 or unrelated ideas. The average per cent of ideational associa- 
 tions is 40 and of superficial associations 60, which nearly reverses 
 the figures given by the first group. This is largely due to the 
 entire omission of sentence form association by three of the sub- 
 jects and the small proportion given by the other two. There are 
 no associations in the classes of subordination, surordination, or 
 judgment, a large proportion, 29%, are contiguity associations, 
 7% are coordinations, and 4% sentence form associations. 
 
 The most striking feature of this group is the large per cent 
 (34) of alliterations. The associations of the depressed group 
 are still more superficial than are those of the excited group, 
 being conspicuously sensory in character: two subjects gave 
 their largest per cent in the class of alliteration, one in the class 
 of contiguity associations and one in repetition, while the fifth 
 gave her largest per cent in both the alliteration and contiguity 
 classes, the number of words in these two classes being equal. 
 
 A comparative study of the results of these two groups shows 
 that in the depressed cases there is a reduction of the rapidity 
 of thought (av. 171 words written by first group, — av. 83 by 
 second); a reduction in associative activity (av. 86% associated 
 by first group, — av. 52% by second); and a depreciation in the 
 quality of the associations, that is a greater dependence on sen- 
 sorial impressions for stimulus than upon ideational ones. 
 
 The first group is remarkable for its large per cent of sentence 
 form associations (45), and the second for its large per cent, of 
 alliterations (34), both for the preponderance of superficial asso- 
 ciations. 
 
 DEMEXTIA PR-ECOX. (TABLE III.) ' 
 
 The nine subjects in the dementia precox group give a total 
 of 1197 words, average 133, m.v. 73, median 112. The number of as- 
 sociations is 1046, average 116, while the per cent of associations 
 
20 THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT 
 
 is 83. Of the whole number of associations 44% were ideational 
 and 56% sensorial; 24% of the 44% belong to the sentence form 
 class, so that only 20% is left for the more complex ideational 
 associations; 13% of these are coordinations, 5% contiguity asso- 
 ciations and 0.9% surordinations. The largest per cent in the 
 sensorial group is given in the class speech habit 20%, repetition 
 follows closely with 19% and alliteration comes next with 13%. 
 In rapidity of thought, this group stands midway between the 
 two manic depressive groups — in associative activity it equals 
 the excited group of manic depressive disease. Its per cent of 
 sensorial associations (56) nearly reaches that given by the de- 
 pressed group and it has quite a large per cent of sentence form 
 associations (24.4). The group is remarkable for the entire 
 absence of subordinations and judgments and for the low per- 
 centage of contiguity associations (5). Of the nine subjects 
 four gave the greatest per cent of associations in the sentence 
 form and two in the speech habit class; in one list alliteration 
 predominated, in one repetition, and in one coordination. 
 
 SECONDARY DEMENTIA. (TABLE IV.) 
 
 In the group of secondary dementia there are also nine cases. 
 The total number of words written is 927, average 103, m. v. 60, medi- 
 an 86. The number of associations is 754, average 84. The average 
 per cent of associations is 70. The average number of words written, 
 the average number of associations, and the average per cent of 
 associations thus fall below the averages given by the dementia 
 praecox group and the excited group of manic depressive insanity, 
 but do not reach the low mark of the depressed group of manic 
 depressives. The average per cent of ideational associations is 
 60 and of these 46% fall under the head of sentence form associa- 
 tions. Thus only 14%represent the more complex thought ; of these 
 11% are contiguity associations and 2% are coordinations. There 
 were no subordinate associations and no judgments. These re- 
 sults resemble much those given by the manic depressive class, 
 excited group, namely 69% ideational associations, 45% of which 
 are in the sentence form class. Forty per cent are sensorial as- 
 sociations, of these 19% are alliterations, 7% rhymes, 7% are due 
 to speech habit, 6% to repetition and 2% are assonances. 
 
THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT 21 
 
 Forty-six per cent of associations in sentence form and 19% 
 alliterations are the most impressive features of this group, and we 
 notice that it combines the distinctive feature of the excited group 
 of manic depressive cases with the distinctive feature of the depressed 
 group. Five individuals gave their largest per cent of associa- 
 tions under sentence form, three under alliterations, and one under 
 speech habit. 
 
 The remaining eight cases (table V) must be treated individu- 
 ally, as groups would be too small to be of any value. 
 
 Two of these are cases of involutional melancholia. The num- 
 ber of words written was low, 70 and 34, the number of associa- 
 tions very low, 7 and 8, the per cent of associations also low, 
 10 and 23. The per cent of ideational associations, however, 
 is larger, in one case 100% and in the other 62%; they are divided 
 between contiguity associations and coordinations; there are no 
 sentence form associations. Of the 38% sensorial associations 
 of one subject 25% are alliterations and 13% repetitions. These 
 results indicate that mental action is very slow and the associa- 
 tion process very sluggish, but also that the few associations which 
 do occur are apt to be ideational in character and less superficial 
 than those of any group we have examined. 
 
 Two cases of senile dementia are totally unlike in character. 
 One wrote 60 words, 29 of which, or 48% are associations. Of 
 these 87% are ideational associations, chiefly divided between 
 the classes of contiguity and coordination; 13% are alliterations. 
 The other patient wrote 203 words, 99% of which were associa- 
 tions ; 94% of these were repetitions, 3% were sentence form and 
 2% alliterations. 
 
 We have two lists from paranoiacs. These are also quite dis- 
 similar. One wrote 73 words of which 43% were associations; 
 91% of these are sensorial in character, 69% being alliterations, 
 13% assonances and 9% repetitions. The remaining 9% were 
 coordinations. It is interesting to note that a second list obtained 
 from this patient after six months' interval gave similar results. 
 Another paranoiac whom I could not induce to write for longer 
 than five minutes, wrote a list of similar character. They both 
 chose complicated words, but the actual associative links were 
 purely sensorial. The other paranoiac wrote 104 words of which 
 
22 THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT 
 
 64% are associations; 77% of these are ideational in character, 
 3% contiguity, 73% coordinations, and 1% subordinations, while 
 22% are sensorial; 20% alliterations, 1% rhymes, and 1% repeti- 
 tions. 
 
 One patient, whose condition is a chronic one of mental torpor, 
 following an attack of typhoid fever, wrote 234 words, 208 of 
 which or 89% are associations. Of these 30% are ideational 
 associations, 20% contiguity and 10% coordinations; and 69% are 
 sensorial, 59% alliteration, 4% repetition, 3% speech habit, and 
 3% rhyme. The predominance of sensorial associations is quite 
 typical in this case. The patient is during the greater part of 
 the time in a state of torpor. She herself describes her con- 
 dition as being asleep, and asks that we come and talk to her 
 in order to arouse her. She says that she forgets to think, even 
 forgets that she does forget. When her thought is stimulated, 
 as by the effort to write this list of words, it is naturally not rich 
 in content, and the sound and appearance of the words act im- 
 mediately as recalling agents, without the meaning of the words 
 fusing with any previously experienced ideas. 
 
 The psychasthenic furnishes us with a list differing in character 
 from all the others. She wrote 90 words, 86 of which or 96% 
 are associations. 91% of the associations are ideational, of these 
 67% are coordinations, 12% subordinations, 9% surordinations 
 and 3% contiguity associations. Of the 8% of sensorial associa- 
 tions 6% are alliterations and 2% rhymes. The list is remarkable 
 for its high per cent of ideational associations and also for con- 
 taining the largest per cent of surordinations and subordinations 
 given by any patient. There is more complex thought expressed 
 than in any other list. 
 
 Finally we present a table (table VI) showing in which class of 
 associations the individuals of each group gave their largest per- 
 centage. This table shows, as do also the percentage tables, 
 that sentence form is most likely to occur in cases of manic de- 
 pressive insanity (excited stage) of dementia prsecox, and of sec- 
 ondary dementia; that alliterations are probable in cases of manic 
 depressive insanity (depressed stage), of dementia prsecox, of 
 secondary dementia and of paranoia. 
 
 It shows also that the typical characteristic of a group is not 
 
THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT 23 
 
 predominant in the list of every individual of that group; this is 
 to be expected, as a group is not characterized by its largest class 
 of associations alone but by several prominent ones. For instance 
 the excited group of manic depressive disease is distinguished, 
 not by sentence form associations alone, but also by speech habit 
 and contiguity associations; the depressed group of the same disease 
 not by alliterations alone, but also by contiguity associations and 
 repetition; dementia prsecox, not by sentence form and speech 
 habit only, but in addition by repetition, alliteration and coordina- 
 tion; secondary dementia not by sentence form alone, but by alliter- 
 ation and contiguity as well. Therefore there is quite a latitude 
 for individual variation within the dominant characteristics of 
 any given group. 
 
 RESULTS OBTAINED FROM NORMAL INDIVIDUALS. 
 
 With the object of finding out if possible whether the presence 
 of so large a proportion of superficial associations was distinctly 
 an abnormal characteristic, I obtained similar lists of words from 
 ten normal women. One is a physician, one a laboratory assistant, 
 two are teachers, one is a stenographer, one a school girl fourteen 
 years of age and four are nurses. These women are, like the pa- 
 tients with whom they are compared, of varying age, type, occupa- 
 tion and experience. 
 
 Compared with the former study the results (tables VII and 
 VIII) present striking evidence of a contrasting condition of 
 mentality. We notice first that there is a greater activity and 
 rapidity of thought coupled with greater concentration. The 
 average number of words written is 212, with the insane subjects 
 it is 120, the average number of associated words is 186, with the 
 insane it is 98, and the average per cent of associated words is 
 86.8%, while with the insane it is 70%. 
 
 This greater activity of thought and larger per cent of associa- 
 tions were to be expected but the most striking result is the con- 
 trast in the number of ideational and sensorial associations. The 
 normal subjects give an average of 86.3% of ideational associations 
 and only 14% of sensorial associations while the insane subjects 
 give, it will be remembered, 54% of ideational and 46% of sen- 
 sorial associations. 
 
24 THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT 
 
 Examining the sub-classes we find, moreover, that the normal 
 subjects give only 4.9% of sentence form associations while the 
 insane subjects give 24%. If we deduct from the ideational total 
 of each group the number of sentence form associations, which 
 comprise the most superficial associations of the ideational group, 
 we find a still greater contrast, 81% and 30%. Thus the 86% 
 is largely representative of the deeper kind of thought connection; 
 51.9% are contiguity associations, 16.4% are coordinations, 5.7% 
 are subordinations and 5.7% judgment associations. 
 
 In the sensorial group, speech habit leads with 6.4%, allitera- 
 tion follows with 4.9%, then comes rhyme with 1%, assonance 
 with 0.62% and repetition with 0.3%. The order of the sensorial 
 associations with the insane was alliteration, repetition, speech 
 habit, rhyme and assonance. Rhymes we find almost absent 
 in the lists written by sane subjects and are reminded again of 
 Aschaffenberg's and So miner's opinion that rhyming is a patho- 
 logical symptom. 
 
 Contiguity associations are very numerous and show how 
 large a part the pure memory of past experience plays in the 
 thought of most of us. The number of associations in this class 
 is more than three times as great as the number in the correspond- 
 ing class for the insane subjects, and in nine of the normal lists 
 the number of contiguity associations surpasses the number in any 
 other class. (Table VI). We note also that the class of subordi- 
 nation is fourteen times as great in normal subjects as the class of 
 surordination. This agrees with Cattell's results in which subor- 
 dinations are more frequent than surordinations. 
 
 The most striking result of the comparison is the vastly greater 
 number of ideational associations given by the sane subjects and 
 the correspondingly smaller number of sensorial associations. 
 
 It would seem that there are two agents which determine the 
 succession of thought — one the sensorial impression of the mo- 
 ment and one the attendant apperceptive mass. When the first 
 agent is all powerful the result is a sensorial association, when the 
 power of the second predominates an ideational association re- 
 sults. In the insane this apperceptive mass (by which is meant 
 not the memory of, but the mental result of previous mental 
 experience, — the intellectual acumen of the individual), is in- 
 
THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT 25 
 
 active. With a sane individual each impression is made upon 
 an already active mentality, which greatly modifies the impres- 
 sions, sometimes completely transforming them, and determines 
 in large part what the next idea shall be. 
 
 With a sane subject an impression often calls up a large number 
 of associations, a succession of words is frequently written all of 
 which refer to the first impression, or the first association written 
 leads to a series of words after which the thought reverts to the 
 first idea and follows out a different trend. But the ideas pre- 
 sented are all powerful; rhyme, alliteration, assonance, etc. are 
 barred out by the sheer activity of the intellect. With large 
 numbers of the insane on the contrary the mental activity is 
 entirely unguided and is at the mercy of every chance impression, 
 the associations are involuntary, passive and free. We find no 
 abnormality in the passive associative processes, they on the 
 contrary, act most readily and smoothly. The abnormality lies 
 in the inability to guide the thought, in an absence of true mental 
 perspective, which results in the sane from the apperceptive ac- 
 tivity. 
 
 Thus the distinction taken as the basis of our classification, 
 the distinction between active apperceptive thought and a passive 
 associative connection proves also to be the chief distinction 
 between the mentality of the sane and the insane. 
 
 Finally we shall compare the averages given by the normal 
 group with those given by the several insane groups, (table 
 VIII). Comparing with the excited .group of manic depressive 
 cases we find that in the latter group the percentage of ideational 
 associations is much smaller (86.3-69) while the percentage of 
 sensorial associations is correspondingly larger (14-31). The 
 greatest difference lies in the groups of sentence form and con- 
 tiguity associations. The number of sentence form associations 
 greatly exceeds the number given by the normal group (45%- 
 4.9%) while the contiguity associations are much fewer in number 
 (14%-51.9%). Coordinations occur nearly twice as often in 
 the normal group, subordinations and judgments are also much 
 more numerous while surordinations are only slightly more fre- 
 quent. 
 
 Next examining the depressed group of manic depressives we 
 
26 THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT 
 
 find that the per cent of ideational associations is less than one- 
 half as great as that of the normal group (40%-86.3%) and the 
 per cent of sensorial associations more than four times as large 
 (60%-14%). In the sub-classes the greatest contrasts lie in the 
 class of alliterations (34%-4.9%) i n the class of rhymes (9%-l%) 
 and in repetition (ll%-0.35%). On the ideational side we find 
 the sentence form associations about normal in number (4%-4.9%) ; 
 the coordinations somewhat below (7%-16.4%), and the contiguity 
 associations still more below the normal (29%-51.9%). The 
 subordinations; surordinations and judgments are entirely lacking 
 in this group. 
 
 In the dementia praecox group we have again about half as 
 many ideational associations and four times as many sensorial 
 associations (44% and 56%-86% and 14%) as is given by the 
 normal group. Again the sentence form group is much larger 
 (24%-4.9%), while the contiguity associations are fewer in num 
 ber (5%-51.9%). The coordinations and surordinations are of 
 about normal frequency while judgments and subordinations are 
 absent. The proportion of speech habit associations is very large 
 (20%-6%) ; also the proportion of repetitions (19%-0.3%), while 
 the alliterations follow closely (13%-4.9%). 
 
 Comparing the group of secondary dementia cases with the 
 normal group we find a decrease in the per cent of ideational 
 associations (86%-60%) and an increase in the per cent of sen- 
 sorial associations (14%-40%). The greatest variations are 
 again found in the sentence form and alliteration associations. 
 The sentence form group numbers 46% in contrast to 4.9%, and 
 the group of alliterations 19% in contrast to 4.9%. There is an 
 increase of rhymes and repetitions, a decrease of coordinations 
 and an absence of subordinations and judgments. 
 
 One case of melancholia gives a larger per cent of ideational 
 associations than that of the normal group (100%-86.3%,). (Table 
 V.) This excess is due entirely to the great number of contiguity 
 associations (85%-51.9%). The proportion of coordinations is 
 about normal and all other forms of association are lacking. The 
 second case of melancholia gives fewer ideational associations than 
 the normal group (62%,-86.3%). The 62% is made up entirely of 
 coordinations. Of sensorial associations, the number of allitera- 
 
THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT 27 
 
 tions is excessive (25%- 4.9%) as is also the number of rep- 
 etitions (13%-0.35%). All other classes of association are omitted. 
 
 Of the two cases of senile dementia one gives the normal num- 
 ber of ideational associations, 87%. All judgments, sentence 
 form associations, and surordinations are missing, the remaining 
 sub-classes are represented about normally. The only marked 
 abnormality is an excess of alliterations (13%-4.9%). No other 
 forms of sensorial associations were used. 
 
 The other case of senile dementia only gives 3% of ideational 
 associations as contrasted to the 86. 3% of the normal group. The 
 3% is moreover made up entirly of sentence form associations. 
 The list is remarkable only for the great preponderance of repeti- 
 tions 94%, the normal precentage falling short of 1. 
 
 One paranoiac gives but 9% of ideational associations (9%- 
 86.3%), a percentage less than that of the normal percentage 
 for coordinations alone, to which class the whole 9% belong (9%- 
 16.4%). The peculiarity in this list is an immense number of 
 alliterations (69%-4.9%) there is in addition an excess of asson- 
 ances (13%-0.6%) and of repetitions (9%-0.35%). The other 
 paranoiac gives 10% less ideational associations than the normal 
 group (77%-86.3%). Among these are a larger number of co- 
 ordinations (73%-16.4%), contiguity associations are very scarce 
 (3%-51.9%), alliterations are frequent, (20%-4.9%). 
 
 The post febrile case also shows a poverty of ideational associa- 
 tions (30%-86.3%) and a great excess of alliterations (59%-4.9%). 
 
 The case of psychasthenia on the contrary gives a slight excess 
 of ideational associations (91%-86.3%) the contiguity class being 
 very small (3%-51.9%) and the coordination class large (67%- 
 16.4%) while the proportion of surordinations is greater than 
 that of the normal group (9%-0.4%) or of any normal individual. 
 
 Thought Content 
 
 After analyzing the lists of words from the view point of their 
 succession, I reviewed them with the object of ascertaining their 
 significance irrespective of associative connection. This entailed 
 a second classification. 
 
 Eight main groups were formed, — the first including words 
 
28 THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT 
 
 suggested by the immediate surroundings, the second words 
 relating to subjects of study, the third words relating to personal 
 experience, the fourth words relating to the general world envir- 
 onment, the fifth names of objects thought of, the sixth concepts, 
 the seventh proper names and the eighth parts of speech. In 
 this last group are placed all words that cannot be subsumed 
 under any of the other headings, such words as frequently occur 
 when the thought is expressed quite fully as in speech habit or 
 sentence form associations. These eight groups are more min- 
 utely subdivided, the first into various kinds of percepts, — gen- 
 eral surrounding, experiment, etc., the second into a long list of 
 subjects, the third into experience and reflection, the concept 
 group into literature, science, art, emotion, etc., and the other 
 groups into quite detailed sub-classes. 
 
 In this classification the distinction between conceptual and 
 objective thought, which the classification of associations omitted, 
 is recognized, and, in addition, the individual trend of thought 
 is indicated by the proportion of words assigned to the several 
 sub-classes. 
 
 We would expect students to give large percentages in the 
 classes of concepts and subjects of study, and active workers in 
 the world to swell the classes of world environment. Personal 
 experience would probably play a large part in most lists as would 
 also names of objects. 
 
 I find that the lists vary in their value as indices to the mental 
 content. Those of the insane are as a rule of great value in this 
 respect. We have seen how predominant sentence form associa- 
 tions are, and these are usually reflections of the subject's domi- 
 nant thoughts — delusions are very apt to find expression in this 
 form. From all the lists of the sane which I have examined 
 (excepting that of one man, which does not appear in this inves- 
 tigation) I would be able to infer not only the general trend of 
 thought of the writer but the occupation as well. 
 
 The number of words given by each subject is reduced to the 
 per cent of the total number of words in the list, and the individ- 
 ual results grouped according to diagnosis as in the previous classi- 
 fication. Separate tables for each group of subjects and one 
 summing up the results of the insane and comparing them with 
 those of the sane follow (tables IX-XV.) 
 
THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT 29 
 
 Table XV shows that the most striking characteristic of the lists 
 of the insane is the very large per cent given in the class of parts 
 of speech. These words of course have very little thought con- 
 tent, being for the most part words used to connect the more 
 essential ones in a sentence. The excited group of manic depres- 
 sives gives 45%, the depressed group of the same disease 30%, 
 the dementia prsecox group 37%, and the secondary dementia 
 group 38%. Of the eight cases which are not grouped (table XIII), 
 one, a case of senile dementia, gives 95%; one, a paranoiac, gives 
 38%; one, the post febrile case, gives 20%; and of the others, 
 three cases give no words in this class and two cases but 1%. 
 The average for the total number of insane subjects is 34%, which 
 greatly exceeds the proportion given by the normal group (9%). 
 
 The next fact which impresses one is the large number of proper 
 names given by the insane — the excited group of manic depressive 
 disease 13%, the depressed group 5%, the dementia praecox 
 group 33%, the secondary dementia group 15%, the case of psy- 
 ch asthenia (table XIII) 35%, the average of all 14%, while the 
 average for the normal group is but 7%, (table XV). Our sub- 
 groups reveal the fact that the proper names written by the insane 
 are frequently the writers' own names. 
 
 Of concepts we find the smallest per cent in the excited group 
 of manic depressive disease (8%) and the largest, strange to say, 
 in the dementia prsecox group (21%), while the average is slightly 
 higher than with the normal group (16%-14%). 
 
 The per cent of objects thought of is nearly three times as 
 great with the sane as with the insane (34%-13%) . In the insane 
 groups it drops to its lowest with the dementia prsecox cases, 
 4%, and reaches its maximum with the depressed manic depressive 
 cases, 17%. One paranoiac gives 62%, and the psychasthenic 
 42%. (Table XIII.) 
 
 The world environment class is small throughout, amounting 
 to but 2% with the insane and 4% with the normal subjects. 
 
 The personal experience class is also small with the insane, 
 never surpassing 5% and averaging only 2%. The average with 
 the sane subjects is 14%. 
 
 In the class of subjects of study the normal group gives 5% 
 while the insane group reaches only 0.1%. 
 
30 THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT 
 
 The insane with the exception of the dementia prgecox group 
 (7%) draw largely on their immediate surroundings for their 
 ideas. The average per cent of words given in this class is 19, 
 which exceeds the average of the normal group, (13%). 
 
 Summing up, we find from our tables that in the lists of the 
 ins-ane the proportion of words which can be classified only as 
 parts of speech is nearly four times as great as in the normal 
 group; that the percentages exceed those of the normal group in 
 the classes of immediate environment and proper names, and 
 slightly in that of concepts. 
 
 The subgroups are of great value in the study of the individual 
 cases, but contribute nothing to the study of group results. For 
 instance if a certain group of patients gives 20% concepts it in- 
 dicates a certain quality of thought; whether these concepts 
 relate to literature or science makes no difference. But whether 
 they relate to literature or science is of great importance in the 
 study of an individual patient in which case the object is to gain 
 as great an insight as possible into the subject's mind and to trace 
 the origin of delusions, fixed ideas, etc. The following cases will 
 illustrate the value of the subgroups: — Case 8, in the excited 
 group of manic depressive disease (table IX) gives 21% concepts, 
 an examination of the subgroups (which are not presented in 
 the table) shows that nearly one half of these are representative of 
 religious thought. In the same list we find 3% of the words are 
 proper names, and from the subgroups discover that they are 
 largely the writer's own name. From these results we would 
 judge that the patient had religious and egoistic tendencies. In 
 another list written when the patient was in a greatly improved 
 condition there are 18% concepts, half of which are religious in 
 character, and 9% proper names of which only a fraction of 1% 
 are the subject's own. The religious tendency had not abated 
 but the egoism evidently had. In a list written by case 11 of 
 the same group we find 13% of the words are suggested by the 
 immediate environment. On further examination we discover 
 that over three-fourths of these are visual percepts. In the list of 
 a dementia praecox patient (case 21, table XI) 2% of the words 
 have been placed in the class of immediate environment, all of 
 these are auditory percepts; 25% are concepts, of these three- 
 
THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT 31 
 
 fourths are referable to literature. Case 38 (table XIII) a melancho- 
 liac gave 90% in the class immediate environment, all but one 
 word of which represent visual percepts. Case 6 (table IX) an ex- 
 cited manic depressive subject wrote 10% concepts, of which 
 nearly one-half relate to music, which was her profession. Case 
 42 (table XIII) a paranoic, gave 45% concepts, 88% of which are 
 qualities. From the list written by normal subjects (table XIV) 
 I would cite that 10% of the physician's words relate to subjects 
 of study and one-half of these to physiology and hygiene, (subject 
 I). One teacher draws 28% of her words from subjects of study 
 nearly all of the words relating to subjects which she taught, (sub- 
 ject 3). Another teacher gives 59% concepts of which 76% refer 
 to literature (subject 5). Subject 7, a nurse , gives 27% proper 
 names all of which are of places. Subject 9, another nurse, draws 
 13% of her words from the immediate environment, one-third of 
 these represent visual and one-third auditory percepts; she also 
 gives 15% concepts, 62% of which are qualities. One readily sees 
 from these examples how important the subgroups are in an ex- 
 amination of individual cases. The results of the subgroups are 
 not presented in tabulated form. To be of interest each list must 
 be treated as a separate theme and receive exhaustive study. 
 
 Rapidity of Thought. 
 
 We judge of the rapidity of thought by the number of words 
 written in fifteen minutes. 
 
 In some cases where subjects intentionally reject certain 
 thoughts the number of words is not a fair index of speed. One 
 patient, for instance, wrote for me 330 words when listening to 
 hallucinatory voices and chronicling what they said, and only 42 
 when she rejected what she heard and wrote her own thoughts alone. 
 She was perfectly frank in her explanation, but suspicious patients 
 suffering from hallucinations might also studiously avoid writing 
 the hallucinatory words and feign poverty of thought. In the 
 case above cited the shorter list was of course rejected. Though 
 I think it improbable that any of the subjects whose lists I 
 included purposely repressed words, we have to take into consid- 
 eration the possibility of their so doing when considering the 
 
32 THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT 
 
 value of the numerical results. I feel justified in believing that 
 such rejections were not numerous enough to affect materially 
 the group averages, though of course it is possible that some 
 individual lists may not be reliable. 
 
 This repressing of the hallucinated words affects the train of 
 the associations as well as the number of words written. The 
 hallucinations are, as a rule, associated with the personal thought 
 of the patient, they form the nucleus of the thought which plays 
 around them, both parts contributing to one train of thought, 
 though one part is externalized and one is not. 
 
 The average number of words written by the forty-five insane 
 subjects (table VIII) is 120 the longest list numbering 358 words, 
 was that of an excited case of manic depressive disease, (case 1, 
 table I,) the shortest list 19 words, that of a depressed case of the 
 same disease (case 16, table II). The average number written by 
 the 10 normal subjects (table XIV) is 212 words, the longest 
 list numbers 301 words (subject 1, table XIV), the shortest 128 
 (subject 8, table XIV). The insane reach greater extremes at 
 both limits and their average falls below the normal group by 92 
 words or 43%. 
 
 The excited group of the manic depressive cases gives the high- 
 est group average, 171 words, as well as contributing the longest 
 individual list. The depressed group of the same disease gives 
 the lowest group average, 83 words, and also the shortest individ- 
 ual list, (table VIII). The average number written by the demen- 
 tia praecox cases stands second and that written by the secondary 
 dementia group next, (table VIII). 
 
 Table XVI shows the approximate length of the individual lists 
 in the different groups. By it we see that only nine lists number- 
 ed less than 50 words, and that they represent the groups of manic 
 depressive disease, dementia prsecox, secondary dementia and 
 melancholia. Fourteen lists numbered between 50 and 100 words 
 and represent all the groups studied. Eleven lists contain be- 
 tween 100 and 200 words, ten between 200 and 300 words, and 
 one 358 words. The lists numbering over 100 words represent 
 cases of manic depressive disease, dementia prsecox, secondary 
 dementia, paranoia and post febrile psychosis. Of the normal 
 subjects five wrote between 100 and 200, four between 200 and 
 300 words, and one wrote 301 words. 
 
the train of thought 33 
 
 Practice and Fatigue. 
 
 The effect of practice and fatigue is shown by the relative num- 
 ber of words written in the first, second and third five minute 
 periods. 
 
 The fatigue thus indicated is not a motor fatigue due to the 
 exertion of writing; for those who write the most rapidly and 
 whose hands are the most cramped and tired when they finish 
 are the very subjects who steadily increase in speed. The fatigue 
 is a mental one, the mind seems to lose its alertness and ideas 
 follow each other more slowly. The increase in speed may be 
 due to a growing ease in complying with the requirements of the 
 experiment, or to an increase in ideational activity due to con- 
 tinuous mental application. 
 
 The results are tabulated by two different methods and pre- 
 sented in tables XVII and XVIII. The first table (XVII) pre- 
 sents the number of cases in each group which shows a continuous 
 increase or a continous decrease, an increase followed by a de- 
 crease, a decrease followed by an increase, equal speed throughout 
 or an equality in the first and second or second and third periods. 
 The table indicates that in the excited stage of manic depressive 
 disease fatigue shows itself but is overcome in the last period by 
 practice. Four subjects wrote with an even speed throughout, 
 two were manic depressive cases (excited) and two cases of de- 
 mentia prsecox. Eight showed a steady decrease due probably 
 to increasing fatigue; six a steady increase due probably to prac- 
 tice; six show an increase then a decrease, the effect of practice 
 appearing earlier than that of fatigue; thirteen a decrease and 
 then an increase, an early fatigue being overcome by practice. 
 
 Nothing particularly distinctive of any of the groups is brought 
 out by these results excepting a final increase in speed in a ma- 
 jority of the excited cases of manic depressive disease, (ten), only 
 one case in this group shows a continuous decrease and one a 
 decrease after an increase; two show equal speed throughout. 
 
 Of the normal subjects three show first a decrease then an in- 
 crease in speed, and two a continuous increase, thus half (five) 
 show a final increase in speed. This proportion is quite similar 
 to that shown by the total insane group, twenty-two of the forty 
 five subjects showing the same final increase. 
 
34 THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT 
 
 The second table (XVIII) gives the number of cases in each 
 group that wrote the greatest number of words in the first, second 
 or third five minute period. Nineteen of the insane subjects wrote 
 more rapidly in the first five minutes, thirteen in the last five min- 
 utes, six in the second five minutes. Three wrote more rapidly in 
 the first and second periods, two in the second and third, and two 
 wrote at the same rate throughout. The table indicates that 
 with the majority of these subjects the effect of fatigue is greater 
 than that of practice. The excited manic depressive group is 
 the only one in which one-half the cases wrote the greatest number 
 of words in the last period. 
 
 In the first table the final increase means an increase over the 
 second period, not necessarily over the first; thus some of the 
 twenty-two cases in that group, in our second table are numbered 
 with the group writing most rapidly during the first period. This 
 explains why while we have twenty-two subjects showing a final 
 increase, we only have fifteen writing most rapidly in the last 
 period. Of the normal subjects four wrote most rapidly during 
 the first period, one during the first and second periods, four during 
 the last period and one during the second period. 
 
 The value of this test for fatigue and practice is greater for 
 individual diagnosis than for group results. 
 
 COXCEXTRATIOX OF THOUGHT. 
 
 The degree of concentration of thought is indicated by the 
 length of unbroken trains of associations. These vary from 4 
 to 197 words. Table XIX shows the number of patients in each 
 group whose longest train numbers less than 10 words, between 
 10 and 25 words, between 25 and 50 words, between 50 and 100 
 words, or over 100 words. 
 
 Two dementia praecox cases, three manic depressive cases (ex- 
 cited) and one case of senile dementia wrote trains of over 100 
 related words. The length of the senile list is accounted for by 
 repetition, the length of the manic depressive lists by sentence 
 form associations and the length of the dementia praecox list by 
 speech habit, repetition and alliteration. Neither subject suffering 
 from involutional melancholia wrote more than 10 consecutive as- 
 
THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT uO 
 
 sociated words and but one of the depressed group of manic de- 
 pressives wrote as many as 19. The subjects affected with demen- 
 tia prsecox and with manic depressive disease in the excited stage 
 tend to write long lists of associated words. The depressed cases 
 of manic depressive disease and cases of melancholia on the con- 
 trary tend to write short ones. These are the only distinctive 
 group results. Considering the results as one large group we 
 find twelve subjects writing 10 words or less as the longest connected 
 train, nine subjects writing between 10 and 25, ten subjects be- 
 tween 25 and 50, eight between 50 and 100 and six over 100. 
 
 Of the normal subjects, six individuals wrote between 25 and 
 50 words in their longest associated train of words, three between 
 50 and 100, and one wrote more than 100 words (137). None 
 wrote under 25, while the longest trains of twenty-one of tha 
 insane subjects numbered less than 25 words each. 
 
 Another indication of the amount of concentration is the num- 
 ber of times the train of thought is changed during the 15 minutes. 
 The greater the number of changes the greater the distractability 
 of thought, the more open the mind to any chance stimulus. 
 These numbers are only of value, however, in relation to the total 
 number of words written, so we present in tabulated form (tables 
 I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII), the per cent of words which are associated 
 with others and those which are not. The latter number indicates 
 the proportionate number of times the train of thought is changed. 
 
 Table VIII shows that the average per cent of words written 
 without any apparent associative suggestion is 30. The largest 
 average given by any group is that given by the depressed cases 
 of manic depressive insanity (48%), and the lowest by the excited 
 cases of the same disease (14%). The lowest per cent for an 
 individual list is 1; it occurs in three cases of dementia prsecox 
 (table III, cases 20, 22, 27) and in a case of manic depressive dis- 
 ease (excited) (table 1, case 4). The highest is 90 occurring 
 in the list of a melancholiac (table V, case 38.) 
 
 Thus both methods of arranging our results lead to the same 
 conclusion, that we find the greatest amount of concentration of 
 attention in excited cases of manic depressive insanity and in 
 dementia prsecox and the lowest degree in the depressed cases of 
 manic depressive disease and melancholia. 
 
36 THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT 
 
 In the normal group the lowest per cent of unassociated 
 words is 4, the highest 22, the average 13.2 (table VII). The nor- 
 mal average is thus 17% less than the average for the insane 
 patients which is 30%, and indicates a much greater amount of 
 concentration. 
 
 Power of Application. 
 
 The power of continued application to any task is often very 
 low with insane subjects, and this inability is shown while trying 
 to comply with the requirements of the association test, by pauses 
 in which the subject's mind wanders entirely away from his occu- 
 pation. This in some cases makes it impossible to secure a list, 
 in others the experimenter can so urge the subject on that not 
 much time is lost, not more than can be made up. This condi- 
 tion existed in one of the dementia subjects who gave 99% of 
 associated words. She would stop writing, talk a little about 
 something entirely irrelevant, then return to her list and pick 
 up her thought just where she left it. She wrote the full fifteen 
 minutes but they were not consecutive. This was the only sub- 
 ject who thus combined the two diverse characteristics of concen- 
 tration and lack of application, and strange to say, she exhibited 
 them both in greater degree than any other subject, the associa- 
 tive connection was not only never broken but 74% of the asso- 
 ciations were coordinations — they were names of diseases. This 
 is the only subject whose list is included who showed such marked 
 lack of application. All the others who showed it to any great 
 degree were entirely incapable of completing the task, but the 
 uncompleted tests served to throw much light on their condition. 
 With many of the patients, although the test failed in its primary 
 object, it served to bring out individual peculiarities in a clear 
 and forcible manner. The effort to concentrate produced in 
 many cases marked hallucinations, in others it led to a betrayal 
 of their delusions, while in still others the mere request to write 
 was enough to disclose a great mine of distrust and suspicion. 
 Thus both directly and indirectly the test has proved a most useful 
 one. 
 
THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT 37 
 
 Its direct results lead to the following conclusions: — 
 
 1. All associations may be grouped in two fundamentally 
 distinct classes — ideational and sensorial. 
 
 2. The associations of the insane are predominantly sensorial. 
 
 3. The thought of the excited group of manic depressive dis- 
 ease is characterized primarily by sentence form associations; 
 contiguity and speech habit associations are also frequent. 
 
 4. The thought of the depressed group of manic depressive 
 disease is characterized by alliteration, repetition and contiguity 
 associations. 
 
 o. The thought of the dementia praecox group is characterized 
 chiefly by speech habit and sentence form associations. Repeti- 
 tions, alliterations and coordinations are also frequent. 
 
 6. The thought of the secondary dementia group is character- 
 ized by sentence form and contiguity associations and alliterations. 
 
 7. Compared with the normal subjects the insane used in their 
 lists more words suggested by the environment, more proper 
 names and about four times as many words having in themselves 
 little thought content, i.e. conjunctions, prepositions, etc.; they 
 used far fewer words relating to objects of past experience and 
 about an equal number of concepts. 
 
 8. The rapidity of thought as indicated by the number of 
 written words is much greater with the normal than with the 
 insane subjects — average 212 as compared with 120. The mean 
 variation is much less with the normal subjects. 
 
 9. The effect of practice is most noticeable with the excited 
 group of manic depressive disease — the rate of speed increasing 
 in the last period with ten of the fourteen subjects. 
 
 10. The power of concentration among the insane is greatest 
 in the excited group of manic depressive disease, in which it 
 nearly equals the average of the normal group; it is lowest in the 
 depressed group of manic depressive disease and in melancholia. 
 
38 
 
 THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT 
 
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THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT 
 
 43 
 
 TABLE VI. 
 Number of Individuals Giving Thbir Largest Per Cent op Associations in the 
 
 Following Classes. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 p. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 5 
 
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 2 
 
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 1 
 
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 1 
 
 
 
 3 
 
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 Melancholia 
 
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 Psychasthenia 
 
 
 
 
 
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 Post Febrile Psychosis 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 16 
 
 4 
 
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 THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT 
 
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 ac 
 M 
 
 SUOI^TDOSS V -UO N JO }U3D J9 d | ^ 000 ^ oa>MM 
 
 
 suoyvepossy jo ^uao jaj 
 
 COCOO©'*iOO'<* , 0000 
 CiOOOiOiOOOOOiOOOOt^ 
 
 00 
 
 CO ^* o 
 oo oo 
 
 }Siq ui suotiBtoossy p3}ox 
 
 »O)NO(0»(N00HO 
 QOOKJQOHCO^OiOOO 
 
 CNC^JiNl-HINl-l'-l'-lrH^H 
 
 CO 
 
 eo co O 
 
 00 ■* 00 
 1-1 <-t 
 
 I 
 
 MNNHNHHHHN 
 
 isiq ut spao^ p3}oj, I 
 
 I 
 
 212 
 
 M. V. 50 
 Med. 210 
 
 1 ! te3 - 
 
 reuosuag p3}Oj, ncmhn^noonio co 
 
 1—1 CO >"H ■- ' '° H 
 
 i/j CO ^T 
 
 9DUBUOSSV do^odMOOod 
 1 
 
 CO 
 
 d 
 
 uoi^-eja^mY 
 
 
 4.9 
 
 auiXq-jj 
 
 CO 
 
 d'-HCN©!-!'-!©.'*^-'© 
 
 CO 
 
 © 
 
 uoijiiada-g 
 
 do—iooooiNoo 
 
 iO 
 CO 
 
 d 
 
 ! 1 « 
 
 ^iq'Bjj qaaadg «o \ ■*[ 
 
 mdooMH»HHH i to 
 1 »o I 
 
 1 ^ 
 
 lBUOia-83pi l^OJ, | »«MO)00(O«fJMO 1 c© 
 
 ajoaosnoooioooio: i oo 
 
 }09ui3pnf 
 
 ■-HiOOOcDOiOiOCOO 
 
 id 
 
 uoiyBuipjojng 
 
 J CO 
 
 ^odddootNod i d 
 1 
 
 uop'euipjoqns 
 
 il)U5iOHMMOil5flO) 
 
 id 
 
 UOlJBUipjOOQ 
 
 OiflONiOOOffliOO)T|i 
 -1 — • CO H (N N (N i-t 
 
 <* 
 
 CO 
 
 uuo d aoua^uag 
 
 O -<J< — iCMrHOCOO-f-* 
 
 a. 
 
 Ajm8i^uo3 
 
 
 OS 
 
 Normal Group 
 Subject 
 
 to 
 
 > 
 
 < 
 
THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT 
 
 45 
 
 UOl}T3Uip.ieOQ O t- pj <N M 
 
 uijo j; 33ua;uag m •* •«< & 
 
 1 ■* W Tf 
 
 AimStjuoQ : ^ q u, H (, 
 
 I — CI HM 
 
 
 suoi^etoossy-uo^ jo ^uao jaj 
 
 f 00 N O -h 
 
 rt 11 H JJ "* 
 
 o 
 co 
 
 CN 
 
 CO 
 
 
 SUOIlBIOOSSy JO }U9D J3J 
 
 CO CO CO O O 
 
 00 15 00 N if) 
 
 o 
 
 co 
 co 
 
 GO 
 
 
 }S|i ui suoiiBioossy p3}oj. 
 
 W » ffl * 3 
 "O "O H 00 N 
 
 s. 
 
 as 
 
 CO 
 
 
 ^siq ui spio^ pnoj, 
 
 "- 1 CO CO CO 00 
 
 t> x co O o 
 
 1-1 
 
 o 
 
 I-H 
 
 CO 
 
 CN 
 
 
 IBU0SU9g IB^OX 
 
 I-H O CO 3 <-i 
 CO 'O lO ■* ■* 
 
 CO 
 
 tii 
 
 CO 
 
 1— < 
 
 
 
 
 aou-euossy 
 
 d n h d cq 
 
 IN 
 
 O 
 
 i— 1 
 
 M 
 
 co 
 d 
 
 35 
 
 •<* 
 
 
 uoi^uisiiny 
 
 N ^ CC Ci ^ 
 CO i-l fH CN 
 
 c/3 
 
 < 
 
 anuCtfa 
 
 co r~- 
 
 ■* 35 ,-i f~ c 
 
 ■* 
 
 ■* 
 
 T-l 
 
 o 
 
 s 
 o 
 
 uoi;pad3-g 
 
 lO i-l Ci CO CO 
 
 1— 1 i-H r-( 
 
 o 
 
 M 
 
 d 
 
 •-* 
 
 IR^H ^333dS 
 
 ■■# -* o t> d 
 
 r-l CM 
 
 OS 
 
 — 
 d 
 
 HH 2 
 
 > o 
 
 a o 
 
 c 
 
 Z 
 
 ^uoi;B3pi pnoj. 
 
 a o ii o oo 
 co -n rfi to uo 
 
 
 CO 
 
 d 
 
 CO 
 
 auauiSpnf 
 
 co 
 
 d o o o o 
 
 q 
 
 d 
 
 »d 
 
 uoiveuipjcurig 
 
 GO 
 
 «-" » iq 
 
 d o d d -< 
 
 CO 
 
 d 
 
 co 
 
 O 
 
 as 
 
 a 
 
 uot^BUipjoqng 
 
 co 
 
 d o O © <N ' 
 
 
 »d 
 
 co 2 
 
 : C3 
 
 co ! rt 
 
 -H JO 
 
 — 
 
 Ti 
 
 
 
 
 ft) 
 
 c 
 
 ed 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 CO 
 •73 
 !/5 
 
 
 el 
 
 V 
 
 B 
 in 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 c 
 
 i— ( 
 
 £ 
 
 > 
 
 
 i 
 
 V 
 
 rt 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 CJ 
 
 z 
 
 u 
 
 <u 
 
 
 7, 
 
 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 W 
 
 3 
 O 
 
 ti 
 
 
 d 
 Q 
 
 : 
 
 .5 
 
 >> 
 
 ft) 
 
 c 
 a 
 
 ft) 
 
 > 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 
 ft) 
 
 = 
 
 ft> 
 
 , — I 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 g 
 
 O 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 Q 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 ■r. 
 
 CO 
 
 O 
 
 Eh 
 
 
46 
 
 THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT 
 
 TABLE IX. 
 Per Cent of Words in Each Class. 
 
 . 
 
 +j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 CJ 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Manic Depressive 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 4) 
 
 a 
 
 c 
 o 
 u 
 
 V 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 x 
 
 
 Insanity 
 (Excited) 
 
 c 
 
 a 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 
 CJ 
 
 ft 
 X 
 H 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 u; 
 
 en 
 
 ■4-> 
 o 
 .° 
 'J3 
 
 O 
 13 
 
 Cfl 
 
 ft 
 
 CJ 
 
 to 
 
 CO 
 
 s 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 cj 
 o 
 
 ft 
 
 CO 
 
 «4-( 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 £ 
 
 '£ 
 
 75 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 u 
 
 o 
 
 
 5 
 
 Case 
 
 E 
 
 3 
 CO 
 
 CJ 
 P4 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 o 
 O 
 
 
 ft, 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 56 
 
 358 
 
 2 
 
 88 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 77 ! 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 67 
 
 94 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 83 
 
 135 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 44 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 24 
 
 241 
 
 6 | 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 56 
 
 259 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 77 
 
 228! 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 21 
 
 3 
 
 69 
 
 288 i 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 46 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 29 
 
 179, 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 36 
 
 28 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 73 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 68 
 
 202 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 38 
 
 28 
 
 116 
 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 68 
 
 99 
 
 14 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 85 
 
 2 
 
 40 
 171 
 
 Average 
 
 11 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 13 
 
 45 
 
 TABLE X. 
 Per Cent of Words in Each Class. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Manic Depressive 
 
 £ 
 
 c 
 
 s 
 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 c 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Insanity 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 
 x 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 o 
 
 p 
 o 
 
 
 
 Cfl 
 
 a 
 
 
 (Depressed) 
 
 CJ 
 
 CJ 
 
 s 
 
 to 
 
 o 
 
 _CJ 
 
 2? 
 
 ft 
 
 X 
 
 W 
 S 
 
 to 
 u 
 
 tJ 
 •ft 
 
 2 
 
 5 ; 
 
 00 
 
 ft 
 
 8 I 
 
 CJ 
 
 £ 
 cd 
 
 ^ | 
 
 5 
 p 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 CJ 
 
 ft 
 
 co 
 
 o 
 
 10 
 
 to 
 
 5 
 
 Case 
 
 s 
 
 1— 1 
 
 £ 
 
 CJ 
 
 ft 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 o ; 
 O 
 
 ft 
 
 5 
 
 ft 
 
 D 
 
 15 
 
 74 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 31 
 
 16 
 
 37 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 26 
 
 5 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 17 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 26 
 
 18 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 20 
 
 7 
 
 63 
 
 71 
 
 19 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 0.3 
 
 65 
 
 270 
 S3 
 
 Average 
 
 29.4 
 
 
 
 O.S 
 
 3 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 4.6 
 
 30 
 
THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT. 
 
 47 
 
 TABLE XI. 
 Per Cent of Words in Each Class. 
 
 
 
 -j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 o 
 
 4J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 CJ 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dementia 
 
 Prsecox. 
 
 > 
 
 
 ft) 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 to 
 
 1) 
 
 Pi 
 
 X 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 c 
 
 -r 
 
 !E 
 
 G 
 
 P. 
 
 O 
 
 en 
 
 £ 
 
 c« 
 
 u 
 o 
 
 u 
 
 [fl 
 
 tfl 
 
 V 
 
 S 
 
 73 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 O 
 
 l~ 
 
 ->-> 
 
 
 Case 
 
 ~ 
 
 72 
 
 1) 
 
 £ 
 
 ^ 
 
 -— 
 
 o 
 O 
 
 Ih 
 
 =t 
 
 c 
 H 
 
 112 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 25 
 
 22 
 
 37 
 
 178 
 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 35 
 
 
 23 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 50 
 
 82 
 
 
 24 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 90 
 
 330 
 
 
 25 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 0.8 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 24 
 
 37 
 
 120 
 
 
 26 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 24 
 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 97 
 
 
 2S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.4 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 87 
 
 219 
 
 Average 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 o.os 
 
 0.6 
 
 4 
 
 21 
 
 30 
 
 37 
 
 133 
 
 TABLE XII. 
 
 Per Cext of Words in Each Class. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 p* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '-> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 tl 
 
 +3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Secondary 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 S) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dementia 
 
 > 
 
 
 r 
 
 5 
 
 •--. 
 
 
 
 -= 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 M 
 
 > 
 
 ■n 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 'jf 
 
 CJ 
 
 ■g 
 
 w 
 
 3 
 
 |_ 
 
 2 
 
 'X. 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 
 Cfl 
 
 3 
 
 fc 
 
 y 
 
 5" 
 
 ~ 
 
 _' 
 
 Case 
 
 W 
 
 3 
 CO 
 
 1) 
 
 
 > 
 
 -J 
 
 £ 
 
 d 
 
 r^ 
 
 Average 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 S4 
 
 41 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 39 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 34 
 
 43 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.2 
 
 
 
 0.2 
 
 13 
 
 51 
 
 34 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 0.5 
 
 74 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 22 
 
 10 
 
 50 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 76 
 
 S 
 
 71 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 46 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 IS 
 
 15 
 
 38 
 
 173 
 
 41 
 
 31 
 
 104 
 
 269 
 
 136 
 
 59 
 
 28 
 
 S6 
 
 103 
 
48 
 
 THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT 
 
 TABLE XIII. 
 Per Cent of Words in Each Class. 
 
 
 -u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 
 o 
 
 -t> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 u 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 <D 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 '> 
 
 
 
 H 
 o 
 
 u 
 
 ■> 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 Cases. 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 iject 
 
 sonal Expo 
 
 rid Objects 
 
 2 
 
 (!) 
 O 
 
 in 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 ts of Speec 
 
 al Words 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 G 
 
 
 
 »-. 
 
 
 Cases 
 
 M 
 
 xh 
 
 & 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 o 
 
 to 
 
 c3 
 to 
 
 o 
 
 70 
 
 Melancholia 38 
 
 90 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Melancholia 39 
 
 55 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 26 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 Senile Dementia 40 
 
 ' 47 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 . 12 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 60 
 
 Senile Dementia 41 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 95 
 
 ; 203 
 
 Paranoia 42 
 
 . 16 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 : o 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 38 ! 
 
 73 
 
 Paranoia 43 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 62 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 : 104 
 
 Post Febrile Psy. 44 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 ' 35 
 
 
 
 i 20 
 
 234 
 
 Psychasthenia 45 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 42 
 
 : 21 
 
 35 
 
 i 1 
 
 90 
 
 Average 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 23 
 
 19 
 
 5- 
 
 19 
 
 108 
 
THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT 
 
 4Q 
 
 TABLE XIV. 
 Per Cbnt^of Wc^rs :;- Each ^lass 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 E 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Z 
 
 
 = 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Normal Grcui 
 
 > 
 
 
 •~ 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 & 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 U 
 
 
 - 
 
 a 
 
 :: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 .- 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 z 
 
 
 £ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Subjects 
 
 - 
 
 '_" 
 
 - 
 
 ^ 
 
 > 
 
 o 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 ~ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 37 
 
 30 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 301 
 
 2 
 
 IS 
 
 1 
 
 26 
 
 
 35 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 242 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 28 
 
 9 
 
 j 
 
 22 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 19 
 
 28C 
 
 4 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 1 
 
 24 
 
 2 
 
 25 
 
 1 
 
 190 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 59 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 257 
 
 6 
 
 26 
 
 o 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 64 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 162 
 
 - 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 6 
 
 :: 
 
 14 
 
 27 
 
 3 
 
 157 
 
 s 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 9 
 
 58 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 12S 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 8 
 
 32 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 S 
 
 171 
 
 10 
 
 19 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 29 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 27 
 
 230 
 
 Average 
 
 13 
 
 4.5 
 
 14 
 
 3.6 
 
 : : 5 
 
 14.1 
 
 7.4 
 
 : \ 
 
 212 
 
 TABLE XV. 
 Per Cent op T7;?.z? :n 
 
 Iach Class 
 
 te ar.i 
 
 Normal Groups 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 = 
 
 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 o 
 
 -ta 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 E 
 
 — 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 c 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 •Si 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 .~ 
 
 •: 
 
 a 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 2 
 
 .2 
 
 - 
 - 
 
 I 
 
 "3 
 
 - 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 
 E 
 
 j: 
 
 ■ 
 
 = 
 
 Q 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 GO 
 
 - 
 
 > 
 
 £ 
 
 Manic Depressive 
 
 Excited 
 Manic Depressive 
 
 Depressed 
 Dementia Prseoax 
 Secondary Deme 
 
 r oos Cases 
 
 Average — Insane 
 
 Average— Norm a] 
 
 11 
 
 29 
 
 7 
 
 15 
 
 31 
 
 19 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.1 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 34 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 21 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 IS 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 23 
 
 19 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 33 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 - 
 
 45 
 
 30 
 37 
 
 3S 
 19 
 
 34 
 
 9 
 
 171 
 
 83 
 133 
 103 
 109 
 
 120 
 
 212 
 
50 
 
 THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT 
 
 TABLE XVI. 
 Number of Subjects Writing in 15 Minutes 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 01 
 
 *3 
 
 
 CO 
 
 cn 
 
 Insane and 
 
 O 
 
 CO 
 
 V 
 5 
 
 en 
 •O 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 r-4 
 
 5 
 
 13 
 u 
 
 o 
 
 Ih 
 
 o 
 
 JO 
 
 3 
 
 Normal Subjects 
 
 CN 
 
 ■5 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 cn 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 6 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 6 
 
 C/2 
 
 3 
 
 
 m 
 
 lO 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 
 k 
 
 
 to 
 
 IN 
 
 «o 
 
 ,_l 
 
 cn 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Manic Depressive Excited 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 , 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 Depressed 
 
 l 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 Dementia Prsecox 
 
 l 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 Secondary Dementia 
 
 e 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 Senile Dementia 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 Melancholia 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 Paranoia 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 Psychasthenia 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Post Febrile Psychosis 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Total Insane 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 14 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 45 
 
 Normal Group 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 TABLE XVII. 
 Rate of Thought, Showing Effect of Practice and Fatigue. 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 ■ji 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 y 
 
 cd 
 
 CD 
 
 cd 
 
 ID 
 
 
 cd 
 
 c 
 H 
 
 e 
 
 cd 
 
 y 
 
 y 
 
 
 Insane and 
 
 y 
 u 
 o 
 C 
 i— i 
 
 cd 
 
 CD 
 Ih 
 
 O 
 
 y 
 
 Q 
 
 y 
 
 (U 
 
 Q 
 
 c 
 
 u 
 
 CJ 
 
 C 
 
 i— ( 
 
 C 
 
 CB 
 
 
 3 
 
 cd 
 
 £ 
 
 y 
 c 
 
 cd 
 
 CD 
 
 u 
 
 S 
 
 Q 
 
 CI 
 
 Normal Groups. 
 
 3 
 
 CO 
 
 3 
 
 +3 
 
 .0 
 
 
 ^3 
 
 J3 
 
 -1t> 
 
 y 
 
 c 
 y 
 
 .CD 
 
 "J? 
 
 
 O 
 
 c 
 
 O 
 
 rs 
 c 
 
 01 
 
 cn 
 
 0) 
 
 CO 
 
 cd 
 
 
 CO 
 9] 
 
 cd 
 
 y 
 
 05 
 
 y 
 
 CD 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 GO 
 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 y 
 
 y 
 
 C 
 
 t-i 
 o 
 
 CD 
 
 cd 
 
 C 
 
 (U 
 
 y 
 
 e 
 
 1—1 
 
 cd 
 
 cd 
 
 cr 
 
 cd 
 ■*-> 
 O 
 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 Q 
 
 M 
 
 W 
 
 14 
 
 Manic Depressive Excited 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Depressed 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 Dementia Praecox 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 Secondary Dementia 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 Senile Dementia 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 Paranoia 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 Melancholia 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 , 2 
 
 Psychasthenia 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Post Febrile Psychosis 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Total — Insane 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 * 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 J 
 45 
 
 Total — Normal 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT 
 
 51 
 
 TABLE XVIII. 
 
 Number of Subjects Writing Greatest Number of Words in 
 
 Insane and 
 Normal Groups. 
 
 o> 
 
 c 
 
 Si 
 
 u 
 
 w 
 
 4) 
 
 3 
 C 
 
 -a 
 
 c 
 o 
 o 
 
 w 
 
 Third 5 Minutes 
 
 Three Periods Equal 
 
 First & Second Periods Equal 
 
 a 
 
 C 
 
 H 
 
 *d 
 
 T3 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 o 
 a) 
 CO 
 
 O 
 V 
 
 IS 
 
 CO 
 
 +j 
 o 
 
 Manic Depressive Excited 
 
 Depressed 
 Dementia Prscox 
 Secondary Dementia 
 Senile Dementia 
 Melancholia 
 Paranoia 
 Psychasthenia 
 Post Febrile Psy. 
 
 5 
 2 
 5 
 3 
 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 7 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 ooooootooo 
 
 OOOOOtOOl-'O 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 5 
 
 9 
 9 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 1 
 1 
 
 Total Insane 
 
 19 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 2 .3 
 
 2 
 
 45 
 
 Total Normal 
 
 4 14 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 TABLE XIX. 
 Approximate Length of Longest Train of Associated Words. 
 
 Insane and 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 iects 
 
 Normal Groups 
 
 Less than 
 
 10-25 
 
 25-50 
 
 50-100 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 <N 
 
 6 
 
 o 
 
 TotafSub 
 
 Manic Depressive Excited 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 14 
 
 Depressed 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 Dementia Praecox 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 Secondary Dementia 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 Senile Dementia 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 j 
 
 2 
 
 Paranoia 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 Melancholia 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 Psychasthenia 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Post Febrile Psychosis 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Total Insane 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 45 
 
 Total Normal 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
52 THE TRAIN OF THOUGHT 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 1. Aschaffenberg, Gustav. Experiment elle Studien liber As- 
 
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 1896. 
 
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