^ ^No 
 
 
 r s 
 
 Scientific Manual 
 
 PATENT LAW COMPLETE. 
 
 ■oOo 
 
 PECK & MIATT, 
 
 135 CLARK STREET, 
 
 CHICAGO, I1>X 
 
INVENTORS^ k MECHANICS' 
 
 Scientific Manual 
 
 AND 
 
 PATENT LAW COMPLETE. 
 
 V 
 
 / 
 
 published by 
 
 The Western Union Patent Agency, 
 
 "peck & MIATT, 
 
 135 Clark Street, Chicago. 
 
 laji . 
 
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 ^ 
 
 ^^^^ 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1871, by 
 
 PECK & MIATT, 
 
 In the ofiQce of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. 0. 
 
TO OUR 
 
 INVENTIVE FRIENDS 
 
 IN THE WEST. 
 
 We have compiled this little book to 
 afford a convenient reference in patent 
 and scientific matters for the benefit of 
 the large and ever increasing class 
 referred to,^a class which is doing 
 more to advance the material pros- 
 perity of our country than any other. 
 
 We believe it will be acceptable to very many by answering 
 for them many questions which would otherwise cause much 
 trouble and expense to decide. It will also save us writing 
 numberless long letters upon the subjects here treated of. 
 Though we are ever ready to respond without charge in regard 
 to any matter not fully discussed in these pages, still, if any 
 one receives this book with a passage marked which fully 
 answers his inquiry, we trust he will feel just as well satisfied 
 with the answer as if it was written out. 
 
 The inventive talent of the West is being more and more 
 largely employed ; the harvest already reaped is rich in results, 
 but the field has only just begun to reveal its extent, and it 
 widens out before those who are looking eagerly to it with 
 ever more inviting prospects. The truth is, most of us are 
 just beginning to learn how to invent, and that there are bet- 
 ter opportunities in this field to acquire rapid and honorable 
 
wealtli and distinction than in almost any other. There can be 
 no more honorable, work than that of invention. Every step 
 made in the saving of time and in producing new and valuable 
 effects means a certain amount of advance in the progress of 
 civilization. When we have so far controlled material forces as 
 to produce twice as much in the same time as is now produced, 
 and also do it twice as well, we shall have gained an advantage 
 which will be apparent in added comforts to almost every home 
 in the land. Our fathers worked more hours and harder than 
 we for smaller material results ; our grandfathers received still 
 less for their still harder toil. It is our desire to be of assist- 
 ance in every way we can in helping on this general progress. 
 
 What has stimulated inventive genius especially in this 
 country is the assurance which the laws give that every man 
 shall have the sole right to whatever he originates for a con- 
 siderable length of time, and this at little expense of money 
 or time in obtaining the official guarantee of the government. 
 
 It is our especial part to see that the inventor has his inven- 
 tion secured to him in the most complete and advantageous 
 manner. 
 
 Whatever facilities a long education in, and fondness for the 
 work gives us, we offer to our many old and also our many 
 prospective friends, promising them that aside from our regular 
 charges in doing their work, we will gladly, and without 
 charge, be of any assistance that we can in adding to, or 
 informing them in any respect about, their devices. 
 
 Ratio of the hardness of metals : Iron, 1 ; platina, 2 ; 
 copper, 3 ; silver, 4 ; gold, 5 ; tin, 6 ; lead, 7. 
 
 The difference in time between high tide averages about 49 
 minutes each day. 
 
 All woods are from seven to twenty times stronger trans- 
 versely than longitudinally. They become stronger both ways 
 when dry. 
 
NATURE AND EFFECT OF A PATENT. 
 
 When one has perfected, in his 
 own mind, some design of utility 
 or beauty, the first thought is, 
 I ought to be rewarded for this 
 honest and skillful work, which 
 is of such real worth. This 
 result of the employment of my 
 brain and time ought to be 
 paid for by those who receive 
 the benefit of it. Each who uses it to his or her advantage can 
 well aiFord to pay me for providing it for them. It is for this 
 exact want the governments of most enlightened countries have 
 provided some form of Patent Right, which insures to the inven- 
 tor the control and ownership of his invention for a limited time, 
 which time is supposed to be sufficient for him in which to 
 acquire the dae reward of his exertions and skill. 
 
 In the United States the laws are more favorable to the 
 inventor than in any other country. The fees for granting the 
 patent are small, and there are no government annuities after- 
 ward to pay, while the protection to the inventor, so far as the 
 law is concerned, is as ample as it can well be. The real 
 value of the patent will, of course, depend upon the skill and 
 knowledge with which the application has been prepared, but 
 on any given patent the United States laws will always inter- 
 pret in favor of the inventor where there is doubt upon any 
 point. The provision is now so ample that any new form, 
 device, or composition, can be secured to the originator under 
 one of the following divisions, namely, a mechanical patent^ 
 a patent of design, a trademark, or a copyright. 
 
 Whoever neglects to avail himself of the provisions of the 
 law — covering, as it does, every case — to retain to himself 
 the benefit of the many new and bright ideas which suggest 
 themselves to him, and allows the public generally, or per- 
 haps some other inventor, to reap the benefits he might have 
 
enjoyed, has no one but himself to blame. And next, in lack of 
 wisdom, to the man who neglects his opportunities, is he who goes 
 before the Patent Office with a poorly or faultily prepared 
 application. Xo money is better expended on an invention 
 than that which is employed to have ths application prepared 
 in the best manner possible, so that technical delays and rejec- 
 tions may be avoided, and the patent issue in the best form to 
 protect the inventor. This is where the skillful and experienced 
 solicitor, who takes a real interest in the case, can be bene- 
 ficially employed. We cannot do better than quote here the 
 words of the late Commissioner of Patents, Hon, S. S. Fisher: 
 "Inventors," he says, "are often poor, uneducated, and 
 lacking in legal knowledge. They desire a cheap solicitor, and 
 do not know how to choose a good one. They are pleased with 
 the parchment and the seal, and are not themselves able to 
 judge of the scope or value of the grant. Honest and skillful 
 solicitors, with a thorough knowledge of the practice of the 
 office and of patent law, and who are willing to advise their 
 clients as to the exact value of the patents which they can 
 obtain for them, may be of much service to inventors. There 
 are many such, but those who care for nothing but to give 
 them something called a patent, that they may secure their 
 own fee, have, in too many instances, proved a curse. To get 
 rid of their client and trouble they have sometimes been con- 
 tent to take less than he was entitled to. While in many cases 
 they have, with much self laudation, presented him with the 
 shadow Avhen the substance was beyond his reach. Between 
 such men and the office the strife is constant." 
 
 This puts the whole matter in a nutshell, and is good advice 
 to those inventors who are inclined to think that every one Avho 
 may call himself a patent solicitor is eligible to that business. 
 It is a profession which requires a combination of different 
 qualities from those demanded in ordinary business, and it is 
 only those who concentrate all their powers upon it who are 
 really competent to do the work. 
 
 We may say to those who have not yet employed us, that we 
 have never lost a client to our knowledge, and that we have 
 
seldom failed to draw forth expressions of satisfaction, and 
 often of thanks, for incidental assistance rendered them without 
 charge in perfecting their inventions, or in securing patents 
 where previous applications on the same subject had been 
 rejected. Any inquirj'- may be addressed, with freedom, to 
 Peck & Miatt, corner of Clark and Madison streets, 
 Chicago, 111. 
 
 The assignee of every invention may have the patent issue 
 to him directly, when he is the purchaser of the entire interest ; 
 or the patent may issue in the joint names of the inventor and 
 assignee, the inventor himself being one of the assignees. 
 
 The application must be made by the actual inventor, if 
 alive ; but if the inventor be dead, it may be made by his 
 executors. 
 
 The model must be neatly and substantially made of durable 
 material, and not more than one foot in length or height. 
 
 A WORKING model is always desirable to enable the ofl&ce to 
 determine its precise operation. The name of the inventor 
 and also of the assignee, if assigned, but be fixed upon it in a 
 permanent manner. 
 
 No application can be examined, nor can the case be placed 
 on file for examination, until the fee is paid. 
 
 What is really embraced in the original invention, and so 
 described or shown that it might have been embraced in the 
 original patent, may be the subject of a re-issue. 
 
 The mere fact of prior invention abroad will not prevent the 
 granting of a patent, unless the invention had been described in 
 some printed publication. 
 
 Every assignment should be recorded in the Patent Of&ce 
 within three months from its date= 
 
ON THE CHARACTER OF INVENTIONS. 
 
 The question 
 is often asked 
 us, what sort 
 of an inven- 
 tion pays the 
 best? Our reply 
 always is, the 
 ^__ ^ _ _ devising of some 
 
 ^^2^^*^^^^^^^^^^=^- simple thing 
 
 that is universally needed, will bring the most rapid and pro- 
 portionately the largest returns. The great inventions which 
 require a long time to perfect and a long time to introduce, 
 such as the telegraph, the steam engine, the vulcanizing of 
 India rubber, etc., though they bring great fortunes and great 
 names in the end, require a much greater expenditure of 
 patience in giving proportionate results. 
 
 The small inventions pay the best, and nothing is too small 
 to patent and to make money on, provided there is a sufficiently 
 extensive use for it. 
 
 We are always ready to give our correspondents a careful 
 opinion in regard to the value or novelty of any invention, as 
 nearly as we can judge without taking too much time to look 
 it up. When a special search or study is required $5 should 
 be enclosed, that we may be able to afford sufficient time to the 
 questions, to give them an exhaustive answer if the inquiries are 
 such as to make that possible. 
 
 When the patent is applied for here, after being obtained 
 abroad, it will extend only fourteen years from the date of the 
 foreign patent. 
 
 If old materials and old principles are used in a state of 
 combination to produce a new result, the inventor may obtain 
 a valid patent for such result. 
 
WHILE THE INVENTION IS BEING 
 PERFECTED. 
 
 It is oftentimes of great importance to have 
 the invention protected while it is being tested 
 or while the details of its working are being 
 more fully finished. To give inventors every 
 opportunity in this respect the law provides 
 the caveat. The protection this afi'ords is, 
 to be sure, limited, but it is immediate. 
 During its existence it prevents the issue of 
 a patent for a similar device to any other 
 person for at least three months after the caveator is officially 
 notified that an application for a patent on his device or com- 
 position has been made. When the caveator files his applica- 
 tion for a patent an interference may be declared by the Patent 
 Office, in which case it is necessary to take proof as to who 
 was the first inventor of what is equally claimed by both. 
 The caveat is granted for one year, but may be indefinitely 
 extended by paying the requisite fee of $10 at the end of each 
 year. 
 
 The first cost of a caveat through the Western Union Patent 
 Agency is $20, which includes the government fee and all 
 charges. This is for an ordinary case. Where more than the 
 usual amount of time is required in the preparation of the 
 specification and drawings, the charge will be $25. 
 
 Caveats receive precedence over other business, and when 
 specially requested we can have the papers ready to send to 
 the inventor for his signature and affidavit by return mail. 
 All that is required for us to properly prepare a caveat is a 
 sufficient sketch or photograph to give the idea distinctly, and 
 a general description with especial reference to the features it 
 is desired to claim. Part of the fee, say $10, should also be 
 sent at the same time as the sketch. No model is required. 
 
10 
 
 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS. 
 
 It is frequently desirable to 
 have a preliminary examination 
 in the Patent Office, to show 
 whether the invention is novel 
 and patentable. As our charge 
 for this service is only $5 (in 
 advance), we usually advise it 
 in all doubtful cases. If the 
 search shows that nothing 
 already exists to prevent the 
 issue of a patent, the results of 
 the examination will be of ad- 
 vantage to us in drawing up the 
 application ; and, if on the other hand, some previous inven- 
 tion is found to cover the same ground, the application fees, 
 amounting to $45, will have been saved to the inventor. This 
 examination will test the question of novelty, with the excep- 
 tion of caveats in the confidential archives of the Patent 
 Office, a pending application before the office, a rejected appli- 
 cation or the existence of a printed description of the inven- 
 tion. On receiving from our Washington office the written 
 report of the search, we forward it, together with a sketch of 
 any similar device which may exist, to our correspondent. 
 
 When an application has been rejected, the inventor may 
 manufacture his invention for two years, with the privilege of 
 renewing his application within that time, if he so desires. 
 
 Correspondents will please write their post-office address in 
 plain, unmistakeable hand, at the bottom of their letter. 
 
 Models should be forwarded by express, and must invariably 
 be prepaid. 
 
11 
 
 THE PATENT. 
 
 The inventor, having so far perfected his 
 idea that further delay seems inadvisable for 
 the sake of greater perfection, before intro- 
 ducing it to the public and seeking a sub- 
 stantial return for his skill, looks eagerly to 
 securing his patent. Upon the character of 
 this will probably depend much of the suc- 
 cess or failure of his invention when brought 
 to the touchstone of public use. If his 
 device is faultily or insufficiently or ambiguously embodied in 
 the patent, it Avill probably be discovered by those interested, 
 and litigation instead of profits may accrue to the owner. Too 
 much care cannot, therefore, be taken to secure the most com- 
 petent assistance in the preparation of the aj)plication. A 
 re-issue may correct a previously defective patent, but that is 
 paying for the patent twice over. 
 
 By the law of July 8, 1870, the official fees are made the same 
 to all, without distinction of nationality. Patents are also granted 
 on the same terms to women, minors, and executors or 
 administrators. 
 
 The entire cost of an ordinary patent, when secured through 
 us, is about $65. When an extra amount of time and labor are 
 involved, a moderate charge, in accordance with the time, will 
 necessarily be added, but we are rarely obliged to exceed the 
 amount named. Of the $65, $17 is for first government fee, 
 stamp and express, $20 for second government fee, leaving 
 from $25 to $28 for our services in preparing the case, in pre- 
 senting it at Washington, and in attending to its passage through 
 the Patent Office. 
 
 We quote from the Patent Office rules as follows: "The 
 personal attendance of the applicant at the Patent Office is 
 unnecessary. The business can be done by correspondence or 
 by attorney, and as the value of patents largely depends upon 
 
12 
 
 the careful preparation of specifications and claims, the assist- 
 ance of competent counsel will in most cases be of advantage 
 to the applicant." 
 
 When the model is ready — if the invention can be represented 
 by a model — send it by express to us, Peck & Miatt, corner 
 Clark and Madison streets, Chicago, 111., inclosing also an 
 explanation of the working of the invention and of the parti- 
 cular features which it is desired to claim in the patent. Send 
 also, at the same time, in a separate package, by express or by 
 mail, in the form of a draft or postal order, the amount of the 
 first government fee, $17. On receipt of the case, as above, we 
 will proceed immediately to prepare the drawing, specification, 
 etc., and as soon as ready will forward the papers to the inven- 
 tor for his signature and oath, accompanied also by our bill as 
 attorneys in the case. 
 
 It will thus be seen that the cost of making an application 
 for a patent is about $45. If the patent is allowed, a second 
 government fee of $20 is to be paid before it will issue. 
 
 The inventor should give his name in full. 
 
 The inventor or inventors must sign the petition and claims, 
 the latter to be attested by two witnesses ; also take the required 
 oath before some authorized person. 
 
 According to a good authority — Wheatstone — an electric 
 spark travels through a copper wire at the rate of 280,000 
 miles in a second. 
 
 The area of a circle is ascertained by multiplying the square 
 of its diameter by the decimal .7854, or by multiplying the 
 circumference by the radius (half diameter) and dividing the 
 product by 2. 
 
 Sound travels in a still atmosphere at the rate of 1,120 feet 
 per second ; so that the distance of a thunder cloud may be 
 known by multiplying the time in seconds between the flash 
 and the report by 1,120. 
 
13 
 
 PATENTS OF DESIGN. 
 
 A Patent of design will be granted 
 to any person without distinction of 
 nationality who, by his own genius, 
 efforts or expense, has invented or 
 produced any new pattern for the 
 printing of woolen, silk, cotton or 
 other fabrics ; any original design for a bust, statue, etc.; for 
 any impression, ornament, print, or picture, to be printed, 
 painted, or otherwise worked into any article of manufacture ; 
 in fact, in any new and useful, or ornamental shape or configura- 
 tion of any article of manufacture. 
 
 Patents for designs are granted for three and a half years, 
 for seven years, and for fourteen years. 
 
 The whole cost of the patents, inclusive of our fees, are 
 
 For three and a half years S20 
 
 For seven years 25 
 
 For fourteen years .o 40 
 
 We require, to prepare the application for a design patent, the 
 design itself, or if it can be shown distinctly by a photograph, 
 two photographs (unmounted), together with the negative, and 
 the name of the applicant. At the time of forwarding the design, 
 which will generally be best done by express (prepaid), writ- 
 ten directions should also be inclosed referring to those features 
 which it is desired to cover in the patent, and also one-half the 
 fee of $20, S25, or $40, according to the length of time for 
 which the patent is desired. As soon as we can properly pre- 
 pare the necessary papers, they will be sent to the applicant for 
 his signature and oath ; and the other half of the fee will then 
 be dae. When the application, with the proper signatures, is 
 received, we forward it immediately to the Patent Office. An 
 examination is there made, and if no conflicting design is found 
 to exist, a patent is issued. 
 
14 
 
 MODELS. 
 
 Every applicant for j 
 law to furnish a model 
 
 , patent is required by 
 in all cases where the 
 invention can be wholly or in part illustrated in 
 that way. Where the invention is an improve- 
 ment on some known form or device, a working 
 model of the whole will be unnecessary, but 
 the working of the improvement should be dis- 
 tinctly shown. The dimensions of the model should not exceed 
 twelve inches in any direction, and the material composing it 
 should be of hard wood or metal, and the whole neatly exe- 
 cuted. The name of the inventor and of the assignee (if 
 assigned), and also the title of the invention, must be affixed 
 upon it in a permanent manner. If two patents are to be taken 
 on different parts of the same subject, a separate model for 
 each will be required. 
 
 If the invention consists of a new composition, mixture or 
 product, samples of the ingredients composing the compound 
 should be furnished in sufficient quantities to make a specimen 
 of the compound if desired, and these ingredients should be 
 neatly done up and labeled. Almost all kinds of medical com- 
 pounds, and useful mixtures of every description, are patentable. 
 A very careful statement of the proportions of ingredients 
 must accompany the same. 
 
 As a convenience to our patrons, we have made special 
 arrangements for obtaining models to the best advantage in 
 regard to both time and cost, and offer to procure them for 
 those who cannot themselves obtain them so conveniently or 
 cheaply. When a model is ordered, our friends will please to 
 inclose a sketch or sufficiently distinct description to give us a 
 clear idea of what is necessary, and, say $5, in addition to 
 the $17, which would be required if the model had been sent. 
 
 Gutta-percha is readily dissolved by benzole, alcohol and 
 bisulphuret of carbon. 
 
15 
 
 TRADE-MARKS. 
 
 Any person, firm or corporation, resident 
 in the United States or any foreign country 
 which, by treaty or convention, affords 
 similar privileges to citizens of this country, 
 and who are entitled to the exclusive use of 
 any lawful trade-mark, may obtain protection for such trade- 
 mark by complying with the official requirements. 
 
 It is necessary that affidavit be made by the applicant or 
 some member of the firm or officer of the corporation that the 
 party claiming protection for the trade-mark has an exclusive 
 right to the use of the same, and that the description and fac 
 similes presented for record are true copies of the trade-mark 
 sought to be protected. 
 
 No proposed trade-mark will be received which cannot be a 
 a lawful trade-mark, or which is merely the name of a person or 
 ^'^ P firm, unaccompanied by a mark sufficient to distinguish it from 
 the same name when used by other persons, or which is identi- 
 cal with a trade-mark appropriate to the same class of mer- 
 chandise, and belonging to a different owner, and already 
 registered, or which so nearly resembles such last mentioned 
 trade-mark as to be likely to deceive the public ; but any lawful 
 trade-mark already lawfully in use may be recorded. 
 
 The length of time which trade-marks remain in force is 
 thirty years, and they may be extended for thirty years addi- 
 tional, except when claimed for and applied to articles not 
 manufactured in this country, and in which it received protec- 
 tion under the laws of a foreign country for a shorter period, 
 in which case it will cease to have force in this country at the 
 same time that it becomes of no effect elsewhere. 
 
 The use of trade-marks is assignable. The assignment must 
 be recorded within sixty days after its execution. 
 
 Certified copies of any trade-mark we can always obtain. 
 The cost of securing protection to a trade-mark is $35, of 
 which $25 is for government fee, and $10 for our services. 
 
16 
 
 Our correspondents who desire this protection will need to 
 send us their full names, residence, and place of business, to 
 state the class of merchandise and the particular description 
 of goods in connection with which the trade-mark is to be used. 
 Also, to describe the particular mode in which the trade-mark 
 has been and is intended to be used, and to mention whether or 
 not it has been in use, and if so, how long a time, and lastly, 
 to inclose us six copies of the trade-mark. The fee of $35, 
 in full for all expenses, should be inclosed at the same time 
 with the order. On receiving the above directions, and fee, we 
 will immediately prepare the petition, declaration, etc., and 
 forward to the applicant for his signature and oath, and shortly 
 after receiving the papers again will send the official certificate 
 of protection. 
 
 The trade-mark furnishes the best and most ready means of 
 protection to any article when a mechanical or design patent is 
 not required or cannot be obtained. 
 
 If a piece of timber that has been for a long time exposed to 
 water be brought into the air and dried, it will become brittle 
 and useless. 
 
 The area of an ellipsis is found by multiplying the long 
 diameter by the short diameter and dividing the result by the 
 decimal .7854. 
 
 The application must be made by the actual inventor, if 
 alive, even if the patent is to issue or re-issue to an assignee ; 
 but where the inventor is dead, the application and oath may 
 be made by the executor or administrator. 
 
 JoiXT inventors are entitled to a joint patent ; neither can 
 one claim separately ; but independent inventors of separate 
 improvements in the same machine cannot obtain a joint patent 
 for their separate inventions ; nor does the fact that one man 
 furnishes the capital and the other makes the invention, entitle 
 them to take out a joint patent. 
 
17 
 
 PATENTS TO WOMEN AND MINORS. 
 
 ^^^p=^^ As before stated, women and 
 
 A^nU// /ji^^\D^^^^^ minors may obtain mechanical 
 
 ^,^:^ l^^i ^^^^ ^^^ and design patents, trade-marks 
 
 Wi^^^^^ ^^ ^ ^^^^^ ^^ as to age or sex, and we are 
 ^P^ ^ x J^^^^^^ ^^^S^ pleased to see that both women 
 ^^^^j^^J^jf ^ and young America are more and 
 
 more improving their opportunities in producing good and 
 valuable inventions. For the ready talent of both there is 
 ample field. 
 
 We have often thought how much of value might have been 
 created already if the ready wit and subtle intellect of women 
 had been applied to the subject of invention. It is also emi- 
 nently desirable that those who hope to attain to success of the 
 best kind in inventing should habituate their minds to the 
 necessary study, observation and habits of thought while 
 young. The inventive faculties are largely educative. There 
 are thousands who are now dragging out a life of toil and 
 poverty who, if they had applied their minds to studying and 
 thinking of what was about them, would some time have 
 hit upon an improvement or invention which would have 
 changed their poverty to competency and perhaps distinction. 
 This leads us to say that there are many persons who think 
 they have no inventive talent. In most cases it is as if a man 
 who did know the alphabet should say that he had no talent 
 for rhetoric. As in other things, some people undoubtedly have 
 superior gifts in this direction as compared with others, but 
 we believe there is no set of faculties susceptible of more 
 enlargement than those involving invention. 
 
 Rule 23 of the Patent Office says : " Applicants are advised 
 to employ competent artists to make the drawings, which will 
 be returned if not executed in strict conformity with these 
 rules, or if injured by folding." 
 
18 
 
 COPYRIGHTS. 
 
 Any citizen of, or resident in the 
 United States, who is the author, 
 designer or proprietor of any book, 
 map, chart, engraving, cut, print, 
 photograph or negative thereof, or 
 of a painting, drawing, chromo, 
 statue or statuary, a dramatic or 
 musical composition, or designs or models, intended to be per- 
 fected as works of the fine arts, may obtain a copyright thereon. 
 But a copyright cannot be had unless the title or description is 
 recorded in the library of congress before the publication of 
 the work. Non-resident foreigners cannot obtain copyrights, 
 but foreigners who reside in the United States may obtain 
 them. 
 
 Copyrights are granted for twenty-eight years, with a renewal 
 term of fourteen years additional. 
 
 Copyrights can be assigned. The assignment must be re- 
 corded by the librarian of congress. 
 
 The infringement of copyrights is the subject of heavy fines 
 and penalties. 
 
 The first step for one who desires a copyright is to send us a 
 printed title of the book, paper, photograph or article, together 
 with the whole cost in the case, namely, $6. We will then for- 
 ward the case promptly to Washington, and shortly thereafter 
 send the applicant the official certificate of copyright 
 
 Applicant must then send us three copies of the first issue of 
 the copyrighted article as soon as produced, under a govern- 
 ment penalty of S25 fine for neglect so to do. This comprises 
 all the trouble and expense in securing a copyright. Address 
 us for any further information. 
 
AMENDING AND APPEALING. 
 
 When an application for a patent is 
 passed upon adversely by the examiner at 
 the Patent Office, we draw up new argu- 
 ments and present the case anew, in what 
 we believe to be the best form to obtain his 
 allowance, and at the same time protect the rights of our client. 
 
 This we do in any case in hand without additional charge. 
 Should the examiner reject the case on its second presenta- 
 tion, we report the fact promptly to our client, accompanied 
 with our estimate of the probabilities of obtaining a reversal 
 of the examiner's decision hj an appeal to the board of 
 examiners-in-hief. For this appeal to the board the govern- 
 ment fee is SIO. Our own charge is very moderate for the 
 amount of labor involved. If desired, we will make our fee 
 dependent on success. 
 
 Should the application not be allowed by the board, a second 
 appeal may be taken to the commissioner of patents ; the gov- 
 ernment fee being S20. Our charge, as before, will be small, 
 or contingent on success. 
 
 Appeal may also be taken, except in interference cases from 
 the commissioner of patents, to the supreme court of the Dis- 
 trict of Columbia. Costs payable by applicant. 
 
 It is always trying to the patience of one in haste for his 
 patent to be obliged to appeal, and, accordingly, we not only 
 do everything in our power, professionally, but always make 
 our charge for the necessary labor as light as possible. 
 
 If the inventor, at the time of making his application, believes 
 himself to be the first inventor or discoverer, a patent will not 
 be refused on account of the invention or discovery, or any 
 part thereof, having been before known or used in any foreign 
 country; it not appearing that the same or any substantial 
 part thereof had before been patented or described in any 
 printed publication. 
 
20 
 
 LAPSED CASES. 
 
 This refers to such applications for patents as have been 
 ** allowed," but the final government fee not paid within the 
 six months allowed by law. All such cases can be renewed at 
 any time within two years from the date of the original allow- 
 ance, by filing a new application and paying the same govern- 
 ment fees as on the original application. Our own fee in such 
 cases, where the previous application was well prepared, is but 
 trifling. 
 
 REJECTED CASES. 
 
 The number of these is already large, and as the volume of 
 patent business increases, we have more and more brought to 
 us. Withovit exactly making a specialty of this branch, we still 
 confess to taking great pleasure in securing patents for those 
 who had almost lost hope of obtaining them. When the inven- 
 tion is in itself patentable, rejections occur from two causes, 
 namely, improperly prepared papers, and errors of the Patent 
 Office. From one of these causes rejections often occur when 
 the real merit in the application, if skillfully presented, would 
 be rewarded by a patent. We have rare facilities, through our 
 office in Washington, for presenting rejected cases favorably to 
 the Patent Office, and are always glad to undertake such cases, 
 either without charge, except in case of success, or on the 
 ordinary fee for the time and labor employed. We particularly 
 invite the correspondence of all who have such cases, from the 
 confident feeling we have that if it is possible for anything to 
 be done for them, that we can do it. 
 
21 
 
 RE-ISSUES. 
 
 RE-ISSUE is granted to the original patentee, his 
 legal representatives, or the assignees of the 
 entire interest, when, by reason of a defective or 
 insufficient specification, the original patent is 
 inoperative or invalid, provided the error has 
 arisen from inadvertence, accident or mistake, and without any 
 fi-audulent or deceptive intention. 
 
 The general rule is, that whatever is really embraced in the 
 original invention, and so described or shown that it might 
 have been embraced in the original patent, may be the subject 
 of a re-issue ; but no new matter can be introduced into the 
 specification, nor in case of a machine patent can the model or 
 drawings be amended except each by the other ; but, when 
 there is neither model nor drawing, amendments may be made 
 upon proof satisfactory to the commissioner that such new 
 matter or amendment was a part of the original invention, and 
 was omitted from the specification by inadvertence, accident, 
 or mistake, as aforesaid. 
 
 Re-issued patents expire at the end of the term for which the 
 original patent was granted. For this reason applications for 
 re-issue will be acted upon as soon as filed. 
 
 A patentee, in re-issuing, may, at his option, have a separate 
 patent for each distinct and separate part of the invention com- 
 prehended in his original patent, by paying the required fee 
 in each case, and complying with the other requirements of the 
 law, as in original applications. Each division of a re-issue 
 constitutes the subject of a separate specification descriptive 
 of the part or parts of the invention claimed in such division, 
 and the drawing may represent only such part or parts. All 
 the divisions of a re-issue will issue simultaneously. If there 
 be controversy as to the one, the other will be withheld from 
 issue until the controversy is ended. 
 
 Very many patents are being re-issued in order to cover more 
 perfectly the inventions to which they relate. 
 
22 
 
 We offer our advice and ask the correspondence of those 
 whose patents are not now in a form to suit them. 
 
 The ordinary cost of a re-issue, when obtained by us, is about 
 $60, including $30 for government fees. We shall be pleased 
 to give any further information. 
 
 EXTENSIONS. 
 
 Power is vested in the commissioner to extend any patent 
 granted prior to March 2, 1861, for seven years from the expira- 
 tion of the original term ; but no patent granted since March 2, 
 1861, can be extended. When a patent has been re-issued in 
 two or more divisions, separate applications must be made for 
 the extension of each division. 
 
 The questions which arise on each application for an ex- 
 tension are : 
 
 First. Was the invention 7iew and useful when patented ? 
 
 Second. Is it valuable and important to the public, and to what 
 extent ? 
 
 Third. Has the inventor been reasonably remunerated for the 
 time, ingenuity, and expense bestowed upon it, and the intro- 
 duction of it into use ? If not, has his failure to be so remune- 
 rated arisen from neglect or fault on his part ? 
 
 Fourth. What will be the effect of the proposed extension 
 upon the public interests ? 
 
 The applicant for an extension must file his petition and pay 
 in the requisite fee not more than six months nor less than 
 ninety days prior to the expiration of his patent. There is no 
 power in the commissioner to renew a patent after it has once 
 expired. 
 
 INTERFERENCES. 
 
 An "interference" is an interlocutory proceeding for the 
 purpose of determining which of two or more persons, each or 
 
23 
 
 either of whom claims to be the first inventor of a given device 
 or combination, really made the invention first. 
 
 An interference will be declared in the following cases : 
 
 First. When the parties have pending applications before the 
 office at the same time, both or all the parties claiming to be 
 the inventor of the same thing. 
 
 Second. When an applicant, having been rejected upon the 
 prior unexpired patent or the prior application of another, 
 claims to have made the invention before the prior applicant or 
 patentee. 
 
 Third. When an invention is claimed in a renewed application 
 which is shown or claimed in an application filed, or unexpired 
 patent granted prior to the filing of such renewed application. 
 
 Fourth. When an applicant for a re-issue embraces in his 
 amended specification any new or additional description of his 
 invention, or enlarges his claim, or makes a new one, and 
 thereby includes therein anything which has been claimed in 
 any patent granted subsequent to the date of his original appli- 
 cation, as the invention of another person, an interference will 
 be declared between the application and any such unexpired 
 patent or pending application. If the re-issue application 
 claims only what was granted in the original patent it may be 
 put into interference with any pending application in which the 
 same thing is shown, provided the latter applicant claims to be 
 the prior inventor, and is not barred a patent by public use or 
 abandonment. 
 
 Fifth. When an application is found to conflict with a caveat 
 the caveator is allowed a period of three months within which 
 to present an application, when an interference may be 
 declared. 
 
 Sixth. The office reserves to itself the right, when two appli- 
 cations are pending at the same time, in one of which a device 
 may be described which is claimed in the other, to declare an 
 interference to determine with whom is priority of invention 
 without reference to the order in which such applications may 
 have been filed. 
 
24 
 
 DISCLAIMERS. 
 
 Whenever, by iuadvertence, accident, or mistake, the claim 
 of invention in any patent is too broad, embracing more than 
 that of which the patentee was the original or first inventor, 
 some material or substantial part of the thing patented being 
 truly and justly his own, the patentee, his heirs or assigns, 
 whether of a whole or of a sectional interest, may make dis- 
 claimer of such parts of the thing patented as the disclaimant 
 shall not choose to claim or to hold by virtue of the patent or 
 assignment, stating therein the extent of his interest in such 
 patent ; which disclaimer must be in writing, attested by one 
 or more witnesses, and recorded in the Patent Office. 
 
 ASSIGNMENTS. 
 
 A PATENT may be assigned, either as to the whole interest or 
 any undivided part thereof, by any instrument of writing. 
 
 A pat:ent will, upon request, issue directly to the assignee or 
 assignees of the entire interest in any invention, or to the 
 inventor and the assignee jointly, when an undivided part only 
 of the entire interest has been conveyed. 
 
 The patentee may grant and convey an exclusive right under 
 his patent to the whole or any specified portion of the United 
 States, by an instrument in writing. 
 
 Every assignment or grant of an exclusive territorial right 
 must be recorded in the Patent Office within three months from 
 the execution thereof ; otherwise it will be void as against any 
 subsequent purchaser or mortgagee for a valuable consideration 
 without notice ; but, if recorded after that time, it will protect 
 the assignee or grantee against any such subsequent purchaser, 
 whose assignment or grant is not then on record. 
 
 The patentee may convey separate rights under his patent to 
 make or to use or to sell his invention, or he may convey terri- 
 torial or shop rights which are not exclusive. Such conveyances 
 are mere licenses, and need not be recorded. 
 
25 
 
 HEARINGS. 
 
 All cases pending before the commissioner will stand for 
 argument at one o'clock on the day of hearing. If either party 
 in a contested case, or the appellant in an ex parte case, appear 
 at the time, he will be heard ; but in contested cases no motions 
 will be heard in the absence of the other party, except upon 
 default after due notice ; nor will a case be taken up for oral 
 argument after the day of hearing, except by consent of both 
 parties. If the engagements of the tribunal before whom the 
 case is pending are such as to prevent it from being taken up 
 on the day of hearing, a new assignment will be made, or the 
 case will be continued from day to day until heard. Unless 
 otherwise ordered before the hearing begins, oral arguments 
 will be limited to one hour for each counsel. 
 
 LAYING OUT MACHINERY AND ESTIMATING 
 COST. 
 
 We make it a part of our business to act for our corre- 
 spondents as mechanical engineers in arranging the details, 
 size, etc., of machinery required to do a given work, and in 
 making careful estimates of the cost of same. 
 
 Many inventors only build models of their improvement pre- 
 vious to obtaining the patent, and when they come to require 
 the actual working devices, they need competent assistance in 
 drawing the plans for the proportionate size and strength of 
 the different parts, as well as advice as to the best manner of 
 construction This service, when entrusted to us, will always 
 be rendered with fidelity, and the charge will be, in all cases, 
 moderate, dependent in part upon the amount of assistance 
 rendered, but having reference, sometimes, to the time employed. 
 
 It is also our practice to attend to purchasing and shipping 
 anything mechanical our correspondents may desire, and for 
 this we make as small a charge as is consistent with the trouble 
 involved. If our clients only send distinct directions, and 
 
26 
 
 what mone}' is required in any particular case, their commis- 
 sions will be executed in the best manner. 
 
 Those who require plans for machinery or any particular 
 device, will be careful to give us a full explanation of the 
 character and amount of the work to be performed, or purpose 
 which is to be served, and to enclose us a model, sketch or other 
 means of determining the exact character of the article 
 required. 
 
 It is often desirable to have an invention carefully examined 
 by a competent mechanical engineer previous to making an 
 application for a patent upon it. Many inventors have found 
 their machines worked well in a model or on a small scale, but 
 when the attempt has been made to build large working 
 machines on the same plan, they have been found defective, 
 and surprise as well as disappointment has ensued. There are 
 many causes which go to bring about this result, which only 
 those who are well versed in the theory and practice of 
 mechanics, and familiar with the action of physical laws and 
 the strength of materials, can understand, or are apt to think 
 of. Tlie disproportion of parts, unequal or misplaced strain, 
 working out of line, the effects of expansion and contraction 
 are a few of the many common causes of unsatisfactory work- 
 ing in machinery. When employed to secure the patent or 
 patents on a machine, we make no charge for general advice; 
 and when the inventor desires us to furnish him vrith working 
 plans for the same we take into account, in making our charge, 
 the previous business furnished us. 
 
 THE PROGRESS OF INVENTION. 
 
 To illustrate how interest is increasing in the subject of 
 invention, we make a short extract from the report of the com- 
 missioner of Patents for 1868. He says, "During the year 
 ending December 31, 1868, there have been filed in the Patent 
 Office 3,705 caveats and 20,445 applications for patents; 12,959 
 patents have been issued, 419 have been re-issued, and 140 
 extended. 
 
27 
 
 Compared with other years the business of the office has 
 been greater than that of any preceding period. The number 
 of patents issued has been more than double the number of 
 1865, and more than three and a half times that of 1858. 
 
 Since the Patent Office was first established its business has 
 had a rapid growth in amount and in importance. In 1836 
 eight or ten persons were enough to transact all its business. 
 Now between three and four hundred are required. 
 
 This increase has arisen in part from the growth of the 
 country, but more from the stimulus that our patent laws have 
 given to invention. The reward which they have held out for 
 successful improvements have increased in value with the pro- 
 gress of the country, and with the more proper appreciation 
 and greater security of patented property. A really successful 
 invention now brings to its author a competency for life ; and, 
 as a consequence, the efforts of almost every class in the com- 
 munity are directed in the line of useful improvements. 
 
 In all those improvements of life to which patent laws relate, 
 our own age has witnessed more advance than all the preceding 
 ages of the world taken together. One improvement seems to 
 have begotten another. New fields for exploration have been 
 constantly opening. And so far from reaching any limit of 
 invention, we seem but on the way to other advances and im- 
 provements beyond our present comprehension. 
 
 EXPLAINING INVENTIONS. 
 
 Inventors sometimes find themselves greatly perplexed while 
 endeavoring to illustrate and explain their invention to others, 
 very frequently those whom they wish to interest in the sub- 
 ject, for assistance in obtaining a patent, or working it after it 
 is allowed, simply because the drawings or rough sketches they 
 exhibit for examination are so vague and incorrect that none 
 but the maker can understand the jumbled combination of 
 lines. 
 
 In disposing of, or describing an invention for any purpose. 
 
28 
 
 a neat, artistic and correct drawing illustrating the device in 
 all its mechanical relations and proportions is invaluable, not 
 only because it saves the explainer's time and temper, but being 
 easily understood at a glance, and the artistic execution and 
 symmetry of proportion pleasing to the eye, it produces a favor- 
 able impression in the observer's mind at once, and the natural 
 prejudice every man feels against a thing he does not, or can- 
 not understand, is almost overcome at the outset. 
 
 On the other hand, if an inventor unrolls a poorly executed, 
 incorrectly proportioned sketch of the invention, no matter 
 how valuable or simple the device may be itself, the observer is 
 very apt to judge it as being complicated and impracticable, 
 and shrinks from a further acquaintance with it, simply because 
 he does not understand it. 
 
 Again, inventors might frequently save themselves consider- 
 able time and labor if they -had a plan made of their ideas as 
 developed on a working scale, so that every part could be 
 properly proportioned and arranged in a practical manner, and 
 all errors of construction avoided. A great many ideas that 
 seem practical on a small scale, or to the inventor, when 
 thoroughly examined by a mechanical engineer, are found to be 
 incorrect in some detail or other. 
 
 There are also numerous other instances in which the assist- 
 ance of competent mechanical draughtsmen and advisors would 
 be of untold benefit, both in saving the time and money of the 
 inventor, by preparing for him plans of his invention on a cor- 
 rect working scale, and pointing out to him any defects or 
 impracticabilities in his device, that those who have had long 
 experience, and a special education in engineering and mechanics 
 are alone able to perceive. Having had the advantage of long 
 daily experience and education in this direction, and having an 
 efficient and careful department of draughtsmen in connection 
 with our business, we feel able to offer our clients, and inventors 
 and others interested, our services in preparing drawings, 
 working-plans or scales, colored drawings in every branch of 
 mechanical draughting, and at rates very moderate for the 
 work performed , while we will freely point out any defect or 
 
29 
 
 render any assistance to the inventor in our power to make his 
 invention effective and practical, Avithout charge. 
 
 Transmission of Heat by Various Substancks. — Though 
 the powers of bodies capable of transmitting heat and light are 
 not in the same relative proportions, yet all which transmit heat 
 are more or less transparent, as will be seen by the following, 
 as given by Melloni : 
 
 Bape Seed Oil 2 
 
 Tourmaline, green 7 
 
 Sulphuric Ether 21 
 
 Gypsum 20 
 
 Sulphuric Acid 17 
 
 Nitric Acid 15 
 
 Alcohol 15 
 
 Alum in Crystals 12 
 
 Water 11 
 
 Air 100 
 
 Eock Salt, transparent 92 
 
 Flint Glass 67 
 
 Bisulphuret of Carbon 63 
 
 Calcareous Spar, transparent 62 
 
 Rock Crystal 62 
 
 Topaz, brown 57 
 
 Crown Glass 49 
 
 Oil of Turpentine 31 
 
 Reflecting Powers of Metals, etc. — The best reflectors of 
 heat are the metals. The laws of the reflection of heat are the 
 same as those of light — the angle of reflection being opposite 
 and equal to that of incidence. We give the following by Leslie : 
 
 Silver 
 
 Tin Foil 
 
 Block Tin. 
 
 TOO 
 
 Steel 
 
 70 
 
 QO 
 
 Lead 
 
 60 
 
 St 
 
 Glass 
 
 . . .. 10 
 
 85 
 
 Glass, waxed or oiled 
 
 5 
 
 Conducting Powers of Metals. — Metals stand the highest in 
 conducting power, and wood among the lowest, the softer kinds 
 of wood being the lowest. The following is according to 
 Despritz ; 
 
 Gold 1,000 
 
 Silver 973 
 
 Copper 898 
 
 Platinum 381 
 
 Iron 374 
 
 Zinc 363 
 
 Tin 304 
 
 Lead 180 
 
 Marble 24 
 
 Porcelain 12 
 
 Tile 11 
 
 Radiating Power of Metals, etc. — Polished surfaces radiate 
 heat less than those which are rough, and those substances 
 which are the best conductors of heat are generally the poorest 
 radiators, as the following list, on the authority of Leslie, will 
 show : 
 
30 
 
 Lamp-Black ..100 
 
 Water 100 
 
 Writing Paper 98 
 
 Glass 90 
 
 Tissue Paper 88 
 
 Ice 35 
 
 Rough Lead 46 
 
 Mercury 20 
 
 Polished Lead 19 
 
 Polished Iron 15 
 
 Tin, Silver, Copper and Gold 12 
 
 Velocity and Power or Wind. — To ascertain the force of 
 the wind acting perpendicularly upon the plane surface, multi- 
 plying the surface in feet by the square of the Telocity in feet, 
 and the product by .002288. This will give the force in pounds, 
 avoirdupois: 
 
 Miles 
 Per 
 Hour 
 
 Feet Per 
 
 Second. 
 
 1 
 
 1.47 
 
 2 
 
 2.93 
 
 H 
 
 4.40 
 
 4 
 
 5.87 
 
 5 
 
 7.33 
 
 10 
 
 14.67 
 
 15 
 
 22 00 
 
 20 
 
 29,34 
 
 25 
 
 36.67 
 
 80 
 
 44.01 
 
 85 
 
 51.34 
 
 40 
 
 58.68 
 
 45 
 
 96.01 
 
 50 
 
 73 35 
 
 60 
 
 88.02 
 
 80 
 
 117.36 
 
 100 
 
 146.70 
 
 Force in Pounds, 
 
 Avoirdupois, 
 Per Square Foot. 
 
 .005 
 
 .020 
 
 .044 
 
 .079 
 
 .123 
 
 .492 
 
 1.107 
 
 1.968 
 
 3.075 
 
 4.429 
 
 6 027 
 
 7.873 
 
 9.963 
 
 12 300 
 
 17.715 
 
 31.490 
 
 49 200 
 
 Scarcely perceptible. 
 Just perceptible. 
 Gentle wind. 
 Brisk wind. 
 
 High wind. 
 
 Very high. 
 
 A storm or gale. 
 A great storm. 
 A hurricane or tempest. 
 fA violent hurricane sufficient to uproot 
 "[trees and level " 
 
 Under ordinary circumstances sound travels through air at 
 the rate of 372 yards per second ; through water about four 
 times as fast as through air; through acacia wood at the rate 
 of 5,142 yards per second; through deal, 3,630 yards ; through 
 poplar, 4,670 yards; through oak, 4,200 yards; through ash, 
 5,090 yards. 
 
 Some metals transmit sound still more rapidly. In an iron 
 wire, for example, the rate is 5,363 yards per second, and in 
 steel, 5,436 yards, while through brass the velocity is only 
 8,888 yards. 
 
31 
 
 The celebrated axle grease invented by Mr. Booth is made as 
 follows : Dissolve ^ pound common soda in 1 gallon water, add 
 3 pounds tallow and 8 pounds palm oil (or 10 pounds palm oil 
 only). Heat them together to 212° Fahrenheit, mix and keep 
 constantly stirred till the composition is cooled down to 70°. 
 
 The utmost velocity that can be given to a cannon ball is 
 2.000 feet per second. It order to increase the velocity from 
 1,650 feet per second — the ordinary rate — to 2,000, one-half 
 more powder is required. 
 
 The greatest natural temperature ever authentically recorded 
 was at Bagdad in 1819, when the mercury in Fahrenheit's ther- 
 mometer rose to 120° in the shade. Buckhardt, in Egypt, and 
 Humboldt, in South America, observed it at 117° Fahrenheit 
 in the shade. 
 
 About 70° below zero, in Fahrenheit's thermometer, is the 
 lowest atmospheric temperature reached by Arctic navigators. 
 The greatest artificial cold ever produced was 220° Fahrenheit, 
 below zero. At this temperature neither alcohol or ether were 
 frozen. 
 
 The temperature of the space above the earth's atmosphere 
 has been estimated at 58° below zero, Fahrenheit. 
 
 Air is highly compressible and perfectly elastic. By these 
 two qualities air and all other gaseous substances are particularly 
 distinguished from liquids, which resist compression and pos- 
 sess but a small degree of elasticity. The density and elasticity 
 of air are directly as the force of compression. 
 
 The volume of space which air occupies — and the rule is the 
 same for almost all gases — is inversely as the pressure upon 
 it. If the compressing force be doubled, the compressed air 
 will occupy one-half the former space. 
 
 Like liquids, all aeriform or gaseous substances transmit pres- 
 sure equally in every direction. 
 
 The amount of pressure exerted by the atmosphere at the 
 level of the ocean is 15 pounds per sqiiare inch of surface. 
 
32 
 
 To petrify wood, etc., make a mixture of equal parts of 
 clialk, white vinegar, gem-salt, rock alum and powdered peb- 
 bles. After the ebullition which ensues has subsided, immerse 
 in the liquor whatever porous matter it is desired to petrify, 
 and allow it to soak about six days, when it will be found to 
 have turned into a petrifaction. 
 
 Ductility and Malleability of Metals. — Metals which 
 draw out into the finest wire are not those which afford the 
 thinnest leaves under the hammer, or in passing through the 
 rolling-press. Iron is a good illustration. The most ductile 
 cannot be wire-drawn to any considerable extent without being 
 annealed from time to time during the process of extension. 
 This enables the particles to slide along side of each other so 
 as to loosen their lateral cohesion. 
 
 Seventeen of the metals which retain their metallic form in 
 the air are ductile, and sixteen are brittle. 
 
 Water boils in a vacuum at 08° Fahrenheit, if the vacuum 
 is nearly perfect. 
 
 The bulk of tallow is 50 pounds in a cubic foot; of oakum. 
 12 pounds in a cubic foot ; of oil, 6.23 gallons in a cubic foot ; 
 and coal, 45 cubic feet in a ton. 
 
 A GOOD general rule for calculating the strength of hempen 
 cables is to multiply the square of the circumference in inches 
 by 120, and the product Avill be the weight in pounds the cable 
 will safely support. For a rope, multiply the square of the 
 circumference in inches by 200, and it gives the weight the 
 rope will safely bear. When the rope, cable or hawser is made 
 of Manilla hemp, the weight of a single foot is approximately 
 ascertained by multiplying the square of the circumference in 
 inches by tlie decimal .03. 
 
 Comparative Power of Man or Horse as Applied to 
 Machinery. — A man is estimated to exert a force, in lifting or 
 carrying, of 6,000 pounds, one foot per minute ; in turning the 
 winch of a crane, 6,300 ; in pumping, 3,814 ; in ringing. 8.570; 
 
33 
 
 in rowing, 9,010. The power of a horse is equal to 33,000 
 pounds, raised one foot per minute, or 150 pounds at the rate 
 of 220 feet per minute. 
 
 Good gunpowder is composed very nearly of 1 equivalent of 
 nitre, 3 of carbon, and 1 of sulphur. Much of the explosive 
 energy of gunpowder depends on its granulation ; a fine dust 
 of the same composition as powerful powder burns rapidly, 
 but without explosion. 
 
 The height of clouds is exceedingly variable, and their mean 
 elevation is not the same in different countries. The stratus 
 cloud often descends to the earth's surface. In pleasant weather 
 the lower limit of cumulas clouds varies from 3,000 to 5,000 
 feet elevation, and the upper limit from 5,000 to 12,000 feet. 
 Cirrus clouds are never seen below the summit of Mount Blanc, 
 which has an elevation of more than 15,700 feet. 
 
 Dew is produced most copiously in tropical countries, 
 because there is the greatest difference between the temperature 
 of the day and that of the night. Upon the small islands of 
 the Pacific dew rarely forms, the air over the vast ocean pre- 
 serving a nearly uniform temperature day and night, 
 
 It is highly probable that the cirrus cloud at great elevations 
 does not consist of vesicles of mist, but of flakes of snow. — 
 
 TTells. 
 
 The remark is sometimes made that "it is economy to burn 
 green wood." This idea is an error. Green wood burns less 
 rapidly, but to produce a given amount of heat a greater 
 amount of fuel must be consumed. The moisture must be 
 evaporated before it will burn, and an additional amount of 
 fuel will be required to vaporize the sap. 
 
 At the equator in Brazil the average annual temperature is 
 84°, Fahrenheit's thermometer ; at Calcutta, lat. 22°, 35^ N.. it 
 is 78° F. ; at Savanna, lat. 32°, 5^ N., it is 65°; at London, 
 lat. 51°, 31^ N., it is 50° ; at Melville Island, lat. 74°, 47^ N., 
 it is 1° below zero. 
 
34 
 
 Air at 32° Fahreneit, can absorb the 160th part of its own 
 weight, and, for every 27 additional degrees, its capacity for 
 absorbing moisture is double that at 31°. 
 
 On a clear night in summer, when dew is depositing, the 
 mercury in a thermometer laid in the grass will sink nearly 20° 
 below that in one suspended in the air. 
 
 Liquids expand under the influence of heat to a greater 
 degree and more unequally than solids. A column of water 
 contained in a cylindrical vessel will expand 1-23 in length 
 when heated from the freezing to the boiling point. A column 
 of iron, with the same increase in temperature, will expand 
 only 1-84 its length. Spirits of wine, with an increase from 
 32° to 212°, gains 1-9 in bulk ; oil, 1-12. 
 
 Vapors rise into any space filled with air in the same man- 
 ner as if air was not present, the two fluids seeming to be inde- 
 pendent of each other. A vessel filled with air will receive as 
 much vapor of water as one from which the air has been 
 exhausted. 
 
 Of the two gasses which compose air, oxygen forms one-fifth 
 and nitrogen four-fifths. 
 
 The weight of Avood varies greatly. A cord of dry hickory 
 weighs 4,400 pounds ; a cord of soft maple, 2,600 pounds. 
 
 It is an exceedingly curious fact that one law applies to all 
 physical influences which spread from a centre, such as gravi- 
 tation, heat, light, sound, electrical forces, and all central 
 forces, when not weakened by any resisting or opposing force, 
 namely, that the intensity varies inversely as the square of the 
 distance ; that is, at twice the distance from the source the 
 influence or efi'ect is only one-fourth as great ; at three times 
 the distance only one-ninth, and so on. 
 
 All gasses and aeriform substances expand 1-490 for every 
 degree of heat they receive above 32° Fahrenheit, and contract 
 in the same proportion for every degree below that point. 
 
35 
 
 Every 550 feet above the sea level decreases tne boiling point 
 of water 1° Fahrenheit. In the city of Quito, in South 
 America, water boils at 194° Fahrenheit, instead of 212° 
 F. ; its height above the sea level is, therefore, 9,541 feet. 
 
 In the temperate zone the average fall of rain is 35 inches in 
 a year, and in the tropics, 95 inches. 
 
 Grease spots may be extracted from paper by sprinkling 
 with powdered pipe-clay and then applying a bot iron ; after- 
 wards removing the powder with a piece of India-rubber. 
 
 The celebrated cement used by xlmerican jewellers to fasten 
 precious stones on to the plain surface of gold and silver is 
 made as follows : Isinglass (Russian) soaked in water till 
 softened a little (but none of the water must be used), to the 
 amount of five or six pieces, and finally dissolve in two ounces 
 of French brandy. The solution should be thick. Dissolve in 
 this ten grains of very pale gum ammoniac (in tears) by rubbing 
 them together. Then add six large tears of gum mastic, dis- 
 solved in the least possible quantity of rectified spirits. Mix 
 well with sufl&cient heat. 
 
 Water rises in a suction pump in proportion as the pressure 
 of the atmosphere, which is fifteen pounds to the inch, is 
 removed. For this reason water can never rise in this kind of 
 pump to a greater height than thirty-four feet. 
 
 The temperature increases, as we descend into the earth, at 
 the rate of one degree for every fifty feet. 
 
 Arctic explorers, while breathing air that freezes mercury, 
 still have in them the natural warmth of 98° Fahrenheit, above 
 zero ; and the inhabitants of India and Arabia, where the mer- 
 cury sometimes stands at 115° Fahrenheit, in the shade, have 
 their blood at no higher temperature. Of all animals man alone 
 is capable of living in all climates, and of changing his place 
 of abode to all portions of the earth. 
 
36 
 
 Liquid and gaseous bodies are almost absolute non-conductors 
 of heat. 
 
 Green sealing-wax can be made by powdering and mixing 
 slowly, under heat, two parts of shellac, one of yellow resin, 
 and one of verdigris. 
 
 Black, by mixing, in the same way, three parts yellow resin, 
 two shellac, and two of ivory-black. 
 
 Gold-colored, by mixing slowly one pound bleached shellac, 
 four ounces Venice turpentine and gold-collored talc, as 
 required. 
 
 Red, with two parts shellac, one of resin, and one of smalts. 
 
 Marbled, by mingling the above colors when they begin to 
 cool. 
 
 A GOOD ink for writing on steel, tin-plate or sheet-zinc is 
 made by mixing one ounce of powdered sulphate of copper and 
 half an ounce of powdered sal ammoniac, with two ounces of 
 diluted acetic acid, and adding lamp-black or vermillion. 
 
 A BODY descending from a height will fall sixteen feet in the 
 first second, three times that distance in the second, and so on, 
 increasing as the odd numbers 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, etc. 
 
 The space passed over by a falling body is as the square of 
 the time ; in twice the time it will fall four times the space, etc. 
 
 When the time occupied in falling is known, the height from 
 which the body falls may therefore be known by multiplying the 
 square of the number of seconds of time consumed in the descent 
 by sixteen, — the distance a body will fall in one second of time. 
 
 Of all transparent bodies the diamond possesses the greatest 
 refraction or light-bending power, although it is exceeded by 
 a few deeply-colored almost opaque minerals. It is mostly 
 from this property that the diamond derives its brilliancy. 
 
 Copying ink is easily made by adding one ounce of moist 
 sugar to a pint of common ink. 
 
 Count Rumford, by his experiments, made over sixty years 
 
37 
 
 ago, proved that if powder was placed in a close cavity, aud 
 the cavity two-thirds filled, its dimensions being at the same 
 time restricted, the force of explosion would exceed 150,000 
 pounds upon the square inch. 
 
 The power exerted in performing a certain work is equal to 
 the weight of the body moved in pounds multiplied by the 
 vertical space through which it is moved. 
 
 The strongest of all metals for resisting tension or a direct 
 pull is tempered steel. 
 
 A GrooD Green Ink is made by mixing 1 part of cream of 
 tartar, 2 parts verdigris, and 8 parts water, boiling until the 
 proper color appears. 
 
 The pressure exerted by a column of liquid is equal to, and 
 measured by, the height of the column, and not by its bulk or 
 quantity. 
 
 Sound decreases from the point where it originates, according^ 
 to the law by which the attraction of gravitation varies, viz. : 
 inversely as the square of the distance. Thus, at double the 
 distance it is only one-half as strong; at three times the dis 
 tance, one-ninth. 
 
 A Short pipe will discharge one-half more water in the same 
 time than a simple orifice of the same dimensions. 
 
 Common Black Ink may be given an intense jetty color by 
 idding a little impure carbonate of potassa. 
 
 A Solid immersed in a liquid will be pressed upward with a 
 force equal to the weight of the liquid it displaces. 
 
 An inch tube 200 feet in length placed horizontally will dis- 
 charge only one-fourth as much water as a tube of like size one 
 inch in length. 
 
 In constructing a room for public speaking the ceiling should 
 not be more elevated than 30 or 35 feet. 
 
38 
 
 Water is about 840 times heavier tiian air, taken bulk for 
 bulk. The weight of the atmosphere enveloping the earth has 
 been estimated to be equal to the weight of a globe of lead 
 sixty miles in diameter. 
 
 To make artificial coral, melt together 4 parts of resin and 
 1 part of Vermillion. 
 
 The range of projectiles is greatest, in case of high velocity, 
 when the range of elevation is 30° ; but for slow motions, the 
 horizontal distance attained is greatest when the angle of eleva- 
 tion is 45°. 
 
 The following shows the average weights sustained by wires 
 of different metals, each having a diameter of about one-twelfth 
 of an inch: Lead, 27 lbs.; zinc, 109 lbs.; silver, 187, copper, 
 303; tin, 34; gold, 150; platinum, 274 ; iron, 549, steel, 1,010. 
 
 Cords of different materials, but of the same diameter, pos- 
 sess the following relative strength : Common flax, 1,175 lbs. ; 
 New Zealand flax, 2,380 lbs, ; hemp, 1,633 lbs. ; silk, 3,400 lbs. 
 
 In a large room, nearly square, the best place to speak from 
 is one corner with the voice directed diagonally to the opposite 
 corner. It is better generally to speak from pretty near a wall 
 or pillar. 
 
 AVates have been observed to rise to a height of about 43 feet 
 above the hollow occupied by a ship ; the distance between the 
 crests of two large waves being 559 feet, and the time occupied 
 by a wave in passing this distance 17 seconds. 
 
 The height to which the atmosphere extends above th,e sur- 
 face of the earth is believed upon good grounds to be about 
 60 miles. 
 
 The heat of the sun penetrates into the earth varying dis- 
 tances, according to the nature of the surface, from 50 to 100 
 feet. 
 
 Water is composed of 8 parts of oxygen and 1 of hydrogen. 
 
39 
 
 These gases, when produced separately and then united, make 
 the most powerful artificial heat known. An economical pro 
 cess of decomposing water into its constituent gasses would be 
 one of the most valuable inventions possible. This can already 
 be done on a small scale by electricity — one pole of the battery 
 sending off bubbles of hydrogen, and the other oxygen, when 
 the two poles are brought near together. 
 
 There is no motion in the universe without a corresponding 
 and opposite action of equal amount. Action and reaction are 
 always equal. A man in rowing impels the water astern with 
 the same force that he drives the boat forward. 
 
 The gold lining of Chinese cabinets may be closely imitated, 
 according to Dr. Wiederhold, of Cassel, by the following for- 
 mulfe : First of all, two parts of copal and one of shellac are to 
 be melted together to form a perfectly fluid mixture; then two 
 parts of good boiled oil, made hot, are to be added ; the ve.ssel 
 is then to be removed from the fire and ten parts of oil of tur- 
 pentine are to be gradually added. To give color, the addition 
 is made of solution in turpentine of gum-gutta, for yellow, and 
 dragons' blood for red. These are to be mixed in sufi&cient 
 quantity to give the shade desired. 
 
 A Physician in Florence cures somnambulism by winding 
 once or twice around the patient's leg, on retiring, a thin, flex- 
 ible copper wire, long enough to reach the floor. 
 
 The moon's path in the heavens is not a circle, but a contin- 
 uous spiral, that does not return into itself until after a very 
 longtime. Inconsequence of its spiral movements along the 
 face of the heavens the moon hides in succession every point in 
 a belt of sky that stretches to five degrees, eight minutes and 
 forty-eight seconds on either side of the ecliptic, and it takes 
 eighteen and a-half years to do so 
 
 A NEW diificulty has occurred in the practical working of the 
 Suez Canal. The heat is so great that the stokers cannot live 
 through it. Many have died in the passage, and all tell the 
 
40 
 
 same story of terrible suffering. Climatological maps show that 
 although neither the Isthmus of Suez nor the Red Sea is equa- 
 torial, the "district of greatest heat" throughout the whole 
 globe is a small space which crosses the Red Sea, Arabia and 
 the Persian Gulf. 
 
 The momentum or force which a moving body exerts is deter- 
 mined by multiplying its mass or weight by its velocity. Thus, 
 a body moving at the rate of 100 feet per second and weighing 
 25 lbs., will strike with a force of 2,500 lbs. 
 
 The various rays composing sun light are not equally lumi- 
 nous, that is they do not appear to the eye as equally brilliant 
 The color best seen by the human eye is yellow. The intensity 
 of the different colored rays of light expressed numerically is : 
 red, 94; orange, 640; yellow, 1,000; green, 480; blue, 170 ; 
 indigo, 31 ; violet, 6. 
 
 The proportionate number of soldiers, wearing different col- 
 ors, who are killed in battle, appears from numerous observa- 
 tions to be as follows: Red, 12; dark green, 7; brown, 6; 
 blueish gray, 5. Red is, therefore, the most fatal color, and a 
 light gray the least so. 
 
 In a vacuum all bodies fall with equal velocities. A bullet 
 and a feather dropped at the same time will reach the bottom of 
 a vessel exhausted of air at the same moment. 
 
 The compass is claimed to have been discovered by the Chi- 
 nese. It was known, however, in Europe, and used in the 
 Mediterranean in the thirteenth century. A compass at that 
 time consisted of a piece of loadstone fixed to a cork, and float- 
 ing on the surface of water. 
 
 As the most exact calculation of the speed of light, founded 
 on perfectly accurate data, gives 192,500 miles per second, it 
 follows that the light of the sun, 90,000,000 of miles distant, is 
 about eight minutes in reaching us. 
 
 The number of elements or simple substances with which we 
 
41 
 
 are at present acquainted is sixty-two. Of these some 10 or 12 
 only make up the great bulk of all the objects we see around us. 
 
 One cubic inch of water, when evaporated, gives about one 
 cubic foot of steam. In other words, water expands, in changing 
 into steam of low temperature, 1,700 times. 
 
 Only two metals can be welded : Iron and platinum. 
 
 To ascertain the specific gravity of a body, find the weight 
 of the body in air and also in water ; divide the weight in air 
 by the loss of weight in water, and the result will be the spe- 
 cific gravity. 
 
 To give plates of copper a brass color expose the plates, 
 after being sufficiently heated, to the fumes of zinc. 
 
 Silica is the base of the mineral world ; carbon the case of 
 the organized. 
 
 The greatest artificial cold, according to Faraday, is 160° 
 FaLrenheit. 
 
 A VERY strong glue is formed by throwing a small quantity 
 of powdered chalk into melted common glue. 
 
 A GOOD solvent for putty and paint consists of soft-soap 
 mixed with a solution of potash or caustic soda ; or pearlash 
 and slackened lime mixed with a sufficient quantity of water to 
 form a paste. 
 
 In a sandy soil the greatest force of a pile-driver will not 
 drive a pile over fifteen feet. 
 
 In order to temper iron sufficiently to cut porphyry, a good 
 plan is to make the iron red-hot, and then plunge it into dis- 
 tilled water from nettles, acanthus, and pilosella, or in the 
 juice pounded out from these plants. 
 
 Mercury freezes at 0.39°. 
 
42 
 
 Iron may be prevented from rusting by tirsi warming it 
 until it is sufficiently hot to burn you, if touched, and then rub 
 it with clean, new white wax. Put it again to the fire until it 
 has soaked in the wax, and afterwards rub well over with a 
 piece of serge. 
 
 To make a glue which will resist the action of water, boil 
 one pound of common glue in two quarts of skimmed milk. 
 
 An excellent cement for steam-pipes is made of linseed oil 
 varnish ground, with equal weights of white lead, oxide of 
 manganese, and pipe-clay. 
 
 In a vacuum water boils at 98° to 100°, according as the 
 vacuum is more or less perfect. 
 
 To render paper fire-proof dip it in a solution of alum, and 
 then allow it to dry slowly. To test it, try a slip of the paper 
 in the flame of a candle, and if not sufficiently prepared, dip 
 and dry it a second time. 
 
 Paper for copying may be prepared by applying, with a 
 brush, a varnish consisting of Canada balsam and turpentine, 
 equal parts mixed. The paper should be allowed to dry, and 
 then if not transparent enough, the operation should be 
 repeated. 
 
 The earth is nearly as heavy as it would be if its mass were 
 entirely composed of metallic antimony or cast-iron. 
 
 The temperature of the soil is effected by, first, the exposure 
 of the surface; second, the nature of the soil; third, its per- 
 meability by rain, and the presence of underground springs ; 
 fourth, the sun's declination; fifth, the elevation above the 
 sea, and, consequently, the heating power of the sun's rays : 
 and, sixth, the amount of cloud and sunshine. — J. D. Hooker. 
 
 The bark of a dog can be heard at the distance of eighteeii 
 hundred yards ; the voice of a man at a thousand yards ; and 
 
43 
 
 the croak of a frog at nine hundred. Taking the difference of 
 size into consideration, the frog has altogether the best lungs. 
 
 If Benzole is poured on a piece of ordinary paper immediate 
 transparency is produced to such an extent as to enable one to 
 dispense entirely with tracing paper. On exposure to air, or, 
 better, to a gentle heat, the liquid is entirely dissipated, the 
 paper recovers its opacity, and the original design is found to 
 be quite uninjured. 
 
 A BALL one foot in diameter just conceals the moon's face 
 when held before it at a distance of one hundred and twenty 
 feet from the eye. Consequently a ball one mile in diameter 
 would do the same thing at a hundred and twenty miles ; a ball 
 of one thousand miles, at one hundred and twenty thousand 
 miles ; and a ball two thousand miles across, at one hundred 
 and twenty times two thousand, or two hundred and forty thou- 
 sand miles. But this is about the moon's distance, consequently 
 the moon's breadth must be about two thousand miles. 
 
 A MAN weighing one hundred and fifty pounds contains one 
 hundred and eleyen pounds of water in his tissues. 
 
 The average depth of the Atlantic Ocean is set down at thir- 
 teen thousand four hundred feet, and that of the Pacific at 
 eighteen thousand. On the western side of St. Helena sound- 
 ings have been made, it is said, to the depth of twenty-seven 
 thousand feet — five miles and a quarter — without touching 
 bottom. 
 
 A FINELY polished sheet of iron, three feet long and twelve 
 inches wide, and weighing but three and a half ounces, has 
 been rolled out by a rolling-mill in Pennsylvania. It is thinner 
 than ordinary writing paper. 
 
 The Amazon drains an area of two million five hundred 
 thousand square miles : its mouth is ninety-six miles wide, and 
 it is navigable two thousand two hundred miles from its mouth. 
 
 Silver melts at 1873°. 
 
44 
 
 The sun can never remain in total eclipse at any spot on the 
 terrestial surface for a longer period than three minutes and a 
 quarter of time. 
 
 The larger the surface involved the more intense is the feel- 
 ing of temperature. Water at one hundred and four degrees 
 seems less warm to one finger than water two degrees lower 
 seems to the whole hand. 
 
 The first telescope made, — Galileo's feeble instrument, — 
 magnified objects only seven times, and yet with it he discovered 
 the satellites of Jupiter. 
 
 To clean marble wash the spots with a powder of chalk one 
 part; pumice one part; common soda two parts, mixed; then 
 clean the whole of the stone and wash off with soap and water. 
 
 A Permanent Black for Silver. — Having first burnt lead 
 and pulverized it, incorporate it next with sulphur and vinegar 
 to the consistency of a painting color. It is now ready to write 
 with on silver. After applying let it dry, then present it to 
 the fire so as to heat the work a little, and it is finished. 
 
 The yearly fall of rain in London is 25 inches ; at Vera 
 Cruz, in the Mexican Gulf, rain falls to the amount of 278 
 inches. 
 
 A COMPOSITION for bronzing wood, plaster, etc., is made by 
 mixing yellow ochre, Prussian blue, and lamp-black, dissolved 
 in glue-water. 
 
 Parchment may be closely imitated by dipping unsized paper 
 for about forty seconds in strong sulphuric acid and afterwards 
 in weak ammonia. 
 
 Oil may be extracted from marble or other stone by making 
 a mixture of one part soap, two parts fuller's earth and one part 
 potash, stirred in with boiling water. Lay it on the spots and 
 allow it to remain a few hours. 
 
45 
 
 The flash of lightning, by its reflection on the clouds, may 
 be seen from 150 to 200 miles. 
 
 Toothed wheels ; two good rules for making : As the num- 
 ber of teeth in the wheel-j-2.25 is to the diameter of the wheel, 
 so is the number of teeth in the pinion-|-1.5 to the diameter 
 of the pinion. 
 
 2nd. As the number of teeth in the wheel-t-2.25 is to the 
 diameter of the wheel, so is (number of teeth in pinion-f-num- 
 ber of teeth in wheel)-j-2, to the distance of their centres. 
 
 In some parts of Egypt it never rains ; in Peru, part of 
 Guatemala and part of California but seldom : over the great 
 African Desert, and the desert of Gobi, in Central Asia, and in 
 portions of Arabia and Persia, rain scarce ever falls, while in 
 Guiana, in South America, it rains for a great portion of the 
 year. 
 
 Prismatic diamond crystals may be formed on windows by 
 applying hot a solution of sulphate of magnesia and a clear 
 solution of gum arable, well mingled. 
 
 Material of Combustion. 
 
 Ordinary Wood 
 
 Charcoal 
 
 Turf. 
 
 Turf Charcoal 
 
 Cok 
 
 Pit Coal 
 
 Oil 
 
 Wax 
 
 Tallow 
 
 Carburetted Hydrogen 
 
 Alcohol (commercial) 
 
 Lbs. of Water 
 which a 5). 
 
 can heat from 
 0° to 212°. 
 
 Lbs. of Boiling j Weight 
 Water 'of Air at 
 evaporated i 32° to 
 by 1 R). btrulft) 
 
 4.47 
 11.46 
 4.60 
 
 11,46 
 
 9 26 
 
 15.00 
 
 14.58 
 11.60 
 
 The weight of 100 cubic inches of air, in avoirdupois grains 
 (barometer 30, thermometer 62), is 30-49, and the logarithm 
 is 1-48416. 
 
 Ice melts at 0.32° Fahrenheit. 
 
46 
 
 A CUBIC inch of water at 62° Fahrenheit, weighs a part of a 
 pound expressed by the decimal 0.036065, and a column of water 
 one foot in height, with a base of one square inch, will, of 
 course, be twelve times this decimal, which is 0.4328. Thus 
 we deduce the following table : 
 
 Depth 
 in 
 feet. 
 
 Pressure 
 
 per 
 
 Square Inch. 
 
 04328 
 0.8656 
 1.2984 
 1.7312 
 2.1640 
 
 Pressure 
 
 1 
 Depth 
 
 per 
 Square Foot. 
 
 in 
 feet. 
 
 62.3232 
 124.6464 
 186 9696 
 249 2928 
 311.6160 
 
 6 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 
 Pressure 
 
 per 
 
 Square Inch. 
 
 2.5968 
 3.0296 
 3.4624 
 3 8952 
 4.2880 
 
 Pressure 
 
 per 
 
 Square Foot. 
 
 373 9392 
 436.2624 
 4985856 
 560.9088 
 623.2320 
 
 By the above table the pressure of water on any part of the 
 surface of a receptacle can be ascertained when the depth of 
 such surface is known. If the liquid contained in the vessel 
 be something beside water, it is only necessary to compare the 
 difference in the specific gravity of the two and then calculate 
 as before. 
 
 Oil which will not corrode or thicken, and which is much 
 used by watchmakers, is simply prepared by inserting coils of 
 thin sheet lead into a bottle contairing olive oil, and then 
 exposing to the sun and afterwards turning off the clear. 
 
 One of the best welding mixtures is made as follows: Mix 
 sal ammoniac with ten times its weight of borax. After fusing 
 the mixture pour it on an iron plate. Pulverize when cold, 
 and mix with an equal quantity of quick lime. Apply the 
 powder to the iron when red-hot and the welding will be effected 
 at a lower heat than without the powder. 
 
 Leap Year. — Every year the number of which is divisible 
 by 4, without a remainder, is a leap year, except the last year 
 of the century, which is a leap year only when divisible by 400 
 without a remainder. Thus the year 1900 will not be a leap 
 year. 
 
47 
 
 POWER OF VARIOUS SPECIES OF FUEL. 
 
 
 fe-o 
 
 fca 
 
 t: S3 
 
 t s ^« 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o ^ 
 
 o2 
 
 t» eS tH 
 
 conv 
 of wa 
 allow 
 for Ic 
 
 Kinds of Fuel. 
 
 m: 
 
 1.^ 
 
 o L 
 
 ' 1 1 ° 
 
 
 a'-' 
 
 .S-2 • 
 
 ntity 
 bicf( 
 low 
 m. 
 
 
 
 sS OS'S 
 
 ill 
 
 Qua 
 a cu 
 into 
 Btea 
 
 Qua 
 a cu 
 into 
 10 p 
 
 
 3,600 
 6,000 
 
 3.07 
 
 2031 
 
 22.6 
 
 Oak wood, dry 
 
 5.13 
 
 12.2 
 
 13.6 
 
 
 3,250 
 
 2.8 
 
 22.5 
 
 25.0 
 
 Coke 
 
 9,000 
 7,900 
 
 7.7 
 6.75 
 
 8.1 
 925 
 
 90 
 
 Splint Coal 
 
 10.28 
 
 Caking Coal 
 
 9,800 
 
 8.4 
 
 7.45 
 
 8.22 
 
 
 
 Brass ferrules for tool handles, etc., may be perfectly soldered 
 by lapping round the jointing a piece of wire, and then, after 
 wetting, filling the joint with borax and holding in the fire till 
 the brass fuses. 
 
 The worn parts of plated goods can be re-silvered by the 
 following composition : Common salt, 30 gr. ; cream of tartar, 
 3i gr. ; nitrate of silver, 30 gr. ; mix ; moisten with water and 
 rub over the surface to be plated. 
 
 To prevent iron from rusting, rub the surface, after being 
 heated as hot as the hand will bear, with new and clean white 
 wax, and then, after heating again, wipe well with a piece of 
 soft cloth. 
 
 To ascertain the length of the day and night at any time of 
 the year, add 12 hours to the time of the sun's setting, and 
 from the sum subtract the time of rising for the length of the 
 day. Subtract the time of setting from 12 hours, and to the 
 remainder add the time of rising next morning, for the length 
 of the night. 
 
 To brass plates of copper, heat them sufficiently and then 
 expose them to the fumes of zinc. 
 
48 
 
 Lead pencil drawings may be rendered permanent by apply- 
 ing isinglass dissolved in 50 times its weight of water. 
 
 Tortoise-shell may be soldered by holding the broken edges 
 in close contact with pinchers heated as hot as they can be 
 without burning the shell. To test this point, try the pinchers 
 on a piece of paper. 
 
 To soften ivory, take 15 ounces of water and 3 ounces of 
 spirits of nitre, and let the ivory soak in a closely covered ves- 
 sel, three or four days after which it will be found to be flexible 
 to the fingers. To harden it again, wrap it in salt for 24 hours. 
 
 About 112 little planets called asteroids have been discovered 
 between the orbits of Mars and .Jupiter. Some of them are so 
 small that to call them worlds might seem inappropriate. But 
 any body having an orbit, though not hirger than a cannon ball, 
 is entitled to rank as a world. Many such may exist which 
 will never be discovered because of their littleness. Very 
 little asteroidal bodies are revolving around the earth, as the 
 moon does. The aerolites, or falling stones, are really such 
 asteroids whose orbits cross the earth's orbit, or else wind 
 spirally inward to the earth as a center. 
 
 The following rules will be found useful, as they give the 
 power of water-wheels, with proper allowance for friction and 
 waste of water : 
 
 For an undershot: Multiplj'^ height of fall by quantity of 
 water flowing per minute, and divide by 5,000. The result will 
 give the number of horse power the efi"ect is equal to. 
 
 For an overshot : Multiply the power on an undershot by 
 2|, and the result will be the number of horse power. 
 
 For a breast-wheel : Find the power of an undershot from 
 the top of the fall to Avhere the water enters the bucket ; then 
 for an overshot for the rest of the fall. The sum of these two 
 is the power of the breast-wheel. 
 
 The quantity of water flowing per minute and the height of 
 the fall are both taken in feet. 
 
49 
 
 Fac Similes of signatures may be neatly and accurately made 
 by sprinkling over the ink before it is dry some finely powdered 
 gum arable, and then pouring on a fusible alloy in a liquid 
 state. From the plates thus formed copies can be made with 
 printing ink and a copper-plate press. 
 
 It is a common error to suppose that many of our greatest 
 inventions and discoveries were made by accident. Many 
 wonderful anecdotes are told in support of this assertion ; 
 but a multitude of facts might be adduced to prove that 
 knowledge is more regularly progressive than is commonly 
 imagined. Great discoveries are not made without prepara- 
 tion, and previous knowledge is necessary to turn what are 
 called accidental occurrences to good account. 
 
 Hard white metal is made of 1 part tin, 3 parts spelter, and 
 20 of brass. 
 
 Sir Isaac Newton defined mechanics as the geometry of 
 motion. 
 
 Distilled water is about 825 times heavier than air. 
 
 A machine has been invented with which a writer, using a 
 pen in the usual way can, at the same time, produce a duplicate 
 so small as to be invisible to the naked eye, but so distinct that 
 a microscope will bring out every line and dot. One of the 
 most useful of the applications of this invention will be for 
 preventing forgery, as private marks can be made on notes and 
 securities which will be legible with a microscope, but which an 
 imitator could not see or suspect the presence of. 
 
 GrN Cotton is made by immersing cotton-wool in a mixture 
 of sulphuric acid and the strongest nitric acid, or of sulphuric 
 acid and nitrate of potash. 
 
 Iceland or calc spar is native carbonate of lime in its primi- 
 tive cry st aline form. 
 
 The heat of the human blood is 98°. 
 
50 
 
 Platinum, with one exceptioQ the heaviest body known, is 
 21^ times heavier than water. 
 
 Bath metal is made of 32 parts brass and 9 parts spelter. 
 
 A GOOD boot and shoe polish is made with the whites of two 
 eggs, a table spoonful of alcohol, a lump of sugar, and sufficient 
 finely powered ivory black to thicken. 
 
 Common bell metal is made of 100 parts of copper and 60 of 
 tin. 
 
 A GAS, in expanding to its original volume, after compression, 
 absorbs as much heat as it evolved during the compression. 
 
 The coal product of Great Britain is over 100,000,000 tons. 
 The area of the coal fields lying within the United States has 
 been estimated at 150,000 square miles. The extent of the 
 fields in Ohio alone is not less than 10,000 square miles, or equal 
 to that possessed by Great Britain, and far in excess of that of 
 any other European nation. 
 
 The earth is nearly as heavy as it would be if its mass were 
 entirely composed of metallic antimony or cast-iron. 
 
 Robert Hood, an ingenious experimentalist of a long past 
 age, succeeded in making artificial imitations of the circular 
 pits or craters of the moon, by heating strong calcareous solu- 
 tions until vapor burst out in bubbles through the external 
 surface of the mass. 
 
 The density of the earth's substance has been ascertained by 
 counting the difference in the number of beats a pendulum 
 makes in a given time, according as it is swung on the earth's 
 surface, or down in a deep mine. Mr. Airy, the British 
 astronomer, royal, has made careful experiments of this kind 
 in a coal mine twelve hundred and sixty feet deep. He found 
 that a pendulum which beat seconds at the mouth of the pit 
 made two and a quarter more beats every twenty-four hours 
 when removed to its bottom. The reason is that the pendulum 
 
51 
 
 is filled with greater force, and is made to move more rapidly 
 when brought nearer to the earth's center of attraction. 
 
 Fine white German silver is made of 1 part iron, 10 parts 
 nickle, and 20 parts copper. 
 
 A NEW and effective remedy for burns was accidentally dis- 
 covered in France in 1869 by a varnisher of metals, who, 
 having got his hand severely burned while at work, and not 
 knowing what to do to deaden the acute pain, thrust his hand 
 into a pot of varnish. The pain ceased as if by enchantment. 
 On the day following he made a further application of the var- 
 nish, and in a few days a new skin was formed over the burn, and 
 the hand recovered its wonted flexibility^. This simple remedy 
 was afterwards tested by medical men of Paris, and proved to 
 be greatly superior to the usual remedy of nitrate of silver. 
 
 TABLE OF THE CORRESPONDING DEGREES ON THE SCALES OF THE 
 
 THERMOMETERS OF FAHRENHEIT, REAUMER AND 
 
 CENTIGRADE OR CELSIUS. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Reaum. 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Reaum. 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Reaum. 
 
 Cent. 
 
 212 
 
 80 
 
 100 
 
 149 
 
 52 
 
 65 
 
 50 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 203 
 
 76 
 
 95 
 
 140 
 
 48 
 
 60 
 
 41 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 194 
 
 72 
 
 90 
 
 131 
 
 44 
 
 55 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 18.5 
 
 6S 
 
 85 
 
 122 
 
 40 
 
 50 
 
 23 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 m 
 
 64 
 
 80 
 
 113 
 
 36 
 
 45 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 m 
 
 60 
 
 75 
 
 104 
 
 32 
 
 40 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 158 
 
 56 
 
 70 
 
 95 
 
 28 
 
 35 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 86 
 
 24 
 
 30 
 
 13 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 
 77 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 22 
 
 24 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 68 
 
 16 
 
 20 
 
 31 
 
 28 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 59 
 
 12 
 
 15 1 
 
 40 
 
 32 
 
 40 
 
 The iron product of the United States is already over 
 2,000,000 tons, and rapidly increasing. 
 
 A crBic foot of water weighs 1,000 ounces. To ascertain the 
 weight of a cubic foot of any substance, multiply its specific 
 gravity by 1.000, and the product will be in ounces. 
 
 Water boils at 212°. 
 
52 
 
 The velocity of a moving body is found by dividing the space 
 passed over by the time consumed in moving over it. Thus, if 
 a body moves 20 miles in 2 hours, its velocity is ascertained by 
 dividing the space 20 by the time 2, which gives a result of 10 
 miles an hour. 
 
 To find the space passed over by a moving body, multiply the 
 velocity by the time. 
 
 To find the time occupied by a body in motion, divide the 
 space by the velocity. 
 
 Some years since there was constructed in England a sun- 
 glass, or lens, three feet in diameter, with a focal distance of 
 six feet eight inches. The heat concentrated in the focus of 
 this powerful instrument was sufficient to melt the metals, and 
 even to volatilize them ; while flint, quartz, and the most refrac- 
 tory of earthy substances, were easily liquified and caused to 
 boil. 
 
 A GOOD varnish for gun-barrels, after browning them, is a 
 dissolved and filtered mixture of 1 oz. shellac, ^ oz. dragon's 
 blood, and 1 qt, rectified spirit. 
 
 To remove old paint and putty, lay on with an old brush or 
 rag a solution of caustic soda or potash mixed with soft soap, 
 and allow it to remain a few hours. 
 
 Bronzing Liquid. — Cream of tartar, 8 oz. ; salt, 6 oz. ; sal- 
 ammoniac, 1 oz. Dissolve in a qt. of hot water, then add 2 oz. 
 of nitrate of copper dissolved in ^ pt. of water. 
 
 Modeling Wax is made of white wax with sufficient lard 
 added to make it work easy. To prevent adhering in use the 
 tools and board should be moistened with water. 
 
 A Liquid Amalgam for silvering globes, etc., is made of 1 oz. 
 pure lead, 1 oz. grain tin, which being melted in a clean ladle, 
 add immediately 1 oz. of bismuth. After skimming ofl" the 
 dross remove the ladle from the fire, and before the metal sets 
 add 10 oz. of quicksilver. Mix well, and avoid the fumes. 
 
53 
 
 Drying by Vacuum. — As the juices contained in all vegetable 
 substances are retained in their particular vessels by the pres- 
 sure of the atmosphere, by removing that pressure the fluids 
 can no longer be retained by the veins and recepticles. This 
 principle has been effectively applied, among other uses, to the 
 drying of lumber. An air-tight reservoir, provided with one 
 or more air pumps, is filled with the green lumber. The air 
 pump is then set in motion, and heat at the same time applied 
 to the exterior of the reservoir. As the pressure of the atmos- 
 phere is removed the vegetable juices begin to exude from the 
 pores of the wood, and being vaporized by the heat, are carried 
 off with the air through the pump. Wood and other substances 
 are dried very rapidly by this process, and it is deserving of 
 more attention than has hitherto been given to it. 
 
 For cleaning varnish use weak ley of potash or soda mixed 
 with a little powdered chalk. 
 
 MECHANICAL POWERS. 
 
 The lever may be considered the first, and, in fact, the foun- 
 dation, of all mechanical powers, as the effects produced by all 
 of them are ultimately resolvable into that of the lever. 
 
 They are divided into three classes. 
 
 First. Those in which the fulcrum is situated between the 
 weight and the power. 
 
 Second. Those in which the weight is situated between the 
 fulcrum and the power. 
 
 Third. Those in which the power is situated between the 
 weight and the fulcrum. 
 
 The bent lever is of the first class, and has no particular 
 advantage except that of form, which is given to it for con- 
 venience in use. 
 
 To preserve an equilibrium between the power and the 
 weight, they must be to each other inversely as their distances 
 from the fulcrum. 
 
54 
 
 The following are the rules for calculating the effect of the 
 several levers : 
 
 Class 1, or when the fulcrum is between the power and the 
 weight. 
 
 Rule : Divide the weight to be raised by the power to be 
 applied ; the quotient will give the difference of leverage neces- 
 sary to support the weight in equilibrio. Hence, a small addi- 
 tion, either of leverage or weight, will cause the power to 
 preponderate. 
 
 Example : Five men, who exert a combined force of 15 cwt., 
 desire to raise a weight of six tons. Required the proportion- 
 ate length of lever. 
 
 6 T.=120 cwt. ; and ^^^=8 
 
 In this example, the proportionate lengths of the lever to 
 maintain the weight in equilibrio are as 8 to 1. 
 
 Class 2. When the fulcrum is at one end of the lever, and 
 the power at the other, with the weight between. 
 
 Rule : As the distance between the power and the fulcrum 
 is to the distance between the weight and fulcrum, so is the 
 effect to the power. 
 
 Example: It is necessary to raise 240 lbs. when the weight 
 is placed 8 feet from the power and 2 feet from the fulcrum. 
 
 6:2:: 240: 80. 
 
 The Pulley. — Pulleys are known as fixed and moveable. 
 
 There is merely a change in the direction, and no economy of 
 power in the use of a fixed pulley. A saving equal to one-half 
 the power is effected by the employment of the moveable pulley, 
 since it changes its position with that of the weight. When 
 the weight is equal to the product of the power, and twice the 
 number of moveable pulleys, an equilibrium is attained between 
 the weight and the power. 
 
 To find the power necessary to raise a given weight through 
 the medium of a system of moveable pulleys. 
 
 Rule: Divide the weight to be raised by twice the number 
 of pulleys in the lower block ; the quotient will give the power 
 necessary to raise the weight. 
 
55 
 
 Example : Required the power to raise 800 ibs. — the lower 
 block containing four pulleys. 
 
 |0|=ioo lbs. 
 
 Wheel and Axle. — This device may be looked upon as simply 
 a revolving lever. An equilibrium between the power acting 
 on the circumference of the wheel, and the weight or resistance 
 acting on the circumference of the axle, is attained when the 
 power is to the weight as the radius of the axle is to that of 
 the wheel. 
 
 To ascertain the effective gain the following rule may be 
 employed : 
 
 Eule : As the radius of the wheel is to the radius of the 
 axle, so is the effect to the power. 
 
 Example : There is exerted on the periphery of a wheel 
 whose radius is eight feet a weight of sixty pounds. Required 
 the weight raised at the extremity of a cord wound round the 
 axle, the radius being twelve inches. 
 
 60ft)S.x8feet .q^ 
 
 12 inches. 
 
 Inclined Plane. — The inclined plane becomes a mechanical 
 power in consequence of its supporting a part of the weight 
 and of course leaving only a part to be supported by the power. 
 The direction of the force is changed from the perpendicular 
 to one more or less horizontal, and the weight moves upward 
 on it in a diagonal between them. When the power is to the 
 weight as the perpendicular height of the inclined plane is to 
 its hypothenuse, equilibrium is attained ; but as the height is to 
 the base when in a direct parallel to the base. 
 
 Rule : As the length of the plane is to its height so is the 
 weight to the power. 
 
 Example: Required the power necessary to raise 900 ibs. 
 up an inclined plane 6 feet long and 2 feet high. 
 As 6:2:: 900: 300 lbs. the power. 
 
 Wedge. — The wedge is simply a combination of two inclined 
 planes united together along their bases, and made to act upon 
 two weights or resistances at once, or on a fulcrum and a weight 
 
56 
 
 between which it is caused to move by power applied to its 
 base, generally, in practice, by the impulse of successve blows. 
 
 Equilibrium is attained when the power is to the resistance 
 as the base of the wedge is to its length, or to the length of its 
 side, accordingly as the resistance acts perpendicularly to the 
 central line of lenghth, or to that of the side. 
 
 Case 1. When a wedge is employed to force two bodies from 
 one another, in a direction parallel to the base of the wedge. 
 
 Rule : As the length of the wedge is to half its back or 
 head, so is the resistance to the power. 
 
 Example : Required the power necessary to separate two 
 substances with a resistance of 150 lbs., — the breadth of the 
 back or head of the wedge employed being 4 inches, and the 
 length of either of its inclined sides 12 inches. 
 As 12:2:: 150:25 lbs. the power. 
 
 Case 2. When only one of the bodies is moveable. 
 
 Rule : As the length of the wedge is to the breadth of the 
 back or head, so is the resistance to the power. 
 
 Example : The breadth of the back or head being 5 inches, 
 and the length of either of the inclined sides 15 inches, required, 
 the power necessary to separate two substances with a resistance 
 of 225. 
 
 As 15:5:: 250:75 lbs. the power. 
 
 Screw. — The screw is simply a modification of the inclined 
 plane, and may be considered as a simple cylinder, having 
 wound, spirally, around its periphery an inclined plane in the 
 form of a triangle. The circumference of the cylinder forms 
 the base of the triangle ; its hypothenuse forms the spiral cord 
 or inclined plane ; and the distance between two consecutive 
 cords or threads, the height of the incline. 
 
 Rule: To the square of the circumference of the screw add 
 the square of the distance between two threads, and extract 
 the square root of the sum ; this will give the length of the 
 inclined plane. Its height is the distance between two con- 
 secutive cords or threads. 
 
 Where a lever or wrench is employed to turn the screw the 
 power of the screw is as the circle described by the handle of 
 
57 
 
 the wrench or lever, to the internal or distance between the 
 spirals. 
 
 Case 1. When the weight to be raised is known, to find the 
 power. 
 
 Rule : Multiply the weight by the distance between two 
 threads of the screw, and divide the product by the circumfer- 
 ence of the circle described by the lever. The quotient is the 
 power. 
 
 Example : Required the power to be applied to the end of a 
 lever 5 feet long, to raise a weight of 8 tons. 
 16,000x11^ 
 60 inches x2x 3, 1416 "^'"'^** 
 
 Mechanical Powers. — All mechanical powers or machines 
 are simply combinations of one or more of the six elementary 
 mechanical powers, viz. : the lever, the pulley, the wheel and 
 axle, the inclined plane, the wedge, and the screw ; and the 
 mechanical effects of the whole are ultimately resolvable into 
 that of the lever. 
 
 Although there is a gain of power in the use of the mechani- 
 cal powers it is only at the sacrifice of a corresponding loss of 
 time. 
 
 A great resistance may be overcome slowly, or a great weight 
 may be sustained, by the application of a small force ; or, a 
 small weight or resistance may have a great velocity imparted 
 to it by the employment of a great force or power. 
 
58 
 
 POPULATION OF CITIES. 
 
 CITIES. 
 
 New York, N. Y 
 
 Philadelphia, Penn. 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y 
 
 St. Louifj, Mo 
 
 Chicago, 111 
 
 Baltimore, Md 
 
 Boston, Mass.. 
 
 Cincinaiti, Ohio •.•• 
 
 New Orleans, La 
 
 San Francisco, Cal.. 
 
 Buffalo, N. Y 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 Newark, N. J 
 
 Louisville, Ky 
 
 Cleveland, Ohio 
 
 Pittsburgh, Pa 
 
 Jersey City, N. J... 
 
 Detroit, Mich 
 
 Milwaukee, Wis 
 
 Albtny, N. Y 
 
 Providence, R. I 
 
 Rochester, N. Y 
 
 Alleghany City. Pa, 
 
 Richmond, Va 
 
 New Haven, Conn .. 
 
 Charleston, &. C 
 
 Troy, N. Y , 
 
 Syracuse, N. Y , 
 
 Worci'ster, Mass 
 
 Lowell, Mass 
 
 Memphis, Tenn 
 
 Cambridge, Mass.... 
 
 Hartford, Conn 
 
 Indianapolis, Ind. .. 
 
 Scranton, Pa 
 
 Reading, Pa 
 
 Columbus, Ohio 
 
 Paterson, N, J 
 
 Kansas City, Mo 
 
 Dayton, Ohio 
 
 M>bile, Ala 
 
 Portland, Me 
 
 "Wilmington, Del... 
 
 Liwrence, Mass 
 
 Toledo, Ohio 
 
 Charles town, Mass 
 
 Lynn, Mass 
 
 Fall River. Mass.... 
 Springfield, Mass... 
 Nashville, Tenn.... 
 
 Peoria, 111 
 
 Covington, Ky 
 
 Salem, Mass.... 
 
 Quincy, Mass 
 
 1870. 
 
 1860, 
 
 926,341 
 
 813.669 
 
 674,022 
 
 565,529 
 
 396,300 
 
 266.661 
 
 312,963 
 
 212,418 
 
 298,983 
 
 109,260 
 
 267/354 
 
 212.418 
 
 250,526 
 
 177.841 
 
 216,239 
 
 161,044 
 
 191,322 
 
 168,675 
 
 149,482 
 117,715 
 
 56,802 
 81,129 
 
 109,204 
 
 61,122 
 
 105,078 
 
 71,941 
 
 100,754 
 
 68.033 
 
 92,846 
 
 43,417 
 
 86,235 
 
 49,217 
 
 81,744 
 
 29,226 
 
 79,580 
 
 45.619 
 
 71.499 
 
 45.246 
 
 69,422 
 
 62,367 
 
 68,906 
 
 50.666 
 
 62,385 
 
 48.204 
 
 53.181 
 
 28,702 
 
 51.038 
 
 37.910 
 
 50,840 
 
 39.267 
 
 48,956 
 
 40,522 
 
 46,471 
 
 39,235 
 
 43 051 
 
 28.119 
 
 41.105 
 
 24.960 
 
 40,928 
 
 36.827 
 
 40,226 
 
 22,623 
 
 39.634 
 
 26,060 
 
 37,180 
 
 29,152 
 
 86.565 
 
 18,611 
 
 35.093 
 
 9,223 
 
 33 932 
 
 23,162 
 
 33.745 
 
 18,554 
 
 33.582 
 
 19,586 
 
 32.260 
 32.579 
 
 
 20 081 
 
 32,084 
 
 29.258 
 
 31.414 
 
 26,341 
 
 30,841 
 
 21,258 
 
 28,921 
 
 17639 
 
 28 546 
 
 13.768 
 
 28,323 
 
 25.065 
 
 28,233 
 
 19,083 
 
 26 780 
 
 14,026 
 
 26.703 
 
 15,199 
 
 2.5.872 
 
 16 988 
 
 25 787 
 
 14,045 
 
 24,505 
 24,117 
 
 
 22,252 
 
 24,053 
 
 
59 
 
 POPULATION OF CITIES — Continued. 
 
 CITIES. 
 
 Manchester, N. H 
 
 Harrisburg, Pa 
 
 Trentun, N. J 
 
 Evansville, Ind 
 
 New Bedford, Mass.... 
 
 Oswego, N. Y 
 
 Elizabeth, N. J 
 
 Lanc-iSter, Pa 
 
 Savannah, Ga 
 
 Camden, N. J , 
 
 Davenport, Iowa 
 
 St. Paul, Minn 
 
 Wheeling, Va 
 
 Norfolk, Va 
 
 Taunton, Mass 
 
 Chelsea, Mass 
 
 Dubuque, Iowa 
 
 Leavenworth, Kan.... 
 
 Fort Wayne, Ind , 
 
 Springfield, III 
 
 Atlanta, Ga , 
 
 Norwich, Conn 
 
 Sacramento, Cal 
 
 Omaha, Neb 
 
 Gloucester, Mass 
 
 New Brunswick, N. J 
 
 New Albany, Ind 
 
 Galveston, Texas 
 
 Newburyport, Mass... 
 
 Alexandria, Va 
 
 Wilmington, N. C 
 
 Newport, R. I 
 
 Little Rock, Ark 
 
 Concord, N. H 
 
 Des Moines, Iowa , 
 
 Waterburv, Conn 
 
 Nashua, N. H 
 
 Raleigh. N. C , 
 
 New London, Conn...., 
 
 Portland, Oreg 
 
 Virginia City, Nev.... 
 Topeka, Kan 
 
 1870. 
 
 23,536 
 23,109 
 22,874 
 22,830 
 21,320 
 20,910 
 20,838 
 20,233 
 20.233 
 20,045 
 20.042 
 20.031 
 19 282 
 19,256 
 18,629 
 18,547 
 18404 
 17.849 
 17,718 
 17.365 
 16 988 
 16.653 
 16.484 
 16083 
 15 389 
 15,059 
 14,973 
 13,818 
 13.595 
 13.570 
 13.446 
 12,521 
 12.380 
 12,241 
 12035 
 10826 
 10.543 
 10.149 
 9-576 
 8.293 
 7.008 
 5,790 
 
 1860. 
 
 20,107 
 13,405 
 
 ri!484 
 22,300 
 16,816 
 
 'ii'm 
 
 11,267 
 10.401 
 
 14.620' 
 15,376 
 13,395 
 
 "7,429 
 
 14.048 
 13,785 
 
 l6',904 
 
 12!647 
 
 7,307 
 13,401 
 
 10,508 
 
 10,004 
 10,065 
 
 10115 
 
 2,874 
 
 4850. 
 
 7,834 
 
 *'3,'235 
 16,443 
 12,205 
 
 'i2,'369 
 
 14,326 
 
 ),895 
 ),572 
 
60 
 
 POPULATION OF THE STATES OF THE UNION. 
 
 STATES. 
 (37) 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 California 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Florida 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Maine 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Massachusetts... 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 Nevada 
 
 New Hampshire, 
 
 New Jersey.. 
 
 New York 
 
 North Carolina.. 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Pennsylvania.... 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 South Carolina.. 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Texas 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 West Virginia, .. 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Area. 
 
 Total 
 Popula- 
 tion 1870. 
 
 Square 
 Miles. 
 
 50,722 
 
 1,002,000 
 
 5.M98 
 
 473 174 
 
 188,981 
 
 549,808 
 
 4,750 
 
 537,117 
 
 2,120 
 
 125,015 
 
 59 248 
 
 189.995 
 
 58,000 
 
 1,174,832 
 
 55,410 
 
 2,529,410 
 
 38,809 
 
 1,055 675 
 
 55,045 
 
 1,181 359 
 
 81.318 
 
 379,497 
 
 37.080 
 
 1.320,407 
 
 41,346 
 
 784 420 
 
 35.000 
 
 628,719 
 
 11,124 
 
 790.095 
 
 7,800 
 
 1,457,351 
 
 5H.451 
 
 1,184,653 
 
 83,531 
 
 424,5i3 
 
 47.156 
 
 842056 
 
 65 350 
 
 1,691,693 
 
 75.995 
 
 116,888 
 
 81.539 
 
 42 456 
 
 9,280 
 
 317,710 
 
 8,320 
 
 903 044 
 
 47,000 
 
 4,370,846 
 
 50,704 
 
 1,016,954 
 
 39.964 
 
 2,652,302 
 
 95,274 
 
 90 878 
 
 46 000 
 
 3,511,513 
 
 1306 
 
 217.856 
 
 34,000 
 
 705.789 
 
 45,600 
 
 1,225 937 
 
 274,356 
 
 800.000 
 
 10,212 
 
 380,582 
 
 38,352 
 
 1.211.442 
 
 23,000 
 
 441.094 
 
 53,924 
 
 1,055,501 
 
 Increase t 
 from 1860 ^I^J.^?!! 
 
 to 1870. 
 
 Percent 
 
 37,799 
 
 37,724 
 169814 
 
 77,270 
 
 12,799 
 
 49,571 
 117.550 
 817,459 
 305,247 
 506,446 
 272 291 
 164.723 
 
 26,418 
 440 
 103,046 
 226,285 
 435540 
 252,520 
 
 50,751 
 509.681 
 116,888 
 
 42,456 
 
 8,633 
 
 231.009 
 
 850,111 
 
 24,832 
 312.791 
 
 38.413 
 605 328 
 
 42,736 
 2,081 
 
 116,136 
 
 195,785 
 
 15.484 
 
 10.46 
 32.46 
 4.91 
 
 56,218 
 
 3.52 
 
 279,621 
 
 36.04 
 
 3.92 
 
 8 66 
 
 44.69 
 
 16.79 
 
 11.41 
 
 a5,30 
 
 11.12 
 
 47.75 
 
 22.60 
 
 75.04 
 
 253 99 
 
 14.99 
 
 3.73 
 
 .07 
 
 1500 
 
 18.38 
 
 58.14 
 
 146.79 
 
 6.41 
 
 3.03 
 
 305.28 
 
 51916 
 
 +2.56 
 
 34.37 
 
 12.63 
 
 2.45 
 
 13.33 
 
 73.64 
 
 2083 
 
 24.46 
 
61 
 
 FOEEIGE" PATENTS. 
 
 Americans who have inventions of 
 importance and value for which they 
 anticipate taking out patents in this 
 and foreign countries, cannot be too 
 cautious of the manner in which they 
 proceed, and we would advise all such to procure experience 
 and advice before allowing themselves to take the first step 
 toward applying even for a patent in the United States, other- 
 wise, owing to the peculiarity of foreign patent laws, they may 
 unwittingly defeat the very object they have in view. In some 
 foreign counties, the first importer can procure a patent, and 
 there is therefore, no absolute safety for the actual inventor 
 except by making his application in certain countries abroad, 
 prior to the issue of his U. S. patent. 
 
 That Europe offers many rich and important fields to the 
 inventor no one will deny. England we need hardly refer to, 
 for despite the peculiarity of her patent laws, she has long 
 offered to inventors a field second in importance, if not equal 
 to the United States. The forms and technicalities of the 
 British law and practice, necessitate unusual caution and 
 experience in applying for patents to avoid defeat, and inventors 
 (especially foreign) have long hoped for a chance more liberal. 
 France, despite the trouble through which she has recently 
 passed, still offers a field hardly less advantageous than that of 
 England, Belgium, though one of the least, is one of the most 
 important of European States to command the attention of 
 patentees and manufacturers. But we wish particularly to call 
 American inventors and patentees' attention to the splendid 
 and rapidly improving fields of Austria, Prussia and Russia. 
 The introduction of new inventions into these countries has 
 
62 
 
 been too long neglected by foreign patentees and owners of 
 valuable patents. Russia especially, absolutely requires agri- 
 cultural and other labor-saving machinery to develop her vast 
 natural resources. Austria readily adopts useful inventions, 
 and Prussia is undoubtedly the most advanced and enterprising 
 state of Continental Europe. 
 
 Though we would not advise inventors to secure patents in 
 the colonies indiscriminately, as a large majority of inventions 
 of unquestionable value in larger lands, are not adapted to the 
 conditions and wants of the colonists, still there are many that 
 could not fail to amply reward the patentee for the expense of 
 introduction. 
 
 The risk involved in applying for foreign patents, is, in most 
 instances comparatively small, as examinations as to novelty 
 are seldom made, and the invention is looked upon with favor. 
 
 Although we are thoroughly conversant with the numerous 
 difficulties and technicalities to be overcome in prosecuting 
 applications for patents abroad, we feel no hesitation in offering 
 our services in obtaining British, Continental and Colonial 
 patents ; and being acquainted with all the modern improve- 
 ments of importance, and having an extensive practical experi- 
 ence in all the principal classes of machinery of modern times, 
 and in developing inventions to be applied to the useful arts, we 
 are enabled to advise as to the novelty of inventions, and clearly 
 distinguish the old from the new portions of an improvement, 
 which is of great importance in the preparation of specifica- 
 tions for patents. 
 
 The following information respecting foreign patents, is 
 from necessity short, but we shall be pleased to furnish fur-her 
 information to inventors and others interested, without charge, 
 and we would say that being connected with reliable and 
 competent agencies in London, Paris, Berlin, St. Petersburg, 
 Vienna and the other important Continental capitals, we con- 
 tinually and promptly receive notice of any changes in the 
 laws or practice of the different countries. 
 
63 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 England is undoubtedly the first and most important 
 country of Europe in which to secure the monopoly of an 
 invention. Patents are granted for the " United Kingdom of 
 Great Britain" for the term of fourteen years, for any ^'■new 
 manufacture,''' or " improvement therein, that is ''new in the realm.'' 
 The true inventor, or first importer of an invention (citizen or 
 foreign), may obtain such patent. This latter provision renders 
 it particularly important that American inventors should apply 
 for English patents if possible before, or as soon after their 
 United States patent is issued as practicable, if they would 
 insure the invention against piracy. Married women, minors, 
 executors or administrators, native or foreign, enjoy like privi- 
 leges. Great care and vigilance is necessary in the preparation 
 and prosecution of applications, owing to the technicalities of 
 the official practice, and neglect for a single day, or a single 
 error is sufficient to defeat success. Inventors cannot, therefore, 
 be too careful in the selection of experienced and reliable 
 attorneys. Space forbids our entering into details, as the 
 subject would occupy a volume itself, but we shall be pleased 
 to answer all inquiries without charge. Being immediately 
 connected with one of the oldest and most reliable agencies in 
 London, we are able to give each case entrusted to our hands, 
 constant and personal attention before the office, — a necessity 
 almost imperative to success, but possessed by few agents in 
 this country. 
 
 FKANCE. 
 
 The law requiring the patentee to be the inventor or author, 
 is now liberally interpreted, and it is held that the proprietor 
 or foreign patentee, though not the actual inventor, may obtain 
 a valid patent, and a firm or company secure a patent in its 
 corporation or firm name. Patents are granted for fifteen 
 years, unless the invention has been previously patented abroad, 
 in which case it would bear date and expire with the previously 
 
64 
 
 obtained patent. Two years time is allowed in which to intro- 
 duce and work the patent, and in order to keep the patent 
 alive, small annuities are required. French patents cover the 
 colonies. 
 
 All changes in foreign patent laws are promptly reported to 
 us, so that we can at all times furnish correspondents with the 
 latest information. 
 
 BELGIUM. 
 
 This country, though small in comparison to her neighbors, 
 is by no means the least of importance to patentees. She 
 presents a rich field for the working and disposing of useful 
 inventions, on account of the advanced state of the useful arts 
 to which her thick population have attained. Patents are granted 
 for twenty years. Besides the first expense of obtaining a 
 patent, a yearly government tax has to be paid to keep it in 
 force. It is also necessai-y that the patent should be worked 
 within a year of its introduction in any other country ; and if 
 the invention has been patented elsewhere, it expired with 
 such foreigQ patent. 
 
 These requirements render it necessary that inventors should 
 exercise caution in introducing their inventions abroad, if they 
 wish to protect themselves in Belgium, and we would advise 
 them to consult competent attorneys before making their inven- 
 tion too public. 
 
 Applications for patents for Belgium have to be made in the 
 French language, with great care, and we offer patentees not 
 only our services and superior facilities at a reasonable expense, 
 but we will readily give them advice on the subject gratis. 
 
 AUSTRIA. 
 
 Another fine field for the inventor and patentee is Austria. 
 Patents may be obtained by the actual inventor or his assignee, 
 or authorized agent — native or foreign, — for any '-discovery, 
 invention, or improvement," not known or used within the 
 
65 
 
 empire, for a term of fifteen years or less. Preparations of 
 food, medicines and beverages, or inventions contrary to sanitary 
 laws or public regulations, are not patentable. The existence 
 of a foreign patent would not prevent a patent issuing upon 
 the same invention, provided it has not been w^orked within the 
 empire, but such patent would be limited in duration to that 
 of the patent abroad. A patent for less than fifteen years may 
 be prolonged, but an extension beyond fifteen years can only be 
 obtained by a special decree of the Emperor. It is necessary 
 to work and introduce the invention within one year of the 
 date of issue. Minor details and advice free by applying to us. 
 
 HUNGARY. 
 
 A SEPARATE patent is now granted the Kingdom of Hungary, 
 and additional drawings and papers are required, but the cost 
 is included in the patent for Austria, and all the regulations 
 are the same. 
 
 RUSSIA. 
 
 Patents in this country are growing of more value and 
 impoi"tance every year. In 1869, the government imposed a 
 duty upon foreign machinery which had previously been 
 admitted to the country free, excepting only agricultural 
 machines and those for working fibrous materials. As a conse- 
 quence of the enforcement of this duty, combined with rapid 
 increase of railroads throughout the country, home-manufac- 
 tures are rapidly increasing both in demand and production, 
 and inventions are rapidly disposed of. This is especially the 
 case wdtli labor-saving inventions, and those relating to railroads, 
 agriculture, and the manufacture of iron and steel. 
 
 Although the first cost of a patent in Russia is more than in 
 any other European state, we believe for many inventions, the 
 right in this country is proportionately the most valuable. 
 
 Patents are allowed for three, five, and ten years, at the 
 choice of the petitioner, who may be either the inventor or his 
 
66 
 
 assignee, — a native or foreigner. Further particulars, costs, 
 etc., furnished by us free of charge. 
 
 SPAIN. 
 
 The law denying an inventor a patent on firearms or other 
 munitions of war has been modified, and inventors can now 
 have full protection in this country in all branches of industry. 
 When the invention is an importation, it is of five years duration, 
 with the privilege of prolongation to ten years. The invention 
 must be invariably worked within a year from the date of the 
 patent, and must not remain unworked for the same length of 
 time, to be kept in force. 
 
 CUBA. 
 
 The Governor-General is allowed to grant patents under the 
 same regulations as those of Spain ; but applications are 
 attended with much trouble, and great care must be observed 
 in the preparation. 
 
 TURKEY. 
 
 "Firmans " or special privileges are granted by the Turkish 
 Government for a term varying from three to twenty years, for 
 new inventions. The application must be made in the name of 
 the inventor, or the foreign patentee, if any ; otherwise the 
 importer who has the written consent of the inventor may obtain 
 the concession. Military Aveapons are not patentable. The cost 
 of obtaining the "firman" cannot be fixed, as the expenses 
 depend upon the demands of the ofiicials, no fee being named 
 by the government. We will give further information to corres- 
 pondents in respect to the probable cost of this patent in any 
 particular case, if they will inform us of its nature and detailSc 
 
 PRUSSIA. 
 
 Contrary to the general rule in foreign countries, Prussia 
 subjects all applications to an examination as to novelty, which 
 
67 
 
 is made by the Royal Polytechnic Commission. If allowed 
 (which is generally the case), the invention has to be introduced 
 and worked within six months ; but, if good and sufficient 
 reasons can be shown, an additional six months is allowed. 
 Patents run for from five to sixteen years. Prolongations are 
 not allowed. Americans cannot obtain these patents in their 
 own names, though some other foreigners may under treaty 
 stipulation. For this reason, patents are usually obtained 
 through a resident, and are good and valid, if the matter is 
 attended to with proper care. Our connections with agents in 
 Europe, is such that we have never failed in securing an applica- 
 tion that has been entrusted to our hands, and the patents in every 
 instance have been valid and sufficient. Where the invention 
 is upon a sewing-machine, a model is required, but in no other 
 case. 
 
 Patents in Prussia, as in most foreign countries, should be 
 applied for before they issue in the United States. 
 
 SAXONY. 
 
 Patents are granted for from five to ten years, and must be 
 worked within one year from the date of the grant. The patent 
 must be secured in the name of a native, or person naturalized 
 in Saxony in trust for the inventor, and can afterwards only be 
 held by a citizeji of the German Confederation. 
 
 HOLLAND. 
 
 Patents may be secured in the name of the person possessing 
 the invention, whether the inventor or not, or in the name of a 
 resident ; but in case the patentee afterwards secures a patent 
 for the same invention elsewhere, the patent in Holland becomes 
 void. Unless, therefore, the inventor sec ares this patent last, 
 he should secure it in the name of a resident agent. Patents 
 may be obtained for five, ten or fifteen years, the government 
 tax increasing with the length of the patent. The invention 
 should be worked within two years. 
 
68 
 
 BAVARIA. 
 
 Imported patents expire with those previously obtained 
 abroad ; otherwise the duration of the patent is fifteen years. 
 A lesser term may be applied for and prolonged from year to 
 year till the fifteen years are attained. Patents ought to be 
 worked within three years, if not imported ; in which latter 
 case the the invention must be introduced within one year. 
 
 WURTEMBURG. 
 
 The duration of imported patents is the same as those pre- 
 viously obtained abroad ; otherwise patents are granted for 
 from one to ten years. The invention is required to be intro- 
 duced and worked within the first two years. 
 
 SWEDEN. 
 
 Patents for inventions that have been patented abroad expire 
 with the foreign patent. Patents are issued for terms varying 
 between from three to fifteen years. In this country two years 
 are allowed for the introduction and working of a patented 
 invention. 
 
 NORWAY. 
 
 Patents are granted for from five to ten years, the govern- 
 ment reserving the right to fix the duration beyond five years. 
 As in the case of Sweden, the invention must be worked within 
 two years from the date of the patent. 
 
 PORTUGAL. 
 
 Imported patents expire with the previously obtained foreign 
 patent for the same invention, if any ; otherwise patents are 
 granted for fifteen years. The law requires the invention to 
 be introduced before the expiration of half the time for which 
 the patent is granted. 
 
69 
 
 DENMARK. 
 
 No special legislation exists in the country relative to patents, 
 but special privileges are frequently granted by the crown on 
 the recommendation of the Board of Customs, according to 
 certain established rules. The duration of such patent is fixed 
 by the government in each case, varying from between three to 
 twenty years. The patent should be worked within the first 
 year ot its existence, and is only kept in force by continuous 
 working. 
 
 GERMAN PRINCIPALITIES. 
 
 In the principalities, no special legislation exists relating to 
 patents, but they are granted by the government of each state 
 on the favorable report of a scientific commission, for periods 
 varying from one to fifteen years. 
 
 ITALY. 
 
 Patents are allowed for fifteen years, but expire with any 
 previously obtained foreign patent. Additional improvements 
 are allowed, and have the force of the original patent. 
 
 GREECE. 
 
 We are not aware of any special patent laws existing in 
 Greece, but the Government is empowered to grant Letters 
 Patent for" inventions, subject to the approval of the Senate. 
 The practice is uncertain, and the cost variable. 
 
 COLONIAL PATENTS. 
 
 EAST INDIA. 
 
 In this colony the patent laws are excellent, and the exclusive 
 right is obtainable for fourteen years, at a comparatively small 
 cost. Patents issued to the actual inventor or his assignee, and 
 
70 
 
 to a foreign inventor or his authorized agent. Patents 
 obtained in England, and afterwards secured in India, will 
 expire with the English patent. 
 
 NEW SOUTH WALES, QUEENSLAND AND SOUTH 
 AUSTRALIA. 
 
 These three colonies are almost identical in their patent laws 
 and practice. Patents issued for from seven to fourteen years 
 to the inventor or his authorized agent. Unlike most foreign 
 countries, these colonies subject the invention to an examina- 
 tion, as to novelty and utility. 
 
 NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 Provided a patent has not been obtained in the colony or 
 any other country for the same invention, a patent can be 
 obtained for the term of fourteen years, by colonist or alien. 
 The law allows additional improvements and reissues, but no 
 provision is made for extensions, nor is it required to introduce 
 the invention within a certain period. 
 
 CEYLON. 
 
 The actual inventor or first importer (native or foreign), of 
 an invention can procure a valid patent for fourteen years, with 
 the privilege of extension for fourteen years additional. Where 
 the invention has been secured in England, it may be protected 
 by filing the specification and certified copy of the English 
 patent, but the protection will expire with such patent. 
 
 VICTORIA. 
 
 The law in this colony provides for the patenting of " any new 
 and useful manufacture" by the "true and first inventor," 
 either colonist or non-resident, a mere importer being excluded. 
 The application is subjected to a scientific examination, to 
 determine its novelty or utility, and tho rule is enforced with 
 
71 
 
 rigor in the case of the application of a foreign inventor, 
 which renders it necessai'y to secure experienced assistance in 
 the preparation of the application. The patent is good for four- 
 teen years, and the working of the invention is not required 
 within a certain period. 
 
 TASMANIA. 
 
 Excepting the subjecting of applications to a scientific 
 examination, the laws and practice of this colony are essen- 
 tially the same as those of Victoria. 
 
THE 
 
 PATE N T LAWS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 
 
 Passed July 8, 1870. 
 
 AN ACT to revise, consolidate, and amend the statutes relating 
 
 to patents and copyrights. 
 
 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
 United States of America in Congress assembled, That there shall 
 be attached to the department of the interior, the office here- 
 tofore established, known as the Patent Office, wherein all 
 records, books, models, drawings, specitications, and other 
 papers and things pertaining to patents shall be safely kept and 
 preserved. 
 
 Section 2. And he it further enacted, That the officers and 
 employees of said office shall continue to be one commissioner 
 of patents, one assistant commissioner, and three examiners- 
 in-chief, to be appointed by the president, and by and with the 
 advice and consent of the senate; one chief clerk, one exami- 
 ner in charge of interferences, twenty-two principal examiners, 
 twenty-two first assistant examiners, twenty-two second assist- 
 ant examiners, one librarian, one machinist, five clerks of 
 class four, six clerks of class three, fifty clerks of class two, 
 forty-five clerks of class one, and one messenger and purchas- 
 ing clerk, all of whom shall be appointed by the secretary of 
 the interior, upon nomination of the commissioner of patents. 
 
 Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That the secretary of the 
 interior may also appoint, upon like nomination, such additional 
 
73 
 
 clerks of classes two and one, and of lower grades, copyists of 
 drawings, female copyists, skilled laborers, and watchmen, 
 as may be from time to time appropriated for by congress. 
 
 Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, That the annual salaries of 
 the officers and employees of the Patent Office shall be as 
 follows : 
 
 Of the commissioner of patents, four thousand five hundred 
 dollars. 
 
 Of the assistant commissioner, thre^ thousand dollars. 
 
 Of the examiners-in-chief, three thousand dollars each. 
 
 Of the chief clerk, two thousand five hundred dollars. 
 
 Of the examiner in charge of interferences, two thousand 
 five hundred dollars. 
 
 Of the principal examiners, two thousand five hundred dol- 
 lars each. 
 
 Of the first assistant examiners, one thousand eight hundred 
 dollars each. 
 
 Of the second assistant examiners, one thousand six hundred 
 dollars each. 
 
 Of the librarian, one thousand eight hundred dollars. 
 
 Of the machinist, one thousand six hundred dollars. 
 
 Of the clerks of class four, one thousand eight hundred dol- 
 lars each. 
 
 Of the clerks of class three, one thousand six hundred dol- 
 lars each. 
 
 Of the clerks of class two, one thousand four hundred dol- 
 lars each. 
 
 Of the clerks of class one, one thousand two hundred dollars 
 each. 
 
 Of the messenger and purchasing clerk, one thousand dollars. 
 
 Of laborers and watchmen, seven hundred and twenty dol- 
 lars each. 
 
 Of the additional clerks, copyists of drawings, female copy- 
 ists, and skilled laborers, such rates as ma^y be fixed by the 
 acts making appropriations for them. 
 
 Sec. 5. And be it further enacted, That all officers and em- 
 ployees of the Patent Office shall, before entering upon their 
 
74 
 
 duties, make oath or affirmation truly and faithfully to execute 
 the trusts committed to them. 
 
 Sec. 6. And be it further enacted, That the commissioner and 
 chief clerk, before entering upon ther duties, shall severally 
 give bond, with sureties, to the treasurer of the United States, 
 the former in the sum of ten thousand dollars, and the latter 
 in the sum of five thousand dollars, conditioned for the faithful 
 discharge of their duties, and that they will render to the 
 proper officers of the treasury a true account of all money 
 received by virtue of their office. 
 
 Sec. 7. And he it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of 
 the commissioner, under the direction of the secretary of the 
 interior, to superintend or perform all the duties respecting 
 the granting and issuing of patents which herein are, or may 
 hereafter be, by law directed to be done ; and he shall have 
 charge of all books, records, papers, models, machines, and 
 other things belonging to said office. 
 
 Sec. 8. And be it further enacted. That the commissioner may 
 send and receive by mail, free of postage, letters, printed mat- 
 ter, and packages relating to the business of his office, includ- 
 ing Patent Office reports. 
 
 Sec. 9. And be it further enacted, That the commissioner 
 shall lay before congress, in the month of January, annually, 
 a report giving a detailed statement of all moneys received for 
 patents, for copies of records or drawings, or from any other 
 source whatever ; a detailed statement of all expenditures for 
 contingent and miscellaneous expenses ; a list of all patents 
 which were granted during the preceding year, designating 
 under proper heads the subjects of such patents ; an alphabeti- 
 cal list of the patentees, with their places of residence; a list 
 of all patents which have been extended during the year; and 
 such other information of the condition of the Patent Office 
 as may be useful to congress or the public. 
 
 Sec. 10. And be il^further enacted. That the examiners-in-chief 
 shiill be persons of competent legal knowledge and scientific 
 ability, whose duty it shall be, on the written petition of the 
 appellant, to revise and determine upon the validity of the 
 
75 
 
 adverse decisions of examiners upon applications for patents, 
 and for re-issues of patents, and in interference cases ; and 
 when required by the commissioner, they shall hear and report 
 upon claims for extensions, and perform such other like duties 
 as he may assign them. 
 
 Sec. 11. And be it further enacted, That in case of the death, 
 resignation, absence, or sickness of the commissioner, his 
 duties shall devolve upon the assistant commissioner until a 
 successor shall be appointed, or such absence or sickness shall 
 cease. 
 
 Sec. 12. And be it further enacted, That the commissioner 
 shall cause a seal to be provided for said office, with such 
 device as the President may approve, with which all records or 
 papers issued from said office, to be used in evidence, shall be 
 authenticated. 
 
 Sec. 13. And be it further enacted, That the commissioner shall 
 cause to be classified and arranged in suitable cases, in the 
 rooms and galleries provided for that purpose, the models, 
 specimens of composition, fabrics, manufactures, works of art, 
 and designs, which have been or shall be deposited in said 
 office ; and said rooms and galleries shall be kept open during 
 suitable hours for public inspection. 
 
 Sec. 14, And be it further enacted, That the commissioner 
 may restore to the respective applicants such of the models 
 belonging to rejected applications as he shall not think necessary 
 to be preserved, or he may sell or otherwise dispose of them 
 after the application has been finally rejected for one year, 
 paying the proceeds into the treasury, as other patent moneys 
 are directed to be paid. 
 
 Sec. 15. And be it further enacted, That there shall be pui-- 
 chased for the use of said office, a library of such scientific 
 works and periodicals, both foreign and American, as may aid 
 the officers in the discharge of their duties, not exceeding the 
 amount annually appropriated by congress for that purpose. 
 
 Sec. 16. And be it further enacted, That all officers and 
 employees of the Patent Office shall be incapable, during the 
 period for which they shall hold their appointments, to acquiro 
 
76 
 
 or take, directly or indirectly, except by inheritance or bequest, 
 any right or interest in any patent issued by said office. 
 
 Sec. 17. And be it further enacted, That for gross misconduct 
 the commissioner may refuse to recognize any person as a 
 patent agent, either generally or in any particular case ; but 
 the reasons for such refusal shall be duly recorded, and be 
 subject to the approval of the secretary of the interior. 
 
 Sec. 18. And be it further enacted, That the commissioner 
 may require all papers filed in the Patent Office, if not cor- 
 rectly, legibly, and clearly written, to be printed at the cost of 
 the party filing them. 
 
 Sec. 19. And be it further enacted, That the commissioner, 
 subject to the approval of the secretary of the interior, may 
 from time to time establish rules and regulations, not incon- 
 sistent with law, for the conduct of proceedings in the Patent 
 Office. 
 
 Sec. 20. Ajid be it further enacted, That the commissioner 
 may print, or cause to be printed, copies of the specifications 
 of all letters-patent, and of the drawings of the same, and 
 copies of the claims of current issues, and copies of such laws, 
 decisions, rules, regulations, and circulars as may be necessary 
 for tlie information of the public. 
 
 Sec. 21. And be it further enacted, That all patents shall be 
 issued in the name of the United States of America, under the 
 seal of the Patent Office, and shall be signed by the secretary 
 of the interior, and countersigned by the commissioner, and 
 they shall be recorded, together with the specification, in said 
 office, in books to be kept for that purpose. 
 
 Sec. 22. And be it further enacted, That every patent shall 
 contain a short title or description of the invention or discov- 
 ery, correctly indicating its nature and design, and grant to 
 the patentee, his heirs or assigns, for the term of seventeen 
 years, the exclusive right to make, use and vend the said 
 invention or discovery throughout the United States and the 
 territories thereof, referring to the specification for the parti- 
 culars thereof; and a copy of said specifications and of the 
 draAvings shall be annexed to the patent and be a part thereof. 
 
77 
 
 Sec. 23. And be it further enacted, That every patent shall 
 date as of a day not later than six months from the time 
 at which it was passed and allowed, and notice thereof was 
 sent to the applicant or his agent ; and if the final fee shall not 
 be paid within that period, the patent shall be withheld. 
 
 Sec. 24. And be it further enacted, That any person who has 
 invented or discovered any new and useful art, machine, manu- 
 facture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful im- 
 provement thereof, not known or used by others in this country, 
 and not patented or described in any printed publication in this 
 or in any foreign country, before his invention or discovery 
 thereof, and not in public use or on sale for more than two 
 years prior to his application, unless the same is proved to 
 have been abandoned, may. upon payment of the duty required 
 by law, and other due proceedings had, obtain a patent 
 therefor. 
 
 Sec. 25. And be it further enacted, That no person shall be 
 debarred from receiving a patent for his invention or discovery, 
 nor shall any patent be declared invalid, by reason of its hav- 
 ing been first patented or caused to be patented in a foreign 
 country ; provided the same shall not have been introduced 
 into public use in the United States for more than two years 
 prior to the application, and that the patent shall expire at the 
 same time with the foreign patent, or, if there be more than 
 one, at the same time with the one having the shortest term; 
 but in no case shall it be in force more than seventeen years. 
 
 Sec. 26. And be it further enacted, That before any inventor 
 or discoverer shall receive a patent for his invention or dis- 
 covery, he shall make application therefor, in writing, to the 
 commissioner, and shall file in the Patent Ofiice a wa'itten 
 description of the same, and of the manner and process of 
 making, constructing, compounding, and using it, in such full, 
 clear, concise, and exact terms as to enable any person skilled 
 in the art or science to which it appertains, or with which it is 
 most nearly connected, to make, construct, compound, and use 
 the same ; and in case of a machine, he shall explain the prin- 
 ciple thereof, and the best mode in which he has contemplated 
 
78 
 
 applying that principle, so as to distinguish it from other inven- 
 tions ; and he shall particularly point out and distinctly claim 
 the part, improvement, or combination which he claims as his 
 invention or discovery ; and said specification and claim shall 
 be signed by the inventor and attested by two witnesses. 
 
 Sec. 27. A^id be it further enacted, That when the nature of 
 the case admits of drawings, the applicant shall furnish one 
 copy signed by the inventor or his attorney in fact, and attested 
 by two witnesses, which shall be filed in the Patent Office ; and 
 a copy of said drawings, to be furnished by the Patent Office, 
 shall be attached to the patent as a part of the specification. 
 
 Sec. 28. And be it further enacted, That when the invention or 
 discovery is of a composition of matter, the applicant, if required 
 by the commissioner, shall furnish specimens of ingredients 
 and of the composition, sufficient in quantity for the purpose 
 of experiment. 
 
 Sec. 29. And be it further enacted, That in all cases which 
 admit of representation by model, the applicant, if required by 
 the commissioner, shall furnish one of convenient size to 
 exhibit advantageously the several parts of his invention or 
 discovery. 
 
 Sec. 30. A7id be it further enacted. That the applicant shall 
 make oath or affirmation that he does verily believe himself to 
 be the original and first inventor or discoverer of the art, 
 machine, manvifacture, composition or improvement for which 
 he solicits a patent ; that he does not know and does not believe 
 that the same was ever before known or used ; and shall state 
 of what country he is a citizen. And said oath or affirmation 
 may be made before any person in the United States authorized 
 by law to administer oaths ; or when the applicant resides in a 
 foreign country, before any minister, charge d'affaires, consul, 
 or commercial agent, holding commission under the government 
 of the United States, or before any notary public of the foreign 
 country in which the applicant may be. 
 
 Sec. 31. And be it further enacted, That on the filing of any 
 such application and the payment of the duty required by law, 
 the commissioner shall cause an examination to be made of the 
 
79 
 
 alleged new invention or discovery ; and if on such examina- 
 tion it shall appear that the claimant is justly entitled to a 
 patent under the law, and that the same is suflSciently useful 
 and important, the commissioner shall issue a patent therefor. 
 
 Sec. 32. And be it further enacted, That all applications for 
 patents shall be completed and prepared for examination within 
 two years after the filing of the petition, and in default thereof, 
 or upon failure of the applicant to prosecute the same within 
 two years after any action therein, of which notice shall have 
 been given to the applicant, they shall be regarded as abandoned 
 by the parties thereto, unless it be shown to the satisfaction 
 of the Commissioner that such delay was unavoidable. 
 
 Sec. 33. And be it further enacted, That patents may be granted 
 and issued or re-issued to the assignee of the inventor or dis- 
 coverer, the assignment thereof being first entered on record 
 in the Patent OflBce ; but in such case the application for the 
 patent shall be made, and the specification sworn to, by the 
 inventor or discoverer ; and also, if he be living, in case of an 
 application for re-issue. 
 
 Sec. 34. And be it further enacted. That when any person, 
 having made any new invention or discovery for which a patent 
 might have been granted, dies before a patent is granted, the 
 right of applying for and obtaining the patent shall devolve on 
 his executor or administrator, in trust for the heirs at law of the 
 deceased, in case he shall have died intestate ; or if he shall 
 have left a will, disposing of the same, then in trust for his 
 devisees, in as full manner and on the same terms and condi- 
 tions as the same might have been claimed or enjoyed by him 
 in his lifetime ; and when the application shall be made by 
 such legal representatives, the oath or afiftrmation required to 
 be made shall be so varied in form that it can be made by them. 
 
 Sec. 35. And be it further enacted, That any person who has 
 an interest in an invention or discovery, whether as inventor, 
 discoverer, or assignee, for which a patent was ordered to issue 
 upon the payment of the final fee, but who has failed to make 
 payment thereof within six months from the time at which it 
 was passed and allowed, and notice thereof was sent to the 
 
80 
 
 applicant or his agent, shall have a right to make an applica- 
 tion for a patent for such invention or discovery the same as in 
 the case of an original application : Provided, That the second 
 application be made within two years after the allowance of 
 the original application. But no person shall be held respon- 
 sible in damages for the manufacture or use of any article or 
 thing for which a patent, as aforesaid, was ordered to issue, 
 prior to the issue thereof : And provided, further, That when an 
 application for a patent has been rejected or withdrawn, prior 
 to the passage of this act, the applicant shall have six months 
 from the date of such passage to renew his application, or to 
 file a new one , and if he omit to do either, his application 
 shall be held to have been abandoned. Upon the hearing of 
 such renewed applications abandonment shall be considered as 
 a question of fact. 
 
 Sec. 36. And be it further enacted, That every patent or any 
 interest therein shall be assignable in law, by an instrument in 
 writing ; and the patentee or his assigns or legal representa- 
 tives may, in like manner, grant and convey an exclusive right 
 under his patent to the whole or any specified part of the United 
 States ; and said assignment, grant, or conveyance, shall be 
 void as against any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee for a 
 valuable consideration, without notice, unless it is recorded in 
 the Patent Office within three months from the date thereof. 
 
 Sec. 37. And be it further enacted. That every person who 
 may have purchased of the inventor, or with his knowledge 
 and consent may have constructed any newly invented or dis- 
 covered machine, or other patentable article, prior to the appli- 
 cation by the inventor or discoverer for a patent, or sold or 
 used one so constructed, shall have the right to use, and vend 
 to others to be used, the specific thing so made or purchased, 
 without liability therefor. 
 
 Sec. 38. And be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty 
 of all patentees, and their assigns and legal representatives, 
 and of all persons making or vending any patented article for 
 or under them, to give sufficient notice to the public that the 
 same is patented, either by fixing thereon the word " patented," 
 
81 
 
 together with the day and year the patent was granted : or 
 when, from the character of the article, this can not be done, 
 by fixing to it or to the package wherein one or more of them 
 is inclosed, a label containing the like notice ; and in any suit 
 for infringement, by the party failing so to mark, no damages 
 shall be recovered by the plaintiff, except on proof that the 
 defendant was duly notified of the infringement, and continued, 
 after such notice, to make, use, or vend the article so patented. 
 
 Sec- 39. Afid be it further enacted, That if any person shall, in 
 any manner, mark upon anything made, used or sold by him for 
 which he has not obtained a patent, the name or any imitation 
 of the name of any person who has obtained a patent therefor, 
 without the consent of such patentee, or his assigns or legal 
 representatives ; or shall in any manner mark upon or afiix to 
 any such patented article the word •• patent" or "patentee," 
 or the words "letters-patent," or any word of like import. 
 with intent to imitate or counterfeit the mark or device of the 
 patentee, without having the license or consent of such patentee 
 or his assigns or legal representatives ; or shall in any manner 
 mark upon or affix to any unpatented article the word "patent," 
 or any word importing that the same is patented, for the pur- 
 pose of deceiving the public, he shall be liable for every such 
 offence to a penalty of not Less than one hundred dollars, with 
 costs ; one moiety of said penalty to the person who shall sue 
 for the same, and the other to the use of the United States, to 
 be recovered by suit in any district court of the United States 
 within whose jurisdiction such offence may have been com- 
 mitted. 
 
 Sec. 40. A/id be it further enacted. That any citizen of tlie 
 United States, who shall have made any new invention or dis- 
 covery, and shall desire further time to mature the same, may, 
 on payment of the duty required by law. file in the Patent 
 Office a caveat setting forth the design thereof, and of its dis- 
 tinguishing characteristics, and praying protection of his right 
 until he shall have matured his invention ; and such caveat 
 shall be filed in the confidential archives of the office and pre- 
 served in secrecy, and shall be operative for the term of one 
 
82 
 
 year from the filing thereof, and if application shall be made 
 within the year by any other person for a patent with which 
 such caveat would in any manner interfere, the Commissioner 
 shall deposit the description, specifications, drawings, and 
 model of such application in like manner in the confidential 
 archives of the office, and give notice thereof, by mail, to the 
 person filing the caveat, who, if he would avail himself of his 
 caveat shall file his description, specifications, drawings, and 
 model within three months from the time of placing said notice in 
 the post office in Washington, with the usual time required for 
 transmitting it to the caveator added thereto, which time shall 
 be indorsed on the notice And an alien shall have the privi- 
 lege herein granted, if he shall have resided in the United 
 States one year next preceding the filing of his caveat, and 
 made oath of his intention to become a citizen. 
 
 Sec. 41. And be it further enacted, That whenever, on exami- 
 nation, any claim for a patent is rejected for any reason what- 
 ever, the Commissioner shall notify the applicant thereof, giving 
 him briefly the reasons for such rejection, together with such 
 information and references as may be useful in judging of the 
 propriety of renewing his application or of altering his speci- 
 fication ; and if, after receiving such notice, the applicant shall 
 persist in his claim for a patent, with or without altering his 
 specifications, the Commissioner shall order a reexaminion of 
 the case. 
 
 Sec. 42. And be it further enacted, That whenever an applica- 
 tion is made for a patent which, in the opinion of the Commis- 
 sioner, Avould interfere with any pending application, or with 
 any unexpired patent, he shall give notice thereof to the appli- 
 cants, or applicant and patentee, as the case may be, and shall 
 direct the primary examiner to proceed to determine the ques- 
 tion of priority of invention. And the Commissioner may 
 issue a patent to the party who shall be adjudged the prior 
 inventor, unless the adverse party shall appeal from the deci- 
 sion of the primary examiner, or of the board of examiners- 
 in-chief, as the case may be, within such time, not less than 
 twenty days, as the Commissioner shall prescribe. 
 
83 
 
 Sec. 43. And be it further enacted, That the Commissioner may 
 establish rules fox- taking affidavits and depositions required in 
 cases pending in the Patent Office, and such affidavits and 
 depositions may be taken before any officer authorized by law 
 to take depositions to be used in the courts of the United 
 States, or of the State where the officer resides. 
 
 Sec. 4-4. And be it further enacted, That the clerk of any court 
 of the United States, for any district or territory wherein tes- 
 timony is to be taken for use in any contested case pending in 
 the Patent Office, shall, upon the application of any party 
 thereto, or his agent or attorney, issue subpoena for any witness 
 residing or being within said district or territory, commanding 
 him to appear and testify before any officer in said district or 
 territory authorized to take depositions and affidavits, at any 
 time and place in the subpoena stated ; and if any witness, 
 after being duly served with such subpoena, shall neglect or 
 refuse to appear, or after appearing shall refuse to testify, the 
 judge of the court whose clerk issued the subpoena may, on 
 proof of such neglect or refusal, enforce obedience to the pro- 
 cess, or punish the disobedience as in other like cases. 
 
 Sec. 45. And be it further enacted, That every witness duly 
 subpoenaed and in attendance shall be allowed the same fees 
 as are allowed to witnesses attending the courts of the United 
 States, but no witness shall be required to attend at any place 
 more than forty miles from the place where the subpoena is 
 served upon him, nor be deemed guilty of contempt for dis- 
 obeying such subpoena, unless his fees and travelling expenses 
 in going to, returning from, and one day's attendance at the 
 place of examination, are paid or tendered him at the time of 
 the service of the subpoena ; nor for refusing to disclose any 
 secret invention or discovery made or owned by himself. 
 
 Sec. 46. And be it further enacted, That every applicant for a 
 patent or the re-issue of a patent, any of the claims of which 
 have been twice rejected, and every party to an interference, 
 may appeal from the decision of the primary examiner, or of 
 the examiner in charge of interference, in such case to the 
 board of examiners-in-chief, having once paid the fee for such 
 appeal provided by law 
 
84 
 
 Sec. 47. And be it further enacted, That if such party is dis- 
 satisfied with the decision of the examiners-in-chief, he may, 
 on payment of the duty required by law, appeal to the Com- 
 missioner in person. 
 
 Sec. 48. And be it further enacted, That if such party, except 
 a party to an interference, is dissatisfied with the decision of 
 the Commissioner, he may appeal to the Supreme Court of the 
 District of Columbia, sitting in banc. 
 
 Sec. 49. And be it further enacted, That when an appeal is 
 taken to the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia the 
 appellant shall give notice thereof to the Commissioner, and 
 file in the Patent Ofl&ce, within such time as the Commissioner 
 shall appoint, his reasons of appeal, specifically set forth in 
 writing. 
 
 Sec. 50. And be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty 
 of said court, on petition, to hear and determine such appeal, 
 and to revise the decision appealed from in a summary way, on 
 the evidence produced before the Commissioner, at such early 
 and convenient time as the court may appoint, notifying the 
 Commissioner of the time and place of hearing, and the 
 revision shall be confined to the points set forth in the reason 
 of appeal. And after hearing the case, the court shall return 
 to the Commissioner a certificate of its proceedings and deci- 
 sion, which shall be entered of record in the Patent Office, and 
 govern the further proceedings in the case. But no opinion or 
 decision of the court in any such case shall preclude any per- 
 son interested from the right to contest the validity of such 
 patent in any court wherein the same may be called in question. 
 
 Sec. 51 And be it further enacted. That on receiving notice 
 of the time and place of hearing such appeal, the Commissioner 
 shall notify all ])arties who appear to be interested therein, in 
 such manner as the court may prescribe. The party appealing 
 shall lay before the court certified copies of all the original 
 papers and evidence in the case, and the Commissioner shall 
 furnish it with the grounds of his decision, fully set forth in 
 writing, touching all the points involved by the reasons of 
 appeal. And at the request of any party interested, or of the 
 
85 
 
 court, the Commissioner and the examiners may be examined 
 under oath in explanation of the principles of the machine or 
 other thing for which a patent is demanded. 
 
 Sec. 52. And be it further enacted, That whenever a patent on 
 application is refused, for any reason whatever, either by the 
 Commissioner or by the Supreme Court of the District of Col- 
 umbia upon appeal from the Commissioner, the applicant may 
 have remedy by bill in equity ; and the court having cognizance 
 thereof, on notice to adverse parties and other due proceedings 
 had, may adjudge that such applicant is entitled, according to 
 law, to receive a patent for his invention, as specified in his 
 claim, or for any part thereof, as the facts in the case may 
 appear. And such adjudication, if it be in favor of the right 
 of the applicant, shall authorize the Commissioner to issue such 
 patent, on the applicant filing in the Patent Ofl&ce a copy of 
 the adjudication, and otherwise complying with the requisitions 
 of law. And in all cases where there is no opposing party a 
 copy of the bill shall be served on the commissioner, and all 
 the expenses of the proceeding shall be paid by the applicant, 
 whether the final decision is in his favor or not. 
 
 Sec. 53. And be it further enacted, That whenever any patent 
 is inoperative or invalid, by reason of a defective or insufficient 
 specification, or by reason of the patentee claiming as his own 
 invention or discovery more than he "had a right to claim as 
 new, if the error has arisen by inadvertence, accident or mis- 
 take, and without any fraudulent or deceptive intention, the 
 Commissioner shall, on the surrender of such patent and the 
 payment of the duty required by law, cause a new patent for 
 the same invention, and in accordance with the corrected speci- 
 fication, to be issued to the patentee, or, in the case of his 
 death or assignment of the whole or any undivided part of the 
 original patent, to his executors, administrators, or assigns, for 
 the unexpired part of the term of the original patent, the sur- 
 render of which shall take effect upon the issue of the amended 
 patent; and the Commissioner may, in his discretion, caus& 
 several patents to be issued for distinct and separate parts of 
 the thing patented, upon demand of the applicant, and upon. 
 
86 
 
 payment of the required fee for a re-issue for each of such 
 re-issued letters-patent. And the specifications and claim in 
 every such case shall be subject to revision and restriction in 
 the same manner as original applications are. And the patent 
 so re-issued, together with the corrected specification, shall 
 have the effect and operation in law, on the trial of all actions 
 for causes thereafter arising, as though the same had been 
 originally filed in such corrected forms ; but no new matter 
 shall be introduced into the specification, nor in case of a 
 machine patent shall the model or drawings be amended, except 
 each by the other ; but when there is neither model nor draw- 
 ing, amendments may be made upon proof satisfactory to the 
 Commissioner that such new matter or amendment was a part 
 of the original invention, and was omitted from the specifica- 
 tion by inadvertence, accident, or mistake, as aforesaid. 
 
 Sec. 54. And be it further enacted, That whenever, through 
 inadvertence, accident, or mistake, and without any fraudulent 
 or deceptive intention, a patentee has claimed more than that of 
 which he was the original or first inventor or discoverer, his 
 patent shall be valid for all that part which is truly and justly 
 his own, provided the same is a material or substantial part of 
 the thing patented • and any such patentee, his heirs, or 
 assigns, either of the whole or any sectional interest therein, 
 may, on payment of the duty required by law, make disclaimer 
 of such parts of the thing patented as he shall not choose to 
 claim or to hold by virtue of the patent or assignment, stating 
 therein the extent of his interest in such patent; said dis- 
 claimer shall bo in writing, attested by one or more witnesses, 
 and recorded in the Patent OflSce, and it shall thereafter be 
 considered as part of the original specification to the extent 
 of the interest possessed by the claimant and by those claiming 
 under him after the record thereof. But no such disclaimer 
 shall affect any action pending at the time of its being filed, 
 except so far as may relate to the question of unreasonable 
 neglect or delay in filing it. 
 
 Sec. 55. And be it further enacted, That all actions, suits, con- 
 troversies, and cases arising under the patent laws of the 
 
87 
 
 United States shall be originally cognizable, as well in equity 
 as at law, by the circuit courts of the United States, or in any 
 district court having the powers and jurisdiction of a circuit 
 court, or by the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, or 
 of any territory ; and the court shall have power, upon bill in 
 equity filed by any party aggrieved, to grant injunctions accord- 
 ing to the course and principles of courts of equity, to prevent 
 the violation of any right secured by patent, on such terms as 
 the court may deem reasonable ; and upon a decree being ren- 
 dered in any such case for an infringement, the claimant shall 
 be entitled to recover, in addition to the profits to be accounted 
 for by the defendant, the damages the complainant has sus- 
 tained thereby, and the court shall assess the same or cause the 
 same to be assessed under its direction, and the court shall 
 have the same powers to increase the same in its discretion 
 that are given by this act to increase the damages found by 
 verdicts in actions upon the case ; but all actions shall be 
 brought during the term for which the letters-patent shall be 
 granted or extended, or within six years after the expiration 
 thereof. 
 
 Sec. 56. And be it further enacted, That a writ of error or 
 appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States shall lie from 
 all judgments and decrees of any circuit court, or of any dis- 
 trict court exercising the jurisdiction of a circuit court, or of 
 the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, or of any ter- 
 ritory, in any action, suit, controversy, or case, at law or in 
 equity, touching patent rights, in the same manner and under 
 the same circumstances as in other judgments and decrees of 
 such circuit courts, without regard to the sum of value in 
 controversy. 
 
 Sec. 57. And be it further enacted, That written or printed 
 copies of any records, books, papers, or drawings belonging to 
 the Patent Office, and of letters-patent under the signature of 
 the Commissioner or Acting Commissioner, with the seal of 
 office affixed, shall be competent evidence in all cases wherein 
 the originals oould be evidence, and any person making appli- 
 cation therefor, and paying the fee required by law, shall have 
 
88 
 
 certified copies thereof. And copies of the specifications and 
 drawings of foreign letters-patent, certified in like manner, 
 shall hQ prima facie evidence of the fact of the granting of such 
 foreign letters-patent, and the date and contents thereof. 
 
 Sec. 58. And be it further enacted, That whenener there shall 
 be interfering patents, any person interested in any of such 
 interfering patents, or in the working of the invention claimed 
 under either of such patents, may have relief against the inter- 
 fering patentee, and all parties interested under him by suit 
 in equity against the owners of the interfering patent ; and the 
 court having cognizance thereof, as herein before provided, or 
 notice to adverse parties, and other due proceedings had accord- 
 ing to the course of equity, may adjudge and declare either of 
 the patents void in whole or in part, or inoperative, or invalid 
 in any particular part of the United States, according to the 
 interest of the parties in the patent or the invention patented. 
 But no such judgment or adjudication shall efi^ect the rights of 
 any person except the parties to the suit and those deriving 
 title under them subsequent to the rendition of such judgment. 
 
 Sec. 59. And be it further enacted, That damages for the 
 infringement of any patent may be recovered by action on the 
 case in any circuit court of the United States, or district court 
 exercising the jurisdiction of a circuit court, or in the Supreme 
 Court of the District of Columbia, or of any territory, in the 
 name of the party interested, either as patentee, assignee, or 
 grantee. And whenever in any such action a verdict shall be 
 rendered for the plaintiff, the court may enter judgment thereon 
 for any sum above tlie amount found by the verdict as the actual 
 damages sustained, according to the circumstances of the case, 
 not exceeding three times the amount of such verdict, together 
 with the costs. 
 
 Sec. 60. And he it further enacted, That whenever, through 
 inadvertence, accident, or mistake, and without any willful 
 default or intent to defraud or mislead the public, a patentee 
 shall have (in his specification) claimed to be the original and 
 first inventor or discoverer of any material or substantial part 
 of the thing patented, of Avliich he was not the original and 
 
 J 
 
89 
 
 first inventor or discoverer aforesaid, every such patentee, his 
 executors, administrators, and assigns, whether of the whole 
 or any sectional interest in tlie patent, may maintain a suit at 
 at law or in equity for the infringement of any part thereof 
 which was bona fide his own, provided it shall be a material 
 and substantial part of the thing patented, and be definitely 
 distinguishable from the parts so claimed, Avithout right as 
 aforesaid, notwithstanding the specifications may embrace more 
 than that of which the patentee was the original or first inventor 
 or discoverer. But in every such case in which a judgment or 
 decree shall be rendered for the plaintiff, no costs shall be 
 recovered unless the proper disclaimer has been entered at the 
 Patent Office before the commencement of the suit ; nor shall 
 he be entitled to the benefits of this section if he shall have 
 unreasonably neglected or delayed to enter said disclaimer. 
 
 Sec. 61 And be it further enacted. That in any action for 
 infringement the defendant may plead the general issue, and, 
 having given notice in writing to the plaintiff or his attorney, 
 thirty days before, may prove on trial any one or more of the 
 following special matters : 
 
 First. That for the purpose of deceiving the public the de- 
 scription and specification filed by the patentee in the Patent 
 Office was made to contain less than the whole truth relative to 
 his invention or discovery, or more than is necessary to pro- 
 duce the desired effect ; or. 
 
 Second. That he had surreptitioiisly or unjustly obtained the 
 patent for that which was in fact invented by another, who was 
 using reasonable diligence in adapting and perfecting the same ; 
 or, 
 
 Third. That it has been patented or described in some printed 
 publication prior to his supposed invention or discovery 
 thereof: or, 
 
 Fourth. That he was not the original and first inventor or 
 discoverer of any material and substantial part of the thing 
 patented : or. 
 
 Fifth. That it had been in public use or on sale in this coun- 
 try for more than two years before his application for a patent, 
 or had been abandoned to the public. 
 
90 
 
 And in notice as to proof of previous invention, knowledge, 
 or use of the thing patented, the defendant shall state the 
 names of patentees and the dates of their patents, and when 
 granted, and the names and residences of the persons alleged 
 to have invented or to have had the prior knowledge of the 
 thing patented, and where and by whom it had been used ; and 
 if anyone or more of the special matters alleged shall be found 
 for the defendant, judgment shall be rendered for him with 
 costs. And the like defenses may be pleaded in any suit in 
 equity for relief against an alleged infringement ; and proofs of 
 the same may be given upon like notice in the answer of the 
 defendant, and with the like eflFect. 
 
 Sec. 62. And be it further enacted, That whenever it shall 
 appear that the patentee, at the time of making his application 
 for the patent, believed himself to be the original and first 
 inventor or discoverer of the thing patented, the same shall 
 not be held to be void on account of the invention or discovery, 
 or any part thereof, having been known or used in a foreign 
 country, before his invention or discove^'y thereof, if it had not 
 been patented, or described in a printed publication. 
 
 Sec. 63. A7id be it further enacted, That where the patentee of 
 an invention or discovery, the patent for which was granted 
 prior to the second day of March, eighteen hundred and sixty- 
 one, shall desire an extension of his patent beyond the original 
 term of its limitation, he shall make application therefor, in 
 writing, to the commissioner, setting forth the reason why such 
 extension should be granted ; and he shall also furnish a written 
 statement under oath of the ascertained value of the invention 
 or discovery, and of his receipts and expenditures on account 
 thereof, sufficiently in detail to exhibit a true and faithful 
 account of the loss and profit in any manner accruing to him 
 by reason of said invention or discovery. And said application 
 shall be filed not more than six months nor less than ninety 
 days before the expiration of the original term of the patent, 
 and no extension shall be granted after the expiration of said 
 original term. 
 
 Sec. 64. And be it further enacted, That upon the receipt of 
 
91 
 
 such application, and the payment of the duty required by law, 
 the commissioner shall cause to be published in one newspaper 
 in the city of Washington, and in such other papers published 
 in the section of the country most interested adversely to the 
 extension of the patent as he may deem proper, for at least sixty 
 days prior to the day set for hearing the case, a notice of such 
 application, and of the time and place when and where the 
 same will be considered, that any person may appear and show 
 cause why the extension should not be granted. 
 
 Sec. 65. And be it further enacted, That on the publication of 
 such notice, the commissioner shall refer the case to the prin- 
 cipal examiner having charge of the class of inventions to 
 which it belongs, who shall make to said commissioner a full 
 report of the case, and particularly whether the invention or 
 discovery was new and patentable when the original patent was 
 granted. 
 
 Sec 66 And be it further ejiacted, That the commissioner 
 shall, at the time and place designated in the published notice, 
 hear and decide upon 'the evidence produced, both for and 
 against the extension ; and if it shall appear to his satisfaction 
 that the patentee, without neglect or fault on his part, has 
 failed to obtain from the use and sale of his invention or dis- 
 covery a reasonable remuneration for the time, ingenuity, and 
 expense bestowed upon it, and the introduction of it into use, 
 and that it is just and proper, having due regard to the public 
 interest, that the term of the patent should be extended, the 
 said Commissioner shall make a certificate thereon, renewing 
 and extending the said patent for the term of seven years from 
 the expiration of the first term, which certificate shall be re- 
 corded in the Patent Ofl&ce, and thereupon the said patent shall 
 have the same effect in law as though it had been originally 
 granted for twenty-one years. 
 
 Sec. 67. And be it further enacted, That the benefit of the ex- 
 tension of a patent shall extend to the assignees and grantees 
 of the right to use the thing patented to the extent of their in- 
 terest therein. 
 
 Sec. 68. And be it further enacted, That the following shall be 
 the rates for patent fees: 
 
92 
 
 On filing each original application for a patent, fifteen dollars. 
 
 On issuing each original patent, twenty dollars. 
 
 On filing each caveat, ten dollars. 
 
 On every application for the re-issue of a patent, thirty dollars. 
 
 On filing each disclaimer, ten dollars. 
 
 On every application for the extension of a patent, fifty dollar?. 
 
 On the granting of every extension of a patent, fifty dollars. 
 
 On an appeal for the first time from the primary examiners 
 to the examiners-in-chief, ten dollars. 
 
 On every appeal from the examiners-in-chief to the Commis- 
 sioner, twenty dollars. 
 
 For certified copies of patents and other papers, ten cents per 
 hundred words. 
 
 For recording every assignment, agreement, power of attor- 
 ney, or other paper, of three hundred words or under, one dol- 
 lar; of over three hundred and under one thousand words, two 
 dollars; of over one thousand words, three dollars. 
 
 For copies of drawings, the reasonable cost of making them. 
 
 Sec. 69. A}id he it farther enacted, That patent fees may be 
 paid to the Commissioner or to the treasurer, or any of the 
 assistant treasurers of the United States, or to any of the desig- 
 nated depositaries, national banks, or receivers of public money 
 designated by the Secretary of the Treasury for that purpose, 
 who shall give the depositor a receipt or certificate of deposit 
 therefcr. And all money received at the Patent Office, for any 
 purpose, or from any source whatever, shall be paid into the 
 treasury as received, without any deduction whatever; and all 
 disbursements for said office shall be made by the disbursing 
 clerk of the Interior Department. 
 
 Sec. 70. And he it further enacted, That the treasurer of the 
 United States is authorized to pay back any sum or sums of 
 money to any person who shall have paid the same into the 
 treasury, or to any receiver or depositary, to the credit of the 
 treasurer, as for fees accruing at the Patent Office through mis- 
 take, certificate thereof being made to said treasurer by the 
 Commissioner of Patents. 
 
 Sec. 71. And he it further enacted, That any person who, by 
 
93 
 
 his own industry, genius, efforts, and expense, has invented or 
 produced any new and original design for a manufacture, bust, 
 statue, alto-relievo, or bas-relief; any new and original design 
 for the printing of woolen, silk, cotton, or other fabrics; any 
 new and original impression, ornament, pattern, print, or pic- 
 ture, to be printed, painted, cast, or otherwise placed on or 
 worked into any article of manufacture; or any new, useful 
 and original shape or configuration of any article of manufac- 
 ture, the same not having been known or used by others before 
 his invention or production thereof, or patented or described in 
 any printed publication, may, upon payment of the duty re- 
 quired by law, and other due proceedings had the same as in 
 cases of inventions or discoveries, obtain a patent therefor. 
 
 Sec. 72. A?id be it further enacted, That the Commissioner may 
 dispense with models of designs when the design can be suffi- 
 ciently represented by drawings or photographs. 
 
 Sec. 73. Afid be it further enacted, That patents for designs 
 may be granted for the term of three years and six months, or 
 for seven years, or for fourteen years, as the applicant may, in 
 his application, elect. 
 
 Sec. 74. A?id be it further enacted, That patentees of designs 
 issued prior to March two, eighteen hundred and sixty-one, 
 shall be entitled to extension of their respective patents for the 
 term of seven years, in the same manner and under the same 
 restrictions as are provided for the extension of patents for in- 
 ventions or discoveries, issued prior to the second day of March, 
 eighteen hundred and sixty-one. 
 
 Sec. 75. And be it further e7iacted, That the following shall 
 be the rates of fees in design cases : 
 
 For three years and six months, ten dollars. 
 
 For seven years, fifteen dollars. 
 
 For fourteen years, thirty dollars. 
 
 For all other cases in which fees are required, the same rates 
 as in cases of inventions or discoveries. 
 
 Sec, 76, And be it further enacted, That all the regu'ations 
 and provisions which apply to the obtaining or protection of 
 patents for inventions or discoveries, not inconsistent with the 
 provisions of this act, shall apply to j)atents for designs. 
 
94 
 
 Sec. 77. And be it further enacted, That any person or firm 
 domiciled in the United States, and any corporation created by 
 the authority of the United States, or of any State or territory 
 thereof, and any person, firm, or corporation resident of or lo- 
 cated in any foreign country which by treaty or convention 
 affords similar privileges to citizens of the United States, and 
 who are entitled to the exclusive use of any lawful trade-mark, 
 or who intend to adopt and use any trade-mark for exclusive 
 use within the United States, may obtain protection for such 
 lawful trade-mark by complying with the following require- 
 ments, to wit : 
 
 First. By causing to be recorded in the Patent Office the 
 names of the parties and their residences and place of business, 
 wlio desire the protection of the trade-mark. 
 
 Second. The class of merchandise and the particular descrip- 
 tion of" goods comprised in such class, by which the trade-mark 
 has been or is intended to be appropriated. 
 
 Third. A description of the trade-mark itself , with, fac similes 
 tlicreof, and the mode in which it has been or is intended to be 
 applied or used. 
 
 Fourth. The length of time, if any, during which the trade- 
 mark has been used. 
 
 Fifth. The payment of a fee of twenty-five dollars, in the 
 same manner and for the same purpose as the fee required for 
 patents. 
 
 Sixth. The compliance with such regulations as may be pre- 
 scribed by the Commissioner of Patents. 
 
 Seventh. The filing of a declaration, under the oath of the 
 person, or of some member of the firm, or officer of the corpo- 
 ration, to the eff"ect that the party claiming protection for the 
 trade-mark has a right to the use of the same, and that no other 
 person, firm or corporation has the right to such use, either in 
 the identical form, or having such near resemblance thereto as 
 might be calculated to deceive, and that the description a,nd fac- 
 similes presented for record are true copies of the trade-mark 
 sought to be protected. 
 
 Sec. 78. And be it further enacted, That such trade-mark shall 
 
95 
 
 remain in force for thirty years from the date of such registra- 
 tion, except in cases where such trade-mark is claimed for and 
 applied to articles not manufactured in this country and in 
 which it receives protection under the laws of any foreign 
 country for a shorter period, in which case it shall cease to 
 have any force in this country by virtue of this act at the same 
 time that it becomes of no effect elsewhere ; and during the 
 period that it remains in force it shall entitle the person, firm 
 or corporation registering the same to the exclusive use thereof 
 so far as regards the description of goods to which it is appro- 
 priated in the statement filed under oath as aforesaid, and no 
 other person shall law^fully use the same trade-mark, or sub- 
 stantially the same, or so nearly resembling it as to be calculated 
 to deceive, upon substantially the same description of goods : 
 Provided, That six months prior to the expiration of said term 
 of thirty years, application may be made for a renewal of such 
 registration, under regulations to be prescribed by the Commis- 
 sioner of Patents, and the fee for such renewal shall be the 
 same as for the original registration ; certificate of such renewal 
 shall be issued in the same manner as for the original registra- 
 tion, and such trade-mark shall remain in force for a further 
 term of thirty years: And provided further, That nothing in this 
 section shall be construed by any court as abridging or in any 
 manner affecting unfavorably the claim of any person, firm, 
 corporation or company, to any trade-mark after the expiration 
 of the term for which such trade-mark was registered. 
 
 Sec 79. And be it further enacted, That any person or cor- 
 poration who shall reproduce, counterfeit, copy, or imitate any 
 such recorded trade-mark, and affix the same to goods of sub- 
 stantially the same descriptive properties and qualities as those 
 referred to in the registration, shall be liable to an action in 
 the case for damages for such wrongful use of said trade-mark, 
 at the suit of the owner thereof, in any court of competent 
 jurisdiction in the United States, and the party aggrieved shall 
 also have his remedy according to the course of equity to enjoin 
 the wrongful use of his trade-mark and to recover compensation 
 therefor in any court having jurisdiction over the person guilty 
 
96 
 
 of such wrongful use. The Commissioner of Patents shall not 
 receive and record any proposed trade-mark which is not and 
 cannot become a lawful trade-mark, or which is merely the 
 name of a person, firm, or corporation only, unaccompanied by 
 a mark sufficient to distinguish it from the same name when 
 used by other persons, or which is identical with the trade- 
 mark appropriate to the same class of merchandise and belong- 
 ing to a different owner, and already registered or received for 
 registration, or which so nearly resembles such last-mentioned 
 trade-mark as to be likely to deceive the public: Provided, That 
 this section shall not prevent the registry of any lawful trade- 
 mark rightfully used at the passage of this act. 
 
 Sec. 80. Aiid he it further enacted, That the time of the receipt 
 of any trade-mark at the Patent Office for registration shall be 
 noted and recorded, and copies of the trade-mark and of the 
 date of the receipt thereof, and of the statement filed there- 
 with, under the seal of the Patent Office, certified by the Com- 
 missioner, shall be evidence in any suit in Avhich such trade-mark 
 shall be brouglit in controversy. 
 
 Sec. 81. And be it further enacted. That the Commissioner of 
 Patents is authorized to make rules, regulations, and prescribe 
 forms for the transfer of the right to the use of such trade- 
 marks, conforming as nearly as practicable to the requirements 
 of law respecting the transfer and transmission of copy-riglits. 
 
 Sec. 82. And be it further enacted, That any person who shall 
 procure the registry of any trade-mark, or of liimself as the 
 owner thereof, or an entry respecting a trade-mark in the Pat- 
 ent office under this act, by making any false or fraudulent 
 representations or declarations, verbally or in writing, or by 
 any fraudulent means, shall be liable to paj^ damages in conse- 
 quence of any such registry or entry to the person injured 
 thereby, to be recovered in an action on the case before any 
 court of competent jurisdiction within the United States. 
 
 Sec. 83. And he it further enacted. That nothing in this act 
 shall prevent, lessen, impeach, or avoid any remedy at law or in 
 equity, which any party aggrieved by any wrongful use of any 
 trade-mark might have had if this act had not been passed. 
 
97 
 
 Sec. 84. And be it further enacted, That no action shall be 
 maintained under the provisions of this act by any person 
 claiming the exclusive right to any trade-mark which is used 
 or claimed in any unlawful business, or upon any article which 
 is injurious in itself, or upon any trade-mark which has been 
 fraudulently obtained, or which has been formed and used with 
 the design of deceiving the public in the purchase or use of any 
 article of merchandise. 
 
 Sec. 111. And he it further enacted, That the acts and parts of 
 acts set forth in the schedule of acts cited, hereto annexed, are 
 hereby repealed, without reviving any acts or parts of acts re- 
 pealed by any of said acts, or by any clause or provision there- 
 in: Provided, however. That the repeal hereby enacted shall not 
 affect, impair, or take away any right existing under any of 
 said laws ; but all actions and causes of action, both in law and 
 in equity, which have arisen under any of said laws, may be 
 commenced and prosecuted; and, if already commenced, may 
 be prosecuted to final judgment and execution, in the same 
 manner as though this act had not been passed, excepting that 
 the remedial provisions of this act shall be applicable to all suits 
 and proceedings hereafter commenced: And provided also, That 
 all applications for patents pending at the time of the passage 
 of this act, in cases where the duty has been paid, shall be pro- 
 ceeded with and acted on in the same manner as though filed 
 after the passage thereof: And provided further. That all oflFenses 
 which are defined and punishable under any of said acts, and 
 all penalties and forfeitures created thereby, and incurred be- 
 fore this act takes effect, may be prosecuted, sued for, and re- 
 covered, and such offenses punished according to the provisions 
 of said acts, which are continued in force for such purpose. 
 
 Schedule of statutes cited and repealed, as printed in the Statutes at 
 Large, including such portions only of the approjjriation hills re- 
 ferred to as are applicable to the Patent Office. 
 
 Act of July 4. 1836, chapter 3-57, volume 5, page 117. 
 March 3, 1837, chapter 45, volume 5, page 191. 
 
98 
 
 Act of March 3, 1839, chapter 88, volume 5, page 353. 
 
 August 29, 1842, chapter 263, volume 2, page 543. 
 August 6, 1846, chapter 90, volume 9, page 59, 
 May 27, 1848, chapter 47, volume 9, page 231. 
 March 3, 1849, chapter 108, volume 9, page 395. 
 March 3, 1851, chapter 42, volume 9, page 617. 
 August 30, 1852, chapter 107, volume 10, page 75. 
 August 31, 1852, chapter 108, volume 10, page 209. 
 April 22, 1854, chapter 52. volume 10, page 276. 
 March 3, 1855, chapter 175, volume 10, page 643. 
 August 18,1856, chapter 129, volume 11, page 81. 
 March 2, 1861, chapter 88, volume 12, page 246. 
 March 3, 1863, chapter 102, volume 12, page 796. 
 June 25, 1864, chapter 159, volume 13, page 194. 
 March 3, 1865, chapter 112, volume 13 page 533. 
 June 27, 1866, chapter 143, volume 14, page 76. 
 March 29, 1867, chapter 17, volume 15, page 10. 
 July 20, 1868, chapter 177, volume 15, page 119. 
 July 23, 1868, chapter 227, volume 15, page 168. 
 March 3, 1868, chapter 121, volume 15, page 293. 
 
99 
 
 ABSTRACT 
 
 POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES. OF AMERICA. 
 
 CEJ^SUS OF 1870 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS.— Area, Y,800 square miles. 
 
 Barnst'ble... 32774 Essex 200843 Middlesex...274353 Suffolk 270802 
 
 Berkshire... 64827 Franklin 32635 Nantucket.. 4134 Worcester.. .192716 
 
 Bristol 102886 Hampden... 78409 Norfolk 89443 
 
 Dukes 3787 Hampshire 44388 Plymouth... 65365 Total... 1457351 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE Area, 9,380 square miles. 
 
 Belknap 17681 Coos 14982 Merrimac... 42151 Sullivan 18058 
 
 Carroll 17332 Grafton 39103 Rock'h'm ... 47298 
 
 Cheshire 27265 Hillsboro'. . 64328 Strafford 30242 Total 317710 
 
 OHIO— Area, 39,964r square miles. 
 
 Adams 21140 Favette 17181 Loraine 30138 Richland ... 31970 
 
 Allen 23547 Franklin 63524 Lucas 44193 Ross 37090 
 
 Ashland 21922 Fulton 17796 Madison 15636 Sandusky... 25566 
 
 Ashtabula... 32427 Gallia 25421 Mahoning... 30634 Scioto 28385 
 
 Athens 23889 Geauga 13084 Marion 16291 Seneca 30846 
 
 Auglaize 20043 Greene 29516 Medina 20082 Shelby 20754 
 
 BelmoDt 39913 Guernsey ... 23903 Meigs 31284 Stark 52703 
 
 Brown 30853 Hamilton... .260617 Mercer 17268 Summit 34986 
 
 Butler 39953 Hancock 23803 Miami 32747 Trumbull... 38354 
 
 Carroll 14501 Hardin 18615 Monroe 25813 Tuscara's ... 33836 
 
 Champa'n... 21210 Harrison ... 18640 Montgo'y.... 60409 Union 12793 
 
 Clark 32117 Henry 1-3928 Morgan 20247 Van Wert... 15709 
 
 Clermont ... 34308 Highland ... 29163 Morrow 18581 Vinton 15047 
 
 Clinton...... 21921 Hocking 17934 Muskin'm... 45200 Warren 26709 
 
 Columbia... 38655 Holmes 18176 Noble 19956 Washington 39979 
 
 Coshocton... 23647 Huron 28525 Ottawa 13244 Wayne 35634 
 
 Crawford ... 24588 Jackson 21859 Paulding... 8552 Williams.... 21028 
 
 Cuyahoga... 133105 Jefferson 29191 Perry 18465 Wood 24671 
 
 Darke 30972 Knox 25405 Pickaway... 24274 Wyandotte.. 18563 
 
 Defiance 15722 Lake 1.5953 Pike 15540 
 
 Delaware.... 25187 Lawrence... 39600 Portage 24194 Total ... 2652302 
 
 Erie 28206 Licking 37707 Preble 21833 
 
 Fairfield 31184 Logan 23084 Putnam 17104 
 
 OREGON— Area, 103,606 square miles. 
 
 Baker 2804 Curry 504 Linn 8717 Union 2552 
 
 Benton 4584 Douglas 6066 Marion 9966 Wasco' 2488 
 
 Clackara's ... 5993 Grant 2251 Multnomah.. 11510 Washington.. 4261 
 
 Clatsop 1254 Jackson 4778 Polk 4710 Yamhill 4989 
 
 Columbia.... 863 Josephine 1204 Tillamock.... 408 
 
 Coos 1644 Lane 6426 Umatilla...... 2916 Total 90878 
 
100 
 
 CONNECTICUT— Area, 4r,6'r4: square miles. 
 
 Fairfield 95272 Litchfield... 48727 NewHaven. 121257 Tolland 22000 
 
 Hartford 109006 Middlesex... 36099 NewLo'don. 66d3± Windham... 38518 
 
 Total 537417 
 
 "WISCONSIN— Area, 53,934: square miles. 
 
 Adams 6605 Douglas 1121 Manitowoc. ..33185 Sauk 23853 
 
 Ashland 221 Dunn....' 9422 Marathou .... 5885 Shawano 3165 
 
 Barron 538 Eau Claire. ..10893 Marquette ... 8018 Sheboygau... 31759 
 
 Bayfield 344 Fond du Lac.46247 Milwaukee...89956 St.Cruix 11035 
 
 Brown 25199 Grant 38564 Monroe 16551 Tremp'leau...l0731 
 
 Buffalo 11075 Green 23675 Oconto 8321 Vernon 18645 
 
 Burnett 776 Green Lake..l3165 Outagamie... 18434 Walworth. ...25967 
 
 Calumet 12329 Iowa 24532 Ozaukee 15568 Washington .23930 
 
 Chippewa 8345 Jackson 7707 Pepin 4661 Waukesha... .28324 
 
 Clark 34.50 Jefifen 
 
 Columbia 28820 Juneau . 
 
 ..34065 
 .12.394 
 
 Pierce 9995 tVaupaca 15559 
 
 Polk 3496 Waushara.... 11287 
 
 Crawford 13080 Konosha 13149 Portage 10751 Winnebago...37323 
 
 Dane 53404 Kewaunee ...10130 Rocine 26740 Wood 3912 
 
 Dodge 47012 La Crosse 20255 Richland 15332 
 
 Door 4922 Lafayette 22651 Rock 39034 Total 1055501 
 
 MAINE.— Area, 31,766 square miles. 
 
 Androsco'n. 35390 Kennebec ... 53202 Piscataq's.... 14095 York 60195 
 
 Aroostook... 30210 Knox.... 31831 Sagadaho\.. 18820 
 
 CumberlM... 82103 Lincoln 25670 Somerset.... 31614 Total 628719 
 
 Franklin 18609 Oxford 33.515 Waldo 34456 
 
 Hancock.... 36522 Penobscot... 70668 Washin'gn.. 43526 
 
 Alcona 
 
 Allegan 
 
 Alpena 
 
 Antrim 
 
 Barry 
 
 Basque Isle 
 
 Bay 
 
 Benzie 
 
 Berrian 
 
 Branch 
 
 Calhoun 
 
 Cass 
 
 Charlevoix . 
 Cheboygan., 
 Chippewa..,. 
 
 Clare 
 
 Clinton 
 
 Delta 
 
 Eaton 
 
 Adair 
 
 3983 
 
 Adams 
 
 4453 
 
 Allamakee. 
 
 16872 
 
 Appanoose. 
 
 16480 
 
 Audubon... 
 
 1212 
 
 Benton 
 
 22213 
 
 Blackhawk. 
 
 21306 
 
 Boone 
 
 14569 
 
 Bremer 
 
 12565 
 
 Buchanan .. 
 
 17042 
 
 MICHIGAN.— Area, 
 
 696 Emmett 1211 
 
 32106 G'd Trav'rse 4443 
 
 2756 Genesee 33900 
 
 198v5 Gratiot 11810 
 
 22202 Hillsdale.... 31684 
 
 355 Houghton... 13879 
 
 15900 Huron 9053 
 
 2184 Ingham 25268 
 
 35104 Ionia 27079 
 
 26226 Iosco 3163 
 
 36569 Isabella 4113 
 
 21094 Jackson 36050 
 
 1724 Kalamazoo. 32054 
 
 2190 Kalkaskia... 424 
 
 1689 Keewenaw.. 4205 
 
 366 Kent 50403 
 
 22845 L-ike 548 
 
 2441 Lapeer 21355 
 
 25172 Leelanaw... 4816 
 
 Decatur 11986 
 
 Delaware.... 17434 
 Des Moines. 27183 
 Dickinson... 1351 
 Dubuque.... 37879 
 
 Emmett 1-392 
 
 Fayette 16919 
 
 Floyd 10770 
 
 Franklin 4738 
 
 Fremont 10976 
 
 56,4:^3 square miles. 
 
 Lenawee.... 
 
 4.5596 
 
 Ontonagon. 
 
 2845 
 
 Livingston. 
 
 19336 
 
 Osceola 
 
 2073 
 
 Mackinaw... 
 
 1716 
 
 Oscoda 
 
 70 
 
 Macomb .... 
 
 27616 
 
 Ottawa 
 
 26649 
 
 Manistee ... 
 
 6074 
 
 Presque Isl 
 
 355 
 
 Manitou 
 
 891 
 
 Saginaw .... 
 
 39097 
 
 Marquette.. 
 
 15033 
 
 Sanilac 
 
 14562 
 
 Mason 
 
 3264 
 
 Shiawassee 
 
 20858 
 
 Mecosta 
 
 5643 
 
 St. Clair 
 
 36661 
 
 Menominee 
 
 1892 
 
 St. Joseph.. 
 
 26276 
 
 Midland 
 
 3285 
 
 Tuscola 
 
 13714 
 
 Missaukee.. 
 
 130 
 
 Van Buren 
 
 2882S 
 
 Monroe 
 
 27483 
 
 Wpshtenaw 
 
 41434 
 
 Montcalm .. 
 
 13629 
 
 Wayne 
 
 119041 
 
 Muskegon.. 
 
 14895 
 
 Wexford.... 
 
 650 
 
 Newago 
 
 7294 
 
 
 
 
 Oakland .... 
 
 40867 
 
 Total 1184653 
 
 Oceana 
 
 7222 
 
 
 
 Ogemaw .... 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 914: square miles. 
 
 
 Jones 
 
 10775 
 
 Poweshiek.. 
 
 15583 
 
 Keokuk 
 
 19497 
 
 Ringgold... 
 
 5684 
 
 Kossnth 
 
 3360 
 
 Sac 
 
 1455 
 
 Lee 
 
 37252 
 
 Scott 
 
 38559 
 
 Linn 
 
 28818 
 
 Shelby 
 
 2540 
 
 Louisa 
 
 13032 
 
 Sioux 
 
 577 
 
 Lucas 
 
 10401 
 
 Story 
 
 11662 
 
 Lyon 
 
 221 
 
 Tama 
 
 16073 
 
 Madison 
 
 13811 
 
 Taylor 
 
 6990 
 
 Mohaska.... 
 
 22178 
 
 Union 
 
 5987 
 
101 
 
 Buena Vista 1411 
 
 Greene 
 
 . 4635 
 
 Butler 
 
 . 9953 
 
 Gruudy 
 
 . 6475 
 
 Calhoun 
 
 . 1602 
 
 Gutbrie 
 
 . 7063 
 
 Carroll 
 
 , 2451 
 
 Hamilton... 
 
 . 6051 
 
 Cass 
 
 . 5464 
 
 Hancock,... 
 
 . 1007 
 
 Cedar 
 
 . 19702 
 
 Hardin 
 
 . 13054 
 
 Cerro Gordo ;^415 
 
 Harrison ... 
 
 . 8921 
 
 Cherokee..., 
 
 , 1967 
 
 Henry 
 
 . 21484 
 
 Chickasaw .. 
 
 . 10133 
 
 Howard 
 
 . 6281 
 
 Clarke 
 
 , 8736 
 
 Humboldt.. 
 
 . 2575 
 
 Clay 
 
 . 1523 
 
 Ida 
 
 . 226 
 
 Clayton 
 
 , 27779 
 
 Iowa 
 
 . 16613 
 
 Clinton 
 
 , 33994 
 
 Jackson 
 
 . 21462 
 
 Crawford.... 
 
 2612 
 
 Jasper 
 
 . 20787 
 
 Dallas 
 
 . 12020 
 
 Jefferson.... 
 
 . 17861 
 
 Davis 
 
 . 15537 
 
 Johnson .... 
 
 . 24968 
 
 
 ILMNOIS.-Area, 5 
 
 Adams 
 
 . 56116 
 
 Ford 
 
 . 9103 
 
 Alexander.. 
 
 ..10519 
 
 Franklin.... 
 
 . 12608 
 
 Bond 
 
 ,..12322 
 
 Fulton 
 
 . 38391 
 
 Boone 
 
 ..13007 
 
 Gallatin 
 
 . 11136 
 
 Brown 
 
 ..12212 
 
 Green 
 
 . 19665 
 
 Bureau 
 
 ..32430 
 
 Grundy 
 
 14974 
 
 Calhoun 
 
 . 6566 
 
 Hamilton... 
 
 13014 
 
 Carroll 
 
 . 16709 
 
 Hancock.... 
 
 . 35996 
 
 Cass 
 
 . 9651 
 
 Hardin 
 
 . 5113 
 
 Champa'n... 
 
 , 32738 
 
 Henderson. 
 
 . 12600 
 
 Christian.... 
 
 20362 
 
 Henry 
 
 . 35495 
 
 Clark 
 
 18721 
 
 Iroquois.... 
 
 . 25789 
 
 Clay 
 
 . 15886 
 
 Jackson 
 
 . 19643 
 
 Clinton 
 
 16280 
 
 JoDavies... 
 
 . 27831 
 
 Coles 
 
 , 2.5285 
 
 Jasper 
 
 . 11234 
 
 Co-'k 
 
 .350236 
 13897 
 
 Jefferson ... 
 Jersey 
 
 . 17914 
 
 Crawford.... 
 
 . 15054 
 
 Cumber'd... 
 
 . 12223 
 
 Johnson 
 
 . 11248 
 
 De Kalb 
 
 . 23275 
 
 Kane 
 
 . 39068 
 
 DeWitt 
 
 . 14781 
 
 Kankakee.. 
 
 . 24394 
 
 Douglas 
 
 Dii Page 
 
 Edgar- 
 
 Edwards..... 
 EflBngham.., 
 
 13494 
 16761 
 21449 
 7593 
 15609 
 
 Fayette 19693 
 
 Kendall 12398 
 
 Knox 39186 
 
 Lake 21033 
 
 LaSalle 61130 
 
 Lawrence.... 12536 
 Lee 27252 
 
 Marion 24452 
 
 Marshall 16709 
 
 Mills 8678 
 
 Mitchel 9524 
 
 Mocona 3699 
 
 Monroe 12813 
 
 Montgom'ry 5895 
 Muscatine... 21897 
 
 O'Brien 715 
 
 Osceola(withLyon i 
 
 Page 9977 
 
 Palo Alto... 1336 
 Plymouth... 1999 
 Pocahontas. 1448 
 
 Polk 27896 
 
 Pot'watme.. 16534 
 7,4:05 squai'e m 
 Livingston.. 34392 
 
 Logan 23149 
 
 Macon 26481 
 
 Macoupin.... 32771 
 
 Madison 44322 
 
 Marion 20650 
 
 Marshall .... 16959 
 
 Mason 16250 
 
 Massac 9581 
 
 McDon'gh... 26563 
 McHenry.... 23812 
 
 McLean 53948 
 
 Menard 11756 
 
 Mercer 19270 
 
 Monroe 13009 
 
 Montgo'ry... 25315 
 
 Morgan 28501 
 
 Moultrie. 
 
 Ogle 
 
 Peoria.. ., 
 
 Perry 
 
 Piatt 10896 
 
 Pike.. 30793 
 
 Pope 11441 
 
 Pulaski 9127 
 
 Putnam 6295 
 
 Van Buren.. 17695 
 
 Wapello 22152 
 
 Warren 17791 
 
 Washington 19223 
 
 Wayne 11288 
 
 Webster 10550 
 
 Winnebago 1572 
 Win'shiek... 23604 
 Woodbury... 6110 
 
 Worth 2892 
 
 Wright 2.390 
 
 Total 118ia59 
 
 12803 
 
 27539 
 36601 
 13723 
 
 Randolph. 
 Richland . 
 Rock Island 29842 
 
 Saline 12714 
 
 Sangamon... 46384 
 Schuyler.... 17419 
 
 Scott 10530 
 
 Shelby 25529 
 
 St. Clair 51069 
 
 Stark 10790 
 
 Stephenson. 30678 
 Tazewell.... 29850 
 
 Union 16555 
 
 Vermilion... 30-376 
 
 Wabash 8841 
 
 Warren 23070 
 
 Washington 17727 
 
 Wayne 19758 
 
 White 16840 
 
 Whiteside... 27512 
 
 Will 4-3020 
 
 Williamson. 17171 
 Winnebago. 29372 
 Woodford... 18980 
 
 Total 2529410 
 
 PENNSYIiVANIA.— Area 46,000 square miles. 
 
 Adams 30315 
 
 Allegheny...262383 
 Armstrong.. 43385 
 
 Beaver 36132 
 
 Bedford 286-36 
 
 Berks 1067-39 
 
 Blair .38051 
 
 Bradford 53109 
 
 Bucks 61997 
 
 Butler 3618-5 
 
 Cambria 36-572 
 
 Cameron 4273 
 
 Carbon 28208 
 
 Centre 33394 
 
 Chester 77824 
 
 Clarion 26542 
 
 Clearfield... 25779 
 
 Clinton 2-3213 
 
 Columbia... 28765 
 Crawford.... 63827 
 Cumberland 43885 
 
 Dauphin 60737 
 
 Delaware.... 39-541 
 
 Elk 8315 
 
 Erie 6-5977 
 
 Fayette 43284 
 
 Forest 4183 
 
 Franklin 45388 
 
 Fulton 9361 
 
 Greene 25893 
 
 Huntingd'n -312-52 
 
 Indiana 36123 
 
 Jefferson.... 21661 
 
 Lancaster.... 121426 
 Lawrence... 27298 
 
 Lebanon 34117 
 
 Lehigh 56792 
 
 Luzerne 160951 
 
 Lycoming... 47633 
 
 McKean 8826 
 
 Mercer 49981 
 
 Mifflin 17509 
 
 Monroe 18389 
 
 Montg'mry. 81612 
 
 Montour 1.53-34 
 
 Northamt'n 61403 
 Northum'ld 41440 
 
 Perry 2-5486 
 
 Philadel 673726 
 
 Potter 11424 
 
 SchuyikilJ.. 109325 
 
 Snyder 15606 
 
 Somerset ... 28233 
 
 Sullivan 6191 
 
 Susq'h'na... 37-530 
 
 Tioga 35102 
 
 Union 15568 
 
 Venango 47522 
 
 Warren 23897 
 
 Washington 48481 
 
 Wayne 33210 
 
 Westm'rld... 58699 
 Wyoming... 14585 
 York 76217 
 
 Juniata. 
 
 17491 Pike 8414 Total 3511-543 
 
102 
 
 NEW JERSEY.— Area, 3,330 square miles. 
 
 Essex 143850 Monmouth., 42821 Sussex 23242 
 
 Gloucester.. 21562 Morris 43137 Union 
 
 Atlantic 14093 
 
 Bergen 30124 
 
 Burlington. 57389 Hudson 128275 Ocean 13630 Warren 34338 
 
 Camden 46200 Hunterdon. 
 
 Passaic 46423 
 
 May 
 
 8499 Mercer 46386 Salem. 
 
 23940 Total... 903044 
 
 Cumberland 34658 Middlesex... 45034 Somerset .... 23512 
 
 RHODE ISIiAWD.— Area, 1,306 square miles. 
 
 Bristol 9421 Newport 20050 Washington 20097 Total 217356 
 
 Kent 18595 Providence 149193 
 
 DEIiATV^ ARE .—Area, 3,130 square m^iles. 
 
 29804 Newcastle... 63515 Sussex 31696 Total. 
 
 Kent., 
 
 125015 
 
 MARYLAND .—Area, 11,134: square miles. 
 
 Alleghany... 38544 
 Anne Arund 24513 
 Baltimore.. 330618 
 
 Calvert 9856 
 
 Caroline 12121 
 
 Carroll . 
 
 Addison 
 
 Bennington 
 Cii eilonia.... 
 
 Cecil 25888 
 
 Charles 15751 
 
 Dorchester.. 19598 
 
 Frederick... 47687 
 
 Harford 23308 
 
 Howard 14167 
 
 VERMONT 
 
 23484 Essex... 
 
 26710 
 
 21325 Franklin.... 30291 
 22247 Grand Isle.. 4082 
 Chittenden. 36486 Lamoille 12448 
 
 WEST VIRGINIA 
 
 Kent 17256 
 
 Moiitgomer. 20572 
 
 P. George's. 29957 
 
 Qu. Anne's.. 15033 
 
 St. Mary's... 15089 
 
 Somerset.... 18200 
 Area, 10,313 square miles. 
 .. 6811 Orange 23090 Windham.... 26036 
 
 Talbot 16157 
 
 Washington 34714 
 Wicomico.... 15S44 
 Worcester... 16472 
 
 Total 790095 
 
 Orleans 21035 Windsor 36064 
 
 Rutland 40671 
 
 Washington 26518 Total 330582 
 
 Area, square miles. 
 
 Barbour 9200 
 
 Berkeley.... 14900 
 
 Boone 4553 
 
 Braxton 6481 
 
 Brooke 5465 
 
 Cabell 6429 
 
 Calhoun 3000 
 
 Clay 2196 
 
 Doddridge... 7076 
 
 Fayette 6647 
 
 Gilmer 4339 
 
 Ornnt 4468 
 
 Greeubricr.. 13000 
 
 Hampshire.. 7643 
 
 Anderson 8704 
 
 Bedford 24334 
 
 Benton 8234 
 
 Bledsoe 4870 
 
 Blount 14237 
 
 Bradley 11652 
 
 Campbell 7445 
 
 Cannon 10502 
 
 Carroll 19643 
 
 Carter.* 7909 
 
 Cheatham.... 6678 
 
 Claiborne 9321 
 
 Cocke 12458 
 
 Coffee 10237 
 
 Cumberland.. 3461 
 Davidson . 
 
 Hancock 4363 
 
 Hardy 
 
 . 5.518 
 
 Monongalia 
 
 ia549 
 
 Harrison ... 
 
 . 14200 
 
 Monroe , 
 
 . 11124 
 
 Jackson 
 
 . 10300 
 
 Morgan 
 
 . 4315 
 
 Jeffer,son ... 
 
 . 13219 
 
 Nicholas .... 
 
 . 4458 
 
 Kanawaha. 
 
 . 22350 
 
 Ohio 
 
 , 28832 
 
 Lewis 
 
 . 11375 
 
 Pendleton... 
 
 , 6455 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 . 5053 
 
 Pleasants..., 
 
 , 3012 
 
 L')gan 
 
 , 5124 
 
 Pocahontas. 
 
 , 4036 
 
 McDowell... 
 
 . 1952 
 
 Preston 
 
 . 14554 
 
 Marion 
 
 , 13200 
 
 Putnam 
 
 . 7794 
 
 Marshall 
 
 . 13300 
 
 Raleigh 
 
 , 3673 
 
 Mason 
 
 . 15958 
 
 Randolph.... 
 
 5563 
 
 Mercer 
 
 . 7094 
 
 Ritchie 
 
 9055 
 
 ESSEE.- 
 
 -Area, 
 
 4:5,600 square 
 
 Franklin 
 
 ..14970 
 
 Lewis 
 
 .. 1986 
 
 Gibson 
 
 ..21700 
 
 
 ..28132 
 
 Giles 
 
 ,. 32413 
 
 Macon 
 
 ,. 6634 
 
 Granger 
 
 ..12461 
 
 Madison .... 
 
 ..23526 
 
 Greene 
 
 ...21668 
 
 Marion 
 
 .. 6868 
 
 Crundy 
 
 .. 3583 
 
 Marshall.... 
 
 ..16207 
 
 Hamilton... 
 
 ..17241 
 
 Maury , 
 
 ..36285 
 
 Hancock.... 
 
 .. 7148 
 
 McMinn .... 
 
 ..13969 
 
 Hardf man . 
 
 ..17700 
 
 McNairy.... 
 
 ..12727 
 
 Hardin 
 
 ...11769 
 
 Meigs 
 
 ,. 4412 
 
 Hawkins.... 
 
 ...15848 
 
 Monroe 
 
 ..12589 
 
 Haywood ... 
 
 ...25095 
 
 Montgomery 24788 
 
 Henderson. 
 
 ..14221 
 
 Morgan 
 
 .. 2969 
 
 Henry 
 
 ...20387 
 
 Obion 
 
 ..16684 
 
 Hickman.... 
 
 .. 9856 
 
 Overton .... 
 
 ..10988 
 
 Humphrey' 
 
 s. 9326 
 
 Perry 
 
 .. 6903 
 
 Roane 7232 
 
 Taylor 9367 
 
 Tucker....... 1907 
 
 Tyler 7830 
 
 Upshur 8023 
 
 Wayne 7852 
 
 Webster 1730 
 
 Wetzel 8595 
 
 Wirt 4805 
 
 Wood 19010 
 
 Wyoming.... 3571 
 
 Total 441094 
 
 miles. 
 
 Scott 4054 
 
 Sequatch'. ... 2.335 
 
 Sevier 11028 
 
 Shelby 48000 
 
 Smith 15994 
 
 Stewart 12029 
 
 Sullivan 131-36 
 
 Sumner. 23711 
 
 Tipton 14884 
 
 Union 7605 
 
 Van Buren... 2785 
 
 Warren 12716 
 
 Washington..l6318 
 
 Wavne 10209 
 
 Weakley 18200 
 
 White .: 9229 
 
103 
 
 Decatur 6200 Jackson 13797 Polk. 
 
 .. 7369 Wilson 2.5914 
 
 DeKalb 1142-5 Jeflferson 19476 Putnam 869S Williamson ..25354 
 
 Dickson 93KJ Johnson 5852 Rhea 4854 
 
 Dyer 13716 Knox 28994 Roane 15623 Total 1225937 
 
 Fayette 24300 Lauderle 108:39 Robertson ...16198 
 
 Fentress 4717 Lawrence 7600 Rutherford.. .39844 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 Accomack ...20409 
 Albemarle. ..27544 
 Alexandria ..16755 
 Alleghany ... .3674 
 
 Amelia 9878 
 
 Amherst 14900 
 
 Appnmat'x .. 8950 
 
 Augusta 28763 
 
 Bath 3793 
 
 Bedford 25327 
 
 Bland 4000 
 
 Botetourt 11329 
 
 Brunswick ..1.3427 
 Buchanan ... 3777 
 Buckingham 13369 
 
 Campbell 28-384 
 
 Caroline 15128 
 
 Carroll 9147 
 
 Chas. City ... 4977 
 
 Charlotte 14513 
 
 Chesterfield..l8470 
 
 Clarke 6670 
 
 Craig 2942 
 
 Culpepper ...12227 
 Cumberland.. 8142 
 Dinwiddie ...30703 
 
 Area, 
 
 Elizb. City... 8303 
 
 Essex 9927 
 
 Fairfax 129-52 
 
 Fauquier 19690 
 
 Floyd 9824 
 
 Fluvanna 9775 
 
 Franklin 20000 
 
 Frederick ....16-596 
 
 Giles 56-59 
 
 Gloucester ...10211 
 Goochland ...10-312 
 
 Grayson 7586 
 
 Greene 4634 
 
 Greencast 6-362 
 
 Halifax 27828 
 
 Hanover 164-56 
 
 Henrico 66017 
 
 Henry 12-303 
 
 Highland 4152 
 
 Isle of Wight 8320 
 James City... 4425 
 King&Queen 9709 
 King George. 5742 
 
 KingWm 7515 
 
 Lancaster 53-55 
 
 Lee 13268 
 
 61,353 square miles. 
 
 Loudon 20929 
 
 Louisa 16332 
 
 Lunenb'g 10403 
 
 Madison 8670 
 
 Matthews 7000 
 
 Mecklnb'g ...21318 
 Middlesex ... 4981 
 Montgomery 9385 
 
 Nansem'd 11.576 
 
 Nelson 13898 
 
 New Kent.... 4-378 
 
 Norfolk .......41.580 
 
 North'ptcn... 8046 
 North'land... 6863 
 
 Nottoway 9291 
 
 Orange 10-384 
 
 Page 8^63 
 
 Patrick 10161 
 
 Pittsylv'a ....31354 
 Powhatan ... 7667 
 P. Edward. ..12004 
 P. George ... 7820 
 P. William... 7505 
 Pr'cess Anne 8273 
 
 Pulaski 6-5-38 
 
 Rappah'nk... 8261 
 
 Richmond ... 6.503 
 
 RoanoLe 6.538 
 
 Rockbridge.. 5547 
 Rock'gham...2.3668 
 
 Russell 11108 
 
 Scott 130.36 
 
 Shenaudoah .14936 
 
 Smyth 8898 
 
 South'mptonl2285 
 Spottsvlv'a... 11728 
 
 Stafford 6420 
 
 Surry 5585 
 
 Sussex 7885 
 
 Tazewell 10791 
 
 Warren 5716 
 
 Warwick 1672 
 
 Washington..l6816 
 
 Westm'ld 7690 
 
 Wise 4785 
 
 Wythe 11611 
 
 York 7198 
 
 Total 1211442 
 
 NORTH CAROIilNA.— Area, 50,T04r square miles. 
 
 Almance 11874 
 
 Alexander... 6868 
 Alleghany... 3691 
 
 Anson 12428 
 
 Ashe 1412 
 
 Beaufort 13054 
 
 Bertie 12952 
 
 Bladen 128-32 
 
 Brunswick... 7757 
 
 Buncome 1.5419 
 
 Burke 9777 
 
 Cabarrus 119-54 
 
 Caldwell 8476 
 
 Camden 5361 
 
 Carteret 9010 
 
 Caswell 16081 
 
 Catawba 10984 
 
 Chatham 15723 
 
 Cherokee 8080 
 
 Chowan 64-50 
 
 Clay 
 
 Cleveland 12696 
 
 Columbus. ... 8474 
 Craven .20516 
 
 Cumberland 17036 
 
 Currituck 5131 
 
 Dare 2778 
 
 Davidson 17256 
 
 Davie 9620 
 
 Duplin 15542 
 
 Edgecomb ...22971 
 
 Forsvth 130.50 
 
 Franklin 14134 
 
 Gaston 12602 
 
 Gates 7724 
 
 Granville .....24831 
 
 Greene 8687 
 
 Guilford 217.58 
 
 Halifax 19000 
 
 Hartnett 8895 
 
 Haywood 7921 
 
 Henderson... 7705 
 
 Hertford 9273 
 
 Hyde 6445 
 
 Iredell 16931 
 
 Jackson 6683 
 
 Johnston 12713 
 
 Jones 5002 
 
 Lenoir 10436 
 
 Lillington .. 
 
 Lincoln 9573 
 
 Macon 6615 
 
 Mfidison 8192 
 
 Martin 9648 
 
 McDowell 7592 
 
 Mecklinb'g... 19181 
 
 Mitchell 4705 
 
 Montgom'y... 7487 
 
 Moore 12040 
 
 Nash 11077 
 
 N. Han over. .27978 
 Nnrth'mpt'n.l4749 
 
 Onslow 7.569 
 
 Orange 17.507 
 
 Pasquot/n'k.. 8131 
 Perquimans.. 4336 
 
 Person 11170 
 
 Pitt 17276 
 
 Polk 4.319 
 
 Randolph 17,5.S5 
 
 Richmond.... 12882 
 Robeson... 
 
 Rockingh'm. 7869 
 
 Rowan 16811 
 
 Rutherford...]3121 
 
 Sampson 16424 
 
 Stanly a315 
 
 Stokes 68.51 
 
 Surry 112.51 
 
 Transvlvania 3538 
 
 Tyrrei 4173 
 
 Union 12219 
 
 Wake .3-5619 
 
 Warren 1744S 
 
 Washington.. 6516 
 
 Watauga 5287 
 
 Wavne 14000 
 
 Wilkes 12-307 
 
 Wilson 122-58 
 
 Yadkin 10697 
 
 Yancey 5910 
 
 Totol 10169-54 
 
104 
 
 MISSISSIPPI.— Area, 47,156 square miles. 
 
 Adams 
 
 . 20000 
 
 Greene 
 
 . 2035 
 
 Alcorn 
 
 . 10481 
 
 Grenada .... 
 
 . 10571 
 
 Amite 
 
 . 12000 
 
 Hancock.... 
 
 . 4240 
 
 Attala 
 
 . 14774 
 
 Harrison.... 
 
 . 5794 
 
 Bolivar , 
 
 . 9732 
 
 Hinds 
 
 . 30478 
 
 Calhoun 
 
 . 10561 
 
 Holmes 
 
 . 19371 
 
 Carroll 
 
 . 2:671 
 
 Issaquena.. 
 
 . 6888 
 
 Chickasaw. 
 
 . 19891 
 
 Itawamba.. 
 
 . 7812 
 
 Choctaw .... 
 
 . 16000 
 
 Jackson 
 
 . 4363 
 
 Claiborne .. 
 
 . 13885 
 
 Jasper 
 
 . 10884 
 
 Clark 
 
 . 7505 
 
 Jefferson... 
 
 . 13848 
 
 Coahoma.... 
 
 . 7144 
 
 Jones 
 
 . 3313 
 
 Copiah 
 
 , 15400 
 
 Kemper 
 
 . 11700 
 
 Covington- 
 
 . 4753 
 
 Lafayette .. 
 
 . 16100 
 
 Davis 
 
 
 
 Lauderd'e.. 
 
 . 13462 
 
 De Soto 
 
 . 28800 
 
 Lawrence... 
 
 . 6720 
 
 Franklin,... 
 
 . 7198 
 
 Lake 
 
 . 9300 
 
 ARKAIVSAS.— Area, 
 
 Arkansas... 8268 Desha 6125 
 
 Ashley 8042 Drew 9960 
 
 Benton 18831 Franklin 9127 
 
 Boone Fulton.. 4843 
 
 Bradley 8046 Grant 3943 
 
 Calhoun 38;58 Greene 7573 
 
 Carroll 5780 Hempstead. 13768 
 
 Chicot 7214 Hot Springs 5877 
 
 Clark 11953 Indepencen 14566 
 
 Columbia... 11397 Izard ,. 6806 
 
 Conway 8112 Jackson 7268 
 
 Crawfurd.... 8957 Jefferson.... 15733 
 
 Crittenden.. 4900 Johnson 9152 
 
 Craighead... 4577 Lafayette... 9139 
 
 Cross 3915 Lawrence.... 5981 
 
 Dallas 5707 Little Paver 32:36 
 
 CAL,IFOR]VIA.— Area, 
 
 Alpine 685 Klamath.... 1674 
 
 Amador 9.5.S2 Lake 2909 
 
 Alameda.... 24287 Lassen 1327 
 
 Butte 11403 Los Angeles 15809 
 
 Calaveras.... 8895 Marin 6908 
 
 Colusa 6165 Mariposa.... 4592 
 
 ContraCosta 8461 Merced 2807 
 
 Lee 15954 
 
 Lowndes 30504 
 
 Madison 23300 
 
 Marion 4211 
 
 Marshall 29423 
 
 Monroe 22632 
 
 Neshoba 8300 
 
 Newton 9774 
 
 Noxubu 20905 
 
 Oktibbeha... 13000 
 
 Panolu 13800 
 
 Perry 2696 
 
 Pike 11303 
 
 Pontotoc 22100 
 
 Prentiss 9347 
 
 Rankin 12977 
 
 Scott 7848 
 
 53,198 square miles, 
 
 Simpson 5718 
 
 Smith 7126 
 
 Sunflower... 5015 
 Tallahat'e... 7852 
 
 Tippah 20727 
 
 Tishan'go... 24100 
 
 Tunica 5358 
 
 Warren 26763 
 
 Washingt'n 14569 
 
 Wayne 4206 
 
 Wilkinson... 15900 
 
 Winston 8984 
 
 Yalobusha.. 13254 
 Yazoo 2230O 
 
 Total 842056 
 
 Madison 7927 
 
 Marion 3979 
 
 Mississippi,. 3633 
 
 Monroe 8336 
 
 Montg'me'y 2984 
 
 Newton .3364 
 
 Ouachita 12975 
 
 Perry 2685 
 
 Phillips 14800 
 
 Pike 3788 
 
 Poinsett 1720 
 
 Polk 3376 
 
 Pope 8J09 
 
 Prairie 8800 
 
 Pulaski 32066 
 
 Randolph... 6200 
 188,981 square miles. 
 
 St. Francis.,, 6714 
 
 Saline ,3911 
 
 Scott 7483 
 
 Searcy .5614 
 
 Sebastian... 12940 
 
 Sevier 4492 
 
 Sharpe 
 
 Union 10571 
 
 Van Buren. 5107 
 Washington 17266 
 
 Wliite 10346 
 
 Woodruff.... 6891 
 Yell 8048 
 
 Total 473174 
 
 Del Norte... 
 ElDorado... 
 
 2022 Mendocino.. 7530 
 10809 Mono 430 
 
 Fresno 4605 Monterey.... 9881 
 
 Humboldt.. 2694 Napa 5521 
 
 Invo 1956 Nevada 19186 
 
 Kern 2925 Placer 11357 
 
 Plumas 4490 
 
 Sacramento 26S31 
 SanBer'd'no 3988 
 San Diego... 4798 
 San Francis.149482 
 San JoaqMn. 21050 
 San Luis Ob 4772 
 San Mateo... 6635 
 Santa Barba 7784 
 Santa Clara. 26246 
 Santa Cruz. 4944 
 
 Shasta 4173 
 
 Sierra 5939 
 
 Siskiyou 6859 
 
 Solano 16871 
 
 Sonoma 19821 
 
 Stanislaus.. 6499 
 
 Sutter 5030 
 
 Tehama 3387 
 
 Trinity .3213 
 
 Tulare 4521 
 
 Tuolumne... 8150 
 
 Yolo 9899 
 
 Yuba 10851 
 
 Tcti 
 
 .549808 
 
 MISSOURI.— Area, 67,380 square miles. 
 
 Adair 
 
 .. 11449 
 
 Daviess , 
 
 . 14410 
 
 Macon 
 
 . 23230 
 
 Andrew 
 
 . 15137 
 
 De Kalb 
 
 , 9858 
 
 Madison 
 
 5849 
 
 Atchison... 
 
 , 8440 
 
 Dent 
 
 . 6357 
 
 Maries 
 
 , 5915 
 
 Audrain.... 
 
 .. 12307 
 
 Douglas 
 
 . 3915 
 
 Marion 
 
 28776 
 
 Barry 
 
 .. 10373 
 
 Dodge 
 
 
 McDonald.., 
 
 , 5226 
 
 Barton 
 
 ., 5087 
 
 Dunklin 
 
 . 5982 
 
 Mercer 
 
 11557 
 
 Bates 
 
 . In960 
 
 Franklin.,.. 
 
 . 30098 
 
 Miller 
 
 . 6616 
 
 Benton 
 
 ., 11822 
 
 Gasconade,. 
 
 . 10093 
 
 Mississippi. 
 
 . 3713 
 
 Bollinger,, 
 
 .. 8162 
 
 Gentry 
 
 , 11607 
 
 Moniteau... 
 
 1133.5 
 
 B.vi;olds,... 3756 
 
 Kiplev 3175 
 
 St. Charles . 21304 
 
 St. Clair 6742 
 
 St. Francois 9741 
 Ste. Genev'vo 8384 
 St. Louis ....339774 
 
 Saline 21672 
 
 Schuyler 7987 
 
105 
 
 Boone 
 
 Buchanan... 
 
 Butler 
 
 Caldwell 
 
 Callaway.... 
 Camden... 
 CapeGir'd'u 
 Carroll 
 
 Carter 
 
 Cedar 
 
 Charlton.. 
 Christian. 
 
 Clark 
 
 Clay 
 
 Clinton ... 
 
 Cole 
 
 Cooper.... 
 Crawford. 
 
 Dade 
 
 Dallas ... 
 
 20765 
 26932 
 
 4298 
 11390 
 19202 
 6108 
 17558 
 17145 
 19296 
 .. 2100 
 .. 9174 
 .. 19135 
 .. 6707 
 . 13667 
 .. 15564 
 .. 14063 
 .. 10292 
 „ 20692 
 ,. 7982 
 ,. 8683 
 .. 8383 
 MINK 
 
 Greene 21549 
 
 Grundy 10567 
 
 Harrison.... 11635 
 
 Henry 17401 
 
 Hickory &152 
 
 Holt 11652 
 
 Howard 17233 
 
 Howell 4218 
 
 Iron 6278 
 
 Jackson 55041 
 
 Jasper 14929 
 
 Jefiferson .... 15380 
 
 Johnson 24649 
 
 Knox......... 10970 
 
 L;iclede 9380 
 
 Lafayette.... 22623 
 Lawrence.... 13067 
 
 Lewis 15114 
 
 Lincoln 14073 
 
 Linn; 15900 
 
 Livingston.. 10116 
 ESOTA.— Area, 
 
 Atkin 
 
 18 
 
 Faribault... 
 
 . 9390 
 
 Anoka 
 
 3940 
 
 Fillmore .... 
 
 ,. 24887 
 
 Beckel 
 
 308 
 
 Freeborn.... 
 
 . 10583 
 
 Beltrami 
 
 80 
 
 Goodhue.... 
 
 . 19214 
 
 Benton 
 
 1558 
 
 Grant 
 
 . 340 
 
 Big Stone... 
 
 no ret. 
 
 Hennepin.. 
 
 . 31566 
 
 Blue Earth. 
 
 17393 
 
 Houston.... 
 
 . 11661 
 
 Brec'nr'ge... 
 
 
 Isanti 
 
 . 350 
 
 Brown 
 
 6396 
 
 Itasca . 
 
 78 
 
 Buchanan... 
 
 Jackson 
 
 . 1825 
 
 Carlton 
 
 , 286 
 
 Kanabac... 
 
 93 
 
 Carver 
 
 11587 
 
 Kandiyohi , 
 
 .. 1760 
 
 Cass 
 
 . 184 
 
 Lac q.Parle 
 
 no ret. 
 
 Chisago 
 
 4358 
 
 Lake 
 
 . 135 
 
 Chippewa.... 
 
 no ret. 
 
 La Soeur.... 
 
 . 11607 
 
 Clav 
 
 . 92 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 . 3219 
 
 Cottonw'd 
 
 534 
 
 Lyon 
 
 no ret. 
 
 Crow Wing. 
 
 200 
 
 Mankahta,. 
 
 no ret. 
 
 Dakota 
 
 . 13841 
 
 Manonim... 
 
 no ret. 
 
 Dodge 
 
 . 8598 
 
 Martin 
 
 . 3867 
 
 Douglas 
 
 , 3500 
 
 McLeod 
 
 . 5643 
 
 SOUTH CAROmNA.-Ai 
 
 Abbeville ... 
 
 , 3129 
 
 Darlington, 
 
 ,. 20000 
 
 Anderson ... 
 
 , 22000 
 
 Edgefield... 
 
 ,. 40000 
 
 Barnwell,... 
 
 , 30000 
 
 Fairfield.... 
 
 . 19888 
 
 Beaufort.... 
 
 . 40000 
 
 Georgetown 16161 
 
 Charleston., 
 
 . 78090 
 
 Greenville.. 
 
 .. 20000 
 
 Chester 
 
 . 18000 
 
 Horry 
 
 .. 10721 
 
 Chesterfield 
 
 . 10593 
 
 Kenshaw... 
 
 .. 13000 
 
 Clarendon.. 
 
 . 13000 
 
 Lancaster.. 
 
 .. 12087 
 
 Calleton.... 
 
 . 40000 
 
 Laurens ... 
 
 .. 23000 
 
 Monroe 17149 
 
 Montgom'ry 10405 
 
 Murgan 8434 
 
 New^Madrid 6357 
 
 Newton 12821 
 
 Nodaway.... 14751 
 
 Oregon 3287 
 
 Osage 10793 
 
 Ozark 3363 
 
 Pemiscott... 2059 
 
 Perry 9877 
 
 Pettis 18706 
 
 Phelps 10506 
 
 Pike 23076 
 
 Platte 17319 
 
 Polk 12445 
 
 Pulaski 4714 
 
 Putnam 11217 
 
 Ralls 10510 
 
 Randolph... 15908 
 
 Ray 18700 
 
 95^,3 T4: square 
 
 McPhail no ret. 
 
 Meeker 6100 
 
 Mille Lacs... 1109 
 Monong'lia. 3161 
 Morrison.... 1899 
 
 Mower 10448 
 
 Murray 259 
 
 Nicollet 8380 
 
 Nobles 117 
 
 Olmstead.... 19793 
 Otter Tail... 221 
 
 Pembina 64 
 
 Pierce 
 
 Pine 648 
 
 Pipestone.. ..no ret. 
 
 Polk no ret. 
 
 Pope 2691 
 
 Ramsey 23086 
 
 Redwood 1829 
 
 Reneville... no ret. 
 Rice 16083 
 
 Scotland.., 
 
 ... 10G70 
 
 Scott 
 
 ... 7317 
 
 Shannon.., 
 
 ... 2339 
 
 Shelby 
 
 ... 10119 
 
 Stoddard . 
 
 ... 8535 
 
 Stone 
 
 .. 3253 
 
 Sullivan... 
 
 ... 11908 
 
 Taney 
 
 ... 4407 
 
 Texas 
 
 ... 9618 
 
 Vernon... 
 
 ... 11246 
 
 Warren.... 
 
 ... 9673 
 
 Washington 11719 
 
 Wayne ... 
 
 ... 6068 
 
 Webster .. 
 
 ... 10434 
 
 Worth 
 
 ... 5004 
 
 Wright.... 
 
 ... 5684 
 
 Total ... 
 
 ..1691693 
 
 miles. 
 
 St. Louis 4561 
 
 Scott 11042 
 
 Sherburne... 2050 
 
 Sibley 6725 
 
 Stearns 14206 
 
 Steele 8270 
 
 Stevens 187 
 
 Todd 1818 
 
 Toombs 
 
 Traverse no ret. 
 
 Wabashaw.. 15860 
 Wadenah.... 6 
 
 Wahnatah... 
 
 Waseca 7854 
 
 Washington 12490 
 Waterman.. 2426 
 
 Wilkin 295 
 
 Winona 22319 
 
 Wright 9457 
 
 Total 424543 
 
 Lexington... 15000 Sumter 28000 
 
 Marion 20000 Union 19000 
 
 Marlboro'gh 11819 Williamsb'g 15489 
 
 Newberry... 17783 York 23000 
 
 Oconee 10503 
 
 Orangeburg 25000 
 
 Pickens 10269 
 
 Richland.... 18000 
 Spartanburg 25785 
 
 Total 705789 
 
 NEW YORK.— Area, 47,000 square miles. 
 
 Albany 133109 Fulton 27056 Ontario 45220 Steuben 67996 
 
 Allegany.... 40764 Genesee 32209 Orange 81503 Suffolk 46960 
 
 Broome 44176 Greene 38403 Orleans 27822 Sullivan 34589 
 
 Cat'rrug's... 44924 Hamilton.... 2960 Oswego 78026 Tioga 30573 
 
 Cayuga 59513 Herkimer.... 39936 Otsego 48698 Tompkins.... 33168 
 
106 
 
 Chaut'cua... 59126 
 Chemung ... 85341 
 Chenango.... 40553 
 
 Clinton 
 
 . 48622 
 
 Cohimbia.., 
 
 .. 47087 
 
 Cortland..., 
 
 ,. 25220 
 
 Delaware- 
 
 ,. 42982 
 
 Dutchess... 
 
 .. 71887 
 
 Erie 
 
 ..176930 
 
 E5sex 
 
 ,. 29076 
 
 Franklin... 
 
 .. 30717 
 
 Appling.... 
 
 .. 5086 
 
 Baker 
 
 .. 4900 
 
 Baldwin ... 
 
 .. 10618 
 
 Banks 
 
 .. 4700 
 
 Bartow 
 
 ,. 16566 
 
 Berrien 
 
 .. 4518 
 
 Bibb 
 
 ,. 21255 
 
 Brooke 
 
 ,. 8342 
 
 Brvan 
 
 .. 5252 
 
 Bullock 
 
 ,. 5610 
 
 Burke 
 
 .. 17100 
 
 Butts 
 
 .. 6941 
 
 Calhoun.... 
 
 .. 5.503 
 
 Camden..... 
 
 .. 4611 
 
 Campbell.., 
 
 ,. 9176 
 
 Carroll 
 
 . 117.S2 
 
 Cass 
 
 
 Catoosa...... 
 
 ,. 4109 
 
 Chatham... 
 
 . 41270 
 
 Chat'ho'chi 
 
 e 6059 
 
 Chattooga. 
 
 .. 6902 
 
 Charlton... 
 
 .. 1897 
 
 Cherokee.., 
 
 .. 10399 
 
 Clarke 
 
 .. 12941 
 
 Clay 
 
 ,. 5493 
 
 Clayton 
 
 .. 5477 
 
 Clinch 
 
 ,. 3945 
 
 Colib 
 
 .. 13814 
 
 Coffee 
 
 .. 3192 
 
 Columbus., 
 
 ,. 11800 
 
 Colquitt.... 
 
 .. m54 
 
 Coweta 
 
 .. 14700 
 
 Crawford.., 
 
 .. 7555 
 
 Dade 
 
 .. 3033 
 
 Jefferson .... 64450 
 
 Kings .420292 
 
 Lewis 28452 
 
 Livingston.. 38321 
 
 Madison 43595 
 
 Monroe 117462 
 
 Montg'mry. 34510 
 New York... 926341 
 
 Niagara 50894 
 
 Oneida 110036 
 
 OnoDdaga....l04404 
 iRGIA.— Area, 5 
 
 Dawson 3800 
 
 Decatur 11900 
 
 DeKalb 10014 
 
 Dooley 9790 
 
 Dougherty.. 11517 
 
 Early 6998 
 
 Echolls 1400 
 
 Effingham... 47.)0 
 
 Elbert 10400 
 
 Emauuel 6134 
 
 Fannin 5429 
 
 Fayette 8221 
 
 Floyd 17233 
 
 Forsvth 7988 
 
 Franklin .... 7893 
 
 Fulton 33446 
 
 Gilmer 6644 
 
 Glasscock.... 2400 
 
 Glynn 5376 
 
 Gordon 9268 
 
 Greene 12454 
 
 Gwinnett.... 12431 
 Habersham. 6322 
 
 Hall 9300 
 
 Hancock 11317 
 
 Haralson ... 4004 
 
 Harris 1,3284 
 
 Hart 6783 
 
 Heard 7866 
 
 Henry 10700 
 
 Houston 20406 
 
 Irwin 1837 
 
 Jackson 10600 
 
 Jasper 10439 
 
 Putnam 12862 
 
 Queen 83847 
 
 llensselaer.. 99587 
 Richmond... 33044 
 Rockland ... 2-5163 
 St.Lawrence 84881 
 
 Saratoga 51513 
 
 Schcn'ct'dy. 21848 
 Schoharie... 33239 
 Schuyler.... 18219 
 
 Seneca 27844 
 
 8,000 square miles. 
 Jefferson 12190 Richmond .. 21200 
 
 Ulster 83657 
 
 Warren 22605 
 
 Washington 49342 
 
 Wayne 47720 
 
 W'tch'stT....132288 
 Wyoming.... 29176 
 Yates 19608 
 
 Total 4370846 
 
 Johnson 
 
 Jones 
 
 Laurens. 
 Lee 
 
 2964 
 9436 
 7834 
 9567 
 
 Liberty 12229 
 
 Lincoln 5413 
 
 Lowndes 8321 
 
 Lumpkin.... 5161 
 
 Macon 114.58 
 
 Madison 5227 
 
 Marion 8000 
 
 Mcintosh... 4191 
 Merriw'ther 13756 
 
 MuUer 1700 
 
 Milton 4284 
 
 Mitchell, 6633 
 
 Monroe 17213 
 
 Montgomr'y 35S6 
 
 Morgan 10696 
 
 Murr.ny 0500 
 
 Muscogee ... 16663 
 
 Newton 14315 
 
 Oglethorpe.. 11782 
 Paulding.... 7639 
 
 Pickens 5317 
 
 Pierce 2778 
 
 Pike 10905 
 
 Polk 7822 
 
 Pulaski 11940 
 
 Putuam 10461 
 
 Quitman.... 4150 
 
 Rabun 32.56 
 
 Randolph.,.. 9.500 
 
 Schley 5129 
 
 Schriven 8200 
 
 Spaulding .. 10205 
 
 Stewart 14205 
 
 Sumter 16-559 
 
 Talbot 11913 
 
 Taliaferro... 4793 
 
 Tatnall 4860 
 
 Tavlor 7143 
 
 Telfair 2700 
 
 Terrell 9053 
 
 Thomas 10700 
 
 Towns 2780 
 
 Troup 17632 
 
 Twiggs 8546 
 
 Union 5267 
 
 Upson 9430 
 
 Walker 9925 
 
 Walton 110-38 
 
 Warren ' 10,545 
 
 Ware 2286 
 
 Washington 1,5842 
 
 Wayne 2177 
 
 Webster 4677 
 
 White ,3,300 
 
 Whitfield... 10117 
 
 Wilcox 24,39 
 
 Wilkes 11799 
 
 Wilkinson... 9300 
 Worth 3787 
 
 Total 1174832 
 
 Anderson ... 
 Angelina ... 
 
 Atacosta 
 
 Austin 
 
 Bandera 
 
 Bastrop 
 
 Bee 
 
 Bell 
 
 Bexar 
 
 Blanco 
 
 Bosque 
 
 Bowie 
 
 Brazoria .... 
 
 TEXAS.— Area, 337,504: square miles. 
 
 Duvall 866 
 
 7528 Frio., 
 
 Eastland..., 
 Edwards... 
 
 Ellis 
 
 El Passo... 
 
 Ensinal 
 
 Erath 
 
 Falls 
 
 Faiinin 
 
 Fayette.... 
 Fort Bend . 
 Freestone.. 
 
 1541 
 
 Johnson 
 
 
 Refugio 2325 
 
 Kornes 
 
 
 Robertson... 
 
 Kaufman... 
 
 
 Rua« 
 
 Kendall 
 
 
 Sabine 
 
 Kerr 
 
 
 St.Augustlue 
 
 Kinney 
 
 
 San Patricio 602 
 
 Lamar 
 
 
 San Saba.... 
 
 Lampass.... 
 
 
 Shakleford.. 
 
 LaSalle 
 
 . 69 
 
 Shelby 
 
 Lavaca 
 
 . 9168 
 
 Smith 
 
 Leon 
 
 
 Starr 
 
 Liberty 
 
 Limestone.., 
 
 . 4413 
 
 Tarrant 
 
 Throckmort'n 
 
107 
 
 Brazos ...... 
 
 
 Galveston... 
 Gillespie .... 
 
 . 15290 
 
 Live Oak.... 
 Llano 
 
 . 852 
 
 Tittis 
 
 Travis 
 
 
 Brown 
 
 
 Buchanan.. 
 
 
 Goliad 
 
 
 McLennan.. 
 
 
 Trinity 
 
 
 Burleson.... 
 
 
 Gonzales ... 
 
 
 McMulIeu... 
 
 230 
 
 Tyler 
 
 5010 
 
 Burnett 
 
 
 Grayson 
 
 
 Madison 
 
 
 Upshur 
 
 
 Caldwell.... 
 
 
 Grimes 
 
 
 Mariou 
 
 
 Uvaklo 
 
 
 Calhoun 
 
 
 Guadalupe. 
 
 
 Mason 
 
 
 Van Zaudt. 
 
 
 Cainancqe.. 
 
 
 Hamilton .. 
 
 
 Matagorda. 
 
 
 Victoria 
 
 
 Cameron.... 
 
 
 Hardeman. 
 
 
 Maverick..., 
 
 
 Walker 
 
 
 Cass 
 
 
 Hardin 
 
 . 1460 
 
 Medina 
 
 
 Washington 
 
 I 
 
 Chambers.. 
 
 . 1503 
 
 Harris 
 
 . 1737 
 
 Milan 
 
 
 Webb 
 
 
 Cherokee... 
 
 
 Harrison.... 
 
 
 Montague... 
 
 
 Wharton.... 
 
 
 Clay. . 
 
 
 Hayes 
 
 Henderson. 
 Hidalgo 
 
 
 Montgomery 
 Nacogdoches 
 Navarro 
 
 Williamson 
 
 
 Coleman .... 
 
 
 
 Wise 
 
 
 Collin 
 
 Wilson 
 
 
 Colorado.... 
 
 
 Hill 
 
 
 Newton 
 
 2187 
 
 Wood 
 
 
 Comal 
 
 
 Hood , 
 
 
 Nueces 
 
 , 4193 
 
 Young , 
 
 
 Cooke 
 
 
 Hopkins 
 
 
 Orange 
 
 1255 
 
 Zapata 
 
 1488 
 
 Coryell 
 
 
 Houston .... 
 
 
 Palo Pinto., 
 
 
 Zavola 
 
 
 Dallas 
 
 
 Hunt , 
 
 
 Panola 
 
 
 
 
 Davis 
 
 
 Jack 
 
 
 Parker 
 
 
 Total 
 
 795500 
 
 Dawson 
 
 
 Jackson 
 
 
 Polk 
 
 
 
 
 Denton 
 
 
 Jasper 
 
 , 4218 
 
 Presidio 
 
 
 
 
 DeWitt 
 
 
 Jefferson.... 
 
 . 1906 
 
 Red River... 
 
 
 
 
 
 AliABAMA.— Area, 50,73^ square miles. 
 
 
 Autauga .... 
 
 
 Covington.., 
 
 
 Madison 
 
 
 Shelby 
 
 
 Baldwin 
 
 
 Dale 
 
 
 Marengo 
 
 
 St. Clair 
 
 
 Barbour 
 
 
 Dallas 
 
 
 Marion 
 
 
 Sumter 
 
 
 Bibb 
 
 
 De Kalb 
 
 Fayette 
 
 
 Marshall 
 
 Macon 
 
 
 Tallapoosa... 
 Talladega.... 
 
 
 Blount 
 
 
 Butler 
 
 
 Franklin 
 
 
 Mobile 
 
 
 Tuscaloosa.. 
 
 
 Calhoun 
 
 
 Greene 
 
 
 Montgomery 
 
 Walker 
 
 
 Chambers.... 
 
 
 Henry 
 
 
 Monroe 
 
 
 Washington 
 
 
 Cherokee.... 
 
 
 Jackson 
 
 
 Morgan 
 
 
 Wilcox 
 
 
 Choctaw 
 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 
 Perry 
 
 
 Winston 
 
 
 Clarke 
 
 Coffee , 
 
 
 Lawrence.... 
 Lauderdale. 
 
 
 Pickens 
 
 Pike 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 1 
 
 996175 
 
 Conecuh 
 
 
 Limestone... 
 
 
 Randolph ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lowndes 
 
 liOUISIAJfA.— Area, 
 
 Russell ...... 
 
 41,355 square miles. 
 
 
 
 
 Ascension.... 
 
 . 11577 
 
 Condordia... 
 
 9977 
 
 Morehouse.. 
 
 9431 
 
 St. J'hnBap. 
 
 8200 
 
 Assumpti'n. 
 
 13217 
 
 De Soto 
 
 14962 
 
 Natchitoch.. 
 
 18265 
 
 St. Landry.. 
 
 24681 
 
 Avoyelles... 
 
 12926 
 
 Feliciana E. 
 
 5623 
 
 Opelousas... 
 
 
 St. Martin's 
 
 9870 
 
 Bat. Rou. E. 
 
 , 17820 
 
 FelicianaW. 
 
 10498 
 
 Orleans 
 
 191322 
 
 St. Mary's... 
 
 13860 
 
 " " W. 
 
 7500 
 
 Franklin 
 
 5124 
 
 Ouachita.... 
 
 11582 
 
 St. Tam'ny. 
 
 5587 
 
 Bienville 
 
 , 10644 
 
 Grant 
 
 9500 
 
 Plaqu'min's 
 
 10557 
 
 Tangipao.... 
 
 7928 
 
 Bossier 
 
 12675 
 , 21719 
 
 Iberia 
 
 9042 
 12317 
 
 Point Coup . 
 Rapides 
 
 12981 
 18015 
 
 Tensas 
 
 Terrebonne. 
 
 12419 
 
 Caddo 
 
 Iberville 
 
 12451 
 
 Calcasieu.... 
 
 6733 
 
 Jackson 
 
 7616 
 
 Richland.... 
 
 5110 
 
 Union 
 
 11684 
 
 Caldwell 
 
 4824 
 
 Jefferson. ... 
 
 17767 
 
 Sabine 
 
 6457 
 
 Vermillion.. 
 
 4528 
 
 Cameron 
 
 1591 
 
 Lafayette... 
 
 10388 
 
 St. Bernard. 
 
 3553 
 
 Washingt'n 
 
 3380 
 
 Carroll 
 
 10110 
 
 Lafourche.... 
 
 14723 
 
 St. Charles.. 
 
 4868 
 
 Winn 
 
 4959 
 
 Cataheula... 
 
 8474 
 
 Livin2;ston.. 
 
 4029 
 
 St. Helena.. 
 
 5423 
 
 
 
 
 Claiborne ... 
 
 20240 
 
 Madison 
 
 16000 
 
 St. James... 
 
 10153 
 
 Total ' 
 
 734420 
 
 
 IIVDIANA,— Area, 33,809 square miles. 
 
 
 Adams 
 
 11342 
 
 Fulton 
 
 12717 
 
 Marion 
 
 65296 
 
 Shelby 
 
 21889 
 
 Allen 
 
 46416 
 
 Gibson 
 
 17353 
 
 Marshall 
 
 20377 
 
 Spencer 
 
 18001 
 
 Bartholm'w 
 
 22211 
 
 Grant 
 
 18499 
 
 Martin 
 
 11089 
 
 Starke 
 
 3890 
 
 Benton 
 
 5642 
 
 Greene 
 
 19192 
 
 Miami 
 
 21055 
 
 Steuben 
 
 12854 
 
108 
 
 Blackford... 6266 Hamilton.... 20894 Montg'mry. 23764 Sullivan 18351 
 
 Boone 22598 Hancock 15112 Monroe 14198 Switzerland 12131 
 
 Brown 8581 Harrison 20005 Morgan 17474 Tipton 11953 
 
 Carroll 16154 Hendricks... 20402 Newton 5826 Tippecanoe. 34703 
 
 Cass 24191 Henry 23036 Noble 20391 Union 6343 
 
 Clinton 17339 Howard 15850 Ohio 5837 Vanderberg. 33146 
 
 Clay 19086 Huntington 19038 Orange 13491 Vermillion.. 10893 
 
 Clarke 24116 Jackson 19413 Osven 16216 Vigo 34554 
 
 Crawford.... 9852 Jasper 6358 Parke 18195 Wabash 21313 
 
 Daviess 16742 Jay 1.5000 Perry 14759 Warren 10207 
 
 Dearborn.... 24118 Jefferson 29737 Pike 10844 Warwick .... 14568 
 
 Decatur 18888 Jennings.... 10212 Porter 1.3038 Washington 17497 
 
 De Kalb 16176 Johnson 18404 Posey 19185 Wayne 31865 
 
 Delaware.... 25284 Knox 
 
 Dubois 12596 Kosciusko. 
 
 21575 Pulaski 7822 Wells 13573 
 
 23929 Putnam 21508 White 10772 
 
 Elkhart 25993 Lagrange.... 11146 Randolph ... 22878 W^hitley 14501 
 
 Fayette 10494 Lake 12352 Ripley 20980 
 
 Floyd 23109 Laporte 27061 Rush 17621 Total 1655675 
 
 Fountain.... 16421 Lawrence ... 14497 St. Joseph... 25287 
 
 Franklin l!)r,13 Madison 22772 Scott 7873 
 
 KENTUCKY — Area,3T,G80 square miles 
 
 Adair 11065 Estill 9198 Laurel 6015 Pendleton... 14030 
 
 Allen 10296 Fayette 26656 Lawrence.... 8497 Perry, 
 
 Anderson... 5449 Fleming 12918 Lee 3055 Pike 
 
 Ballard 12576 Floyd 7877 Letcher 4608 Powell 
 
 Barren 17780 Franklin 15300 Lewis 9000 Pulaski.... 
 
 Bath 9566 Fulton 6161 Lincoln 10947 Robertson.. 
 
 Bouno 10696 Gallatin 5074 Livingston.. 8200 Rockcastle, 
 
 Bourbon...., 14863 Garrard 10376 Logan 20429 Rowan 
 
 Boyd 8507 Grant 9529 
 
 Boyle 9515 Graves 19399 
 
 4274 
 9562 
 2599 
 17669 
 5514 
 6535 
 2991 
 
 Lyon 0233 Russell 5809 
 
 McCracken. 13988 Scott 11607 
 
 Brack<m 11409 Grayson 11580 McLean 7013 Sbelby 15733 
 
 Breathitt.... 5672 Greene 9379 Madison 19543 Simpson 9573 
 
 Breckenr'ge 18141 Greenup 11463 Magoffin 4684 Spencer. 
 
 lullitt 7781 Hancock 6581 Marion 12840 Tavlor. 
 
 Butler 
 
 Caldwell.. 
 Callaway. 
 Campbell. 
 
 9404 Hardin 15705 Marshall. 
 
 94.57 Todd 
 
 5956 
 8267 
 12612 
 
 10826 Harlan 4415 Mason 18127 Trigg 13686 
 
 8262 Harrison. 
 27406 Hart., 
 
 12877 Meade 
 
 9486 Trimble 5577 
 
 13687 Menifee 1986 Union 13640 
 
 Carroll 6189 Henderson.. 18457 Mercer 13145 Warren 20761 
 
 Carter 7509 Henry 11066 Metcalfe 7934 Washington 12164 
 
 Casey 8884 Hickman.... 84.53 Monroe 9281 Wavne 10602 
 
 Christian.... 20802 Hopkins 13827 Montg-mery 7557 Webster 10937 
 
 Clarke 10882 Jackson 4,547 Morgan 5975 Wbitley 8278 
 
 Clay 71(X) J.llerson 118956 Muhlenberg 12638 WoUe 3603 
 
 Clinton 6381 Jessamine... 8638 Nelson 14804 Woodford... 8240 
 
 Crittenden., 9882 Johnson 7498 Nicholas 9129 
 
 Cumberland 7690 Josh Bell.... .3731 Ohio 22638 Total 1320407 
 
 Daviess 20714 Kenton 36096 Oldham 9027 
 
 E.hiionson... 44.59 Kno.x 8276 Owen 14309 
 
 Elliott 4433 Larue 8235 Owsley .3889 
 
 FliORIDA.— Area, .59,308 .square miles. 
 
 Alachner.... 17348 Gadsden 9794 Madison 11023 Sumter 2952 
 
 Baker 1825 Hamilton... .5739 Manatee 1899 Taylor 1452- 
 
 Bradford 3671 Hernando... 2989 Marion. 
 
 Brevard 1216 Hillsbor'ugh ,3216 Monroe. 
 
 Calhoun 998 Holmes Nassau.. 
 
 Clay 2099 Jackson 9-527 Orange.. 
 
 Columbia... 7325 Jefferson LS410 Polk 
 
 Dade Lafayette... 1873 Putnam. 
 
 Diivall 11932 Leon 15837 Santa Rosa.. 
 
 Volusa 1723 
 
 Wakulla 2506 
 
 4259 Walton 
 
 2194 Washington 2302 
 
 3196 
 
 .3821 Total 189995 
 
 Escamlda.. 
 
 Levv. 
 
 2018 St. John's... 2618 
 
 Franklin 2256 Liberty 1052 Suwanee 3591 
 
109 
 
 KANSAS.— Area, 78,418 squars miles. 
 
 Allen 
 
 Anderson ... 
 Atchison .... 
 
 Barbour 
 
 Barton 
 
 Boiirbon 
 
 Breckinr'ge 
 
 Brown 
 
 Butler 
 
 Chase 
 
 Cherokee.... 
 
 Clarke 
 
 Clay 
 
 Cloud 
 
 Coffee 
 
 Comanche... 
 
 Cowley 
 
 Crawford.... 
 
 Davis..... 
 
 Dickinson... 
 Doniphan.... 
 
 Dorn 
 
 Douglas 
 
 Ellis 
 
 Ellsworth... 
 
 Ford 
 
 Franklin 
 
 Graham 
 
 702.3 
 5220 
 15507 
 
 15076 
 
 6824 
 
 8035 
 
 1980 
 
 11047 
 
 2942 
 2328 
 6210 
 
 1175 
 
 8160 
 8998 
 3043 
 
 20604 
 1886 
 
 lias 
 
 10085 
 
 Greenwood.. 
 
 Godfrey 
 
 Gove 
 
 Harper 
 
 Hodgeman.. 
 
 Howard 
 
 Jackson 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 Jewell 
 
 Johnson 
 
 Kiowa 
 
 Labette 
 
 Leavenw'th 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 Linn 
 
 Lykins 
 
 Lyon 
 
 Madison 
 
 Marion 
 
 Marshall 
 
 McGhee 
 
 McPherson. 
 
 Miami 
 
 Mitchell 
 
 Montgjom'ry 
 
 Morris 
 
 Nemaha 
 
 Ness 
 
 3484 
 
 2794 
 6053 
 
 12526 
 207 
 
 13684 
 
 9496 
 
 32444 
 
 516 
 
 12174 
 
 8024 
 
 768 
 6904 
 
 II725 
 
 4,88 
 
 . 7564 
 
 2225 
 
 7339 
 
 2 
 
 Neosho 9610 
 
 Norton 
 
 Osage 7648 
 
 Osborne 33 
 
 Otoe 
 
 Ottawa 2127 
 
 Pawnee 179 
 
 Phillips 
 
 Pott'wat'mie 7848 
 
 Pratt 
 
 Reno 
 
 Republic .... 1281 
 
 Rice 5 
 
 Riley 5105 
 
 Rooks 
 
 Rush 1 
 
 Russell 156 
 
 Saline 4246 
 
 Sedgwick.... 1095 
 
 Shawnee 15121 
 
 Smith 66 
 
 Stafford 
 
 Sumner 
 
 Trego 166 
 
 Wabaunsee. 3362 
 
 Wallace 538 
 
 Washington 4081 
 
 Wilson 6694 
 
 Woodson 3827 
 
 Wyandott... 10019 
 
 Total 379497 
 
 NEBRASKA. 
 
 Total 116888 
 
 NEVADA. 
 
 Churchill ... 196 
 
 Douglass .... 1215 
 
 Esmeralda... 1553 
 
 Elko 3447 
 
 Humboldt... 1916 
 
 Lander 2S15 
 
 Lincoln 2185 
 
 Lyon 1837 
 
 Nve 1087 
 
 Ormsby 3668 
 
 Pahute 765 
 
 Roop 133 
 
 Sforoy 11359 
 
 Washoe 3091 
 
 White Pine. 7189 
 
 Total 
 
 42456 
 
110 
 
 TERRITORIES, 
 
 Arizona. 
 
 Mohave 179 
 
 Pima 5716 
 
 Yavapai 2142 
 
 Yuma 1621 
 
 Total 9658 
 
 Colox'ado. 
 
 Arauahoe ... 6829 
 
 Bent 592 
 
 Boulder 1939 
 
 Clear Creek 1596 
 
 Couejos 2479 
 
 Costello 1779 
 
 Douglas 1388 
 
 El Paso 987 
 
 Fremont.... 1064 
 
 Gilpin 5490 
 
 Greenwood. 510 
 
 Huerfano ... 2250 
 
 Jefferson.... 2390 
 
 Lake 522 
 
 Laiimer 838 
 
 Las Animas 4276 
 
 Park 447 
 
 Puebla 22ft5 
 
 Sagnache.... 304 
 
 Summit 258 
 
 Weld; 1478 
 
 Total 396S1 
 
 Dakota. 
 
 Bon Homme 608 
 
 Brookings... 163 
 
 Buffalo 
 
 Charles Mix 
 
 Clay 
 
 Denel 
 
 Hutchison... 
 
 Jayne 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 Minnehaha. 
 Pembina.... 
 
 Todd 
 
 Union 
 
 Yankton 
 
 Unorganized 
 
 246 
 152 
 2621 
 37 
 37 
 
 712 
 355 
 1213 
 337 
 3507 
 2097 
 2091 
 
 Jefferson.... 1531 
 Lewis & Clark 5041 
 
 Madison 2684 
 
 Meagher 1387 
 
 Missoula 2554 
 
 Total 14181 
 
 Idalio. 
 
 Ada 2675 
 
 Alturas 685 
 
 Boise 3833 
 
 Idaho 849 
 
 L°mhi 988 
 
 Nez Perces.. 1495 
 
 Oneida 1922 
 
 Owyhee 1713 
 
 Shoshone.... 722 
 
 Total 14882 
 
 Montana. 
 
 Beaver Head 722 
 
 Big Horn.... 38 
 
 Chouteau.... 517 
 
 Dawson J 77 
 
 Deer Lodge. 4364 
 
 Gallatin 1579 
 
 Total 20594 
 
 IVew Mexico. 
 
 Arizona 
 
 Bernalillo... 7569 
 
 Colfax 1993 
 
 Dona Anna.. 5863 
 
 Mora 8056 
 
 Rio Arriba.. 7641 
 
 Santa Anna 2124 
 
 Santa Fe.... 8930 
 
 San Miguel. 16021 
 
 Socorro 6410 
 
 Taos 9707 
 
 Valentia 8925 
 
 Total 86122 
 
 Utali. 
 
 Total 70000 
 
 "Washington. 
 
 Chehalis 401 
 
 Clallam 408 
 
 Clark 3081 
 
 Cowlitz 730 
 
 Island 626 
 
 Jefferson 1268 
 
 King 2120 
 
 Kitsap 866 
 
 Klikitat 329 
 
 Lewis 888 
 
 Mason 289 
 
 Pacific 738 
 
 Pierce 1409 
 
 Skamania.... 133 
 
 Swawamish 575 
 
 Stevens 734 
 
 Thurston.... 2246 
 
 Waukiakum 270 
 
 Walla Walla 5300 
 
 Whatcum.... 534 
 
 Yakima 432 
 
 Disputed Isls 524 
 
 23901 
 
 Indians 24 
 
 Total 23925 
 
 "Wyoming. 
 
 Albany 2021 
 
 Carbon 1368 
 
 Laramie 2957 
 
 Sweetwater 1916 
 
 Uintah 856 
 
 Total 9118 
 
 Di. Columbia. 
 
 Georgetown 11385 
 Washingt'n 109204 
 Bal. ofDis't 11117 
 
 Total 131706 
 
IIJDEX. 
 
 Air, qualities of, 31 ; capacity for mois- 
 ture, 34; vapors in spaces filled 
 with, 3J; composition of, 34. 
 
 Amazon river, 43 
 
 Amending and appealing, 19 
 
 Answers to letters, 3 
 
 Application by actual inventor, 17; 
 ft*eoD, 7; signing and witnessing, 
 12; not refused because known in 
 another country, IS 
 
 Assignee of invention, 7 
 
 Assignment, recorded, 7 ; require- 
 ments in regard to, 24 
 
 Astei-oids, 43 
 
 Atmosnhere, weight of, 38; height 
 of, S8 
 
 Atlantic ocean, depth of, 43 
 
 Australian patents, 64 
 
 Austrian patents, 70 
 
 Axle grease, 31 
 
 Bath metal, composition, 43 
 Bavarian patents, 6S 
 Belgium, patents in, 60 
 Bell metal, composition, 50 
 Benzole. 43 
 Book, object of, 3 
 Brass, coloring, 41 
 Bronzing wood, 44 
 Burns, remedy for, 51 
 
 Cannon ball, velocity of, -31 
 
 Carbon, 41 
 
 Caveat, 9; fee and receiving prece- 
 dence, 9 
 
 Cement, jewellers, 35; for steam 
 pipes, 42 
 
 Ceylon, patents in, 70 
 
 Circle, area of, 12 
 
 Cities of the U. S., population of, 58 
 
 Clouds, height of, 33 ; the cirrus com- 
 posed offtakes of snow, 33 
 
 Coal districts, products of, 50 
 
 Cold, artificial, 41 
 
 Colonies of England, patents in, 69 
 
 Compass, 40 
 
 Copyrights, cost, how obtained, 18 
 
 Coral, artificial, 38 
 
 Cords, strength of, 38 
 
 Correspondents, 10 
 
 Cuban patents, 66 
 
 Census, by counties, of every state, 99 
 
 D 
 
 Day and night, length of, 47 
 
 Denmark, patents in, 69 
 
 Dew, production of, -33 ; efi"ect on the 
 
 thermometer, 34 
 Diamond, refraction of, 36 
 Disclaimers, nature of, 24 
 Drawings of inventions, 27-28 ; ren- 
 dered permanent, 48 
 E 
 Earth, the weight of, 42; density 
 
 of, 50 
 East Indian patents, 69 
 Electricity, speed of, 12 
 Elements, number of, 40 
 Ellipsis, area of, 16 
 English patents, 63 
 Extensions, given when, cost etc., 22 
 
 F 
 Eac-similes of signatures, etc., 49 
 Fuel, effect of different kinds, 45; 
 
 table of power, 47 
 French patents, 63 
 G 
 Gases, expansion of, 34; absorption 
 
 of heat, 50 
 German principalities, patents in, 69; 
 
 German silver, 51 
 Glue, 41 : waterproof, 42 
 Gold lining, -39 
 Gravity, force of, 36 ; to find specific 
 
 41 
 Grease, removing, 35 
 Greece patents in, 69 
 Gun Cotton, 49 
 Gunpowder, force of, 36 ; composition 
 
 of, 33 
 Gutta-percha, to dissolve, 14 
 
 H 
 
 Hearing, 25 
 
 Heat, transmission of by various sub- 
 stances, 29 ; non-conductors, 36 ; 
 penetration of sun"s heat, 38 ; heat 
 of the human body, 49 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Holland, patents in, 65 
 
 Hood, Robert, experiments, 50 
 
 Hungarian patents, 65 
 
 Ice, 45 
 
 Iceland Spar, 49 
 
 Inclined plane, 56 
 
 Ink, 36; copying, 36, green and black, 
 87 
 
 Invention, abroad, 7 ; character of in- 
 ventions, 8; opinions in regard to, 
 8 ; while being reduced to practice, 
 9; progress of, 26; explaining, 27 
 and 28; the result of exertion. 49 
 
 Inventors, advice to, 6 ; may obtain 
 patent for any new result, 8; joint 
 inventors, 16 
 
 Interferences, what causes, etc., 23 
 
 Iron, tempering, 41 ; rust, 42 ; sheet, 
 43; product in the U. S.,51 
 
 Italian patents, 69 
 
 Ivoiy, to soften, 48 
 
 Lapsed cases, 20 
 
 Leap year, J6 
 
 Light, colored rays of, 40; velocity 
 
 of, 40 
 Lightning, reflection of 45 
 Liquids, pressure of, 37 ; expansion of 
 
 as compared with solids, 34 
 
 Machinery, laying out and estimating 
 cost, 25 
 
 Marble, to clean, 44; extracting oil 
 from, 44 
 
 Mechanics, 49; mechanical powers, 
 57 
 
 Mercury, 41 
 
 Metals, hard white, 49; reflecting 
 powers of, 29 ; hardness of, 4 ; con- 
 ducting powers ol, 29; radiating 
 powers of, 29 ; ductility and mallea- 
 bility of, 32 
 
 Model, 7,10 and 12; when required, 
 etc., 14 
 
 Moon, path of, 39 ; size of, 43 
 
 Motion, 39 
 
 N 
 
 Name, in full, 12 
 
 Norwegian patents, 68 
 
 New Zealand, patents in, 70 
 
 Oil, non-corroding, 46 
 
 P 
 Pacific ocean, depth of, 43 
 Paper, fire-proof, 42 ; copying, 42 
 Parchment, imitation of, 44 
 
 Patent, nature and effect of, 5 ; differ- 
 ent forms of securing, 5; applied 
 for in this country first, 8 ; cost and 
 directions in regard to, 11; design 
 patents 13; trade-marks, 15; to 
 women and minors, 17; foreign 
 patents, 61; United States patent 
 law, 72 
 
 Physical influences, uniform law in 
 regard to, 34 
 
 Platinum, 50 
 
 Polish for boots, etc., 50 
 
 Portugal, patents in, 68 
 
 Power, calculating, 37 ; man and horse 
 compared, 32 
 
 Preliminary examination, 10 
 
 Prussian patents, 66 
 
 Rain, average fall, 35 ; yearly fall, 44 ; 
 
 localities compared, 4-5 
 Re-issue, 7 ; object, cost, who may 
 
 obtain, etc., 21 
 Rejection, manufacture after, 10; 
 
 rejected cases, 20 
 Ropes and cables, strength of, 32 
 Rule No, 23 of Patent Office, 17 
 Russian patents, 65 
 
 Saxony, patents in, 67 
 
 Screw, the, 56 
 
 Sealing Wax, colored, 36 
 
 Silica, 41 
 
 Silver, 43; permanent black for, 44; 
 plated good.*, re-silvering, 47 
 
 Soldering, for brass ferrules, 47 
 
 Solvent, for putty, etc., 41 
 
 Somnambuli>m. curing, 39 
 
 Sound, travels, 12,37 ; through various 
 substances, 30; in lecture room, 37- 
 88 ; distance traversed by, 42 
 
 Spanish patents, 66 
 
 States of the Unii.n, population of, 60 
 
 Steel, strength of, 37 
 
 Suez Canal, jassage of, 39 
 
 Sun, eclipse of, 44 
 
 Tasmania, patents in, 71 
 
 Telescopes, first made, 44 
 
 Temperature, increase, 35 ; Arctic, .35 ; 
 of soil, 42: intensity of, 44; highest 
 and lowest recorded, 31 ; of space 
 above the earth's afmosplipre, 31; 
 average of different places, 33 
 
 Thermometers, comparative table, 51 
 
 Tide, difference in time, 4 
 
 Tortoise shell, soldering, 48 
 
 Trade Mark, cost, who may obtain, 
 etc., 15 
 
 Turkish patents, 66 
 
NDEX. 
 
 Vacuum, fall of bodies in, 40 ; boiling 
 point in, 42 
 
 Velocity of projectiles, 38; and force, 
 40 ; in vacuo, 40 
 
 Victoria, patents in, 70 
 W 
 
 Water, boils in vacuo, 32-42; boiling 
 point of, 35-51; raisiog, 35; dis- 
 charging, 37; weight of, 38; com- 
 position, 38 ; expansion of, 41 ; 
 amount of in human body, 43 ; table 
 of pi-essure, 46 ; distilled, 49 
 
 Water-wheels, calculating power of, 48 
 
 Waves, size of, 38 
 
 Weight of a cubic foot of various sub- 
 stances, 32 
 
 Wedge, 55 
 
 Weldable metals, 41 ; mixture for, Ui 
 
 Wheel and axle, 55 
 
 Wheels, toothed, making, 45 
 
 Windows, prismatic diamonds for, 45 
 
 Wires, strength of, 38 
 
 Woods, strength of, 4 ; after exposure 
 to water, 10; how to petrify, 32; 
 comparative economy of burning 
 green and dry, 33 ; weight of, 34 
 
 Writing machines, 49 
 
 Wurtemburg, patents in, 68