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PREFACE An analysis of the motives which have induced Evanstonians to join in the fur- nishing of material for this record of local history would afford evidence, not only of a feeling of obligation to the past and present, but also to future generations; and this, it is but just to say, has been the impelling force in the conception and preparation of this volume. Book-making is an expensive undertaking, and the limited sale v^hich a work treat- ing of a small community would obtain, would inevitably involve heavy financial re- sponsibilities. The publishers of that excellent work, "The Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois," have deemed it practicable to produce a special Evanston edition of that work embracing, as a feature of added interest and value, a supplemental volume largely devoted to Evanston history, prepared and edited by Evanstonians. The busi- ness management of the enterprise rests with the publishers who have had a long and successful experience in the publication of works of this character, and to whom great credit is due for successfully financing the cost of production and carrying to a faithful completion this important work. This history has been written in the belief that it is needed ; that man's immor- tal instincts revolt at the thought of the good of the past being buried in oblivion — that the fruitage of lives which have accomplished results, epitomized in the word "his- tory," should be forgotten — that lessons of faithful doing, accompanied by self-sacri- fice, zealous faith and daring courage little short of the heroic, should fail of their highest accomplishment by inspiration and example, because no one has recorded them — that present and future generations should be deprived of these teachings, examples and educational forces, simply for the want of a proper and available published record of many facts now having an existence only in the memory of individuals who cannot long remain, and whose passing away will place the foundation facts of our history beyond the reach of those who come after them. Hence this history, with the imperfections and shortcomings always incident to human authorship, yet the results of the best thought and intelligent efforts of many accomplished writers and contributors who have produced, in concise but comprehen- 1 sive form, a carefully prepared and faithful record of facts and events relating to the various topics assigned to them. Without attempting to enumerate all of them by name, I here wish to express my personal obligation to Robert D. Sheppard, D. D., as my Editorial Associate, and to each author for the faithful and intelligent service ren- dered in the preparation of this work, as well as the lasting debt of gratitude due to them from the home-loving and Evanston-loving people of to-day and the future. The conception that our city's history, together with the memoirs of its founders and builders, was deserving of record, received its first practical suggestion in the organization, about seven years ago, of the Evanston Historical Society, which is do- ing such noble work in its chosen field of research and collection of historical material. To the influence and labors of this association is due, not only the conception of the need of an authoritative published History of Evanston, but, in a large degree through the labors and co-operation of its members, the success which has attended the preparation of such a work. Believing that it will have a permanent value, not only to citizens of Evanston and Cook County, but to many others interested in State history, I herewith bring my labors in connection with the volume to a close, with thanks to my associates and co-laborers and hope that it will meet the expectation of its patrons and have for them an interest corresponding with the labor required in its preparation. ^ Tn ^^ \ FOREWORD The preface to this work, written by the late Hon. Harvey B. Hard, after the vari- ous manuscripts furnished by the many contributors were well in hand, quite fully sets forth the inception of this inidertaking and the potent influences leading thereto. It is self-evident that the preparation of so extended a history of Evanston was a more formidable task than originally contemplated, and unavoidable delays were experi- enced incident to receiving the completed manuscripts from some of our friends con- tributing the same, and still further delays were occasioned by the sending to each author a copy of the printer's proof of his or her portion of the work. To do this was thought important in order, first, that each writer might thus have a last opportunity to correct and make more complete his or her department ; and, second, that each chap- ter might, by this means, receive any necessary additions extending its scope to a more recent period. Credit is due to the publishers for the pecuniary outlay which they necessarily have borne, and for the great care evidently taken by them in the preparation of the whole work and in placing it in completed form before its readers. I have every reason to believe that the various chapters, furnished by about forty special contributors to the city's history, have been prepared with great care; that the completed work will constitute a valued addition to the library of all Evanstonians, and will be accorded a prominent place in the historical collections of Illinois. I N DEX CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY. The Evanston of 1905 — Seat of Learning and Gem Suburb of a Great Me- tropolis—Results Accomplished by Fifty Years of Development — Contrast Between Past and Present — First Township Organization Under Name of Ridgeville — Evanston Township Organized in 1857 — The Village Platted in 1854 — Later Changes in Township and Municipal Organization — Old Xaine of Ridgeville Township Re- sumed in 1903, with Boundaries Identical with City of Evanston — Garrett Biblical Institute Precedes the University — City Govern- ment Organized in 1892 — Early Evanston Homes and Their Occu- pants — Advent of the First Railroad — Career of Dr. John Evans 15-20 * CHAPTER II. OUR INDIAN PREDECESSORS. The First Evanstonians — Indian Relics — Stone Implements and What They Indicate — Early Explorers — Joliet, Marquette, La Salle and Tonty — Early Indian Tribes — The Iroquois, Illinois, and Pottawat- omies — Ouilmette Reservation and Family — The Fort Dearborn Massacre — Home of the Ouihnettes — Treaty of Prairie du Chien — Indian Trails and Trees on the North Shore — Aboriginal Camps and Milages — Indian Mounds and Graves — Reminiscences of Ear- ly Settlers — Important Treaties — An Englishman's Story of the Treaty of Chicago in 1833 21-52 CHAPTER in. NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY. The Beginning — First Meeting of the Founders of the University — Prime Movers in the Enterprise — Resolutions and Draft of Charter Adopt- ed— The Legislature Acts — First Board of Trustees — Organization Effected — Search for a Site for the New Institution — The Present Location at Evanston Finally Selected — Acquisition of Lands — Val- uable Real Estate in Chicago Retained as Part of the Endowment — Election of a President is Decided L'pon 53-59 CHAPTER IV. INSTITUTION IN DEVELOPMENT. Dr. Clark T. Hinman Chosen First President — Sale of Scholarships Begins — Career of the New President Cut Short by His Early Death — Town Site Platted and Named in Honor of Dr. John Evans — Gar- rett Biblical Institute Established — First Corps of College Profes- sors Elected — University Assets in 1854 — Four-Mile Anti-Liquor District Established by Act of the Legislature — Teaching Force of the University Increased — Dr. Evans' Land Policy — The Institution is Opened for Pupils — Some of the First Students 61-66 CHAPTER V. CONDITIONS IN 1856-1860. Trustees Meet in First University Building — Dr. R. S. Foster Elected the Second President — The Faculty Enlarged — Absorption of Rush Medical College Projected — Competitors Enter the Field — Professor Jones' "Fern. Sem." — President Foster Visits the University, but Obtains a Year's Leave of Absence — He Joins the Faculty in 1857 —The Assets of the Institution Increased to Nearly $316,000 — Re- inforcement of the Faculty — First Graduated Class in 1859 — ^Dr. Foster Resigns the Presidency and is succeeded by Dr. E. 0. Haven 67-72 CHAPTER VI. , PERIODS OF DEPRESSION AND GROWTH. Changes of Faculty — Charter Amendments Adopted — Effect of the Civil War on Number of Students — Accessions to the Faculty — Univer- sity Land Debt is Liquidated — Orrington Lunt Land Donation for Benefit of Library — University Hall Projected — Accession of Stu- dents and Teaching Force Following the War Period — New Prizes Serve as a Stimulus to the Students — First Honorary Degrees Con- ferred — Corporate Name is Changed — Professors' Salaries Increased and Erection of University Hall Prosecuted — A "Gold Brick" Dona- tion — Encouraging Financial Development — Death of Acting Pres- ident Noyes 73-7^ CHAPTER VII. A DECADE OF CHANGE. Chicago Medical College Merged in the University — A "Town and Gown" Contest — Dr. Erastus O. Haven Enters L'pon the Presidency — Women Admitted to College Classes — Addition to the Faculty — Greenleaf Library — Advent of College Journa'.ism — .Another Change in the Presidency — Dr. Haven Succeeded by Dr. C. H. Fowler — Increase of Students and Growth of College Catalogue — Co-Education Established and Miss Frances E. Willard Joins the Faculty — Gymnasium Erected — Financial Embarrassment — Presi- dent Fowler Retires and Dr. Oliver H. Marcy Becomes Acting President — The University Wins on the Taxation Issue — Life-Sav- ing Station Established "9-85 CHAPTER VIII. AN ERA OF PROGRESS. Dr. Joseph Cummings, the Nestor of Eastern Educators, Succeeds to the Presidency — Indebtedness Wiped Out and the Institution Enters Upon a More Prosperous Era — Munificent Gifts and Improvements — Changes in Faculty and Trustees — Illinois School of Pharmacy and School of Dentistry Added — Celebration of University Day Inaugurated — President Cummings' Successful Career and His Taking Away — Dr. Marcy Temporarily Assumes the Position of Acting President — Dr. Henry Wade Rogers Succeeds to the Pres- idency in 1890 — Other Changes and Improvements — Department Schools and Colleges — Real Estate Investments 87-91 \ CHAPTER IX. SOME SIDE ISSUES. Athletics and College Societies — Women's Educational Associations — "The Settlement" and the University Guild — Dr. Rogers Resigns the Presidency in 1899, and is Succeeded by Dr. Bonbright as Act- ing President — Long List of Notable Friends of the University Who Have Passed Away — Tribute to Their Memory — Dr. Edmund J. James' Two Years' Administration — - He is Succeeded by Dr. Abram W. Harris 93-98 CHAPTER X. NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL. Object of its Organization — Early Conditions and Methods of Medical Education — Dr. N. S. Davis Begins the Agitation for Graded In- struction and Longer Courses — Lind University Established in 1859 — Institution Affiliated with Northwestern University in 1869 — Changes of Name and Location — Growth, Present Conditions and Methods of Instruction — South Side Free Dispensary — Hospitals: Mercy, Wesley, St. Luke's and Provident — Clinical and other Ad- vantages — Influence of the Founders of the School Shown in its Growth and Character of its Graduates — Positions Won by its Alumni 99-I03 CHAPTER XI. NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY LAW SCHOOL. Historical Sketch — Law School Founded in 1859 — Hon. Thomas Hoj'ne Leads in Endowment of First Chair — Only Three Law Schools then West of the Alleghenies — First Faculty — Notable Faculty Members of Later Date — Union College of Law Result of Combination of Northwestern and University of Chicago — First Board of Mana- gers and First Faculty Under New Arrangement — University of Chicago Suspended in 1866 — Northwestern Assumes Control of Law School in 1891 — Subsequent History — Changes in Require- ments of Supreme Court as to Law Course — Present Home and Conditions — Acquisition of Gary Collection — Present Outlook 105-108 CHAPTER XII. NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY DENTAL SCHOOL. Dental Education as a Distinct Branch of Professional Training — First Dental School Established in 1839 — Development Due to State Leg- islation — Dental Schools in Eastern Cities — Chicago College of Den- tal Surgery Graduates its First Class in 1885 — Dr. Thomas L. Gil- mer Leads Movement for Establishment of Northwestern Univer- sity Dental School — Consolidation with American College of Dental Surgery — Dr. Theodore Menges Chief Promoter — First Faculty of the Consolidated School — Present Condition — Finds a Permanent Home in Historic Tremont House Building 109-115 CHAPTER XIII. UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF PHARMACY. Founding of School of Pharmacy in Connection with Northwestern Uni- versity — Promoters of the Movement — School Opened in 1886 — Its Extensive Equipment — Instruction Rooms and Laboratories — Num- ber of Students in Eighteen Years — They are Drawn from Practi- cally All the States and Territories — Present Location of the Institu- tion — Library and Value of Equipment — Annual E.xpenditures — Faculty of 1905 117-118 CHAPTER XIV. THE WOMAN'S MEDICAL SCHOOL. Demand for Higher Education for Women — First Steps in Founding Woman's Medical College — Promoters of Movement in Chicago — "Woman's Hospital Medical College" Founded in 1870 — First Fac- ulty — Story of "The Little Barn" — Career of Dr. Mary H. Thomp- son, Drs. Byford, Dyas and Others — Some Notable Graduates — A , Period of Struggle — Institution Reorganized in 1877 as Woman's Medical College — President Byford Dies in 1890 — Institution Affil- iated with Northwestern University — Is Discontinued in 1902 — Graduates in Foreign Missionary and Other Fields — Alumnae Or- ganization 1 19-129 CHAPTER XV. UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MUSIC. Sphere of Music in Higher Institutions — Its Influence or; Character and as the Hand-Maid of Religion— Higher Aspects of the Art — Its Growth in the Universities — History of its Connection with Ev- anston Educational Institutions — Northwestern Female College Merged into Evanston College for Ladies in 1871 — The Latter Be- comes a Part of Northwestern University in 1873 — Struggles, Changes and Growth of Later Years — Some Notable Teachers — In- crease in Roll of Pupils — Need of Ampler Buildings — Music Fes- tivals 131-148 CHAPTER XVI. UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ORATORY. Professor Cumnock as Founder — Growth and Standing Due to his Labors — First Class Graduated in 1881 — Its Aim and Branches Taught — Building Erected — Is Dedicated in 1895— Location and Description — Advantage over Private Institutions of Like Character — Training in English Composition and Rhetoric — Enrollment According to Last Catalogue — Promising Outlook for the Future 149-150 CHAPTER XVIL UNIVERSITY ATHLETICS. Evanston Life-Saving Crew — Tragic Fate of the Steamer "Lady Elgin" Leads to Its Organization — Its First Members — List of Notable Rescues — Service Rewarded by Issue of Medals to the Crew by Act of Congress — Baseball History — The Old Gymnasium — Tug of War Teams — Football Records— Athletic Field and Grand Stand — Track Athletics and Tennis Games 151-162 CHAPTER XVIII. GARRETT BIBLICAL INSTITUTE. Historical Sketch — Origin of the Institute Due to the Munificence of Mrs. Augustus Garrett — Building Erected in 1855 and Institute Opened in 1856 — Additional Buildings Erected in 1867 and 1887 — The Re- publican "Wigwam" of i860 Becomes the Property of the Institute — Reverse Caused by Fire of 1871 — Disaster Averted in 1897 — Growth of the Institute — Personal History — Large Number of the Alumni in Missionary and Other Fields — Members of the Faculty and Board of Trustees 163-167 CHAPTER XIX. EARLY DRAINAGE. First Steps in Organization of a Drainage System for Evanston — Natural Conditions — Early Legislation of 1855 — The Late Harvey B. Hurd Member and Secretary of First Board of Commissioners^Construc- tion of Ditches Begun — Drainage Amendment of the Present Con- stitution Adopted in 1878 — Extension of the System — Local Opposi- tion — A Tax Collector's Experience — A Flood Converts the Oppo- nents of the System 169-172 CHAPTER XX. PUBLIC UTILITIES. Area and Topography of the City of Evanston — The Drainage Problem — A Period of Evolution — Municipal Development — Electric Light System Installed — Street Improvements — Parks and Boulevards — The Transportation Problem — Steam and Inter-urban Railway Connections — Heating System — Telephone Service — Evanston as a Residence City 173-180 CHAPTER XXI. WATER SUPPLY— LIGHTING SYSTEM. Conditions Prior to 1874 — First Movement to Secure an Adequate Water Supply — Charles J. Gilbert Its Leader — Holly Engines Installed in 1874 and 1886 — Annexation of South Evanston — The Consolidated City Incorporated in 1892 — Increase in the Water Supply in 1897 — Source of Supply — Revenue — Extent of System — Street Lighting by Gas Introduced in 1871 — Introduction of Electric Lighting in 1890 — Installation of the Evanston- Yaryan Light and Heating Sys- tem 181-185 CHAPTER XXII. EDUCATION. The Public Schools of Evanston — Day of the Log School House — Early Schools and their Teachers — Sacrifice of School Lands -r- Present School Buildings — Township High School — Preliminary History — • School Opened in September, 1883 — Prof. Boltwood its First Princi- pal — Present School Building — ^lanual Training — A Moot Presi- dential Election — Drawing Department — List of Trustees 187-200 ,, CHAPTER XXIII. EVANSTON AUTHORS. Establishment of Northwestern University the Beginning of Evanston Lit- erary Life — Effect of the Gathering of Professors, Instructors and Students — Growth of Literary Activity — Some Notable Authors — Edward Eggleston and Frances E. Willard Begin their Careers in Evanston — Miss Willard's "A Classic Town" — Miss Simpson's Cata- logue of Evanston Authors for 1900 — Growth of Nine Years — Al- phabetical List of Authors with Bibliography and Biographical Rec- ords 201 -2 1 5 CHAPTER XXIV. LIBRARIES— PUBLIC AND PRIVATE. Evanston's First Library — Major Mulford the "Gentleman Pioneer of Evanston" — Some Specimens of His Librarj' — First Sunday School Library — Private Libraries of Today — Unique Collection of Curios — History of Evanston Free Public Library — Edward Eggleston Prime Mover in Its Founding — First Step in Organization — Later • History and Growth — Roll of Librarians and Other Officers — Cata- loguing and Library Extension — Internal Management and Condi- tions — Site for a Library Building Secured in 1904 — Carnegie Gift of $50,000 — Erection of New Building Commenced in June, 1906. . . 217-231 CHAPTER XXV. UNIVERSITY LIBRARY. First Step in the Organization of a University Library — President Foster's Gift — Advance of Fifty Years — The Greenleaf Library — University Library is Made a Depository for Government Publications — Re- cent Notable Donation's — Orrington Lunt Library Building is Dedi- cated in 1894 — The Orrington Lunt Library Fund — Internal Ad- ministration — List of Those Who Have Served as Librarians — Libraries of Garrett Biblical Institute and Professional Schools.... 233-236 CHAPTER XXVI. EVANSTON NEWSPAPERS. The Newspaper as a Necessity — Introduction and Growth of Local Jour- nals — The "Suburban Idea," The "Evanston Index" and Other Early Papers — Story of the "Evanston Press" — Advent of the Daily — Effect of the Chicago Printer's Strike of 1898 — Tem-ier- ance Organ — College Journals — A "Frat." and "Barb." Advertising Contest — Quarterly and Monthly Publications — High Standard of Evanston Journalism 237-243 CHAPTER XXVn. MEDICAL HISTORY. (regular.) Primitive Sanitary Conditions — Freedom from Malarial Diseases — Some Old-Time Physicians — Sketch of Dr. John Evans — Drs. Lud- - lam, Weller and Blaney — ■ Dr. N. S. Davis the Nestor of Medical Education — An Early Drug Store — Sketches of Later Day Phy- sicians — Drs. Webster, Bannister, Burchmore, Brayton, Bond, Phillips, Haven, Hemenway, Kaufman, and others — Evanston Physicians' Club 245-254 CHAPTER XXVIII. MEDICAL HISTORY. (homoeopathic.) First Case of Homoeopathic Treatment in Evanston — Successful Results — Early Homoeopathic Physicians — Dr. Hawkes First Local Prac- titioner — He is Followed by Dr. C. D. Fairbanks — Sketch of Dr. Oscar H. Mann — His Prominence in Local Educational, Of- ficial and Social Relations — Founding of the Evanston Hospital — Doctors ]\Iarcy, Clapp and Fuller — Roll of the Later Physicians and Surgeons 255-260 CHAPTER XXIX. EVANSTON HOSPITAL. The Evanston Benevolent Society — First Steps in Founding a Hospital — Organization is Effected in 189 1 — First Board of Officers — Medical Stafif — Fund and Building Campaign — Enlargement of the Institution Projected — Munificent Gift of Mrs. Cable — Other Donations — The Endowment Reaches $50,000 — Hospital of the Present and the Future — Internal Arrangement and Official Ad- ministration — List of Principal Donors — - Present Officers 261-274 CHAPTER XXX. LOCAL MUSICAL ORGANIZATIONS. Evanston as it Existed in 1856 — Primitive Church Music — War Songs — A Commencement Concert — The Hutchinson Family — Jules Lumbard — O. H. Merwin Becomes a Choir Leader — Other Notable Musicians — Evanston's First Musical Club — Some Fa- mous Teachers and Performers — Thomas Concert Class Organized — Mrs. Edward Wyman — Musical Department of Evanston Wo- man's Club — Women's Clubs as a Factor in Musical Training — Evanston Musical Club — Msennerchor Organized — Programs — Officers ■ 275-287 CHAPTER XXXI. EVANSTON BANKS. History of Evanston Banking Enterprises — Effect of the Chicago Fire — First Private Bank Established in 1874 — Incorporated as a State Bank in 1892 — First Officers of the New Institution — Growth of Deposits — It Successfully Withstands the Panic of 1893 — Pres- ent Officers ( 1906) — A First National Bank \'enture — ■ The Panic of 1893 Results in Disaster — ■ The City National Bank of Evanston Established in 1900 — First Officers and Leading Stockholders — Its Prosperous Career — Condition in 1906 289-293 CHAPTER XXXII. EVANSTON REAL ESTATE. Primary Geological Conditions — Early Roads — The Indian Trail — A Period of Growth — "The Path the Calf Made" — Influence of the University — Evanston Over-boomed — Effect of the Chicago Fire — Local Real Estate Rivalries — Notable Residences — The . Transportation Problem — The Park System — Taxation — Ev- anston Homes — Real Estate Values 295-302 CHAPTER XXXIIL EVANSTON ARCHITECTURE. Historic Progress — Influence of the Architect on the City's Growth — The "Georgian" Style Follows the Log and Grout Houses — Churches and Private Residences — -Advent of the Victorian Gothic Style — University Hall and Union Park Congregational Church — Architect G. P. Randall the Designer — Asa Lyons Evanston's First Resident Architect — Others who followed him — Descrip- tion of Some Notable Buildings and their Designers — Public Li- brary — Enumeration of Principal Private and Public Buildings.. 303-309 CHAPTER XXXIV. STREET NOMENCLATURE. Origin of Street and Avenue Names in Evanston — Village Platted in 1853 and Named for Dr. John Evans — Postoffice Previous- ly Known as Ridgeville, and Still Earlier as Gross Point — Ev- anston Postoffice Established in 1855 — Street Names Derived from Prominent Methodists, Early Residents or Noted Statesmen — History and Biography thus Incorporated in Street Nomencla- ture — System of Street and Avenue Numbering — List of Princi- pal Streets and Persons for \\niom Named 311-316 CHAPTER XXXV. THE FOUR-MILE LIMIT. Act Incorporating Northwestern L^niversity Amended — Prohibition Dis- trict Established — Sale of Spirituous Liquors Within Four Miles of the University Prohibited — Local Sentiment in Favor of the Law — Violations and Anti-Saloon Litigation — Citizens' League Organized — Supreme Court Decisions 317-321 CHAPTER XXXVI. HOMES AND HOME-MAKERS— 1846-1870. Some of the Early Homes of Evanston — IMen and Women Who Have Left Their Impress on the City's History — ■ What Evanston Owes to Its Early Home Builders — Historic Names on the City Map — • Abraham Lincoln and other Distinguished Visitors — • The Willard and Eggleston Families — Notable Workers in the Field of Religion, Education, Literature and the Arts 323-339 CHAPTER XXXVII. EVANSTON CHURCH HISTORY. Early Methodist Services in Grosse Point District — First Methodist Epis- copal Church Organized — • Some of the Pioneer Preachers — ■ Influ- ence of the Coming of Garrett Biblical Institute and Northwestern University — Notable Ministers of a Later Date — Central M. E. Church — List of Pastors — Norwegian-Danish and Swedish M. E. Churches — Hemenway, Wheadon and Emmanuel Churches — First Baptist Church — Its Founders and List of Pastors — • History of Presbyterianism — First and Second Presbyterian Churches — Pastors and Auxiliary Societies — St. Mark's Episcopal Church — List of Pastors — St. Matthews Alission — St. Mary's Catholic Church, Schools and Related Associations — Congregational Church and Auxiliary Organizations — Bethlehem German Evangelical, Norwegian-Danish and Swedish Lutheran Churches — Evanston Christian Church and Its History — Church of Christ (Scientist).. 341-389 CHAPTER XXXVni. YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION. Evanston Young Men's Christian Association — Organization Effected in 1885 — First Board of Officers — General History — ■ Association Building Erected and Dedicated in 1898 — Gymnasium and Nata- torium Constructed — List of Former and Present Officers 391-393 CHAPTER XXXIX. WOMAN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNIONS. Women's Temperance Alliance — Evanston Woman's Christian Temper- ance LTnion Organized in 1875 — Working Departments — Enforce- ment of Four-Mile Limit Law — Industrial School — Children's Organization — Loyal Temperance Legion and Gospel Temper- ance Meetings — Miss Frances E. Willard and Other Noted Leaders — Manual Training School — The Evanston W. C. T. \J. — • Reiley and South Evanston Unions — Young Woman's Organiza- tion 395-404 CHAPTER XL. CHARITABLE ASSOCIATIONS. Evanston Benevolent Society Organized — Names of Its Founders and First Officers — Hospital Projected — ■ New Society Takes the Name "Associated Charities" — Auxiliary Organizations — Moth- ers' Sewing School — • St. Vincent de Paul Society — Needle Work Guild — Mothers' Club — Visiting Nurse Association — King's Daughters — Camp Good Will — Its Service in Behalf of Poor Mothers and Children — Receipts and E.xpenditures 405-423 CHAPTER XLI. SOCIAL LIFE IN A UNR'ERSITY TOWN. Transitions of a Half Century — Social Life as It Existed in Early Days — The Building up of a Great Christian Institution as Its Dominant Motive — Reminiscences of Some of Its Early Factors — Influence of Hospitality on Student Life and Character — Some of Those Who Were Influential in Establishing E\anston's Reputa- tion as a Hospitable Center 425-431 CHAPTER XLII. SOCIAL AND LITERARY CLUBS. A Reminiscence of Noah's Ark — Social Instincts of Evanstonians — Philosophical Association — Its Founders and Their Favorite Top- ics — The "O. R. Circle" Blossoms Out as the "Legensia" — - Bry- ant Circle — Pierian Club — Woman's Clubs — The Fortnightly Succeeds the "Woman's Reading Circle" — ■ Its Service in the Field of Charity and Philanthropy — The Coterie — Twentieth Century and Present Day Clubs 433-442 CHAPTER XLIII. THE EVANSTON WOMAN'S CLUB. Origin of Evanston Woman's Club — Julia Ward Howe's Advice — Or- ganization and First Officers — Chib Programs — Auxiliary Or- ganizations — Work of the Traveling Library Committee — Field Day at Lake Geneva — Object of tlie Club Defined in Its Constitu- tion — Club Motto 1 13-1 17 CHAPTER XLIV. THE EVANSTON CLUB. Promoters and Organizers of "The Greenwood Club" — First Members and Officers — Name Changed to "The Evanston Club" — Club Building Erected — First Reception — Changes in By-Laws and Membership — Value of Club Property — List of Officers 449-452 CHAPTER XLV. EVANSTON COUNTRY CLUB. First Steps and ^lotives Prompting Organization — Names of Projectors — ■ Organization Effected in May, 1888 — The New Club Finds a Home — Memories of the "Old Shelter" and Its First Occupants ■ — The Club Formally Incorporated — First Board of Directors — New Quarters Dedicated in October, 1902 — New Year's Recep- tions and Children's Day Chief Functions — Lady Directors — Pro- motion of Branch Associations — Dramatic, Cycling, Musical, Equestrian and Polo Branches — Banjo and Mandolin Association — Former and Present Officers — Present Membership 800 — ■ - List of Life Members 453-4^11 BIOGRAPHICAL Ahlberg, August 630 Anderson, Frank Herbert 579 Andrews, Wilbur J 643 Anthony, Elliott 500 Balderston, Stephen V 621 Banks, Alexander F 620 Barker, John T 635 Barlow, Charles W 590 Barnes, James Milton 580 Bass, Myron H 584 Bassett, Asahel 592 Bassett, Jared 497 Bates, Thomas 615 Beebe, Thomas H 623 Black, Carl Ellsworth 595 Blake Edgar Ovet 599 Boltwood, Henry Leonidas 540 Boring, Ezra March 641 Borton, Frank Lynn 608 Boutelle, Joshua P 517 Bragdon, Charles C 606 Bragdon, Merritt C 510 Brainard, William Newell 596 Brayton, Sarah H 580 Bristol, Lewis Tabor 632 Brown, Andrew J 565 Brown, Walter Lee 640 Brown William Liston 543 Browne, Vernelle Freeland 633 Buntain, Cassius M. C 611 Burns, Peter Thomas 613 Butler, Henry 634 Byrne, John G 624 Calligan, John Brenton 610 Camden, William J 614 Canfield, William J 51!) Carney, John 609 Carpenter, William Montelle 585 Carson, Oliver M 519 Catlin, Franklin Sexton 606 Cermak, Jerome J 645 Clark, Alexander 495 Coe, George Albert 576 Coe, Sadie Knowland 576 Comstock, Charles 484 Condict, Wallace Reynolds 518 Grain, Charles 528 Cummings, Joseph 489 Cumnock, Robert McLean 530 Currey, Josiah Seymour 530 Damsel, William Hudson 627 Davis, Nathan Smith, Jr 603 Dawes, Charles Gates 509 Deering, William 483 Dixon, George William 617 Dodds, Robert 611 Dyche, David R 608 Elliot, Frank M 563 Elting, Philip E 646 Eversz, Ernest Hammond 643 Farwell, Simeon 507 Filer, Alanson 583 Flinn, John J 625 Follansbee, Mitchell Davis 627 Forrey, Frank Myer 626 Foster, John J 537 Foster, Volney W 503 Fox, George Thomas 645 Gallup, Walter L 5S9 Garland, James A 618 Gerould, Frank Wlieelock 629 Gibson, John W 636 Goocli, George E C36 Greene, Benjamin Allen 5G3 Griswold, William Morse 585 Grover, Aldin J 525 Grover, Frank Reed 526 Hall, Winfield Scott 591 Hamline, John H 553 Hamline, Leonidas P 553 Harbert, Elizabeth Boynton 559 Harbert, William S 558 Helm, Walter B 647 Hemenway, Henry B 564 Hempstead, Edward 616 Herben, Stephen Joseph 546 Herdien, Elmer Forrest 633 Herdien, Walter Lanrance 633 Hinsdale, Henry W 623 Hitt, Isaac R., Jr 594 Hoag, Thomas C 555 Hoag, William Gale 556 Hoffman, John Raymond 650 Holmes, Raynor Elmore 015 Hoover, Judson Wilkes -. 617 Hotch, Louis Grant 646 Hungate, John H 58S Hnrd, Harvey B 474 Ide, George Osman 628 Isbester, Tunis 537 Jcnks, Chancellor -Livingston 486 Johnson, Richard R 618 Tones, Albert R 550 Jnnes, William Hugh 508 Kedzie, John Hume 488 Kimball, Dorr Augustine 573 Kingsley, Homer Hitchcock 540 Kirk, John B 506 Kirkbride, Charles Xeville 617 Kline, Charles Gaffield 536 Kline, George Roniyne .^ . . . . 535 Kline, Simon Veder 535 Knight, Newell Clark 549 Lake, Richard Conover 570 Learned, Edward W 571 Leonhardt, Susan 631 Lindsay, Wary Boyd 599 Little, Arthur W 544 Loba, Jean Frederic 557 Logan, Charles Lyford 645 Loomis, Mason B 588 Lorimer. Joseph M 582 Limt, Orrington 463 Lutkin, Peter Christian 566 Lyons, Joseph McGee 539 Mann, Oscar H 573 Marcy, Elizabeth Eunice 604 Mark, Anson 543 Ma.vo, Charles H 614 Maxson, Orrin T 629 McCallin, Sidney G 646 McCleary, Wilbur Wallace 587 Merrick, George Peck 547 Meyer, Sidney Bachrach 535 Miller, Humphrys H. C 521 Moore, George Henry 638 Murphy, Edward J 638 Murphy, John C 637 Nesbitt, George W 648 Nichols, Roscoe Townley 613 Oldberg, Prof. Oscar 596 ■ Parkes, William Beckley 030 Persons, Albert D 647 Piper, Charles Edward 644 Pitner, Levi Carroll 511 Plummer, Samuel Craig 646 Poole, Charles Clarence 639 Poppenhusen, Conrad Herman 534 Raddin, Charles S 639 Raymond, Frederick D 516 Rayniond, James Henry 601 Raymond, Miner 513 Remy, Curtis H 554 Richards, Charles L 614 Ridgaway, Henry Bascom 498 Sargent, George Myrick 49S Schwall, Andrew 538 Sheppard, Robert Dickinson 477 Shutterly, Eugene E 601 Shutterly, John Jay 600 Smith, Amos A. L 618 Smyth, Hugh P 004 Solenberger, Amos R 049 Spencer, Claudius B 555 Stevens, William Leon 648 Stockton, William Eichbaun 527 StowT Nelson Lloyd 550 Stringfield, C. Pruyn 619 Sweet, Alanson 577 Synnestvedt, Paul 048 Tallmadge, Lewis Cass 574 Terrv, Milton S 545 Townsend, Adam Fries 520 Trowbridge, Lucius A 572 Tuttle, Ole Hansen 649 Van Arsdale, John R 572 Voje, John H 590 Volz, George P. K 641 Walcott, Chester P 568 Waldberg, Benjamin 649 Walworth, Nathan H 568 Watson, Thomas H 593 Way, Charles Lyman 581 Webster, Edward H 641 White, Hugh Alexander 485 Whitefield, George W 607 Willard, Frances E 478 Williams, John Marshall 522 Winslow, Rollin Curtis 627 Woodbridge, John R 598 Work, Joseph Waters 631 Young, Aaron Nelson 548 Zipperman, Solomon W 613 ILLUSTRATIONS City Hall 174 Evanston Hospital 262 First Methodist Episcopal Cluirch 342 Gross Point Lighthouse 182 Hurd, Harvey B 15 Map — City of Evanston Facing Title Page. Map— Ridgeville Township, 1851 178 Northwestern Female College 80 Orrington Lunt Library 234 Orrington Lunt Library ( Floor Plans) 234 Pool on the Campus 68 President Roosevelt's Visit 94 South End of the Campus 62 The Old Oak 74 University Hall 54 Willard, Frances E 394 Y. M. C. A. Building 392 CHAPTKR I. HISTORY OF EVANSTON INTRODUCTORY. The Evanston of igo5 — Gem Suburb of a Great Metropolis and Seat of Learning — Results Accomplished by Fifty Years of Development — Contrast Betzveen Past and Present — First Tozvnship Organiza- tion Under Name of Ridgeville — Evans- ton Township Organised in 185/ — The Village Platted in 1854 — Later Changes in Tozvnship and Municipal Organisation — Old Name of Ridgeville Tozvnship Re- sumed in 190J, zvith Boundaries Identical zvith City of Evanston — Garrett Biblical Institute Precedes the University — City Government Organized in i8g2 — Early Evanston Homes and Their Occupants — Advent of the First Railroad — The Ca- reer of Dr. John Evans. The Evanston of 1905 is justification of an effort to unfold the story of its planting and its development. Gem of suburbs as it is, lying contiguous to the greatest of west- ern cities and the home of many of its most active men of affairs, it also occupies a commanding position as a seat of intel- ligence and learning. It has crowded into its short career so much of human interest, it has been the source of so many wide spreading and helpful influences, it is so endeared to the people who have found in it a home, that the narration of its fifty years of progress must be told. Like many an- other American city closely associated with a metropolis, it has attained its present proud position within the memory of men now living, among whom is included the general editor of the present work. It pos- sesses no ruins and no ivy-covered walls. Its oldest buildings bear the marks of re- cent construction, and its well paved streets have but lately passed from the hands of the contractor. Unlike some of the his- toric towns of the United States, whose history has been written covering two cen- turies or more, and which reflect the growth and history of the American people, this tidy suburban town has developed quickly within itself all the forces that make up our active, advanced American life, of schools and churches, of clubs and cabals ; in re- ligion, society, politics, philanthropy and pleasure it is an epitome of distinctly mod- ern progress. Numerous helpful hands have been employed to draw the composite pic- ture that is meant to convey a lasting im- pression of the facts and forces that make up the idea of Evanston, and placing them side by side, or mingling them in one's i6 INTRODUCTORY thought, we have the resultant of as wide- awake, up-to-date, eager, intelligent, inter- esting and hopeful a community of men, women and youth as the world can furnish. Perhaps you have at some time paused to listen to the mingled din of a great city and, with a quick ear, analyzed the indi- vidual sounds that make up the hum of the city's life. That task has been ours. The hum is well nigh deafening to the ear, sensitized by attention even in a town which boasts few noises of factories or traffic. But its hum is not less real, of activities which employ the finer faculties of men and women. It will be told otherwheres how the particular region that now bears the name of Evanston came to be selected as the site of a college town. Delving into the political conditions that antedate the modern city, we find that Cook County, 111., in which Evanston is located, was, previous to 1849, under what is known in this State as County Government ; that is, the county affairs were managed by a Board of Com- missioners, who supervised the community business of the neighborhoods that had not yet emerged into local government. Many of these were designated by a name which might later attach to a township, but there was no township government, though there were townships indicated in the United States Survey, and designated by numbers, which were used before 1849, and have been since used in connection with school purposes, as illustrating this condition. It is interesting to note that the records of Township 41 — in which Evanston is located — now in possession of the Evanston Historical Society, were begun in 1846, and that they record the election of Town- ship Trustees for school purposes four years before the first election of officers of the town of Ridgeville, which included Evanston ; and, as throwing a little light upon the onerous duties of these early Trustees, we read from the minutes of their third meeting, held May 20, 1846, at the Ridge Road House: "It was ordered that wc proceed to hire Miss Cornelia Wheadon to teach our school the present season, at one dollar and twenty-five cents a week. Also, it was ordered that the school house should be repaired as soon as possible, and furnished with a water-pail and dipper." Evidently Township 41 had enjoyed the blessing of a school house long enough for it to get out of repair, probably under the regime of County Commissioners. In the Code of By-Laws of the School Trustees, it was provided that, in case a patron of the school refused, or was not in position at the appointed time, to receive the teacher the required number of days, the teacher should select his or her own boarding place, and the board bill should be taxed with such patron's tuition bill. From such germs has Evanston's splendid school system de- veloped. Township Organization. — By the Con- stitution of 1848 the Legislature was re- quired to provide by general law for town- ship organization, which it did by Act of February 12, 1849. By this act the people were permitted to divide their counties into towns or townships, which were to conform as nearly as might be with the congressional townships. Commissioners were appointed for the purpose of dividing the covmty, and the people were permitted to select the names of the townships. When they could not agree, the Commissioners were author- ized to select the names for them. The people of fractional Town 41 North, Range 14 East, chose the name of Ridgeville. This continued to be the name of the town until by act of the Legislature of February 15, 1857, it was changed to Evanston, and the township was enlarged by the addition of a tier of sections taken from Niles Town- ship on the west and the Archange Reser- HISTORY OF BVANSTON 17 vation and several sections in Township 42, taken from New Trier on the north. The language of the act reads: "The name of Ridgeville shall be changed to Evanston, and the Town of Evanston shall comprise all of fractional Township 41 North, Range 14 East, Sections 12, 13, 24, 25 and 36, Township 41 North, Range 13 East, the Archange Reservation and fractional Sec- tions 22, 26 and 2"}, Township 42 North, Range 14 East, and the same shall form and constitute a township for school purposes and be known as Town 41 North, Range 14 East." Dreary reading — perhaps, dry as dust — but thrilling none the less, because it is the record of a creative act of great importance. Under an enabling act, approved May 23, 1877, and amended May 15, 1903, the ter- ritory embraced within the present limits of the city of Evanston has been formed into a township under the old name of Ridgeville, which makes the boundaries of the city and the new township identical and in effect consolidates the township and city governments. The new township as now constituted embraces what previously formed the southern part of New Trier Township and a small section from the northeast corner of Niles Township. The remainder of the former Township of Evanston now constitutes the northern por- tion of the City of Chicago, with a small section south of the Chicago city limits and west of the southern portion of Evanston, these two sections remaining under the old name of Evanston Township, though not embracing any part of the city of that name. Village and City Organization. — Such are Evanston's present geographical and political relations to the county and the State. Under the loose system of county and township government it subsisted till 1863. It had been platted as a town in 1854, and outstripping all other sections of the township, and taking on exclusive- ness and individuality, it demanded a nar- rower and more intensive government of its platted territory. The agitation cul- minated in a meeting of voters on De- cember 29, 1863, when it was decided, in accordance with the law on the subject, to organize an incorporated town, and the decision was consummated by the election of five Trustees, January 6, 1864. The new town was bounded by Lake Michigan on the east, Wesley Avenue on the west, Crain and Hamilton Streets on the south, and Foster Street on the north. In 1869 a special act of the Legislature permitted the incorporation of the City of Evanston, but content with their simple form of gov- ernment, the citizens decided against its adoption by a vote of 197 to 82. Yet with- in three years they organized under the Act of 1872 for Cities and Villages, but continued their village form of government by Trustees selected from the village at large instead of by Aldermen from wards, with a Village President instead of Mayor. In 1872 new territory was annexed to the town on petition of property owners of the district lying north of Foster Street and east of Wesley and Asbury Avenues, and extending to the present limits of the city. On October 19, 1872, village or- ganization was adopted under the general City and Village Incorporation Act of April 10, 1872, and the first village election took place April 15, 1873. Further in- crease of territory was made January 7, 1873, by the annexation, on petition, of the region bounded on the north by Grant Street, on the south by Church and Foster Streets, on the east by Wesley and Asbury Avenues, and on the west by Dodge Street. Then followed, during the same month, the accession of the region bounded on the north by Grant and Simpson Streets, i8 INTRODUCTORY on the south by Church Street, on the east by Dodge Street, and on the west by Hart- rey .and McDaniel Avenues. April 21, 1874, the Village of North Evanston suc- cumbed to the acquisitive mood of its larger neighbor, and, in September of the same year, the territory lying between Hamilton and Greenleaf Streets, with the lake on the east and Chicago Avenue on the west, was included by petition. In April, 1886, the territory bounded by Church Street, Wesley Avenue, Grain Street and McDaniel Avenue, was likewise annexed on petition. Finally, on February 20, 1892, the important question of the annexation of South Evan- ston was submitted to the vote of both vil- lages and approved by a small majority. Thus the chapter of territorial expansion for EvansTon was closed for the time be- ing. It had now outgrown the swaddling clothes of village government and de- manded the habiliments of a city. The question of the adoption of city organiza- tion was submitted to the people on March 29, 1892, and was adopted by a vote of 784 to 26. The first city election took place April 19, 1892, when Dr. Oscar H. Mann became the first Mayor of the city. Physical Characteristics. — The physical characteristics of Evanston have changed but little in the progress of the years. Its main features, north and south, were the Lake Shore on the east, more wooded than now, with two ridges, one called the East Ridge, comprising the land purchased by the University, and the other the West Ridge, comprising the lands of Brown and Hurd, which were a part of the first town- plat. The latter ridge was some forty-five feet above the lake level. Between the ridges was a level valley, receptacle of the drainage of the ridges, often giving the impression of a swamp, but easily suscept- ible of being drained to the north or by ditches to the Lake. The trend of these ridges constrained the surveyors in the platting of the town, so that the streets running north and south paralleled the ridge roads, and the east and west bound streets crossed the former at right angles. The original plat comprised three hundred and fifty acres, purchased by the Trustees of the University from John H. Foster, in 1853, and nearly two hundred and fifty acres, purchased about the same time, by Andrew J. Brown and Harvey B. Hurd, from James Carney. The tract was well wooded, especially along the shore of the Lake, chiefly with oaks, some few of which remain to give a hint of the noble forest of which they formed a part. The plat, which perished in the Chicago fire, bore the names of streets that kept fresh in memory some of the active spirits vi^ho were associated with the early days of the enterprise, such as Dempster, Hinman, Judson, Benson, Sherman, Davis, Orrington and Clark ; while to the west, such names of streets as Oak, Maple Grove and Ridge were a tribute to the conditions that then pre- vailed, and help the late-comers to picture the leafy shade, overlooked by the old-time thoroughfare that crowned the ridge ; and still farther west, Wesley and Asbury Avenues flanked the town, testifying to the loyal Methodism of the settlers who dwelt within it. The Town Platted. — The purchases of the land were made in 1853, and, during that year, the town was staked out and streets thrown up, but the plat was not acknowledged till 1854, in which year a number of lots were sold, houses built and families settled. The plat made by the Northwestern University provided gener- ously, in its portion of the town, for public parks such as now beautify the town. The streets were spacious, and a constituency was appealed to such as might be attracted to an educational center. This was the HISTORY OF EVANSTON 19 chief magnet. The idea of the suburban residence had not yet emerged. The fam- ilies who came were chiefly those that were attracted by the idea of residence in a college town. Garrett Biblical Institute preceded the University on university ground, and John Dempster, at Old Demp- ster Hall, realized to the early students of the Institute, as Mark Hopkins did to the students of Williams College, how a very few facilities in the hands of such a master will serve to develop the minds and hearts of men eager for an education. Obadiah Huse early ministered to the physical wants of students at Dempster Hall in such man- ner that their slender purses might provide for a not too luxurious existence. Philo Judson was the advance guard of the Uni- versity, selling lots, vending scholarships, drumming up settlers and promoting the town. Hurd, Brown, Beveridge, Pearsons, Judson, Evans, Clifford and Ludlam were among the people who picked their way over the newly made thoroughfares of the new town to their new homes, with wet and muddy feet ofttimes, during the years 1854 and 1855. And, until the summer of 1855, if they went to Chicago, they must do so by their own private conveyance. They were sturdy people ; practical, religious, neighborly, genuine pioneers who could curry a horse, build a house, lead a class- meeting and finance a town and two in- stitutions of learning. On the West Ridge Road lived the Huntoons, the Grains and the McDaniels and Carneys, the Pratts and the Garfields, antedating the town. The home of John L. Beveridge was on Chicago Avenue, near Clark Street; of John A. Pearsons on Grove Street, near Chicago Avenue ; of Philo Judson at Ridge Avenue and Davis Street; of Judge H. B. Hurd in the same vicinity ; of G. W. Reynolds where the Avenue House now stands ; and Dempster Hall and the home of Dr. John Dempster on the Lake Shore Siorth of Simpson Street. The Snyders home was on Chicago Avenue, near Dempster Street. These were the scattered centers of life in the ambitious hamlet. They were soon reinforced by the families of the Professors of the University and Institute, and such families as the Willards, from which was destined to proceed that bright and shining light in philanthropy and temperance re- form, Frances E. Willard, probably the best known product of Evanston life, its his- torian in "A Classic Town," an orator and writer of rare power. George F. Foster soon took up his home on Chicago Avenue near Church Street — a shouting Methodist and social to his finger tips, whose house was a seat of hospitality and elegance. George W. Reynolds was on Davis Street, near to the corner of Chicago Avenue, on which corner the Reynolds House, still a part of the Avenue House, was built. We take ex- ception to him as a builder, for on one occa- sion at a caucus, or neighborhood meeting, the floor of his house suddenly collapsed, precipitating the company into the cellar, and the same performance was re-enacted at the house of George F. Foster, also built by Mr. Reynolds. There was no "Index" or "Press" in those days to note these happenings, but the survivors tell the tale with more laughter than they then ex- perienced. Church Street took its name from the donated site of what was to be the Cathedral Church of the town, the center of the relig- ious and social life of this God-fearing com- munity, chiefly of the Methodist persuasion, but broad-minded enough to welcome those of other communions in their worship, and disposed, when the time of separation should come, to give them a site on which to raise their own roof-tree, as the title deeds from the University to Trustees of the older churches of Evanston will testify — consid- 20 INTRODUCTORY eration one dollar and other valuable bene- fits, such as good will and gladness at their coming, their loyalty and their prosperity. Advent of the First Railroad. — The Chicago and Milwaukee Railroad was be- ing located in 1853, and the Trustees of the University, by resolution of October 26, 1853, requested the company to locate their road through the land of the University so as to strike the center, or within thirty-five rods south of the center of Section 19 of Township 41 North, Range 18, and ofifer- ing to donate the right of way and one acre of land for a depot, providing the railroad company would make such location and agree not to allow any establishment for the sale of liquor or gambling houses, or other nuisance, to be placed on such right of way or depot ground. March 28, 1854, the Trustees passed another resolution re- questing the railroad company to locate its station on a line west of Davis Street — which terminated at Sherman Avenue — on a small ridge on the Carney farm, or as near as may be expedient in the judgment of the agent, providing the owner of the Carney farm lay oflf suitable streets for the same. Mr. A. J. Brown, who held the title of the Carney tract for himself and others, conveyed the right of way and depot ground to the railroad company about the date of the resolution referred to, and it appears on the plat of the town. It was not, however, till the summer of 1855 that trains began running through the town. Two through trains and one accommodation train were all the facilities that were offered. Evan- ston seldom filled the single passenger car of the accommodation (or "Waukegan") train, as it was most familiarly known, and the grumbling railroad authorities threatened to take oflf the train, declaring that it did not pay and gave no promise of ever paying. But they took it out in grumbling. It did pay, and was destined to be their best paying piece of road through its suburban traffic, as a prosperous com- munity grew around the cheerful, hos- pitable nucleus that had grouped itself near to the Northwestern University and Garrett Biblical Institute. Such, are some of Evanston's beginnings with which we introduce the reader to the more elaborate story, as told in detail by those familiar with it. One word more we cannot refrain from saying concerning Dr. John Evans, the man whose chief monument (though he has many others) is the Classic Town ; in whose brain was chiefly conceived the thought of this educational and home center, and by whose skill and suggestions and influence the plans were chiefly made to compass the acquisition of the land that should be the Northwestern University's chief source of endowment, and by whom the enterprise was financed for all the coming years. Close to him wrought Orrington Lunt, imbibing his zeal and supplementing his labors by his unsel- fish devotion and tireless energy. John Evans was as far-seeing a man as ever wrought in the formative days of cities or States ; a plain man who dreamed of large things, and whose heart kept pace with his swift moving intellect. The sphere of his activity was changed all too soon from the region that bears his name to a distant State, where he built railroads, planned Titanic enterprises, supervised the beginning of a great commonwealth and helped to found another University in the Far West. Evanston is honored in her name, as she honors the name of her founder. Kind reader, if you have read thus far, read on. CHAPTER II'. OUR INDIAN PREDECESSORS. (By FRANK R. GROVER. VlcePreBident Evanston Historical Society.) The First Evanstoniaus — Indian Relics — Stone Implements and What They Indi- cate — Early Explorers — J diet, Mar- quette. La Salic and Tonty — First White Visitors — Indian Tribes — The Iroquois, Illinois and Pottazvatomies — Ouilmette Reservation and Family — The Fort Dear- born Massacre — Home of the Ouil- mettes — Treaty of Prairie du Chien — In- dian Trails and Trees on North Shore — Aboriginal Camps and Villages — Indian Mounds and Graves — Reminiscenses of Early Settlers — Important Treaties — An Englishman's Story of the Treaty of Chi- cago in j8jj. Since the discovery of this continent the North American Indian has ever been the subject of constant study, discussion and contention. His origin, his traditions, his character, his manners and customs, his superstitions, his eloquence, the wars in which he has engaged, his tribal relations, his certain destiny, the wrongs he has done and those that he has suffered have, for four centuries, been favorite themes for the his- torian, the poet, the philanthropist, the eth- nologist. And yet, with all the countless books that have been written upon the sub- iCompiled from two papers; (1). "Our Tiulip.n Predecessors — The First Evanstonians," read before the Evanston Historical Society, November 2, 1901 : and (2) "Some Indian Land Marks of the North Shore," read be- fore the Chicago Historical Society. February 21, 10115, with some supplemental notations by the writer. ject, there is still room for inquiry, fof speculation, for historical research. Every political division of this country, from state to hamlet, has a mine of untold facts, which must ever remain undisclosed. Still, the diligent and the curious can, with all due regard to the limitations to truth put upon the honest historian, gather old facts that will in the aggregate be of inter- est as local history. With that end in view I wish to tell you what I have been able to learn of our Indian predecessors — the first Evanstonians. Stone Implements Found in This Vi- cinity and What They Indicate. — There is no more interesting field for historical re- search than that of the implements and weapons of the prehistoric Indian. There is, too, a later time of which there is no writ- ten history, before the coming of the Jesuit Missionary and his early successor, the In- dian Trader, who was the first vendor of steel hatchets and arrow points, that is of no less interest. Much of the Indian history of those times must of necessity remain forever undis- closed. Some of it has been gathered from credible traditions, some of it distorted by the frailty of human recollection and by the fragile partition that oft divides memory from imagination, and truthfulness from the inclination to boast of the prowess of Indian ancestry. All of these factors, of 21 22 OUR INDIAN PREDECESSORS course, result in endless confusion, and what the exact truth is must be left, for the most part, to uncertainty and speculation. But a portion of that history, as applied to the North Shore, is told as simply and plainly by the stone implements and weap- ons as though written in words on monu- ment or obelisk. The entrance to this field of inquiry opens, of course, more easily and widely to the man of science — the archaeologist — but the merest novice, if he be curious and diligent, will there find a mine of historic facts that are both interest- ing and reliable. One of the greatest orators of modern times has entertained thousands of his hearers and readers with the topic, "The man of imagination — what does he see?" And so the student, whether he has great learning or that next best substitute — in- dustry — when he finds the chippings of fhnt, chert or cobble-stone left in the work- shop of the ancient artisan of the North Shore, or when he sees the many finish- ing wares that have been worn and used and lost by the ancient customers of this ancient artisan, and then found again, can reproduce a resfsonably accurate picture of the red man, who sat ages ago on the West Shore of old Lake Michigan, and, with un- told labor and deftness, prepared the ar- rows and spear-heads that his red brothers, in due time, hurled at deer, or buflfalo or dusky foe ; and this student can, in fair and truthful speculation, follow these red brothers in all they saw and did through the forest and across the broad prairies, in the hunt and in the chase, to the wigwam and to the camp fire, on the war path and in their idle roamings from place to place. These implements may, for convenience in this discussion, be divided into two classes : first, those found along the lake shore near the beach, which are often im- perfect in form, consisting of "rejects" and chippings, and found in the aboriginal quarries and shops; and, second, the per- fect forms found farther from the lake, where they were in use. I will refer to them in the order named. It must be borne in mind that, from Wil- mette to Waukegan, there are high bluffs, reaching to the beach, so that in that locali- ty the remains of these shops or chipping stations have, to some extent at least, been obliterated by the waves. But, both north and south of these high bluffs, many of these shops have been located and clearly in- dicate that the Lake Shore, with its ready material among the gravel constantly thrown up by the waves, not only furnished an inexhaustible supply of material ready for use and easily accessible, but that it was resorted to in preference to the more laborious method of seeking and mining materials to the West. Indeed, it is quite probable, and a plausible theory, that the Indian population, for many miles to the west and for untold centuries, used the Lake Shore almost exclusively for the manufacture of stone implements and weap- ons. These shops, or chipping stations, have generally been found in the sand dunes or ridges immediately adjacent to the beach, where there was shelter from the wind and waves. Many, of course, have long since disappeared by the action of the lake : but at least four of them were located along the shore at Edgewater and Rogers Park, one immediately south of the Indian boundary line at the city limits. In the early days of Evanston and, to my personal knowledge, even as late as 1870, the chip- pings, rejects and broken arrow-heads, in- dicating one of the largest of these shops, could easily be found in Evanston extend- ing from what is now Main Street to Greenleaf Street, and about on a line from the Industrial School to the present Evans- ton residences of Messrs. John C. Spry, HISTORY OF EVANSTON 23 Charles E. Graves and Milton H. Wilson. This particular shop was not only the re- sort of the idle school boy in his quest for arrow points, but was, in the year 1884, the subject of scientific investigation by Dr. William A. Phillips, a member of the Ev- anston Historical Society (Science, Vol. 3, page 273. 1884), who made a collection at that time of the chert refuse, "illustrating the successive stages of the chipping or flaking work, beginning with the water- worn pebble from the beach and ending with the nearly completed, but broken, im- plement," which collection is now in the Museum of the Northwestern University at Evanston (Rep. Curator N. W. University Museum, 1884, Smithsonian Report, 1897 — 1 161, pp. 587-600). At the present site of the Dearborn Ob- servatory, on the campus of the North- western University, was another of these shops, although a smaller one, which was partially obliterated in the construction of that building, and several others have been located at different times along the lake front of Rogers Park and Evanston. Indeed, the various collections of these implements, chippings and also of broken pottery would indicate not only an unusual Indian population, but that this industry was general along the lake shore, and much nearer the Chicago river than the sites just described. This situation can easily be dem- onstrated by the merest glance at the collec- tion of the late Karl A. Dilg, in possession of the Chicago Historical Society. Immediately north of Waukegan. east of the Northwestern Railway, and e.xtending nearly to the Kenosha city limits, and be- tween the bluff that was formerly the shore line and the present lake front, are some 1,200 to 1,300 acres of low sand dunes, all of which have, from time to time, consti- tuted the shore of the receding lake. This district is replete with shops and stations of this character, especially so at what was for- merly Benton, and now Beach Station, and extending from there north, a distance of about five miles, through Doctor Dowie's "City of Zion" to the state line. As early as 1853 this locality was also the subject of scientific investigation on this subject. (Prof. I. A. Lapham, Antiquities of Wis- consin, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, \"ol. 7, page 6, 1885). These investigations have been further pursued by Dr. Phillips, assisted by Messrs. W. C. Wyman and E. F. Wyman, of Ev- anston, and by Mr. F. H. Lyman, of Ke- nosha. In the district between Beach Sta- tion and the State line no less than thirty- two sites were located, and a new group or variety of implements found, viz. : weapons and utensils in endless variety, made of trap rock or cob"ble-stone, and which are now designated, "The Trap Flake Series." A very entertaining and instructive des- cription of this locality and these imple- ments, their uses and the method employed in flaking them, with plates and pictures, will be found in the Smithsonian Report for 1897, pages 587-600. in an able paper by Dr. Phillips, under the title, "A New Group of Stone Implements from the Southern Shores of Lake Michigan." The implements and weapons, made in these localities along the shore from the Chicago River to Kenosha, represent almost unlimited varieties, from the ordinary ar- rowhead and the net weight or stone sinker used by the Pottawatomie fisher- man, or his ancient predecessor, to the finest of polished hatchets, spear-heads and drills. It is not within the scope of this discus- sion to go further into the details of this lost art, in showing how these implements were made and for what they were used — ■ that inquiry should be left to more able hands ; but the field for exploration is as 24 OUR INDIAN PREDECESSORS boundless and unlimited as the enthusiasm of the archseologist. and is full of interest even to the layman. The second class, in this subdivision of these implements, are the finished weapons and utensils that, in the long ago, left the work-shop of the artisan, on the beach and elsewhere, were placed in the hands of his warrior customer and have been scattered, used and lost on the land which we have designated the North Shore. Generally speaking, these implements are found in about the same variety and number as in any ordinary Indian country, with one or two remarkable exceptions that will re- ceive special attention. The materials used in their manufacture indicate the presence of Indians from remote parts of the con- tinent, or barter and exchange with remote tribes. They also indicate that the North' Shore — especially for from three to six miles from the lake — was not only a great hunting ground, but that the western shore of the lake has been the scene of many a bloody battle between these red warriors of the olden time. They also further indi- cate, in one or two localities that will be mentioned, an extended Indian population during a long period of time. I am told by members of the Academy of Sciences and others, who have the best means of infor- mation, that it is hard to distinguish the particular peoples by these relics, as there is great similarity in manufacture among re- spective tribes — the distinguishing marks being more especially in the wooden handles or hafts, which, of course, cannot be found — and that some of these implements are of prehistoric origin. The nearest locality where these imple- ments are found in the greatest variety and number is what was formerly known as Bowmanville — being the vicinity of Rose Hill Cemetery and extending from there to the North Branch of the Chicago River and throughout the territory north of there, ex- tending to Forest Glen, Niles Center and High Ridge, where they have been found in such abundance that a great ancient vil- lage — and probably several such villages in that district, is a certainty — all of which will receive later mention when we consider the sites of the Indian villages. The locality west of Evanston, in the town of Niles, which is now a gardening district, has sup- plied many excellent specimens ploughed up by the farm hands, and it has been an easy matter, with a little patience and at- tention, to secure a good collection in these localities ; and there are many of them — notably the collection of William A. Peter- son, of the Peterson Nursery Company, gathered largely from the lands of that company at Rose Hill, the collection of Dr. A. S. Alexander, formerly of Evanston, gathered very largely in Evanston and the township of Niles ; also the interesting col- lection of Karl A. Dilg, already referred to, and that of Adolph Miller at Bowman- ville. Still another locality is the neighbor- hood of the Indian Village at Waukegan, and from there north to the State line, in the locality investigated and described by Dr. Phillips in his paper. These land marks — these bits of clay, and flint and cobble-stone — to which has been made but very scant and imperfect ref- erence, tell, as they have ever told, a per- fect, and yet an imperfect, stqry ; perfect, because we know from that, in some far off day, the North Shore was, as it is now, a favorite abiding place ; perfect, too, be- cause the man of science can tell us in some measure of how these people lived and what they did ; imperfect, because we must rely to some extent upon theory and speculation and cannot open wide the door with what is understood by the term writ- ten history. HISTORY OF EVANSTON 25 The Early Explorers. — All the writers upon the early history of the Northwest, of necessity describe, in more or less de- tail, the expeditions, exploits and adven- tures of the explorers and Jesuit mission- aries, who first saw the Indians, who were the first white men in Illinois, and who have been the greatest contributors to the history of the Indians of the Northern States. Among these the names of James Marquette, Louis Joliet, La Salle, Henry de Tonty, Hennepin and Claude Allouez are so prominent that the youngest student, who has read even the average school his- tory of the day, can give, with reasonable accuracy, an outline of where they went, what they saw and what they did. In most of their travels they were ac- companied by friendly Indians as guides and assistants, to whose fidelity and atten- tion we owe quite as much as to the ex- plorers themselves. Reference to the ex- tended travels of these daring and hardy men would be useless repetition, but it cer- tainly is of interest to know that such famous voyagers as Father Marquette, Joliet, La Salle, Tonty, and Fathers Hen- nepin and Allouez, with their Indian friends, all in their day and in their turn, visited the site of Evanston or coasted its shores in their canoes. To the circum- stances of some of these early visits to this locality, I briefly direct your attention. It was the month of June, 1673, over two hundred years ago, when Louis Joliet — educated as a priest, but with more love for exploration and adventure — and James Marquette — who longed to see and trace the course of the great river that De Soto had discovered over one hundred years be- fore, and who, godly man that he was, loved still more to carry the tidings of the Christ to the red man of the prairies — with five French companions in two canoes, started upon that long and toilsome journey through Green Bay, up the Fox River of Wiscon- sin, from thence into and down the Wis- consin and the Mississippi, and up the then nameless river to the Indian village of the Illinois, where they arrived late in the sum- mer and tarried until September. The first visit of a white man to Evans- ton, in September, 1673, is thus described by Francis Parkman in his life of La Salle and the "Discovery of the Great West": "An Illinois chief, with a band of young warriors, offered to guide them to the Lake of the Illinois, that is to say, Lake Michi- gan ; thither they repaired," via the Illi- nois, Desplaines and Chicago rivers, "and, coasting the shores of the lake, reached Green Bay at the end of September." The month of November the following year (1674) found Marquette again coast- ing the western shores of Lake Michigan, accompanied by two white men, "Pierre Porteret and Jacques " (Marquette's diary), a band of Pottawatomies and another band of Illinois — ten canoes in all — on his way from Green Bay to his beloved mission of the Illinois, to which he had promised the Indians surely to return. Frail and sick in body, but strong and rich in energy and religious fervor, he made this, his last voyage, from which there proved to be no return for him. Parkman (La Salle, pp. 67, 68) describes the journey: "November had come ; the bright hues of the autumn foliage was changed to rusty brown. The shore wa;s desolate and the lake was stormy. They were more than a month in coasting its western border." Marquette's diary (brought to light nearly two centuries later) gives an inter- esting account of this journey, describing the land, the forest, the prairie, the buffalo, the deer and other game, the Indians they met, their camp fires at night on shore and their battles with the waves by dav, and tells the story of their arrival at the Chicago 26 OUR INDIAN PREDECESSORS River on December 4, 1674, and finding it frozen over ; but what is of special interest to us, his diary shows almost conclusively that, on December 3, the day before, the party landed somewhere near the light- house within our present city limits. His notation is as follows : "December 3, having said holy mass and embarked, we were compelled to make a point and land on account of floating masses of ice." The only point of land within the day's journey shown upon our present maps, and even the maps of those days, including that of Marquette, is what is known to-day by the sailors as "Gross Point," where the Evanston light-house stands. Father Allouez made the same journey in the winter of 1676 and 1677, on his way with two companions to the Illinois coun- try, to take the place of Father Marquette in the Illinois mission. They encountered untold hardships, dragging their canoes for many weary miles over the ice-floes of the lake and the snow along its shores. Two years later is the date when white men were next here (November, 1679), when La Salle, Father Hennepin (the his- torian of the expedition), a Mohegan In- dian (La Salle's faithful servant and hunt- er), and fourteen Frenchmen in four large canoes deeply laden with merchandise, tools and guns, made the same voyage from Green Bay and to St. Joseph, Mich., then called Miami, on their way to the Illi- nois country, to build a fort and to further establish the trade and colonies of New France. They skirted the entire western and southern shores of the lake, while Ton- ty proceeded by the eastern shore. An interesting account of their adven- tures, hardships and meetings with both hostile and friendly Indians, can be found in Parkman's Life of La Salle (pp. 142- 150). As the author says : "This was no journey of pleasure. The lake was ruffled with almost ceaseless storms ; clouds big with rain above, a tur- moil of gray and gloomy waves beneath. Every night the canoes must be shouldered through the breakers and dragged up the steep banks. . . . "The men paddled all day with no other food than a handful of Indian corn. They were spent with toil and sick with the wild berries which they ravenously devoured and dejected at the prospects before them." That they, too, may have camped at night or rested by noonday within the limits of our present city is entirely probable. "As they approached the head of the lake game grew abundant." Marquette verifies this latter statement, for in his diary (entry of December 4, 1674), he says: "Deer hunting is pretty good as you get away from the Pottawatomies." And his next entry (December 12), made after arriving at Chicago, is further verification. He says : "Pierre and Jacques killed three cattle (buffalo) and four deer, one of which ran quite a distance with his heart cut in two. They contented themselves with killing three or four turkeys of the many that were around our cabin. Jacques brought in a partridge he had killed, in every way re- sembling those of France." It was winter time a year later — 1680. La Salle had not returned from his memo- rable and heroic tramp from the Illinois back to Canada. His men had deserted ; his goods had been destroyed by mutineers and In- dians ; Hennepin was on the Mississippi. The Iroquois had dispersed and all but de- stroyed the Illinois, and all that remained of La Salle's party was his faithful lieutenant and friend, Henry de Tonty, and two fol- lowers — Membre and Boissondet. Tonty had failed to pacify the Iroquois, had been seriously wounded in battle by them, and he and his two surviving companions, HISTORY OF EVANSTON 27 without food or shelter, fled for their lives. Sick, wounded and maimed, he reached the shores of Lake Michigan at Chicago, and he and his companions began their long northward journey on foot, along the dreary and ice-bound shores of the lake to old Michilimackinac. Parkman ("Life of La Salle," p. 220) thus describes their journey: "The cold was intense and it was no easy task to grub up wild onions from the frozen ground, to save themselves from starving. Tonty fell ill of a fever and swelling of the limbs, which disabled him from traveling, and hence ensued a long delay. At length they reached Green Bay, where they would have starved had they not gleaned a few ears of corn and frozen squashes in the fields of an empty Indian town." A volume could easily be written describ- ing the exploits of the later but still early white and Indian visitors to these shores. The western shore of the lake was the great highway between the Chicago port- age and Green Bay and Mackinac. We need not depend upon imagination to paint the picture of the white voyageur and his In- dian companion plying the paddle with steady stroke, keeping time to the notes of his boat song, while their birch bark ca- noes skimmed the surface of the lake, for the "Jesuit Relations" of those early days will supply the facts. [These travels along the shore of the lake call to mind the early maps, tracing the shore lines made by these explorers, and a fact of local interest is, that in all probability the shore line here at Evanston, in the seventeenth century, extended much farther into the lake — how much cannot be told from the maps, as they were not drawn to scale. This fact appears from a large bay shown on the maps immediately north of the site of our city, indicating that the shore to the south has since been washed away. The maps referred to are (i) one called Marquette's map. Hist, of Ills., by Sidney Breese, p. 78; (2) map copied by Parkman found in the "Archives of the Ma- rine" at Paris, dated 1683 — "may, in fact, have been one drawn by Joliet from recol- lection" ; (3) Joliet's earliest map (1673- 74), "Windsor's Geographical Discoveries in the Interior of North America"; (4) Haines' "American Indian," p. 344. On the map first mentioned Marquette locates a copper mine near Evanston. This was probably done from tales of the In- dians describing such mines as being to the north, and Marquette misunderstanding the distance.] Indian Tribes. — For two hundred years preceding the advent of the white man to Illinois — and for how much longer we do not know — the territory lying be- tween the Mississippi and the Atlantic, and from the Carolinas to Hudson Bay, was oc- cupied by two great families of Indian tribes, distinguished by their languages. All this vast wilderness, with the exception of New York, a part of Ohio and part of Canada, was the country of the tribes speaking the Algonquin language and dia- lects. "Like a great island in the midst of the Algonquins lay the country of the Iro- quois." The true Iroquois, or Five Nations, often called the Six Nations, occupied Cen- tral and Western New York, and the re- mainder of this linguistic group contiguous territory to the west, in Ohio and Lower Canada. (The only exception to this gen- eral statement is the Winnebagoes of Dah- cotah stock, who were at Green Bay and in Southern Wisconsin, and a few scatter- ing bands of the Dahcotahs, who were at times on the eastern banks of the Missis- sippi.) All the Indians who have held and occu- pied this part of Illinois as their homes, so far back as history tells us, or can be ascer- tained during the past four hundred years, 28 OUR IXDIAX PREDECESSORS were of the Algonquin family ; and while scattering bands of the Sacs and Foxes (Outagamies), Miamis, Ottawas and other Algonquin tribes, and also the Kickapoos, Shavvaneese. Sioux and Winnebagoes, have at times, roamed over and, perhaps, for very brief periods, in roving bands occupied the lands lying along the western shores of Lake Michigan in this locality, the Indian ownership, as indicated by extended occu- pancy, was confined almost, if not entirely, to the tribes of the Illinois and the Potta- watomies. Therefore, to those two tribes and their eastern enemies, the Iroquois, who at times paid unwelcome visits to their western neighbors, I direct your attention. It must be borne in mind that Chicago was as important a point to the Indian as it has since been to the white man, partlv on account of the portage leading to the Desplaines River, and, as the lake was the great water highway, so also was its west- ern shore an important highway for these Indian tribes when they traveled by land. [The early explorers and missionaries often mention a tribe called by them the "Mascoutins," and on some of the very early maps of this locality appears the name of such a tribe as occupying parts of north- ern Illinois. The better opinion is, there never was in fact such a tribe of Indians. This word — "Mascoutins" — in the Algon- quin language means people of the prairie or meadow country, and it was applied, it seems, indiscriminately to indicate the lo- cality from which the Indians it was ap- plied to had emigrated or were located. Haines' "American Indian," p. 151.] It is claimed by several reliable writers that, from 1700 or 1702 to 1 770, the coun- try about Chicago had no fixed Indian pop- ulation, but that the only Indian residents were roving bands of Iroquois and "North- ern Indians." (See Andreas' "Hist, of Chi- cago," Mason's "Illinois.") The Iroquois. — The Iroquois have re- ceived the enthusiastic admiration of many writers ; the best, and some of the worst, traits of Indian character found its highest development among them ; they are designated by one enthusiast as "the In- dians of Indians." And they are well worthy of mention in our local history, for, after exterminating and subduing their nearest neighbors, including the Hurons, the Eries and other tribes speaking the same language, their thirst for conquest led them westward from their far away eastern homes ; their war parties penetrated the intervening wilderness of forest and plain, navigated the western rivers and great lakes, and destroyed or drove their enemies in terror before them across the prairies of Illinois and along the western shore of Lake Michigan. Distance, hard- ships, winter and time expended in travel, presented no obstacles to them, and they scattered, and all but destroyed, the great and powerful Algonquin tribes of the Illi- nois, from which our State takes its name ; and, as early as 1660, they were known to have pursued their ancient enemies, the Hurons or Wyandots, across our State. (Mason's "Land of the Illinois," p. 4.) The Iroquois are thus described by Park- man ("Conspiracy of Pontiac," p. 7) : "Foremost in war, foremost in eloquence, foremost in their savage arts of policy, . . . they extended their conquests and their depredations from Quebec to the Carolinas, and from the western prairies to the forests of Maine. . . . On the west they exterminated the Eries, and Andastes, and spread havoc and dismay among the tribes of the Illinois. . . . The Indians of New England fled at the first peal of the Mohawk war cry. . . and all Canada shook with the fury of their onset. . . . The blood besmeared conquerors roamed like wolves among the burning settlements. HISTORY OF EVANSTON 29 and the colony trembled on the brink of ruin. . . Few tribes could match them in prowess, constancy, moral energy or intel- lectual vigor." They, in turn, and within a quarter of a century (1650-1672), exter- minated four powerful tribes, the Wyan- dots, the Neutral Nation, the Andastes and the Eries, and reduced the ancient and pow- erful Hurons, from whom the great lake takes its name, to a small band of terror- stricken fugitives ; their ferocity and tor- ture of captives were revolting traits in their character ; they were the worst of con- querors and their lust of blood and do- minion is without parallel in Indian history. Mr. Mason says of them ("Land of the Illinois," pp. 113,114): "Though number- ing but 2,500 warriors, their superior weap- ons and experience in warfare had enabled them to defeat and finally exterminate all their neighbors. . . . They destroyed more than thirty nations ; caused the death of more than 600,000 persons within eighty years, and rendered the country about the great lakes a desert" — and Mr. Mason's statement had ample corroboration. Such were the Indians who were often transient residents of this locality before the coming of the white man, and their depredations furnish the basis for much of the historical references to the process of self-extermination of the Indian, by the wars among themselves in progress when the white man first saw the American In- dian. The French were never successful in gain- ing the friendship of the Iroquois tribes, as they were with almost all the other In- dians of the North and Northwest ; but the Iroquois were the friends of the English and Dutch. In Colden's "History of the Five Na- tions," printed in the old English style of that day (1750), the author, in describing one of the campaigns between the French and English, in 1693, where Peter Schuyler, a Major of the New York Militia, was in charge of the English and their Indian al- lies, the Iroquois, says : "It is true that the English were in great want of Provisions at that time. . . . The Indians eat the Bodies of the French that they found. Col. Schuyler (as he told me himself) going among the Indians at that Time was invited to eat broth with them, which some of them had ready boiled, which he did, till they, putting the Ladle deep into the Kettle to take out more, brought out a French Man's Hand, which put an end to his Appetite." The quaint humor in this record of an Englishman eating such French broth in the seventeenth century, or at any subse- quent time, for that matter, and losing his appetite, needs no comment; the author may unconsciously have offered a fair ex- planation of this circumstance, for he says in another connection, "Schuyler was brave, but he was no Soldier." The Illinois.— In the year 1615, five years before the landing of the Mayflower, Champlain reached Lake Huron. Upon his crude map of New France appears indica- tions that he then heard and knew of the far-away prairie land, in which dwelt the tribes of the Illinois— the land of the Buf- falo. (Mason, supra.) Jean Nicolet saw or heard of the Illinois again in 1638 and two young French explorers again in 1655 (Ma- son, Id.) October i, 1665, ten years later, the Illinois sent a delegation to attend an Indian Council at the Great Chippewa (Ojibvvay) Village, on Lake Superior, with reference to war with the Sioux, which Claude Allouez attended and there ad- dressed the many Northern tribes assembled in council, assuring them of the friendship and protection of the French, who would "smooth the path between the Chippewas and Quebec, brush the pirate canoes from so NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY the intervening rivers and leave the Iro- quois no alternative but death and destruc- tion." (Brown's "History of Illinois," p. 115.) There is abundant evidence to show that, during the preceding years, the Illi- nois had suffered greatly by wars with the Sioux from the West and with the Iroquois from the East. In 1673 Joliet and Marquette found the Illinois on the western bank of the Missis- sippi and on the Illinois River, where there were many villages ; one village found by these explorers consisting of seventy-four cabins, each containing several families. In 1675 Marquette paid his second visit to the same locality and "summoned them to a grand council on the Great Meadow be- tween the Illinois River and the modern village of Utica. Here five hundred chiefs and old men were seated in a ring ; behind stood 1,500 youths and warriors and, be- hind them, all the women and children of the village. Marquette standing in the midst," told them the story of Christ and the Virgin (Parkman's "La Salle," 69) ; Al- louez visited them again in 1677. In 1680 Tonty and Hennepin found the lodges of the great Indian town. 460 in number, constructed of poles "in shape like the arched tops of a baggage wagon," cov- ered with mats of rushes, closely inter- woven ; each contained three or four fires ; the greater part served for two families. The population has been variously esti- mated at 2,400 families, 1,200 warriors and 6,000 souls. "The lodges were built along the river bank for the distance of a mile, sometimes far more." (Parkman's "La .Salle," 156.) Among the varying estimates as to pop- ulation of the Illinois tribes (none of them very accurate), one early Jesuit writer (1658) describes their number at "about 100,000 souls, with sixty villages and quite 20,000 warriors." (Mason, Id., 4.) "Their great Metropolis, near Utica, in La Salle County, was the largest city ever built by northern natives." (Caton, "The Last of the Illinois.") Mr. Mason locates the vil- lage four miles below the present city of Ottawa. ("Land of the Illinois," p. 44.) These facts indicate not only a powerful and populous nation, but their cemeteries, traditions, implements and cultivated fields, a long residence in the same locality — how many the years or how many the centuries can never be known. Their most permanent homes were along the Illinois River, but they seem to have had entire control of all the northeastern por- tion of Illinois, as far back as any record can be found and to the time of the occupa- tion by the Pottawatomies. The Chicago portage seems to have been a frequent and popular rendezvous, and they were so iden- tified with this locality that Lake Michigan was generally known to the early explorers as the "Lake of the Illinois." The Illinois were a kindly people ; hos- pitable, affable and humane ; and it was said of them by one of the Jesuit missionaries, "When they meet a stranger they utter a cry of joy, caress him and give him every proof of friendship." They lived by hunt- ing and tilling of the soil, raising great crops of Indian corn and storing away a surplus for future use ; they were great travelers by land, but, unlike most northern Indian tribes, used canoes but little ; they had permanent dwellings, as well as port- able lodges ; they roamed many months of the year among the prairies and forests of their great country, to return again and join in the feasts and merry-making, when their whole population gathered in the vil- lages. These habits of travel indicate that they were frequently along the western shore of the lake. In September, 1680, soon after La Salle and Tonty reached the Illinois country, HISTORY OF EVANSTON 31 and while Tonty was still there, the Iro- quois from New York again attacked the Illinois. "With great slaughter they defeat- ed this hitherto invincible people ; laid waste their great city and scattered them in broken bands over their wide domain. From this terrible blow the Illinois never recovered." (Caton, "Last of the Illinois"; Mason, Id., pp. 99-103.) During the succeeding century the Illi- nois — lovers of peace, who had welcomed the explorer and the missionary — broken in spirit, their courage gone, decimated by drink and disease and scattered by their enemies, struggled with waning fortunes, ending their existence in the historic trag- edy of Starved Rock, about the year 1770, from which but eleven of their number escaped. An Indian boy — a Pottawatomie — saw the last remnant of this once proud and powerful nation, brave warriors, their wo- men and little children, huddled together upon the half acre of ground that crowns the summit of Starved Rock ; saw the fierce and war-like Pottawatomies and Ottawas swarm for days around them, and perform by the torture of siege and starvation what they could not do by force of arms. When the little stock of food was gone, and de- spair drove the Illinois to make the last brave dash for liberty in the darkness of the stormy night, he heard the yells and clash of the fighting warriors and the dying shrieks of the helpless women and children. Years afterward, when this Indian lad (Meachelle) had grown to be the principal chief of the Pottawatomies, he related these incidents to Judge Caton. Let him who cares for tragedy read what the learned Judge says of this — the last of the Illinois. The Pottawatomies. — The Pottawato- mies were of the Algonquin tribes. Their power was severely felt by the British when at war with the French and in the later Indian war led by Pontiac. When Allouez and the other Jesuit Fathers first visited Green Bay, in 1670, the Pottawato- mies were living along its shores, and these Jesuits are probably the first white men who saw them in their homes. Green Bay at that time was their permanent abode, though they roamed far away and extended their visits over much of the territory around Lake Superior, where delegations of them were seen as early as 1665, and in 1670, '71 and 'j2. by the Jesuit Fathers, whom they frequently visited and invited to their homes at Green Bay. In those days they were not known in this locality, for Joliet and Marquette, returning from the Mississippi and the Illinois country in 1674, met none of the Pottawatomies in this re- gion. The date when they left Green Bay is not certain, or whether they emigrated from there as a whole or in parties, but it is a matter of history that, early in the eigh- teenth century (authorities differ as to the date), they scattered to the south and east and, thereafter, occupied the Southern Peninsula of Michigan, Northeastern Illi- nois and the northern part of Indiana. Their advance into Illinois was sometimes accomplished with good-natured tolerance on the part of the Illinois tribes, and some- times by actual violence. This emigration divided the tribe into two rather distinct classes, so that we often find, even in re- cent Government reports, the Pottawato- mies of Michigan and Indiana designated as those of the Woods, and those of Illinois as those of the Prairie, or "The Prairie Band." The exclusive possession of this territorv by the Pottawatomies dates from the siege of Starved Rock and the extinction of the Illinois. The Pottawatomies and Ottawas supposed that the Illinois were accessory to the murder of Pontiac, who was killed in 32 OUR INDIAN PREDECESSORS 1769 by an Illinois Indian, bribed for the deed with a barrel of whiskey. They loved and obeyed this great Indian chieftain of the Oattawas and wreaked dire vengeance for his death upon the luckless Illinois, and the date of the massacre at Starved Rock and their permanent occupation of this ter- ritory is generally fixed as soon after Pon- tiac's death. No record of their permanent residence at Green Bay succeeds this date. The Pottavvatomies were of commanding importance in this locality thereafter, and even before, for in 1763 they sent a delega- tion of 450 warriors to the Algonquin Con- ference at Niagara Falls, and, as we all know, they were the last Indians to yield their place in this State to the inevitable westward march of the white man, when the tomahawk gave way forever to the plowshare. As already stated, the Pottawatomies of the Woods became, in time, a different peo- ple than their western brothers ; they were susceptible to the influence of civilization and religion ; took kindly to agriculture to supplement the fruits of the chase. It was very different, however, with the Illinois Pottawatomies — the prairie In- dians. Judge Caton says of them: "They despised the cultivation of the soil as too mean even for their women and children, and deemed the captures of the chase the only fit food for a valorous people." They paid little attention to the religion of the white man. "If they understood something of the principles of the Christian religion which were told them, they listened to it as a sort of theory which might be well adapted to the white man's condition, but was not fitted for them, nor they for it. They en- joyed the wild, roving life of the prairie, and, in common with most all other native Americans, were vain of their prowess and manhood, both in war and in the chase. They did not settle down for a great length of time in a given place, but roamed across the broad prairies, from one grove or belt of timber to another, either in single fami- lies or in small bands, packing their few effects, their children, and infirm on their little Indian ponies. They always traveled in Indian file upon well-beaten trails, con- necting, by the most direct routes, promi- nent trading posts. These native highways served as guides to our early settlers, who followed them with as much confidence as we now do the roads laid out and worked by civilized man." Schoolcraft says they were tall of stature, fierce and haughty. The portable wigwams of the Pottawato- mies were made of flags or rushes, woven and lapped ingeniously together. This ma- terial was wound around a framework of poles, meeting at the top. Through a hole in the apex of the roof, left for the purpose, the smoke escaped from the fire in the cen ■ ter ; the floor was generally of mats of tlie same material spread around the fire. Their beds were of buflFalo robes and deer skins thrown over the mats. The door consisted of a simple opening covered with a mat or robe. Chicago was an important rendezvous for them, as it had previously been for the Illinois. There they signed an important treaty with the United States in 1821, ced- ing some 5,000,000 acres in Michigan and other treaties, which will receive later men- tion, and here they held, in 1835, immedi- ately preceding their removal to the West, their last grand council and war dance in the presence of the early settlers of Chica- go and 5.000 of their tribe. The Ottawas were the firm allies of the Pottawatomies, as were also the Chippewas (Ojibways) and all three tribes were close- ly related, not only as friends and allies, but by ties of blood and kinship, and they gen- HISTORY OF EVANSTON 33 erally joined in signing treaties ; some writers assert that they were formerly one nation. In the war of 1812 the Pottawatomies, at least in part, were against the United States, although they fought the British under Pontiac in 1763. In the Black Hawk War of 1832 they remained true to our Government, although it was with difficulty that some of their young warriors were re- strained from joining the Sacs and Foxes. They participated in the Battle of Tippeca- noe, and stamped their names forever upon the history of Chicago by the Fort Dear- born massacre. They were not only actively concerned in all the warlike transactions of their time, but among their numbers were some of the most noted orators of history. Ouilmette Reservation and Family. — The Ouilmette reservation and its for- mer occupants and owners have been the subject of much solicitude and investiga- tion, not entirely for historical purposes, but more especially that the white man might know that he had a good, white man's title to the Indian's land. The south- ern boundary was Central Street, or a line due west from the light-house ; the eastern boundary the lake ; the northern boundary a little south of Kenilworth, and the west- ern boundary a little west of the western terminus of the present street-car line on Central Street, from which it will be seen that some 300 acres of the Reservation falls within the city limits of Evanston, while the remainder includes almost the whole of our nearest neighbor to the north — the Village of Wilmette. The reservation takes its name from its original owner, Archange Ouilmette, wife of Antoine Ouilmette, described in the or- iginal Treaty and Patent from the United States as a Pottawatomie woman. The name given the village — Wilmette — origi- nates from the phonetic spelling of the French name "O-u-i-1-m-e-t-t-e." There are many interesting facts regard- ing Ouilmette and his family, some of which I will mention : Antoine, the husband, was a Frenchman, who, like many of his coun- trymen, came to the West in early days and married an Indian wife. He was one of the first white residents of Chicago ; some of the authorities say that, with the exception of Marquette, he was the very first. He was born at a place called Lahndrayh, near Montreal, Canada, in the year 1760. His first employment was with the American Fur Company, in Canada, and he came to Chicago in the employ of that company in the year 1790. This striking figure in our local history is sadly neglected in most, if not all, the his- torical writings. Almost every one knows that the Village of Wilmette was named after its former owner ; many misinformed persons speak of him as an Indian chief ; a few of the writers merely mention his name as one of the early settlers of Chi- cago. And that has been the beginning and the end of his written history. Ouilmette's occupation cannot be more definitely stated than to say that, at one time, he was an employe of John Kinzie, and in turn Indian trader, hunter and farm- er. He was a type of the early French voyageurs, who lived and died among their Indian friends, loving more the hardships and excitement of the Western frontier than the easier life of Eastern civilization. If a detailed account of all he saw and did could be written we would have a com- plete history of Chicago, Evanston and all the North Shore during the eventful fifty years intervening between 1790 and 1840. It appears from a letter signed with "his mark," written and witnessed by one James Moore, dated at Racine, June i, 1839, that he came to Chicago in July, 1790. A fac- simile of this letter, which is addressed to Mr. John H. Kinzie, appears in Blanchard's History of Chicago (p. 574), and contains 34 OUR INDIAN PREDECESSORS some interesting facts, both historical and personal. He says: "I caim into Chicago in the year 1790 in July witness old Mr. Veaux . . . and Mr Griano . . . These men ware living in the country Be- fore the war with the winnebagoes. Trading with them I saw the Indians Brake open the Door of my house and also the Door of Mr. Kinzie's House. At first there was only three indians come. They told me there was Forty more coming and they told me to run. i Did So. in nine days all I found left of my things was the feathers of my beds scattered about The floor, the amount Dis- troyed By them at that time was about Eight hundred Dollars. Besides your fathar and me Had about four hundred hogs Distroyed by the Saim indians and nearly at the Saim time, fur- ther particulars when I See you. I wish you to write me whether it is best for me to come thare or for you to come hear and how son it must be Done" "Yours with Respect" his Antone X Ouilmette" "Jas. Moore" mark Ouilmette owned and occupied one of the four cabins that constituted the settle- ment of Chicago in 1803. The other resi- dents were Kinzie, Burns and Lee (Kirk- land's "Story of Chicago," "Andreas' His- tory of Chicago," Mrs. William Whistler's letter, written in 1875.) Ouilmette had eight children, four sons and four daughters, viz. : — Joseph, Louis, Francis, Mitchell, Elizabeth, Archange, Jos- ette and Sophia ; also an adopted daughter, Archange Trombla, who, on August 3, 1830, married John Mann, who in early times ran a ferry at Calumet. (Authority John Wentworth and Sophia Martell, the only surviving daughter of Antoine Ouil- mette.) Ouilmette was in Chicago at the time of the massacre of the garrison of Old Fort Dearborn in 1812 by the Pottawatomies, and his family was instrumental, at that time, in saving the lives of at least two whites. Mrs. John H. Kinzie in her book, "Wau-bun" (the early day), describes the circumstances : "The next day after Black Partridge, the Pot- tawatomie Chief, had saved the life of Mrs. Helm in the massacre on the lake shore (commemorated by the monument recently erected at the place), a hand of "the most hostile and implacable of all the tribes of the Pottawatomies" arrived at Chicago and, disappointed at their failure to participate in the massacre and plunder, were ready to wreak vengeance on the survivors, including Mrs. Helm and other members of Mr. Kinzie's family. Mrs. Kinzie says ("Wau-bun" pages 235, 240) : "Black Partridge had watched their approach, and his fears were particularly awakened for the safety of Mrs. Helm (Mr. Kinzie's step-daughter). By his advice she was made to assume the ordi- nary dress of a French woman of the country. . "In this disguise she was conducted by Black Partridge himself to the house of Ouilmette, a Frenchman with a half-breed wife, who formed a part of the establishment of Mr. Kinzie, and whose dwelling was close at hand. . . It so happened that the Indians came first to this house in their search for prisoners. As they approached, the inmates, fearful that the fair complexion and general appearance of Mrs. Helm might betray her for an American, raised a large feather bed and placed her under the edge of it, upon the bedstead, with her face to the wall. Mrs. Bison, the sister of Ouilmette's wife, then seated herself with her sewing upon the foot of the bed." It was a hot day in August and Mrs. Helm suffered so much from her position and was so nearly suffocated that she en- treated to be released and given up to the Indians. "I can but die," said she; "let them put an end to my misery at once." When they assured her that her discovery would be the death of all of them, she remained quiet. "The Indians entered and she could occasion- ally see them from her hiding place, gliding about and stealthily inspecting every part of the room, though without making any ostensible search, un- til apparently satisfied that there was no one con- cealed, they left the house. . . All this time Mrs. Bison had kept her seat upon the side of the bed, calmly sorting and arranging the patch work of the quilt on which she was then engaged and preserving the appearance of the utmost tranquil- lity, although she knew not but the next moment she might receive a tomahawk in her brain. Her self command unquestionably saved the lives of all present. . . From Ouilmette's house the party proceeded to the dwelling of Mr. Kinzie." The Indians had just left Ouilmette's house when one Griffin, a non-commis- sioned officer, who had escaped and had been concealed among the currant bushes of Ouilmette's garden, climbed into Ouil- mette's house through a window to hide from the Indians. "The family stripped him HISTORY OF EVANSTON 35 of his uniform and arrayed him in a suit of deer skin, with belt, moccasins and pipe, like a French engage," in which disguise he also escaped. After the massacre, when John Kinzie and all the other white settlers and their families fled from the place, Ouilmette and his family remained, and he was the only white resident of Chicago for the following four years, 1812 to 1816. (Kirkland's "Story of Chicago" ; Hurlbut's "Chicago Antiqui- ties.") In 1814 Alexander Robinson (afterwards chief of the Pottawatomies) came to Chi- cago, and he and Ouilmette cultivated the field formerly used as the garden of old Fort Dearborn ; they raised good crops of corn and sold the crop of 1816 to Captain Bradley, after his arrival at Chicago to re- build the fort. (Andreas' "History of Chi- cago.") He was still in Chicago in 182 1. (An- dreas', Id. ; Kirkland, Id.) He had horses and oxen and other stock in abundance. In early days he kept a small store in Chicago and used to tow boats into the Chicago River with his ox teams. He also furnished the Fort Dear- born garrison with meat and fuel and car- ried on trading operations with the Indians along the North Shore and in Canada, where he frequently went. (Authority, Sophia Martell.) Mrs. Archibald Clybourne says that Ouil- mette raised sheep when he lived in Chica- go, and that her mother, Mrs. Galloway, used to purchase the wool of him with which she spun yarn and knit stockings for the Fort Dearborn soldiers. Ouilmette was a thrifty Frenchman. In 1825 he was one of the principal taxpayers in Chicago and paid $4.00 taxes that year upon property valued at $400, as appears by an old tax roll, dated July 25th of that year (Blanchard's "History of Chicago," p. 517), from which rate of taxation it would seem that the burden of "taxing bodies," of which we hear so much in these days, began very early in Chicago's history. With one exception, none of the fourteen taxpayers of that year owned property in excess of $1,000. John Kinzie's holdings appear on the same roll as worth $500, while those of John B. Beaubien are set down at $1,000; the lowest man on the list is Joseph La Framboise, who paid fifty cents on property valued at $50, and Ouilmette's taxes appear considerably above the average in amount. He also appears as a voter upon the poll book of an election held at Chicago on August 7, 1826, at which election it is said he voted for John Quincy Adams for Pres- ident (Blanchard, Id., p. 519), which is the last record I have been able to find of his residence in Chicago. The Treaty of Prairie du Chien, in de- scribing the boundaries of a part of the lands ceded by the Indians, and dated July 29, 1829, begins the description as follows : "Beginning on the western shore of Lake Michigan, at the northeast corner of the field of Antoine Ouilmette, who lives near Gross Point, about twelve (12) miles north from Chicago, thence due west to the Rock River," which is the first evidence I have found of Ouilmette's residence in this vi- cinity, although he was married to Arch- ange in 1796 or 1797 at "Gross Point," or what is now Wilmette Village, this being the first North Shore wedding of which there is any history. (Authority, Sophia Martell.) Ouilmette was a Roman Catholic. In April, 1833, he joined with Alexander Rob- inson, Billy Caldwell, several of the Beau- biens and others, in a petition to the Bishop of the diocese of Missouri, at St. Louis, asking for the establishment of the first Catholic Church in Chicago. The petition (written in French) says: "A priest should 36 OUR INDIAN PREDECESSORS be sent there before other sects obtain the upper hand, which very likely they will try to do." The early enterprise of the church is demonstrated by the fact that the peti- tion was received on April i6th and grant- ed the next day. (Andreas' "History of Chicago.") From the foregoing facts it is evident that Ouilmette located in Chicago in 1790, and lived there for over thirty-six years, and that «or-c tin"? he^v/e'^n 1826 and 1829 he located within the present limits of Ev- anston or Wilmette Village, and certainly within the Reservation. Mrs. Kinzie took Ouilmette 's daughter Josette with her to the Indian Agency, of which her husband was in charge at Old Fort Winnebago in Wisconsin, on her re- turn from Chicago in 183 1. She describes her ("Wau-bun," 300) as " a little bound girl, a bright, pretty child of ten years of age. She had been at the Saint Joseph's Mission School." Mrs. Kinzie, at the time of the Black Hawk war (1832) fled from Fort Winnebago to Green Bay in a canoe and took this same little Josette Ouilmette with her ("Wau-bun," 426). That Josette was a protege of the Kinzie family, and that they took a lively interest in her welfare, further appears from the treaty of 1833 with the Pottawatomies at Chicago. She is personally provided for, probably at the demand of the Kinzies, in the following words: "To Josette Ouil- mette (John H. Kinzie, Trustee), $200." The other children did not fare so well, for the Treaty further provides, "To Antoine Ouilmette's children, $300." Archange Ouilmette, wife of Antoine, was a squaw of the Pottawatomie tribe, be- longing to a band of that tribe located at the time she was married at what is now Wilmette Village, although the band were constant rovers over what is now Illinois, Michigan, Indiana and Wisconsin. While .■\rchange was of the Pottawatomie tribe her father was a white man, a trader in the em- ploy of the American Fur Company, a Frenchman, bearing the rather striking name of Francois Chevallier. Archange was born at Sugar Creek, Michigan, about 1764 and died at Council Bluffs, Iowa, in 1840. (Authority, Sophia Martell, daugh- ter, and Israel Martell, grandson of An- toine.) John Wentworth says in his reminis- cences that Ouilmette's daughter, Eliza- beth, married for her first husband en May II, 1830, Michael Welch, "the first Irish- man in Chicago." This wedding, with the son of Erin groom and the Pottawatomie bride, was celebrated in an old log cabin that stood until some two years ago (1903) on the east side of Sheridan Road, at Kenilworth, and about two blocks north of the Kenil- worth water tower. I secured a kodak pic- ture of this log cabin shortly before it was removed, copy of which appears on an adjoining page. This cabin was built by one John Doyle, who, considering his name and date of residence, may be safely designated "the first Irishman of the North Shore," for I am sure there are few who can successfully dispute my statement, nor do I see any reason why the North Shore should not have its "first Irishman" as well as Chicago. My authority as to this being the house where the wedding was celebrated is Mr. Charles S. Raddin, of Evanston, who se- cured the information some years ago from Mrs. Archibald Clybourne, who may have been present at the wedding, although Mr. Raddin neglected to ask her. Mr. Raddin was further neglectful in failing to get the name of the best man and the maid of hon- or, and whether they were Irish or Potta- watomie. The ceremony was performed by John B. Beaubien, a Justice of the Peace, as HISTORY OF EVANSTON 17 is shown beyond question by the records of Peoria County. Ouihiiette and his family lived in this cabin at the time of this wedding, and for some time thereafter (authority, Sophia Martell, who also corroborates Mr. Raddin regarding her sister's marriage), although their most permanent abode was about a mile south of there, as will be shown later. The Treaty of Prairie du Chien with the Chippewas, Ottawas and Pottawatomies, by which the Reservation was ceded to Ouil- mette's wife, was concluded July 29, 1829. Among other provisions of land for In- dians and others, Article 4 of the Treaty provides as follows : "To Archange Ouil- mette, a Pottawatomie woman, wife of An- toine, two sections for herself and her chil- dren on Lake Michigan, south of and ad- joining the northern boundary of the ces- sion herein made by the Indians aforesaid to the United States. . . . The tracts of land herein stipulated to be granted shall never be leased or conveyed by the grantees, or their heirs, to any person whatever, with- out the permission of the President of the United States." The land was surveyed by the Govern- ment surveyors in 1842, and the patent therefor was issued October 29th of the same year. Site of Evanston Lands Acquired From the Indians. — This treaty is of special historical interest. By it the United States acquired title from the Indians to all of the land within the city limits of Evans- ton and great tracts to the west, bounded as follows : Beginning at the north line of Ouilmette's reservation, or a little south of Kenilworth on the Lake Shore, due west to the Rock River, thence down the river and east of it to the Indian boundary line on Fox River, estab- lished by the treaty of 1816; thence northeasterly on that line to Lake Michi- gan, thence north along the lake shore to the place of beginning. (The line men- tioned as running "northeasterly to Lake Michigan'" is the center of the street in Rogers Park, known for many years and in our records as the "Indian Boundary Road," now unfortunately changed by di- rection of the City Council of Chicago to "Rogers Avenue." It is about half way between Calvary Cemetery and the Rog- ers Park depot ; crosses Clark Street or Chicago Avenue at the site of the old toll- gate and Justice Murphy's birthplace on the opposite corner). There should be active co-operation in restoring the name "Indian Boundary" to this highway. I am informed that the name was changed at the solicitation of Mr. Rog- ers' family. He was, no doubt, a worthy pioneer, but his name seems to have been sufificiently perpetuated by the name Rog- ers' Park, which was the former village now annexed to Chicago. There is, too, a railroad station there of that name, and many real estate subdivisions also bearing his name. This Indian Boundary line is not only a great land mark, but the treaty which fixed it had great historical signif- icance in the development of Illinois. This line is referred to in many maps, surveys, deeds and conveyances, is in part the divid- ing line between the cities of Chicago and Evanston, runs in a southwesterly direc- tion, intersecting other roads and streets in such manner as to make it an important and distinctive highway, the importance of which will grow more and more as the years go by. The disinclination of the City Council to disturb historical land- marks by changing the names of old high- ways should surely have been exercised in this instance, and one of the aldermen of that ward, Mr. W. P. Dunn, assures me that he agrees with this sentiment. This treaty also included a vast terri- 38 OUR INDIAN PREDECESSORS tory lying between the Mississippi and Rock rivers in Illinois and Wisconsin, and was planned, it is said, with reference to the succeeding Treaty of Chicago in 1833, to finally clear Western Illinois and South- ern Wisconsin of the Indians. "By its pro- visions the Indians became completely hemmed in or surrounded. To use a com- mon saying in playing checkers, the In- dians were driven into the 'single corner' before they were aware of it." Haines, p 554-) This treaty was the entering wedge, de- signed, as above stated, to eventually oust the Pottawatomies and other tribes from Illinois and Wisconsin, and the manner in which its execution was secured reflects no credit upon our nation. If the writers who have investigated the subject can be relied upon, hardly any treaty with the In- dians ever made is subject to more just criticism. Story of the Ouilmette Reservation.^ It is claimed by Elijah M. Haines, au- thor of "The American Indian," that the two sections of land constituting the Ouil- mette Reservation, were given to Ouil- mette's wife and children as a bribe for the husband's influence in securing the execu- tion of this treaty. Mr. Haines, late of Waukegan, was for some years Speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives, and spent a portion of each year, for many years, among the Indians. In his book he devotes some ten pages (550-560) to "the ingenious work in overreaching the In- dians in procuring the execution of this treaty," from which it appears, if Mr. Haines is correct, that plans were laid in advance by the Government's agents to carry it through by electing chiefs to fill vacancies in the Pottawatomie tribe, who were not only friendly to the whites, but who were parties to a prior conspiracy to dupe the Indians. As the author says, "the jury being thus successfully packed, the verdict was awaited as a matter of form." Mr. Haines seems to have reached this con- clusion after careful investigation, includ- ing personal interviews with some of the principals, among whom was Alexander Robinson, one of the chiefs who was elected at the very time the treaty was signed. Mr. Haines sets out a personal interview be- tween himself and Robinson on the sub- ject, which is as follows: - "Mr. Robinson, when and how did you become a chief?" "Me made chief at the treaty of Prairie du Chien." "How did you happen to be made chief?" "Old Wilmette, he come to me one day and he say: Dr. Wolcott" (then Indian agent at Chi- cago, who Mr. Haines says, planned the deal) "want me and Billy Caldwell to be chief. He ask me if I will. Me say yes, if Dr. Wolcott want me to be." "After the Indians had met together at Prairie du Chien for the Treaty, what was the first thing done?" "The first thing they do they make me and Billy Caldwell chiefs; then we be chiefs . . . then we all go and make the treaty." Chiefs Robinson and Caldwell were hand- somely taken care of, both in this treaty and subsequent ones, in the way of an- nuities, cash and lands, as were also their friends. Archange Ouilmette, Indian wife of the man designated by Chief Robinson as "Old Wilmette," and her children thus, according to Mr. Haines, secured the two sections of land constituting the Reserva- tion under discussion, and which seems to show that Ouilmette was, indeed, as al- ready stated, a thrifty Frenchman. There is ample ground, however, for disagreement with Mr. Haines in his volun- tary criticism of Ouilmette in this trans- action. It must be borne in mind that Ouilmette and his family were not only friendly to the whites during the stirring and perilous times at Chicago in the War of 1812, but they themselves had suffered depredations at the hands of the Indians, as shown by Ouilmette's letter to John H. HISTORY OF EVANSTON 39 Kinzie. Then, too, he was occupying this very land, then of Httle value, and consid- ering his fidelity to the Government, not- withstanding his marriage to a Pottawato- mie wife, it would seem that this cession of these two sections of land, under the cir- cumstances, was entirely right and prob- ably very small compensation for his friendly services. Then, too, it must be re- membered that he did not get the land, but it went to his Pottawatomie wife and her children. Mr. Haines says of this transaction and of Dr. Wolcott's and Ouilmette's connec- tion with it (p. 557) : "In aid of this purpose, it seems he secured the services of Antoine Wilmette, a French- man, who had married an Indian wife of the Pottawatomie tribe, one of the oldest residents of Chicago, and a man of much influence with the Indians and a particular friend of Robinson's." It is fair to say that Mr. Haines excuses both Robinson and Caldwell for their action in the matter, on the ground that they had long been friendly to the whites and were misled into believing that the integrity of their white friends was as lasting as their own (p. 556). It is to be regretted that Mr. Haines did not express the same views as to Ouilmette, for history clearly demon- strates that he was richly entitled to it. Ouilmette was also on hand when the Treaty of Chicago (1833) was negotiated, as he was at Prairie du Chien, for the treaty not only provides for the donations already mentioned to Chiefs Robinson and Caldwell, to Ouilmette's children and others, but he secured $800 for himself, as the treaty shows. Whether this was com- pensation for his hogs that had been "dis- troyed" some thirty years before by the In- dians, or as further compensation for his prior services at Prairie du Chien or at Chicago in 1812, is not disclosed, but it cer- tainly is evidence of his desire to see that his finances should not suffer in deals made with his wife's relations. Joseph Fountain, late of Evanston, now deceased, father-in-law of ex-Alderman Carroll, says in an affidavit dated in 187 1, "that when he first came here he lived with Antoine Ouilmette; that at that time he (Antoine) was an old man, about 70 years of age, and was living upon the Reservation with his nephew, Archange, his wife, being then absent. . . . That within a year or two thereafter the children returned and lived with their father upon the Reservation The children went away again and return- ed again in 1844. They were then all over lawful age, had usual and ordinary intelli- gence of white people and were competent to manage and sell their property. . . . That he was intimate with the children and their father and after their return as- sisted them in building a house to live in on the Reservation. That during the last twenty (20) years the Indian heirs have not been back there. . . . That in the years 1852 and 1853 the land was not worth over $3,00 per acre." I find by inquiry of Mary Fountain, Jo- seph Fountain's widow, a very old lady, in Evanston, still living in 1901', and by like inquiry of Mr. Benjamin F. Hill" and others, that the house just mentioned was built of logs, situated on the high blufifs on the lake shore, opposite, or a little north of Lake Avenue, in the Village of Wilmette, and that the former site of the house has long since, and within the memory of old residents been washed into the lake, many acres of land having been thus washed away. Mr. Hill says that this house was at one time occupied by Joel Stebbins, who used it as a tavern. IMrs. Fountain died in Evanston February 17, 190.".. 2Benjamin F. Hill died in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Oc- tober 7, 1905 — his residence up to that time, however, having been in Evanston, 4° OUR INDIAN PREDECESSORS The affidavit of Mr. Fountain indicates that Ouilmette lived on the Reservation un- til 1838. His letter of 1839 indicates a residence at Racine, at which place he had a farm for several prior years, and while living in Chicago, or at least a tract of land where he frequently went. (Author- ity, Sophia Martell.) Air. Benjamin F. Hill says that he knew him about tlie year 1838; that he was then a very old man, rather small of stature, dark skinned and bowed with age ; that about that year he went away. He died at Council Bluffs, December i, 1841. Mr. Hill says that Mr. Fountain omits in his affidavit one item concerning the acquaintance between Ouilmette and Foun- tain, viz. : a lawsuit, in which Ouilmette prosecuted Fountain and others for tres- passing upon the Reservation by cutting timber, which resulted unfavorably to Ouil- mette ; that there was a large bill of court costs which Fountain's lawyer collected by having the Sheriff levy upon and sell a pair of fine Indian ponies belonging to Ouil- mette, which were his special pride, and that it was immediately after this incident that Ouilmette left the Reservation never to return. (The value of the timber probably ac- counts for the selection of this land by Ouilmette when the treaty was drawn.) There are many other interesting remin- iscences among old settlers of Evanston re- garding Ouilmette. One from William Carney, former Chief of Police of Evans- ton and for many years a Cook County Deputy Sheriff, who was born in Evanston, is to the effect that Ouilmette often went through Evanston, along the old Ridge trail on which the Carneys lived, on foot and always carrying a bag over his shoul- der ; that the children were afraid of him, and that Carney's mother, when he was a small boy, used to threaten him with the punishment for misconduct of giving him to "Old Ouilmette," who would put him in the bag and carry young Carney home to his squaw. Mr. Carney says, "Then I used to be good" ; and it is local history that, in later years, my youthful associates used to say something to the same effect about be- ing good after an interview with Mr. Car- ney himself, when he had grown to man- hood and become the first Chief of Police of Evanston, his brother John constituting the remainder of the force. In those days, too, "Carney will get you if you don't look out!" was a common parental threat in Evanston. As already shown, neither Archange Ouilmette nor her children could, under the treaty and patent, sell any of the land with- out the consent of the President of the United States. Consequently there is much data respecting the family, both in the Recorder's office of this county, in the form of affidavits and in the office of the Interior Department at Washington, es- pecially in the General Land Office and the office of Indian Affairs. To some of these documents I refer : By a petition dated February 22, 1844, to the President of the United States, signed by seven of the children of Ouil- mette (all except Joseph), it appears that Archange Ouilmette, the mother, died at Council Bluffs on November 25, 1840; that six of the children signing the petition then resided at Council Bluffs, and one (prob- ably the former little Josette) at Fort Win- nebago, Wisconsin Territory ; that in con- sequence of their living at a remote dis- tance, the land is deteriorating in value "by having much of its timber, which con- stitutes its chief worth, cut off and stolen by various individuals living near by," which would seem to indicate that people were not so good in those days in Evans- ton as they have been reputed to be in some HISTORY OF EVANSTON 41 later clays, if the Chicago newspapers can be believed in this respect. The petition further says: "The home of your petitioners, with one exception, is at Council Bluffs, with the Pottawatomie tribe of Indians, with whom we are connected by blood, and that your petitioners cannot, with due regard to their feelings and interests, reside away from their tribe on said Reserve" ; also that they have been put to expense in em- ploying agents, whose employment has not been beneficial. The petition then asks leave to sell or lease the land, and the prayer concludes in the following words : "Or, that your Excellency will cause the Government of the United States to pur- chase back from us said Reserve of land, and pay us one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre therefor." "And your petitioners further show that they are now at Chicago on expense, wait- ing for the termination of this petition, and anxious to return home as soon as possible," and request action "without delay." As the result of this petition and subse- quent ones, Henry W. Clarke was ap- pointed a Special Indian Agent to make sale of the Reservation, or rather that part of it owned by the seven petitioners, so that a fair price could be obtained, and sale was made to real estate speculators during the years 1844 and 1845. I" the corre- spondence between the various departments of the Government with reference to the sale, appear the signatures of John H. Kin- zie, John Went worth (then member of Congress), William Wilkins, Secretary of War, President John Tyler, W. L. Marcy, Secretary of War ; also the signatures of Presidents James K. Polk and V. S. Grant.' iFor copies of these documents see "Historical Col- lections," Evanston Historical Society. The south half of the Reservation, in- cluding all that is in Evanston (640 acres), sold for $1,000, or a little over $1.50 per acre. The north section was sold in sep- arate parcels for "a larger sum. The cor- respondence tends to show that the seven Ouilmette children carried their money home with them, but as the Special Indian Agent had no compensation from the Gov- ernment and there were several lawyers en- gaged in the transaction, the amount that the Indians carried back to Council Bluffs can be better imagined than described. Joseph Ouilmette in the year 1844 took his share of the Reservation in severalty, deeding the remainder of the Reservation to his brothers and sisters, and they in turn deeding his share to him. The share that he took was in the northeastern part of the Reservation ; he secured the best price in making a sale and seemed inclined, not only to separate his property interests from his brothers and sisters, but to be more of a white man than an Indian, as he did not follow the family and the Pottawatomie tribe to the West for several years, but adopted the life of a Wisconsin farmer, re- moving later to the Pottawatomie Reserva- tion in Kansas. An affidavit made by Norman Clark, May 25, 1871, states that Joseph Ouilmette was in 1853 a farmer, residing on his farm in Marathon county, Wis., "about 300 miles from Racine," and that the $460 he re- ceived for his share of the Reservation "was used in and about the improvement of his farm," upon which he lived for about seven years, and that he was capable of managing his affairs "as ordinary, full- blooded white farmers are" ; that from 1850 to 1853 he carried on a farm within two miles of Racine, presumably on the land formerly owned by his father, An- toine. It appears from various recorded affi- 42 OUR INDIAN PREDECESSORS davits that all of the children of Ouil- mette are now dead. Such affidavits must have been made from hearsay and with a view of extinguishing upon the face of the records all possible adverese claims, for I find by investigation .that a daughter of Ouilmette (Sophia Martell) is still (1905) living on the Pottawatomie Reservation in Kansas, at a very advanced age, but with a good memory that has served a useful purpose in supplying the writer with a few of the facts here noted. With this excep- tion, all of the children are dead, but many of their descendants are still living on this same Reservation, and several of them are people of intelligence and education, priz- ing highly the history of their ancestors. Mitchell Ouilmette, on May 2, 1832, (as John Wentworth says) enlisted in the first "militia of the town of Chicago until all apprehension of danger from the Indians may have subsided" — probably referring to the Black Hawk War. Mr. Wentworth's authority is a copy of the enlistment roll, where, in transacting the copy, his name is stated as "Michael," an evident mistake in transcribing from the original signa- ture. While it is true that Captain Heald, of Fort Dearborn, was notified on August 7 or 9, 1812, of the declaration of war against England by a message carried by the Pottawatomie chief Win-a-mac, or Win- nemeg (the Catfish), from General Hull at Detroit, warning Captain Heald that the Post and Island of Mackinac had fallen into the hands of the British, of the conse- quent danger to the Chicago garrison, and the probable necessity of retiring to Fort Wayne, still it is stated upon good author- ity that Louis Ouilmette, son of Antoine, learned the same facts from a band of In- dians on the North Shore, who had come either from Mackinac or from that vicin- ity, and at once carried the information to the garrison several days before the arrival of Win-a-mac. (Authority, data in hands of C. S. Raddin.) The only relic of Antoine Ouilmette in the hands of the Evanston Historical So- ciety is an old chisel, or tapping gouge, used by him in tapping maple trees in making maple sugar on the Reservation, at a point a little west and some two blocks north of the present Wilmette station of the Northwest- ern Railway, immediately west of Dr. B. C. Stolp's residence. This chisel, or gouge, was secured by Mr. Benjamin F. Hill in this sugar bush soon after Ouilmette went away, and there is not the slightest doubt of its being the former property of Ouil- mette ; for Mr. Hill, who has been quoted frequently in this paper, is not only the John Wentworth of Evanston in the mat- ter of being an early settler (1836), with a great fund of authentic information, but he is a man of force and intelligence, of ex- cellent memory, unquestionable integrity, and always interested in historical sub- jects, as his many valuable contributions to the Evanston Historical Society abun- dantly show. Convincing evidence of the shortness of the span between the wigwam, the log cabin and the modern home, is presented when we consider that there are many liv- in Evanstonians who knew the Ouilmette family, and who saw their North Shore Reservation in all the primeval beauty of its ancient forest and towering elms. Indian Trails of the North Shore. — "Red Men's Roads" have of late been the subject of much investigation. Passing reference, therefore, to some of the Indian Trails of the North Shore will not be out of place here. My information is con- fined largely to Evanston and that imme- diate vicinity. For over a quarter of a century the Northwestern Railway has operated what the North Shore residents HISTORY OF EVANSTON 43 call "The Green Bay Train." A quarter of a century before that the white pioneer went to "Little Fort" or Waukegan on the "Green Bay Road," and before that old settlers say it was the "Green Bay In- dian Trail." Along this trail, in the year 1680, fled the wounded Henri de Tonty and his two or three follow- ers, in their historic flight from the blood-thirsty Iroquois, who time and again had also chased their red enemies in terror before them along this same Indian trail, and, in the later days, the white pio- neer saw, in the same trail, the tracks of many moccasined feet and of many Indian ponies wending their way to and from the treaty making councils at Fort Dearborn. Evanston historians have long been at loggerheads as to the location of this Green Bay Road. They all agree that it followed the line of Clark Street north, to a point opposite the north line of Rose Hill Cemetery, and there the trouble begins. Some insist that it went due north, follow- ing Clark Street and its Evanston exten- sion — called there Chicago Avenue — to a point a little north of the Evanston light- house, there reaching "the Ridge." Others claim that its divergence to 'the Ridge" was at the point of difference. Probably Both are right, each route being used, accord- ing to the wetness or dryness of the sea- son. At all events, there is no doubt — for old settlers all agree, from Benjamin F. Hill, who came to Evanston in 1836, to Frances E. Willanl. author of "The Classic Town" in 1892 — that through Evanston there were at least two well-defined north and south Indian trails, one following "the Ridge" or the high ground that extends from the terminus of Lincoln Avenue at Bowman- ville, or Rose Hill, on the south, to the high bluff on the lake front to the north of Evanston, and the other trail was right on the bank of the lake shore. This latter trail, however, there is reason to believe, was a very ancient trail, leading to the chipping stations or shops already de- scribed; and, in the later days, when the settlers began to arrive, and when weapons were purchased of traders — and, therefore, no further use for the primitive article — this latter trail was used only in following the game that also used it. "The Ridge" trail ran to the south, along the high ground, through Rose Hill Cemetery, reaching both the ancient and the modern Indian Village somewhere in that vicinity — probably at or near the western limits of the cemetery or on the North Branch. There is abundant evidence to show that north of Evanston, this trail, which reaches the Lake Shore in the north part of Evans- ton, led to Milwaukee and even north of that, following generally the present line of Sheridan Road — with a branch around the south end of "The Skokie," reaching the North Branch of the Chicago River at or near its source, and in turn the Desplaines River and the Lake region to the north- west. One authority places the "Little Fort (Waukegan) Trail" six miles west of Evanston, on one of the sand ridges there. As these ridges (of which there are sev- eral) lie generally alongside low, marshy places between the ridges, and as these ridges extend north and south, it is no doubt true, considering the Indian popula- tion and the important points both north and south, that there were well defined In- dian trails on all of them, with branches in varying directions, that would lead to Lit- tle Fort; but whatever may have been the name of this western trail, the most direct ones from Chicago to Little Fort were through Evanston. The existence and location of these Evanston trails is not left in doubt, for there are several living witnesses, both in Chicago and Evanston, who have seen them 44 OUR INDIAN PREDECESSORS and have traveled them. The Ridge Trail had been in such constant use that the path was worn more than a foot into the ground from constant travel. Major Mulford, one of Evanston's pioneers, had his home ad- joining his trail, immediately west of the present site of Calvary Cemetery, and was frequently visited there by his Chicago friends, among them Fernando Jones. The site of this trail is known as Ridge Boule- vard, in Evanston, and upon it live many of Chicago's leading citizens. Mr. B. F. Hill, in describing the Ridge Trail, says: "On each side of the Ridge and close to it, were two Indian trails, where the Indians traveled north and south. One was about where Ridge Avenue now is, and the other in the neighborhood of As- bury Avenue, or perhaps a little west of that. These trails were so much used that the path was worn more than a foot into the ground from the constant travel, show- ing that these trails had been used for many years." Indian Trees of the North Shore. — There are, at various places along the North Shore, and following closely the line of several of the old Indian trails, some curious trees that apparently have been broken, or rather bent and tied down while saplings by Indians to mark these trails ; that custom has been followed in other lo- calities, among which, it is said, is the Brad- dock trail, several localities near Fox Lake, 111., also in the vicinity of Mackinac, and it is entirely probable here. The trees are in- variably large and, if this convenient and plausible theory is correct, some of this work of so marking the trails must have been done a century and more ago, for many of the trees are white oaks of considerable size. These trees, and this theory, present also a most interesting field for inquiry and specu- lation. Photographs of some of these trees were taken by Mr. A. W. Watriss of Rog- ers Park, who, as well as Mr. C. S. Rad- din of the Evanston Historical Society and Vice-President of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, have taken great interest in this subject. One of these trees is located on the county line, beside the railroad tracks of the Northwestern Railroad at the south- west corner of the Highland Park Ceme- tery, and can easily be seen from passing trains ; and another at Calvary Cemetery, west of the railroad, can also be so seen ; and one of them long stood in the dooryard, at Davis Street and Hinman Avenue, of the late Dr. Miner Raymond, of Evanston, father of Messrs. Samuel, James and Fred D. Raymond. But some six years ago there were elev.en of these trees in perfect alignment, leading from the site of the old Indian Village at Highland Park in a northwesterly direc- tion for several miles. Most of them are still standing and can be easily identified ; and what is particularly of interest is the fact that all of these trees are white oaks, while another old trail farther to the south, near Wilmette, are without exception white elms, indicating system in the selec- tion. Those in the City of Evanston were oaks, and supposed by the supporters of this theory to lead to the chipping stations or shops on the lake shore. Two or three of these trees were also located on the North Branch of the Chicago River, near the Glen View Golf Club, probably mark- ing the trail to one of the near-by villages. Another circumstance that gives color to this contention is, that where those trees are found was once a dense and heavy forest, where it is probable that an Indian trail would be marked, if marked at all. There is still another theory to the ef- fect that these trees were bent down when young saplings, and used in the construction of wigwams by covering them with mats — a common method among the Algonquins ; HISTORY OF EVANSTON 45 but as these trees generally stand alone, with no near-by duplicates, there seems to be little to warrant this contention. Another North Shore tree that has be- come historic on account of the attention of the modern newspaper reporter, is what was known as "the Pottawatomie tree," lo- cated about three miles west of Wilmette, on the farm of M. A. Kloepfer, who se- cures quite a revenue from its exhibition. This was a remarkable tree, but is now dead, having been partially destroyed by fire and cut off some thirty feet from the ground. It was said to be the largest tree in Illinois, a Cottonwood, i6o feet high and eighteen feet in diameter, with a hol- low trunk that would hold thirty-one people. All sorts of Indian traditions, of the im- promptu variety, have been related with ref- erence to its Indian history, most of them be- ing about as reliable as the average historical novel, or the relation of an old settler in his dotage, who sometimes has been found to know many things that were not so. Still, it may be true that such a tree, towering so high above the surrounding forest, may, on account of being such a conspicuous land- mark, have been a place of Indian rendez- vous. Indian Camps and Villages. — A picture of an Indian country would be sadly dis- appointing and deficient without the In- dian camps and villages, and, therefore. I direct your attention to the sites of such camps and villages as I have been able to locate in Evanston and vicinity. The village near Bowmanville, already referred to, was designated by the late Karl Dilg, in an article published in "The Lake View Independent," as "Chicago's Great- est Indian Village," and it is quite certain that there is every reason for giving it that name. The vast number and variety of the weapons, utensils, chippings, bits of pottery and litter of many descriptions not only in- dicate an unusual population, but extended residence for a very long space of time. Some of these utensils are claimed to be pre-historic and very ancient, and the area covered by them, extending practically over the territory from Rose Hill Cemetery to the North Branch of the Chicago River, with like finds as far north as High Ridge, would indicate a very extensive village. Another populous village is said to have been at Niles Center, one at Forest Glen, or Edgebrook, and still another on the North Branch of the Chicago River, near the Glen View golf -grounds. One of these villages is, in all probability, the one re- ferred to in Marquette's diary as being six leagues (or some i8 miles) to the north. These locations by Mr. Dilg are further corroborated by Mr. Albert F. Scharf, who has made extensive personal examination of the ground, and has shown many of the locations upon a map, which not only seems to have been prepared with great care, but which is, in many instances that I could name, entirely corroborated by other inde- pendent investigations. Mr. Dilg locates also another village on the Ridge Trail at Rogers Park, which he says is practically a continuation of this Bowmanville village, "as there are chips everywhere" in this vi- cinity indicating this fact and such inhabi- tants to the Evanston City Limits on "the Ridge" ; and further claims that these vil- lages are of great antiquity, reaching back to the time of the Mound Builders, and cor- roborated, he says, by tht utensils found, some of copper, and by the further fact that there is no written history concerning any such population as must have lived for a long space of time in this locality. Whether Mr. Dilg be right or wrong m these conclusions, it is certain that these were populous villages in times of which there is no written history of this vicinity, and these same localities were in later times 46 OUR INDIAN PREDECESSORS favorite camping grounds and smaller vil- lage sites for the Pottawatomies, as is abundantly shown by the testimony of many early pioneers who saw them here along the North Branch of the Chicago River. Mr. Budlong, proprietor of the present extensive truck farm, or garden, at Bow- manville, very recently (1904) in excavat- ing a gravel-pit, unexpectedly opened and exposed to view an Indian grave of more than ordinary interest. The grave con- tained fourteen skeletons buried in a circle, the feet without exception pointing toward the center. Although apparently well preserved when imcovered, they soon crumbled to pieces after being exposed to the air. The site of this grave is about ten rods north of Foster Avenue, and of the center of Section 12; and, when California Avenue is opened, the site of these graves will be in that highway (authority, Wil- liam A. Peterson, who pointed out the lo- cation to the writer.) It is reasonable to svippose that these fourteen mute tenants of Mr. Budlong's gravel-pit were Potta- watomies, who were some of the later res- idents of the Bowmanville Indian Village. Two small villages are said to have been located at Rogers Park, on the Indian boundary line, and between Clark Street and the Lake, one of them within the pres- ent limits of Evanston (authority, Albert F. Scharf's map). The same authority lo- cates a small village at the foot of Demp- ster Street, in Evanston, which must have been done by the litter of a temporary vil- lage or camp that was there about the year 1840, during the summer season, and oc- cupied by a small roving band of Potta- watomie fishermen, described by an Evans- ton pioneer, James Carney, who visited them. Still another small village was on the north side of Hill Street, in Wilmette, about 300 feet east of Sheridan Road, on the north boundary of the Evanston golf -grounds, and one also at Gross Point, I am informed. In 183s, when the Carney family first came to Evanston, there was, at about the southwest corner of Davis Street and Wes- ley Avenue, in Evanston, a log hut, with roof of straw, that is said to have been constructed by Indians, and that was, in fact, inhabited by them (one or two fam- ilies), for quite a time while hunting in the vicinity. Immediately north of Sheridan Road, where it turns to the west, some two or three blocks north of the Evanston light- house, fronting the lake shore and on the property belonging to Mr. Charles Deering, was another Indian Village consisting of from fifteen to twenty wigwams. It must have been quite a permanent place of abode, for they had a cornfield there, and the mounds showing where the corn grew in rows could be seen but a few years ago. Mr. James Carney, of Evanston, vis- ited this village when a small boy, and has a vivid recollection of the wigwams built of rushes and mats, the Indians, their squaws, the children, the dogs, and espe- cially of five or six of the Indians who fol- lowed him home after one of his visits to secure a certain black pup to which they took a fancy, which Mrs. Carney, his mother, gave them, much to his disappoint- ment, for he, too, was fond of the dog. This was done while James was in hiding in a hay stack back of the house. In 1852 Dr. Henry M. Bannister and a companion, while hunting on the Lake Shore discovered the site of an Indian vil- lage immediately south of what is now Greenleaf Street and east of the present Sheridan Road and lying east of the shop or chipping station before described. The site was well defined, not only by the fire places, but by the litter of many kinds, in- cluding broken utensils and pottery. This HISTORY OF EVANSTON 47 discovery of Dr. Bannister's has received ample corroboration by other investiga- tions. Still another village is thus described by Mr. B. F. Hill, of Evanston : "The Indians had winter quarters at Wil- mette and lived in wigwams made of poles and mats of rushes. The village was where the Westerfield place used to be, near the present intersection of Lake Ave- nue and Sheridan Road. It was their cus- tom to come there late in the fall and stay for the winter." (This village was com- posed, not only of Indians, but French and half-breeds, the Ouilmettes and some of the Beaubiens are said to have lived with them part of the time). A part of the same interview with Mr. Hill is also of interest in this connection. I quote from it as follows: "Evanston was quite a hunting ground for the Indians on account of the deer being plenty there. During the early years of my residence here Indians were coming and going all the time, traveling north and south from Chicago, Green Bay and other points, in- cluding the winter village at Wilmette, and to and from the lake on hunting expedi- tions. The last band that I remember of seeing was some time in the early for- ties ; they were camping temporarily on the side of the road and at about what is now the intersection of Lake Avenue and Eighth Street in Wilmette. "I remember seeing John Kinzie Clark, who had a ranch in Northfield, where he raised ponies, on one occasion, coming along through the Wilmette woods with three or four Indian ponies. He was a great hunter, and, on this occasion, had three or four deer tied onto the backs of the pon- ies. He was riding one pony and the pony to the rear had his bridle tied to the tail of the pony Clark was riding, and the whole string was thus tied together, Indian file or tandem fashion. "The Indians I have described were all Pottawatomies. Roaming bands frequent- ly camped near my father's house and would call and trade." ("Our Indian Pre- decessors," 23.) The wigwams of all these North Shore camps and villages have, like their builders, disappeared forever from the earth, but it is a pleasing reverie to think of them and of the forests and the ridges and the North Shore, as in those olden days they used to be. The Indian Mounds and Graves of the North Shore are also most interesting land marks. Indian graves have been found in Evanston in many localities along the lake front, one on the property of Dr. Robert D. Sheppard, by Mr. C. S. Raddin and Dr. William A. Phillips, two by my father, Al- din J. Grover, in the year 1866, in laying the foundation for "Heck Hall," the first building constructed on the Northwestern University campus ; two more about a block north of Mr. Charles Deering's residence, on the bank of the lake ; another in the ex- cavation for the foundation of James Rood's building on Davis Street, some ten years ago. The emblematic or totemic mound, in the form of a huge lizard that was under the present site of the Wellington Street Sta- tion of the Northwestern Elevated Rail- road, may well be classed among the North Shore landmarks, and I was informed its existence has been fully authenticated. An- other one used for burial purposes, and now also obliterated, was located near the Saint Paul Railway viaduct, at the intersec- tion of Ridge Boulevard in Evanston. This mound was excavated some fifty years ago by Evanston pioneers, Joel Stebbins, Paul Pratt and James Colvin, who found a col- lection of "war instruments and skeletons." (Authority, James Carney, of Evanston.) Another landmark that may well be classed under this heading- is across the ra- 48 OUR INDIAN PREDECESSORS vine from the residence and on the premises of the late McGregor Adams, at Highland Park, which is circular in form, and about thirty feet in diameter, with a round eleva- tion in the center, and is said to have been the site of a huge wigwam used as a "coun- cil house," with trails leading to it from the west, marked by the trees elsewhere de- scribed. But to return to Evanston : there was an Indian cemetery beside the Green Bay or Ridge Avenue trail, some four or five blocks northwest of the Evanston light- house, and extending from the Evanston Hospital north to the lake, terminating about at the property now owned by Mr. P. W. Gates, and extending across the eastern edge of the Evanston golf-grounds. The last burial there is fully described in Frances E. Willard's history of Evanston, "The Classic Town" (page 21). The last burial in this cemetery is well authenticated by old settlers. "This Indian's coffin was made of poles or saplings, laid up like a log house and bound together at the corners with withes of bark, and the top was also of poles fas- tened in like manner. With him was bu- ried his gun and tomahawk and his dog. He was buried in a sitting posture, above ground, and facing the east." (See Mr. Hill's account of this in Miss Willard's "Classic Town.") Some old settlers (then boys) were kept awake many nights by visions of the grin- ning skeleton, which they saw by peeping through the cracks between the poles, which immediately preceded their flight in terror to their home. The tomahawk bu- ried with this Indian was found on the site of the grave of this identical Indian in 1875, and is now the property of the Evans- ton Historical Society. The exact site of this burial is on the west side of Ridge Boulevard, a little north of the intersection of Sheridan Road and thirty to forty feet south of Joseph Nellessen's house, and it may be of interest to Evanston golf en- thusiasts, who pursue the game until the shadows of evening fall, to know that Hole or Green No. 9, of the Evanston Golf Club's course, is within less than fifty feet of this former sepulcher. (Authority, B. F. Hill, who saw, when a boy, the grave, procured the tomahawk and presented it to the Ev- anston Society, and who has described to the writer the exact location as deter- mined by the modern landmarks just mentioned.) The many burials, so wildly scattered over Evanston, have an important signifi- cance in the respect that they indicate more than the ordinary scattering Indian popu- lation. Recollections of Later Settlers. — In later years and, even as late as 1870, single Indians and very small bands or families, came through Evanston, traveling to and from the north and Chicago, following the railroad and the lake. I have personal rec- ollection of such visitors on two or three occasions between 1866 and 1870, when they would camp and spend the night i' ri- der the oaks at the northeast corner of Sherman Avenue and Lake Street ; but these were not the wild prairie Indians of the olden time, and their character may be illustrated by an anecdote. A year or two ago I was visiting the summer home of a Kentucky gentleman on Lake Huron. His family had a colored cook — "Aunt Caro- line" — who had never before been in the North. My friend had in his employ, about his grounds, several half-breed Chippewas (Ojibways). The next morning, after "Aunt Caroline's" arrival, one of the chil- dren of the family tried to alarm her by saying that the Indians were apt to scalp her. to which she replied : "Law no, honey ! them's pet Indians." HISTORY OF EVANSTON 49 Five Great Treaties — Removal of the Pottawatomies. — Five important treaties preceded and were effective in divesting the Pottawatomies of their title to this part of the land of the Illinois. The first was the treaty of Greenville, effected by William H. Harrison, as aid-de-camp to Major-General Anthony Wayne, August 3, 1795, by which the Indians ceded "one piece of land six miles square at the mouth of the Chikago River, emptying into the southwest end of Lake Michigan, where a fort formerly stood." The second was the treaty of Saint Louis, concluded August 24, 1816, and negotiated by Gov. Ninian Edwards, by which the In- dians ceded twenty miles of lake front, di- rectly south of Evanston, and a great ad- jacent territory lying to the west and south. The northern boundary of this cession (ten miles north of the Chicago River) is what has been known by Ridgeville and Evans- ton citizens, for some fifty years, as "the Indian Botmdary line" and "Indian Boun- dary Road," above referred to. The south- ern boundary of the land ceded by this treaty began on the lake shore, ten miles south of the Chicago River. The Indians retained by the provisions of this treaty the right to hunt and fish, within the tract of land ceded, "so long as it may continue to be the property of the United States." The object of the Government in securing this land, was said to be "to construct a military road to facilitate the building of the proposed ship canal." (Blanchard, supra, 419.) The third of the treaties referred to was the Treaty of Chicago, concluded August 29, 1 82 1, by which the Pottawatomies ceded some 5,000,000 acres of land in Michigan, and thus began the most important cessions of their large domain. It was at Chicago at this time that the Pottawatomie Chief Me-te-a made his eloquent and historical speech, so often quoted by Indian histori- ans. It is of interest to show the feeling of the Pottawatomies in regard to parting with their lands. The following quotations are from Samuel G. Drake's "Book of the Indians" : "You know that we first came to this country a long time ago, and when we sat ourselves down upon it, we met with a great many hardships and difficulties. Our country was then very large; but it has dwindled away to a small spot, and you wish to purchase that. . . . We have brought all the warriors and the young men and women of our tribe that one part may not do what the oth- ers oljjecl to. . . . Our country was given to us by the Great Spirit, who gave it to us to hunt upon, to make our cornfields upon, to live upon, and to make our beds upon when we die, and He would never forgive us should we bargain it away. When you first spoke to us of lands at St. Mary's we said we had a little and agreed to sell you a piece of it ; but we told you we could spare no more. Now you ask us again. You are never satisfied. We have sold you a great tract of land already, but it is not enough. . . . You are grad- ually taking away our hunting grounds. Your children are driving us before them. We are growing uneasy. VVhat lands you have you can retain forever, but we shall sell no more. You think, perhaps, that I speak in passion, but my heart is good towards you. I speak like one of your own children. I am an Indian, a red-skin, and live by hunting and fishing, but my country is already too small, and I do not know how to bring up my children if I give it all away. . . . We speak to you with a good heart and the feelings of a friend. You are acquainted with this piece of land — the country we live in. Shall we give it up? Take notice it is a small piece of land, and if we give it away what will become of us? . . . If we had more land, you should get more, but our land has been wasting away ever since the white people became our neighbors and we now have hardly enough left to cover the bones of our tribe. You are in the midst of your red children. We all shake hands with you. Behold our war- riors, our women and children. Take pity on us and on our words." The fourth of the treaties in question was that of Prairie du Chien, concluded July 29, 1829, ceding the lake front from Kenilworth to Rogers Park, including Wilmette and Evanston and lands to the west, fully men- tioned in references to Ouilmette, his fam- ily and Reservation. The fifth of the treaties mentioned was the final treaty of Chicago, concluded Sep- tember 26, 1833, by which the Pottawato- mies ceded to the United States all that 50 OUR INDIAN PREDECESSORS remained of their lands in Illinois and Wis- consin ("supposed to contain," the treaty says, "about five million acres"), and which provided for and resulted in their removal from Illinois and west of the Mississippi. There is a very numerous class of Ameri- can writers who have little or no sympa- thy with the Indian or his supposed rights ; they look upon him and the land he has oc- cupied as not only the inevitable, but the just spoil of advancing civilization. It must, however, be a man with a heart of stone that could view, without some feeling of sentiment, this once proud and powerful na- tion, compelled by circumstance to which they had made no contribution, to desert the land of their fathers and terminate a resi- dence of more than a century and a half, at the demand of more powerful masters. Chicago in 1833 was an insignificant frontier village ; but it was then the scene of a great and historic drama, both pictur- esque and pathetic. At the time the treaty was concluded an English writer, a gentle- man of learning — Charles J. Latrobe — was making a tour of this country, and was in Chicago. In a book dedicated to Washing- ton Irving, entitled "Rambler," printed in London in 1835, he describes the scene from which I quote : "When within five miles of Chicago we came to the first Indian encampment; five thousand Indians were said to be collected around this little upstart village. "We found the village on our arrival crowded to excess, and we procured with great difficulty a small apartment, comfortless and noisy from its close proximity to others, but quite as good as we could have hoped for. The Pottawatomies were encamped on all sides — on the wide level prairie beyond the scattered village, beneath the shelter of the low woods on the side of the small river, or to the leeward of the sand hills near the beach of the lake. They consisted of three principal tribes with certain adjuncts from smaller tribes. The main divisions are, the Pottawatomies of the prairie and those of the forest, and these are sub- divided into distinct villages under their several chiefs. . . . "A preliminary council had been held with the chiefs some days before our arrival. The princi- pal commissioner had opened it, as we learned, by stating that, 'as their great father in Washington had heard that they wished to sell their land, he had sent Commissioners to treat with them.' The Indians promptly answered by their organ 'that their great father in Washington must have seen a bad bird which had told him a lie, for that, far from wishing to sell their land, they wished to keep it.' The commissioner, nothing daunted, re- plied : 'That nevertheless, as they had come to- gether for a council, they must take the matter into consideration.' He then explained to them promptly the wishes and intentions of their great father, and asked their opinion thereon. Thus pressed, they looked at the sky, saw a few wander- ing clouds, and straightway adjourned sine die, as the weather is not clear enough for so solemn a council. "However, as the treaty had been opened, pro- vision was supplied to them by regular rations; and the same night they had great rejoicing — danced the war dance, and kept the eyes and ears of all open by running and howling about the village. "Such was the state of affairs on our arrival. Companies of old warriors might be seen sitting smoking under every bush, arguing, palavering or 'pow-wowing' with great earnestness; but there seemed no possibility of bringing them to another council in a hurry. "Next in rank to the officers and commissioners, may be noticed certain store-keepers and mer- chants here; looking either to the influx of new settlers establishing themselves in the neighbor- hood, or those passing yet further to the westward, for custom and profit ; not to forget the chance of extraordinary occasions like the present. Add to these a doctor or two, two or three lawyers, a land agent, and five or six hotel-keepers. These may be considered as stationary, and proprietors of the half a hundred clap-board houses around you. "Then, for the birds of passage — exclusive of the Pottawatomies, of whom more anon — and emigrants and land speculators as numerous as the sands. You will find horse-dealers and horse- stealers ; rogues of every description, white, black, brown, and red ; half-breeds, quarter-breeds, and men of no breed at all ; dealers in pigs, poultry and potatoes ; men pursuing Indian claims, some for tracts of land, others, like our friend Snipe (one of his stage coach companions on the way), for pigs which wolves had eaten, creditors of the tribes or of particular Indians, who know that they have no chance of getting their money, if they do not get it from the government agents — sharpers of every degree; peddlers, grog-sellers, Indian agents and Indian traders of every description, and contractors to supply the Pottawatomies with food. The little village was in an uproar from morning to night, and from night to morning; for, during the hours of darkness, when the housed portion of the population of Chicago strove to ob- tain repose in the crowded plank edifices of the village, the Indians howled, sang, wept, yelled and whooped in their various encampments. "I loved to stroll out toward sunset across the river, and gaze upon the level horizon, stretching HISTORY OF EVANSTON 51 to the northwest over the surface of the prairie, dotted with innumerable objects far and near. Not far from the river lay many groups of tents constructed of coarse canvas, blankets and mats, and surmounted by poles supporting meat, moc- casins and rags. Their vicinity was always en- livened by various painted Indian figures, dressed in the most gaudy attire. The interior of the hov- els generally displayed a confined area, perhaps covered with a few half-rotten mats or shavings, upon which men. women, children and baggage were heaped pell-mell. "Far and wide the grassy prairie teemed with figures ; warriors mounted or on foot, squaws and horses; here a race between three or four Indian ponies, each carrying a double rider, whooping and yelling like fiends ; there a solitary horseman with a long spear, turbaned like an Arab, scouring along at full speed : groups of hobbled horses, In- dian dogs and children, or a grave conclave of gray chiefs seated on the grass in consultation. "It was amusing to wind silently from group to group — here noting the raised knife, the sudden drunken brawl, quashed by the good-natured and even playful interference of the neighbors; there a party breaking up their encampment, and falling with their little train of loaded ponies and wolfish dogs into tile deep, black narrow trail running to the north. You peep into a wigwam and see a domestic feud ; the chief sitting in dogged silence on the mat, while the women, of which there were commonly two or three in every dwelling, and who appeared every evening more elevated with the fumes of whisky than the males, read him a lect- ure. From another tent a constant voice of wrangling and weeping would proceed, when sud- denly an offended fair one would draw the mat aside, and taking a youth standing without by the hand, lead him apart and sitting down on the grass, set up the most indescriable whine as she told her grief. Then forward comes an Indian, staggering with his chum from a debauch; he is met by his squaw, with her child dangling in a fold of her blanket behind, and the sobbing and weeping which accompanies her whining appeal to him, as she hangs to his hand, would melt your heart, if you did not see that she was quite as tipsy as himself. . . . "It is a grievous thing that the government is not strong-handed enough to put a stop to the shameful and scandalous sale of whisky to those poor, miserable wretches. But here lie casks of it for sale under the very eyes of the Commis- sioners, met together for purposes which demand that sobriety should be maintained, were it only that no one should be able to lay at their door an accusation of unfair dealing, and of having taken advantage of the helpless Indian in a bargain, whereby the people of the United States were to be so greatly the gainers. . . . "Day after day passed. It was in vain that the signal gun from the fort gave notice of an as- semblage of chiefs at the council fire. Reasons were always found for its delay. One day an in- fluential chief was not in the way; another, the sky looked cloudy, and the Indian never performs an important business except the sky be clear. At length, on September 21st, the Pottawatomies re- solved to meet the Commissioners. We were politely invited to be present. "The council fire was lighted under a spacious open shed on the green meadow, on the opposite side of the river from that on which the fort stood. From the difficulty of getting all together, it was late in the afternoon when they assembled. There might be twenty or thirty chiefs present, seated at the lower end of the enclosure, while the commissioners, interpreters, etc., were at the up- per. The palaver was opened by the principal Commissioner. . . . "The relative positions of the Commissioners and the whites before the council fire, and that of the red children of the forest and prairie, were to me strikingly impressive. The glorious light of the setting sun streaming in under the low roof of the council house, fell full on the countenances of the former as they faced the west — while the pale light of the east hardly lighted up the dark and painted lineaments of the poor Indians, whose souls evidently clave to their birthright in that quarter. Even though convinced of the necessity of their removal, my heart bled for them in their desolation and decline. Ignorant and degraded as they may have been in their original state, their degradation is now ten-fold, after years of inter- course with the whites; and their speedy disap- pearance from the earth appears as certain as though it were already sealed and accomplished. "Your own reflections will lead you to form the conclusion — and it will be a just one — that even if he had the will, the power would be wanting for the Indian to keep his territory, and that the busi- ness of arranging the terms of an Indian treaty — whatever it might have been two hundred years ago, while the Indian tribes had not, as now, thrown aside the rude but vigorous intellectual character which distinguished many among them — now lies chiefly between the various traders, agents, creditors and balf-breeds of the tribes, on whom custom and necessity have made the de- graded chiefs dependent, and the Government agents. When the former have seen matters so far arranged their self-interests and various schemes and claims are likely to be fulfilled and allowed to their hearts' content, the silent acqui- escence of the Indian follows of course ; and till this is the case, the treaty can never be amicably effected. In fine, before we quitted Chicago on the 2oth, three or four days later, the treaty with the Pottawatomies was concluded — the Commis- sioners putting their hands, and the assembled chief their paws, to the same." Thus, as so ably described by the English writer, was consummated the transfer by which Illinois ceased to be the land of the Indian. The Indians received as compensa- tion for this vast grant $100,000 "to satisfy sundry individuals in behalf of whom res- ervations were asked, which the Commis- sioners refused to grant"; $175,000 to "sat- 52 OUR INDIAN PREDECESSORS isfy the claims made against" the Indians ; $100,000 to be paid in goods and provisions ; $280,000 to be paid in an annuity of $14,000 each year for twenty years; $150,000 "to be applied to the erection of mills, farm houses, Indian houses, blacksmith shops, ag- ricultural improvements," etc., and $70,000 "for purposes of education and the encour- agement of the domestic arts." One remarkable feature of this treaty is the fact that, by its provisions, some five hundred to one thousand persons, most of them with no Indian blood in their veins, derived personal gain from the transaction ; the allowance and payment of individual claims ranging in amount from a few dol- lars to many thousands, and, as already noted, about one-third of the cash consider- ation was thus disbursed. Among the in- dividual beneficiaries also appear the follow- ing: Alexander Robinson, $10,000 cash and $300 annuity, "in addition to annuities already granted" ; Billy Caldwell, $10,000 cash and $400 annuity, "in addition to an- nuities already granted" ; John Kinzie Clark, $400 ; allowances to Ouilmette and his family, already noted ; "John K. Clark's Indian children $400" (John Kinzie Clark — see B. F. Hill's interview supra), and various allowances to the Kinzie *^amily. The mere reading of the treaty demon- strates that the "birds of pasage," "land speculators," "men pursuing Indian claims," "creditors of the tribe," "sharpers of every degree," and "Indian traders of every description," so graphically described by the English tourist, constituted no small minority of the assembly at Chicago on this occasion, or of those who had to do with framing that part of the treaty that pro- vided for the payment of individual claims. Three years after the signing of this last treaty and in the years 1835 and 1836, the Pottawatomies — or at least the most of them — then some 5,000 in number, were re- moved west of the Mississippi, into Mis- souri, near Fort Leavenworth. They re- mained there but a year or two on account of the hostility of the frontier settlers, and were again removed to Council Bluffs, and in a few years again to a reservation in Kansas, where three or four hundred of their number still exist, while others are in the Indian Territory. Their history since leaving Illinois has been in the main that of all the Indian tribes — a steady dwindling, until less than what was one-fourth of their numbers in 1836 now remain. These transactions are all within the memory of many living citizens. A little more than half a century has rolled by since these children of the prairie and of the for- est took their farewell look at old Lake Michigan and crossed, for the last time, in their westward journey, the plains and woods and streams of the land of the Illi- nois. Their fathers entered here with strong and bloody hands ; peacably, yet by still stronger hands, have they gone the way of all their race. They have caused the white man to hear and to speak of the last of the Illinois ; and soon — too soon — will the white man also hear of the last of the Pottawa- tomies. CHAPTER III. NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY The Beginning — First Meeting of the Founders — Prime Movers in the Enter- prise — Resolutions and Draft of Charter Adopted — The Legislature Acts — First Board of Trustees — Organisation Ef- fected — Search for a Site for the Neiv Institution — The Present Location at Ev- anston Finally Selected — Acquisition of Lands — Valuable Real Estate in Chicago Retained as Part of the Endowment — Election of a President is Decided Upon. Most American Universities that have attained to a position of strength and wide usefulness have had humble beginnings, and have gathered volume and momentum through a long period of years. They have acquired, too, in that time, a style and a spirit, all their own, which it is difficult to portray in words. It needs the experience and interest of an alumnus to give life to what would be the dreary details of its progress ; 3'et these details are what we call history. They are the footprints of its for- ward march. What Northwestern Univer- sity is now, is — to most of us — the thing that makes the story of interest. This will be hinted at in the progress of this narra- tion, and will be told more fully by other writers. The period of the existence of Northwestern University has been under the close observation of men now living. One of its original founders — then a young man, now full of years — still tarries among us, and some of its earliest graduates are still in the vigor of life. Its records are all accessible, unfaded as if written only yes- terday. Its growth coincides with that of the town in which it is located and the neighboring city. It is a perilous task to deal with names so familiar as the names of the men who have chiefly wrought out its fortunes, or with events so recent. We can deal more bravely, and perhaps more freely, with men and events of a few centuries gone. First Meeting of the Founders. — It was on May 31, 1850, that a little company of men gathered by appointment in the dingy law office of Grant Goodrich, on Lake Street, between Clark and Dearborn, in the City of Chicago, over the hardware store of Jabez K. Botsford. That region was then the very heart of the business life of Chicago. These men were convened for the ambitious purpose of establishing a uni- versity at what they considered the Center of Influence in the Northwest, under the patronage and government of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Chicago then had three Methodist Churches: Clark Street, the munificent Mother of Chicago Methodism, on the South Side ; Canal Street on the West Side ; and Indiana Street Chapel on the North Side. The men present were representatives of those churches. The 53 54 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY most positive and aggressive among them were Grant Goodrich and John Evans. The latter was most Hkely the leader, for he was a man who dreamed great dreams, and then set to work to realize them. The roll of the founders who disposed themselves in the law office that day were: Rev. Richard Haney, then pastor of Clark Street Church; Rev. R. K. Blanchard, Pastor of Canal Street Church; Rev. Zadok HaU, Pastor of In- diana Street Church ; Grant Goodrich, An- drew J. Brown, John Evans, Orrington Lunt, Jabez K. Botsford and Henry W. Clark; three ministers of the gospel, three attorneys, one physician and two mer- chants evidenced that the future would not neglect the departments of Theology, Medicine, Law and, possibly. Commerce. These were devoted men, men of zeal, en- thusiastic Methodist Christians who had faith in the future and wished their church, in its educational work, to share in the op- portunities they believed the future had in store. There was, at that time, no institu- tion of college rank nearer than Galesburg, Illinois, where Knox College was situated. The only other colleges in the State at that time were Illinois College at Jacksonville, ShurtlefT at Alton, and McKendree at Lebanon ; and inasmuch as Chicago was to be the metropolis of the Northwest and a great center of population, it should also be a seat of learning. The chair was taken by Grant Goodrich. The work of the meeting had been cut and dried. Brother Goodrich had a little paper in his pocket which he was prepared to read, explaining the purpose of their gathering. He was the Methodist attorney of Chicago. There were other Methodi,st lawyers in Chicago, but he over-topped thein ; he was earlier in the field ; keen, combative, per- sistent, devoted to his clients and of stain- less honor, a man who wanted hi.s own wa\' and fought for it. There were men in that company who would give Brother Goodrich good battle if he left any weak points exposed, notably Dr. Evans, who had a mind of his own and no hesitancy or lack of skill in expressing it. The scheme of Northwestern Lhiiversity bears the marks of his far-seeing mind, whose plans were uniformly bold and full of faith, and which, with the added element of time, have, in almost every scheme with which he was connected, achieved a splendid result. Steps Taken for Founding the Univer- sity. — The purpose of the meeting was briefly explained. Andrew J. Brown was made Secretary, and then the paper was produced — the first formal step in the establishment of the University. That paper read as follows : "Whereas, The interests of sanctified learning require the immediate establishment of a univer- sity in the Northwest, under the patronage of the Methodist Episcopal Church : "Resolved, That a committee of five be appointed to prepare a draft of a charter to incorporate a literary university, to be located at Chicago, to be under the control and patronage of the Meth- odist Episcopal Church, to be submitted to the next General Assembly of the State of Illinois. "Resolved, That said committee memorialize the Rock River, Wisconsin, Michigan and North Indiana Conferences of the Methodist Episcopal Church, to mutually take part in the government and patronage of said university. "Resolved, That a committee of three be ap- pointed to ascertain what amount can be obtained for the erection and endowment of said institu- tion." These resolutions were spoken to by Rev. Richard Haney, the foremost preacher in Rock River Conference, at that early day pastor of its leading pulpit, a man of commanding presence and persuasive speech, and very loyal to his church and all her agencies, against whom posterity has no charge to make that he did not labor tire- lessly or wisely, or plan broadly for the coming years, and a man who was destined en !^ >^ > HISTORY OF EVANSTON 55 to be associated with Northwestern Univer- sity, as a Trustee, till his death, and who, during that time, never missed an annual meeting of its Board of Trustees, save one, when sickness interfered. Then Dr. Evans spoke, with kindling eye and with the fervid speech of a great pro- moter. He saw the future in the instant. He would associate the cause of education with the inevitable growth of Chicago and the increase of values of property. Let men sacrifice something now, and the com- ing peoples would pay tribute to their de- votion and sagacity, was the burden of his speech. The resolutions were unanimously adopted. The two committees suggested were appointed : First, On the Charter — John Evans, A. J. Brown, E. G. Meek, A. S. Sherman and Grant Goodrich; Second, On Co-operation of Northwest Conferences —Rev. R. Haney, Rev. R. H. Blanchard and Dr. John Evans. They were requested to report in two weeks from that date, at three o'clock p. m., at the Clark Street parsonage. They meant business, and the committees went immediately about their work. Promptly at three o'clock of the day appointed, the brethren gathered in the parlor of Brother Haney 's parsonage on Clark Street, in the rear of the First Church. Dr. Evans reported for his committee the draft of a charter as follows : Form of Charter Proposed. Section i. — Be it enacted by the people of the State of Illinois, represented in the General As- sembly : That Richard Haney, Philo Judson, S. P. Keyes and A. E. Phelps, and such persons as shall be appointed by the Rock River Annual Confer- ence of the Methodist Episcopal Church to suc- ceed them in the said office; Henry Summers, Elihu Springer, David Brooks and Elmore Yo- cum, and such persons as shall be appointed by the Wisconsin Annual Conference of said Church to succeed them; four individuals, if chosen, and such persons as shall be appointed to succeed them by the Michigan Annual Conference of said Church ; four individuals, if chosen, and such persons as shall be appointed to succeed them by the North Indiana Annual Conference of said Church; H. W. Reed, I. I. Stewart, D. N. Smith and George M. Teas, and such persons as shall be appointed to succeed them by the Iowa Annual Conference of said Church; four individuals, if chosen, and such persons as shall be appointed to succeed them by the Illinois Annual Conference of said Church ; A. S. Sherman, Grant Goodrich, Andrew J. Brown, John Evans, Orrington Lunt. J. K. Botsford, Joseph Kettlestrings. George F. Foster, Eri Reynolds, John M. Arnold, Absalom Funk and E. B. Kingsley, and such persons, citi- zens of Chicago or its vicinity, as shall be ap- pointed by the Board of Trustees hereby consti- tuted to succeed them ; be and they are hereby created and constituted a body politic and corpor- ate, under the name and title of the Trustees of the Northwestern University, and henceforth shall be styled and known by that name, and by name and style to remain and have perpetual succession, with power to sue and to be sued, plead and be implead- ed, to acquire, hold and convey property, real, per- sonal or mixed, in all lawful ways ; to have and to use a common seal and to alter the same at pleas- ure ; to make and alter, from time to time, such by- laws as they may deem necessary for the govern- ment of said institution, its officers and servants, provided such by-laws are not inconsistent with the Constitution and laws of this State and of the United States, and to confer on such persons as may be considered worthy such academical or hon- orary degrees as are usually conveyed by similar institutions. Section 2. — The term of office of said Trustees shall be four years, but that of one member of the Board for each Conference enjoying the appoint- ing power by this act, and (the) term of three of the members whose successors are to be ap- pointed by the Board hereby coni^tituted, shall ex- pire annually, the term of each member of the Board herein named to be fixed by lot at the first meeting of said Board, which Board shall, in manner above specified, have perpetual succession, and shall hold the property of said institution sole- ly for the purposes of education, and not as a stock for the individual benefit of themselves or any contributor to the endowment of the same ; and no particular religious faith shall be required of those who become students of the institution. Nine members shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of any business of the Board, except the appointment of President or Professor, or the 56 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY establishment of chairs in said institution, and the enactment of by-laws for its government, for which the presence of a majority of the Board shall be necessary. Section $. — Said Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, under whose con- trol and patronage said University is placed, shall each also have the right to appoint annually two suitable persons, members of their own body, visitors to said University, who shall attend the examination of students, and be entitled to par- ticipate in the deliberations of the Board of Trustees and enjoy all the privileges of members of said Board, except the right to vote. Section 4.— Said institution shall remain located in or near the City of Chicago, Cook County, and the corporators and their successors shall be com- petent in law or equity to take to themselves, in their said corporate name, real, personal or mixed estate, by gift, grant, bargain and sale, conveyance, will, devise or bequest of any person or persons whomsoever; and the same estate, whether real, personal or mixed, to grant, bargain, sell, convey, devise, let, place out at interest, or otherwise dis- pose of the same for the use of said institution in such manner as to them shall seem most beneficial to said institution. Said corporation shall faith- fully apply all the funds collected, or the proceeds of the property belonging to the said institution, according to their best judgment, in erecting and completing suitable buildings, supporting necessary officers, instructors and servants, and procuring books, maps, charts, globes and philosophical, chemical and other apparatus necessary to the success of the institution, and do all other acts usually performed by similar institutions that may be deemed necessary or useful to the success of said institution, under the restrictions herein im- posed : Provided, nevertheless, that in case any donation, devise or bequest shall be made for par- ticular purposes, accordant with the design of the institution, and the corporation shall accept the same, every such donation, devise or bequest shall be applied in conformity with the express condi- tions of the donor or devisor: provided, further, that said corporation shall not be allowed to hold more than two thousand acres of land at any one time, unless the said corporation shall have re- ceived the same gift, grant or devise; and in such case they shall be required to sell or dispose of the same within ten years from the time they shall acquire such title ; and, on failure to do so, such lands, over and above the before-named two thou- sand acres, shall revert to the original donor, grantor, devisor or their heirs. Section 5. — The Treasurer of the institution, and all other agents when required, before entering upon the duties of their appointment, shall give bond for the security of the corporation in such penal sums, and with such securities as the cor- poration shall approve, and all process against the corporation shall be by summons, and the service of the same shall be by leaving an attested copy thereof with the Treasurer, at least sixty days be- fore the return day thereof. Section 6. — The corporation shall have power to employ and appoint a President or Principal for said institution, and all such professors or teachers and all such servants as shall be necessary, and shall have power to displace any or such of them as the interest of the institution shall require, to fill vacancies which may happen by death, resig- nation or otherwise, among said officers and ser- vants, and to prescribe and direct the course of studies to be pursued in said institution. Section 7. — The corporation shall have power to establish departments for the study of any and all the learned and liberal professions in the same, to confer the degree of doctor in the learned arts and sciences and belles-lettres, and to confer such other academical degrees as are usually conferred by the most learned institutions. Section 8. — Said institution shall have the power to institute a board of competent persons, always including the faculty, who shall examine such in- dividuals as shall apply, and if such applicants are found to possess such knowledge pursued in said institution as, in the judgment of said Board, ren- ders them worthy, they may be considered gradu- ates in course, and shall be entitled to diplomas ac- cordingly on paying such fee as the corporation shall afifix, which fee, however, shall in no case exceed the tuition bills of the full course of studies in said institution. Said Examination Board may not exceed the number of ten, three of whom may transact business, provided one be of the faculty. Section 9. — Should the corporation at any time act contrary to the provisions of this charter, or fail to comply with the same, upon complaint being made to the Circuit Court of Cook County, a scire facias shall issue, and the Circuit Attorney shall prosecute, on behalf of the people of this State, for the forfeiture of this charter. This act shall be a public act, and shall be con- strued liberally in all courts, for the purpose herein e.xpressed. HISTORY OF EVANSTON 57 The draft of the charter was approved as read, and it was agreed that the Legis- lature, at its ensuing session, should be asked to enact it into law. A memorial was framed at the same meeting to the dif- ferent conferences in the region of the Northwest, asking their participation. Min- nesota, Nebraska and the Dakotas were then unknown quantities in their conception of the Northwest, and were not included in the memorial. Organization is Effected — -The charter became a law at the ensuing session of the Legislature, the act being signed by Sidney Breese, Speaker of the House, and Lieuten- ant-Governor William McMurtry, as Presi- dent of the Senate, and received the approval of Gov. A. C. French, January 28, 185 1. On the 14th of June, next ensuing, the first meeting of the corporation was held for purposes of organization, and their first formal action was the election of Dr. N. S. Davis as Trustee, to succeed Eri Reynolds, one of the charter members, who had died. They accepted the act of the Legislature, divided the members into classes by lot, and adopted a plan of operations for the estab- lishment of the College of Liberal Arts, with a President who should be Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy, a Professor of Mathematics, one of Natural Sciences, and another of Modern Lan- guages. A Preparatory School was like- wise contemplated in the City of Chicago, where thefe was not, at that time, even a high school, and steps were taken to raise money for these purposes. Beginning at the bottom, their thought was, first, to set the Preparatory School in operation. For this purpose twenty-five thousand dollars was needed. It was firmly resolved, "that no debts should be contracted or money ex- pended, without the means be first pro- vided," and Congress was to be memorial- ized for a grant of lands to the Northwest- ern LTniversity. Nothing ever resulted from this memorial, but the Trustees were not idle in other directions. They organized by the election of Dr. John Evans, the master spirit among them, as President; A. S. Sherman as Vice-President; Andrew J. Brown as Secretary ; and Jabez K. Botsford as Treasurer. These, with Grant Goodrich, George F. Foster and Dr. N. S. Davis, constituted the Executive Commit- tee of the Board. Seeking a Site. — The Committee on Site for the Preparatory School reported August 4, 1852, recommending the purchase of the property of the First Universalist Society in Chicago, which had a frontage of eighty feet on Washington Street, about the middle of the block east of the Clark Street Methodist Episcopal Church, at a cost of four thousand dollars, one-half cash and the balance in three years, at six per cent interest. On August 28th they raised their bid on this property to forty-eight hundred dollars, and started a subscription for the purpose of securing funds. Evi- dently there was a hitch in the negotiations, for the Board appointed Dr. Evans and Orrington Lunt to view other lots for the same purpose. That committee turned aside from the Universalist Church property, and recommended the purchase of a lot about two hundred feet square at the corner of LaSalle and Jackson Streets, from P. F. W. Peck. This situation was thought to be a little remote, but, the lot being larger, it was deemed more desirable for the pro- posed Preparatory School, and the purchase was consummated — a thousand dollars be- ing paid down, contributed by a few of the brethren. The title was taken in the name of John Evans, to be later transferred to the Trustees of Northwestern University. The consideration was eight thousand dol- lars. 58 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY Erection of Building Authorized. — On September 22, 1852, the erection of a build- ing upon this property was authorized, to accommodate three hundred students, and, on the same date a committee was ap- pointed, consisting of S. P. Keyes, N. S. Davis and Orrington Lunt, to recommend a site for the Collegiate Department. The ambition and scope of these early founders is seen in a series of resolutions adopted at this meeting, appealing to the Methodist people of the Northwest not to multiply higher institutions of learning, but to con- centrate their effort upon a single institu- tion, viz., the Northwestern University, and to make it an institution of the highest order of excellence, complete in all its parts; and, further, they resolved to ask from the Legislature power to establish pre- paratory schools in different sections of the Northwest, and to affiliate preparatory in- stitutions already in existence. In the following October Rev. Philo Jud- son was appointed to solicit subscriptions for the new enterprise. He had been pastor of the Clark Street Church, was an accom- plished and influential preacher and a man of affairs, with just the make-up to appeal to the constituency of the new institution. His first duty was to obtain funds for the Preparatory School on La- Salle Street. Site for Collegiate Department Sought. — But the developments with reference to the site of the Collegiate Department were destined to turn the Trustees away from Chicago. The Committee on Site con- sidered a location at Rose Hill, strongly commended by William B. Ogden ; a farm near Jefferson was looked upon with favor ; then the Lake Shore in the region of Win- netka and Lake Forest. The region contig- uous to Chicago on the north, because it was swampy, was usually avoided in going north by taking what was known as the "Old Sand Road." This road veered to the northwest at a point half a mile west of the northern limit of Lincoln Park — at that time an old Chicago Cemetery — and struck the Ridge Road just north of what is now Rose Hill Cemetery, then known as Rose's Ridge. Thus, to the ordinary traveler, the region north of Lincoln Park, adjoining the lake, was a terra incognita. Orrington Lunt had casually visited that region and demanded, before a location was settled upon, that the Lake Shore be ex- plored. He delayed a decision upon the Jefferson property and arranged a tour of inspection of the Lake Shore. Andrew J. Brown recalls it as of the Fourth of July, 1853. Disposed in various vehicles, the Trustees took the Sand Road, stopped for lunch at the Rose's Ridge Tavern, and pursued their way along the Ridge Road to what is the corner of Ridge Avenue and Clark Street ; thence following an old cow path easterly, over the slough in the region of Davis Street and Sherman Avenue, they found themselves in a splendid oak forest skirting the Lake Shore, the remains of which will help us to recall that scene of ex- ploration for a university site fifty years ago. To see it was to desire it. Three hundred and eighty acres lay in a single tract, owned by Dr. J. H. Foster. The price asked was twenty- five thousand dollars — far in excess of its value, as values were then estimated. The terms were easy ; one thousand dollars down, the balance in ten years at si.x per cent interest. Releases might be given from time to time on payment of one hundred dollars per acre. The purchase was con- summated, and the college site and college town, made up of forest and swamp, was permanently located. HISTORY OF EVANSTON 59 It was decided that it was "inexpedient Bank, would furnish valuable endowment to erect a Preparatory School in the City for the fledgling college, of Chicago at the present time" ; the chosen The Trustees decided likewise to elect a site for that building, however, was good President of the institution, whose first duty enough to keep, and, in the years to come, should be to procure subscriptions and plan as the site of the Grand Pacific Hotel, and for the establishment of an endowment for later, of the Illinois Trust and Savings the University. CHAPTER IV. INSTITUTION IN DEVELOPMENT Dr. Hinman Chosen First President — Sale of Scholarships Begins — Career of the New President Cut Short by His Early Death — Tozvn Platted and Named in Honor of Dr. John Evans — Garrett Bib- lical Institute Established — First Corps of College Professors Elected — Universi- ty Assets in 1854 — Four-Mile Anti- Liquor District Established by Act of the Legislature — The Teaching Force In- creased-— Dr. Evans' Land Policy — The Institution is Opened for Pupils — Some of the First Students. At the meeting of June 23, 1853, Dr. Clark T. Hinman was unanimously elected the first President of the University- He was thirty-six years of age, a Trustee from Michigan Conference and principal of Al- bion Seminary. He was a graduate of Wesleyan University, Connecticut, and had been principal of Newbury Seminary, in Vermont. He was a man of zeal and method. He laid hands upon one and an- other of the Trustees, and took them out among their business acquaintances to give him an opportunity to present his cause. The scheme of raising money, which was adopted, and which Dr. Hinman was especially to present, was by the sale of scholarships. Perpetual scholarships were issued, which were to entitle to tuition the purchaser, his son or grandson and other descendants by will, and were sold for one hundred dollars; transferable scholarships were sold for one hundred dollars, entitling the holder to five hundred dollars in tuition ; and scholarships were sold for fifty dollars, entitling the holder to two hundred dollars in tuition. A bond was issued on the first payment, and the scholarship was to be issued on the completion of payments with- in an allotted time. One-half of the funds from these sales was to be used for pur- poses of instruction, and the other half for the purchase of lands, not to exceed twelve hundred acres, as a site for the University and for the erection of buildings. The Trustees evidently thought that some tan- gible equivalent must be tendered for money spent for education in that early day. Scholarships certainly proved market- able ; and, if the same zeal had been exer- cised in the careful collection of the amounts pledged for them as was shown in their sale, the growth of the institution would have been more rapid ; for Dr. Hin- man disposed of them with great success among all sorts and conditions of men — on W'ater Street, among commission men and grain dealers ; on Canal Street, to the lum- ber men ; in town, to the merchants ; and in the country, to the farmers. In the short period of his service he sold scholarships to the amount of $64,600, while others, under the stimulus of his activity, sold $37,000 61 62 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY worth. He was dreaming, meanwhile, of the institution whose financial foundations he sought to lay, but death overtook him ere his dream had been realized. He died in 1854, one year before the formal open- ing of the institution in which he hoped to teach as Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy. Town Platted and Named — Public Parks. — In the meantime, the land purchased by the Trustees from Dr. Foster, and some two hundred and forty-eight acres adjoining it on the west, which had been purchased by Andrew J. Brown and Harvey B. Hurd, was laid out into lots and blocks, and platted and named Evanston, in honor of Dr. John Evans. The University's part was bounded on the west by Sherman Avenue. What lay west of Sherman Avenue was in the Brown and Hurd tract. Many of the avenues and streets bear the names of the favorite friends of the University — as Orrington Avenue, named for Orrington Lunt ; Sher- man Avenue, for A. S. Sherman ; Hinman Avenue, for Dr. Hinman, the first President ; Judson Avenue, for Rev. Philo Judson; Davis Street, in honor of Dr. N. S. Davis. Six public parks were included in the plan to beautify the future Evanston, and the Lake Shore, from Davis Street to Uni- versity Place, east of Michigan Avenue, was dedicated to the same purpose. The contemplated campus extended from the projection eastward of the south line of Foster Street to the north line of University Place — a beautiful and spacious campus, respected Founders, but hardly enough for a university of so ambitious a title as yours. But Block I, to Simpson Street — so they thought — might be used as a campus in an emergency, and they still held lands to the north, unplatted, which might be used for the same purpose, but which, in their wildest dreams, they did not fancy would be needed for the campus of the institution they were founding. Garrett Biblical Institute Founded. — The scheme of a Biblical Institute had been started in Chicago by the same found- ers, and Eliza Garrett, by her will, had ar- ranged for the endowment of such an insti- tution ; but the beginnings of the institution were had in February, 1854. To them the Trustees of the University offered a site at a nominal rent. The oiTer was accepted and an institution established on the campus that was destined to make splendid history in theological education. Streets were graded in the growing town ; transporta- tion was furnished by the Chicago & Mil- waukee Railroad — now the ^Milwaukee di- vision of the Chicago Northwestern — the right of way for which was given by Brown & Hurd. It is notable that this gift was coupled with the agreement that all pas- senger trains should stop at Evanston — an agreement that it would be difficult for the road to fulfill. Not content with their three hundred acres of ground, the Billings farm (con- tiguous to their first purchase) was bought, consisting of twenty-eight acres, for three thousand dollars. They chose to forget, for the time being, one of their earlier resolu- tions, viz. : "Resolved, That no debts shall be contracted or money expended without the means be first provided." It was a purchase on time, and time, they believed, was on their side. Values of their sub- divided property were advancing. They could soon open their school, possibly in 1855. To this end they elected a small corps of professors in June, 1854: Henry S. Noyes, Professor of Mathematics ; W. D. Godman, Professor of Greek ; and Abel Stevens, Professor of Literature. When the Treasurer made his report in 1854, the assets of the University, in land, notes and subscriptions, were estimated at $281,915, with liabilities of $32,255.04. The Foster purchase had increased in value from $25,000 to $102,000; the Billings farm from c H o c H w w r. > HISTORY OF EVANSTON 63 $3,000 to $4,200 ; and the Peck purchase, from $8,000 to $43,400. Subscriptions to scholarships made up the remainder of the estimated weaUh. Site of the University Described. — It was probably at the annual meeting in June, 1854, that the hopeful feeling and aggressive spirit of the Trustees of the institution were voiced in a report which was of the nature of a proclamation and formulation of their plans, as thus far de- veloped. They offered devout praise to God and their sincere thanks to the found- ers for the present success and the future prospects of the University. They described the location at Evanston in glowing terms, stating that, "On the shore of Lake IMichi- gan, eleven miles north of the City of Chi- cago and on the line of the Chicago & Milwaukee Railroad — the site being large, beautiful and healthful, including some four hundred and forty acres of land, sufficiently elevated above the lake and the surrounding country to afford an extensive view of each, extending nearly two miles along the shore and about one-half of it covered with a young and thrifty forest in its natural state, affording the lovers of good taste everv facility desirable for the most lovely resi- dence in the country — a town has been laid out and named Evanston. The University buildings will occupy the latitudinal center of the town and the highest point of land, covered with a beautiful grove, and inclin- ing at an angle of some thirty degrees toward the lake shore." They add that, "In respect of the motive in selecting the site of the University and establishing the institution, neither local prejudice nor a spirit of opposition to kindred institutions has had any place in the hearts of its friends, but rather a desire to meet ad- equately the growing need in the Northwest of a university of the highest grade, adapted to the country, to its increasing prosperity and the advanced state of learning in the present age. Its location makes it central for the entire Northwest; and the magni- tude of the enterprise, by developing the educational resources of the country on a large scale, and by stimulating a spirit of noble, generous rivalry, will benefit institu- tions of every grade. We very frankly, and we hope not ostentatiously, aver our design of making it an institution second to none, and worthy of the country in which it is located and its name, 'The Northwestern University.' " Teaching Features of the University. — The\- then proceed to state its distinctive features : Undergraduate courses of in- struction ; Post-Graduate courses ; a Med- ical Department in the near future; a Law School. But immediate attention was to be given to the College of Literature, Science and the Arts, with a classical course of four years, a scientific course and an elective course of the same duration. The condi- tions of admission were to be the same as those of other colleges of the country, not excepting Yale or Harvard. The scheme of contemplated professorships numbered fourteen, among which were some not vet realized; as a Professorship of the Fine Arts and Arts of Design, a Professorship of Didactics, of Physical Education and Hygiene. Young men were had in mind for these various chairs, some of whom were to increase their efficiency by devoting a year or more to travel in Europe and to study in the best Eastern Universities, comparing their own modes of instruction and proliting by the society of the ripest scholars of the age. Abel Stevens, William D. Godman and Henry S. Noyes had been selected for Literature, Greek and Mathematics. The merits of these men were set forth in a manner that showed their confidence, as, for instance: "To speak of their qualifications is superfluous" ; and then, speaking of 64 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY Abel Stevens, they say: "As a rhetorician and finished scholar in English Literature, Abel Stevens stands beside the finest writ- ers of the nation, and as a preacher, and particularly a platform speaker, is unsur- passed in America." The commendation was doubtless merited ; but their expres- sions lead us to say, verily those founders knew how to blow the Northwestern trum- pet. They hoped to fill the remaining chairs, or such as were needed, at the subsequent session. They presented a tabulation of their net assets, showing the estimate of their resources in land and promises at $250,000, to which they proposed to add $150,000 by the sale of scholarships, and $100,000 by donations — the last for the purpose of erect- ing suitable buildings, including an observa- tory, and purchasing a library, cabinet, ap- paratus and other university fixtures. This report, or proclamation, was signed by Grant Goodrich, Chairman of the Commit- tee, attorney and special pleader for the in- fant University, and bears date July 4, 1854 — the spirit of the -day, no doubt, giving color to his rhetoric and a touch of ex- travagance to the document. But he was in earnest, and so were they all. When the Board met in June, 1855, Dr. Hinman, was no longer with them. That eager spirit had succumbed to the burden of his labors. He had undertaken to increase the endowment from the sale of scholar- ships to $250,000, and to secure the needed $100,000 for the erection of buildings. There is every probability that, with his rare faculty for influencing men, he would have accomplished even more than he had undertaken had time permitted. Fitting resolutions were passed, recounting the ser- vice which this gifted young man had rendered and the hopes that were enter- tained of him. Those inadequate resolu- tions have perished ; at least, they are not of record. His monument is in the insti- tution he helped to found; and, while it lives, his name and his service will not be forgotten. They sought two years later to perpetuate his memory by some monument on the college grounds. It is, perhaps, well that they failed in this, for he partakes, with others, in the monumental character of the entire University enterprise to the devotion and sacrifice of its founders. At this session of the Board the liberal policy of the institution was signalized by the grant of a large lot for the Evanston public schools, and it was decided that the formal opening of the University should take place on November 1st of the same year. A building was in course of erection, at the southeast corner of Block 20, on Davis Street, near Hinman Avenue, in which to house the infant college. Sub- scriptions, running through three years had been taken for this purpose. That building is with us still : the "Old College" on the campus, a building about fifty feet in width and forty feet in depth, of three stories in height with an attic and a belfry. It con- tained six class-rooms, a chapel, a small museum and halls for two literary societies, with three rooms in the attic, where, with a little oat-meal for food, a few aspiring students might board themselves and com- pensate the University for their rent by ringing the college bell. The chapel fur- nished the meeting place of the Society of the First Methodist Church until they erected a church edifice of their own. Other meetings, political and social, were also held there. The liberal spirit of the founders was further evidenced at this meeting by the adoption of the report of the Committee on Professorships, which declared that, "In the election of Professors of Northwestern University, the Board of Trustees will have reference to character and qualifications II HISTORY OF EVANSTON alone: that is to say, that a professor need not necessarily be a Methodist." The Anti-Liquor Limit Established. — It was at this meeting that an amend- ment to their charter, enacted at the last session of the Legislature, was accepted, two sections of which were fraught with tremendous issues for the future institution. Section ii provided that, "No spirituous, vinous or fermented liquors shall be sold, under license or otherwise, within four miles of the location of said University, ex- cept for medicinal, mechanical or sacra- mental purposes, under a penalty of twenty- five dollars for each ofifense, to be re- covered before any Justice of the Peace in said County of Cook; provided, that so much of this act as relates to the sale of intoxicating drinks within four miles may be repealed by the General Assembly when- ever they think proper." This created a prohibition district, ostensibly for the pro- tection of the students against the tempta- tions of the saloon, and incidentally protect- ing the city that should grow up about the University from the evils of the liquor traf- fic ; and against this prohibition, the arts and persistence of the traffic in ardent spirits were to be continuously exerted. The third section of the amendment or- ganized the University into a Trust Com- pany, presumably for its own benefit, but its language was broader than that. It said, "The said corporation shall have power to take, hold, use and manage, lease and dispose of all such property, as may in any manner come to said corporation, charged with any trust or trusts, in con- formity with such trusts and direction, and to execute all such trusts as may be confided to it." Section 4 conceded the public value of such an institution as the Northwestern University, and ordained. "That all prop- erty, of whatever kind or description, be- longing to or owned by said corporation, shall be forever free from ta.xation for any and all purposes. This act shall be public and take effect from and after its passage." It was signed by the Speaker of the House and President of the Senate, and approved by Joel A. Matteson, Gover- nor, February 14, 1855. On June 15th the chosen corps of teach- ers was sought to be increased by the ad- dition of Dr. J. V. Z. Blaney, to the pros- pective faculty, as Professor of Chemistry, of whom similar high praise could be given, as to fitness for the work upon which he was expected to enter, as to his colleagues in the notable pronunciamento of July 4, 1854; but it was discovered that there was not a sufficient number of Trustees present to constitute a quorum for the election of professors, so the election was declared void, but, in 1857, he was duly elected to the chair of Natural Science. It was now apparent that it would be difficult to hold the entire territory of the Northwest to the policy of a single institu- tion, for the Trustees were requested to permit cancelling of notes taken in Iowa for the sale of scholarships, or to allow the notes and subscriptions to be transferred to the Iowa Wesleyan University. The request was not granted, but it gave evi- dence of a tendency which was sadly noted to localize interests in the matter of educa- tion in portions of the district, which had been chosen as the field for the University. In July, 1855, a movement was started by Dr. Evans, and strongly advocated by him, seeking to fasten upon the Trustees the policy of withholding its property from sale and reserving it e.xclusively for pur- poses of lease. That far-sighted man saw clearly the value of the property for pur- pose of endowment, but overlooked the practical difficulty of successfully maintain- ing possession of a large body of land within the limits of a corporation such as 66 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY Evanston was destined to be, on such a basis. With their usual sagacity, the Trustees laid his resolution on the table, even though Dr. Evans urged it with his usual vigor and persistence. University Opened — First Students. — The frame building on Davis Street was completed for occupancy by November, 1855, and circulars had been sent out in- viting the Northwestern students to as- semble. Professor Noyes was on hand to teach mathematics, and Professor Godman, likewise, to teach the classics. Professor Abel Stevens did not appear ; nor was he greatly needed, for there were only ten students in all, and their requirements could be easily met by two instructors. Indeed, though Professor Stevens was announced for the following year, he did not even then appear; and the name of Abel Stevens, the gifted historian of Methodism, is connected with the fortunes of Northwestern only as a "Might have Been." The roll of pupils for that year will always be of interest, as the advance guard of that great com- pany that, in time, should be permanently enrolled as students of the University. There were Thomas E. Annis, Winchester E. Clifford, Samuel L. Eastman, J. Marshall Godman, Horace A. Goodrich, C. F. Staf- ford, Hart L. Stewart, Albert Lamb and Elhanon Q. Searle. There is one name lacking, but history has often to bewail that there are blanks that cannot easily be filled. These were, somehow, grouped in a Fresh- man Class — an awkward squad, I warrant, of unequal preparation ; but the professors had time to spend on individual cases, so that the awkward squad were drilled into the uniformity of a Freshman Class. A lit- erary society was organized and named in honor of the lamented Dr. Hinman. It inherited his library as a part of its equip- ment, and was assigned a room for its sessions in the northeast corner of the third story of the college building. Greek, Latin and Mathematics, with declamations on Saturday, formed the program of instruc- tion. Permits must be secured for absence from town, and church services must be religiously attended on Sunday ; such was the routine of that first college year. Tuition, when not covered by a scholarship, was forty-five dollars per annum, with other fees amounting to nine dollars. The price of board was from two dollars and a half to three dollars and a half per week, in homes of the early settlers. The college bell tolled out the hours of recitation and de- votion, and the beginnings of college life in Evanston were laid. CHAPTKR V. COXDITIONS IN 1856-1860 Trustees Meet in Their Own Building — Dr. R. S. Foster Elected the Second Pres- ident — The Faculty Enlarged — Absorp- tion of Rush Medical College Projected — Competitors Enter the Field — Professor Jones' "Fern. Sent." — President Foster Visits the University, but Obtains a Year's Leave of Absence — He Joins the Faculty in iS^y — The Assets of the In- stitution Increased to Nearly $^16,000 — Reinforcement of the Faculty — First Graduated Class in 1859 — Dr. Foster Re- signs the Presidency and Dr. E. O. Haven Becomes His Successor. In June of 1856 the Trustees met under their own roof in the little chapel of the University Building. They had made a be- ginning. Two professors had been at work at salaries of fifteen hundred dollars per annum. An agent had been busy in the sale of lots and scholarships. Their land was assuming the character of a settlement. The frogs were still croaking in the low places, but drainage had been started by "The Drainage Committee," and the frogs were given notice to quit or, at least, to go as far south as Dempster Street. Dr. Foster Elected Second President. — The Board of Trustees thought they re- quired a President soon, to give direction and leadership and help them in acquiring the resources needful for their work. Two names were especially canvassed : Those of Randolph S. Foster and E. Otis Haven, both rising men of unusual talent. The election resulted in fifteen votes for Dr. R. S. Foster and nine for Dr. E. O. Haven. The election of Dr. Foster was made unani- mous, with but one dissenting vote. He was thirty-six years of age and had already acquired a brilliant reputation as a pulpit orator, and was then serving a prominent church in New York. He was to fill the chair of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy in connection with the Presidency. His salary was to be two thousand dollars a year. A thousand dollars was appropriated for books. The chair of Latin Language and Literature was filled by the election of Daniel Bonbright, a young man of great promise, then a tutor in Yale College. His service was not to begin at once, but he was to be allowed a year's absence in Europe be- fore taking up the work. Tentative steps were taken at this meet- ing to carry out the university idea, to which the Trustees tenaciously held, by requesting Rush Medical College, which was now in its infancy, and Garrett Biblical Institute, to unite with them in a University organization for the purpose of conferring degrees; but the doctors and theologians preferred their single blessedness, at least for the present. They were willing to occupy a sisterly relation, but nothing more. There 67 f 68 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY was little use for a seal as yet on diplomas, but one was desirable in the execution of scholarships and real estate instruments of the corporation. For this purpose a design was chosen, consisting of an open book with radiating rays of light encircled by the words, "Northwestern University." This was to give place, later, to a somewhat more ornate design ; but it was destined to do duty for many years in the authorization of titles to land and scholarships, and upon the parchments of the early graduates. The minds of the brethren were deeply stirred over an incident that was brought to their notice at this time. They could not easily understand why Iowa Wesleyan University should spring up within their territorx-, but the matter vi'as brought very close to them when Rev. W. P. Jones se- cured a charter for the Northwestern Fe- male College and Male Preparatory School, and flung out his banners within easy hail of the building where they were assembled. He had appropriated their name and func- tion; he was aggressive and purposeful. They appointed a committee, on which was the shrewd attorney. Grant Goodrich, and the saintly Hooper Crews, to dissuade him. But neither the law nor the gospel were effective to divert the professor from his chosen name or purpose. Threats of prose- cution from the lawyer and persuasion from the preacher were alike futile. He even had the temerity to appear, later, before the Trustees and request the use of their build- ing until such time as his quarters should be ready for occupancy. It does not require historical or other imagination to picture the promptness with which Professor Jones was shown the door. However, the estab- lishment of what was known as the "Fem. Sem." was not similarly hailed by the students of the college. It was counted a boon, and often, I doubt not, when the as- siduous attention of college students by day and by night made life a burden to the said professor, he was led to wonder if, indeed, he had not committed an error in invading the territory of Northwestern University with his Northwestern Female College. However, it lived on, doing good work until it was merged in the institution whose Trustees it at first defied. In July, 1856, the President-elect ap- peared to look over his heritage and exhort the Trustees to larger undertakings. New and appropriate buildings he evidently thought necessary, for the Board immedi- ately resolved to prepare plans for perma- nent structures. He asked them to excuse him from entering upon his office for the period of one year, so that he might con- tinue for that time in the service of Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church of New York. His request was granted and the funds that otherwise would have been devoted to his salary were appropriated to the enrichment of the library. Evidently Dr. Foster came again in September to the opening of the college year, for the first recorded minutes of the faculty bear date, September 16, 1856. It took place in the study of Pro- fessor Noyes. There were present: Ran- dolph S. Foster, President ; Henry S. Noyes, Professor of Mathematics; and William D. Godman, Professor of Greek. It was agreed that, in the absence of the President for the ensuing year, the duties of the faculty should be divided as follows : Professor Noyes should assume the admin- istration of discipline and act as Treasurer ; Professor Godman should be Secretary and Librarian. One other item of business is recorded : "Resolved, That a Bible class be formed and taught on the Sabbath day. Professor Noyes to teach it." The next meeting took place October 13, 1856, and its record is as follows : "In Faculty assembled. Resolved, That a student whose credit in recitations falls o z r, > HISTORY OF EVANSTON 69 below the average for the term, shall fall out of his class to the next lower ; if a Freshman, his recitations are postponed for the year. W. D. Godman, Sec'y." Thus these two, in faculty assembled, carried on the interior legislation of the infant University during that year, col- lecting fees, attending to the library, doing all but the janitor work, which was dis- charged by some embryo statesmen who lived in the attic, at the munificent compen- sation of two dollars a week. Dr. Foster appeared on the 5th of June, 1857, and then there were three. They were not so lonesome. They even held two faculty meetings in a month, and the records lengthen to a page and bristle with sug- gestions to the Trustees as to what should be done to push the fortunes of the little college. There had been twenty-two students in attendance during the year — a gain of over one hundred per cent. Among them I note the familiar names of Henry M. Kidder, W. A. Spencer, A. C. Linn, Homer A. Plympton, James W. Haney and I. jMcCaskey. There were two classes now. The library had grown to two thousand volumes. The museum had been begun under the enthusiastic labors of Robert Ken- nicott. They issued a circular in the sum- mer of 1857, promising three classes for the ensuing year, and a fourth, if students with advanced standing should make appli- cation ; also an academic school, which should be a private enterprise where pre- paratory branches of study would be taught, students, partially prepared for college, be- ing permitted to spend a part of their time in college, the rest in the academy. They hesitated about the establishment of an academy under university auspices. They had not issued a catalogue as yet. Professor Bonbright was given permission to remain abroad another year, and the working force of the college was to be reinforced by the arrival of Dr. J. V. Z. Blaney, Professor of Natural Science, and the sum of one thousand dollars was appropriated for the purchase of philosophical and chemical ap- paratus. Financial Conditions During 1857. — The sessions of the Trustees for 1857 give out no sign of the embarrassment that was prevailing in the business world. They took careful account of their assets in va- rious schedules, and reported them as $315,845.30 in excess of their liabilities. The jubilant Financial Agent, in his fourth annual report, says: "Seldom, if ever, has it been the good fortune of an institution, unless endowed by very liberal bequests, to present in its infancy such a pecuniary basis as is shown by the exhibit herewith submitted. Four years since this institution was an experiment, and, by many, thought to be a visionary one. The entire capital consisted in whatever of profit or advantage might accrue from the ownership of six- teen lots in Chicago, which were held by Dr. Evans, and upon which a few in- dividuals had made advances of one thousand dollars, with the intention of plac- ing the investment to the account of the University. During that and the ensuing year, subscriptions to the amount of $22,440, payable in four equal annual in- stallments, were obtained. The site of the institution and that part of the now flourish- ing city of Evanston, constituting the original purchase — about three hundred and eighty acres — was bought of Dr. John H. Foster for $25,000, which sum, less one thousand dollars, was to remain for ten years at six per cent interest. This pur- chase, and the sixteen lots in Chicago which were subsequently conveyed to the Trustees at the original cost of $8,000 and expenses, together with two. parcels of land since purchased and sold at an advance, constitute the principal sources from which 70 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY the present capital of the University has been derived. To the amount thus obtained add the proceeds of scholarships sold, and you have the assets above indicated." It is small wonder that Brother Judson was jubilant, and, with the rapid settlement of Evanston and sale of lots, could meet the hard times with a smile. The schedule of expenses shows to some extent the rough work that the University was called upon to do in order to provide for its educational plant. It is largely made up of items, such as surveying and platting, grading, clearing streets, ditching, chopping, fencing, bridg- ing, draining, grubbing, building break- waters — indeed, the whole vocabulary of the pioneer was taxed to describe their op- erations. Meantime, while the Trustees were grubbing and chopping their way to the material enrichment of their institution, students and teachers were grubbing and chopping their way, under disadvantages, to the accomplishment of their ideals. One of the reported schedules of this year gives the names of purchasers of homesteads in Evanston — some eighty-five in number, all well known Methodist names — who were to make up the members left of the delightful company of old settlers, whose neighborli- ness and hospitality, whose simple kindliness and approachability, made Evanston a good place for a homesick boy to happen into. Most of these people purchased in blocks contiguous to University Place, usually a hundred feet front, and at prices ranging from five to ten dollars a foot. The cat- alogue of 1859 announced that there were twelve hundred inhabitants in Evanston. The desert and the solitary place were being made glad by habitation. The hard times were somewhat reflected in the financial re- port of the following year, when a gain of only about three thousand dollars was re- ported ; and, though the purchase money on Evanston lands was not due until 1863, they passed a resolution setting aside fifty thousand dollars in securities, for the pay- ment of that debt and for the erection of buildings, provided no other resources were received for those purposes. Professor Bonbright was notified to ap- pear in Evanston and take up his work in 1858. More students were expected that year, and arrangements were made to in- sure for them board with G. W. Reynolds, at $2.50 per week, including washing, light, fuel and room, and he was loaned five hundred dollars to assist in carrying out the difficult project. Surveying and leveling instruments were furnished Professor Noyes in connection with his work, which were to be procured "with the least possible outlay of funds."' If the Trustees had known what good use he would make of them, and how much he would save them as a practical surveyor, they would not have been so niggardly in their grant. The year 1857 passed uneventfully in the little college. The faculty was reinforced by the service of a tutor, S. L. Eastman, whose duty it was to assist in preparatory classes. The library was increased and the foundations of the museum were growing, in the Northwestern class-room, under the skillful hands of Robert Kennicott. Thus, another year rolled round with Dr. Foster as President. There were twenty-nine students in all, and they were on the eve of sending out the first graduating class. On recommendation of the faculty, the de- gree of Bachelor of Arts was conferred upon Thomas E. Annis, Winchester E. Clifford. Samuel L. Eastman and Elhanon O. Searles, and the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy upon Henry M. Kidder. These were to be the advance guard of the army of Northwestern graduates. In June of 1859 the members of this class made their graduating orations and departed from the scenes of their scholastic training. These HISTORY OF EVANSTON 71 early graduating exercises were events in Evanston, when the men who had developed under the eye of the community took their leave of scenes that had become familiar. The people were interested in them, and thronged the little church to hear their orations. The farewell of the President was touching and personal, for he knew these men, had interested himself in them person- ally, and regarded their going away as a father regards the departure of his sons from the old home. The coming years might add the dignity of numbers to com- mencement occasions, but they would lack the sweet flavor of personal acquaintance and the inspiration of departure amid the regrets and tender farewells of a commu- nity who would watch the careers of the departing students with solicitude and hope. The Financial Agent, Rev. Philo Judson, had now resigned and Prof. Henry S. Noyes, in addition to his duties as professor, was appointed Agent of the University. He had previously looked after the financial affairs incidental to college expenses, tu- ition, etc., and now, in the most painstaking way, he was to carry, for a time, the burden of property management and business detail that was so vital to the institution. Though an excellent scholar and thorough mathe- matician, he was a man of affairs. He knew men and things as well as books, and was not niggardly of service of any sort that might advance the work that was dear to him. The Trustees were a little alarmed lest the expenses of the growing college should outstrip the receipts, and their alarm took the form of a resolution instructing the Executive Committee to bring the expenses of the institution within the available in- come. The budget showed expenses of five thousand dollars a year in excess of the income. It was truly alarming. They raised a subscription to lessen the deficit and arranged to pay teachers in land when other resources failed. Dr. Haven Succeeds to the Presidency. — By June. 186(1. Dr. Foster had resigned the presidency ; his library was added to the University library, and he returned to what was, to him, the more attractive work of the pastorate in New York City, leaving behind him memories of his genial and helpful presence and his inspiring eloquence that graced any occasion when he was the orator. Dr. E. O. Haven was elected in his place. His name had been turned down at the previous election ; this time the Trustees were turned down, and that all- round, indefatigable, and adaptable pro- fessor, Henry S. Noyes, was made Vice- President. Dr. Foster's departure was signal- ized by a resolution which voiced the deep regret over his going: "Resolved, That the intercourse of Dr. Foster with the Board has been that of the Christian minister and the Christian gentleman, and that his con- nection with the University has manifested his intelligence and earnest devotion to the cause of education, and that his influence of the members of the University was such as endears his memory to all the friends of the institution, and that the best wishes of the Board attend him to the avocation of the Christian ministry." They were still under the spell of his charming presence and en- gaging speech when they wrote that. And what opportunities those Trustees and students had in those days, to sit under the preaching of such men as Foster and Simpson and Dempster! — giants whom the moderns have hardly duplicated. But there were serviceable men to come. Professor Noyes, if not showy, was substantial and useful beyond many more brilliant men. In matters of discipline he was kind. Mischievous fellows used to hyphenate his name and called him Professor No-ves. But 72 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY they found to their sorrow that, when oc- casion demanded it, in matters of disciphne, his Yes was Yea, and his No, Nay — and there was no appeal. He met the in-coming student with a warm greeting that dissi- pated his homesickness, and his lovely wife supplemented his labors with such graceful kindness as made the new-comer feel that Evanston was all right as long as these people were in town. There were thirty students in 1859-60, and the ranks of the graduates were in- creased by the names of A. C. Linn, W. A. Lord, H. A. Plympton, E. Q. Searles, M. C. Spaulding, B. A. Springer and H. L. Stewart, who received the degree of A. B., and W. H. H. Raleigh who received the de- gree of Ph. B. The Academy was now duly organized, with a principal of its own, War- ren Taplin being first called to that office. CHAPTER VI. PERIODS OF DEPRESSION AND GROWTH Changes of Faculty — Charter Amendments Adopted — Effect of the Civil War on N timber of Students — Accessions to the Faculty — Unic'crsity Land Debt is Liqui- dated — Orrington Lunt Land Donation for Benefit of Library — University Hall Projected — Accession of Students and Teaching Force Folloiving the War Period — New Prizes Serve as a Stimulus to the Students — First Honorary Degrees Conferred — Corporate Name is Changed — Professors' SaJaries Increased and Erection of University Hall Prosecuted —A "Gold Brick" Donation — Encourag- ing Financial Development — Death of Acting President Noyes. In 1860-61 there had been forty-three students in College and forty-nine in the Academy, the library had been increased to over three thousand volumes, and the cur- riculum had remained the same, with its emphasis on Latin, Greek and Mathematics. Dr. Godman resigned his chair in Greek in i860, thereby reducing the teaching force of the college. The presumption is, that the burden of his work fell on the broad shoulders of Professor Noyes, who was al- ready carrying Mathematics and the Acting Presidency, besides acting as Secretary of the Board of Trustees and Financial Agent ; and, in view of his responsibilities, six hundred dollars was added to his salary over that of the other professors. It was an efficient and economical arrangement ; but how about the not too strong Professor ? He is weaving his life into his work with- out stint. A formal transfer of assets was now made to J. G. Hamilton, as Trustee, to the extent of $37,949, to meet approaching in- debtedness, and, as a result, he was ready to meet Dr. Foster, the mortgagee of the Evanston lands, when he called for pay- ment in 1863. Dr. Bonbright now takes his place as Secretary of the faculty, to keep its records almost continuously till 1873. In 1 86 1 amendments were added to the charter, regulating the number and work of Trustees appointed by the Annual Con- ferences, and providing that any chartered institution of learning may become a de- partment of this University, by agreement between the Boards of Trustees of both institutions. They are still coquetting with Rush Medical College and Garrett Biblical Institute, and have serious intentions as to a Law School. They had made some in- vestment in the property of Rock River Seminary at Mt. Morris, Illinois, probably in the neighborhood of five thousand dol- lars. A creditor had seized upon it and it was liable to be alienated. They were will- ing to relinquish their claim if it could be saved by local friends, but it passed from under Methodist control, and the first of 73 74 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY their ventures in affiliated preparatory schools, as provided for by their charter, was a failure. The Civil War — Financial Conditions. The existence of the War of the Rebel- lion was reflected in college life in 1862, in the resignation by Dr. J. V. Z. Blaney, of the Chair of Natural Science. He was parted with sadly, and the best wishes of the little college followed him in the patriotic service in which he engaged. Many of the students followed him in the service, among them being Plympton, McCaskey, Spencer and Haney, H. A. Pearsons, O. C. Foster, Charles F. Smith and M. C. Springer, and many others whose names are lost to us; and, from time to time, the Recruiting Ser- geant, with his fife and drum, found Evan- ston and its students a fruitful field for re- cruiting operations, seriously thinning the ranks and causing the faculty to invoke the authority of the distant parents as to whether or not their boys should be per- mitted to enlist. In consequence of the depletion of the faculty, Drs. Dempster and Bannister were called to assist in the work of instruction. Clark Street Methodist Episcopal Church offered in 1862 to open its church doors in Chicago for the commencement exercises — a proposition which was declined on the ground of the smallness of the class; so that, on that occasion, the rafters of the Methodist Episcopal Church at Evanston resounded with the eloquence of Robert Bentlev, Isaac McCaskey, William T. Rose, David Sterrit and Bennett B. Botsford The number of students, all told, that year, had dwindled to eighty-nine. The Senior class of 1862-63 was reduced by enlistments to two persons, and one of these had no sooner doffed his scholastic gown than he put on the soldier's uniform and marched away to his country's service. Still, there was a gain of preparatory students that year, and the aggregate number on the col- lege roll was slightly increased. June 18, 1862, Oliver Marcy was elected to the Chair of Natural Science and Physics, to succeed Dr. Blaney, who was made Professor Emeritus. Professor Marc}- had been teaching at Wilbraham, Mass. He was an enthusiast in his work and a most genial and painstaking teacher, who was destined to a long and honorable service in his new relations. Rev. N. H. Axtell, later an honored member of Rock River Conference, was likewise added to the teaching force during the year as Prin- cipal of the Academy, assisted by A. C. Linn, a graduate of the class of t86o, as Tutor in Mathematics and Latin — a sturdy, thorough-going teacher who was soon to enter the service of his country and lay down his life in her cause. The income of the University was now estimated by a judicious committee, con- sisting of Bishop Simpson, J. G. Hamilton and Prof. H. S. Noyes, at $5,594, and its whole property was valued at $225,000. Evidently there had been a great shrink- age from former valuations, or a strong desire to stimulate donations by putting an exceedingly conservative estimate upon the property. At any rate, the pressure was upon the Trustees to provide better build- ings and better boarding accommodations, in order to appeal to new students and to hold those already in attendance. From time to time the matter was earnestly discussed bv the Trustees. A building known as the Club House, now located on Orrington Avenue, near Clark Street, capable of ac- commodating about twenty students, was the result of this agitation — the first experi- ment of the University in the matter of dor- mitories. Fifteen thousand dollars worth of scholarship notes was likewise set apart as a building fund, besides ten thousand a w o t-' o o > HISTORY OF EVANSTON 75 dollars from prospective sales of University lands. The rest must wait upon donations. In November, 1863, James G. Hamilton, the University Treasurer, announced the fulfilment of his trust in the matter of the payment of the University debt, for which $39,000 of assets had been put in his hands. It was a happy consummation. It realized the forethought of the fathers and nerved them to still larger undertakings. A definite plan for locating upon the campus the build- ings that were sure to come with the prog- ress of time was now devised ; and the services of the eloquent Dr. Tiffany were secured, as Financial Agent, to see if his powers of persuasion could not unlock the pursestrings of numerous patrons to the extent of providing funds for the projected buildings. The cost of the main building was to be one hundred thousand dollars, and some were sanguine enough to believe that, in the space of a few months, that silver-tongued orator could coin his speech into the needed amount. But the task was too difficult : few contributions were secured by the gifted agent, and Rev. S. A. W. Jewett took up the task with little better success. Accessions to the Teaching Force. — In 1865 the name of Rev. Louis Kistler appears as a temporary appointment to the Chair of Greek and Principal of the Pre- paratory Department. This appointment was made permanent the following year. He was an animated instructor, full of ac- tion, and knew his subject well. His eccen- tricities were such as to interest his students and give rise to those mischievous pranks that students are wont to play where there is opportunity. He had his favorite pupils : among them a young Scot, fresh from the farm in Lake County, appealed to his partiality by his conscientious devotion to his work and his uniform e.xcellence in his classes — Robert Baird, who was destined to write after his name, "Professor of Greek Language and Literature." Those of us who sat under Prof. Kistler will readily con- cede to him that, in the class-room, he put a spirit and fire into Homer's heroic lines that we were unable to acquire in the ordi- nary use of our lexicons. It was during the year 1865 that Orring- ton Lunt, upon whose heart rested heavily the educational work of the church, donated a tract of one hundred and fifty-seven acres of land in George Smith's Sub-division, ad- joining Wilmette, which was to be applied to library endowment. The conditions of this donation involved a few financial obli- gations on the part of the University, which were gladly met in view of the prospective value of this library endowment, and, stimu- lated by the gift, the Trustees set themselves afresh to the task of college buildings. They employed an architect — G. P. Randall, of Chicago — who designed the building that is now known as University Hall. It was a fascinating thing, when drawn on paper as it yvould be when drawn in stone, dom- inating the campus and sounding out the hours from its watch-tower to the genera- tions of coming students. But how to build it was the question which still re- mained unanswered. In 1865 and 1866 we note the name of George Strobridge as Principal of the Academy. He had returned from the war to the peaceful pursuit of pedagogy, and John Poucher was his assistant. In 1866 a new name was added to the corps of instructors — that of David H. Wheeler, Professor of History and English Literature — a genial and accomplished scholar and elegant writer, who had seen much of the world and was destined to make a marked impression while he re- mained in this corner of it. The items of Trustee business of these years are somewhat dreary reading — made 76 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY up, as they were, of transactions concerning the property of the University, of repairs and improvements of one sort or another, the discussion of the problem of shore pro- tection, and of various ways and means for the enlargement of property interests and the raising of funds. But all this is of exceeding importance, in order that the professors may be supported in their work and the students kept at their tasks with the increasing facilities that they require. And the work goes on. Evans, Lunt, Bots- ford, Hamilton, Cook, Noyes and Hoag — as the Executive Committee — did the busi- ness that must be done, held things together and hoped for improvement and growth. The increase of college students was not rapid, but the academy numbers had reached one hundred and five in 1866, with a roll of seven teachers, among them being the new names of John Ellis and Edmund W. Burke — the Judge Burke, that is to be, though, to be honest, we did not then suspect it. The catalogue of that year blos- soms out unexpectedly with the announce- ment of the Lunt Prize in Philology, the Haskin Prize in Mathematics, the Hurd Prize in Physical Science, the Kedzie Prize in Declamation and the Hamilton Prize in Composition and Reading. These prizes gave a marvelous stimulus to things. It all came out of the effort of John A. Copeland to start a prize declamation contest, a few years before, when a petition was presented to the faculty, which was duly discussed and about which there was much hesitation, though the petition was granted that a prize declamation contest be permitted. Tom Strobridge won the first prize and Will Comstock the second. The occasion aroused an interest such as the University had rarely known. The contestants had raised the funds for their prizes, but thereafter, as it appeared, kind friends would furnish them. One incident of 1866 shows how difficult it was for the Trustees to anticipate the future requirements of the University. A deed was given to the heirs of John Demp- ster for what was known as Dempster's Sub-division, which cut the campus in twain in the region of the deep ditch which runs from Sheridan Road to the Lake, north of Cook Street. This was the result of a pre- vious contract, executed at a time when the Trustees might have been forgiven for their lack of foresight. The Garrett Bibli- cal Institute had been located on the campus just south of the property described; and, to imagine that the remainder of the cam- pus would suffice for the needs of the grow- ing institution, was a fallacy that it required but little time to prove. In the same year the Presbyterians were given a site for a church. The Baptists and Congregational- ists were similarly treated, and when they had no house of worship, they were wel- come to the College Chapel. During the same year the corporate name of the Uni- versity was changed from "Trustees of the Northwestern University" to "Northwestern University." Other names were suggested, but the Trustees clung tenaciously to the idea with which they started, of a univer- sity for the Northwest. The Treasurer's report for that year showed assets to the amount of $419,751.50 and subscriptions to the University Hall amounting to $48,000. The first honorary degrees given by the University were bestowed in 1866, when George W. Quereau, George M. Steele, and George S. Hare were given the degree of Doctor of Divinity, and, upon Randolph S. Foster and Joseph Cummings were con- ferred the degree of Doctor of Laws. Professor Bonbright continued to act as Secretary of the Faculty till 1869, when Professor Marcy relieved him for a number of years. During this period the faculty re- mained unchanged. HISTORY OF EVANSTON n Increase in Salaries and Assets. — A strong desire was manifested in 1867 to see the erection of University Hall pushed to completion. Matters were look- ing much more hopeful. The income from endowment had been found sufificient to warrant increasing the salaries of the pro- fessors from $1,500 to $2,000 per annum, and within a year the assets had increased over $40,000. The building was now under- taken in a very cautious manner. It was to be constructed of Athens stone, and, with the discreetness that always characterized them, the Trustees proposed to stop and roof the building over when it reached a point beyond which their available funds would not enable them to proceed. H. B. Hurd proposed in this emergency — and the proposition carried — that the building be completed to the roof and enclosed before halting in the enterprise. Their hearts were gladdened by the announcement made by Prof. Louis Kistler, that one William Walker, of Kankakee, proposed to give the munificent sum of thirty thousand dollars for the completion of the building. It was a cruel disappointment when the discovery was made that Lord Walker's specialty was subscribing to various benevolent enter- prises. His benefactions, however, were of the "gold-brick" variety. The Trustees of Garrett Biblical Institute were treated to a similar experience at the dedication of Heck Hall. But there were those who promised and performed ; and in an emergency, a loan could be safely made, so the University Hall was assured. The building went on, giving marvelous stimulus to the work of the college, as voiced in the last report of Professor Noyes as Secretary and Financial Agent, made in June, 1868, in which he says : "The work of the new college build- ing is progressing with gratifying rapidity. Its erection has greatly inspired public con- fidence in the permanent growth of Evan- ston, and had a marked influence in en- hancing the prices of University property. It can no longer be doubted that the resolu- tion adopted at the last meeting of the Board, to proceed at once with the building, was a wise and prudent measure. The early completion of the edifice will hasten the day of its more complete and generous endowment." He reported the assets of the institution at $703,706.08, with a net income of nearly seventeen thousand dollars during 1866. The Snyder farm had been purchased, south of Dempster Street, running from Chicago Avenue to the lake, at a cost of $26,623.12, and, by June loth, sales and leases of that property, were made by Pro- fessor Noyes, amounting to $42,445, leav- ing a profit above the original investment of $15,821.88, to which should be added, as a conservative estimate, lots unsold to the value of $74,470, and all within the space of two years. Verily, if subscriptions to the new building were not forthcoming, they could turn aside to their old procedure of building up the University on the in- crease of land values. This transaction Professor Noyes carried through ; sur- veyed and sub-divided the grounds, mar- keted the property up to 1868, and it has since proved one of the choicest of the University's holdings. His work was nearly done. His strength, never great, was break- ing under the load that he had carried and he needed rest and change. The Trustees complimented him for his fidelity as he laid down his tasks — all but his teaching and secretaryship of the Board. Miss Willard has well said of him: "No one ever con- nected with the institution has placed upon it a more skillful hand, or at a time when it was more plastic to his touch. To the last syllable of recorded time, his name should be associated with the Northwestern 78 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY University, and doubtless it will some day tution. T. C. Hoag, the former Treasurer be permanently connected with some build- of the University, now succeeded to the du- ing of the growing group upon the College ties of Agent, bringing to the task a large campus." He relinquished his work in 1869 business experience and orderly habits in the and his secretaryship in 1870, and was ten- conduct of affairs. For more than twenty- derly laid to rest, at Rosehill Cemetery, in five years he was to continue in the dis- 1872. Professor D. H. Wheeler succeeded charge of that office or of the treasurership, him in the Acting Presidency of the insti- giving good account of his stewardship. CHAPTER VII. A DECADE OF CHANGE Chicago Medical College Merged in the University— A "Toivn and Gozvn" Con- test — Dr. Erastns O. Haven Enters Upon the Presidency — Women Admitted to College Classes— Addition to the Fac- idty — Greenleaf Library — College Jour- nals — Dr. Haven is Succeeded in the Presidency by Dr. C. H. Fozvler— In- crease of Students and Growth of College Catalogue— Coeducation Established and Miss Frances E. Willard Joins the Fac- ulty — Gymnasium Erected — Financial Embarrassment— President Fowler Re- tires and Dr. Oliver H. Marcy Becomes Acting President— The University Wins on the Ta.vation Issue — Life-Saving Sta- tion Established. The Chicago Medical College had now become an integral part of Northwestern University, located on the corner of Prairie Avenue and Twenty-sixth Street, Chicago, in close conjunction with Alercy Hospital. The University aided in the erection of its building and felt great pride in the new connection, which was largely brought about through the agency of Dr. N. S. Davis, an early Trustee of the University and deeply interested in the cause of medi- cal education. The income of the Univer- sity had now been enhanced by returns from the La Salle Street lots, which had been leased to the Grand Pacific Hotel corpora- tion, and the future looked brighter. In the catalogue of 1868-69 there appears, for the first time, the name of Robert M. Cumnock, Instructor in Elocution, with the modest compensation of three dollars a week. His time as an instructor would command that much an hour a few years later. His services proved so acceptable that he was paid three hundred dollars the following year for such services as he ren- dered in connection with the College students. He was a rising man and has risen to be one of the fixed stars in the firmament of the University. The name of Robert Baird now appears, too, as Instruc- tor in Greek in the Academy. He, too, was a rising man, on his way to become a fixed star, so to speak, in the University constel- lation, but died deeply regretted during the year 1905. Town and Gown Contest — New Build- ings. — Most colleges have had their town and gown experiences and, growing up, as the Town of Evanston has done, under the shadow of the University, it would almost seem that experiences of hostility would be avoided ; but the student body was con- stantly discovering that they were regarded as an element that had few rights at the hands of the native-born, and more than once they had rough treatment at the hands of the town boys. Nor is it to be wondered 79 8o NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY at that the owners of melon patches, to the south and on the ridge, regarded the student community with some suspicion during the period when the juicy melon ripens on its vine. But the Trustees, too, had their troubles in 1869, when the Town vs. Gown spirit was manifested by a visitation of vil- lagers to the Trustees' Board on the subject of taxation. They were respectfully heard and were told that the Trustees had troubles of their own in maintaining an institution that would be a credit to all concerned, even with the subsidy given by the State in the form of exemption from general taxation; and, then, Grant Goodrich took the floor and informed the visitors as to what the University had done for the town, was do- ing and would continue to do, and what were its rights under its charter, and how the scheme of mutual benefits ought at once and forever to quiet the incipient murmur- ings on the subject of tax-burdens because of University exemption. He did not fully lay the ghost. It has since walked abroad and, perhaps, will never down, for there never yet was a college town but had its war 'twixt "town and gown." The lease of part of the campus to Gar- rett Biblical Institute was put in form, as it now exists, after long and tedious con- ferences — indeed, after Heck Hall had been erected — and the mutual relations were so adjusted that they might live ever after happily and helpfully, side by side. University Hall was now well-nigh com- plete and the formal dedication and occupa- tion was designed for 1870. It was con- sidered desirable that a President should be elected to begin service simultaneously with the occupation of this Hall, and thought turned again to Dr. Erastus O. Haven. He was then President of the University of Michigan — a man whose coming would give new dignity and prominence to the Univer- sity. Dr. Haven Assumes the Presidency. — The Trustees fi.xed his salary — mirabile dictii! — at $4,500 per annum, and elected him without a dissenting vote. President Haven was then forty-nine years of age. He had graduated from Wesleyan Univer- sity in 1842 ; had been Principal of Amenia Seminary ; had been Professor of Latin in Michigan University, and later of English Language, Literature and History ; had been editor of "Zion's Herald" ; a member of the Massachusetts State Senate, and Overseer of Harvard University ; then President of the University of Michigan for six years before accepting the Presi- dency of Northwestern. He was a clear, earnest and logical speaker, and his long experience and eminent qualifications strongly commended him in his new re- lations. His first year was signalized by the admission of women to the college classes — almost a new departure among colleges in the United States, but a move- ment that he had championed and concern- ing which he had assurances before coming to Evanston. The working union with the Chicago Medical College was consummated in his first year, and there were added to the roll of University instructors the con- spicuous names of Davis, Andrews, John- son, Byford, Isham, Hollister, Roler and Bevan, with N. S. Davis — then in his prime — Dean of the Medical School. The sum- mary of names of University students counted three hundred and thirty-seven, of which two hundred and sixty-two were in Evanston. The curriculum had been greatly enriched. Julius F. Kellogg had entered the College Faculty as Professor of Civil Engineering — a splendid mathematician, an excellent teacher and well beloved. The north end of the third story of University Hall had been set apart as a library, in which the accumulated treasures of twenty years were installed, and to which XORTHWESTERX FEMALE COLLEGE HISTORY OF EVANSTON 8i was added the Greenleaf Library of twenty thousand volumes, rich in classics, in phil- osophy, in art and education, the private library of Dr. John Schulze, Minister of Education in Prussia. The funds for this rich and timely purchase were the gift of Luther L. Greenleaf, one of Evanston's large-hearted and well-disposed citizens, a friend and a Trustee of the University. The Advent of College Journalism. — College journalism began during the presidency of Dr. Haven, with the issue of "The Tripod" — a serious and well edited publication, whose columns represented the College and the Medical School. A rival entered the field in 1878, and, for three years, made matters interesting, as only rival papers with an inadequate constituency can. These papers were combined in 1881 in the "Northwestern," the present college paper, which has held the field alone, ex- cept during a single year, when the "Barbs," who concluded that they were discrimi- nated against in the make-up of the editorial staff, entered the field of college journal- ism, in which Sidney P. Johnston won his newspaper spurs. The "Evanston Press," too, was an outgrowth of college journal- ism, bringing out the latent talent of Robert Vandercook and giving direction to the bent of Edwin L. Shuman, afterwards the accomplished literary editor of the "Chicago Tribune," and still later of the "Record- Herald." And what shall we say of the numerous reporters who have reported Evanston news for the Chicago press? Eager for news, they have sometimes created it, and very often magnified some trivial incident into a harmful sensation. Many of them have graduated into jour- nalism, however, and given a good account of themselves. For many years James W. Scott, of the "Chicago Herald," maintained the Herald Scholarship and Mr. H. H. Kohlsaat has continued it. A publication that has reflected much of the spirit of college life was the "Pandora," issued in 1884 and published by the senior class. In 1885 the name was changed to "Syllabus," and its publication was assumed by the fraternities. In 1893 the publication was undertaken by the junior class and so con- tinues. "Sketches in Purple" is a most creditable exhibit of literary work done in the classes of Prof. J. S. Clark, first published in 1 90 1, with hope of an annual appearing. The list of prizes as stimulants to all sorts of intellectual activity had been increased by the addition of prizes for excellence in liter- ary composition, leading up to the Blan- chard Prize of one hundred dollars for the best English oration, and sundry prizes for excellence in debate and elocution. The Catalogue of 1869-70 is the most attractive issue of that periodical thus far published, and it impressed the founders that their hopes of Northwestern were reaching some fruitage. A cut of the new University Hall adorns its pages, giving the impression of amplitude of accommodation in which to do the college work. The joy of teachers and students in the spacious quarters, which contrasted so strongly with the stuffy quarters on Davis Street, amounted almost to intoxication. Then, too, the freedom of the splendid campus, with its oak-tree shade, its outlook on the open lake, were means of intellectual growth and culture that could not be over- rated. The museum, that was growing to splendid proportions under the loving care of Professor Marcy, was given spacious quarters in the lofty upper story of the building. The Preparatory School was given the cast-off garment of the College on Davis Street ; and it, too, took on new dignity and importance, with its little cam- pus all its own, where Preps, would no longer be over awed by the lordly airs of ■82 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY college men. Amos W. Patten, and Charles W. Pearson and E. P. Shrader, names that will figure more prominently by and by, were added to the teaching force of the Academy. Through Dr. Haven's efforts, the hospitality of the College was extended to the Evanston College for Ladies, and an opening made for the co-operation of the Scandinavians in the work of the College. Prof. H. S. Carhart, fresh from Middle- town, was added to the faculty in the Chair of Civil Engineering, while Professor Kel- logg assumed the Chair of Mathematics. Professor Carhart likewise took up the du- ties of Secretary of the Faculty, which Pro- fessor Marcy and Professor Bonbright had carried. Few colleges were then better equipped with bright, earnest men, or had a better share of hope and the stimulus of manifest progression. Another Change of Administration. — The administration of Dr. Haven was all too short. His ambitions were, no doubt, ecclesiastical. The General Conference called him away to the Secretaryship of the Board of Education, and he inclined to the summons. Gentle, loving persuasion was of no avail to divert him from this public call. In October, 1872, Dr. C. H. Fowler was elected President of the Uni- versity for the second time, he having de- clined an earlier election. His career, since 1861, when he graduated from Garrett Biblical Institute, had been in the adjacent City of Chicago, where he had acquired the reputation of a pulpit orator of the highest rank. His brilliant parts and large influence promised well for a splendid career at Evanston. He magnified his work and made it honorable and, with the stim- ulus of youth, he planned for large things in connection with his charge. He planned a School of Technology. A School of Music was established. The Evanston Col- lege for Ladies was merged in the Uni- versity, and a Law School was established in conjunction with the University of Chicago, which was destined to become exclusively the Northwestern University Law School. The catalogue, never larger than eighty pages in any previous issue, now became an imposing document of one hundred and eighty pages, with broadened curriculum, lists of professional schools and affiliated preparatory schools, and an enrollment of eight hundred and sixty-six students, to- gether with a double-page engraving of the campus and its buildings and the adjacent lake — enough to fire the prospective student with an eager desire to be a part of such a school. The succeeding catalogue is less ambitious, composed of one hundred and twelve pages, of lighter paper and smaller type. The President had doubtless heard from the business office as to the cost of printing and the matter of postage ; but the roll of students had increased to eight hun- dred ninety-one. Organization of Teaching Force. — Frances E. W'illard had become asso- ciated with the University, as Professor of Esthetics, on the merging of the Evanston College for Ladies in the University. Her students came with her and the roll of the graduates of the Northwestern Female Col- lege, to which the Evanston College for Ladies succeeded, was included among the alumni of Northwestern University. That brilliant woman did not tarry long in educa- tional work. She was calculated for leader- ship rather than for service in the ranks. She chafed under the restraints of a conservative Board of Trustees. Her career was to be world-wide. As the President of the Wo- man's Christian Temperance Union she found her sphere ; she wielded her pen with the most polished grace, and she spoke as one inspired, when her theme involved the welfare of men and women. The College was proud of her, of her genius and of the sacri- HISTORY OF EVANSTON 83 fice and devotion with whicli she apphed it. Her successor, as Dean of the Woman's College, was Miss Ellen Soule, who be- came Mrs. Professor Carhart, and gave place, in turn, to Miss Jane M. Bancroft. With the merging of the College for Ladies a new element was introduced in the Board of Government by the election of three lady Trustees, one of whom, for a time, served on the Executive Committee — Mrs. Emily Huntington Miller having the distinction to be the first woman to take her place in the "Seats of the Mighty." A much needed improvement on the cam- pus was made in 1876 by the building of the Gymnasium by a stock company of students, with a bowling alley in the base- ment and a large room for exercise above, in size about forty feet by eighty. It was not adequate to the needs of the institu- tion, but it would do as a step towards bet- ter things, — a long step, perhaps, ere the new Gymnasium is to be erected — but the need was so great that students took hold of the enterprise, managing it by a Board of Directors. New names appear in 1876 as donors of prizes to stimulate various sorts of effort : the Easter Prize displacing the Blanchard, the Gage Prizes, the Mann Prize, the Phil- lips Prize, and others given by the Uni- versity. Prof. Herbert F. Fisk came to the Pre- paratory School in 1875, with the rank of Professor, and later became Professor of Pedagogics in the College. He had grad- uated early from Wesleyan University, and since his graduation had taught contin- uously in academies in the East. He was destined now to find a field of continuous labor, and to make a record as teacher and disciplinarian. The Old College Building had been enlarged and moved to the cam- pus, to serve, for a long series of years, as the scene of his labors where he should preside, a terror to evil-doers and a praise to them that do well. The discipline of that end of the campus was safe while Dr. Fisk was in town. Financial Situation — New Burdens. — It has already been indicated that President Fowler had Started things at a more rapid pace than they had previously been going. Such movements require money. The absorption of the Ladies' Col- lege increased the debt and a dangerous deficit was piling up. One large subscription of twenty-five thousand dollars proved to be of the Walker variety and the Trustees were greatly disturbed. Some advocated the rapid sale of property and its use to diminish the debt and to defray the ex- penses upon which they had entered, rather than take a backward step. The records of 1875 fairly reflect the earnestness of the controversy over the question of the policy to be pursued by the University with refer- ence to unproductive property. In the com- munications of Governor Evans, of T. C. Hoag, of W. H. Lunt and of Rev. Philo Judson on this subject, almost the last word was spoken on behalf of the respective pol- icies of holding for lease or selling out the residence property of the University, at go- ing prices to actual settlers, and investing the resultant funds. When this discussion again arises — as arise it will from time to time — the minutes of 1875 will prove an armory of weapons to the con- testants. Governor Evans wrote as one deeply interested in the institution, as hav- ing given to it with generous liberality and having put it under restraint to withhold from sale a certain portion of its property. Philo Judson wrote as one who met the actual situation in his work as Land Agent, and reached a height of eloquence and ar- gument in his plea for generous and un- restricted sales that seems unanswerable. If he or Governor Evans had never written 84 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY anything else than these two papers, these recorded documents of two of the founders of the institution would reveal to us of a later generation that they were men of keen intellectuality and good fighters. So far as the policy with reference to the sale of property is concerned, this discus- sion was without practical result. The lim- itations which Governor Evans placed upon the sale of property, by conditional grants to the University of sundry pieces of Chi- cago property, were revoked by a later in- strument. Indeed, the limitations agreed to by the Executive Committee in receiving gifts from Governor Evans were not ap- proved by the Board of Trustees, and the whole question of the sale of property, with a view to limitations, was referred to a com- mittee of three, in 1871, the report from whom has never been called up. Rev. Philo Judson's communication on this subject was his last word to the University, and it is indeed a heritage. He died a few months later and a feeling tribute graces the record, describing him as "one of the founders of the institution" ; as "the first— and, for many years— Business Manager and Financial Agent, and later Trustee and Executive Ofificer, who has rendered long and efficient service to the University. To his intel- lectual force, sagacity, wisdom, integrity, unselfishness and fidelity, the cause of edu- cation is lastingly indebted." And much more to the same effect, which was inspired by a genuine appreciation of a man of most sterling and serviceable qualities. The Board started out upon the year 1876 with a discouraging budget, showing a probable deficit of nearly sixteen thousand dollars ; but the end of the year was reached with a somewhat better showing, though, on the whole, not entirely satisfactory. A judicious Committee on Ways and Means was appointed to look matters in the face, and see if some remedy could not be devised to avoid a crisis. They could only figure out a probable deficit of $23,750 per annum. They reminded their brethren that, in their great desire for rapid development, they had forgotten the old adage, "Make haste slow- ly," and they recommended a return to the old ways of making no appropriations for salaries or other expenses in advance of cur- rent income. This policy, said they, must be adhered to rigidly, in the future, for we cannot afford to mortgage the future use- fulness of the institution. Dr. Fowler having been elected editor of the "Christian Advocate" in New York, in May of that year, resigned his position, to the great regret of the Board, who passed resolutions of warm commendation of his work and his influence. The Chairs of English Literature and Chemistry were likewise vacated and the work distributed. Thus the ship was lightened and proceeded on its voyage with a better prospect of reaching port. Dr. Oliver Marcy was made Acting President— a work which, although not at all to his taste, he took up and admin- istered with the same fidelity and zeal that he gave to his own department, winning re- spect and confidence at every step and ad- ministering government and discipline with an even hand. A new menace came in 1876 to try the patience of the Trustees who were heroically struggling with the problem of finance, in the listing of their property by the assess- ors for taxation. The expense of testing the legality of the claim was appalling, and the possibly unfavorable outcome of litiga- tion was even more discouraging. But they stood firmly upon their chartered rights. The contest in the lower court of the State was adverse, as was expected. The decision in the State Supreme Court was similarly adverse, but not unanimous, there being two dissenting Justices. The case then went to Washington, with Grant HISTORY OF EVANSTON 85 Goodrich, Wirt Dexter and Senator M. H. Carpenter as attorneys for the University, and their efforts were crowned with the happy result of a reversal of the decision of the State Courts. The contention of the tax-collector was that, though the property of the University was exempted from tax- ation by the amendment to the charter in 1855, a subsequent statute of 1872 limited this exemption to land and other property in immediate use by the school. The Supreme Court of the United States con- strued the charter in harmony with the powers granted to the Legislature under the Constitution of 1848, and, therefore, not limited by the new Constitution of 1870. We cannot say if any bonfires blazed on the campus when the decision was made known. It is quite certain that a new light gleamed from the faces of the surviving founders, and especially from the face of the surviving attorney. Grant Goodrich, who drew the charter amendment that had been controverted and which meant so much to the institution. Life Saving Station is Established. — During 1876 the Life Saving Station of the United States was established on the campus, manned by students and presided over by Captain Larson, an "old salt" who is the soul of discipline and fidelity, as de- vout as he is brave, whose influence upon his boys has been the very best. The work of life-saving at the station has been a source of honest joy and pride to the friends of the University. The lease of University grounds for this purpose was for twenty years, and in 1896 was renewed for fifty years, so that it has a future in connection with the institution. Without serious diminution in numbers, but on a more even keel, the University kept on its course under the wise admin- istration of Dr. Marcy, till 1881. Prof. Kistler had retired and his old-time pupil was made instructor in Greek. Charles W. Pearson, too, had risen to an instructorship in English Literature in place of D. H. Wheeler. New names were appearing in instructorships which will afterwards figure in connection with professorships in the in- stitution. The financial burden that had been much relieved was still oppressing, and the heroic method of reduction of sal- aries was applied, with the hope that it would not be for long. George F. Foster, one of the charter members of the Board of Trustees, passed away in 1878 and was memorialized in the records of the Trustees. He was a man of zeal and generous liberality ; a shouting Methodist, ardent in his temperament, earnest and persistent in the discharge of what he believed to be his duty. He was a warm and devoted friend, an open and hon- orable opponent. William Wheeler, too, had gone, and the ranks of the early Trus- tees were sadly thinning. CHAPTER VIII. AN ERA OF PROGRESS Dr. Joseph Cummings, the Nestor of East- ern Educators, Succeeds to the Presiden- cy — Indebtedness Wiped Out and the In- stitution Enters Upon a More Prosper- ous Era — MjiniHccnt Gifts and Improve- ments — Changes in Faculty and Trustees — Illinois School of Pharmacy and School of Dentistry Added — Celebration of Uni- versity Day Inaugurated — President Cummings' Successful Career and His Taking Away — Dr. Marcy Temporarily Assumes the Position of Acting Presi- dent — Dr. Henry Wade Rogers Suc- ceeds to the Presidency in i8po — Other Changes and Improvements — Depart- ment Schools and Colleges — Real Estate Investments. Dr. Marcy was becoming weary of tasks that took him from his class-room and his beloved museum, and, in June, 1881, Joseph Cummings, the Nestor of educators in the Methodist Episcopal Church, long-time President of Wesleyan University, an old man but full of vigor, was chosen for the Presidency. He was coming to his own ; for, had not the Northwestern, for years, paid tribute to Middletown in the filling of its chairs? There were Marcy, and Fisk, and Carhart, and Cumnock, and Morse, and there were others coming. Surely, the grand old man might take up his work with no sense of noveltv in his new situation. He was a man of noble parts, full of dignity but full of gentleness, as devoted to his work as is the sun to shining. He was an ideal College President of the old school ; great in the recitation room, great as a disciplinarian, strong in administration, a financier, an economist, a mighty man in the pulpit or on the rostrum, able to do great things and small, considerate of his colleagues, no tyrant, but a believer in faculty government and, witliout coercion of their opinion, willing to abide by it. What a mighty man he seemed on commencement days, in his square Doctor's cap and silk gown, bidding candidates "ascendat," and conferring degrees in Latin without a slip, a task over which his successors stumbled. Before his work was done, two hundred thousand dollars of indebtedness from for- mer years had been cleared oft'. Governor Evans helped nobly ; William Deering bore the lion's share ; and one and another lifted, under the persuasive power of Dr. Cum- mings or Dr. Hatfield, till the work of liqui- dation of indebtedness was wrought, and then, relieved of burden, the college work went on more hopefully. New professors were secured, development took place in the line of true, logical growth under the hand of a master. His annual reports were and are still the strongest and most helpful papers ever submitted to the Board of Trus- tees, full of stimulus and suggestions. The 88 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY Fayerweather Hall of Science was secured, the gift, for a long time, of an unknown donor into whose ear Dr. Hatfield, at a time- ly moment, had dropped a word concerning Northwestern, and it resulted in this anonymous gift — and would result in more when his will should be opened — that helped mightily in the development of the work in Chemistry and Physics. Professor Carhart was tempted away to Michigan University just as he was about to enter into his heritage of the new building, to carry on the brilliant career of a physicist, which he had so well begun at Northwestern. Organization of New Departments. — Then, too, on the north campus arose the graceful pile of Dearborn Observatory, the gift of James B. Hobbs, equipped with the splendid instruments that were formerly in the old Dearborn Observatory at the rear of Chicago University. The gift was made without ostentation, after the manner of the princely giver that he is, and there was installed Prof. George W. Hough as astron- omer, to keep up his vigil over Jupiter, with whom he is so well acquainted, and to increase the list of double stars whose hid- ings he has such facility in finding out. Then, as a result of Dr. Hatfield's efforts, a dormitory was erected on Cook Street to house thirty young men, the second experi- ment of the University in that direction. The death of Robert F. Queal was chron- icled in 1883, one of the later most valuable Trustees of the institution, a man of grace and tact, and loyal to the core. In 1886 James S. Kirk, a stalwart, useful member of the Board was taken away ; and, in 1887, Philip R. Shumway, who had given great promise of valuable aid in the counsels of the Executive Committee. In 1884 the Illinois School of Pharmacy became the property of the University, thereafter to be known as the Northwestern School of Pharmacy — this through the labors of Dr. D. R. Dyche, one of the most self-forgetful, public-spirited Trustees that ever helped to carry the burdens of the in- stitution. The School of Dentistry was like- wise taken on, to become one of the most flourishing departments by and by. The celebration of University Day was begun February 22, 1886, by the assembling of all departments in Evanston, who marched through the streets to the strains of martial music, and were addressed by representatives of the University culminat- ing in a collation and a reception at Willard Hall. This happy custom was continued into the administration of President Rogers, and fell at last into innocuous desuetude. The Passing away of Dr. Cummings. — For almost ten years, in the ripeness of his wisdom and powers, without dimness of vision or abatement of natural vigor. Dr. Cummings kept on his way as President of the University, with a broadening curricu- lum and increasing number of students, large graduating classes and a splendid fac- ulty that were harmonious and enthusiastic and united in honoring their chief and fol- lowing his leadership. Though disease was preying upon him, he gave out no sign of weakness. He called the regular meeting of the faculty to assemble in his room when the hand of death was upon him, and passed away as a soldier in battle, with his armor on. His name and character is a heritage to those of us who knew him well, stimu- lating to duty. Not less useful, on the social side of college life, in that eminently suc- cessful administration, was the influence of the queenly woman who presided in the home of the President. She was a woman of striking presence, of tact and sprightli- ness. with a keen eye to take in difficult situations and a skillful hand to relieve all embarrassments. These two were a mar- velous combination in a college community. I do not wonder that Middletown students HISTORY OF EVANSTON 89 are ready to bow down at the mention of their names. Northwestern students, be- tween 1880 and 1890, are ready to do Hke- wise. Dr. Cummings' last appearance in chapel was a scene long to be remembered. He would not be relieved of his accustomed task of leading the devotions, though his breath came quick and his utterance was choked. He read the hymn, "My Jesus, as thou wilt, Tho' seen through many a tear, • Let not my star of hope Grow dim or disappear." A solemn stillness pervaded the little chapel. The broken voice that led the de- votions was speaking for the last time among us, and it spoke out in prayer and Scripture and hymn, as if conscious that it was a farewell, the keynote of a life attuned to duty, "My Lord, thy will be done." Cheerful and serene, though feeble from acute disease, he left the chapel that day amid faces sad with fear and eager with sympathy, and went home to die as brave- ly as he went to work. We carried him to his final rest a few days later, and enshrined him in our hearts as one of the few great men that we had known. He was not a writer of dreary pamphlets or a seeker after notoriety. He felt called of God to do the work of a Christian educator by character, example, precept and wise and prayerful administration, and he did it well, and thereon rests his abiding fame. Then Dr. Marcy was called once more to take up the task of administration till some new man could be found, with youth and strength and scope of vision, fit to take up the work that had developed somewhat after the hope of the founders. A new appraisal had taken place of the property on La Salle Street that had been clung to tenaciously during the vicissitudes of forty years, which resulted in an increase of income of more than fiftv thousand dol- lars per annum. It meant the accomplish- ment of much that had been dreamed of, and the long hoped for development. Dr. Rogers Called to the Presidency. — In September, 1890, Dr. Henry Wade Rogers was called to the Presidency of the institution. He had been Dean of the Law School of the University of Michigan, and entered most auspiciously upon his work at the most fortunate moment in the career of the University. In June, 1892, T. C. Hoag, having de- clined to serve longer as Treasurer and Business Agent, retired from the arduous duties of his office with an enviable record for fidelity and skill in the conduct of the afifairs of the University, and Prof. R. D. Sheppard was invited to assume the busi- ness cares of the institution, in addition to his college work. The work of the decade was to be one of development on the mate- rial side, far in excess of any similar period in the history of the University, as the an- nual reports of receipts and expenditures will show. The spacious buildings on Dearborn Street, near Twenty- fourth, were erected for the proper housing of the Medi- cal School and School of Pharmacy, on land that had been purchased largely by the gift for that purpose of William Deer- ing, and an adjacent lot had been purchased for the prospective occupancy of Wesley Hospital. The Woman's Medical College on Lincoln Street, Chicago, was purchased at a cost of twenty-five thousand dollars, and it became an integral part of the Uni- versity, with a goodly list of alumnae and an eminent faculty. In 1892 the American College of Dental Surgery was combined with the North- western Dental School, with a student at- tendance of over five hundred and an equip- ment unsurpassed, over which presided Theodore Menges, a phenomenon of energy and tact in the organization and manage- go NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY merit of such an institution, whose untimely death, a few years since, left that school sadly orphaned but still vigorous and a monument to his energy and devotion. The Law School was reorganized and made one of the best of its kind, with better quarters and with an enriched curriculum. Orrington Lunt Library Dedicated. — On the campus the new Orrington Lunt Library was erected and named in honor of its principal benefactor, the genial, saint- ly Orrington Lunt, who walked among us in the evening of his days as the spirit of peace and benediction. Justin Winsor came on the dedication and spoke a splendid mes- sage, but the charming address of the founder of the library who, for so long had believed in books as a prime requisite of a student community, and who had manifested his faith by his works, was the great event of that dedicatory occasion. Then, too, the School of Music was housed in its own quarters, with a hall for recitals and rooms for instruction and prac- tice, presided over by Prof. P. C. Lutkin, whose skill and devotion have made it one of the important features of the University work. Then, too, in this favored time arose the Annie May Swift Hall, devoted to elocu- tion and oratory, the gift chiefly of Gustavus F. Swift, in honor of his daughter, who died during her career in college. It was the graceful tribute of the bereaved parent to a beautiful girl. Others contributed to this building at the solicita- tion of Professor Cumnock, but Mr. Swift's gift made it possible, and there its enthusi- astic Director has made a school unique in its character and unsurpassed anywhere. At last the Fayerweather bequest of one hundred thousand dollars came to hand, the result of Dr. Hatfield's timely sugges- tion to the generous leather merchant whose benefactions to American colleges have been one of the phenomenal things in the history of those institutions. Then Fisk Hall was constructed — the dream of Dr. Fisk for twenty years — ■ crowning the labors of his devoted life. William Deering built it with a capacity to care for six or seven hundred students, with a chapel that is the best auditorium on the campus, and with all the appointments and equipment of an academy of the first rank. Woman's Hall was enlarged by the same generous giver, so that its capacity was almost doubled. Then the campus was fenced and the gateways were built, giving an air of indi- viduality and dignity to the college en- closure. William Deering did that ; and one quiet afternoon, on his way to town, he left at the business office a package of papers that the dazed Business Manager found, on inspection, to consist of over two hundred thousand dollars worth of securi- ties ; and, a little later, when Wesley Hos- pital was needed, not only for the charity work of the Methodist Episcopal Church, but also an adjunct to the work of the Medical School, he dazed the same easily dazable Business Manager by the oflfer of fifty thousand dollars for that purpose, and property worth one hundred thousand dollars for the future endowment. Yet this was not all; for, when Onarga Semi- nary was to be saved from loss and made an affiliated academy of Northwestern Uni- versity, Mr. Deering gave five thousand dollars to help that enterprise to a consum- mation ; and, again, when the Tremont House was under consideration, his gift of twenty-five thousand dollars helped to acquire that splendid property. The chapter of his gracious deeds on behalf of the Uni- versity might be prolonged, but the histor- ian is not permitted to dwell over-much on the deeds of living men. Of the records and events of the last ten vears — its men HISTORY OF EVANSTON 91 and its transactions — he feels compelled to speak with cautious reserve. But these have been years of progress. Early in Dr. Rogers' administration, on the suggestion of David Swing, the annual commencement exercises were taken to Chi- cago and held in the Auditorium, where an oration was delivered by some orator of note before a magnificent assembly. Men like Theodore Roosevelt, Ex-Governor Chamberlain, Bishops Warren and Gallo- way, Drs. Northrup, Canfield, Day and Buckley have been numbered among the orators, and thousands of Northwestern graduates have ascended the stage and re- ceived their diplomas at the hands of the President of the University. Formerly all honorary degrees had been given on the recommendation of the Faculty of the Col- lege of Liberal Arts, and now that service was rendered by a University Council, con- sisting of representatives of the different departments, who, in addition to this func- tion, might recommend to the Trustees action upon such matters as were of general University interest. On the La Salle Street property of the University was erected a building, un- rivaled among the bank buildings of the world, for the use of one of the strongest institutions in the West, and leased for one hundred years at a rental that will be one of the principal supports of the University in beneficent work during that long period. It has improved the property on Kinzie Street, Chicago, donated by William Deer- ing, and leased it for fifty years to a strong corporation at a very satisfactory rental. It has acquired the Tremont House at a cost of five hundred thousand dollars, as the future home of the Law School, the Dental School and the School of Pharmacy, devoting to these schools a space as great as that comprised by any three of the buildings on the college campus, and has still re- served the old parlor floor of the Tremont House for general University purposes, of- fices, parlors, alumni headquarters, and a small assembly hall, while still retaining the first floor as a source of revenue. 11 CHAPTER IX. SOME SIDE ISSUES Athletics and College Societies — Wo- men's Educational Associations — "The Settlement" and the University Guild — Dr. Rogers Resigns the Presidency in iSqq, and is Succeeded by Dr. Bonbright as Acting President — A Long List of Notable Friends of the University Who Have Passed Away — Tribute to Their Memory — Dr. E. J. James' Tzvo Years' Administration — He is succeeded by Dr. Abrani W. Harris. And what shall we say of College Athlet- ics that have flourished during these ten years, in spite of the fact that the expected donor of a great gymnasium has not come to view ? The old "Gym." has done a noble work, but it is confessedly a back number. Still, the students have made good use of it and the Athletic Field on the north cam- pus has been the scene of vigorous sport and rare athletic performances. It is largely within the last ten years that athletic sports have formed a prominent feature in the life of Western colleges, and during that period, Northwestern has often ranked with the best, and, even when defeated, has been undiscouraged ; and, in the trials of forensic and dialectic skill with the great institu- tions of the West, she has proved herself a foeman not to be despised. Y. M. and Y. W- C. A.— Other Societies. — In the religious work of the college, its general conduct in these later years has been in the hands of the Young Men's and the Young Woman's Christian Associations. The responsibility has been largely on the students, with the sympathetic aid of mem- bers of the faculty. A house has been occu- pied by the young men as an Association headquarters ; secretaries have been em- ployed, with University aid, by both Asso- ciations ; and the evangelistic spirit with marked results has attended both these associations. Greek Letter Societies have taken deep root in the University and detracted some- what from the vigor of the old debating societies that were of such educational value in the early history of the University. "Phi Kappa Psi" was founded in 1864, and the "Alpha Phi" in 1881. Now there are numerous other organizations, with their cliques and politics, and other redeeming features of good fellowship, that are among the pleasant recollections of college life. For a few years, beginning in 1893, the "University Record" was published, with a compendium of information of interest to the alumni and the public. Professor Cald- well and Professor Gray were editors, and performed their task well. The last issue was of June, 1895. The scheme will bear resurrection when some fit man with ade- quate support can give it attention. Collateral with the work of the Univer- 93 94 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY sity, and springing out of it, has been the work of the Woman's Educational Aid Association, of which, for many years, Mrs. J. A. Pearsons has been President, and with whom have been associated such elect ladies as Mrs. Cummings, Mrs. Morse, Mrs. Gage, Mrs. Townsend, Mrs. Clifford and others, in an effort to furnish a home for young women during their college life, where they can board cheaply, assisting in the work, and yet be provided with the comforts and elegances that are so desirable from an educational point of view. With the aid of Dr. Pearsons they have sustained the Col- lege Cottage for many years, which has been once enlarged ; and now, by the timely gift of thirty thousand dollars from the same philanthropic source, they have under their charge the new Chapin Hall, which was dedicated in the fall of 1901 by its generous donor, and where sixty young women are housed as a happy family in elegance and comfort. Another collateral institution has been that of "The Settlement," started and pre- sided over during her presence in Evanston by Mrs. Henry Wade Rogers, to minister, as such institutions do, to the life of the neglected poor in the Northwestern section of Chicago. There University graduates are in residence and University students help to carry on the various forms of life and service peculiar to the settlement. To carry on this work and erect their com- modious building, Mr. Milton Wilson gave the munificent sum of twenty-five thousand dollars, and the finished structure — with its perfect appointments, the property of Northwestern University — stands as a mon- ument of his interest in the welfare of his fellowmen. Another collateral institution founded by Mrs. Rogers was the University Guild, an association of women whose pursuit has been culture, and who, in a few years, have gathered together a beautiful collection of art treasures which are deposited in Lunt Library. These are now the property of the University, and may serve as the nucleus of an Art Museum, when these treasures, and those which Dr. Marcy gathered dur- ing his long career, are fitly housed. Resignation of President Rogers. — In 1899 Dr. Rogers resigned the Presi- dency of the University and returned to a law professorship at Yale University, and Dr. Bonbright was persuaded to take up the Acting Presidency during a brief inter- regnum, while the quest for a new presi- dent went on. The period ended in January, 1902. It is not often in American life that a man is planted in a community to grow as a tree grows, from the sapling period to the period of advanced maturity, be- coming a landmark and a source of benefit to all passers-by. But all this is true of the Professor of Latin, Acting President of Northwestern University. Seized upon as a stripling tutor, rounded out in culture and methods by foreign study and observation, he has spent an ordinary lifetime in his chair ; devoted as a lover to a single love ; doing his part with a wisdom, thoroughness and grace that has left nothing to be desired as a teacher, gentleman, friend and inspirer of youth. From the very first date of graduations at Evanston he has seen the stream of students go by ; has known them all and taken a place in their memories as an integral part of their culture, their character and ideals. He has noted every step of progress, every movement of whatever sort that has gone to make up the traditions of Northwestern University, so that his were safe hands in which to entrust for any length of time the discipline, the growth, the care of the institution, with the assurance that the ad- ministration would be without caprice or doubtful experiment. Eager to escape pub- PRESIDENT ROOSEVEI/fS MSIT IX 1 403 HISTORY OF EVANSTON 95 licity and diffident under public gaze, he took up his pubHc cares with the easy grace of one born to the purple ; and, when pub- lic utterance was needed, he spoke with the charm of one accustomed to public address, with a play of fancy and with such aptness of illustration and vigorous marshalling of ideas, that we were made to wonder that these talents had been so long concealed. With all the honors that Northwestern could confer upon him, after the term of his Acting Presidency, he quietly returned to his class-room to preside with the same sim- ple dignity as of old, as if nothing unusual had happened in his career. Passing Away of University Founders. — The past ten years has been a time of harvesting of the ripened grain among the surviving toilers in the early years of Uni- versity history. John Evans, the first Presi- dent of the Board, at a ripe old age passed away in the distant State of Colorado, of which he had been Governor, and where he displayed the same enterprise and leader- ship in affairs that characterized him in Chicago and Evanston. He had been one of the University's chief benefactors, and at a time when gifts were most acceptable. Two principal professorships were named in his honor; and while he was in Evanston, the weight of his judgment was well-nigh preponderating in University counsels. He aided in founding another university in Denver, but the University at Evanston was the child of his youth and the pride of his old age. J. K. Botsford, too, passed away in this decade — the quiet hardware merchant on Lake Street, over whose store the meeting was held that launched the infant Univer- sity. An unobtrusive man who built up a good competence in honorable trade ; who loved the Church and all her enterprises ; who talked little and thought much ; who sat quietly in Trustee meetings, made no long speeches, and always voted right. He was the soul of honor, a good man for Treasurer and serviceable in any situation that required prompt action, integrity and discreetness. J. G. Hamilton was another of the old- time Trustees whose name was added to the death roll : Treasurer, Agent, Secretary of the Board, a prosperous and useful man in his time — so useful that, when misfortune and feebleness seized upon him, and he was left alone in the world and without re- sources, his fellow Trustees pensioned him, and gave him the honorable consideration that was due to the valuable and unselfish service he had rendered to the cause of education. Richard Haney was another who came to the councils of the Trustees with each re- curring year, till he could come no longer. A giant in stature, with the heart of a child — under his eye the institution had grown for nearly fifty years. Children whom he had baptized in infancy were filling important chairs in the University and, like a fond father, he smiled with joyful benignity upon the large heritage that had come to him and his comrades, most of whom had gone be- fore him to their reward. It was one of the features of the Trustee meetings of later years to listen to his opening prayer — for that was his assigned part — and, when the meeting closed, it was with his benedic- tion and with a farewell word that spoke of the joy of his heart over what God had wrought at the hands of his servants, and the assurance to his brethren that he could not expect to meet with them often in the future, perhaps never. He was waiting daily for his summons to ascend. Such incidents pertain to a distinctly Christian institution. They lift the business side of education out of the region of ordinary business, and in- spire those who toil therein with the thought that they are doing a God-like work in the NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 96 world that will beget sweet memories, such as kindled in the heart of the old founder when he looked back on. his own labors and saw the work still going on, larger in vol- ume and with a far-reaching influence such as he had never drea^med it would attain. Then, too, Orrington Lunt, who suc- ceeded to John Evans as President of the Board, was another of the surviving group of founders that passed away, than whom no single man connected with the institution had given to the University more of his thought and attention, or sacrificed more for it. The library was his darling project, and to it, as already noted, he gave an endowment and a building. Without Or- rington Lunt, we cannot say what would have been done; but true it is, that the Trustees took no step in which he did not actively participate. No important com- mittee was complete without him. No dif- ficult negotiation could be carried on with- out his help. Wise, forceful, gentle, de- voted as he was, his colleagues caught his spirit and were braced by his example to a like fidelity and devotion. When disease prevented his meeting with them, they took their meetings to his home ; and when the end came he summoned them, one by one, to a sunny farewell. He loved them in the bonds of a common labor of love. Verily, when wc speak of the endowment of the University, though the things that might seem most important may be lands and buildings and securities, wt must not over- look, among its chief assets, the undying in- vestment of the prayers, and love and labor of such choice spirits as are reckoned among the men whose names adorn our history, among whom there was no whiter soul than Orrington Lunt. Then there was another Trustee, who does not rank with the founders, but who took his place naturally among the later Trustees who efficiently labored in the up- building of the institution— Robert M. Hat- field. In his time, a peerless pulpit orator, with a diction unsurpassed, an intensity and fervor that enthralled and possessed men, and a maste.y of scorn and invective that was a terror to all shams, injustice and de- ceit, his forceful speech and influence meant much for the University endowment. And there was David R. Dyche, who could drop his business cares any time to talk and plan for the University's good; who carried the burden of the four-mile limit on his heart ; who gave generously of his substance, as of his time and influence, and by his wisdom and his gentleness helped on the march of progress. And in March, 1899, Oliver Marcy, the grand old man who had been connected with the University for nearly forty years, finished his work. He had been twice Act- ing President; had taught an immense range of subjects, and had become the most striking figure in connection with the in- stitution. He did not grow old. His body failed, but his keen intellect retained its edge; his love for the things of nature never failed ; he wrought to the last in his dear museum, fondling his specimens as of old. They spoke to him of the mighty universe of which they were a part. They disclosed chapters of flood and fire that ordinary vision could not see in them, and which he delighted to reveal to any in- terested listener. His daily walk made us love him and the things he loved. It spoke to us of duty and devotion and joy in learn- ing. He was called of God to be an educa- tor, and he fulfilled his calling. His career is a part of the University's richest endow- ment. Julius F. Kellogg, too, long time Profes- sor of Mathematics, faded away in this de- cade, and was borne to rest by the loving hands of his old comrades, who knew him as a thorough mathematician, an excellent II HISTORY OF EVANSTON 97 teacher and a simple hearted Christian. But I have played the role of Old Mortality long enough. These, and others of similar spirit, have served the University well, have ^one to their reward and others have taken up their work. It would be difficult to reach an exact statement of the number of young men and women who have shared the educational opportunities furnished by the University since its organization. Like a stream rising in the mountains — a rivulet at first, then a river, with increasing tributaries and en- larging volume — so the stream of students has enlarged, from ten in number in 1855, to nearly three thousand in 1901. Very many, of course, have attended the insti- tution for a longer or a shorter course with- out graduating. Of those who have grad- uated, fifteen hundred have been from the College of Liberal Arts ; eighteen hundred and forty-four from the Medical School ; five hundred and fifty-nine from the Woman's Medical School ; eleven hundred and eighty-six from the School of Phar- macy ; sixteen hundred and five from the Law School ; and fifteen hundred and thirty- one from the Dental School — in all, eight thousand, two hundred and twenty-five men and women, who have given a good account of themselves in the varied walks in life, and some of whom have attained to conspic- uous positions and shed luster on their Alma Mater. College Administration of Today. — Little has been said of the labors of living men in connection with the history of the University, either in the faculty or the board of government. This much ought to be stated, however : that the body of teachers in the College of Liberal Arts are a de- voted, harmonious body of men and women, devoted chiefly to under-graduate work, and are hence confined largely to the work of instruction, though they do find time, now and then, to publish a volume in connection with their various specialties. In the large faculty of the College nearly every study that would be selected as a culture study is represented by a specialist who knows his work ; and, when they meet "in faculty assembled," according to the phrase adopted from Professor Godman of an early date, they are a distinguished body of men and women, keen in debate, deferen- tial to each other, and with a single eye to the interests ot the youth committed to their care. And it is with unusual restraint that I refrain from writing of the labors of the men who have cared for the material in- terests of the institution, and who still carry on that work ; men as conspicuous, able and devoted as any who have toiled in former generations, and who have finished their work and gone to their reward. When Or- rington Lunt ascended, William Deering took his place as primus inter pares, ad- ministering his office with a dignity and dis- creetness that commends him to the con- fidence and affection of his colleagues, and with such a knowledge of the situation, such solicitude for progress, and such generous liberality as to constitute him easily the chief patron in our history. Beside him are eminent men who take up his work when absence or illness interferes. And the able Secretary and Auditor, Frank P. Crandon, who has carried for- ward the work of the secretaryship since J. G. Hamilton laid down his pen, has put the University under a debt of obligation for service which it can never adequately reward. The volume of University busi- ness has become so great and its tran- sactions so important — all of which pass through a central office and must be scru- tinized from week to week — that it makes demands upon this officer that few appre- ciate as do those nearest his work, but to 98 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY which he addresses himself with a constancy and painstaking fidelity that are beyond praise. I have referred to endowments that are not expressed in lands and buildings or notes of hand ; such labors as his enter into this list, and swell the wealth of the favored institution that has commanded such ser- vices as his without fee or reward. The Executive Committee are busy men of large private interests, but they are al- ways about the Trustees' table when called ; and they are regularly and irregularly called, and, without haste and after full discussion, they give all the time that is needful, in committee and out of committee, to carrying on their trust, with generous gifts of valuable time and other resources as they are able. Dr. James Two Years' Administration. — From small beginnings, by careful man- agement and timely benefactions, the Uni- versity has acquired a property conserva- tively valued at six million dollars, and has done its work for fifty years with increasing vigor and enlargement as the years have advanced. In the summer of 1902, Dr. Edmund J. James was selected to fill the vacant Presidency, and for two years car- ried on the work with great vigor and promise, infusing fresh life into all depart- ments of the institution. But in 1904, the claims of the Illinois State University upon him were too strong for him to resist, and he resigned to be succeeded by Prof. Thomas F. Holgate, as Acting President. The service of Professor Holgate as Dean of the College of Liberal Arts has fitted him well for the duties that have been thrust upon him, while his familiarity with the history and traditions of the University justify the belief that, under his guiding hand, the institution will maintain its steady and healthy progress, growing as the tree grows, nourished by the kindly care of the men and women who stand forth as its rep- resentatives — its Trustees, its Professors, its Alumni, and the great Church in whose name it was founded, and whose zeal for Christian culture it expresses. The University Finds a New President — On February 1, 1906, the Trustees of Northwestern University closed their long quest for a successor to President James, by the election of Abram W. Harris, LL.D., of Tome Institute, Mary- land, to the Presidency. Dr. Harris was born in Philadelphia, November 7, 18.58, graduated from the Wesleyan University, at Middletown, Conn., in 1880, and has followed an educational career since that time, except for a few years when he was in government service. His experience in University work and the secondary schools gives promise of great usefulness in his new field. His term of service was designated to commence July 1, 1906, vm- til which time the interests of the Univer- sity are presided over by Acting President Holgate, who has borne well the burdens and responsibilities of his office for near- ly two years past. CHAPTER X. NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL (By N. S. DAVIS, JR.. A. M.. M. D.) Object of its Organisation — Early Condi- tions and Methods of Medical Education —Dr. N. S. Daz'is Begins the Agitation for Graded Instruction and Longer Courses — Liiui Unii'crsity Establisltcd in iS^Q — Institution atfilia'ted zvith Northwestern University in i86g — Changes of Name and Location — Growth, Present Condi- tions and Methods of Instruction — South Side Free Dispensary — Hospitals: Mercy, Wesley, St. Luke's and Provident — Clinical and other Advantages — Influence of the Founders of the School Shown in its Groivth and Character of its Grad- uates — Positions Won by its Alumni. Northwestern L^niversity ]\Iedical School was founded to demonstrate the practica- biHty of what were admitted to be good methods of teaching the art and science of medicine. So long as this country was sparsely settled and means of rapid transit were wanting, it was difficult for physicians educated abroad to find communities of suf- ficient size or of such character as to tempt them to settle here. It was equally difficult for those of our own people inclined to study medicine to obtain suitable opportunities. For many years most practitioners of med- icine received their training from others to whom they were apprenticed. For half a century after the Revolutionary War the medical colleges, which were established, were regarded as not essential to the mak- ing of physicians and surgeons, but as use- ful places for the review of studies pursued under a preceptor and for the prosecution of practical studies in anatomy. The annual course in these schools was from four to five months in duration. During this time all the students attended all the lectures. These courses they repeated a second year, when they were granted a diploma. It is evident that such schools in no sense sup- planted the work of preceptors or general practitioners who received apprentices, but supplemented it. The colleges contained no laboratories, and few were connected with hospitals or attempted clinical teaching. During the next twenty-five years a gradual evolution took place ; clinics were estab- lished in most schools and a better quality of teaching was done. By both practition- ers and laymen colleges were regarded as of more importance for the acquisition of the knowledge which medical men must have. In the second decade of the last century Dr. N. S. Davis began to agitate the need of graded instruction in medical schools and of longer courses. This he did in med- ical societies and by writing a small treatise upon medical education. Later, in order to further this end, he induced the leading teachers and practitioners of various States to assemble to form a National Medical So- 99 100 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY ciety. He hoped that, by agitating the sub- ject in such a body, reforms might be in- augurated simultaneously in all the States. Although medical societies by numerous resolutions urged such reforms upon the colleges, they were not made. In 1859 a group of men, most of whom had been teachers in Rush College, Chicago, estab- lished a new school in that city, which was to demonstrate the feasibility of some of these long-needed reforms. Minimum re- quirements for entrance to the school were made ; three years of study, at least two of which must have been in a medical college, were demanded for graduation, and the studies were graded so that the most ele- mentary were taught first and the others followed in logical order. Clinical teaching was made a prominent feature of the in- struction from the beginning. Surprising as it seems, considering the evident need of these changes, it was nearly ten years before any other college in the country followed its example, and many more before it was followed by all. Originally this college was not a depart- ment of Northwestern University. In 1859 Lind University was established and Doc- tors Hosmer A. Johnson, David Rutter, Edmund Andrews, and Ralph Isham or- ganized a medical department of it. N. S. Davis, William H. Byford and numerous other leading physicians of this small city were invited to form its faculty. Li-id Uni- versity soon went out of existence for want of sufficient financial support, but the med- ical school was re-organized under a charter of its own and was called Chicago Medical College. Under this name it made a per- manent reputation. In 1869 it was affiliated with Northwestern University, because it was thought that a university connection would enable it to stimulate students to pre- pare better for college and to maintain a higher grade of instruction itself. From tbis time until 1890 the institution was known as "Chicago Medical College" — the Medical Department of Northwestern Uni- versity. I In the latter year a close union with the University was effected, and the name was again changed, this time to Northwestern University Medical School. With each of these changes of title a change of location was made. Originally the college was housed in the Lind Block in the heart of the city ; later it moved into a building of its own on State Street near Twenty-second. In 1870 it was compelled to move, as its home was destroyed in the process of widening State Street. It then built anew at the corner of Twenty-sixth and Prairie Avenue, immediately adjoin- ing Mercy Hospital. Here it remained twenty years ; but the growth of the hos- pital in time necessitated abandonment of this site. New and entirely modern build- ings were constructed for its accommoda- tion in 1890 on Dearborn Street, between Twenty-fourth and Twenty-fifth Streets ; and, in 1901, Wesley Hospital was built beside it. ■While in material possessions the insti- tution has grown, it has also steadily ad- vanced, and even led, in most of the re- forms in teaching which have taken place. In 1868 it demanded attendance upon three annual courses of instruction in the college for graduation, and lengthened each course to six months. By 1870 the number of de- partments of instruction had been increased from eleven to thirteen, and, during the next twenty years, to eighteen. In 1890 the annual term was lengthened to seven months, and four years of study in college were required for graduation. For several years before these changes were made a fourth year was offered but not required. In 1894 the annual term was made eight months. In 1892 Latin and physics were added to the entrance requirements and, HISTORY OF EVANSTON lOI three years later, algebra, and in i8y6 sev- eral other branches of a high school course. A year later the requirements for entrance to the medical school were made the same as those of the College of Liberal Arts. Laboratory and clinical teaching were conspicuous elements of instruction from the inception of this college. When it was established, the only laboratory teaching done in medical schools was in chemistry and anatomy. Some years later a labora- tory of histology was opened. In 1886 lab- oratory instruction was given to all students in pathology. Bacteriology was taught for several years as an optional study, but work was required of all students in the bacterio- logical laboratory in 1891. In 1894 lab- oratories of experimental physiology and pharmacology were opened, although for several years prior to this, instruction had been given in physiological chemistry ; still more recently those of clinical pathology were established. This kind of practical teaching has so grown that it now consti- tutes the largest part of the work done by students in their first two years of medical study. The development of this kind of teaching, which is largely individual, has necessitated the employment of numerous teachers who devote their entire time to the school. In the earlier history of this insti- tution, these branches were taught by prac- titioners of medicine who devoted only a few hours per week to the work, a practice which is still continued by many colleges. Clinical teaching bears to the studies of the last two years the same relationship that laboratory teaching does to the first. It practically illustrates all instruction in the various departments of medicine, surgery and the specialties, and brings students in personal contact with patients and teacher. As laboratories have multiplied so have clinics, and in each the amount of teaching has been increased and improved. A few clinics are introduced into the second year course to illustrate methods of examina- tion, a subject taught at that time in order to prepare students for the study of disease which completely occupies their attention during the junior and senior years. The senior year is given up almost exclusively to clinical teaching. Northwestern Univer- sity offers its students much more clinical instruction than most other schools do, and especially a large amount of bedside instruc- tion to small groups of them. The clinical laboratory enables students to apply all kinds of scientific methods of research to the examination of patients. In it they make blood examinations, sputa examina- tions and analyze the other secretions and excretions of the body. The aim of this school is not simply to aflford students an opportunity to learn what is known of dis- ease, but to become intimately acquainted with it by contact with patients, to obtain experience by watching the course of dis- ease and the effect of remedial procedures. The unusual clinical facilities of this col- lege are made possible by the South Side Free Dispensary— which is in Davis Hall, one of the University buildings — by Mercy Hospital, St. Luke's Hospital, and by Wes- ley and Provident Hospitals. These hospi- tals together accommodate from eight hun- dred to one thousand patients. In the South Side Free Dispensary twenty-five thousand patients are prescribed for annually, and are treated, in many cases, by the best physi- cians, surgeons and specialists of the city. Rooms are arranged for the proper ex- amination and care of eye and ear, nose and throat, gynecological, skin, nervous, surgi- cal and medical cases, as well as of children. Trained nurses assist in several of these de- partments. This dispensary is not only an important educational institution, but one of the best philanthropies in Chicago. Davis Hall, in which the dispensary is 102 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY housed, was constructed for its accommo- dation. The building is a well planned and commodious out-patient hospital. Mercy Hospital, which is the oldest and one of the largest public hospitals in the city, has been intimately associated with this school ever since its founding. The hospital consists of a series of buildings, with a total length of six hundred feet. It is located on the corner of Twenty-sixth Street and Calumet Avenue, and covers nearly half a block of land. It owns prop- erty adjoining its present buildings, which will enable it to grow and ultimately to cover nearly a square of land. A part of this vacant property is an attractive garden, which is much frequented by convalescent patients during the summer. There has recently been completed an ad- dition to the hospital devoted to a large oper- ating and clinic hall, which will accommo- date four hundred students. This is one of the most attractive and perfect operating rooms in the city. In connection with this are numerous small rooms for private opera- tions, for the care of instruments and sur- gical supplies, for preparing patients and for preparing operators and their assistants. These rooms are of the most modern and approved construction and contain t^he best equipment known. Mercy Hospital has also one of the best training schools for nurses in the city. In- struction and training is given them in the hospital by the staff, as well as by regular teachers devoting their time to the school. The attending staff of physicians and surgeons is selected from the Faculty of Northwestern University Medical School. Eight resident physicians and surgeons are chosen annually from the graduating class of the college, and serve for eighteen months in the hospital. During the college year from one to four clinics are given daily in this institution. The most notable recent addition to the equipment of the ]\Iedical School is Wesley Hospital. It is located beside the college building, and is connected with Davis Hall by an enclosed bridge. Neither expense nor time has been spared to make this one of the best equipped hospitals in the world. It is the last built in Chicago and contains all of the newest improvements in hospital con- struction. With its laboratories for sterilizing and preparing dressings and instruments, its amphitheatre, its clinical and pathological laboratories, drug-room and morgue ; with its sun-baths and suites of private rooms, and with its commodious, light and well ventilated wards, this institution would seem to have reached the highest inark in hospital construction and equipment. The staff of this hospital is also selected from the faculty of the college. Four resident physicians and surgeons are chosen annually from the graduating class. It also has an excellent training school for nurses. The instruction given to the students in Wesley Hospital makes a very important portion of their clinical course. This is naturally consequent upon the close relation of the two institutions — the hospital stand- ing beside the College Building and con- nected with it by corridors. St. Luke's Hospital is situated on Indiana Avenue, near Fourteenth street. Owing to its central location, it receives a large num- ber of accident cases, and its surgical clinic is, consequently, an extensive one. Clinics are given regularly in Medicine, Nervous Diseases, Surgery, Gynecology, and Diseases of the Eye and Ear. The clinics and autop- sies of St. Luke's Hospital are attended principally by the third year students. Provident Hospital, located at the corner of Thirty-sixth and Dearborn streets, has recently been much enlarged. Besides its loo beds, which can accommodate 800 to HISTORY OF EVANSTON 103 1,000 patients annually, there is a large dis- pensary in which about 6,000 ambulatory patients receive treatment each year. The students of the Northwestern Uni- versity Medical School have an opportunity to attend clinics by the Medical Staff and operations by the Surgical Staff, and are assigned, in small classes, to ward visits in Surgery and Gynecology. The college possesses, in addition to the equipment of its laboratories and clinics, a fine collection of pathological and anatom- ical specimens. Its present museum is crowded and more space is needed. It also has an excellent reference library, which is in constant use by the students. This is in charge of a librarian who devotes her en- tire time to it. The inspiration which its founders gave thii school, to maintain in it the most thor- ough and complete instruction possible, has never been lost. Its success is shown by its growth and, best of all, by the character of its graduates. For a number of years past from one-third to one-half of each grad- uating class has received hospital appoint- ments, in which they obtain from a year to eighteen months of practical post-graduate training. Many of its alumni are filling im- portant professorships in colleges from the Atlantic to the Pacific coasts. They are found leaders in the communities in which they live and in the societies of their pro- fession. CHAPTER XI, NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY LAW SCHOOL (By F. B. CROSSLEY, LL. B.) Historical Sketch — Lazv School Founded in i8^p — Hon. Thomas Hoyne Leads in Endowment of First Chair — Only Three Lajv Schools then West of the Alleghen- ies — First Faculty — Notable Members of Faculty of Later Date — Union College of Law Result of Combination of North- zi'estern and University of Chicago — First Board of Managers and First Facidty Under New Arrangement — Uni- versity of Chicago Suspended in 1866 and Northwestern Assumed Entire Con- trol of Lazv School in i8pi — Subsequent History — Changes in Requirements of Supreme Court as to Law Course — Present Home and Conditions — Acquisi- tion of Gary Collection — Present Out- look. The present Northwestern University Law School was founded in 1859 through the generosity of the Hon. Thomas Hoyne, who contributed five thousand dollars to the .original University of Chicago to endow a "chair of International and Constitutional Law" which contribution enabled the Uni- versity to establish a Law Department. At that time there were but three other law schools west of the Allegheny Moun- tains, and the need of an institution that could offer a better legal training than could be obtained in a law office, was becoming more and more apparent with the growth of the city. The School was first opened for instruc- tion in i860, with Honorable Henry Booth and Judges John M. Wilson and Grant Goodrich as professors. Dr. Booth was the first to be called as a professor and to serve as Dean, and continued in that joint capacity for thirty-two years, retiring as Dean Emeritus in 1892. The inauguration ceremonies of the School took place in Met- ropolitan Hall, the chief address being made by the Hon. David Dudley Field, of New York; the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Illinois, Sidney Breese, and sev- eral other Judges of prominence being present and assisting. The School was conducted continuously by the University of Chicago until 1873, becoming better known throughout the United States each year for the thorough character of its instruction and the high standard of scholarship set for its grad- uates ; and though the dominating control of the School has changed several times from the date of its organization, the policy outlined by Dean Booth and his co-work- ers has been followed, and at no time has the School lost in influence or prestige through any attempt by the different in- terests to lower the quality of its instruction or the standard of its scholarship. The 105 io6 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY faith of these different interests in the pol- icy of its first Dean and his fellow-labor- ers is illustrated by the long tenure of office and the service on the Faculty of one of Evanston's best known citizens, the Hon. Harvey B. Hurd, who became a Pro- fessor in the Law School in 1862, and re- mained in active service until May 23, 1902. when he retired as Emeritus Professor of Law. In 1873, for the purpose of strengthening the School and adding a department of law. Northwestern University entered into an agreement with the University of Chicago whereby the Law School came under the joint control of the two Universities. By the terms of this agreement the School was placed under the direct management of a "Joint Board," "comprising an equal num- ber of persons from the Board of Trustees of each University," the announcement of the change setting forth that "it should not be overlooked by any of the graduates of the Law School of the University of Chi- cago, that this School is a legitimate off- spring and successor to its claims, and, as such, is entitled to receive all the honors and support of the large number of those, fast rising into professional eminence, who acquired the rudiments of their legal learn- ing within the walls of this School." The joint agreement provided that the School should be known as the Law Department of both Universities, "with full right to each to publish the same in all catalogues and cir- culars, as its law department ; that diplo- mas should be signed by the President and Secretary of both Universities, under the seal of each, and that, "as far as practicable, the graduating exercises of the law classes shall be held in the name of, and attended by, the Trustees, officers and Faculties of both Universities" ; that, "for the purpose of placing said Law School upon a sure and substantial financial basis," each University should pay annually towards its support not less than two thousand dollars and, in case of default for six months, the party in de- fault should forfeit its interest and control in the School. Northwestern University was represented on the first Board of Alanagement, as above provided for, by Hon. Grant Good- rich, Wirt Dexter, Esq., Robert F. Oueal, and Rev. Charles H. Fowler, President of the University. The first Faculty under joint control of the two Universities was composed as fol- lows: Hon. Henry Booth, Dean and Pro- fessor of the law of Property and of Plead- ing : Hon. Lyman Trumbull, Professor of Constitutional Law, Statute Law, and Prac- tice in the LTnited States Courts ; Hon. James R. Doolittle, Professor of Equity Jurispru- ' dence, Pleading and Evidence ; Van Buren Denslow, Esq., Professor of Contracts and Civil and Criminal Practice; Philip Myers, Esq., Professor of Commercial Law ; Hon. James B. Bradwell, Lecturer on Wills and Probate : Dr. Nathan S. Davis, Lecturer on Medical Jurisprudence. The School was now known as the Union College of Law, and was located at this time ( 1873) in the Superior Block, fronting the Court-House. Sixty regular students were registered during the year 1872-73 — and, after three years of joint management, one hundred and thirty students were en- rolled in one year. The requirements for ad- mission at this time were low in all law schools, this School requiring merely a com- mon .'•chool education, but recommending a college training, and during the year 1876 — or three years after Northwestern Univer- sity assumed partial control — almost one- third of the students in the Law School pos- sessed academic degrees. The course, as in nearly all the better schools, covered a pe- HISTORY OF EVANSTON 107 riod of two years and the diploma of the School admitted to the bar of Ilhnois. The joint management was continued imtil 1886, when the original University of Chicago ceased to exist actively, and later surrendered its charter. For a period of about five years (1886 to 1891) the control of the Law School was still exercised by a "Joint Board," but in 1891 Northwestern University assumed entire control and the School received its present name. The agreement under which the Northwestern University assumed exclusive control of the Law School was made July i, 189 1, with the LTnion College of Law represented by Hon. Oliver H. Horton and William V. Farwell ; Northwestern L^niversity being represented by Orrington Lunt, its Vice- President. This agreement, among other provisions, set forth that the School should thereafter be known as Northwestern Uni- versity Law School, with the privilege to continue the name "Union College of Law" in brackets, and that "all persons who are alumni of Union College of Law are hereby made alumni of Northwestern University Law School." Since Northwestern L^^niversity obtained sole control of the Law School, its position among the foremost in the country has been maintained and the School has led in all attempts to raise the standard of legal edu- cation and of the legal profession in the West. An academic training equivalent to that of a graduate of a high school was soon made a requirement for admission, and, in 1897. the required period of study in the School of all candidates for a degree was extended to three years, although at that time the Supreme Court of Illinois required but two years' study for admission to prac- tice within its jurisdiction. This change in the requirements for graduation was soon followed by a new rule of the Supreme Court of Illinois, governing admission to the bar and requiring an academic training equivalent to that of a high school graduate, and three years' study of law of all appli- cants for admission to practice. A change was also made in the Law School in the method of instruction by the adoption of the case system instead of the text, the curriculum was greatly enlarged and the Faculty increased. The policy of the University toward the Law School has been, at all times since its assumption of executive control, one of commendable liberality, and because of it the School has been able to keep up its progress and maintain its prestige. To do this, because of the large gifts of money contributed in recent years to Universities throughout the country other than North- western, and the consequent increase in efficiency and equipment of their various departments, the University found it neces- sary, in 1902, to increase very largely its annual financial contribution to the Law School, and this was done by adding there- to the income from a quarter of a million dollars and, in addition, an appropriation of ten thousand dollars for the im- mediate increase of the library ; so that, when the School ceased its mi- gratory career and moved into its present permanent home in Northwest- ern LTniversity Building, purchased and equipped at a cost of nearly one million dollars by the L^niversity, as a home for its professional Schools other than Medical, it possessed a Faculty of six professors giving the whole or the substance of their time to the School, besides an excellent staff of in- structors and lecturers, and a library of over 12,000 volumes. The present home of the School, in what was widely known for more than half a century as the "Tremont House," is well adapted to its needs. It occupies the entire third floor of North- western University Building, in the heart of io8 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY the business section of Chicago. The twenty-three thousand square feet of floor space is divided into well equipped library, lecture, study and court rooms, and offices. The library reading room will accommodate 450 students at its tables. The students' assembly room provides pleasant quarters for rest and conversation. The walls of the School are hung with an interesting collec- tion of portraits of prominent Judges, and legal writers, teachers, and lawyers of all countries — a collection that is probably not equaled in the United States. The equip- ment throughout, aside from the library, was made possible by generous money contributions from alumni, Trustees and other friends of the School upon its removal to its permanent home. Through the generosity of Hon. Elbert H. Gary, '67, the School in 1903 acquired the Gary Collection of Continental Juris- prudence. This Collection, the most com- plete of its kind this side the Atlantic, comprises an extensive collection of the laws and jurisprudence of all the countries of Continental Europe. It is of incalculable practical value to Chicago and the North- west, and to students of the law in this coun- try interested in the study of comparative laws. Judge Gary has also made it possible for the School to greatly increase its collec- tion of English and American laws and treatises, and placed it (1905) in a position for the first time to compare favorably in this respect with the best law school libraries in the country. After forty-six years of existence the Law School stands for the best in legal training. During the past it has occupied constantly a high place as one of the best law schools, although greatly handicapped by lack of proper equipment and insuffi- cient financial support. Today, with its large body of alumni, many of whom are of State and National reputation, scattered over thirty-five States and Territories, with its excellent equipment and its increased financial support, the future of this depart- ment seems almost assured. CHAPTER XII. NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY DENTAL SCHOOL (By O. V. BLACK, M. D., D. D. S.. LL. D.) Dental Education as a Distinct Branch of Professional Training — First Dental School Established in i8jp — Development Due to State Legislation — Dental Schools in Eastern Cities — Chicago College of Dental Surgery Graduates its First Class in iS8j — Dr. Thomas L. Gilmer Leads Movement for Establishment of North- ivestcrn University Dental School — Con- solidation zi'ith Anierican College of Dental Surgery — Dr. Theodore Menges Chief Promoter — First Faculty of the Consolidated School — Present Condi- tion ■ — It Finds a Permanent Home in Historic Trcmont House Building. In order tfl understand the conditions in- fluencing the growth of the Northwestern University Dental Scliool, it seems necessary to intermingle with the more direct account of it, a brief explanation of some of the gen- eral conditions peculiar to dental education which have had so large an influence on its development. Dental education, as a distinct branch of activity in the development of science and art, began in 1839, when Dr. Chapin Harris and his colleagues, who had been teaching oral surgery in a medical school in Balti- more, withdrew and founded an independent school of dentistry, establishing the degree of Doctor of Dental Surgery as earned by a definite course of studv. The effort was so successful that since that time dental edu- cation in America has been on a separate basis from general medical education. Yet it has always been regarded as a branch of the healing art, having much in common with general medicine, and especially as requiring similar preparation in the funda- mental branches, viz : anatomy, physiology, histology, pathology and chemistry. Dental schools made slow progress, however, in the earlier years of their existence. It had been the custom that one desiring to engage in the practice of dentistry became a student in the office of a practitioner, and, when considered sufficiently proficient, entered upon the practice independently without question. So firmly fixed was this practice that, for a time, few students entered the dental schools; though from year to year they increased in numbers and new schools were organized and operated successfully in several of the larger cities. About 1870 there was a general move- ment for the better education of dentists. The need for the better education of phy- sicians was being urged, and laws for the regulation of the practice of medicine, and incidentally requiring improvement in edu- cational qualification, were being enacted by the dififerent State Legislatures. Den- tistry followed, and laws were also rapidly adopted regulating the practice of den- tistry. These laws have been sustained by 109 no NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY the sentiment of the people for whose bene- fit they were drawn, by the profession and by the courts of law. Those entering upon the practice of dentistry then found that the easier way to obtain an education that would satisfy the State Boards of Dental Examiners, was by attending the dental schools. This brought about a very rapid increase in the number of students, and also a similar increase in the number of dental schools. In 1870 there were eight dental schools in operation, from which were graduated 140 students. This, with the con- ditions of graduation then prevailing, would indicate a total attendance of but little over 200 students. In 1901 there were fifty-four dental schools and from these about 2,300 students were graduated. This would indi- cate a total attendance of about 7,000 stu- dents. This seemingly extreme educational activ- ity in dentistry was also accompanied by a similar activity in the development of den- tal science and practice. Many active men were coming forward with new facts and with new thought for the betterment of the treatment of dental diseases. The people were gaining confidence in dental opera- tions and making larger demands on the dental profession, and increased numbers of dentists were required to satisfy these de- mands, thus giving substantial support to the educational impulse. Baltimore and Philadelphia were the earlier seats of dental educational work, though successful dental schools were being developed in other cities. In Chicago the first dental school in actual operation (some charters for dental schools were obtained earlier) was Chicago College of Dental Surgery, which graduated its first class in 1885. In the activity of the time many efforts failed, or were imperfect- ly organized and continued but a short time. Dr. Thomas L. Gilmer inaugurated, and was principally instrumental in carrying through, the initial movement which result- ed in the organization of the present North- western University Dental School. In 1890 there were a number of men in Chicago who had obtained some prominence as teachers in dentistry who were not then en- gaged in teaching. Having noted this, and having carefully studied the conditions. Dr. Gilmer gave a dinner at the Leland Hotel, to which Drs. George H. Gushing, Edgar D. Swain, Edmund Noyes and W. V-B. Ames were invited, and to whom he opened the subject of the organization of a new dental school. There were at the time several den- tal schools in the city that were not doing well, and the question of the reorganization of some one of these was discussed, with the result that Dr. Gilmer was authorized to investigate the advisability of the pur- chase of the American College of Dental Surgery, then under the control of Dr. Clendenen. At a subsequent meeting Dr. Gilmer reported adversely to the purchase of that school. Chicago University was then in process of organization, and an in- terview was had with President Harper with reference to the organization of a dental school as a department of that uni- versity, but at the time they were not ready for such an undertaking. The discussion of various schemes continued from time to time until the resignation of the faculty of the University Dental College seemed to create an opening in that direction. The University Dental College was finally organized under a charter grant- ed from the State of Illinois in 1887. The first session was held in the win- ter of 1887-88, with a class of six students, the dental faculty consisting of W. W. All- port (Emeritus), L. P. Haskell, R. F. Lud- wig, John S. Marshall (Dean), A. E. Bald- win, Charles P. Pruyn, R. C. Baker and .\rthur B. Freeman. An agreement was HISTORY OF EVANSTON III effected between President Cummings of Northwestern University, Nathan S. Davis, Dean of Chicago Medical College, and the faculty of the new Dental College, by which the students should take lectures in anatomy, physiology, histology, materia medica, pathology and surgery with the medical classes; but this agreement in- volved no further connection with the Med- ical College. Also the connection with Northwestern University was nominal and prospective only, the University assuming no responsibility for the Dental College. The new college was located on Twenty- sixth Street, Chicago, near the Medical Col- lege. The students were required to take a course of three years, of seven months each, before graduation. This was the first dental college to make this requirement, and this fact operated very much against its suc- cess in obtaining students ; so that its classes remained very small. There were only eleven students at the end of the sec- ond year. At the beginning of the third year the three-year course was made op- tional, and the students were allowed to elect to take a two years' course. At the end of the fourth year the class numbered nineteen. The college could not continue to meet its expenses on the income derived from this number of students and, at the end of the year, the Faculty resigned, as has been noted above. At that time Dr. Henry Wade Rogers had recently become President of North- western University, and was actively en- gaged in bringing the professional schools, which had previously but a nominal connec- tion with the University at Evanston, into a closer relationship. He was seen by Dr. Gilmer with regard to the reorganization of this college, and he actively favored it. After a number of conferences between the parties interested, which included especially Drs. Chas. P. Pruyn, I. A. Freeman, A. B. Freeman and A. E. Matteson, of the old faculty, the officers of Chicago Medical Col- lege, and Drs. T. L. Gilmer, E. D. Swain, Geo. H. Cushing, Edmund Noyes, W. V-B. Ames and others, an organization was ef- fected under the charter of Northwestern University, and the charter of the Univer- sity Dental College from the State allowed to lapse. In making this change the word college was dropped and the word school substituted, in accord with a policy of the University, in which the teaching organiza- tions under its jurisdiction are called "schools" rather than colleges. The new school took the name Northwestern Univer- sity Dental School. The Chicago Medical College also came into closer relationship with the University and took the name Northwestern University Medical School. The new dental faculty was composed of Edgar D. Swain, Dean ; Edmund Noyes, Secretary ; G. V. Black, George H. Cush- ing, J. S. Marshall, Charles P. Pruyn, Isaac A. Freeman, Thomas L. Gilmer, Arthur B. Freeman, B. S. Palmer, W. V-B. Ames, Arthur E. Matteson, E. L. Clifford, G. W. Haskins, D. M. Cattell and H. P. Smith. Arrangements were made with the medical school by which the dental students took lectures on the fundamental subjects with the medical classes. The school was re- moved to more commodious quarters on Twenty-second Street, but near enough to be convenient to the Medical School, which was also moved to new quarters on Dear- born Street, near Twenty-fourth. In the summer of 1891 the National Association of Dental Faculties passed an order which re- quired all schools affiliated with it to ex- tend the course of study to three terms of not less than six months each, in separate years before graduation. This order was complied with at once, and the new organi- zation began its first session with a class of fifty-three students, only six of whom came from the old school. 112 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY The National Association of Dental Fac- ulties was formed in 1884, having as its ob- ject the improvement of the methods of den- tal education and harmony of action among the separate schools. The National Associa- tion of Dental Examiners had been formed a year earlier, having for its object the pro- motion of harmony of action among the separate Examining Boards of the different States. These associations, while remain- ing distinct, have, for the most part, worked in unison, both having for their prime object the better education and pro- fessional qualification of young men for the practice of dentistry, and their influence has been too important to be passed without some consideration. It must be understood that, before; this time, dental schools were without law or rule other than such as each might adopt at will, and there was little harmony of action among them. Some were graduating students on a single course of six months. There was no standard of edu- cational requirement for matriculation, etc. The object of the Faculties Association was to bring about harmony and establish rules regarding all such matters. Perhaps the best definition of the objects and purposes of this organization will be expressed in its first official acts. It was agreed by the association at its first meeting that, after the close of the sessions of 1884- 85, each college belonging to the Associa- tion would refuse to allow a candidate to come up for final examination who had not attended two full courses of lectures, the last of which should have been spent in the college where the candidate for graduation proposed to take the degree. A preliminary examination of all students not possessing an academic or high school education was also ordered to go into effect at the same time. It was ordered that an examination of junior students should take place at the end of their first course, and that certificates should be issued showing their fitness to en- ter the senior class of any one of the chain of colleges, and that no college belonging to the Association would allow a student to enter the senior class who did not exhibit such a certificate of qualification, and this class of legislation has since been continued. This organization quickly gathered into its membership all of the dental schools re- garded as reputable ; and, although a purely voluntary organization, it has attained such power through the general support of the dental profession that its edicts have the force of law. It was under these general conditions that the new school began its work. After two years in its location on Twenty-second Street, the school was moved into new build- ings erected on Dearborn Street, between Twenty-fourth and Twenty-fifth Streets, and was housed with the Medical School ; each, however, having its own rooms, clinic- al outfits and laboratories. In this location, and with these arrangements, the school was fairly prosperous and the number of students increased so that, in the fall of 1895, the whole number was one hundred and twenty-eight. With this number in the Dental School and the continued increase in the Medical School, the space was over- crowded, so that it became necessary to procure additional buildings outside for a portion of the laboratories of the Dental School. This arrangement proved very un- satisfactory, as it required much running to and fro, and it became clear that something else must be done in order to accommodate the increasing demands. The extension of the course to three years instead of two, as had been the former custom, had not served materially to diminish the number of appli- cants for matriculation. In the meantime the American College of Dental Surgery, previously mentioned, had been purchased bv Dr. Theodore Menges HISTORY OF EVANSTON "3 and others, its equipment had been im- proved, it was being put in better condition for giving instruction and its classes were rapidly increasing in numbers. Dr. Menges, who was showing much energy and tact, especially in gaining students, proposed in the winter of 1895-96 the consolidation of these two schools. After numerous confer- ences usual in such proceedings, this was effected during the following spring on terms which, for the time, left the principal management of the school in the hands of Dr. Menges, but provided for the ultimate complete ownership by the University. The faculty was again reorganized, a part of each of the old faculties being retained. The new faculty at the beginning of 1896- 97 was composed of Edgar D. Swain (Dean), G. V. Black, George H. Gushing, Thomas L. Gilmer, J. S. Marshall (Emer- itus), B. J. Cigrand, A. H. Peck, E. H. Angle, Edmund Noyes, I. B. Crissman, W. E. Harper, G. W. Haskins, James H. Proth- ero, G. W. Swartz, William Stearns, Charles B. Reed, F. B. Noyes, T. B. Wig- gin, W. T. Eckley, L. B. Haymen, George Leininger, C. E. Sayre, V. J. Hall, with Theodore Menges as Secretary and Busi- ness Manager. The Dental School was re- moved to the building that had been occu- pied by the American College of Dental Surgery, on the corner of Franklin and Madison Streets, where it has since re- mained. In this building additional space could be had from time to time for indefi- nite expansion. In this arrangement the American College of Dental Surgery went out of existence, and, as its graduates would have no ahna mater, it was agreed that those students who had graduated in 1891 and since should be made alumni of the North- western University Dental School. Northwestern University Dental School now undertook to teach all of the depart- ments, including the fundamental branches, by its own professors and instructors, thus separating it entirely from the Medical School. The work was now with much larger classes than had before been as- sembled in dental schools, and, as the year passed, it was seen that, while the general methods of instruction in vogue were well adapted, much improvement in the system- atization of the work of the teaching force was desirable. At the end of the year the Dean, Dr. Edgar D. Swain, resigned. Dr. G. V. Black was then appointed Dean, and was charged especially with the systemati- zation of the methods of instruction. Each of the departments of instruction was grad- ually brought under the control of a single responsible professor, who controlled the methods of presentation of the subjects in his field of work by those associated with him, and the courses of study were so graded that the classes of each year re- mained separate in the class room. Per- sonal teaching was provided for by the sep- aration of classes into sections and the ar- rangement of quiz-masters and demonstrat- ors for special duties, so that the individual student could, at any time, obtain a person- al answer to his question or the demonstra- tion of a technical procedure. In following out these arrangements, sub- jects that had been divided among different members of the faculty were grouped under one head and managed by a single profes- sor with the aid of assistants, so that the faculty was reduced in number and the as- sistant teachers, demonstrators and quiz- masters increased. In 1899-1900 the faculty was composed of Greene V. Black (Dean), Thomas L. Gilmer, John S. Marshall (Em- eritus), Adelbert H. Peck, Edmund Noyes, William E. Harper, James H. Prothero, Frederick B. Noyes, Twing B. Wiggin, William T. Eckley, Vernon J. Hall, George A. Dorsey. Theodore Menges (Secretary of the Faculty) and James N. McDowell. 114 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY This faculty was assisted by about thirty assistants, teachers, demonstrators and quiz- masters. Northwestern Dental College, a small school also located in Chicago, had given much annoyance on account of the similari- ty of name, especially in the confusion it caused in the delivery of mail. In 1898 this was purchased, the college closed, and its plant added to the Northwestern University Dental School. This arrangement included the recognition of the recent graduates of the Northwestern Dental College as alumni of Northwestern University Dental School. The school as thus organized prospered, and the classes steadily increased until, in 1899-1900, they numbered six hundred stu- dents — the largest number ever collected in one dental school. Additional space in the building was obtained from time to time for new laboratories and class rooms. In 1899 an entire floor was added to gain addi- tional space for necessary class rooms, lec- ture rooms and laboratories, and also to pro- vide space for a library, museum and read- ing room. It has been found particularly de- sirable that students should be provided with well-arranged space in the'fechool building, to which they could go during any leisure hour for the purpose of reading and study, or which they could occupy at regular hours and where they could find books upon any topic in dentistry. The work of assembling a library and museum of comparative den- tal anatomy and dental pathology was act- ivelv undertaken, and the material has been rapidly brought togeth >r, so that, at the present time, these may be justly regarded as excellent and as quite fully supplying the needs of a dental school. To these members of the profession have contributed books, journals and specimens liberally, and have in this way very materially aided in the gathering of the collection. This work is still in progress. Members of the profes- sion are also permitted to make use of this library and museum. On the first of June, 1900, Dr. Theodore Menges, Secretary and Business i\Ianager of Northwestern University Dental School, died of appendicitis, after an illness of a lit- tle less than one week. He was thus cut off, seemingly before his time, in the midst of a robust manhood and mental vigor, while in the active prosecution of the work that seemed to have been allotted him to do. His sudden death threw a wave of grief over all connected with the school, upon its alumni, the dental profession and all who knew him and the work he was doing. He was an active, energetic and persistent worker, devoting liis life to the upbuilding of the dental profession. With the death of Dr. Menges the dental school became completely the property of Northwestern University. Dr. W. E. Har- per was appointed Secretary and the school went regularly forward with its work with- out other change in its faculty. Its a'umni now number about fourteen hundred. In 190 1 the University purchased a new buikhng at a cost of half a million dollars, which two years since became the perma- nent home of the Dental School, as also of the schools of Law and Pharmacy. This building — formerly the "Tremont House," for more than fifty years one of the most widely known hostelries in the cit}' of C'lii- cago — IS located at the corner of Lake and Dearborn Streets, within the downtown loop of the elevated roads, is convenient of ac- cess from all lines of travel, both general and suburban, and furnishes especially com- modious quarters for the uses of the school. It has a frontage of 180 feet on Dearborn Street and 160 feet on Lake Street, and since it came into the possession of the Uni- versity, has undergone thorough reconstruc- tion, fitting it for the several departments there located. HISTORY OF EVANSTON "5 The several schools in this building are entirely separate and distinct from each other in their respective rooms, equipment and special work — as much so as if in sepa- rate buildings — so situated as to have a much closer community of interest and of helpfulness with reference to each other than had previously existed. The annual sessions of the Dental School are held in this new building, and there is every reason to believe that in its new and permanent home the Dental department has entered upon a new period of increasmg prosperity and usefulness. ADDEXDUM Since the above was written Northwest- ern University Dental School has gone reg- ularly forward with its educational work. Dr. Elgin MaWhinney has been appointed to fill the place made vacant by the resigna- tion af Dr. A. H. Peck. A vacancy occur- ing through the resignation of Dr. E. H. Angle is filled by Dr. Ira B. Sellery. Sec- retary Dr. W. E. Harper resigned and his place was filled by the appointment of Dr. C. R. E. Koch. Also three of the younger men who had been serving the school as Demonstrators and Lecturers, have been appointed Asistant Professors to the chair of Operative Dentistry and Bacteriology. These are Dr. E. S. Willard, in charge "of Bacteriology ; Dr. F. W. Gethro, in charge of Dental Anatomy and Operative Tech- nics ; and Dr. A. D. Black, in charge of the Junior work in Operative Dentistry. The annual session has been lengthened to include thirty-two weeks exclusive of holidays, teaching six days per week, mak- ing the actual work of instruction equal to the full nine-months" academic course. The educational requirements for registration have also been advanced to graduation from a recognized high school or an equiv- alent preliminary education. The school continues in a prosperous condition. CHAPTER XIII. UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF PHARMACY (By PROF. OSCAR OLDBEBG, Pharm. D.. Dean) Founding of the School of Pharmacy in Connection zvith Northwestern Universi- ty — Promoters of the Movement — School Opened in 1886 — Its Extensive Equip- ment — Instruction Rooms and Labora- tories — Number of Students in Eighteen Years — They arc Draxcn from Practically All the States and Territories — Present Location of the Institution — Library and ]\ihtc of Equipment — Annual Expendi- tures — Faculty of 1905. The Executive Committee of the Board of Trustees of Northwestern University, upon the motion of Dr. David R. Dyche, at its regular meeting April 10, 1886, adopted a resolution favoring the establishment of a School of Pharmacy and invited the co-op- eration of friends of sound pharmaceutical education in the project. Associated with Dr. Dyche in this movement were Messrs. Ezekiel H. Sargent, Theodore H. Patterson, Wilhelm Bodemann, Henry S. Maynard, Oscar Oldberg and John H. Long. The or- ganization of the school was completed and the addition of this department of the Uni- versity was formally approved by vote of the Board of Trustees in June. The new school was opened to students on the first day of October, 1886, with a more extensive equipment than that of any other American pharmaceutical school existing at that time. In addition to its other instruction rooms the School of Pharmacy of Northwestern University provided four laboratories. One of these — and the first of its kind in the history of pharmaceutical education — was a special laboratory for systematic practical training in the work of preparing and dis- pensing medicines in accordance with phy- sicians' prescriptions. This "dispensing laboratory " proved to be one of the most important and useful features of the new in- stitution. The other laboratories were a chemical, a microscopical, and a manufac- turing laboratory. During the first eighteen years of its ca- reer, from 1886 to 1904, the School of Phar- macy of Northwestern University has had an annual attendance averaging 215 stu- dents. These students have come from all the States and Territories of the United States except Nevada and Delaware. De- grees have been conferred by this school upon 1,516 graduates up to the end of the academic year 1 903- 1904. The number of students in attendance in 1903- 1904 was 284. The School of Pharmacy is now housed in Northwestern University Building, cor- ner of Lake and Dearborn streets, Chicago, where it occupies all of the fourth and part of the fifth floor, the twenty-six rooms used exclusively by this school having a total floor space of about 27,000 square feet. It has now seven laboratories, with an aggre- ii8 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY gate floor space of 10,780 square feet and provided with over 300 individual work' tables, enabling that number of students to be concurrently at work. There are two lec- ture rooms, one capable of seating 184 pu- pils and the other 96. The library of this school contains about 1,000 bound volumes, of an estimated value of not less than $3,400 (March, 1905). The museum contains over 2,000 selected speci- mens of drugs, pharmaceutical and chemical products, industrial materials, etc. The value of the furniture, fixtures, ap- paratus, instruments, books, museum speci- mens and other educational equipment and materials is not less than $26,500 ("March, 1905)- The annual expenditures, including sal- aries, furniture, apparatus, materials and other necessary current school expenses, amount to about $29,000. It should be re- membered that this sum does not include any rent. The teaching staff of the School of Phar- macy in 1905 embraced the following names : Thomas Franklin Holgate, Ph. D., .\cting President of the University. Oscar Oldberg, Pharm. D.. Dean. Professor of Phar- macy and Director of the Pharmaceutical Laboratories. William Edward Quine, M. D., Emeritus Professor Physiology, Therapeutics and Toxicology. Harry Mann Gordin, Ph. D., {University of Berne. Switzerland). Professor of Organic Chemistry and Di- rector of the Organic Chemical Laboratory. Theodore Whittelsey, Ph. D. (University of Goettingen, Germany), Professor of Inorganic and Analytical Chem- istry, and Director of the Inorganic Chemical Labora- tories. Raymond H. Pond, Ph. D. (University of Michigan), Professor of Botany, Microscopy, Pharmacognosy and Bacteriology, and Director of the Microscopical and Bacteriological Laboratories. Maurice Ashbel Miner, Pharm. M. (University of Mich- igan), Assistant Professor of Pharmacy, in charge of the Manufacturing Laboratory. Curator. Charles Waggener Paterson, Sc. B., Ph. C. (North- western University), .\ssistant Professor of Organic Ana- lytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, in charge of the Or- ganic Chemical Laboratory. Registrar. Harry Kahn, Pharm. M. (University of Michigan), M. D. (Northwestern), Assistant Professor of Phys- iology and Materia Medica. David Charles Eccles, Sc. B., A. M. (Columbia Uni- versity), Instructor in Pharmacy, in Charge of the Dis- pensing Laboratory, Secretary of the Faculty. Gustave E. F. Lundell, Sc. B. (Cornell University), In- structor in the Inorganic Chemical Laboratories. Gerhard H. Jensen, Sc. B. (Cornell University), In- structor in Botany and Pharmacognosy. John Ferd. Fischnar, Ph. C. (Northwestern), Assistant in the Pharmaceutical Laboratory. William Henry Harrison, Ph. C. (Northwestern), As- sistant in the Chemical Laboratories. Ernest Woollett. College Clerk, Instructor in Book- keeping and Business Methods. Lee R. Girton. Ph. G., Lecture Assistant in Inor- ganic Chemistry. All these teachers devote their time to the School of Pharmacy exclusively, with the exception of the Professor of Physiolo- gy and Materia Medica, who has no labora- tory courses under his charge. The professors are provided with private offices and laboratories for the effective per- formance of their duties under the most favorable conditions and for research work. CHAPTER XIV. THE WOMAN'S MEDICAL SCHOOL (By ELIZA H. ROOT, M. D.) Demand for Higher Education for Women — First Steps in Founding Woman's Med- ical College — Promoters of Movement in Chicago — "Woman's Hospital Medical College" Founded in i8yo — First Faculty — Story of "The Little Barn" — Career of Dr. Mary H. Thompson, Drs. Byford, Dyas and Others — Some Notable Gradu- ates — A Period of Struggle — Institution Reorganised in iSjy as Woman's Medical College — President Byford Dies in i8go — Institution Affiliated with Northzvest- ern University — Is Discontinued in lom — Graduates in Foreign Missionary and Other Fields — Alumnae Organisation. About the middle of the nineteenth cen- tury there was a great awakening alona: lines of intellectual freedom. It spread like a tidal wave over the country, and it trav- eled into the frontier West in "the prairie schooner." The slave question became a burninc: one, and one that required courage to attack openly. Women caught the spirit of the times and began to enter their own claims for greater freedom. Equal suf- frage came to the front, enlisting men as its champions, and brought women before the public with a most unprecedented frequency and prominence. The question of a more liberal education for women became a ques- tion of fervent heat, permeating every walk of life. Women began to teach in our pub- lic schools and to plead for better prepara- tion for their work. No question, perhaps, has enlisted the championship of noble, free-minded men and women more than did the question of admitting women to our colleges and uni- versities on the same terms as men. Among the innovations of that time was the urgent appeal made to the medical colleges by wo- men seeking a medical training. There was no use in trying to evade the question ; it was up and sides must be taken, and were taken. Men of noble stamp took the affirma- tive and advocated the right of women to a medical education. Men of equally noble stamp, but less liberal in their views, took the negative, and would lock all doors of learning against the importuning woman. In the eastern part of our country medical schools were approached, but no entrance was obtained until Dr. Elizabeth Black- well succeeded in gaining entrance to the Geneva Medical School in New York, from which she graduated in 1849. In Philadel- phia the movement met with an opposition that led to the founding, in 1850, of the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylva- nia, which is still a prosperous school of medicine. In the Middle West women were repeatedly asking for admission to the Med- ical Colleges of Chicago and elsewhere. In 1852 Emily Blackwell attended a course of lectures in Rush Medical College. 119 I20 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY She was denied admission the second year and went to Cleveland, Ohio. There are very incomplete records of this case, but referring to this period of inquiry that led to the founding of the Medical Col- lege for Women in Chicago, the late Pro- fessor Charles Warrington Earle says: "This much, however, is known ; the Illinois Medical Society, saturated with the then prevailing prejudices against female medi- cal education, censured the college for ad- mitting women to its institution." Six or eight years after this Dr. Mary H. Thompson came to Chicago and entered upon practice. The city had poor hospital facilities at this time, and when the Civil War broke out between the North and the South, many women — soldiers' wives — were left with children helpless and nearly desti- tute. To meet the demands for medical care made by these women and their children and the poor generally, the Chicago Hospi- tal for Women and Children was founded in 1865. This hospital, founded on the basis of a charitable institution, soon won a cli- entele among the poor, its dispensary and wards being well patronized. The clinical advantages afforded by the hospital conse- quently provided the nearest approach to an institution for medical instruction that was open to women in the West seeking a medical education. Applications were made to the hospital for clinical instruction ; but while the hospital could furnish excellent clinical advantages, there was no place pro- vided for giving didactic instruction, and no properly organized body to bestow a medi- cal diploma when the course was finished. Dr. Mary H. Thompson, who took an active part in founding the hospital, asked at two different times for the admission of women into Rush Medical College and was refused. In the meantime she became ac- quainted with Dr. William Heath Byford, of the Chicago ]\Iedical College, which was then, as now, the Medical Department of the Northwestern University. Dr. Byford espoused the cause of the women who were asking for admission to medical lectures. He laid the matter before his Faculty, giv- ing the measure his hearty support. This college consented to admit women, but only four entered. The remainder of the appli- cants, pending the discussion and aware of the uncertainty of what the decision might be, had gone East to the Woman's Medical College in Philadelphia, to New York, or had given up the idea of studying medicine. The four women who entered the Chicago Medical College — one of the number being Dr. Thompson herself — attended lectures in that institution for one year. Dr. Thomp- son, already a graduate in medicine, re- ceived the diploma of the institution, which was granted, after some hesitancy and warm discussion upon the propriety of granting the degree of Doctor of Medicine to a wo- man. Dr. Thompson was thus the first and only woman, for years, to hold a diploma of the Northwestern University Medical Col- lege of Chicago. The following year "mixed classes" were found to be objectionable, and women were refused further admission. This refusal, to- gether with the increasing number of appli- cations, determined the founding of the Woman's Hospital Medical College in 1870. Once decided upon, the despatch with which this college started, notwithstanding the lack of money for the enterprise, is re- markable, and is characteristic of the ener- gy and push that existed among the citizens of a young and growing city. Dr. Byford was the instigator, by sugges- tion and generous aid, of the establishment of the new college. He was, in fact, its founder. "The first meeting," according to the rec- ords, "was held at Dr. Byford's office, at No. 60 State Street, Chicago, August 2, HISTORY OF EVANSTON 121 1870." This meeting was held "for the pur- pose of considering the expediency of the organization of a Woman's Medical College in Chicago." There were eight physicians present at that first meeting: Drs. William H. Byford, Mary H. Thompson, Eugene Marguerat. R. G. Bogue, Norman Bridge, Charles Warrington Earle, Addison H. Fos- ter and T. D. Fitch. A Faculty was formed, in part, that night, and was composed of those present at the meeting, with Dr. Wil- liam Godfrey Dyas added to the list. Of this original number, only three are now liv- ing (March, 1905), Drs. Marguerat and Foster, both now weighted with years, and men who have followed an active pioneer practice that has been crowned with achieve- ments that have contributed to the making of modern methods in medical education and practice possible, and Dr. Normsn Bridge, now of Pasadena, Cal., who has won an honorable and honored place in the medical profession and who is widely known as an authority on tuberculosis and climatology. At this same meeting — a most important one in its relation to the medical training of women in the West — committees were appointed for the purpose of procuring a place m which college work could be com- menced. A little band of nine physicians, without means and without professional sympathy or approval, was now a college without a home. But this difficulty was soon over- come. By October i. 1870, the faculty was completed and a home secured. The records are very meager in regard to this important event. But it is evident that some ceremony was observed, for Dr. Bv- ford was chosen on September 12, 1870, "for the opening address to be given in a public hall." At this same meeting a "time table" was adopted, and a committee on an- nouncement was appointed. The college was founded under the name of "The Woman's Hospital Medical Col- lege of Chicago," with Dr. Byford as its President. Drs. Byford, Thompson and Dyas (with his noble and high-minded wife, Miranda B. Sherwood Dyas) were active promoters of the new college and the hospital ; in fact, the hospital was more than once saved from rum by the energy, influence and faith in the cause by Mrs. Dyas. In an address delivered February 27, 1879, Dr. Dyas said of the school's origin: "Whatever merit attaches to the project — whether in its inception, in its further- ance, or in its subsequent progress — can be claimed by no one to the same extent as by Professor Byford." Just and true as this tribute is, to one who gave so much of his life to this institution, it must not be for- gotten that Dr. Dyas himself, and his wife, took no small part in promoting the college, especially in its early history and its strug- gles against adversity, prejudice and fire. The first regular course of lectures began with seventeen students, and was given in the building occupied by the hospital re- ferred to above, then situated at 402 North Clark Street, Chicago. The session was a greater success than the most sanguine friends of the movement had dared to hope. The year closed with the first graduating exercises (1871). A class of three were given diplomas by the college. All three of these ladies had had a first year's course in some other college — two of the number — Mrs. Kent and Julia Cole-Blackman — hav- ing taken theirs in the Chicago Medical Col- lege the year before. A spring course, from April i to July I, 1871, was held, and was attended by fif- teen students. The second session began October 3, 1871. in rooms fitted up at Nos. I and 3 North Clark Street, near the bridge, with the following named Faculty, which 122 NORTHWESTERN' UNIVERSITY was practically the same as that for the first year: William H. Byford, M. D., Presi- dent of the Faculty and Professor of Clin- ical Surgery of Women ; William G. Dyas, M. D., F. R. C. S. I., Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine ; A. Fisher, M. D., Professor Emeritus of Surgery ; R. G. Bogue, M. D., Treasurer of the Faculty and Professor of Surgery; T. D. Fitch, M. D., Secretary of the Faculty and Professor of Diseases of Women ; Eugent Marguerat, M. D., Professor of Obstetrics ; Charles G. Smith. M. D., Professor of Diseases of Children ; Mary H. Thompson, M. D., Pro- fessor of Hygiene and Clinical Obstetrics and Diseases of Women : Samuel C. Blake. M. D., Professor of Diseases of the Mind and Nervous System; G. C. Paoli, M. D., Professor of Materia Medica and Thera- peutics ; S. A. Mc Williams, M. D., Profes- sor of Anatomy; Charles W. Earle, M. D., Proftssor of Physiology ; Norman Bridge. M. D., Professor of Pathology; A. H. Fos- ter, M. D., Professor of Surgical Anatomy and Operations in Surgery; M. Delafon- taine. Ph. D., Professor of Chemistry; Samuel Cole, M. D., Professor of Ophthal- mology and Otology ; P. S. MacDonald, M. D., Demonstrator of Anatomy. Six of this Faculty were clinical instructors at the Chi- cago Hospital for Women and Children ,-ind at the Cook County Hospital. The Board of Trustees was chosen from the Faculty and from the Hospital Board (see second annual announcement 1871-72), which united the two institutions, ostensibly in oneness of purpose, if not in harmony. The work of the young College was scarcely well begun when the Great Fire of October 9, 1871, swept away the college and hospital, with all their material belong- ings. The fire swept away the larger part of the city, including its entire business por- tion. Desolation and ruin were complete throughout the city. Although three- fourths of the Faculty had lost their homes, their offices and libraries, the members con- vened on the loth of October, amid the smoking ruins of a destroyed city, and de- cided that the College should be continued. The scattered students were notified and lectures were resumed on the West Side — the only considerable portion of the city that had escaped the fire. A residence at ,^41 West Adams Street aflforded shelter to the College, while the hospital was re-established at another residence, 600 West Adams Street, which is still standing. To this loca- tion the College was soon again moved. In 1872 the College was moved again, this time to a home of its own, the first in its hither- to checkered existence. This home is known in the history of the institution as "The Lit- tle Barn." This barn was of mean propor- tions, situated in the rear of the lot occu- pied by the hospital — and on which the hos- pital now stands — on the corner of Adams and Paulina Streets. The barn, as it stood, was offered gratuitously by the hospital au- thorities to the Faculty for a college build- ing. Enough money was expended upon this shabby old barn, built of wood, to make a fairly comfortable and moderately con- venient Woman's Medical College. On the first floor was a small lecture room, which served as a library, faculty room and mu- seum. The second floor was used for prac- tical anatomy. There were five classes graduated from "the little barn," the members of which have attained to honor and able distinction in the medical profession. Among those most successful may be mentioned the fol- lowing: Dr. Julia Cole-BIackman, of Geneva, 111., whose life has been devoted to matters per- taining to medicine, as the wife of one of the leading surgeons of Kane county. 111., and the only surviving member of her class. She was the first woman to become a mem- HISTORY OF EVANSTON 123 ber of the Fox River \'alley Medical So- ciety, and has been an active and honored member for years. Dr. Rosa Engert, of the class of 1873 (there was no class graduated in 1872), was of German birth and practiced medicine in Chicago for many years, when she re- tired to private life. She came to Chicago after receiving a training in a German school of midwifery. She was not satisfied with the limits to which this training con- fined her, so she entered the College and became one of its honored graduates. She was at one time attending surgeon at the Chicago Hospital for Women and Children, and connected with the College as instructor. She also established the Engert Prize for the best work with the microscope and maintained it for several years. Dr. Alar- garet E. Holland, of the same class, served the Chicago Hospital for Women and Chil- dren, as interne, for one year after gradua- tion, and then went to Houston, Texas, where she still is in practice. She has done praiseworthy pioneer work for the medical woman, winning the respect and confidence of the medical profession of a conservative .Southern city and a practice that has brought her a fitting competency. She has served in various positions in which her work has promoted the public health and welfare. Of the class of 1874 Dr. Lucinda Corr, of Carlinville, 111., has won distinction as a physician of skill and as an active philan- thropist. She has always been an active member of the Illinois State Medical So- ciety, taking active part in its proceedings, and has won an honorable place in the ranks of the. profession in Illinois, where she stood shoulder to shoulder with her husband, a broad-minded man of ability and endowed with an enterprising public spirit. Dr. Lettie Mason Quine, of the same class, was the first medical missionarv sent to China from this College and the third medical woman sent to China by the Wo- man's Foreign Missionary Society of the .Methodist Episcopal Church. After her re- turn to America she became the wife of Dr. William E. Quine, of Chicago, and contin- ued active in missionary society work and never lost her interest in the medical mis- sionary. She died an honored and valuable member of the Xorthwest Branch of the M. E. Woman's Foreign Mission Board. Last, but not least of this class, may be mentioned Dr. Sarah Hackett Stevenson, who is widely known and who has won place and position in college, hospital and society excelled by none and equaled by few. After graduation in medicine with honors, she was appointed to the chair of Physiolo- gy in her Alma Mater, which slie filled un- til 1 88 1, when she resigned this chair to take that of Obstetrics, which she filled un- til 1894, when she resigned from the Fac- ulty. While a member of the Facultv she was, for a time, its Secretary. Pier vote on questions of standards is found record- ed in favor of the highest, even when ex- pediency demanded a medium policy. She founded the Chicago Maternity Hospital, an unique institution, in that it has con- nected with it a training school for nursery maids. She was the first woman to secure membership in the American Medical Asso- ciation. Of the class of 1875 Dr. Edith A. Root, of Denver, Colo., may be mentioned as the most prominent figure. She has practiced in Denver, where she first located over thirty years ago, and has done her share of pio- neer work in winning confidence for the medical woman. Of t"he class of 1876 Drs. Margaret Caldwell of Waukesha, Wis., and Harriet E. Garrison of Dixon, 111., are both conspicuous examples of successful achievements attained by medical women. Leaving the alumnae of "the little barn" 124 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY and returning to the history of the College proper, we approach a new epoch in the history of the institution. As early as 1873 there began a growing dissatisfaction among students and Faculty regarding "the little barn" as a properly equipped college building. Many means of escape from the increasing dilemma were thought of, chief among which was a new building. Union with the Northwestern University was also discussed, and a committee was appointed as early as 1875 to confer with the Universi- ty regarding the matter. Nothmg more than a report "of progress" ever came of this committee's efforts. There was no money for University affiliation nor for the new building; still the idea of a new college building was'not lost sight of by the more interested and progressive members of the Faculty who were anxious to put the Col- lege upon a more substantial footing. Dur- ing this same year several resignations from the Faculty took place; the office of Corre- sponding Secretary was created and Dr. Mary H. Thompson was elected to fill the position ; some amendments to the constitu- tion and by-laws were enacted for the pur- pose of improving the existing standard for entrance upon the study of medicine and for graduation, and Dr. Sarah Hackett Stevenson was appointed to the chair of Physiology. The new building remained a matter of prime importance in the minds of those who strongly favored the movement, while others as strongly opposed it. believ- ing it to be "an unwarranted venture." The prospects for further progress were cer- tainly not very encouraging ; finances were low, and some of the most desirable mem- bers of the Faculty were threatening to re- sign if the building was undertaken. As an indication of the financial standing we find these figures for the year 1874: "Receipts, $758; expenditures, $958, with but few as- sets and a debt on the present building." Notwithstanding these gloomy and discour- aging conditions, there were those on the Faculty who firmly believed that the means for a new building were within reach, if a proper plan could be agreed upon. While desirable progress must remain at a stand- still, for awhile at least, the college course must be provided for. Vacancies, caused by resignations, were filled ; the course (1874) was made to consist of twenty-one weeks ; holiday vacations were provided for and the summer courses were continued. During this period of the College historv. Dr. William Godfrey Dyas was President of the Faculty; he was elected in April, 1873, and served until the year 1877, Dr. Byford meanwhile remaining President of the Board of Trustees and on the list of teachers. In 1876 finances were a little easier. The total receipts for that year were $1,105; expenditures, $893.93, with assets $533.57; liabilities, $555.50. This year the munificent sum of $25 was appro- priated for the Department of Chemistry, to which Dr. Plymon S. Hayes had been appointed to succeed Dr. Delafontanic. re- signed. The facilities for teaching were seriously affected by the financial stringen- cy, and students naturally complained. "The little barn" was uncomfortably small and wholly inadequate for proper class work. In May, 1876, a committee was appointed on a new building, progress was slow and conditions began to be desperate. At a meeting held early in 1877, we find it re- corded that, "Professor Earle delivered the same old speech on a New College." This year proved a revolutionary year in the history of the College. In February and March of this year of 1877, it became im- perative that something be done. The num- ber of students was falling off ; the restrain- ing conservatism of a large number of the Faculty, together with the half-hearted in- HISTORY OF EVANSTON 125 terest they took in the worK of "teaching women," blocked all progress. A commit- tee was appointed, composed of Professors Byford, Dyas and Bartlett, to investigate the institution in all its bearings upon medical instruction. This committee re- ported that, for the future life and progress of the school, it was indispensable to secure a better building and apparatus for teach- ing purposes, and that the poor attendance and half-hearted interest on the part of the Faculty was working great harm to the institution. To build or rent a building was now the question. The latter would involve a large expenditure of money and add little or nothing to the property hold- ings of the College. This step was advo- cated by some and opposed by others. The new building idea was strongly he'd to by a few devoted and progressive members of the Faculty, and it was strongly opposed by those who held illiberal and pessimistic views on the cause they had practically espoused. It was impossible to arrive at any agreement. Affiliation with the North- western University was again considered, but there were financial reasons on both sides that made affiliation impracticable. At a meeting held March 27, 1877, Dr. Byford spoke warmly of the lack of ap- paratus, and means of illustrating lectures, the tardiness and want of interest shown by the Faculty, and the extreme poverty of the College. Something must be done or close the College. At this meeting a committee of three was appointed with Dr. William H. Byford, Chairman, for the purpose of suggesting a name for a new College, to be reorganized "on some basis which would insure better facilities for teaching and a better place to teach in." A motion prevailed at this meeting that every member of the Faculty, except the committee on reorganization, resign. Res- ignations were handed in and Dr. Dyas vacated the chair, which was now occupied by the Chairman of the Reorganization Committee. The Faculty as reorganized con^iisted of William Heath Byford, A. M., M. D., Pres- ident and Professor of Obstetrics ; T. Davis Fitch, j\l. D., Secretary of the Faculty and Professor of Gynecology; Charles War- rington Earle, A. M., M. D., Treasurer and Professor of Diseases of Children; Isaac Newton Danforth, A. M., M. D., Professor of Pathology; John E. Owens, M. D., Professor of Surgery; Henry M. Lyman, A. M., M. D., Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine; Daniel Roberts Brower, A. M., M. D., Professor of Ma- teria Medica, Therapeutics and Nervous Diseases; Sarah Hackett Stevenson, M. D., Corresponding Secretary and Professor of Physiology; David Wilson Graham, A. M., M. D., Professor of Anatomy; Plymon S. Hays, M. D., Professor of Chemistry. Dr. Mary H. Thompson was invited to the chair of Clinical Medicine, but refused to accept. This was certainly a missed opportunity, for the doctor had absolute control of the clinical material at the Chicago Hospital for women and children, the one institution where women could or should have been able to receive bedside instruction — a priv- ilege decidedly limited in the men's colleges at that time. The new Faculty organized, it now became necessary to form a plan that would secure the means needed for building. This new organization began business with the sum of ten dollars in its treasury. Nothing daunted, it organized a stock com- pany, in June, 1877, under the name of the Woman's Medical College of Chicago, sev- ering all organized connection with the Chi- cago Hospital for Women and Children. A fair-sized modern residence, at ^^j and 339 South Lincoln Street, was bought and remodeled into a very complete College 126 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY building. This building contained two amphitheaters, a comfortable anatomical laboratory, and a fairly well equipped chem- ical laboratory. It was a vast improvement on the previous accommodations. Indeed, it placed the Woman's Medical College of Chicago among the recognized Colleges of Medicine. Classes doubled in size. The increase in requirements and demands for better opportunities soon made it necessary to erect a new and larger building, which was completed in 1890. The old building was remodeled for laboratory and dispen- sary purposes, and was connected directly with the new one. The new building had two amphitheaters with a seating capacity each of one hundred and fifty, new laboratories and other ad- ditional conveniences. From a poor, pen- niless and despised institution, the Woman's Medical College had grown to a well equipped institution with valuable property holdings, and its earnings allowed all run- ning expenses and a fair dividend rate on the money invested. The year that marked the completion of the second and entirely new building also marks the death of Dr. Byford, which was a great shock to the College and to the profession at large. He died on May 21, 1890, after his life-work and hope had been realized. A noble, strong and practical friend had been called home, but another who had been equally devoted, and who had worked hard for the accomplishment of these results, re- mained to us, namely, Charles Warrington Earle, who was elected President by the Faculty, to succeed his life-long friend and co-worker. With the change that had taken place in public sentiment concerning the admis- sion of women to higher educational insti- tutions, and the high standing which the College itself had attained, it now seemed practicable, on the part of the Northwest- ern University and on the part of the Col- lege, that the two institutions should be- come allied. This question of alliance had been considered before, but was never taken up with the same seriousness of pur- pose as now. In 1892, the College was made a department of the University, and assumed the name "Northwestern Univer- sity Woman's Medical School." The for- mer graduates of the College, "by the ac- tion of the Universities Authorities, were made Alumnas of the University." The University made additions to the College building, at considerable expense, which were equipped as a chemical laboratory and commodious and convenient dispensary rooms. The school continued prosperous for a few years, when the number of students began to fall off in consequence of co-edu- cation being adopted in many of the lead- ing medical colleges of the country, .^.s a financial investment it began to fall be- hind — there being a small deficit each year — and the University sold the property and closed the school in June, 1902. Dr. Byford served the College, except for an interval of about four years, from its organization in 1870 until his death in 1890. He was succeeded by Dr. Charles Warrington Earle, first as President of the Faculty and later as Dean, serving until his death in November, 1894. Dr. I. N. Dan- forth was then appointed Dean by the Uni- versity authorities, and continued in office until 1899, when he resigned and was suc- ceeded by Dr. Marie J. Mergler, a graduate of the class of '79, who held the office until her death in May, 1901. Dr. Eliza H. Root, also a graduate of the school (class 1882), was appointed Dean by the University Trustees, and went out of ofiSce with the closing of the school. Dr. John Ridlon succeeded Dr. Mergler as Secretary of the Faculty and its Executive Committee, in HISTORY OF EVANSTON 127 1899, and continued in office until the school was closed. The school was built up, maintained and its welfare promoted at the expense of much energy, faithfulness and self-sacrifice on the part of its most interested friends. For many years it was necessary for the Faculty to assume large financial respon- sibility, which was, in fact, assumed chief- ly by Drs. By ford and Earle. The work accomplished by the school has not been a small or an insignificant work. Early in its history, missionary societies began to inquire for terms for the education of their students designed for the medical mission field in foreign countries. Fees were reduced one-half for these students when the institution needed money, and each member of the Faculty was doing the work assigned him or her without pay or price. The training which these students received made it a desirable and profitable measure for the missionary societies to establish scholarships for the education of their med- ical missionaries. In 1884 a scholarship — "The Grace Chandler Scholarship" — was created by Mrs. Chandler, of Detroit, Michigan, for the Woman's Presbyterian Board of Mis- sions of the Northwest. This scholarship was secured through the influence of Dr. Sarah Cummings-Porter, a graduate of the School and, for many years, medical mis- sionary in Japan, and Dr. D. W. Graham, a loyal friend of the institution from the time that he came onto the Faculty in 1877. Other scholarships were founded from time to time as follows : Nos. 2-3. "The Emily W. N. Scofield Scholarship," by Mrs. Scofield, of Elgin, III, for the Northwest Branch of the Wo- man's Foreign Missionary Society of the M. E. Church. No. 4. "The IVoinan's Board of Mis- sions of the Interior" (of the Congrega- tional church). No. 5. "The Woman's Presbyterian Board of Missions of the Southwest." No. 6. "The Elisabeth Skelton-Danforth Memorial Scholarship." This scholarship was founded by Pro- fessor I. N. Danforth, in memory of his late wife, and in recognition of her long and active interest in all that related to the edu- cation of women. The "Lucy S. Jugals Prise Scholarship" was founded by Professor E. Fletcher In- gals, long a member of the Faculty, and who served the institution as Treasurer for several years. This scholarship was founded for the purpose of encouraging or- iginal work in Medical Science and to promote higher medical education. It was conferred as a prize for excellent original work done in some branch pertaining to tlje Science of Medicine. Five of these scholarships were purely missionary, while another was at the dis- posal of other students when a missionary student was not offered as a beneficiary. Consequently, the Alumnse of this school have furnished some fifty women medi- cal missionaries who are working, or who have worked, in India, China, Japan, Ko- rea, Persia, Africa, Mexico and Alaska. China alone has been supplied with twenty- two women medical missionaries from this school. Dr. Lettie Mason-Quine, previous- ly mentioned, was the first one sent out from this school ; Dr. Anna D. Gloss, of Pekin, China, class of 1885, has been in the mission field since her graduation, and is still there doing heavy medical work. Dr. Gloss was sent out to aid Dr. Estelle Akers-Perkins, of the class of 1881, who is still in Pekin. Boxer uprisings, plague or famine have in no way deterred these women from the work in which they have engaged heart and soul. Of the number sent out, so far as we know to date, only two have died in the field: Dr. Anna Lar- son, in China, and Dr. Yasu Hishekawa. 128 ' NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY in Japan. The latter was a native Japanese woman who was sent to America by one of the school's alumnae, a medical mission- ary to Japan, for the purpose of receiving a medical education in this school. Two have died since their return home. These medical missionaries are all in charge of hospitals where they practice general sur- gery and medicine and are training na- tive women as "helpers" in their work, caring for the sick and afflicted natives. Drs. Ellen M. Lyons, in Foochow, China, and Izilla Ernsberger, in India, are ex- amples of the faithful and persevering work that is being carried on by medical missionaries sent our from the Woman's Medical School by Methodist, Presbyterian, Baptist and other Foreign Missionary So- cieties. Turning from the foreign field to the home-workers, we find that a large per- centage of the graduates have filled, or are filling, hospital and college positions that involve responsibility and skill. The graduates of this school have been the first and only women, so far (1905), to secure, by competitive examinations, the po- sition of interne in Cook County Hospital. Dr. Mary E. Bates, now of Denver, Colo., was the first, receiving her appointment in 1881. She has been followed by seven others, all of whom filled their terms of service with credit. Positions in State and other institutions and in other States of the Union, have been won by these earnest women. Colorado, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Texas, and Mas- sachusetts are among the States, outside of Illinois, where they are filling responsible positions in State institutions. One has been a member of the Colorado Legisla- ture and one was at one time Railroad Sur- geon for a road in the West, and the first woman to fill such a position. Others have been and are members of Boards of Health. The first woman to pass the exam- ination for the position of interne in the public institutions at Dunning, Cook Coun- ty, Illinois, was Marie J. Mergler, of the class of 1879. She passed with high credit, was recommended for appointment, but was never indorsed by the County Commission- ers because she was a woman. "We believe that nothing in the entire history of the College was so conducive to the high rank which it attained, as the persistent efforts on the part of the students to be given an opportunity to fairly test their ability by entering into the competitive examinations, and by insisting on equal privileges with the men in holding positions in their public institutions." (Dr. Mergler.) A total of 575 women were graduated from the school. The large majority have been and are successful members of the medical profession. Death has claimed a considerable number. Chief among these, we find the name of our lamented friend. Dr. Marie Josepha Mergler, who by means of persistent, hard and faithful work, won a place among the foremost surgeons of the West, and who enjoyed the confidence of the medical profession. She stood high with her colleagues, and was an active member of local and State Medical Socie- ties. She began teaching in her Alma Ma- ter after she graduated, in the Spring Course. The following year she studied abroad, and further prepared herself to fill the chairs of Histology and Materia Medi- ca. Later she succeeded Dr. William H. Byford, at the time of his death in 1890, to the chair of Gynecology, which she held at the time of her death. She was Secretary of the Faculty from 1885 to 1899, when she was appointed Dean of the Northwest- ern University Woman's Medical School (her Alma Mater) by the Trustees of the University, on the nomination to the posi- tion by the Faculty of the School. She HISTORY OF EVANSTON 129 won a lucrative practice and left at her death a competent estate. She was prompt and faithful to duty and never betrayed a trust or confidence. During her lifetime she held several important hospital posi- tions, retaining them luitil her death. The writer, Eliza H. Root, matriculated in 1879, graduated in 1882, doing her first teaching in the school in the Spring Course of the same year. From the day of matric- ulation to the closing of the school, her connection with it was never severed. She served her Alma Mater as Assistant, Pro- fessor (State Medicine and Medical Juris- prudence, later on Obstetrics and Clinical Obstetrics) and as Dean. There is an organization of the Alumnae known as the Alumnre of the Woman's Medical School (nee College). This Association placed a portrait bust of Dr. Byford in the College building, founded a Charles W. Earle Memorial Li- brary that had accumulated over 600 vol- umes at the time of the school's closing. In 1896 it issued a history of the "Alumnae of the Woman's Medical College of Chi- cago — 1870 to 1896." The organization still exists and is the only organized body representing what was once one of the lead- ing and prosperous institutions of the City of Chicago and the Middle West. CHAPTER XV. UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MUSIC (By PROF. P. C. LUTKIN, Mus. D.) Sphere of Music in Higher Institutions — Its Influence on Character and as the Hand-Maid of Religion — Higher Aspects of the Art — Its Grozi'th in the Universi- ties — History of its Connection with Ev- anston Educational Institutions — North- western Female College Merged into Evanston College for Ladies in i8ji — Two Years Later the Latter becomes a Part of the Nortlnvestern University — Struggles, Changes and Groivth of Later Years — Some Notable Teachers — In- . crease in Roll of Pupils — Need of Ampler B uildings — Music Festii 'als. Universities and colleges have been rather tardy in recognizing the proper sphere and scope of music in the economy of intellectual and psychical development. It has been looked upon as a graceful ac- complishment and a more or less fascinat- ing and attractive art, but its far-reaching influence on character, its importance to many of the practical relations of life, its complexity as an art, its discipline as a study, its manifold demands upon the intel- lectual, physical and spiritual faculties, and its vital relation to the emotions, religious and otherwise, are all matters that have been but little appreciated or understood. That music has a definite influence in molding and developing character there can be no doubt. Beginning witli the cradle. the mother's lullaby soothes the restless babe, and the songs of childhood have a direct bearing on the ethics of the young. In the school-room, music lessens the te- dium of study and can be made the vehicle for inculcating good morals and awaken- ing a love for the beautiful, both in verse and music. An- appreciation of the emo- tional qualities of music tends to keep alive the gentler states of feeling, and the finer intuitions of youth, which are only too often blunted, if not entirely destroyed, by contact with the selfishness and sordidness of social and commercial amenities in later life. Song is the core and essence of col- lege spirit, and the only concrete and ade- quate expression of that spirit. It is the only means by which unity of sentiment or feeling can be jointly and satisfactorily manifested. It heightens our joys and pleasures, lessens our griefs and sorrows, increases our aftections and incites to wor- thy endeavor. But it is principally' as the hand-maid of religion that music has its greatest value. From the street-corner rally of the Salva- tion Army to an oratorio performance in cathedral walls, music voices and intensi- fies every shade of religious emotion. Here again it forms the one medium of expres- sion in which rich and poor, saint and sinner, join in common utterance of praise or supplication. It is hard to conceive of 132 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY the services of the church without the aid of music. It is equally indispensable at the revival meeting or the most elaborate ceremonial, at the wedding, or at the fun- eral service, for the joy of Christmas or Easter, or for the sorrow of penitential sea- sons. Sermons can be preached with migh- ty eloquence in the musical settings of the Crucifixion, the Nativity or the Resurrec- tion, but no spoken sermon can replace the hymns of the church. In its higher aspects as an art, music is a world of unceasing delight to the ini- tiated, a world devoid of cares and anxie- ties and free from evil associations or sug- gestions. Far beyond the power of words it depicts the finest gradations of feeling and the subtlest shades of expression. It has logic, proportion, order and symmetry, in the highest degree. To infinitely more rhythmic possibilities than exist in poetry, it adds the warm color of painting, the beauty of outline and dignity of sculpture, and the structural principles of architec- ture. No other study combines, to the same degree, the esthetic and the mechani- cal, the spiritual and the physical. The science of music is an extremely complex and intricate matter. It has to do with elements that are inexhaustible in their rhythmic, melodic and harmonic combina- tions, even when confined to a single instru- ment, such as the piano or organ. When they are applied to works for chorus and full orchestra, the element of tone color is added with its infinite possibilities, and the command of all this material only comes after years of study involving harmony, counterpoint, form and instrumentation. Even if these are mastered, they count for little without the saving grace of artistic intuition and a keen sense of esthetic values. In the study of music as an applied art, totally dififerent factors come to light. Phys- ical dexterity is a prerequisite and, to this foundation, a long and arduous schooling is necessary before the demands of a mod- ern technique are approximated. This rigid disciplining of brains and fingers in mus- cular and nerve control, often means the deliberate sacrifice of much that is attractive in the social or intellectual life, and gives rise to perplexing problems in the process of elimination. Be this as it may, the fact remains that the study of music alone, in any wide sense, is a liberal education in it- self, calling upon a fine perception of math- ematical niceties, logical development, ar- tistic symmetry and emotional expression. The study of music, theoretically, is rap- idly finding its way into all of our leading universities. For a number of years, courses in harmony, counterpoint, fugue, musical form and musical history have ex- isted at Harvard in charge of Professor John Knowles Paine. The result has been that Boston comes nearer giving us a dis- tinctive school of American composition than any other city in the country. Yale followed the example of Harvard by install- ing Horatio W. Parker in a chair of music, a few years ago. Professor Parker is un- questionably the greatest American com- poser of large choral works with orchestral accompaniment. His oratorios are given at the prominent English musical festivals, where they are most highly esteemed and considered quite on a par with similar pro- ductions from any living composer. Not only is credit allowed at Yale for theoreti- cal studies as at Harvard, but also for pro- ficiency in performing ability as well. An- other gifted American composer, Edward A. MacDowell, was appointed to the re- cently endowed chair of Music at Colum- bia College. Professor MacDowell has written some important orchestral composi- tions, but his fame lies principallv in his works for the piano. In this regard he is HISTORY OF EVANSTON 133 a conspicuous figure among modern com- posers. His works possess a rare and dis- tinct personality, and his workmanship is characterized by extreme finish and deH- cacy. This tendency to make room for our most gifted tone-poets in our leading universi- ties is most commendable and is full of .promise for the future. It is only through freedom from the harassing cares of the ordinary professional connection that a man can give himself up to the creation of the larger and more pretentious works of art. A generously endowed chair, with a limited amount of routine duties, gives opportunity for the necessary abstraction and concentra- tion, and the university environment will be an additional incentive to scholarly work. Under its cultured Professor of Music, Hugh A. Clarke, the University of Pennsyl- vania has won an enviable reputation with its theoretical courses in the higher mathe- matics of music. Professor Clarke has per- fected a system of instruction by mail that has largely extended his sphere of influ- ence. Cornell and Princeton have not as yet made official recognition of music, but Syracuse University has a finely developed School of Fine Arts, which not only em- braces music, but painting, sculpture and architecture as well. It ranks next to the College of Liberal Arts in numbers and im- portance, and each department has its own faculty. The University of Michigan maintains a chair of theoretical music, ably filled by Professor Albert A. Stanley, who is also Director of an affiliated "University School of Music," which supplies excellent instruc- tion in all branches of music. Professor Stanley has evolved and developed a series of May Festivals, which are the event of the college year at Ann Arbor, and which bring the masterpieces of musical art before large and enthusiastic audiences. His ex- ample is followed on a smaller scale by a number of Western State Universities, where provision for the study of music is made, both theoretically and practically. A school that has had a notable influence for good is the Conservatory of Music at Oberlin, Ohio. It is the largest and most widely known of the departments of Ober- lin College. It is finely housed in a hun- dred-thousand-dollar building, the gift of an Oberlin graduate who has since come to fame and fortune. Its success and pros- perity are almost entirely due to the fore- sight, good judgment and abiding faith of its late director. Professor Fenelon B. Rice. These facts are very encouraging, and all this artistic activity must have a direct and important bearing on our national de- velopment. We sadly need the counter- balancing influence of art in these days of intellectual and commercial expansion. It is the best antidote for materialism, realism and anaichy. The appreciation of Ihe beau- tiful !S not a question of birth, of wealth, of social position or even of intellect or edu- cation. It is the common ground on which all innately refined and sensitive souls meet in a brotherhood of mutual love and kindly feeling. The first definite record of musical in- struction in connection with Evanston edu- cational institutions is found in the cata- logue of the Northwestern Female College in the year 1865. Instruction in music had doubtless been given previously to this date, and in all probability from the founding of the College in 1855 • but printed informa- tion to that effect is missing. In 1865 Nich- olas Cawthorne is mentioned in the annual catalogue as teacher of the piano, organ and voice. He was organist of the First Pres- byterian church in Chicago. He had an assistant instructor, James A. Doane. The following quotation from the catalogue will give an idea of the advantages offered : 134 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY "The course of study in the Department is intended to furnish a solid musical edu- cation, both in practice and theory. In- struction will be given in the following branches: System of Notation, Harmony, Composition with reference to Musical Forms, and Instrumentation, Practice in Chorus singing, Pianoforte and Organ. A complete course of study will extend through four years, a new class openmg each term. Diplomas certifying proficiency and qualifications as artists or teachers will be given to those finishing the entire course. Each student receives two hours' instruction per week and has the use of a piano for private practice one and one-half hours daily. The rudiments of music are taught and chorus singing practised in classes. ■ PIANOFORTE COURSE. "first Year. — Richardson's Methods and pieces by Baumbach, Grove, etc. ''Second Year. — Studies by Duvernov and Czerny, and pieces like 'Monastery Bells,' Wely ; 'Carnival of \'enice,' Bel- lak, etc. "Third Year. — Czerny studies. Dr. Call- cott's Musical Grammar, Zundel's Har- mony, Overtures to Stradella and Der Freischutz. "Fourth F^ar.— Cramer studies, .Sonatas of Beethoven and Clementi, Marx Musical Composition." Mr. Cawthorne remained in charge for another year when he was succeeded by Oscar Mayo, who came highly recommend- ed from the Ohio Wesleyan Female Col- lege. With the advent of Mr. Mayo the following announcement was made : "The Music Department of the College oflfers ex- traordinary facilities to students of the Pi- ano, Organ or Vocal Music. The Depart- ment is under the supervision of Professor O. A. Mayo, an educated and scientific musician, a thorough teacher and a brilliant performer of classic as well as modern Piano and Organ music." Mr. Mayo was to appoint his own assistants and the fol- lowing courses were announced : Organ Course. — Zundel and Rink. Piano Course. — Rudiments, practice of easy exercises. Mason's Technics, Heller studies. Etudes of Chopin, Mendelssohn, etc. As assistant. Professor Mayo had Count Laurent de Fosso, who also taught French, Spanish, and Italian. Piano, organ, me- lodeon and guitar were the branches taught, and from sixty to seventy students took music. In 1871 the Northwestern Female Col- lege was merged into the Evanston College for Ladies, with Miss Frances Willard as President. Professor Mayo continued in charge of the Music Department, and there are evidences of an attempt to improve and enlarge the musical advantages. Only ten names appear as music students on the cata- logue this year, but these obviously studied music to the exclusion of other studies, while previous student lists included these who had taken music as a supplementary study as well. In 1873 the absorption ot the Evanston College for Ladies by the Northwestern University was announced, together with plans for the formation of a Conservatory of Music on the European plan. This went into effect with the completion of the present Willard Hall, and the top story was devot- ed to the study of art and music. An at- tempt was evidently made to secure a good faculty, as arrangements were made with some of the best known musicians of that date in Chicago. Professor Mayo remained at the head. Mr. Silas G. Pratt, a pianist and composer of attainments, who had re- cently returned from his studies in Berlin, appears to have been head instructor of the piano. Mr. Pratt organized the present HISTORY OF EVANSTON 135 Apollo Club in the city, and was later chief- ly instrumental in promoting the movement which resulted in the Auditorium Building and the Orchestral Association. James Gill, who was for many years the most prominent baritone in Chicago, was en- gaged as instructor in voice culture, and Hans Balatka, the veteran chorus and or- chestral conductor, had charge of chorus and quartette classes. The following year Mr. Pratt's name disappeared from the cat- alogue and later Mr. Balatka's, their places being filled by musicians of less celebrity. Eighty-eight students appeared on the list after the installation of the Conservatory of Music, but catalogues of the succeeding three years are missing. In 1876 Professor Mayo was succeeded by Oren E. Locke and the Conservatory of Music appears for the first time in the University Catalogue. Pro- fessor Locke had been a student in both the Leipzig and Boston Conservatories, and introduced the so-called "Conservatory Sys- tem" into the school. The characteristic feature of this system was the teaching of piano, voice and orchestral instruments in classes instead of private individual instruc- tion. The University catalogue gives but thirty-three students in the Conservatory at the end of Professor Locke's first year, and the attendance increased but slowly for the three succeeding years. In 1880-81 mat- ters improved materially, one hundred and si.xteen students being enrolled, and the number steadily increased until the maxi- mum of two hundred and thirty-one was reached in 1886-87. James Gill was the only faculty member left over from the previous regime. From time to time Pro- fessor Locke had associated with him E. S. Metcalf, voice instructor; Joseph Singer, instructor of violin; Professor R. L. Cum- nock, instructor of elocution ; Professor A. S. Carhart, lecturer on the laws of sound ; Warren Graves, instructor of piano and or- gan, and C. M. Hutchins, instructor of band instruments. In 1880 and 1881 the present Dean of the School of Music was instructor of piano and organ, prior to his departure for Europe for a three years' course of study in Berlin, Vienna and Paris. In June, 1884, Professor Locke, in a printed report to the Board of Trustees, makes mention of nine thousand lessons having been given during the year, of fifteen pianos being in use. and calls attention to the growth and future possibilities of the school. Three students were graduated this year and the following courses were in operation : Course i. Piano. Course 2. Voice. Course 3. Organ. Course 4. Orchestral Instruments. In the year 1887-1888 the numerical prosperity of the school declined and con- tinued to do so until 1890-91, when Pro- fessor Locke resigned, leaving the affairs of the school in a somewhat chaotic condition. There was a strong sentiment in favor of discontinuing the Conservatory of Music, but yielding to the wishes of Miss Nina Gray Lunt, an effort was made to continue the study of music in the University. At her suggestion Peter C. Lutkin, of Chicago, was put in charge, and gave a portion of his time to the reconstruction of the music de- partment. A faculty was hastily organ- ized, of which the principal members were : J. Harry Wheeler, a widely known vocal instructor, formerly a prominent member of the New England Conservatory of Mu- sic. Boston ; Allen Hervey Spencer, a well- known concert pianist and teacher of Chi- cago; Joseph Vilim, violin instructor, and William Smedley, choir-master of St. James' Church, Chicago, as instructor of choral singing and sight-reading. A Glee Club was organized for the first time in the University, and also a Cecilian Choir for 136 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY the young women. Eighty-nine students attended during the year, and a creditable concert was given at its close in the First Methodist Episcopal Church, in which the advanced piano and voice students, the Glee Club, and the Cecilian Choir took part. Three students were graduated. This first year's work was looked upon as tentative and, at its completion, a formal proposition was made by the Director, which included a professorship in the Col- lege of Liberal Arts, and the severing of his city connections in order to devote his entire time and energies to the up-building of the music school. Largely upon the recommendation of Mr. James H. Raymond, the then chairman of the committee on the Conservatory of Music, the Executive Com- mittee accepted the proposition of Profes- sor Lutkin. The official appellation of the school was changed from "Conservatory of Music" to "Department of Music," and the courses were rearranged so as to mark a distinction between those studying as amateurs and those studying professionally. Diplomas were not issued at all and cer- tificates only to those completing the Pro- fessional Course. One hundred and twenty- eight students attended this second year and the income of the school increased about seventy-five per cent. The financial stringency of the year 1893- 94 was felt to the extent that the attendance and income were practically at a standstill. Several changes were made in the faculty. Harold E. Knapp, who had recently re- turned from two years of study at the re- nowned Leipzig Conservatory of Music, succeeded Joseph Vilim as instructor of the violin. William H. Knapp, as instructor of voice and 'cello ; William H. Cutler, as instructor of piano ; and William Hubbard Harris, as instructor of piano and harmony, were added. A choral society, confined to students of the University, had been organ- ized and gave two concerts at the Congre- gational Church. The works performed were Gaul's' cantata of "Israel in the Wil- derness" and Haydn's "Creation." In both cases the solo parts were nearly all taken by members of the University. An impor- tant event was the formation of a String Quartette, of which the personnel was as follows : First Violin, Harold E. Knapp. Second Violin, Joseph Bichl. Viola, Caspar Grilnberger. Violoncello, William H. Knapp. This organization permitted us to give five recitals of Chamber Music, which add- ed greatly to the interest of the school year. Sixteen recitals were given by the students and four were graduated from the Profes- sional Course. The year 1894-95 saw a large increase in the attendance and prosperity of the school. The number increased from one hundred and twenty-nine to two hundred and three, and the graduates from four to eight. Mrs. George A. Coe, who had re- cently returned from extended studies in Berlin under Heinrich Barth and Moritz Moskowsky, was added to the faculty as instructor of the piano, and instruction in wind instruments was provided for. Eigh- teen recitals were given by the students, and at the eight faculty recitals, many important works by Beethoven, Mendelssohn, Dvorak, Schubert, Chopin, Goldmark and Weber were given with the assistance of the Uni- versity String Quartette. The Director gave a number of lectures analyzing the thematic structure of important works given by the Thomas Orchestra. As the attempt to establish a good choral society within the University had not been altogether successful, owing to the constant shifting of membership. Professor Lutkin assumed the conductorship of the Evanston Musical Club, in the hope that the larger HISTORY OF EVANSTON 137 field would give more favorable results. In this he was not disappointed, and the history of that organization will be found elsewhere in these pages. Membership in the Club has always been open to students of the University, and the privilege has been taken advantage of, more particularly by the members of the Department of Music. The theoretical courses were greatly e.xtend- ed this year, and arranged on a four-year plan to confonn to the courses in the Col- lege of Liberal Arts. The student recitals presented, in an excellent manner, a higher grade of compositions than haxl ever been given before, notably piano concertos by Beethoven, Mozart and Mendelssohn. A small pipe organ was added to the equip- ment of the school, which greatly increased the study of that instrument. The Depart- ment had now reached a point where its self-maintenance was fully assured, and it was sadly in need of larger and better quar- ters. In the following year (1895-96) the of- ficial title of the school was changed from "Department of Music" to "School of Mu- sic," thus putting it upon the same basis as the other professional schools of the University. Mr. J. Harry Wheeler was succeeded by Karleton Hackett as Director of the Vocal Department. Mr. Hackett had recently come to Chicago after three years' study with Vincenso Vannini, the famous voice instructor of Florence. He had for- merly studied singing with Cornelius Chen- ery of Boston, and theory under Professor Paine while a student at Harvard. Miss Carlotta M. Glazier was added as instructor of piano. The various courses were con- siderably strengthened, and the theoretical study of music was made the kernel of all graduating requirements. The theoretical studies embraced harmony, musical history, counterpoint, and musical form. The ground was taken that mere technical facil- itv, even v^-hen allied to distinct musical talent, was not sufficient to complete a course in a University school, but rather a comprehensive understanding of the na- ture and material of music, and the funda- mental principles of good art. The scholar- ly aspects of music are thus emphasized, and the endeavor is to graduate well- equipped musicians rather than superficial and showy performers. The same theoreti- cal studies are required of all candidates for graduation, be he pianist, organist, singer or violinist. Professor Lutkin was appointed Dean of the reconstructed school, the other members of the faculty ranking as Instruc- tors. As the Dean was also .Professor of Music in the College of Liberal Arts, the theoretical classes in the School of Music were open to the College students as elec- tives in their various courses. Owing to the prevailing financial stringency there was but a slight increase in the attendance this year. The number of graduates re- mained the same. Fifteen student recitals, two student concerts with orchestra, eight chamber music recitals and four faculty concerts were given. A student or- chestra of twenty-five had been or- ganized, which gave very creditable per- formances. One of the chamber music re- citals was devoted exclusively to serious works by various members of the faculty, including a String Quartette by Harold Knapp, part of a Trio for Piano, Violin and 'Cello, by P. C. Lutkin, and songs by Hubbard W. Harris. Among important works brought out were the Brahm's Quin- tette for Piano and Strings, Op. 67, in which Mrs. Coe assisted the University String Quartette, the Dvorak Quintette, Op. 81, and Quartettes by Schumann and Bee- thoven. Under Mr. Harold Knapp the violin department greatly increased in num- bers, and furnished an excellent nucleus for the school orchestra. In his annual report to the Board of 138 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY Trustees, President Rogers called attention to the urgent need of providing a suitable building for the School of Music, adding that after the Academy — which had been provided for — it was the next most desir- able acquisition. The recommendations of President Rogers bore fruit more promptly than was expected. The lack of accommo- dations for the school in Woman's Hall, the poorly adapted rooms for instruction and practice, not to mention the unavoidable annoyance to college students by the inces- sant playing and singing, rendered it all but imperative that other quarters should be supplied. Although the finances of the Uni- versity were in a somewhat crippled condi- tion owing to the temporary loss of income from the Grand Pacific property, it was decided to erect a building for the special and exclusive use of the School of Music. A site was decided upon immediately to the north of Woman's Hall, and ground was broken during the summer of 1896. The building was completed during the following fall and winter, and taken possession of at the beginning of the spring term, in 1897. In Woman's Hall fourteen rooms had been in use by the school. Music Hall, as the new structure was named, provided us with nineteen rooms and a small recital hall, seating about three hundred. Seventeen of these rooms were at once put into service, and the year's records showed an increase from 207 to 218 students. The dedication of the new building was marked by two faculty concerts and a students' recital. At the first of them a chorus from the Evan- ston Musical Club and the School of Music Orchestra assisted in the following program, given on the evening of April 26, 1897: Chorus, "The Heavens Are Telling" Haydn Prayer by President Henry Wade Rogers. Aria. "Rejoice Greatly" Handel Miss Helen Buckley. Address by Professor P. C. Lutkin. Overture, "The Marriage of Figaro" Mozart Orchestra. Andante for Violin and Orchestra P. C. Lutkin Mr. Harold E. Knapp. Songs, "The Broken Lyre," "Shepherd of Israel," "From the Bosom of Ocean I Seek Thee" Hubbard W. Harris Miss Buckley. Quartette for Strings, C major Harold E. Knapp The University String Quartette. Sanctus, from Messe Solonelle Gounod Mr. W. F. Hypes, Chorus and Orchestra. After the concert a reception was held and the building was thrown open for in- spection. On the following evening a Chamber Music Recital was given, in which Mrs. George A. Coe, pianist. Miss Mabel Goodwin, soprano, and the University String Quartette took part. The program was as follows : Trio for Piano, Violin, and 'Cello, Op. 97. .. .Beethoven Songs, La Serenata Tosti Ecstasy Beach May Morning Denza Quartette for Strings, G Minor Grieg Nine students were graduated this year in the Normal Course, and one from the advanced, or Artist's Course. Twenty-four recitals and five concerts, with orchestra, were given by the students, and six chamber music recitals and four concerts by the fac- ulty. The student orchestra assisted the Evanston Musical Club in their perform- ances of Handel's Messiah and Haydn's Creation. In all directions the year showed substantial progress. The first complete year in the new build- ing (1897-98) found its capacity tested to the utmost. The attendance increased from 218 to 293. The theoretical courses were extended by the addition of classes in Analysis and Sight-reading. The recita- tions in Musical History under the charge of Mrs. Coe were doubled. The classes in Sight-reading were thrown open to students of the Garrett Biblical Institute, and the latter part of the year was devoted to hymn music with the object of demonstrating the fundamental principles of good church music. A good pipe-organ, with two man- uals and pedals, and blown by a water- HISTORY OF EVANSTON 139 motor, was erected in the recital hall. Miss Carlotta M. Glazier was succeeded by Miss Una Howell, a graduate of the advanced course of the school, and Mr. Franz Wag- ner of the Thomas Orchestra, succeeded Mr. W. H. Knapp in the University String Quartette, and was added to the faculty as Instructor of Violoncello. Mr. Walter Keller was also added as Instructor of Piano. The usual student and faculty con- certs were given and the commencement concerts presented a distinct advance on previous efforts, both in the selections and in the performance of the same. Twelve students were graduated from the Normal Course. Doubtless the added dignity and importance given to the school by being housed in its own building had much to do with the general prosperity. The succeeding year was a repetition of the previous experience, that a very decided gain in one year was followed by a slight reaction in the following. The scholastic year 1898-99 showed a decrease of nine stu- dents, but a gain of ten per cent in the in- come. The discrepancy between the loss in attendance and the gain in income meant that a larger percentage of students re- mained through the year, and that there was a corresponding decrease in the unsatisfac- tory patronage, composed, for the most part, of triflers who enter and remain but a term or two. The basement of Music Hall had been originally designed for a gymnasium for women, and the prospect of soon having a properly equipped plant was hailed with much delight and enthusiasm by those in- terested. It was a keen disappointment to many when it was decided to sub-divide the ground floor to make space for the im- perative demands of the music school. The results of this change added ten practice rooms and a much-needed class room, seat- ing seventy-five, to the equipment of the school, and temporarily relieved the pres- sure for more space. The student recitals averaged one per week and evidenced a very good standard of attainment. Nine students were grad- uated from the Normal Course, and three from the Advanced Course. The usual series of chamber music concerts was in- terrupted by the loss of the viola player in the University String Quartette, owing to his departure from the city. The year 1899- 1900 exhibited an in- crease of about five per cent in the attend- ance (the total number being 297) and of fifteen per cent in the income of the school. The largest class in the history of the school was graduated, ten in the Normal Course and three in the Advanced Course. The most important event of the year was the rearrangement of courses, requiring four years for graduation. The theoretical requirements consist of ten terms of har- mony, four terms of musical history, four terms of sight-reading and musical dicta- tion, eight terms of counterpoint, two terms of musical form, eight terms of analysis and four terms of ensemble playing. In addition the candidate is required to show distinct talent as a performer in the Prac- tical School, or as a composer in the The- oretical School. In the former case, two programs are required of standard classical compositions. Students creditably finishing two years of this course are entitled to a certificate, but a diploma is given only for the longer course. These requirements are equaled by but few schools in the country. Mr. Arne Oldberg, who had recently re- turned from extended studies in Europe, was added to the faculty as Instructor of Piano. Mr. Oldberg studied piano in Vienna with Leschetitzky and, later, com- position in Munich with Rheinberger. His abilities, both as a pianist and composer, have attracted the favorable attention of 140 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY the profession in Chicago. Mr. Day Wil- Hams, one of the most gifted of local 'cel- lists, succeeded Mr. Franz Wagner both in the String Quartette and as instructor of the violoncello. Mr. Walter George Logan suc- ceeded Mr. Caspar Grilnberger as assistant in the violin department, and Mr. Frank Lee Robertshavkf was put in charge of the sight-reading classes. The regular faculty of the school now consisted of fifteen mem- bers, of whom six taught piano, two violin, two voice culture, two organ, two theory, and one each, musical history, composition, violoncello, flute, clarionet, oboe, bassoon, cornet, French horn and trombone. The first decade of the music school under its present head was completed with the year 1900-01, and the event was marked by several matters of interest in the development of the school. A decided in- crease in attendance crowded the capacity of the building to the utmost, and forced many students to make arrangements for their practice at private houses. The total number of students for the year was 348 — a gain of fifty-one over the previous year. For the first time a fi.xed sum per term was charged for the regular courses, instead of a graduated scale depending upon the indi- vidual instructor. This charge was thirty- five dollars per term, and included private instruction from the principal instructors in instrumental or vocal music, and the privilege of attendance at the required classes. Considering the advantages of- fered and the quality of instruction given, the charge was put at a very reasonable figure. In fact, the results at the end of the year proved that the sum was hardly sufficient to cover the expenses of the course, and a recommendation to increase it to forty dollars per term was put into effect the following year. The record for the ten years showed an increase in attendance from eighty-nine to 348, and, in income, of over 400 per cent. Six members of the faculty give their entire time to the school as against none in 1890-91. Extended and comprehensive courses have been developed and the reputation of the school is such as to bring a better class of students each year. Graduate students from the smaller music schools come to us and expect, as a matter of course, that much of their work is not up to our requirements. In fact, there are very few who are able to enter the second year's work. The following changes took place in the faculty : Walter G. Logan was succeeded by Lewis Randolph Blackman, a young violinist of excellent reputation in Chicago. Mr. John Harlan Cozine, an experienced and well known voice specialist and choral conductor, and Mr. Anthony Stankowitch, an instructor of the Clavier method, were added to the list of instructors. During the year an interesting series of historical reci- tals was given by various members of the faculty, beginning with a lecture on Primi- tive Music, with illustrations, by Mrs. Coe. This was followed by Bach, Mozart, Bee- thoven, Schubert, Schumann and Chopin programs, in which various members of the faculty assisted. The University Strmg Quartette had a number of outside engage- ments which brought forth a number of flattering press notices of their excellent en- semble work. This was notably the case at Cleveland, where Mr. Oldberg assisted in the performance of a new Trio of his own composition for piano, violin and 'cello. During the year the Dean of the school was honored with the degree of Doctor of Music by the Syracuse University. Some five years ago a Preparatory De- partment was formed for giving tho'-ough and systematic instruction to beginners in music. The instructors are drawn from the more talented graduates of the school, the HISTORY OF EVANSTON 141 present list including Mr. Louis Norton Dodge, Director; Mrs. Nina Shumway Knapp, Miss Elizabeth Raymond, Miss Mabel Dunn, Miss Edna Eversz, Miss Kath- erine Hebbard, Miss Laura Case Whitlock and Mr. Curtis A. Barry. This department has been very prosperous. It has its own solo classes and recitals which stimulate ambition and emulation, and it produces far better results than the usual private home- training of young children. It also prepares the more gifted ones for the regular courses and accustoms them to public appearances. The year 1901-02 was signalized by ad- vancing to professorships Mrs. Coe, Mr. Oldberg and Mr. Harold E. Knapp, in their respective specialties of piano and musical history, piano and composition, and violin and ensemble playing. In other regards the faculty remained the same, with the excep- tion of Miss Una Howell, who resigned at the middle of the previous year, and was replaced by Miss Margaret Cameron, a pupil of Leschetitsky, who has won an enviable position as pianist and teacher in the city. The registrations numbered 366 for the year, and the income exceeded that of the previous year by about 20 per cent. Some ten students completed the Certificate Course, while three were graduated from the Diploma Course. Of the thirty-five or more student recitals, thirteen were indi- vidual recitals, giving many important musi- cal compositions and, for the most part, the programs were memorized. Advanced students played the following concertos : For piano, the Beethoven C minor, Men- delssohn G minor, Rubinstein D minor, Grieg A minor and St. Saens G minor ; for violin, the Beethoven D major (first move- ment), Mendelssohn E minor and Vieu.x- temps A minor. Advanced classes have done very credit- able work in eight-part counterpoint, as well as in double and triple counterpoint, fig- ured chorals and fugue up to four parts. Many typical works by Bach and Beethoven have been analytically dissected and also concertos, chamber music and symphonies from full score. Capable students have as- sisted at the meetings of the musical section of the Woman's Club, the Thomas Orches- tral Class, local concerts, and have given bi- monthly Sunday afternoon entertainments at the University Settlement. Two impor- tant compositions of Professor Oldberg's have received their first performance at the faculty concerts, a Trio for piano, violin and 'cello, and a String Quartette. This latter work was repeated at a concert of the Chi- cago Manuscript Society, of which Profes- sor Oldberg is President. Other numbers on the same occasion were the Finale from a String Quartette by Professor Knapp, and a sacred solo for contralto with violin obli- gato by Professor Lutkin. A matter of congratulation has been the steady increase in the interest and appre- ciation of the Chamber Music Recitals by our faculty. Works of this character are the most difficult to comprehend in all musical literature, and many of the greatest com- posers have confided their loftiest inspira- tions to this most refined form of composi- tion, calling, as it does, upon a company of individual artists for its proper representa- tion. The patience, devotion and zeal neces- sary to produce a good ensemble of con- certed instruments is something enormous, and the school and the community are very fortunate in having professional musicians of such high ideals and ambitions. For the sake of those interested, a list is appended of the works given during the past seven sea- sons, a number of which are but rarely per- formed : Bach, Concerto for two Violins. Bargiel, String Quartette No. 3. Op. 15. Trio for Piano, Violin, and 'Cello, Op. 6, No. 1 Trio for Piano, Violin, and 'Cello, Op. 6, No. 3. 142 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY Beethoven, String Quartette, Op. 15, No. 1. String Quartette, Op. 18, No. 2. String Quartette, Op. 18, No. 6 String Quartette, Op. 59, No. 1. String Quartette, Op. 59, No. 3. String Quartette, Op. 18, No. 2. String Quartette, Op. 18. No. 4. String Quartette, Op. 95. String Quartette, Op. 74. String Trio, Op. 9, No. 3. Trio for Piano, Violin, and 'Cello, Op. 97. Serenade for Violin, Viola, and 'Cello, Op. 8. Serenade for Flute, Violin, and Viola, Op. 25. Septette for Clarionet, Bassoon, Horn, and Strings, Op. 20. (Four movements. The wind instruments supplied upon the organ.) Concerto for Violin, Op. 61. (First movement with Leonard Cadenza.) Sonata for Piano and Violin, Op. 47. Borodine, Serenade Espagnole for Strings. Brahms, Quintette for Piano, two Violins, Viola, and 'Cello, Op. 34. Sextette for Strings, Op. 18. Chopin, Polonaise for 'Cello and Piano, Op. 3. Dvorak, String Quartette, Op. 51. Quintette for Piano, two Violins, Viola, 'Cello, Op. 81. Bagatelles for two Violins, 'Cello, and Organ, Op. 47. Bagatelles for two Violins, 'Cello, and Organ, Op. 95. String Quartette, Op. 96. Cesar Franck, Sonata for Piano and Violin. Foote, Arthur, Quintette for Piano, two Violins, Viola and 'Cello, Op. 38. Gade, Trio for Piano, Violin, and 'Cello, Op. 42. Godard, Trio for Piano, Violin, and 'Cello, Op. 72. Goldmark, Quintette for Piano, two Violins, Viola, and 'Cello. Op. 30. Golterman, Concertstueck for 'Cello, Op. 65. Grieg, Sonata for Piano and V^iolin, Op. 45. Sonata for Piano and V^iolin, Op. 13. String Quartette, G. minor. Hubbard W. Harris, Sonata for 'Cello and Piano. (Second and third movements.) Handel, Sonata for Piano and Violin, A. major. Haydn, String Quartette. Op. 77. No. 1. Variations from Kaiser Quartette. Hofifmann, Sonata for Violin and Piano, Op: 67. Harold E. Knapp, String Quartette in C major. Liadow, Scherzo for Strings. P. C. Lutkin. Trio for Piano, Violin, and 'Cello, Op. 1. (Second movement.) Andante for Violin and Orchestra, Op. 6. (Orchestral part arranged for strings and organ.) Mendelssohn, String Quartette, Op. 12, No. 1. Trio for Piano, Violin, and 'Cello, Op. 66. Sonata for 'Cello and Piano, Op. 45, No. 1. Mozart, Quintette for Clarionette and Strings. String Quartette No. 14. Arne Oldberg, String Quartette, C minor. Trio for Piano, V^iolin and 'Cello, E minor. String Quartette, D major. Rubinstein, Sonata for 'Cello and Piano, Op. 18. (First movement.) Sonata for Violin and Piano, Op. 13. (First movement.) String Quartette, Op. 17, No. 3. Charles Schubert, Andante and Caprice for 'Cello. Schubert, String Quartette, Op. 29. (Two movements.) String Quartette. D minor. (Two movements.) String Quintette. Trio for Piano, Violin, and 'Cello, Op. 90. Trio for Piano, Violin, and 'Cello, Op. 100. (Two movements.) Quintette for Piano, Violin, V^iola, 'Cello, and Bass, Op. 114. Schumann, String Quartette, Op. 41, No. 2. Quintette for Piano, two Violins, Viola, and 'Cello. Op. 44. Quartette for Piano, Violin, Viola, and 'Cello, Op. 45. Saint Saens. Quintette for Piano and Strings, Op. 14. Svendsen. Allegro Scherzando. Tschaikowsky, String Quartette. Op. 11. Trio, for Piano, Violin and 'Cello, Op. 50. Wathall, A. G., Suite for Strings. Weber, Concerto for Clarionet. Op. 7o. (Orchestral part arranged for Organ and Strings.) Weber, Josef Miroslav, String Quartette in B minor. It is with difficulty that the business of the School is properly attended to in its present inadequate quarters. Thirty rooms with as many pianos, are in constant use for instruction and practice. Ten more would only relieve our immediate necessities. A concert hall, with larger seating capacity, and a good-sized organ are also much need- ed. That the conditions exist in Evanston for the development of one of the largest and most influential schools oi music in the country, there can be no doubt. Students have been registered from China, East India, South America, Mexico, France, England, Newfoundland, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba and twenty-eight of the United States. Each year brings us a more talented and desirable class of students, as our reputation expands. \^ery capable students have been graduated and at least three prominent Chicago churches have been supplied by us with organists, where the duties are as exacting as any churches in the West. A gifted violin student, who has received his entire HISTORY OF EVANSTON 143 training in the school, recently played for one of the most capable judges in the coun- try, and his work was most highly com- mended and a brilliant future for him pre- dicted. Alfred G. Wathall, one of our grad- uates in theory, has written the music to a light opera in conjunction with George Ade, and it has had an unprecedented run at the Studebaker in Chicago. Our piano grad- uates have appeared professionally with success and many have established good teaching connections and send capable stu- dents to us every year. Another has gone to Madison, Wis., where he is instructor in the University of Wisconsin, has the most important church position and conducts two choral societies, one of which he organized. These instances are cited to show some of the practical results of the School. A crying need in the musical education of America is a more thorough training in the theory of composition in music. With- out this we can never attain to artistic prominence in the world of art, as far as original work is concerned. The average American composer has a smattering of harmony and, possibly, a faint idea of strict counterpoint. With this limited equipment he rushes into print with the hope of meet- ing the popular taste and gaining notoriety and wealth. C)f the exacting discipline that would place the material of musical com- position at his ready command, the close stud_v of the masters, the comprehension of the subtle laws of esthetics, of propor- tion, balance and contrast, of even the mechanical outline of musical forms, he knows little and cares less. A University School of Music should strive to supply this great lack and to estab- lish not only a high standard of musical learning, but of general c-.ilture as well. It should guard against the one-sided tenden- cies of professional education and add to it such elements as will serve to broaden the vision, enlarge the sympathies, and sharpen the intellect and understanding. Scholarli- ness and thoroughness should characterize its teachings and its faculty should stand for the highest ideals of art. Of equal, if not greater, importance should be its moral tone and influence. The sensitive and emotional nature associated with the artistic tempera- ment should be safeguarded in every possi- ble way. In large cities there is, unhappily, a tinge of the moral laxity prevalent in European capitals among professional men. It is by no means confined to musicians. It is a most dangerous and pernicious en- vironment for the young in their formative years, and not infrequently ends most dis- astrously. Against these lamentable possi- bilities the wholesome surroundings of Evanston offer a marked contrast. Its churches and Christian associations, its freedom from saloons and questionable re- sorts, together with its educational facilities and attractive location, make it an ideal home for the pursuit of a musical educa- tion. Evanston, with its beautiful homes and cultured residents, should take a peculiar pride in the cultivation of the fine arts, and should loyally support all educational ef- forts in that direction. The School of Music has grown steadily from small be- ginnings and its one advertisement has been its own work. It has drawn to itself an able faculty thoroughly in accord with Univer- sity ideals. It has an unusual proportion of men actively engaged in composition of the better sort. It attracts talented students and holds them to such an extent, that, in several instances, the entire family have changed their. mode of life in order to live in Evanston, so that the student could reap the full benefit of the advantages of- fered by continuous residence here. With its Preparatory Department it has given op- portunity to a number of its capable grad- 144 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY uates to make a start professionally. Its faculty and student recitals have been open to the public without charge, and they have formed, together with the concerts of the Evanston Musical Club, by far the larger and more important part of the musi- cal attractions in Evanston. Concert pro- grams that are arranged to please the aver- age audience are rarely of real educational value. The school has consistently and persistently held to the highest standards, and the value of such a rigid policy is not always readily recognized, but the wisdom of it has been amply justified by the steady increase in attendance and appreciation. There is no surer gauge of real refinement and culture than the measure of esteem in which good music is held in a community. But Evanston should not confine its ambition or interest to the welfare of a Con- servatory of Music. Great possibilities exist here for the development of the art outside the scope of a good music school. Music Festivals, after the plan of Cincinnati or Worcester, are quite feasible here. They are managed successfully, both from an ar- tistic and a financial point of view, at such small places as Ann Arbor, Mich., and Oberlin, Ohio, where they have but a frac- tion of our advantages or facilities. Still they contrive to have good choruses and orchestras and to engage really great artists. We are more fortunately situated here, in that we have better choral resources, and that an unsurpassed orchestra can be ob- tained without the great expense that is entailed by transportation and hotel accom- modations in places remote from large cities. The only essential lack in Evanston is a suitable hall. The rest is merely a matter of enterprise and ambition. The music festival presents peculiar con- ditions for the effective performance of music — conditions that are almost a neces- sity for a satisfactory rendition of certain great works. These works require an enthu- siastic and responsive state of feeling as re- gards the audience, and this condition is difficult to arouse without the festival spirit. The stimulating atmosphere of excitement, the cumulative effect of successive perform- ances, the concentration of artistic talent, the relaxation from the ordinary daily pursuits, all tend to put the hearer in a receptive and appreciative attitude. All these elements react upon the performers and, as a consequence, results are realized which would be quite impossible at isolated concerts. The permanent establishment of annual or biennial festivals would give Evanston an artistic prominence obtainable in no other manner. With its great University and its superior moral surroundings, it al- ready enjoys a most enviable reputation as an educational center. Add to this the attraction and distinction of notable musi- cal festivals, and Evanston will be unique among the cities of the West as an artistic and literary community. And the larger portion of gain would not be to the residents of our favored town, but to the student hailing from the farm or the country village. What an education it would be to him if, in the course of his college life, he would have the opportunity to hear the great master- works of music given under inspiring and uplifting conditions ! Coming, as they do, from all quarters of the Union, many of them would return to their homes as so many musical missionaries, fired with an ambition to do what they could for good art. Hundreds would go forth from us every year with their esthetic sense stirred and enlarged, with a wholesome respect for the great names in music and an apprecia- tive familiarity with the standard oratorios and orchestral works. The seeds of nuisical culture, thus sown, would bear fruit in scores of communities, and would play no small part in the higher development of our country. HISTORY OF EVANSTON 145 Events of 1902-03. — The year 1902-1903 was made notable by an increase of an even hundred students in attendance and of over six thousand dollars in income. Courses in English language, English literature and modern languages were added to the graduating requirements with the result of bringing to the Uni- versity a better class of students, as far as general education was concerned. A series of eight concerts, known as the ".\rtists' Series," was begun, given alter- nately by members of our own faculty and by visiting artists. The latter included Minnie Fish-Griffin in a song recital ; Ar- thur Hochman, of Berlin, in a piano reci- tal ; Bruno Steindel in a 'cello recital, and Glenn Hall, of New York, and Allen Spencer, of Chicago, in a joint song and piano recital. These concerts attracted a large attendance, both on the part of the students and the town people. Additional quarters for the kindergar- ten work of the Preparatory Department were acquired in the Y. M. C. A. building, and the school was unable to supply all the non-resident students with pianos for their practicing. The graduating con- certs brought brilliant performances of the Schumann A minor, and the Rubin- stein D minor piano concertos, and the Pagannini concerto for violin. Four di- plomas and thirteen certificates were added to our list. Enlarged Attendance of 1903-04. — The year 1903-1904, brought the attendance just over the five hundred mark and the income up to $35,000, with eight gradu- ates in the diploma course and eighteen in the certificate course. The first con- cert in the Artists' Series was a decided novelty in the way of a programme of chamber music for piano and wood-wind instruments, participated in by Messrs. Starke. Meyer, Demare, and Kruse of the Thomas Orchestra and Professor Oldberg of our faculty. Later there was a song re- cital by Gvvylim Miles, a violin recital by Leopold Kramer, concert-meister of the Thomas Orchestra, and a piano recital by Augusta Cotlou. As usual, the Univer- sity String Quartette, under Professor Knapp, gave four excellent concerts, while Miss Cameron, Miss Hull, Mr. Blackman, and Mr. Williams of the faculty all ap- peared on interesting programmes. Pro- fessor Stanley of the University of Michi- gan gave a most entertaining lecture on early Venetian opera, and Gustav Holm- quist gave a most artistic recital of Scan- dinavian songs. A further matter of in- terest was the first performance of an elaborate quintette for piano and string, by Professor Oldberg, which proved to be a work of unusual scope and worth. Five of the advanced students and grad- uates went to Europe at the end of the school year to continue their work in Leipzig, Berlin and Paris, and several of them at once won prominence by reason of their talents and the schooling they had received in Evanston. Over fifty student recitals were given during the year, and many hundred compositions for piano, or- gan, violin and voice were performed. A house opposite Music Hall was rented and filled with pianos for practicing purposes. Conditions of 1904-05. — The year 1904- 1905 again showed a recoil in attendance after successive gains of the previous years, the enrollment dropping to 466. The loss in income was not relatively so great, as a large proportion of students re- mained through the year. As usual, a number of inquiring students failed to ap- pear upon learning that the official board- ing places could not accommodate them ; as they or their parents objected to board- ing in town, principally upon the score of expense. The graduates were four in the graduate class and fifteen in the certifi- cate class. 146 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY The Artists' Series of concerts was a notable one. \\'ith the co-operation of the Thomas Study class and the Evan- ston Musical Club, famous artists and or- ganizations appeared. The first of these was the celebrated Kneisel Quartette of Boston, who gave us a fine program, re- markable for its charm of tone, refine- ment of shading, and artistic interpreta- tion. This was followed by a song re- cital by Muriel Foster, the greatest con- tralto now upon the concert stage. On the evening previous to her recital, Miss Foster appeared with the Evanston Mus- ical Club in Dvorak's "Stabat Mater" and upon the same occasion Professor Oldberg played for the first time his new symphonic concerto for piano and orches- tra, a brilliant and most difficult work, in which he scored a great success both as composer and pianist. In February the Pittsburg Symphony Orchestra, under the magnetic baton of Emil Paur. gave Beethoven's Overture to Egmont, the same composer's Emperor Concerto for piano and orchestra with Mr. Paur at the piano, Tscharkowsky's Pathetic Symphony and Wagner's Vor- spiel to the Meistersaenger. The concert provoked the utmost enthusiasm, due to the energy and virility of Mr. Paur's con- ducting. The last concert by visitors was an evening of old-time music by Arnold Dol- metsch's party, performed upon the in- struments for which the music was orig- inally written, such as the spinet, harpsi- chord, dulcimer and viola of various kinds. In the four concerts given by our own faculty a number of standard classi- cal string quartettes were played, and a first performance of a Quintette by Cxsar Franck, in which Mrs. Coe supplemented the University Quartette at the piano. With the assistance of Mrs. Lida Scott Brown as reader, ]\Irs. Coe gave a per- formance of her popular melodrama, "Hiawatha," before a large and apprecia- tive audience. The musical themes for this work are largely drawn from Indian sources, and are judiciously and effective- ly applied as a back-ground to the recita- tion of this famous poem. The Outlook of 1905-06. — The present year (1905-1906) bids fair to be the most prosperous of all in a material sense, and the school shows, in man}' ways, the benefits accruing from fifteen years of en- deavor to establish an institution for musical instruction upon a worthy aca- demic basis. A new department of Pub- lic School Methods was inaugurated in the fall, designed to fit candidates for the position of supervisor of music in the public schools. There is but one school in the \\'est that specializes to any con- siderable extent in this branch of work, and it would seem that such a depart- ment, with the collateral advantages of a College of Liberal Arts and a well-equip- ped School of Music, would be very at- tractive. This department is in the very capable charge of Miss Leila M. Harlow, supervisor of music in the Evanston grade schools. The Artists' Series brought the Knei- sel Quartette for its second appearance here and a song recital by George Ham- lin, and will include a chamber music re- cital of wood-wind instruments, at which a new Quintette for piano, oboe, clari- net, French horn and bassoon of Profes- sor Oldberg's will receive its first pro- duction, and a piano recital by Emil Paur. That there is a coterie of ardent and sincere music lovers in Evanston is evi- denced by the increasing interest taken in chamber music. The concerts of the Kneisel Quartette have been patronized H HISTORY OF EVAXSTON 147 to an extent which puts Chicago to the blush, and the keen and discriminating appreciation for string quartette music is largely due to the unceasing efforts of Professor Harold Knapp in this direction. He has labored for the cause in season and out of season, with unflagging zeal and enthusiasm, despite discouragements and lukewarm interest, and it is pleasant to chronicle that his high ideals and abid- ing faith in the best in art have at last won recognition. His capable quartette has played repeatedly in the homes of our music lovers and chamber music in every sense of the term has come to its. own. Professor Knapp's able colleagues are Messrs. Lewis R. Blackman, Charles El- ander and Day Williams. Changes in Teaching Force. — The well- known contralto, Mrs. Eleanor Kirkham, was added to the vocal force of the fac- ulty and, upon her removal to New York, was succeeded by IVIrs. Lillian French Read. Provision for the study of the harp was made by the appointment of Mrs. Clara Murray, who was succeeded by Walfried Singer of the Thomas orches- tra. Mr. Walter Keller and Mr. Anthony Stankowitch resigned, the latter to ac- cept charge of a large music department in a Southern school. Mr. Alfred G. Wat- hall, a graduate of the school who had been appointed instructor in harmony, and who played viola in the L'niversity String Quartette, resigned in order to pur- sue his studies in London. The Evan- ston Musical Club performed a very cred- itable cantata of Air. \\'athairs, entitled "Alice Brand," for chorus, soli, and full orchestra. His undoubted ability as a composer has enlisted the active interest of Sir Villiers Stanford and Sir Frederick Bridge, of the Royal College of Music, London. John Skelton was succeeded by Charles S. Horn as instructor of band instru- ments, and also took charge of the Uni- versity Band. Mrs. Elizabeth Raymond \Voodward, Mrs. Nina Shumway Knapp, and Miss Bertha A. Beeman were ad- vanced from the Preparatory Department to the regular faculty. Mr. Irving Ham- lin was appointed Secretary of the school in 1902, and greatly improved the busi- ness relations of the school, which had formerly been in the hands of inexper- ienced students. The following names appear on the fac- ulty of the Preparatory Department since 1902: William E. Zench, ]\Irs. Car- rie D. Barrows, Grace Ericson, Elizabeth L. Shotwell, Mrs. Hila Verbeck Knapp, Sarah Moore, Juliet Maude Marceau, Nel- lie B. Flodin and John M. Rosborough. The last five mentioned are still upon the faculty. Necrology of the Year. — The sad dutv remains of making record of the death of two who were intimately connected with the school — the one as teacher and the other as student. Mrs. Saidee Knowland Coe, Professor of Piano and Musical History, and wife of Professor George A. Coe, of the College of Liberal Arts, died at Alameda, Cal.. August 24, 1905. Mrs. Coe was a member of the faculty of the School of Music for eleven years and performed her duties with great fidelity and success. As a pianist, teacher and lecture recitalist Mrs. Coe had an ex- tended reputation, and she was particu- larly interested in bringing forward new or comparatively unknown works. The courses in the History of Alusic were greatly extended under her direction and compared favorably with those of our greatest schools and universities. Her lec- tures on the music of the American In- dians and on the Wagner music-dramas were especially noteworth}-. ]\Irs. Coe 148 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY had resigned her position in the School of Music and had been appointed as a spe- cial lecturer on music in the College of Liberal Arts. Her plans for a year's vaca- tion in Europe for recreation and study were rudely shattered by her sudden death. A large circle of friends and pupils mourn her loss and untimely end. Earle Waterous, for ten years a violin student under Professor Knapp, died at his home in Evanston November 15, 1905. Evincing signs of unusual ability as a mere child, he was given a thorough schooling and before he was out of his 'teens had acquired a very unusual tech- nical mastery of his instrument. Inter- ested friends sent him to Europe and he immediately took a commanding posi- tion in the Leipszig Conservatory, elicit- ing the most flattering comments from the local press and winning predictions of high rank as a virtuoso from his teachers. With every promise of a brilliant career he was seized with a dread disease and barely reached his home ere he passed away. CHAPTER XVI. UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ORATORY Professor Cumnock as Founder — Grozvth and Standing Due to his Labors — First Class Graduated in 1881 — Its Aim and Branches Taught — Building Erected — Is Dedicated in 1895 — Location and Descrip- tion — Advantage over Private Institu- tions of Like Character — Training in English Composition and Rhetoric — En- rollment According to Last Catalogue — Promising Outlook for the Future. The existence, growth and high standing of the School of Oratory of the North- western University (generally known as the Cumnock School of Oratory), is largely the outcome of the life and labors of Prof. R. L. Cumnock. Entering the service of the University in the fall of 1868, he labored for ten years, doing the work as- signed him in the curriculum of the College of Liberal Arts. In the fall of 1878 an urgent demand for advanced work in vocal expression and interpretation resulted in the organization of a special department known as the School of Oratory. The first class was graduated in 1881. The special purpose involved in the organization of this new department was to furnish instruc- tion and training in three subjects, viz: Elocution, English and Physical Culture. The chief aim of the school was to pre- pare young men and women to teach these subjects in colleges, academies, high and normal schools. For many years the stu- dents in this department were accommo- dated in the College of Liberal Arts. From 1890 to 1894 the applications for admission to the school were so numerous that many could not be accepted by reason of the meager accommodations in University Hall. In the spring of 1894 Professor Cumnock secured from the Trustees a site on the University campus and assumed the entire responsibility of erecting a building for the special use of the School of Oratory. The building, with its equipment costing $30,- 000, was, at its dedication on May 16, 1895, handed over to the President of the Univer- sity by Professor Cumnock, entirely free from debt. The building was named the Annie May Swift Hall, in memory of one of Professor Cumnock's former pupils, whose father, Gustavus F. Swift, of Chicago, generously contributed to its erection. It stands just northeast of the Liberal Arts Building, near the lake shore. Many of the windows look directly upon the water, and from every point the view is beautiful. The building is of the Venetian style of architecture. The basement is of rock-faced Lemont lime- stone, and the upper stories are a buff-col- ored Roman brick and terra cotta. The roof is of red tile. There are three main entrances, the one on the south leading to the broad corridor that opens into the audi- 149 ISO NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY torium, and the other two on the east and west sides of the building. The auditorium, though not large, is the handsomest room in any of the University buildings. No pillars obstruct the view, as the roof is supported by iron trusses stretching from the roof girders. The floor has a gentle incline to the stage from the sides and rear of the auditorium, so that from every seat an excellent view may be obtained. This building gives the depart- ment the best facilities of any school of oratory in America, and enables it to offer special advantages to all students pursuing its course of study. The unique feature in the organization of the work of the school is the emphasis placed upon private training. Two private lessons in elocution are given, weekly, to each student during the entire course. Be- ing free from rent and taxes, which other schools of like character are compelled to pay, the management can aftord to provide this personal training which other schools of oratory cannot, or do not, offer. In a large measure the same personal training is carried on in English composition and rhetoric. The number enrolled in the last catalogue of the school is 214, and the patronage is increasing slowly, but steadily. The graduates of the school are filling im- portant positions in many of the leading colleges and schools of the Middle West, while a flourishing school of oratory, named after the Director and managed by one of the former teachers of this Department, is located at Los Angeles, California. It is safe to say that the future of this Department is secure, and that students, as they come to learn the high grade and qual- ity of the work done here, will enroll them- selves, where the highest art in public speaking and writing are essential condi- tions for graduation. CHAPTER XVII. UNIVERSITY ATHLETICS (By PKOF. J. SCOTT CLARK, A. M., Lit. D.) Evanston Lifc-Sazing Creiv — Tragic Fate of the Steamer "Lady Elgin" Leads to Its Organi::ation — Its First Members — List of Notable Rescues — Service Re- warded by Issue of Medals to the Crew by Act of Congress — Baseball History — The Old Gymnasium — Tug of _ War Teams — Football Records — Athletic Field and Grand Stand — Track Athletics and Tennis Games. The noblest and the most interesting chapter in the history of athletics at North- western University grows out of the fact that its founders selected for the University a site near what had long been known to lake mariners as a dangerous point on the shore of Lake Michigan. As the determin- ation of this site settled the site of Evanston, so the configuration of the shore at this point made it inevitable that, sooner or later, there should be established here a life-saving sta- tion. Long before the days of football teams, coaches, trainers, and the like — long before a gymnasium was even asked for, a volunteer band of Northwestern students made themselves immortal and won the praise of the nation by their heroic rescue of passengers from the ill-fated steamer, the "Lady Elgin." On the 8th day of September, i860, a merry company of four hundred souls set out from Chicago for an excursion trip. The story of the rapid de- struction of the steamer by fire and the death by drowning and otherwise of all but 98 of the passengers, is one of the tragic episodes in the history of Chicago. As the terrified victims came floating toward the shore line of the L'niversity campus, cling- ing to bits of the wreckage, only to be tossed cruelly back by the breakers, while horrified friends who lined the bluff shrieked in agony, several students, led by Edward W. Spencer, of the class of 1861, stepped out from the crowd, attached ropes to their waists, and plunged into the surf, to risk their lives in an effort to save drowning women and children. Again and again they made their way through the angry waves and deposited in safety some fainting victim of the disaster. It was only when their own strength gave out completely that they desisted. Spencer was carried to his room in a fainting condition. He is still living (1903) in California, and it is as- serted on apparently good authority that his health, throughout his long life, has been seriously affected by his voluntary ex- posure in behalf of the victims of the "Lady Elgin" disaster. The wide interest excited by the action of the Northwestern students in connection with the burning of the "Lady Elgin" re- sulted in the organization, in October, 1872, 152 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY of a volunteer crew of five men from the Senior class of the College of Liberal Arts. The members of this crew have since be- come well known in high circles in the Central West; they were L. C. Collins, George Lunt, E. J. Harrison, Eltinge El- more, George Bragdon, F. Roys, and M. D. Kimball. Soon afterward Dr. E. O. Haven, then President of the University, received from Commodore Murray, then in charge of the United States life-saving service, a pres- ent of a fine life-boat, and Dr. Haven com- mitted the boat to the care of the Senior class, from whose members the crew were selected. The boat was presented with the provision "that proper care will be taken of it and that it will be officered and manned by students, who will train themselves and do their best, if an emergency arises, to help any craft that may be in danger on the coast of the University." We find no record of any immediate provision for housing the boat; but, in 1873, the students petitioned that the life-boat be taken from the ex- clusive control of the Senioi' class and be placed in charge of a crew selected from all classes, according to their best physical and moral qualifications. No action seems to have been taken during 1874, but in 1875 the boat was placed in the hands of such a crew as was called for by the petition. In December, 1876, it was announced that an agreement had been reached with the Federal Government, by the terms of which a life-saving station was to be immediately erected by the Gov- ernment on the University campus, and that a crew of five was to be selected from the student body, irrespective of classes, which was to be captained by an experienced seaman paid by the Govern- ment. In April. 1877, E. J.. Bickell, '"JJ. was ap- pointed captain of the new crew, and sixty other students applied for the subordinate positions. They were to receive $40 per month during the season and $3 extra for every wreck trip. In the followmg June the college faculty nominated as members of the crew : Warrington, '79 ; Hobart, '79 ; King, '79; Piper, '80; Shannon, '81; and M. J. Hall of the Preparatory School, and these students were duly accepted by the Government. For a time the life-boat was housed in a temporary structure on the beach, but in 1876 the Government erected the eastern two-thirds of the present Life- Saving Station at a cost of about six thou- sand dollars. The site selected was on ground now covered by Fisk Hall. Prior to the erection of the latter building, in the summer of 1899, the station was removed to its present site on land then newly made near the water's edge. Since the formal organization of the Evanston life-saving crew, in 1877, as a regular part of the government service, over four hundred lives have been saved by its agency. The following tabular statement is taken from the records somewhat at ran- dom, and is typical of the work of the crew since 1883. To such rescues as these must be added scores of cases where vessels have been relieved from awkward or dangerous situations, but where it was not found neces- sary to remove either passengers or crews. Besides the aggregate of over four hundred lives the local life-saving crew has saved property amounting to millions in value : Name and No. Brought Date. Class of .\shore in Vessel Surf-boat. May 9. 1883. Schooner, "Kate E. Howard." 8 Sept. 19, 1886. Schooner, "Sodus." 5 June 19, 1887. Schooner, "Sunrise," 7 Nov. 24, 1887. Schooner, "Halstead," 10 Oct. 22, 1889. Schooner, "Ironton." 8 Nov. 28, 1889. Steamer, "Calumet," 18 May 18, 1894. Schooner, "Lincoln Ball," 4 May 26. 1895. Schooner, "J. Emory Owen." 27 Nov. 20, 1895. Steamer, "Michigan," 9 Of these, the rescues from the vessels "Calumet," "Owen," and "Michigan," are HISTORY OF EVANSTON 'OJ the most noteworthy. By reference to the dates it will be seen that two rescues were made very late in November, nearly a month after the crews were ofif from reg- ular summer and autumn duty. In both cases the rescues were made in the teeth of fierce gales and blinding snowstorms. Both involved tremendous and heroic exer- tion on the part of the crew, in order to get the surf-boat launched at the points opposite the wrecks. The "Calumet" was stranded at the very unusual distance of one thousand yards from the shore. The aggregate value of the three vessels, with their cargoes, was over $252,000. Not a life was lost in any of the rescues enumerated in the fore- going table. Mention should also be made of the large number of persons who have been rescued from capsized row-boats and of the rescued children who have fallen from the piers. The present captain, Patrick Murray (1904), was appointed July 18, 1903, after having served as surfman seven years at the North Manitou Island station, two years at Muskegon station, and five years at Evan- ston. Captain Lawrence O. Lawson, who made such a worthy record for twenty-three years at the head of our station, was born in Swe- den in 1843, and began the life of a sailor at the age of eighteen. He came to Amer- ica in 1861, and sailed on the Great Lakes during the following three years. He be- came a citizen of Evanston in 1864, engaged in fishing for a time, and was appointed Cap- tain of the crew in 1880. In addition to his services in aiding to save nearly five hun- dred lives, Captain Lawson originated the system of righting the Beebee-jMcCIellan surf-boat, which has since been adopted by the Govemrrtent for use by all the crews of the service. In rescuing the "Calumet," as already described, Captain Lawson and his crew manifested such courage and endur- ance that Congress awarded to each man a gold medal for "saving life from the perils of the sea." The medal consists of a gold bar from which hangs a broad ribbon sup- porting a golden eagle, sustaining in his beak a heavy disk of gold. The medal com- plete weighs about four ounces. In a circle on the face of the medal are the words "United States of America — Act of Con- gress, June 20th, 1874." In high relief is a representation of a crew in the act of saving a drowning person. On the obverse, in a circle, are the words : "In memory of heroic deeds in saving life from the perils of the sea." In relief is a tablet, surmounted by an eagle, with a woman's figure on the left, while on the right are an anchor and seals. Each medal is inscribed to its owner: "For heroic services at the wreck of the "Calu- met,' Nov. 28, 1889." In addition to Cap- tain Lawson, the crew who thus honored Evanston in honoring themselves were : W. M. Ewing, F. M. Kindig, E. B. Fowler, W. L. Wilson, G. E. Crosby, and Jacob Loin- ing, all University students at the time. B.\SEBALL. Little seems to have been done in the way of general college athletics during the first twenty-five years of Northwestern's exist- ence. In fact, systematic athletics were as yet undeveloped in this country. Lawn ten- nis had not been imported, track athletics were in an incipient stage, and the modern game of football was unknown. The village of Evanston was small, and the college was smaller. There was plenty of wood to saw, and there was now and then a citizen's cow to be pulled out of the slough that existed in all its depth along the present line of our railways. In such diversions as these did the early sons of Northwestern engage for the development of their physical strength and, incidentally, the repletion of their thin purses. With the incoming of the 'seventies 154 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY baseball began to be called "the national game," and our boys, like all normal youths, soon caught the fever. As early as the spring of 187 1, we read of inter-class games, and in June of that year a nine, of which Mr. James Raymond was a member, placed on record the first publicly recorded score, which stood North- western 35, "The Prairies" (a local Chicago nine) 7. On the 4th of July, 1871, occurred a memorable series of events, no small part of which were athletic in character. This was the day when ten thousand people gathered from all the surrounding country in the campus grove ; when the Ellsworth Zouaves paraded under General John L. Beveridge as Grand Marshal; when $10,- 000 was raised to set the young University on its feet, and when the corner-stone of the "Evanston College for Ladies" (now Wil- lard Hall) was laid. This was an indepen- dent school until June, 1873. Of the $10,- 000 raised on this memorable day, $2,500 was given by Governor Evans, whose name our city bears ; several thousands were given by other friends of higher education, and no small sum was raised, as the college paper says, "by sales and exhibitions." These ex- hibitions seem to have consisted of what would now be called, in the parlance of track athletics, various "events," such as jumps, ball-throwing, tub-races, boat-races on the lake, etc., etc. So we may say with much of accuracy that Northwestern's for- mal athletics began with a field day. Some features of this first field day are worth chronicling in detail. Here they are: "Baseball match between Ladies' College nine and Northwestern L^niversity ; prize a silver ball ; score, 57 to 4 in favor of North- western." (What an ominous beginning for co-education !) "Regatta — Yachts, six-oared barges, and sculls ; prize an ice-set and three flags." "Exhibition drill by the Ellsworth Zouaves." "Baseball match with the 'Atlantics' of Chicago." During the spring and fall of 1871 the University nine played ten games with non- college nines, including the afterward fa- mous White Stockings of Chicago, whom the college boys beat by a score of 18 to 12, and two with Racine College, in which each side scored but once. The highest recorded score of the season was 68 — a fact that speaks volumes as to the crudeness of the game and the players of those early days. Of the twelve games, our team won ten. During the next decade, and longer, the four colleges of what was then literally the Northwest were Northwestern University, Chicago University (the old institution, dis- continued in 1885), Racine College, and, later. Lake Forest University. The great State Universities that have since so largely dominated Western college athletics, were then either unborn or still in their infancy, and the custom of making long trips for in- tercollegiate games had not become estab- lished. We find no records for 1872 and 1873, but during 1874 a team, which in- cluded John Hamline as short-stop and Charles Wheeler as center-fielder, played nine intercollegiate games. In the "final" for "the championship of the Northwest," Ra- cine won by a few points. As compared with "our ancient enemy," Chicago, the total score for the season was Northwestern University 42, Chicago L'niversity, 34. From 1875 to the present day the baseball records of Northwestern are chequered but not discreditable. In 1875 we won the silver ball and "the championship for the North- west," with Charles Wheeler as left-fielder. W. G. Evans, 'jy, son of Governor Evans, and George Lunt, '72, were the leaders in HISTORY OF EVANSTON 155 the University athletics of the early seven- ties. In 1876. at Waukegan, was formed the first intercollegiate baseball association in this section, and the games of the season transferred the silver ball and the champion- ship to Chicago. During this year batting records of the college nines began to be published. By the terms of the constitution of this intercollegiate association, each col- lege was to play two games with each of the other three institutions. In 1877 Chicago again won the championship. During 1878 the colors white and brown were adopted by the Northwestern players, and a regular baseball diamond was laid out, "resodded, and rolled," on the site where the Orrington Lunt Library building now stands. It was during this year that the first efforts were made to check the already growing tendency toward professionalism. Before this year the custom seems to have been to use, as players on any college team, the best men obtainable, without much scrutiny as to their actual relation to the scholastic curriculum of the college. But in the constitution of the "Intercollegiate Baseball Association" that was in force during 1878, I find the fol- lowing article: "The captains of the respective nines must file with the secretary of the Association, be- fore April 20th, the names of their respec- tive nines and of the substitutes, together with a certificate from the secretary of the Faculty showing that the players have been in daily attendance at their respective insti- tutions for twenty days previous to the first announced league game." It will be seen that, while this action did not prevent a student from entering college for a course in baseball, it was the first step toward pure college athletics in the Central West. During 1878 the silver ball went to Ra- cine College. In 1879 our team defeated Racine once and Chicago twice. In 1880 the games of the Association resulted in a tie between Racine and Northwestern ; and, as Racine refused to play off the tie, thus retaining possession of the silver ball trophy. North- western withdrew from the association. Because of the disruption of the old league there seems to have been no inter- collegiate baseball here during 1881, but in December of that year delegates from Racine College, the University of Wiscon- sin, the University of Michigan, Chicago University and Northwestern met in Chi- cago and formed a new league. The limits of our space forbid a detailed account of the baseball games from 1881 to 1903. Over our defeats it is fair to draw the mantle of oblivion ; over our victories we have a right to rejoice. In 1883, when the University of Michigan had withdrawn from the base ball league, and when Beloit College had been admitted instead. Northwestern won the championship of the league without los- ing a single game. The team for that year consisted of Plummer, Huxford, Rollins, Stewart, Bannister, Polley, Tillinghast, Dill- man and Tomlinson. Again in 1889 we won the championship of the Northwest and a pennant, with a team consisting of T. C. Moulding, J. A. Rogers, A. P. Haagenson, M. P. Noyes, F. C. Chapin, A. B. Fleager, C. C. Johnson, L, H. Stewart, and H. H. Jones ; and in 1 89 1 the championship was again awarded to Northwestern. In 1892 we won the championship in the smaller league (the old league), and secured the second place in a new league, including the great State uni- versities of the Middle West. In 1894 our team defeated Chicago in three excellent games, one of 12 and one of 10 innings, the scores being, respectively, 3-2, 8-1, and 6-4 in our favor. During this season we also 156 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY defeated Wisconsin 9 to 8, Oberlin 11 to 6, Wisconsin again 4 to i, and Minnesota 6 to 2. So the season of 1894 is tlie banner year of our baseball history ; for, by winning nine games in succession, we were fairly en- titled to the intercollegiate baseball cham- pionship of the Central West. The men who thus shed undying glory on Alma Mater were: John H. Kedzie (Captain), Frank Grift^th, C. N. Jenks, J. K. Bass, C. D. Mc- Williams, Otis Maclay, W. D. Barnes, T. H. Lewis, W. A. Cooling, C. D. Reimers, A. E. Price and C. L. Leesley. The loss of several of these star players by graduation left the team of 1895 unable to win many victories, and the team of 1896 was not much more successful. In '97 the fates were kinder to us, and we defeated Nebraska, Beloit, Ohio State, and Wisconsin, by good scores ; '98 was another off year in Northwestern base- ball ; in '99 we defeated Chicago once and Wisconsin once ; in 1900 we defeated Chi- cago once and Oberlin once; in 1901 Illi- nois was our only victim among "the big nine" ; in 1902 we defeated Chicago twice, Nebraska once, and Beloit once. The sea- sons of 1903 and 1904 have not been suc- cessful. THE OLD GYMNASIUM. The movement for the erection of a gym- nasium was begun by under-graduates. In October, 1875, two young men, since prom- inent in Evanston and Denver, Messrs. Frank M. Elliot and W. G. Evans, issued a circular setting forth the project of build- ing a gymnasium and soliciting aid from the friends and graduates of the institution. They soon perfected an organization, under the laws of the State, with F. M. Elliot, W. G. Evans, F. M. Bristol, F. M. Taylor, A. W. McPherson, and J. A. J- Whipple as commissioners. These under-graduates pro- ceeded to issue $4,000 worth of stock in shares of $10 each, whose duration was for ninety-nine years. It must be remembered that the University was then still in its early infancy and that the students were few in number and poor in purse. But their faith in themselves and in the future was sublime. Fourteen hundred dollars was soon raised by sales to one hundred and twenty-nine subscribers, nearly every one being an under-graduate. Work was begun in December, 1875, and by the 1st of Febru- ary the building, 40x80, resting on a brick foundation, was erected, enclosed, and par- tially equipped, at a total cost of $1,900. It was not found possible, at that time, to complete the exterior of the building by casing the walls with brick, according to the original plan. A bowling alley was built in the basement by the Sigma Chi fraternity, and the "gym" was very popular with the under-graduates until 1878, when it began to lose its attractions. To quote one of the original commissioners : The new generation of students did not or could not raise money to veneer the building in order to protect it and to repair the worn-out apparatus. It was necessary to do something before all should be lost or ruined. It was finally decided to have the University take the property and maintain it as a "gymnasium." Through the indefatigable efforts of Mr. George Lunt, of the class of ''/2. a major- ity of the stock was finally secured, and was transferred to the Trustees, on condition that they should complete the building, fur- nish it with necessary apparatus, assume all liabilities of the association, and maintain the building and the apparatus in good re- pair for gymnasium purposes only. The transfer was completed in the spring of 1881, and one of the first acts of Dr. Joseph Cummings, then recently elected President of the University, was to induce the Trus- tees to veneer the building. The interior was cased with lumber by the students and members of the Faculty, including the ven- HISTORY OF EVANSTON 157 erable President, the trustees furnishing only the lumber and the nails. New appar- atus was put in, and the rejuvenated "gym" was opened with a public entertainment on February 20, 1883. The feelings of the under-graduates were expressed thus by Mr. J\I. M. Gridley, editor-in-chief of the college journal in 1882-83 : "Once more the gymnasium is a topic of great interest. It is not now, as it was last year, a source of grumbling and discontent. Instead of a broken-down, weather-beaten old building, an eye-sore to the campus, it is a fine-looking brick struc- ture, a thing of beauty and a joy forever. . . . . We now have one of the fin- est and most complete gymnasiums in the West." (Sic.) As an assurance of better things in the college athletics, the Trustees at this time engaged a regular instructor in physical culture, Mr. C. A. Duplessis, who held the position until October, 1883, when he was succeeded by Mr. Philip Greiner. Mr. Greiner continued to act as physical instructor until June, 1894. w^hen he was succeeded by Mr. W. L. Bryan. At the opening of the college year 1898, the gymnasium and the physical work passed into the hands of Dr. C. M. HoUister, who held the place until December, 1902. The present physical director (1903) is Mr. Horace Butterworth, who has made an en- viable reputation in such work at the Uni- versity of Chicago. THE TUG-OF-W.^R TE.\MS. During the later 'eighties and the earlv 'nineties the athletes of Northwestern ob- tained wide fame in a test of muscle not ordinarily given much emphasis in college athletics. We refer to our memorable tug- of-war team, of which the instructor was the organizer and a prominent member. We find the first notice of the team in 1886. In 1887 they won a medal in a contest with a team from the Casino Gymnasium, then recently established in Chicago, and later ■ in the same year they won "the champion- ship" and a silver cup by defeating a team from the Illinois National Guards. This original tug-of-war team consisted of Philip Greiner, H. Caddock, C. T. Watrous, W. W. Wilkinson, and C. Greenman. During 1888, when E. B. Fowler, H. R. Hayes, J. B. Loining, J. G. Hensel, A. H. Phelps, and J. T. Hottendorf had been added to the team, Messrs. Wilkinson and Greenman having dropped out, they de- feated a Pullman team, the Casino Gymna- sium team of Chicago, the Chicago Amateur Athletic Club team, and the Illinois National Guard team; and in April of that year, in a contest with three teams at the Casino Gymnasium, they proved themselves cham- pions and won five gold medals. During 1889 they continued their victories over all local teams, winning various prizes and se- curing possession of the Meriden cup. It was this team that really began the practice of inter-department contests at North- western ; for we read that, on University Day, in January, 1890, the tug-of-war team defeated teams from our Medical and Dental Schools, respectively. During the spring of 1890 they defeated several local teams, and won the championship of the West, securing permanent possession of the Hub cup. After several local victories earlv in 1 89 1, the team made an Eastern trip, with the intention of meeting teams from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard, Columbia, and other Eastern Uni- versities. Only one of these proposed con- tests was ever held. After beating the Technology team in three trial contests, our team, in the final contest, lost the "drop" by five inches, and were defeated by two and one-half inches. But their display of skill and brawn was such that the teams from the other great institutions of the East found 158 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY it wise to excuse themselves from pulling, on the ground of illness, etc. This was not the last time that an Eastern team has de- clined to match conclusions with one from the West. THE MOVEMENT AGAINST PROFESSIONALISM. We have spoken of the beginning of the movement against professionalism in West- ern college athletics. In this movement the representatives of Northwestern University have had a prominent and very creditable part. In 1883 the Western Baseball Asso- ciation, then made up of Racine, Wisconsin, Chicago, Northwestern, and Beloit, enacted further rules forbidding a student player to play on a professional team during the col- lege season or to take pay for playing any- where during such a season, requiring a previous residence in college of at least two terms, and making ineligible any man "whose college expenses are in any way borne bv men connected with baseball in- terests." The new association of 1891 ad- vanced the good work by enacting that a candidate for a college team position must be carrying at least five hours of work in class per week, must not receive in any way compensation for playing on the college team or on any other team, must be regis- tered at least two months before the first scheduled intercollegiate game, must not play on a college team for more than an aggregate of five years, must be prepared to make affidavit, on demand, as to his eligi- bility, and must present a certificate of eligi- bility signed by three members of his Fac- ulty. In March, 1892, a local association was formed, in which the four branches of athletics now generally recognized as such — namely: baseball, football, track ath- letics, and tennis — were each represented on a joint committee consisting of two men representing each branch, two alumni, and a secretary, chosen by this joint committee. This committee was to audit the accounts of the four branches, to have general over- sight of the athletic grounds, to ratify the elections of all captains, and to have power to demand resignations and to order new elections in case of incompetency or mal- feasance in office. The prime object of this arrangement seems to have been to eliminate from our athletics the sometimes harmful influence of fraternity preferences in selecting men and officers for the various teams. At the beginning of the college year 1892-93, our Faculty appointed a committee on athletics consisting of Professors Coe (chairman), Hatfield, and Gray. No for- mal rules were at first laid down, but the Annua! of that year informs the students that they must not hereafter play with pro- fessional teams ; that members of all our local teams must be students in full and regular standing ; that all schedules of games must be submitted to the committee for approval, and that, before joining a team, men will be subjected to a physical examination. During the year 1893-94 Pro- fessor Coe remained as chairman, supported by Professors Sheppard and Gray, and addi- tional restrictions were announced, forbid- ding a student to play on any other team while a member of a university team and requiring the selection of players to be sub- mitted to the committee for approval. In these davs of comparatively pure college athletics, the restrictions already named seem mild indeed. But they were regarded by the under-graduates in 1892-94 as severe. That first faculty committee made a brave fight. Their greatest victory was in dem- onstrating to the student body that ath- letics was a subject legitimately within the control of the faculty. After undergo- ing a vast amount of abuse and obloquy. Professor Coe settled that question conclu- HISTORY OF EVANSTON 159 sively, and his efforts and sufferings in a good cause should not be forgotten. With the beginning of the college year of 1894-95 tlie Trustees took athletics from the direct control of the Faculty and placed it in the hands of a "Committee for the Regu- lation of Athletic Sports," consisting of three professors, three alumni, and three under-graduates. At that time and ever since, the Faculty and alumni members of the committee have been appointed by the Trustees and the student members by the general student body. During 1894-95 the Facultx- members were Professors Holgate (Chairman), Sheppard, and Gray. This committee continued the good work already begun, and dropped summarily from a team one of the worst offenders of the early days. Although hampered by a deadlock in the committee lasting nearly all the year, they stood for higher ideals in college sport. The restrictions on the various teams during 1894-95 seem to have been substan- tially those in force during the previous year. But the call for more stringent meas- ures was everywhere heard; and so, early in January, 1895. a meeting of the presi- dents of the universities then familiarly known as "the big seven" was held in Chi- cago. The fruit of this presidents' confer- ence was "The Presidents' Rules," the first general enactment for the government of college athletics in the Central West. In brief, these rules required that a student, to be eligible for a team in any of the universi- ties concerned, must be a bona fide student, must have been in residence in his college at least si.x months, must receive no pay for his athletic services, must not play under an assumed name, and must not be delinquent in his studies. It was further provided that a graduate student might play during the minimum number of years necessary to se- cure a degree in his graduate school (thus allowing a medical student, for example, to play altogether seven years on a college team) ; that college games might be played only on grounds controlled by one or the other team participating ; that the selection of managers and captains must be submitted for approval to the governing boards ; that no college teams should play with profes- sional teams; and that the respective reg- istrars should certify to the proper selection of the various teams. These rules were pub- lished in our Annual of 1894-95, and were promptly put into effect here. At the beginning of the college year 1895- 96, the Trustees formed an entirely new committee, of which the Faculty members were Professors Clark ( Chairman ), Young, and White, while Messrs. Fred Raymond! Frank Dyche, and Charles Wheeler were the alumni members. With the exception of Mr. Wheeler, who resigned in 1898, this committee remained unchanged as to Fac- ulty and alumni during the succeeding four years. It was during these years that the Conference Rules were gradually developed into substantially their present form. The chairmen of the boards of control in the "big seven" universities, who endeavored to enforce "The Presidents' Rules" soon found that Ihey must be amended if the desired ends were to be attained. Consequently a conference of chairmen was called at Chi- cago early in the winter of 1896, and a mutual interpretation of the rules was agreed upon, while the term "professional" was more clearly defined. At every one of the successive confer- ences the lines were drawn more sharply and the restrictions made more severe. In November, 1896, we lengthened the required probation of a player in residence from six months to one year ; we reduced the possi- ble time-limit for a graduate-student plaver from three or four to two years; we restricted all games to contests between "educational institutions"; and where a stu- i6o NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY dent had not been in residence over half of the \ear preceding his proposed admission to the under-graduate team, we required him to be on probation still six months longer. In the conference of 1897 we re- duced the combined graduate and under- graduate limit to four years of playing on a 'varsity team; we enacted that, after September i, 1898, all preparatory students should be barred from playing on a 'varsity team, and we ordered that, thereafter, there must be an exchange of lists of proposed players at least ten days before any inter- collegiate game. In the conference of 1898 we defined professionalism still more closely, adopting the now famous clause requiring the candidate to make affidavit that he has "never used his athletic skill for gain." We also shut out from the teams all persons who were receiving from any of the universi- ties concerned any remuneration for their services as teachers. A few minor changes in the conference rules have been made since 1898. By the gradual enactment and honest enforcement of these rides the universities of the Central West have secured a degree of purity in their athletics of which they may well be proud. FOOTB.\LL. During the autumn of 1878 the old-fash- ioned Rugby game of football began to be played on the campus in a general way, and the college colors were changed to purple and gold. In February, 1880, the first local football association was formed, the Rugby rules were published in the college paper, and regular team practice was, begun. Little seems to have been done in this game during 1881, but in November, 1882, we find that Northwestern defeated Lake Forest in what was later to become the most intense of college sports. During '83, '84, '85, and '86 the records hardly mention foot- ball. In November, 1887, a challenge for a Thanksgiving game with Michigan Univer- sity was declined on the ground that our team was not in training. There was a team during 1889, but we find no mention of any intercollegiate games. The first recorded game with an institution of similar rank was in November, 1890, when Northwestern de- feated Wisconsin by a score of 22 to 10. A little later we beat Beloit 22 to 6. In the autumn of 1891 a Football League was formed with Wisconsin, Beloit, and Lake Forest, and five intercollegiate games were played, our men winning two and tying one. In 1892 Northwestern first took a prom- inent place in football, defeating Michigan by a score of 10 to 8, Beloit by a score of 36 to o, Wisconsin by a score of 26 to 6, tying both Chicago and Illinois, and thus winning second place in the big Western League. This first great team was captained and trained by Paul Noyes, and included \'anDoozer, Oates, Culver, Sheppard, Ken- nicott, Wilson, Pearce, AlcCluskey, Oberne, Griffith, and Williams. The games of 1893 and 1894 did not redound to our glory. In 1895 the team was strengthened by such men as Potter, Gloss, and Siberts, and de- feated Beloit 34 to 6; Armour Institute 44 to o; Chicago 22 to 6 (in the return game Chicago won, 6 to o) ; Purdue, 24 to 6 ; and Illinois 43 to 8. The year 1896 was the banner year in football for Northwestern, up to the present. The team consisted of the famous veteran half-backs. Potter and VanDoozer, aided by such helpers as Hunter. Pearce. Levings, Perry, Sloane, Andrews, Thorne, Gloss, and Brown. These were the famous "cripples," so happily car- icatured in the Chicago Record, who de- feated Chicago on Marshall Field by the score of 46 to 6 ; who tied Chicago in the return game, with a score of 6 to 6 ; who went down to Champaign with a crowd of three hundred roaring student supporters in a special train, and gave to the lUini their HISTORY OF EVANSTON i6i first defeat in football on their home grounds to the tune of 6 to 4; and who, in that famous Thanksgiving game on our home grounds, before a crowd of four thousand people, played Wisconsin to a standstill. The score was 6 to 6; but the conditions and circumstances were such that unbiased observers generally counted it a victory for Northwestern. The team was managed during 1896 by Mr. Frank Haller, and much was done in the way of providing a training-table and a coach that had not been so thoroughly done before. After paying all expenses of the season, we were able to settle a bill of $1,000 which had been hanging over the local athletic asso- ciation ever since the grand stand was built and partially paid for in 1891-92. The season of 1897 was not a successful one, although the remarkable kick from the middle of our field by O'Dea of Wisconsin must be mentioned as one of the most sen- sational features in the history of Western football. During the season of 1898 partic- ular eft'ort was made in the way of hiring a high-priced coach from the East and a pro- fessional trainer, providing a large training table, etc. But our unwise plan of changing coaches and methods every year could have but one result, and that was defeat. With the coming of Dr. C. M. Hollister, in Sep- tember, 1898, to act as general manager and coach for all branches of our college ath- letics except tennis, a great advance was made in every way. It now became possible to gain in momentum every year by con- tinuing the same style of play and by taking advantage of the specific training given to particular men on the team of a preceding year. Although we were far from regain- ing the glories of 1896, we made some im- provement during 1898, and in 1899 we de- feated Minnesota 11 to 5, Indiana 11 to 6, and Purdue 29 to o. In 1900 we defeated Chicago 5 to o, Indiana 12 to o, tied Beloit 6 to 6, tied Iowa 6 to 6, and secured third place in the "big nine" group of Western universities. The game with Iowa, which was played at Rock Island on Thanksgiving Day, was one of the great surprises of that year, for the Iowa giants had defeated near- ly all comers so far during that season, and had widely advertised their intention to "do up" Northwestern. In 1901 our team de- feated Illinois 17 to II, Chicago 6 to 5, and Purdue 10 to 5. With the graduation of the class of 1902 we lost five great players : Johnson, the Dietz brothers, Elliott, and Hansen. The team of the following season was therefore composed largely of new, untrained material, and the results were what was to be expected under the circum- stances. An interesting social feature connected with football at Northwestern has been the football "banquets" that have been held for several years in the old chapel room of "Old College"' during the week after the close of the season. To Dr. R. L. Sheppard, who has annually paid the bill for "feeding" the members of the team and the "scrubs" at these banquets, thankful recognition is here due. THE ATHLETIC FIELD AND GRAND STAND. It was not until 1892 that the field sports of Northwestern could be said to have a home. Prior to 1891 the teams had played, as before stated, where the Orrington Lunt Library now stands, and the spectators had been compelled to use the turf for grand stand and "bleachers." In September, 1891, the Trustees formally set apart the present field for athletic purposes, and at the same time Mr. George Muir, Evanston's long- time genial bookseller, whose Davis Street store, where Smith's studio is now, was for decades the downtown headquarters for stu- dents, started an energetic movement to raise money for a grand stand. In this ef- i62 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY fort Mr. J^Iuir was ably assisted by Mr. paid for out of the treasury of the athletic Louis S. Rice, of the class of '83. These association. two men worked indefatigably and most track athletics and tennis. unselfishly, soliciting aid from every alum- ^^^ j^^^^ already spoken of the field nus whom they could reach, and withui a gp^^ts connected with the great celebration few months they succeeded in raising about ^^^^ -^^ ^-^^ campus grove on the 4th of July, $1,500 from citizens, alumni, and under- ^g^^^ Some of the records made then are graduates. Strong in faith in the loyalty of interesting by way of comparison with more future students, these two gentlemen went ^^^^^^ records. We learn that T. C. War- ahead with the building, and completed the ^.-^^^^^^ kicked the football 147 feet 6 present structure at a cost of about $2,500. [^^y^^^ and threw the baseball 304 feet 10 The grand stand was opened with appro- j^j-j^gg . that Frank Andrews won the hurdle priate ceremonies on the 15th of October, ^^^^ ^^^o yards and five hurdles) in 18 1892. Meantime the Trustees had done seconds; and that George Lunt won the some work in grading and partially draining ^^^^ ^^^,j^_ making 6 feet 7 inches. The the baseball field. But we were still without ^^.^j. fQ^^ial University field day was held in an enclosing fence, so that there were no jg^^_ ^^^^ ^j^jg observance has been a part certain means of collecting revenue by ^^ ^^^^ college athletic life pretty regularly charging an admission to the games. But ^^,^^ since. The most noteworthy records in the autumn of 1893 Dr. Sheppard— al- ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ q,^ the home field by North- ways the most generous local supporter of ^^^ggtej-n students are as follows: our athletics, and the man for whom the 100 yard dash, 10 seconds a. r. Jones, '09 students later unanimously and very prop- 200 yard dash, 22 i-s seconds ^a. r. Jones ;99 , ,,„. J 440 yard run, 52 seconds K. b. Sturgeon, uu erly named the present grounds bheppard ^^^ ^^^^ ^„^_ „ minutes 2 seconds... R. s. sturgeon, -oo Field"— came forward with an offer to fur- 1 mile run, 4 minutes .35 seconds... .h. Baker ;oi 2 mile run, 10 mmutes 214-.') seconds.. t. t. Morns, 04 nish lumber for a fence. His otter was 220 yard hurdles, 26 2-5 seconds J. a. Brown nromptlv accepted, a boss carpenter was 120 yard hurdles, I6 2-3 seconds .J. a. Brown piuiuptiy dL..cpu , 1 ^.^^ .^^^^^ . j^^^ jlj^ .^^^^^^ (,|^^j^ Smith hired, also through Dr. Sheppard s gener- g_.^^j .^^^^ .„ {^^, 5 j^^j^es o. Davis ositv, and scores of under-graduates turned Pole vault, 10 feet 6 inches R. e. wnso". -os - ' , , ■ , ., u Hammer throw, 126 feet 1 mch .Arthur Baird out With saw and hammer, with the result ghot-put. 39 feet 9 inches .utimr Baird that the present enclosure was soon com- Discus Throw, 121 feet 3 inches Arthur Baird pletefl The first three of the present seven Col- During the summer of 1896 the present lege and Academy tennis courts were laid quarter-mile cinder track was made entirely out and partially completed in the spring of by student and Faculty enterprise, and was 1895- In the following autumn, under a paid for largely from' the football receipts new administration, these were completed of the previous year. In the autumn of and paid for and a fourth was built, thus 1896 the first of the now existing "bleach- completing the courts of the University ers" were built, the work being entirely done proper. The Academy courts were built in by students and professors under the direc- 1900. Our local courts have been the scene tion of the Chairman of the Committee for of many a well-fought battle between our the Regulation of Athletic Sports. The own students and between the many profes- northern half of the west "bleachers" and all sors and instructors who seek health in the east "bleachers" were built in the fall tennis, and they have witnessed several in- of 1898, and the work and material were tercollegiate contests. CHAPTER XVIII. GARRETT BIBLICAL INSTITUTE (By PRESIDENT CHARLES J. LITTLE) Historical Slcctch—Origiu of the Institutc Due to the Munificence of Mrs. Augustus Garrett — Building Erected in 1855 and Institute Opened in 1836— Additional Buildings Erected in jS6; and i88/~ The Republican "Wigivani" of i860 Be- comes the Property of the Institute—Re- verse Caused by Fire of 18/I— Disaster Averted in i8Q/~Gro2z'th of the Insti- tute — Personal History—Large Number of the Alumni in Missionary and Other Eields—Mcmbers of the Faculty and Board of Trustees. In the winter of 1839 ^Ir. Augustus Gar- rett and his wife, EHza Garrett, joined the Clark Street Methodist Episcopal Church of Chicago, of which the Rev. Peter R. Borein was then pastor. Mr. Borein was a man of unusual eloquence and piety, but of imperfect education. He often attributed this fact to the lack of a school in which men like himself might obtain a proper preparation for the ministry, and frequently said this in conversations with Mrs. Gar- rett. In 1848 Mrs. Garrett was left a widow and in possession of what subsequently de- veloped into a large property. In the year 1852 she authorized her legal adviser. Grant Goodrich, to ascertain the views of persons whom he might deem worthv of 103 Special regard and consultation as to the field of greatest promise for her beneficence, and in October, 1853, her last will and testa- ment was formally executed, in which she set apart the residue of her estate for the founding of Garrett Biblical Institute. During the autumn in which her will was executed the Rev, Dr. John Dempster visited the West with the intention of planting an institution for the training of Methodist ministers. On passing through Chicago he learned of Mrs, Garrett's pur- pose, and, after an interview with her, a meeting of the Church in Chicago was called to determine what course should be pursued. Rev, John Clark presided. A committee consisting of John Clark, Philo Judson, Orrington Lunt, John Adams and Grant Goodrich, was empowered to adopt such measures as it was believed would re- sult in the speedy erection of a building in which to open a school and to provide the means to sustain it until Mrs. Garrett's bequest should become available. They took upon themselves the responsibility of providing a building at Evanston and of fur- nishing an annual revenue of $1,600. Dr. Dempster undertook to provide whatever amount above that sum might be necessary to support the faculty. A building capable of accommodating forty students was com- pleted in 1855, and the first term was opened 164 GARRETT BIBLICAL INSTITUTE in charge of Rev. John Dempster, D.D. ; Rev. William Goodfellow, A.M., and Rev. William P. Wright, A. M. The institution was opened with interesting services, in which Mrs. Garrett participated. The first term began with four students and closed with sixteen. The second began with twelve and clesed with nineteen. The greatest num- ber in attendance at any one time was twenty-eight. Annual conferences passed encouraging resolutions and individuals and churches contributed to support the school. Mrs. Garrett was so anxious to disencumber her estate and make it available for her benevolent designs that for several years she would accept only $400 a year for her support, nearly half of which she devoted to pious purposes. This estimable and ex- cellent woman died on the 23d of Novem- ber, 1855, the last act of her life being to confirm to the now chartered institute the munificent bequest that she had made for its endowment. An excellent portrait of Mrs. Garrett now hangs in the President's office in Me- morial Hall. It is the picture of a sweet- faced, intelligent woman, and corresponds with all that has been said and written of her goodness and piety. Her death was ' sudden and unexpected, but she died m great peace — indeed, in great triumph. She was greatly beloved and greatly lamented. The temporary organization was brought to a close in the spring of 1856, and in May of the same year the Trustees, under the charter of 1855, appealed to the General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church for recognition. This recognition was granted and the Bishops were request- ed to act as an advisory committee to coun- sel with the Trustees. A permanent organi- zation was effected and the Institute opened on the 22d of September, 1856, about three years from the time that Mrs. Garrett de- termined upon its founding. When the Institute was first opened at Evanston there was not, in the whole dis- tance between Chicago and Waukegan, a single Protestant church. There was great need of evangelical effort in the villages that were springing up along the lake shore. The students of the Institute established and maintained regular appointments at which they preached, exhorted, taught Sun- day schools, distributed tracts, and in con- nection with which they visited the people to converse with them concerning their reli- gious welfare. Great interest was taken by the faculty in this evangelical activity. At the same time earnest efforts were made to connect with the Institute a department for missionary training. In an early catalogue the leading design of the Institute was stated in these words: "It is to make think- ing, speaking, acting men." The founders of the Institute had a vivid forecast of the future of Chicago, and believed that a special Providence had directed its loca- tion ; but they were compelled to face much prejudice and often deplored the lack of earnest co-operation, both of laymen and ministers. The first building was a wooden structure accommodating forty students. In a few years a new building became necessary, and in 1867, through the efficient agency of Rev. J. S. Smart and the Women's Centen- nial Association, a building, now known as Heck Hall, was erected at a cost of $57,000. This served for lecture rooms, library and chapel, as well as a dormitory for stu- dents until 1887, when the present Me- morial Hall was finished during the presi- dency of Rev. Dr. Henry B. Ridgaway. The older building, which has recently been completely renovated, is now devoted sole- ly to the use of students. The portion of Mrs. Garrett's estate which came into the hands of the Trustees consisted chiefly of the ground where in HISTORY OF EVANSTON 165 i860 the "Wigwam" was erected in which Abraham Lincoln was nominated for Pres- ident of the United States. In 1870 a block of brick stores was built upon this ground, but all these buildings were destroyed in the fire of 187 1, and the estate was left with a debt of $92,000. The generous lib- erality of the church contributed a sum of $62,500 for the relief of the Institute in this critical time, and in 1872 a larger block of buildings was erected upon the same site. The debt incurred in this enterprise was re- moved by the active efforts of the Rev. W. C. Dandy, D.D., who was appointed finan- cial agent. Among the numerous gifts ob- tained by him was one of $30,000 from Mrs. Cornelia Miller for the endowment of the Chair of Practical Theology. Under the wise management of the Trustees the prop- erty of the Institute gradually increased in value, but in 1897 another crisis occurred, the results of which were averted by the careful management of the present treasur- er of the Institute, the Rev. Dr. R. D. Shep- pard. The magnificent building now occu- pied by Reid, Murdock & Co. was erected under Dr. Sheppard's supervision after a lease had been negotiated which promises to afford a large revenue for immediate needs. The debt created in this connection the Trustees hope to extinguish by the sinking fund which they have started. The Institute has deviated but little from its original ideal. It has met, from time to time, the demands of the period ; thus, in the summer of 1892, it enlarged its facili- ties for the study of the English Bible, a systematic scheme for English Bible study being substituted in the diploma course for the study of Hebrew. In 1895 '^ took steps for instruction in Sociology. The Library has grown rapidly under the careful man- agement of the Rev. Dr. Terry, and in- cludes the splendid collection of Methodist books and original documents — the finest in the world — purchased for the Institute by Mr. William Deering. The records of the Seminary show that, since 1854, nearly 3,500 persons have enjoyed the privileges of the school. Of this number 700 have com- pleted a three years' course, and of these 365 have received the degree of Bachelor of Divinity. The large majority of these grad- uates are pastors, many of whom are now filling conspicuous pulpits with ability. Among those now living may be mentioned : James S. Chadwick and George E. Stro- bridge, of the New York East Conference; Charles B.Wilcox, of Kansas City ; Polemus H. Swift, W. E. Tilroe, John N. Hall, John D. Leek and John P. Brushingham, of Chi- cago ; Edward S. Ninde, of Ann Arbor; Edwin A. Schell, of Greencastle, Ind. ; Hugh D. Atchison, of Dubuque, Iowa ; A. E. Craig, of Ottumwa, Iowa ; E. G. Lewis, of Grand Rapids, Mich. ; William A. Shanklin, of Reading, Pa. ; James S. Montgomery, of Minneapolis ; E. B. Patterson, of Balti- more ; James H. Senseny, Des Moines, Iowa. Forty of the Alumni have gone to the foreign field as missionaries. Among these are two Missionary Bishops, Joseph C. Hartzell and F. W. Warne ; in China are Virgil C. Hart, William T. Hobart, Myron C. Wilcox, H. Olin Cady, Spencer Lewis, F. L. Guthrie, W. H. Lacey, W. C. Lang- don and Quincy A. Meyers; in India are J. H. Gill, D. O. Fo.x, James S. Messmore, J. W. Waugh, J. C. Lawson, William H. Hollister, Harvey R. Calkins, D. C. Clancy and John W. Robinson ; in Burmah, Julius Smith ; in Southeast Africa, John M. Springer ; in Singapore, John R. Denyes and Ernest S. Lyons ; in Mexico, Ira C. Cartwright ; in South America, M. J. Pusey and H. B. Shinn. Homer C. Stuntz, for- merly of India, is now in the Philippine Islands. Thirty-three are serving as Presidents i66 GARRETT BIBLICAL INSTITUTE and professors in schools and colleges. Among these are : Xathan Burwash, Presi- dent of Victoria College, Canada ; William H. Crawford, President of Allegheny Col- lege, Pa. : Eli McClish, President of Pacific College, Cal. ; Xels E. Simonson, Principal of the Norwegian-Danish School, Evans- ton ; J. Riley Weaver, Professor in DePauw University ; Robert D. Sheppard and Amos W. Patten, Professors in Northwestern University ; Charles Horswell, Solon C. Bronson and Charles "SI. Stuart. Professors in Garrett Biblical Institute ; ^lelvin P. Lackland, Professor in Illinois Wesleyan University ; Orange H. Cessna, Professor in Iowa State Agricultural College : Thomas Nicholson, President Dakota Wesleyan University, South Dakota. Among the earliest graduates in the class of 1861 was Bishop Charles H. Fowler. In the same class was Oliver A. Willard, the brilliant brother of the lamented Frances E. Willard. The Norwegian-Danish Department was organized in 1886 under the principalship of Rev. Nels E. Simonson, D.D., an alum- nus of the English Department. During the thirteen years of its operation, it has had in attendance more than one hundred students. The Presidents of the faculty have been : John Dempster, Matthew Simpson, William X. Ninde, Henry B. Ridgawav and Charles J. Little. The members of the faculty have been : John Dempster, William Goodfellow, Wil- liam O. Wright, Daniel P. Kidder, Henry Bannister, Francis D. Hemenway, Miner Raymond, Robert L. Cumnock, William X. Ninde, Henry B. Ridgaway, Charles F. Bradley, Milton S. Terry, Charles W. Ben- nett. Charles Horswell. Charles J. Little, Solon C. Bronson, Charles M. Stuart. Dore- mus A. Hayes. The Trustees have been : Grant Good- rich, Orrington Lunt, John Evans, Philo Judson, Stephen P. Keyes, Luke Hitchcock. Hooper Crews, Thomas M. Eddy, John \'. Farvvell, E. H. Gammon. Charles H. Fowl- er, A. E. Bishop, S. H. Adams, William Deering, Robert D. Sheppard, Oliver H. Horton, William C. Dandy, Frank M. Bris- tol, Frank P. Crandon, Amos W. Patton, Polemus H. Swift. John Dempster, the first President, be- longed to that vigorous Scotch-Irish stock which has been so potent in American his- tory. His natural powers were very great, and though himself without a theological training, he may be said to be the founder of the theological schools in American ^lethodism. He exercised great influence, not only among his brethren, but in the gen- eral community, and was one of the com- mittee that waited upon Mr. Lincoln in the crisis of the war to strengthen his hands and to assure him of the unfailing support of his fellow-citizens of Illinois. Matthew Simpson, the eloquent Bishop, was the greatest preacher that recent Aleth- odism has produced. His influence during the war surpassed that of any clergyman in the land, partly because of his great en- dowments and excellent character, and partly because he represented a church that "sent more men to the field and more pray- ers to heaven" than any other in the land. Bishop Ninde, who succeeded him as President, drew all hearts to himself. His personal appearance was singularly at- tractive ; his behavior was brotherly and his spirit so Christ-like that students revered him and the community trusted him im- plicitly. Dr. Ridgaway came to Evanston from Cincinnati. He brought with him a great reputation as an eloquent preacher and a successful pastor. During his administra- tion Memorial Hall was built. He, too, was greatlv beloved. HISTORY OF EVANSTON 167 Of the many distinguished members of was, by reason of his personality and his the faculty the most conspicuous was Dr. many years of service, the most conspicu- Miner Raymond. No man in Methodism ous and the most useful. He gave to the possessed a clearer mind. His words were Institute unstinted service. He watched weighty and his sentences, many of them, over its interests as he watched over his have become household words to his pu- own, and prayed for it as he prayed for pils. He lived to be more than four score his family. Few institutions have enjoyed years of age and continued his teaching un- such devotion as Orrington Lunt gave to til his eighty-second year. Garrett Biblical Institute, and his name will Among the Trustees Orrington Lunt be connected with it so long as it shall last. CHAPTER XIX. EARLY DRAINAGE First Steps in Organization of a Drainage System for Evanston — Natural Condi- tions — Early Legislation of 1855 — The Late Harvey B. Hurd, Member and Sec- retary of First Board of Commissioners — Construction of Ditches Begun — Drain- age Amendment of the Present Consti- tution Adopted in iS/S — Extension of the System — Local Opposition — A Tax Collector's Experience— A Flood Con- verts the Opponents of the System. The drainage of Evanston forms an im- portant and interesting chapter in its his- tory. There is plenty of evidence showing that all the territory now included in the towns of Evanston, Niles, JeiTerson, Lake View and the southeastern portion of New Trier, were at some time covered by the waters of Lake Michigan. There are, in this territory, three distinct ridges made by the lake which mark several distinct reces- sions of its waters. The west one, some- times called "Dutch Ridge," commences at Winnetka, at the south end of the clay bluiT stretching along the west shore, and runs thence southwesterly, spreading and flat- tening out in fan-shape towards the north branch of the Chicago River and terminat- ing at that stream near Niles Center. East of this, from a mile in width at the north end, to two or three miles at the south end, is Evanston's "West Ridge," which com- mences where Ridge Avenue strikes the lake and runs almost directly south to Rose- hill, where it turns sharply to the west, forming a J and flattening out considerably at Bowmanville, and also terminating at the north branch near that place, leaving be- tween these two ridges a valley partly wooded and partly prairie. The east one of the three ridges commences at the lake shore in the University campus and runs southerly through Evanston, and bending slightly to the eastward through Lake View, ends at Lincoln Park. Natural Conditions. — These several ridges, to a certain extent, cut of? the drain- age of the land between them, and this land was subject to occasional overflow, and was to some extent swampy during the en- tire year. Portions of it were impassable during most of the year. At quite an early day a small ditch was constructed midway between the east and west ridges, emptying into the lake through a ravine between the College campus and the site of the first Biblical Institute building erected in 1854, but afterward destroyed by fire. This ditch was called the Mulford Ditch, from the fact that Major E. H. Mulford was principally instrumental in its construction : Edward Murphy was associated with him in the making of it. At the time of the location of Evanston this ditch had pretty much gone to decay 169 I/O EARLY DRAINAGE and the land between the two ridges was so swampy it was difficult to pass from one ridge to the other except in one or two places. Something in the way of drainage was accomplished by the throwing up of the streets when Evanston was laid out in 1853- First Drainage Commission. — By an act approved February 15, 1855, "The Drainage Commission" was created for the purpose of draining the wet lands in Town- ships 41 and 42, in Range 13 and 14, and Sections i, 2, 11 and 12, in Township 40 of Range 13. This Commission was given power "to lay out, locate, construct, com- plete and alter ditches, embankments, cul- verts, bridges and roads, and maintain and keep the same in repair." The Commission- ers named in the act were Harvey B. Hurd, George M. Huntoon, James B. Colvin, John L. Beveridge and John H. Foster. As Dr. Foster resided in Chicago and did not wish to engage in the undertaking, A. G. Wilder was put in his place. Mr. Hurd was Secre- tary of the Commission, and to a consider- able extent managed its operations. At that time the only road on the prairie west of Evanston was one running north and south along the east edge of the Big Woods, leading from what was known as "Emerson's barn" to Chicago by way of Bowmanville. This road was passable only during a portion of the year^late in the summer and when the ground was frozen up. Construction of Ditches Begun. — The first ditch constructed by the Commission was along the west side of this road ; the excavation being thrown up in such a manner as to make a fairly passable road from "Emerson's barn" neighborhood to Bowmanville. The next work of the Commission was the construction of what is known as the "Big Ditch," about half way between the Big Woods and West Ridge. It was so shaped that the north end of it from the north side of Center Street, on the town line between Evanston and Xew Trier, emptied into the lake, and from the south side of Center Street the water was carried south, emptying into the North Branch at a point about three-fourths of a mile north- west of Bowmanville. Later several ditches were laid out and constructed across the prairie ; these were so laid out and constructed as to create roads. One of them is the Rogers Road, com- mencing just west of what was then the home of Philip Rogers, after whom Rogers Park was named, running thence west to Xiles Center. Another is the Mulford Road ; another extended on Church Street west to the Big Woods, and another was the Emerson Road, now Emerson Street. These roads have all become prominent thoroughfares ; the last three have been ex- tended west to Dutch Ridge, and Church Street has been extended to the Glenn View Golf Club grounds. The Commission en- larged the Mulford Ditch so that it fur- nished pretty fair drainage for the territory lying between the east and west ridges in the Village of Evanston until the sewerage system was put in. Later a ditch was con- structed across the east ridge from a point just west of Tillman IMann's house, at the distance of about three blocks south of Rog- ers Park depot to the lake. A. G. Wilder having died, Michael Gorm- ley of Glencoe was put on the Commission in his place, and the Commission undertook to drain the Skokie, lying west of Winnet- ka, Glencoe and Highland Park. It first constructed a ditch emptying into the east fork of the North Branch, but it was found that in flood times the water set back in the North Branch and up this ditch, flood- ing the Skokie. Another outlet was there- fore made through the Dutch Ridge, at a HISTORY OF EVANSTON 171 point about half way between Winnetka and the Gross Point settlement, carrying the water into the lake through what is now Kenilworth. The Skokie being about forty feet above the lake level, ample fall was found, and this last ditch redeemed a large amount of valuable lands at the south end of the Skokie, now covered by some of the best farms in that neighborhood. The subsequent efforts of the Commis- sion to enlarge the Skokie ditch and extend it further north, were opposed by some of the land-owners who were assessed for the expense of their improvement, and two cases were carried to the Supreme Court to test the constitutionality of the law. In the case of Hessler vs. The Drainage Commis- sioners (reported in 53 111. Reports, page 105), the court held the law to be unconsti- tutional. This decision was rendered in January, 1870, and put an end to the opera- tions of "The Drainage Commissioners." This was one of several decisions of like import, for there were several other com- missions in different parts of the State, acting under similar laws, where assess- ments for benefits had been held unconstitu- tional, but so much interest had been cre- ated in favor of drainage that a clause was put into the Constitution of 1870, designed to permit the General Assembly to pass laws for that purpose. This clause was amended by vote of the people in November, 1878, adopting an amendment of the Consti- tution, which is now the authority for the drainage laws found in the statutes general- ly known as the Farm Drainage Acts. Extension of the System. — The north portion of the big ditch was later, under one of these acts, very considerably enlarged and extended south so as to draw the water lakeward from Church Street, but all those parts of the Big Ditch and Mulford Ditch within the corporate limits of Evanston have been supplanted bv sew- ers constructed by the City of Evanston. The Rogers Park Ditch has been supplant- ed by a main sewer on Pratt Avenue, which carried all the drainage of Rogers Park west of the East Ridge into the lake. All the roads which were constructed by the Commission are not only maintained, but have been extended and improved and are now principal highways. The law under which they were constructed having been declared void, the owner of the land upon which they were laid out might have fenced them up, but they were of such evident util- ity and propriety that no one has shown any disposition to do so, and having now been in use over twenty years, they have becoftie legal highways. Local Opposition. — The opposition of the owners of the lands proposed to be bene- fitted was not confined to the validity of the law. When the first ditch was being laid out along the west side of the Big Woods Road, the Big Woods people came out with pitch-forks and clubs to drive off the en- gineer and his assistants, but fortunately the engineer was a good-natured man, but very firm, and did not allow himself to be driven oft'. Later, when the Rogers Road ditch was projected, a very vigorous protest was made, the people insisting that they did not need any more drainage ; that they would rather have their land as it was without fur- ther drainage, and I am of the opinion that had I not put on my pleasantest manner with them, I should have received rough treat- ment on one of my visits to the neighbor- hood in the collection of assessments. I had the satisfaction, however, later in the season, of turning the tables on them. It occurred in this way: Our ditchers, for the purpose of protecting their work from being flooded, threw up their excavation in such a way as to create a dam on each side of the ditch. In the midst of having time, when a larare 172 EARLY DRAINAGE quantity of hay was down, and considerable of it was in cocks, and when the ditch was about two-thirds across the prairie, there came a heavy rain which flooded the prairie. To save their hay, the people rallied in force, drove off the ditchers, cut the dams and let the water off, and thus saved much of their hay which would otherwise have been all spoiled. We had the ring-leaders arrested, brought over to Evanston and fined. Though they were not quite happy in the payment of their fines, they were much more reconciled to the payment of their assessments, acknowledging that af- ter all the drainage was a pretty good thing. All the work done by "The Drainage Commission" was by special assessment. Unfortunately, the Chicago fire in 1871 destroyed all our assessment rolls, or I should take pleasure in showing you how much more economically work was done by commissioners interested in the land as owners than is now done by municipal authorities who have no interest in com- mon with those who have to foot the bills. CHAPTER XX. PUBLIC UTILITIES (By ALEXANDER CLARK) Area and Topography of the City of Evan- ston — The Drainage Problem — A Period of Evolution — Municipal Development — Electric Light System Installed — Street Improvements — Parks and Boulevards — The Transportation Problem — Steam and Interurban Railway Connections — Heat- ing System — Telephone Service — Evan- ston as a Residence City. The total area of the city of Evanston is about 4,000 acres. The lots generally have a frontage of fifty feet. As they average about five lots to the acre, this would make a total of 20,000 lots within the city limits. Estimating a population of five persons to each lot, would give the city a total popula- tion of about 100,000 when the territory is fully built up. The present population is about 20,000. It consists largely of resi- dents who do business in the City of Chi- cago, while there is a large local population, residing permanently in the city, of whom a large proportion are in the employment of the other class. Topographically the territory consists of an area intersected by two ridges running north and south, one known as the East, and the other as the West Ridge. The East, or Chicago Avenue Ridge, has an elevation of twenty to twenty-five feet above Lake Michigan, while Ridge Avenue (West Ridge) rises about forty -five feet above the lake level. There is a large area to the west of Ridge Avenue which was at one time very low and swampy in its character. The opening of sewers through these two ridges to the lake has drained this area, and, although relatively low, it is actually about twenty feet above Lake Michigan, which is, on an average, about a mile and a half distant. The difiference in elevation, therefore, af- fords a very good fall when the sewers are cut through. Drainage. — The drainage of this area west of Ridge Avenue was a serious prob- lem for early Evanston. The first drainage district ever organized in the State of Illi- nois was created for the purpose of accom- plishing this purpose. In 1855, the Legis- lature, by special act, created a drainage corporation, consisting of the late Harvey B. Hurd and four other members, for the purpose of draining this territory. Early in the 'sixties, this act was declared unconstitutional, and, in the meanwhile, the ditch leading from the prairie west of Evan- ston had been cut through to the lake at a point just north of the city limits, and also a connection had been made about the north line of Kenilworth, through the Gross Point Ridge to the Skokie. There two ditches carried away great volumes of sur- 174 PUBLIC UTILITIES face water that flooded these areas at certain seasons of the j'ear. The first sewer in Evanston which tapped this west prairie country was the Emerson Street sewer, which was made of large capacit}' and was intended to drain this area included within the limits of the city of Evanston ; as has already been stated, it has rendered the territory entirely habitable. There is a large area south of the portion included in the City of Evanston, part of which is in the Town of Evanston (now Ridgeville) and part within the Town of Niles, which as yet has no drainage, and must ultimately look for its drainage to a connection with the North Branch of the Chicago River, either through an open channel into which the Evanston drainage will be diverted, or by sewers constructed in the City of Chicago and connected with the Drainage Canal. A line of brickyards is gradually working its way along the east edge of this low ground, and, in time, will work out an open channel which will amount to an extension of the North Branch. A Period of Evolution. — It is exceed- ingly interesting to trace the evolution of an open farm country into the complex de- velopment of a city. It is difficult for the early residents of such a district to contem- plate the possibilities of paved streets, sewers, water mains, gas and electric supply, and to work with reference to the ultimate establishment of these improvements. Hence, such development goes on in a very tardy and expensive manner, the work being per- formed largely on experimental lines and with reference to the demands of the im- mediate present, and not with anv compre- hensive grasp of the needs of the future. In the south end of the present City of Evanston, which constituted the village of South Evanston, the first attempt at drain- age was by means of wooden box-drains from the railroad leading down to the lake. One of these was constructed in Keeney Avenue, and a similar construction was placed on Main Street, but cut through Chicago Avenue Ridge, so as to drain the low-lying territory through the two ridges. It speaks well for the foresight of the men who performed this work, that, when they cut through Chicago Avenue Ridge, ex- cavated to a depth sufficient to drain this outlying territory and constructed the drain of brick, when later it was found neces- sary to change it into a sewer, it was only necessary to reconstruct the portion be- tween the ridges up to Chicago Avenue Ridge and then to excavate across Ridge Avenue to the city limits on the west. Municipal Consolidation. — The present city of Evanston is made up of what was originally three municipal corporations : Evanston proper, South Evanston and North Evanston. The boundary of Evan- ston proper, or Evanston center, was orig- inally on the south by Hamilton and Crain Streets, and on the north by Foster Street. The first attempt at merging was in 1873. The Village of Evanston as it then existed was desirous of securing a water supply, but did not have the means to do so, and under the constitutional limitations as to in- debtedness could not issue bonds in suffi- cient amount to accomplish this purpose. In order to increase its bonding capacity the plan was devised of uniting the Village of Evanston and North Evanston. The Village of South Evanston remained a distinct cor- poration until 1892, when, after some pre- vious attempts, which proved unsuccessful, the question of annexation to the Village of Evanston was taken up and, after a hotly contested campaign, was carried through. The Village of South Evanston owes its existence to the fact that no land was owned within its limits by the Northwest- ern University. In the early days this Uni- CITY HALL HISTORY OF EVANSTON 175 versity owned a large portion of the proper- ty included the original City of Evans- ton, and as this property was largely unim- proved and not subject to taxation, this ex- emption threw a very serious burden upon the portion of the village not owned by the University. To escape this taxation was ;he incentive for the organization of the new Village of South Evanston. The framers of our present Constitution in their wisdom, saw fit to so hedge about the municipality that no margin for ex- travagant expenditure should be allowed, and by inserting the provision in the Consti- tution that no municipal corporation should become indebted, including present indebt- edness, in excess of five per cent of its property, so hampered an increase of in- debtedness that it is utterly impossible for any small numicipality to have metropolitan facilities ; so that, just as soon as these facilities are desired, it becomes necessarv to consolidate in order to enlarge the bond- ing and taxing area. The same principle that applies in busi- ness, and influencing the merging of several disconnected establishments in the same line of business into one. therebv securing great- er economy in their management and opera- tion, applies, up to a certain limit, with even greater force to municipalities. The desperate struggles of some of these corporations to assume metropolitan airs, without the means, are very amusing. For instance, the \'illage of South Evanston de- sired a water supply, and, in order to secure it. first bored an artesian well about 2,600 feet deep, which sjnirted up like an oil gush- er sixty feet above the surface; but the water was so hard that it could not be cut with an axe, and left a residuum of its or- ganic elements upon the foliage that hap- pened to be sprinkled with it. The residents then began to clamor for lake water : but. in order to get a pure sup- ply, it was necessary to go out some dis- tance from the shore and construct a pump- ing station. A block of ground between Main Street and Kedzie Avenue was found which the lake was gradually eating up. It had been taken by foreclosure by Eastern parties, and they were in danger of losing their holdings by the erosion of the water. It was found, therefore, that the whole block could be purchased for about $1,600. A frontage of about 800 feet on Lake Mich- igan was thus secured at this nominal figure. The question then arose how to get the money to protect this land from the en- croachments of the lake, grade it and se- cure a water supply. The first problem was solved b}- levying a special assessment on every lot between the Ridge and the lake — on those lots between the railroad and the lake $5.00 each, and on those between the Xorthwestern Railroad and Ridge Ave- nue $3.00 each. By this means $7,000 was raised, which was spent upon breakwaters, grading and setting out trees, and the pres- ent little park is the result of that invest- ment. The extent of the ground has alreadv been nearly doubled by accretion, and is capable of much greater enlargement at a trifling expenditure. About $20,000 was added to the bonded indebtedness and a pumping station and water-tower were built. Electric Lighting. — The town then having started on the highway of progress, it was thought that it would be a good thing if an electric lighting system could be in- stalled : bids were called for and it was as- certained that such a system could be estab- lished with a capacity for lighting the town at about $7,000. But the towai was already bonded up to its full constitutional limit, and the improvement being a public one, it did not seem possible that any more money could be raised by special assessment. This device was then resorted to : a contract was 176 PUBLIC UTILITIES made with an electric light company where- by it constructed a plant in the village and leased it to the municipality at a rental to be paid quarterly, with an agreement that, when a certain amount of rent was paid, the title to the plant should vest in the village. This plan was borrowed from the method pursued by impecunious females in pur- chasing sewing machines, pianos and furni- ture. To the credit of the people of the village and the lawyers residing in it, no effort was made to test the doubtful legali- ty of this proceeding, and South Evanston soon had the satisfaction of being the only municipality electrically lighted between Waukegan and Chicago. The same boilers, the same engineers and fireman that oper- ated the water plant also operated the light- ing plant, and the success of the experi- ment is a very instructive lesson in the municipal management of public utilities. But it was soon found that the sewer- age which poured into the lake on Main Street, about 600 feet from the pumping station, was threatening contamination of the water supply, and it was necessary that the inlet be pushed far out into the lake. By none of the devices before discovered could any additional funds be secured, and 'it became a question with South Evanston of annexation or impure water ; and this, more than any other fact, contributed to the merging of the two municipalities. Shortly after they were merged, the City of Evanston was organized, with seven wards and fourteen Aldermen. Street Improvements. — The surface soil of most of the area upon which Evans- ton is built is sand, excepting the west prai- rie, where it consists of a light stratum of black soil over blue clay. On the sandy area the first method of street-making was confined to what is known as claying and graveling. Loads of blue clay from the west prairie were dumped along and spread upon the street to a depth of four or five inches, this being covered by a layer of three or four inches of lake gravel. When the rains fell the gravel worked itself into the mud, and, for a lightly traveled street, it was not bad. The claying and graveling of a strip twenty feet wide in the center of a street cost about 50 cents per running foot, and the writer has a very distinct re- collection of the clamor that was raised when the assessment was levied upon the abutting property for this improvement. The bearing of the burden of assessments is purely a matter of education. As the Irish- man said about hanging: it is not so bad when you get used to it, provided you do not die in the meantime ; and the same property owners that so bitterly contested the 50 cents per running foot assessment have since then borne with the- greatest equanimity an assessment of three or four dollars per front foot for paving and curb- ing. I have a very distinct recollection of the paving of Davis Street with clay and gravel. The abutting owners desired that there should be plenty of clay put on ; so they stood around in the hot sun and bossed the job, and the contractor gave them all they wanted. Six or eight inches of it was put on and the gravel dumped on this, and, for the next year and a half, Davis Street was a hog-wallow during the greater part of the year. This ended the era of clay and gravel. The next pavement laid upon Davis Street was macadam. This was not found satisfactory and brick was laid upon the macadam. I think the history of the paving of Davis Street illustrates most forcibly the expensive evolution by which municipalities are educated up to the man- agement of their affairs. "Vo.x populi" may be "vox Dei," but it is an exceedingly expensive voice when it comes to dealing with business matters. I think a careful in- HISTORY OF EVANSTON 177 vestigation will establish the fact that gen- erally what the people want in a business proposition is the thing they ought not to get. Such questions can not be settled by town meetings. I remember very distinctly when James Ayers attempted to pave Hin- man Avenue. After an immense amount of oratory, discussions back and forth, theories and protests from people who wanted the street kept like a country village street and who dreaded city improvements, James finally gave the matter up and said in his opinion Hinman Avenue could never be paved — that there was "too much brains on the street." With the advent of paved streets came the problem of providing for the cost of their maintenance, and the City of Evanston to-da)', with its increased area and valua- tion, finds itself in almost as great financial straits as the old village of South Evanston in its early struggles. The wooden block pavement craze struck quite hard in South Evanston, and the re- sult is miles of streets to be repaved at the expense of the abutting owners. Perhaps the best and most durable pavement ever laid in Evanston is the piece on Chicago Avenue from Davis Street north. It is of brick, and has been down ten years and is practically as smooth and good to-day as when first laid. It was laid by experts. It consists of a layer of sand with a layer of brick laid flatwise, this being surmounted by another layer of sand and a layer of brick laid edgewise. The only possible ob- jection to such a pavement is its noise. Evanston has to-day some of the finest macadamized streets in the country. Asso- ciations have been formed on quite a num- ber of streets for their care and mainte- nance, and it has been found that a street can be kept clean and in perfect condition for less than the cost of sprinkling on the individual plan. Property owners are grad- ually waking up to the proposition that the care of the street in front of abutting prop- erty is just as much a duty on the part of the owner as the care of his front yard and household surroundings. Evanston is shut in on the south by Cal- vary Cemetery, which extends from the lake to Chicago Avenue. Chicago Avenue is an extension of Clark Street; Asbury Avenue an extension of Western Avenue, and Sheridan Road an extension in South Ev- anston of Ashland Avenue in the City of Chicago. In the early "eos an efifort was made by the township authorities to extend Evanston Avenue through Calvary Cemetery, and the attempt was resisted, vi et armis, by the then Archbishop. But along in 1887 an as- sociation, known as the North Shore Im- provement Association, was organized by citizens along the North Shore for the prin- cipal purpose of constructing a driveway along the lake for the use of the shore towns from Lincoln Park north. So much en- thusiasm and public spirit was generated in the matter that Archbishop Feehan gener- ously donated a 100-foot strip through Cal- vary Cemetery, and public-spirited citizens in Evanston, headed by Mr. Volney W. Fos- ter, raised about $3,000 to level down the sand-hills and clay and gravel the roadway. This opened up an outlet for driving pur- poses from Evanston to Chicago. Parks and Boulevards. — The drive- way thus opened up was known as the Sheridan Road. Except at a few points it constitutes a good highway all the way from Fort Sheridan to Chicago, with por- tions in Lake Forest and Waukegan. In 1893 the passage of an act of the Legis- lature was secured authorizing the forma- tion of park districts along the shore of Lake Michigan, and vesting in such drs- tricts the title to the submerged land. An efifort was made to organize such a district 178 PUBLIC UTILITIES to include the City of Evanston, but times were hard and taxes were high, and the people could not see their way clear to es- tablish a new taxing municipality. The portion of the West Side of Rogers Park, however, organized itself into a district un- der this law, and has constructed on Ridge Avenue a mile and three-quarters of the finest driveway in or around the city. This little district took this street as a sand-heap and has improved and beautified it in every particular with trees, sod and every requisite for residence purposes. Spurred to emula- tion, the East Side of Rogers Park, after a bitter contest, succeeded in organizing an- other district, and these people have taken hold of the Sheridan Road on the east side and are now duplicating the improvements made on Ridge Avenue. Township Organization. — An effort is now being made by the City of Evanston to abolish the useless and expensive town- ship organization system by which the ter- ritory is burdened. (As will be seen by the first chapter of this work, relating to the present territorial boundaries of the City of Evanston, the object just mentioned has been accomplished by the organization of the territory embraced within the City of Evanston into a single township under the name of "Ridgeville," with boundaries iden- tical with those of the city.) The territory embraced within the City of Evanston pre- viously included portions of three town- ships, and each of these townships olaced a different valuation on property. The re- sult was that a lot on one side of McDaniel Street, in North Evanston, bore 50 per cent more of all the burden of taxation than a lot on the opposite side of the street in the township of Niles, equally well situated. Moreover, the city was burdened with three sets of Highway Commissioners : three sets of Assessors ; three sets of Collectors, and three sets of Town Clerks, necessitating an immense amount of bookkeeping. These Highway Commissioners were vested with taxing powers equal to about one-half of the taxing power of the municipality itself, with a provision that one-half of all the money raised in the area of the City of Evanston must be expended on the farm ter- ritory outside of the city limits. The whole method of township organization, as it ex- isted in the City of Evanston. was one of the most outrageous illustrations of municipal mismanagement that could be well devised. The consolidation alluded to — which was accomplished imder an act of the Legis- lature passed in 1903 — has resulted in the abolition of the useless offices of Highway Commissioner, Town Clerk and Town Col- lector, and the consolidation of the town- ship business with the city business, as well as the abolition of township elections on a separate day. As a result of this change greater economy will be secured and the City of Evanston will be enabled to or- ganize itself into a park district under the law of 1893, and it will also be in position to take possession of the submerged land on the lake front, with a view of establish- ing, in the future, parks and drives along the whole shore. No man with an atom of prevision can fail to see the great possibili- ties of such a right to the city. Of course, to attempt to fill in the great areas of this submerged land under previous conditions would have meant bankruptcy to the city. The money heretofore spent under the com- plicated township organization, if spent in this direction, would have added immensely to the future prosperity and beauty of the city. Under the new arrangement rights and property can be secured at the cost of a few hundreds of dollars that, ten years hence, would have cost thousands. The best illustration of this is the history of the little park in South Evanston heretofore narrated. What was then secured for $1,600 OuU^f^eCtA yr&fcJTyaZian^-S^^ DGEVILLE OWNSHIP 1851 orlimi of Map |iiililislieil In. J. II. Ri'i's. pfrmission of the Chicago Historical Society. ij^eville Towii.-^hip was organized ril 1, 185(1. eiiilu-aritif^ wlial was lerwards Lake View Tnwnsliip. he name wast'liaii»ie(1 loEvaiistoii owiishii* Fell. 17, ls57, autl at (lie .aiiie time llie smilheni portion was fletat'herl ami formed into the Township of Lake View. On the 1st of January l':;02, the name w'as a^ain chatif^ed from Evanston to Kid^ieville Township, the limits heins: identical wilh those of the City of Kvanston. v\\\\ HISTORY OF EVANSTON 179 would probably now cost from twenty to thirty thousand dollars. Transportation. — About the time of the incorporation of the Village of Evans- ton, along in 1856 or 1858, the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad was completed be- tween Chicago and Milwaukee, and a sub- urban service was installed and carried on upon a single track until along about 1885, when the present double-track service was installed. In 1864 a corporation consisting of Orrington Lunt, John Evans and some other persons, was created under the title of the Chicago & Evanston Railroad Com- pany. The object of the scheme was to con- struct a horse or steam road from the City of Evanston to the City of Chicago, the in- tention being to connect about Fullerton Avenue with the horse cars. The road got no farther than some rights along the river up to Fullerton Avenue, and it then slum- bered under the blanket of an injunction until along in 1887, when it was revived and pushed to completion up to Calvary Cemetery, and a new corporation was then organized known as the Chicago, Evanston & Lake Superior Railroad Company, which obtained rights to construct the road through South Evanston and Evanston. The road soon after came vmder the control of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Com- pany, which was then looking for another entrance into the city, its lease over the Pan- handle being about to expire. The property was bought for this purpose, but its use was not needed and it has been operated since as a local line, with very little profit to the company. In 1892 the writer, D. H. Louderback, and John L. Cockran organized a company known as the Chicago & North Shore Street Railway Company to construct a street rail- way line from Evanston to Chicago. The installation of this service in Evanston was very bitterly contested by many of the resi- dents, who claimed they had come out to Evanston to get away from this sort of thing : but it was pointed out to them that, with the growth of the City of Chicago, in order to get away from it, it would be nec- essary to get farther out than tw-elve miles from the center of the city. One resident was particularly solicitous about the effect of this innovation upon the Lord's day. He afterward agreed, however, that in consid- eration of $1,500 he would withdraw his opposition and leave the Lord to take care of his own day. The $1,500 was not paid. The road was finally installed and has proved a very fair success, and it is be- lieved to be a benefit to the people of the city. The City of Evanston is now anxious to get some benefit from the construction of the Northwestern Elevated. The present service is not satisfactory on account of its slowness and the necessity for transfers. When the road was completed it was ex- pected that the St. Paul would make some traffic arrangement by which a connection could be secured with the elevated by an incline, and its cars could pass without transfer from Evanston down into the city over the express tracks of the elevated. Ne- gotiations up to the present time have not resulted in the success of such a scheme ; but it is so much to the interest of all par- ties concerned that it can be safely assured that this plan will finally be carried out, and that the St. Paul line will be equipped with electricity and operated in connection with the Northwestern Elevated to Evanston. If such an equipment were made, and stops made at frequent intervals through the city, with an express service from the city down over the elevated without any stop, say to Kinzie Street, and a frequent service given with a ten-cent fare, it is believed that the building boom that has set in at the terminus of the elevated would extend up along the shore and include the Citv of Evanston. i8o PUBLIC UTILITIES A line leaving this main line at Oakton Avenue and going west to Asbury, and along on Asbury, Florence and Ashland, and along the Northwestern up through to Gross Point, would bring a large area of the City of Evanston, which is now remote from depots, into close touch with the city by the very best kind of service, provided the cars were carried through without trans- fer over the elevated down into the city. A trolley line from Evanston to Waukegan has been installed, and a branch line leaving this line at Lake Blufif is now being built across to Libertyville, with the intention of being pushed into the Fox Lake region. When this line is completed it will certainly be the greatest pleasure riding and picnic line around Chicago, and the people of Evanston will be put in close connection with some of the most beautiful country around Chicago. Gas and Electric Lighting. — At a very early day in the history of Evanston, Edwin Lee Brown, one of the city's public- spirited citizens, organized a company known as the Northwestern Gas Light and Coke Com- pany, and started a gas plant. Pipes were laid to the principal buildings in the village. This plant has now been finally merged with the People's Gas Company of Chicago and gas rates run about the same as they do in the city, and the service has been extended practically over the whole city of Evanston. Another corporation was organized by some of the citizens of Evanston eight or ten years ago for the purpose of furnishing electric light to the then village of Evan- ston, known as the Evanston Illuminating Company, and it has done for the City of Evanston what has not been done for any other city of its size in the United States, namely : put most of its wires underground. Its franchise for the use of the streets runs for about seventeen years, and it has a con- tract with the City of Evanston for public lighting running about ten years. Heating System. — A couple of years ago a corporation was organized by Mr. Yaryan, of Toledo, Ohio, known as the Evanston Yaryan Company, and a franchise secured for furnishing heat by hot water carried through pipes connected with the houses. Recently a plant has been constructed and the service extended to about two hundred houses with the most gratifying results. Ashes, smoke and coal dust are eliminated from the home, and heat is furnished at a rate less than the actual cost of coal for private heating. It is very generally ad- mitted that this single improvement adds fully twenty-five per cent to the value of property thereby benefited for residence. If any man is going to build a home he would be willing to pay that much more, provided he could secure this service ; and the demand is spreading all over the city for the extension of the same. Telephone Service. — The Chicago Tel- ephone Company has extended its service into Evanston and erected a very beautiful building on Chicago Avenue, just south of Davis Street, for its ofiices. The local charge for residences is very reasonable, and the service has been found extremely satis- factory. As has already been suggested, the terri- tory embraced within the limits of the City of Evanston is capable of furnishing com- fortable homes with plenty of air-space for about 1 00,000 people. There is no reason why this city should not be a model one. The problems of municipal government and management are live ones, and some of the best thought of the country is devoting itself to their solution. Perhaps nowhere could be found a more ideal spot or a better environment for the practical solution of many of these problems, and the residents of the City of Evanston are of a class to lend themselves readily to assisting along these lines. « CHAPTER XXI. WATER SUPPLY— LIGHTING SYSTEM (By THOMAS BATES) Conditions Prior to 18/4 — First Move for an Adequate Water Supply — Charles J. Gilbert Leader in the Movement — Holly Engines Installed in 18/4 and 1886— Annexation of South Evanston — The Consolidated City Incorporated in i8()2 — ■ Increase in the Water Supply in i8p/ — Source of Supply — Revenue — Extent of System — Street Lighting by Gas Intro- duced in i8yi — Introduction of Electric Lighting in i8go — Installation of the Evanston-Yaryan Light and S\steni. Heating Prior to 1874 the supply of water used by the citizens of Evanston was procured from their own private wells and cisterns. However, for two years before that time, the \'illage P)oard of the then \'illage of Evanston had been considering and discus- sing the possibility of a more satisfactory means of furnishing the people with water, but, as it involved the building of a water- works plant, putting down sewers and water-pipes and the purchase of an engine, it involved an expense which, to some of the learned fathers of that time, was appalling. Leader in the Movement for an Im- proved Water Supply. — The man who was most active and persistent in his fight for the establishment of a water-plant was Charles J. Gilbert, who has, ever since that time, been known as the father of the Evan- ston Water- Works. He not only gave lib- erally of his time, but also contributed lib- erally of his private means in traveling about the country for the purpose of ascer- taining the best system, the best engines and the best sort of plant for the village, and, in 1874, the first engine and pumping station were installed. The engine was named the "C. J. Gilbert." It is a quadroduplex Holly engine, with a rated capacity of 2,000,000 gallons per day ; but after it was installed and, in cases of emergency, it pumped in the neighborhood of 3.000,000 gallons per day. This engine is still running and in good condition, and it is a somewhat remarkable fact that Samuel B. Penney, who was installed as second engineer of the Evanston Water-Works in 1874, is still in charge of them, and has been in the continuous service of the village and city successively since the old "C. J. Gilbert" pumped the first gallon of water. This engine was run for seventeen years, night and day, and during those seventeen years it ran on an average of 23.7 hours out of each 24 for the entire time. The largest amount of water ever pumped in one day during the year 1875 was 656,- 918 gallons, and for the entire month of May. 1876, there was pumped 6,636,448 gallons in the thirty-one days. As com- pared with this record, it may be said that, on August 8, 1900, the amount of water 181 182 WATER SUPPLY— LIGHTING SYSTEM pumped in one day at the Evanston pump- ing station was 10,156,132 gallons, almost one-third more than was pumped for the en- tire month of May, 1876. The Cost — Second Engine Installed in 1886. — The cost of the first Holly engine bought in Evanston, together with boiler, was $24,000. In the year 1886 it became apparent to the authorities of the then Mi- lage of Evanston, that the engine which had run night and day since 1875 was, in its capacity, inadequate for the wants of the people, and thereupon, after the usual in- vestigation, consideration and discussion, a second Holly engine was purchased, of the Gaskill type, and, in the year 1888, it was installed with a rated capacity of 5,000,000 gallons a day, which, under pressure, could be increased to 5,500,000 per day. It is a little remarkable that, upon the installation of this second engine, the then Milage Pioard of Trustees were divided as to whether they should throw out the first engine or sell it for what they could get, upon the theory that this second engine, with a 5,000,000 gallons capacity, would be sufficient for the needs of the village for the next twenty years. It was, however, finally decided to retain the first engine for a time at least, and the wisdom of this decision was shown by the fact that, in less than three years, the second engine was found inad- equate, and from that time until the year 1896, the water required at times taxed the full capacity of both engines. Annexation of South Evanston. — A few- years after the installation of the second engine, the Village of South Evanston was annexed to Evanston, and one month later (March, 1892), the consolidated village was incorporated as the City of Evanston. Prior to the annexation of the Village of South Evanston, it had received its water supply largely from an artesian well ; but after the annexation, the water-mains were extended or connected with the mains of the City of Evanston, and it then became apparent that the capacity of the engines was insufficient to supply the needs of the people, and, there- fore, in 1896 the City Council of Evanston took into consideration the question of the purchase of another engine to meet the in- creased demand. Third Engine Installed in 1897.— Great diversity of opinion arose in the minds of the Aldermen composing the City Council as to what kind of an engine was best fitted for the purpose. The discussion at times was bitter and personal, but it resulted in the purchase, in 1897, and the installation of another Holly engine, of the Decrow type, with a pumping capacity of 12,000,000 to 14,000,000 gallons per day. This last men- tioned engine, up to this time, has been found fully adequate to supply the needs of the citv. The second engine, without any boilers or fittings, cost about $12,000. and the third engine, together with foundations and such fittings as were necessary, cost about $35,000. The supply of water to these engines is procured through two in-take pipes, the first being 16 inches in diameter, which was laid on the bed of the lake in 1875, and which extends out 1,200 feet from the shore. In 1889, this in-take pipe being found insuf- ficient, another in-take pipe 30 inches in diameter was laid on the bottom of the lake, extending out 2,600 feet to a submerged crib, and it is through this latter pipe that all of the water pumped for the City of Evanston is received, except in summer time, when much water is used for the sprinkling of lawns, and then both pipes are necessary to supply the demand. Much inconvenience has been experienced in the coldest weather of the winter months, from what is known as anchor or slush ice, which sinks and accumulates about the openings of the submerged cribs and clogs I GROSS POINT LIGHTHOUSE Sheridan Road and Central Street Tower completed June 30. 1873. Light exhibited Spring of iS;j HISTORY OF EVANSTON i8.^ the flow of water, and many expedients have been resorted to in order to overcome this difficulty, none of which, however, have been entirely successful. With a view to accom- plishing this object, within the past year, connections have been made with the mains of Rogers Park and the City of Chicago, by which, in case of emergency, the valves may be opened and the supply of water, if cut of? by anchor ice, may be obtained from the mains of the City of Chicago through Rogers Park. At the present time the ques- tion of a tunnel out under the surface of the lake is being agitated and seriously con- sidered for the purpose of, at all times, securing an adequate supply. At the present time the City of Evanston is also furnishing to the \'illage of Wil- mette its supply of water. The pressure upon the mains on an aver- age is 40 pounds to the square inch, which can be raised to 80 pounds to the square inch in case of fire. The coal consumed in the year iqoi was 2,000 tons. Income — Extent of System. — The rev- enue received from water-tax in 1901 was $65,000, which does not include the water permits ; including the water permits, the total receipts of the Water Department for the year 1901 was about $70,000. It, per- haps, would not be advisable to state how much of this $70,000 is clear profit to the city, but it may be sufficient to add that, whilst the water-tax in the city is not higher than that of other cities — in fact, is con- siderably less than the water-tax of many cities — still the Evanston water-works plant, today, is proving an exceedingly profitable investment for the city. The water, for which this $70,000 is paid, is distributed to the citizens of Evanston through sixty-one miles of water-mains. The supply is abundant. No restrictions are placed upon the citizens in regard to lawn sprinkling, and the beautiful trees and lawns of the city bear witness to the fact that the water-plant of Evanston, today, is a decided success. Lighting. — Prior to 1871 a few smoky, flickering oil-lamps were the only guide which an Evanston citizen had at night to aid him in keeping out of the mud and the ditches of the unpaved and unsewered streets ; but it was during this year that the Northwestern Gas-Light & Coke Com- pany erected a small plant and furnished to a very limited number a substitute for the oil-lamps in the form of gas. It was nearly five years after this, however, before gas street-lamps came into anything like gen- eral use. Evanston then, as now, was a city of homes. The people who settled there de- sired large lawns and plenty of room. A comparatively few people covered a large area, and to light efifectively all the streets with gas involved an expenditure which was out of all proportion to the number of in- habitants who derived the benefit ; and, therefore, it was not until about the year 1890 that an Evanston citizen could boast that his town was well lighted. Indeed, it was not until about the year 1895 that the lighting of the streets of the city could be said to be entirely satisfactory. Evanston Electric Illuminating Com- pany. — In the year 1890 the Evanston Electric Illuminating Company built its plant in Evanston, and, within one year after that plant was established, it entered into a contract with the City of Evanston to supply arc-lights of 2,000-candle power at the rate of $83.75 ^^ch per year, under what was known as the Philadelphia Moon- light Schedule. In the month of July, 1895, the city entered into a contract with the Evanston Electric Illuminating Company by which it was agreed that the latter should furnish arc-lights of 2,000-candle power at a yearly i84 WATER SUPPLY— LIGHTING SYSTEM cost of $65 per light, which contract pro- vided that, at the end of five years, tlie ilkiminating company should have the right to raise the price to $67.50 per light. The five-year contract expired in July, 1900, but in the spring of igoo the Evan- ston-Yaryan Company applied to the City Council for an ordinance permitting them to establish an electric light and heating plant, and it was represented by the latter company that, by combining the two and furnishing both light and heat to the cit- izens, they would be able to furnish electric light at a greatly reduced price. The ordinance for which the new com- pany petitioned was granted by the Coun- cil, and the Evanston-Yaryan Company at once entered into competition with the Evanston Electric Illuminating Company for the street lighting contract, the result of which was that the City Council were enabled to make and close a contract with the Evan.ston Electric Illuminating Com- pany, by which the latter agreed to furnish arc -lamps for lighting the streets of Evan- ston at $60 per light of 2,000-candle power, for a period of ten years, upon a schedule much more liberal than that known as the Philadelphia Moon-light Schedule. LTnder this contract the City of Evanston is now paying for 273 lights at an aggregate cost of $16,380.00 per year. Yaryan Light and Heating System. — The Evanston-Yaryan Company erected its light and heat plant in the year 1900. It experienced great difficulty in securing per- mits for the extension of its wires, the re- sult being that it was able to furnish elec- tric light only to a comparatively small number of consumers ; but it immediately placed its mains in the central portion of the city for the furnishing of heat by means of hot water, which was pumped through those mains and into the houses from force pumps located in the central plant. In the summer or fall of 1902 it consolidated its electric plant with the Evanston Electric Illumi- nating Company, and, at the present time, the electric lighting of Evanston is again controlled by one corporation. The franchise granted by the City Council of Evanston to the Evanston-Yaryan Com- pany fixed a limit upon the price that it might charge for furnishing heat to con- sumers, and in the summer of 1902 the com- pany complained to the City Council that, under the limit thus fixed, it was unable to furnish heat upon a paying basis ; and, in fact, it complained that it was running its plant at a loss. Thereupon, in September, 1902, further concessions were granted to the company by the City Council, under which it is now running its heating plant, and by reason of which it is enabled to secure a higher price for the heat furnished to consumers. There can be no question that the heat thus furnished is ideal and very satisfactory to the consumers ; but the question remains whether the Evanston-Yaryan Company will be enabled to furnish heat to its patrons at a price which they can afford to pay. In other words, the present prices charged are something in e.xcess of what it would cost the consumer to heat his premises with a plant of his own. However, whilst this plant may be said to be now in an experi- mental state, there can be no question that the furnishing heat from a central plant is coming more largely into favor every year, and it is therefore predicted that the heat- ing plant erected by the Evanston-Yaryan Company is now, and hereafter will be, a success. It is claimed by this company that it can furnish heat to residents living a mile from its central plant, the hot water being forced out through pipes that are protected from the influence of the cold and returned by other pipes to the central heating plant. HISTORY OF EVANSTON 185 where the water is again heated to a high temperature and again forced out through the pipes to the consumers. But whilst the company claims that it can heat buildings a mile from its plant, still it is doubtful whether the heat can be profitably furnished to buildings situated three-quarters of a mile away. It is estimated that the Evanston-Yaryan Company are, at this time, supplying heat to about 250 consumers, and, from the re- ports received, it is fair to assume that but few of those consumers would be willing to go back to the old system of heating, even though the expense of the hot-water heat from the Yaryan plant is somewhat greater than would be the cost of heating their buildings by the old process. In conclusion, it may be said today that, in the matter of water supply and in city lighting, there are few, if any, cities more fortunate than the citv of Evanston. CHAPTER XXII. EDUCATION (By PROF. HENRY L. BOLTWOOD, late Principal Township High School) The Public Schools of Evanston — Day of the Log School House — Early Schools and their Teachers — Sacrifice of School Land — Present School Buildings — Tozvnship High School — Preliminary History — — School Opened in September, i88s — Prof. Boltivood its First Principal — Present School Building — Manual Train- ing — A Mimic Presidential Election — Draiving Department— List of Trustees. The earliest records of Evanston public schools begin with May 9, 1846. This was about eleven years before the existing school laws of Illinois were framed. In those days the Township Trustees constituted the Board of Education, unless more than one district existed in the township. These trustees were appointed by the County Commissioners. The trustees of Township 41 North, Range 14 East, in 1846, were E. Bennett and O. Munn, Jr., with George M. Huntoon, Secretary and Treasurer. Prior to the above date, a log school- house had been erected, probably by private subscription, on the northwest corner of Ridge Avenue and Greenleaf Street, on a lot which Henry Clark had deeded to the township for school and cemetery purposes. A private or subscription school had been maintained as early as 1844. The first teacher employed was a Mrs. Marshall, who taught at first in a cooper shop on the Ridge road, nearly opposite the residence of the late Ozro Crain. The log school-house occupied in 1846 was probably built in 1845. One of its logs is now in the Central school at South Evanston. It seems to have needed repairs in 1846. Before 1857, public schools in Illinois were not free schools. The public funds derived from the State and from the income of the school lands were not ample enough to maintain school except for a brief time. Teachers kept a schedule of attendance, and all the expenses for fuel, repairs and teachers' wages, were distributed among the parents of the several pupils in propor- tion to the number of days of attendance, regardless of property. The poorest man in the district might be called upon to pay the heaviest tax. This was the case in Connec- ticut as late as 1853. Parents were also required to board the teacher a certain num- ber of days, according to the number of pupils sent from their family. This "board- ing 'round" was the rule, and not the ex- ception, in New England in those days, and is occasionally to be found even now. In case of a refusal to board the teacher, the teacher might, after due notice, select a boarding place, and the board-bill could be legally collected of the recusant family. The per diem rates do not appear in the school records, but from tuition bills iii the posses- sion of some of the old residents, they varied 187 i88 EDUCATION from three-fourths of a cent to six cents, according to the number of pupils or the wages of the teacher. The first teacher employed by the Trus- tees of the Evanston District was Miss Cor- neHa Wheadon, daughter of the well-known "Father Wheadon." Miss Wheadon now Mrs. C. A. Churcher, is still living (1903) at 2044 Sherman Avenue. She was engaged at a salary of $1.25 per week — very fair wages for the time. A motion was made at the board meeting to repair the school- house and to purchase a water-pail and dipper. The repairs were voted down. Pupils who lived along Chicago and Hin- man Avenue, then known as the East Ridge, were sometimes unable to cross to the school-house except in boats or on rafts, on account of the deep water. Ozro Crain shot wild ducks, and occasionally a deer, about where Crain Street crosses Benson Avenue, just south of the present high school building. Before Miss Wheadon, Elmira Burroughs (Mrs. Palmer), and a Mr. T. H. Ballard taught. Miss Wheadon had also taught five weeks before her re- corded engagement, and was allowed six shillings a week for her services. Miss H. W. Barnes succeeded Miss Wheadon. She was married to Sylvester Hill, and continued to teach after marriage. Her wages were two dollars a week. In the winter of 1846 nine cords of wood were required to warm the little one-room school-house. School Funds. — In the famous Ordin- ance of 1787, Congress declared that "schools and the means of education shall be forever encouraged," but did not specify how this should be done. But when, in 1818, Congress passed the act enabling the people of Illinois to form a State Constitu- tion, it was provided that Section 16 in every township should be granted to the State for the use of the inhabitants of such township for the support of schools. In case that Section 16 had already been disposed of, other lands equivalent thereto, and as contiguous as may be, were to be granted. The State Constitutional Convention ac- cepted this provision. But as Evanston is only a small fraction of the west side of a township whose legal designation is 41 North, Range 14 East, Section 16 is under the lake. To provide for such and similar cases, a law was passed in 1826, allowing townships so situated to select lands elsewhere. Accordingly Evan- ston, then known as Gross Point or Ridge- ville, obtained as school land a tract lying in Section 12, Township 41 North, Range 13 East, a part of Niles Township, containing 153.48 acres. This land lay between Simp- son Street on the south and Grant Street on the north. Dodge Avenue on the east and Hartrey Avenue on the west. Most unwisely, as it now seems, the School Trustees sold this land at the min- imum Government price of $1.25 per acre. One of the purchasers was Wendel Ellis, whose patent to the land was granted De- cember 27, 1847, by Augustus C. French, Governor of Illinois, upon a return made by- George Manierre. School Commissioner of Cook County. The money obtained by the sale of this land disappeared when School Treasurer Green defaulted in 1873. To prevent such sales as the above, sev- eral of the younger States have laws that fix a minimum price for school lands, far in ex- cess of the Government rate, and thus secure to the schools a permanent fund of great value. The school lands of Te.xas will ultimately give the schools of that State a permanent fund of not less than thirty mil- lions. If Chicago had today all the original school lands of its several townships, the income would be almost enough to run its schools. The early records are sadly defective. HISTORY OF EVANSTON 189 Nothing is recorded for the year 1847. The Trustees in 1848 were O. A. Grain, E. Ben- nett and M. Dunlap. G. M. Huntoon was Treasurer. His bond was fixed at $400. The regular meetings were held at the Ridge House in Gross Point. A special meeting was called to be held "at early candle light." In that year it was voted that a sale of cemetery lots be held on the school premises, but no record of sale ap- pears. In March, 1848, it was voted to divide the township into two school districts, put- ting all of the township north of the south line of Section 19 into District One. Legal notice of a meeting to vote on the proposed change was ordered, but there is no record of any vote upon the question, and the prob- ability is that the matter was dropped with- out a vote. It was not till February, 1852, that the division into districts was legally made. District i comprised the south part of the township, and District 2 extended "from the south line of Eli Gaffield's farm" to the north boundary of the township. So reads the record. But a subsequent vote makes the north District Xo. i, and makes its south boundary the middle line east and west of Section 19. In a list of by-laws adopted in April, i860, trustees who were absent without ex- cuse from a regular meeting were to pay a fine of fifty cents, but no record is made of any collection of a fine. Teachers were required to teach twenty-two days each- month. They were also required to use exertions to have the children go to and from school in an orderly manner, and make it a rule that they should not play by the way, or bear tales of any of the transactions in school or during intermission. "Scholars shall be required to come with clean faces and hands under p.iin of being expelled from school." When District 2 was organized, the school funds were divided upon a property basis, and District i received $25.49, and District 2, $13.50. By vote of the township, February 14, 1856, District 2 was divided, and that part south of the Indian boundary was desig- nated as District 3, but there is no record of its organization, though the organization of Districts i, 2 and 4 are preserved. In 1870 District 3 was annexed again to District 2. The bond of the School Treasurer for 1856 was for $1,000. The first regular school-tax was levied in 1856 — fifty cents on each hundred dollars of taxable property. This amount was ex- pected to provide for the running of the schools, and to pay up a deficiency. District 4 was organized in April, 1857. It included "all that part of Evanston" north of the center of the south half of fractional Sections 7 and 12. in Townships 13 and 14. The first teacher of this school was M. E. Budlong. The first recorded school census was in October, 1857. All white children under twenty-one were to be enumerated. C. Thomas took the census, and was allowed six dollars for his services, but no record of the result appears. It seems that the Directors of District 2 bought a school-house lot of George M. Huntoon for $250, and received a deed from him, running to the Directors. Treasurer H. B. Hurd took the necessary legal action to restrain the Directors from paying the sum to Huntoon until the proper deed was made, vesting the title in the School Trus- tees. This result was not secured without a lawsuit. In 1859 District 4 was re-annexed to Dis- trict I. This seems to have been because of the small number of children in the district. There are no records of the trustees be- tween May, 1862, and October, 1868. Samuel Greene was elected Treasurer. 190 EDUCATION In April, 1870, "Section 12, and so much of Section 7 as lies west of the Ridge road and in the town of Evanston," was made a separate district, to be known as District 3. At a subsequent meeting, all of Section 7 was set back to District i. An appraisement of property was made in July following, to determine the allotment of school funds. The valuation of District I was $307,399, and of Section 12, $6,470. Upon petition of residents of New Trier and of "lots No. i to 19, both inclusive, in George Smith's sub-division of the south part of the Archange Ouilmette Reserva- tion," Union District No. 3, — the North Evanston district — was legally constituted, October 3, 1870. District No. 4, the Rogers Park District, was also constituted in October, 1870. There was some difficulty about its boun- daries, but it was finally settled that it should include all of the township lying south of the south boundary of Calvary Cemetery. In April, 1875, Union School District No. 5 was organized. It included the northeast part of Evanston Township, and a part of New Trier Township, or the "Ouilmette Reserve." Samuel Greene, Township Treasurer, de- faulted in 1873. His bondsmen, apparently, paid the amount due from him in 1876, $5,397.10. The first school-house built in District i was a one-story, one-room building, which was erected on the north side of Church Street, just east of Maple Avenue. Another story was added to it later. It was after- wards removed to 1618 Orrington Avenue, and is now occupied as a laundry. It was probably built in 1852, the year of the or- ganization of the district. The upper story was used as a polling place for several years. About i860 the Benson Avenue school- house was erected, just south of Clark Street. It was twice enlarged ; the last time in 1870. In this same year the lots on which the Hinman Avenue and the Noyes Street schools now stand were purchased, and school-houses were probably built soon after, but all the records of the district prior to 1870 are missing, and some records of later years are incomplete. The original Noyes Street building is still standing on the north side of Gaffield Place, just west of the Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad. The Hinman Avenue frame building was removed in 1881, to make room for a new brick edifice. It was taken to Benson Avenue, near Clark Street, and used as a church by the Second Baptist congregation till destroyed by fire in 1889. In 1879 the three schools had outgrown their accommodations, and there was much discussion as to the proper means to provide more room. The Board of Education recom- mended a consolidation of all the schools on the block then known as the Lakeside property between Sherman and Chicago Avenue, north of Greenwood and south of Lake. The citizens, however, disapproved of this, and a new building was voted, to be placed on the Hinman Avenue lot, and a lot was purchased on Wesley Avenue, on which a large one-story brick building was erected. This was known as the Wesley Avenue School until 1900, when the name of David B. Dewey School was given it in honor of one of Evanston"s most efficient citizens, who was for many years a member of the School Board. Both the Hinman Avenue and the Wesley Avenue buildings were con- structed of one story only. The idea was, in this way, to avoid stair-climbing and to lessen danger in case of fire. The present high cost of land in Evanston will be in the way of any more buildings of this sort, but the Wesley Avenue building still has all its eight rooms on the ground floor. HISTORY OF EVANSTON 191 The Benson Avenue building stood on leased ground, directly on the right of way of the Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. Its removal became necessary when that road was built in 1892. It was moved in three sections to the south side of Emerson Street, just west of Maple Avenue. The Haven school was then built on Church Street. It was very appropriately named after Dr. O. E. Haven, who was Superintendent of Schools from 1873 to 1882, and afterwards on the Board of Education till his untimely death in 1888. In 1892 the Noyes Street School was pro- vided with a new and enlarged building, which has been already outgrown, and a large addition was completed early in 1903. In 1894 the Larimer School was erected on Grain Street, on the very south boundary line of the district. It was named in honor of Joseph Larimer, a valued member of the School Board, and a man whose love for young men, and whose good influence upon them, well merited such a tribute to his memory. The Hinman Avenue School re- ceived a new building in 1898. This gives District i (or 76 in the present county enumeration) five large buildings, contain- ing forty-nine rooms, with a seating ca- pacity of about two thousand. Three addi- tional rooms are also rented on Asbury Avenue, to accommodate the overflow of the D. B. Dewey School. There appears to be no record of the earliest teachers of this district. The names of Echenbracht and Edwards are found among the earlier Principals. P. C. Han- ford, who was murdered in Chicago, was also a Principal. Charles Raymond, who is still living here, was the first to grade the schools and to receive the title of Superin- tendent. He was succeeded in 1873 by Otis E. Haven, son of Bishop Haven of the University of Michigan. Mr. Haven was a born teacher of rare executive ability. He not only brought the schools to a high degree of efficiency, but secured for himself a remarkable personal affection which still remains fresh in the minds of his numerous pupils. He was the first to organize a high school. There was no small opposition to the idea of a high school at first; especially from those who thought that the academy of the Northwestern University, which was al- ready in the field, was fully competent to do the work of such a school. However the school was established in 1876. It had no building, and was quartered in Lyons hall and elsewhere. From the very beginning it had an excellent name for scholarship, and sent its graduates to several of the best colleges. It had many tuition pupils from South Evanston, Rogers Park and else- where. Among its early teachers was Dr. E. J. James, now President of the University of Illinois, from January, 1878, to May, 1889, His successor was J. Scott Clark, now Pro- fessor of English in Northwestern Univer- sity. George S. Baker, now a lawyer in Evan- ston, succeeded Mr. Haven in 1882, and was Superintendent for four years. Mr. Baker is a graduate of Michigan University and came to Evanston from McGregor, Iowa. He resigned his position to take up the study of law, as Mr. Haven did of medicine. During his administration the schools steadily grew and prospered. Homer H. Kingsley, a graduate of Mich- igan University, succeeded Mr. Baker in 1886, and still continues in charge. Mr. Kingsley has been especially successful in thoroughly grading the schools, and in securing excellent buildings. The intro- duction of the kindergarten, of manual training and of domestic science is also due largely to his exertions, seconded and en- couraged by the Woman's Club, and by 192 EDUCATION many citizens. His work is widely known throughout the State, and the schools of Evanston attract many visitors from abroad and are most cordially supported by the tax-payers. This district was one of the first to give women a place on the School Board, and Mrs. Louise P. Stanwood was the first woman to serve on the Board. The value of the grounds and buildings now owned by the district is about $250,- 000, and its bonded debt about $70,000. These bonds, at 4 and 4>4 per cent, com- mand a premium. The finances of the dis- trict have been very ably managed by our prominent business men. A. N. Young, Simeon Farwell, F. P. Crandon, and H. H. C. Miller may be mentioned as having done much in regard to the finances. Evanston was among the first to incor- porate the kindergarten in its school system. The first kindergarten was established in 1892. There are now four, and the experi- ment has proved very satisfactory. Manual training was introduced in the form of shop-work as early as 1897, but a new impulse was given to it in 1901. Mrs. Alfred H. Gross and her brother, Irwin Rew, are the generous donors of funds to equip a Manual Training and a Domestic Science Department. Mrs. Gross offered an unlimited sum for the equipment of a Domestic Science school, only stipulating that it should be the finest in the country and the best that money could furnish. The Board furnished the building in which the two new departments are housed. Mr. Rew offered $500 to equip the man- ual training room, and both Mrs. Gross and Mr. Rew offered $1,000 toward the salary of the requisite teachers, if the buildings were provided for by the Board. The equipment of the Domestic Science department cost over $1,700. Air. Rew's first gift to equip the Manual Training De- partment was $500. He subsequently gave a dozen lathes, of the latest and most im- proved pattern, at a cost of about $400. The building cost $8,000. Classes of twenty-four are taught at the same time. About two hundred boys and the same num- ber of girls receive instruction weekly. The cost of the material used and all incidental expenses are paid by the regular appropria- tions of the Board. The tenure of office among Evanston teachers is worthy of notice. Miss Nannie M. Hines and Miss Celia Sargent have completed their thirtieth year of service, and many others are nearing twenty years of continuous work. District Two (South Evanston). — The modern history of District Two begins in 1 87 1, in which year a four-room brick building was erected on the present site of the Central School, on Main Street. The cost was $18,000. This building was great- ly enlarged in 1890, at a cost of $10,000. In 1893, while the school was in session, fire broke out and entirely destroyed the building. By heroic efforts on the part of the teachers, no lives were lost, though sev- eral persons were injured. In 1901 a memorial fountain was erected to commem- orate the names of the teachers who were most active in the rescue work. A new building was at once erected on the same site, at a cost of $47,000. While this was under construction, the schools were accommodated in rented rooms. The eighth grade pupils occupied part of the high school building till the end of the school year. In 1886 a four-room building was erected on the east side of the railroad, on Main Street near Forest Avenue. This was soon outgrown, and the present Lincoln school- house was erected in 1895, at a cost of $47,- 000. In 1900 another building, known as the HISTORY OF EVANSTON 193 Washington School, was built on the west side, on the northwest corner of Ashland Avenue and Main Street, at a cost of $35,- 000. It may safely be said that all these build- ings are unsurpassed in their adaptation to school work and in the completeness of their equipment. The lighting, heating and ornamentation can hardly be improved. They attract many visitors who are seeking for models and suggestions. Township High School. — In the winter of 1883, the attention of the citizens of Evanston village was called to the fact that additional school accommoda- tions were needed for all the schools, and especially for the High School, which had been maintained for several years with- out any regular home. It had been moved about from hall to hall, and was greatly hindered in its work by its cramped and uncomfortable quarters, in rooms which were in no way suited to school uses. The rapid growth of the village had filled all the school buildings to overflowing. As the villages of Evanston and of South Evan- ston were in close pro.ximity. and as all of the population of the township was dis- tributed along the line of a single railroad, the idea of a Township High School was received with favor from its first mention. After considerable discussion in private circles and in the local papers, a public meeting was announced to be held in Lyons' hall, on the evening of February 11, 1882. The call for the meeting was headed by John L. Beveridge, L. C. Pitner and H. A. Pearsons. The meeting was held according to an- nouncement. Henry L. Boutelle presided. After free discussion, a committee was ap- pointed consisting of John H. Kedzie, George O. Ide, William Blanchard, Oliver Adams and Harvey B. Hurd, who were in- structed to prepare a report to be pre- sented at an adjourned meeting to be held February i8th. This committee re- ported at the adjourned meeting, presenting the facts and figures which, in their judg- ment, favored the establishment of the pro- posed school. After considerable discus- sion, the following resolution was unani- mously adopted : "Resolved, That it is the sense of this meeting that a Township High School be established at an early date, and that a com- mittee of seven be appointed by the chair, the duty of said committee being to interest the citizens of the town in the matter, and especially in those districts in which there has been thus far least interest in the mat- ter." These districts were, naturally, North Evanston and Rogers Park, which were farthest from the center of the township. South Evanston had been sending many pupils to the village high school from its first organization, upon payment of tuition. The committee appointed in accordance with the foregoing resolution was composed of W. H. Crocker, Oliver Adams, Alex- ander H. Gunn, A. G. Bell, F. P. Crandon, Norton W. Boomer, and George O. Ide. The report of the committee appointed on the nth of February and the proceed- ings of the meeting held on the i8th of that month were published in the "Index" of the week following the i8th. On the 9th of Alarch, a petition, headed by Hugh A. White and H. B. Hurd, and signed by eighty-seven other legal voters, was filed with the Township Treasurer, Ambrose Foster, requesting that the ques- tion of the establishment of a Township High School be submitted to the legal voters of the township at the next election of School Trustees. This election resulted in a vote of 611 in favor of the school to 147 against it. William Blanchard was elected School Trustee. Thomas A. Cos- 194 EDUCATION grove resigned from the Board of Trustees and Norton W. Boomer was elected in his place. Mr. Cosgrove's resignation was because both Mr. Blanchard and himself were residents of the same school district, contrary to law. On the loth of July, 1882, a notice was issued calling an election to be held on the 22d of the same month, to vote upon two propositions : First. To authorize the Trustees of the township to purchase a site for building and to erect a suitable building upon it. Second. To authorize them to borrow not exceeding $40,000, for the purchase of a site and the erection of a building, and to issue bonds for the amount actually bor- rowed. The question of a site, of course, was of great interest, and several sites were pro- posed. Charles Raymond, once Principal of the schools in District i, advocated the selection of the public park ; but it was found that this property was not available except for park purposes. Others advo- cated the block then known as the Lakeside Block, between Chicago and Sherman Avenues, north of Greenwood Boulevard, then occupied by a building which had been used for a private school. The site pro- posed in the election call was the corner of Benson Avenue and Dempster Street, front- ing west 250 feet on Benson Avenue, and measuring 200 feet on Dempster Street. At the election held in accordance with the above call, 176 votes were cast in favor of this site, and two against it. Only one vote was cast against issuing the bonds. The purchase price of the site selected was $4,000, or $16 per front foot. The ground was very low, and $2,200 was ex- pended in filling. The building of sewers has since entirely changed the conditions. The bonds issued bore 5 per cent interest, payable semi-annually, and were all taken bv the Hide and Leather Bank of Chicago, at par. The plan selected for the building was furnished by W. W. Boynton, a Chi- cago architect. The contract price of the structure was $32,500. The furniture, library, and apparatus cost about $2,500. The mason work was done by Charles T. Bartlett of Evanston, and the woodwork by A. H. Avers of Chicago. McDougal Broth- ers, of Evanston, did the plumbing, and J. B. Hobbs, of Evanston, took the contract for painting. Ground was broken for the building October 18, 1882, but owing to the severity of the weather, little was done until the spring of the following year. The work was completed and the building form- ally dedicated August 31, 1883. At the dedicatory exercises prayer was offered by Rev. F. S. Jewell. Addresses were made by Dr. O. E. Haven, former Superintendent of the village schools ; by Albert G. Lane, County Superintendent of Schools ; Rev. Dr. Cummings, President of the Northwestern University, and others. William Blanchard, President of the Town- ship Trustees of Schools, presented the keys of the building to the Principal-elect, and Prof. R. H. Cumnock, of the School of Oratory, gave selected readings. The Board of Trustees, at the date of the opening of the school, were William Blanchard, S. Goodenow and S. D. Childs. Mr. Childs was chosen at a special election called to fill a vacancy caused by the death of Norton W. Boomer, who did not live to see the completion of an enterprise in which he had taken great interest. The school was opened September 3, 1883. The following teachers were em- ployed : Principal, Henry L. Boltwood, A. ]\L (Amherst.) Science, Lyndon Evans, A. B. (Knox.) Mathematics, Eva S. Edwards (Oswego Normal School.) HISTORY OF EVANSTON 195 Latin and English, j\Iary L. Barrie. German and History, Ellen L. \\'hite. Alusic, O. H. Merwin. Mr. Boltwood, who came to Illinois from Massachusetts in 1865, is widely known as the father of the Township High School in Illinois. In 1867 he organized in Prince- ton, Bureau County, the first school of this kind. Its success was an important factor in procuring the passage of the present State law pertaining to high schools. The Princeton school was organized under a special act. After teaching eleven years in Princeton, he organized another township high school at Ottawa, LaSalle County. Mr. Evans came from the High School in LaSalle. Miss Edwards and Miss White had been teaching for two years in the High School of Evanston. Miss Barrie came with Mr. Boltwood from Ottawa. On the morning of December 20 — the first very cold day of the winter — the build- ing was found to be on fire. A register had been carelessly placed directly upon woodwork, only a few feet above a fur- nace. The school session was just com- mencing when the fire was discovered. The pupils behaved admirably. When it was ap- parent that the fire could not* be controlled, they quietly removed their books, and as- sisted in carrying the library and apparatus to neighboring houses. Only one piece of apparatus, of trifling value, was injured. The fire department worked admirably, but it was very difficult to reach the fire. Aid was summoned from Chicago, and after three hours of hard work the flames were extinguished. The greater part of the build- ing was uninjured except by water and smoke. The loss was about $4,000, fully covered by insurance. By extra hard work the building was reopened for school in a little more than two weeks, although with many unfavorable conditions. An even one hundred pupils were enrolled at the outset. Among them were several who had grad- uated in former years, but who wished to carry their studies farther with improved conditions. The general course of study was lengthened from three years to four. In consequence there was no regular class to graduate at the end of the year. Five pupils graduated, however, of whom all but one had been in the school four years. The total enrollment for the year reached one hundred and forty-three. Drawing had not been taught in the vil- lage high school, nor in the graded schools, but Miss Edwards was kind enough to take up this subject, and the high quality of the drawing work of the school from the first has been largely due to her energy and perseverance. O. H. Merwin had charge of the music, but the interest in this subject has never been very great, and it was re- tained in the course only three years. While it was retained, the pupils furnished the music for the graduating exercises. Prize Speaking. — In the spring of 1884 a prize-speaking contest was held, open to pupils of the third year. An admis- sion fee was charged and the prizes were paid out of the receipts. Any surplus was expended for the school, especially for the benefit of the Athletic Association. After a few years the prizes were given by two of our citizens, and the proceeds were applied to the class fund of the Junior Class. It soon became a custom for the Junior Class to give a reception to the Seniors on the occasion of graduation. This reception is generally held in the school building. The enrollment of 1883-84 reached one hundred and fifty-five. The drawing work was increased. Typewriting was introduced as a voluntary study in connection with bookkeeping, and a class in shorthand was conducted outside of school hours. Forty different pupils took up typewriting, some of whom became reasonably expert. 196 EDUCATION Mr. Evans, having been elected Superin- tendent of the South Evanston schools, re- signed at the end of the first year, and was succeeded by William Harkins. A.M., as teacher of Science and'English. Near the close of this year an industrial exhibit was given by the school, to which the pupils were requested to bring some- fhing of their own handiwork, not neces- sarily anything connected with school work. Most of them complied, and a very inter- esting display was made. Besides drawing, writing in English and German, typewrit- ing, shorthand and map-drawing, which might be considered as school work, there were exhibited scroll sawing, wood carv- ing, pieces of philosophical apparatus, bread, butter, confectionery, a great variety of needlework, and various collections of plants, insects and postage stamps. A large number of visitors inspected the exhibit. A class of twelve graduated this year. One hundred and sixty pupils were en- rolled in the fall of 1885, and the total en- rollment of the year was one hundred and seventy-one. This necessitated more teach- ing force, and Miss Jane H. White was added to the corps. Mr. Harkins was suc- ceeded as teacher of Science by Benjamin B. James, now (1903) Superintendent of Schools in West Superior, Wis. The increased number of pupils required a remodeling of the assembly room, which had been arranged on the original plan for only one hundred and forty-four pupils. By doubling the number of desks in part of the room one hundred and eighty were accom- modated. In 1885 the school competed for the first time in the State Fair Exhibit, send- ing five sets of examination papers. Three of these took first prizes of $5 each. In 1886 ten sets of papers were sent, which took eight first prizes and two seconds, besides the two "sweep-stake" prizes for the best six and the best ten sets. For seven successive years the school carried off the highest honors, and received, in cash, $424, which was expended in pictures, casts and books for the library. At the end of this time the former system of awarding prizes was changed, and the school has not com- peted since. The industrial exhibit of 1886 surpassed that of the former year, both in quantity and quality. The drawing and clay modeling attracted no little attention. A class of four- teen graduated this year. Mr. James was succeeded at the close of the year by Lorenzo N. Johnson, A. B., of the Wesleyan University of Middletown, Conn. Mr. Johnson remained five years and did splendid work. He took great in- terest in school athletics, which, under his general charge, were very successful. He resigned in 1891 to accept a position as In- structor in Botany at Ann Arbor Universi- ty, Mich., where he remained until his la- mented death in 1897. From the first, the school took special interest in athletics. For several years in succession Evanston won the pennant in the Cook County Baseball League. It has also ' won high honors in indoor baseball. In football it has not been able to compete very favorably with the larger schools. The loss of Crain field, near the schoolhouse, was a great drawback to good practice. The names of Frederick W. Poole, John H. Kedzie. Irving McDowell. Richard Carr, Arthur Sickels and Frederick Lanphear, not to mention many others, will long be remembered in the school. Without following further in detail the history of the school it may briefly be said that the growth was very regular for sev- eral consecutive years, the increase averag- ing about thirty a year, and requiring an additional teacher each vear. The annexing HISTORY OF EVANSTON 197 of Rogers Park to Chicago, in 1893, pre- vented the usual increase in that year. While no effort has been made to secure pupils from abroad a considerable number have attended, chiefly from the towns on the north. New Trier Township — in which are located Wilmette, Winnetka, Kenil- worth and Glencoe — was a regular contrib- utor to the attendance until it established a Township High School of its own. In the first semester of 1900-01 all the High School pupils of that township, seventy-seven in number, attended the Evanston school, while their own building was in process of erection. Their tuition, amounting to $1,525, was paid by Xew Trier Township. The total enrollment of the school in twenty years is almost exactly 2,900. Com- paring this number with the number of graduates, 549, and not counting the 420 enrolled this year (1903), it will be seen that about 22 per cent of all that enter the school complete the course. Nineteen classes have graduated, con- taining in all 549 pupils. Of these about forty per cent have gone to colleges, or higher institutions, besides many who have entered college without completing the High School course, or who have com- pleted their preparation elsewhere. Of these graduates 205 — or about 2>7 P^r cent — were boys ; a much larger proportion than is usually found among the graduates of high schools. In one class the boys out- numbered the girls, and in another they were equal in number. Graduates or under-graduates have en- tered the following colleges and profes- sional schools, though the list is undoubt- edly incomplete : Amherst, Boston Univer- sity, Bowdoin, Dartmouth, Harvard, Wil- liams, Yale, Massachusetts School of Tech- nology. Holyoke. Smith, Wellesley, Vassar, Bryn Mawr, Wells, Baltimore Female Col- lege, Cornell, Princeton, Syracuse, Annapo- lis, West Point, Lehigh University of Mich- igan, University of Wisconsin, University of Minnesota, Wesleyan University of Bloomington, Northwestern University, Lake Forest University, University of Cali- fornia, Berkeley, Colorado, Denver, Beloit, Rockford, Oberlin, Lewis Institute, Ar- mour Institute, School of Mines at Golden, School of Mines at Rolla, Schooi of Mines at Houghton, Art Institute at Chicago, Cumnock School of Oratory, besides sever- al law and medical schools. Many have taken high honors, and several are profes- sors or instructors in various colleges. The original school building was planned to satisfy the needs of the Evanston of 18S3 rather than with any view to the future. Evanston then had a population of about 8.000. Before four years had passed, the original assembly room was too small to accommodate the pupils, and a remodeling of the building was necessary. The growth continued, and in 1889 a large wing on the south side, containing ten recitation rooms, was added to the building at a cost of $22,- 000. This, in turn, proved too small, and in 1899 a new front and a north wing were added. This involved a virtual reconstruc- tion of the whole building, and the prob- lem of fitting the new to the old was much more difficult of solution than the building of an entirely new structure. Mr. Charles R. Ayers, however, proved equal to the occasion, and the present building is both attractive in appearance and convenient for work. The cost of the improvement was about $90,000. The north wing contains the Biological, the Physical and the Chemical laboratories, and a lecture room which is used in com- mon by the different teachers. The Manual Training Department occupies the north basement. On the second floor of this wing- are the rooms assigned to the Drawing Department. There are three study-rooms, 198 EDUCATION one for the Senior class, one occupied by the second and third year pupils, and one (the original assembly room) allotted to the entering class. The pupils generally study in these rooms when not in recitation. The building contains thirty-six rooms above the basement, and is intended to ac- commodate at least six hundred pupils. The present enrollment (1903) is 420. One of the rooms is designated as the Infirmary, and is equipped as an emergency hospital. Two large recitation rooms, thrown to- gether, are used as a sort of gymnasium. There is not room enough on the premises for a regular gymnasium. The proximity to two railroads is the greatest defect in the location. Twenty teachers are now em- ployed besides an office clerk. Manual Training.— In 1S8G the Board purchased tools for woodwork, enough to equip a class of twelve, and Mr. T. E. Skin- ner, a carpenter and contractor, gave in- struction outside of school hours to classes. Each pupil paid a fee of twenty-five cents a week for instruction. Twenty took in- struction at first. They constructed their own benches and tool chests, and made easels enough to furnish the drawing de- partment, but there was no regular course pursued. The hours after school were not favorable to work. In winter it became dark too early and in the milder weather it in- terfered with school athletics. Manual training was therefore dropped for some years. When the enlarged and remodeled build- ing was planned two large rooms in the basement were set aside for mechanical training. Improved benches and new tools were provided. A three horse-power dyna- mo was furnished, which takes the requisite current from the city electric plant. Four wood lathes were provided. Mr. Clarence M. Thome took charge of the work. A reg- ular course was laid out, in connection with mechanical drawing. The work was done in school hours, and received credit like any other study requiring equal time. Mr. Ward W. Pearson took charge of the work in 1901 and is still in charge of it. This year two lathes, a circular saw, a band-saw, a drill and a forge have been added to the plant, which altogether cost about $1,500. As a rule, the pupils have taken interest in their work. Conditions of room prevent any other than woodwork and a course longer than two years. Citizenship. — On the day of the Pres- idential election the school has twice had a lesson in practical citizenship by going through the form of holding an election. Judges are appointed ; voters are registered in regular poll-books by clerks ; votes are challenged ; regulation polling-booths are erected, and the specimen ballots sent out by the county officials are used instead of the official ones. Careful instruction is given in regard to the marking of the bal- lot. These elections have e.xcited no little interest. Drawing Department. — Twenty years ago — except in Massachusetts — few schools outside the larger cities included drawing, or any kind of manual training, in their regular courses of study. At the opening of the Evanston Township High School, the Principal said, "We must make a begin- ning, no matter how small it is," and the beginning was made. The pupils enrolled in that first drawing- class, almost without exception, had never had any previous instruction in that study. However, their interest and faithfulness gave promise of success to the experiment, and the results justified it. From the first the aim was to be practical. The allotted time was forty-five minutes daily, on alter- nate days, for two years. The work was planned to open to the pupil as many ave- HISTORY OF EVANSTON 199 nues as possible, leaving him to choose and specialize later. Form-drawing and design from given units were the basis of the first year's work ; representation and construction followed as the pupils gained confidence and power. "Correlation" was an important feature ; the drawing department supplemented the work in science and history. Under the su- perintendence' of the drawing teacher, charts and sketches in zoology and botany were prepared. Clay modeling was introduced in 1885. In those days the drawing and mathematics were taught in the same room, and the pu- pil who went to the board to demonstrate a problem in Algebra and Geometry thread- ed his way cautiously around and among easels, tables, drawing boards and all the other "needfuls" that were slowly but sure- ly accumulating. Increasing numbers and lack of space made it necessary to omit the modeling until 1889, when it was again taken up under much more favorable con- ditions : not as before, as a supplement to drawing, but as an independent study, taken daily for a full year. In 1887 Historic Art was introduced. The introduction of drawing in the public schools relieved our course of some of the elementary work which before had been nec- essary. No feature of the course has proved more satisfactory, and no other has brought, in after years, more emphatic testimonials as to "value received." The pupils receive lectures which they themselves illustrate with their own drawings, and also insert in their note books whatever comes to hand from magazine and other illustrations. The Egyptian, the Assyrian, the Greek, the Ro- man and the Gothic are all treated. This department has nearly a hundred books of its own, more than two hundred large charts of mounted magazine clippings and illustrations, several hundred mounted prints and photographs, besides the use of the pictures and charts belonging in other departments and about a hundred and fifty lantern slides. In 1899 clay modeling, under the efficient supervision of Miss Maud I. Moore, a graduate of the school, and later of the Chicago Art Institute, assumed new life and interest. It is a third-year study, and is open to none who have not done excellent work in art. In 1900 the introduction of Manual Training as a part of the school curriculum made it necessary to increase the work in mechanical drawing ; consequently, in ad- dition to the regular free-hand drawing, those who elect can have a two years' course in mechanical. Twice the department has outgrown its quarters. It now has commodious rooms, well equipped with store-rooms and cases, in which to house its material. Modern and improved adjustable tables are provided for the mechanical and charcoal drawing; another room is devoted to historical art and design, and still another to the clay modeling. The school has, from time to time, sent its work to competitive exhibits, and al- though compelled to compete with schools that carry drawing through a full four years' course, has won honors and received honorable mention. A fair proportion of our pupils have gone to art schools, and are now professional teachers, illustrators, designers, architects, draftsmen and civil engineers, while others, in different professions, testify that their High School work in art has been of great service. It is due to the people of Evanston to say that the drawing department has always had their hearty support. They may justly congratulate themselves that they were among the first, and not the last, to recog- 200 EDUCATION nize its value and give it an honorable place. It is simply an act of justice to say that Miss Eva S. Edwards, who has had full charge of the work from the beginning and developed it from feeble infancy to full ma- turity, is entitled to the highest credit for its present and past success. Few teachers have been privileged to witness such a hap- py growth, or have worked more patiently and unsparingly for its realization. List of Trustees. — The following were the Trustees of the school under the school law of 1870: William Blanchard, President (1882- 1890) ; S. D. Childs, deceased (1882-1884) ; S. B. Goodenow (1882-1890); Henry J. Wallingford (vice Childs). (1884-1890). By the law of 1889 the High School passed, in April, 1890, under control of a Board of Education, consisting of five mem- bers. The Board then chosen was as fol- lows : Chas. B. Congdon, President (1890- 1897) ; John W. Bynam (1890-1891) ; Ed- ward D. Coxe (Rogers Park), (1890- 1893) ; Thomas Bates (1890-1900) ; How- ard G. Grey (1890- 1902). Mr. Coxe resigned in 1893 in conse- quence of the annexation of Rogers Park to the City of Chicago. The following have served since : L. H. Bushnell (1891-1900) ; David S. McMullen (1894-1901). The present board consists of the follow- ing: William S. Lord, President, appointed 1897 ; Conrad H. Poppenhusen, appointed 1900; Harold Dyrenforth, appointed 1901 ; Dorr A. Kimball, appointed 1901 ; George P. Merrick, appointed 1902. Winsor Chase is Secretary. { Prof. Henry L. Boltwood, who prepared the preceding chapter, died January 23, 1906, terminating a career of over fifty ^•ears in connection with the cause of edu- cation, of which over forty years were spent in the State of Illinois and more than twent>-two years as Principal of the Evan- ston Township High School.) CHAPTER XXIII. EVANSTON AUTHORS (By J, SEYMOUR CUKRKV, President Eranston Historical Society) Establishment of Northivestcrn University Marks the Beginning of Evanston Liter- ary Life — Effect of the Gathering of Professors, Instructors and Stndents — Groivth of Literary Activity — Edzvard Eggleston and Frances E. Willard Begin their Careers Here — Miss Wizard's "A Classic Toivn" — Miss Simpson's Cata- logue of Evanston Authors in iqoo — Groiiih of Nine Years — Alphabetical List of Authors with Bibliography and Biographical Records. The literary life of Evanston began with the establishment of the Northwestern Uni- versity in 1855, and has flourished and kept pace with the intellectual development of the people. Naturally the location of an institution of learning attracted a large number of dwellers here who were in sym- pathy with the University and its work, or who were connected with it as professors, instructors or students. This created an at- mosphere that was favorable to the growth of every form of literary activity, and the book publishers, as well as those of journals and periodicals, soon became familiar with the names of Evanston people as authors and contributors. Various weekly and monthly publications have been established here and have enjoyed prosperous careers. It was in Evanston that Edward Eggles- ton lived when he began to write his re- markable series of books, beginning as a writer of fiction and afterwards becoming a historian of great reputation. It was here that Frances Willard began her liter- ary work, and, possessing wonderful tal- ent.s, attracted the attention of the world to her work in the Woman's Christian Tem- perance Union. There were others who were writers of wide reputation before com- ing here, but who continued their literary work in this favorable environment. Many societies of a literary character have en- joyed successful careers, and their records are a valuable possession of the community. The first account of the literary history of Evanston is embodied in Frances Wil- lard's history, entitled "A Classic Town," published in 1891, in which she says: "The amount of scholarly ink which has been put to paper by Evanston pens will com- pare favorably with that of any orlier com- munity of its size and age in the world." "The literary atmosphere," she says, "is the highest charm of Evanston ;" and adds, "lit- erary people, be they great or small, hover by instinct around a center of books and thought and character." At a meeting of the Young Woman's Missionary Society of the First M. E. Church, in 1900, one of the features was the sale of a "Catalogue of Evanston Au- thors" for the benefit of the society. The catalogue was in pamphlet form and was 201 202 EVANSTON AUTHORS compiled by Miss Frances Simpson, who, with the help of the staff of the Evanston Public Library, prepared a list of 214 authors, with the titles of their books or contributions to the press in one form or another. In Miss Wlllard's book, published nine years before, she had given the names of sixty- four authors and journalists. Thus it would appear that there had been a large increase in the number at the time that Miss Simpson's list was prepared. This was pre- dicted by Miss Willard who said in 1891, "It is safe to predict that the coming thirty- five years will show ten times as much work of this kind as the past thirty-five can show." The authors whose names and works are given below are those who do now, or, at some period of their lives, have resided in Evanston, and who have published their works in book form. The list does not in- clude journalists, contributors to periodi- cals, or writers of pamphlets. The attempt has been made to make the list fairly com- plete, but omissions are likely to be found. The reader's indulgence is asked for any shortcomings of this kind. The people of Evanston take a just pride in the work of their writers, denoting, as it does, the intellectual status and culture of the community; and they will, no doubt, be surprised and gratified at the record here shown. EIBLIOGR.\PHY — PERSON.\L SKETCHES. Isaac Emens Adams. — Born at Mend- ham, N. J., October 29, 1857 ; graduated at Northwestern University ; received degree of A. M. from same institution in 1882 ; on staff of "Chicago Times" for several years ; and afterwards practiced law. Author: "Life of Emory A. Storrs" (1886). A. T. Andreas: "History of Cook Coun- ty, Illinois, from the Earliest Period to the Present Time" (1884); "History of Chi- cago from the Earliest Period to the Present Time" (3 v., 1884-86). Mrs. Rena Michaels Atchison : "Un- American Immigration : Its Present Eft'ects and Future Perils : A Study from the Cen- sus of 1890" (1894). Charles Beach Atwell. — Born at Theresa, N. Y., April II, 1855; educated in Water- town (N. Y.) High School and Syracuse L^niversity ; Professor of Botany in North- western L^niversity since 1894. Author: "The Alumni Record of the Northwestern L'niversity" (1903). M. Helen Beckwith : "In Mythland." (2 v., 1896) ; "Storyland with the Scissors" (1899). Katharine Beebe: "First School Year for Primary Workers" (1895) ; "Home Occupations for Little Children" (1896) ; "School Room Plays" (1898) ; "Story of Longfellow" (1899) ; "Story of George Rogers Clark" (1900). Charles Wesley Bennett. — Born at East Bethany, N. Y., July 18, 1828; educated at Wesleyan (Conn.) LTniversity ; Profes- sor of History at Syracuse (N. Y.) Uni- versity, 1871-85; Professor of Historical Theology in Garrett Biblical Institute, 1885-91; died at Evanston, April 17, 1891. Author: "Christian Archaeology" (1888). Henry Leonidas Boltwood. — Born at Amherst, Mass. Jan. 17, 183 1; died at Evanston, Jan. 23, 1906 ; was grad- uated at Amherst College ; in 1864 entered the service of the U. S. Sanitary Commis- sion ; was principal of the High School at Princeton, III, from 1867 to 1878; and oc- cupied a similar position at Ottawa, 111., for the succeeding five years ; in 1883, came to Evanston where he became Principal of the High School and remained in this posi- tion up to the time of his death. Author: "English Grammar and How to Teach It." (1871); "Topical Outlines of HISTORY OF EVANSTON 203 General History" (1889) ; "Higher Spell- er" (1893). Lewis Henry Boutell. — Born in Boston, Mass., July 21, 1826; died at Washington, D. C., January 16, 1899; was graduated from Brown University in 1844 and from Harvard Law School in 1847; o" J^"- i» 1848. was admitted to the bar in Boston; came West in 1863 and. in 1865, began the practice of law in Chicago. In 1893 he left the law practice for literary pursuits. Author: "Alexander Hamilton, the Con- structive Statesman" (1890); "Thomas Jefferson, the Man of Letters" (1891); "Life of Roger Sherman" (1896). Frank' Milton Bristol. — Methodist Epis- copal clergyman, born in Orleans County, N. Y., January 4, 185 1; graduated from Northwestern LIniversity, Ph. B., 1877, (A. M., D.D.) ; was pastor of leading churches in Chicago ; now pastor Metro- politan Methodist Episcopal Church, Wash- ington, D. C. Author: "Providential Epochs"; "The Ministry of Art" (1897) : "Shakespeare and America" (1898). Solon Cary Bronson. — Born at West Union, Iowa, July 26, 1855 ; graduated at Upper Iowa University, Fayette, Iowa ; be- came a professor in the Cornelia Miller de- partment of Practical Theology, of the Gar- rett Biblical Institute, in 1896; has received the degree of Doctor of Divinity from two institutions, viz. : Garrett Biblical Institute, 1894, and Cornell College, Iowa, 1903. Author: "Delusions: A Volume of Ad- dresses" (1895). Walter Lee Brown. — Born at Melrose, Mass., August 24. 1853, graduated at Northwestern LTniversity and Columbia College School of Mines ; died at Evans- ton, April 6, 1904. Author: "Manual of Assaying Gold, Sil- ver, Copper and Lead Ores" (Ed. 6, 1896). William Caldwell. — Born in Edinburgh, Scotland, November 10, 186'? ; educated in Edinburgh ; graduated from Edinburgh University (AI. A.) in 1884; post-graduate student in Germany, Paris, and Cambridge (England), 1887-91, inclusive; received de- gree of Doctor in Mental and Moral Sci- ence, Edinburgh; obtained high honors at Edinburgh ; called to Sage School of Phil- osophy, Cornell University, N. Y., 1891 ; to University of Chicago, 1892 ; to North- western University, 1894, where he has been Professor of Moral and Social Philosophy. Author: "Schopenhauer's System in its Philosophical Significance" (1893). Henry Smith Carhart. — Born, Coeymans, N. Y., March 2-j, 1844 : graduated from Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn., in 1869 ; later studied at Yale, Harvard and Berlin ; Professor of Physics and Chem- istry at Northwestern University, 1872-86; President of Board of Judges, Department of Electricity, Columbian Exposition, 1893 ; member of Electrical Societies ; Professor of Physics, University of Michigan since 1886. Author: "Primary Batteries" (1891) ; "Elements of Physics" (with H. N. Chute) (1892); "University Physics" (1894-6); "Electrical Measurements" (1895). George Chainey. — Unitarian minister, born in England in 1851 ; educated in Evan- ston and Boston ; pastor Unitarian Church, Evansville, Indiana, 1877-80; engaged in work on Biblical Interpretation. Author. "Foundation Stones," a Series of Unitarian Sermons (1879) ; "The New Version : Discourses on the Bible in Boston" (1882) ; "She: An Allegory of the Church" (1889); "Jeanne D'Arc, the Flower of France" (1888) ; "The Ten Command- ments" (1900); "Book of Ruth: An Idyl of Friendship between the Heavens and the Earth" (1901) ; "Unsealed Bible"; v. I, Genesis (1902). J. Scott Clark. — Born in Copenhagen, N. Y., September 23, 1854; graduated from 204 EVANSTON AUTHORS Syracuse University in 1877 ; Principal of Evanston High School, 1879-82; Professor of Rhetoric and English Criticism, Syracuse University, 1882-92 ; Professor of English Language, Northwestern University, since 1892. Author: "Practical Rhetoric" (1886); "Briefer Practical Rhetoric" (1892); "Study of English Prose Writers" (1898) ; "Study of English and American Poets" (1900). Samuel Travers Clover. — Born in Lon- don, England, August 13, 1859; educated there ; began newspaper career in 1880, making trip around the world ; worked on newspapers in Dakota five years ; staff cor- respondent of "Chicago Herald ;" ^Nlanag- ing editor of "Chicago Evening Post," from 1894 to 1901; "Los Angeles (Cal.) Evening News," 1905. Author: "Paul Travers' Adventures" (1897) ; "Glimpses Across the Sea" (1900) ; "Rose Reef to Buluwayo" (1896) ; "Poets and Poetry of Dakota" (1898); "Zephyrs from Dakota" (1898). George Albert Coe. — Born Monroe Coun- ty, N. Y., ]\Iarch 26, 1862 ; graduated from LIniversity of Rochester ; Ph. D., Boston University, 1891 : John Evans Professor of Philosophy, Northwestern L^ iversity since 1893. ' ^ Author: "The Spiritual Life: Studies in the Science of Religion" (1900); "The Religion of a Mature Mind" (1902). Lyman Edgar Cooley. — Born Canan- daigua, N. Y., December 3, 1850; graduated from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, C.E., 1874; Professor in Northwestern Univer- sity, 1874-77 ; Associate Editor "Engineer- ing News." 1876-78; Assistant Engineer of railroad bridge over the Missouri River, Glasgow^, Missouri, 1878 ; Assistant United States Engineer on ]\Iississippi and Miss- ouri River improvements, 1878-84; Editor "American Engineer," 1884; Consulting Engineer for Chicago Sanitary District (Drainage Canal). Member of the Inter- national Deep ^\'aterwavs Committee, 1895- 96. Author : 'The Lakes and Gulf Water- way." Edwin C. Crawford. — Born at Fostoria, Ohio, April 10, 1845 ; educated at High School, Ft. ^Vayne, Ind., and graduated at Dartmouth College in 1874. Author : "Civil Government of Illinois and the United States" ; Special Chapters on Chicago and Cook County (1890). Henrv Crew. — Born Richmond, Ohio, June 4, 1859; graduated from Princeton College, B. A., 1882; Fellow at Princeton, 1882-84; Fellow Johns Hopkins, 1884-87, Ph.D., 1887; Instructor in Physics, Har- vard College, 1888-91 ; Astronomer Lick Observatory, 1891-92; Assistant Editor "Astrophysical Journal" : Professor of Physics, Northwestern University, since 1892. Author : "Elements of Physics," for Use in High Schools (1899) ; "Laboratory Manual of Physics." for Use in High Schools (with R. R. Tatnall) (1902); Editor: "Wave Theory of Light"; "Mem- oirs of Huygens, Young and Fresnel" (1900). Robert McLean Cumnock. — Born in Ayr, Scotland, May 31. 1844; came to America in the following year : graduated at Wes- leyan University in 1868 ; and soon after became Professor of Elocution at North- western LIniversity, which position he has held to the present time. Author: "Choice Readings"; "School Speaker." Nathan Smith Davis. Sr., M. D., LL. D.— Born at Greene, N. Y., January 9, 1817; graduated from College of Physicians and Surgeons, Fairfield, N. Y., 1837 ; received honorarv degree A. M. Northwestern Uni- II HISTORY OF EVANSTON 20S versity, and LL. D. from Illinois Wesleyan University ; practiced medicine in Chicago from 1849; Professor in Rush Medical Col- lege, Chicago, 1849-59 ; one of the founders (1859) of Chicago Medical College, now Medical Department Northwestern Univer- sity ; Professor there for thirty years and Dean of I'aculty until 1898, resigned; editor of various medical journals ; President of the International Medical Congress, 1887 ; one of the founders of Alercy Hospital, and one of its physicians, for over forty years ; a founder and Trustee of Northwestern University, Chicago Academy of Sciences, Chicago Historical Society, Illinois State Microscopical Society and Union College of Law ; a member of various other Medical Associations in Chicago and New York ; died June 16, 1904. Author: "Principles and Practice of Medicine," and various pamphlets on med- ical subjects and on temperance. Nathan Smith Davis, Jr., M. D. — Born in Chicago, September 5, 1858; graduated from Northwestern University, 1880, A. M. 1883 ; graduated from Chicago Medical College, 1883 ; has since practiced in Chi- cago; Associate Professor of Pathology, 1884-86 ; since then Professor of the Prin- ciples and Practice of Medicine and of Clin- ical Medicine, Chicago Medical College ; Physician to Mercy Hospital since 1884; Member of the Ninth International Medical Congress, Pan-American Medical Congress, etc. Author : "Consumption : How to Pre- vent It and How to Live With It" ; "Dis- eases of the Lungs, Heart and Kidneys," etc. Edward Eggleston. — Born Vevay, Indi- ana, December 10. 1837; died September 2, 1902 ; educated at country and village schools in Indiana ; entered Methodist Episcopal ministry in 1857 ; editor of "Little Corporal," Chicago, 1866-67; chief Editor of the "National Sunday School Teacher" ( 1867-70) and other religious papers ; President of the American Histor- ical Association in 1900. Author: "Hoosier Schoolmaster" (1871) ; "End of the World" (1872); "Mystery of Metropolisville" (1873); "Circuit Rider" ( 1874) ; "Hoosier School Boy" ( 1883) ; "History of the United States and Its People" (1888) ; "First Book in Amer- ican History" (1889) ; "Beginners of a Na- tion" (1896) ; "Transit of Civilization from England to America" (1900); Editor, "Christ in Art" (1874) ; "Christ in Litera- ture" (1875). Finley Ellingwood. — Born Dearborn County, Ind., September 12, 1852; educated in Kankakee, 111. ; graduated from Bennett ]\redical College in 1878: Professor in same institution from 1885 to present time. Author: "Manual of Medical Chemis- try" ( 1889 ) ; "Annual of Eclectic Medi- cine" (1890, '91 and '92); "Systematic Treatise on Materia Medica" (1899); "Treatment of Disease" (1906). Frank ^lacajah Elliot. — Born at Corin- na, Me., March 27, 1853 ; graduated at Northwestern University ; President Evans- ton Hospital Association since 1896. Author: "History of Omega" (1885). George H. Ellis : "Analysis of White Paints" (1898). Joseph Emerson: "Lectures and Ser- mons on Subjects connected with Christian Liberal Education" (1897). Marshall Davis Ewell. — Born in Oxford, Michigan, August 18, 1844 ; educated in Michigan ; LL. B. University of Michigan 1868 ; A. M. Northwestern University, 1879 ; Professor of Common Law, Univer- sity College of Law, Chicago, from 1877 until the founding of Kent College of Law — also known as Microscopist ; President of the American Microscopical Society, 1893. Author: "Leading Cases on Disabilities" 206 EVANSTON AUTHORS (1876); "Treatise on Law of Fixtures" (1876) ; "Essentials of the Law" (1882) ; "jMannal of Medical Jurisprudence" (1887). Editor: "Blackwell on Tax Titles"; "Evans on Agencies" ; "Lindley on Part- nership," and other works. Charles Samuel Farrar: "Art Topics: History of Sculpture, Painting and Archi- tecture" (1885). Randolph Sinks Foster. — Born Williams- burg, Ohio, February 22, 1820; educated at Augusta College, Kentucky ; entered itinerant ministry of Methodist Episcopal Church 1837, in Kentucky Conference; later was transferred to Ohio and, in 1850, to New York, remaining until 1857; Presi- dent of Northwestern L-niversity 1857-60; again in pastorate work in New York and Sing Sing, 1860-68; Professor of Syste- matic Theology, 1868-69; President of Drew Theological Seminary, Madison, N. J., 1869-72 ; died in 1903. Author: "Objections to Calvinism" (1849); "Centenary Thoughts" (1884); "Beyond the Grave" (1878); "Studies in Theology" (1886); "Philosophy of Chris- tian Experience" ; "Christian Purity" (1851). Fraxicis Gellatly : "Necklace of Liberty" (1886) ; "Love Made to Order, and Temper Tempest." t Anna Adams Gordon. — Born in Boston, July 21, 1853; educated in Newton (Mass.) High School and at Mt. Holyoke College ; for twenty-one years private secretary of Miss Frances E. Willard ; \'ice President at Large of National W. C. T. U. Author: "Marching Songs"; "White Ribbon Hymnal"; "Beautiful Life of Frances E. Willard" (1898). Ulysses Sherman Grant. — Born in Mo- line, Illinois, February 14, 1867; graduated from the University of Minnesota in 1888 ; Ph. D., Johns Hopkins, 1893 ; Assistant State Geologist, Minnesota, 1893-99; I"" structor in Geology in the University of Minnesota, 1897-98; Assistant Geologist on the Geological and Natural History Survey of Wisconsin since 1899; Assistant Editor of the "American Geologist" since 1897; Professor of Geology and Curator of the Museum, Northwestern L^niversity. since 1899. Author: " Preliminary Report on the Copperbearing Rocks of Douglas County, Wisconsin ( 1900) ; "Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey" (v. 6, 1900) ; "Final Report of the Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota" (with N. H. Winchell) (1899-1900). John Henry Gray. — Born in Charleston, Illinois, March 11, 1859; graduated from Harvard in 1887; Ph. D., Halle, Germany, 1892 ; Studied also at Paris, Menna and Berlin ; Instructor in Political Economy at Harvard, 1887-89; Chairman of the World's Congress Auxiliary on Political Science in connection with the Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893; Chairman of the Municipal Committee of the Civic Federation of Chi- cago ; 1894-96; First Vice President of the American Economic Association, 1897-98 ; appointed bv Labor Commissioner, C. D. Wright, to investigate labor conditions in England, 1902; Professor of Political Economy and Social Science, Northwestern University, since 1892. Author: "Die Stellung der Privaten Be- leuchtnugsgesellschaften zu Stadt und Staat" ; "Die Erfahrung in Wein, Paris und Massachusetts," Jena (1893). Evarts Boutell Greene. — Born at Kobe, Japan. July 8, 1870; was educated in a private school at Yokohama, Japan, and in the public schools of Westborough. Mass., and Evanston ; student at Northwestern University, 1885-88, and at Harvard. 1888- 93; A. B., A. :\I., Ph. D..— all from Har- vard ; at University of Berlin, Germany, 1893 to 1894; Professor of History, Uni- versity of Illinois. HISTORY OF EVANSTON 207 Author: "The Provincial Governors in the English Colonies of North America" (Harvard Historical Series, Vol. 7, 1898), "The Government of Illinois, Its History and Administration" (Macmillan, 1904) ; "Provincial America" (Harpers, 1905). James Stanley Grimes : Geonomy : The Creation of Continents by Ocean Currents" (1857) ; "Human Nature and the Nerves" (1857); "Improved System of Geonomy" (1866) ; Mesmerism and Magic Eloquence" (1862); "Mysteries of the Head and Heart" (1870) ; "New System of Phrenol- ogy and Evolution of the Brain" (1869); "Philosophy of the Mind" (1870) ; "Phreno Geology, the Evolution of Animals and Man" (1850); "Phreno Physiology, Hu- man Nature, the Evolution of Mind and its Instruments" (1901). Mrs. Elizabeth Morrisson Boynton Har- bert. — Born in Crawfordsville, Indiana, April 15, 1845 ; graduated from Terre Haute Female College 1862 ; for eigiht years editor Woman's Department, "Chicago Inter-Ocean." Author: "Out of Her Sphere" (1871) ; "The Golden Fleece" (1867); "Amore" ; Composer of the songs, words and music of "On Arlington Heights," "What Shall we Do With the Hours?" etc. James Taft Hatfield. — Born in Brooklyn, N. Y., June 15, 1862; graduated from Northwestern University, 1883: A.M. 1886; Johns Hopkins University, Ph.D., 1890; traveled and studied in Japan, China, India and Egypt, 1883-84; Professor of Classi- cal Languages in Rust University, Holly Springs, Mississippi, 1884-85 ; graduate student and Fellow at Johns Hopkins Uni- versity, 1887-90; Professor of German Language and Literature at Northwestern L^niversity, 1890; studied at Berlin, Weimar and Oxford, 1896-97 ; served in Spanish- American War as Captain of a five-inch gun on the U. S. cruiser "Yale," June to August, 1898; Professor of German Literature at Northwestern University since 1890; Con- tributing editor "Americana Germanica" ; Member of the American Oriental Society since 1884; Member of the Modern Lan- guage Association of America, etc. Author: "Elements of Sanskrit Gram- mar" (1884) ; "Index to Gothic Forms in Kluge's Wceterbuch" (1889); "Freytag's Rittmeister von alt-Rosen" (1894). Editor of German texts ; Translator of German poems. Erastus Otis Haven. — Born in Boston, November i, 1820; died in Salem, Oregon, August 1881 ; graduated from Wesleyan University in 1842 ; in 1848 entered Meth- odist Episcopal ministry in New York Con- ference ; in 1853 Professor of Latin in L^ni- versity of Michigan, which he exchanged the next }ear for the chair of Eng- lish Language, Literature and History ; given degree of D. D. in 1854 by Union College; resigned in 1856, and returned to Boston, where he was editor of "Zion's Herald" for seven years, during which period he served two years in State Senate, and a part of the time was an Overseer of Harvard University ; Presi- dent of University of Michigan. 1863-69; President of Northwestern University, 1869-72; in 1880 was ordained a Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Author : "American Progress ; The Young ]\Ian Advised" (1855) ; "Pillars of Truth" (1866); "Rhetoric" (1869). Henry Bixby Hemenway. — Born at Montpelier, Vt., December 20, 1856; gradu- ated at Northwestern University, 1879 ; practicing physician since 1880. Author: "Healthful Womanhood and Childhood" (1894). Newell Dvvight Hillis. — Born in Mag- nolia, Iowa, September 2, 1858 ; educated at Iowa College, Lake Forest University and McCormick Theological Seminary 208 EVANSTON AUTHORS (M. A., and D. D., Xorthwestern Univer- sity) ; entered Presbyterian ministry; pas- tor at Peoria, Illinois, 1887-90 ; at Evan- ston, Illinois, 1890-94 ; succeeded late Prof. David Swing as pastor of Central Church, Chicago (an independent church), 1894; pastor of Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, since January, 1899. Author: "The Investment of Influence'' (1898) ; "A Man's Value to Society" (1896); "How the Inner Light Failed"; "Foretokens of Immortality" (1897); "Great Books as Life Teachers" (1899) ; "Influence of Christ in Modern Life" (1900). Rosa Birch Hitt. — Born at Elkhart, Ind.. April 25, 1863 ; educated at the High School, Marion, Ind., and at Northwestern University; married Isaac R. Hitt, Jr., in 1889. Author: "The Instrument Tuned" (1904). Jane Currie Hoge. — Born in Philadel- phia, Pa.. July 31, 181 1 ; educated at Miss Longstrength's school in Philadelphia ; en- gaged with the U. S. Sanitary Commission during the Civil War, visiting more than one hundred thousand men in hospitals ; died at Chicago, August 26, 1890. Author: "The Boys in Blue" (1867). Thomas Franklin Holgate. — Born in Hastings County. Ontario, April 8, 1859 ; graduated at \'ictoria College, Toronto, 1884; Professor at Xorthwestern Univer- sity since 1893. Author: "Elementary Geometr}-. Plane and Solid" (1901). George Washington Hough. — Born in Montgomery County, New York, October 24, 1836 ; graduated from Union College in 1856; Astronomer and Director of Dudley Observatory, Albany, N. Y., 1860- 74 ; Director of Dearborn Observatory and Professor of Astronomy in L^niversity of Chicago, 1879-87; discovered more than 600 new double stars and made systematic study of the planet Jupiter ; invented many instruments pertaining to astronomy, me- teorology and physics ; Professor of Astron- omy at Northwestern University and Direc- tor of Dearborn Observatory since 1887. Author: "Annals of the Dudley Obser- vatory" (2 v., 1866-1871); "Annual Re- ports of the Chicago Astronomical So- ciety." Mary Hess Hull. — Born at Miltonville, Ohio, April 22, 1845 (maiden name ]\Iary Ann Hess) ; educated in schools of her na- tive town ; married Morton Hull, December, 1863 ; died in Chicago September 13. 1905. Author : "Columbus, and What He Found" (1892); "Browning's Christmas Eve," (1900). Harvey Bostwick Hurd. — Born in Hun- tington, Connecticut, February 14, 1828; came to Chicago in 1846; admitted to the bar in 1848; LL. D. Northwestern Univer- sity ; Professor in the Chicago Law School (now a department of Northwestern Uni- versity), 1862-1900; first President of the Village of Evanston ; official reviser of General Statutes of Illinois ; edited State edition of the same, 1874; has since edited sixteen editions of General State Laws ; originator of the great Chicago Drainage Canal scheme ; died January "^0, 190G. Author: "Torrens Act of Illinois for Registration of Land Titles" ; also of "Juve- nile Court Act of Illinois," April 22. 1899. Edmund Janes James. — Born in Jackson- ville. Illinois, May 21, 1855; educated at Illinois State Normal School and North- western and Harvard Universities, A. M. ; Ph. D., University of Halle, Germany ( 1877) ; Principal of Evanston High School (1878-79); Principal of Model High School, Normal, Illinois (1879-82) ; Pro- fessor of Public Finance and Admin- istration, Wharton School of Finance and Economy, University of Pennsyl- HISTORY OF EVANSTON 209 vania (1883-95); Professor of Politi- cal and Social Science, University of Pennsylvania (1884-95) ^ Edited the pub- lications of the University of Pennsylvania, Political Economy and Public Law Series (1886-95) ! ^ ice President of the American Economic Association ; President of the American Academy of Political and Social Science since 1889 ; \'ice President of the Board of Trustees of the Illinois State His- torical Library since 1895 • Professor of Public Administration and Director of Ex- tension Division in the University of Chi- cago (1896-1902) ; President of Northwest- ern L'niversit}- (1902-04): then became President University of Illinois at L'rbana, Illinois. Author: "Relation of the ]\Iodern Muni- cipality to the Gas Supply" (1886) ; "The Legal Tender Decisions" (1887): "The Canal and the Railway" (1890): "Federal Constitution of Germany" (i8go) ; "Federal Constitution of Switzerland" (1890) ; Edu- cation of Business Men in Europe" (1899) ; "Government of a Typical Prussian City" (Halle) (1900). James iVlton James. — Born in Hazel- green, Wisconsin, September 17, 1864: graduated from L'niversity of Wisconsin in 1888; held scholarship and fellowship in History, Johns Hopkins University, 1891- 93 ; Ph. D., 1893 ■ Professor of History Cornell College, Iowa, four years ; I\Iember of the American Historical Society ; Mem- ber of Council and Secretary of Xorth- western Settlement ; President of the Xorth Central History Teachers' Association ; Professor of History, Northwestern L'ni- versity since 1897. Author: "Constitution and Admission of Iowa into the Union" (1900); "Govern- ment in State and Nation" (with A. H. Sanford) (1901). William Patterson Jones. — Born about 1827; founder (1855) of the North- western Female College, and for many years President of same: in 1862 was sent as Consul to Macao, China : later became President of Fremont (Xeb. ) Normal School, where he died about 1890. Author: "Myth of Stone Idol, a Poem" (1876): "Inter-Ucean Curiosity Shop." John Hume Kedzie. — Born in Stamford, N. Y., September 8, 1815; graduated from Oberlin College in 1841 ; admitted to the bar in 1847 : member of Illinois Legislature, 1877 to 1879; died at Evanston, April 9, 1903- Author: "Solar Heat, Gravitation and Sun Spots" (1886). Daniel Parish Kidder. — Born at Darien, N. Y., (October 18, 1815 : graduated at Wes- leyan University, Middletown, Conn., in 1836: from 1837 to 1840 was a missionary to Brazil: and from 1844 to 1856 editor of the Sunday School publications of the Meth- odist Episcopal church : compiled and edited more than eight hundred volumes for Sun- day School libraries : the list of which would fill many pages of this history: in 1856 be- came Professor of Practical Theology in the Garrett Biblical Institute, where he re- mained until 1871, when he was called to a like chair in the Drew Theological Sem- inary : died at Evanston, July 29, 1891. Author: "Mormonism and the Mor- mons" (1844): "Residence and Travel in Brazil" (2 vols., 1845) : in conjunction with Rev. J. C. Fletcher, "Brazil and the Bra- zilians" ( 1857) : and "Treatise on Homilet- ics" (l868). Homer H. Kingsley. — Born at Kalama- zoo, Mich., June 9, 1859; graduated at Michigan LIniversity in 188 1 : Principal of Evanston Public Schools ( Dist. No. i ) since 1886. Author: "The New Era Word Book" ( 1901). Nellie Fitch Kingsley. — Born at Peoria, 111., October 4, 1862 ; educated at Kalama- 2IO EVANSTON AUTHORS zoo (Mich.) High School; married to Homer H. Kiiigsley, August i8, 1886. Author: "History of the Lewis and Clark Expedition" ( 1900) ; "Four Ameri- can Explorers" (1902). Marshall Monroe Kirkman. — Born in Il- linois, July 10, 1842 ; entered railway ser- vice with Chicago & Xorthwestern Railroad in 1856; Second Vice President of Chicago & Northwestern Railway since 1889. Author: "The Science of Railways" (12 v., 1894) ; "Classical Portfolio of Primi- tive Carriers" (1896) ; "Romance of Gilbert Holmes" (1900) ; "The Air Brake" (1901) ; "Building and Repairing Railways" (1901 ). Samuel Ellsworth Kiser. — Born Ship- pensville. Pa.. February 2, 1862 ; educated in Pennsylvania and Ohio ; editorial writer "Chicago Record-Herald." Author: "Budd Wilkins at the Show" (1898) : "Georgie" (1890) ; "Love Sonnets of an Office Boy" (1902) ; "Ballads of the Busy Days" (1903); "Charles, the Chauf- feur" (1905). Loren Laertes Knox. — Born at Morris- ville. X. Y., January 8, 1811; educated at Cazenovia (X. Y.) Seminary, and Wes- leyan University ( Middletown, Conn.); Professor of Greek in Lawrence L^niversity, Appleton, Wis. ; died at Evanston, January 18, 1901. Author: "Evangelical Rationalism" (1879). John Harper Lang. — Born in Ohio, De- cember, 1856; educated at Tuebingen, Wuerzburg and Breslau, Germany ; mem- ber of several scientific societies ; Professor of Chemistry in Medical School, North- western University, since 1881. Author: "Elements of General Chem- istry" (1898); "A Te.Kt Book of Wine Analysis" ( 1900) ; "Laboratory Manual of Physiological Chemistry" (1894). William C Levere : "Imperial America" (1899) ; "Twixt Greek and Barb" (1900). Arthur Wilde Little. — Episcopal clergy- man. Author: "Reasons for Being a Church- man" ( 1886 ) : "The Times and Teaching of John Wesley" : "The Intellectual Life of the Priest" ; "The Character of Washington" ; "The Maintenance of the Church Idea." Charles Joseph Little. — Born in Philadel- phia, Pa., September 21, 1840; graduated at University of Pennsylvania, 1861 ; Pro- fessor in Dickinson College, 1874-85 ; at Syracuse University, 1885-91 ; President Garrett Biblical Institute since 1891. Author : Comprehensive History .of .America" ( 1896). William Sinclair Lord. — Born in Syca- more, Illinois, August 24, 1863. Author: "Verses" (1883); "Beads of Morning" (1888); "Blue and Gold" (1896); "Jingle and Jangle" (1899). Mrs. Catherine Waugh McCulloch. — Born in Ransomville, Niagara County, N. Y., June 4, 1862 ; educated in Illinois ; graduated from Union College of Law, Chicago, 1886; practiced law in Rockford, Illinois, 1886-90, since which time she has been engaged in the practice of law in Chi- cago. Author: "Mr. Lex: or, the Legal Status of Mother and Child" (1902). William Smythe Babcock Matthews. — Born in Loudon, N. H., May 8, 1837 ; edu- cated in New Hampshire : studied music in Boston ; practical teacher of music since 1853 ; since 1867 has been living in Chi- cago ; in 1891 established and has since been editor of "Music" (a magazine). Author: "How to Understand Music" (2 v., 1880 and 1888) ; "Primer of Musi- cal forms" ( 1890) ; "Music and its Ideals" (1897) ; "Popular History of Music" (1891) ; "The Great in Music" — first and second series (1900-1902) ; "Dictionary of Musical Terms" (1895) ; "The Masters and Their Alusic" (1898). HISTORY OF EVANSTON 211 Samuel Merwin. — Born in Evanston, Oc- tober 6. 1874; educated in Evanston, De- troit and Xorthwestern University. Author: "The Short Line War" (with H. K. Webster) (1899): "Cahmiet K." (with same) ( 1901) ; "The Road to Fron- tenac" (1901). ^Irs. Emily Huntington Miller. — Born in Brooklyn, Conn., October 22, 1833 • grad- uated from Oberlin College, 1857 (A. M.) ; Editor of "Little Corporal," afterwards combined with "St. Nicholas": Dean of Woman's College, Xorthwestern L'niversi- ty, 1891-98. Author: "From Avalon" (poems) (1896): "The Royal Road to Fortune"; "The Kirkwood Series" : "Captain Fritz" ; "Little Neighbors"; "What Tommy Did"; "The House that Jack Rented"; "Songs from the Nest" (poems) ( 1894) ; "For the Beloved" (poems). Wilbur Dick Nesbit. — Born, Xenia, Ohio, September 16, 1871 ; educated in public schools, Cedarville, Ohio. " Author: "Trail to Boyland" (1904); "Little Henry's Slate" (1903) ; "An Alpha- bet of History" (1905). Mary Louise Xinde: "We Two Alone in Europe" ( 1886) ; "William Xavier Xinde : a Biography" (1902). Mrs. Minerva Brace Xorton. — Author : "In and Around Berlin" (1889); "Service in the King's Guard" (1891). Simon Xelson Patten. — Born in Illinois, May I, 1852; educated in Illinois: took de- grees of A. M. and Ph. D. at University of Halle, Germany ; studied law in Law School Northwestern University; in 1888 elected Professor of Political Economy in the Wharton School of F'inance and Economy, University of Pennsylvania. Author: "Taxation in American States and Cities" ; "Premises of Political Econ- omy" ; "The Stability of Prices" ; "Con- sumption of Wealth" ; "Theory of Pros- perity" (1902). Charles William Pearson. — Born in Leeds, England, August 7, 1846; graduated from the Xorthwestern University in 187 1, and afterwards became professor of Eng- lish literature in the same institution ; he resigned this position in 1902, and became pastor of the Unitarian church at Quincy, 111.; died in England, July 11, 1905. Author: "Methodism: a Retrospect and Outlook : A Poem" ( 1891 ) : "The Carpenter Prophet ; a Life of Jesus Christ and a Dis- cussion of His Ideals" (1902), William Frederick Poole. — Born at Sa- lem, I\Iass., December 24, 1821 ; died at Evanston, March i, 1894; educated in Massachusetts ; graduated from Yale Col- lege in 1849; '" 1851 became Assistant Li- brarian of the Boston Athenaeum and, in the following year was made Librarian of the Mercantile Library of that city — a flour- ishing institution subsequently merged into the Boston Public Library ; in 1853 attended the first gathering of librarians ever held in the world, Edward Everett Hale and Dr. Henry Barnard, of Hartford, being among those present; in 1856 returned to Boston Athenpeuni, where he remained thirteen years; in 1873 was called to the Public Library of Chicago ; in 1887 took charge of the Xewberry Library, Chicago ; con- tributed many papers to the reports pub- lished by the United States Bureaus of Edu- cation ; in 1887 was President of the American Historical Association ; in 1882 received the honorary degree of LL. D. from X'orthwestern University ; died at Evanston, March i, 1894. Author: "Poole's Index to Periodical Literature" (with W. I. Fletcher) (4 v., 1882-1893) : "Anti-slavery Opinions before the Year 1800" (1873); "Columbus and the Finding of the Xew World" (1892). Miner Raymond. — Born in New York 212 EVANSTON AUTHORS City, August 29, 181 1 ; graduated from Wesleyan Academy. Vyilbraham, Mass., in 1831 : instructor in same; LL. D. in 1884; Professor of Systematic Theology in Gar- rett Biblical Institute, 1864-97; *i''^d at Ev- anston November 25, 1897. Author: "Systematic Theology" (3 v., 1877). Henry Bascom Ridgaway. — Born in Tal- bot County Md.. September 7, 1830; gradu- ated from Dickinson College (Penn.) in 1849 ; Professor of Historical Theology in Garrett Biblical Institute in 1882; Presi- dent of same in 1884 ; died Alarch 30, 1895. Author : "The Lord's Land." ( 1876) ; "Life of Alfred Cookman" ( 1871 ) ; "Life of Bishop Janes" (1882) ; "Life of Bishop Waugh" (1883); "Life of Bishop Simp- son" (1885). Charles Humphrey Roberts. — Author : "Down the O-hi-o" (1891). Henry Wade Rogers. — Born Holland Patent, N. Y., October 10, 1853; graduated from University of Michigan, 1874; (A. M. and LL.D. Wesleyan L'niversity, Conn.) ; admitted to the bar in 1877; Pro- fessor of Law in the Law School of the University of Michigan, 1883 ; Dean of same, 1885-90; President of Northwestern University, 1890-1901 ; Chairman of Worlds' Congress on Jurisprudence and Law Reform, World's Columbian E.xposi- tion, Chicago, 1893 ; General Chairman of the Saratoga Conference on the Foreign Policy of the United States, 1898 ; Profes- sor of Law in Yale University, since Sep- tember, 1 90 1. Author: "Illinois Citations" (1881); ■"Law of Expert Testimony" (1883 — 2d ed., 1891). Robert Dickinson Sheppard. — Born near Chicago. 111.. July, 23, 1847; graduated at Chicago L^niversity in 1869: at Garrett Bib- lical Institute 1870; Professor of History at Northwestern L^niversity. 1886 to 1903. Author; "Abraham Lincoln" (1903). Edwin Llewellyn Shuman. — Born in Manor Township, Pa., December 13, 1863; educated in Cook County Normal School and Englewood High School ; editorial writer on "Chicago Journal." 1892-95 ; lit- erary editor and editorial writer on "Chica- go Tribune," 1895-1901 ; literary editor "Chicago Record-Herald," 1901 to date. Author: "Steps into Journalism" (1894) ; "Practical Journalism" (1903). ]\Iatthew Simpson. — Born at Cadiz, Ohio, June 20, 1811; attended Madison (Pa.) College ; became tutor in same ; in 1837 Professor of Natural Science in Alleghany College ; President of Indiana Asbury i^niversity 1839-48; elected Bishop of Methodist Episcopal church in 1852 ; Presi- dent of Garrett Biblical Institute in 1859 : died in Philadelphia June 18, 1884. Author: "Cyclopaedia of Methodism" ( 1878) ; "One Hundred Years of Method- ism" (1876); "Lectures on Preaching" (1879); "Sermons" (1885). Alice Bunker Stockham. — Born in Ohio, in 1833, of Quaker parentage; graduated from the Eclectic Medical College, Cincin- nati ; practiced in Indiana and Chicago ; established the Stockham Publishing Com- pany, of which she is President, to publish her own works and other "advanced" books ; was a leader in the introduction of "sloyd" in Chicago public schools ; active worker for social purity, woman suffrage and social reform. Author : "Tokology : a Book of Mater- nity" ( 1883) ; "Koradine" (1893) ; "Karez- za" (1896); "Tolstoi: a Alan of Peace" (1900). Charles Macaulay Stuart. — Born in Glasgow, Scotland, August 20, 1853; grad- uated from Kalamazoo College in 1880; D. D., Garrett Biblical Institute ; Associate editor of the "Michigan Christian Advo- cate" (1885-86); Assistant editor "North- HISTORY OF EVANSTON 213 western Christian Advocate" (1886-96); Professor of Sacred Rhetoric in Garrett BibHcal Institute since 1896. Author: "Text of Photogravures of the Holy Land" (1890); "Life and Selected Writings of Francis Dana Hemenway" (with C. F. Bradley and A. W. Patten) (1890): "\'ision of Christ in the Poet" (1896); "Story of the Master Pieces" (1897). Milton Spenser Terry. — Born Coeymans, N. Y., February 2.2, 1840; educated at Troy University and Yale Divinity School ; A. M. Wesleyan L'niversity. 1871 ; D. D., same institution, 1880; LL. D., Xorthwestern L'niversity, 1895 • Professor in Garrett Bib- lical Institute, Evanston, since 1885. Author: "Commentary on the Old Tes- tament" (1875): "Biblical Hermeneutics" (1883); "The Sibylline Oracles" (1890); "Rambles in the Old World" (1894): "Biblical Apocalyptics" (1898). David Decamp Thompson. — Born April 29, 1852, at Cincinnati, Ohio ; graduated at Ohio Wesleyan University ; editor of "Northwestern Christian Advocate" since 1901. Author: "Abraham Lincoln": "John Wesley as a Social Reformer." Edward Tlxomson. — Born at Portsea, England, October 12, 1810: came to Amer- ica with his parents in 1818; grad,uated from the medical department of the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania : in charge of Norwalk (Ohio) Seminary, 1838-43; elected Bishop of Methodist Episcopal Church in 1864: died March 22, 1870. Author: "Evidences of Revealed Re- ligion"; "Moral and Religious Essays" (3 vols.) ; "Oriental Missions" (2 vols.). Charles Burton Thwing. — Born at Ther- esa, N. Y., March 4, i860; graduated from Xorthwestern University. 1888; Ph. D.. Bonn, Germany, 1894: Professor of Phy- sics, Knox College, Galesburg, 111., since 1896. Author: "An Elementary Physics, "( 1894). Henry Kitchell Webster. — Born in Evan- ston, September 7, 1875; graduated from Hamilton College, N. Y., 1897, (Ph. iM.) ; Instructor in Rhetoric Union College, Schenectady, N. Y. (1897-8). Author: "The Short Line War" (with Samuel Merwin) (1899); "The Banker and the Bear" (1900) ; "Calumet K" (with Samuel Merwin) (1901); "Roger Drake" (1902). David Hilton Wheeler. — Born at Ithaca, X. Y., November 19, 1829; attended Rock River Seminary; Professor of Greek in Cornell College : LT. S. Consul at Genoa, Italy, 1861 to 1866 ; Professor of English Literature at Northwestern L^niversity, 1867 to 1875 ; for a part of this time ( 1867 to 1869) being acting president; editor of "The Methodist," 1875 to 1883; President of Allegheny College, 1883 to 1892 ; died at Meadville. Pa., June 18, 1902. Author: "Brigandage in South Italy" (1864) ; "By-Ways of Literature" (1883) ; "Our Industrial Utopia." Mrs. Irene Grosvenor Wheelock : "Nest- lings of Forest and Marsh" (1902). John Henry Wigmore. — Born in San Francisco, Cal. ; graduated from Harvard University with degree of A. B., 1803, LL. B., 1887 ; Professor of Law at Northwest- ern University from 1893. .Author: "Materials for the Study of Private Law in Old Japan" (1892) ; "The .Australian Ballot System" (1889); "Si.x- teenth Edition of Greenleaf on Evidence," \"ol. I.( i8q9) ; "Treatise on Evidence" (4 vols., 1904-5). Mrs. Caroline McCoy Willard. — Author: "Life in .Alaska" ( 1884) ; "Kin-da-shon's Wife; an .Alaskan Story" (1892). Frances Elizabeth Willard. — Born Sep- tember 28, 1839, at Churchville, near Rochester, X'. Y. ; graduated from Xorth- western University and took degree of A. M. from Syracuse University ; in 1862 was 214 E^'A^XSTOX AUTHORS Professor of Natural Science at the North- western Female College, Evanston, Illinois ; in 1866-67 was Preceptress in the Wesleyan Seminary, Lima, N. Y. : in 1871 was Presi- dent of the Women's College of North- western University, and Professor of Aes- thetics in the University: in 1874 was ap- pointed Corresponding Secretary of the Na- tional Women's Christian Temperance Union and, in 1879, was made President of that body — the largest society ever organ- ized, conducted and controlled exclusively by women. She traveled extensively in the interest of the society and visited every State anil Territory in the Union; in 1884 helped establish the Prohibition Party; originated a petition against the importation and manufacture of alcohol and opium, which was signed by seven million persons ; was editor of the '"Chicago Post." the ■'Union Signal," and other journals ; died in New York, February 18, 1898. Author: "Nineteen Beautiful Years" (1863) ; "Hints and Help in Temperance Work" (1875); "Women and Temper- ance" (1883); "How to Win" (1886); '■\\'onian in the Pulpit" (1888) ; "Glimpses of Fifty Years" : "The Autobiography of an American Woman." Josiah Flynt Willard. — Born in Appleton, Wisconsin, January 2^, 1869; educated in Berlin University (1890-95). Author: "Tramping with Tramps" (1899) • "Powers that Prey" (with Francis Walton) (1900): "Notes of an Itinerant Policeman" (1900): "World of Graft" (1900). S. R. Winchell. — Author: "Latin Prose Composition" (1875); "Lessons in Greek Syntax" (1886). Erwin E. Wood. — Born at Plainfield, 111.. February 6, 1848 ; student at Northwestern University and Garrett Biblical Institute, 1864 to 1869 ; engaged in editorial work in Chicago and New York. Author: "Epigraph Album" (1880). Abram \'an Eps Young. — Born in She-- boygan, Wisconsin, June 5, 1853; grad- uated from the L'niversity of Michigan in 1875 ; Fellow in Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University ; Assistant in Chemistry, Har- vard University ; Professor in Chemistry at Northwestern University since 1885. Author: "The Elementary Principles of Chemistry" (1901) ;"Suggestions to Teach- ers, Designed to accompany the Elementary Principles of Chemistry" (1901). Jane Eggleston Zimmerman. — Author: "Gray Heads on Green Shoulders." Charles Zueblin. — Born in Pendleton, In- diana, May 4, 1866 ; graduated from North- western University in 1887, and from Yale in 1889; founded Northwestern University Settlement, 1892 ; was the first Secretary of the Chicago Society for University Ex- tension. 1892 ; Secretary of Class Study Division of the L'niversity Extension De- partment of the L^niversity of Chicago, 1892 ; member of various municipal, politi- cal and social science leagues ; associate Professor of Sociology in the University of Chicago since 1896. Author : "American Municipal Prog- ress" (1902). The general character of the works of the authors given above is shown in the fol- lowing classification, arranged in the order given in "Dewey's Manual of Classifica- tion :" Bibliography 4 (= 1.5 percent) Political Economy and Law - 26 (= lo.o " ) Philology - . I ... - 14 (= 5.4 " ) Science - 51 (= 19.5 " ) Art and Music 9 (= 3-4 " ) Fiction, Essays and Poetry - 103 (^ 39.5 " ) Biography - 25 (= 9.6 " ) History 2q {= Ii.I " ) Total 261 (= loo.o " Among the works thus fortuitously brought together as those of Evanston authors, we find a wide range of author- ship, from the comics of Nesbit and Kiser to the profundity of Raymond's "Systematic HISTORY OF EVANSTON 215 Theology" and Poole's "Index to Periodical Literature." As usual in a general line of literary productions, the Fiction, Essays and Poetry in the above table form about 40 per cent of the whole, corresponding in a general way with the proportion observed in the circulation of a public library. Sci- ence, Political Economy and Physiology, taken together, make up about 35 per cent ; and when the 25 per cent of the remainder is shown as History, Biography and the Fine Arts, the solid and serious character given to the whole is sufficiently apparent. From this may be inferred a high general average of culture and learning among the writers. The works mentioned in the above list are not confined to the English lan- guage, for here we find the productions of Hatfield and Gray in Genuan : and it is like- ly, if the search had been more thorough, there would have appeared others in tongues far remote from our beloved ver- nacular. Had it been a part of the plan of this chapter to eiuunerate the contributions to periodical literature and to the printed proceedings of learned societies, the intel- lectual activities of the writers who now make their dwelling place in Evanston or have done so at some time in the past,' would have shown a much more extended range and increase in number, Macaulay said that "one shelfful of European books was worth more than the whole native literature of India." Here is presented what may be the equivalent of a "shelfl:'ur' and even more, and it is a satis- faction to find this weighty characterization of Macaulay thus fairly applied to the pro- ductions emanating from one community among all the great numbers of centers of intelligence to be found in our countrv. CHAPTER XXIV. LIBRARIES— PUBLIC AND PRIVATE (By MAKY B. LINDSAY, Librarian) Evanston's First Library — Major Miilford, the "Gcntlcmau Pioneer of Evanston" — Some Specimens of His Library — First Sunday School Library — Friz'ate Libra- ries of Today — Unique Collection of Cu- rios — History of Evanston Free Public Library — Edward Eggleston Prime Mover in Its Founding — First Step in Organisation — Later History and Grozvth — Roll of Librarians and Other Officers — Cataloguing and Library Extension — Internal Management and Conditions — Site for a Library Building Secured in 1904. The first collection of books brought to- gether in Evanston was. without doubt, that of the private library of the late Major Ed- ward H. Alulford, who came here in 1835 and settled on the Ridge road. The old Kirk mansion on Ridge Avenue, we are told, con- tains within itself a part of Major Mul- ford's old home, the first place occupied by him in what was at a later date called "Ridgeville." The later home of the family was the homestead which still stands on the corner of Ridge and Mulford Avenues. This place, with its background of wooded grove, its grounds fragrant with flowers, facing Ridge road, whose avenue of oaks extended to the Rogers Park line, was one of the most picturesque of the early homes of the place. Major Mulford was called the "gentle- man pioneer of Evanston," because it was rare in those early days to possess much ed- ucation or to own a library. Of the size of this library we have no exact data. Mrs. Pliny Brown of Chicago, Major Mulford's granddaughter, says her earliest recollec- tion is of three large book cases full of books. Major Mulford died March 5, 1878, and the books, with the rest of the property, were divided among the members of the family. Many of these books are retained by Mrs. Pliny Brown, who kindly fur- nished a list of them. Of these some of the interesting early editions are : "John Ouincy Adams," by W. H. Sew- ard. Derby, 1849. Macaulay's "History of England." Har- per, 1849. (^st Amer. ed.) "Life and Writings of Dr. Chalmers." Harper, 1849-52. "Washington's Agricultural Correspond- ence," by Franklin Knight. 1847. "Louis the Fourteenth and the Court of France, in the Seventeenth Century," by Miss Pardoe, Harper, 1847. "The Near and Heavenly Horizon ; Re- marks on Ecclesiastical History," by John Jastin. Holbourn, 1752. A notable book of local interest is "Wau- bun : or, The Early Day in the Northwest," by Mrs. John H. Kinzie of Chicago, pub- 217 2l8 LIBRARIES— PUBLIC AND PRIVATE lished in 1856. Of this book the "London AthenjEiim" of that date said : "Written in perfectly simple, unpretending style, but with a keen perception of humor and a genuine love of adventure, which makes it very fascinating to read." The old family Bible is dated 1813, the year of Major Mulford's marriage. Among Major Mulford's books left in trust of later tenants of the old home- stead, are a number of school-books, many of which bear interesting autographs and notes made by members of the family. We are indebted to Mr. Francis J. McAssey for many descriptive notes upon these books. In Lindley Murray's English Read- er, Lexington, Ky., 1824, the poem by Wordsworth, the "Pet Lamb," is marked (apparently in Major Mulford's handwrit- ing ) , to the effect that this poem was "learned by Ann at the age of seven years for her father, who was to pay her 25 cents." The names also occur of E. H. Mulford, George G. Mulford, James John- son Mulford ; Anna Mulford, Monticello Female Seminary ; Mary Mulford, Kemper Hall, Kenosha, Wis. The autograph of William S. Gibbs, Chi- cago High School, is found in Hilliard's First Reader, Boston, 1857. Among other school books used in those early days was "Abercrombie's Intellectual Philosophy," Boston, 184 1 ; "Porter's An- alysis," Andover, 1828; "Newman's Rhet- oric," Andover, 1839. "Comstock's Philos- ophy," New York, is inscribed as belonging to William Orr "Junor," "Covington Pres- byterian Collegiate Institute." An animated school-room correspond- ence had evidently been conducted upon the fly-leaves at intervals during the study of philosophy, between the owner and a rival in regard to their aft'ections for one C. Lindley, who is described as "anjellick." It is interesting to speculate who "Bill" Orr and his rival, "John Mc," were, and what finally became of their beautiful "Miss C. Lindley," all of whom "went to school to Mister Heir." We note the contents of "Specimens of American Poetry," arranged by Samuel Kettell, Boston, 1829; Whittier, Richard Henry Dana and George Bancroft are each represented by one poem, Longfellow by three, Bryant by nine and John G. C. Brain- ard by ten. Whittier is spoken of in a biographical sketch as "one of the most youthful of our poets, and his verses show a more than common maturity of power . . . the editor of the 'American Manu- facturer,' a newspaper of Boston." "Hoyle's Games," New York, 1829, con- tains, among other games, "A Practical Treatise on the Game of Gofif, or Golf," showing that golf was played "according to Hoyle" even in those early days. The following quotation is found written on the last page of Chesterfield's "Men and Manners," New York, 1831 : "To do jus- tice, to love mercy, and to walk humbly with thy God," signed "E. H. Mulford"— this quotation, evidently, as the present owner of the book observes,- "describing a Christian gentleman better, to the Major's mind, than the whole book he had finished reading." "Thomas Jefferson's Manual of Par- liamentary Rules," Philadelphia, 1853, is another book worthy of note. "The New York Book," New York, Geo. Dearborn, publisher, 1837, compiled from poetical writings of natives of New York State, contains "An Address to Black Hawk," evidently inspired by witnessing Black Hawk led captive through some eastern city. This book contains the autograph of Mrs. Bertha Gibbs. Another contribution to the history of New York is "Rochester and Western New York," by Henry O'Reilly, Rochester, 1838, II HISTORY OF EVANSTON 219 containing maps and illustrations of the city, also steel engravings of Colonel Rochester, after whom the city (Rochester) was named, and \'incent Matthews, the first lawyer admitted to the bar of Ontario County, then (1790) comprising all that part of the State west of Seneca Lake. This book also covers fully the develop- ment of the Erie Canal and early railroad projects. Henry C^'Reilly. the author of this book, is said to have edited the first news- paper published west of New York City. The "Musical Carcanet," New York. 1832, contains the words and music of "the most admired popular songs arranged for the voice, flute and violin." In a collection of poems, entitled "Elegant E.xtracts." is included a poem called "The Lighthouse," credited to Tom Moore, which is not to be found in any of the current editions of Moore's works. Perhaps the most interesting book, in its bearing on local history, is "Laws of Illi- nois," published at \'andalia in 1833 — that city being at that time the capital of the State. This book is now the property of the Evanston Historical Society. It is espe- cially interesting from the fact that ^lajor Mulford was a Justice of the Peace, and is said to have held the first court in Cook County — which would not be at all sur- prising when we consider that, in 1833, Chicago had only twenty-nine voters, com- prising the entire adult male po])ulation in the election of that year. This book prob- ably furnished Justice Mulford all the legal lore necessary to the settlement of all liti- gation arising from cattle breaking down fences, etc., in what is now the City of Ev- anston. Another book, now in possession of the Evanston Historical Society, is Dr. Isaac Mnlford's "History of New Jersey," 1845. The author was a brother of Major Mulford, and the book bears the names of "Isaac Mulford" and "E. H. Mulford, Ridgeville, 111." "Scott's Lessons," a school book, published in 1823 and bearing the autograph of E. H. Alulford. was also pre- sented to the Evanston Historical Society. An e.xample of the progress of science of that day is furnished in "Bigelow's Tech- nology." published in 1815, and especially interesting from the fact that its author deemed it incomprehensible that the steam engine could ever be improved beyoncl its capacity at that time. Among the works in the line of fiction current in the first few years of Major Mnl- ford's residence in Evanston may be men- tioned : Beaconsfield's "Young Duke," 1831, and "\'ivian Grey," 1826; Cooper's "Home- ward Bound," Philadelphia, 1838. One of the novels of a later date is "The Schcen- berg-Cotta Family." by Mrs. Charles, 1863. First Sunday School Library. — Close- ly allied with the history of this first Ev- anston library was the first Sunday School Library. This Sunday School, which was the seed from which sprang the present First Methodist Sunday School, was start- ed at the old Mulford place and afterward moved to the log school-house which stood on the corner of Greenleaf Street and the Ridge. Mr. Abraham Wigelsworth was then the Superintendent. Mrs. Kate Hag- arty, now of Ravenswood, then Mrs. Ed- ward Mulford. who was at one time Super- intendent, librarian and choir leader, brought with her from the East, about 1834, a collection of fifty books, which she pre- sented to this Sunday School, thus found- ing the first Sunday Sciiool Library in Ev- anston. Private Libraries of Today. — The library belonging to Dr. Daniel Bonbright. Dean of the College of Liberal .\rts. North- western University, is without doubt the oldest of the existing private libraries of Evanston. Dr. Bonbright. who came to Ev- anston in 1855, is the oldest member of the 220 LIBRARIES— PUBLIC AND PRIVATE Faculty of Northwestern University ; his library has grown up in connection with his chair of instruction in the Latin language and literature, and naturally its most im- portant scope is in that direction. Notable among the early libraries of Ev- anston may be mentioned that of the late Rev. Francis D. Hemenway, D.D., who came here in 1857 as Principal of the Pre- paratory Department of Garrett Biblical Institute and later became Professor in the Institute. He was Librarian of the Insti- tute for many years and until his death in 1884. Dr. Hemenway was a member of the sub-committee to revise the Methodist Hymn Book in 1876, and during this work he gathered about 200 volumes on hymnol- ogy. This remarkable collection was pre- sented to Garrett Biblical Institute in 1891 by his son, Henry B. Hemenway, M. D. About seventy-five volumes, once a part of this early library, are now in the possession of the Evanston Free Public Library, hav- ing been presented by Dr. H. B. Hemen- way. Besides possessing the remainder of his father's library. Dr. Henry B. Hemenway has a collection numbering about 600 vol- umes, more than one-half of which are medical works. This library contains the following quaint old volumes: "The Cruci- fied Jesus ; or, A Full Account of the Na- ture, Design and Benefits of the Lord's Supper," by Anthony Harneck, D.D., pub- lished by Lowndes in London, 1700; an ex- tract from Mr. Law's "Serious Call to the Holy Life," by Rev. John Wesley, Phila- delphia, 1803 ; "Rhetorical Reader, with Rhetorical Exercises," by Ebenezer Porter, D.D., New York, 1835 — a very popular reader some sixty years ago and probably the first work published on oratory : a very early medical work, "Nine Commentaries LTpon Fevers and Two Epistles Concerning the Smallpox," London, 1730; a rare old book entitled, "Some of the Beauties of Free Masonry," by Joshua Bradley, 1816, has quite a history, having been left by an American soldier at the home of Mrs. Hem- enway 's grandmother, at Matamoras, Mex- ico. It bears its early owner's signature, John R. Bowdish. 1822. Among other early Evanstonians. whose libraries were a source of inspiration to the youth of that day, may be mentioned the following : Judge Harvey B. Hurd, who came to Ev- anston in 1855, and whose library was un- fortunately destroyed by fire in recent years. Rev. Henry Bannister, D.D., who lived and taught in Evanston twenty-seven years, coming here in 1856. Dr. Oliver Marcy, who became Professor of Natural History in Northwestern Uni- versity in 1862, and left at his deatlj, in 1899, a well selected library. Mr. L. H. Boutell, who came to Evanston in 1865 and was identified with the foun- ding of the Public Library. His private li- brar}- was a carefully selected, scholarly collection. Edward Eggleston, who came here in 1866 as editor of the "Little Corporal." and whose private library had such an important part in the initial steps that led to the found- ing of the Free Public Library. Probably the largest and most valuable private collection of books in Evanston is that belonging to Mrs. Charles J. Morse, whose library of about 10,200 volumes con- sists of three departments: (a) Profession- al Engineering; (b) General Literature; (c) Art, with especial reference to Oriental .*\rt (Japan, China and India). The Art Collection serves to trace the history of Oriental Art from India into China, from China into Japan, and its de- velopment in each country. The collection of books in English, French and German, HISTORY OF EVANSTON 221 relating to the History, Religions, Arts and Industries, etc., of Japan, China, India, Ceylon and other Buddhist countries, is more complete than any similar collec- tion to be found in any of the large libraries of Chicago. Supplementing the above library is a col- lection of (a) "The Art; or, Illustrated Books of Japan," and (b) "The Art, Liter- ature and History of Art of China." The former is an attempt to form a complete collection of the art and illustrated books of Japan from the beginning of their publi- cation, about 1608, to the present time, so far as they were of value to art. This col- lection of about 700 titles is representative and probably more complete than any in this country or in Europe, the similar de- partment in the Bibliotheque Nationale of Paris containing, in 1900, only 581 titles. The Chinese books consist of some 5,000 volumes, containing nearly the complete lit- erature of the art of painting in China, as well as Encyclopedias, Histories, the Clas- sics, Essays and Belles-Lettres. In this de- partment is found the largest encyclopedia ever published in any country, consisting of 1,628 volumes, profusely illustrated. One of the largest of the private collec- tions in Evanston is that of Dr. Robert D. Sheppard, whose library, occupying a beau- tiful room on the east side of his home, facing the lake, contains about 5,000 vol- umes. Dr. Sheppard has made special col- lections of English and American history and economics. Mr. Walter Lee Brown's library, of about 4,000 volumes, contains many sets of the earlier authors of England and America and few of the present. It consists largely of first editions of Cooper, Hawthorne, Irv- ing and Poe, and contains special collec- tions of the various editions of the "Medita- tions of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus" and White's "Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne." Mr. Brown has also made a special collection of "Chap Books," most of which were published during the eigh- teenth century, one being dated as early as 1696. Mr. Frank M. Elliott has a library of about 2,200 volumes, consisting of standard books in fiction and miscellaneous classes. Mr. Elliott also has made a valuable collec- tion of works on Lincoln and Illinois, and Mrs. Elliott has a useful musical library. The library of Mr. Charles Cleveland, of about 1,600 volumes, is one of the most valuable private collections in Evanston. Most of the volumes are large paper and de luxe editions, and represent not only the highest typographical excellence, but the most artistic examples of book-binding in existence, forming a collection which is probably not equaled in this respect by any in the West. Among these fine bindings are specimens of the art of Cobden-Sanderson, Riviere, Zaehnsdorf, Cockrell, Roger de Coverley, Tout, Prideaux, Chambolle- Durer, Mercier, Ritter, Michel, David, Joly and Lortic. Of the more notable works may be men- tioned : A majority of the Kelmscott Press publications ; a full set of Caxton Club pub- lications ; full se^ of Eugene Field's first editions and presentation copies ; Fiske's "History of the United States," extra il- lustrated ; Shakespeare's Works, sixteen volumes, extra illustrated ; de luxe edi- tions of Hawthorne and Emerson and first edition of Ruskin's Works. Many of the volumes in this library have appeared in loan exhibitions, both in Chicago and in Evanston. The late J. H. Kedzie's library consists of some 600 volumes of standard authors, with a special collection of scientific works, notably on astronomy, in which subject Mr. Kedzie had made special research. The Orrington Lunt Library of North- 222 LIBRARIES— PUBLIC AND PRIVATE western L'niversity and the Garrett Bib- lical Institute Library, both of which are so densely identified with the early history of Evanston. will be found described in the chapter devoted to the history of those in- stitutions. The Margaret C. Way Memorial Library was presented to the Woman's Educational Aid Association by Mrs. Kate V. McMuUen in memory of her mother, Mrs. Margaret C. Way, who was for eighteen years a member of this Association. This library, which contains about 400 volumes, is for the special use and benefit of the students and teachers who reside at the College Cot- tage, now known as Pearsons Hall. The Evanston Township High School has a good working library of some 1,600 volumes. The graded schools are also pro- vided with reference libraries. Collection of Curios. — A collection — not of books, but of equal value in point of historic interest — is that of Honorable George S. Knapp, who has gathered to- gether what is probably one of the most re- markable collections of historic and scien- tific curios in the country. Mr. Knapp was the general manager of the Columbian Lib- erty Bell, which was one of the most inter- esting exhibits of the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago of 1893, and to the making of which the pennies of 250,000 children were contributed, together with many historic pieces of metal, identified with various struggles for liberty. The most remarkable of these relics was that contributed by Mrs. Roger A. Pryor, of New York, which was formed of two bul- lets — one from the North and one from the South — which met in the air and so imbed- ded themselves into each other as to form a solid mass and assume the shape of the letter "U," typical of the Union of to-day. Many things pertaining to the bell are still in Mr. Knapp's possession, the most interesting being the "International Rope," which was used by representatives of all nations in ringing the bell on "Chicago Day." 1893. The idea, which is a unique one, was conceived by Mr. Knapp. The rope, which is fifty-four feet long, is made of materials from all nations of the earth. The central strand, consisting of a piece of rawhide contributed by the United States, is covered by strands from the other na- tions, the whole being wrapped with the "red, white and blue." The first contribu- tion to this rope was from Queen Victoria — a skein of linen thread spun by her own hand. The last was a piece of a meteor. Thus, as the owner says of it, "Heaven and earth helped to make it." The Columbian Peace Plow was made from the relics, mostly swords and bayo- nets, which could not be used in making the Liberty Bell. On the beam of the plow are the words, "And they shall beat their swords into ploughshares, and their spears into pruning hooks. Nation shall not lift sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more." Another interesting reminder of the World's Fair is the beautiful American flag — the official flag of the Exposition — which was made of American silk, spun from co- coons by women of twenty-six States of the Union. This flag was dedicated to the wo- men of America at the opening of the Wo- man's Building in 1893, and was presented to the Board of Lady Managers by Mr. G. S. Knapp and his son, G. M. Knapp, and was then presented back to them by that board. The staiT is made of cherry and in- laid with pieces of wood furnished by the World's Fair Commissioners from each State and Territory in the Union, each piece being of great historical value. Among the Revolutionary relics in this collection may be mentioned the following: Piece of Paul Jones' flag, the first to be sa- HISTORY OF EVANSTON 223 luted by a foreign power ; sword used at Bunker Hill by Mr. Knapp's great-grand- father ; lanterns used by Washington's body guard ; blunderbuss taken from the boat from which the tea was thrown over- board in Boston harbor. This eighteenth century gun is a wicked looking piece, which bears on its large mouth the words, "Happy is he that escapes me." Relics of a later historic period are : Cup of white china used by Lincoln ; cigar-hold- er used by Grant ; gavel composed of a picket from the late President McKinley's fence at Canton (given to the owner by Mr. ]\IcKinley himself) and a piece of the plank on which he stood at his inauguration : a Confederate flag found in a bale of cotton on board a ship which arrived in Liverpool, England, in 1864, after having run the blockade of New Orleans ; an American flag carried by Mr. Knapp through the campaigns of Grant, Garfield, Blaine, Har- rison and McKinley ; a piece of an old fort at San Juan, in the capture of which some of our own Evanston troops assisted ; a col- lection of swords and daggers used by the Filipinos in the late war, and on which the stains of blood still show, in spite of clean- ing and polishing; a bow used by Black Hawk ; a "Rob Roy" pistol from Sir Walter Scott's collection ; a revolver carried by Robert E. Lee in the Civil War. Among relics of a local interest may be mentioned: A carved staff made of wood from the old City Hall, which stood on the present site of the Rookery Building, Chi- cago ; a frame made from the steps of the old Ogden House, which stood on the pres- ent site of the Newberry Library ; the new- el-post of the Ogden house. The first two were carved by Mr. Knapp, who has done several pieces of very intricate carving with a pen-knife, notable among which is a series of frames held together by links, emblemat- ic of events in the historv of the world — the whole cut with a pen-knife from one solid piece of black walnut, the links being cut without disjoining. Not the least inter- esting in this unique collection is a piece of the first water-pipe laid in the City of Chi- cago, as well as samples of every kind of pipe used there since that time. Evanston Free Public Library. — The Evanston Free Public Library had its origin in a plan to form "The Evanston Sabbath School Union Library" in Febru- ary. 1870. For the inception of the idea of such a library, however, we must go back to 1867 or 1868, when Dr. Edward Eggles- ton, then Superintendent of the First Meth- odist Sunday School, formed a class of boys who met at his house, which stood until re- cent years at 1017 Davis Street. This class, which was not confined to boys of any one church, held a brief religious meeting, aft- er which they were invited freely into Dr. Eggleston's library and allowed to choose books for their home reading. We quote from an article in "The Index" of Decem- ber 18, 1897, by Dr. Henry B. Hemenway, who, describing this class, speaks of Dr. Eggleston as the "Father of the Public Li- brary": "My mental picture of Edward Eggleston generally shows him in the half hour after the meeting. He sits in a large, easy chair, his heavy brown hair pushed back, and his face lit up as he looks first to one, then to another of his hearers. A bov sits on each knee, another on each arm of the chair, one or two more hang on its back, while the rest get close to his feet on the floor, or on low stools. Then he told us stories — stories of his boyhood, or of the frontier. Some of them have since been printed. Before we parted he took us into the little library and helped us to select books for our week's reading. He did not object to books of ad- venture for spice, but I remember that he tried to instill into our minds a taste for 224 LIBRARIES— PUBLIC AND PRIVATE books of more value, like Abbott's histories. The class grew until he had to move it into the Kindergarten building, which he had built for his sister in the yard east of the house. He added to his library, but it was too small. Then he began to appeal to some of our old citizens, L. L. Greenleaf among others, for the forming of a public library." The impetus thus given resulted in the realization of Dr. Eggleston's cherished plan, and although his name is not found in the records of the library, he having moved to Brooklyn just about that time, yet there is no doubt that the beloved author of "Roxy" and the "Hoosier Schoolmaster" and many other books dear to young and old, was the inspiration of the present Pub- lic Library. The first organization was formed at the residence of William T. Shepherd, 1738 Chicago Avenue, by the following named persons : L. L. Greenleaf, Rev. M. G. Clarke, Dr. E. O. Haven, A. L. Winne, William P. Kimball, William T. Shepherd. The next recorded meeting was held August 26, 1870, at the residence of William T. Shepherd. Those present at this meeting were: L. L. Greenleaf, A. L. Winne, Rev. E. N. Packard, H. C. Tillinghast and Wil- liam T. Shepherd. At this meeting it was voted that the name of the Association be "The Evanston Library Association," the plan for a Union Sabbath School Library not being feasible. A committee which was appointed to draft by-laws and a constitu- tion consisted of Rev. E. N. Packard, Dr. J. S. Jewell and William T. Shepherd. On October 18, 1870, this constitution was adopted at a meeting held in the Methodist Church, Dr. E. O. Haven, chairman, and E. S. Taylor, Secretary. This constitution provided that the name of the Association be "The Evanston Library Association" ; that the object be "to establish and main- tain a public library and reading room, and in connection with this, by all suitable means to awaken a desire for sound knowl- edge and a correct taste, and to provide for the gratification of the same among all classes of the community." Two classes of membership were pro- vided for, viz. : Ordinary and Life — the first being open to all residents of Evanston upon the payment of $5.00 per annum. The sec- ond was open to residents of Evanston upon the payment of $30.00 for gentle- men and $20.00 for ladies. Annual meet- ings of the Association and monthly meet- ings of its Board of Directors were pro- vided. The Nominating Committee who selected the first Board of Officers consisted of Gen- eral (afterwards Governor) John L. Bever- idge, Messrs. E. R. Paul, Merrill Ladd, Samuel Greene and Ambrose Foster. The following officers were elected : President, L. L. Greenleaf ; \'ice-President, H. G. Powers : Corresponding Secretary, Charles Randolph ; Recording Secretary, Samuel Greene : Treasurer, Lyman J. Gage ; Di- rectors, Rev. E. O. Haven, D.D. ; Ambrose Foster, Andrew Shuman, L. H. Boutell, J. S. Jewell, M. D., and J. H. Kedzie. On C^ctober 25th at a meeting of the Board of Directors at the residence of H. G. Powers, the first Committees were ap- pointed as follows: Books and Periodicals, L. H. Boutell, Andrew Shuman, Dr. E. O. Haven ; Rooms and Furnishing, Samuel Greene, J. H. Kedzie, H. G. Powers and L. L. Greenleaf ; Finance, H. G. Powers, Ambrose Foster, L. J. Gage and L. L. Greenleaf : Lectures, Dr. J. S. Jewell, Charles Randolph and L. H. Boutell. Besides fees from members, manv dona- tions of money were made by friends of the enterprise, the largest of which was $575 from L. L. Greenleaf. Some revenue was also derived, later, from lectures and from rent of the Association rooms. Valuable HISTORY OF EVANSTON 225 donations of books were made by H. G. Powers, Andrew Shuman, J. S. Jewell, L. J. Gage and others. On December 3, 1870, the Book Commit- tee were authorized to purchase books to the amount of $1,000. Rooms were secured on the second t^oor of Dr. W. S. Scott's building, now numbered 613 Davis Street, and the Library was formally opened on February 9, 1871. The Association was organized as a body corporate under the laws of the State of Illinois on February 23. 1 87 1. At this time a Constitution was adopted, which was practically the same as that adopted by the Association October 18, 1870. The first monthly report of the Library showed one hundred Life and An- nual members, thirty-three weekly sub- scribers, ninety books in circulation. On October 29, 1872 a Committee con- sisting of Messrs. L. L. Greenleaf, L. H. Boutell and J. S. Page were appointed to see what measures were needed to bring about the transfer of the Library to the town. Through the efforts of this Com- mittee the matter was brought to a vote of the people at the Spring election, and in April, 1873, the citizens of the Village of Evanston, without dissent, voted for a two- mill tax for a free public library, under the provisions of the Illinois Library Law, which was passed in March, 1872. The Trustees of the \'illage of Evanston thereupon ap- pointed as Directors of the Free Public Library, Messrs. L. H. Boutell, J. S. Jewell, O. E. Willard, J. H. Kedzie, Samuel Greene, E. S. Taylor, Andrew Shuman, L. L. Greenleaf and Thomas Freeman. On May 22, 1873, the Evanston Library Association authorized the Trustees to transfer the books and other property of the Association to the Directors of the Free Public Library of the \"illage of Evanston, upon condition that the same be forever kept as a Free Public Librarv for the use of the inhabitants of the village, and upon the further condition that said Directors as- sume the indebtedness of the Association. In accordance with these instructions the 913 volumes, and other property belonging to the Association, were transferred by the Trustees on July 3, 1873. The first meet- ing of the Board of Directors of the Free Library of the Village of Evanston was held at the Library rooms on June 21, 1873. The ballot for officers resulted in the choice of J. H. Kedzie for President and Samuel Greene for Secretary. In April, 1889, the Library was moved to the lower floor of Anton Block's building, 522 and 524 Sher- man Avenue. L^pon the erection of the new City Hall in 1892, rooms on the second floor were assigned to the Public Library. These rooms were planned and adapted to the needs of the Library under the direction of N. C. Gridley, the President of the Board, and in April, 1893, the Library was removed to these rooms in the City Hall, its present quarters. Thus began a period of greater growth and expansion. The yearly accessions of books which, for the twenty- one years since its foundation, had averaged 465 volumes per year, now ranged from 1,142 volumes added in 1893, to 2,907 vol- umes added in 1897. This impulse toward a larger purchase of books was given through the generosity of John R. Lindgren, who, during the year 1891-92, turned over to the Library for a book fund, his salary as City Treasurer, amounting to $1,502.36. Officers and Directors. — J. H. Kedzie, the first President of the Free Public Li- brary Board, wtas succeeded by L. H. Bou- tell in April. 1877. Mr. Boutell, who, as we have recorded, was identified with the first Board of Directors of the Library Associa- tion, continued in faithful service as a mem- ber of the Board and of the Book Commit- tee for twentv-nine years until his death, January 16, 1899. In May, 1882, N. C. 226 LIBRARIES— PUBLIC AND PRIVATE Gridley was elected to the office of Presi- dent, which he held until his resignation, in June, 1895, after twenty years membership upon the Board, executing as President not only the duties of this office, but much of the work incident to the purchase of books, etc., usually devolving upon the librarian. To the many years of active service of these two gentlemen, is due. in large part, the successful growth of the library and the careful selection of books which formed the foundation of a collection well balanced in all departments. Mr. J. W. Thompson, who was appointed a member of the Board in June, 1890, has been, since June, 1895, its faithful and efficient presiding officer. The first Secre- tary, Samuel Greene, served from October, 1870, to Kovember, 1873. The successors to this office have been as follows : E. S. Taylor, H. M. Bannister, N. C. Gridley, H. G. Lunt, J. S. Currey and Wm. S. Lord, the last three named having served for eight years each, Mr. Lord still holding this office. Charles A. Rogers is the oldest in service of the present Board of Directors, having served continuously since 1876. The re- maining members of the present Board, not before mentioned are : J. Seymour Currev, Vice-President ; Richard C. Lake, Charles G. Neely. Fred W. Nichols, George W. Paullin, \\ 'alter Lee Brown (resigned). Librarians. — Mr. Thomas J. Kellam was the first librarian, serving from Jan- uary to March. 1871. The compensation of the Librarian was fixed at $5 per week, this amount being understood to cover all expense incurred in the care of the room. Mr. Kellam was succeeded by Miss Mary E. Greene, who held the position until March, 1872, when Miss L. H. Newman was elected, and was retained by the Free Library Board, thus becoming the first Librarian of the Free Public Librarv. Those succeeding to this position have been . as follows : Miss Nellie A. Lathrop, October, 1875, to September, 1876. Miss L. H. Bannister, September, 1876, to November, 1880. Miss Lizzie R. Hunt, November, 1880, to September, 1882. Miss Ada L. Fairfield, September, 1882, to September, 1883. Miss Anna P. Lord, September, 1883, to November, 1888. Miss Laura R. Richards, November, 1888, to May. 1891. :\Iiss Mary S. Morse, May, 1891, to Oc- tober, 1891. Miss May Van Benschoten, October, 1891, to June, 1894. In December, 1893, it was resolved by the Board that the increasing work of the Library required the services of a trained librarian. In accordance with this resohi- tion, the present Librarian, Miss Mary B. Lindsay, was appointed and entered upon her duties, June I, 1894. Classification and Cataloguing. — In 1896 the simple classification imder which the books were arranged was found to be inadequate to the growth of the Library, and the work of reclassifying the Library under the Dewey Decimal system was be- gun in March of that year, under the direc- tion of Dr. George E. Wire, late of the Newberry Library, and formerly identified with this Library as First Assistant Libra- rian. Miss Mary E. Gale was employed to make the card catalogue. This work was completed in December, 1896, having been accomplished without closing the librarv or materially interfering with its use. The first printed catalogue was published in De- cember, 1873, and included a historical sketch of the Library for the three years since its organization. Later catalogues were published in 1877. 1887, 1889 and HISTORY OF EVANSTON 227 1892. An "Annotated Finding List of Fic- tion, Books for Young People and Selected Lists" was published in 1897. The card catalogue, which is in dictionary form, under names of authors, titles and subjects, is kept up to date by a trained cataloguer, and thus takes the place of a printed cat- alogue, with continuous supplements. Bul- letins of new books are published quarterly during the year and distributed free to readers. Library Extension.— One of the chief means of promoting and extending the work of the Library on broader lines was inaugurated in ^larch. 1896, when, in com- pliance with a request from F. W. Nichols, Superintendent of School District No. 2, about 100 books were loaned to the schools in that district to be circulated under the direction of the teachers. In the following year a system of separate school libraries was adopted. These school libraries of about one hundred books each were sent in turn to the schools farthest removed from the library, including all the school districts. One of these libraries was the gift of Mr. ' Richard C. Lake, of the Board of Direc- tors. This circulation of books through the schools, besides giving the children the ben- efit of a careful selection of books, has been an effectual means of bringing into touch with the library the families of those chil- dren, who, residing in the remoter parts of the city, were otherwise not acquainted with the library and its privileges. A graded and annotated list of the 300 books in the school libraries, compiled by the Reference Librarian, has just been published. In Oc- tober, 1897, the work for children was made a part of the work of the Reference Libra- rian and further co-operation of the library with the school was made possible by her visits to the schools and conference with the teachers. A "Children's Corner" was established in the reading room of the library in October, 1898, and here, even in its crowded quar- ters, is seen something of what might be ac- complished in this very important line of librarv work, in a building equipped with a separate children's room. ' A Children's Library League was organized January 26, 1899, with the object of promoting among the young people a better care of the books and other property of the library and the cultivation of a taste for the best books. Reference Department. — The Reference Department of about 900 volumes is said to be better equipped than most libraries of its size. The usefulness of this Department was greatly enhanced in October, 1897, when the position of Assistant Librarian for Reference and Children's work was created. The placing of this department in charge of a trained assistant has made possible a much larger work by the preparation of ref- erence lists on special subjects for clubs and for individuals, and by bringing to young people and adults a better knowledge of the various reference books and their use. As a means of further extension of the library's usefulness and of increasing knowl- edge of its methods and work among the citizens, an annual "Library Day" was in- augurated on December 10, 1897. This an- nual event has taken the form of a reception or "open house," day at the library, during which books were not circulated, but the staff and Directors served as a reception committee and explained the various de- partments and methods of work. Special exhibits of books and curios, loaned by friends of the library, added to the interest of the occasion. The twenty-fifth anniver- sary of the opening of the Free Public Library was celebrated in this way on Oc- tober 13, 1898. The crowded condition of the library rooms has made it necessary for the past two years to abandon, temporarily, this popular annual feature. 22C LIBRARIES— PUBLIC AND PRIVATE Hours. — The Library was open from 3 p. m. to ') p. m., every day, except Sundays and holidays, until October, 187 1, when the great Chicago fire made it necessary to cur- tail expenses. The hours were therefore limited at that time to Saturday afternoons and evenings, from 2 to 4 and from " to 9. In 1873 the hours were extended to three afternoons and evenings of the week. In April, 1893, the patronage of the library warranted its opening every day except Sunday from 2 to 9 o'clock p. m. In De- cember, 1895, the hours for opening were made i p. m. to 9 p. m. daily and from 9 a. m. to 9 p. m. Saturdays. Beginning March 15, 1897, the present hours were inaugurated, viz: 9 a. m. to 9 p. m., daily, and in January, 1901, the plan of holiday and Sunday opening was inaugurated — the reading room being open on those days from 2 p. m. until 6 p. m. Privileges, Etc. — Since the organization of the Free Public Library, membership has been free to all residents of Evanston upon the furnishing of written guaranty. The family card, good for three books and the individual card good for one book, were exchanged in August, 1896, for individual cards issued to each resident, without limit of age, allowing two books on each card. A fee of fifty cents per month, or $2.50 per year, gives the privileges of the library to non-residents. Non-resident students were at first allowed the use of the library for reference; in October, 1896, the privilege of drawing books from the library was granted to them. Since September, 1898, the public have been admitted to the shelves as far as practicable with the limited room. Staff.— On August 29, 1895, the matter of employment of Librarian and stafif of assistants was placed under the jurisdiction of the Civil Service Commission. The Stafif at present (1905) consists of the fol- lowing: Mary B. Lindsay, Librarian; Elizabeth P. Clarke, Reference Librarian ; Cora AI. Hill, Superintendent Circulating Department ; Gertrude L. Brown, Cat- aloguer ; Bertha S. Bliss, Arthur H. Knox, Eddy S. Brandt, Assistants ; Wm. E. Lee, Janitor. From the 913 volumes which formed the nucleus of the Free Public Library in 1873, the number has grown to about 30,000 vol- umes — an average growth of about 1,000 volumes per year. From the small begin- ning represented by about 9,000 books cir- culated during its first year, the circula- tion has grown to 114,551 volumes, which went into the homes and the schools for the year ending June i, 190 1. The annua! income of the library has risen from twelve hundred to about ten thousand dollars. The purchase of books, which in 1874 amounted to $260, has, for the last ten years, averaged about $2,000 per year, the book purchases for the year 1900-01 being 2,557 volumes, amounting to $2,459.49. It has been the aim of the Public Library to keep in touch with the larger library in- terests of the country. To this end the Library has, in recent years, been repre- sented at the meetings of the American Library Association and the Illinois State Library Association, President J. W. Thompson serving for a term as President of the latter Association. In February, 1898, an Inter-State Library Conference was held in Evanston, which was attended by some 170 delegates, eleven States being represented. A number of citizens gener- ously aided the Public and L^niversity Libra- ries in the entertainment of this conference. Library Building.— On May 31, 1884. the need for more room becoming apparent, Mr. Holmes Hoge was appointed "a com- mittee of one to consult with Mr. Deering, about the erection of a library building suitable for the necessities of the people of the village." The annual report of the II HISTORY OF EVANSTON 229 same date contained an appeal to the citi- zens of Evanston to provide a building for the Library. In April, 1887, Mr. William Deering offered $5,000 toward the erection of a library building, following which a cir- cular letter was issued signed by the Presi- dent of the Board, urging that a generous response be given to the Committee who would call upon the citizens for further sub- scriptions. After earnest efforts made to raise the required amount, the plan was abandoned in June, 1887, owing to the slight encouragement given by the citizens. During the next ten years, though no action was taken, the question was often discussed by the Board, and endeavors made to create sentiment toward obtaining a building. In December, 1897, ■'^I''- Charles F. Grey, of Evanston, offered $10,- 000 toward a $100,000 building. A com- mittee from the Board was appointed to confer with Mr. Grey and to take up the matter of a new building. Though there were no offers toward the remaining $100,- 000, yet the Board felt confident that the required amount would be forthcoming, and efforts were continued toward securing a suitable site. In October, 1898, a commit- tee was appointed to ascertain possible con- sent of property owners abutting on the City Park in case the City would grant per- mission to place the library building there. This committee canvassed the matter and reported almost unanimous refusal on the part of property owners to consent to hav- ing the park used as a site. In June, 1899, resolutions were adopted by the Board asking the City Council to appropriate $35,000 for a site for the Li- brary. These resolutions were referred by the Council to the Judiciary Committee in consultation with the Corporation Counsel. The appropriation was not granted. In January. 1900, Mr. C. F. Grey offered to give $100,000 for a library building, pro- vided a site should be furnished, cleared of buildings, free of cost or incumbrance, and the premises after purchase removed from the tax list. A committee from the Board was appointed to raise funds for the pur- chase of a site. Anticipating the securing of the amount necessary for the building, the Board had previously made efforts to secure the property facing east on Chicago Avenue, extending north from the Baptist church to Grove Street, but efforts to obtain options on all of this property failed, and before the money could be secured that part of this property on the corner of Grove Street was sold to the Christian Science Church. Options were then obtained on the property facing west on Chicago Avenue, extending from the alley south to Grove Street. In June, 1900, the Site Committee issued a circular letter to citizens of Evanston call- ing a meeting of citizens to consider ways and means of raising the needed funds to obtain a site. This meeting was held July 6, 1900, in the City Council chamber, and it was voted to attempt to raise the required amount on the voluntary assessment plan, and a committee of citizens was chosen to act with a committee from the Library Board in spreading and collecting the as- sessment. An equal per cent of each tax- payer was determined according to the tax lists and notices were sent them stating amount of share of each. Notices were also sent to non-tax-payers, asking for a per- centage of their income. In response to this voluntary assessment, there was received $2,709.85 in cash from one hundred and twenty people. Pledges were received from forty-one people aggregating $2,116.80. The total amount necessary to purchase a. suitable site in a central location was about $40,000. Realizing that this plan had failed, the money was returned to the donors and 230 LIBRARIES— PUBLIC AND PRIVATE a final report made by the Treasurer of the fund, Rev. F. Clatworthy. in August, 1901. In the meantime another attempt was made toward securing the City Park. This movement was started by Rev. J. H. Boyd, D. D., who interested a number of citizens in the matter and announced the subject for discussion at his "Conversazione," De- cember 13, 1900, at the First Presbyterian church. This was made a pubhc meeting, and the subject was fully discussed and resolutions were passed requesting the Library Board to ascertain whether the Park could be secured under the law, and to endeavor to secure consents of abutting property owners and the preferences of the legal voters of Evanston as to the site for the Library. A special committee was ap- pointed from the Library Board, and made a careful canvass of the property owners abutting on the Park, but they were obliged to report in February, 1901, that they had been unable to obtain consent of all the owners. Though many who had formerly objected now consented, yet a few adhered to the opinion that their property would be largely damaged by the use of any part of the park for the purpose contemplated. January 31, 1901, Mr. J. C. Shafifer sug- gested the probability of securing a site on Chicago Avenue between Church and Davis Streets. A Committee was appointed to act with Mr. Shaffer towards securing this site. On April 6, 1901, following upon the passage of a State law giving to cities the power to levy a tax for the purpose of pur- chasing sites for public library buildings, the Board of Directors passed resolutions determining to purchase a site, the esti- mated cost of which was $45,000, the collec- tion of such cost to be spread over a period of fifteen years. A copy of these resolu- tions was sent to the Citv Council and approved by them, but it was subsequently found that the City of Evanston was already indebted to its full legal limit ; hence such action of the Council was found illegal and was rescinded. In May, 1901, the Site Committee re- ported pledges received to the amount of $12,000. In June, 1901, Mr. Joseph M. Lyons was authorized to raise subscriptions to the site fund at a compensation of one per cent, conditional upon his raising a sum in addition to that already subscribed suffi- cient to pay for the site. Although pledges to the amount of $17,000 were secured, this enterprise also resulted in failure. After various other unsuccessful attempts, in June, 1904, the effort to secure a site was crowned with success, through the pur- chase of one by the city at the corner of C)rrington Avenue and Church Street at a cost of $31,600.00. A glance at the history of the library movement throughout the country shows the wonderful possibilities of the work of the public library in educating the masses, and thus making for a higher citizenship. The Management of our Public Library is still confident that, in due time, some solution of our site problem will be reached, and Evanston's Public Library will not be long hampered by lack of room from at- taining to that larger educational work toward which, during its twenty-nine years of history, it has steadily been advanc- ing. . The movement for a new building for the Public Library culminated in the offer of Mr. Andrew Carnegie to provide $50,000 towards the cost of such a building. This was supplemented by a bond issue of the City of Evanston of $31,600, for the site at the north-east corner of Church Street and Orrington Ave., and $25,000 towards the cost of the building. This, with some other HISTORY OF EVANSTON 231 funds at the disposal of the Library lioard, papers of the day, and various mementoes, will enable the authorities to erect a build- The general design of the building is pure ing to cost approximately $100,000. classic, fronting on Orrington Avenue, The corner-stone of this new building constructed of steel framework with Bed- was laid on June 2, 1906. A box was in- ford stone in the exterior walls, and with a closed in the corner-stone containing a writ- portico supported by Grecian columns, ten account of the efforts made to provide The capacity of the space for books is for the new building, reports, photographs double that needed for the present collec- of the various persons connected with the tion, thus making ample provision for fu- librarv and the citv administration, news- ture 2Towth. CHAPTER XXV. UNIVERSITY LIBRARY (By LODILLA AMBROSE, Ph. M.. Assistant Libiaiiaci) First Step in the Orgaiiication of a Uni- versity Library — President Foster's Gift — Advanec of Fifty Years — The Green- leaf Library — University Library is Made a Depository for Government Pub- lications — Recent Notable Donations — Orrington Lunt Library Building is De- dicated in 1S04 — The Orrington Lunt Library Fund — Internal Administration — List of Those zvho have Served as Li- brarians — Libraries of Garrett Biblical Institute and Professional Schools. The Xorthwestern University Library is an integral part of the institution whose name it bears. The beginnings of the Li- brary were small and unheralded ; its growth has been gradual, but constant and substantial. The earliest mention of a li- brary in the University records occurs in the minutes of the annual meeting of the Board of Trustees, June, 1856, this being the first meeting after the University was opened to students. The report of the Fac- ulty then submitted touched on the question of a library. This led to the appointment of a committee that made the following report : "The Committee on Library rec- ommends that the Executive Committee be authorized to expend one thousand dollars in the purchase of books for the commence- ment of a library during the present year, and that the same amount be set apart from year to year, for additions thereto, the catalogue to be selected under the direction of the Faculty." A little later President Foster gave his first year's salary for the purchase of books : and in December, 1856, the Financial Agent was authorized to fit up a room in the L^niversity building to accommodate the Li- brary. In June. 1857, the librarian report- ed 1.977 volumes and ^y pamphlets; these volumes, with a few exceptions, having been selected and purchased by President Foster. The annual meetings of 1857 and 1858 suspended the action taken in 1856 making an annual appropriation of one thousand dollars for books. In i860, 675 volumes, chiefly philosophical and histori- cal, were purchased from President Fos- ter's library. In 1868, a printed catalogue of the library, prepared by Charles K. Ban- nister. "60, was published ; a summary of the entries in this slight, green-covered pamphlet shows that the library then con- tained about 3,000 volumes. In June, 1870, the librarian reported 3,635 volumes ; twen- ty years later there were 23,279 volumes, and .\pril 30, 1903. there are 51.658 vol- umes and 35,000 pamphlets. The first great addition to the library came through the gift of Mr. Luther L. Greenleaf. Negotiations, begun in 1869 in Berlin with the heirs of Johann Schulze, Ph. D., a member of the Prussian Minis- 233 234 UNIVERSITY LIBRARY try of Public Instruction, resulted in secur- ing for the University the valuable library of this eminent German scholar and publi- cist. In recognition of Air. Greenleaf's liberality the collection is known as the Greenleaf Library. It contains 11,246 vol- umes, and a very large number of unbound dissertations and other monographs, the publications of universities and learned so- cieties. It includes a collection of the Greek and Latin classics, with the subsidi- ary literature, remarkable for its range and completeness. There are also choice selec- tions of works in history, philosophy, and other leading subjects. In 1874, the library of the late Prof. Henry S. Noyes, containing 1.500 well chosen volumes, was purchased by the Uni- versity for the library. In 1878, Mr. Wil- liam Deering and the Hon. Lyman J. Gage bought and presented a portion of the li- brary of the late Oliver A. Willard, chiefly volumes of State and local history and po- litical science. In 1895, ^i^s. R. W. Patterson gave nearly 500 volumes, largely biblical and philosophical, from the library of her hus- band, the late Rev. R. W. Patterson. D. D. In 1896, the joint gifts of friends enabled the library to purchase a complete set of the Hansard Parliamentary Debates. In 1898. similar gifts secured complete sets of the Reports of the United States Supreme Court and of the Illinois Supreme Court, and also created a fund of $1,850 for the jnirchase of the later editions of the Greek and Latin classics, supplementing the Greenleaf collection of earlier date. Another gift received in 1898 was the li- brary of German authors (2,533 volumes) collected by Geheimer Regierungsrath Schneider, of Schleswig, Germany. It in- cludes many first and second editions, and some early Reformation prints. Gifts from leading German citizens of Chicago, se- cured by the late Assistant Professor Cohn, made possible the purchase of this collec- tion. In 1900, Dr. Herbert F. Fisk obtained for the Academy a supplementary library of over 500 volumes. In the same year Mr. Xorman W. Harris gave $750 for the pur- chase of books on political economy : Mrs. Oliver Marcy gave selected volumes from the scientific library of her husband, the late Dr. Oliver Marcy, Professor of Geology ; and Mrs. Henry Cohn presented valuable works from the linguistic library of her husband, the late Henry Cohn. Assistant Professor of German. .\ generous donor to the library is the L^nited States Government. The library was designated as a depository of govern- ment publications by Senator John A. Lo- gan, May 26, 1876. In April, 1903, its col- lection of these documents numbers 6,740 volumes and 10,154 pamphlets. In addi- tion to these, some 3.000 volumes of the official publications of States and cities have been collected. In 1870. the Librarian's report gave the list of periodicals regularly received, com- prising 39 titles: in 1890, this list contained 105 titles, and in 1903, 320 titles. The hours of opening in 1870, according to the record, were four hours each week- day afternoon. These hours have been gradually extended in response to greater demands, until in 1903 the library is open thirteen hours each day for six days a week, during the college year. Early re- ports mention appreciative use of the li- brary. Records of later }ears show a marked increase in its use along all lines — an increase that quite outstrips the growth of the library, as well as the advance in tlie number of students. The library's first habitation was a room in the building now called Old College. In December, 1869. it was transferred to z o I z z < fi'KAN '=>-' -^CCONJ^ /^OO^ PUf/* C-- r^j^^T Ftnofi nRKixr;T(>x i.rxr library HISTORY OF EVANSTON 235 rooms in the new University Hall. In August, 1894, came another migration, this time to the Orrington Lunt Library Build- ing. As early as 1859 a prudent Trustee urged the necessity of a fireproof library building: in 1885 the need was emphasized in the report of the Committee on Library, and, in 1891, the subject was prominent in the President's report. July 22, 1891, Mr. Orrington Lunt, \"ice-President of the Board of Trustees, signified his readiness to give $50,000 toward a library building. As an addition to this generous gift, $15,- 000 was contributed in varying sums by other friends of the LTniversity. Among these contributions was a gift of $5,000 made by Mrs. Robert M. Hatfield as a me- morial of her husband, the late Rev. Rob- ert M. Hatfield, D. D., for years a Trustee of the Ll^niversity. The amount thus given through personal beneficence was raised to $100,000 by an appropriation from the funds of the University. The building is situated on the Universi- ty campus at Evanston, facing Sheridan Road, and covering an area of 73 by 162 feet. It is planned so that future additions may be made without sacrificing exterior eft'ect or interior convenience. The outer walls are of buff Bedford limestone, the roof is red conosera tile. The building is constructed on the slow-burning, or prac- tically fireproof, system, sometimes called mill-construction. The style of the build- ing is an adaptation of the Italian Renais- sance ; its outlines are simple with little ornamentation, but the whole is harmonious and pleasing. The large semi-circular porch is supported by Ionic columns ; on the frieze, in raised lettering, is the inscrip- tion, "Orrington Lunt Library." On either side of the entrance are cloak rooms ; a broad oak staircase leads to the second floor, which provides an assemblv room seating 500 persons, art rooms and seminar rooms. The third storv, extending: only over the central portion of the build- ing, is devoted to offices and recitation rooms. The basement, well lighted and thoroughly furnished, contains among others a large document room, seminar rooms, work rooms, and toilet rooms. The first, or main, story is devoted en- tirely to library uses ; in one wing is the reading room and in the center and in the other wing is the book room, the two being separated by the delivery desk and card catalogue cases. The windows are large and placed so that all light comes from above. All the wood-work and furnish- ings of this floor are of polished red oak. The reading room seats 120 persons. All the stories are connected with the book room by a book-lift and speaking tube. In a central extension of the building, as shown in the ground plan, are the Libra- rian's room and the cataloguing room. The heating is by steam from a detached sta- tion and the lighting is by gas and electri- city. The architect is William A. Otis, of Chicago. The Orrington Lunt Library was dedi- cated, September 26, 1894. In the after- noon in the assembly room of the building, the exercises of formal opening were held. The program was as follows : invocation by the Rev. Franklin W. Fisk, D. D., LL. D.. President of Chicago Theological Semin- ary : address of presentation by Mr. Or- rington Lunt : address of acceptance bv President Henry Wade Rogers, LL. D. ; dedication ode, by Mrs. Emily Huntington Miller; address by Charles Kendal! Adams, LL. D., President of the University of Wis- consin. In the evening, in the First Metho- dist Episcopal Church, a public address on '"The Development of the Library" was de- livered by the late Justin Winsor, LL. D., Librarian of Harvard L'niversity. \'arious gifts of books and money have already been noted. It remains to mention the Orrington Lunt endowment property. 236 UNIVERSITY LIBRARY In 1865 Mr. Lunt conveyed to the Univer- sity 157 acres of land in North Evanston, thereby cancelling certain subscriptions previously made, and designating the gen- erous remainder as a permanent endow- ment. Three years later this was set apart by the Board of Trustees as the foundation for a library, and named the Orrington Lunt Library fund. At an early date, a portion of the land was sold, expensive im- provements have since been made on the property ; its present valuation is $90,000. When the property becomes productive, it is expected to yield an increasing income for the purchase of books. The details of the administration of the library are too technical for presentation here. The present system is the result of gradual growth and development along the lines shown to be important by the great library movement of the last twenty-five years. During the earlier years, some one of the professors was appointed librarian ; among those who acted in this capacity were W. D. Godman, David H. Wheeler, Louis Kistler and Charles W. Pearson. In 1875-76 the Rev. W. H. Daniels served as librarian. For the following ten years the name of Horace G. Lunt appeared in the catalogue as Librarian. During the last two of these years, George E. V'ire was Assistant Librarian. No one now bears the title of Librarian, but Miss Lodilla Ambrose, Ph. M., has been Assistant Li- brarian since January i, 1888. Aside from student assistants, the present staff are : Miss Olinia M. Mattison, Ph. B., First As- sistant since September, 1898; Miss Fran- ces C. Pierce, Ph. B., Assistant in the read- ing room since September, 1901, and Miss Adaline M. Baker, B. L. S., cataloguer since September, 1902. A committee on the library, from their own number, reports annually to the Board of Trustees on the state of the library. The Library Commit- tee of the faculty co-operates with the As- sistant Librarian in the administration of the library. Of this important committee, the late Dr. Daniel Bonbright was, for many years, the Chairman, and the library owes much to his careful oversight. The library of the Garrett Biblical Insti- tute, numbering 16,260 volumes and 2,200 pamphlets, is also on the campus, and is open to all students. The Dearborn Observatory has an as- tronomical library of about 1,000 volumes and 1,000 pamphlets. The professional schools, located in Chi- cago, have special libraries as follows : Volumes Pamphlets Medical School 3,252 5,200* Law School 6,789 No report School of Pharmacy 810 No report Dental School 2,452 2,000* *Estimated. The several collections of books belong- ing to the University make a total of 65,- 961 volumes and 43,200 pamphlets. The Library of the Law School has made ' large gains in the current year, 1903. It has completed its sets of the Reports and compiled statutes of all of the States, and has added about 500 volumes of te.xt-books and treatises. Two large gifts have been received but are not yet enumerated. The Hon. Elbert H. Gary, class of 1867 in the Law School, has presented a collection of the judicial decisions and leading law jour- nals of eight European countries, namely: Germany, France, Austria, Switzerland, Holland, Belgium, Spain, Italy. This gift contains about 2,500 volumes.. The late Charles C. Bonney gave to the University Library some 400 volumes from his own law library. Thus has the library progressed from small beginnings to days of greater things. With a generous endowment property in- creasing in value, and with the fostering management of the great L'niversity, of which it is so vital a part, the rapid growth of the library is a thins: assured. CHAPTER XXVI. EVANSTON NEWSPAPERS (By WILLIAM C. LEVERE) The Nezvspal'cr as a Necessity — Introduc- tion and Grozi'th of Local Journals — The "Suburban Idea," The "Evanston Index" and Other Early Papers — Story of the "Ez'anston Press" — Advent of the Daily — The Chicago Printer's Strike of 1808 — Temperance Organ — College Journals — A "Frat." and "Barb." Advertising Con- test — Quarterly and Monthly Publica- tions — High Standard of Ez'anston Journalism. In an intellectual community the news- paper is a necessity rather than a luxury. It is an index to the character of Evanston that, despite its proximity to a great city, it has been the home of several strong and able periodicals, the beginnings of one of these dating several decades back. In re- cent years, when the competition with met- ropolitan papers has become keener than ever, with a large staflf of local reporters representing the great dailies of our neigh- boring city, the local papers have not only survived, but have increased in usefulness and prospered in material things. It is the purpose of this chapter to deal especially with the publications which have made a marked impress on the civic, social, educational and business life of Evanston. To give a history of every publication which has appeared in the city would re- quire a volume rather than a chapter, for there is scarcely one of the very numerous literary organizations, social clubs, and re- ligious societies, which has not, from time to time, fathered a small magazine or jour- nal, the existence of which was ephemeral and yet which served its purpose for the brief period it lived. Due attention will be given to the more important of these in this article. The newspaper which will for- ever possess the honor of being the pioneer of Evanston journalistic enterprise was "The Suburban Idea." It first appeared in 1S64 and continued one year. Its editor and publisher was Rev. Nathan Sheppard, who, after his removal from Evanston some years later, became famous as the author of a number of well-known books, the most widely circulated of which was, "How To Speak in Public." Mr. Sheppard was a man of superior literary attainments, and the tone of "The Suburban Idea" was al- ways high. It was published weekly, had four pages and four columns. During its short life it served a useful purpose to the little village, and cultivated the desire for a local newspaper of high grade which was to be so amply met by its successor. In any history of Evanston, the second of June, 1872, ought to figure as one of the most important dates, for it was on this day the first number of "The Evanston In- dex" appeared. Seldom has a paper be- come part and parcel of a community, of 237 238 EVANSTON NEWSPAPERS its homes, its official life, its every activity, as this paper has been in the thirty-two years it has been published. The credit for the founding of "The Index" belongs to Mr. Alfred L. Sewell. Mr. Sewell, togeth- er with Mr. John E. Miller, had been pub- lishing "The Little Corporal," a paper for youth, which attained national circulation. Mrs. Emily Huntington Miller was the edi- tor of "The Little Corporal." Mr. Sewell saw the possibilities of a village newspaper from a business standpoint, and that the commercial reasons which were his inspira- tion for the venture were satisfied, an in- spection of the advertising columns of the little sheet will show. That it was a little sheet, the interesting files on exhibition at "The Index" are proof, for by actual meas- urement each of the four pages was but 15 by 203X inches. When the first number of "The Index" appeared the \'illage of Evanston did not contain a printing estab- lishment large enough to handle such a ptiblication, despite its tiny dimensions. Each week Mr. Sewell would take the "copy" to Chicago, and there the paper was printed at first. Later in the year, after Air. Sewell had disposed of his Chicago es- tablishment, the paper was printed by the Chicago Newspaper Lnion. When "The Index" was a year old, Mr. Sewell opened a printing office in Evanston, and from that time "The Index" has known no home either for editorial room or publishing of- fice, save that in the city it has served. In November, 1875, Mr. John A. Childs, who had been connected with the paper from the first, and Mr. David Cavan bought all of Mr. Sewell's interest in the paper and two years and two months later, in January, ]\Ir. Childs became the sole proprietor bv purchasing the interest held by ]\Ir. Cavan. It was just before the sale of "The In- dex" to Cavan & Childs tliat "The Evans- ton Herald" appeared ; but in the spring of 1876 it was amalgamated with "The In- dex." For some time the latter paper was published in a building which stood on Davis Street, one door west of where the present Century building stands. A fire broke out one night and threatened to de- stroy the plant. When the good citizens realized that danger threatened their family paper, they rushed to the rescue, and dump- ing the type into buckets, they triumphant- ly carried it to safety. The humor of this incident will best be appreciated by those who are familiar with the printing business. The entire building at 526 Davis Street is now given up to the"Index"p!ant. The three tloors are filled with the latest and finest make of presses, while several linotypes are kept busy on twenty-four hour runs, all the year round. It is not too much to say of "The Index," as it now appears, that it is the handsomest weekly newspaper in the United States. Since 1903 Mr. Albert H. Bowman has been associated with Mr. Childs in its publication, and is now Sec- retary and Treasurer of the corporation of which Air. Childs is President. The story of "The Evanston Press," its conception, evolution and present day pop- ularity, is of exceeding interest. The mod- ern novelists who are finding the back- ground for their stories in business life, could write many interesting pages in re- counting the incidents which surround the growth, struggles, and triumphs of "The Press" during its upward progress to its present career. The first number of "The Evanston Press" appeared January 5. 1889. Enterprising at the start, it was fortunate enough to secure the services of Miss Frances E. Willard, who contributed, week- ly for a year, a chapter under the caption, "An Old Timer's Story of Evanston." This series of reminiscences attracted wide at- tention and. before the third issue of the paper appeared, it had over one thousand HISTORY OF EVANSTON 239 paid subscribers. The founders of "The Press" were two young men, both fresh from college, Mr. Robert O. Yandercook and Mr. Edwin L. Shuman. The latter withdrew after one year, but Mr. Yander- cook has continued to manage and publish the paper, with the exception of one year, since its first appearance. In telling of the beginnings of "The Evanston Press" Mr. Yandercook goes back twenty-five years and gives a glimpse of an Evanston boyhood of rare interest, for it brings a picture to many of experiences along the same line. Air. \'andercook, in telling of the little seed that was planted, says : "It came about like this. Big brother traded a boyish knick-knack for a little toy print- ing press. The younger brother was very envious of the toy and longed to possess it. Big brother said he would sell it for $1.50. The small boy said he would take it, but he didn't have any money, but would pay for it in a week. The $1.50 was paid from the earnings of the printing press within the time named. As fast as other money was earned it was added to the outfit. The lit- tle toy was soon discarded for a more prac- tical machine. That in its turn was dis- carded for others, until at the time of leav- ing high school, about $500 had been in- vested in a printing plant. All was earned except one item of $40, which was a pres- ent toward a new press." From this first start, so vividly depicted, came "The High School Budget," and though it lived but a year, Mr. Yandercook considers the e.xperience gained but one more step toward the ultimate goal, "The Evanston Press." The corporation which first published "The Press" was known as The University Press Companv. Mr. \^an- dercook tells the story of this publishing company in the following words, "It was at the end of the sophomore year when good old Dr. Cummings, the President of the University, called one of the founders of W'hat was then known as The University Press, and gave him the kindliest words of fatherly advice. The good old Doctor said, 'I hear you have just formed a University Press Company and have spent considera- ble money for type and equipment. I want to warn you to go slow. You know noth- ing, or practically nothing, of the printing trade. What little experience you have had may have been all right along lines you were pursuing, but I am fearful that branching out will only result in failure Vo yourself and disappointment to your friends!' Some people called it obstinacy, some perseverance, that caused disregard of Dr. Cummings' advice, but in later years it seems to us it was as much obstinacy as perseverance. Much additional equipment was added to the little printing plant and the Universit}- Press Company, capital stock $1,000, was fully organized and in- corporated under the laws of the State of Illinois, H. H. C. Miller, attorney. The University Trustees, in order to assist the new corporation, gave it office room, jani- tor's service, light and fuel free. The plant was set up in the basement of the gymna- sium building. Here four or five students earned their way while in college by setting type on "The Northwestern," the college paper and the college catalogue, and a number of others also earned a large share of their college expenses. This was the ■quid pro quo' why the university fur- nished what it did." It was not until "The Evanston Press" had been published two years that the name of the corporation was changed to the Ev- anston Press Company. For six years, "The Press" was published in the Simpson Market Building on the south-east corner of Fountain Square. The next five years it was located in the Park building, between the Davis Street depots. Since 1900 "The 240 EVANSTON NEWSPAPERS Press" has occupied the three story brick building at 6og Davis Street, and there it has had the most successful period of its life. Mr. Robert O. X'andercook continues to retain the financial and editorial control, and the outlook is, that this publication will continue for years to come to give valuable service to the cause of honorable journalism and integrity in civic affairs. An interesting incident in the history of "The Index" and "The Press" is that at one time they became dailies and were sold on the streets of Chicago as such. It was during the Spanish-American War. There was a strike in the mechanical department of the Chicago dailies, and all of them had suspended publication. The great sea fight at Santiago was fought and the peo- ple of Chicago were mad for news. For several days the cry of "Index!" "Press!" sounded on the city streets, instead of the familiar names the people were wont to hear. "The Press" became so enterprising that it published three editions a day. It secured a special correspondent at Wash- ington and still preserves in its office the telegram it received announcing the de- struction of Cervera's fleet. Evanston for a brief period had a regular daily paper. It was called "The Evanston Daily News," and was published by Milton A. Smith, who came to Evanston from An- niston, Ala., to establish the paper. At An- niston Mr. Smith had been the successful publisher of "The Hot Blast," but the peo- ple of Evanston did not regard his scheme with favor and the life of the daily was short, the first number appearing in No- vember, 1897, and the last in February, 1898. The paper had eight pages, half of which were devoted to news from through- out the country. As this was plate matter and was considerably later than the date when the same matter appeared in the Chi- cago dailies, it was not an overwhelmingly popular feature. Old-timers in Evanston remember two publications which flourished many years ago. Just after the Chicago fire of 1871, Mr. L. C. Pitner issued "The Real Estate News." It had no regular time of publi- cation, but appeared at intervals for two years. It had four pages and these were filled with real estate advertisements and lo- cal news items. The other of the two was "The Lake Breeze." It was published monthly during 1875 by Harry W. Taylor. Miss Frances E. Willard wrote a serial story entitled "Miriam," which appeared in "The Lake Breeze." William Duffell was editor and publish- er of "The Evanston Citizen," a weekly newspaper, the first number of which was issued November 3, 1882. It was a strong advocate of the prohibition cause and it was a popular paper during its life. The last number appeared the last week in De- cember, 1891. Since December, 1903, Evanston has been the publication headquarters of "The Union Signal," the national organ of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. This weekly publication with its large cir- culation, has brought new fame to Evans- ton as the home of important periodicals. Together with "The Union Signal" is fos- tered "The Crusader Monthly," a child's paper, published by the temperance work- ers. Northwestern University has been the home of many publications, the best known of which has been and is "The Northwest- ern," which is now published tri-weekly. "The Northwestern" is the successor of two college papers, "The Tripod" and "The Vidette," which united in January, 1881, and adopted the now familiar name. "The Tripod' was a monthly and first appeared January, 1871. It was published by the lit- HISTORY OF EVANSTON 241 erary societies of the university. It was a twelve-page, three-coliinin magazine. "The Vidette" was a semi-monthly and its publishers were the entire student body. When "The Northwestern" first appeared it was published semi-monthly. In 1890 a college war broke out between the fraternity and non-fraternity students of the university. "The Northwestern" was controlled by the fraternity students, and their rivals, wishing an organ of their own, established "The Northwestern World." The first number appeared Octo- ber 17, i8qo, and it was published weekly during the college year until June, 1892. Its demise was caused by its last elected editor becoming a fraternity member. An amusing phase of the struggle for advertis- ing patronage between the two journals has been told in the college novel, " 'Twixt Greek and Barb," which is devoted to the story of college life at Northwestern. The contest was such a unique feature of jour- nalistic adventure that we quote the story as it appears in the book. The genesis of the contest is first told as follows : "The big Sophomore grinned blandlv at his friends as he said, "If you howling man- iacs will be cool, calm and collected for a brief space of time, I'll tell you something interesting. Harburton has told you that I have been getting 'ads' for the new paper. Tedlon, the dry-goods man, does as much advertising as any merchant on Davis Street. I called on him today, and he de- clared that he would be able to advertise in only one of the two papers. I made a tre- mendous stagger to get his business, but the old man was foxy, and declared that he wanted to find out which paper would do him the most good. In the next issue of both papers, he will advertise a special sale for Saturday. In "The Northwestern" he will advertise underwear, and in "The New World," kid gloves. The advertisement bringing in the greatest returns will win for its paper his advertising for the vear. The sale will begin at eight o'clock in the morning, and will close at five in the after- noon. Now, fellows, here is a chance to let \our patriotism wax warm. The fraterni- ties know of the offer, and they intend to land that advertising contract for their sheet. Every mother's son and daughter of the Greeks will stock up with enough underwear to last them the rest of their lives. This will be the first clash, and we must draw first blooil. Everyone of us ought to buy enough gloves to cover the fingers of an octopus. Each fellow must make himself a committee of one, and get all his friends to buy their season's supply of gloves ne.xt Saturday, and above all buy them at Tedlon's. These fraternity people must learn that we mean business. 'It's war to the knife, the knife to the hilt and the hilt to the heart." "Keg's speech aroused the enthusiasm of the crowd. The contest arranged by the shrewd merchant furnished the rival fac- tions a tangible basis upon which to begin the struggle for supremacy When the meeting adjourned, the crowd poured down the stairway with many suggestions of method and prophecies of victory." The result of the fight between the fac- tions in this queer journalistic war is told in another chapter as follows : "The sole topic at the breakfast table was the contest to take place that day between the frats and the barbs for Tedlon's ad- vertising. Excitement ran high in univer- sity circles, and both sides were as full of prophecies as politicians at election time. After finishing breakfast, Steve and Leslie started for Tedlon's, where the sale was to commence at eight o'clock. It was a few minutes before the hour when thev arrived there, and they found a long line of stu- dents waiting for the doors to open. At EVANSTON NEWSPAPERS eight o'clock, Mr. Tedlon appeared and throwing back the doors, welcomed them in with a gesture. The struggle had be- gun. The first man to buy a pair of gloves was the veteran captain of the Life Saving Crew, who said that, being a barb himself, he would have to stand by the cause. The fraternity men and women came in force, and, as each left with great packages of goods, the eyes of the proprietor glistened. At noon the contest seemed about even. There had been more barbs who had made purchases than Greeks, but the latter had purchased greater amounts, and Harney Dale, who was acting as one of the manag- ers for the frats, declared that they were sure to win. Later in the afternoon as he stood on the edge of the walk before the store, he cried, "Great Scotland, we are un- done.' The sight that brought forth ihis exclamation was a long line of 'bibs,' who were approaching. It was known that the sympathies of the Heck Hallites had been enlisted by the Barbarians, but the fraterni- ty men had hoped that the "theologs' would simply lend their moral influence to the foe. Now that they saw them approaching, led by Jack Williams, who had rounded them up with the skill of a veteran politi- cian, they were seized for the first time with the fear of defeat. There were more than a hundred 'bibs' in line, and, from tlie looks on their faces, it was evident the}' meant business. "Harney stepped in front of Jack and de- manded, 'Say, old man, are you going to ring in the whole Methodist conference on us?' " 'Just watch my smoke,' said Jack, winking, as he steered the first of the crowd into the store. " 'Oh, Lord ! Rennick,' whispered Har- ney to his friend, 'what shall we do?' " 'Bless me, if I know,' was Tom's reo'y, 'I'm afraid they've got us on the b\p.' " 'Can't we turn in a fire alarm,' asked Harney, 'and tell them that Heck Hall is burning to the ground ?' " 'Why not set it afire?' suggested Tom, 'What a sweet revenge that would be.' " 'Stop fooling, and let's get our think- ing caps on. or we are done for.' " 'Well, then," said Rennick, 'they've brought down Heck Hall ; we might go up and bring down the fair flowers cf Wil- lard Hall.' " 'Why, half of them have been here al- ready," said Harney, 'but I'll go up and see Laura Merrill, and have her try to persuade the rest of the girls to come to our rescue, while you go and hunt the fellows and tell them that they must come and buy again.' " 'Buy again! Why half the fellows who have been playing this game, have gone broke now, but it's all for the cause, and I'll see what I can get them to do.' "Harney and Tom gathered all the fra- ternity folk that they could find, and sent them to bring the needed aid. A strong rally was made, and the hopes of the Greeks began to rise once more. Five o'clock came at last. " 'We've won," cried Jack Williams. " 'We've won," cried Harney Hale. " 'You both deserve to win,' cried Mr. Tedlon, rubbing his hands together with joy. It had been the greatest day for sales in the history of the store. No matter who else had won. Mr. Tedlon, was certainly a winner by a large majority. "It was a brief matter for the sales of the day to be counted up, and the beaming face of Mr. Tedlon again appeared at the door. The street was blocked with stu- dents — Greeks, barbs, 'bibs,' 'preps' and 'co-eds,' all anxious to hear the announce- ment. "Mr. Tedlon waved his hand to silence the cheers. 'Dear friends," he said, 'I will not keep you in suspense. The contest has HISTORY OF EVANSTON 243 been won by the friends of the Northwest- ern World.' If the Barbarians, when they sacked Athens, had uttered such a cry as then went up to the heavens, it is no wonder the inhabitants were stricken with terror. The latter-day Greeks, at least, fled as pre- cipitously, and left the field to the victori- ous enemy." Numbered with other college publica- tions are "The Northwestern University Record," a quarterly edited by a joint com- mittee from the faculties ; "The Euphron- ian," published by the Euphronian Literary Society : "The Academian," the organ of the students of Northwestern Academy, and "The Northwestern Magazine, " a liter- ary magazine which appeared for one col- lege year, that of 1903-04. Among the papers of general circulation which are now published in Evanston, are: "Correct English," a magazine dealing with the intricacies of the language, appearing monthly and published and edited by Mrs. Josephine Turck Baker; "The National Stenographer," a monthly published and edited by C. H. Rush. Our colored citi- zens are represented by the "North Shore Colored American," the editor of which is Francis Stewart and the publisher \V. H. Twiggs. This is not the first periodica! which the colored citizens have had. Dur- ing the year 1889, "The Afro-American Budget," a monthly magazine, attracted favorable attention. "The Day," a weekly, appeared during 1904. It survived a short time. Its editors and publishers were Wesley Stanger and Charles \'an Patten. "The Noon," a mag- azine of selected poetry, made its initial appearance in October, 1900, and continued for two years. William S. Lord was edi- tor and publisher. Looking back over this list of publica- tions, representing the aspirations, interests and progress of the community, Evanston has reason to take pride to herself. The standard has always been high ; the ideal, the best. CHAPTER XXVII. MEDICAL HISTORY (regular) (by henry bixby hemenway, m. d.) Primitive Health Conditions — Freedom from Malarial Diseases — Some Old- Time Physicians — Sketch of Dr. John Evans — Drs. Liidlam, Welter and Blaney — Dr. N. S. Dazis the Nestor of Medical Education — An Early Drug Store — Sketches of Later Day Physicians — Drs. Webster, Bannister, Burchmore, Bray- ton, Bond, Phillips, Haven, Hemenivay, Kaufman, and others — Evanston Phy- sicians' Club. When Marc Anthony said : "The evil that men do lives after them : The good is oft interred with their bones." he clearly was not speaking of physicians. If any of them ever made mistakes, those errors have been covered with the daisies of charity and hidden by the snow of ob- livion, while their good deeds continue to grow and multiply as the years pass by. Evanston is itself a memorial to the med- ical profession. It is called in honor of a distinguished member of a former faculty of Rush Medical college. Its principal business street was named after the Nestor of the American Medical Association. The old village depended upon the Northwest- ern University for its existence. The first subscription for starting the University bore obligations to the amount of $20,600, and of this amount $5,500 was subscribed by Drs. John Evans, N. S. Davis and Wil- liam Justice. Of the amount actually paid in on this subscription physicians gave over one-third. A regular practitioner of medi- cine has been the chief executive of the village ; another was Postmaster, and doc- tors have borne their share of the work of education, and other public service. Early Health Conditions.— Before 1855 there was no doctor residing in Ridgeville, as the place was then called. Then, as now, this was a particularly healthy section. Whereas, Chicago, and the ground south of the river, was only eight feet above the lake, here it was three times as high, and drainage was correspondingly better. B. F. Hill said to the writer that he never knew of a case of fever and ague occurring in those early days, along this north shore and east of the North Branch. The early settlers were familiar with the use of bone- set for malarial fevers, rue for worms, lo- belia for fevers, butterfly weed for pleurisy, tansy, camomile, safifron and other herbs. Thev knew how to use poultices and the wet pack, as well as other home remedies. Manv of the better educated had such books as "Beach's American Practice." Seldom was a physician sent for to attend any one here. Alonzo Burroughs, who lived then in the campus at what is now the edge of the lake opposite Memorial hall. 246 MEDICAL HISTORY never had the assistance of a physician in his house until after the birth of his sev- enth child. I find that, for a time, a young doctor bv the name of Smith lived with the Dennis family near the present Gage place on the shore in \Mlmette. Dr. John Kennicott, who lived at Xorthfield, cov- ered th' ' territory in his "drive." Dr. HofTma'h in Niles practiced amony our German citizens. Dr. John Evans, from whom the place has its name, was born at Waynesville, O., March 9, 18 14, of Quaker ancestry. His parents at one time lived in South Carolina, but they were obliged to emigrate on ac- count of abolition <:— '" -■' j. In »hio his ,. ,. .1. father continue^.' . .inufacture of tools for which the fai'ilily had been somewhat noted for three generations. John was graduated from Clermont Academy and, in 1836, having received his medical degree, he began the practice of medicine along the Illinois River. Later he settled in Attica, Ind. While there he began the agitation which resulted in the establishment of the first State Insane Asylum at Indianapolis, of which he was appointed the first Super- intendent. In 1845 lis moved to Chicago and took the chair of midwifery in Rush Medical College, which he held for ten years. He also edited the "Northwestern Medical Journal." He inherited a taste for business and gradually devoted more attention to secular affairs. He aided largely in building the Chicago and Fort Wayne Railroad. He secured for them their terminal facilities in Chicago. As was before stated, he took an active part in starting the Northwestern University, and he was the President of its Board of Trustees for forty-two years. In 1855 he built and moved into his Ev- anston home. It was a Gothic cottage which has since been moved to 1317 Chi- cago Avenue. It still retains manv of its older decorations, but it has lost some of the original Gothic beauty by the substitu- tion of clapboards for battens. Originally it stood facing south on Clark Street in the middle of the block from Hinman to Jud- son Avenue. It was surrounded with a white picket fence, the east half of the block being a rolling lawn, while the Hin- man Avenue side was given up to flowers and shrubs, among which gravel walks wound in geometric designs. Behind the house was the Gothic barn (now the resi- dence of Sandy Trent, No. 181 5 Benson Avenue), the hot-beds and vegetable gar- den, and further back the modest cot- tage of the doctor's man, Mike Cavenaugh. I have described this, my old playground, as a type of the better homes of the village. In 1862 Dr. Evans became Governor of Colorado, and was never here much of the time afterward, though the family home was nominally here until 1867. From '63 to '65 the house was occupied by Luther L. Greenleaf. \\'hile in Evanston the Doc- tor practiced little, chiefl}- in consultation. Of his deeds in politics and railroad build- ing we have nothing here to say further than that, to him more than to any other one man, does Colorado owe her present prosperity. As a student and practitioner of medicine he was literally in the front rank. In opposition to the prevailing opin- ion of the profession of that time, he af- firmed, in the 'forties, the contagiousness of cholera, and yet, as late as 1862, his wife rode in a carriage with the casket contain- ing a victim of scarlet fever, and on re- turning home took her little Margaret upon her knee. The result was another little grave in Rose Hill. While teaching in Chicago he spent much time perfecting an extractor which he had invented. He was quite proud of his results and showed the instrument to his class. One of the students obtained a HISTORY OF EVANSTON 247 patent on it. Dr. Evans, instead of attempt- ing to have the patent set aside, so thor- oughly condemned the patenting of any professional article, and so perfectly showed forth every possible objection to the use of that particular instrument that, today, there are very few living who ever have heard of it. Dr. Evans died in Den- ver, Colo., July 3. 1897. Dr. James W. Ludlam. — After Dr. Evans, Orrington Lunt and others had completed the purchase of the Evanston farm for the University, they stopped to water their horses at the tavern kept by Major Mulford. This tavern was a por- tion of the building since known as the James S. Kirk home, and is now used by the Sisters of St. Francis as a hospital. \'is- iting the Major at the time were Dr. and Mrs. Jacob Watson Ludlam. They had come West to see their sons Reuben and James, who had located in Chicago. After talking with the university folks. Dr. Lud- lam became impressed with the future of the town and purchased of the Major ten acres of land on the west side of Ridge Avenue. He built there his. first Evanston house just south of Oakton Avenue. The locust trees that he planted show the loca- tion of the house which was burned some twenty years ago. When Dr. Ludlam found that the new town would not be near the old settlement, he first purchased the southeast corner of Hinman Avenue and Clark Street, opposite Dr. Evans, which he later exchanged for the present site of the Evanston Club. Here he erected the house since moved to 1206 Hinman A^'enue, and now occupied by his children, Jacob Wat- son, Jr., and Miss "MoUie." Dr. Ludlam was born at Camden, X. J., November 28, 1807. He graduated from the I'niversity of Pennsylvania, and prac- ticed at Deerfield, N. J., until he came to Evanston, March 31, 1855. He died here July II, 1859, and his body was the first interred in Rose Hill. With the exception of Dr. Blaney, Dr. Ludlam was probably the most thoroughly educated man in the profession among the early settlers. In those days it was not unusual for a manto begin practicing after from th^ee to six months' study, but Dr. Ludlam >jok three years, and as long as he lived in the. East it was his custom to frequently spend a month at one of the schools of medicine. Tall in stature and polished in manner, he was an ideal physician. The Ludlam family were not an unim- portai. ,ari ' Mie social life of the burgh. Of Reuuen, the ^ who later be- came President ot i e State Board of Health, the old Doctor said to one of the then old settlers : "I have a boy practicing in Chicago : I have this satisfaction about him, that he will never kill any one with his medicines." Reuben remained in Chi- cago, but James, or Major, as he has since been known, went with the Evanston boys — General Beveridge, Major Russell, Lieu- tenant Harry Pearsons and others — into the Eighth Illinois Cavalry. And "Miss Mol- ly !' I remember hearing one of the young ladies remark one day after a wedding: "Xow, Molly Ludham has been a brides- maid seven times, and that is a sign that she never will be married." She never has. For manv years she taught in the old Ben- son Avenue School, and she did her work well. Evanston's Second Physician. — The sec- ond physician to locate here was Fayette Montrose Weller. who came in the summer of 1855, and settled on Ridge Avenue op- posite the present site of the Academy of the Msitation. His ancestors were early settlers of Xew England from Bavaria, Holland, Scotland and England. He was born at Sardinia, X. Y., April 13, 1825. He first studied for the ministry, but changed 248 MEDICAL HISTORY his mind and graduated from the medical department of the University of Michigan in 1854. His first wife, Marie Antoinette HypoUte, died in Evanston in 1858. Three years later he married Philena M., the eld- est daughter of George M. Huntoon, one of the earliest settlers of Ridgeville. Dr. Weller was for three or four years the village Postmaster, using the Max Hahn building, which stood at 619 Davis Street. Here he kept the second drug store opened in the village, though it could not have been as attractive as the colored lights and soda fountains are at present, for it did not impress itself upon the memories of the girls of the day. When Ed. Clifford be- came Postmaster, Dr, \\^eller sold to him the drugs which he moved into the little store, No. 1610 Chicago Avenue. Dr. Weller was a thick-set, dark-complexioned man, of medium height and a good practi- tioner. In 1865 Dr. Weller sold his prac- tice to Dr. Ira B. Geier, but he returned to Evanston in the 'seventies for a short time. In 1878 he moved to Chicago, where he died at the age of 70. Dr. Blaney. — James \'. Z. Blaney was born at Newcastle, Delaware, May i, 1820, into a family known for its refinement and education, with ample means to provide a thorough education. The son was gradu- ated from Princeton College when eighteen and, as soon as he reached his majority, he received the degree of Doctor of Medicine from Jefferson Medical College. In 1842- 43 he was on duty at Jefferson Barracks, St. Louis. A year later he located in Chi- cago, and became Professor of Chemistry at Rush. He also edited the "Northwestern Medical Journal." In 1857 he added to his other work the chair of Chemistry in the University and moved to Evanston. He built and occupied the house which recent- ly gave place to Mayor Patten's new one on Ridge Avenue. As with Dr. Evans, Dr. Blaney's Evanston practice was chiefly consulting. At the outbreak of the war Dr. Blaney was ordered East as Medical Inspector, and never returned to Evanston to reside. Later he was returned to Chi- cago as Medical Purveyor, and at the close of the war he was mustered out as a Lieu- tenant Colonel. He died in Chicago, De- cember II, 1874. After the death of Dr. Ludlam, Dr. J. H. Hobbs, a recent graduate from Rush, made a short sojourn in our midst. About the same time a dapper little graduate from the University of Pennsylvania, in the class of '54, made his appearance. He wore eye- glasses — the only ones in town, perhaps. He was a perfect gentleman, and the admi- ration of all the young ladies. He started the first baseball club in the village. But William \'arian was also a man of skill. He was the nephew of one of America's best surgeons — Washington Atlee — and at the beginning of the war he became a Brigade Surgeon. On one occasion, on reaching a new post, he was at once ar- rested as a spy, being mistaken for a Con- federate General whom he strongly re- sembled. At the close of the war he settled in Titusville, Pennsylvania, where he is now an honored member of the profession. I am told that in "61 there was a woman' physician living in the house on the campus formerly occupied by Alonzo Burroughs, but she was probably not a graduate. At the same time there was a Dr. Barker living opposite the old }iIethodist church, corner of Orrington and Church Streets. He served in the army and after the war he settled in Wisconsin. Ira B. Geier, a brother of Mrs. Mary F. Haskins, came in '65. He was a bachelor, and at the last lived in a cottage which he built on the northeast corner of Benson Avenue and Davis Street. He was a native of Central New York. He was a very HISTORY OF EVANSTON 249 well informed physician, but he never had a large practice. He lacked the decision, energy and backbone which are necessary for the work. A slight indisposition always caused him to fear his coming dissolution. On the other hand, he was an enthusiastic Mason, and was the real founder of Evans Lodge, for the first two years acting, and the next real. Worshipful Master of the lodge. He moved to Florida in 1872. Dr. Leonidas P. Hamline, son of Bishop Hamline of the Methodist Church, was born at Zanesville. O.. August 13, 1828. He graduated at Castleton Medical College, \'t. He moved to Evanston with his family in 1865, and built the residence now occu- pied by his daughter, Mrs. T. S. Creighton. at 1722 Judson Avenue. There he died January 22. 1897. During his early days in Evanston Dr. Hamline cHd most of the sur- gery performed here and saw an occasional sick patient, but he had practically retired from practice when he came here. Later Physicians. — Dr. Washington S. Scott came to Evanston i\Iarch i, 1865. Born near Wellsburg, Brooke County. W.. he went to college at Meadville, Pa. He re- ceived his medical education in Philadel- phia, Cincinnati and Xew r)rleans. Before coming to Evanston he practiced for some time in Iowa. He was not in active practice long here, but sold out to Dr. Poole in 1867. He threw all his energy into busi- ness. He started a drug store at 613 Davis street, almost on the same spot on which a man by the name of Donovan started the first store several years earlier ; but, where- as Donovan soon went out of business, Dr. Scott's is still in existence, two doors west, now under the ownership of Hill & Leffing- well. Dr. Scott was a Democrat, but not offensively so. Naturally a Southern sym- pathizer, few ever heard him say it. He put forth his best thought in the interest of Evanston. He built the first brick busi- ness block in town, 611 and 613 Davis Street, and the first public hall. He built the first building intended for a postoffice, and the first Masonic temple. He died at the age of 70, in Springfield, 111., June 25, 1901. Dr. Isaac Poole was born in Halifax, Plymouth County, Mass., July 26, 1837. He was graduated in medicine from the Berkshire Medical College, Pittsfield Mass., in November, 1862. For two years he was interne at the Kings County, N. Y., Hospital. For two years he served as a Surgeon in the United States Navy. He came to Evanston in February, 1867, and has practiced here ever since. He is now the oldest physician in Evanston, and the oldest in the practice of medicine. He is of revolutionary and of Puritan descent. His grandfather, John Poole, was a minute man during the entire War of Independence. He is also descended from Dr. Samuel Fuller, the physician of the Mayflower. James Stewart Jewell was born at Galena, 111.. September 8, 1837. He was graduated from the Chicago Medical College in i860. He was Professor of .\natomy in the same institution from 1864 to 1869, and of Ner- vous Diseases during the later years of his life. In 1870 he received the honorary de- gree of A. M. from Northwestern Univer- sity. He died in Chicago, April 18, 1887. Dr. Jewell was naturally a brilliant man. He was a most entertaining lecturer and conversationalist. He was a linguist of more than ordinary ability. Soon after he came to Evanston, about 1868, he started a Bible class in the Methodist Sunday-school, then under the superintendence of Ed- ward Eggleston. The class grew rapidly, and it was soon postponed until after the regular session of the school for two rea- sons : first, that they might have more room ; and second, that members of other 250 MEDICAL HISTORY churches might attend. So popular was he that the old Methodist church, then the largest auditorium in the village, was filled every week. He illustrated his lectures with large charcoal sketches and maps of his own drawing. So interested did he be- come that he started to write a book on the Life and Travels of St. Paul, and with that in view, he took a party of Evanston young men to Palestine in 1870. In his party was Frederick Huse. later a doctor of medicine. The book was never finished. He became interested in psychology, and through that he began a closer study of the nervous sys- tem. This led to a study of the diseases of the nervous system, to which he limited his later practice. He started a "Journal of Nervous Diseases," and left a partially completed work upon this subject, but death overtook him in the midst of his labor. I have heard them tell how he first appeared in the medical school, a tall, awkward boy, wearing blue-jeans trousers. I have heard him narrate about his weary work in coun- try practice before he came to Evanston, often sleeping as he rode upon his horse's back, awakening with a start as he uncon- sciously ducked his head to avoid an over- hanging branch. He killed himself by over- work, and a disregard of the very rules which' he so well taught us. James Henry Etheridge, the son of a phy- sician, was born in Johnsville, N. Y., March 20, 1845. After studying at Ann Arbor he graduated from Rush Medical College in 1868, and settled in Evanston. His sister was the wife of Lyman J. Gage, who then lived on Hinman Avenue. After practicing here for a year and a half. Dr. Etheridge married Harriet, the daughter of H. G. Powers, and, in 1870, went to Europe for further study. When he returned he settled in Chicago, where he died in i8qi, having been a professor in his alma mater for thirty vears. It is not probable that any man has ex- erted a more powerful influence upon the medical profession of the L'nited States than my old preceptor. Dr. Nathan Smith Davis. The Davis family lived opposite the First Alethodist church from 1871 to 1881. and it had been the doctor's expectation to spend here the remainder of his life, but the un- timely death of his son Frank changed his plans. The Nestor of Medical Education. — N. S. Davis, the youngest of seven children, was born on a farm which his father had cleared at Greene, N. Y., Jan. 9, 1817. This son, after attending Cazenovia Seminary, began the study of medicine in 1831 with Dr. Daniel Clark, at Smithville Flats. Ac- cording to custom the boy lived with his preceptor, taking care of his horses and doing other work. In 1837, before he was of age, he graduated with honor from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, at Fair- field, N. Y. His thesis was upon animal temperature. While in college he boarded himself much of the time. He settled first at Vienna, N. Y., and then at Binghamton, where, for a time, he had as an associate, Dr. A. B. Palmer, later the Dean of the Medical Department at Ann Arbor. In 1847 Dr. Davis became a professor in the College of Physiciansand Surgeons in New York City. Two years later he came to Chicago as a Professor of Practice in Rush Medical College. Dr. Davis early began to advocate a more systematic course in the study of medicine, and in 1859, he started the Chicago Medical College, now owned by the Northwestern University. This was the first medical school in this country to in- sist upon a graded course of three years' study. Harvard being the second, more than a decade later. Chiefl\- at his own expense he started a hospital in the old Lake House, which later became Mercy Hospital. In honor of Dr. Davis the American Medical i HISTORY OF EVANSTON 251 Association, several years ago, had a medal struck, thus recognizing him as its founder. It was his pen that drew up the code of ethics which still governs that body. Dr. Davis was a clear thinker and forcible speaker. He was tireless in his original investigations. He did his share of editor- ial work, the last being upon the "Journal of the American Medical Association." Dr. Davis always took a most active part in sanitary matters. In Chicago and in Evan- ston, by popular lectures and constant agita- tion, he did much toward the establishment of public water supply and sewerage sys- tems. There was a time in Chicago when he was spoken of as "Pope Davis," because of his influence over the Irish people. This influence was noted in the dark days of the Civil War. when recruits were badly wanted but were slow to come. Then Dr. Davis, standing on the court house steps, so elo- quently pleaded with them that large num- bers came forward to enlist. Dr. Davis was one of the first physicians to decry the use of alcohol as medicine, and later, through his eilorts, the Washington- ian Home was started in Chicago for the care of inebriates. Dr. Davis was always an active member of the ^lethodist Church, and while he lived in Evanston he seldom was absent from the morning or evening service, and as regular as the hour for Sunday-school, you might see him walk down the middle aisle to his Bible class. For two or three years he was President of the Board of Village Trustees. On one occasion a Trustee sent in a bill for hotel and livery entertainment of some visitors to the village. Dr. Davis cast it aside with the remark that such matters were private and should not be paid from village funds. "I think we should pay the bill," said one of the Trustees, indicating thereby a dissent from the decision of the chair. "All right." said Dr. Davis, putting his hand into his pocket, "III give five dollars, what will you give?" "One," was the feeble reply. Dr. Davis was always the poor man's friend. On one occasion a lady brought her daughter to the doctor, insisting that she wanted him to give her special atten- tion, and she was willing to pay whatever he asked. The Doctor's head was bent over as he listened to her. Then he replied : "]My fee is one dollar. I give my best care to every patient, the poor as well as the rich. I cannot do more in your case." The son of Bishop Whitehouse once came to consult Dr. Davis. He was dressed in the height of fashion. The office girl gave him a number and requested him to take a seat ; but, looking with scorn upon the long line of working people ahead of him, he rapped at the private door. He explained to the Doctor that he wished to consult him. "Take a seat," was the reply. "Probably }'ou do not know who I am," said the young man. "I am the son of Bishop White- house." "Take two seats," responded Dr. Davis, as he turned to hear the troubles of "next." The Doctor's advice to his students as to treatment was. "First determine what is wrong. Then find the cause and remove it. Lastly determine what in your judg- ment is the best remedy to be used in the case and use it." I have often heard him tell with a twinkle in his eye how he once sent to an eclectic physician for some simple remedy for one case and of his neighbor's boastful pride over the fact. Dr. Davis re- ceived the honorary degrees of A. M., and LL. D. from Xorthwestern University. He died June 16, IQ04. An Early Drug Store. — In the early 'seventies Dr. T. S. Blackburn, a native of Canada and graduate from Ann Arbor, opened a drug store in the brick building east of the Central Street station of the 252 MEDICAL HISTORY Northwestern Road. The North Evanston practice was divided between Drs. Black- burn and Jenks, both of whom are now dead. In the late 'seventies there appeared in the village a fine looking gentleman, of middle age, who promised to cut a wide swath in the local profession. Whence he came or where he studied I have not found. His name was Trimble. In a short time he had upon his list the names of several prominent families, but an unfortunate series of fatal accidents discouraged him and he sought the balmy air of Florida, followed by a threat of shooting if ever he were seen in town again. Latter Day Physicians. — Dr. Edward H. Webster was born of old Puritan stock at Wells River, Vt., in 1851. He traces his ancestry in this country to the middle of the seventeenth century. In 1867 the family moved to Evanston, where the father was known for his generosity to the poor. Ed- ward attended the university and was a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity. He graduated from the Chicago Medical Col- lege in 1877, and has been located in Evan- ston since '79. In his later student days, and for two years following, he was in charge of the infirmary of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway in Chicago, and ever since he has been the District Surgeon of that company. Henry Martyn P.annistcr, son of Profes- sor Henry Bannister, D. D.. of the old Insti- tute faculty, was born at Cazenovia, N. Y., July 25, 1844. The family came to Evanston in 1856. Here the son received his degree of A. M. From 1864 to 1873 he was con- nected with the Smithsonion Institute, at Washington. He was badly frozen, separ- ated from his companions and nearly lost his life, while on the exploring expedition sent out by the Government before we pur- chased Alaska. He was graduated from the medical department of Columbia University in 187 1. For some years he was a physician at the Kankakee Asylum, but during much of his professional career he has been en- gaged in medical journalism. He is now on the stafif of the "Journal of the American Medical Association." Gustav A. Fischer, born in 1846, came here about 1875. He was graduated from the University of Prague, .--Vustria, in 1871. He now resides in Chicago. John J. Scheuber came here from Switzerland about the same time. He had quite a practice among the Germans. He treated cancer with plasters, and had a diphtheria cure which still has some reputation. He married a sister of J. H. Stephen, the genial manager of Muno's bakery. Dr. Scheuber died in Joliet, in lyoo, at the age of 64. John H. Burchmore was born November 12, 1849, '11 Salem, Mass., where his family had resided since before the Revolution. He was graduated from the medical school of Harvard University in 1875. and. after serv- ing as interne in the Massachusetts General Hospital and resident physician in the Boston Lying-in Hospital, in 1877 he lo- cated in what was then North Evanston. He married a daughter of John W. Stewart, one of the most prominent residents there. Dr. Sarah H. Bray ton was born in Eng- land in 1849. She was graduated in medi- cine by the New York Free Medical Col- lege for Women, in the spring of 1875. In 1883 she settled in Evanston. Thomas Sheldon Bond, the son of a Con- gregational minister, was born at Lee, Mass., December 14, 1842. He graduated from Amherst College with the degree of A. M., in 1863, and taught at Lake Forest. In 1867 he graduated from the Chicago Medical College and the next year received a like degree from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York. From i86q to 1874 he was demonstrator of anatomy HISTORY OF EVANSTON 2^ DO and from 1874 to 1879. Professor of Anat- omy in Chicago Medical College. He then retired to private life and, in 1882 moved to Evanston, where he died December 4, 1895. Dr. Bond was as fine an anatomist as there was in Chicago, and a most excel- lent teacher. William A. Phillips, son of William B. Phillips, was born in Chicago, January 18, 1861. His genealogy in this country reaches back to George Phillips, who came to Salem, Mass., in 1632. In 1870 the fam- ily moved to Evanston. Here the son re- ceived the degree of Ph. B. He studied in the Northwestern Medical School, and in 1887 received the degree of M. D. from Harvard. After spending a year at \'ienna he settled in Evanston. For a time he was lecturer on comparative anatomy in the University. He is an enthusiastic student of anthropology, and his valuable collec- tion is one of the attractions of the Univer- sity Museum. Otis Erastus Haven, the eldest son of Bishop E. O. Haven, once President of the University, was born in New York City, July 2, 1849. He was graduated as an A. B. from Ann Arbor, in 1870, and went to Iowa to teach. In 1873 he received his master's degree, and came to Evanston as Superintendent of the Public Schools. Then he studied medicine while teaching, and was graduated from Rush in 1882. He spent some months in New York Hospital and then opened an office here. He was at once elected a member of the Board of Ed- ucation and served until his death, February 3, 1888. His professional career had been short, but he was universally beloved as a man and physician. Henry Bixby Hemenway was born at Montpelier, \'t., December 20, 1856. He traces his family in Salem, ]\Iass., back as far as 1636. He came to Evanston in September, 1857, where his father became professor in the Theological School. He received the degrees of A. B. and A. M. from the University, and was licensed to practice in 1880 by State examination. He was graduated from Chicago Medical Col- lege in 1 88 1 and located at Kalamazoo, Mich. While there he was City Health Of- ficer, Secretary of Board of United States Examining Surgeons, Division Surgeon of the Michigan Central and of the Grand Rap- ids & Indiana Railways, and held offices in the local and State Medical Societies. In the fall of 1890 he returned to Evanston. He taught one year in Rush College and gave a course of lectures at the College of Physi- cians and Surgeons in 1900, during the illness of Professor Carter. He is the Surgeon of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul and the Chicago & Milwaukee electric roads. Gustav W. Kaufman was born in Han- over, Germany, in i860. He was educated in the German Gymnasium and School of Pharmacy. In 1881 he came to America and engaged in the drug business in St. Louis. He was graduated from the St. Louis College of Pharmacy in 1886, and four years later received the doctor's degree from the St. Louis College of Physicians and Surgeons. He settled in Evanston in 1890. Lack of space prevents more than the mere mention of Dr. Gray, a copy of Jewell, who conducted a small private asylum here in the 'eighties : of Bentz, who at one time lived in North Evanston and moved to Wheeling ; of O. T. Maxson, who graduated from Rush in 1849, ^"cl came to South Evanston in '84, taking great interest in that village ; he died in '95, as did also Hawlev, after a short residence here ; or Leonard, also of the south wards ; of Ly- ford, wdio came in the 'eighties, and re- turned to Port Byron ; of Stewart, who was killed by the cars in 93 : of Josiah 254 MEDICAL HISTORY Jones, who gave up the Health Comniission- ership to dig gold in the Klondike : of Drs. O. Mueller. Bernard Miller, Frazier and Kimmet, returned to Chicago : of W. A. Palmer, removed to Minnesota, and Ivaats, returned to England ; of Harriet Wolfe, who became a Goodrich and retired from prac- tice ; of Wilder, who married Marie Huse, and died in Iowa : of Harding, who married Mary Clifford, an old resident, and in 91 returned to Evanston from Goshen ; of Da- kin, an Evanston boy, who graduated from Physicians and Surgeons, New York, in '90, and came back two years later; of Bjork- man, who died in 1903 : of Harder, Stock- ley, Baird, Balderston. Mars, East, the McEwens, Clyde, who came here since 1890, and the various specialists who have resided here : such as Ridlon, the leading orthopedic surgeon of the West ; Dodd, the eye surgeon ; Ballenger and Walters, the laryngologists ; Pusey and Andrews, all of whom now reside in Evanston. William R. Parks, our present Commis- sioner of Health, was born in Milwaukee in 1869. He received the degrees of Ph. B. and Ph. M. from Northwestern University, and in 1893 graduated from Rush Medical College. After two years in the Presby- terian Hospital he returned to Evanston to practice. In 1883 a Medical Society was organized by some of the more recent settlers in the profession in Evanston. It was known as the Physicians' Club. Its meetings were held at the Avenue House. Its Officers were Dr. Hemenway, President ; Kaufman, \'ice- President ; and Palmer, Secretary and Treasurer. At the close of the year the or- ganization was a thing of the past. In 1902 one of the first branches organ- ized of the Chicago Medical Society was established in Evanston. Its membership is not limited to Evanston, but it includes resident physicians of the North Shore to the County line. In the effort to unify the profession, this society opens its doors to all reputable practitioners. CHAPTER XXVIII. MEDICAL HISTORY (HOMCEOPATHIC.) (By DR. M. C. BRAGDON) First Case of Homoeopathic Treatment in Evanston — Suceessful Results — Early Homoeopathic Physicians — Dr. Hazvkcs First Local Practitioner — He is Folloivcd by Dr. C. D. Fairbanks — Sketch of Dr. Oscar H. Mann — His Prominence in Local Educational, Official and Social Re- lations — Founding of the Evanston Hos- pital — Doctors Marcy. Clapp and Fuller — Roll of the Later Physicians and Sur- geons. About 1854 a child living in the neighbor- hood of the Alulford tavern was taken sick one night, and the family feared that she could not live till morning. There was no doctor nearer than Chicago, and it was not likely that one could be obtained before the next day, too late to save the patient. It was ascertained that the wife of one of the early settlers then stopping at the tavern had a case of homoeopathic rem- edies. The gentleman did not believe in that mode of treatment, but his wiie did. As she was ill. the husband took the case of pills in one hand and a manual of prac- tice in the other, and went to the patient's relief. He knew little, if any. of the signs of disease, but he sat by the bed and studied the book. He said, in telling of the incident, that while he was not very hopeful of do- ing good, he felt sure that he would do no harm. In the morning the patient was suf- ficiently recovered so that it was not con- sidered necessary to send for a physician. So far as known, this was the first record of homoeopathic treatment in Evanston. Many of the early residents were ac- customed to this method before they came to Evanston. It was not uncommon to find a copy of Small's "Manual of Homoeopathic Practice" on the book shelf, or some other book for family use. and the more common remedies were kept on hand, even by those who were accustomed to employ the old school doctors. The simplicity of the sys- tem, the ease with which it could be used, and the freedom from harmful results, recommended it. Homoeopathy in Evanston has always had the support of many of the best educated people in the village, and among the earlier residents were many strong believers in the new school. Doctors Adam Miller, J. Nicholas Cooke, Reuben Ludlam. and other Chicago practitioners, made frequent professional trips to the village. First Resident Practitioner. — At that early time there were few homoeopathic schools. Most of the practitioners were graduates of the old school who had be- come dissatisfied with the heroic treatment then in vogue, and so had taken refuge in this more simple system. Many of them 255 256 MEDICAL HISTORY however did not adhere strictly to the law of similars. In 1856 one of this style came and settled in the village. His name was Hawkes. So far as the writer has been able to find, he was not related to Prof. W. J. Hawkes who came later, though they have often been confounded with each other. This man was in some way related by marriage to Dr. Moses Gunn, one of the foremost surgeons of half a century ago in Chicago, and to Mr. Gould, who long occupied the position of clerk at Rush Medical College. He was also a distant connection of the Judson family, and for his use Rev. Philo Judson had erected the commodious house which was removed to give place to the Young Men's Christian Association building in 1898. Dr. Hawkes remained only a year. From that time until the middle 'sixties there was no resident homoeopathic physi- cian. Dr. C. D. Fairbanks lived in Evan- ston about 1865. Little is known of him. All who knew him spoke well of him, both as a man and as a physician. It is said that he moved from our midst to Engle- wood, but this is uncertain. Dr. Oscar H. Mann. — In 1866 Oscar H. Mann took the place vacated in the com- munity by Dr. Fairbanks. Dr. Mann w-as born at Providence, R. I.. November 24, 1835. His great-grandfather was an of- ficer in the American Revolution. The doctor received his earlier medical educa- tion in New York City, and began prac- ticing. He received the degree of Doctor of Medicine from Hahnemann Medical Col- lege, Chicago, March. 1866. Afterward he came to Evanston where he was for many years a prominent factor in the life of the village, socially and politically. For about three years he lectured on Chemistry and Hygiene at the Northwestern Female Col- lege, which was familiarly called the Jones College from its founder and Principal. Dr. Mann was one of the prime movers, and the first President of the Evanston Social Club, the first organization of the kind in our midst. L'nder its auspices were held theatricals, dances, and card parties. At this time it is hard to realize with what horror such an organization was then gen- erally regarded. It occupied the rooms now devoted to the Odd Fellows, 604 Davis Street. Dr. Mann served as Township, and \'illage Trustee. He was the last Presi- dent of the village, and the first Mayor of the city. Under his administration the old \illage of South Evanston, which was or- ganized because its residents did not wish to be taxed for a general water supply, was merged with Evanston, in order to get the benefit of our superior water system. The present City Hall was erected with rooms for the Police and Fire Departments, and for the Public Library. His home, once the scene of frequent parties, stood where the present Mann building now houses the Postoffice and Masonic Temple. In 1889 the house was removed to 811 LTniversity Place, where it now stands. He was one of the first officers of the Evanston Com- mandery Knights Templar, and served one year as President of the State Homoeopathic Medical Society. He gradually retired from practice, and, on the completion of his ser- vice as Mayor, spent some years on his ranch at Okobojo, South Dakota, though still re- taining his legal residence and interest in Evanston. Dr. M. C. Bragdon. — In the summer of 1873 Dr. Mann took into partnership a young man from Evanston, then fresh from his studies in Vienna. Merritt Caldwell Bragdon was born at Auburn, N. Y., Jan- uary 6, 1850. His father. Rev. Charles P. Bragdon, was sent to Evanston in 1858 as the pastor of the First Methodist Episcopal Church. The family moved into the house which had beeti built for Dr. Hawkes, on i\ HISTORY OF EVANSTON 257 Orrington Avenue. Here the father died, leaving his widow, three boys and two girls. Merritt, the second, son, was graduated in 1870 from the Northwestern University, served as a clerk in the State Senate, studied in Chicago Medical College, and finally, in 1873, was graduated from the Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital of Philadel- phia. After some months spent in foreign study, he entered upon his duties in Dr. Mann's office. He is a trustee of his father's church, and a member of the Uni- versitv Board of Trustees. He has devotetl his attention to the practice of his profes- sion. He is a member of the State and National Homoeopathic Medical Societies. His chief public service in the community was the establishment of the Evanston Hos- pital, of which he is now one of the staff of physicians. Seeing the need for such an institution, he urged it upon one of his patrons, Mrs. Rebecca Butler, and his old neighbor, Mrs. Marie Huse Wilder — now Mrs. Daniel Kidder — and those ladies undertook its organization. Beginning in a small way. it has steadily grown until now it is one of the most modern, well equipped and best managed hospitals in America. Dr. Anson L. Marcy. — After Dr. Brag- don left the office of Dr. Mann, Anson L. Marcy took his place. Dr. IMarcy was a nephew of Prof. Oliver Marcy, of the Uni- versity, and a classmate of Dr. Bragdon in the Hahnemann Medical College of Phil- adelphia, where he received his Doctor's degree in 1873. He came here originally as a student in the Academy and University, though he did not graduate. In his student days he was an expert taxidermist, and there are still many evidences of his skill to be found in the University Aluseum. After graduating in medicine he settled in Dakota, but having made a matrimonial alliance with the daughter of 'Squire Curry, he was drawn back to this village. He is now prac- ticing in Richmond, \'a. Dr. Clapp. — Eben I'ratt Clapp, the son of one of the oldest homoeopathic practi- tioners in the State. Dr. Ela H. Clapp, was born at Rome, 111.. March xo, 1859. The family came to Evanston to educate the son, and he was graduated from the North- western University in 1881. He was grad- uated from the Hahnemann Medical College of Chicago in 1882, and after studying in Europe, settled in Evanston, where he has since practiced. For six years he served as an efficient Commissioner of Health for the City of Evanston. He is a member of the stafif of physicians at the Evanston Hos- pital. He has now retired from active practice and spends his winters in Cali- fornia. Dr. Ela H. Clapp was the second hom- oepathic physician to settle in Illinois. He first studied in Cincinnati and began practice in Ohio, and later, after practicing for some years, he went to Cleveland for special study. After leaving Ohio he set- tled in Central Illinois. Having retired from active work he came to Evanston in 1874. His home overlooked the lake, and stood at the northwest corner of Church Street and Judson Avenue. Though not engaged in practice in Evanston, his posi- tion among the profession of the State en- titles him to recognition here. He died April 12, 1888, of paralysis. Later Homoeopathic Physicians. — Har- rv Parsons was the son of an Evanston mer- chant. The family lived in the northern part of the village. Harry was graduated from Hahnemann ^Medical College of Chi- cago in 1880. He practiced in Evanston after graduation, but later moved to Ravens- wood, where he is now enjoying an active practice. Prof. William J. Hawkes, a native of Pensylvania. came here in the 'eighties, but returned to Chicago, and later removed to Southern California. He was graduated from the Hahnemann Medical College of 258 MEDICAL HISTORY Philadelphia, in 1867. During his residence here. Dr. Hawkes continued to occupy the chair of Materia Medica in Chicago Hah- nemann College. He was a man of good address, genial, well posted in his profes- sion, and successful in pi-actice ; yet for some reason he never took root in our soil. Dr. Allen Benjamin Clayton came to Evanston in 1885. and was the only one of our homcEopathic practitioners to die while practicing here. He was born January 26, 1849, at Aylmer, Ontario. His preliminary education was obtained in the schools of Aylmer and Saint Thomas. He received his medical training in the College of Phy- sicians and Surgeons at Toronto, and in the Hahnemann Medical College of Chi- cago, '^eing graduated from the latter school in iSCn). He settled first in Chatham, Ontario, moving thence to ^Marinette, Wis. He came to Evanston in 1885. He was a gentleman of fine literary tastes, affable in manner, and at one time he had a lucrative practice. His father had wished him to enter the legal profession, but this was not to his liking. He died in Chicago, of rectal cancer. September 15, lyoo. Eugene E. Shutterly was born at Can- nonsburg. Pa.. January 2, 1862. He came to Evanston in 1877. He studied in the Academy, graduating in 1886. He then entered the Hahnemann Medical College of Chicago, from which he was graduated in 1888. He immediately began practice in Evanston. He has also served the citv as its Commissioner of Health, conducting the office with satisfaction to all concerned. He is a member of the staff of physicians at the Evanston Hospital. Mary F. McCrillis was the first woman homoeopathic physician to settle among us. She was born in New Hampshire in 1856, of New England parentage. She was grad- uated from the Boston University School of Medicine in 1882. She came to Evanston in 1888. and has since that time been engaged here in general practice. She is a member of the staiif of Physicians at the Evanston Hospital. Quiet and unobtrusive in manner, and well versed in her profes- sion, she has proved a worthy member of the fraternity. F"rances B. ^^'ilki^s, a graduate of the Hahnemann ^Medical College of Chicago in 1876, has several times resided in Evan- ston. Her husband, John M. Wilkins, re- ceived his M. D. degree from the Chicago National Medical College in 1896. Alice B. Stockham. born in Ohio in 1835, and graduated from the Chicago Homceo- pathic Medical College in 1882, came to Evanston about 1894. Here she did not enter general practice, but devoted herself to literary and commercial pursuits. She was the author of several books and pamph- lets, the best known of which are "Tokol- ogy" and "The Koradine Letters." Charles Gordon Fuller, born at James- town. N. Y., April 9, 1856, has resided in Evanston over fifteen years. Having re- ceived his early education in the schools of Jamestown and at Columbia College, he entered the Chicago Homccopathic Medical College, graduating in 1880. Later he took special studies at the College of Physicians and Surgeons. New York, at the New York Ophthalmic College and Hospital and the New York Ophthalmic and Aural Institute. He is ex-Major and Surgeon of the First Regiment Infantry of the Illinois National Guard, ( )phthalmic and .\ural Surgeon to several Cliicago Hospitals and a member of the consulting staff of the Evanston Hos- j^ital. He is also a member of the .American Institute of Homoeopathy, the American Homoeopathic Ophthalmological, Otological and Laryngological Society, e.x-.\ssistant Surgeon to New York Ophthalmic Hospital, Fellow of the Royal ]\Iicroscopical Society, England, member of the A. A. A. S. Asso- HISTORY OF EVANSTON 259 ciation, Alilitary Surgeons of the United States, and the American Microscopical So- ciety. Dr. Fuller's office is in Chicajjo, where he has confined his attention to dis- eases of the eye and ear. Burton Haseltine graduated from the Hahnemann Medical College of Chicago in 1896. and, after being associated with Dr. Shears of Chicago for two years, came to Evanston, limiting his practice to diseases of the eye, ear, nose and throat. He is the author of numerous monographs. Secretary of the State Homoeopathic IMedical Asso- ciation, member of the National and Chi- cago Homoeopathic Societies, Senior Pro- fessor of Nose and Throat in his alma mater, and attending Eye and Ear Surgeon to Cook County Hospital and Home of the Friendless. He has now removed to Chi- cago. Samuel M. Moore, a native of Kentucky, and a graduate from the Chicago Homoeo- pathic Medical College in 1895, and also serving as interne at Cook County Hospital, came to Evanston in 1897. For several years he enjoyed a prosperous hospital prac- tice. He was a member of the staff of Physicians at the Evanston Hospital, but he .retired in 1904 to engage in mercantile pur- suits. He has now resumed his practice in Sheridan Park. 111. Guernsey P. Waring was graduated from Dunham Medical College in 1897, and is a Professor of Materia Medica in the Hah- nemann Pkledical College of Chicago. He is a member of the State and National Medical Societies. Dr. James T. Kent, who received his de- grees from the Eclectic School in Cincinnati in 1871. and the Homoeopathic College of St. Louis in 1884. is now Professor of Materia Medica at Hahnemann Medical College of Chicago, a member of the State and National Homoeopathic Medical Soci- eties, and the author of "Kent's Repertor}-," "Kent's ^Materia ^Medica,'' and "Kent's Phil- osophy." Edwin H. Pratt was graduated from Hahnemann Medical College of Chicago in 1877. He is the author of a work on Ori- ficial Surgery, is known as a successful operator and has for many years been one of the leading homoeopathic surgeons. He has resided in Evanston since 1900. Abbie J- Hinkle was born in Philadelphia in 1853. There she received her preliminary education. After several years spent in teaching in the public schools, she turned her attention to medicine, being graduated from the Hahnemann Medical College of Chicago in 1887. She first settled in Chica- go. In January, 1895, she located in Evan- ston. During her student days she was an officer in the college clinical society, and more recently she has been a Vice-Presi- dent of the Illinois Homoeopathic Medical Association. Thomas H. Winslow, a native of Nor- way, was graduated from the Herring Col- lege in Chicago in 1896. Since graduation he has practiced in Evanston. Having taken special work in the branches per- taining to diseases of the nose, throat, ear and eye, in February, 1904, he moved to Oakland, Cal., to practice that specialty. Ransom M. Barrows, born in Michigan in 1849, i* ^ brother of the late Rev. Dr. John H. Barrows, previous to his death President of Oberlin College, Ohio. Dr. Barrows received his education in his na- tive State, being graduated from the Michi- gan University Medical School in 1877. In 1884 he took a degree from the Hahne- mann Medical College of Chicago. After several years spent in Chicago he located in Evanston in 1901. He moved to Wil- mette two years later. George F. M. Tyson was born in Chica- go, October 30, 1872. He has practiced in 26o MEDICAL HISTORY Evanston since his graduation from the Chicago National IMedical College in 1898. Frank H. Edwards grew up in Evanston. He was born in Irving Park, Cook County, November 16, 1871. He was graduated from the Evanston High School, and be- gan his professional studies under the di- rection of Dr. Clayton. In 1895 he was graduated from the Chicago Homoeopathic Medical College, and began his career at Rockford, 111. After three years he re- turned to Evanston. In 1902 he received a diploma from Rush Medical College. He then spent some time studying in Vienna, and later with his uncle. Dr. Ira Harris, in Tripoli, Syria. He is the author of several monographs. He has joined the Christian Scientists. G. F. Barry was born in Chicago, Janu- ary 12, 1875. He was graduated from the Chicago Manual Training School in 1894, and from the Hahnemann ^ledical College and Hospital of Philadelphia in 1902. He immediately settled in Evanston. He is a member of the Illinois Homoeopathic Medi- cal Association and a graduate of the Chi- cago Lying-in Hospital. He is a member of the staff of Evanston Hospital. Dwight M. Clark, who took the practice of Dr. Moore, was born at Yellow Springs, Ohio, March 29, 1878. He studied at the Michigan University, was graduated from Chicago Homoeopathic Medical College, in 1 90 1, served as an interne at Cook County Hospital, received a diploma from Rush Medical in 1903, and came to Evanston in January, 1904. He is a member of staff of Evanston Hospital. From the foregoing it may be seen that the homoeopathic practitioners of the city have not been entirely occupied with pri- vate affairs. To members of this profes- sion is largely due the praise for the pres- ent existence of two of our public build- ings, — the City Hall, and the Hospital. Two of these doctors have served the city well as Commissioners of Health. Aside from these, others have done much toward the development of the city in a more quiet way, by the improvement of vacant property, erecting thereon residences and business blocks. Three for years showed an interest in the Cniversity by maintain- ing therein prizes for oratory, declama- tion, and scholarship. One is a director in one of our banks, and one is a Trustee in the University. But beyond all that has been said, in the quiet every day work of relief of distress and suffering the disci- ples of Hahnemann have done their full share. CHAPTER XXIX. EVANSTON HOSPITAL (By WILLIAM HUDSON HARPER) The Evanston Benevolent Society — First Steps ill Founding a Hospital — Organ- iaation is Effected in i8qi — First Board of officers — Medical Staff — Fund and Building Campaign — Enlargement of the Institution Projected — Munificent Gift of Mrs. Cable — Other Donations — The Endowment Reaches $^o.ooo — Hos- pital of the Present and the Future — /;;- ternal Arrangement and Official Admin- istration — List of Principal Donors - — Present Officers. When the exigencies of life in the grov- ing X'illage of Evanston had made the care of its dependent and other sick more and more inadequate ; when lives had been lost in the transportation of the afflicted to Chicago, and in insufficient ministration to those sought to be cured within the village. a movement arose in Evanston to brnig on a better day. This movement was not based upon an abstract philanthropy. It was the offspring of the Evanston Benevo- lent Society, whose charitable service had, for several years, met an appealing emer- gency. The Beginning. — The seed of the Ev- anston Hospital was planted at a meeting of- citizens at the Avenue House, November 17, 1891. Strictly speaking, it was a meet- ing of the Evanston Benevolent Associa- tion, called to consider the report, on the es- tablishment of a hospital in Evanston, of a special committee consisting of J . J- Parkhurst, Dr. D. R. Dyche, Mrs. Maria Huse \\'ilder and Mrs. Rebecca X. But- ler. There were present William Blanch- ard. Dr. D. R. Dyche, H. B. Hurd. J. J. Parkhurst, J. M. Larimer. \\'. A. Hamil- ton, Frank M. Elliot, \V. E. Stockton, Mrs. Jane Bishop, Henry A. Pearsons, Mrs. J. M. Larimer, Mrs. Davis. Mrs. Frank M. Elliott, Mrs. Butler. Mrs. Wild- er. Mrs. Pearsons and Mrs. Bishop. It was agreed that Evanston should have an emer- gency hospital, and there were appointed as a committee on incorporation Mr. Hamil- ton, Mr. Larimer. Dr. D. R. Dyche, Mrs. Butler, and Mrs. Wilder. The meeting au- thorized overtures contemplating assistance by the \'illage Trustees and Board of Health : and from Mr. Parkhurst, on behalf of the executive committee of Northwest- ern University, assurance was received of the possibility that the University would lend financial help to the enterprise. Organization — First Officers. — One week after, in the same place, a meeting of citizens affirmed the decision of the pre- vious meeting that "an emergency hospital is a necessity for the village of Evanston." Incorporation followed December 2, and on December 4, 1891, there was organized tlie Evanston Emergency Hospital. The first administration of the institution, now 261 262 EVANSTON HOSPITAL in its successor almost unique in its per- fections, was entrusted to the following citizens : President — John R. Lindgren; Vice-President — Julia M. Watson; Secretary — Marie Huse Wilder; Treasurer — Frank E. Lord ; Executive Committee — Win. Blanchard, J. M. Larimer, John H. Kedzie, F. Stuy- vesant Peabody, Frank M. Elliot, Maria A. Holabird, Rebecca N. Butler, Marie Huse Wilder, and Catherine L Pearsons. The hospital organization began its ex- istence with sixty-three directors — public- spirited and influential, and with a truly liberal conception of the mission of the in- stitution contemplated. The directors, soon afterwards reduced to thirty, were elected for service in three classes, sever- ally for one, two, and, three years. The site chosen for the hospital, after resources and proposed service had been considered, was on No. 806 Emerson Street. Here was bought for $2,800 a lot, 45 by 170 feet, bearing an eight-room cottage which was duly made suitable for hospital purposes at a cost of about $1,500. It was not an imposing structure, but well enough adapt- ed to the needs of the time, and it was a verv healthy acorn. Then fifty feet of ad- joining property, costing $1,650, was bought, and thus-wise Evanston seemed safeguarded for many years. To make this unpretentious start in the founding of an institution indispensable to Evanston, many active people had done much efficient work when, at the first annual meeting, No- vember I. 1892, the hospital was reported in possession of funds amounting to $7,- J02 — a total composed of subscriptions, dues from annual and life members, a dona- tion of more than $3,000 from the proceeds ■of a summer kirmess conducted by the Wo- man's Club and others, and by a donation of $320 from the Apollo Club of Chicago. which had sung the "[Messiah" in public concert in Evanston. First Medical Staff. — The hospital was opened for service, March 27, 1893, w-ith Miss Emilv E. Robinson, matron, and the following physicians as a medical staff: Isaac Poole, M. D. ; E. H. Webster, M. D. ; W. A. Phillips, M. D. ; Sarah H. Brayton, M. D.; H. B. Hemenway, M. D.; A. B. Clayton, M. D. : M. C. Bragdon, M. D. ; O. H. ' Mann, M. D. ; E. P. Clapp, M. D. ; Mary F. McCrillis, M. D. ; I. V. Stevens. M. b.; and S. F. Verbeck, M. D. The hospital recognized all accepted schools of medicine and opened its doors to patients both paid and free. Month by month the management perfected equipment and sys- tem, the rate of charge for service in the wards being from $5.00 to $10.00. and for a private room from $15.00 to $25.00 a week. Directing an institution for public service, the hospital management in these early years looked with justifiable hopes toward the city authorities for assistance. By no means was it promptly vouchsafed : and when the executive committee was in- formed at its meeting in June, 1893, ^^^^.t it was impossible to get an appropriation from the Evanston Common Council, it was felt by more than one public-spirited mem- ber that the service of the new institution to the common weal was receiving but scant recognition. None too robust a child was the Emergency Hospital at this period. Funds were not too plenty, and citizens at large were not yet so trained in systematic benevolence as to make excessive provision for this municipal necessity. So, along w-ith the manifold activities of committees and directors to keep and improve Evans- ton's first refuge for the afflicted, there arose discussion about the inauguration of the practice of Hospital Sunday. This hap- py and profitable way of contributing to hospital support in time took hold, and is > z c HISTORY OF EVANSTON 263 to-day, in Evanston, as in other cities, a re- liable vehicle for large public benevolences. Official Board. — At the first annual meeting of the hospital corporation, Ao- vember 14, 1893, the following officers were elected : President — Arthur Crr; Vice-President— Airs. Rebecca X. But- ler; Secretary — Alarie Huse \\'ilder; Treasurer — E. B. Quinlan. Mr. Orr subsequently . resigning, Hon. J. H. Kedzie was elected in his stead. Not long after. Mrs. Wilder resigning. Miss Mary Harris, February 5, 1894, was elect- ed to the secretaryship, and began a period of service long, meritorious, and of a char- acter that goes not a little unrewarded. Raising Funds. — In 1894, reaching about for popular ways and means to let the public know that a hospital in Evanston was up and doing, and that it would wel- come all possible support, the institution's friends conducted a so-called "magazine entertainment" in Bailey's Opera House. The entertainment proved a novel and sprightly potpourri of "stunts" by home talent, and brought into the hospital treas- ury $319. But the little hospital was truly an emergency institution, itself not infre- quently its own chief emergencv ; and so to meet its needs, its industrious sponsors fell upon a venture of considerable magni- tude and genuinely artistic attributes. This was an open-air performance of Gilbert and Sullivan's charming opera, the "Mika- do." A stage was erected on the vacant lot at the northwest corner of Davis Street and Judson Avenue, and with clever prin- cipals, and equally clever auxiliaries from the young people of the village, the opera was sung on four successive evenings, in July, 1894, and before large and delighted audiences. The net proceeds of this very praiseworthy entertainment amounted to $2,000. Among the efficient managers of this enterprise were W. J. Fabian, Mrs. William Holabird, W. L. Wells, John M. Ewen. Mrs. F. A. Hardy, and Frank M. Elliot. The Evanston Emergency Hospital was now a fact. It was at work. The public knew it was at work, and had gratefully profited by its ministrations. But it was not big enough, complete enough, modern enough— in short, it was inadequate. It smiply would not do. So it was quite in order at the annual meeting of the associa- tion, November 6, 1894. that the following, presented by Henry A. Pearsons should have been, as it was, unanimously adopted: "Resolved, that it is the sense of this meet- ing that the board of directors be request- ed to appoint a committee to consider the question of procuring a more suitable site, and commencing the erection of a more suitable building for use of the hospital." Plans for Extension.— The committee authorized to take up this proposition was Frank M. Elliot, William Blanchard, Dr. Sarah H. Brayton, and Henry A. Pearsons, this committee working under the adminis- tration of the following new board of of- ficers : President — Hon. J. H. Kedzie ; A'ice-President— Mrs. William Holabird; Secretary— .Miss Mary Harris; Treasurer— E. B. Quinlan. The Committee on Building and Grounds was shortly re-enforced by one consisting of Wm. H. Bartlett, Dr. Charles G. Fuller, and Dr. Sarah H. Brayton, who, with broad outlook and knowledge of the relation of a hospital to the many-sided needs of a growing community, set out to determine the scope and functions of the proposed institution. On February 11, 1895, the corporation, desiring to disasso- ciate from its name and work anything suggestive of an impromptu, transient, or tentative character, formally changed its 264 EVANSTON HOSPITAL name from Evanston Emergency Hospital to Evanston Hospital Association. Having enlarged its name, it was appropriate that the new association should enlarge its place of work, and so, on April 13, 1895, at a meeting of the Directors to consider the report of the committee on a proposed new building site, it was unanimously ordered that negotiations be opened for the purchase of a lot on Ridge Avenue, in the University sub-division, 280 feet on Ridge Avenue, and extending 600 feet to Girard Avenue, for $12,000. the terms being $6,500 and the transfer of the existing hos- pital property at a valuation of $5,500. A committee to raise the necessary money was appointed, consisting of Frank M. Elliot. John R. Lindgren. and E. H. Buehler. At a meeting on May 2d. purchase of the lot in question was authorized for the above price, a mortgage of $3,500 being ordered assumed, and a two years' lease of the Emerson Street property made. The build- ing site was deemed an exceptionally de- sirable acquisition, and its subsequent im- provement has been worthy its natural ad- vantages. A month later plans for a hos- pital building were laid before the executive committee by George L. Harvey, architect. A Fund and Building Campaign. — A building site and building plans meant large prospective drafts upon a none too plethoric treasury, and the association again tried the magic of an open-air opera as a benefit performance. Again, under professional guidance, social Evanston threw itself at the jolly task, and through the agency of the opera of "Powhattan," contributed $1,800 to the hospital's funds. Again Mr. Fabian and assistants received official thanks for their happy management of the agreeable enterprise. At a meeting of the Hospital Directors. July 8. 1895. it was re- solved to raise $25,000 for the proposed administration building, in addition to funds for purchase of site. The new asso-' ciation year 1895-1896 was inaugurated November 8th by the election of the fol- lowing officers : President — Frank M. Elliot ; \'ice-President — Julia M. Watson ; Secretary — Miss Mary Harris ; Treasurer — E. B. Ouinlan. The new administration entered the cam- paign for hospital funds by making its entire Board of Directors a subscription committee. At a meeting of the directors. March 30, 1896. the services of Mr. Harvey, as an expert in hospital construction, were accepted, and the subscriptions to date were found to be $12,780; the cost of the pro- posed first or administration building was estimated at $22,000, and it was determined that, to open the new place free of debt, there would be needed $26,750. This was too expensive and the administration build- ing was reduced in size to bring the cost within the limits of the fund that could then be realized. The hospital year of 1896- 1897. begin- ning with the election of officers November 10, 1896, was marked with but one change among the executive officers, Mr. Quinlan \ielding to William G. Hoag as Treasurer. A rushing stream was to be crossed before the hospital should appear, and horses would better not be swapped. So Mr. Elliot continued President. At this stage in the financing of the new hospital project, an unusual opening developed to make an honest pcnn}-. Mr. Uriah Lott, an Evan- ston citizen, wishing to dispose of his house- hold efifects — and they were of more than ordinary elegance — ofifered to the hospital association a liberal percentage of the gross receipts of a public sale, should the asso- ciation lend the sale its direction and pat- ronage. The ofl^er was accepted, and through the activity of Mr. Elliot. I\Iiss Harris, and Mrs. Charles T- Connell. the HISTORY OF EVANSTON 265 hospital fund was increased $1,364. This, recruited by a contribution of $136 from the surplus of a citizens' Fourth of July fund, was welcome money in a year when much energy and organization were needed to raise the building funds to achieve the level of the plans proposed, and when in- deed curtailment and modification were finally pursued. But energy and organ- ization on the part of the association, and co-operation on the part of Evanstonians at large, determined this, the summer of 1897, to be the hospital's building summer the committee in charge being Frank M, Elliot, William H, Bartlett, Dr, Sarah H. Brayton, Howard Gray, and William B. Phillips, When October came, contracts for over $15,000 of an authorized expendi- ture of $16,000 had been let, an incum- brance of $3,500 had been paid, and the new and perfect hospital was a no distant fact. And, to rush the building fund, there came out of the hurly-burly of a football game in November, a sturdy little check for $210. The association, at the annual meet- ing, November 2, 1897, continued its re- tiring officers, and fi.xed the endowment of a bed in terms of an annual donation of $300 or a single donation of $5,000. Suljse- quently there was determined an important matter in executive policy, in a resolution that adjoining towns should not be allowed to endow beds in the new institution. The new hospital building ( the adminis- tration building) was opened for the recep- tion of patients February 8, 1898. The as- sociation had a credit balance in bank of $2,707 ; and through its executive commit- tee it unanimously thanked Dr. Sarah H. Brayton for efficient work in procuring the proper furnishing of the building without cost to the association. New Enlargements Projected. — The annual meeting of the Evanston Hospital Association, assembling at the Avenue House, November I, 1898, was a meeting of congratulation and a declaration of prog- ress in a branch of public service that was doing honor to its workers and to all sym- pathetic citizens who had lent aid and com- fort. The main building of the hospital, capable of sheltering as many as eighteen patients, was now a monumental fact. As complete as it was, its very usefulness emphasized its inadequacy, and its friends already looked forward to needed e.xten- sions : to wards for contagious, infectious and obstetrical cases, and to minor new ac- commodations. Noteworthy in the hos- pital's new equipment was an ambulance for service, a gift of Mrs. John M. Ewen, as a thank-offering for preservation in an hour of great danger ; and, to bind it closer to the public, the hospital had now the tem- porary endowment of four free beds — one being supported by the Ladies' Aid Society of the Presbyterian Church, two by North- western University, and one by Mrs. Wat- son, Mce-President of the association. Further sustained on strong shoulders, the hospital felt itself to be, by the gratuitous service, two months each, of its entire med- ical stafif. An abstract from the treasurer's report for one year made at this annual meeting will suggest the financial career of the hospital at this period ; a period, be it remembered, marked between 1894 and 1898 by general strenuous efl^ort in re- covery from national panic and depres- sion. Subscriptions for building fund and site: 1895, $250; 1896, $4,615: 1897, $11,040: 1898, $9^513. Amount allowed for old hospital. $5,500. Expended on new site, $14,691. Expended on new building, $17,140. Receipts from entertainments, $1,802. Receipts from memberships, $500. Receipts from donations, $115. Receipts from patients' board, $2,108. 266 EVANSTON HOSPITAL Receipts from support of beds, $575. Receipts from subscriptions for furnish- ing, $1,725. Expenses for maintenance, $5,707. The association continued for 1898-1899 the officers of the previous year. Early in 1899 the City of Evanston, without specified obligations upon the hospital, made to the institution an appropriation of $300. At the annual meeting of the association, Xo- vember 7, 1899, the latter prepared for the aid and prestige which future donations might prove to the institution, by determin- ing the privileges which should pertain to endowments of various amounts, and fixing classification for the same. With renewed persistency now appeared the need of a contagious ward, as well as of a wing to the hospital, and both interests were committed to a special committee. Another year the association continued its efficient executives in office, and strengthened its medical stafT by the addition of a consulting stafT in the persons of eminent Chicago specialists — Dr. Christian Fenger, Dr. John Ridlon, and Dr. Charles Adams. But the year 1900 brought to Evanston and its hospital a real loss in the death of Hugh R. Wilson. When the hospital association came to formally deplore the death of this stanch friend and good citizen, it did so, in part, in the=e feeling words : "Resolved, That, in the death of 'Sir. Wilson, the hospital loses one of its most active and interested supporters. In his readiness to assist the suft'ering ; in his broad-minded and judicious charity ; in his kindliness and gentleness of action, !Mr. Wilson has. at all times during his connection with the asso- ciation, been a helpful inspiration to those who have worked with him. His foresight and good judgment, together with his gen- erosity of support, have served to advance our work in every practical way." Munificent Gifts of 1900. — Institutions. like men. must be in the way of opportunity if they would have fortune knock at their door. A rather mysterious notice sum- moned to a special meeting the directors of the Evanston Hospital Association, March 19, 1900. When met, F. F. Peabody, Chairman of the Finance Committee, threw his associates into happy consternation by the following remarks : "Mrs. Herman D. Cable wishes me to say that she will give $25,000 for the erec- tion of a needed addition to the hospital to be known as the Herman D. Cable Memorial Building, and that, if this gift is accepted, she will give an additional $25,000 to endow a children's ward in the new building." We may be sure this gift was accepted, and that the thanks, then formally voted Mrs. Cable, were deep and sincere ; and it is also to be recorded that the Directors made it their duty to amplify the unexpected op- portunity, to enlarge the existing building, and to raise, on their own part, an additional endowment fund of at least $25,000. The hospital year of 1900-1901, inaugu- rated by continuance in office of the retiring executive officers, was also marked by resig- nation from the directorate of Hon. J. H. Kedzie, long identified with hospital inter- ests, and the election of Mrs. Alice A. Cable, whose gift of a memorial building, with alterations in the main building, the Board now formally voted to realize. The year 1901 was one of expansion and con- struction in hospital interests. From a "rummage sale" in January the hospital received $1,813. In April Air. Irwin Rew, a public-spirited citizen of Evanston, offered — and the offer was accepted — to equip the hospital with a heating and laundry plant at an estimated -cost of $4,680. In October there was borne in upon the hospital management, both by the City Board of Health and by the hospital staff, the need of an extension in the wav of HISTORY OF EVANSTON 267 an isolation ward. At the annual meeting. November 5th, the retiring officers were re-elected, and the very important additions to the institutions represented by the gifts of Mr. Rew and Mrs. Cable were formally acknowledged — the Cable Memorial Build- ing being characterized as completely fur- nished and the children's ward endowed in memory of Anita Mutchins Cable. Endowment Secured. — The association began its hospital year of 1901-1902 with its same efficient officers, and welcomed from another "rummage" sale a donation amounting to $1,440. In February the en- dowment fund had reached $46,000 of the contemplated $50,000 : and in April the coveted goal was finally attained. As the good year closed divers talented amateur artists of Evanston contributed as the re- ceipts of a performance of the "Rivals," at the Country Club, more than $500 to in- crease the usefulness of this popular refuge of rest and healing. In the history of amusements in Evanston this admirable presentation of the sterling old comedy will prove of long life in local reminiscence. So well in hand was the work of the associa- tion now coming, that the reduction of the floating debt of about $11,000 became an achievement to be undertaken until accom- plished. Feeling its strength in the substan- tial work done, and in the officers whom it re-elected for the year 1902- 1903, the asso- ciation was also brought to know its weak- ness when, on April loth. it was confronted with the death of Hon. John H. Kedzie, and on May 20th of Mr. Dorr A. Kimball. In terms of sorrow and appreciation Mr. Kedzie was formally lamented as "a friend who has met every emergency of the asso- ciation's existence with generous words and generous deeds" ; and, to Mr. Kimball's memory, the association oflfered no mean tribute when it declared him "an upright business man and honorable citizen of Evanston. whose pure life and public spirit made him an example for all." When the association, at its eleventh annual meetine. November 10, 1903, elected its former officers, and checked of? a reduction of near- ly half the floating debt in pledges received, the feeling was general that the hospital was truly founded and that its beneficiaries, the public, would never ])ermit it to decline. Hospital of the Present and the Future. — When this volume — the stor\- of a re- markable American community — shall have received more than one supplement, there will still be rising on the highest land in Evanston — the city itself but a borough in a mammoth municipality of 5,000.000 or 10,000,000 people — a group of buildings enveloped in the kindly shade of many trees, and looking to be, what it probably will be, a haven for the afflicted. What the hospital of that day will be to the city of that day none knows ; but we do know that the Evanston Hospital of today is, to the Ev- anston of today, the most complete agency for practical philanthropy that any institu- tion of its kind in the world, with the same equipment, fulfills. The Evanston Hospital, as it stands today — structure, equipment, and administration — is briefly this : On the summit of Ridge Avenue, No. 2650, at right angles to the thoroughfare and several rods removed, rises the hos- pital's administration building. It is of stone and vitrified brick, the latter a struc- tural material of the highest resistance and of good color tone. The building is of three stories, with high pitched and tile roof. Its architectural style has decorum, and suggests repose. .An ample porch front, with balcony, looks eastward over a falling landscape toward the lake, a quarter of a mile distant. x\t right angles to this building connected therewith by a two-story and basement corridor, rises the second of the hospital Ijnildings, the 268 EVANSTON HOSPITAL memorial gift of Mrs. Alice A. Cable. This is in architectural keeping with its dignified fellow, and the forerunner of others yet to rise in stately alignment westward and northward to the boundary of the insti- tution's property. The following taken from the President's report for 1905 is interesting ; "For several years reference has been made in our annual reports to the neces- sity of providing a maternity hospital, and last year particular emphasis was given to this subject. In response to this appeal, Mr. Lucian M. Williams, on behalf of himself, his brother and sisters, made known their desire to build this hospital, and requested the Board of Directors to prepare plans and obtain estimates for a most approved and scientifically constructed building, to be erected as a memorial to their mother, Elizabeth Williams. Such plans and esti- mates were secured and presented, and the sum of $25,000 was promised for this pur- pose. It is expected this much needed hos- pital will be completed and ready for occu- pancy bv June i, 1906. The erection of this building will be the consummation of a hope long deferred. It will be located north of the administration building, fronting on Ridge Avenue, and will correspond in ma- terial and style of architecture with our present buildings. There will be thirteen beds for patients, an operating room with dependencies, diet kitchens, children's nur- sery, etc. The rooms for private patients will be on one floor and those for ward and free patients on the other floor. The private rooms will be arranged with adjoining bath rooms and so planned as to give the utmost privacy and comfort. This generous gift will open the way for enlarging the char- itable work of the Hospital. It is expected the income will be augmented by the use of the private rooms, and that it will be suf- ficient to meet the expenses of this addition- al building after the first year. The need of this new and thoroughly equipped Hos- pital has become more apparent with each year. This magnificent gift is, therefore, most timely, and will be a valuable addition to our present admirably equipped hos- pital. This is another instance in which generous friends, desiring to perpetuate the memory of some beloved member of their family, have made it possible to erect a building as a memorial that will be con- stantly in use for the benefit of the sick and afflicted." This, then, is the main architectural mass of the Evanston Hospital. When this sys- tem of buildings shall have its complete setting of verdure, when its hundreds of trees and shrubs, selected and planted with design, shall have arisen to enfold it, the tourist of the north shore will linger with delight in its presence, .and the household word will become fixed, that the Evanston Hospital is a place to behold as well as a place to seek new life in. Piut a hospital is what it is within. In operating equipment the Evanston Hospital is highly efificient. A visiting and consulting stafif of the first class, com- manding the support of a community of in- telligence and wealth, would naturally lead this to be secured. Therefore this hospital has a special room for the administration of anaesthetics, whence the patient is wheeled, an ample hydraulic elevator being used when necessary, to any part of either build- ing. The hospital also has a generous re- ceiving room hard by a driveway approach- ing the connecting corridors from the rear ; and here, where water may be applied with convenience and profusion, an emergency case may be prepared for the operating table. The operating room, with apparatus for water and instrument sterilization ad- joining, is placed in a swelling bay with top and side lights and north exposure. Its HISTORY OF EVANSTON 269 table, operating outfit, plumbing, and snowy enameled walls tell the story of an American warship — the cleanest place in the world, and the most effectual instru- ment for the purpose for which it is created. Supplementing these main factors for per- fect operating service are medicine closets and lavatories for the professional staff. The first and last impression of the do- mestic equipment of the Evanston Hospital is, that it is scientifically chosen and used ; that such parts of it as should be dainty and feminine are superlatively dainty and fem- inine ; and that, through all, spreads the genius of reason, cleanliness, and order. These various characteristics are generally expressed in the exquisite neatness and re- finement of the institution's housekeeping ; in the furnishing of the private rooms ; in the simple, restful details of ward furnish- ings ; in the ample dining-room for nurses, as well as in their ample and beautiful club room ; in the home-like sleeping rooms of the nurses ; in the practical machinery for bathing, cooking, storage ; and in the cleri- cal service of administration. So much for operating equipment, but the right people must use it ; and so much for domestic fur- nishings, but not yet do walls, tools, and furnishings make a hospital. There must be a soul in the place, a god in the machine. Arrangement and Internal Administra- tion. — The administration of the Evan- ston Hospital is full worthy its physical out- fit ; and this is so because it stands in every way for the high technical and humanita- rian standards of the institution's founders. With far more effort than the average cit- izen of Evanston appreciated, the sworn friends of the enterprise, now so firmly assured, shaped its early fortunes, besought donations of money and utilities, show'ed it worthy of confidence and large bequests, and finally with such capital built their grand work high upon a hill. So it is in the nature of things, this hospital being a mon- ument to sacrifice, that a strong, wise, and tender spirit should vitalize its administra- tion. In Miss Annie L. Locke, who has been Superintendent eight years, is this spirit personified. In this sketch of one of Evanston's most important institutions, ranking next to the municipal departments of police, fire, water, and public works, two types of inquiry about the place should find satisfaction. How good a place is it to get well in ? Wha; about it should interest the tourist and gen- eral visitor? To both of these inquiries answer has in the main been made ; but there remain details of equipment and ad- ministration that should not go unnoted. The first fioor of the administration is the greater part of the governing depart- ment of the hospital. Here is the reception parlor for visitors, office and apartments for the Superintendent, and rooms for sur- gical treatment. Beneath, in the basement, is the private dining-room of the Superin- tendent, the nurses' dining-room, and an extensive culinary equipment. On the sec- ond floor are private rooms and semi-private wards, occupants of the former enjoying an environment and retiracy surpassing that of a private home, and occupants of the latter being privileged to have a private, as well as a hospital, physician. On the third floor are rooms for domestic use. Two long sunny corridors — enticing haunts for con- valescents — unite the administration with the Herman D. Cable Memorial Building. This latter, in structure, equipment and con- tented occupants, is, like its companion, something good to see. It is the house of the men's ward, the women's and children's wards, and the private rooms of the nurses. On the first floor, with outlook east and south, is the ward for men with seven beds, and the ward for women with ten beds. The building's southern end is one enor- 270 EVANSTON HOSPITAL' mous bay, furnishing a sun-room annex to the women's ward on the first floor, and to the children's ward on the second. Capa- cious and comfortable are these sun-rooms — blissful half-way houses to health. The top floor shelters, in home-like chambers void of the institutional air, the members of the nursing staff, and has space for their large and inviting club and lecture room. Char- acteristic details of equipment in this build- ing are the marble outfittings of the men's bath-room, the treadle action plumbing in the administration room, the ventilator sys- tem by steam exhaust fans, the diet kitchen, and the commodious elevator. On every floor of the combined buildings are reels of hose and extinguishers for emergency fire uses. A pumping service auxiliary to city pressure is also supplied. An important and complete annex to the ward and administration buildings of the hospital, is an auxiliary building housing its steam-plant and laundry. The heating agent of the hospital is hot water circulated from boilers in this same building, where a reserve set of boilers promise capacity sufficient for future additions in the way of buildings, which the unoccupied area of the present hospital grounds can accommodate. The steam laundry, located on the second floor of the heat and power plant building, is admirably equipped for dispatch and perfection of work. Its centrifugal wringer and extensive drying compartments include ' apparatus nowhere excelled. The wood fin- ishings of the hospital buildings are in oak. save where stained or white painted wood is used to supplement the more domestic fur- nishings of private apartments. The grounds of the Evanston Hospital have ample space for departmental addi- tions : and. it is the hope of its manage- ment, that there shall, in the near future, be added a pavilion for contagious, and a building for private patients — such addi- tions taking systematic place along lines westward of the Herman D. Cable Memor- ial Building and parallel thereto. When the time is opportune the buildings will be provided. To remind the management of the hos- pital's need of a maternity retreat, there came one season, to a friendly niche in the hospitable structure, a busy home-making robin which mothered two broods. This, explains the superintendent with a smile, is the Evanston Hospital's first maternity ward. The hospital in 1899 opened a train- ing school for nurses. It has now graduated twenty students, all pupils of the selected practitioners of Evanston lecturing at the hospital, and nearly all, at one time and an- other, members of the hospital nursing stafi^. In the school at present are thirteen pupils. Such has been the evolution of the Evan- ston Hospital, and such, in the main, is its characteristic equipment and administra- tion. But for those who will read this record in years to come, as well as for the prospective beneficiaries and benefac- tors of today, still further information about this unique place of refuge and health should be supplied. And. first, no applicant whose condition will not imperil the insti- tution is turned from its doors. The chil- dren's ward is specially endowed by Mrs. Cable for the free use of crippled and sick children, and there are also private rooms for children. In the women's and men's ward a patient may pa}- as much as $1.00 a day or nothing. In the semi-private wards the charge is $10.00 a week: in the private rooms, $15 to $30 per week. It is the in- come from the private rooms — and more such rooms are needed — that helps supply the deficiency in hospital revenue caused, in part, by increasing charity work in the gen- eral wards. The hospital work of 1905 may be expressed as equivalent to 7.561 service HISTORY OF EVANSTON 271 days given its free and i)ay patients. Of this over 34 per cent was service to free patients. The expense of hospital mainte- nance in 1905 was $24,182.41, to defray which receipts from hospital service con- tributed $14,854.11. The paid-in endow- ment fund is $50,500. The only indebted- ness was incurred for buildings, and this has been reduced to $5,010. To operate the hospital with its present mechanical equip- ment and staff, consisting of Superinten- dent, its efficient Assistant Superintendent, Miss Edith A. Bird, and fifteen nurses, there is needed, from voluntary subscribers ( aside from material donations, income from receipts and endowment income — the latter amounting to $2,259) t'''c s'^"" of $7,500. A free bed in a ward may be per- petually endowed for $5,000: a bed and a room for $10,000. The hospital has eighteen free befls and fifteen rooms. A gift of $100 or more to the endowment fund makes the donor an endowment member, or a like sum to the general fund, a life member. A gift of $10 secures a year's membership in the Hospital .Association. The hospital stands — including the mater- nity hospital and 100 feet of land recentlv purchased for $4.250 — as a total invest- ment of about $130,000. Since organization the hospital has cared for 1,982 patients, and, in 1905, 491 people contributed to the institution's support. From its start, the hospital in every form of favorable pub- licity has been upheld by the "Evanston Press'" and the "Evanston Index." The administrative policy of the hos- pital is, of course, non-sectarian. Its re- ceipts from the Protestant churches, on Hospital Sunda\-, February 14, 1905, were $4,394.13. The City of Evanston appro- priates yearly to the hospital the sum of $300. Free beds are maintained by the Presbyterian and Congregational churches, and bv Northwestern Universitv. The medical and surgical attendance is the vol- untary and unpaid daily attendance of two competent Evanston practitioners, rotating in service with associates, composing a total volunteer staff of twelve. For consultation the resident statt calls upon the most emi- nent physicians and surgeons of Chicago. The ambulance of the Evanston Hospital, is modern, up-to-date, with full equipment, and is under the direction of the superin- tendent. Official Administration. — The affairs of the Evanston Hospital are guided by its executive officers and thirty Directors, oper- ating in twelve committees. In all co-oper- ative effort certain people voluntarily take — or, are besought to take, and do take — posts high and posts humble, but all of laborious duty. Hundreds of public-spirited' citizens united to raise the Evanston Hospital, and hundreds continue to unite to make it the most attractive and useful place of its scope and equipment in the United States. Among these hundreds there must be some, even more than others, whom circumstances have elected to service peculiarly long, dif- ficult and efficient. ( )f this smaller band common consent would approve the men- tion of Frank AI. Elliot, President ; Julia AI. Watson, Vice-President : and Mary Harris. Secretary, the association's execu- tive officers for eleven consecutive years ; of F. F. Peabody, Charles R. Webster. David R. Forgan. John R. Lindgren, Rol- lin A. Keyes. Irwin Rew, \Villiam G. Hoag. for their service in finance and investment committee work ; of William B. Phillips, for care of the variegated plant life that beautifies the grounds ; of Mrs. Charles J. Connell. Mrs. Julia ]\I. Watson, Mrs. \'ir- ginia Creighton, P. R. Shumway and Wil- liam B. Phillips for faithful and sym- pathetic service on the Executive Commit- tee ; of Dr. Sarah H. Brayton. for work contributed to the furnishing of the hos- EVANSTON HOSPITAL pital ; of the Msiting Committee, Mrs. James A. Patten, and of E. H. Buehler on the Medical Supply Committee. List of Donors. — Donors to the funds of the Evanston Hospital have been many, and at least two sources of income, not directly personal, are an interesting illus- tration of how an enterprise of this char- acter mav profit by public movements animated by belief in its merits and faith in its future. These two sources are the fixed annual institution of Hospital Sunday, and the benefit entertainment conducted by clubs or by society at large. Benefactions have been generally meas- ured by the competency of benefactors. While many small contributions have been, and continue to be, as the breath of life of this institution, certain large ones, at crit- ical periods, have fixed the lines of its growth and the scope of its mission. The Endowment Fund of $50,500 was contributed by the following Endowment Members: L F. Blackstone. William Listen Brown, Mrs. Alice A. Cable, Frank E. Lord, James A. Patten, Mrs. Lilly Parker Stacey, Thomas L Stacey, Mrs. Julia At. \^'atson, Mrs. Hugh R. Wilson, and un- named friends in sums of $5,000, 1,500 and $2,500, respectively. The following Life Members have each contributed $100 or more to the hospital: M. C. Armour, Mrs. M. C. Armour, C. A. Barry, William H. Bartlett. Dr. M. C. Bragdon. Mrs. W. L. Brown, Mrs. Edwin F. Brown, Mrs. Rebecca N. liutler, Daniel H. Burnham, William Blanchard, William H. Bartlett, William L. Brown, Rev. Charles F. Bradley, E. H. P.uehler. Mrs. W. B. Bogert, Charles T. Boynton, E. J. Buf- fington, Mrs. W. H. Burnet, Mrs. Alice A. Cable, David S. Cook, Mrs. Louise Condict, Mrs. T. S. Creighton, C. P. Coffin, J. J. Charles, Ira B. Cook. Charles B. Congdon, Charles B. Cleveland, William Deering, Frank M. Elliot, John M. Ewen, Mrs. John M. Ewen, C. W. Elphicke, Mary Fabian, W. J. Fabian, D. R. Forgan, Frank P. Frazier, J. H. Garaghty, Mrs. P. W. Gates, P. W. Gates, Charles F. Grey, Clara Gris- wold, A. H. Gross, Mrs. A. H. Gross, Mrs. \'irginia Hamline, Mrs. A. J. Harding, F. A. Hardy, Mrs. C. H. Hall, E. A. Hill, Mrs. Janet W. Hubbard, William G. Hoag, Mrs. T. C. Hoag, W. H. Jones, Marshall M. Kirkman, N. C. Knight, E. S. Lacey, Richard C. Lake, John R. Lindgren, Thomas Lord, George S. Lord, Frank E. Lord, David R. Lewis, P. L. McKinney, M. D., Roger B. McMullen. Mrs. James A. Patten, F. F. Peabody, F. S. Peabody, H. A. Pearsons, William B. Phillips, Kate C. Ouinlan, Irwin Rew, George B. Rey- nolds, Fleming H. Revell, W. T. Rickards, Mrs. C. H. Rowe, George Scott, R. L. Scott, R. S. Scott, J. E. Scott, Rev. H. P. Smyth, J. S. Shaffer, George M. Sargent, George Watson Smith, Robert D. Sheppard, William E. Stockton, Philip R. Shumway, Mrs. Lucy D. Shuman, Mrs. T. I. Stacey, H. C. Tillinghast, Leroy D. Thoman. H. J. Wallingford"", C. A. Ward. Mrs. J. F. Ward, Mrs. Julia M. Watson, Margaret S. Wat- son, Milton H. Wilson, ]Mrs. H. R. Wilson, John E. Wilder, Charles E. Yerkes, A. X. Young. The total cash receipts to the Evanston Hospital since its organization have been $308,719.00. This sum has been expended as follows : Buildings and land $128,086 Endowment Fund 50.500 Maintenance for twelve years 130.133 On May 15, 1006, Mrs. Julia M. Watson died suddenly, depriving this association of .one of its most devoted and valuable members. Mrs. Wat- son had been identified with the hospital from the beginning, and during these sixteen years had beeii an officer and active worker in its behalf. The hospital was peculiarly near to her heart and the object of her special devotion. ^ At a special meeting of the Executive Commit- tee of the Hospital .Association the following me- morial paper was adopted : HISTORY OF EVANSTON 273 "The sudden and, to mortal vision, untimely death of Mrs. Julia M. Watson, on the 13th inst.. has not merely deprived the Evanston Hospital Association of its honored Vice-President, and this committee of one of its most active and valu- able members, but has taken away one who has, from the very beginning of the institution to the present time, been so closely identified with its growth and development, so constant in her unsel- fish devotion to its interests and so generous in its support, that she had become an essential part of its very existence. "Her wise counsel, her faithful attention to the duties of the various committees upon which she has continuously and most efficiently served and her strong and inspiring personality, no less than her generous gifts have contributed in a very large degree to the splendid results that have been accomplished. "To express a proper appreciation of the value of such services as she has rendered, and of the loss this committee and the association have sus- tained is impossible. We can only record our profound sense of sorrow in her loss. Its more adequate appreciation will not be expressed, but will be preserved in the grateful and affectionate remembrance which we shall ever cherish in our hearts. "Franiv jVI. Elliot, Chairman, Wm. G. Ho.ag, Wm. B. Phillips. Philip R. Shumwav. RoLLiN A. Keves, Irwin Rew. Mrs. T. S. Creichton, Mrs. C. J. CoNNELL, Mrs. James A. Patten, Mary Harris, Secretary." Present Officers. — The complete govern- ing body of the Hospital Association for the year 1906, is as follows: General Officers — Frank M. Elliot, Pres- ident ; Julia ]\I. Watson, \'ice-President ; William G. Hoag, Treasurer ; i\Iary Harris, Secretary ; Annie L. Locke, Superinten- dent ; Edith A. Bird. Assistant Superin- dent. Executive Committee — Frank J\I. Elliot, Chairman : Mr. William B. Phillips, Mr. Philip R. Shumway, Mr. Rollin A. Keyes, Mr. Irwin Rew. Mr. William A. Hoag, Mrs. Julia M. Watson. 2vlrs. T. S. Creigh- ton, Mrs. C. J. Connell, Mrs. James A. Patten. Finance Committee — Mr. Irwin Rew, Chairman ; Mr. Frank H. Armstrong, Mr. Charles R. Webster. Investment Committee — Mr. William G. Hoag, Chairman ; Mr. J. R. Lindgren, Mr. Rollin A. Keyes. Auditing Committee — Mr. Philip R. Shumway, Chairman ; Mr. W. B. Phillips, Air. Clyde M. Carr. House and Grounds Committee — Mr. William B. Phillips, Chairman; Mr. M. C. Armour, Mr. Frank P. Frazier. Admission Committee — Mrs. C. J. Con- nell, Chairman ; Mrs. James A. Patten, Miss A. L. Locke. Supplies Committee — Mrs. Julia M Watson, Chairman ; Mrs. W. J. Fabian, ]Mrs. Caroline S. Poppenhusen. * Medical Supplies Committee — Mr. Ed- ward H. Buehler, Mr. R. J. Bassett. Printing Committee — Mr. Philip R. Shumway, Chairman ; Miss Mary Harris, Mr. William G. Hoag. Training School Committee — Mrs. Julia M. Watson, Chairman ; Mrs. Alice A. Cable, Miss Mary Harris. Hospital Saturday and Sunday Commit- tee — Mrs. T. S. Creighton, Chairman; ]Mrs. Parke E. Simmons, Mr. C. F. Mar- low. Msiting and Delicacies Committee — Mrs. James A. Patten, Chairman ; Mrs. W. S. Powers, Mrs. Irwin Rew, Mrs. A. R. Barnes, Mrs. E. J. Buffington. Mrs. M. A. Mead, Mrs. H. H. Hoyt, Mrs. John C. Spry, Mrs. T. M. Holgate, Mrs. J. H. Garaghty, ]\Irs. W. H. Warren, Mrs. James W. Howell, ]\Irs. Philip R. Shumway. Directors. — Term Expires 1906 — Mr. William B. Bogert, Prof. J. H. Gray, Mr. William B. Phillips, Mrs. W. L. Brown, Mr. Rollin A. Keyes, Mrs. William Hola- 2/4 EVANSTON HOSPITAL bird, Mrs. James A. Patten, Mr. Frank M. Elliot, Mr. E. H. Buehler, Mr. Clyde M. Carr. Term Expires 1907 — Mrs. H. D. Cable, Mr. Philip R. Shumway, Mrs. C. S. Pop- penhusen, Mrs. John C. Spry, Mrs. T. S. Creighton, Mr. M. C. Armour, Mr. Irwin Rew, Mrs. E. J. Buffington, Mr. R. L. Scott, Mr. Charles F. Marlow. Term Expires 1908 — Mr. F. P. Frazier, Mr. F. F. Peabody, Mr. C. R. Webster, Mr. D. R. Forgan, Mr. Robert J. Bassett, Mrs. Julia M. Watson, Mrs. C. J. Connell, Mrs. Lucy J. Rowe, Mr. William G. Hoag, Mr. Frank H. Armstrong. Medical Staff.— E. H. Webster, M. D. ; W. A. Phillips, M. D. ; William R. Parkes, M. D. ; P. D. Harding, M. D. ; Sarah H. Brayton. M. D. ; Frank C. Dakin, M. D. ; M. C. Bragdon, M. D. ; E. E. Shutterly, M. D.; Mary F. McCrilHs, M. D.; Dwight Clark, M D. : B. C. Stolp, M. D. Consulting Staff. — Charles Adams, M. D. ; C. S. Bigelow, D. D. S. ; Frank Billings, ^I. D. : Arthur R. Edwards, I\I. D. ; Charles G. Fuller, M. D. ; D. W. Graham, M. D. ; Fernand Henrotin, M. D. ; Hugh T. Pat- rick, M. D.; John Ridlon, M. D. ; Will Walter, M. D. ; W. S. Alexander, Patholo- gist. CHAPTER XXX. LOCAL MUSICAL ORGANIZATIONS (By PROFESSOR SAIDEE KNOWLAND COE) Evanston as it Existed in JS§6 — Primeval Church Music — IVar So)igs — A Com- mencement Concert — The Hutchinson Family — Jules Lnmbard — 0. H. Merzvin Becomes A Choir Leader — Other Nota- ble Musicians — Evanston' s First Musical Club — Some Famous Teachers and Per- formers — Thomas Concert Class Organ- iaed — Mrs. Edward IVyman — Musical Department of Evanston Woman's Club — Jl'omen's Clubs as a Factor in Musical Training — Evanston Musical Club — Macnncrchor Organized — Programs — Officers. Evanston has become such an acknowl- edged musical as well as literary center, that the tracing of the steps leading up to its present high state of development affords unusual interest. Let us close our eyes and picture to ourselves the town in 1856. It consisted, as a reliable authority informs us, of a few houses : the University represented by the old Academy building, which then stood on the corner of Davis Street and Hinman Avenue ; the North- western Women's College, further south on Chicago Avenue : the Alethodist Church, a wooden building which everybody attend- ed : and a general store and postoffice. At this stage it is natural that musical interest should have centered around the music in the church. This, at first, consisted of sing- ing by the congregation of old familiar hymns. A little later a choir was formed of the young people of the church, led first by Air. Hart P. Danks, who afterwards be- came well known as a composer of songs and church music. Mrs. Mary Willard was a member of this choir, which sang not only the hymns and old-fashioned anthems for the church service, but was always on hand for p^rayer meeti'ngs, lectures, so- ciables and even sleigh-rides and picnics. Mr. Danks was succeeded as choir-leader by Air. John A. Pearsons. In the war meet- ings, held in the old University chapel, the choir thrilled its hearers with its rendering of patriotic songs. The first brass band in the town was or- ganized in 1857, and was led by Frank Steel, an Evanston boy, who afterwards achieved some reputation as bandmaster in a New York regiment during tire war. About this time Air. J. B. Alerw-in — a dis- tant relative of Air. O. H. Alerwin, whose notable work for music in Evanston will be mentioned later on — succeeded in stir- ring up considerable musical enthusiasm among the young people. Under his direc- tion they gave one or two sacred cantatas, which were greatly enjoyed. At commence- ment time a concert was always given in the Alethodist Church by the music teacher and pupils of the Women's College. This was the most pretentious musical event of the 275 276 LOCAL MUSICAL ORGANIZATIONS year for the town. From time to time vari- ous musicians from outside gave concerts in Evanston. Among these are remember- ed the Hutchinson Family and Jules Lum- bard, whose singing was very popular dur- ing the war. In 1869 Mr. O. H. Merwin came to Evanston and was made director of the choir, a position he held for thirteen years, until 1882. The period of Mr. Merwin's activity in this work may be said to mark the musical transition between the Evan- ston of the past and the Evanston of the present. During his regime the choir, which was made up from the young people of the church and students of the L^niver- sity, numbered from forty to seventy mem- bers. Among the names we find many famil- iar ones. Miss Ella Prindle, now Mrs. Amos W. Patten, was leading soprano for eight or ten years ; Mrs. Frank P. Crandon and ]\Irs. H. F. Fisk occupied front seats in the soprano row, while Professor James Taft Hatfield reinforced the tenors. Mr. and Mrs. John B. Kirk, Miss Lindgren (now Mrs. Nels Simonsen), Mr. and Mrs. Inglehart, Miss Nellie Hurd (now Mrs. Comstock), the Raymond brothers, ^Ir. Scott Matthews, Miss Pomeroy, and many others whose names are well known to old Evanstonians, mingled their voices in Mr. Merwin's choir. This organization gave frequent entertainments for the benefit of the church, on which occasion the choir was reinforced by all the singers in the town. In the spring of 1879 a concert was given in which ]\Iiss Annie Louise Cary took the leading part. The following year "The Messiah" was produced with Myron Whit- ney as basso. In 1882 I\Ir. Merwin was succeeded by Mr. Locke, director of the Music Department of the L^niversity. The Evanston Amateur Musical Club. — The first important musical club in Evanston was the Evanston Amateur ^Musical Club, a musical and social organization which flourished for five years — -from 1882 to 1887. Its founder and presiding genius was Miss Nina G. Lunt, to whose perse- verance and untiring energy the success of the enterprise was due. She started the club with fourteen young amateur musi- cians as a nucleus. The membership grew with such rapidity that it comprised large active, associate and honorary lists. The last included the names of many prom- inent Chicago musicians, notably Mrs. Regina Watson (who was always a great source of inspiration and help to the clubj, Miss Fannie Root, Miss Amy Fay, Mr. Carl Wolfsohn, Mr. Fred W. Root, Mr. Emil Liebling and others. For two years fortnightly afternoon musicals were given during the season at the homes of the mem- bers. The programs were furnished large- ly by the active members. Frequent even- ing recitals by well known artists added much to the interest of the association. It was finally deemed best to do away with the afternoon meetings and have the entertain- ments all given in the evening, the programs to be furnished by artists of established reputation. At the same time the term "amateur" was dropped, the name of the club appearing as the Evanston Musical Club. The list of artists who appeared in recitals before this club is a notable one. It includes Seeboeck, Amy Fay, Carl Wolfsohn, Emil Liebling, Frank Root, Mrs. Walter Wyman, Mme. Carreno, Sherwood, Annie Rommeiss, Mrs. May Phoenix Cameron, Mme. Hopekirk, Mme. Trebelli, Jacobsohn, Musin, Fannie Bloom- field Zeisler, The Mendelssohn Quintette Club of Boston, Rummel, Lilli Lehman and others. There were also Chamber Con- certs given under the direction of Mr. \\'illiam Lewis. Church Music. — With the growth of Evanston. churches of various denomina- HISTORY OF EVANSTON 277 tions have sprung up and their choirs have added no httle to the musical development of the town. The Congregational Church choir has become noted as a training-ground for some of our best known concert sing- ers. Among them are Mr. Francis Fisher Powers, Mrs. Minnie Fish Griffin and Mrs. Minnie D. Methot, who has recently gone into opera. The following excerpt is taken from an interesting article on "Church Music" by Mr. Frank M. Elliot, in which he sketches the musical history of the Evan- ston Congregational Church : "One of the choirs long to be remember- ed was, in 1875 and 1876, known as the Powers Quartet, composed of Miss Emily Powers, Miss Lottie Powers (now Mrs. Ullman). Mr. Francis Fisher Powers and Mr. Fred Powers. They were all musical and their singing was always enjoyed. "In 1881, 1882 and 1883 the music was under the direction of Mr. George H. lott. This was the first of our paid choirs. Mr. lott entered upon his duties with enthusi- asm, and unquestionably did more to edu- cate our people in good sacred music than anyone before or since. His selections were always of a high order of merit. His exactness with the musicians, his fine ap- preciation of music, together with the superb quality of his voice, gave a render- ing that was always satisfactory and help- ful to his listeners. The Te Deum became one of the most enjoyable of the selections given. It was his custom to give a Te Deimi at every morning service, and this feature became so characteristic that his choir was known ever after as the 'Te Deum choir.' "In 1890, 1891 and 1892, the choir com- posed of Miss Grace E. Jones, Miss Esther A. Pitkin, Mr. Henry Taylor, Jr.. and Mr. J. P. McGrath, gave an excellent rendering of all their music. They were together so long that thev became accustomed to each other's singing. Their ensemble work was, perhaps, as good as that of any choir we have had. By far the best choir we ever had was composed of Mrs. Alinnie Fish Griffin, Miss Alice Hayes, I\Ir. Johnston and Mr. William Richards. Unfortun- ately this choir was together only three months. Their voices were evenly balanced, and all were experienced and artistic sing- ers, so that every selection that they under- took was sure of proper interpretation. "There have been other excellent choirs, but, as a rule, one or more of the voices were defective. The singers who have endeared themselves to our people — and who will always be regarded with the high- est esteem, both for their musical ability and for their sincerity and devotion to their work while in the choir — are Miss Owens, ]\Iiss Carpenter, Mrs. Bartlett, Mrs. Goetz, ]\Irs. Brewer, J\Irs. Lamphere, Mrs. Minnie D. Methot, Mrs. Stella Lawrence Nara- niore, Mrs. Grace Jones Taylor, Mrs. Esther Pitkin-Bartlett, Mrs. Jennie Sugg Carson, Mrs. JMinnie Fish Griffin, Miss Hayes, Miss Sohlberg. Aliss Kelley, Mr. George H. lott, Mr. Homer F. Stone, 'Sir. James F. Bird, ]\Ir. Charles A. Dew, Air. Henry Taylor. Jr., Mr. J. P. McGrath, Mr. William Richards, Mr. James F. Johnston and Mr. L. F. Brown. "The organists, who, by their association with this church, have become a part of its history, are J. \\'. Ludlam, Clarkson Rey- nolds Larabee, Arthur Cutler, Prof. W. S. B. Mathews, Prof. Oscar Mayo, Miss Mollie Ludlam, Miss Lydia S. Harris, R. H. L. Watson, L. P. Hoyt, H. D. Atchison, Hubert Oldham, W. W. Graves, A. F. McCarrell, John A. West. Edwin Barnes, Irving Proctor, John Mills Mayhew and Scott Wheeler." In recent years the most marked feature of the music of the Congregational Church 278 LOCAL MUSICAL ORGANIZATIONS has been the artistic singing of Airs. Sanger Steele. St: Mark's (Episcopal) Church has a vested choir, which furnishes the music for the regular service throughout the year and in addition, usuall}- performs the St. Cecilia Mass at Easter. In June, 1897, a series of free organ re- citals was inauguarated in the Presbyter- ian Church. These were continued through four seasons. The expenses were borne by private citizens who contributed each year in response to an appeal from the pastor, Dr. Boyd. The organists who fur- nished the programs were Miss Tina Mae Haines, organist of the church, to whom the credit of the enterprise is largely due, Scott Wheeler, Arthur Dunham, James Watson, A. F. McCarrell, Francis Moore, Ada Williams, Francis Remington, William Zeuch and Clarence Dickinson. During the summer of 1899 the entire group of six re- citals was given by Miss Haines, assisted by prominent vocalists. Among the solo- ists who assisted during the four seasons the most notable are George Hamlin, Charles W. Clark, Jennie Osborne, Helen Buckley and Holmes Cowper. One of the most notable concerts ever given in the church was the Farewell Concert given for Miss Haines before her departure for a year's study in Paris. The program was given by Miss Haines, Harrison Wild, Charles W. Clark, Leon Marx and Mrs. Edwin Lapham. During the summer of 1904-5, the sum- mer concerts were resumed and were so successful that a series will be given the coming summer, 1905-6. The programs are given by Miss Haines, with the assistance of prominent soloists. The most impor- tant concert ever given in the church was by the organist, Guilmant, in October, 1904. Miss Greta Masson assisted on this pro- gram, with soprano solos. In the summer of 1901 a series of organ concerts was given in the First Methodist church by Professor P. C. Lutkin, Miss Mary Porter Pratt, Miss Tina Mae Haines, Mr. William E. Zeuch and Mr. A. F. McCarrell. After the installation of the new organ especially noteworthy recitals were given with the following programs : Toccata and Fugue, D minor Bach Prof. P. C. Lutkin .\ntliem — "Praise the Lord" A. Randegger (a) Chorus — "Sing unto God" G. F. Handel tb) "La Cygne" (The Swan) C. Saint-Saens (c) Nuptial March A. Guilmant ^Ir. Clarence Eddy Quartette — "Thou Shalt Bring Them In".. .A. S. Sullivan Quartette Allegro Cantabile. From the fifth Organ Symphony Toccata C. M. Widor Lamentation, op. 4.') A. Guilmant Mr. Eddy Soprano Solo— "I will Extol Thee. O Lord" Costa Miss Ridgeley Barcarolle E. H. Lamare March and Chorus from Tannhauser Wagner Mr. Eddy The following program was given by Mr. Frederick Archer on February 28, 1901 : Allegro Moderato from Organ Symphony. .. .W. Faulkes (a) Pastorale .lorgan (a) Scherzo Gigout Chorale in B minor Caesar Franck (a) Chanson sans Paroles E. H. Lamare (b) Humoritisque J. Callaerts Toccata in F Claussman Poeme Symphonique — "Rouet d' Omphale". . . .St. Saens Theme and Variations Schubert Finale from Octette for strings Mendelssohn Serenade Molique Overture — "Love's Triumph" W. V. Wallace During the summer of 1902 a series of organ recitals was given in the Presbyter- ian and First Methodist churches, alternate- ly, by Mr. Clarence Dickinson, assisted by prominent vocalists. Among the noteworthy vocalists who have been members of the choir are Mr. Frank Hannah, Jenny Os- born Hannah, Mrs. Furbeck, J\linnie Fish Griffin and Mr. Frank Webster. The pres- ent organist (1905) of the church. Miss Katherine Howard, has carried on with much success monthly musical vesper ser- vices during the winter and a series of organ concerts during the summer. The Thomas Concert Class. — The Thom- as Concert Class was started in October, 1896, and has had nine thoroughly success-" ful years. The membership is limited to sub- HISTORY OF EVANSTON 279 scribers to the Thomas Orchestra Concerts. Mrs. Edward T. Wyman and Miss Cora Cassard, now Mrs. Toogood, were the starters of the enterprise, going about among their musical friends to stir up an interest in the new venture. They soon enhsted the co-operation of Mrs. C. L. Woodyatt, Mrs. Curtis H. Remy and Mrs. Charles G. Fuller, and to the energy and devotion of these five ladies the Class owes its launching into a most successful career. The purpose has been, primarily, the study in advance of the numbers announced on the programs of the orchestral concerts. Since its organization, the Class has regu- larly held meetings on the day preceding each concert, when members have played and analyzed the program numbers of the following day. The value of this work to the members can hardly be over esti- mated. It has aroused and stimulated an interest in the greatest works of orchestral composition, while the study necessary for analyzing and playing these masterpieces has amounted to more thai; an ordinary course of music study. The devotion and perseverance shown by the ladies in pre- paring and presenting these programs, through nine consecutive seasons, are worthy of emulation. In addition to the direct study of the Thomas programs, courses in Theory of Music have been given before the Class by Professor P. C. Lutkin and, through the season of 1900, a course in History of Music, outlined by Mrs. Coe, was finally carried out by the members. Theodore Thomas, during his life, always took a live- ly interest in the work of the Class, and Mrs. Thomas has addressed the members on several occasions. Artists" recitals, given under the auspices of the Class, have in- cluded the Brahms Piano Recital by Mr. Arthur Whiting and a program for the wood-wind instruments, besides a Histori- cal Chamber Alusic Recital given by mem- bers of the Chicago Orchestra. The Presidents of the Thomas Concert Class have been : Mrs. Curtis H. Remy, Mrs. Charles G. Fuller, Mrs. Frank M. Elliot, Mrs. John R. Lindgren, Mrs. H. D. Cable and Mrs. Newell C. Knight, each of whom has been responsible, in no small degree, for the uniform success which has attended the work of this organization. Mrs. C. L. Woodyatt has always been tha presiding genius to whom, more than to any other individual, is due the harmony which has prevailed among the members and the spirit of helpfulness which has pervaded each meeting. The analytical work of Mrs. Woodyatt and Miss Tina M. Haines is especially worthy of mention, as well as the valuable work done in piano illustrations by Mrs. William Vance, Mrs. George Lord, Mrs. Knight, Mrs. Gold- schmidt, Mrs. John H. Gray, Mrs. John R. Lindgren, Mrs. Underwood, Mrs. Hypes and Mrs. Seymour. The following resume, prepared by Mrs. Woodyatt at the close of the fifth year, gives a comprehensive idea of the work accomplished : "The Thomas Concert Class, being an original venture without precedent or ex- ample, has felt its way along from its be- ginning in 1896, evolving year by year its own method of procedure. The musical numbers assigned by Mr. Thomas for our study do not afford much consecutive re- lation from week to week. For this reason it was recognized, at the outstart, that con- tinuity and cohesion could only be secured by giving a portion of the time each morn- ing to systematized theoretical study. With so large a membership, and one including so many grades of musical experience, this has been perhaps the most difficult question we have had to meet. Professional instruc- tion can seldom be adapted to such mixed requirements, and, by the close of the fourth 28o LOCAL MUSICAL ORGANIZATIONS year, we had pretty well exhausted the possibilities along this line, without enter- ing upon study of too technical a nature to be of value to the class as a whole. At the same time, it became evident that, with most of us, a mass of detached ideas and knowledge had been accumulating which would bear crystallizing into symmetrical form. "With these facts in mind the list of top- ics was drawn up. which has formed the basis of the morning papers for the year just closing. This course, it was hoped, would form a clear outline of the history of the development of music. I am sure that I voice the opinion of the Class in say- ing, that this hope has been justified, and that the papers of this series have, told — and told well — the story of music's growth from the primitive utterance of emotion in the savage, down through the centuries, until it has become the art we know to-day. The first paper was ably given by ]\Irs. Coe, to whose interest and experience we are indebted for the arrangement of the list of subjects. A few weeks later, in Novem- ber, we had the pleasure of listening to a beautiful essay upon the period of the Troubadours, generously given to us bv Miss Lunt. In January and in March im- portant topics of the course were treated by Professor Liitkin. whose unfailing read- iness to respond when occasions call for his assistance, has been of immeasurable value to us throughout our five years' ex- perience. The second of these lectures — I refer to the one upon the 'Representative German Composers of the 19th Century,' in which he summarized and contrasted the influence of the great masters upon the development of the art — was the product of a comprehensive and keenly discriminat- ing mind. The last paper of the course was given by ]\Irs. Theodore Thomas in the form of a resume of musical production in this country, particularly during Colonial and Revolutionary times. The remaining twelve papers were written and read by members of the Class. To the gifted women who have loyally and skillfully carried this course through without a single interrup- tion, we cannot too warmly express our gratitude and appreciation, sentiments not unmixed with pride. '"Taking the courses collectively, they rep- resent an immense amount of faithful re- search and study. The cream of all this reading has been placed before us from week to week, and has afforded those in regular attendance such an understanding of the general subject as could have been obtained only by the devotion of a large amount of time to the exclusive study of Musical History, while the variety af- forded by the methods of the dift'erent es- sayists has added great interest and unfail- ing charm. To those who have been with the class from the first, a glance at what has been accomplished during the five years cannot fail to afford deep satisfaction. In 1896, when, through the enthusiasm and personal effort of Mrs. Edward Wyman, the little band was marshalled, in closing her remarks at the introductory meeting, I re- member that she said, 'of course we have high hopes.' A group of vi'omen holding subscriptions to the concerts of one of the greatest orchestras the world has ever known, unite into a class with the purpose of becoming better fitted to appreciate this beautiful music. With this single aim they meet, each gladly giving to the others what- ever she can perform, whether of artistic eft'ort or of the silent inspiration of the listener. These are the simple conditions. But which of us can measure the growth in herself resulting from the interchange? — and, in the community in which we are a part, it is said that our influence is wide ; that we occupy a position of responsibility. Jl HISTORY OF EVANSTON 281 Mav we continue to realize our supreme privilege of listening to the greatest music of the centuries under the leadership of the greatest of living conductors. May we continue to hold to the 'high hopes' with which we began, always mindful that such measure of success as has been ours, has been in exact ratio to our obedience to the divine law which orders all of Giving and Receiving." During the past three years, in addition to the study of the Thomas programs, the subject of chamber music has been taken up under the direction of Professor Harold Knapp. Music Department of the Evanston Woman's Club. — In 1897 i*^ '^^'^s decided to add a Music Department to the other thriv- ing departments of the Evanston Woman's Club. Mrs. H. D. Cable was made chair- man and Mrs. Coe was engaged, during the first season, to give a series of illustrated lectures on musical topics. The second season's work consisted of miscellaneous programs. In 1899 Mrs. Coe was made iMusical Director of the department, a position which she held for three years. During that period she planned in detail all of the work of the department, personally superintending the presentation of each pro- gram. Through the season, 1899-1900, a unic|ue course was carried out, devoted ex- clusively to the compositions of women. Several of the composers themselves took a lively interest in the work, and letters of encouragement and appreciation were received from Mrs. H. H. A. Beach and Cecile Chaminade. The following programs were given : JANUARY 9, 1900. Lecture — "Women Composers" Mrs. Crosby Adams Vocal Illustrations Miss Una Howell PROGRAM Where Go The Boats? ) The Swing \ Eleanor Smith Cliristmas Song J Pleading i Welcome / Marguerite Melville Hope ) Ghosts Night ; [. . . Margaret Ruthven Lang Lydia ) "Look out, O Love" Clara Kathleen Rogers The Sprnig Has Come \ To Mary ■ Maude Valerie White The Throstle ) TUESD.AY, FEBRUARY 1 3, ID A. M. Clara Schumann Paper Mrs. W. M. Green Piano — Scherzo Miss Elizabeth Raymond Two Songs Miss Whitehead Piano — Andante and Allegro Miss Grace Erickson Fanny Mendelssohn Paper Mrs. F. B. Dyche Piano — Caprices Miss Edna Flesheim Two Songs Miss Florence Stevens MARCH 13, 1900. Jessie L. Gaynor Sketch of Work in Composition Mrs. Gaynor Selections from "Songs from the Child W^orld" . . . Gaynor L'Enfant. If I Were a Bee. I-lush-a-Bye, Baby Dear. If I Knew. The Wind Went W'ooing the Rose. Because She Kissed it. A Valentine. Discontented Duckling. Slumber Boat. Japanese Doll. Fire Flies. Jerushy. Spring Song. Accompanist, Mr. F. F. Beale. APRIL 10, igoo. Mrs. H. H. A. Beach Paper Mrs. T. P. Stanwood ^™J|g^ J.. Miss Louise E. Whitehead Piano. "Fireflies" iliss Mabel Dunn Dearie / Scottish Cradle Song r Miss .Mta Miller Oh. Were My Love You Lilac Fair.- Personal Letter to the Club Mrs. Beach Read by Mrs. George A. Coe Forgotten Miss Louise E. Whitehead Piano — "Phantoms" Miss Grace Erickson Wouldn't That be Queer?, j ^j ^, j^jj,, The \ ear s at the ^>pring. . i Piano and Violin, Sonata, op. 34. Allegro Moderate Miss Edna Eversz and Mr. W. G. Logan MAY 22. 1900. Cecile Chaminade Short Sketches of Life and Work... Mrs. George A. Coe Dense Pastorale ) Scarf Dance ^ Mrs. Irene Stevens Cahrrboe ^ Vocal — Sombrero Mr. Alfred D. Shaw The Flatterer Mrs. W. H. Knapp Pi°e"re«;.^:."'.'".°."'.- .■.■.■.•.■.■.■ .-.I Miss Edna Eversz Vocal — "Veins, Mon Eien Aime" Miss Winifred Nightingale Two Pianos — **Le Soir" Mrs. John R. Lindgren "Le Matin". . .Miss Harriet Engle Brown Vocal— (a) Serenade } ,r ah^-j T) ci,-^, (b-) Ville Chanson... i ^^^'^- '^'*^^^ ^- ^^'^"^ Concert Study — "Autumn" Miss Edna Flesheim Vocal— "Ritournelle" Miss Winifred Nightingale Concertstuck Miss Carrie Holbrook Orchestral Accompaniment on Second Piano, Mrs. George A. Coe. Through the season of 1900-1901 the fol- lowing programs were given, devoted to American composers : 282 LOCAL MUSICAL ORGANIZATIONS JANUARY 8, I9OI. Paper Mrs. Chancellor Jenks, Jr. William Mason Piano— Amitie pour Amitie. ( ^jj^^ (^^^^^ Erickson Improvisation ) John Knowles Paine Vocal— The Matin Song. ...I mj^^ ^Ita Miller I Wore lour Koses ) Piano — Nocturne, op. 4'} Miss Elizabeth Raymond Dudley Buck Vocal — Spring's Awakening. . .Miss Louise E. Whitehead Piano — By the Brookside. op. 8, No. 2. Miss Mabel Dunn Vocal — Sunset Where Did You Come From, Baby Dear ... j jvliss Alta Miller When the Heart is \oung. I Salve Regina Miss Whitehead George Whitfield Chadwick Vocal— The Danza. ........ J Miss Miller Oh, Let Night Speak to Me. * Piano— Irish Melody..............; Miss Dunn Scherzino, op. (, No. o. . . > He Loves Me / Allah I . . .Miss Whitehead Sings the Nightingale to the Rose, \ FEBRUARY 12, I902. i' [ Suite Cliaracteristique Arne Oldberg Au Revoir 1 White Caps Revery !- Mr. Oldberg Song to the Moon I Le retour J "The Child and His Music." An Illustrated Talk Mr. W. H. Neidlinger MARCH 12, I9OI. Illustrated lecture on 'The National Music of America." Mr. Louis C. Elson, Professor of Musical Theory and Lecturer on the Orchestra and on Musical History in the New England Conservatory of Music, Boston, Mass. APRIL 9, I9OI. Arthur W. Foote Paper Mrs. William A. Dyche Piano — Suite, D. minor ] Prelude and Fugue. } ■», ^\T•^^■ r \t Romance ... I ■ ■^'^- William L. Vance Capriccio J Vocal — Through the Long Days i and Years ( Miss Margaret Easter On the Way to Kew * Piano — Selections from Poems (after Omar Khay- yam Mrs. George A. Coe Vocal — !Memmon 1 Vm Wearing Awa [■ Miss Easter Sweetheart . Piano and Violin— Sonata, G minor. Allegro Appassionata. Alia Siciliano. Adagio. Allegro Molto. Miss Elizabeth Raymond and Mr. Lewis Blackman MAY 28, I9OI. Edward A. MacDowell Short Talk on the Composer with selections from Sea Pieces Mrs. George A. Coe Piano — The Witches* Dance Miss Mabel Dunn li^^r^f^tion:.-.-;;;;;:;;:;;! -m- wmiam l. vance Ma'rTh' -Wind.- .•.■.•.•.•.•.■.■.■ .•.■.•.■( «'== Grace Erickson Songs to be selected Miss Annie Louise Daniels Czardas Mrs. William L. Vance In view of the activity along musical lines throughout the various organizations of women, it is a matter of especial interest to note the following opinion expressed in a private letter by the eminent American composer, Mr. Arthur Foote, of Boston: "From circumstances, I am more ac- quainted with the work done by those clubs than most people right here, and I do not hesitate to give my belief that the most efficient factor for music in America now is just that done by those clubs, chiefly, naturally, in the Middle West, although there has been a surprising and healthful growth in the same direction about here ; but, run as they are, generally by level- headed and truly musical people, their ef- fect, I firmly believe, will be more than either of us can imagine in the next twenty years." During the season of 1901-1902 the Music Section of the Evanston Woman's Club, under the direction of Mrs. Coe, carried out the following Historical and Analytical Course : JANUARY 14. 1902. Lecture Recital — "Primitive Music" Mrs. George A. Coe Vocal Illustrations Miss Louise Whitehead The Development from Crude Beginnings among the Savages to the Attempts of the Early Christians. Beginnings of Folk Music. Development of the Scale. The Music of the Chinese, Japanese, and Hindoos. MUSICAL ILLUSTRATIONS. Japanese and Hindoo Songs Negro Folk Songs The Lady Picking Mulberries Edgar S. Kelley (Written on Chinese scale.) Suite for Piano — "Miniatures in Chinese Colors'*.... Lillian Statson Miller Movement from Chinese Suite for Orchestra Edgar S. Kelley JANUARY 28, 1902. Lecture Recital — "Music of the American Indians".... Mrs. George A. Coe Vocal Illustrations Miss Marj^ Florence Steve Indian Legends, Superstitions and Sense of Musical Rhythm. Scalping Songs, Prayers, Cradle Songs. Songs of Joy and Sorrow. FEBRUARY II, I9O2. MUSIC OF THE GREEKS. The Greek Drama Mrs. Doremus A. Haves The Greek Music System Mrs. George A. Coe Musical Illustrations Mr. Arthur Burton FEBRUARY 25, I902. Development of Church Music (from Ambrose and Gregory to beginning of the Netherland School). Music in the Bible. Musical Attempts of the Early Christians. HISTORY OF EVANSTON 28.^ Paper Mrs. C. D. B. Howell Musical Analysis, including Development of Notation.. Mrs. Coe Vocal Illustrations of Ambrosian and Gregorian Chants and Hebrew Hymns Mrs. H. \V. Knapp MARCH II, 1902. Lecture Kecital — "History of Folk Music" Mrs. Joseph W. Hines Folk Songs of Scandinavia. Russian and Slavic Songs. MARCH 25, 1902. "EPOCH OF THE NETHERLANDERS" Papers by Mrs. E. L. Harpham and Miss Elizabeth P. Clarke. Musical Illustrations by Vocal Quartette under the direction of Miss Tina Mae Haines. APRIL 8, 1902. THE OPERA. Italy — Peri to Verdi. France — Beaujoyeux to Gounod. Germany — Kaiser to Wagner. England — Purcell to Handel. Paper Mrs. Homer H. Kingsley Vpcal Illustrations Mr. .'\. D. Shaw and Mrs. Smith Piano Numbers Miss Grace Ericson, Miss Marion Titus and Miss Hoff. APRIL 22, 1902. Analytical Lecture on Wagner's "Siegfried," with illus- trations from the score Mrs. George A. Coe MAY 13, 1902, THE ORATORIO. Papers. Oratorio in Italy Mrs. W. A. Illsley Oratorio in Germany Mrs. E. W. Goldschmidt Oratorio in England Miss Mary B. Lindsay' Vocal Illustrations Mr. Conrad Kimball Piano Illustrations Mrs. Goldschmidt and Mrs. W. F. Hypes MAY 27, 1902. Lecture Recital — "Spanish Folk Music" Senora Blanca de Freyre Tibbits Work of Woman's Club. — The follow- ing resume of the three season's work was prepared by Miss Tina Mae Haines: "An inquiry into the cause of the steady growth of general culture among an in- dustrial busy people would reveal the pres- ence of a multitude of important forces, all working toward a broader and deeper knowledge of the arts and sciences. One of these important forces is the universal spirit of investigation which continually asks to know why things are as they are ; that spirit which insists upon dissecting the component parts of everything — which probes into the very mind and heart of every one who has given a part of his best self to the world — the spirit which seeks to uncover the mysteries of creative power itself. "Music, the most elusive of all the arts, has not escaped this microscopic examina- tion. It is only within recent years, how- ever, that the general public has shown any perceptible desire to really understand the science of music. It has been content to have its ears tickled and its feet inspired, to declare one's self fond of music meant simply that one was fond of the 'tune.' The number of such is steadily diminishing, and moreover the time is rapidly passing, when a musician, who knows nothing but his music, can pass muster. "The better class of conservatories, the establishment of orchestras and organiza- tions for the analytical study of orchestral literature, the appearance on the scenes of competent musical lecturers, and the exer- tions of our impressarios to appeal to the cultivated musical palate, are all large fac- tors in contributing to a more intelligent comprehension of music as an art, and not merely as a form of entertainment. With- in the past few years these forces have re- ceived powerful impetus from the vari- ous women's clubs, many of which have in- corporated in their courses of study depart- ments of music. "The Woman's Club of Evanston is a notable example. It has just completed the tliird year of a splendidly-conceived and well carried out course of study. The club showed excellent judgment in engag- ing ^Irs. George Coe for the musical direc- tor, and the wisdom of the selection has long since been proved by the steady growth of the department and the increasing interest in the examination of the course of study shows the extensive scope of the work un- dertaken. During the season of 1899 and 1900 the general subject was, 'Woman in Composition, and special features were an illustrated lecture talk by Mrs. Jessie Gay- 284 LOCAL MUSICAL ORGANIZATIONS nor of 'Methods of Work in Composition.' The subject of the study course, during the season of 1900 and 1901, was 'American Composers." Among other interesting things. ]\Ir. Louis C. Elson, of Boston, gave an illustrated lecture on 'The National ]\Iusic of America.' and Mr. W. H. Neid- linger gave a talk on 'Children's Songs." "The series running through the season just closed has been devoted to the study of the development of music from its earliest beginnings. Alany well-known soloists have furnished illustrations for the various programs. Some of the papers were pre- pared by members of the club, and Mrs. Coe herself, besides contributing a number of lectures and papers, has added to every program from her ample store of informa- tion. "Mrs. Coe. in preparing her lectures, has added to her wide experience as a teacher and her thorough knowledge of the general history of music, a detailed study of the de- velopment of music among all nationalities, sparing no pains to secure rare and authen- tic material ; and those who have heard these lectures, fully realize the careful selec- tion of interesting matter, the absence of superfluous details and the artistic and logi- cal arrangement of the information so care- fully gleaned. ]\Irs. Coe should have the satisfaction of feeling that, in addition to interesting and entertaining her auditors, she is wielding an educational influence of immeasurable value and stimulating a de- sire for a more sincere study of the science of music." During the season of 1902- 1903, a series of lecture recitals was given before the club by Madam de Roode Rice. During 1903-1904 a series of miscellaneous pro- grams was given, including the first public performance of the "Melodrama of Hiawa- tha" for speaking voice and piano by Saidee Knowland Coe. given with the composer at the piano and Miss Mae Neal, reader. A series of interesting and instructive lecture- recitals has been given the past season by !Miss Tina [Mae Haines, who is to furnish another course next winter. The Evanston Musical Club. — One great cause of encouragement in the musi- cal development of America is the broad- ening of general education to include some knowledge of the fine arts, notably music, and a corresponding enlargement of musi- cal training to include culture along literary and scientific lines. It follows, therefore, that in towns where are situated colleges or universities of importance, one may, at the present time, as confidently expect to become acquainted with some at least of the masterpieces of music as with the great works of literature. That the Evanston ^lusical Club has done real musical culture work no one can doubt who has watched its progress during the last few years and noted the number of new, as well as standard, works that have been brought to the attention of many per- sons who, perhaps otherwise, would never have heard them. One cause for congrat- ulation in the work of the club is that the audiences are not made up solely of people sated with musical opportunities. The con- certs prove a musical feast for many stu- dents and others whose opportunities for hearing great choral works have been very limited. The following "Retrospective."' pub- lished by officers of the club, gives a history of its start and first four seasons' work: "In 1894 a Msennerchor of twenty voices was organized in the Country Club, under the direction of Professor P. C. Lutkin, and gave its first concert at the club house on November 30th, with ]\Iax Bendix violinist, and Miss Fanchon Thompson, contralto, as soloist. The same program was repeated at the Congregational church HISTORY OF EVANSTON 285 and was the first public performance of the Evanston Musical Club. In the meantime, a ladies' auxiliary chorus was formed, which also gave a concert at the Country Club. On February 19, 1895, the two or- ganizations united in a public performance at the Congregational church, with Francis Walker, baritone, and Frederick Archer, organist, as soloists. On May 7th an ora- torio was attempted, and Sullivan's "Prod- igal Son" was given with a quartette of home talent. The full chorus had grown to ninety voices and. largely through the ef- forts of the first President, Mr. John R. Lindgren, an associate member list of sixty- six was secured. "The work of the Club had given so much pleasure and satisfaction that more pretentious plans were laid for the coming season. The concerts were all given at the Congregational church, beginning with the Msennerchor on November 12, assisted by Bruno Steindel, 'cellist. On December 17th the first performance of the 'Messiah' was given and met with hearty approval. The solo quartette consisted of Miss Anita Mui- doon, of Cincinnati, ■Mrs. Anna Rommeis Thacker, Mr. Walter Root and Mr. William Richards. A Part-song Concert was next given on February 7, 1896, with Mme. Lillian Blauvelt. The crowning feature of the year was the performance of 'Elijah,' on April 24, \\ith Mrs. Janet Boyd Brown, ?klrs. Foresman Bagg, }ilr. William F. Hypes, and Mr. Plunkett Greene, as solo quartette. At both oratorios Mr. Clar- ence Dickinson presided at the organ. At the end of the season the active members numbered over one hundred, and the asso- ciate members eighty-nine. "With its third season the Club adopted its present policy of giving three concerts annually — the 'Messiah' at Christmas tide, a Part-song Concert, with an eminent solo- ist, in Februarv, and a great oratorio in April. The new season was inaugurated with the first appearance of an orchestra, and to provide the necessary stage-room, and also to accommodate the increasing at- tendance, the concerts of the Club were transferred to the First Methodist church, where they have since been held. The per- formance of the Messiah, with its proper orchestral setting, created much enthusiasm and received high praise from Chicago critics. The solo quartette included Miss Helen Buckley, Mrs. Anna Rommeis Thacker. \\'illiam J. Brown, and Charles W. Clark. The following artists assisted at the Part-song Concert: Mile. Alice Verlet, from the Paris Opera Comique, and Mr. Leo Stern, 'cellist, from London. The season closed with a successful perform- ance of Haydn's 'Creation,' with orchestra, and Miss Helen Buckley. William F. Hypes and George Ellsworth Holmes as soloists. The chorus now numbered one hundred and twenty members, and there were about an equal number of associate members. "The high standard the Club had set for its 'Messiah' performance was fully main- tained at the opening concert of the fourth season. The assisting artists were Mrs. Genevieve Clark Wilson, Mrs. Sue Harring- ton Furbeck, Mr. George Hamlin and Mr. Lewis Campion. M. Henry Marteau, the eminent violinist, was the attraction at the Part-song Concert. In place of the usual oratorio at the last concert, an English Idyl, entitled 'St. John's Eve,' for solo, chorus and orchestra, was given with Mrs. Proctor Smith, Mrs. Christine Neilson Drier. George Hamlin and Sidney Biden in the solo parts. So great was the enjoyment in this beautiful work that a repetition was demanded. A second performance was given for a worthy charitable object. Miss Folia Carpenter and Mr. William Hypes replacing Mrs. Drier and Mr. Hamlin. The chorus had increased to one hundred and 286 LOCAL MUSICAL ORGANIZATIONS thirty members and the associate members to nearly one hundred and fifty." During the succeeding years the follow- ing programs have been presented: FIFTH SEASON. DECEMBER I3. 1898. "THE MESSIAH." Miss Jennie Osborn, Soprano ; Mrs. Sue Harrington Furbeck, Contralto; Mr. Holmes Cowper, Tenor; Mr. Charles W. Clark, Bass; Mr. Curtis A. Barry, Organist. FEBRUARY 23, iSQQ. PART SONG CONCERT. Soloists — Mr. Bruno Steindel, Violoncello ; Mr. Holmes Cowper, Tenor. Accompanists — Mrs. Bruno Steindel ; Mr. Elias Arnold Bredin, PROGRAM. Cantata— "The Pilgrims" G. W. Chadwick Evanston Musical Club. Le Desir Servais Mr. Steindel. Anthem for Tenor Solo and Chorus P. C. Lutkin Mr. Cowper and Evanston Musical Club. The Elizabethan Madrigals C. Williers Stanford Evanston Musical Club. Polonaise for Piano and 'Cello Chopin Mr. and Mrs. Steindel. Winter Days Caldcott Evanston Musical Club. Homewards Rheinberger Ladies' Chorus. Hunting Songs Two Lovers Hecht Evanston Musical Club. Adagio Mozart Taran telle Popper Mr. Steindel. The Song of the Vikings Eaton Fanning Evanston Musical Club. APRIL 28, 1899. MENDELSSOHN FESTIVAL. Miss Jennie Osborn, Soprano ; Miss Alton Littleton Smith, Soprano ; Mr. George Hamlin, Tenor ; Miss Una Howell, Pianist. PROGRAM. Concerto for Piano and Orchestra, op. 2o Miss Lrna Howell Motette — "Hear My Prayer". Miss Osborn and Evanston Musical Club. A Hymn of Praise. SIXTH SEASON. DECEMBER I4, 1899. "The Messiah" Handel Soloists — Mrs. Sanger Steele, Soprano ; Miss Mabelle Crawford. Alto; Mr. Glenn Hall, Tenor; Mr. Arthur Van Eweyk, Basso. JANUARY 2, 1900. Northwestern University Settlement, Chicago. "The Messiah" Handel Soloists^ — Mrs. Sanger Steele, Soprano ; Miss Mabelle Crawford, Contralto; Mr. Glenn Hall, Tenor; Mr. Harry R. Parsons. Basso. FEBRUARY 5, I9OO. PART SONG CONCERT. Soloists — Leonora Jackson, Violinist. (Mr. Ernest H. Jackson. Accompanist.) Incidental solos by Mrs. Alton Littleton Smith, Soprano; Harry R. Parsons, Basso; Russell Wilbur, Tenor; William A. Stacey. Baritone. H. M. Tilroe, Reader. PROGRAM. 1. Gallia, Motette for Soprano Solo and Chorus. .Gounod Solo — Mrs, Smith. 2. Chaconne, for Violin alone Bach Miss Jackson 3. Two Part Songs for Ladies' Voices — a In Spring Bargeel b Cradle Song Gilbert A. Alcock 4. Two Part Songs, for Mixed Voices — a Madrigal — *' The Miller's I^aughter" Horace Ellis b Full Fathom Five Charles Wood 5. Violin Solos — a Nocturne. D flat Chopin Sarasate Humoresque Tschaikowsky c Dance Brahms-Joachim 6. Six Ancient Folk Songs of the Netherlands — (A. D. 1G20) arranged by E. Kremser For Maennerchor, Baritone and Tenor Solos 7. Chorus, for Ladies' Voices and Soprano The Sailors' Christmas Chaminade Solo Mrs. Smith 8. Ballad, for Baritone and Chorus — Young Lochinvar Liza Lehmann Solo Mrs. Stacey 9. Violin Solo — Hungarian Themes with Variations. . . . Ernst Miss Jackson 10. Two- Part Songs for Alixed Chorus — a Evening and Morning Hymn Rheinberger b Gypsy Life Schumann APRIL 27, 1900. The Elijah Mendelssohn Soloists — Mrs. Genevieve Clark Wilson, Soprano ; Mrs. Sue Harrington Furbeck. Alto; Mr. George Hamlin, Tenor; Mr. Charles W. Clark. Basso. Wilson Reed, Soprano (The Youth). Richard Uhlemann, Mezzo Soprano. Armand Peycke, Alto. SEVENTH SEASON. DECEMBER 1 8, I9OO. The Messiah Handel Soloists — Mrs. Jennie Fish Griffin, Soprano; Miss Mabelle Crawford, Alto ; Mr. Frederick Carberry, Tenor ; Mr. Charles W. Clark, Basso. FEBRUARY I9, I9OI. PART SONG CONCERT. Soloists — Madame Fannie Bloomfield Zeisler, Mr. Chauncey Earle Bryant, Tenor. Pianiste; PROGRAM. . ) ..Gounod Credo Sanctus — From St. Cecilia Mass. i Piano Solos — a "Hark, hark, the lark" Schubert (Translated for Piano by Liszt). b. Marche Militaire .Schubert (Duet arranged as a solo by Tausig). Mme. Zeisler, Part Song for Mixed V'oices. "When Spring Comes Laughing" ... .Eaton Fanning The Twenty-third Psalm, for Ladies' Voices — "The Lord is my Shepherd" Schubert Piano Solos — Berceuse, op. 57 1 Etude, op. 10, No. 4... j. Chopin Valse, op. 64, No. 1 I Valse, op. &4, No. 2. .. I Mme. Zeisler Two Part Songs, for Mixed Voices — Two Maidens P. C. Lutkin (Dedicated to the Apollo Musical Club). The Babbling Brook P. C. Lutkin (Dedicated to the Evanston Musical Club.) 7. Two Part Songs, for Mixed Voices — a Spring. . ^^ b Lover s CounseL ... Piano Solos — Liebestraum (Nocturne, No. 31).... Liszt Caprice Espagnole, op. 37 Moszkowski Mme. Zeisler. 9. March and Chorus from Tannhauser. 6, HISTORY OF EVANSTON 287 APRIL 21, I9OI. CENTRAL MUSIC HA1.L, CHICAGO. "The Elijah" Mendelssohn By the combined Evanston and Ravens wood Clubs, under the direction of Professor P. C. Lutkin. Soloists — Mrs. Genevieve Clark Wilson, Soprano ; Miss Elaine De Sellem, Alto ; Mr. George Hamlin, Tenor ; Mr. Charles W. Clark, Basso. MAY 7, 1 90 1. Stabat Mater Rossini Hiawatha's Wedding Feast S. Coleridge Taylor Soloists — Miss Helen Buckley, Soprano ; Miss Elaine De Sellem, Alto; Mr. Holmes Cowper, Tenor; Mr. F. B. Webster, Bass. EIGHTH SEASON. NOVEMBER 21, I9OI. Hiawatha's Wedding Feast. } c r- 1- -j t 1 Hiawatha-s Departure \ S- Coleridge Taylor Soloists — Mrs. Maria Hoag-Haughley, Soprano ; Mrs. Ella Pierson Kirkham. Alto; Mr. L. E. Rollo, Tenor; Mr. Joseph Baernstein, Basso. FEBRUARY 27, IQ02. PART SONG CONCERT. Soloists — Mme. Cortnne Moore Lawson, Soprano ; Mr. Gustav Holmquist, Basso. PROGRAM. PART I. 1. "Hear My Prayer" Mendelssohn Motette for Soprano Solo and Chorus. Mrs. Lawson and Chorus. 2. The King's Prayer from Lohengrin Wagner Bass Solo, Quintette and Chorus. Mr. Holmquist. Miss Anna L. Beebe, Soprano ; Miss Louise White- head. Alto; Mr. A. D. Shaw, Tenor; Mr. C. N. Stevens, Baritone. 3. Te Deum, opus 103 Dvorak Soprano and Bass Solo and Chorus. Mrs. Lawson, Mr. Holmquist and Chorus. PART 11. 1. The Dance, opus 27. No. 1 Edward Elgar From the "Bavarian Highlands."' Evanston Musical Club. 2. a Norwegian Shepherd Song. Old Melodv 16th Cent, b Bid Me Discourse.. } ^,, Tr«,ri;.u c Love Has Eyes \ *^'^ English 3. Lullaby, opus 27, No. 3 ( cj j t7i Aspiration, Opus 27, No. 4.( Edward Elgar Evanston Musical Club, 4. a The First Love Song Carl Grammann b The Sand Carrier August Bungert c Serenata Moszkowski Mrs. Lawson. 5. The Marksmen, Opus 27. No. 6 Edward Elgar Evanston Musical Club. APRIL 22, 1902. VERDI'S. Manzoni Requiem, Soloists — Mrs. Genevieve Clark Wilson, Soprano; Miss Jessie Lynde Hopkins, Mezzo Soprano ; Mr. John B. Miller, Tenor; Mr. Joseph Baernstein, Basso. Other especially important works present- ed by the Ckib are "Caractacus" and "King Olaf by Elgar, and Dvorak's "Stabat Mater." Interest in the club was greatly augmented by the winning of the second prize of $3,500 in the choral contest at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition at Saint Louis, in 1904, under the direction of Pro- fessor Lutkin, In the concert of January 30, 1905, a concerto for piano and orchestra by Arne Oldberg had its first performance, and the celebrated English contralto, Muriel Foster, was the most notable solist. The Presidents of the Evanston Musical Club have been Mr. John R. Lindgren, Mr. W. F, Hypes, Mr. Frank W, Smith, Mr. Chancellor Jenks and Mr. C. N, Stevens. Let us hope that the great development along musical lines, which has taken place in Evanston during the last few years, may lead some public spirited citizen to erect a large hall suitable for concert purposes. Mendelssohn has said, "I know of no aim more noble than that of giving music to one's native language and to one's native country." What more noble monument could an Evanstonian erect than a building in his own town, which would make possible an annual musical festival whose strains would mingle with the ma- jestic organ point of our beautiful Lake Michigan, in fulfilling the musicians' calling which, according to Schumann, is "to send light into the deep recesses of the human heart," CHAPTER XXXI. The Story of Banking Eiitcrl'riscs in Ri'an- ston — ■ Effect of the Chicago Fire — First Private Bank Establislied in i8/.f — Incorporated as a State Bank in i8o? — First Officers of the Xez^' Institution — Groxi'th of Deposits — // Successfullx Withstands the Panic of 189 j — Pres- ent Officers {1006) — A First National Bank J'cnture — Tlie Panic of i8q^ Re- sults in Disaster — The City National Bank of Evanston Established in igoo — First Officers and Leading Stockholders — Its Prosperous Career — Condition in 1906. Banking ni ^ Evanston. however intimate this city's relations with near-by Chicago, has been prosperous and permanent when conckicted with discretion, and ephemera! and disastrous when otherwise undertaken. The story of banking in Evanston is largely that of the older of its two institutions, and a story by no means without interest to all who profit by and have pride in the suc- cesses of conservative finance. Effect of the Chicago Fire.— With the intiux of population after the Chicago fire of 1871, the growing business of Evanston invited the creation of banking facilities furnished by Evanston capital and ope- rated by Evanston citizens. Into this field, in the early 'seventies, came Merrill Ladd, who founded the private bank of Merrill EVANSTON BANKS (By WILLI.\M G. UOAG) Ladd & Company. Speculation worked this venture ill ; and the panic of 1873, t'^^t shook the financial strongholds of New York, Boston, Philadelphia and Chicago, left the enterprise of Evanston's first money-lender a memory only. In 1874 a new bank started in Evanston, and became a corner-stone for the village's wealth and growth. Bank of Hoag & Co. Established. — In 1874, on the southeast corner of Davis Street and Chicago Avenue, Thomas C. Hoag & Company started a private bank. Mr. Hoag, of the Chicago grocery firm of Goss & Hoag, one of the largest in the city, and situated on North Clark Street near the bridge, had suffered the destruc- tion of his propert}' in the great fire, and was free to find a new opening wherever he might. Living as he had in Evanston since 1857. and having done a grocery busi- ness by railway express with North Shore villages, he now began a local grocery business in Evanston. and soon thereafter went into banking on the aforesaid site. JMr. Hoag already was the Treasurer and Business .Agent of the Northwestern I'^ni- versity, and with this and other advantage- ous connections, he conducted witli in- creasing success the Evanston bank that had come to stay. The business grew, justifying a building ne.xt door exclusively for banking purposes, and further establish- 289 290 EVANSTON BANKS ing itself as an indispensable institution in the development of the commercial life of Evanston. In 1891 the banking firm of Thomas C. Hoag & Company moved to the southwest corner of Davis Street and Chi- cago Avenue, there installing the first mod- ern safety deposit vaults offered to the Evanston public. State Bank Incorporated. — On May 10, 1892, was incorporated the State Bank of Evanston, to which Mr. Hoag sold his interest, his banking firm then retiring from business. The incorporators of the new institution — its charter being of the date of March 10, 1892, and conferring powers to conduct a general commercial and sav- ings bank business — were Robert D. Shep- pard, Charles F. Grey, and John R. Lind- gren. The first board of directors of the State Bank of Evanston were the follow- ing well-known citizens : William Blanchard, Frank M. Elliot, William G. Hoag, H. H. C. Miller, Robert D. Sheppard, H. B. Cragin, Charles F. Grey, John R. Lindgren, Henry A. Pear- sons, William E. Stockton, and Charles T. Bartlett. The first officers of the new bank were John R. Lindgren, President ; William Blanchard, \'ice-President ; William G. Hoag, Cashier. Mr. Lindgren was already prominently identified with Chicago bank- ing as Cashier of the State Bank of Chi- cago. Mr. Blanchard was a retired lumber- man and capitalist, and Mr. Hoag brought experience from his associations with his father in the firm of Thomas C. Hoag & Company. The Evanston State Bank be- gan business with a capital, all paid in, of $100,000 and deposits from Thomas C. Hoag & Company of $306,000. Among the stockholders, together with the officers and directors, were J. H. Kedzie, Henry R. Hatfield, D. S. Cook, M. S. Terry, George H. Foster, William Deering, T. C. Hoag, C. H. Quinlan, Lucy D. Shuman, Daniel Bonbright, William L. Brown, Frank P. Crandon, Charles T. Boynton, Thomas Lord, Fleming H. Revell. At the close of 1892, the year of organi- zation, the bank's deposits amounted to $369,590.60. On January 13, 1894, Robert D. Sheppard succeeded John R. Lind- gren as President, and continued in direction of the bank until succeeded in February, 1903, by Henry J. Wallingford. From organization to the present time, Wil- liam G. Hoag has been the bank's Cashier. In IMarch, 1900, E. F. Pierce was chosen Assistant Cashier and continues in this office. Prominent citizens who have served in the bank's directory from 1892 to 1905, other than those composing the original board are: D. S. Cook, Thomas Lord, Dr. M. C. Bragdon, E. B. Quinlan, Henry J. Wallingford, Frank W. Gerould, William A. Dyche. In 1897 Thomas Lord was elected \'ice-President. At present writing, in 1906, the officers of the State Bank of Evanston are : President — Henry J. Wallingford. \'ice-President— H. H. C. Miller. Cashier — William G. Hoag. Assistant Cashier — Edwin F. Pierce. The following tables statistically tell the story of the growth of the State Bank of Evanston in its general banking and savings departments, but do not especially declare the policy which has built up this popular banking house. The policy is that which makes for slow growth but for sure— the policy of prudence and conservatism. GROWTH OF DEPOSITS IN STATE BANK OF EVANSTON FROM 1892 TO 1906. jSfi-1 $ .■!24.n29.18 is!« :;:;::::; :i.;m,:;m 14 1804 --=T!ri-' lS.O.-> ii.MjiJ. 1.J isHti 2?y''>'f&i is:i7 il-).llJ.-H 18!)S 733.844.59 isoo 967.774.SO - iqob : 1.128,518.fi7 iqoi '■ ' " 1,171,016.54 iqoS 1,133,123.7.') ino3 1,160,244.29 ;o„4 '::::: 1,122,029.17 j;,,-, 1,315,098.62 in,,0 .' '.'." 1,460,000.00 HISTORY OF EVANSTON 291 This bank, since the first year after in- corporation, has paid dividends at the uni- form rate of six per cent. Its excess of earnings, carried over to the surplus, now makes this guarantee of security over $100,000. The last reported quotation of this bank's stock was 240. The Test of 1893.— The policy that has shaped the development of business, record- ed in the foregoing tables, is characteristic of all the financiers, capitalists, and busi- ness men who have contributed to the growth of this conservative institution. One of its banking principles is never to sacrifice security to interest. Beginning its corporate existence a year before the great panic of 1893, it was put to the earth- quake test while still quite young. In that memorable year, when there were 15,508 business failures'; when 154 National and 184 State banks suspended ; when 598 bank- ing institutions of all classes, with estimat- ed assets of $184,281,014 and liabilities of $170,295,581, suspended — in that disastrous time, no savings bank in Cook County was less severely jarred than the State Bank of Evanston. Indeed, it may be said that, in that fateful year, this bank, safe if not co- lossal, never felt serious pressure from its depositors ; and it is well remembered by its officers that, if at any period of unusual popular timidity, money has flowed out from one window, a compensating stream has flowed in by another. The following from the "Evanston Press," of May 20, 1893, suggests the stamina of this bank in a time that surely tried men's souls : "Thursday morning a slight run was made on the State Bank, but it was soon over, only a very few dollars having been drawn out. The State Bank is perfectly sound, and has made arrangements to stand a heavy run. Cashier Hoag said, Thursday, that every cent now on deposit can be drawn out, and that the bank has in its vaults the cold cash to meet all of its indebtedness. By order of President Lindgren the bank was kept open for an hour after the usual closing hour on Thursday, but this was not necessary, as the 'run," if such it could be called, was over long before the usual hour for closing." This bank's history has been one almost without losses from injudicious banking. It has had almost no litigation. On real estate investments it has never lost a dollar ; and, for twenty years, during the life of the antecedent company and of its own corpor- ate life, its total losses have not exceeded $2,000 or $3,000. So discreet, yet so mu- tually just, is it in the management of cred- its, that in a certain statement its cashier reported deposits of $1,300,000 with over drafts amounting to just one cent. Need- less to say, that the Evanston State Bank eschews speculation. Influence on Local Business. — The business of Evanston has grown because of its own local banking facilities. Its banks have drawn, held, and made wealth here. Here Evanston merchants have received their accommodations, and to this prosper- ous sub-station of Chicago banking come people of neighboring towns and thrifty farmers from tributary country. Evanston banks hold all the public funds of the city of Evanston, and some of the funds of neighboring towns and villages ; and the Evanston State Bank and its predecessor for thirty years have been the depository of Northwestern University. One source of the strength of this bank is the support given it bv its large number of children de- positors, whose many pennies in many little toy banks make many large dollars. Of course, the nature of the business of the State Bank of Evanston, and the char- acter of its clientele, demand that it shall have the status of a Chicago bank as regards the conveniences and privileges of the asso- 292 EVANSTON BANKS ciated banks of a money center. This bank is a secondary member of the Chicago Clear- ing-house, whereby it reports to that insti- tution as if it were a Chicago bank, and its checks are accepted tliroughout the country as if drawn on a Chicago bank. It deals, of course, in foreign exchange and sells drafts and letters of credit good in all parts of the world. The tendency of the times is toward in- dividuality in bank architecture. A bank is becoming more than a floor in a business block. It is becoming a monument en- nobling an entire city. The State Bank of Evanston proposes to erect a bank build- ing for its own use, approved in style and equipment, and steps have been taken to this end by the securing of a long term lease on certain property on the northwest corner of Davis Street and Orrington Avenue. A National Bank Venture. — The first National bank started in Evanston was born in a strenuous time, and in it passed away. On June 29, 1892, was organized the Evanston National Bank. On July 5, 1892, it began business. Its capital was $100,000. Its officers were Henry Wells, President ; J. C. Austin, Vice-President ; J. C. Terhune, Cashier. Its directors were Benjamin F. Hill, L. A. Goddard, E. T. Paul, N. A. Hill, T. J. Whitehead, O. G. Gibbs, Henry Wells, J. C. Austin, J. C. Terhune. On March 6, 1893, a published statement showed deposits to be $160,000. But in 1893 only the strong stood the tempest. A shrinkage of its as- sets set in. On May i6th and 17th a heavy run on this bank resulted from the failure of the Cairo Lumber Company, of which Henry Wells, the President of this bank, was treasurer. On May 18 there was posted on the doors of the Evanston National Bank the following notice : "Owing to heavy drains made on our de- posits, and the stringency of the money market, this bank suspends payments. De- positors will be paid in full. "Henry Wells, President. "Nat. A. Hill, \'ice-President." On June 8, 1893, Charles Winslow took charge as receiver under appointment by the Comptroller of the Currency. At the present writing the approved claims of creditors amount to $80,971, upon which 72,-7 per cent has been paid. In 1892 J. C. Terhune started a private bank in Evanston, which continues business at the present writing. A More Successful Venture. — As Evanston grew in wealth and population, capitalists and men of affairs began to see that, were the city removed from the subur- ban touch with a metropolis, its business would support a half-dozen banks rather than one, and that, even as it was, a second bank would not be a precarious undertak- ing. So representative citizens, resolved to found a national bank that should become a strong tower to thiscommunity. On Febru- ary 14, 1900, Marshall M. Kirkman, James A. Patten, David R. Forgan and Thomas Bates signed articles of association for the incorporation of a national bank. With these incorporators was associated Joseph E. Paden, attorney. On April loth of the same year there was issued a charter creat- ing the City National Bank of Evanston, and the first directing board of this insti- tution was made up of the aforesaid incor- porators, together with Rollin A. Keyes, Henry A. Pearsons, and Joseph F. Ward. The bank began business in its present quarters, the Century Building, southwest corner of Davis Street and Sherman Ave- nue, June 21, 1900, with Joseph F. Ward, President ; Thomas Bates, Mce-President ; and Charles N. Stevens, Cashier. The de- posits of the first day amounted to $16,220. and the first depositor was William S. Lord, HISTORY OF EVANSTON 293 the dry-goods merchant, who thereby re- This bank's growth is noteworthy. Be- corded the testimony of Evanston business ginning business June 21, 1900. with de- men, that this city was big enough and posits amounting to $16,220.00, it reported wealthy enough to sustain two strong banks deposits June 21. 1902, of $345,152.24. On in healthful rivalry. June 21, 1903. deposits had risen to $703.- The City National Bank of Evanston 640.53 ; and a year later they were $842,- started in with a paid-up capital of $100,000. 074.73: On June 14. 1905, they had and the price of the stock before business reached $1,197,053.35. The stock of the opened on the first day was $105 per bank at this writing, judging from a pri- share. In stanch and stable communities vate bid refused, is 175. This bank car- the banking class is the conservative class, ries 5.000 accounts. A statement of the Behind the City National Bank of Evanston condition of this new and promising insti- among its first stockholders were Hugh tution, at the close of business, April 6, R. Wilson, Joseph E. Paden, A. N. Young, iqo6, is as follows: M. H. Wilson, P. R. Shumwav, C. D. Cleveland, L. D. Thoman, A. M. Foster, Loans and Discounts...^ '. $i,069,563.60 George w. Wall, w. B. Bogert, George A. g^;?[e''d^state; ' bonds ■::::: i : i ::;;:: ; : : ; : ; : ioo:oo,lm Foster, William s. Lord, George Taylor, ^rE^j^^J-j^^—:::::::::::::: ^Z':7 N. p. Williams, Charles N. Stevens, J. L. ^T^^^/^'S^ BLn^^::::::::::■.\y. 20^^^ Hebblethwaite. W. O. Dean. John E. Wild- ^"^ f-""™ u. s. Treasury sfim.oo er, Robert S. Clark, C. H. Poppenhusen. liabilities $1,480,352.39 Daniel McCann, W. H. Jones, Newell C. Capital stock $ 100,000.00 T- ■ t . T H7' • ■ T I TT -n J Surplus and Undivided Profits. 5.3,190.13 Knight, James Wiggmton. John H. Boyd, circulation 100,000.00 A. S. Van Deusen. T- R. Woodbridge, °^p°'"^ ^^^232462^6__^_ James B. Huse, F. E. Griswold, George A. $1,485,352.39 $1,485,352.39 Coe. Officers. — The present officers of the In its first year the bank earned six per City National Bank of Evanston (1906) cent on its capitalization, but turning this are : and the earnings of the next year into sur- President— Joseph F. Ward. plus account, it refrained from declaring a Mce-President — William S. Alason. dividend until 1903. when it began its pres- Cashier — Charles N. Stevens, ent six per cent payments. This bank deals Directors. — Henry A. Pearsons. Thomas in such securities as are customary with Bates, RoUin A. Keyes, Joseph A. Paden, National banks, receives savings as well as David R. Forgan, William S. Mason, checking deposits, and conducts a general James A. Patten, Joseph F. Ward, banking business. It clears, of course, A considerable improvement lately add- through the Chicago Clearing House. With ed to the City National Bank is a safety the State Bank of Evanston it shares in the deposit vault, commodious and of extraor- custody of the municipal funds of Evanston, dinary strength of construction. Its aux- and also has been distributing agent in the iliary conveniences for patrons are corn- matter of the construction of the postoffice. plete and elegant. CHAPTER XXXII. EVANSTON REAL ESTATE (By FEANK M ELLIOT) Primary Geological Conditions — Early Roads — The Indian Trail — A Period of Grozvth—'The Path the Calf Made"— Influence of the University — ■ Evanston Over-boomed — Effect of the Chicago Fire — Local Real Estate Rivalries — Notable Residences — The Transportation Problem — The Park System — Taxation — Evans- ton Homes — Real Estate J 'allies. We are told that Evanston, at one time, was entirely submerged by Lake Michigan, but that gradually, through unknown ages, the waters receded. The battle-field of the two contending forces — land and water — is distinctly marked by the alignment of land fortification or ridges. This great struggle had continued year in and year out. with the land forces conquering and adding much territory to their possession. These lines of fortification are visible to- day. The highest and most prominent of all, runs along the Gross Point Road, three miles distant from the Lake ; another on Ridge Avenue, a mile distant ; one on Hin- man Avenue, a quarter of a mile distant, and still another along the lake shore, where the battle of land and water is still raging. This contest between the land and water is one of great importance to the real es- tate of Evanston. Practically the last stand has been reached, for the force of the waters of Lake Michigan is so great, that it is no longer possible to extend the land, with any degree of safety. Covering this territory conquered from the lake, there has grown a beautiful forest of oak, maple, elm and linden, a portion of which has withstood the violence of the elements and the ruthless depredations of man. Early Roads. — There were two roads running from Chicago to Green Bay which passed through Evanston — one on the Gross Point highland, and the other, known as the Green Bay Road, running along Ridge Avenue. East of the latter was an old Indian trail, the route of which can still be traced by a number of trees with large branches bent to the ground. The best ex- ample of these is a tree at the State line just east of the Electric Road. The large oak at the entrance of the College Campus, and the one at the northeast corner of Forest Avenue and Lake Street, mark the direc- tion of the trail. There was only one cross road located in Rogers Park along the Indian Boundary Line. The low land be- tween the ridges was filled with water and marsh, resembling in effect the present con- dition of the Skokie. These roads were, for the most part, built of corduroy and were maintaned at private expense. A toll was exacted for the use of them and one of the oldest toll stations, and the last to ex- ist, was in Rogers Park at the intersection of Chicago Avenue and the Indian Bonn- 296 EVANSTON REAL ESTATE darv Line. The toll house was discontinued about 1875. A Period of Growth. — The develop- ment from a "forest primeval" to a city lot is interesting, for into this development enters the human element, which is a never ending- source of interest. The low and marshy places, the hills and the ridges, the obstruction of trees and tangled wood — all of these must be brought under the con- trol of man. Streets must be made, sewers built, and much digging, cutting and burn- ing, before a city lot is defined. This, in brief, is what has taken place in Evanston. There have been periods of immigration that have added to the material growth of Evanston. The western march of civiliza- tion brought farmers into this country. These acquired title to their farms from the Government. They planted fruit trees, and especially a large number of the peach variety. These prospered and brought rich harvests until the time when the forests, which extended to the North Branch of the Chicago River, were destroyed. The climat- ic changes which ensued after this destruc- tion made it impossible for peaches to grow on this side of Lake Michigan. In 1853 the Northwestern L^niversity was established here. From a few homes and a store on Ridge Avenue — a settlement called Ridgeville — grew a new town, named Evanston in honor of the late Governor Evans, of Colorado, one of the founders of the University. There was the infusion of a new element into the community ; pro- fessors and their families, scholars and trades people. The coming of these rep- resented the second immigration. "The Path the Calf Made."— The growth of a town can sometimes be traced from its foot-paths. First comes the trail of the Indian, or frontiersman, who marks his way with a broken branch, or a blaze on the trees. The settler, with his flock and herds, then follows nature's own sur- vey for a future city's thoroughfare in "the path the calf made," of which the poet, Sam Walter Foss, thus graphically sings : "One day, through the primeval wood, A calf walked home, as good calves should; But made a trail all bent askew, .■\ crooked trail as all calves do. Since then two hundred years have fled, .\iid, I infer, the calf is dead. But still he left behind his trail, .And thereby hangs my moral tale. The trail was taken up next day By a lone dog that passed that way ; -And then a wise bell-wether sheep Pursued the trail o'er vale and steep, .And drew the flock behind him, too, As good bell-wethers always do. .\nd from that day, o'er hill and glade. Through these old woods a path was made ; .And many men wound in and out, .And dodged, and turned, and bent about, .And uttered words of righteous wrath Because 'twas such a crooked path. But still they followed — do not laugh — The first migrations of that calf, .And through this winding woodway stalked, Because he wabbled when he walked. This forest path became a lane. That bent and turned, and turned again ; This crooked lane became a road. Where many a poor horse with his load Toiled on beneath the burning sun. And traveled some three miles in one. .And thus, a century and a half. They trod in the footsteps of that calf. The years passed on in swiftness fleet. The road became a village street ; .And this, before men were aware, A city's crowded thoroughfare; .And soon the central street was this, Of a renowned metropolis. -And men two centuries and a half Trod in the footsteps of that calf." In the early settlement, for foot passen- gers there were first walks of clay and gravel extending from the Lake Shore in Davis Street to the business portion : after- ward the single plank, laid lengthwise ; then the double-barreled walk of two planks, with a space between, the invention of Obadiah Huse, President of the Village Board : next the board walk, three or four feet in width, the wider board or dirt walk, and then the flag stone, brick or cement walk of the present day — each serving its day or purpose until superseded by some- thing better. All these walks mark with distinctness, the growth and evolution that has taken place in our community. Influence of the University. — The in- HISTORY OF EVANSTON 297 fluence of the University brought, as early inhabitants, a class of people who have been of great benefit to Evanston. They were people of refinement who desired quiet with the delights of intellectual and con- genial society. They established homes here and many of their friends, attracted by their example, came to live in this quiet and scholastic atmosphere. The University purchased large tracts of land amounting to 343 acres. In July, 1854, the Plat of Evanston was made by Andrew J. Brown, Philo Judson and the Northwestern University. As an illustra- tion of the rapid advance of land values, take for example the southwest quarter of Section 18, Township 41, Range 14, being 160 acres, lying between Church and Demp- ster Streets, and Asbury and Chicago Ave- nues. In 1840, James Carney bought this land from the Government for $1.25 per acre, a total of $200. In 1854, Carney sold this land to Andrew James Brown for $13,000. After the subdivision was made the best lots sold for $350 each. The lot on south- west corner of Davis Street and Maple Avenue, 70 by 215 feet, sold, in 1855, for $350. In 1865, it sold for $600. In 1870 the same lot, only 115 feet deep, sold for $2,000, and in i88g for $7,000. It is worth to-day, without improvements, $17,500. Let us take another example on the East Side. In 1865, the Northwestern University bought the "Snyder farm," 60^ acres, for $24.22/. This farm ran from Hamilton to Greenleaf Streets, and from Chicago Avenue to Lake Michigan. As platted to-day, there are about 6.660 feet frontage and a conserva- tive value would be $100 per front foot, or $666,000. Other examples might be cited to show the increase in value of real estate in Evanston ; but it would be about the same story, and would only repeat what is well known of the substantial and fixed value of real estate throughout the entire city. Expansion of 1872.— During the Civil War, when the unsettled condition of the country was making its influence felt — even at this distance from the field of action — while Evanston was sending the best of her manhood to the front, she still made ad- vances, and had enough surplus energy to contribute generally toward the building up of the town. The greatest expansion took place in 1872. In common with the rest of the State, and, indeed, with many parts of the country, Evanston was over-boomed. It needed the bursting of the bubble in 1873 to bring values to their legitimate level. During the subsequent decade, real estate values and the movement of property wore slowly down to a more rational pace. Effect of the Chicago Fire. — L'p to the time of the Chicago fire in 1871, the Univer- sity was the dominant influence which brought people to Evanston. The loss and ruination brought about by that fire en- forced the sale of much property, and this caused a depreciation of prices. Rigid fire ordinances followed that great catastrophe, and the enforcement of stringent regula- tions drove beyond the Chicago city limits those people, who, desiring to build houses for themselves, had not means for the erec- tion of structures of brick or other fire- proof materials. These circumstances acted decidedly in favor of suburban localities, to which professional men, clerks, and others of moderate income were attracted. A feature of the real estate business since then has been the suburban trade. Evanston receiving a large influx of people at the time of the Chicago fire. The\- were attracted by its accessibility, its delightful surroundings, and the high character of the people who already resided in the village. The re- 298 EVANSTON REAL ESTATE striction of the liquor faffic, making it il- legal to sell or manufacture alcoholic bever- ages, has had a beneficial effect, not only in giving the community a high standard, but in maintaining and enhancing the value of property within its limits. The preference of the people for homes outside of Chicago created an unusual demand for houses and lots in Evanston. Prices advanced rapidly, and the building of houses and the selling of them became a profitable business. Keen and wide-awake business men were quick to grasp the situation, and soon there were new sub-divisions of land into lots. These were disposed of rapidly and other sub- divisions made; and sold out. There was a boom in real estate. The buying of acres and subdividing them was so extensive that, to this day, the growth of our city has been inadequate to bring them into the market for residence purposes. As we view some of these outlying sub-divisions, now occu- pied, fallowed or returned to nature, we wonder at the credulity, the misguided judgment and the almost criminality of the men who made them. It does not seem pos- sible that any one could have been so mis- guided as to expect these sub-divisions to become the homes of other beings than the musk-rat or the gopher. The time of dis- illusion came in the panic of 1873. Prices took a tumble from which, after thirty years, they have scarcely recovered. Evanston was tainted by the same wild speculation in "undigested" real estate as Chicago. Many people sufifered the bitter experience of los- ing their property by foreclosure and many were burdened with property they could not afford to keep. Values were brought to the lowest level, and, after several years of adjustment, a healthful progress began which has continued up to the present time. During the last twenty-five years there have been many interesting changes in the character and property of certain locali- ties, and a shifting more or less of popular favor as to residence sections and business localities. While prices in some parts of the city have not yet come back to the speculaton values of years ago, the pres- ent value of most of our Evanston real estate has never before been reached. In the business center of the city there is some property that has never decreased in value. The property along Davis Street has held its own, notwithstanding the es- tablishment of business centers at Main, Dempster and Central Streets. Local Rivalries. — There has always been more or less of a good natured rival- ry between the East and West Side prop- erty owners, the railroads passing through the middle of the city being the dividing line. The East-Siders have the Library L'uiversity, banks, several clubs and the leading stores and parks, together with the lake, as their chief attractive features; while the West-Siders claim the rise of land along the Ridge, the High School, the Country Club, the unobstructed view of the sunsets, and protection from the harsh winds which sometimes sweep over the lake. The point of excellence in fine residences is about equally divided be- tween the two sides. It has been my ob- servation, however, during an experience of twenty-five years in the real estate business, and as a resident of Evanston, that the difference between the East and \^'est sides is a species of fancy rather than of fact ; that it is largely a question of neighbors and friends. Upon which- ever side a person first makes his home there he will soon form acquaintances and friend- ships that will bring contentment and happiness. This is the truth of the whole matter in a nut-shell. Values are about equally divided on both sides. Property held at the highest price is found on each side, and from this to the lowest priced HISTORY OF EVANSTON 299 lots there is about an equal division. This, however, was not true in the early days. The finest residences were on the West Side, and the value of Ridge Avenue lots was considered twice as great as that of lots in the Lake district. The change of value has been greater in this district because of its recent improvements and its new buildings. Evanston Residences. — The residences of Evanston, for the most part, are of frame structure. There have been some typical houses which represent the time in which they were built. The oldest of these is the residence of D. H. Burnham, which is unique in having the walls of cement or grout. It was built by Mr. Geo. H. Bliss about 1859, and was then consid- ered one of the finest in the town. The house of Mr. James Rood, on Davis Street, which was built by L. L. Greenleaf in the early 'seventies, was typical of many houses of a similar structure. Other old- timers may be mentioned. Mr. O. F. Gibbs built the Mulford home on Ridge Avenue, which was sold to James S. Kirk, and is now owned by the Saint Francis Hospital. Then there are T. C. Hoag's residence, corner of Davis and Hinman, built in 1856 ; Judge Harvey B. Kurd's home on Ridge Avenue ; the Purington hom'e, a part of which is now included in the resi- dence of Mr. Frank C. Letts on Green- wood Boulevard; the brick residence on Ridge and Greenwood, built by Mr. Geo. F. Foster in 1863 and sold to the late Charles Comstock; Mrs. Watson's house on Ridge Avenue, and the Somer's home- stead on Chicago Avenue and University Place. Among the finest residences built within the last twenty years may be men- tioned those owned by W. H. Bartlett, Mil- ton H. Wilson, R. D. Sheppard, Arthur Orr, Mrs. C. H. Rowe. J. C. Shafifer, Mrs. Vir- ginia M. Hamline, James A. Patten, Mrs. H. R. Wilson, John B. Kirk, R. C. Lake and C. A. Ward. During the past five years there has been an evolution in building, and the first fiat and apartment buildings have made their appearance in our midst. This is in line with the progressing movement of real estate, as they bring a far greater income than can be obtained by other im- provements. Property that is losing at- tractiveness for residence purposes, and which cannot, by the nature of the case, become business property, can thus be utilized for profitable investment. Sadly deficient are our hotel accommodations. What is needed is a first-class, fire-proof hotel, with modern appointments, a new library building and an auditorium. The churches are now used extensively for all public meetings. Evanston has passed the lyceum era, and is now ripe for the buildings which modern up-to-date cities possess. Every public improvement adds to the comfort of the people and, conse- quently, enhances the value of real estate. During the time prior to the Chicago fire, Evanston had among its population many men who, a few years later, were to make it famous through their achieve- ments. The foundations of many of the best homes were laid, and definite plans for future development were made. They were, of course, crude and incomplete; but the men of Evanston had a fair con- ception of the possibilities here for a city of homes. The men who were actively engaged in real estate at this time were L. L. Greenleaf, Rev. Obadiah Huse, Charles E. Brown, D. P. Kidder, J. H. Kedzie. J. H. Keeney. Merrill Ladd. C. L. Jenks, O. A. Grain, J. W. Stewart, L. C. Pitner. I. R. Hitt, Andrew J. Brown, George M. Huntoon, Gen. White, Eli Gafifield, O. F. Gibbs, Charles J. Gilbert and Joseph M. Lyons. 300 EVANSTON REAL ESTATE There have been other eras when the immigration to Evanston has induced some- what more than the natural growth. In 1892. during the World's Fair, when Ev- anston prospered with Chicago, there were many new residences built, some of them costing from $50,000 to $75,000 each. The Transportation Problem. — One of the striking features of the real estate sit- uation just now is the effect of rapid transportation upon it. Electric and steam railroads have had marked influ- ence on the value of residence property. There is no question that this influence is felt on real estate values all along the lines of railroad extension. Outlying properties in communities more remote have been brought into competition with those which heretofore have had the advan- tage of accessibility. Fast train facilities make it possible for a man to have a home thirty miles distant from Chicago where land is cheap. Competition is thus extended. Other and better inducements for real es- tate within the nearer districts of Chicago, must be made to meet this outside compe- tition. That inducement is best solved by the reduction of price, and this is what has happened in many suburban towns, in- cluding Evanston. Evanston has two railroads and two electric street car lines. When these were started the increase of population in our city was noticeable. These roads have created a market for property, and values have been stimulated thereby. It is rea- sonable to expect a great increase in the growth of our city. With better equip- ment for transportation service, and when passengers can be landed in the heart of Chicago, many people will come here to live. The importance of Evanston is, in a large measure, determined by its rela- tionship with Chicago. It is dominated. with all other cities in the Northwest, by that great metropolis. The Park System. — The parks of Ev- anston have been limited to the lake shore south of the University campus, and the block bounded by Chicago, Hinman, Lake and Grove Streets. These parks were given by the Northwestern University, when the original plat of Evanston was made. During the last ten years consider- able attention has been given to the devel- opment of our park system, especially along the Lake Shore, where the city has filled and graded and planted trees and shrubs. The trees which were planted by the early settlers along the park way of the streets, have become strong and vig- orous, and in many streets their tops have spread out until they meet, forming beauti- ful archways. Our elms are noted for their beauty and hardiness. They line the streets everywhere and are so mani- festly symmetrical and vigorous, that the city seems to be nestling in the forest. Nowhere, except in the old New England towns, are they so attractive. There are few fences dividing the ownership of lots and, with its well groomed lawns, the whole city is, in a certain sense, a great park. Flowers, shrubs and trees adorn most of the grounds. In the early days the streets were sim- ply as nature made them. The cedar-block pavement was cheap and, perhaps, the best that could be had at that time, but it had to be replaced by modern pavements, divided between macadam, brick and as- phalt. With few exceptions, all the streets are now paved with these substantial and durable pavements. Taxation. — When the subject of taxes is mentioned, there always arises the question of the non-payment of taxes on the property owned by the Northwestern HISTORY OF EVANSTON 301 University. Before the University had sold much of its property this was a seri- ous matter: for under its charter the Uni- versity was exempt from paying all gen- eral taxes. However, in street improve- ments, such as sewers, water mains and side-walks, the University has always paid its full share. The policy of the Universi- ty has been liberal in the selling of its property. In 1874, a restriction was im- posed by Gov. Evans, who had given a large sum of money (Sioo.ooo), as report- ed), with the understanding that one-quar- ter of every block remaining unsold should be held by the University for leas- ing purposes only. The leasing of prop- ert}' for business purposes was on the basis of six per cent on a conservative val- uation for a period of fifty or ninetA-nine years, with the added condition of a re- valuation every ten years. On residence property the rate of interest was four per cent. Considering the fact that there was no general tax to be paid except on the im- provements, and none on the land, many of these leases were made. As long as high rates of interest continued, these leases were considered desirable, but since money rates have become reduced, they are no longer in demand. The restriction imposed by Gov. Evans has since been re- scintled, and the University can sell any of its property. The policy, however, has not been to sell where leases have been made. The tax rate is about one per cent on the actual value of the propertv. If the real estate is valued at $10,000, the tax will be about $100. The Assessor, however, in making his valuations, places it at one-fifth the real value. The tax covers the amount needed for public schools, which are of the highest order of excellence, and consequently expensive to maintain. It also covers the amount used for the Public Library, State, Coun- ty and City. The University, as a landlord, has been conservative, and the sale of its property is made only at current valuation. It has made only limited improvements on its property, when it might have made others which would have been helpful in develop- ing districts where it owned large tracts of land. It is not difficult to conceive that the policy of building homes on its resi- dence lots would have contributed to the benefit of the University, as well as to the interests of the city at large. Evanston Homes. — One great charm of Evanston lies in its homes. Lake Michi- gan is the prime element in its landscape. The meandering shore, with its borders of sand, is a source of unfailing delight. To the west is a commanding view of the setting sun, with its glory of color. Mr. D. LI. Burnham, the Director of Works of the World's Fair, in a recent address pays this tribute to our city: "Evanston," he says, "is the most beautiful city in the world. There are cities that surpass Ev- anston in natural scenery and in other sin- gle points many are superior: but take the city as a whole, as a place of residence, there is none to equal it. Evanston has the most beautiful streets to be found anywhere, and their bordering trees make of the town a veritable park. Many of its residences also are incomparable as exam- ples of high class architecture. "Besides these points of beauty, there are the lake shore and the bordering fields. Perhaps the greatest charm about the city is its atmosphere of refinement and culture that is reflected in every one's daily life. It has resulted from the gath- ering here of a higher class of people than is usually found in a city, and this condi- tion is constantly drawing to it more peo- ple of the same class." 2,02 EVANSTON REAL ESTATE It is seen, therefore, that the market for real estate in Evanston has been made, first, by the influence of the Northwestern University; second, by the immigration following the Chicago fire ; third, its trans- portation facilities ; and fourth, by the character of its citizens, its substantial improvements, and its attractive sur- roundings. Real Estate Values. — The value of property in Evanston for business pur- poses is from $ioo to $500 per front foot ; for residence lots of the better localities, from $50 to $300 per front foot. In the outlying districts lots are valued from $10 to $40 per foot. The fact that Evans- ton is not exclusive or made up of one class of people, with high priced building restrictions, but is cosmopolitan, includ- ing all classes, with every kind of artisan, workman and professional business man. makes it an ideal place for residence. During each decade it has won new and added interest. Its school and home cir- cles have been "stamped with a propriety seal;" its churches, representing every de- nomination and creed, are tolerant and full of enthusiasm ; its civic government, made up of the best representation of its people ; its healthfulness, the absence of the degrading influence of vice — these, and much more, make Evanston a place where men, women and children may live in se- curity, in the enjoyment of many privi- leges and much happiness. On returning from excursions into re- gions far and near, one is eager to re- affirm these beauties and the restful wel- come of Evanston. This is why real es- tate in this city has a value so completely entrenched and so strongly fortified that it can never be effaced. CHAPTKR XXXIII. EVANSTON ARCHITECTURE (By EDOAR O. Historic Progress — Influence of the Arch- itect on the City's Growth — The "Geor- gian" Style folloivs the Log and Grout Houses — Churches and Private Resi- dences — Advent of the Victorian Gothic Style — University Hall and Union Park Congregational Church — Architect G. P. Randall the Designer — Asa Lyons Evan- ston's First Resident Architect — Others who follozved him — Description of Sonic Notable Buildings and their Designers — Public Library — Enumeration of Princi- pal Private and Public Buildings. The credit for historical progress should be given not only to the soldiers, politi- cians, preachers and financiers, but the men who create our environment should be remembered for the permanent ob- jects of influence they leave behind them. Too often the architect, who designs the monument, is forgotten and the man who paid for it remembered. It is the first purpose of this article to serve as a reminder of some of the men who have influenced Evanston, not by giving their wealth but by giving their ideas ; by putting themselves into the buildings which they designed. It will also be attempted to give a list of the most interesting buildings, not for size or cost but for architecture. It is difficult, however, in a short sketch, to BLAKE, Architect) cover every work of architectural art in a city like Evanston, which has been served by at least fifty men as designers of its many buildings. Historical. — In the later eighteenth and the early nineteenth century, a style of architecture, called the "Georgian," was in quite general use in this country. Books of designs in this style were pub- lished and used quite freely by builders in the scarcity of professional designers. It is evident that some of these old books fognd their way to Evanston in the early d^s ; for, after the log houses and "grout" houses, many of the old buildings show quite plainly the ear-marks of these publi- cations. Under this head come the Bull-head Tavern, still standing on east side of Ridge Avenue north of Noyes Street ; the old Kline house in same neighborhood ; the Hoag homestead, on the southwest corner of Hinman Avenue and Davis Street ; the Crain house, now standing on University Place, just west of Sherman Avenue, and another old house on the east side of Ridge Avenue south of Simp- son Street. Most of these buildings were erected prior to i860. Dempster Hall, built on the Campus in 1854, was probably the first important building erected. It was destroyed by fire thirty years ago, but pictures show it to have had no more 303 304 EVANSTON ARCHITECTURE style than the old Preparatory Building, which was erected in 1855. The first church built by the Metho- dists, in 1856, was a well proportioned ex- ample of the Georgian style; also the Northwestern Female College, which was erected in 1857 on grounds west side of Chicago Avenue, between Lake Street and Greenwood Street, and the old Ben- son Avenue School, with its queer belfry, built in i860. One of the oldest residences at present standing was erected in 1862, by General Julius White, on the northwest corner of Davis Street and Chicago Avenue. It was moved in 1872 to its present location at 1028 Judson Avenue. Most of the work between i860 and 1870 had very little interest. The original church buildings erected by the Baptists (in 1865). the Presbyterians (in 1866) and the Congregationalists (in 1868), were of no special style, and all disappeared twen- ty years ago to make way for modern buildings, the present Presbyterjan church being the third erected on me same site. The so-called Victorian Gothic style was now making its appearance, and ex- amples may be seen in Heck Hall, built on the campus in 1867, and Willard Hall, built in 1871. with their mansard roofs and other characteristic details. The present building of the First Methodist church was built in 1870, and is interest- ing because it has so long been the princi- pal auditorium in the city. In 1873 was completed Evanston's first real work of architecture — University Hall — and it still has no superior among Evanston buildings. It was designed as an American adaptation of the English Collegiate Gothic by Architect G. P. Ran- dall, who was one of Chicago's leading architects at that time. He was a Ver- monter by birth, a self-educated man, an author of several books on architecture, and designed a large number of churches, schools and other public buildings. He died in 1885 and, for a number of years previous, lectured on scientific subjects. One of the best of his buildings in Chi- cago was the Union Park Congregational church. He claimed to be the first archi- tect using the dished floor and semi-cir- cular arrangement of seats in churches. Mr. Randall showed his originality and genius in selecting the style he did for University Hall, so totally different from the conventional buildings being built here at the same period. Its fitness is attested by the fact that Chicago University, after long consideration, has selected a very- similar general style. Is it too much to claim that the constant proximity of this work of art has affected, not only the ar- chitecture, but the general life of Evans - ton since that time? Evanston's first resident architect was Asa Lyons, and he deserves credit for establishing himself in such a small town. It is also a credit to Evanston that it was willing to support an architect at that early day. Architect Lyons came in 1872 and designed a great number of the houses being put up by Warren and Keeney in the south end of town. Later he erected the second building of. the Presbyterian church. He was "the" architect for ten years. A pretty good example of his style is the house at 1043 Hinman Avenue. Among his last works in Evanston were the Simpson market on corner of Davis Street and Sherman Avenue, built in 1882 and famous at that time for its tile floor and fountain ; and the original township high school building erected in 1883, and since incorporated in the present edifice. Two good examples of the work done between 1870 and 1880 are the C. J. Gil- HISTORY OF EVANSTON 305 bert house, on Asbury Avenue, near Em- erson Street, now owned by j\Ir. T. L. Pansier, and the Haskins house on the northeast corner of Hinman Avenue and Davis Street. At this time there were several places especially admired for their landscape architecture — the Kirk home- stead, at the south end of Ridge Avenue, the Edwin Lee Brown place, at the foot of Hamilton Street, and the Old Soldier's Home grounds, at the foot of Main Street. The Kirk homestead is the only one re- maining in nearly its former beauty. The next architects to leave their im- press on Evanston architecture were Isaacson & Bourgeois, and when it is told that they designed the Congregational church in 1886, that is sufficient to keep them in long remembrance. During the ten years from 1880 to 1890, the firm of Edbrooke & Burnham put up quite a number of houses in Evanston. It was the period of the "Queen Anne" in architecture. Probably the residence of Dr. AI. C. Bragdon, 1709 Chicago Ave- nue, is as typical of this period as any other. Now began building on a large scale by many architects of all degrees of ability. About the time that Architect Lyons sought other fields for his genius, Air. S. A. Jennings began the practice of architec- ture here on a small scale, but Evanston was growing fast and, through the force of circumstances, he became the busy archi- tect from 1885 to 1895. During that time he designed several hundred buildings for all purposes and of all sizes and varying cost, but all in one style. A critic who has seen two or three of his houses can recognize his hand in all the others, and there is hardly a block in the entire city where he has not left his mark. There is no doubt he designed more Evanston buildings than anv other one man before or since. The substantial homes of J. W. Low, 1560 Oak Avenue, and Timothy Dwight, 730 Hinman Avenue, are typical "Jennings" houses. Perhaps the most ex- pensive of his houses was the W. H. Jones house, 1232 Ridge Avenue, now owned by W. H. Redington. During the period of building activity between 1890 and 1895, a number of other architects especially identified themselves with Evanston — another Jennings with in- itials J. T. W., Mr. J. T. Lane, Charles R. Ayars, P. C. Stewart and, last of all, the author of this article. The work of these later men will be mentioned in the descrip- tive portion of this article. Foregoing are all the architects who have been especially identified with Ev- anston architecture, although many whose principal practice was elsewhere have lived here and have, possibly, added more to the beauty of its buildings than the local men. Descriptive. — The first appearance of Evanston is not prepossessing to the ar- chitectural critic. Davis Street is not es- pecially a poem in brick and stone. In fact, some of it is still wood. This, how- ever, is a general characteristic of Ameri- can cities and on overlooking this, a num- ber of good designs appear. Those most worthy of mention are the City Hall, a work of Holabird and Roche; the Century Building in renaissance style, by C. R. .A.yars ; the Rood Building, by J. T. W. Jennings ; and the new Simpson Building, Xo. 616, b}' John D. Atchison. On Grove Street, just west of the Police Station, the building of the Evanston Heating Company is worthy of notice as a reasonable expression of purpose in de- sign. It is the work of Myron Hunt. An- other important building in this vicinity is the Y. M. C. A. Building by Holabird and Roche. 3o6 EVANSTON ARCHITECTURE At the east end of Davis Street one en- ters the residence district. On the south- west corner of Forest Avenue is a good house in French domestic Gothic style by Burnham & Root. At 1616 Forest Avenue, north of Davis Street, is the house of C. A. Ward, in Southern Colonial style, by G. L. Harvey. The house of F. S. Martin, corner of Forest Avenue and Church Street, is a good sample of the modern plastered Ijuilding. The University buildings are, of course, the most studied by strangers. Nearest to the lake is the very conveniently ar- ranged Academy building by D. H. Burn- ham & Co. The only criticism ever made on it was by some wag, who pitied the poor little bear up on the top trying to hide behind a stone shield. At the end of Hinman Avenue is Science Hall, by Holabird & Roche, north of this Universi- ty Hall, which has already been men- tioned. The School of Oratory, in Vene- tian Gothic style, is the work of C. R. Ayars. Heck Hall is one of the older buildings mentioned in the historical sketch. Memorial Hall was designed by W. W. Boyington, and is supposed to be Romanesque in style. This architect also designed the Observatory. One of the finest of the University buildings is Or- rington Lunt Library, in pure classic style, by W. A. Otis. On the west side of Sheridan Road, fac- ing the Campus, are a number of artistic houses. The comparatively small resi- dence at No. ir)02 is considered by many one of the best proportioned houses in Evanston. North of this are several of the S. A. Jennings houses. No. 2016 is the home of Dr. C. J. Little, designed by W. A. Otis. No. 21 10 is Dr. Bonbright's house by C. R. Ayars. No. 21 14 is the residence of J. Scott Clark, designed by himself with the advice and assistance of D. IL Perkins, architect. This neighborhood is favored by men who are their own architects. On the south side of Noyes Street are two houses, designed by Vernon J. Hall for himself, and at 620 Hamlin Street is Professor Crew's own design. On the northwest cor- ner of Sheridan Road and Milburn Street is the house of E. F. Brown, by Handy & Cady. At 2645 Sheridan Road is the house of C. \V. Deering. The light house is a very good specimen of the latest prin- ciples in construction of that class of buildings. North of the light-house is a pretty group of houses called Ingleside. One of the best of S. A. Jennings' smaller designs is next to Sheridan Road on the north side of the park. Beginning at the north end of Orrington Avenue are a number of good examples of modern plas- ter architecture, mostly belonging to pro- fessors in the University. Numbers 2340 21 ID, 2042, 2038, 2030, 2026, and 1925 are all of this material in varying styles. Three good apartment buildings, de- signed by Myron Hunt, come farther south: the Boyleston. 614 Clark Street: the Cambridge, Clark and Orrington, and the Hereford, corner of Chicago Avenue and Church Street — this last being an es- pecially good example of the English country style. The block on the west side of Orrington Avenue contains, besides the old Willard Hall, the School of IMusic, a modern brick design by W. A. Otis, and Chapin Hall, a Colonial design by C. R. Ayars. The new Public Library, a classic build- ing by C. A. Phillips, will stand on the the northeast corner of Orrington Avenue and Church Street. On the southeast corner of the same streets is the Fowler studio, an artistic design, both exterior HISTORY OF EVANSTON 307 and interior, the work of P. C. Stewart. One block west the new Post Office is being erected from designs by the govern- ment architect. On Ridge Avenue, near the north city Hmits, is the Evanston Hospital, an ex- cellent brick building in the style of the Georgian period by G. L. Harvey. A lit- tle farther south, after passing the old Kline house and the Bull-Head Tavern, comes the Academy of Visitation. Only the south wing has been built. The de- sign is drawn from Royal HoUaway Col- lege, at Egham, England. H. J. Schlacks is the architect. Over in the vicinity of Church Street and Wesley Avenue is a group of inter- esting houses designed by Myron Hunt — Xos. 1613, 1617, and 1606 Wesley Ave- nue are among them. The United Presbyterian church, in the same vicinity, is a good piece of brick ar- chitecture in Italian Romanesque style. No. 1456 Ridge Avenue, the residence of John B. Kirk, is a good example of mod- ern English country architecture. The finest private residence in Evans- ton is that of James A. Patten, on the southwest corner of Ridge Avenue and Lake Street. The house, stable, grounds, fences, decorations and furniture were all designed by George W. IMaher, and it is a very good example of what is known as the "Art Xouveau." Across the street is St. ]\Iark"s Episco- pal church, in Xorman style, by Holabird & Roche, who also designed the Country Club, a large Colonial building a little way east on Lake Street. The interior of St. Mark's is verj' rich and elaborate. St. Mary's Catholic church, on the cor- ner of Lake and Oak, was designed by S. A. Jennings. Next door east is St. Mary's Hall, probably the best public auditorium in Evanston at the present time. It is the work of Alurphy & Camp. The residence of W. J. Fabian, No. 1509 Ridge Avenue, is an elaborate design in timber work, a very beautiful work. A description of interesting houses on Ridge Avenue would mean a list of nearly all and, in a sketch like this, only the most prominent can be mentioned. The Cath- erine White house, on the northeast cor- ner of Ridge Avenue and Dempster Street, is a good example of Myron Hunt's work. Cn the west side of Ridge Avenue, be- tween Grain and Greenleaf Streets, are three houses in New England Colonial style by W. C. Zimmerman, who also de- signed a group of very artistic shingled houses on Oak Avenue just east of the above. The residence at 1123 Ridge Avenue is one of Handy & Cady's designs. The W. H. Jones house, 1232, has been men- tioned before. A little west of Ridge Avenue, on corner of Asbur}' and Lee. is a very handsome lit- tle Colonial church designed by D. H. Perkins. St. Nicholas Catholic church, on Ridge Avenue, south of Main Street, is the work of Hermann Gaul. Over at the west end of Main Street is the W^ashington School, designed on gen- eral Renaissance lines by Patton and Mil- ler. It is most unique in arrangement of floor plan. On the corner of Main and Benson is the Central School, by Thomas & Rapp. The Episcopal chapel, corner of Main and Sherman, was built by J. T. Lane. On the northwest corner of Main Street and Chicago Avenue is the Sheridan build- ing in Italian Renaissance style by J. E. O. Pridmore — a very successful piece of remodeling and adding to an old building. Across the street south are the Park 3o8 EVANSTON ARCHITECTURE Apartments, in English lialf-timbered style — very successful in appearance in connec- tion with the park in front — designed by the author of this article. A little north of Main Street on Chicago Avenue is the Hemenway Methodist church by J. T. Long. The house Mr. Long designed for himself on Sheridan Road just north of Main Street, is inter- esting, as it contains a mantel removed from the old Governor's house in Kas- kaskia. The Lincoln School, corner of Main Street and Judson, is a very good Roman- esque design by J. T. W. Jennings. The gateway to Calvary Cemetery, at the extreme south end of town, is a grace- ful Gothic design by J. J. Egan, the well known church architect. Villa Celeste, the home of P. L. IMcKin- nie. at 721 Sheridan Road is by P. C. Stewart. Hinman Avenue is another street lined with fine residences. Beginning at the south end, No. 730 is the home of Timothy Dwight mentioned previously. The Co- lonial house. No. 740, is the home of L. L. Smith. The Second Presbyterian church is on the northeast corner of Main and Hinman. The houses at 918 and 1014 are interesting examples of remodeling old houses. The work was done by architects, but more than usually following sugges- tions by the owner, Dr. A. W. Herbert. The Evanston Apartments and Enslee Apartments, on opposite corners of Lee Street, are by John D. Atchison. The house at 1043 was previously mentioned as Asa Lyons' work. No. 121 1 is a neat Swiss villa by C. R. Avars. Numbers 1115, 1118, 1119, 1126, and 1209 are all worth repeating. The Hinman Avenue school on the corner of Dempster Street, is a perfect colonial design by D. H. Burn- ham & Co. On the southwest corner of Hinman and Lake is one of Irving K. Pond's artistic designs. Around the park at this corner are grouped the unique Congregational church ; the Presbyterian church, a Byzantine design by D. H. Burnham & Co. ; the Evanston Club by Holabird & Roche, and the graceful Baptist church built in 1875- Further north is the Methodist church, before mentioned. The houses at 1707 and on the corner of Clark Street were designed by W. A. Otis, the first in Eng- lish country style and the second in French Gothic. Forest Avenue has a number of notable houses. No. 1324 is by W. G. Barfield. Dr. Fuller's house. No. 1305, is an inter- esting shingled house, especially as it is said that D. H. Burnham, who stands at the head of his profession in this coun- try, not only originated the design but made most of the drawings with his own hands. No. 13 14 is a design by Handy and Cady. Farther south at the corner of Greenleaf Street are the Wilson houses, a group in stone, designed by Beers, Clay & Dutton. At the east end of Greenleaf Street is the Boat Club. Sheridan Road and Judson Avenue are both worth seeing in this vicinity. At the foot of Hamilton Street the old Edwin Lee Brown place has been sub- divided, and built up with a number of beautiful homes, with the slightly discor- dant proximity of the Melwood Apart- ment building. One of the largest is a com- bination design by Wilson & Marble at 1225 Sheridan Road. Greenwood Boulevard is worth a tour. At the east end are the residences of Ar- thur Orr at 202 by Holabird & Roche, Dr. Sheppard's residence at 225 by F. Ed- wards Ficken of New York, and the home HISTORY OF EVANSTON 309 of W. H. Bartlett on the corner of Forest Avenue. On the northwest corner of Judson Ave- nue is a block of houses by Myron Hunt. At 1424 Judson, is one of W. A. Otis' de- signs. Dr. Webster's house, on the corner of Chicago Avenue, is one of the best designs in Evanston. The Unitarian Church, on Chicago Avenue, near by, is the work of a woman architect, Marion Mahoney. West of the railroad a little south is the High School, a Renaissance design by C. R. Avars. On the corner of Green- wood and Oak is the Emanuel church, one of the last designs of John W. Root in association with D. H. Burnham. His death occurred soon after it was started. Greenwood between Maple Avenue and the Ridge contains a number of well de- signed houses. Up in the woods, at what was formerly North Evanston, are a large number of moderate priced artistic homes, in partic- ular a group at corner of Lincoln Street, and Evanston Avenue, by P. C. Stewart. D. H. Perkins, architect for the Chicago Board of Education, has built himself a summer home at 2319 Lincoln Street. The interior decorations are by Lucy Fitch Perkins. The ]\Iethodist church, on the corner of Central Street and Prairie Avenue, is a neat piece of wood architecture, by C. H. Whittlesey. The new buildings now in progress on Davis Street will add greatly to Evanston's architectural beauty. The one on the north- west corner of Chicago Avenue is designed by George W. Maher. The one being erect- ed on the site of old Lyons' Hall, at 621 and 623 Davis Street, is the work of H. W. J. Edbrooke, and the new State Bank Build- ing has for its designer C. A. Phillips. CHAPTER XXXIV. STREET NOMENCLATURE (By J. SEYMOUR OURREY, President Evanston Hlstork-al Society) Origin of Street and Avenue Names in Er- anston — Village Platted in i8j^ and Named for Dr. John Evans — PostotUce Previously Known as Ridgez'illc, and Still Earlier as Gross Point — ■ Evanston mained vested in the Board of Township Trustees as it had been before. On the 29th of December, 1863, the village was regularly incorporated. This form of gov- ernment continued until April 19, 1892, Office Established in j8ji§ — Street Names when Evanston was incorporated as a city. Owing to the preponderating influence on the new community of the Northwest- ern University, which had been estab- lished here under Methodist auspices, the names bestowed on the streets were large- ly those of distinguished Methodists. \\'hen, however, later additions were made to the village, the names were given by the new proprietors and the field of se- lection was much widened. Many of these names are in honor of old residents or of statesmen, or those known to the promoters of the new additions, or were selected arbitrarilv because of their fitness Derived from Prominent Methodists. Early Residents or Noted Statesmen — History and Biography thus Incorpo- rated in Street Nomenclature — System of Street and Avenue Numbering — List of Principal Streets and Persons for Jl'hom Named. The village of Evanston was laid out and platted in the winter of 1853-4 under the superintendence of Rev. Philo Judson, who was at that time business agent of the Northwestern University. The name of Evanston was adopted at this time by the Trustees of the University in honor of Dr. John Evans, one of the incorporators of the University and a liberal contributor to its endowment. Before that time there was no village on the site of Evanston, but a postofifice was in existence known as Ridgeville. In an earlier time the post- office had been known as Gross Point. The latter was established December 28, 1846. This was changed to Ridgeville, April 26, 1850: and again changed to Ev- to very many towns, and which convey lit- anston, August 27. 1855. After laying out tie or no meaning. But in general the us- the village the form of government still re- ual poverty of street nomenclature, so 311 to the natural surroundings, or even dic- tated by fancy- Thus, in the names of the streets of Ev- anston there is embalmed much of history and biograph}-. In the main these names are of especial interest to Evanston peo- ple, being intimately associated with its character and development. There are a few such names as jMain Street. Central Street, and the like, which are common 312 STREET NOMENCLATURE painfully apparent in most towns of its size, is in conspicuous contrast with the body of names found here, which in so great a degree reflect the character and sympathies of the founders and builders of Evanston, and are so rich in historical associations. The plan of this chapter of street names is to give the name of the street followed by the name of the person after whom it was called, with a few brief particulars, or descriptions. Full particulars are avail- able in a great variety of records. The names of some streets have been omitted because it was not possible to learn the origin of them. Some again are sufficient- ly obvious and require no mention, as for example Washington Street, Madison Street, Chicago Avenue and the like. It will be observed that the spelling of a street name does not always follow that of the person for whom it was named. This is the case with Hamlin Street, as now spelled, though named after Bishop Hamline who used a final e in the last syl- . lable of his name. So, also, with Forest Avenue, the usual spelling at the present time, though named after a man who spelled his name Forrest. A number of streets are called after the first names of the persons honored. For example, we have Orrington Avenue, Lee Street, Chancellor Street, Florence Avenue and the like, a reference to which will show that these are the Christian names of the per- sons for whom they were named. The streets of Evanston are called "Avenues," "Courts," "Streets" and "Places," according to the following rule: Avenues and Courts are such as run north and south ; Streets and Places such as run east and west. E.xceptions to this rule oc- cur in two instances. The "Sheridan Road" is called "Road" to conform to the general usage of the cities and towns north and. south of the City of Evanston. The "Indian Boundary Line" is so called because it is a street coinciding with the "Line" established by treaty with the Indians, as de- cribed below. The house numbers on the Avenues and Courts begin at the southern limits of the city and run about 800 to the mile, an even hundred beginning at each street intersection ; and those on the streets and places begin at the lake and run about 1200 to the mile, an even hun- dred beginning at each street intersection. Following will be found the names of the more noted and historic streets, ave- nues, etc., with a concise reference in each case to the person, locality or circum- stance from which the name is derived : Arnold Street: Named for Isaac N. Arnold, a prominent citizen of Chicago, born 181 5, died 1884; was member of Congress 1861-65 ; and owned land in the vicinity of where this street is located. Asbury Avenue: For Francis Asbury, first Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church in America, 1745-1816. Ayars Place: For James Ayars, a citizen of Evanston, once President of Board of Village Trustees. Bennett Avenue: For Mrs. C. C. Ben- nett, a sister of John Culver, now and for many years past a teacher in the Chi- cago Public Schools. Benson Avenue: For Francis H. Ben- son, a resident of Evanston in an early day. Boomer Place: For Norton \\'. Boom- er, for many years Principal of a public school in Chicago. Botsford Street: For J. K. Botsford of Chicago, who was one of the Trustees of the Northwestern University. Browne Avenue: For Charles E. Browne, one of the original proprietors of North Evanston. II HISTORY OF EVANSTON 313 Chancellor Street: For Chancellor L. Jenks, Jr., a son of Chancellor L. Jenks, a citizen of Evanston. Chicago Avenue : This name was given when the northern limits of Chicago were at North Avenue, and a long stretch of open country lay between Evanston and Chicago. The road connecting the two places was an extension of Chicago Ave- nue in Evanston southward, which joined North Clark Street at the Chicago city limits. The road was sandy and its con- dition so bad that a corporation was formed in 1859 to grade it, and it was then called the gravel road. On this road were two toll-gates, one at the intersec- tion of the Indian Boundary Line and the other at Graceland. Clark Street: For John Clark, a mem- ber of Rock River Conference, and the minister in charge of Clark Street church, Chicago, at the time that Mrs. Garrett made her gift to Garrett Biblical Institute. Clinton Place: Name adopted by city ordinance, February 11, 1902. Colfax Street : For Schuyler Colfax, \'ice-President of the United States, 1869-73. College Street: Original name of that portion of Davis Street west of Sher- man Avenue. Name was changed to Da\is Street in 1871. Crain Street: For the Grain family, who were among the earliest settlers of Evanston. Darrow Avenue : Named by Morton Culver in laying out a subdivision after a man of that name who was prominent among colored ]\Iasons of Chicago. Davis Street: For Dr. Nathan S. Davis, one of the Trustees of the North- western University; born in 1817 and died in 1904. Dempster Street: For Dr. John Demp- ster, born in 1794, died in 1863; Pro- fessor at Garrett Biblical Institute 18^4 to 1863. Dewey Avenue: For two sisters. Electa E. Dewey and Mary J. Dewey. Name given by IMorton Culver in laying out a subdivision; the Misses Dewey were teachers in the Jones School, Chi- cago. Dodge Avenue: For !Miss Kate Dodge, a teacher in the Jones School, Chicago. Emerson Street: For Benjamin Emer- son, a pioneer resident of Evanston. Ewing Avenue: For Adlai T. Ewing, who had control for several years of Ewing's addition to Evanston. Florence Avenue: For JNIiss Florence Tullis. a teacher in the Jones School, Chicago. Forest Avenue: For Thomas L. For- rest, born 1819, died 1904; was a bank- er of Chicago and owned some property in Evanston ; for thirty years was cashier of the Hide and Leather Bank. Residents have preferred a spelling diflferent from the name of IMr. Forrest. Foster Street: For Randolph S. Fos- ter, born 1820. died 1903; was the sec- ond President of the Northwestern Uni- versity, 1856-59. Gaffield Place: For Eli Gaffield, a pi- oneer resident of Evanston. Grant Street: Named in honor of Gen- eral U. S. Grant. Greenleaf Street: For Luther L. Green- leaf, born February 7, 182 1, died Novem- ber 23, 1886; lived in Evanston from i860 to 1875. Grey Avenue: For Charles F. Grey, a resident of Evanston since 1866. Hamilton Street: For James G. Ham- ilton, for many years a resident of Evanston ; was the secretary of the Board 314 STREET NOMENCLATURE of Trustees of the Northwestern Uni- versity. Hamlin Street: For Leonidas L. Ham- Hne, born May lo, 1797; elected Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church 1844; died March 23, 1865. Hartzell Street: For Joseph C. Hart- zell, Methodist Bishop of Africa. While a student at the Garrett Biblical Insti- tute, was the hero of a rescue of four men from the wreck of the schooner "Storm" in May, 1864. Haven Street : For Erastus O. Haven ; born 1820, died in 1881 ; was Pres- ident of the Northwestern University 1869 to 1872 ; in 1880 was elected a Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Hinman Avenue: For Clark T. Hin- man, first President of the Northwest- ern University, 1853-55 ; was born in Kortright, N. Y., August 3, 1817; gradu- ated from Wesleyan University in 1840 ; died at Troy, N. Y., 1854. Indian Boundary Line: This street follows the line of the boundary estab- lished by a treaty with Ottawas, Chippe- was and Pottawatomies, August 24, 1816. The line begins at the lake shore (in the language of the treaty) at "a point ten miles northward of the mouth of Chicago Creek," and runs southwest, crossing the Sheridan Road about one block from the starting point. A half block farther it crosses the southern city limits. It is known as Rogers Avenue after it crosses the limits into Chicago. Isabella Street: Named by Charles E. Browne after one of his daughters. Jackson Avenue: For A. B. Jackson, long a resident of Rogers Park. Jenks Street: For Chancellor L. Jenks, born January 29. 1828; practiced law in Chicago 1851-67; died January 10, 1903. Judson Avenue: For Philo Judson, born in Otsego County, N. Y., March I, 1807; was business agent of the North- western University, 1854-76: died March 2i. 1876. Kedzie Street: For John H. Kedzie, born September 8, 1815; died at Evan- ston, April 9, 1903 ; was a resident of Evanston forty-two years. Keeney Street: For James F. Keeney, for some years a resident of Evanston. Kirk Street: For James S. Kirk, born in 1818; lived in Evanston from 1859 to the time of his death; died June 15, 1886. Lee Street: Named by L. C. Pitner for his son, Lee J. Pitner; name given in 1871 when "Lhiion Addition" was laid out. Leon Street: Named for Louis Leon- hardt, a portion of his name being taken for the purpose. Library Street: That part of Hamlin Street extending from Orrington Avenue to Sherman Avenue, changed to this name because of its proximity to the Lunt Library, by city ordinance. June 21, IQ04. Livingston Street: Named for Liv- ingston Jenks, a son of Chancellor L. Jenks. Lyons Street: For Joseph j\I. Lyons, a resident of Evanston since the '6o's. McDaniel Avenue : For Alexander Mc- Daniel, born in 1S16; came to Evanston in 1836; Postmaster at Wilmette 1870-89; died October, 1898. Mulford Street: For Edward H. Mul- foril, l;oni i7<)2 : commissioned paymaster (with rank of Major) of a New York regiment in 1825; came to Evanston in 1840; died March 4, 1878. Nate Street: Former name of Clinton Place ; originally named for Rev. John Nate, a minister of the Methodist Church, long a resident of Evanston. Noyes Street: For Henry S. Noyes ; Professor of Mathematics, Northwestern HISTORY OF EVANSTON 315 University, 1855-60; acting President of same 1860-69; died May 24, 1872. Orrington Avenue: Named for Or- rington Lunt ; born December 24, 1815; one of the founders of Northwestern Uni- versity : died April 5. 1897. Payne Street: For Henry M. Payne, a resident of Chicago. Pitner Avenue: For Levi C. Pitner, long a resident of Evanston. Pratt Court: For the Pratt family, of whom two brothers, George and Paul, came to Evanston in 1837. Reba Place: Named for Miss Reba Poor, a daughter of John E. Poor. Reese Avenue: For Theodore Reese, surveyor, long a resident of Evanston. Ridge Avenue: There are two well defined ridges running north and south through Evanston, the west ridge be- ing the more prominent of the two. The general course of Ridge Avenue is along the summit of the West ridge. In an early day this neighborood was often described as "the Ridge." This is the oldest street in Evanston and follows the route of the old Green Bay Road. This route was established as a military road by the United States Government in 1832. It was also the route of the l-'rink & Walker stage line established in 1836, and which continued in operation until the railroad was opened in 1855. Rinn Street: For Jacob Rinn, long a resident of Evanston. Sheridan Road: Named in honor of General Philip H. Sheridan. This great pleasure driveway along the shore of Lake Michigan was planned by Volney W. Foster in 1887, and he is therefore known as the "father of the Sheridan Road." An act of the State Legislature was passed March 27, 1889, authorizing "Pleasure driveways in incorporated towns," under which the Sheridan Road Association was organized. The Evan- ston City Council passed an ordinance, July 25, 1892, establishing and naming that portion of Sheridan Road which passes through Evanston. Alexander Clark was associated with Mr. Foster in this great enterprise. Mr. Foster died August 15, 1904. Mr. Clark died Septem- ber 26, 1903. The Sheridan Road is now complete from Lincoln Park in Chicago to W'aukegan, and eventually will extend to Milwaukee. Gen. P. H. Sheridan was born March 6, 1831, and died August 5, 1888. Sherman Avenue: For Alson Smith Sherman, born April 21, 1811; came to Chicago in 1836; Mayor of Chicago, 1844; one of the incorporators of the North- western University, 1851; removed to Waukegan in 1856 ; and died there Sep- tember 22, 1003. Shuman Street : For Andrew Shu- man, for many ye?rs editor of the "Chicago Evening Journal;" Lieutenant- Governor of Illinois 1877-81; born 1830; died 1890. Simpson Street: For Matthew Simp- son, born 181 1, elected Bishop Meth- odist Episcopal Church 1852; President of Garrett Biblical Institute 1861-65 ; died June 18, 1884. Stanley Avenue: For B. F. Stanley; name gi\en by C. L. Jenks. Stewart Avenue: For John W. Stew- art, one of the original owners of North Evanston. Stockham Place: For Mrs. Alice B. Stockham, long a resident of Evanston. Thayer Street: Named by John Cul- ver for his wife, whose maiden name was Thayer. Warren Street: For Henry A. War- ren, formerly a resident of Evanston. 3i6 STREET NOMENCLATURE Wesley Avenue: Named in honor of John Wesley, the founder of Methodism. Wilder Street : For Aldin G. Wilder, a lumber dealer in Evanston in 1866, who also subdivided lands in the western part of the city. Willard Place: For Frances E. Will- ard, born September 28, 1839; President of Woman's College, Evanston, 1870; President of Woman's Christian Temper- ance Union, 1879; President of World's Christian Temperance Union, 1888; died February 17, 1898. A notable deficiency in the street no- menclature of Evanston is the absence of Indian names. No street perpetuates the name of tribe or chief, and but one — the "Indian Boundary Line" — has reference to a locality connected with the Indian occupation. The Pottawatomie Indians, who inhabited this region, possessed too ungainly and barbarous a name to make use of, and there were no leaders of dis- tinction among them who might be thus honored. This absence of picturesque Indian names is unfortunate, but is made good in the distinction and character of the names that have been chosen. The origin of street names is usually neglected until the occasion of them be- gins to grow dim in the vistas of the past. Then laborious research is necessary to learn the origin and significance of these names which have become household words. The eiTort to trace accurately the names given to streets, even within a compass of fifty years, is fraught with difficulty, and, as it is seen in older com- munities, the time comes soon when it is often a matter of conjecture. The aspect of the streets of Evanston, as we see them today, is in strong con- trast with the face of the land as looked upon by the founders of the town. Then was spread before them woodland and fields where farmers and woodmen had, in twenty years of ceaseless toil, changed the face of the country from its primeval condition to one of diversified forest and farm lands. Dwellings and locations of stfeets began to appear in accordance with the plans of the founders. Extensive lines of shade trees were planted which today, after many years' growth, have de- veloped into stately avenues of lofty elms and maples. Parks beside roadways, well paved streets and walks, spacious and well cultivated lawns, the glimpses here and there of the blue waters of Lake IVTichigan, and the comfortable and often palatial homes of its residents, have com- bined to form a "city beautiful," and to earn for itself the well deserved title of a "city of homes." CHAPTER XXXV THE FOUR-MILE LIMIT (By WILLIAM A. DYCHE) Act Incorporating Nortlnvcstcrn University Amended — Proliibition District Estab- lished — Sale of Spirituous Liquors With- in Four Miles of the University Prohib- ited — Local Sentiment in Favor of the Law — Violations and Anti-Saloon Litiga- tion — Citi::ens' League Organized — Su- preme Court Decisions. On January i8, 1855, Senator Norman B. Judd, of Cook County, offered in the State Senate an amendment to the charter of Northwestern University, entitled : "An Act to amend an act to incorporate Northwestern L'niversity," approved Jan- uary 28, 185 1. The proposed amendment consisted of five sections, tlie second, as finally passed, being as follows : "Section 2. Xo spirituous, vinous, or fer- mented liquors shall be sold, under license or otherwise, within four miles of the loca- tion of said L^niversity, except for medicin- al, mechanical, and sacramental purposes, under a penalty of twenty-five dollars for each ofi^ense, to be recovered before any Justice of the Peace of said County of Cook: Provided, that so much of this act as relates to the sale of intoxicating drinks within four miles, may be repealed by the General Assembly whenever they may think proper." Senator John }il. Palmer, of Sangamon County, moved to strike out this section. The vote was : yeas 6, nays 14. Senator Joseph Gillespie ofifered, as an amendment, that part of the second sec- tion which reserves for the General As- sembly the right of appeal. The other four sections of the amendment, like the charter, constitute a perpetual contract be- tween the State of Illinois and North- western University. The amendment of Senator Gillespie was agreed to and, on vote, the act was passed, 18 yeas to 2 nays. — (Senate Jour- nal, 1855. pages 126-127.) The measure was reported to the House February 2, 1855, and read for the first time on February 7th ; it was referred to the Com- mittee on ^Miscellaneous Affairs. On the 9th it was reported by the Committee and or- dered to third reading. It was passed Feb- ruary 13th, yeas 51, nays o. — (House Jour- nal, 1853, pages 205, 295, 378 and 538.) This amendment was formally accepted by the Trustees of the University June 13, 1855- Local Sentiment. — There has always been, on the part of citizens of Evanston, a strong sentiment in favor of the strict enforcement of the provisions of this act. It is safe to assert that, from its enact- ment to the present, Evanston has been freer from the illegal sale of liquor than al- most any other community located near 317 3i8 THE FOUR-MILE LIMIT the borders of a great city like Chicago. Our local government has always had among its ordinances stringent measures based on this amendment, and usually has made earnest efforts to enforce them. Numerous violations, of course, frequent- ly occur, but there has never been a place within the limits of the corporation where these ordinances were openly violated. Outside of the city, but within four miles, the violations have been more frequent, but at the present time there are very few open saloons within four miles of the University, except to the south, where the prohibition district extends far into the city of Chicago. Here saloons are numer- ous and flourishing, though they exist contrary to law. Litigation. — Three cases in which fines have been levied for the illegal sale of liquor within the four-mile limit, have been appealed to the Supreme Court of the State, two of which involved the consti- tutionality of the amendment to the char- ter of the University, and the third raised the question of the competency of testi- mony of detectives pad by the city. The first case was decided at the April term of the Court, 1862, being entitled, John O'Leary, Appellant, vs. The County of Cook, Appellee. The constitutionality of the amendment was questioned. The at- torneys for the appellant argued that it was in contravention of the 23d Section of Article HI. of the Constitution, in that it embraces two separate and independent subjects — the one of a private character, viz.: the amendment to the corporate powers of the University ; the other of a public nature, viz. : the prohibition of the sale of liquor within a given locality under penalty — two subjects not germane to one another and having no natural or neces- sarv connection with each other, while only one subject is expressed in the title of the act. This was successfully refuted by Messrs. Hurd, Booth & Potter, attorneys for the appellee, and the constitutionality of the act was upheld in a decision rendered by Chief Justice Caton. The following quotation from the opinion from the Chief Justice is interesting: "The object of the charter was to create an institution for the education of young men, and it was competent for the Leg- islature to embrace .within it everything which was designed to facilitate that ob- ject. Every provision which was intended to promote the well being of the institu- tion, or its students, was within the proper subject matter of that law. We cannot doubt that such was the single design of this law. Although this provision m ght incidentally tend to protect others resid- ing in the vicinity from the corrupting and demoralizing influences of the grog-shop, yet that was not the primary object of the law, but its sole purpose was to protect the students and faculty from such in- fluence." It is of interest to note that the appel- lant, John OTeary. and his descendants have been involved in more or less liti- gation with Evanston for nearly half a century; it is also worthy of notice that the illegal sale referred to in this case was made to Mortimer Russell, Rtissell being a name well known in the early an- nals of the village. The greatest item of interest in this case, aside from the favorable decision is, that the cause of law and order was ably advocated by Hon. Harvey B. Hurd, who, for more than half a centur)', had been one of Evanston's foremost citizens. Though more than forty years have come and gone since this decision, until his death in January, 1906, HISTORY OF EVANSTON 319 Mr. Hurd still remained to lend his vig- orous aid in seeing that the law was en- forced. From 1882 to 1893 the Citizens' League of Evanston was active in prosecuting violators of this law. Among those fre- (juently prosecuted were Trausch Broth- ers, and other saloon-keepers on the West Ridge, just north of Rose Hill. With the hope of protecting themselves from fur- ther prosecutions, these saloon-keepers and their friends, on Xovember 28, 1890, incorporated the village of W'est Ridge, out of territory heretofore not included within any city or village. Said village, by ordinance, regulated the sale of intoxi- cating liquors within its limits by licensing the sale thereof. Henry Trausch was granted a license ; shortly thereafter the Citizens" League obtained evidence that he made two separate and distinct sales of liquor. Action was brought against Trausch and a fine levied on him. He appealed the case and it finally reached the Supreme Court. Supreme Court Decision. — Chief Justice Shope, in rendering the opinion of the Court, makes it clear that an}' license granted by any city, village or town for the sale of liquor within the four-mile dis- trict is null and void. The following is a quotation from his opinion : "While the power is given to license, regulate and prohibit the selling and giv- ing away of intoxicating liquors, such power is not to be so construed as to afifect the provisions of the charter of Northwest- ern L'niversity, it being a literary insti- tution, the charter of which was granted before the General Incorporation Act." The chief contention of the attorney for the appellant was, that the amendment had been repealed by the general act, ap- proved May 4, 1887. This was overruled. It is made clear in this decision that anv license issued for the sale of liquor within the four-mile district, even though it be issued by a city, town or village within said district, is null and void. It is worthy of note in connection with this case that Hon. Harvey B. Hurd again appeared as attorney for the appellee, associating with him the law firm of Beach & Beach. During the past twenty-five years sev- eral diff^erent organizations have been formed to assist in the enforcement of this act. On August 24, 1882, the Citizens' League of the Township of Evanston was incorporated, with Frank P. Crandon and David R. Dyche, Millard R. Powers and H. W. Chester as charter members. Mr. Dyche served as its President till his death in August, 1893. He devoted much time, energy and no insignificant contri- butions from his own purse to forward the objects of the League. The next Presi- dent was Mr. Crandon. He, also, made large donations of time and money to this important work. Four-Mile League. — In 1894 it seemed wise to form a new organization as a suc- cessor to the Citizens' League, and through the efforts of Henry Wade Rogers, who was then President of Northwestern Uni- versity and greatly devoted to the cause of temperance, the Four-Mile League was or- ganized, with Charles B. Congdon, Henry Wade Rogers, Hugh R. A\'ilson, Charles H. Aldrich. William" A. Dyche, William H. Bartlett, Frank P. Crandon, George M. Sargent and Charles J. Little, as charter meml:)ers. The charter was dated Sep- tember II, 1894. Mr. Crandon was its first President ; he was succeeded by Mr. J. C. Shaffer. Mr. Shaft'er conducted a vigorous warfare against illegal sale of liquor and met with marked success. Mr. Newell C. Knight was the third and last President of the League. His administra- tion was equally vigorous. 320 THE FOUR-MILE LIMIT In iy02 the Municipal Association was incorporated. This organization, though having wider aims than the Four-^Iile League, which it succeeded, is especial- ly interested in the same good cause and is doing excellent work. Mr. Charles R. Webster has been President since its in- corporation. On January 3, 1893, William H. Lyman, a Chicago member of the House of Rep- resentatives, introduced House Bill 282, which sought to repeal a portion of the City and \'illage Act of 1872. This act, among other things, gives cities and vil- lages power to issue licenses for the sale of liquor under certain conditions. It pro- vides, however, "that nothing in the act shall be construed to affect the provisions of the charter of any literary institution heretofore granted." The introduction of this bill created much excitement and great indignation. Large delegations at once went to Springfield and exerted such influence that the bill never reached a sec- ond reading. Mayor's Report. — The citizens of Evan- ston have been greatly annoyed by the existence of saloons outside of, but near to. the limits of the corporation. The fol- lowing quotation from the Mayor's report for the year 1895 gives an instance of this : "For some years the western portion of our city has been greatly annoyed by the existence of several saloons on the prairie west of us. Some of these saloons were resorts of the lowest character, and to their other evils gambling and prosti- tution were often added. For some years they were licensed illegally by the Cook County Commissioners ; but this summer, in response to your request and the urgent effort of Commissioner Munn, these ille- gal licenses were not reissued. The Four- Mile League provided funds to carry- on a vigorous warfare against them. Our Chief of Police, Wheeler Bartram, greatly aided the League with his advice and work, as did also our City Attorney. The result was that, after a brief but energetic fight, these saloons were practically closed. Some of them are still running, but very quietly. A renewed and continuous effort by the League, aided by our city author- ities, will undoubtedly close them. The only way to successfully fight this enet7iy is to make it too expensive for him to stay in business." During the latter part of 1896, and for some time thereafter, the city was greatly hindered in its attempts to prosecute vio- lators of its prohibitory law by adverse decisions of the courts located in Chicago. The following, from the Mayor's report for 1896, is to the point : "One W. H. Meyers was arrested in July. 1896, on several charges of violating our liquor ordinances. He was fined in sums from $10 to $100. From these judg- ments the said Meyers appealed to the Criminal Court, where the cases were dis- missed on the grounds that the evidence had been obtained by witnesses who were in the employ of the city for the purpose of bringing action against the said Mey- ers. The city took an appeal from this de- cision to the Appellate Court, where it again met defeat, the Appellate Court sus- taining the decision of the Criminal Court. "\\'hile it is comparatively easy for our policemen to discover the resorts where liquor is sold illegally, it is very difficult for them to obtain evidence of this, for the reason that they are well known, hence it is necessary to use detectives, but both the testimony of our policemen, as well as that of the detectives, was ren- dered useless by the decisions above re- ferred to, and the difficulty of successfully prosecuting the keepers of these resorts was greatly increased. The case just re- HISTORY OF EVANSTON 321 ferred to was carried to the Supreme Court of the State, by the direction of the Council, and the judgments of the Crim- inal and Appellate Courts were reversed. The entire case was in charge of City At- torney George S. Baker, and to him be- longs unstinted praise for the obtaining from the Supreme Court of so far-reach- ing benefit, not to Evanston alone, but also to numerous other communities. The difficulty of prosecuting these cases and obtaining satisfactory results is far greater than most people imagine." Difficulties Owing to Nearness to Chi- cago. — One who, for the first time, is called upon to assist in enforcing the ordinances of Evanston, based on the amendment to the charter of the University, has no idea of the difficulties of the task, and it too frequently happens that both officers of the city and of the voluntary associations above referred to not only receive too lit- tle support from the community, but are most unjustly criticised for failure to ob- tain their complete enforcement. Occa- sionally they have deserved severe con- demnation for their indifference, but, as a rule, they have been earnest and active, meeting with decided success. Though at times our citizens seem indifl^erent to appeals for aid as in this work, they are in reality greatly interested and in emer- gencies respond most generously. The greatest danger in my mind to our law is the City of Chicago. The "four-mile limit" extends about two and one-half miles into the City of Chicago, and, in this prohibi- tion territory in Cliicagii, numerous sa- loons exist. I do not know if Chicago at present licenses these saloons. When I last investigated this in 1896, I found that Chicago did not issue them any license, hut that the saloon-keepers at the end of each quarter paid the City Collector a sum equivalent to a quarter's license. Whether licensed or not, they exist illegally, and ought to be closed. If they are allowed by- Chicago to flourish on Devon Avenue, some day she will permit them on the very north line of her corporate limits — a stone's throw from Calvary Cemetery. Unless Evanston puts up a vigorous fight, this will happen. Of all the blessings Northwestern University has brought Evanston, this amendment is first. It gives us a unique place in the ranks of xA-Uierican cities, and helps to make it possible for us to maintain a local govern- ment of unusually high standard. Let us give every aid and encouragement to our officials and especially to those men who, from time to time, we ask to act as our leaders in the great work of enforcing the provisions of this amendment and the ordinances based thereon. CHAPTER XXXVI. HOMES AND HOME-MAKERS— 1846-1870 (By ELIZABETH M. BOYNTON HAEBBRT, Ph. D.) Some of the Early Homes of Evanston — Men and Women Who have Left Their Impress on the City's History — What Evanston Ozves to Its Early Home Build- ers — Historic Names on the City Map — Abraham Lincoln and other Distinguished Visitors — The IVillard and Eggleston Families — Notable H^orkers in the Field of Religion, Education. Literature and the Arts. "The language of a ruder age gave to the common law the maxim that every man's house is his castle: the progress of Truth will eventually make every home a shrine." "I think that the heroism, which, at this day, would make on us the impression of great grandmothers and the science of Epaminondas and Phocion, must be that thoroughness, French art and Arabian of a domestic conqueror."' hospitality." And, if Mr. Ruskin had lived Thus wrote our poet-philosopher Emer- on this side of the Atlantic, might he not son, concerning the value and importance have added, "American Adaptability?" of wise home-making, while our poet- Mr. Frank Grover, in a valuable historical scientist, Henry Drumniond, has left for sketch (printed elsewhere in this volume) stitution. In a far truer sense than Ra- phael produced his "Holy Family," na- ture has provided a Holy Family. Not for centuries, but for millenniums, the family has arrived. Time has not tarnished it; no later art has improved upon it ; no gen- ius discovered anything more lovely, nor religion anything more divine." Of one important branch of home-mak- ing, that great "Apostle of the Beautiful," John Ruskin, has written: "Cookery means the knowledge of Circe, Medea, and of Calypso and Helen, and of Rebekah and of all the Queens of Sheba. It means the knowledge of all fruits and balms: of all that is sweet in fields and groves. It means the economy of your us the following statement : "So long as the first concern of a coun- try is for its homes, it matters little what it seeks second or third. "The one point, indeed, where all pro- refers to one of the first typical Evanston homes as follows : "The father, Antoine Ouilmette, was of French descent : the mother, Archange, was of true American (Indian) parentage. phets meet, where all sciences, from bi- In this family were four daughters : Eliza- ology to ethics, are enthusiastically at beth, Archange, Josette and Sophia, and one, is in their faith in the imperishable four sons : Joseph, Louis, Francis and potentialities of this yet most simple in- Mitchell." 323 324 HO.MES AXD HO.ME-AIAKERS— 1846-1870 Surely all lovers of symbolism or all philosophers, thinkers, who recognize the law that, in order to secure harmony, we must combine differences, will promptly recognize in the variety and balance of this pioneer home, prophecies of the re- sultant harmony and equilibrium which has caused so many discriminating tour- ists to repeat the trite question, "Is this Heavenston?" Thus, in its very infancy, the presiding Fates seem to have decreed that the honor of having founded our be- loved Evanston belonged equally to its sons and daughters, while our subsequent cosmopolitanism may be traced to that French father and American mother. For a number of years William and James Carney represented the entire po- lice force, and so firmly, kindly and hu- manely did they preserve law and order, that the village was exempt from depre- dations, and the very name "Carney" be- came a synonym for law and order ; as instance, the incident of an Evanston child exclaiming at sight of a Chicago po- liceman, "There goes another good Carney." In preparing this fragmentary sketch, we have been interested in the typical char- acter of the early settlers who, by their tastes and pursuits, foreshadowed the jEsthetic development of after years. Mr. and Mrs. Alonzo Burroughs were among the earliest agriculturists. Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Reed seem to have made Beauty and Service the patron saints of their home. We are told that Mr. Reed was the original path-finder or road- master of the village, and that a certain apple-tree planted by Mrs. Reed was, for forty 3'ears, because of the fragrance of its bloom and the rare flavor of its fruit, a joy to succeeding generations of children. These pioneer path-finders and home- makers doubtless would have been cheered and encouraged in many toilsome wanderings, could they have foreseen the tree-fringed avenues, streets and courts, whose names enshrine the memories of many subsequent path-makers, and hon- ored citizens; e. g., "Judson." "Hinman." "Irvington," "Benson," and "Kedzie" Ave- nues ; "Dempster," "Davis," "Xoycs," "Mul- ford," "Crain," "McDaniels," and "Lyons " Streets ; "Ayars Court" and "Willard Place," etc. "Joy," that notable but too frequently neglected "Fruit of the Spirit," hospital- ity, industry and faith (faith in God and faith in humanity) seem to have been characteristic of many of these pioneer homes. The altruistic cheerfulness, so notable in his philanthropic daughter, Mrs. Flelen Judson Beveridge, as well as in other members of that merry house- hold, was early intersphered in the village life by the genial father. Rev. Philo Judson. We are told that Mr. Judson's optimism and constant cheerfulness "enabled him to make perpetual holiday of the hard work and privations incident to the life of a circuit-rider through the wilds of Illi- nois," while his wife, Mrs. Huddleston Jutlson, was in all respects a notable help- meet, bravely bearing the added responsi- bilities resultant from his numerous ab- sences. Truly, if "all the world loves a lover," the residents of small frontier villages, where life is often too strenuous to permit of much pleasure-seeking, must always delight in a wedding. We are confident that, if the villagers could have foreseen in the groom a future General and Governor, and in the bride a notable philanthropist, even greater interest, if possible, would have centered in the marriage, in 1848, of Miss Helen Judson and Mr. John L. Bev- eridge. Who can estimate the amount of good HISTORY OF EVANSTON 325 influences that have emanated from the family circle of children and grand-chil- dren, whose father, mother and grand- parents commenced their home-making in a small cottage near where the Con- gregational Church now stands? We re- fer to Mr. and Mrs. John A. Pearsons. Mr. Pearsons, aside from his business in- terests and industry, was ever a promoter of harmony in the village, as he was, for a number of years, the first and only chorister; while Mrs. Pearsons has, for more than half a century, been a constant benediction to home and friends and church. Another group of contributors to the peace, health and harmony of the early village life was the family of Dr. and Mrs. Jacob W. Ludlam. The early annals of Evanston contain frequent references to this tree-embowered home as a social and musical center of most gracious influences. The Evanston Club House now occupies the beautiful grounds of this one-time influential home-center. The home of Major and Mrs. Mulford, "The Oakton" of 1840, is also remembered with loving appreciation by all who com- prehend the influence and power gf a bountiful hospitality, which is at the same time brave enough to exclude temptation in any form from both young and old. We are told that, in those early days, from their most abundant table, wine was ex- cluded, even on Xew Year's day. Theirs was. indeed, the home of Jus- tice and hospitality and temperance. Major Mulford was one of the early and honorable Justices of the Peace. About this time arrived the families of Mr. and ]\Irs. George M. Hun- toon, General and ?ilrs. Julius White, Major and Mrs. Edward Russell, Mr. and Mrs. Leander Clifford, IMr. and Mrs. George E. Foster. Mr. and Mrs. Andrew J. Brown, Mrs. Mary Foster, Air. and Mrs. Simon J. Kline, Professor and Mrs. AN'illiam Jones, Mr. and Mrs. E. R. Paul, Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin F. Hill. Mr. and Mrs. O. A. Grain. If still with us, the lamented editor of this volume might enter his editorial pro- test ; yet we would still insist upon the privilege of emphasizing in this record, the debt of gratitude which, not only Ev- anston, but the entire State and Nation, owe to some of these pioneers. In 1855, Hon. and Mrs. H. B. Hurd commenced their home-making in Evanston ; and every one in any way affected by the laws, the ethics or spiritual development of our loved "Prairie State," was thereby direct- ly benefited. For half a century Judge Hurd. by his legal acumen, his patriotic citizenship, his true fellowship in neigh- borhood, club and church, his loving fatherliness and grandfatherliness, proved a benediction to his generation and, at his passing onward on January 20, 1906, no citizen was ever more sincerely mourned. Many citizens who cherish loving memo- ries of "the good old times," refer with kindliest interest to the home of Judge and Mrs. Hurd, while children and grand- children pronounce them "blessed.'' .A.S early as 1858, in the happy, wisely orderd home of Mr. and Mrs. J. F. Wil- lard. a young girl was rapidly developing into the gifted philanthropist who, more than any other citizen, has made Evan- ston a house-hold word throughout tiie world, and "Rest Cottage" a veritable "Mecca" to thousands. The motherhood of Mrs. Mary Thompson Willard has be- come historic, but as we wish to refer to it in another connection, we omit further comment here. In 1885 Mr. and Mrs. Allen ^'ane com- menced their home-building here, laying the foundations, as was notably the case 326 HOMES AND HOME-MAKERS— 1846-1870 of so many of Evanston's early residents, of outside philanthropies, as well as fire- side pleasures. Other notable arrivals about this time were Rev. and Mrs. Oba- diah Huse — the charming personality of Mrs. Huse, the dignified bearing of Mr. Huse and the intellectual alertness of their children rendering their home a most at- tractive place. Citizens whose memories are enriched by pictures of the childhood and youth of Evanston, refer with loving appreciation to the home of Mr. and Mrs. L. L. Green- leaf, whose most generous hospitality in- cluded almost every human interest and object — educational, philanthropic and re- formatory. Mr. Greenleaf was one of the first of our citizens to make a valuable gift to the library of the University. He organized the Temperance Alliance, and Mrs. Elizabeth M. Greenleaf, his coad- jutor in every good word and work, ac- cepted service as President of the first Board of Trustees of "The Woman's Edu- cational Association." Two notable friends of education arrived when Mr. and Airs. C. G. Haskin brought their "Lares and Penates" to the village, and afterwards built the attractive house on the northeast corner of Hinman Ave- nue and Davis Street, which has succes- sively served as the home for such repre- sentative citizens as Mr. and Mrs. Simeon Farwell and Mrs. Mary Raymond Shum- way. An all-inclusive altruism is always characteristic of the true parental heart, which cannot rest content until comfort, opportunity and education are secured for "all the other children," as well as for one's very own ; hence, we are not sur- prised to find it recorded that, "early in 1868, Mrs. Mary Haskin started forth alone, from her well ordered home on a most important mission. Her object was to submit to such well known Christian philanthropists as Mrs. Melinda Hamline and Dr. Henry Bannister, her plans for a "Woman's Educational Association." The marked success which attended her efifort belongs to the Educational Chap- ter. We deem it our province, however, to refer to the practical interest in this plan — and doubtless personal sacrifice — to give the first financial aid, which de- veloped in the home of Rev. Obadiah and Mrs. Huse, one of the interesting and in- fluential home centers already referred to. Studying the results enjoyed in the Evans- ton of to-day, we realize what patient, faith- ful, self-sacrificing seed-sowing was done by these faithful pioneer home-makers in order to insure such a "Harvest Home" as the citizens of our bountiful and beau- tiful village enjoy to-day. As we think of the tradition of one notable "City Fa- ther," planting miles of trees, we rejoice in the day when l\Ir. and Mrs. Eli Gage and their household inscribed their names upon the now rapidly enlarging directory. One participant in "those good old times" informs us that, at one time, the social interests of the village seemed to converge in the cheerful home of Mr. and Mrs. Richard Somers, where, amid all good influences, a happy group of chil- dren were growing into manhood and womanhood. Another friend cherishes, as an almost sacred picture, that Madonna-faced young mother tenderly ministering to her own little "coming woman :" the sweet voiced mother being Mrs. Lucy Stone: the baby daughter, the gifted Alice Stone Blackwell. Meanwhile, in imagination, we see that noble father (the justice- loving patriot to whom every American woman owes a debt of gratitude), Mr. Henry Blackwell, at his daughter's cra- dle, highly resolving to do all in his power HISTORY OF EVANSTON 327 to secure freedom of opportunity, not only for his own, but for every other child without distinction of race, color, creed or sex. Of the home life of Rev. and ^Irs. George C. Noyes, we find the following interesting silhouette in "A Classic Town:" "Few have the intersphering nature that would lead them to lend a hand in enterprises so varied as those that shared the beneficent activities of Dr. Noyes. Indeed, there was no move- ment for the good of Evanston into which he did not throw the momentum of his well-poised mind and the warming influ- ence of his opulent heart." "Beside this valiant servant of Christ, there stood, during the first twelve years of his Evanston pastorate, a wife strong and capable as she was winsome and tender. I shall never forget, nor will any one who shared their blessed help, their faces so full of inspiration, their voices so vibrant with sympathy, their hands so frequently outstretched in deeds of love." Mrs. Noyes was another illustration of the fact that the true mother-heart is in- clusive, for while surrounded by her own group of six children, she fovmd time t;) aid in the temperance work, and to meet the various demands made upon the wife of a pastor of a large church. "For a term of years, Miss Emily Noyes rendered most faithful service in her brother's home until the only daugh- ter of Rev. and Mrs. Noyes, now Mrs. Ellen Noyes Orr, began to preside, as a little mother-queen, among her group of brothers." Of the beloved Professor Francis D. Hemenway, it is said that not even the "Hemenway Memorial Church" is his true monument, but the "Hymnal" of the Methodist Church. Dr. and Mrs. Hem- enway came to Evanston in 1857, and for almost a quarter of a century lived, loved and served among us. A most beloved instructor in the University, the record of his refined, helpful and harmonious life belongs there ; his wife has claimed, as her richest inheritance, the fact that "she had been the privileged home- maker for one of the purest, truest and best of men, who fully appreciated the meaning of that sacred word "Home." The historian in search of facts in re- gard to the substantial growth of Evans- ton between the years 1856 and i860, is aided b\- the following paragraph from an interesting letter written by Mrs. Sara Bailey Mann, one of the pioneer daugh- ters. Mrs. Mann writes : "You ask when my parents moved to Evanston? They came here in 1859. The location of the Northwestern University was just then decided upon, and father moved here because of the educational advantages Evanston then promised." Some of these children for whom these loving parents, Mr. William S. and Mrs. Sarah Bailey, were thus planning, were soon called to the severe educational experi- ences of our Civil War, as three of their sons responded to the call of their coun- try, the daughters subsequently (as was so often the case) bravely bearing added responsibilities. In preparing this little sketch, the wri- ter is often tempted to pause, as before sa- cred shrines in recognition of the really heroic sacrifices and endeavor manifest in these homes. Words written by a friend concerning Mr. and Mrs. Bailey are so true of them and of many other par- ents, that we reproduce them here: "What a history two simple names suggest. What sunshine, shadow, strug- gle, heroic sacrifice, noble living and final victory." As no well regulated village is without 328 HOMES AND HOME-MAKERS— 1846-1870 its universal "aunt" or "uncle, so, in 1863, there came to Evanston one who was soon familiarly known as Uncle Mark De Coudres. At ninety years of age, he with his own hands shingled his home in order to contribute $100 for Afri- can Missions. In a copy of Tlic Index, of 1864, we find the following record of the closing of one of the early homes — that of Dr. and Mrs. James T. Jewell : "Mrs. Jewell, the devoted and beloved wife of Dr. James Jewell, died at her home on Green- wood Street last Tuesday." Those who can read between the lines will compre- hend the pathos of such a record as the following, which was so often true of the self-sacrificing mothers of those early days: "She received an education, during her girlhood, far above that which it was possible, at that time, for many to attain. From early life she entertained strong de- sires to enter upon a life of study and into literary work. After her marriage she saw no immediate way to carry out her desires and plans without neglecting her duties in her home. She considered the matter carefully and deliberately elected as her life work, the making of a home for her husband and children." While some students of motherhood and home-mak- ing sometimes conclude that, if the moth- er can serve the literary feast in addition to the more material ones, it is better for home and children, yet all who knew of the absolute devotion of Mrs. Jewell to her husband and home, will gratefully re- memlier her faithful administrations therein. Another notable home-maker who seems to have yielded herself as a loving sacrifice in her home, was the wife of Bishop Randolph Foster. Bishop and Mrs. Foster, with their group of eight most interesting children, lived in a home among the magnificent group of oak trees which formerly adorned the lot upon which the hospitable home of Mr. and Mrs. Hugh Wilson now stands. This spot seems to have ever been one noted for its generous hospitality. Mrs. Foster was, as Elder Boring once said, "a wholly selfless woman. She was a Miss Sarah Wiley, one of the best, tru- est, purest, most unselfish women that ever lived, devoted to her husband, lost and swallowed up in him ; she lived for him, planned for him, took care of him, and kept a home that was always open to his friends with the most generous hos- pitality." We build monuments — the world is filled with them — to the fathers who yield life for others on the world's great battle- fields ; let us enshrine the memories of the self-sacrificing mothers and fathers, who, amid the imperious cares of home or the overwhelming duties and responsibilities of business, yield their lives for their chil- dren. As those who have entered into their labors, let us endeavor to secure wiser household and business conditions bv replacing intense competition with Christian co-operation. W'e have with hesitation referred to these facts in the hope that, with hundreds of similar ones that have come to each of us, they may incite us to throw the weight of whatever influence we may possess in favor of simpler manners, wiser laws, which will inevitably "Ring out the false, ring in the true." The more spiritual and intuitional the wife and mother, the more is she needed by husband and children, and the greater the loss to the highest good of all, if she yields to the wifely and motherly temptation to effect her own effacement and utter self-sacrifice for her loved ones. These same vears seem to have been HISTORY OF EVANSTON 329 auspicious ones for Evanston in many ways. In addition to the several names mentioned, we find recorded the arrival of Air. and Mrs. Francis Bradley and Mr. and j\Irs. Simeon Farwell. In 1862 a young couple arrived in the village who were destined to make valua- ble additions to its life in many ways ; and most interesting is the story of the service rendered by Dr. Oliver and Mrs. E. E. Marcey, to science, literature, phi- lanthropy and religion. The pleasant homestead on the northeast corner of Chi- cago Avenue and Church Street has been, for forty years, a favorite rallying point for students and friends. Of Dr. Marcey's valuable services as an educa- tor, mention will be made elsewhere, while, for adecjuate record of Mrs. Mar- cey's faithful ministrations as w'ife, moth- er, missionary-worker and philanthropist, a volume would be required. The par- ental pride centered in the beautiful and gifted daughter, Mrs. Anna JNIarcey Davis, whose memory is still sacredly cherished by many friends. About this time we find our illustrious patriot, Mrs. Jane C. Hoge, not only wise- ly guiding and guarding and ministering to her ow-n, but also including, in her true mother-heart, thousands of semi-mother- less boys, wdio, during those crucial }-ears of war, watched for her coming, or for the result of her loving care, as for an angel. Reproducing a statement made some years since at the historic "Fore- mother's Day in Evanston," we repeat : Because our lake-bordered, tree-fringed ■\'illage was once her home, we place lov- ingly on our scroll of honor, the name of Mrs. Jane C. Hoge, while just under- neath, we trace that of Mrs. Arza Brown, the first woman in the United States of America to receive the badge of the Christian Commission. Any thoughts of the philanthropic mother include memories of the beautiful and hospitable home on Chicago Avenue, where the interests of the whole world were studied, and so far as possible, aid- ed by Mr. and Mrs. Isaac R. Hitt. This home is one of the treasured land-marks of Evanston. ]\Irs Arza Brown, the pa- triotic mother of Mrs. Hitt, included in her active interest "A Christian Commission of the United States of America ;" Mrs. ]\Iary Brown Hitt, the daughter, included in her plans missionary service to the whole world. \\'hen we assert of Mr. Isaac R. Hitt, Mr, .\ndrew J. Brown and other of our prominent and influential men, that they supplemented and aided their wives in public philanthropic work, we record their true heroism and self-sacrifice, since it required true courage for a lov- ing husband to hear and read the oft-time bitter criticisms of those days, upon any work performed by woman outside of the home, even though such service was ren- dered for the Church or the State. During the years from 1864 to 1867, in- clusive, many strong links were forged in the chain of helpful influences which was to encircle Evanston for generations, since many of the children of these rapid- ly developing home-shrines are numbered amongst the most useful and honored cit- izens of the present time. Art, literature, science, health, education, philanthropy, religion, happiness, beauty and joy have been the rich fruitage yielded from the homes of Mr. and Mrs. Charles F. Grey : Dr. and Mrs. Oliver Marcy ; Dr. and ]\Irs. Miner Raymond ; Dr. and Airs. O. H. Mann : Rev. and Mrs. Lucius H. Bugbee; Mr. and Mrs. L. H. Bou- telle ; Air. and Mrs. Andrew J. Brown ; Mr. and Airs. Nicholas G. Iglehart ; Mr. and Airs. Towner K. ^^'ebster; Air. and Mrs. Francis Bradlev; Air. and Airs. Simeon 3 30 HOMES AND HOME-MAKERS— 1846-1870 Farwell; Mr. and Mrs. H. C. Tillinghast ; Mr. and Mrs. Charles E. Browne; Mr. and Mrs. H. F. Clmstead ; Hon. and Mrs. Andrew Shuman and Mr. and Mrs. Frank L. Winnie. Among the earliest patrons of art were Mr. and Mrs. Charles F. Grey, and the carefully selected canvases, which have adorned their beautiful and home-like familv residence on Forest Avenue, have rendered this home center a most attrac- tive spot to all art-lovers, while in the church and in the beautiful courts of philanthropy, they have rendered constant, cheerful and most generous services. Music and religion were indig- enous to the spiritual atmosphere of the home of Mr. and Mrs. Nicholas G. Igle- hart. The records of the Baptist Church are replete with the facts of Mrs. Igle- hart's abundant helpfulness. Abounding cheerfulness, and that true hospitality which includes every home- sick, lonely stranger, were conspicuously characteristic of the home of Mr. Charles E. and Mrs. Martha Evarts Browne. No literary, musical or artistic prophet, phil- anthropist or reformer was without honor in Evanston, during the years when Mr. and Mrs. Browne lived and served amongst us. At one time during the year 1869, sixty-nine authors, musicians and literateurs were numbered among the guests at this home. Another home where, for many years, one met with a rare hospitality and with most beautiful object lessons in high- thinking and simple living, was that of Mr. and Mrs. H. F. Olmstead. In addi- tion to the wise and careful mothering of her four sons, Mrs. Olmstead was one of the most discriminating and apprecia- tive students of philosophy and literature amongst our Evanston women, while Mr. Olmstead was noted for his business in- tegrity. If ever a man caused his neighbors and friends to walk a flower-strewn path, it was Mr. H. C. Tillinghast. His sermons in flowers, silently exhaling from the pul- pit of more than one church, constantly reminded us that "Beauty is the smile of God." Mr. and Mrs. Tillinghast have been blessed in their home life, and in turn blessed the village and the church, while children and grandchildren refer to them as their richest inheritance. How many care lines have faded from the faces of an.xious young mothers upon the appearance of Dr. O. H. ]Mann. He was successful and progressive in his medical practice, which included the then novel hints and suggestions in regard to the prevention of disease by hygienic nursing and cheerful surroundings. The home of Dr. and Mrs. ]\Iann was the scene of generous hospitality both to friends and to ideas. In the pleasant home of Mr. and Mrs. Francis E. Bradley the Congregational Cliurch was organized. From it many other religious and philanthropic influ- ences emanated, and ever the purest atmos- phere of culture, refinement and true re- ligion permeated this home of beau- tiful daughters and obedient sons. For many years, this home, together with those of Mr. and Mrs. J. L. Williams, Mr. and Mrs. L. H. Boutelle and Mr. and ?vlrs. J. H. Kedzie, seemed to be the "so- cial annex" to the Congregational Church. During these years the University, the Methodist Church and the Social Circle of the village, gladly welcomed Dr. .Miner Raymond and his gracious and estimable wife, ^Irs. Elizabeth Henderson Ray- mond. To the historian of the Universi- HISTORY OF EVANSTON 331 ty belongs the rich and interesting record of the good Doctor's many useful years. The memories of the early and faithful ministrations of the loving mother belong to us all, and are cherished as a rich le- gacy by her children and grandchildren, as are the more scholarly labors and Christian philanthropies of the noble fa- ther. About this time Mr. E. W. Earned came to build the second brick house in Evanston, to be the future home of Mr. and Mrs. L P. DeCoudres. In the fol- lowing year Mr. and Mrs. Earned located permanently in Evanston. To all appreciating the value of the kindergarten and the importance of the early years of childhood, a most impor- tant and far-reaching event occurred, when, in the spring of 1866, Rev. and Mrs. Edward Eggleston commenced their home-making in our village. Mr. Eggle- ston was among the first of our Ameri- can fathers to comprehend and appreciate the methods and aim of the great Froebel. Finding it impossible to obtain a good translation of Froebel's songs, he studied German for that purpose ; translated the songs, built a cottage for the kindergarten and taught the kindergartners, and, meanwhile, superintended the Methodist Episcopal Sunday School, while carrying on his literary work. Another iimiate of this "Children's Home" was a gifted young sister, Miss Jane Eggleston, who subsequently be- came the wife of Rev. Charles Zimmer- man. Mrs. Zimmerman, although pos- sessed of unusual intellectual gifts (as all who have read her "Gray Heads on Young Shoulders" recognize), has been far more than a c|uarter of a century a most faithful mother and home-maker, as Rev. Mr. Zimmerman is one of our enthu- siastic reformers. In this same year, 1866, much interest centered in the arrival of many other most interesting families and in the erec- tion of some beautiful homes in our suburb, notably the residence of Mr. and Mrs. \V. N. Brainard, on Hinman Ave- nue. The homes of those days, although not equaling, in many respects, some of the more massive structures of modern times, possessed all the essentials of ideal homes, namely: large grounds, grassy parks shadowed by beautiful trees, flowers, books, music, happy children, and genuine altruism. In the home of .Mr. and Mrs. Brainard, for a quarter of a century, a most charming hospitality was dispensed. While fulfilling every duty incident to mother- hood and home, Mrs. Brainard found time for helpful service in the church and in so- cial circles, and also for extensive and discriminating reading along philosophic and spiritual lines, which has caused her opinions to be highly valued by all who love the good, the beautiful and the true. Mr. William X. Brainard served as a member of the State Board of Railroad and Warehouse Commissioners, and was a most public-spirited citizen. In this same historic year, still other names, destined to be loved and honored in Evanston, first became known in church, in journalistic and social life. We refer to those of Hon. and Mrs. Andrew Shuman. As editor of the "Evening Journal," of Chicago, and subsequently as Lieutenant-Governor of the State, Mr. Shuman reflected honor upon the home of his adoption, while his wife soon became an accepted authority in the most refined and intellectual circles. The family homestead, embowered in stately ever- greens and majestic elms and oaks, was a radiating center of many helpful influences. In 1867 came such helpful citizens as Mr. and Mrs. T. K. Webster. Col. and 332 HOMES AXD HOAIE-MAKERS— 1846-1870 Mrs. E. S. Weeden, Mr. and Mrs. Alfred Sewell, Mr. and Mrs. Charles H. Gilbert — each and all referred to elsewhere. Many pleasant memories and much loving interest center in the home of Professor and Mrs. H. S. Noyes. From i860 to 1869 Professor Noyes was the Act- ing President of the Northwestern Univer- sity, and was ably seconded in his manifold duties as parent, educator and citizen, by his gifted and accomplished wife. What the most ideal home of any college President has been to any village have been the homes of the Northwestern's Presidents to Evanston. In the list, which includes such honored names as Bishop and Mrs. Foster, Dr. and Mrs. Hinman, Professor and Mrs. Noyes, Bishop and Mrs. E. O. Haven, Bishop and Mrs. Charles Fowler, Dr. and Mrs. Oli- ver Marcy, Dr. and Mrs. Cummings, Dr. and Airs. Henry Wade Rogers, and Dr. and Mrs. Edmund James, we recognize a succession of influences which have great- ly enriched and ennobled the life and civ- ilization of this great Northwest. Among the names of influential citi- zens which will appear and re-appear in the reports of clubs (Philosophical, Edu- cational and Social), business enterprises, church organizations and village interests, are those of, Mr. and Mrs. George Reynolds, Mr. and Mrs. Heman G. Powers, Mr. and Mrs. A. P. Wightman, Mr. and Mrs. George ]\I. Huntoon (1841), Mr. and Mrs. E. R. Paul, Mr. and Mrs. A. J. Brown, Mr. and Mrs. D. 13. Dewey. Mr. and Mrs. Addison de Coudres, Major and Mrs. Edward Russell (1855), Mr. and Mrs. John A. Childs, Prof, and Mrs. Julius F. Kellogg, Mr. and Mrs. William Wycoff, "Deacon" and Mrs. Hill, Mr. and J\Irs. Alexander Gunn, Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Chapman, Mr. and Mrs. A. G. Wilder, Mr. and Mrs. John A. Lighthall, Mr. and Mrs. D. I. Crocker, Mr. and Mrs. John Lyman, Mr. and Mrs. F. M. Weller, Mr. and Mrs. P. G. Siller, Mr. and Mrs. H. C. Cone, Mr. and Mrs. I. H. Haywood, Mr. and Mrs. William C. Comstock, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Comstock, Mrs. Sarah Roland Childs, Mr. and Mrs. Edward S. Taylor, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Wightman, Mr. and Mrs. S. A. Kean, Mr. and Mrs. John H. Hamline, Mr. and ]\Irs. Thomas Cosgrove, Mr. and Mrs. R. S. King, Mr. and Mrs. L. C. Pitner, Mr. and Mrs. C. S. Burch, Mrs. Caroline Murray, Mr. and Mrs. Alfred L. Sewell, Mr. and Mrs. J. J. Parkhurst, :\Ir. and Mrs. David R. Dyche, Lewis M. Angle. Those wdio would most deplore any loss of tenderness or refinement in wom- en, or any diminution in love of, or loyal- ty to, home or children, as a result of more inclusive and public interests, are referred to page 236 of " A Classic Town," and are requested to study the faces of four of Evanston's most illustrious moth- ers, housekeepers and home-makers : i. e., Mrs. Mary Thompson Willard, Mrs. Lucy Bannister, Mrs. Henriette S. Kidder and Mrs. Melinda Hamline. Before re- ferring to these noble mothers of illustri- ous children, we would be glad if Miss Frances Willard had given us, on the op- posite page of her volume the equally in- teresting faces of the fathers in these not- HISTORY OF EVANSTON 333 able homes: ^Ir. J. G. W'illard ; Rev. Henry Bannister, D. D. ; Rev. Daniel Kidder, D. D., and Bishop Hamline — for in each case, at a glance, one would have discovered that in these ideal homes there was always found the poet's dream of "Two heads in council." The face of Mrs. Mary Thompson \\'illard is the first of the notable group of home-makers to arrest our thought. The story of the life of the beloved and honored W'illard family in our midst is so familiar that its re-telling here is unnecessar}-, and we content our- selves with reproducing a single scene. On January 3, 1885, one of the most notable gatherings ever held in the West convened at "Rest Cottage," in recogni- tion of the eightieth birthday of "^Madame Willard." The father, Mr. J. G. Willard, the daughter "Mary" (whose "nineteen beautiful years" have been so beautifully photographed by her illustrious sister), and the brilliant son, Air. Oliver Willartl. had all passed to the Spirit Realm; but the mother, calm, poised, genial and radi- ant with the pure joy resultant from re- warded self-sacrifice and great enthusi- asms, was still spared to us. Never did she seem more truly great than in the dig- nified simplicity with which she received the homage paid to her, as the noble mother of the great daughter. Writing of this event at the time, we said the very cards of invitation seem pregnant with suggestions, although they merely hint of the inclusive home-making of this great mother. They, however, re- mind those who have the entree to this veritable "Rest Cottage," of a pleasant fact, namely: that here, under one roof, divided by an open doorway, are the homes of Madame Willard and her daughter Frances, and of the beloved daughter-in-law. Mary Bannister Wil- lard, with her group of children. The words written for this occasion by Mrs. Mary A. Livermore are so obvious- ly true of many fathers and mothers in Evanston, that we presume to produce them here : "My Dear Mrs. Willard: "I have come to know you through your children. A mother is indeed hon- ored, whose children rise up and call her 'blessed.' I also call you blessed ; not alone because of your children, but be- cause you have learned so well the les- sons and mastered so nobly the tasks as- signed us here in the first school of the soul. Yours truly, ■■]\Iary A. Livermore." Equally appropriate are the lines writ- ten for this occasion by the dearly loved adopted daughter of this home, Miss Anna Gordon : "We join tonight to honor one, \A'hose crown of eighty years Reflects a faith that's born of love, A hope that conquers fears. "A life enriched by blessed deeds, All through its blessed days ; A soul that, e'en in darkest hours, .Still sings its song of praise." Many parents, themselves deprived of early advantages, congratulating their children or grandchildren who enjoy the glorious opportunities of the "present," re-echo the words of this grateful moth- er: "Your opportunity is my pleasure; your duty is my delight." Isabel Somerset (Lady Henry) in the "Rest Islander,'' has preserved for us this picture : "In October, 1891, I stood for the first time on the platform of the railway sta- tion in the "Classic Town of Evanston." It was a sunnv, autumn dav. The rare 334 HOMES AND HOME-MAKERS— 1846- 1870 tints of ruby and gold that gleam as sum- mer's funeral torches in the glad, new world, were flaming in brilliant beauty along the shady park-ways of that lovely spot on the shores of Lake Michigan. "A few minutes later, I was in 'Rest Cottage,' as it was then in its complete- ness, for since that day, the sun has set on that great life that was the center of the home circle. Mrs. Willard stood there then in the doorway to meet me, erect and queenly still, in spite of her eighty-six years. She greeted me with that gentle kindness that showed at once her innate, refined and quiet dignity, and, as we sat around the supper-table that night, amid the dainty brightness, yet simple surroundings of that charming home, and later gathered round the open hearth in Miss Willard's den, or walked next day in the yard with its trees and flowers, grape arbor and rustic dove-cote, I felt that, in all my wanderings up and down the world, I had never found a more harmonious home ; a spot in which seemed combined the breezy atmosphere of the great wide world, with the fragrant family life which remained unruffled in its holy calm." The second picture is that of Mrs. Me- linda Hamline. During a Sabbath after- noon in the 'sixties, strangers were some- times surprised to see numbers of people leaving the attractive lakeside home of one who was always known as "Mrs. (Bishop) Hamline." Curiosity was speedily assuaged, however, by the state- ment, that these were members of the "Bible Class" taught by this gentle, little blue-eyed woman, who combined with the tenderness of the violet the poise and strength of the eternal hills. We are told that "the first home that the stranger student was invited to enter in Evanston between the }ears of 1856 anrl 1870 was likely to be that of Rev. Dr. and Mrs. Daniel Kidder." Miss Willard writes in her historical sketch, "That roomy man- sion among the trees, so long known as the 'Hitt Homestead," was one of the first, if not the foremost, social center of old-time Evanston. Its way was undisputed ; its associations were delightful. True Chris- tian hospitality has rarely had a more ad- equate exponent ; for here were comfort, cordiality and culture without luxury, fashion or display. The timid girl, work- ing her passage through college, salutes the distinguished head of the University, and the youth who sawed wood or milked cows to earn his board, met the rich Chi- cago business man without feeling any gulf between them." We are glad to call attention to the fact that this recognition of the true dignity of industry was not confined to those ear- lier years. During the notable feast of oratory incident to the fiftieth birth-day of the Northwestern University, no senti- ment received greater applause than the following voiced by the youngest repre- sentative on the programme : "Evanston is not ashamed of her college stokers." Rev. George E. Strowbridge, another of Evanston "s representative children, the son of Mr. and Mrs. M. M. Conwell, writing of this home, after referring to the most generous hospitality of Dr. and Mrs. Kid- der, says: "It was of incalculable benefit to those whose opinions were then forming, that this 'home,' with its large library lined with well chosen books, its roomy parlors and its broad piazza on which we delighted to promenade when summer nights were fair and sweet, brought to our young hearts the conception of Christ and Christians as a social force." The fourth face upon this interesting page is that of Mrs. Lucy K. Bannister, another mother of notable children and HISTORY OF EVANSTON 335 grandchildren, philanthropists, litera- teurs, musicians, authors. In this home we find the father ever a most potent fac- tor, since, whenever Dr. Henry Bannister presided, there was a recognized "Mc- Gregor at the head of the table." Friends, pupils, citizens, attest to the good influ- ences constantly emanating from this home. Our Common Schools, "Free Li- brary," The "Philosophical Association" and the "Temperance Alliance," each found in Dr. Bannister a most helpful friend ; while he, in time, sought and found his inspiration and help in the beautiful and spiritual woman who, for half a century, was the light of his home. We have previously referred to the pleas- ant home of Rev. and Mrs. C. P. Bragdon (the latter a sister of Dr. Bannister), where were developing into helpful man- hood and womanhood another group of children, who were to render this name historic in the annals of Evanston. Having written and quoted the fore- going in regard to these notable home- makers, our attention is arrested by a page containing another group of names almost equally notable as mothers, liter- ateurs, poets and philanthropists. This is the page on which appear the portraits of Mrs. Mary B. WiUard, Mrs. I. R. Hitt, Mrs. E. E. Marcey and Mrs. Emily Hunt- ington Miller. As one thinks of that slight figure of Mrs. Miller, in those earli- er days, so beautifully administering her home; then, of her contributions to the "Little Corporal," still later of accep- table lectures at Chautauqua, one wonders at her strength. Then, as we revert in thought to the herculean work and pe- tite stature of Frances Willard, of the work of Mary B. Willard, Mrs. Marcey and others, all small of stature, we are re- minded of one of Mrs. Mary Livermore's stories, which she prefaced with the state- ment, "Oh, the power of these little wom- en!" She stated that when she called a meeting of women in Chicago, to counsel with them in regard to the name of a journal she was thinking of publishing, some large woman who appeared to be physically able to overturn a State, would rise, and, in the softest, gentlest tones would say: "Madame Chairman, I move that the paper be called the 'Morning Light' or the "Dawn of Day.' " Then, some little woman would arise and in clear, unmistakeable tones would say, "O do not vote for 'The Dawn of Day,' or 'Morning Light,' but for the 'Revolution' or the 'Agitator.' " Just at this point we would ask permis- sion to explain that, if in this record of home-making, the work of the fathers does not always receive equal emphasis with that of the mothers, it is because the fa- thers are to appear in other records. In almost every one of the homes men- tioned there were, from the beginning, imperious duties and interests requiring the joint action of Ijoth parents. It would be a labor of love to allow this chapter to -enlarge into a volume, and to chronicle the name, not only of every pioneer, but the name and fame of all the beloved "la- ter arrivals," but that pleasure must be enjoyed by some future historian. The necessary limits of this fragmentary sketch prevent other than the briefest reference, especially to such names as will appear in specific records of churchly, edu- cational, industrial and philanthropic in- terests. However, in gleaning from the facts of road-making, house, church and school building, the manifold altruis- tic and philanthropic plans devised by these fathers and mothers (surrounded by their groups of little children) ; one is re- minded of the story of Bernini, the cele- brated Italian Master. L'pon one occa- 336 HOMES AND HOME-MAKERS— 1846-1870 sion, this versatile genius gave a public opera in Rome, for which, as Vasari tells us, "he built the theater, painted the scen- ery, invented the engines, composed the music and wrote the poem." We greet the children and grandchil- dren of these pioneers in every honorable occupation to-day ; in business, litera- ture, science, music, the drama, art, phil- osophy and religion, and as we greet them thus, we re-affirm the thought that nothing pays so well as wise, loving, true and faithful parenthood. Surely the notable and useful children and grandchildren who have emerged from these homes, were developed in an atmosphere of plain living and high thinking, since, in 1853, the taxable prop- erty of Evanston was assessed at six hun- dred dollars, and we find on the ta.x-list of that year, the names of George Hun- toon, Eli Gaffield, William Foster, Paul Pratt, Mrs. Pratt, O. A. Grain and Charles Grain. Mrs. Beveridge reports a church serv- •ice in 1854, at which all but three of the women appeared in the old time sun-bon- nets, and the clerical dress of the pastor consisted of blue cotton "overalls," Judging from the helpful lives of the children of these simpler homes, we are convinced that the foundations of our beautiful Evanston were laid by those who had learned "the true secret of cul- ture," thus beautifully defined by the "Concord Sage :" "The secret of culture is to learn that a few great points steadily re-appear, alike in the poverty of the obscurest farm and in the miscellany of metropolitan life, and that these few are alone to be regarded, namely : the escape from all false ties ; courage to be what we are and to love what is simple and beautiful ; independ- ent and cheerful relations. These are the essentials ; these, and the wish to serve, to add somewhat to the well-being of man." A charming story could be written concerning the distinguished guests who have been welcomed to these homes. A list including such names as those of Abraham Lincoln, who was entertained by General and Mrs, Julius White; Lady Henry Somerset, of England ; Susan B. Anthony, A. Bronson Alcott, Presidents, Bishops, literateurs. Judges, poets, phil- osophers, scientists, statesmen and phil- anthropists, ad infinitum. ^Ve also delight to record that our somewhat too puritanic Evanston of the "airly days," was at times capable of great enthusiasms, and we gladly repro- duce the picture of a most unusual scene preserved for us by Miss Willard, in con- nection with a charming biographical sketch of Bishop Simpson and his wife, and of their three years' residence here. She writes : "While he lived in Evanston, i860 to 1863, the Bishop's official duties called him to California, and half the town formed in procession going with him to the train, an honor never before or since accorded to mortal, that I know of, by our staid and thoroughly equipoised Ev- anstonians. \\'hen he returned, coming all the awful distance overland by stage, and in peril of the Indians a large part of the way, we all turned out again, and car- rying the Bragdon melodeon and led by the Ludlam voices, we young folks ser- enaded our revered chief with, 'Home again, home again. From a foreign shore !' " Difficult, as it doubtless is, for their de- scendants to realize the manifold self- sacrifices, the anxieties and discourage- ments of pioneer life, yet do not those who have lived to enjoy the luxuries of HISTORY OF EVANSTON 337 "apartments," "steam-heat" or "Yaryan" ; of butlers' pantries," and modern "recep- tions," often revert to the good old-fash- ioned open fires, the old-fashioned fami- ly singing or the neighborhood singing school, and the blessed old-fashioned tea- parties, when there was leisure for high- thinking and opportunity to express one's thoughts ; when the patriotism of the home and the public spirit of the fathers and mothers were manifested in the children and over-flowed into the groves, at least once a year, on the Fourth of July? If, added to those conscious pleasures, some seer or prophet could have appeared and voiced some such words as the fol- lowing, would not the ever-recurring dai- ly duties have been performed with added joy? "Congratulations, good friends!" must have been the exclamations, as upon the "screens prophetic" were thrown, in rapid succession, scenes from the future lives of some of these growing, question- ing children. Suppose we could have foreseen Frances E. Willard presiding in England's capitol over a World's Temper- ance Convention ; General and Mrs. Bev- eridge "receiving" at the executive man- sion at Springfield ; Hon. Lyman J. Gage serving as a member of the United States Cabinet at Washington ; Mrs. Emily Huntington Miller reading her poems, or serving as a Trustee of the Northwestern University : Mary Bannister Willard as a beloved teacher in Germany's capital : Kathryn Kidder receiving plaudits incident to her success upon the histrionic stage ; and Harry Boutell serving in State and Na- tional legislative halls. Imagine the joy of the aged parents of our notable architect, Mr. D. H. Burn- ham, could they have foreseen him, crowned with the knowledge of having aided in creating that diapason of archi- tecture, the Court of Honor, at the Co- lumbian Exposition ! Or, how the hearts of Mr. and Mrs. Andrew J. Brown — who, for almost half a century, have lived and served so faithfully in the home and the church — would have been thrilled, could they have foreseen their beautiful and gifted daughter, Mrs. Jessie Brown Hil- ton, voicing, with womanly earnestness, her helpful thoughts and suggestions to listening mothers throughout the State ! It could but have pleased Dr. and Mrs. N. S. Davis, could they have glimpsed the interesting scene in connection with the inauguration of Dr. James as President of "Northwestern University," when, in manly bearing and clearness of thought, their son should stand almost peerless among many of the leading educators of the world. Would that Elder and Mrs. Boring could have foreseen the varied activities of their children in church, philanthropy and in the home; and that Mr. and Mrs. William G. White could have imaged to their loving, parental eyes the manifold and helpful influences their children were to set afloat in our schools and homes ; that Mrs. Way could have foreseen the ever-increasing usefulness of the College Cottage for which she did so much, or Mr. Charles Way, the fond father and co- operating home-maker, could have seen his daughter, IMrs. Catherine Way Mc- IMullen, presiding over the Illinois Con- gress of Mothers, ably assisted in every good word and work by her husband, Mr. Roger McMullen. Could these things have been foreseen, every cloud of discon- tent would have melted before the sun- shine of gratitude. With the exodus to Evanston, which occurred as a result of the great fire of 1871, a new life dawned upon our hereto- fore almost idyllically peaceful village. New interests were developed, new meth- 338 HOMES AND HOME-MAKERS— 1846-1870 ods introduced, new social circles formed and the village began to assume some of the desirable, as well as some of the undesirable, aspects of a city. To those who saw with regret the magnifi- cent oak trees dying, the optimists pointed out the more regular parks, fringed with rapidly growing elms and the glow- ing maples ; to those who saw, with re- gret, the beautiful grounds surrounding the homes of Mr. and Mrs. A. J. Brown, Mr. Piirington, General and Mrs. Ducat, being divided into small city lots, the same cheerful friends replied : "Ah ! but think of the beautiful homes that are be- ing builded, and the charming people who are coming to reside in them." To those who would lament the loss of the "big woods," where the violets and hepaticas grew in such abundance, the reply would be made — "Rejoice in the beautiful sward that forms such a perfect setting to hundreds of homes." The fame of Evanston, as a city of beautiful homes, became so wide-spread that fathers and mothers who desired to secure for their children educational advan- tages and the environment of a moral and temperate community, came in such num- bers that some future historian must devote volumes to the record of their manifold services. Recognizing, as we do, "the beautiful times we are in." and the value of the rich inheritance enjoj-ed by the children of the present generation, let us highly re- solve, here, in our truly beautiful, lake- bordered, tree-fringed, flower-crowned Evanston, to build such a monument to these pioneer home-makers as has never yet been attempted, namely, a city in zvhich there cannot be found a neglected or friend- less child. If, in those early days, there was money enough, wisdom enough, time enough, Christianity enough and love enough to build the libraries, the schools, the colleges, the railroads and the churches, there is now money enough, wisdom enough, time enough, Christianity enough and love enough to make life for every child within our borders full of blessedness, opportunity and joy. ' From the beginning of its history, Evanston has offered almost ideal condi- tions for true home-making. The great University has offered rare educational facilities for every lad and lassie. The wise legislation which has resulted in ren- dering the village peculiarly free from the temptations incident to the liquor traffic ; its proximity to a great city, and the spiritual and educational influences which have predominated, have made it "beautiful for situation" and greatly to be desired. While in every village and locality one finds a certain coterie of influential people and home makers, in Evanston this coterie has been so unusually large that the pres- ent historian is limited to the merest cat- alogue of names of those who, with their descendants, have made the name of our village known throughout the world. Those early days were enriched by the most helpful co-operation of friends and neighbors, "in sickness and in health," in feasting and fasting, in poverty and in wealth. We have referred to the cheerful services of Mr. John A. Pearsons as the first choir master; the future historian will record the years of cheerful service, subsequently given by Mr. O. H. Mer- win. Mr. Merwin and Mrs. Bannister Merwin were one of the young couples who arrived just in time to be entered upon the Pioneer Roll of Honor, together with our gifted Prof. Robert Cumnock and his wife. Notwithstanding the manifold and im- perious home duties of these useful home- HISTORY OF EVANSTON 339 builders, the true club spirit was manifested as early as 1864, when, in the spacious and hospitable home of Mr. and Mrs. Charles Comstock, the "Eclectic Club" was organized. In a more truly inclusive spirit than the name indicates, every al- ternate week witnessed a hospitality which included a genuine flow of soul as well as a reasonable feast. This inter- esting story, however, belongs to the rec- ord of Club Life. While the village life was remarkably free from "cliques," or divisions, and while, upon all important occasions the entire community seemed to be of one household, yet about this time, owing to geographical reasons and the limita- tions of the home-parlor, the social and literary life seemed to be forming around two centers. One such center was the University and the rapidly enlarging Methodist Church ; another seemed to have as a nucleus the Episcopal Church and the "Eclectic Club." Thus, while one group of friends en- thusiastically recall the good old times enjoj'ed in the pleasant homes of Mr. and Mrs. Charles Comstock, Hon. and Mrs. H. B. Hurd, :\rr. and Mrs. William Page, Mr. and Airs. L. C. Pitner, Mr. and Airs. George Watson, Mr. and Mrs. George Purington, Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Cos- grove, Mr. and Mrs. S. H. Burch, Mr. and Mrs. George Bliss, Air. and Airs. R. H. King, Air. and Airs. J. J. Parkhurst, Gen. and Airs. Julius White and Air. and Airs. William Blanchard, another will claim that never were there such gatherings of charming people as those enjoyed in the homes of Dr. and Airs. Judson, Rev. and Airs. Bragdon, Dr. and Airs. Ludlam, Air. and Airs. T. C. Hoag, Dr. and Airs. Ban- nister, Air. and Mrs. Isaac R. Hitt, Air. and Airs. J. AI. Williams, Mr. and Airs. Francis Bradley, Air. and Airs. W. N. Brainard, and Air. and Airs. Andrew Shu- man. \\'hile some homes have surpassed others in richness of tapestries, draperies, marbles and pictures, yet in almost every one are to be found well selected libraries, flowers, good music, high thinking and al- truistic service. This limited record is submitted to the citizens and home-makers of our beautiful Evanston, with the hope that even the fragmentary glimpses herein revealed may cause many to rejoice in the vast amount of good, helpful and inspiring in- fluence that may emanate from a single home. With grateful memories for each and all of these pioneers may we conclude by uniting in a "Lang Syne" recognition and consecration. Then here's to Love, and Joy, and Truth And Beauty everywhere ; The cornerstones on which we build Our Temple rich and rare. For bairnies of all time, my dears. For bairnies of all time — We'll keep a cup o' kindness here For bairnies of all time. These crystal walls of living light Reflect, from base to dome, How faithfully we're building here Love's Temple of the Home. For bairnies of all time, my dears, For bairnies of all time — Then keep a cup o' kindness here For bairnies of all time. CHAPTER XXXVII. EVANSTON CHURCH HISTORY Early Methodist Services in Grosse Point District — First Methodist Episcopal Church Organised — Some of the Pioneer Preachers — Influence of the Coming of Garrett Biblical Institute and Xorthwest- ern Uniirrsity — Notable Ministers of a Later Date — Central M. E. Church — List of Pastors — Norivegian-Danish and Szvedish M. E. Churches — Hemenway, Whcadon and Emmanuel Churches — First Baptist Church — Its Founders and List of Pastors — History of Presbyterian- ism — First and Second Presbyterian Churches — Pastors and Auxiliary So- cieties — St. Mark's Episcopal Church — List of Pastors — St. Matthew s Mis- sion — St. Mary's Catholic Church, Schools and Related Associations — Con- gregational Church and Au.viliary Or- gani::ations — Bethlehem German Ei'an- gelical, Norzvegian-Danish and Swedish Lutheran Churches — Evanston Chris- tian Church and Its History — Church of Christ (Scientist). (The matter in the following chapter devoted to general church history, is arranged in chron- ological order as related to individual church organizations, but under independent heads.) METHODIST CHURCHES 7^ EVANSTON CHURCH HISTORY Sunday in 1887, and has been the greatest blessing to the public worship of the Church ever since. The faithful and be- loved choirmaster, Mr. Robert Holmes, has been the choirmaster nearly all the time since then. The second notable event in the rector- ship of Mr. Hayward was the revival of the scheme of building a new church and a rectory. Ten thousand dollars (or nearly that) were pledged, payal:)lc as soon as the church should be begun. During his rec- torship Mr. Hayward presented three classes for confirmation, numbering re- spectively, four, thirteen and ten — an av- erage of nine a year. When Mr. Hayward left in May, 1888, for about six months the parish was vacant, but was chiefly in charge of a faithful priest, the Rev. Walter H. Moore, afterwards dean of Ouincy. The eighth rector of St. Mark's was a young priest from the diocese of Maine, the Rev. Arthur W. Little. Mr. Little had been for seven years rector of St. Paul's, Portland He was a member of the Cathedral Chapter and of the Stand- ing Committee of the Diocese; had repre- sented Maine in the General Convention of 1886, and was well known as the author of a popular work entitled "Ixeasons for Being a Churchman." His rectorship be- gan on All Saints' Day. Noveml^er i, 1888. He was formally i.istituted by the Bishop on the i8th of November, being the twent\-fifth Sunvlay after Trinity, and is still the rector of the parish. In 1895 he received a doctor's degree from Hobart College. He has been for many years Examining Chaplain to the Bishop, a member of the Board of Missions and of the Standing Committee of the Diocese, and Lecturer on Ecclesiastical History in the Western Theological Seminary. Still later he was a delegate to the General Con- \cntion in 1904. Mr. Little Ft once began to push for- ward the building of the new church, A desirable lot on the corner of Ridge Avenue and Grove Street was bought and paid for. \ beautiful stone ciiurch of early English type, designed by the dis- tinguished architects, Holabird & Roche, was built. The corner-stone was laid by the Bishop on the Sunday after Ascen- sion, May 18, 1900. The first services were held on Easter Day, March 29, n;oi. ( )n tiie following Wednesday, at a high celebration of the Holy Eucharist, at which most of the clergy of the diocese were present, an office of Benediction was said by the Bishop, the Rt. Rev. William E. McLaren. D. D., D. C. L., who also preached the sermon. At evensong the Rt. Rev. George F. Seymour, D. D., LL. D., Bishop of Springfield, preached. On St. Mark's Day, April 25, 1895, the church, including the chapel of St. Mary, in the north choir aisle, being entirely free from debt, was solemnly consecrated by the Bishop in a splendid and memorable service. This was the last public service at which the venerable Charles Comstock. for thirty years the Senior Warden and constant benefactor of the parish, was present. He died on the 5th of the fol- lowing September, in the eighty-second year of his age. In 1899 a commodious rectory or par- sonage was bougl't on Ridge Avenue, near the church. A beautiful Rood Se- rene, of carved oak. separating the choir from the nave, was placed in the church in 1899. as a memorial to the late Franklin G. lieach. The church contains some beau- tiful vvindn\vs of the best English stained glass, made by Ward & Hughes of Lou- HISTORY OF EVANSTON 37.5 don. The great east window over the high altar, representing The Institution of the Holy Eucharist, is considered the finest example of stained glass in the West. It is a memorial to the late Frank- lin G. Beach and Elizabeth, his wife. The windows in the north aisle depict scenes fiom the Old Testament, and those in the south aisle from the New. In the fall of 1891 a superb chime of nine bells was placed in the tower of the church, along with an automatic attach- ment for playing the beautiful "West- minster changes" at the quarter hours. The following Latin inscription was cast on the great bell : A. M. D. G. AEDI PAROCHIAEQUE SANCTI MARCI ME, OCTO CUM ALUS CAM- PANIS, GRATO CORDE DEBIT AMICUS MENSE SEPTEMBRE, MDCCCCI, RDO. ARTURO W. LITTLE, L. H. D., PAROCHO. LAUDE SONO DOMINI; POPULUM VOCO AD OSTIA CAELI. (To the greater glory of God. To the church and parish of St. Mark's, a friend, out of a grateful heart, gave me, along with eight other bells, in the month of September, 1901, during the rectorship of the Rev. Arthur W. Little, L. H. D. I re- sound with the praise of the Lord: I sum- mon the people to the gates of heaven.) The parish during 1903 erected a large and beautiful Guild Hall or Parish House, adjoining the church, for the use of the Sunday School, and the various guilds and other charitable and social organizations of the parish. During the rectorship of Dr. Little the church has enjoyed a steady and healthy growth in numbers and influence and in all departments of worship and of work, especially in the cause of missions and charities. In the seventeen years of his rectorship Dr. Little has presented five hundred and ten candidates for con- firmation, being an average of thirty a year. In the previous twenty-three years, one hundred and sixty were confirmed — making six hundred and seventy confirma- tions in the forty years of parish life. In the summer of 1904 a superb marble altar and reredos were presented to St. Mark's by the children of the late Senior Warden, Charles Comstock, as a memorial to him and his beloved wife, and to their daughter-in-law, Eleanora K. Comstock. In 1905 the interior of the choir and sanctuary was rebuilt of massive carved stone, the walls of the clear-story being cov- ered with gold. The efifect is very fine. This was the gift of Mr. William C. Com- stock, and is a memorial to his beloved wife, Eleanora K. Comstock. The year 1905 also witnessed the organ- ization of the Men's Club of St. Mark's, a society for literary and social as well as for ecclesiastical purposes. It has had one prosperous year under the presidency of Mr. William B. Bogert. The President for 1906-7 is Mr. William S. Powers. Any citi- zen of Evanston is eligible to membership in this club. St. Mark's is a strong and united parish. It numbers among its adherents some of the best citizens of Evanston, and has the respect and esteem of the community. A few items from the last Parochial Report — May, 1906 — must close this sketch : St. Mark's. Rector, Dr. Arthur W. Little. Church Wardens, Messrs. Henry S. Slaymaker and Edward H. Buehler. Members, about 1,500. Communicants, 775. \'alue of property, about $125,000. 374 EVANSTON CHURCH HISTORY St. Matthew's Mission.' — The first serv- ice in connection with the starting of "St. Matthew's" Mission was held in the pub- lic school-house and was conducted by the Rev. J. Stewart Smith. Rector of "St. Mark's," Evanston, on Sunday, May 14, 1876. Services were maintained every third Sunday until 1878, when these were discontinued. The Sunday School was organized September 8, 1878, soon finding a home in the house of Mr. T. A. Turner. March 7, 1878, a Sunday evening service was begun in the same place. This con- tinued until January, 1880. After Mr. Smith's departure from St. Mark's, lay-readers conducted the service. In 1862, May 21st, a lot was donated by Mr. Jenks, and by July I, 1883, the church building was ready for occupancy. It was in May of this year that the Mission was duly organized, being put in charge of the Rev. Dr. Jewell, rector of St. Mark's. The Rev. George B. Whitney was ap- pointed priest in charge June 24, 1883, having also in his care Christ Church, Winnetka. Mr. Whitney remained in charge until November i, 1885. Through the kindness of friends in St. Mark's and elsewhere, the indebtedness on the build- ing was cancelled, and the church conse- crated by the Rt. Rev. William E. Mc- Laren, D. D., Bishop of Chicago, October 30, 1884. The years following the departure of the Rev. Mr. Whitney were marked by various and ofttimes trying experiences, but the life was maintained by the faith- ful women of the Mission and the assist- ance of students from the Western Theological Seminary, the Rev. John C. Sage, now of St. John's, Dubuque, serving in this capacity for a year. He left in September, 1870, and on November 2, of the same year, the Rev. H. R. Neely took charge, remaining until May, 1897. In the fall of 1897 the Rev. H. C. Granger, at that time assistant at St. Peter's, Chi- cago, was given charge of "St. Mat- thew's ;" he is still the incumbent. Several fitting memorials have recently been placed in the church, such as a pair of three-branch candlesticks for the altar, in memory of the late Mr. C. O. Ferris, and a beautiful oak lecturn. W'hile credit is due to many kind friends for their undiminished interest in St. Matthew's during all these years — es- pecially to the rectors of St. Mark's, Ev- anston — it is not too much to say that among the names deserving of very par- ticular mention are those of Mr. and Mrs. T. A. Turner, by whose unceasing and loving care the lamp, once lighted, was never suflfered to go out. From the Parochial Report of St. Mat- thew's Mission. May, 1906: Priest in charge, the Rev. Henry C. Granger. Members, 200. Communicants, 70. Estimated value of property, $3,000. St. Luke's Parish.^ — St. Luke's Church was organized as a mission early in July. 1885, and the first service was held in Ducat's Hall. In August a store was rented on Chicago Avenue and fitted up for use of the mission. In June. 1886, the Rev. Marcus Lane, who had been priest in charge for this first year, resigned, and was succeeded, August i, by the Rev. Daniel F. Smith, who continued in charge until August I, 1904. In October, 1886, ground was broken for the erection of a church on the northeast corner of Lincoln Avenue (now Main Street) and Sherman Avenue. In May, 1887, this was so far completed as to be iThls sketch of St. Matthew's Mission was furnished by Rev. Henry C. Granger. 2The sketch of .St. Luke's, up to 1904. was furnished by the Bev. D. F. Smith, D. D. HISTORY OF EVANSTON 375 available for the services, though still quite in the rough. Improvements have been made almost continually, and twice the church has been enlarged. It was solemnly consecrated November lo, 1889, being free from debt. On January I, 1891, the mission was re- organized as a parish, which, on May 26 of that year, was admitted into union with the Convention of the Diocese of Chicago, with the following officers: David L. Thorp, Josiah C. Lane, Wardens. In twenty-one years since the organiza- tion of St. Luke's the number of communi- cants has increased from twenty-seven to four hundred and sixty-two. The parish is now numbered among the stronger and more active in the diocese, is united and piosperous and abounds in good works. In 1904 the Rev. Daniel F. Smith, D. D., resigned, and was elected rector emeritus, carrying with him the love and esteem of the people to whom he had ministered so faithfully and so long. He was succeeded by the Rev. George Craig Stewart who be- came rector of St. Luke's, August i, 1904. Air. Stewart is an able and energetic priest. Among the notable events in the history of Evanston during the last two years has been the great progress of St. Luke's. Strong preaching on Catholic lines, improvement in the ritual and cere- monial of public worship, large confirma- tion classes, the organization of the Men's Club of St. Luke's, and great parochial ac- tivity are signs of his progress. A large lot has been bought on the corner of Hinman Avenue and Lee Street, and plans had been adopted for a large and beautiful stone church, to cost, when completed, $125,000. The building will be begun in June, 1906, and the work will be pushed forward with the energy which characterizes the rector and the people of St. Luke's. From the Parochial Report of St. Luke's Parish, May, 1906: Rector Emeritus, the Rev. Daniel F. Smith, D. D. Rector, the Rev. Geo. Craig Stewart. Church Wardens, Messrs. C. H. Cowper and C. E. Dudley. Members, 1,000. Communicants, 462. CATHOLIC CHURCHES (By FR. H. P. SMYTH) Among the earliest settlers of Evanston were a few Catholic families. They wor- shipped either at St. Joseph's Church, Gross Point, or at St. Henry's, High Ridge, according to their convenience. However, in 1864 a concerted eflfort was made to establish a church in Evan- ston. Accordingly, on July 20th of that year, the property upon which St. Mary's Church now stands, corner of Lake Street and Oak Avenue, was purchased ; the deed being made to "the Catholic Bishop of Chicago." The few families that then constituted the Catholic population of Evanston. found that the purchase of property had exhausted their resources, leaving them little hope of erecting a church in the near future- Yet, so confident were those pioneers of the ultimate success of their enterprise, that, as it were, burning the bridges behind them, they had inserted in the deed a clause making the property revertable to the original owner, in the event of its being used for other than Catholic Church purposes. This limita- tion of title, though prudent at the time. afterwards gave trouble ; and has been removed at considerable expense within the last few years. The few people con- tinued as formerly to attend mass, either at Gross Point or Rose Hill. 376 EVANSTON CHURCH HISTORY In 1866 the foundation of a church was laid, but it was found impossible, through lack of funds, to construct the edifice ac- cording to plans. A- smaller structure forty feet by twenty, which still stands on the rear of an adjoining lot, was erected. In this church the small congregation worshipped for three years. In 1869 the little building was moved south on the property, and work was begun on another structure according to the original plan. This second church was finished towards the close of the year. Still there was no resident pastor in Evanston. Father Heskemann, of Gross Point, had superintended the construction of the first church, and, for two years after its completion, came every alternate Sun- day to Evanston. Early in 1868, the priest in residence at Rose Hill, Father Heamers, succeeded Father Heskemann, in charge of the small congregation and church. He, too, how- ever came only on Sundays. He con- tinued to minister to St- Mary's, Evan- ston, as long as he remained at Rose Hill. In 1869 or 1870 he was succeeded in both charges, first by Father Marshall and later by Father Michels, who like their predecessor attended Evanston as a mis- sion from Rose Hill. During Father Heamer's pastorate a school was established, and two nuns of German birth taught and resided in Evan- ston for one year. Lay teachers were emplo}-ed subsequently. In the fall of 1872, Rev. M. Donohue came from Waukegan to St. ]\Iary's, Ev- anston, as its first resident pastor. When he came he found the church which con- tmued to be used for the succeeding twenty years, and also the parochial resi- dence, which is occupied today, awaiting him. In 1874 the Dominican Sisters of Sinsin- awa Mound, Wis., were invited to lake charge of the school which was now estab- lished. They have continued to work un- interruptedly to the present. Father Donohue had. at some time in the 'seventies, been created Rural Dean by Bishop Foley, and, in 1887, was made permanent rector by Archbishop Feehan. The former title is honorary and, in the Chicago archdiocese, brings with it no re- sponsibility. The latter is more substan- tial and was conferred upon Father Don- ohue purely as a personal compliment ; the parish, as it then was, not being of sufficient importance to warrant the honor- In the same year, 1887, Catholics of German birth and blood, became suffi- ciently numerous to support a church ; and Archbishop Feehan sent Rev. Otto Greenebaum to organize a new congre- gation. Father Greenebaum came in July, 1887, and, in November of the same year, a two-story building, intended as a school and temporary church, was opened. Father Donohue's declining health com- pelled him to ask for an assistant, and, in the fall of 1883, Rev. W. J. McNamee, who had recently come from Ireland, was sent to help him. Father McNamee, however, was soon transferred to a more important parish in Chicago, and his place was filled bv a priest from the Servite Church, Chi- cago, who came occasionally as required. This condition obtained until 1888, when Rev. M. Foley, present pastor of St. Pat- rick's church, Dixon, came to Evanston as assistant to Father Donohue. In the sum- mer of 1889, he was succeeded by Rev. P. C. Conway, who remained four years. The new St. Mary's church was begun in 1891 and was opened to worship in May, 1892. On March 12, 1893, Father Donohue died. The formalities governing the sue- HISTORY OF EVANSTON 2,77 cession to an irremovable rectorship, de- layed for some weeks the appointment of a new rector. Toward the end of April the present pastor, Rev. H. P. Smyth, was selected by the Archbishop, and on May 6, 1893, -took possession of the par- ish. Father Conway, who had been acting pastor, was transferred to St. Mary's Church, Chicago. On November i, 1893, Rev. Thos. M. Burke came as an assistant, and an out-mission at Rogers Park was immediately opened- During the follow- ing summer the present St. Jerome's church was built and dedicated. The mis- sion continued to be attended from St. Mary's, Evanston, until it became im- portant enough to need the attention of a resident pastor. In July, 1897, Father Greenebaum died ; and in August of the same year the pres- ent pastor of St. Nicholas' Church, Rev. P. L. Biermann, came to Evanston. On February 3d, following, the structure which had for ten years served as church and school was burned to the ground. The fire occurred during school hours, but the children and teachers escaped in safety. St. Nicholas' congregation then again worshipped in St. Mary's Church for some months during the erection of the present church and school, which were opened in the spring of that year. A hand- some parochial residence was also built simultaneously. In the fall of 1897 a Community of \'isitation Nuns, twenty-five in number came to Evanston to establish an Acad- emy for young ladies. They rented a large residence on the northeast corner of Davis Street and Wesley Avenue, where they resided for four years. In 1899 they purchased the tract of land known as the Freeman Place on Ridge Avenue, and in 1901 erected the south wing of an im- posing structure designed for them by Architect Schlaachs. They took possession of the building on the eve of Thanksgiv- ing Day, 1901. In the autumn of 1900, Fathers Smyth and Biermann, acting for the Franciscan Sisters, purchased the Kirk Mansion and grounds on Ridge Avenue in South Evan- ston, and on December ist of the same year, the nuns took possession of it. The mansion was, in 1901, fitted up as a hos- pital and patients were received. In De- cember of the same year the Catholics of both parishes came together to estab- lish "The St. Francis' Hospital Auxiliary Association" The growing needs of St. Mary's Church necessitated the purchase of a lot adjoining the church property in January, 1807. I" June, 1900, Rev. Thomas Egan came to fill the place of the pastor who was setting out on an extended tour through Europe and the Orient. On the return of Father Burke, who is now trav- eling, as we write, it is the purpose to have three priests at St. Mary's. The Catholic Church of Evanston has not grown as rapidly as the church in Chicago and its other suburbs, yet there has been considerable growth. A census, taken in the interest of church work in the summer of 1900 gave the Catholic pop- ulation about 3,400. It would seem that was somewhat of an exaggeration. The question put by the canvassers bore upon preference rather than affiliation. It has been ascertained that some expressed a preference for St. Mary's who have no affiliation with it- But. today, as we write, February, 1902, we are safe in saying that the Catholics of Evanston number at least 3,400. These are of various nationalities. Those of Irish and German blood predom- inate. Besides these, there are English, French, Scandinavian, Italian, Greek and 378 EVANSTON CHURCH HISTORY Dutch. Nearly all European nationalities are represented. These attend two churches and support two schools, with six hundred pupils. There are five priests and four communities of nuns. The Dominicans, eleven in number, teach St. Mary's Parochial School ; six Sisters of St. Agnes have charge of St. Nicholas' School ; seven Franciscan nuns take care of the new Hospital, and, in the Visitation Convent and Academy, there is a community of about thirty nuns. Recent Changes. — In bringing the story of Catholic work in Evanston down to date (May, 1906), we have a few important changes to note : Rev. Thomas M. Burke was intrusted by the Archbishop of Chicago with the formation of a new parish in Chi- cago, and Rev. P. J. Hennessy came to suc- ceed him at St. Mary's June, 1903. Rev. L. J- Maiworm came to assist at St. Nicho- las' church in 1902. In the spring of 1904, ground was broken for the new St. ]\Iary's School, which was ready for occupancy in the following September. Later the new parochial residence was commenced. On its completion in the s])ring of the present year (1906) the old presbytery, which had done service for thirty-five years, was removed. The splendid new Gothic church of St. Nicholas' Parish, begun over a year ago, is approaching completion as we write. FIRST CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH (By REV. JEAN FKEDKKIC LOBA) The very first Congregational Church in Evanston was organized on December 8, 1859. A preliminary meeting had been held to consider the possibility of such a step on November 13, 1859, and another preparatory to organization the week fol- lowing; but the final step was taken on the first date above mentioned, when, by a council called for that purpose, meet- ing in the Chapel of the Northwestern University, the Church was organized, consisting of five members. Of this coun- cil the Rev. W. W. Patton, pastor of the First Church of Chicago, was Moderator, and E. W. Blatchford, Esq., was scribe. A. T. Sherman was clerk, and S. S. Whit- ney and Isaac D. Guyer were deacons of the Church. During the six months of the following year (i860), the membership was increased to eleven members, and it is interesting to note that of these only seven were originally Congregationalists, the others coming from diflferent denom- inations. This first Congregational Church at- tained to no strength nor did it long con- tinue to exist. In the records of that Church, kept by Mr. Sherman, we find a note to the effect that, on June 15, i860, at a meeting of the Church, it was re- solved : "That as so many of the mem- bers contemplated removing from the place, the services could not be sustained, and that the clerk be authorized to grant letters to any who might desire them." A final note informs us that letters were granted by the clerk to all except him- self, he keeping up the organization by paying the annual assessment to the Asso- ciation until the year 1865, at which time the organization was suspended, as he saw no hope of reviving the church. This is the pathetic little story of an early effort to organize a Congregational Church in the weak, scattered and un- settled conditions of the early days of Evanston. There was, however, a growing sense of the need of such a church, for in that same year, as we learn from the late L. H. Boutell, "One Sunday afternoon in the summer of 1865, as I was sitting in the I HISTORY OF EVANSTON 379 library of Dr. Bannister, that large hearted man suggested the propriety and feasi- bility of forming a Congregational Church in Evanston. That suggestion bore fruit in the autumn of that jxar when, on the 6th of November, a few families met at the house of Francis Bradley and organ- ized a weekly prayer meeting, out of which grew the Lake Avenue Church, an independent organization composed of Congregationalists and Presbyterians." In 1868 this Lake Avenue Church or- ganized the First Presbyterian Church of Evanston from which, in 1869, the Con- gregationalist members withdrew with per- fect good feeling on both sides; so that this Lake Avenue Church, it seems, did not long continue its existence, but, in turn, became the mother of at least two of the present churches of Evanston — the First Congregational and the First Pres- byterian. A little later on Mr. Boutell narrates: "The twenty-two persons who. on the first day of August, 1866, gathered in .the Baptist Church, which then stood on the corner of Church street and Hin- man Avenue, to form the Lake Avenue Church, little thought that, in so short a time, two strong churches would be the outcome of an enterprise so insignificant." It is a very singular fact that, so soon after the disbanding of the First Congre- gational Church under what seemed to be hopeless conditions, a new organization, covering practically the same ground and on the same basis, should spring up under such auspicious circumstances. The pa- thetic final note of the clerk of that first church affords us a loop-hole through which we may see the very uncertain and changeable conditions of the population of Evanston at that time. W^hen in August, 1869, the Congrega- tionalists withdrew from the Lake Avenue Church, they left the property in the hands of the majority who were Presby- terians. The winter of 1869-1870, or three months thereof, was spent chiefly in or- ganizing a Congregational group, the for- mal organization taking place upon the 8th of September, 1869, and recognition by Council on January 13, 1870. During these early and formative years, it is interesting to note the spirit of har- mony, fellowship and co-operation among the different denominational representa- tives in Evanston which has subsisted to the present time. The first suggestion of a Congregational Church seems to have originated with the earnest Methodist, Dr. Bannister. The first meetings of the Congregationalists were held in the Chapel of the Northwestern L^niversity, which then was the only building of that institution. These services were con- ducted by different pastors and teachers, prominent among whom were such men as Dr. Bannister, Dr. Hemenway, E. O. Haven, President of the L'niversity, and others. Mr. Luther D. Bradley, who, as a youth, was present at these early meet- ings of the Congregational Church, thus writes of them : "The prayer-meeting in our little front room I remember very well, but the one at the Baptist Church but dimh- ; but there was one season of services which is very fresh in my mind — that during which Dr. Hemenway preached for us. These services were held in the old chapel of Northwestern Univer- sity. The sole building of those days was the old frame structure, now standing on the campus north of the Preparatory — or, as I believe they call it, the 'Old College' — building. The structure was then standing on the northwest corner of Davis Street and Hinman Avenue, fronting south. The east room on the ground floor was the chapel, a plain old room 38o EVANSTON CHURCH HISTORY with fixed pews of pine, painted a drab color, with blackboards around the walls. Here the meetings were held on Sunday afternoons, and here, I think, Mr. Duncan, the first pastor of the church, began his work. I think some mention must be made of Mr. Duncan, both on account of his importance as the first settled min- ister of the church, and also because of his very picturesque personality. He was a Scotch-Canadian, a very agreeable preach- er and good man, but not exactly like any of his people and not precisely at home in the community. "I remember that some of the most telling sermons that were preached in the old chapel at this time were by Dr. S. C. Bartlett, later President of Dartmouth College, who filled the pulpit for a few Sundays, though this was before Mr. Duncan's arrival." However uncertain, interrupted and in- adequately recorded were these early steps toward organization, they all crys- tallized on the 13th of January, 1870, into the First Congregational Church of Evan- ston. Very few of the early members now survive. But the roll of the church of that time contained some noble names such as those of Francis Bradley, L. H. Boutell, Rev. D. Crosby Green (now and for many years a missionary in Japan), Heman Powers, J. M. Williams, Orvis French, besides many others who won for themselves enviable reputations as men and women of character, of more than usual intelligence, of capacity, energy and a wide-reaching influence. Immediately upon the organization of the First Church, it called, and on the 13th day of January, 1870, installed its first regular pastor, the Rev. Edward N. Pack- ard, D. D., now of Syracuse, N. Y. The University again granted the new church a lot on which to erect a suitable structure for worship. Mr. Dorr A. Kimball gives its an interesting sketch of the method by which the lot on which the present church edifice stands, became Congregational prop- erty. He says : "At that time the lot on which this church edifice is located, was a little park originally given to the Village of Evanston by the Northwestern Univer- sity, to be used for Park purposes only. Immediately after the meeting held at Mr. Green's residence for the organization of a Congregational Society, our trustees had made a very satisfactory arrangement, which was this : On payment of the sum of $600 to the Milage Trustees, they va- cated the park and, the title reverting to the University, they persuaded the Uni- versity Trustees to deed the property to the First Congregational Society without further compensation." Upon this lot, then the trustees having secured $6,000 as a building fund, "General Julius White moved that they proceed to build a church edifice costing not less than $10,000." From Mr. Kimball's sketch, it would ap- pear that they "succeeded in getting the lecture room completed in July, 1869 ,and the main auditorium was wholly com- pleted in the month of January, 1870." This ten thousand dollar church, how- ever, was to cost the little society not far from $25,000, leaving them with a debt of $7,000, with interest at nine and ten per cent. The maintenance of a church 'during these days of poverty and struggle was not all smooth sailing, for in 1871 came the Chicago fire which impoverished many of its members, and immediately thereafter one of the greatest financial panics that this nation has ever experi- enced swept over the country bringing financial ruin and distress upon many households. With self-sacrifice and stern resolution the society and the church II HISTORY OF EVANSTON 381 held on, although it required the wisest management to meet current expenses and keep up interest on the bonded debt. In March, 1879, Dr. Packard resigned to accept a call to a church in Boston. He was succeeded, September loth, of the same year, b}' Rev. A. J. Scott. In 1885 the church edifice was enlarged, repaired and in part refurnished at a cost of $5,000. greatly increasing the seating capacity. On the night of Xovember 23, 1884, after the first service in the renovated church, the entire edifice was destroyed by fire. The ne.xt morning, as the friends gathered about the smoking ruins, sums of money were at once pledged toward rebuilding. These sums, together with the insurance of $25,000, enabled the trustees to proceed at once to the erection of a new edifice. Before the fire was extinguished, invita- tions had been received from the trustees of the First Methodist, Presbyterian and Baptist Churches to use their buildings on Sabbath afternoons and for social meetings as they might desire. Similar invitations were also received from the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, to occupy Union Hall free of charge, and the Northwestern University again gener- ously offered Heck Hall on the same terms. The new structure was completed and dedicated upon the nth of April, 1886, and has continued in use ever since. From the very earliest days the church has been marked by a spirit of harmony and benevolence. When it numbered less than fifty members it erected and fur- nished its own church building at a cost of about $25,000. Before the burden of this debt was fully removed, it enlarged and im])roved this building at a cost of $8,000. In 1884, it erected and furnished the present edifice at a cost of over $50,- 000. During this time its current expenses increased from $3,000 to $10,000 a year. During the first twenty-five years its be- nevolences to Home and Foreign jNIissions aggregated $103,854, making an average of $4,154 a year. One of its first mem- bers has been himself a missionary to Japan for forty years. One of the most earnest and devoted Japanese Christians was baptized in this church and returned as a preacher to his own people in Japan. In 1886, on the resignation of Rev. A. J. Scott, the Rev. Nathan H. Whittlesey, D. D., was called to the pastorate, which continued harmonious and unbroken until May I, 1892. In October of the latter year, Rev. Jean Frederic Loba, D. D., was called and installed November 17, 1892. During more than thirty years the church has been characterized, first of all. by a spirit of harmony. No serious dis- sensions have ever existed among its members, and, whenever any misunder- standings have arisen, they have quickly been adjusted and smoothed away. It has stood for a perfectly simple evangelical faith, its present articles of faith being the ones which were adopted by the Lake Avenue Church in which Dr. Francis Bradley characteristically substituted the word "privilege" for "duty." It has ever shown interest in every form of philan- thropic benevolence. It was among the first supporters and benefactors of the city settlement movement. Its interest in education has been shown by its hearty sympathy and co-operation with the Northwestern University. Its benevo- lences have been unstinted and generous. During the year 1901 these exceeded its home expenses by $1,500, and during the -N'ear 1905 they aggregated over $13,000. It has been foremost in its love of all that was tasteful and artistic in its form of worship, having been gen- erous in its expenditure for the best 382 EVANSTON CHURCH HISTORY church music. A chapter might well be written upon the history of its devo- tion to sacred music. Many of its singers and organists were artists of the highest rank. For the first ten years of its ex- istence the expense for music was from $331 to $1,912 a year, making an annual average of about $1,295. From 1890 to 1895 the average was $2,390 a year, and the total cost of music from 1880 to 1895 was $24,759. The church has been interested in city missions and has been a liberal supporter of the Chicago City Missionary Society. For two years it supported an inde- pendent mission on Halsted Street. In 1894 it purchased a lot on the west side of Evanston on which it erected a sub- stantial and neat house of worship. For this, on one Sabbath, $4,800 were sub- scribed and a thousand dollars more se- cured for lot and structure. Here it co-operated with a small congregation in the support of a pastor, so that it may be truly said that the church, while inter- ested in foreign missions, has never neg- lected home culture and home benevo- lences. In 1903 it was thought best to dis- continue this work or place it in other hands, and the property was sold to the Christian Church by which a flourishing church organization is now conducted. The proceeds of this sale were donated to the Chicago City Missionary Society for its endowment fund. During i(]05 and 1906 the Church has contributed about $2,500 per year through the Chicago City Missionary Society, for the support of Bethesda Mission in Chicago, besides furnishing some eighteen or twenty teachers and officers in the various branches of this work. It has also an active interest in a promising mission at Rose Hill, in Chicago. Charity has begun at home, but it has not stopped there. The church has always maintained a most cordial relation with the sister churches in Evanston and, with them, has always been ready to co-operate in every religious, social and civic effort for the improvement of the higher life of our city. Its six hundred members are now thoroughly organized for work in and out of its own organization. Its Sabbath School of about 350 scholars has long been one of the most prosperous and thoroughly equipped in the city, being carefully graded into primary, intermediate and senior schools, each with a competent head of department. The benevolences of the Church are fostered and directed by the Home, For- eign and Young Ladies' Missionary So- cieties ; to which should also be added the missionary departments of the Young People's Society of Christian Endeavor and the Light-Bearers. Grateful for its history and successes, the Church goes forward full of faith and hope, assured that its Master, who has in- stituted and prospered it thus far, will lead it to yet larger successes. LUTHERAN CHURCHES (By REV. J. D. MATTHIUS) German Evangelical Lutheran Bethle- hem Church. — It was in the year 1872, when a small number of Germans, liv- ing in Evanston and professing faith in the religion of Martin Luther, first assem- bled for regular Evangelical Lutheran ser- vices. They did not possess a house of worship, so they met in those little cabins down on Clark Street, near the locality of the present Electric Light plant. Several of the first Lutheran pioneers had settled in that neighborhood. A pastor they found in Rev. A. H. Reinke, of Chicago. He agreed to come to quiet little Evan- HISTORY OF EVANSTON 383 ston on Sunday evenings and preach God's message to the attentive Httle group which was seated on up-turned wash-tubs, laundry-benches, and whatever could be used as stool or pew. The majority of this small congregation had emigrated from the "Old Country." Having become tired of the hardships which they had to endure under landlordism in Mecklenburg- Schwerin, they had come to America in the hope of enjoying the freedom of this country. But poor they were, indeed — the most of them — and the plain, simple mode of their living bore ample proof of it. Some of them experienced many sad and gloomy hours on their "arrival at this village in the woods," far away from their native home, without their church so dear to them, without a German school, with- out a pastor to teach and console them. Their delight was great when, at last, they had their own religious services in the dwellings of their fellow-people. Twentj'-five years later the Rev. A. H. Reinke wrote as follows concerning the first Lutherans of Evanston: "When I first began to preach at Evanston and organized a congregation, there were, ac- cording to my knowledge, the following people among the members and hearers : H. Voigts, H. Witt, Joh. Witt, Joachim Witt. P. Claussen, Martin Becker, A. P. Handke, F. Lass, Joh. Vorbeck, F. Strokey and others." The names of the above are also found in the records of the church attached to a constitution which was adopted August 8, 1875, foi" the "German Evangelical Lutheran Bethlehem Church of Evanston, Cook County, Illinois." We find that Rev- A. H. Reinke bap- tized children here, from June 16, 1872, until May 18, 1873. After that time a number of baptisms were performed by Rev. G. S. Lober, of Niles, Illinois. For some unknown reason it appears the little flock of Lutherans were without services for a while after June, 1873. Again, how- ever, Rev. Reinke, missionary as he was, turned his attention to his small mission post at Evanston, and, though over- burdened with work, took up the care of the Evanston Lutherans with a zeal and devoutness not often to be found. Rev. H. Wunder, of Chicago, too, found his way here and preached to the people occasion- ally. The year 1875 was an epoch in the annals of the Bethlehem Church. Glencoe, about seven miles north of Evanston, had had a Lutheran congregation since 1847, but had always been attended to by the Lutheran ministers of Chicago, especially by Rev. ProL C. A. T. Selle, Rev. H. Wunder and Rev. J. Grosse. In 1874 they rejoiced to have the young Rev. Ed. Dor- ing take up his residence at Glencoe as their ordained minister. In the following year, January, 1875, we find the first records of holy communion celebrated in Evanston by the Rev. Ed. Doring. He it was then who conducted the services of the congregation until 1881, when he accepted a call to a mission post at Port- land, Oregon. In the meanwhile the Luth- erans had come into possession of a little church property on Florence Avenue, near Lake Street, and built a small frame church on it. Later this little church was sold to the Swedish Lutherans and was moved to Lake Street near Sherman Ave- nue. Now it is the church of the Danish- Norwegian Lutherans, and is to be found on Greenwood Boulevard, near Sherman Avenue, west of the Northwestern Rail- road- Until the departure of Rev. Doring the congregation had not taken very great strides to prosperity ; still it had among its members several young, enterprising 384 EVANSTON CHURCH HISTORY and good Lutherans, one of which was the late Wm. E. Suhr. They were not with- out a minister very long. In the fall of 1881 a young energetic pastor, Rev. A. Detzer, a graduate of Concordia Semi- nary, St. Louis, Mo., was installed in his calling as pastor of the German Lutheran Church (at Evanston), with his residence at Evanston. In future there were ser- vices every Sunday. The new pastor also took charge of the parish at Glencoe and preached there every two weeks. As soon as Rev. Detzer had become acquainted with his people, he had them found a parochial school. He undertook the task of teaching the children himself. The school was opened with twelve pupils in attendance. The schoolroojn was in the attic of a small dwelling house in the '"prairie." The venture, however difficult for pastor and people, who gladly paid their taxes for public schools, and besides upheld their private school, proved so suc- cessful that they soon saw themselves compelled to build a school-house of their own. They erected a house for this pur- pose at a cost of $1,450, where now the parsonage is to be seen at 1410 Green- wood Boulevard. In 1885 we find a school of fifty-three pupils learning the rudiments of the Ev- angelical Lutheran denomination, and all elementary branches necessary for a good secular education. The congregation understood how great a burden their pastor had taken upon his shoulders and relieved him of it by appointing JMr. H. Feuchter as provisory teacher, and by calling Mr. M. E. Bittner, in 1886, as their ordained school-teacher. Mr. Bittner still holds this position, having held it sixteen years. He now teaches the upper class only. As the number of pupils increased, so also did the number of members of the church. The congregation, therefore, soon found its first church too small, and without delay built a handsome new church edifice at the corner of Green- wood Boulevard and Wesley Avenue, which was dedicated November 21, 1886. It was a great day for the German Luth- erans. After a period of fourteen years since their first services, they now were in possession of their second church, which, though not as large as some of our present churches, was far larger than their firsc one and far more artistic and inviting. After having stood sixteen years, it still deserves to be mentioned as one of Evan- ston's notable buildings. \Mien the year 1899 came, the class of pupils had outgrown the school. There was not room enough for a new scholar, so the enterprising congregation, number- ing about sixty male voting members by this time, did not hesitate to purchase a new building site at the corner of Lake Street and Ashland Avenue. Here they erected a two-story brick-veneered school- house containing two spacious class- rooms, with all modern improvements. The "Evanston Press," of March 8, 1890, devoted its entire second page to the de- scription of the dedication of this school. It said : "Our German patrons are to be congratulated on the enterprise and devo- tion to the cause of education which has prompted them to this progressive move." Soon after the new school had been pressed into service. Rev. Detzer received a call from St. Paul, Minn-, where he was wanted to build up an English Lutheran mission. Though he had been serving a German congregation in Evanston, he was an able English scholar and therefore regarded this call as one which his con- science urged him to accept. It was a painful parting when he left. Again the founder of the congregation. HISTORY OF EVANSTON 385 Rev. A. H. Reinke, of Chicago, then pastor of the largest German Lutheran congre- gation in America, was asked to take care of his forsaken flock in Evanston. He gladly did so. He preached and performed all other pastoral duties, attended their meetings and assisted them in every man- ner to get a new pastor. They extended calls to a number of ministers, but in vain. Several months passed by, and Evanston was still looking for a minister. In August, 1890, a call was sent to the undersigned, Rev. J- D. Matthius, of Chi- cago, son-in-law of Rev. A. H. Reinke. He accepted and was installed September 3, 1890. He was a native of Staten Island, New York, the son of a prosperous business man. When thirteen years old he entered Concordia College, Fort Wayne, Ind., took an academic course of six years, graduated there in 1885, and in 1888 from Concordia Seminary. St. Louis, Mo. From that time until his charge in Evanston he was assistant of Rev. A. H. Reinke in Chicago. From 1890 up to the present day (Feb- ruary, 1902) the congregation has enjoyed constant prosperity. It still clings to the infallible divine inspiration of the Bible and to Faith in Christ Jesus as the only way to salvation. The congregation now consists of over 200 German Lutheran families and many single persons. It has 130 male voting members, 135 pupils in its school and, besides Mr. M. E. Bittner, has Mr. R. Mangelsdorf as teacher of the second class. In 1893 a handsome par- sonage was erected in the rear of the church. The congregation belongs to the "Evan- gelical Lutheran Synod of Missouri, Ohio and other states." Besides the German Lutheran, Evan- ston has also a Norwegian-Danish Luth- eran, a Swedish Lutheran, and, of late, also a small English Lutheran congrega- tion. The latter conducts its services in the church of the Danish-Norwegian Lutherans, and is attended to by Rev. J. K. Reed of Chicago, a member of the General Synod. Norwegian- Danish Lutheran Church. — The following notes have been kindly compiled by the pastor. Rev. D. Larsen : The Evanston Norwegian-Danish Luth- eran Church was organized July 29, 1891, under the supervision of Rev. N. J. Elles- tad and Rev. J. N. Kildal of the Bethle- hem Norwegian Lutheran Church in Chi- cago, and, until the new congregation could secure a pastor, Rev. Kildal tem- porarily served it in connection with the Chicago church. Admission into the United Norwegian Lutheran Church of America was applied for and granted in June, 1892. In March of the same year Rev. T. Aarrestad be- gan to serve the congregation as its or- dained pastor, and remained in that ca- pacity until October, 1893. John Hetland, the next pastor, served from February, 1894, till June, 1900. In January, 1894, the Young People's Society, "Nordlyset," was organized. The congregation had, as yet, owned no place of worship, but services were held in rented quarters. In 1899, how- ever, a lot was bought on Greenwood Boulevard between Sherman and Benson Avenues, and the chapel, owned first by the German and then by the Swedish Lutheran congregation, was bought and moved to the above-mentioned location. This chapel will serve as a temporary house of worship until the congregation becomes able to build a church. The present pastor, Ditman Larsen, was in- stalled July 21, 1901. 386 EVANSTON CHURCH HISTORY Swedish Evangelical Lutheran (Im- manuel) Church. — This congregation was organized in 1888, by Rev. S. A. Sandahl of Lake View, with thirty-four communi- cant members. The first installed pastor was Rev. J. Edgren, who served the con- gregation a number of years. The next pastor was Rev. C. Solmonson. During his ministry in Evanston the Swedes built their present handsome new church and parsonage at Sherman Avenue and Lake Street. Their present minister is Rev. G. K. Stark. Our information concerning the Swed- ish Lutherans is very scant. We should have gladly inserted a chapter from the pen of the present pas- tor, but our eiiforts to obtain such an arti- cle were in vain. Supplemental. Since the above chapter was written work among the Lutherans of Evanston has kept on. The English Lutherans now have a handsome little edifice of their own at Ben- son Avenue and Greenleaf Street. In Bethlehem German Lutheran congre- gation the parochial school has experienced some changes. Mr. R. E. Alangelsdorf. on account of failing health, was obliged to ac- cept a position as teacher of a parochial school at Black Jack, Mo. Likewise, Mr. M. E. Bittner, after having been at the head of the school for almost nineteen years, accepted a call to Kankakee, 111., in 1905, where he now is Principal of a pa- rochial school. The respective vacancies have been filled by Air. F. Toenies, for many years teacher at Strassburg, 111., and by Mr. L. O. Schaefer, one of the graduates of the .Addison Lutheran Teachers' Semin- ary in this State, in 1905. EVANSTON CHRISTIAN CHURCH (By ULYSSES GRANT BUCK) The Evanston Christian Church has had humble beginnings, but gives prom- ise of becoming a strong power for good in this city of churches, and has found a place and a work that would indicate that no mistake has been made in bringing it into being. The Reformation Movement, which this organization represents, had its inception in Western Pennsylvania about one hun- dred years ago, and has been one of rapid growth on lines parallel to the lines of immigration, with the result that the northern and southern parts of our coun- try have few, if any, more prosperous churches. However, there have gone into all parts of the country, as happens with our shifting population, a few represent- ative active members, and these have been gathered together to form a working nu- cleus, and thus have grown up large con- gregations where once there was no work done. This is the history of the Evans- ton Church. The Christian Missionary Society of Chicago had its attention called to the possibilities of a work being started in Evanston in the year 1895. Accordingly on the 24th day of November, 1895, City Evangelist E. W. Darst, accompanied by W. B. Taylor, pastor of the North Side Christian Church ; E. S. Ames, of the Disciples' Divinity House of the Univer- sity of Chicago, met with the few disciples to be found in this community, among whom were Mr. and Mrs- E. E. Starkey, of Wilmette; Dr. and Mrs. R. C. Knox, of Rogers Park, at the home of Mr. and iMrs. Milton O. Naramore, at 925 Main Street, to discuss the idea of at- tempting to organize a Christian Church at some point in Evanston. The urgent HISTORY OF EVANSTON 387 need of a church organization was con- ceded, and it was unanimously decided to take steps to hold a meeting, and in the meantime to hold preliminary cottage meetings in order to enlist the co-opera- tion of all persons who might be fount! 10 be members of the Church. Meetings were held at the same place on each of the Lord's Days in Decem- ber, making six preliminary and prepara- tory meetings, during which the whole situation was thoroughly canvassed and all arrangements were made to hold a se- ries of meetings at Union Hall, 807 Davis Street, beginning on Sunday. January 5, £896. At 3 o'clock on that day a large -ludience assembled at the above place, among whom were many representatives from the city churches, and, as an inau- gural service. Rev. W. F. Black, of the Central Church, Chicago, preached a learned and able discourse. (Jn the evening following. Evangelist E. W. Darst, assisted by local members. began a series of meetings which lasted for the next eleven weeks, without in- terruption, every week day evening ex- cept Saturday and twice on Sunday. At the end of this series of meetings there were forty-two persons who had made confession and thirty-four who had been received by letter, making a total of sev- enty-six, who thus became the nucleus of the Evanston Christian Church. Upon the completion of this series of meetings the church proceeded to the or- ganization of all the departments com- mon to Evangelical churches, and soon it had an active Sunday School, a live Chris- tian Endeavor Society, a Ladies' Aid So- ciety and a Woman's Missionary Society. On the 17th day of May, 1896, the church called Edward Scribner Ames, of the Disciples' Divinity House, as its first pastor. He continued with the church for about one year, when he was followed by Rev. A. L. Chapman. On the 1st day of May, 1897, the church was moved from 807 Davis Street to Odd- Fellows' Hall, 604^/2 Davis Street, where it continued to meet until it was removed to the Y. M. C. A. Building. Mr. Chapman remained as pastor until the autumn of 1898. On the 30th of Oc- tober of that year E. W. Darst was called as pastor, and continued until September, 1899, when Wallace C. Payne, of New York, became his successor. Mr. Payne's work continued vmtil March 24, 1901, when he was succeeded, after a short in- terval, by Dr. E. V. Zollars, President of Hiram College, Hiram, Ohio. Dr. Zollars is one of the ablest men in the Christian Church, and gave the church in Evanston a standing second to none. He was suc- ceeded on October 27, 1901, by Mr. W. D. 'Ward, a graduate of Hiram College un- der Dr. Zollars, and formerly of Mantua, Ohio. Under his guidance and preaching the church has prospered and grown, and his relations with the church have been so pleasant that he is liable to remain yet many years. In 1900 the church, under careful and wise financial management, began to ac- cumulate a building fund, and after about three years' saving, was able to purchase a lot at the corner of Oak and Church Streets, where it was proposed to build a church home, and which it still owns ; but the unexpected, which often happens, came when the opportunity was presented of securing a commodious property at the corner of Lee Street and Asbury Ave- nue, known as the Plymouth Congrega- tional Church. This came near the end of 1903, and the generous offer of the First Congrega- tional Society of Evanston was soon ac- cepted, and, for the first time in its his- 388 EVANSTON CHURCH HISTORY tory, the Evanston Christian Church be- came an established fact in the commu- nity. In June, 1905, the church celebrated, in befitting manner, the clearing off of all indebtedness ; and with all its equipment and with the simple gospel plea which it presents, is bound to continue to prosper and grow, and lead men and women and children to a knowledge of better things and to lives of better deeds, until the time when it shall be known as one of the most potent influences for good in this splen- did city of splendid people. FIRST CHURCH OF CHRIST (SCI- ENTIST) (By HOLMES HOGE) The First Church of Christ (Scientist). of Evanston, was organized under a char- ter granted by the State of Illinois, Jan- uary 23, 1895, with a membership of twenty-six. It is a branch church of the First Church of Christ (Scientist), Bos- ton, Mass., which was founded in 1879. Since that time six hundred and sixty- three churches and societies of this de- nomination have been organized in this country and foreign lands. The branch churches have the power to govern local affairs and elect their First and Second Readers, Boards of Trustees and Direct- ors, and other officers, annually. The Evanston church has had a steady growth and has received one hundred and fifty-two persons into membership. The meetings were first held in a private house, but that was soon found too small to accommodate the increasing congre- gation, and larger quarters have been sought from time to time, until now the church owns the handsome property on the southwest corner of Chicago Avenue and Grove Street. The present form of Sunday service ob- served in all of the churches of the de- nomination was inaugurated in 1895. The sermons consist of selections taken from the Bible and the Christian Science Text Book, "Science and Health," with Key to the Scriptures, by Rev. Mary Baker G. Eddy, the discoverer and leader of Christian Science. The lesson sermons of all the churches are arranged by a commit- tee appointed by the First Church of Christ (Scientist), of Boston, and are read by the First and Second Readers, reading from the Bible and from "Science and Health," respectively. Following the Sunday morning service the Sunday School assembles. Since its organization progress has been the key- note with these little workers, who are bringing out in their daily lives beautiful proofs of the power of good in overcom- ing evil, as this religion teaches. On each W^ednesday evening in this church, as well as all other churches of this denomination, a meeting is held for the purpose of giving testimonies of the benefits received physically, morally and spiritually from the study and practice of Christian Science. In accordance with a by-law of the First Church of Christ (Scientist), of Bos- ton, a reading room has been established and is open daily, affording an opportu- nity to those who are seeking knowledge on the subject of Christian Science to read and procure literature. The theology of Christiai\ Science in- cludes healing the sick, as well as re- forming the sinner, by the prayer of faith with a spiritual understanding of the Scriptures, basing its authority upon the teachings and works of Christ Jesus and the Apostles, as recorded in the Bible. The following item from one of the HISTORY OF EVANSTON 389 Chicago newspapers of a year ago — the exact date is not known — furnishes an in- teresting fact in connection with the his- tory of the First Church of Christ (Scien- tist), of Evanston : "When the temple building of the First Church of Christ (Scientist), of Evans- ton, was destroyed by fire two and a half years ago, the one hundred persons who comprised the membership of the church erected a new building at a cost of $25,- 000, and then set out to wipe out the debt within three years. Last evening, at the regular praj^er service. Holmes Hoge, treasurer of the church and assistant cashier of the First National Bank of Chicago, announced that the last payment on the mortgage was made yesterday." I CHAPTER XXXVIII. YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION (By ARTHUR B. DALE. General Secretary) Evanston Young Men's Christian Associa- tion — Organization Effected in iS8§ — First Board of Officers — General His- tory — Association Building Erected and Dedicated in i8g8 — Gymnasium and Katatorium Constructed — List of For- mer and Present Officers. The Young Men's Christian Associa- tion of Evanston, as elsewhere, arose in response to a public need for the care of the young men of the community, and since its organization has steadily grown, both in size and efficiency, until now it occupies a place of unquestioned utility in the city and has become one of the most effective arms of the church for its work among young men. Differing from the usual social or athletic club in breadth of purpose, it has steadily aimed to reach the young man in his entirety and to ben- efit him morally, intellectually, physically and socially. It firmly stands for the symmetrical growth of all of these sides of his life, believing that only thus does a man approach the plan designed for him by his Maker. The local organization was called into being as the result of a meeting of pas- tors and lay members of the various churches of the city, held June 26, 1885, at which were present Rev. Messrs, Scott, Curts and Noyes for the pastors, and Messrs. H. G. Grey, D. S. McMullen, Martin, Miller, Adams, Gillson and Ben- jamin for the laity. This meeting had under discussion the question whether an organization for young men was needed, on which point they were unanimous ; and whether such organization should be the Young Men's Christian Association. On the latter point, some diiTerence of opinion arising, the matter was referred to a committee of five, who afterward re- ported to a mass meeting in favor of the Association, which was finally launched on November 17, 1885, with the follow- ing Board of Managers: M. P. Aiken, Jos. M. Larimer. W. E. Stockton, Capt. L. O. Lawson, J. H. Nitchie. W. H. Spen- ser, O. E. Haven, S. A. Kean, C. B. Cong- don, H. G. Grey, L. K. Gillson and P. O. Magnuson. This Board organized with the following officers : President— M. P. Aiken; Vice-President — J. M. Larimer; Recording Secretary — J. H. Nitchie ; Treasurer — Howard G. Grey. L'nder this Board of Directors the As- sociation was duly incorporated as "The Young Men's Christian Association of Evanston," on November 17, 1885, and has continued under these articles to the present time. Rooms were secured in the Rink Building, at the corner of Davis Street and Chicago Avenue, and on March 16, 1886, Mr. W. S. Mather was engaged 391 392 YOUXG MEX'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATIOX as General Secretary, to take charge of the work. From this date the Association pursued the usual course of such organizations, meeting with difficulties and achieving successes from time to time, but persist- ently holding to its one purpose of reach- ing and benefitting the young men of the community. After a period in the Rink Building, the rooms were moved to the Block Building, on Sherman Avenue, south of Davis Street, where the work continued to prosper. Among the suc- cessful enterprises conducted by the As- sociation during this period were the re- ligious meetings addressed by Rev. C. H. Yatman, of X'ewark, X. J., in the fall of 1887. These meetings were held in conjunction with the city churches and resulted in 218 professed conversions, of which 115 were young men, and a gen- eral quickening of the religious life of the city. During the General Secretar\'ship of Mr. F. D. Fagg, agitation for a build- ing began, and the following resolution was adopted at a meeting of the Board of Directors on June 3. 1892 : "Resolved. That it is the sense of this Board that the Association pro- ceed, at the earliest possible date, to secure a site and take the necessary steps to erect a building commensurate with the public need." Pursuant to this reso- lution, a committee of five was appointed to select a site and solicit funds for its purchase. This agitation finally resulted in the purchase of the present Associa- tion lots, in March, 1893, at a cost of S2/,- 000. Just when matters were growing bright for the accomplishment of the long-de- sired purpose of beginning work for a building, the Association met with a great loss in the death of Mr. J. 'M. Larimer, who was, at the time, its President. Mr. Larimer had been for a number of j-ears a most active friend and supporter of the work, giving both of his time and money with unusual generosity, and to his ef- forts was largely due the progress that had been made up to that time. Shortly after the death of Mr. Lari- mer, Mr. John R. Lindgren was elected President, and Mr. \\"illiam Boyd having just entered upon the duties of General Secretary, the work of canvassing for funds for the new building was taken up and pushed to a successful issue. A great stimulus was given the project by the State Convention of the Association, which was held in Evanston in 1895, and gave the people of the city an enlarged view of the extent and importance of the work at large, of which the local organi- zation was a part. After much hard work and patient continuance in the solicitation of funds, the present building was finally completed, and on October 6, 1898, was dedicated to the interests of young men in Evanston in a public reception, at v.-hich a very large number of the citi- zens were present. With the completion of the front build- ing, the interest in the Association took on a renewed vigor, and work was imme- diateh' begun for the building of the gym- nasium, without which the work planned would have been most incomplete. This was carried on in a most systematic and successful manner, and on Xovember 28, 1899, the Gymnasium Building was for- mally opened, complete in every detail with the exception of the Xatatorium that had been contemplated in the orig- inal plan. For this latter feature the As- sociation waited until July i, 1903, when two of Evanston's most liberal citizens contributed $5,000 each, for this purpose, and one of the finest swimming pools in r. HISTORY OF EVANSTON 393 the country, of tile and marble construc- tion, was installed as part of the physical equipment. The completion of the Gymnasium and Natatorium gave the Evanston Associa- tion not only one of the most complete equipments in the country, but also one most admirably adapted to the work to be performed. The greatest wisdom has been shown by those having the matter in hand in providing not only for the pres- ent membership, but also for the prob- able increase of future years. Since its completion, the International officers of the Association have frequently referred others to the Evanston building as a model to be followed, and calls for in- spection by visiting officers or architects are of common occurrence. Together with the completeness of its equipment, however, the Association has never lost sight of the real purpose of its organization, viz., the extension of the kingdom of Christ among the young men of the city. Aided by the active co-oper- ation of the churches, it has conducted its physical, educational and social work, as well as its more specifically religious work, with this object in view, and by this policy has won a place for itself among the permanent factors going to make up the better citizenship and life of the city. Presidents and General Secretaries cf the Association since its organization, with their terms of service, have been as follows : Presidents: M. P. Aiken. 1885-1886. C- E. Congdon, 1 886-1 891. J. M. Larimer, 1891-1894. J. R. Lindgren, 1894-1903. John E. Wilder, 1903- General Secretaries : W. S. Mather, 1886. Jesse Lockwood, 1886-1887. W. A. Hill, 1887- 1888. E. A. Barrett, 1888-1889. John M. Dick, 1889-1890. F. D. Fagg, 1890-1893. Wm. Boyd, 1893-1901. A. B. Dale, 1901-. . . .• The present Board of Directors is com- posed of the following gentlemen : John E. Wilder, President ; Richard C. Hall, Vice-President ; Wm. Hudson Harper, Recording Secretary; Wm. A. Dyche, Treasurer ; Frank H. Armstrong, Thos. L. Fansler, Livingstone P. Moore, JohnH. Hardin, John R. Lindgren, James F- Oates, Thos. I. Stacey, Wm. G. Sherer, Alfred L. Lindsey, Milton H. Wilson. The present executive force is as fol- lows: Arthur B. Dale, General Secre- tary ; J. Graham Stewart, Assistant Sec- retary : Lewis O. Gillesby, Physical Di- rector. t CHAPTER XXXIX. WOMAN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNIONS (By SUSANNA M. D. FRY, A. M., Ph. D.) Women's Temperance Alliance — Efaiistoii JP'otiian's Christian Temperance Union Organised in i8/§— Working Depart- ments — Enforcement of Four-Mile Limit Law — Industrial School — Chil- dren's Organisation — Loyal Temper- ance Legion and Gospel Temperance Meetings — Miss Frances E. Willard and Other Xoted Leaders — Manual Training School — The Evanstou W. C. T. U. — Reiley and South Ezvnstoii Un- ions — Young JVoman's Organization. The forerunner of the Woman's Chris- tian Temperance Union in Evanston was the Women's Temperance AlUance. This, was formed March 17, 1874, and was a part of the general awakening which fol- lowed the Woman's Crusade of the win- ter of 1873-74. The name, "Woman's Christian Temperance Union," was as yet practically unknown, and that the organi- zation took the name it did was probably due to the fact that Mr. L. L. Greenleaf had, several years earlier, formed an Al- liance which met at his own and other homes in Evanston. The chief object of the Women's Temperance Alliance was the prosecution of violators of the Uni- versity charter law, which forbade sa- loons within four miles of the college campus. As soon as the village of Evans- ton was incorporated a local ordinance had been passed in harmony w-ith the Uni- versity charter. Other objects of the Al- liance were the circulation of the pledge and the visiting of places within the four- mile limit, where liquor was believed to be sold, or where gambling was carried on. Mrs. A. J. Brown was elected the first President, but declined to serve, and Mrs. Dr. O. Marcy was elected. Airs. Prof. II. F. Fisk was the first Secretary. Among those who were particularly in- terested were Mrs. Dr. David Noyes, Mrs. Edward Russell, Mrs. A. P. Wightman, Mrs. Francis Bradley, Mrs. Arza Brown. Mrs. Charles E. Brown, Mrs. Emily Pluntington Miller, Mrs. John E. Kedzie, Mrs. T. C. Hoag, Mrs. Helen E. Hesler, Mrs. J. F. Willard, Mrs. Mary B. Willard, Mrs. Rev. F. L. Chappell, Mrs. Caroline F. Corbin, Mrs. M. C. Van Benschoten. The records of the Alliance include the names of about seven hundred citizens of Evanston who signed the total abstinence pledge at that time. The men and women signers were about equal in number, and the last fifty-four names are noted as com- ing from the University and the College Cottage, and were handed in by Miss Jes- sie Brown, afterward Mrs. Hilton, who became National W. C. T. U. Superin- tendent of Mothers' Meetings. 395 396 WOMAN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNIONS THE E\\\NSTOX W. C. T. U. ^lay I, 1875, the Alliance changed its name to the Evanston Woman's Chris- tian Temperance Union, and September 18, 1878, became auxiliary to the State and National W. C. T. U. The following have served as Presidents of this Union from 1874 until 1906: Mrs. Dr. O. Marcy. Mrs. Mary Thompson Willard, Mrs. \\'. E. Clifford. Mrs. Francis Brad- ley, Mrs. A. J. Brown. Mrs. ^I. M. Con- ivell, Mrs. Mary Bannister Willard, Mrs. Jane Eggleston Zimmerman, Mrs. Mary H. Hull, Mrs. William Bradley, Mrs. Ger- trude M. Singleton, Mrs. Lucy Prescott Vane, Mrs. John B. Finch, Mrs. A. De- Coudres, Mrs. Robert M. Hatfield. 'Mrs. Harriet Kidder, and Mrs. George R. Brown, who became President in 1899. For many years the W. C. T. U. and the Ladies' Union Praj-er Meeting met as one body. The Evanston Union has, at different times, carried on the following lines of work : Law Enforcement, Gos- pel Temperance Meetings, Kindergarten \\'ork. Night School, Industrial School, Reading Room, Band of Hope, Loyal Temperance Legion, Hospital and Res- cue Work, Distribution of Literature, Scientific Temperance Instruction, Work Among Colored People, Temperance Teaching in the Sunday School, Parlia- mentary Usage. Medal Contest, Work Among Railroad Employes, Mothers' Meeting, Pledge Signing, and other de- partments of the National W. C. T. U- work, some of w-hich w-ill be taken up somewhat in detail in this sketch. This L'nion is still doing good work under the leadership of Mrs. George R. Brown, President, and Mrs. G. W. Price, its faithful, long-time Recording Secretary. It has a paid-up membership of sixty. Law Enforcement. — In the earlv days Mrs. Arza Brown, mother of Mrs. Mary H. B. Hitt, who was for many years President of the Northwestern Branch of the Woman's Foreign Missionary Socie- ty of the I\I. E. Church, used to take Mrs. Dr. Marcy with her in her buggy to Gross Point, a German settlement north of Evanston, where they visited saloons and did regular temperance missionary work among the people. The women prose- cuted those found selling liquor within the four-mile limit and generally gained their case, but too often an appeal was taken and the case was finally lost. The members of the Union did not hesitate to go into the court and testify. INIrs. Arza Brown, when nearly eighty years old, went fearlessly into the most forbidding places and searched most diligently into the statutes concerning liquor-selling, and, withal, was most fervent in prayer, not only in the Union, but among the offenders whom she visited. The following appeared in the "Evans- ton Index" while the Union was still called the Alliance : "The Women's Temperance Alliance of Evanston, appreciating the embarrass- ment systematically thrown in the way of all who attempt to prosecute the secret and open venders of intoxicants, at its last meeting created a committee of vig- ilance, consisting of many influential la- dies and gentlemen, whose duty it will be to attend the courts to prevent, as far as possible the intimidation of witnesses and to do wiiatever else may be necessary to insure a prompt and vigorous prosecu- tion of all violators of the University charter law, and the laws of this State and village, within reach of the influence of the Alliance." The same paper reported at another time a liquor case before Justice Hun- toon, which was attended by Mesdames HISTORY OF EVANSTON 397 Arza Brown, Charles E. Brown, A. J. Brown, iMarcy, Bradley. Fisk, \\ illard, Boutell, Goebel, Woodson, Ninde, New- man, Moore, Stout, Butler, Curtis, Lane, Van Benschoten, Hoag, Pitner, Pitt, Clif- ford and Miss Jacksorf. In 1883 a Law and Order League was organized among the men of Evanston, at the suggestion of Rev. Dr. Bannister, of which Dr. D. R. Dyche was for many years President, but the Union never lost its interest in this phase of temperance work and no single feature has been of more general interest to the citizens of Evanston. The minutes of the Evanston L^nion show, from time to time, that the "saloon on wheels" was still rolling up and down the streets, and that the Union was called upon for greater activity in law enforcement. October 16, 1880, the Y. W. C. T. U., which had been organized the year be- fore, moved that the society communi- cate, through its Secretary, with the Trustees of the Northwestern University, respectfully calling their attention to the fact that, in direct opposition to published laws, beer was sold on the streets, and that there were seven saloons in opera- tion within less than four miles of the L^niversity ; also that the society would furnish witnesses who would testify to the facts as above stated. The National W. C. T. U. has a de- partment of Legislation and Law En- forcement, and even in Evanston, which has never had a legalized saloon, constant vigilance is needed on the part of officials and other citizens to minimize illicit sell- ing of intoxicating drinks. Hence the continued activity of the Unions in this direction. Industrial School. — One of the earliest efforts among poor children was made by Mrs. Dr. O. Marcy. Those most needing instruction along the lines of temperance, industr}', cleanliness, et cetera, were gath- ered together in a school, which some per- sisted in calling the ragged school, but which the leader always dignified with the title of "Industrial." The children were taught in a very simple and practical way. Texts were often selected which had something to say about "clean hands." To illustrate the Scripture. "Make a chain, for the land is full of bloody crimes and the city is full of violence," the chil- dren were taught to make a chain of their pledge cards. These had all been deco- rated with hand-painted flowers, and upon them were the names of those who signed the following pledge: "We all, whose names are on this pledge, promise not to drink anything that will intoxicate." The children were taught that "crimes" and "violence" were to be lessened by their sobriety and industry. The chain of pledge cards is still in existence. The school met in uncomfortable places until taken to Union Hall. They were trained to recite pieces and sing, together with sewing for the girls and some simple manual work for the boj's. Mrs. Cornelia A. Churcher and others of the long-time residents of Evanston were greatly inter- ested in this school. The Star Band of Hope. — February 23, 1875, Mrs. S. M. I. Henry, afterward a National W. C. T. U. evangelist, organ- ized the Star Band of Hope among the children, which soon numbered seventy. Mrs. A. J. Brown was the presiding gen- ius, and Dr. Eben Clapp was her most faithful co-laborer. The meetings were held in I\Irs. Brown's house at first, then in the old Evanston Hotel on Davis Street, and afterward in Union Hall. Dr. George C. Noves. then pastor of the First Presbj'terian Church, helped to corral the unrulv bovs, and assisted in many wa}s. 398 WOMAN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNIONS as did Mr. George Wire, Dr. William B. Phillips and others. Many of the boys were wild and reckless, and a system of military drill was instituted among them by Captain Julian R. Fitch. Evanston ladies met and made caps and belts for the boys. A band of musicians was trained among them, and they marched through the streets with their wooden guns, the band playing such military airs as were supposed to indicate that they were "soldiers fighting for good habits." Mrs. Marcy wrote some songs for them, notably, "I Heard a Little Bird One Morning Sing, Sip, Sip No Wine." Mrs. Edward Russell had charge of the Girls' Brigade, which was a part of the Band of Hope. The children of many prominent families belonged to the or- ganization, and the testimony is that never was better temperance work done among the children than during the five years' existence of the Band of Hope. The Loyal Temperance Legion. — The National W. C. T. U. adopted the name. Loyal Temperance Legion, for its tem- perance society among the children in 1886, and these Legions succeeded the Bands of Hope. The same year Miss Anna A. Gordon, now Vice-President-at- large of the National W. C. T. U., and Edward Murphy formed a Legion in Evanston, which met in the First M. E. Church. It was formally adopted by the Evanston Union at a meeting on Decem- ber 6, 1886, with Miss Gordon as Super- intendent. The Legion numbered 200 members, with an average attendance of about 100. Mrs. Mary Owens Denyes, now President of the Straits Settlement' W. C. T. U., and residing at Singapore, was a member of the Legion, as were others whose names are now widely known. After the completion of Miss Gordon's first book of "Marching Songs" for the L. T. L., her legioners gave a demonstration in the church. The banners with mot- toes, the marching and singing and de- claiming, were new to the audience and were wonderfully impressive. Later, Mrs. Culla J. Vayhinger, then a student in the University and now President of the Indiana \V. C. T. U., was Superin- tendent of the Legion. The children had courses of instruction which have come, through repeated revisions and improve- ments, to be exceedingly fine manuals of study, adapted to Junior, Senior and Nor- mal grades. Several L. T. L.'s have suc- ceeded each other, but Evanston has never been long without such an organi- zation. The L. T. L. is a branch of the National W. C. T. U., and in its entirety numbers about 200.000. Gospel Temperance Meetings. — Sun- day afternoon, September, 1879, a Gos- pel temperance meeting was started under the leadership of Mrs. M. M. Con- well, in the waiting-room of the old North- western depot. These meetings contin- ued until 1895 or 1896. After leaving the depot they were held in a rented room on the corner of Davis and Maple Streets, and, later still, were regularly maintained in Union Hall. Mrs. Jane Eggleston Zimmerman was leader of these meetings for about eight years, beginning in 1881. Among the devoted workers were Mrs. R. H. Trumbull, Mrs. Mary Bannister Wil- lard, Mrs. T. C. Reiley, Mrs. R. Somers and scores of others. When Ladv Henry Somerset, now President of the World's W^ C. T. U , made her first visit to this country, 1891- 92, she and Miss W'illard spoke at the Gospel temperance meeting on Sunday, March 13, 1892. The hall was packed and the interest intense. A farewell meet- ing for Lady Henry Somerset had been HISTORY OF EVANSTON 399 given in Central Music Hall, Chicago, the evening before, and both she and Miss \\'illard were extremely weary, but they did not find it in their hearts to refuse to speak on the occasion named. Miss Julia Ames, i\Iiss Helen L. Hood, Miss Ruby I. Gilbert and Mary Allen West, editor of "The Union Signal," all closely identified with the National W. C. T. U., and domiciled in the northern half of Rest Cottage, were frequently at these meetings. Mrs. Elizabeth Boynton Har- bert, Mrs. M. L. Welles, afterward Na- tional W. C. T. U. lecturer, and many others belonging to the Union, spoke at these meetings, as well as the pastors of the various churches. Temperance pa- pers from all over the world were re- ceived by Miss Willard at Rest Cottage, and these were carried over to Union Hall every Sunday and distributed. The following, which appeared in the "Evanston Index" at the time, shows the inspiring cause of the meetings: "Father \Vheadon was roused from sleep one night by a young man living near him, who came to him saying: "I have signed the pledge, but I must have God's help to keep it.' From the spirit aroused by the recital of this incident came the combination of efifort on the part of Mrs. Conwell, Mrs. Clifford, Miss Willard and others, which resulted in the Gospel meetings." An incident will illustrate the characr ter of the work : When Miss Willard was to speak. Union Hall, with all side rooms opened up, was always crowded. On one such occasion a man was observed to be eager- ly seeking admittance. To Mrs. T. C. Reiley, who sought to make room for him, he said he must see Miss Willard. He was informed that he could not see her then, as she was about to speak, but might do so at the close of the meeting. Observation of the man suggested the- wisdom of an after meeting, and a note to Miss W'illard prompted its announce- ment. When the man had an opportunity he asked if the Union took care of men's wives. He said he had gone to ethical culture lectures and many others, and no one could tell him how to reform, and now it was time to drop all such efforts. A word of prayer was proposed, and v.'hen the meeting closed the man said that if (jod was what they represented Him to be, and would keep him from falling through the week, he would come again next Sunday. He was given a Bi- ble, a white ribbon was pinned on his coat, and he was sent to his Chicago home. liefore going he said he had come to Evanston with the intention of killing himself, had walked past Rest Cottage ■ six times without the courage to enter, and then went to the meeting with his revolver in his pocket. After reading the Bible many times, he said to his wife : "If this God will take me past the sa- loons, I'll take Him." Influence was brought to bear to secure employment for the man, he joined the church, and az last accounts was still doing well. The attention of the Union, however, came to be turned more and more to pre- vention by work among children, as the experiences of this and thousands of other unions showed that a large percent- age of reformed men eventually went back to their cups. The Salvation Army came in with the same kind of Gospel work, and in time this particular field in Evanston was largely left to them. Kindergarten Work. — In the winter of 1885 a kindergarten was started which continued until April, 1896, when the work was introduced into the Haven pub- lic school. Mrs. ]\Iarv Bannister Willard 400 WOMAN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNIONS was chiefly instrumental in raising the necessary funds at the beginning, through what was termed $15 scholar- ships, and in honor of her work the school was later named the Mary Ban- nister Willard Kindergarten.- Mrs. Hes- ter E. Walker had the school in charge and was most successful in winning both children and parents. The ladies of the First M. E. Church earned the first $200 for the kindergarten. The Y. W. C. T. U. and other young people lent a helping hand, chiefly through the sale of home- made candies, which was a source of con- siderable revenue to the Union for many years. Miss Mary McDowell, now at the head of the Northwestern University Settlement in Chicago, did much to aid the kindergarten work. Miss Kate Jack- son, Mrs. John A. Childs, Mrs. Dr. O. H. Mann, Mrs. R. M. Hatfield and Mrs. Henderson were also moving spirits. The need for the school did not exist after the work became a part of the public school system. During the more than eleven years of its existence it cose the Union, for hall rent, salary to the Superintendent, supplies, et cetera, about $1,000 per year, which was cheerfully contributed by the citizens. It is related that some of the little folks won their fathers from drink by the instructions which they had received in the kindergarten and carried to their homes. Manual Training School. — This school was started about 1883 and suspended in January, 1887. Mrs. H. H. C. Miller was Secretary of the Union during a part of that period, and she was especially active in raising funds for the school and in carrying on the work. Other able women assisted her. Miss Lu Bushnell was a devoted teacher and Mr. William Lind- ley taught the boys carpentry. The meet- ings were held in Union Hall and the practical work was done in another build- ing. The especial aim was to gather in the neglected children, or those who for reasons had the greatest need, and to teach them temperance, industry and other virtues. Other Undertakings. — The Evanston Union inaugurated many other lines of work beside those already named. At one time a night school was opened for youths who were obliged to work and could not attend the day schools. This numbered about eighty, and was sus- tained through the generosity of Mr. Wil liam Deering, Rev. Henry Delano, Mr. Charles Congdon and others, until the Public School Board was induced to open a night school. A reading room was car- ried on from 1881 to 1886, and cottage prayer meetings were held frequently. At one time open air meetings were held on the University campus and on the corner of Ayars Court and Ridge Avenue. In 1886 the Good Times Club of girls, organized to illustrate that the best of good times consist in doing good to some- body else, became a part of the Union. Much attention was given to mothers' meetings. Mrs. Jessie Brown Hilton was. for a number of years, the inspiring and instructive leader. She served as Na- tional W. C. T. U. Superintendent of Mothers' Meetings several successive years, and gave many special lectures in Evanston by invitation of the Union. A sewing school for girls was maintained for some time. Social purity also had its place. Mrs. Isabel Wing Lake, for many years Na- tional Superintendent of Rescue Work, Mrs. Major Singleton, Mrs. R. H. Trum- bull and others went regularly to the' Cook County Hospital, interested them- HISTORY OF EVANSTON 401 selves in the welfare of the girls in that institution, and in many cases did prac- tical rescue work. Thousands of pages of temperance lit- erature were distributed every year. Act- ive interest has always been taken in the teaching of scientific temperance truths from proper text-books in the public schools. As is well known, this plan originated with the W. C. T. U., and the Evanston Union did its part in securing the State law and the amendments which have been made from time to time, and in helping to make the law effective lo- cally. The Union was instrumental in organ- izing a union among the colored people of Evanston at one time, and it has regu- larly supervised a number of other depart- ments of the National W. C. T. U., such as Non-Alcoholic Medication, Anti-Nar- cotics, Flower Mission, vvhereljy thou- sands of bouquets, with Scripture texts, have been given to the sick and unfor- tunate, but first, last and all the time, it has striven to promulgate the two basic principles of total abstinence and prohi- bition. The Union assisted the Delano Mission and has always been active in home charities, besides sending many boxes and barrels of clothing to needy Western territory. As indicative of the practical work of the Union, the following, taken at ran- dom from its minutes, may be noted : "December 23, 1878, the anniversary of the Temperance Crusade was observed in the M. E. Church, which was deco- rated for the occasion, the President, Mrs. M. M. Conwell, presiding. Miss Willard delivered, in her own peculiarly charming manner, her lecture on "Home Protec- tion," at the close of which 150 signa- tures to the petition to the Illinois Legis- lature were secured. (Some 600 in all were taken.) "January 10, 1879, temperance day in the week of prayer, was observed, Mrs. Converse presiding. Mrs. Arza Brown spoke with energy against the use of to- bacco. "March 19, 1879, the Union petitioned a certain railroad to remove into.xicating liquors from its dining-cars and a com- mittee reported having visited all of the churches of Evanston urging the use of unfermented wine at the sacrament, "May 7, 1881, Mary B. Willard, Presi- dent, a committee was appointed to pro- test to druggists against unnecessary Sab- bath trade, and to the town authorities against a gambling den known to exist." For several years lately the W. C. T. U, has had representation on the Board of Associated Charities of Evanston, Mrs. G M. Price having been the representa- tive so far. Many lecturers have been brought to Evanston by the Union to address public audiences or union meetings. Among these may be named John B. Gough, Joe Hess (the reformed pugilist), Francis Murphy, Col. George Bain, John B. Finch, and of our own, Mary T. Lathrap, Mary H. Hunt, Narcissa White Kinney, Caroline B. Buell, Esther Pugh, Helen M. Barker, Mary A. VVoodbridge, Katharine Lent Stevenson, Mary Allen West and Mrs. Robinson, an evangelist, who held meetings for two months, sometimes five a day. Those heard most frequently were, of course, our own citizens : Mesdames Emily Huntington Miller, Elizabeth Boynton Harbert, S. M. I. Henry, Jessie Brown Hilton, Dr. Kate Bushnell and Frances E. Willard. The Sunday Gospel temperance meet- ings were addressed by people from 402 WOMAN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNIONS Japan, Persia, India, Mexico, and from many of our own States, besides many pastors and others citizens of Evanston. Frequent mass meetings and receptions were held during the early years. It is related that when Miss Willard made her first public address in Evans- ton, in the old M. E. Church which stood on the site now selected for the new Pub- lic Library on Church Street, she did not remove her bonnet. Before the meeting opened, a friend suggested that she take it off, saying the lines were not just suited to Miss W'illard's face. "O no, dear," she replied; "I mustn't do it. Some of the sisters might not just like it." which is il- lustrative of her thoughtful care of the feelings of others. When Mr. IMurphy was lecturing in Evanston, Miss Willard used to occupy fifteen or twenty minutes before he began. One night a $5 gold piece was put in the collection-box by a gentleman who, upon inquiry as to whether a mistake had been made, said that this piece had come to him in a very peculiar manner and was to be used for his own personal pleasure; that he came to hear Air. Murphy and heard Miss \\'illard, and knew the time had come to use the $5 gold piece. He said he regarded her perorations as worth many times the value of the coin. Not a few members of the Evanston Union have been prime movers in Nation- al W. C. T. U. matters, as, for instance, Mrs. Dr. O. Marcy was one of the commit- tee which founded the first National pa- per, called "Our Union." Plans for it were discussed in Evanston and investi- gations were made in Chicago as to the printing of the paper, which was finally published in Philadelphia, and if Miss Willard's work were to be taken account of, it would mean an enumeration of much of that which is of greatest value in the National W. C. T. U. Suffrage was a dangerous question in the early days. Mrs. Harbert relates that at a meeting of the Union she was nomi- nated as Secretary. She rose and said : '"Ladies. I think I ought to tell you, before you go any further, that I hold in my hand an invitation to become the President of the State Suffrage Association" ; where- upon the presiding officer quickly said, "Do sit right down, Mrs. Harbert, or you will turn this meeting into a suffrage dis- cussion." Mrs. Harbert sat down, con- tenting herself mostly thereafter, she says, by offering to furnish scalloped oysters and angel food on occasions, believing these would create no discussion. The anniversary meeting for Aliss \\'il- lard, on her fiftieth birthday, was the first public recognition of the department of equal suffrage, which the National had adopted years before. Mrs. Elizabeth Wheeler Andrew, afterward round the world W. C. T. U. missionary, presented Miss Willard with a basket of beautiful flowers decorated with white and yellow ribbons, and explained that the wdiite stood for temperance and the yellow for equal suft'rage. The Unions, State and Local, had long since learned that they were free to accept or reject departments according to their likings and beliefs, which had allayed the fears of some who could not accept all of the departments proposed by the National W. C. T. U. The Reiley Union. — For many years there was but the one Union in Evanston. except those among the young women called the "Ys." In later years, it was thought a union west of the railroad tracks would appeal more particularly to residents in that locality, and January 21, 1896. the Reiley Union was organized. The Pres- HISTORY OF EVANSTON 403 idents have been Mrs. Caroline Franklin, Mrs. Ella DeCoudres and Mrs. T. C. Reiley, who had served many years as Treasurer of the Evanston Union, and who was President of the Fourth District for nine years, beginning in 1893. The Fourth District then included Chicago and Evanston, and in fact, all of the north shore. The work and the departments of the Reiley Union have been similar to those of the Evanston Union during the same years, and a number of its members were previously identified with the older union and had a share in what has been related of it. It may be noted, however, that the Reiley Union has sent quantities of literature to needy places and to other States ; has worked the department of Soldiers and Sailors, supplying the sol- diers with many comfortbags during the Spanish and Philippine wars. It has been an ardent supporter of the one time affili- ated interests of the National W. C. T. U., and it secured the organization of the present Y. W. C. T. U. It has many de- voted workers in its membership of thirty. The South Evanston Union. — This Union was organized by Airs. Reiley in 1894 and continued the work for seven years. Its presidents were Mrs. D. D. Thompson, Mrs. K. R. Whitman and Mrs. George Hoover. It numbered twenty-five or thfrty members, distributed a large amount of literature, held most excellent mothers' meetings and had a fine Loyal Temperance Legion. The Ys of Evanston.— The Young Wo- man's Christian Temperance Union is a branch of the W. C. T. U., and these Unions among the young people have come to be known as "the Ys." Tradition says that Evanston has had three differ- ent organizations of the Ys, but written records supply information of two only. The first of these was organized January 2, 1879, with a speedy enrollment of thirty-seven members. It was organized at Rest Cottage, the home of Miss Wil- lard, she and Miss Gordon both being present and assisting in the organization. Miss Belle Webb was elected President and Miss Justina A. Pingree, Recording Secretary. Miss Webb declined to serve and Miss Fannie Wiswall was elected. The Union took up temperance teaching in the Sabbath schools, securing subscriptions to "Our Union," the official organ of the National W. C. T. U., and supplying the papers with temperance items and reports of the work of the Y. The society was pledged to total abstinence and also to use its influence against the use of tobacco. Many signers of the Home Protection Petition and the total abstinence pledge were obtained. As has already been stated, this Union lent its aid to the efforts for law enforcement and to the other undertak- ings of the mother Lmion, the Evans- ton W^ C. T. U. It secured lectures by Prof. George E. Foster, Mrs. Harbert, Mrs. Hannah Whitall Smith, Miss Lucia Kimball, Miss Willard and others. Miss Martha Button was the President in 1880. A temperance school was conducted by the Ys, and they aided the Gospel tem- perance meetings and edited and read at their monthly meetings a little paper fitly called, "The Waterspout." Prof. Haven of the public schools, Dr. Garnsey and Miss Brace conducted experiments in the temperance school. The membership came up to forty and the meetings were moved from private houses to Room 4 of Union Hall, and later to a building on the corner of Davis and Maple Streets. In 1880, leaflets were distributed to the number of 10,000, and 132 total abstinence pledges were secured, exclusive of chil- dren. The temperance school was held every Saturday except for two summer 404 WOMAN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNIONS months. It numl^ered sixty. Julia Col- man's Juvenile Temperance Manual, pic- ture tracts and reward cards were used. The society subscribed for fifty copies of "Illustrated Temperance Tales" and Miss Willard donated fifty copies of "The Youth's Temperance Banner." A number of public entertainments were given. Miss Mary Ninde was the President for 1881, but on March 12, 1881, after two years and a quarter of separate activity, the Y voted to become a part of the Ev- anston W. C. T. U. The next Y, of which there are records, is the present Evanston Y. W. C. T. U. It was organized November 8, 1902, by Mrs. Minnie B. Horning, Corresponding Secretary of the Illinois W. C. T. U., and Miss Kathryn Sawyer, State Y Secretary. It began with eight active members, and numbers, at the present time, twenty-four young women and eighteen young men, the latter being honorary members. Its Presidents have been as follows: Miss Sibyl Horning, Miss Mildred Auten and Miss Ernia Hoag. Their work has been mainly connected with the Flower Mis- sion, Press, Hospital and Literature. A necessary requirement for membership in all Ys, as well as W's, is the signing of the pledge against the use of intoxicating drinks, and this one has also declared against the use of tobacco, though this is ■ not made a requirement of membership They have contributed to the White Rib- bon Missionary Fund, which, at present, helps to sustain Miss Kara Smart as a res- ident W. C. T. U. missionary in Japan, and to the Frances E. Willard Memorial Fund, which is used to enlarge and per- petuate the work at home, and also to the state work. Considerable attention has .been given to parliamentary usage, that the meetings may be conducted properly. At this writing it is proposed to supply teachers from their membership for a new Junior Loyal Temperance Legion being organized among the children. At one time, in order to increase the in- terest in the meetings, a continued story was a part of the program, each chapter being written by a dififerent member. This L'nion is made up of University and High School young people, and bids fair to be a worthy member of the trio of L^nions now working in Evanston, viz. : the Evanston \V. C. T. U.. the Reiley W. C. T. U. and the Y. \V. C. T. U. Brother Helpers. — The ministers and other good men of Evanston have lent their aid during the more than thirty years of active service by the Unions. Chief among the early helpers may be men- tioned Dr. Martin C. Briggs, of the Meth- odist Episcopal Church ; Rev. Edward X. Packard, of the Congregational Church; Rev.F. L.Chappell,of the Baptist Church, and Dr. Geo. C. Noyes, of the First Presby- terian Church ; and, in later years. Dr. Rob- ert M. Hatfield. Dr. Frank Bristol, Dr. Frederick Clatworthy, and Dr. Henry De- lano, who often spoke for the W. C. T. U. and whose church was always open for its meetings. Dr. N. S. Davis was ready to help at the public meetings with valuable contributions from his professional knowl- edge. Among the other notable Brother Help- ers were Mr. William Deering, Dr. O. H. Mann, Dr. Eben Clapp, Mr. C. B. Cong- don, Major W. F. Singleton, Mr. F. P. Crandon, Mr. John B. Finch, Dr. Milton Terry, and other University professors, including Prof. H. F. Fisk and President Joseph Cnmmings. All the LT„ions have been greatly in- debted from time to time to the Brother Helpers who have aided in many ways. CHAPTER XL. CHARITABLE ASSOCIATIONS (By MKS. LOUISE BBOCKWAY STANWOOD) Benevolent Society Organized — Hospital Projected — New Society Takes the Name "Associated Charities" — Auxili- ary Organications — ^ Mothers' Sezving School — St. Vincent de Paul Society — Needle Work Guild — Mothers' Club — Visiting Nurse Association — , King's Daughters — Camp Good Will — Its Service in Behalf of Poor Mothers and Children — Receipts and Expenditures. The distribution of charity in Evanston, up to the year 1883, had been a matter of individual effort or of church discrimina- tion; but the winter of 1883 opened very bitter and stormy and, on one particularly cold day, Mrs. William Blanchard was distressed at the thought of the suffering there must be amongst the poor of the town. Calling her coachman, she in- quired if he would think it inhuman to take his horses out and drive her about to look after cases of suffering. The chil- dren coming home from school reported that, in one family, a baby had been fro- zen to death the night before. When Mrs. Blanchard reached this home, she found the family in a desperate condition ; several children partially frozen and the whole family in need of every comfort — clothes, food, and heat. After relieving their im- mediate necessities, she went home to think over the situation, and the idea of a benevolent society for the relief of the poor and suffering in Evanston took shape in her mind. Mrs. Blanchard inserted a notice in the village paper, calling on all ladies who might be interested in the formation of such a society to meet at her house on a given day, to talk the matter over and to organize. Many ladies re- sponded to the call and the Benevolent Society of Evanston was duly organized. Benevolent Society Organized. — It was decided to hold meetings for sewing at the different homes, to have a relief and investigating committee and a committee to solicit funds. The response to the re- quest for funds was hearty and generous, as Mrs. Blanchard herself says, only one person who was approached for money re- fusing to give. The names of the first workers in the Benevolent Society includ- ed those of Mrs. Edward Taylor, Mrs. George Watson, Mrs. L. C. Tallmadge, Mrs. N. A. Coble, Mrs. N. C. Gridley, Mrs. Tillinghast, Mrs. William Deering, Miss Josephine Patterson, Mrs. A. L. Butler, Mrs. P>ank M. Elliot, Miss Alice Blanch- ard and Mrs. Blanchard, Miss Katherine Lord and Mrs. Frank Wilder. The sewing meetings were continued all the winter of 1883-84 and Mrs. Blanch- ard's house was used as the depot for the storing and distributing of clothing. Mrs. Blanchard also made such arrangements 405 4o6 CHARITABLE ASSOCIATIONS with the Cook County hospital that, on her request and recommendation, any case of sickness could be taken to the hospital to be taken care of. This Society, while it provided for the needs of many of the poor, did not prevent frequent cases of duplication in individual charity nor the special efforts of churches in relieving their own people. That was a develop- ment that was to come later. The first records of the Association show the list of officers elected in the winter of 1887-88, when Mrs. Edward Taylor was made President, Mrs. L. C. Tallmadge, Vice-President-at-large, with a Vice-President from each of the following churches: Congregational, Pres- byterian, Episcopal, Methodist and Baptist ; Miss Josephine Patterson, Secretary ; and Mrs. J. E. Burke, Treasurer. A sewing school, to teach young girls be- longing to needy families to sew, had been organized in 1883-84 and in this year (1887) Mrs. Edward Belknap was appoint- ed the chairman of the sewing-school. Dur- ing this same winter — which is memorable for organization — the Kitchen Garden As- sociation was formed, for the purpose of giving some instruction in cleaning, set- ting tables, making beds and other house- work, that would make it easier for girls to secure positions where they could earn something to help themselves and their families. This Kitchen Garden was first taught by Miss Gardner of Chicago, who trained several of the younger Evanston ladies to be teachers and to continue the school. In the year 1887, Mrs. L. C. Tall- madge and Miss Kate Lord were appoint- ed to have charge of the Kitchen Garden. Mrs. Blanchard, Mrs. Watson, and Mrs. Balding formed the committee to raise funds. The amount of money received was in no sense insignificant, for from the first of November, 1887, to the first of No- vember, 1888, the Treasurer's books show receipts of over $800. Another form of benevolence had been maintained by the Flower Mission, an or- ganization of young women in the village whose chief duty it was to gather and send to Chicago, for distribution, both garden and greenhouse flowers. This so- ciety also had done some relief work, but in October, 1887, the Benevolent Society and the Flower Mission were consolidated, a constitution was adopted, and one more step was taken in the thorough organiza- tion of charity work in the village. The work done by this Society at this time consisted chiefly in clothing the poor, and it had also helped with actual money in the payment of rents, but as the village grew, the needy increased in numbers and, in the very^ last of 1887, it was decided that society could not afford to pay out money for rents, nor could it provide cof- fee, sugar, and butter, except in cases of illness. Throughout the records of the Be- nevolent Society the reports of the Sew- ing School and the Kitchen Garden fur- nish interesting reading; and the gener- osity of various merchants of Evanston and of the doctors in rendering profes- sional services free are many times grate- fully acknowledged. In October, 1888, it was decided to confine the work of relief strictly within the villages of North Ev- anston, Evanston and South Evanston. Tickets were also distributed amongst householders in these three villages, which were to be given to all applicants for relief, directing these latter to the proper author- ities. In October, 1889, the Society decided to hold an open business meeting at the be- ginning of each sewing meeting, and to ask for reports from each department con- nected with the work. This had a ten- dency to increase the attendance at the HISTORY OF EVANSTON 407 meetings and to further the interests of the Society. Up to this time the money had been soHcited either by representa- tives from the churches or by a general finance committee ; but in this year (1889) a sohcitor was appointed for each side of the village — these being Mrs. Bishop and Mrs. Gridley for the east side and Mrs. George Judd for the west. The minutes of October 29, 1889. are interesting to read, because the problem of furnishing fuel to the poor was so well met by the ofifer of Mr. Hugh Wilson to give ten tons of coal, and the enumeration of garments (old and new) blankets, shoes, etc.. indicates that the work afterwards performed by the Needle Work Guild was so well done at this time by the general Society. Another point noticed in these minutes is the sug- gestion of Miss Lord's growing out of her experience as the head of the Kitchen Garden, that steps should be taken to found a cooking school in Evanston. The teachers of the Kitchen Garden drilled their girls for a public entertainment which was given very successfully and the money received was afterwards ap- plied to that purpose. Hospital Projected. — In the minutes of February 11, 1890, occur these words: "The hospital question was agitated, and it was decided to call a meeting on Tues- day, February 15th, at Mrs. Tallmadge's, of a committee of six ladies, one from each church, to discuss the propriety of estab- lishing a hospital in Evanston." The names of this committee were as follows : Baptist Church, Mrs. Charles F. Grey ; Presbyterian Church, Mrs. H. E. Daniels ; Methodist Church, Mrs. Tallmadge and Mrs. A. L. Butler; Congregational Church, Mrs. Joseph Larimer; Episcopal Church, Mrs. H. W. Hinsdale ; and from the village at large, Mrs. William Blanch- ard. In this vear, also, it was decided to organize an auxiliary society in North Evanston, and the names of Mrs. Corn- stock, Mrs. Carson and Mrs. Boomer are associated with the reports of work done by this society. The cooking school proposed by Miss Lord was established in the basement of the Congregational Church in the winter of 1889 and 1890, under the care of Miss Lord and Miss Mary Bradley. The young girls were very well instructed as cooks, waitresses and house maids. In 1890 other names appear amongst the list of officers, Mrs. P. S. Shumway being made President, Mrs. Hugh R. Wil- son Vice-President from the Methodist Church, Mrs. W. E. Stockton from the Presbyterian, Mrs. Fred Washburn from the Congregational, Mrs. Morse from the Baptist, Mrs. David Cooke from the Epis- copal, Mrs. Charles Haskins from the Im- manuel. Miss Lindgren from the Swedish Methodist, Mrs. Magill from the Catho- lic ; Secretary, Miss Maud Wycoff, and Treasurer, Mrs. Whitely ; and Miss Boutell the chairman of the Flower Mission. On December i, 1890, the Treasurer reports the treasury empty and in debt, but a lit- tle later in the month she reports $72 in the treasury and Mrs. Stockton for the Presbyterian Church reports a collection of $105, so the response to the solicitors was always to be depended upon. Mrs. Wilder, the visitor, reported at this same meeting that she had provided nineteen families with Thanksgiving dinners. This, of course, was in addition to many such dinners provided by individuals and churches. By the last day of the year 1890 the Treasurer reported $527 on hand, a part of which was given by the Business Men's Association of the town and part by the collection taken at the union services on Thanksgiving day. About this time the Society begins to recognize the work 4o8 CHARITABLE ASSOCIATIONS of the King's Daughters, who are reported as making garments for the Benevolent Society and acting as visitors to some poor famihes. Another reference to the need of an Ev- anston hospital is found in the minutes of April 6, 1891, when Mrs. Butler reports upon a plan of founding a small hospital. At the meeting of October 14, 1891, Mrs. Wild- er suggested that, as the amount in the treasury ($367) was unusually large, a part of it be appropriated for hospital pur- poses : and in accordance with this sug- gestion, $300 was set aside for that pur- pose. By this time the attempt to divide the sewing hitherto done at the afternoon meetings among the churches was tried, although the cutting was still done by the cutters appointed by the general society. The annual meeting for the year 1891 shows total receipts of $734 and disburse- ments $666. The Flower Mission report- ed that year having sent 70 crates of flow- ers to the Chicago hospitals. The Kitch- en Garden seems to have served its pur- pose and, for a time, it was thought wise to abandon it. The work for the Relief Committee had increased so much by 1891 that it was found necessary to hire a cab for its use, although the number of cases visited is not enumerated. At Christmas time of 1892, Mrs. But- ler reported that she had provided twelve families with Christmas baskets, and it is interesting to see that the names of the same families appear, year after year, amongst the poor and needy, although sickness and drunkenness in the head of the family seem to be the prevailing causes of this poverty. At the annual meeting of 1892, Mrs. Walworth was made President, with V^ice-Presidents Mrs. P. B. Shumway, from the Methodist, Mrs. H. L. Boltwood from the Congregational, Mrs. W. B. Top- liff from the Presbyterian. Mrs. L. K. Gil- son from the Baptist, Mrs. H. W. Hins- dale from St. Marks, Mrs. W'm. Cowper from St. Lukes, Mrs. Herman Poppen- husen from the Presbyterian South, Mrs. J. O. Foster from the Methodist South, Mrs. F. M. Forrey from Wheadon, Mrs. M. J. Boomer from the Central, Mrs. H. W. Brough from the Unitarian and Mrs. Robert Magill from the Catholic Church. Buying Committee, Mrs. Wilder ; Visiting Committee, Mrs. A. D. Sanders. It was at this meeting that it was de- cided to change the name of the Society to the Associated Charities of Evanston, and an amendment was added to the con- stitution to this effect, the number of vice- presidents increased, as is to be seen by the foregoing list of ofificers, and all char- ities in the three parts of the city were represented on the board. The following quotation from the report of the Relief Committee of this year shows how the work of the Benevolent Society had in- creased from the time of the informal meeting in Mrs. Blanchard's parlors to October 3, 1892: "During the past year we have cared for one or more members of thirty-two differ- ent families. These have been furnished food, medicine, fuel, clothing, nurses, hos- pital services, and in a few cases, funeral expenses. We have had surgical cases, partial blindness, consumption, diphtheria, typhoid fever, scarlet fever, inflammatory rheumatism, erysipelas, deformities, con- finement cases. We have furnished work of all varieties for both sexes. We have provided all sorts of things, from a nurs- ing bottle to a load of hay, the last being given in order that the father of eight chil- dren — one of whom, together with the mother, had been sick eight weeks with ty- phoid fever — should not be obliged to sell his cow which provided the greater part of food for the sick and little ones. One of the greatest difficulties met with has been that of procuring nurses willing to go into HISTORY OF EVANSTON 409 the homes of these famiHes. But the com- pletion of the hospital now near at hand, will, we trust, obviate the necessity.^' This report of Mrs. Butler's pointed forward not only to the necessity for a hospital in Evanston, but to the need of a visiting nurse. This need was soon met as will be see further on in this chapter. The Flower Mission reported that fall a distribution of 49^^ crates of flowers, three baskets of bouquets and 5^-2 crates mostly of hot-house roses, the gift of Mr. Weiland. The Kitchen Garden reported a class of twenty-four, the Sewing School reported an attendance of ninety scholars and eleven teachers. The receipts for that year were over $800. Change of Name. — The change from Benevolent Society to Associated Char- ities made it desirable, and even necessary, to seek a permanent place of meeti^ng, and Mrs. Whitely and Mrs. Tallmadge volun- teered to see the Mayor and ascertain if a small room in the new City Hall could be secured. The report of the next meeting shows that the Mayor readily acceded to the request. At this time the Society had been meeting in the dififerent church par- lors instead of in the individual homes as at first. The room in the City Hall was not yet finished in November of 1892 and it continued to be necessary to meet in dif- ferent churches. At one of these meetings the minutes relate that a large clothes basket was heaped with new garments made during the day. By Dec. 19, 1892, the room in the City Hall was furnished and was made the depot for garments old and new. and it was announced in the city press that the room was open to all comers. The relief committee of this year volun- teered to distribute Christmas dinners to those needing them, which were promised by Sunday schools and private parties. It was reported at this meeting that Mr. Mc- Mahon had received $100 from an Evan- ston gentleman to invest in chickens and turkevs, and that they would be distribut- ed from one of the markets on Christmas eve. .A^t the annual meeting of 1893, it was reported, among other benevolences, that an Evanston gentleman had offered to fur- nish new shoes to any one recommended by a committee from the Associated Char- ities. The annual report of this year (1893) speaks of the difficulty a stranger experiences in believing that there can be want and destitution in so beautiful a place as Evanston. The report says the poor are usually in that condition because of shiftless habits, lack of training as to the use of money, spending freely when not earning, not laying by for winter, but adds: "It is hard to refuse coal and food, even to the shiftless, when they are found suffering." Another large gift of coal from Mr. Wilson and help from the gro- cers in the matter of discount is grateful- ly acknowledged. It is reported that 265 new garments vvere made and given out from the City Hall in this year. The re- ports of the Society show a constant im- provement in organization, investigation and discrimination, and new names are constantly being added to the lists of of- ficers and visitors. This increased care in the distribution of charity was gradual- ly reducing the relief formerly given from door to door and the claim that the charity of the kindly disposed was abused by the unworthy poor was being surely under- mined. It was in 1893 that the ladies de- cided to interview the ministers of the town and seek to have the entire collec- tion of the union Thanksgiving service given to the Associated Charities. By this time the Society recognizes the gifts of the Needle Work Guild, an organization J.IO CHARITABLE ASSOCIATIONS whose work will be referred to later. The generosity of the merchants of Evanston is constantly noted, and the distributing station was made available for the distri- bution of the donations from the grocery stores and bakeries as well as for clothing. Auxiliary Organization. — In 1894, when Mrs. J. E. Scott was President of the As- sociated Charities, a Mothers' Sewing School was organized as an additional means of helping mothers to clothe their children. A careful record was kept in 1894 and 1895, not only of the officers, visitors and committees, but also of the pastors of all churches and the represen- tatives from each church on the Execu- tive Board of the Associated Charities. The boundaries of the wards are given and the visitors are named according to their wards. October i, 1894, Mrs. H. L. Boltwood was elected President ; Mrs. J. E. Scott, Vice-President; Mrs. C. J. Whitely, Treasurer; Mrs. L. G. Wescott, Secretary; Mrs. A. D. Sanders, Chairman of the Visiting Committee, and Mrs. J. E. Scott, Superintendent of the Sewing School. Out of the sewing class for moth- ers had come a sewing class for children, and Mrs. Strawbridge, a teacher of sew- ing, came out from the city on Saturday afternoons to teach them. A regular sys- tematic course of instruction was given, which secured the interest of the children and uniformity in the work. The chil- dren were required to come with clean hands, faces and aprons. The receipts for the year 1894 are reported at $1,630 and the work of visiting the poor was much more efficiently carried on because of the division of labor. No help was given until the homes had been visited and great pains taken to ascertain the exact state of the family. The work of the different wards is in- teresting as showing where the greatest needs were. In the First Ward 20 fam- ilies were helped ; in the Second, 6; in the Third, 11 ; in the Fourth, 24; in the Fifth, 45 ; in the Sixth, 32 ; in the Seventh, 67 ; and in North Evanston, 47. At the meeting of November 21st, in order to have some uniformity in the dis- tribution of groceries, the following rule was adopted : "The following articles can be ordered by the visitor: beans, potatoes by the peck or half peck only, cheap cof- fee or tea in small quantities, sugar in small quantities, corn-meal or oat-meal, rice, salt, flour, laundry soap by the bar ; no meat, except in the case of sickness." In 1895 occurs the last mention of the Kitchen Garden, when it was decided to donate the material used in the instruction to the Northwestern University Settle- ment of Chicago. At the annual meeting it was reported that there had been re- ceived $831 and that $795 had been dis- bursed. The President reported over 1,500 garments, the value of which is not in- cluded in the money receipts. Of these, the new garments were contributed by the Needlework Guild. At this meeting Mrs. Brewer was elected President, Mrs. Bolt- v/ood, Vice-President, Mrs. Sanders, Sec- retary, and Mrs. Whitely, Treasurer, with representatives from each of the churches. In 1896 the German Catholic Church re- ported that it would care for all its poor and needy, and any Catholics applying to the Associated Charities were almost sure to be unworthy. This lessened the field for the society. At the annual meeting of 1896 Mrs. J. E. Scott was made President and Mrs. Cragin, Secretary, with Vice- Presidents representing the different churches as usual. The winter of 1896 opened early and the women began cast- ing about for means to employ the men and women who applied for aid that they might earn the relief that was granted HISTORY OF EVANSTON 411 them. October 28th, at a meeting in the Congregational Church, Rev. Mr. South- gate was asked to be present and he spoke of the possibiHty of arranging such work for both men and women. A wood yard was proposed for the men where they could saw and split wood and a work room for women, where, under a superinten- dent, they could be instructed in repairing and making garments, receiving either clothing or provisions as compensation. After this talk a committee was appointed to see the city officials, and to ask them to help in establishing a wood yard. The report of this committee was given at the next meeting and was very favorable. The Mayor offered to furnish work and a su- perintendent to supervise it, the wood be- ing obtained by cutting oiif the piles of the old Davis Street pier. A great deal of cleaning was secured in the public schools during this winter for the women, an ar- rangement which worked well in both di- rections — making the recipients of the city's charity feel that they had earned it, and making the schools much more sani- tary and wholesome for children. Twen- ty-eight men were employed on the streets of Evanston. The new plan in- stituted this year, of requiring work from all the able-bodied who had been assisted, proved very successful, the records show- ing that only three persons refused to work, and that many had expressed their satisfaction at being allowed to do so. This year it is recorded that over 1,200 visits were made by the visitors of the Society. At the annual meeting of 1897, Mrs. AMlliam M. Green was made President; Mrs. J. L. Whitlock, Vice-President ; Mrs. S. G. White, Secretary: and Mrs. Joseph Lyons, Treasurer. It was decided to give no assistance to the able-bodied this year without its equivalent of work, and two rooms in the City Hall were given to ladies for their use as a distributing center. From this time on the work of the As- sociated Charities runs in regular grooves, well organized, systematized, and admir- ably accomplished. The next year Mrs. Whitlock was made President and has served in that capacity up to the present writing. The records show the increasing use of the plan of no aid without services rendered, and the number of unworthy ap- plicants has been reduced to almost noth- ing. With the aid of the visiting nurse, the sick poor have been cared for; the homeless old people have been put into proper institutions or sent to their own people in more or less distant places ; chil- dren have been clothed and fed and kept in school ; and any one who wishes to give to the relief work in the city can do so with every assurance that his contri- bution will be wisely and carefuly ad- ministered. The work of the Associated Charities has shown an increasing co-op- eration with the other forces of the town that make for the comfort of the needy and for righteousness. The Supervisor, the Chief of Police, the Officer of the PIu- mane Society, the Probation Officer, the Associated Charities, the Hospital, the Visiting Nurse, and the Needle Work Guild, have so interwoven their advice, their special knowledge of needs and their means of relief, that the best results have been obtained. The work of soliciting funds is still done by the representatives of different churches on the Board, and the successful efforts of the officers of the Society to secure work supplement these actual money donations. At the annual meeting of the twentieth anniversary of the founding of the Society ( 1903), the Sec- retary reported that the work of the So- ciety began early on account of the prev- 412 CHARITABLE ASSOCIATIONS alence of smallpox in the city. Nearly all the afflicted families were those of labor- ers who were necessarily kept from their work and, in some cases, the fathers were the only nurses for wives and children. The Society furnished an abundance of clothing suitable for the sick, and when this was destroyed upon the recovery of the patients, furnished still other outfits. But this is the only epidemic which the Society has had to contend with. Seven- teen hundred and sixty garments, old and new, were distributed this 3'ear. The re- port closed with these words: "If suc- cess is measured by activity and consci- entious efifort. this year deserves to be placed in line with those preceding it." St. Vincent De Paul Society.— In 1887 the Evanston branch of the St. Vincent de Paul Society was organized and be- came auxiliary to the great Catholic So- ciety of the same name three or four years later. This society is composed of men in the Catholic Church who are devoted to the relief of distress, the care of the sick and the burying of the dead. It is unique in Evanston in being a society composed of men, aided, when necessary, by an auxiliary society of ladies. It is non- sectarian in its work, aiding any cases of distress, although later, after time for in- vestigation, if found to be non-Catholic, the case is turned over to the proper church or institution. It co-operates with the Visiting Nurse and the Associated Charities and the ladies of the auxiliary are members of the Needle Work Guild, their contribution to the Association being returned to them for distribution by this Society. It has raised in money about $4,700 in the last seventeen years, although one of its fun- damental principles is never to give money directly, preferring to furnish pro- visions and, if possible, to aid the recipi- ent in earning the assistance. In many cases the women so aided have been glad of the opportunity to pay for it by scrub- bing and cleaning in the parochial school and the church. This is a society which seldom makes public reports but prefers to do its work without the sound of trum- pets. The society has been served by the same officers since its founding: Mr. Daniel RIcCann, President; Mr. Cullen, Secretary. The Woman's Club. — Although the Woman's Club was founded in 1889 for social and literary purposes, the organ- ization was very early interested in phil- anthropic work, since so many of its members were interested in particular charitable enterprises and sought the op- portunity to lay them before the Club and seek its support. In 1891 before the Club was divided into departments (as it was later), there was a meeting well re- membered by the old members, when Mrs. A. L. Butler spoke on behalf of the need of a hospital in this community. Her plea for the sick amongst the poor and helpless and the strangers in our midst was so touching, that it was im- mediately determined by the Club to en- deavor to raise money to help found a hospital. A committee was appointed with Mrs. Joseph Hubbart Chairman, and it was determined to give a kirmess, the plans for which were minute and, at the same time, elaborate and kept the ladies of the town busy the entire sum- mer preparing for it. A most successful kirmess was held, continuing for five afternoons and evenings and netting a sum of $3,500, which was handed over to the Hospital Board, which had already acquired a small property, for hospital purposes. Later Mrs. H. W. Rogers made a plea in behalf of the Kindergarten of the HISTORY OF EVANSTON 413 Northwestern University Settlement, and $100 was appropriated from the club funds to apply on the rental of better rooms for the children. When, after eight years of service as President of the Club, Mrs. Harbert refused a renomination, it was decided by the Executive Board to recognize her long and faithful service to the Club by making some gift in her name which should be a source of comfort and blessing to humanity. A drinking fountain, properly inscribed, was erected on Grand Avenue, near the corner of Union Street, in a neighborhood where no such convenience existed and where thousands pass every day. While this token of appreciation was not erected in Evanston itself, it is none the less one of the expressions of brotherly love that Evanston feels for the great neighboring city. About this time the records show the formation of a separate department in the Woman's Club to be called the Phil- anthropic Department, the purpose of which was to give the members special opportunities for the study of philan- thropy and sociology and to enable them to work more directly in the interests of any charitable project that they chose. The very first record of this department showed an appropriation of $150 for the benefit of the Kindergarten of the North- western University Settlement, the Vaca- tion Schools, Probation Officer, and Vis- iting Nurse. These appropriations vary in amount, but invariably they result in an empty treasury which was refilled by entertainments, lecture courses, readings, and various such methods of raising money, besides individual pledges and dues of the members. Alany noted speak- ers and workers in charitable and phil- anthropic fields appeared before the de- partment, and its members were thus educated in the idea of scientific, organ- ized charity, and were made acquainted with the needs of all kinds of endeavor. One of the most interesting of the pur- poses for which this department has worked is that of the Probation Officer maintained by funds raised in Evanston through the eflForts of members of this department, from September i, 1900, to May r, 1903, under the chairmanship of Mrs. W. O. Dean. The records of Jan- uary 31, 1902, refer to a meeting held at the house of Mr. H. B. Kurd, where Mr. Hurd and Miss Clark, a probation officer in Chicago, related the history of the Juvenile Court Bill, told of the work of the court and of the probation officers. This bill was drawn by Mr. Hurd and went into operation July i, 1899. In three years previous to the opening of the Juvenile Court, there were 1,705 children (that is, boys) under sixteen vears of age in the county jail, while in the three years following the opening of the court, there were but forty-eight. Fourteen hundred and seven of the cases of delin- quent children, out of 2,854 heard in the year 1902, were placed in charge of a pro- bation officer, and these are the very pivot of the success of the law. The formation of the law itself removes children from the police stations and from jail ; but it is the faithful, patient work of the pro- bation officer wdiich makes this removal of real value to the child. These facts ap- pealed to the members of the department so strongly, that, after supporting an officer of the Children's Aid Society for a time, as a probation officer of this court, they finally took entire charge directly of one probation officer (Miss Clark) and paid her salary until it was necessary for her to resign her work. Up to the present time, the minutes of the Philanthropic Department show a constant interest in 414 CHARITABLE ASSOCIATIONS this work, and it is noted in one place that during that year seven children from Evanston had been taken before the Ju- venile Court. This care of neglected children is not only a charitable work but one of real economy. The visiting nurse has been aided di- rectly and indirectly in the discharge of her labors. The management of her work lies in the hands of a committee chosen from this department, and month- ly statements of her work, with detailed information about the individual cases, are regularly given. Any special need which the nurse finds for medicine, clothes, or delicacies for the sick are al- ways met on appeal to this department. The Needle Work Guild.— The Needle Work Guild of Evanston was organized in 1892 as a branch of the Needle Work Guild of America. Mrs. Charles Hamill. of Chicago, came to Evanston upon the invitation of Miss Nina Lunt, to meet the ladies of Evanston at the house of Mrs. Arthur Orr, and by her enthusiastic pre- sentation of the work of this society, persuaded the ladies present to organize. Miss Lunt was made Honorary President, Mrs. Frank Wilder President, and Mrs. C. F. Bradley Secretary, but no records were kept of the work of the first two years. The purpose of the Needle Work Guild is to collect and distribute new, plain, suitable garments to meet the great need of hospitals, homes, and other char- ities, and permits each branch to elect its own beneficiaries. At the annual meeting of the Guild in November, 1896, the following officers were elected: Hon- orary President, Miss Lunt; President, Mrs. J. E. Scott; Treasurer, Miss Sarah W. Gillett; Secretary, Miss Ethel Grey. Sectional Presidents to the number of twenty-one were appointed, as follows : Mrs. Connell, Mrs. Chapin, Mrs. Shum- way. Airs. Clark, Mrs. Brooks, Mrs. Steven^, Mrs. Whitely, Mrs. Fabian, Mrs. W. J. Littlejohn, Mrs. Gallop, Miss Hoge, Miss Harrows, Mrs. Hanford, Mrs. Ward, Mrs. Isbester, Mrs. Magill, Mrs. Murphy, Mrs. O'Connell, Mrs. Howard Gray, Mrs. J. C. Connor, and Mrs. J. E. Scott. The number of garments gathered at this meeting is not stated in the records. At the meeting of 1897 the officers of the last year were re-elected. The gar- ments were distributed as follows : To St. Vincent de Paul Society, 152 ; Evan- ston Hospital, 187; Girls' Industrial School, 150; special cases, 266; Asso- ciated Charities, 1,053 — Total, 1,810. At the annual meeting in 189B, the garments were distributed as follows : To the visiting nurse, 398; Girls' Industrial School, 217; The Evanston Hospital, 141; Old Ladies' Home, 67; Associated Charities, 944; special cases, 43 ; St. Vin- cent de Paul Society, 163 — Total, 1,973. At the annual meeting in 1899 the gar- ments were distributed to the same bene- ficiaries as the year before, with the addi- tion of the King's Daughters' Fresh Air Home, which, by that time, had been established in Evanston. At this time there were 1,560 garments completed. At the annual meeting in 1900, the same list of beneficiaries were maintained, and a total of 1,574 garments were distributed. In 1901, with the same board of officers, 1.684 garments were distributed. At the election of officers in 1902, Miss Hemp- sted was elected Secretary and Mrs. C. T. Connell was made Honorary Presirent. This year the total number of garments collected was 1,256. At the annual meet- ing of 1903, Mrs. T. P. Stanwood was elected President, the other officers re- maining the same. The number of gar- ments collected this year was 1600. The total money receipts during these II HISTORY OF EVANSTON 415 years was $198, and it has been the annual custom, after deducting the dues for membership in the National Society for the Needle Work Guild, to contribute nearly the balance to the Visiting Nurse fund. Mother's Club of Noyes Street. — In 1896 a group of mothers and teachers gathered in the rooms of the Noyes Street School House, to talk over the needs of the neighborhood. It was found that there were many children attending that school who were poorly clothed and whose mothers, from illness or poverty, were not able to provide as they would for their children. An informal sort of a neighbor- hood society grew up, which, at first, de- voted itself to supplying those needs of the people which were evident to the eyes of the teachers, and all mothers of the neighborhood were invited to join. The club met by permission of the School Board in the school building and made over and renovated all garments that were contributed. There developed a feeling of friendliness and neighborliness which carried the work of helpfulness into the homes, and at the occasional evening meetings which were held in the school house, entertainment in the form of music, readings, and lectures was freely given and enjoyed by the fathers, mothers, and young children of the neighborhood. Christmas trees were contributed and decorated, and from year to year it was so managed that the gifts on the tree were largely the manufacture of the children for each other and for their fathers and mothers. From the first the desire to help others has been a conspicuous characteristic of this neighborhood club, and for seven years it has been the custom of the women to invite from 300 to 350 women and children from the city, from the least favored quarters, to an all-day's picnic on the lake shore in Evanston. These mothers and children have been brought out, entertained, fed and returned to their homes in entire safety and at the expense of the treasury of the Mother's Club. A knitting machine owned by the Woman's Club of Evanston has been for several years in the home of one of the members of this Mothers' Club. On it she has knit the legs of nearly 500 pairs of stockings which have been footed by the mothers who knew how to knit, at the regular meetings of the club. In one year this Club has distributed 1,000 gar- ments, including these stockings. Visiting Nurse Association. — In the year 1897 a mother, who had been recent- ly bereaved, felt that she would like to do something in the name of her daughter for other mothers who were trying to care for sick children. She called a few women who were experienced in the charity work of the city into consulta- tion, and asked their advice as to the need of a visiting nurse among the sick poor of Evanston. The women were unanimous in believing that there was much suffering and sickness which could be relieved by the visits that such a nurse could give, and upon their advice Mrs. McMullen offered a sum of money suffi- cient to keep a nurse at work for four months, as a memorial to her daughter. Miss Faltz, a trained nurse, was chosen to inaugurate the work and, going about the town from north to south and far out on the prairie, she found plenty of work to keep her busy. So impressed were the women who had been consulted in the matter with the success of the experiment, that they de- cided that this beautiful work must not be allowed to stop, and there was organized the Visiting Nurse Association of Evan- 4i6 CHARITABLE ASSOCIATIONS ston. Mrs. C. H. Chandler was made President and served in this position until her death in 1903. Mrs. P. C. Lutkin was made Secretary and Treasurer, and is still serving in that capacity. I\Irs. C. F. Grey, Mrs. R. B. McMullen, Mrs. R. H. Wyman, Mrs. J. C. Bundy, Mrs. T. P. Stanwood, Mrs. O. F. Carpenter, Mrs. T. K. Webster are among those who have served on this Association, but the de- voted, intelligent, increasing attention paid by Mrs. Chandler and Mrs. Lutkin have been the real backbone of these years of its work. It would be a beautiful thing if the Visiting Nurse could be endowed in memory of Mrs. Chandler. Only one nurse has been employed and she has been maintained by friendly gifts of money. She visits among the sick poor, carrying out the orders of the phy- sician, if one is employed, bathing and caring for mother and babe in maternity cases, dressing wounds, cuts, burns and bruises, making poultices for pneumonia, and giving instructions in cleanliness and sanitation. Where a case proves too severe for care at home, she recommends it to the hospital where the response has been most generous. Besides this care of the actual sick, the services of this nurse are invaluable in the prevention of the spread of infectious diseases. Many families, feeling unable to call a physician, will ask for the ser- vices of the Visiting Nurse, and she is often able to decide that a case, which seems simple to an ignorant father and mother, is really a danger to the com- munity. Several cases of scarlet fever, in different years, have been so discovered and isolated and the possibility or prob- ability of the spread of these diseases through the schools, where other chil- dren of the same family were in attend- ance, has been avoided. Besides rendering assistance as a trained nurse, the endeavor is made to treat each individual case as its peculiar necessities seem to demand, giving help in time of greatest need and saving the small wage-earner, so far as possible, from the worry of debt and discouragement consequent upon severe illness. It is just at this point that co-operation be- tween the Associated Charities and the Visiting Nurse Association has been most valuable. This sympathetic aid is looked upon as the larger part of the nurse's work. The nurse goes everywhere within the limits of Evanston free of charge, ex- cept where patients prefer to pay a small fee. At first the nurse was able to go about on her bicycle during the large part of the year, but it was found that this mode of conveyance exhausted her strength and unfitted her for much of the arduous labor that she is called upon to perform. The necessity for providing a carriage of some sort has increased the cost of maintaining this charity some- what. The Visiting Nurse Association is made up chiefly of members of the philanthropic department of the Wo- man's Club, and monthly reports of its work are given this department, but the department is not able to maintain the charity, and aids it only so far as its funds make it possible. Miss Faltz was the Visiting Nurse in Evanston from November i, 1898, to November i, 1902. In the year 1898 she made 2.105 calls, and the expense for the year was $661.62. In 1899 she made 1,710 calls at an expense of $915.23. In 1900 she made 2,035 calls and the expense was $1,293.90. On November i, 1901, Miss Brown took Miss Faltz's place and continued the work until December i, 1902. In 1901 there were 2,361 calls, cost- ing $1,274.80. December i, 1902, Miss 1 HISTORY OF EVANSTON 417 Warren took up the work and, in that year, made 2,505 calls, and the expense was $1,341.85. In 1903 the Nurse made 2,554 calls and the expense was $1,312.50. In 1904 the Nurse made 2,608 calls and the expense was $1,350.75. In cases of protracted illness, which for any reason cannot be carried to the hos- pital, the Association sends a special nurse to take charge of the case. The money is solicited by means of a little circular, which is issued each year and sent by post to the people of Evanston. Kindly disposed friends have many times given special entertainments for the benefit of this fund, and some particularly fme dramatic entertainments have been given by the dramatic department of the Country Club. The little circular bears on its face the significant words: "I was sick and ye visited me." "Inasmuch as ye have done it unto one of the least of these, my brethren, ye have done it unto me." King's Daughters. — The Evanston King's Daughters Society was founded by Mrs. Daniel B. Gardner in 1893, the first membership consisting of ten young women of Evanston who wished to de- vote some time to charity work. Mrs. Lucian Harding was the first President, and the first work undertaken was the support of a bed in the Burling Street Half Orphan Asylum, which is still main- tained by the King's Daughters. A few years later it was decided to open a fresh - air home in North Evanston for the poor working girls of Chicago, and this has continued to be the chief work of the Circle up to the present day. The King's Daughters own their home at 2339 Hartzell Street, North Evanston, for which they paid $3,000. This money was raised chiefly by the management of a golf club during several years, and also by donations from generous friends. About one hundred girls from Chicago are given a two weeks' outing every sum- mer, the home being open generally four- teen weeks at an annual expense of about $500. The money to carry on the sum- mer's work in the home is raised each winter by the King's Daughters in vari- ous ways. The receipts for the last year show a candy sale and musicale as sources of income, as well as the membership fees from active and associate members. The society is now incorporated and the active membership is limited to fifty. There is an associate membership of 123 well known citizens of Evanston, who pay one dollar annually for the support of the home. The annual report just published at this writing shows the elec- tion of the following board of officers: President, Miss Mary Manson ; Vice- President, Mrs. George Peaks ; Corres- ponding Secretary, Miss Alma McDon- ald; Recording Secretary, Mrs. Elmer M. Scott; Treasurer, Miss Hoge; with Mrs. Fred P. Vose and Miss Daisy Pansier, Directors. The receipts for the year have been $757 and the disbursements $505, which leaves the society in a good finan- cial condition. Camp Good 'Will. — A meeting was held in the rooms of the Young Alen's Chris- tian Association on Monday evening, March 12, 1900, to listen to Mr. Charles F. Weller, Superintendent of the West Side District of the Bureau of Associated Charities of Chicago, who called attention to the great benefit of giving to the poor mothers and children, living in the un- sanitary and crowded parts of the city, some relief during the hot summer months. Mr. Weller explained the purpose and method of the Camp Good Will at Oak Park, which has been in successful opera- tion for three years. Three members of 4i8 CHARITABLE ASSOCIATIONS the executive committee of that Camp were present and gave interesting details. The meeting manifested hearty interest in the work, and it was tliought that, if this humane enterprise were fully brought to the attention of the people of Evan- ston, it would be supported and carried through to complete success. According- ly it was voted to issue a call for another meeting, to be held at the rooms of the Young Men's Christian Association on Monday evening, March 26th, at 8 o'clock. Mr. Weller was present with stereopticon views of life in the congested wards of Chicago, and contrasting views of the Summer Camp at Oak Park. Mr. A. H. Standish, Secretary and Treasurer of the Camp, was present and furnished infor- mation. All the Churches, the Clubs and the Associated Charities of Evanston were invited to attend, with a view to definite action and organization, if, upon consulta- tion, the work was approved and under- taken. The call for this meeting was signed by the following: J. F. Loba, D. D., B. A. Greene, D. D., J. L. Whitlock, Julia M. E. Hintermcister, Committee; with W. L. Cobb, Chairman and C. B. Foote, Secretary. The different aspects of country and city life for the poor were brought vividly before an audience by Mr. Chas. F. Weller in 1900. After some informal discussion, on motion of A. W. Kimball, it was voted that "this meeting is cordial in its support of this movement, and enthusias- tically recommends it." It was voted to begin the organization of a summer camp by appointing a Gen- eral Council to consist of two from each of the churches there present, and further that each of the Evanston Churches be asked to send two representatives to a meeting to be held on Monday evening. April 2(1, to complete this organization. Mr. A. W. Kimball and Mr. F. H. McCul- loch were appointed members of the Ex- ecutive Committee from the First Con- gregational Church ; Mr. D. D. Thomp- son and Mr. C. O. Boring from the Em- manuel M. E. Church ; Mr. C. K. Pittman and Mr. J. R. Guilliams from the Church of all Souls. The First Baptist Church was represented by two members who promised delegates to this committee for the next meeting, and communications were reported from the pastors of the First Presbyterian and South Presby- terian Churches, expressing sympathy with the work and a desire to help. Votes of thanks were given Mr. Weller and Mr. Standish, and also to Prof. Nichols of South Evanston, who furnished and oper- ated the stereopticon. Those who were interested in the pro- ject of establishing Camp Good Will in Evanston were glad to learn that its suc- cess was assured. At a meeting held Monday evening a permanent organiza- tion was effected, with A. W'. Kimball as Chairman; F. D. Raymond, Treasurer; and C. B. Foote, Secretary. The follow- ing committees were also appointed : Grounds — A. W. Kimball, F. P. Crandon, J. R. Guilliams ; Plans — J. R. Guilliams, Dr. B. A. Greene, Dr. J. F. Loba, Rev. J. W, Francis, Louis S. Rice ; Finance — C. K. Pittman, J. L. Whitlock, F. D. Raymond, F. E. French, C. Poppenhusen. The following announcement was made: "The camp will be opened in July and will continue for several weeks. It is hoped that, in that time, as many as 500 tired mothers with their children will have enjoyed a week of fresh air and sun- shine, coming in sections of 100 at a time. "The Bureau of Associated Charities of Chicago, through its friendly visitors, HISTORY OF EVANSTON 419 selects need}' and deserving people, and experience has shown that their visit brings as much blessing as it gives. This was proved at Oak Park by the fact that the work was continued for three years and is still going on. It is an enterprise that will enlist the sympathy of the peo- ple of Evanston and all will have an op- portunity to co-operate." A meeting of the General Council was held at the rooms of the Young Men's Christian Association, Tuesday evening. May 8th, with Mr. A. W. Kimball in the chair. Nine members were present. Mr. C. Poppenhusen was appointed Secretary, pro tem., and minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. Mr. J. Guilliams, Chairman of Committee on Selection of Grounds, reported they had in view a tract of ground which seemed to his Committee very desirable for the use of the Camp. The property belongs to the Northwestern University, and the .chairman thought it would probaljly be available. A meeting of the Trustees of the University was to be held May 21st, at which time this matter was to be con- sidered. This selection was approved. The Finance Committee through Mr. C. K. Pittman, its chairman, advised hav- ing a union meeting of the churches on Sunday evening, May 27, if practicable, at the First Methodist Church, to be addressed by Franklin Mac\'eagh. Presi- dent of the Chicago Bureau of Charities, and Mr. Charles F. Weller, Superinten- dent of the West Division of the Chicago Association. The plan was approved and Mr. Kimball was appointed to arrange for a public meeting as outlined. The following plan of organization for the summer camp was presented by Mr. Guilliams: "We recommend the follow- ing additional committees, to have special executive duties, but under the instruc- tion of and reporting to the Executive Committee: Commissary Committee; Entertainment Committee ; Committee on Grounds and Tents (sanitary, etc.) ; these committees to be appointed from among the members of the General Coun- cil. "There shall be an auditor of accounts appointed by the General Council, and that auditor shall not be a member of the Council. "A resident superintendent, man or woman, satisfactory to the executive com- mittee, shall be appointed, who shall have general supervision of all affairs of the camp, such as the cooking, laundry work, all needful sanitary rules and rules of behavior, etc., etc. And this super- intendent shall be paid and shall engage the other paid servants, such as the cook, laundry workers, and any others found necessary ; and the superintendent en- gaging these servants shall also discharge them, if need be, for any reason. But the superintendent shall report any such matters to the executive committee, if requested to do so. The superintendent also shall be under the authority of any committee having special executive func- tions, such as Committee on Tents and Grounds, Commissary Committee, etc. But these committees shall deal with the superintendent, and not witli the serv- ants and employes direct. "The several churches shall each as- sume charge of the special needs of the camp, under the superintendent, or under any special committees that may be ap- pointed — such needs as waiting on the table, pleasant social service and as- sociation and entertainment for the pleasure of the guests ; and this re- sponsibility shall be apportioned among the several churches according to their ability and willingness, so that one 420 CHARITABLE ASSOCIATIONS church may assume the special duty for one week, another for three days, and another for two days, etc. ; and the manner in which each church shall dis- charge this responsibility, by committees, or in whatever way. shall be left to the arrangement of the church itself. It shall be the duty and power of the General Council to apportion and appoint the serv- ice and time of duty for each church, and the special time for each church shall be arranged and appointed in the beginning. "AH donations of food must be sent to the Commissary Committee, and not to the guests direct. This is a point that shall be exclusively under the daily con- trol of the Superintendent acting under the Commissary Committee. "The Executive Committee shall de- termine what, if any, shall be the order of the day in the Camp on Sunday, and what, if any, shall be the meetings held for religious purposes; but no one of the guests shall be obliged, or even urged be- yond a kind invitation, to take part in any meeting or take part in any religious form, or assembly, or service. "The General Council to have supreme power, except as to any limitations pro- vided herein, and except that it must not take away or abridge the responsibility of any individual church once assumed and appointed, at the beginning or thereafter, without the consent of the church being first secured." Promoters of Camp Good \\'iH, which was to be established on the lake shore north of Sheppard field this summer, were more than pleased with the result of the appeal for funds made at a union mass meeting of all local churches, held in the First Presbyterian Church. More than $1,400 was raised by subscriptions. This amount was made more conspicuous to the camp enthusiasts by the fact that the Oak Park outing camp, which has been so successful the last three years, started out with only $23 to back it. The church was well filled when Dr. J. F. Loba, of the First Congregational Church, introduced C. F. Weller, Super- intendent of the West Division office of the Chicago Bureau of Associated Chari- ties, who gave an interesting talk about the slum districts on the West Side of Chicago. Stereopticon views of the wretched dwellings called home, the foul- smelling play-grounds of the children about garbage boxes in the ill-kept streets and alleys, and also of the transformation which takes place when the children are given fresh air and freedom in the Camp Good Will at Oak Park, were thrown upon the screen. He told of the methods which the different churches employed in caring for their charges when they as- sumed control. Each church would have charge of the camp for a week. The women of the church would wait on the Chicago mothers and children and do all the necessary work. The Evanston camp planned to follow the same plan, and hoped to do much more with such a bank account and the ideal location of the lake front. Dr. William Macafee and Rev. J. H. Boyd made short addresses, saying that the opportunity of showing practical Christianity had been offered to Evan- ston people in their joining in and push- ing forward this new charitable move- ment. A blackboard,. with a number of small squares, each representing a subscription ranging from $5 to $50, was placed upon the platform. Dr. Loba auctioned these squares oft' until $1,000 was raised. Then slips were passed through the congrega- tion and $400 more was promised. The committees and officers held meetings during the week and organized a plan of II HISTORY OF EVANSTON 421 procedure. The camp was to open in July. Camp Good Will is Open. — (July 11, 1900.) — "Evanston Camp Good Will opened this afternoon when the two char- tered cars of the Chicago Street Railway company unloaded the 100 women and children, selected from the poor districts by the Bureau of Associated Charities. Those who will take part in this week's outing at the Camp gathered from the different poor districts at Madison and Halsted Streets, and were taken directly to Evanston. "Camp Good Will is situated just north of the University grounds, and is on the lake shore, with the woods stretching to the north open for the children to romp in. One of the Evanston local Commit- teemen will have charge of the camp and will be assisted by members of the com- mittees from the Evanston churches, who are the founders of the camp. The camp will last for five weeks, and each week 100 more women and children will be taken out to take the place of those who have had their week. Tents have been provided for the use of the campers. Each tent is supplied with two double-decked beds, making each tent capable of hold- ing eight persons." Report. — "Babies hold Sway. With the 120 guests who arrived yesterday af- ternoon at 5 o'clock at Camp Good A\'ill, came sixteen children in arms. Baby car- riages and high chairs are now in great demand. There is no time in the day when the babies' presence is not made well known, and these very young camp- ers constitute the main attraction to the church women. Exclamations as (too - cute for anything), (how cunning!) and (the little dear) were heard on all sides. "That's a pretty good speech." This was the opinion of a ten-year-old camper advanced to Superintendent Riddle, when the latter had tried to impress some salient point of good conduct upon the little fellow. The culprit is inclined to be tough, it is said. "It was announced in the local churches Sunday, that more blankets were neces- sary for the comfort of the Camp Good Will visitors. The result of the appeal has not been so favorable as wished. The hospital loaned many coverings, but came after them today. This leaves the "Good Willers" subject to the cold breezes from the lake on stormy and chilly nights. "The First Methodist Church assumed control of the camp this week. The Con- gregationalists are ready to receive con- gratulations on their efficient and pains- taking management of the initial week's camp. Dr. W^illiam Macafee will lead the song service in the assembly tent tonight. The usual program of kindergarten and mothers' meeting in the morning, and the carriage riding and bathing in the lake in the afternoon, was carried out today. "Charles F. Weller, Superintendent of the West Side Division of the Chicago Bureau of Associated Charities, had a narrow escape from an infuriated mob of Italians yesterday. Mr. Weller selects the most deserving families to be given an outing in the summer camp and, in the course of his rounds, takes down the number of members in each family. In the Italian district he had chosen enough families to aggregate twenty-five per- sons according to their own count, but when they made their appearance for transportation the surprised Superinten- dent counted forty expectant persons. He asked an explanation and soon found that the mothers had failed to name all their children for fear they would not be se- lected. Some of the families had to be sent home again, and the fathers became 422 CHARITABLE ASSOCIATIONS angry. They threatened all kinds of van- erosity of the Trustees of the North- geance, and it looked as though a mad rush western University, the use of the would be made for Mr. Weller. but the lat- grounds had last year is to be had again ter succeeded in quieting the foreigners and for the camp this year. a possible riot was averted. "On next Sunday, June i6, at 7:45 .„ r . ^ o'clock in the evening, a general mass Report of the Treasurer. . . 1 , 1 • ,t .. ^ c ^u- meetmg will be held m the mterest of this Promotion: prospectus, expense of union meeting.! 52.15 ,.,_,. n i • --11 General Expense: stationery, printing, postage... ll.to WOrk 111 tlie rirSt PreSOVtCnan CllUrch Preparing Camp: sewerage, plumbing, tent floors 2S'>.47 . ' Hire of tents, cots and bedding 3i!i..jii in h-vaustou. i he Rev. Frofessor Gra- Equipment, utensils, towels, bathing suits G-l.*!8 ry^ 1 r 1 /^i • ^r-i 1 Transportation: car fares 74.95 ham 1 aylor. Of 'the LhlCagO 1 llCOloglCal Superintendence and Labor: wages of Superinten- „ . t 1 • 1 ■ 1 r 1 dent, cook and help; Superintendent's travel- Scmiliary, and who IS head resident of the ing expenses 148.75 -n , 1 ., Entertainments, stereopticon, etc 16.00 LhlCagO CommOUS, Will addreSS the ITleet- Incidental expenses, lighting supplies, etc 42.45 Provisions; tea, coffee, sugar, butter, eggs, po- illg. tatoes, soap, ice, bread, milk 309.95 \ a -it -n 1 'An illustrated lecture will be given bv Total expenses, paid from general fund $1,320.75 tvtt ^r-'ir- • 'r Subscriptions, paid $1,16.5.80 Mr. |ames JNlinnick, Superintendent of Subscriptions, unpaid 25.00 " .,-^. . . . , /--1 ■ Discounts on bills 40.15 the W cst Side Divisiou oi the Chicago Plumbing returned ' 34.00 .,„,.. , . Lumber sold 50.00 l.ureau of Associatcd Chanties, during Deficit .5.80 , . , . , ■ ■ , , ,-r J $1,320.75 which Views depicting the home life and F. D. R.WMOND, ^, ,. ^ ., r nu- Treasurer. the surroundiugs of the poor of Chicago "Camp Good Will, which was such a ^'■'" ^^ shown. feature for good in Evanston last summer, "It is hoped that all of Evanston's cit- is to be continued. During July and izens who did not join in the work of last August last year, five hundred and eighty- year will do so this year, and through five mothers and children enjoyed a the undersigned, the organization having weeks' vacation — a bright spot in many a the matter in hand extends an invitation weary life — in Camp Good Will. to all to attend the meeting." "The eminent success of last year's The appeal is signed by J. R. Guilliams, work, the ease with which it was done. First Vice-President; Charles B. Foote. the liberality and interest of many cit- Secretary; Joseph F. Ward, Treasurer, izens, and the unbounded joy of both The result of this appeal was so en- guests and hosts make it a pleasure again couraging that, on June i8th, an an- to undertake this noble work. Much nouncemeiit was sent to each church property has been left over which will stating that the camp would open on materially reduce the cost of inaugura- Wednesday noon, July loth, anr[ continue tion, and, with the same generous sup- for five weeks. Permission to use the port and effort, it is certain that this same beautiful grounds was granted by year will be a far greater success than the Trustees of Northwestern University, the first attempt." and the Superintendent of the preceding "Moved by a deep conviction that this years, Mr. J. R. Riddle, who had proved work is building where needed, and that most wise and efficient, agreed to act its report is not alone to be found in bene- again in the same capacity. The exper- fit to the present, but also to future gener- ience of former years was repeated in ations, those people who carried it for- giving rest and joy to groups of many ward last summer are to engage in it women and children and the money col- again this summer, and through the gen- lected through the churches was entirely HISTORY OF EVANSTON 423 adequate for all purposes. The cost of maintenance was practically the same as that of the preceding 3'ear — i. e., $1,320. The camp has now become a regular feat- ure of the summer life of Evanston, and those who participate in its service feel that those residents who are in the habit of spending their summers elsewhere lose a privilege and satisfaction that they can hardl}' estimate. The past three sum- mers have seen the work conducted in the same systematic and hearty way as at first, although since every church now contributes service, the period that each church serves is shorter than it was dur- ing the first year. In 1903, Mr. Crosby was the Superintendent, but in 1904. Mr. J. B. Riddle resumed the task for which he is so admirably fitted. In 1903, at the request of Miss Addams of Hull House, the camp was kept open one week longer and boys' clubs of Hull House and Northwestern University Set- tlement were entertained. This increased the cost of that year to $2,124. The same plan was carried out during the summer of 1904, and everyone interested in the work of the camp rejoiced in helping to extend its services for this additional week. It is easy to maintain discipline where the privilege of living in the camp is so highly esteemed, and the experience of a few unruly boys in being sent home has been sufficient to hold any temptation to waywardness in check. The Evan- stonians who have waited on their guests of Camp Good Will at table, entertained them in the evening, talked to the mothers in the informal Mothers' meetings, led the children in kindergarten games, songs and occupations, or given personal service in any way, have received far more of blessing than they have given. We cannot all go to Chicago to work in the neglected and forlorn places for the downtrodden and hopeless, but Camp Good Will brings them to us, and the cordial response that has been given to appeals for money and service to main- tain this summer outing proves that Ev- anston welcomes the opportunity. "Thou shalt be served thyself by every sense of service that thou renderest." I CHAPTER XLI. SOCIAL LIFE IN A UNIVERSITY TOWN (By EMILY HUNTINGTON MILLER) Transitions of a Half Century — Social Life as It Existed in Early Days — The Build- ing up of a Great Christian Institution as Its Dominant Motive — Reminiscences of Sonic of Its Early Factors — Influence of Hospitality on Student Life and Charac- ter — Sonte of Those Who Were Influen- tial in Establishing Evanston's Reputation as a Hospitable Center. It would be a difficult, if not an impossible thing, to present from individual impres- sions the spirit of social life in the L^niver- sity to-day. Society is no longer a unit, but broken up into a multitude of groups ; and its aspect, as in any community, will differ with the point of view held by the observer, or the special development noted. But looking back to the early days of the L^niversity, one finds, among the witnesses who shared and helped to create its social life, a practical unanimity of sentiment. To some extent most of them agree in the opinion expressed by oneof their number — "I am reminded of the sentence with which the writer of an encyclopjedic article on 'Owls in Ireland' introduced his disqui- sition : 'There be no Oivls in Ireland.' " Social life as an end certainly did not exist in those first strenuous days, when the University was Evanston, and the noble ambition which dominated every other pur- pose, and united all her citizens in a bond of brotherhood, was the hope of building up a great Christian institution that should be an opportunity, an invitation, and an incen- tive to a multitude of young men whom the older universities could never reach. Naturally, in the days of its small begin- nings, when faith and courage and energy were taxed to the utmost, many things seemed of more vital consequence than any special provision for the social instincts. But the greatest charm of that early fellow- ship was its purely instinctive character; the shining out of a spirit of friendliness that took little thought for any formal ex- pression. Making reasonable allowance for the mellowing effect of distance, and for the happy illusion through which memory shows "the days that are no more," there is still sufficient testimony to the idyllic char- acter of that early life to justify the decla- ration of one who shared it : "No doubt there were hardships and dep- rivations and necessary crudities, but, as I look back upon it, it seems to me like Eden, in its peace, and simplicity, and good- fellowship ; people of every denomination worshiping together in one church, and living like one family ; old and young meet- ing in friendly intercourse by hearth and fireside, and counselling together for that 425 426 SOCIAL LIFE IN A UNIVERSITY TOWN which most concerned us all, the welfare of the students and the prosperity of the Uni- versity." There seems no more effective way of presenting the salient features of a society that was only impressive because of its spirit, than by employing the old class-meet- ing methods of that day, and calling up individual testimonies. The University owes to its comparative youth the happy possibility of summoning a few such witnesses, even for its very earliest times, though year by year the call- ing of the roll brings fewer responses, and much that might have' illuminated this rec- ord has passed beyond our reach. The writer is especially indebted for val- uable material to Mrs. Harriette S. Kidder, whose clear and comprehensive recollection of the time is fortunately supplemented by her diary, and who, to-day in her eighty- fourth year, is a beautiful example of spir- itual and mental vigor. "Of course I knew largely what was pass- ing in Evanston in its earliest days, and was deeply interested in all that concerned it. It seemed to me there never was a better opportunity offered to build up 'a model community. As the families that settled there came from different localities, and were strangers to each other, they were ready to respond to any movement that would bring them into closer social rela- tions. I was deeply impressed with the idea that, in this rural place, we need not take for our standard all the customs that were perhaps best suited to city life and a more mi.xed society. Since we were gen- erally intelligent Christian people, we might be really fraternal in our social rela- tions. So, for myself, I made it a rule to call upon every new family that came to Evanston, and to invite them, as opportu- nity offered, to a place at my table and a share in our social intercourse. "Many of us who were connected with the University went to Evanston because of our deep interest in the training of the young people who were to be drawn there by these schools, founded for" their benefit, and we felt that, away from their own home influences, congregated in clubs or scattered through the village, they needed to be brought under the influence of our homes and such home-association as we could give them. As their number was for several years comparatively small, we could invite them in a social way, providing rational entertainment, and thus a strong bond of union between students and citizens was formed that was valuable to both parties. "The instructors of the young men who were to mingle among the people as minis- ters of the gospel, felt it specially important that they should share the social life of the community, as a necessary part of the train- ing for their work. So there were gather- ings in the homes of the professors, bring- ing together, in a social way, students, teachers, trustees and citizens. At these gatherings, after a substantial supper was served, there was singing, sometimes short talks, and always prayer before separating. In all the social gatherings of that day we met early, and generally left before eleven o'clock. I doubt if any community ever enjoyed a more delightful social life. The si.x or eight families of the professors often took dinner together in each other's homes, and, as each of us had frequent visitors whom we wished others to enjoy, they were introduced into our social circle in this neighborly way. This simple form of so- cial life was a striking feature of our com- munity for several years, and people out- side of our church, who had only known more formal society and more elaborate en- tl HISTORY OF EVANSTON 427 tert^inments, seemed greatly to enjoy this friendly sort of home visiting." Dr. Daniel Bonbright, whose memories cover the whole existence of the University, adds some vivid touches to the picture of its early days. "In those first years, when the University counted in its catalogue scarcely fifty stu- dents, collective social life could hanlly be said to have existed. There were, to be sure, two literary societies, and Greek let- ter fraternities in germ. These, in their way, must have been centers of association, but I doubt if they counted for much in the life of the student body as a bond or spur. "There were no athletic games ; public entertainments of any sort were rare and unimpressive. I recall the Cantata of Queen Esther. It was gotten up by the Sunday School as an event of pomp and circumstance. One can judge, from this example of the extraordinary, what must have been the average quality of the social satisfaction of the epoch. "The families of the faculty were thoughtful of the students, as were also a good number of families in the village. One may hear from the older graduates grateful reference to hospitalities and cheer which they enjoyed from those sources dur- ing their student life. But housed as the students were at hap-hazard, in a commu- nity itself scattered and struggling, there could ha\ebeenamongthembut feeble col- lective consciousness, and sense of a mu- tual life. I suspect there was little escape from lonely isolation, save in the self-for- getfulness of harfl work, a recourse more in honor in that primitive age than in these piping times of merry-go-round, cigarette and song. "As for social life in the faculty itself, including that of the Biblical Institute, there was nothing characteristic which would not be implied by its constituent elements. The families were nearly all from Kew England, and brought with them the quali- ties of their birthright. They were people of education, intelligence and Christian sobriety. As your letter reminds me, cards and social dances were not yet ; neither were P>rowning Clubs nor other idolatry. I remember only one coterie: I forgot what it called itself. (See Chapter XLII., on "So- cial and Literary Clubs," in this volume.) It was composed of gentlemen from the fac- ulties of the University and Institute. They met, perhaps, once a fortnight, for the dis- cussion of questions in religious philosophy. But they took their separate convictions too seriously for controversy. In the in- terest of good-will and harmony it was found safest to disband. The immediate occasion of the disruption, I believe, was the introduction of some explosive specu- lation by Dr. Dempster on the subject of the 'Eternal Nozi.'.' "But the peaceful unity that prevailed, both in the schools and in the community around them, is illustrated by the tact that the entire Protestant population worshipped together, Sunday after Sunday, in the same church. Methodists, Baptists, Episcopa- lians, and the rest, they all listened to the Gospel proclaimed from the same pulpit ; each, as in Apostolic times, hearing the word, as it were in his own tongue, wherein he had been born." Probably no individual is more closely associated with memories of the University davs in the thought of a great majority of its graduates, than Dr. Oliver Marcy. One can scarcely recall the older or the newer Evanston, the shaded streets, the class- room, or the campus, without seeing his fine patrician face, and his dignified figure with its impressive bearing of genial cour- tesv. The Marcv home was srenerouslv 428 SOCIAL LIFE IN A UNIVERSITY TOWN opened for the hospitalities of the Univer- sity, and many of the early classes could testify to the readiness with which their attempts at class entertainment were helped out by placing its resources at their service. Mrs. Marcy has furnished some recol- lections, beginning with the time of their coming to Evanston in 1862, a date at which it must have required a vivid imagination to speak gravely of the existing school as a University. "When we came to Evanston things were in a very primitive condition, though about seven years before there had been a 'boom' in the settlement of the town. Dr. Kidder had built a commodious house, near what was then the center of the town, and his family had occupied it five or six years. They were leaders in hospitality, and no one came to town who was not soon made the recipient of their cordiality. Garrett Bibli- cal Institute was well established, but though Dr. Dempster was its official head, there was no doubt Dr. Kidder's open doors were the magnet that drew the student body, as well as others who came to town, for Evanston itself is indebted in no small degree to the L^niversity for its early social life. "I think it had been the habit of Mrs. Kidder to entertain, and she continued the practice so that, sooner or later, every mem- ber of the schools then in operation had been included. Some of the young men who underwent this initiation into society were, of course, not exactly up to date in matters of etiquette, and while appreciating the courtesy, sometimes dreaded the ordeal ; but the hearty good-will with which they were received by old and young soon re- moved any sense of discomfort. "The 'Female College' was then in the hey-day of its popularity, under the man- agement of Professor Jones, who did his part to make it conspicuous in social hap- penings, making the most of his anniver- saries, and inviting the '400' with a very liberal inclusiveness. "Bishop Simpson lived here at that time, the greatest of our living preachers, a most genial and lovable man in his prime. Gov- ernor Evans was with us the first years, but soon left for Colorado. They were quite distinctive features of Evanston society in those early days. ]\Irs. Evans was a woman of superb presence, and the daughter, Jose- phine, a favorite among young people. Her wedding, which took place on the lawn be- tween the house and the lake, was a notable event of the time. "On the Ridge Were Mr. Hurd, Mr. Kedzie and other families of position and character, who gave entertainments as they had probably been accustomed to do, and helped to maintain the cordial spirit of friendly interest and co-operation between the town and the University, although in that day no such distinction was ever thought of : we were all 'University people.' "Mrs. Bragdon, at that time struggling with the effort to 'college her boys,' did not forget that her calling and election had been the care of the churches as a minis- ter's wife, and interested herself in a sister- ly way in every social scheme or kindly project. "The history of our social life would be incomplete without reference to Professor Bonbright, who from thebeginningwatched over these interests in a most tactful man- ner, and without whose presence in those days no social function would have seemed complete. He not only made himself agree- able, but, in some sense, responsible, that the University influence should be brought to bear even in its social affairs, and nothing overlooked that might contribute to tone and popularity. I remember the brotherly HISTORY OF EVANSTON 429 way in which he used to discuss with me matters great and small, making the most valuable suggestions in his courteous def- erential manner that always carried convic- tion with it. "A score of worthy names arise in my memory of those whom the University might well delight to honor, because of their early ministry to its social well-being, but they had their reward in 'having served their day and generation,' and most of them have 'fallen on sleep.' " Mr. Andrew J. Brown, the Secretary of the University's first Board of Trustees, and now the only surviving member of that board, brought his family at an early date to the little community and took an active interest in its development. Mrs. Brown adds to the history of the time some reminiscences : "I should like to begin with my first im- pression of the village, that in 1866 formed the nucleus of the University, and was scarcely in thought separated from it. \Ve were sitting upon the piazza at Dr. Ban- nister's, just at twilight, and the sweet sound of a hymn came to us. It was the hour of family prayer, and the melody was soon mingled with that from another home, until from the whole circle of firesides went up the voice of praise and prayer, the spir- it of social fellowship giving a new power to individual worship. These two charac- teristics. Christian devotion and Christian fellowship, were the strong and impressive features of University life at that day. "Though the number of students was comparatively small, we soon found that there were many lonely young men in town, and it was our practice, for many years, to invite to our tea-table on Sunday as many as chose to join us. There were many families where the students were most hos- pitably received, besides their own class gatherings and receptions, and our inge- nuity was sometimes taxed to the utmost to provide amusement for young people who might not indulge in card-playing or danc- ing. But, however strong may be the pro- test against church rules to-day, I do not think there ever was a happier time than when we were all held to their strict ob- servance. "We had at that time a most delightful society. Governor and Mrs. Evans had a beautiful home on the Lake Shore, always open to the young people. Dr. and Mrs. Bannister, Professor and Mrs. Godman, Professor Bonbright, Professor Blaney and his charming family, Colonel and Mrs. Eaton on the Ridge, the Pearsons with their unfailing interest in the students. Bishop Foster and his family so genial and gra- cious in their hospitality, Mr. and Mrs. Greenleaf, and Dr. and Mrs. Marcv — it seems invidious to mention names where the spirit of hospitality was universal. We were one great family whose highest aspira- tion was to build up this school, which was to rival Harvard in its literary standard, but set above all other learning, that knowl- edge of God which is the beginning of wis- dom." It would be interesting, as well as en- lightening, if one could set beside these tes- timonials from what might perhaps be con- sidered the governmental side of social life, the unbiased confessions of the party of the second part, now happily removed from the pressure of fear or favor, and learn exact- ly how things looked from the student point of view. It would, perhaps, be in- structive to know whether the young man of that day felt the deep necessity of rec- reation, and yearned, though in a half conscious, unenlightened way, for foot-ball 430 SOCIAL LIFE IX A UNIVERSITY TOWN and track athletics.' One would like to discover what relief they themselves con- trived for the social instincts, and what were the delights of class-socials and kin- dred dissipations. Snch things there must have been even in the days when the sim- plest entertainments gave pleasure, and the young people were not burdened with bills for flowers, music and carriage-hire at their social parties. One would like for the benefit of coming generations, to know how it was done, and how it was found practicable to maintain a rational balance between the pleasures of life and the serious duties of University work. But a mist seems to have gathered over the memories of those who might tes- tify, and nothing definite is available. One of them indeed declares : "In the days which I remember, it seems to me few persons had any respect for social functions as a part of any earnest life. I remember that President Foster had receptions, and Professor Noyes, Dr. Kid- der, and others had 'evenings' — especially for married 'Bibs' — and that all the town seemed to swing about the students. But, so far as I know, the students themselves did nothing but grind and haunt the Female College." Co-education, with its far-reaching com- plications, had not yet presented itself to trouble the placid counsels of trustees and faculty. Possibly some wise women already saw its Star in the East, but they dreamed only of a related college after the pattern that Radcliffe has since so successfully adopted. But the feminine nearness, even in purely unsympathetic institutions, is too intimately related to Dr. Dempster's "Eter- nal Xozc" to be lightly ignored. The friendly homes that welcomed the students held daughters to whose pres- ence thev owed their attractions and human- izing influence, quite as much as to the hospitable tea-table and the courtesies of more formal receptions. And the home so- ciety was amply supplemented by the Northwestern Female College, from whose incongruous title the Woman's College in- herited its designation of "Fem. Sem." The students were ready to avail them- selves of its friendly overtures for all estab- lished ceremonials, and, it may be surmised, found further opportimity in its halls and laurel groves, for which human nature was the only authority consulted. The University, from the very outset, took its students as a trust, and made it- self responsible for them in a measure far beyond the mere furnishing of opportunity for learning. In the days of its poverty nothing made this possible but the bond of sympathy and mutual interest between the L^niversity and the community outside of it. It is not easy to say how far the influ- ence of an individual or an institution may have been effective in the shaping of com- niunitv life, so many obscure and apparent- ly unrelated forces go to determine its char- acter. But looking back to those earliest days it seems reasonable to claim that Ev- anston owes much to the direction given its development when the L^niversity. laying its own foundations, laid those of the village also. Social fraternity, civic responsibility, lAn interesting reminiscence of this period of the history of the University is that of Melville C. Spaulding, of the class of 1860, who relates the origin of athletics in the college : "When we had about sixty students in tlie old building ('Old College") I solicited 10 cents each from the students — on the co-operative plan — and with the $0.00 in hand, created an out-door gym- nasium (the first), the uprights, parallel bars, etc.. being placed in the northwest corner of the college lot, and much use was made of the simple ap- paratus. This diminutive beginning or 'Commence- ment" — outlay, .$(1.0l» — sounds strange when con- trasted with the proposed .$50.(XtO gymnasium." — (Letter to the editor. May '••, l!tO-t.1 HISTORY OF EVANSTON 431 and that broad religious sympathy which is far nobler than toleration, were fruits of the spirit springing naturally from seed sown in that day of small things. The deep religious spirit that was so marked in its beginnings when one church sufficed for the whole community, found its natural outgrowth in later years, when the denominations had gathered each one into its own fold in practical Christian unity. Its spirit of brotherhood still survives in a disregard of social distinctions ; its teach- ing of civic responsibility long held citizens of all persuasions to alliance for the public good irrespective of party politics, and the unwritten law which made brain and cul- ture the stamp of its aristocracy rather than money and birth, has never been revoked. It was inevitable that, with the expansion of the little rural village into the suburban city, its residents should become absorbed in diverse interests, and the prosperity of the University cease to be the ever present motive and ambition. The growth of the University itself from feebleness to strength tended to this change of sentiment, since the personal interest one might feel for a small body of students and instructors, with whom individual acquaintance was pos- sible, could not exist when, in place of a little coterie of friends, one had to consid- er that vague impersonal thing — an institu- tion. But while it would be impossible to re- store the simplicity and unity of early social life, it is most desirable for both town and University that the bond of sympathy between them should, in every wa}-, be guarded and strengthened. And in closing this chapter it may not be out of place to say, that to accomplish this end and re-establish this active interest in promoting University interests with a gen- eration to which the earlier history is only an uncertain tradition, was the purpose for which the University Guild was organized, and which it seems, in some encouraging measure, to be attaining. (The foregoing cliapter is copied by permission of the publishers from the "Northwestern Uni- versity, A History, 1855-1905," edited by Arthur Herbert Wilde, Ph. D., Assistant Professor of History in The College of Liberal Arts, North- western University.) CHAPTBR XLII. SOCIAL AND LITERARY CLUBS (By PROF. HOMEK H. KINQSLEY) A Reminiscence of Noah's Ark — Social Instincts of Evanstonians — Philosophi- cal Association — Its Founders and Their Favorite Topics — The "O. R. Circle" Blossoms Out as the "Legensia" — Bry- ant Circle — Pierian Club — IVoman's Clubs — The Fortnightly Succeeds the "Wo)nan's Reading. Circle" — Its Serv- ice in the Field of Charity and Philan- thropy — The Coterie — Ticcntieth Cen- tury and Present Day Clubs. It is said that the coat of arms of the Montmorency family contains the picture of a servant with a box unde^ his arm run- ning after Noah's Ark, while a legend is- sues from his mouth expressing these words : "Make room for the archives of the Montmorency family !" Evanston is yet so young that the organization of all of her clubs is a matter of history. They are not like Melchizedec, "without father or mother, or table of descent." Fortu- nately in all of them we have official rec- ords of origin, purpose and. in many, of their final dissolution. This history can touch only the more pretentious clubs. An attempt to define the scope and to give the history of all the various church so- cieties, neighborhood circles, social and card clubs, would use up the limits of this paper largely in their simple enumeration. The social instincts of Evanstonians are much like those of any community. As soon as any neighborhood discovered that it contained a band of congenial spirits, it generally desired to form a club in order to give these instincts play and development. In the early days, when Evanston was smaller and when outside interests attracted less of the attention of business men and professional men; when the people on the Ridge knew the people on Forest Avenue ; before the Evanston Club, the Boat Club, the Country Club, or any of the various whist clubs were or- ganized ; in the days when people took time to read and think and discuss, and not simply prophesy smooth things; back in the early '60s, in the days when the names of Bannister, Willard, and Kidder were household words in Evanston, a club of young women was organized known as the Iota Omega Club. The symbolic letters were believed to signify Inde- pendent Order ; at least, the motto of the club — "No others need apply" — would seem to make it capable of that interpre- tation. This club was organized in i860 and during its various vicissitudes and ramifications, it developed into, or was absorbed by, the Eclectic Society, the So- cial Club, and finally by the well known club CI the present day, the Evanston Club. As this club is to have a separate chapter in this History, it is not necessary 433 434 SOCIAL AND LITERARY CLUBS to go more into detail in this account. Intellectual improvement and social en- joyment were the fundamental features of all of these clubs. Perhaps the most pretentious club in Evanston's early days was the Philosophical Association.- — This club had enough importance to be incor- porated, and received a charter from the Secretary of State, bearing date, Feb- ruary 28, 1867. Dr. Bannister was the father of the society, and a study of the list of subjects discussed shows that they were of no trifling nature, and were handled in no inferior manner. The rec- ords show that papers were discussed bearing such formidable titles as the fol- lowing: "The Relation of the Uncondi- tioned, the Absolute, and the Infinite to Human Faith and Knowledge"; "Is a Science of History Possible?" "Science, Religion and Theology" ; "The Nature and Province of Instinct" ; "Religious Controversy between Deism and Chris- tianity." The foregoing are not specially selected subjects, but are taken at ran- dom from the records, and illustrate the fact that, in those early days, the men who discussed subjects did much original work, and did not rely upon the encyclo- paedia to inform them as to what some one else had said or done upon the sub- ject in hand. Economics, Sociology, Po- litical Economy, Electricity, Astronomy, Physics, Chemistry and pure Mathe- matics came in for a fair share of the dis- cussion; in fact, it is not impossible to find men today who think the society might be still living if it had not been for its sensitiveness about having the tariff discussed. If this is a matter of history, it serves to show that the tariff is not entirely an unmixed good ; for ther" ought to be a place in Evanston for a club \'hich would discuss the more serious things of life. It is, however, hardly to be ex- pected that another club like this will ever exist in Evatiston. The changes in theo- logical thought and discussion in the last twenty-five years, perhaps a certain lack of seriousness in the present day life, the demands that are made on professional and business men, make it quite impos- sible to get together a set' of men who could give time and energy to such sub- jects as the old Philosophical Association used to consider. The society had an existence of sixteen years, and finally dis- banded after its meeting of February 13, 1882. During its period of prosperity, the society kept up, for a time, a course of free public lectures, and the public were frequently invited to hear papers of the members when such papers promised to be of more than ordinary interest or merit. The successive Presidents of the society were : Henry Bannister, Oliver Marcy, Francis Bradley. L. H. Boutell. F. D. Hemenway, Andrew Shuman. D. H. Wheeler, N. S. Davis, Miner Raymond, N. C. Gridley, J. G. Forest, H. S. Carhart, C. W. Pearson, H. F. Fisk. Legensia Club. — Perhaps the next most important club in Evanston was "Legen- sia." The original name of this club was the O. R. Circle. This was the abbrevi- ated way of writing "Our Reading Cir- cle." It had its origin January 30, 1880. On that date a few congenial friends met at the home of Mr. and Mrs. H. B Cragin and formed a club whose object, as stated in its call, should be "the form- ing of a club for literary exercises, having" in view both the profit and pleasure of its members." In a short time the name of the club was changed to "Legensia"— a name which was compounded b}- Pro- fessor J. Scott Clark from the last three syllables of Collegensia and the syllable leg from the Latin word lci;o, to read. HISTORY OF EVANSTON 435 The development of this club was much like that of a child. It passed through its years of infanc}', youth, maturity and de- cline. A study of its successive programs shows clearly the working out of those lines of work and thought which char- acterize childhood, youth and maturity. Its first notion was to meet and read something serious, then something light and humorous, and to have each program interspersed with some descriptions of people or places by members who might be qualified to speak along these lines. The club soon gave up this desultory work, and took up a line of work which had continuity and serious purpose in it. The Life and Works of Daniel Webster formed the theme of reading for the first year, and the Life and Letters of Ticknor the second year. At the beginning of the third year, Legensia began to show precocity by writing its own composi- tions. The biographical spirit was still rampant and strongly impressed the so- ciety, and accordingly all of the essays were biographical. No system obtained in the selection of authors, and there was a frisky skipping from Holmes to John Adams. Then Legensia took a run down to the sixteenth century, to Martin Luther, and then back to the nineteenth century to Elizabeth Barrett Browning, with an alacrity of disconnectedness which would have been the envy of the promoters of the International Sunday School Lessons. The novelist, poet, statesman, historian, essayist, philosopher, and philanthropist were made, in succession, the subjects of Legensia's praise and criticism. During this year a famous debate arose as to the relative merits of Webster and Sumner as statesmen. The debate was as hot and as protracted as any in which those famous statesmen ever engaged in the halls of congress. Cufiously enough, all of the women of the club sided with Sum- ner, while all of the men yielded their allegiance to Webster. Finally one mem- ber was won over to the side of the Webster camp, and the question was set- tled in this way, and never disturbed the dreams of the club thereafter. In 1883, Legensia thought it was old enough to forego writing essays upon persons whose lives had been carefully and thoughtfully written beforehand by competent histor- ians, and it took up the matter of writing about things. American History became the theme of this year's work. The fol- lowing year was spent in a study of the English poets from Chaucer to Words- worth. By 1886, the society thought it could wrestle with the deep problems of life, and so took up the discussion of the mysteries of the protective tariff, with the usual result, that after a year of discussion, everyone understood it perfectly, but no two persons had the same understanding about it. In 1887-88, the Victorian Reign, and the next year French History from Julius Caesar to that date, were con- sidered. In 1889, nothing in the old lines was quite satisfactory to the society. Several programs were suggested, but were all thrown out, and the club spent a year on the study of "Socialism." This proved to be one of the most interesting years in the history of the society. After 1890 the club had an existence of four years during which it discussed art, archi- tecture, Alaska, Australia, Africa, Aid- rich, Agassiz, and numerous problems of government, ethics, schools, and also the practical problems of life. In fact, the latter subject was frequently a matter of discussion in the club, and the manner in which it took hold of the subject was an ample testi- mony to the witticism of the bright Evanston woman who said she was sick 436 SOCIAL AND LITERARY CLUBS and tired of hearing about her soul, but wanted to know how to keep her kitchen drain clean. The last year of Legensia was devoted to a consideration of Bryce's American Commonwealth. Whether or not this proved too severe a task, or whether other attractions abbreviated the membership, the club never got be- yond December, 1894. This club never attempted the solution of the deep things of life, as did the old Philosophical As- sociation. It never had soarings after the infinite nor divings after the unfath- omable, nor did it ever attempt Brown- ing. The annual banquets of Legensia were meetings of great enjoyment. The first one was a complete surprise upon the gentlemen of the club, having been secretly prepared in advance by the la- dies. It consisted of a fine collation of chicken salad, celery, cheese - sticks, cream, candy, and numerous other at- tractive articles of diet, and when the business of this evening was over, the gentlemen were ushered into the pres- ence of the feast. As a literary feature of the evening, each man was asked to give his favorite author and a quotation from his works, and also to name his na- tive State. As this was entirely im- promptu, it led to some embarrassment, and men who had never quailed before the cannon's mouth were suddenly struck dumb at the audacity of the ladies, and their natural eloquence was abated. One of the most eloquent members of the club could only repeat the first verse of Genesis, while one of the most learned members of the faculty of Northwestern University could only describe his favor- ite state — into which he shortly after- ward entered. Fourteen banquets in all were held, and it would be impossible to recount all of the bright things that were said and done on these occasions. One of the most unique was where each mem- ber was required to bring in an original poem, or at least alleged poetry; and these poems varied in length from four lines to one which took two rolls of wall paper to contain it. From the latter epi- sode Mr. Dorr A. Kimball earned the title of poet laureate of the club. It would be impossible to speak in detail of the personnel of the club. There were in all about three hundred members dur- ing its fourteen years of history, includ- ing every class of society except the crank ; all degrees of wealth, one Gov- ernor, three members of the Legislature, one Attorney-General of the State, busi- ness men, bankers, professional men, col- lege Presidents and Professors unnum- bered. One of the early members of the club made it a point, at every meeting, to have on hand the autograph or some for- mer personal belonging of the person under discussion, and succeeded in every case except in the case of Julius Caesar. When Martin Luther was under consid- eration this member is said to have had with him ink-stained samples of ingrain wall-paper, which he declared were taken from the room where Luther threw the ink bottle at the Devil. The higher crit- icism was not rampant in those days, but in spite of that fact, some members were so incredulous as to doubt the identity of this particular paper. The papers of Legensia were always of a dignified nature. The flippant never entered into its discussions, and even the discussion of the protective tariflf never precipitated any lifelong animosities, and the club will ever remain in the memo- ries of older Evanstonians as a pleasant recollection of fourteen years of earnest, profitable, wholesome and most enjoy- able work, coupled with a spirit of hos- HISTORY OF EVANSTON 437 pitality, generosity and friendship, which have become a permanent part of many lives made sweeter by the privileges of this association. The following persons have acted as Presidents of Legensia : C. A. Flanders, F. P. Crandon (two terms), H. B. Cra- gin, W. S. Harbert, H. H. C. Miller, O. E. Haven, C. W. Pearson, Dorr A. Kim- ball, H. H. Kingsley, C. B, Atwell, L. K. Gillson, R. B. McMullen, J. Scott Clark and Fleming H. Revell. Bryant Circle. — The Bryant Circle can claim the distinction of having had thus far the longest life of any literary society in Evanston, it now being in the twentv- first year of its existence. It was or- ganized in 1885 as a "Chautauqua Lit- erary and Scientific Circle." In the win- ter of 1883-84 several ladies of Evanston were pursuing independently the studies as laid down by the Chautauqua Asso- ciation. Realizing, however, the benefit that would come from united action, the regular meeting together of those inter- ested in the same line of study, both from the information each would impart to the other and from the stimulus that would be aroused by such union, they resolved to call a meeting of the ladies of the village interested in forming an after- noon circle for the following winter. Ac- cordingly, there appeared in the "Evans- ton Index" of September 19, 1885, a no- tice calling such a meeting, the result of which was seen in the coming together of ten ladies, meeting with Mrs. Carse- well at the Avenue House Cottage. The charter members of the society which was organized were Mrs. Carsewell, Mrs. H. H. Gage, Mrs. George Bancroft, Mrs. H. J. Edwards, Mrs. W. H. Crocker, Mrs. G. H. Thompson, Mrs. W. H. Lewis, Mrs. Baskin and Mrs. Balding. New members were constantly added and in- terest continued unabated. The name "Bryant" may possibly be something of a misnomer to those not familiar with the beginnings of the society. When a name for the circle was under discussion at one of the early meetings the name Bryant seemed especially fitting, that day being the birthday of the poet, and also one of the memorial daj-s in the Chautauqua calendar; hence it was chosen. As no study of that poet has ever been pursued by the circle, it has been thought by many, during late years, that it is misleading, and there has been an attempt made to change the name, but, possibly from the sentiment of long association, the vote of the circle decided to retain its original name. The Chautauqua outline of work was strictly followed for four years, at which time (1889) the course was completed. The Circle then departed somewhat from the prescribed line, and for three years fol- lowed the outline pertaining to History and Literature, leaving out the sciences. At the end of that time it discontinued the Chautauqua study and a program committee from the club has, each year, presented a program which met the ex- pressed desires of the Circle — the prefer- ence being generally given to literary and art studies. During the winter following the World's Fair papers were prepared on the various exhibits, more especially pertaining to the arts, crafts and indus- tries, each paper being the result of per- sonal observations. Various countries have been studied, and altogether the Circle's work, during its long career, has touched upon many branches' of culture — intellectual, aesthetic, moral and re- ligious. The fact that every member has contributed her share of the written papers, and taken part in the discussions, has been a distinctive and pleasing fea- 438 SOCIAL AND LITERARY CLUBS tiire of the society. The active member- ship of the Circle is Hmited to thirty. There is an associate Hst, limited to ten, containing the names of those who, hav- ing been active members, are for good reasons unable to be constant attend- ants at regular meetings ; these, how- ever, are expected to participate, as far as possible, in the programs of the Cir- cle. There is usually a number of names on the waiting list ready for election into the Circle whenever a vacancy occurs, thus showing the sustained interest and popularity of the society. These names must be presented by some member of the society. The election is by ballot, and a imanimous vote is required to gain admission. The Circle holds its meetings on alternate Monday afternoons at the homes of its mem- bers, and not the least delightful feature of the exercises is the social one — the cup of tea and the friendly chat which fol- low the more formal program. During the last few years it has been the custom, each winter, to hold one evening meeting to which the husbands and friends of the members have been invited, and an ad- dress has been given by an invited speaker on some topic kindred to the line of study of the year. A number of clergymen of Evanston and University professors have favored the Circle ; also delightful, musical numbers have been given by Evanston artists. The following persons have acted as Presidents of the Circle: Mrs. G. W. Candee, Mrs. W. H. Whitehead, Mrs. A. F. Townsend, Mrs. L. D. Norton, Mrs. H. R. Wilson, Miss Mary Harris, Mrs. E. A. Dawson, Mrs. H. H. Kingsley, Mrs. Thomas Balmer, Mrs. W. A. Smith, Mrs. C. S. Raddin, Mrs. F. M. Bristol, Miss Alice Houston, Mrs. Howard Field, Mrs. P. L. McKinnie, Mrs. J. C. Turner. Pierian Circle. — The Pierian Circle was organized February 27, 1891. It was the outgrowth of a porch reading circle, which had been enjoyed by a few ladies in the same neighborhood during the preceding summer. As they wished to continue the pleasant custom, and also to widen the scope of this little circle, they decided to make it a regular organi- zation, under as informal a rule as possi- ble. For this purpose, a meeting was called at the above date at the home of Mrs. P. L. McKinnie, 108 Davis Street. Twelve ladies were present, and after freely discussing the matter, a study club was formed, the object of which should be to stimulate, in an enjoyable way, the intellectual development of its members, and combine the advantage of literary and social culture. The name "Pierian" was chosen for the Circle with much hesitation as being rather ambitious for a circle of learners, the suggestion com- ing from Pope's Essay on Criticism : "Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian Spring." This objection was counter- acted somewhat by the motto selected for the Circle: "Let Knowledge grow fiom more to more." The number of members was limited to thirty, to be elected by vote of the club after having been considered by a membership com- mittee, the meetings to be held twice a month at the homes of its members. The subject selected for the first season's study was American History, and cur- rent events were given at roll call. The President elected at the initial meeting was Mrs. C. E. Thayer, one of the orig- inal porch circle. While early in its history some philan- thropic work was done by the club, its main object has been of a literary nature. The regular afternoon meetings have been occasionally varied by evening meetings, with invited guests and lee- HISTORY OF EVANSTON 439 tures by those outside of its own mem- bership. The interest in the Pierian Club has been steadily increasing and warmly maintained. Its list of membership has always been full, with several on the waiting list. The subjects which have been studied during the years succeeding the first one already mentioned are as follows: Ruskin for three seasons; Magazine Reviews ; The Victorian Reign ; London ; France ; The English Colonies; The Industrial Arts. The office of President has been held by the following named persons : Mrs. P. R. Woodford, Mrs. R. P. Hollett, Miss Mary Harris, Mrs. J. A. Battle, Mrs. Nel- son De Golyer, Mrs. J. M. Bond. The Fortnightly. — Preparatory to the ascension of the great White City on the shores of Lake Michigan, a thousand fantasies possessed the imaginations of the people, anticipating the marvelous phantasmago;"ia soon to be practically realized. It is not surprising that the highly favored inhabitants of Evanston should have shared in the general enthu- siasm to the extent of seeing visions by night and dreaming dreams by day. Hence it so happened that the genesis of the "Fortnightly" was the product of a revelation communicated to a few friends with mutual sympathies and common aims, who entered into an infor- mal partnership for higher education, di- versified by friendly chat and the con- sequent attrition of many minds. On this purely unconventional basis, the Fortnightly Club commenced business nearly fourteen years ago. This chrysalis of inexperience was destined to mature beyond the stage of the ephemeral fledg- ling, and while building better than it knew, to earn an enviable reputation for stabilitv and intelligence second to none of its kindred societies. The first women to extend a helping hand to this union were, in order, as follows: Mrs. Lucre- tia Morgan, Mrs. Henrietta Day, Mrs. Alexander Clark, Mrs. Sereno Norton, Mrs. Thomas L. Fansler and Mrs. George Graley. These few founders stand for charter members of an unincorporated club which has never formed any alli- ance with State or National Federations. It was originally christened as the "Woman's Reading Circle," and made its initial bow to the public with the assist- ance of a single official, Mrs. Alexander Clark acting as Director, and filling the position most acceptably and efficiently. With the lapse of years this infant indus- try grew in stature and in grace. Hav- ing an increased membership, it natur- ally drifted with the tide into broader thought expressed in more conventional channels, and became, like all well-regu- lated associations of the time, governed by parliamentary rules, selecting regu- lar presiding officers, and finally adopt- ing the more dignified title of the Fort- nightly Club of Evanston. As any trust- worthy narrative must include a definite list of topics for study, the various sub- jects are appended herewith : History of Spain; Arts and Industries; Countries of the World ; Celebrated Historians ; Par- liamentary Law and Socialism ; Miscel- laneous Program in 1896-7 — History of Chicago; Cuba and the Philippine Is- lands ; Russia, Customs and Manners ; Holland and Her Dykes; Fiction and Philosophy. These topics were interspersed with current events of interest, discussions on higher education, the amenities of home and fireside, with the practical solution of vexed problems and the burning issues of the hour. The life of the Fortnightly has not, 44° SOCIAL AND LITERARY CLUBS however, been one of serious contempla- tion. It has frequently had brought to mind the old adage, that "All work and no play makes life dull every day"; so, metaphorically speaking, the club has taken up the "fiddle and the bow," while resting from the exertions of the "shovel and the hoe." As comparisons are odi- ous, it may not be well to chronicle any of the gay larks indulged in by this clique of sober and serious matrons. Let it suffice that the Fortnightly has held dig- nified receptions, listened to lectures and addresses, played hilarious games galore; has been feted and feasted at the hospita- ble homes of its members, and last, but not least, has disported gaily in honor of Saint Valentine, where, if not wined in this prohibition town, the club has cer- tainly dined to its heart's content. As this is a many-sided club, it has never turned a deaf ear to appeals for philan- thropic and charitable enterprises. Dur- ing the winter many a fire has been kept burning, and the wolf diverted from the doors of the sick and needy. Money has been contributed for the collection of books, a room furnished in a public insti- tution, and last year all moneys were turned into the general fund of the As- sociated Charities. At the commencement of the fourteenth year of the history of the Club, it has a full roster of thirty members. Good fel- lowship has always been its aim. On the solid rock of the sacredness of home and family ties, the Club stands as a unit. Births and deaths and burials have been fitly commemorated alike in kind words and loving deeds, and the fragrant min- istry of flowers — the pink carnation be- ing the floral emblem of the Club. In the flight of time but one member has been gathered by the unrelenting scythe of death. Many changes have occurred in the roll call, but vacancies are speedily filled, while some of the original mem- bers and a little of the old leaven still remain intact. Thirty daughters under one roof-tree have inevitably held different opinions, yet uniformly agreeing to disagree in a spirit of tolerance, the general weal be- ing the paramount consideration. Col- lectively the Fortnightly Club is com- posed of wide-awake, intelligent, pro- gressive women living up to the spirit of the motto of the Club, "Whatever the subject, it deserves our pains." The Club has a very promising future, and it is enthusiastically hoped that it may attain to that spirit of high idealism expressed by one of its members : "That the coming years may bring to all its members a still larger charity and greater loving kindness, forming an indissoluble union of heart and hand, a loyal copart- nership that shall abide 'for better or worse, for richer or poorer, in sickness and in health, till death do us part.' " The Coterie. — In 1893 ^^^ invitation was sent to the ladies living on Michigan Avenue between Kedzie and Keeney Avenues, to come together for the after- noon, and bring their sewing and chil- dren, if necessary, while one lady would read to them from some recently pub- lished book. "The Prince of India," by General Lew Wallace, was chosen ; and each week a few chapters of the book were read, after which a social hour was passed and light refreshments were served. The afternoon was much enjoyed, and the ladies decided to meet every week at their various homes. There were present at each meeting ladies of musi- cal talent who pledged themselves to furnish either piano or vocal music. Several books were read during 1893-4. HISTORY OF EVANSTON 441 October 5, 1894, it was decided to organ- ize a society with the understanding that the closing hour for conversation and social pleasure be not infringed upon. Accordingly, a constitution was pre- sented and unanimously adopted. Mrs. E. L. Waddell was elected President, and she has retained the office up to the present time, 1902. With no desire to be called a literary club, it was decided to call the Club "The Coterie." The so- cial requirements form a large part of the afternoon entertainment. As the members are, for the most part, too busy to prepare papers, the literary features of the afternoon have consisted largely in reading from books, magazines and va- rious other sources. The later history of The Coterie em- braces a study of foreign countries, and an annual program is followed every year, in which pleasure, entertainment and culture, as well as social enjoyment, are the leading characteristics. The lit- erary features of the afternoon have never been a burden to the Club, and once a year there is an annual dinner and a children's party, which are not the least pleasing features of this very delightful and enthusiastic club. The Coming Century Club. — The Com- ing Century Club of Evanston was first suggested February 18, 1894. It origi- nated in a meeting of eight men ; W. E. Wilkinson, H. L. Tolman, D. D. Thomp- son, F. W. Nichols, C. O. Scudder, W. H. Webster, E. O. Blake and A. E. A. Shinner. It was proposed to form a so- ciety of gentlemen to discuss the live topics of the day. A meeting was called by this gather- ing, and over a supper at the home of H. L. Tolman, the Club was organized. The name, "Coming Century Club," was suggested by Mr. J. J. Flinn, and the following is Mr. Scudder's record of the meeting: "Coming Century Club. — On Monday evening, Feb- ruary 2oth, Messrs. Adair, Blake, Flinn, Graham, Hibben, Knox, Milhening, Nichols, Rowe, Scudder, Thompson, Tolman. Webster, and Wilkinson, met at the home of Mr. Henry L. Tolman and organized the above named club for the free discussion of current questions, on the following basis : Negations. No Accounts nor nor nor nor nor nor nor nor No By-Laws No Club House No Debts, Dress Coats No Fines No Long Speeches No Officers No Preaching Axes, Bores nor Business, Constitution, Dudes nor Dues, Formality, Late Sittings, Organizations, Profanity. "Messrs. Nichols, Scudder, Tolman, Thompson, and Wilkinson were made an Executive Committee with power to do all business, with Mr. Tolman as Chairman and Mr. Scudder as Secretary. "The Club meets on the second and fourth Monday evenings of each month ; on the second Monday evening at eight o'clock sharp, at the house of some member; on the fourth Monday at six-thirty P. M., for dinner, discussion afterward, at some place hereafter designated, the same to cost not to exceed seventy-five cents. "The Club adjourns at ten o'clock. The introductory speakers are allowed twenty minutes each, with five minutes additional to close. Other speakers are limited to five minutes. The next meeting will be held at the residence of Mr. Nichols, 932 Hinman Avenue, Monday evening, March 11. "Question : Should the United States adopt the bi- metallic standard? "Affirmative — Mr. Adair. "Negative — Mr. Tolman. "C. O. SCUDDER, Sec." The membership was at first limited to thirty-five, and meetings have always been held at the homes of members. The early popularity of the Club came from its unique constitution, all business be- ing transacted by the Executive Com- mittee without coming before the Club to distract from its social and literary character. Its continued vitality has also been due to the freedom given to all mem- bers to take part in the discussions, which have frequently been wise as well as witty. Meetings have been held twice each month during the winter months of each year ever since the organization. Ban- quets have been held two or three times each year, generally served by church la- dies. In 1897 the membership was doubled by the admission of ladies, and has sev- eral times been enlarged to accommodate the demand for admission of new mem- 442 SOCIAL AND LITERARY CLUBS bers. The present membership is one hundred and the homes are often taxed to accommodate the meetings. At the opening of the year 1898 it was thought best by the committee to adopt a constitution, which embodied mainly the past practices of the Club. The first printed annual programs were used in 1896 and have been printed each year since. Of late years there have been a few meetings each year, when outside talent has been called in to entertain the Club. Perfect harmony has prevailed in the meetings and the discussions have set- tled nearly all the questions of the day — political, religious, literary and scientific. With the opening of the season of 1901-2 the name of the Club became "The Twentieth Century Club" and will probably remain so during the present century. Present Day Club. — The Present Day Club, while one of the youngest clubs in Evanston, is thoroughly an up-to-date club. It was organized about 1899 by six women living in the vicinity of Sheri- dan Road and Lee Street, for the purpose of discussing the best news of the day, and keeping in touch with the literary world. The Club, which is limited to fifteen members, meets every two weeks in the homes of its members. The an- nual fee is used for a book fund. The leading works of the present day are pur- chased, read and discussed, and distrib- uted, pro rata, to the members at the close of each club year. Among the works of fiction discussed during the first year were "Janice Meredith," "When Knight- hood Was in Flower" and "Richard Car- vel." In connection with the reading of the last-named book, which was valuable for its wholesomeness as well as for its historical worth, a scholarly lecture on the Revolutionary Period was given by one of its members. All the points of in- terest were traced on the map, and com- parisons were drawn with the characters and events depicted in the book. "Eben Holden" served as a pleasant dessert to the year's literary menu. Tolstoy's life, country and works were studied during the second year, his last work of fiction being considered a strong work for peo- ple of mature years who are studying the sociological questions of the day. The work of fiction which found greatest fa- vor among the members of the Club was "The Crisis," and it was especially no- ticeable that the literary criticisms of the Club were frequently at wide variance with those of the professional reviewers. The program for the present year in- cludes current events, lives of editors, magazine articles and late works of fic- tion. After reading such books as "La- zarre" and admiring Gilbert Parker's strong literary strokes in his "Right of Way," rest and refreshment are to be found in turning to Van Dyke's "Little Rivers," or reading his "To Be Glad of Life, because it gives you the chance to love and to work, and to play and to look up at the stars ; to be satisfied with your possessions, but not contented with your- self until you have made the best of them." I CHAPTER XLIII. THE EVANSTON WOMAN'S CLUB (By MRS. RICHARD H. WYMAN) Origin of Evanston Woman's Club — Julia Ward Howe's Advice — Organization and First Officers — Club Programs — • Auxiliary Organizations — Work of the Traveling Library Committee — Field Day at Lake Genez'a — Object of the Club Defined in Its Constitution — Club Motto. All great and successful org-aniza- tions have their origin in consecration of thought and purpose. The seed-thought of the Evanston's Woman's Club flick- ered into existence deep in the heart of a woman whose desire was for the activ- ity of all women striving for the good of all women. The thought was cherished and confided to a few kindred spirits. Nourished by their sympathy, strength- ened by their zeal, it grew into an im- pulse to reach out for co-operation. Early in 1889 Mrs. Elizabeth Boynton Harbert invited to her home a little group of earnest women, to take counsel together as to how they^ might unite in promoting a Woman's Club. For inspi- ration they read with interest and profit Julia Ward Howe's address on the "Or- ganization of Women." That great and wise leader, desiring to help others, says : "Deliberation in common, mutual in- struction, achievement for the whole, should be the spirit of associations ; work faithfully, fervently and in sincerity with the motto, 'The good of all, the aim of each.' Question: What are the most pressing needs of society? What can we, as a body corporate, do to meet and an- swer them? Learn to act in the light of experience. Work with the conviction that the possibilities of Women's Clubs are as broad as the land, as diverse as are the requirements of mankind." Pondering these sentiments and en- couraged by the enthusiasm of their hostess, who proved herself in every sense a leader, these women continued to meet informally until in March, 1889, when they associated themselves to- gether to form "The Woman's Club of Evanston." Mrs. Harbert was made President and Mrs. Thaddeus P. Stanwood Secretary. Early in 1890 the membership had grown to a dignity requiring a constitution and regular officers. This form of organi- zation continued until March, 1898, when the club was duly incorporated in accord- ance with the laws of the State of Illi- nois. Mrs. Harbert was the Mother of the Club in the deepest and broadest sense of the relation expressed by the word. It has been well said that what Alice Cary accomplished in Sorosis, Mrs. Harbert ac- complished and amplified in Evanston. 443 444 THE EVANSTON WOMAN'S CLUB To her personal inspiration and wise di- rection the Club owes its early activities and its healthful development. She was its President for eight years, when, at her own instance, the honor was trans- ferred to another. Mrs T. P. Stanwood was then elected to the office. Being a woman of exceptional ability, keen per- ception and rare graciousness, she was well qualified to guide the Club through a critical period and to thoroughly estab- lish its prosperity. At the end of two years she was suc- ceeded by Mrs. Richard H. Wyman, who, after two years' service, was fol- lowed by Mrs. H. H. Kingsley, a char- ter member and loyal worker. With charming tact and grace she conducted the affairs through a very successful year, when, positively declining re-elec- tion, she was succeeded, in April, 1902, by Mrs. C. A. Goodnow. These Presi- dents have always been splendidly sup- ported by fellow-officers and a Board of Managers showing ability and devoted zeal. Every department and branch of the club work have received the special attention of women who have devoted heart and hand to the attainment of high- est standards. The program of the earlier years, though not thoroughly systematized, was profitable and enjoyable. It consisted usually of a special topic with prepared essay, which was followed by two short speeches on the subject, supplemented by informal discussion. This method furthered one of the primary objects of the Club — to train women to become easy speakers ; to help them to acquire the habit of thinking and speaking readily and connectedly on their feet before an au- dience. An indication of one of the early-time interests and activities, which has since grown to importance, is given in the fact that a large reception was tendered the teachers of Evanston at Mrs. Harbert's home, where an address was made by the late Colonel Parker on the Relation of the Home to the School. During the time from 1891 to 1894 the Club sustained a World's Fair Depart- ment, for the purpose of study and in- vestigation in the various lines of inter- est connected with the World's Colum- bian Exposition. This was under the leadership of Miss Mary Harris, and proved a marked success. A Household Economic Department was organized at about this time, at whose meetings, held twice each month, papers on Domestic Science, previously read at the World's Fair Congresses, were presented. This department merged into the Department of Philan- thropy, which has led the Club into the line of broader work and great achieve- ments. From this time the work of the Club developed into departments, serving as channels for each member to pursue in- vestigation and to derive pleasure, ac- cording to her taste and desire — all unit- ing in one general club meeting each month ; all serving loyally any cause for the general good. The Art and Literature Department was formed in September, 1894, and the Child and Home Department in 1897. The Press Department was organized a lit- tle later. A French Study Class, under Professor Oudshorn, was formed in 1897; a class in German, under Miss White, in 1899, and a class in Civics, under Miss Childs, in 1902. Also a class in singing, under Professor Niedlinger, was carried on during the winter of 1902. The first, and one of the greatest ef- forts of the Club in outside work, was HISTORY OF EVANSTON 445 the impetus which it was the means of giving to the Evanston Emergency Hos- pital. At a meeting held in November, 1891, the words of Mrs. A. L. Butler stirred the members to form a Hospital Committee with Mrs. Joseph Hubbart as Chairman. It was resolved to give a festival and kirmess. The enterprise met with the cordial and generous support and efficient co-operation of citizens, both in and out of the Club, and was a brilliant success, netting $3,600 for the hospital fund. A course of lectures was given during the winter of 1895, by Professor Charles G. Moulton, which afforded means to as- sist the Convalescent Home at Lake Geneva and to support a teacher for a sewing school. As a mark of apprecia- tion of the hospitality of the Evanston Boat Club in ofifering the use of its rooms, a complimentary lecture by Pro- fessor Moulton, followed by a reception, was given. Among other good deeds, the Wom- an's Club has extended substantial aid to the Northwestern University Settle- ment ; it has placed a beautiful drinking fountain in the vicinity of the Chicago Commons ; it has contributed to the For- ward Movement and the Vacation Schools of Chicago; the local charities have received generous co-operation ; a Day Nursery was established and sus- tained for a time, and several successful Mothers' Clubs have been conducted at the homes of members and at school houses. Sewing classes and housework classes for young girls were, during one season, conducted by members at their own homes. At Thanksgiving and Christmas- tide the overflowing spirit of giving and doing has been directed in proper chan- nels by a Club Committee, who thor- oughly canvassed the town and knew just where the bounty was most needed and would be best appreciated. The pur- pose was that there should not be a child within reach who should not know the blessings of the season. Over two hun- dred families have thus been reached, while over one thousand public school children have been carefully examined to ascertain and assist those suffering from defective sight or hearing. The teeth of the children have also received attention. A successful entertainment, in the form of a children's operetta, "The House That Jack Built," was given under the auspices of the Child and Home Depart- ment, which netted a substantial sum for the benefit of the Domestic Science De- partment of the Evanston Public Schools. As a memorial to a beautiful young daughter, one of the prominent mothers of the Club installed a Visiting Nurse to minister to those needing, but not able to pay for, such service. This noble work has been sustained through the Philanthropic Department. The bright face, untiring devotion and ready skill of the Club's representative. Miss Galtz, in this beautiful charity, has been appreciatively welcomed by scores of suf- ferers. In response to an earnest talk from the President, much of personal service was undertaken and accomplished during Mrs. Stanwood's administration. It was interesting to note the varied character of the responses. Some offered the use of their carriages to those who might especially need them ; others, a view of their pictures ; still others, their time to read, to tell stories, to mend, to make over clothing, to teach some common or unusual branch of home accomplish- ments. One of the tangible results of 446 THE EVANSTON WOMAN'S CLUB this movement was the purchase by the Club of a knitting-machine for the use of the clififerent Mothers' Chibs, where the call for stockings was constant and im- perative. A letter, sent through Mrs. Grey, ap- pealed to Marshall Field & Company for a guarantee of garments manufactured under sanitary conditions. Thus was a beginning made towards one of the great objects aimed at later by the Consumers' League. One of the members skilled in bird lore gave a series of interesting talks upon her favorite subject. An- other member led a course in parliament- ary law, which was very profitable and enjoyable. A Legislative Committee has watched and reported bills and legisla- tive matters of importance and interest to the women, and the proper influence has been used to further them. A course of lectures and demonstrations in cook- ing and housekeeping, by Mrs. Hiller, was managed by the Child and Home Department. These were attended by over a hundred women, both mistresses and maids, who gave their enthusiastic approval. In May, 1900, the Club invited the Il- linois Congress of Mothers to meet un- der its auspices in Evanston. An ex- ceedingly interesting series of meetings was held, lasting over three days. These meetings were addressed by eminent men and women, and were attended by delegates from all parts of the State. The conference closed with a beautiful reception given by Dr. and Mrs. McKin- ney, at their palatial home on the lake shore. Baroness Schimmermann, the German philanthropist, gave an interest- ing talk during her stay in Chicago con- cernihg herself and her work among sail- ors. Committees are maintained to pro- mote the work of the Juvenile Court and support a probation ofificer; also to assist the Vacation Schools and to guard and enforce the ordinances of the city of Evanston. The Traveling Library Committee sent out its first library in 1900. This was the first library in the world to be taken in charge by the Rural Delivery. Since that time ten libraries of fifty books each, packed in a complete case, have been sent on their way to cheer the bar- ren places where books are unattainable. Magazines and periodicals are constantly being sent in packages to various insti- tutions and hospitals, for both adults and children. For several seasons the privileges of the Club have been extended to all the teachers of Evanston, and during the past season the husbands of members and gentlemen "connected by marriage" have been invited to attend the meetings. Those who have been able to avail them- selves of the opportunity have expressed their approbation and enjoyment, as they have lingered to chat over the cup of tea or coffee which is always served at the close of the meetings. The Club is affiliated with the Illinois Federation of Woman's Clubs, the Illi- nois Congress of Mothers, the Illinois So- ciety for Child-Study, the Chicago Art Association and the Cook County League, and in the Club rooms is a tempting sup- ply of books and current magazines. A word as to the local habitation of this organization. It was born in the home of Mrs. Elizabeth Boynton Har- bert, and there it was carefully watched through its young and tender years. As it grew the members realized that this charming home had its limitations in space, though never in hospitality. The mention of this hospitality brings to the minds of the early members the vivid HISTORY OF EVANSTON 447 memory of the devotion of Arthur Har- bert, who so cordially assisted in provid- ing for the comfort and entertainment of his mother's friends. With the greatest reluctance to leaving the environment around which so many associations clus- tered, the Club gratefully accepted the generous offer of the Evanston Boat Club, in December, 1894, and for two seasons occupied its attractive assembly hall. The membership at this time was about two hundred. During the two following seasons the Club enjoyed the hospitality of the Coun- try Club, but in the autumn of 1898 the members entered upon the occupation of a suite of rooms of their own in the new Young Men's Christian Association Building. These rooms, furnished com- pletely and in excellent taste, have been the Club headquarters for five years. With the truest instinct of women and the best spirit of a club, the members look forward with longings and hope to the vague future, which may hold for them a home of their own. Surely, with entire possession and complete control of the premises, this ideal club would make an ideal home. The first and only "Field-Day" of the Club was celebrated at the charming home of Mr. and Mrs. Harbert, at Lake Geneva, in July, 1894. Fifty members made up the happy party, and they will ever cherish the memory of the occasion with keen pleasure and a consciousness of fresh inspiration. The programs of the twelve years of the Club's history contain many names illustrious in art, literature, education, music, philanthropy and science. The very best to be obtained in professional and practical lines has been brought be- fore the members, both in the depart- ments and in the general meetings. The membership numbers over three hundred and fifty, and includes many prominent women, among whom are the President of the Illinois Federation of Clubs, the President of the Illinois Con- gress of Mothers, the President of the Il- linois Suffrage Association, the Dean of Woman's Hall, the Musical Director of the Northwestern University, and Presi- dents of several smaller clubs. There are a lawyer, a doctor, a librarian, teach- ers, wives of judges, editors, professors, clergymen, and — honor be to them — scores of women who are devoted to that most exalted sphere of woman — the Home. Twenty members have passed beyond the activities of this life to the higher life Beyond. Their memories are a bene- diction to those who knew them here. "There is no death To the living soul, nor loss, nor harm." In 1898 a Club pledge, color and pin were adopted. The pin is in form of a shield, with emblems of heart, distaff and torch, above a scroll bearing the words, "Unity, Charity, Liberty." The colors are green and gold. The Pledge voices unfailing loyalty and active de- votion to the Club and its interests. There is no better way to epitomize the cause of the existence and the course of the vitality of the Evanston Woman's Club than to quote, in closing, its own words, taken from its Constitution : "The objects are mutual helpfulness in all affairs of life, and united efforts to- ward the higher development of human- ity." Surely there could be no higher stand- ard than that expressed in its motto : "In essentials, unity; "In non-essentials, liberty : "In all things, charitv." CHAPTER XLIV. THE EVANSTON CLUB (By N. C. GRIDLEY) Promoters and Organisers of "The Green- ivood Club" — First Members and Offi- cers — Name Changed to "The Evans- ton Club" — Club Building Erected — First Reception — Changes in By-Lazvs and Membership — Value of Club Prop- erty — List of Officers. On the 24th day of November, 1888, at the request of Marshall M. Kirkman, the following-named citizens of Evans- ton met in the Committee Room of the Hotel Richelieu, in the city of Chicago, for the purpose of organizing a Club in Evanston, namely: Curtis H. Remy, Daniel H. Burnham, Marshall M. Kirk- man, Nelson C. Gridley, Francis A. Hardy, James K. Armsby, Frederick W. Clarke, Milton W. Kirk, Edward P. Wil- son, David B. Dewey, John B. Kirk, Wil- liam E. Stockton, Josiah J. Parkhurst, George E. Gooch and Frank M. Elliot. Mr. Kirkman stated the object of the meeting, and, on his motion, Mr. C. H. Remy was elected Chairman ; and, on motion of Mr. D. B. Dewey, Mr. C. G. Phillips was elected Secretary. There- upon it was— "Resolved, That measures be at once taken to incorporate the Club under the laws of the State of Illinois," and on the 26th of November, 1888, a certificate of incorporation of "The Greenwood Club" was duly issued by the Secretary of State of Illinois. Subsequently, at a meeting held in the Grand Pacific Hotel, Chicago, November 28, 1888, the following-named gentlemen were duly elected as the ofificers and Di- rectors of "The Greenwood Club :" President, Marshall M. Kirkman; First Vice-President, Daniel H. Burnham ; Sec- ond Vice-President, Milton W. Kirk; Treasurer, David B. Dewey; Directors — Hugh R. Wilson, Charles W. Deering, Nelson C. Gridley, Curtis H. Remy, Wil- liam E. Stockton, James K. Armsby and Charles F. Dwight. Thereupon the ofificers and Directors adopted By-Laws and House Rules for the government of the Club, and elected Frank M. Elliot as Secretary. The By-Laws provided that "The ob- ject for which this Club is formed is the promotion of social, athletic and aesthetic culture; its immediate purpose the recre- ation and amusement of its members and their families; that the membership should be limited to one hundred mem- bers of the age of twenty-one years; that the initiation fee shall be $300 and the annual dues $50; that junior members, between the ages of sixteen and twenty- one years, and the sons of or related to members, may be admitted to all the privileges of the Club except voting ; that 449 45° THE EVANSTON CLUB the ladies of every member's family, and the males between the age of sixteen and twenty-one years, shall be entitled to the privileges of the club; and that no liquors shall be allowed in the Club House or upon the premises, nor any gambling or betting — the purposes of the Club being to afford its members and their families a place where they may go to seek the recreation and amusement that are commonly to be found at clubs." The following named gentlemen, resi- dents of Evanston, were duly elected members of the club, each of whom paid the initiation fee of $300, and to each of whom was subsequently issued a certifi- cate of membership : James K. Armsby Daniel H. Burnham Hugh R. Wilson Curtis H. Remy George E. Gooch Milton W. Kirk Francis A. Hardy Arthur Orr William Holabird William D. Hitchcock Frederic T. Peabody Nelson C. Gridley Josiah J. Parkhurst Augustus A. Buell Aaron N. Young James H. Deering Marshall M. Kirkman William Blanchard Simeon Farwell Nelson De Golyer George A. Foster William B. PhilHps George M. Sargent Henry R. Pearsons ^ William T. Rickards Edward H. Webster William E. Stockton Frederick W. Clarke Charles W. Deering David B. Dewey Charles F. Dwight Edward P. Wilson Morris R. Eddy John B. Kirk Nicholas G. Iglehart Arthur S. Kirk Thomas A. Balding Henry M. Kidder Richard L. Dakin Frank M. Elliot Hugh A. White William D. Porter Charles G. Fuller Volney W. Foster Harry S. Farwell Charles P. Mitchell David S. Cook Harold Smith Martin M. Gridley Birney J. Moore H. H. C. Miller Richard W. Lynch At the meeting of November 28, i a committee, consisting of Messrs. Dew- ey, Burnham and M. W. Kirk, were ap- pointed to investigate as to the most de- sirable location for the Club, which com- mittee, on the 17th day of December, 1888, reported the selection of the "Lud- 1am" lots (on which the Club House now stands) situated on the northwest corner of Chicago Avenue and Grove Street, 132 by 210 feet, and which could be purchased at $11,000; and thereupon the Executive Committee were authorized to make the purchase of said lots. The money for the purchase of said lots was obtained by the issue of the bonds of the club, of $500 each, secured by mortgage, all of which bonds were purchased by members of the club. There was situated upon said lots a frame dwelling house, which had been occupied by Mrs. Ludlam and family for many years, and which was removed by her as a condition of the purchase of said lots. At a meeting of the members of "The Greenwood Club," held at the Avenue House, Evanston, January 14, 1889, it was unanimously "Resolved, That the name of this cor- poration, 'The Greenwood Club,' be, and the same is hereby changed to 'The Ev- anston Club." And, thereupon due proceedings were taken for the change of same in compli- ance with the laws of the State of Illinois. On the 15th of March, 1889, the Board of Directors adopted plans and specifica- tions for the building of a Club House, which had been prepared by Holabird & Roche, architects, under the supervision of a committee consisting of F. \\\ Clarke, D. H. Burnham and William Holabird, and thereupon a building committee, con- sisting of D. H. Burnham, D. B. Dewey and N. C. Gridley was duly appointed, HISTORY OF EVANSTON 451 and instructed to proceed with the erec- tion of a Chib House. "The Evanston Club" Chib House was practically completed, and a meeting of the Board of Directors was first held in the Club House on September 24, 1889. In consequence of the cost of the build- ing and its appurtenances exceeding the estimates therefor, it became necessary to raise funds for the furnishing of the Club House, whereupon twenty-three members of the Club voluntarily subscribed $ioo each, for that purpose, which money was subsequently repaid by the Club. A committee consisting of Mr. and Mrs. Charles F. Dwight, Mr. and Mrs. William Holabird, and Mr. and Mrs. Frederick W. Clarke, was appointed to select and pur- chase furniture and fixtures for the Club House. The opening party of the Club was given on the evening of Tuesday, Oc- tober I. 1889. The guests, consisting of members and their wives, sons and daugh- ters of members over the age of sixteen, and invited guests, in all about 600, were received by a Reception Committee con- sisting of Mr. and Mrs. Marshall M. Kirk- man, Mr. and Mrs. Daniel H. Burnham, Mr. and Mrs. Milton W. Kirk, Mr. and Mrs. Frank M. Elliot, Mr. and Mrs. Hugh R. Wilson, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Deering, Mr. and Mrs. James K. Armsby and Mr. and Mrs. Charles F. Dwight. On August 28, 1890, the By-Laws were so amended that "The membership of this Club shall be limited to one hundred and sixty (160), and shall consist of sixty (60) charter members, or those having paid $300 membership fee and holding certificates of membership, and one hun- dred (100) Associate Members without any ownership in the property of the Club." Subsequently, on November 2, 1891, the By-Laws were again amended so as to increase the membership to 200, to consist of sixty (60) charter and one hundred and forty (140) Associate Mem- bers. In July, 1896, the distinctions thereto- fore existing in the membership of the Club were abolished, and all members were granted equal rights in the govern- ment and property of the Club. This was accomplished by the charter members surrendering their certificates of member- ship and releasing all interest in the proper- ty of the Club, in consideration of new cer- tificates of membership providing that the dues of each holder of a certificate shall not exceed $25 per annum. During the fall and winter months in each year from the opening party in Oc- tober, 1889, to and including 1894-5 — the Club took the lead in the social amuse- ments of Evanston in providing for its members, their wives and children, con- certs, vocal and instrumental ; musicales and theatricals by members; sociables, with music, dancing and cards; children's entertainments, card parties, dancing parties, lectures, readings, song and vio- lin recitals, and, in many of the entertain- ments, the Club hired artists of national and international reputation. In consequence of the organization of other social clubs in Evanston, as "The Country Club" and "The Boat Club," the general features of social entertainment by "the Evanston Club" were curtailed, and have been limited, since the fall and winter of 1895-6, to bowling, billiards and cards, with bi-monthly card parties or "Ladies' Nights," for the special enter- tainments of the wives and daughters of members of the Club. The property of "The Evanston Club," consisting of real estate and the Club House with its furnishings and fixtures, is of the value of about $50,000, with a 452 THE EVANSTON CLUB bonded indebtedness of only $12,000, and Treasurer, on January i, 1902, of about having a balance in the hands of the $1,000. OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS OF THE EVANSTON CLUB FROM ITS INCEPTION Year President and Director First Vice-President and Di i-ector Second Vice-President and Director Secretary Treasurer and Director Director 1S88 M. M. Kirkman D. H. Burnliam M. W. Kirk F. M. Elliot D. B. Dewey C. W. Deering 1889 M. M. Kirkman D. H. Burnham M. W. Kirk F. M. Elliot D. B. Dewey C. W. Deering 1890 M. M. Kirkman D. H. Burnham M. W. Kirk F. M. Elliot D. B. Deney C. W. Deering 1891 IVI. M. Kirkman M. W. Kirk N. C. Gridley F. M. Elliot W. T. Rickards F. A. Hardy 1892 M. M. Kirkman M. W. Kirk N. C. Gridley F, M. Elliot W. J. Fabian F. A. Hardy 1893 M. M. Kirkman W. H. Bartlett J. B. Kirk F. M. Elliot W. J. Fabian F. A. Hardy 1894 M. M. Kirkman W. H. Bartlelt J. B. Kirk N. G. Iglehart W. J. Fabian F. A. Hardy 1895 M. M. Kirkman W. H. Bartlett N. C. Gridley G. M. Sargent G. R. Jenkins F. A. Hardy 1896 M. M. Kirkman N. C. Gridley W. Holabiid W. T. Rickards G. R. Jenkins F. A. Hardy 1896 N. 0. Gridley W. Holabird F. A. Hardy W. T. Rickards G. R. Jenkins M. M. Kirkman 1897 N. C. Gridley W. Holabird F. A. Hardy W. T. Rickards G. H.Jenkins M. M. Kirkman 1898 N. C. Gridley W. Holabird F. A. Hardy W. T. Rickards G. R. Jenkins M. M. Kirkman 1899 N. C. Gridley W. Holabird F. A. Hardy W. T. Rickards G. R.Jenkins C. H. M'Farland 19(X) A. N. Young a. K. Jenkins W. T. Rickards A. Millard C. H. Harbert C. H. M-Farland 1901 G. R. Jenkins B. F. Adams G. S. Marsh N. G. Iglehart N. G. Iglehart C. H. M'Farland Year Director Director Director Director Director Director 1888 J. K. Armsby H. R. Wilson W. E. Stockton N. C. Gridley C. F. Dwight C. H. Remy 1889 J. K. Armsby H. R. Wilson W. E. Stockton N. C. Gridley C. F. Dwight C. H. Remy 1890 J. K. Armsby H. R. Wilson W. E. Stockton N. C. Gridley C. F. Dwight C. H. Remy 1891 N, G. Iglehart H. K. Wilson W. E. Stockton W. Holabird A. C. Buell A. N. Young 1892 N. G. Iglehart H. R. Wilson W. H. Bartlett W. Holabird A. C. Buell W. D. Hitchcock 1893 N. G. Iglehart N. C. Gridley H. A. Pearsons W. Holabird A. C. Buell W. D. Hitchcock 1K94 N. G. Iglehart N. 0. Gridley H. A. Pearsons W. Holabird D. A. Mudge 0. H. Remy 1895 N. G. Iglehart W. J. Fabian C. J. Connell W. Holabird G. M. Sargent C. H. Remy 1896 N. G. Iglehart W. J. Fabian C. J. Connell W. H, Bartlett a. M. Sargent C. H. Remy 1896 N. G. Iglehart W. J. Fabian C. J. Connell W. H. Bartlett G. M. Sargent C. H. Remy 1897 N. G. Iglehart K. S. Lacey C. T. Boynton W. H. Bartlett G. M. Sargent H. S. Stevens 1898 N. G. Iglehart E. S. Lacey C. T. Boynton W. H. Bartlett G. M. Sargent H. S. Stevens 1899 N. Q. Iglehart K. S. Lacey R. C. Lake D. A. Kimball W. T. Rickards H. S. Stevens 1900 N. G. Iglehart F. W. Gerould J. A. Patten D. A. Kimball N. C. Gridley H. S. Stevens 1901 A. N. Young F. W. Gerould J. A. Lawrence D. A. Kimball N. C. Gridley H. S. Stevens CHAPTBR XLV. EVANSTON COUNTRY CLUB First Steps and Motives Proinpting Organ- isation — Names of Projectors — Or- ganization Effected in May, iSS8 — The Nezv Club Finds a Home — Memories of the "Old Shelter" and Its First Occu- pants — The Club Formally Incorpo- rated — First Board of Directors — Club Abandons the "Old Shelter" — Neiv Quarters Dedicated in October, igo2 — Nciv Years Receptions and Children's Day Chief Functions — Lady Directors — Promotion of Branch Associations — Dramatic, Cycling, Musical, Equestrian and Polo Associations — Banjo and Mandolin Association — Former and Present Officers — Present Membership 800 — List of Life Members. To the minds of the older individual members of Evanston's representative so- ciety, that class which typifies the best achievement and highest aspiration of the city's social life, any reference to the "Country Club" has been suggestive, in other days, of a larger volume of pleasur- able thoughts, remembrances and antici- pations than were called forth by the men- tion of any other feature of that com- munity. This responsive sentiment, moreover, was not confined to those who made their home in the beautiful city with which the Country Club is identified, but extended to urban residents of the vicin- age, where dwelt congenial souls, who, as guests, were wont to partake of the enjoy- ment signalizing memorable gatherings within the hospitable portals of the Club's "Home." And thus, although its exist- ence is measured by less than a score of years, its name long since became a syn- onym in Evanston for all that is worthiest and best in an association of kindred spir- its, with the common purpose of fostering inspiriting diversions and wholesome sports, commingled with exercises of the mental faculties, and uplifting endeavors in the domain of music and art. The first conception of the projectors of the club was, doubtless, little else than as a medi- um for indulgence, on a more compre- hensive scale, in the popular sports of the day, such as basket ball, tennis, billiards, pool, and other games devoid of strenu- ous exertion, and as an opportunity for unconventional gatherings, in a "home" common to the membership, of those who sought to cultivate a wider and better ac- quaintance than occasional neighborhood visiting afforded. Almost in its infancy, however, the organization began to develop into a broader scope, and continued enlarg- ing its sphere of activities until it became the most conspicuous feature in Evanston's social life. Previous to the inception of "The Coun- try Club," many well-known gentlemen of 453 454 EVANSTON COUNTRY CLUB Evanston, largely of the younger element, were wont to indulge their social inclina- tions for fellowship, by fraternizing in coteries of limited membership, under va- rious designations and for various speci- fied purposes. This manner of dividing into small groups led to a habit of invid- ious criticism, and the members of one set \vere not infrequently the objects of de- preciatory allusions by those of another, the basis of organization being narrow and the methods arbitrary. In none of these was the gentler sex eligible to member- ship, and public social functions of a com- prehensive nature were unknown. In 1880 but two clubs of any pretentions were known in Evanston, viz.: the "Ev- anston Social Club," which was shortly afterwards disrupted, and the "Evanston Boat Club," devoted to a single purpose, and having an enrollment of two score of the stylish young men of the town. Some- what later, another organization of young men was formed under the title of the "Idlewild Club," for the promotion of ath- letic sports, chiefly indoor ball and tennis. The Idlewild Club was subsequently merged with the Evanston Boat Club. The "Evanston Club," of present high re- pute, had not then been ushered into ex- istence. The ladies of Evanston, to a certain ex- tent, were associated in those days in small, companionable bodies of their own sex, each comprising from a dozen to a score of members, designated by odd and enigmatic titles in the form of initial let- ters, such as the M. As ; the N. Gs ; the X. Ys ; and the J. Js. These feminine groups were quite out of social touch with each other, making no effort towards har- monious relations, and, as between clubs of the sterner sex, unseemly rivalry en- gendered petty jealousies and harsh as- persions, at times approaching animosity. Under the conditions which then pre- vailed in Evanston society, it was thus reserved for a new blending of social fac- tors, the necessity for which had long been tacitly recognized in various quar- ters, to mold into cordial harmony, upon a broad and enduring basis, all kindred spirits of both sexes, composing that ele- ment which was conceded to be truly rep- resentative of the better and more highly aspiring social life of the city, in which all felt a fond pride. The project of the Country Club of Ev- anston was first made a subject of discus- sion at a select social gathering at the residence of Frederick W. Clarke, on Hin- man Avenue, in April, 1888. The sugges- tion of such an idea touched a common chord of responsive sentiment in all the guests, prominent among whom were A. T. Cutler, George T. Judd, Frederick Arnd, George Lunt, E. A. Chapman and William L. Brown. One of the ladies present was Mrs. Thomas S. Creighton (then Virginia Hamline), who was em- phatic in urging an immediate movement toward organization. The gentlemen pres- ent withdrew into seclusion for a brief conference in regard to the practical fea- tures of the scheme, and their consulta- tion resulted in a decision to induce, if possible, one of Evanston's most promi- nent and popular citizens to take the in- itiative in formative eflfort. The particular patron on whom the minds of all in at- tendance centered, was Marshall M. Kirk- man, then, as now. a recognized leader in all worthy enterprises in Evanston. To Misses Hamline and Barlow, in conjunc- tion with Thomas S. Creighton, was in- trusted the mission of soliciting Mr. Kirk- man's co-operation as the principal or- ganizer of the new club. This committee and its proposition met with a cordial reception from that gentleman, who be- HISTORY OF EVANSTON 455 came a ready sponsor of the movement, and at his residence, on the evening of May 14, 1888, two committees were appointed, one to formulate a constitution, and the other to nominate officers, for the forth- coming organization. Their duties were accomplished on the spot. The nucleus of the present elaborate constitution was submitted to the assemblage and prompt- ly ratified, and the officials designated by the committee on nominations were con- firmed by vote, as follows : President, Marshall M. Kirkman ; First Vice-Presi- dent, Frederick W. Clarke ; Second Vice- President, Milton W. Kirk ; Treasurer and Recording Secretary, Thomas S. Creighton ; and Corresponding Secretary, Catherine Aishton. The original enroll- ment included a membership of 150, com- posed of persons representing the most reputable element in Evanston society, associated for the purpose of promoting a higher degree and wider range of socia- bility, and encouraging physical exercise in the practice of athletic games. The aim of the club was, as declared by one of its projectors, the "making of life in Evanston even more pleasant than it is at present," and in the by-laws adopted at the outset, the object was formally stated to be "the promotion of social, athletic and esthetic culture, and its immediate purpose, the recreation and amusement of its members." Formative details having been disposed of, the next step in the progress of the Country Club was, naturally, the estab- lishment of suitable quarters for its oc- cupancy. Its first "home" was built on Hinman Avenue, within an environment of most pleasant grounds. It was known by the quaint name of "The Old Shelter," and although of limited dimensions and * unpretentious aspect, well served its pur- pose during the inceptive period of the club's existence. A snug retreat, of rus- tic design with a generous fireplace and cozy veranda, it was uniquely decorated within and without, and, altogether, was keenly suggestive of ease and comfort. Delightful indeed are the recollections that cluster about "The Old Shelter." and the thoughts of early members of the club who frequented it often revert to its homelike attractiveness, with feelings of pleasure not unmingled with a tinge of sadness. Many of them, then in the fer- vid flush of youth, but now staid matrons or sedate sires, both smile and sigh as they recall the gayeties of old-time sum- mer gatherings there, under moonlit foli- age, or the mirthful hours of cider sym- posiums on long winter evenings. Of the familiar faces of yore that reflected cheer on the festivities of "The Old Shelter," not all remain. Some of them are now known in connection with new scenes of activity, while the earthly abodes of oth- ers will miss them evermore. The mem- ory of the early members who have van- ished from this world's habitations, not- ably, George T. Judd, George Lunt and E. A. Chapman, is sacredly cherished by their surviving contemporaries among the founders of the club. At a business meeting of the members held March 22, 1889, a committee was ap- pointed to secure the incorporation of The Country Club under the laws of Il- linois, and a petition for that purpose was drafted and forwarded to the State capi- tal, to which twenty-eight names were ap- pended. The gentlemen having charge of this matter were Martin M. Gridley, Harry P. Pearsons, J. Stanley Grepe, Thomas S. Creighton, Edwin F. Brown. Arthur Orr, Nicholas G. Iglehart, George Lunt, Harry S. Farwell and Freder- ick W. Clarke. A charter was issued, and the club was thus ushered into exist- 456 EVANSTON COUNTRY CLUB ence with the sanction of law. The first Board of Directors under the act of in- corporation was composed of William Holabird, William L. Brown, John H. Kedzie, Jr., Charles H. Matthews and John W. Scott. Applications for mem- bership were numerous from this period, and the strength of the organization rap- idly increased. At the outset its influence was chiefly manifest in widening the circle of pleasant acquaintance of worthy men and women, who had hitherto been kept apart by barriers of formality. While the rules regulating admission were care- fully administered, arbitrary restrictions were ignored, and the stiffness of mere conventionalism, in the better element of Evanston society, was soon materially relaxed under the genial sentiment domi- nating the club. The principal entertain- ment features under its auspices were in the form of select dancing parties, and the popular sports on its program were those then mostly in vogue — tennis and indoor ball. Early in its fifth year, the numerical strength of the organization had grown to such a degree, and the social and ath- letic activities projected had so far ex- ceeded the original plans, as to disclose the need of more ample accommodations as to space and convenience of arrange- ment, than "The Old Shelter" afforded. Measures were thereupon taken to pro- vide new quarters. Plans were drawn un- der the supervision of the management, and the task of construction was com- menced in the early summer of 1902. In the autumn of that year the present com- modious and inviting structure, at the in- tersection of Lake Street and Oak Ave- nue, was completed. On the evening of October 18, the new edifice was suit- ably dedicated. The cost of the house and grounds was about $40,000, which in- volved an issue of bonds to the amount of $33,500. The occupation of the present "home" signalized the inauguration of a more attractive series of social festivities, and a course of highly-interesting athletic competitions, which occasionally involved the participation of noted clubs from other localities. The Country Club "ger- mans" date from that period, as does also the Lady Directors' custom of New Year's Day receptions, which have since constituted the most elaborate and en- joyable society "affairs" known in Evans- ton. From the time of the club's incep- tion, one day has been set apart in sum- mer, and one in winter, as "Children's Day," devoted to childish merry-making. On these occasions, the little folk monop- olize the club house and its environs for a time of blithesome frolic. Music, re- freshments and youthful sports abound, and the periodical recurrence of "Chil- dren's Day" is awaited by the juvenile element in Evanston with eager anticipa- tion. During the period intervening between 1892 and 1895, the Country Club played the part of host in many entertainments on an elaborate scale, in which its guests were well-known pleasure clubs, athleti'c organizations, and civic and military bodies. Among the prominent Lady Di- rectors of that time whose conspicuous charms and accomplishments lent peculiar dignity and grace to these brilliant func- tions, were Mrs. Thomas S. Creighton, Mrs. Frederick Arnd, Mrs. George R. Jenkins, Mrs. Charles G. Fuller, Mrs. David A. Mudge, Mrs. William A. Hammond, Mrs. John B. Kirk, Mrs. Christopher L. Williams, Mrs. Milton W. Kirk. Mrs. Andrew Hazelhurst, Mrs. Frank M. Elli- ot, Miss Cornelia G. Lunt, Mrs. William J. Fabian. Mrs. Milton M. Kirkman, Mrs. Benjamin F. Adams, Mrs. Nicholas G. HISTORY OF EVANSTON 457 Igleliart, Mrs. Edwin F. Brown. Mrs. Stewart Clark, Mrs. A. C. Buell, Mrs. Harry P. Pearsons, Mrs. Charles J. Con- nell, Mrs. George Lunt, Mrs. Curtis H. Remy, Mrs. Henry R. Post, Mrs. William Holabird, Mrs. William H. Harper. Mrs. Daniel H. Burnham, Mrs. B. J. Moore, Mrs. Francis A. Hardy, and Mrs. Herman D. Cable. About the year 1890, was put into prac- tical operation the policy of promoting branch associations for the purpose of fostering the talent and skill of the club's membership in particular lines of accom- plishment. Between that year and 1895, seven flourishing subordinate branches were formed under the fostering care of the parent body, and whatever were the predilections of individual members as to esthetic culture, or their aptitude in the line of' popular sports, each found in one of these dififerent associations a satisfac- tory medium for the gratification of a pe- culiar taste, or the cultivation of a special talent. This policy of the club proved signally successful, and has done more to bring into prominent notice and stimulate to a high degree of development, the home talent of Evanston in musical and histrionic rendition, than all other local agencies combined. As early as 1895 the concerts given and the operas and dramas rendered bv the members, and under the auspices of The Country Club, were hardly inferior to professional presentations, and the new club house had become the musical and ar- tistic center of Evanston. In the winter of 1893-94 was formed the Dramatic Association of the club. Prominent among the organizers were Louis F. Brown, William J. Fabian, Arch- er Gififord, Henry Raeder and William L. Wells. In addition to these gentlemen, and the wives of the last four, the follow- ing were original members of the associa- tion, namely: Mr. and Mrs. Frederick Arnd, Mr. and Mrs. William H. Harper, Mr. and Mrs. Harry Cobb Kennedy, Mr. and Mrs. William A. Hammond, Mr. and Mrs. Charles P. Spining, Mr. and Mrs. Harley C. Winchell, Messrs. Gardner Read, Charles H. Dalgleish, Edward Hurd Smith, Hugh Talbot, George Stanford, Frederick H. Tackaberry, Frank M. Gould, John W. Scott, Ernest H. Eversz, Louis A. Ferguson, Frank M. Savage, Hanson McDowell, William C. Evans, and Misses Bessie Fletcher, Lida Scott, Anna Ives Hotchkiss, A. Louise Redfield, Maria Reynolds, Flora Gardner, Louise Rice, Sarah Ward, Mae Talbot, Mary T. Wilson, Virginia Boteler, Alice Spaulding, Mae Dingee, Anna Jane Wilcox, Lily M. Parker, Mrs. Elizabeth Boynton Harbert, Rosella Ward, Jessie E. Eversz, Ruth Far- well, Catherine Aishton and Louise Hoge. The officers were as follows: William J. Fabian, Manager; Miss Jean McN. Matte- son, Secretary; and Mrs. Charles P. Spin- ing, Miss Mary W. Lord, Archer Gififord, Henry Raeder and Harvey Cobb Ken- nedy, Directors. The new "Shelter" was remodeled in 1895, in order to admit of an enlargement of the stage to meet the necessary requirements of the Dramatic Association, and after this was made suit- able, and the requisite mechanical ap- pointments were provided. the plays thereupon produced, with roles filled by association's members, were presented in a manner as complete, entertaining and artistic as many witnessed in the theaters of Chicago. The Cycling Association of the Coun- try Club, for the purpose of which the smooth and shady streets of Evanston and its environs afforded peculiar facilities, was formed in 1894. A special feature in its program of recreation was the club rides on Saturday afternoons, when the 458 EVANSTON COUNTRY CLUB members sallied forth from the club house, and wended their way to some ap- pointed destination in the surrounding countr}'. There they partook of refresh- ments and whiled away the waning day with pleasant converse in scattered groups, returning homeward in the dusk of evening, in jovial procession. The tasteful and variegated attire of the lady cyclists on these occasions presented a gay spectacle, the animated discourse of all, as they glided along in the twilight, giving evidence to throngs of interested observers, of the enjoyable hours they had passed. A large proportion of the early members of the club were enrolled in this association. It was managed by a Board of Directors, the regular excursions being under the conduct of Dr. Frank Dakin or Edwin C. Belknap. The association also included a body of cyclists composed ex- clusively of ladies organized for daily rides, under the guidance of Mrs. Freder- ick Arnd and Miss Bessie Chapin. The Country Club "Musical Associa- tion" was formed in 1894, its nucleus be- ing a singing society previously organized by a few of the members. Through the efforts of President Kirkman, who was ever on the alert to devise measures for broadening the scope and enhancing the usefulness and prestige of the club, this association received its first impetus. Mr. Kirkman was aided by the earnest co-op- eration of Walter M. Anthony, who had been prominent in the musical circles of Worcester, Mass., before establishing his home in Evanston. At the instance of these two gentlemen, a meeting of all the members interested in the project was convened on February 20, of the last men- tioned year. In that gathering The Coun- try Club Musical Association was launched into being, with the following board of Directors, namely : Mrs. George R. Jenkins, Miss Cornelia G. Lunt, Miss Annie W. Lord, John W. Scott, Prof. A. F. McCarrell, Ernest H. Eversz, and Wal- ter M. Anthony. Mr. Anthony was after- wards elected President, and Mr. Eversz, Secretary and Treasurer. The associa- tion was subsequently divided into two separate bodies — a woman's musical or- ganization, at first styled the "Friday Morning Musical Club," and a society of male vocalists, called the Country Club Maennerchor. The practice of the latter was under the direction of Prof. McCar- rell, and later, under that of Prof. P. C. Lutkin. In conjunction with Messrs. Mc- Carrell and Lutkin as founders of the Maennerchor, were William Richards, Charles Dickinson and John R. Lindgren. Mr. Lindgren, who had been an orchestra leader in Chicago, suceeded Mr. Anthony as its President. Associated with him as officers were Charles S. Burch, Vice-Pres- ident ; Albert D. Shaw, Secretary ; Thom- as Beard, Treasurer; and Robert Holmes, Librarian. The Maennerchor, whose first efforts were limited to college songs and old-time melodies, gradually attained pro- ficiency in a higher degree of musical art, and became one of the leading organiza- tions of its kind in the West. The Woman's Musical Association of The Country Club, at first known as the "Fridav Morning Club," was composed of about thirty active members, and consti- tuted the Ladies' Choir of The Country Club. Together with the Maennerchor, it formed the well-known "Evanston Mu- sic Club of that period. The original officers of the Woman's Musical Associ- ation were as follows: Mrs. William Hol- abird. President ; Mrs. Arthur W. Under- wood, Vice-President : and Mrs. Marshall M. Kirkman, Mrs. Daniel A. Mudge, Mrs. William L. Vance, Mrs. Charles P. Spin- ing, Mrs. Charles R. Webster and Miss HISTORY OF EVANSTON 459 Helen M. Ide, Directors. The member- ship represented a superior order of mu- sical talent, and acquired, by reason of dili- gent practice, an excellent artistic culture. It was recognized as the bright esthetic feature of Evanston society. A large number of members of The Country Club gathered in its reception rooms on May 28, 1894, and perfected the organization of the Equestrian Associa- tion, in which riders of both sexes were represented Francis A. Hardy was elected Director, with William C. Hoag as Secretary and Treasurer; and Francis O. Frazier, William B. Bogert and Ham- ilton E. Grepe were chosen as a board of managers. The event at once stimulated a new interest in horsemanship throughout the town. Many superb riding horses were purchased and brought to Evanston from Kentucky and Missouri, States noted for their fine grade of saddle horses, and scores of mettlesome steeds were soon seen prancing in the knightly sport which the association was formed to promote. Its members, mounted on chargers capar- isoned in saddle-blankets of blue broad- cloth with yellow bindings and showing, brightly embroidered in their corners, tlfe four-leaf clover emblematic of the club, presented a gay and imposing sight to the beholder. The riding parties were wont to meet for country-road excursions on Saturday afternoons, and to the prac- tice of graceful horsemanship acquired in many spirited jaunts, is attributable much of the skill for which Evanston society people have been noted in connection with this robust and exhilarating diversion. At the period of its inception, thirty-one gen- tlemen, all prominent members of The Country Club, joined in the regular riding parties of the Equestrian Association. Among the accomplished equestriennes who graced these occasions were Mrs. Louis F. Brown, Mrs. Charles Buckley, Mrs. Thomas S. Creighton, Mrs. Frederick E. French, Mrs. Francis A. Hardy, Mrs. Marshall M. Kirkman, Mrs. George W. Whitfield and Misses Katherine Buehler, Cora Cassard, Elizabeth Fletcher, Minnie Kirkman. Maude Parker, Kate C. Quin- lan and Mary T. Wilson. In the summer of 1895, as an off-shoot of the Equestrian Association, a number of its members or- ganized themselves for competition in the game of pony polo. This body acting in concert with the former, afterwards in- augurated what was observed as "The Country Club Field Day," on which polo matches, hurdle races, pony races and premium "turnout" exhibits constituted the attractions. Marshall M. Kirkman was the projector of The Country Club Polo Association,_ and its organization was ef- fected at his residence on the evening of April 12, 1895. Besides the host of the occasion, those in attendance were Albert Tracy Kirkman, Marshall Jay Kirkman, W. Bruce Kirkman, George H. Sargent, John H. Kedzie, Jr., Gabriel F. Slaughter, Henry W. Dakin, John M. Allen, Freder- ick S. Chapin and George K. Armsby. George S. Chapin was elected Captain of the Association, and Frederick S. Chapin was made Secretary and Treasurer. Grounds were leased and suitably pre- pared at the corner of Grant Street and Asbury Avenue, and an experimental game of polo was there played one month from the date of organization. A feature of instrumental music was supplied by the club in October, 1894, in the formation of a Banjo and Mandolin Association, each instrument being at first represented by a distinct organization, the former having fifteen members, and the latter, eleven. These were under the direction, respectively, of Ralph H. Smith and Signor Salvatore Tomaso. The two 460 EVANSTON COUNTRY CLUB societies were subsequently united under one leadership. Prominent among the or- iginal members were the Misses Mae Rice, Grace Hess. Lily Rice, Susanna Rowe, Lucy Pinney, Blanche Eversz, Elizabeth Boynton Harbert, Frances Rickards, Ter- esa Metcalf, Louise Rice, Emily D. Rowe, Mrs. Lucian E. Harding, and Messrs. Charles George Lewis, Thomas H. Lewis, William C. Gilbert, John W. Scott, Dwight Willing, Frank Savage, Winter D. Hess, Will Gilbert, William McCor- mick. Charles H. Matthews, Marshall Jay Kirkman and Benjamin Miller. Some of these "branch associations" were discon- tinued in after years. Among the most notable "functions" of the parent club which have been maintained ever since its inception, are the New Year's recep- tions and the Children's Day festivals, which are still characterized by undimin- ished vivacity and eclat. From the organization of the Country Club, on JMay 14, 1888, until and including the annual election of officers in 1898, its subordinate executive officials were as fol- lows: First 'Vice -Presidents — Frederick W, Clarke, Arthur Orr, William E. Stock- ton (who served two terms), and Freder- ick Arnd (who served seven terms) ; Sec- ond 'Vice-Presidents — Milton W. Kirk, Frederick Arnd (who served two terms), Frank M. Elliot, and Benjamin F. Adams (who served seven terms) ; Treasurers — Thomas S. Creighton and Nicholas G. Iglehart, of whom the latter served ten terms ; Secretaries — Catherine Aishton, Edwin F. Brown (who served seven terms), William B. Bogert, and John H. Kedzie, Jr., (who served two terms). In the course of time above mentioned, the following gentlemen were Directors of the club: Marshall M. Kirkman, Nicholas G. Iglehart, Edwin C. Belknap, Benjamin F. Adams, Thomas S. Creighton, Arthur Orr, Frederick Arnd, George Lunt, Ros- coe L. Wickes, Edwin F. Brown, Martin M. Gridley, William E. Stockton, William Holabird, Frank M. Elliot, Harry S. Stev- ens, Francis O. Frazier, Francis A. Hardy, E. A. Chapman, Milton W. Kirk, Hugh R. Wilson, John Scott, Hanson McDow- ell, Charles H. Matthews, William B. Bogert and Charles T. Boynton. Marshall M. Kirkman served continu- ously as President of the club from the time of its organization imtil the official term covering 1898. William Holabird suc- ceeded Mr. Kirkman as President and Francis A. Hardy became First Vice- President ; Francis O. Frazier, Second ■Vice-President; Rufus C. Davis, Treasur- er; and Lucien E. Harding, Secretary. The directors then elected were : for three years — Frederick Arnd, John H. Kedzie, jr., John W. Scott and William W. Gates ; for two years — Hugh R. Wilson and Wal- ter W. Ross ; for one year — Marshall I\L Kirkman, Rollin A. Keyes and Edwin A. Sherman. In April, 1901, Judge Leroy D. Thoman succeeded Mr. Holabird as Pres- ident, serving in that capacity four years. The present President of the Club, Franklin C. Letts, was elected May i, 1905, when the following officials were also elected, namely: First "Vice-Presi- dent, Charles E. Yerkes ; Second "Vice- President, Charles G. Davis ; Secretary and Treasurer, Charles N. Stevens ; Di- rectors — Murray B. Augur, Charles H. Barry, Marshall Clarke, David R. Forgan, George T. Kelly, William Holabird, Mar- shall M. Kirkman, C. F. Marlow, F. F. Peabody and William H. Warren. The present membership of The Coun- try Club numbers 800. Its sole honorary member is Nicholas G. Iglehart. The list of life members, a relation involving a fee of $400 for gentlemen and $83 for ladies, is as follows : William Blanchard, Charles HISTORY OF EVANSTON 461 T. Boyiiton, William L. Brown, John M. Ewen, William J. Fabian, Francis P. Fra- zier, Francis A. Hardy, William Holabird. John H. Kedzie, Jr., John B. Kirk, Walter W. Kirk, Marshall M. Kirkman, Richard C. Lake, Charles G. Lewis, Dr. Thomas H. Lewis, Benjamin W'. Lord, Uriah Lott, Arthur Orr, Henry P. Pearsons, Henry Raeder, George ^L Sargent, Roscoe L. Wickes, Hugh R. Wilson, Mrs. Charles T. Bovnton, Mrs. William L. Brown, Mrs. John M. Ewen, Mrs. William J. Fabian, Mrs. Francis P. Frazier, Mrs. Francis A. Hardy, Mrs. William Holabird. Mrs. J. W. Howell, Miss Margaret Kedzie, Miss Emma Kirk, Mrs. John B. Kirk, Mrs. Walter W. Kirk, Mrs. Marshall M. Kirk- man, Miss Ella Gates Kirkman, Miss Mary Lewis, Mrs. Uriah Lott, Mrs. Henry Raeder, Mrs. Martha C. Stockton, Miss Julia K. Watson, Mrs. Hugh R. Wilson and Miss Mary T. Wilson. CHAPTBR XLVI. BIOORAPOICAL ORRINGTON LUNT. "A man he seems of cheerful yesterdays, And confident tomorrows." Orrington Lunt, one of Chicago's pi- oneers and one of the founders of Evan- ston, attained to the very ideal of the public-spirited, patriotic citizen, without a blemish upon his record as a merchant, a gentleman and a Christian. He was born in Bowdoinham, Maine, December 24, 181 5. He came of old New England stock. His first American ancestor, Hen- ry Lunt, who emigrated to this country from England in 1635, was a grantee in the original allotment of land in New- buryport, Mass., and, in 1636, was made a freeman of the colony. His grandmother was a daughter of Gen- eral Joseph Vose of Revolutionary fame, one of the founders of the Society of the Cincinnati and a direct descendant of a family noted for courage and prowess. His father, William Lunt, represented his county in the Maine Legislature and was everywhere recognized as a thrifty and enterprising man of affairs. He was a merchant in the little town of Bowdoin- ham and during a long life-time enjoyed the esteem and confidence of the com- mimity in which he lived. His mother, Anne Matilda Sumner, was of the same lineage as Governor Sumner of Massa- chusetts, and the distinguished Senator of that name. She was a woman of rare cleverness and beauty, and from her ap- parently her oldest child derived many of his principal traits. And the gifts be- stowed upon him at his cradle were among the best at God's command ; phy- sical strength and manly beauty, a sweet and simny temper, a quick strong mind, a rich quaint humor, a fearless spirit and a tender heart. Besides all these, a glad delight in natural beauty and a joy in human fellowship. When the lad was nine years old he sat one wintry afternoon watching his mother's face by the light of the fire. Her beloved features changed to such unutterable sadness that he burst into tears. Roused from her reverie she put her arms about him and tried to com- fort him. But the solemn sweetness with which she urged him to be a good boy and a good man, never to forget her, never to forget her counsels, revealed the truth, and ere many rnonths he stood beside her grave. After that, it was said, the neighbors seldom saw him smile. But he learned rapidly and eager- ly all that the village schools could teach him. The vigorous and ambitious boy was everywhere known as a hard worker and an apt scholar. Apparently a bright future opened before him as a student, but at the call of duty he went forth to 463 464 BIOGRAPHICAL prepare for the great battle of commercial life, being then in his fourteenth year. On leaving school he entered his father's store, taking hold of his assigned tasks with the same hearty good will and high purpose that so distinctly marked his whole after career. He showed from the first the steady light of sterling integrity, of persistent efTort, and of un- weariedness in well doing. He remained in the store, a growing favorite with all who dealt there, until the attainment of his majority when he was taken into partnership. The character of Mr. Lunt was well established. He had attracted the confidence of his neighbors and was honored by them publicly. In his twenty- second year he was elected Clerk and Treasurer of the town, and was also ap- pointed Justice of the Peace. These po- sitions he held until he left the State. But Bowdoinham was too small and too slow a place for his active and enter- prising nature. He had married on the i6th of January, 1842, Miss Cornelia A. Gray, the oldest daughter of the Hon. Samuel Gray, a leading attorney in the village, who served as' Representative, Senator, and member of the Governor's Council of the State ; and as trade grew dull he and his young wife determined to try their fortune in the then distant and unknown West. He sold out his interests in Maine at a heavy sacrifice, realizing little more than enough to pay off his mercantile indebtedness. They started west on the first of November, 1842. and arrived in Chicago on the eleventh of that same month, it taking ten days of constant trav- el to make the journey. Chicago then, ac- cording to the census of 1840, had a popu- lation of less than five thousand, and it was then at its lowest ebb, real estate selling for less than at any time since the crisis of 1837. The condition of trade was at a standstill and it was impossible to embark in business during the winter, as navigation was closed. At that time there were no railroads in the Western State. To add to their discouragement, in the spring Mrs. Lunt became alarm- ingly ill, and during her partial convales- cence they decided to return to Maine. He was now thoroughly disheartened, but the spirit of the pioneer was not to be denied. He had looked upon the prai- ries and the Lakes, and the narrower hori- zon of New England robbed him of that new sense of liberty he had learned to value. He felt, with the intuition of a faith he never lost, that in the West was the seat of opportunity, and that Chicago, then a village of five or six thousand in- habitants, was to be the metropolis of that West. So about the last of July they again turned their faces westward, his entire capital consisting of letters of recommendation from Eastern firms, mer- cantile houses in Boston and New York. Mr. Lunt began his business career in Chicago as a commission merchant by purchasing a set of books on credit, and a*^ once started the shipments of such prod- uce as he could obtain. His first trans- action of any considerable magnitude was the buying of several hundred barrels of cranberries in lots, as they were offered at fifty cents per bushel, for a Boston house. He was soon busily at work pur- chasing almost anything that offered. He succeeded so well that, by the summer of 1844, he was fairly started in the grain trade, which he began by receiving from Buffalo a small cargo of oats to sell for this market. After the ensuing harvest he began to purchase wheat from teams. At that time this product had to be hauled by the farmers in their wagons to Chi- cago, sometimes coming from the distant HISTORY OF EVANSTON 465 fields in Indiana and from the prairies of Central Illinois. At Chicago it was trans- ferred to boats and thence transported eastward by way of the Lakes. The business steadily increased, his operations became more extensive, his careful ener- getic management attracted confidence and esteem. In 1845 he leased a lot on the river front and erected thereon a warehouse having a storage capacity of 100,000 bushels — no mean capacity in that "day of small things." \\'heat came in quite freely after the harvest, and with a brisk trade, on a continually advancing market, he had his house full by the close of navigation. He made one sale of fifty thousand bushels, which was a ver}' large transaction in those da3'S. In business Mr. Lunt was an honest man in the strictest sense of the word — not only honest in his personal dealings, but he never tolerated dishonesty in subordinates or employes. In those dajs. when grain was drawn to Chicago, sold to buyers on the street and weighed in at South Water street warehouses, the farmers who sent their boys to the young city repeatedly told the inexperienced youths to "wait for Orrington Lunt or one of his buyers," and it became known on the street that instructions were given that, even if he offered lower prices than any other buyers, "not to leave him, for his honest weights v^'ould more than make the difTerence." He was strong, self-re- liant and enterprising, and soon prosper- ity made him over-sanguine. He bought boldly and lest in a single season all that he had made. He took the lesson to heart. He never speculated again, and was ever afterward noted for his cautious and conservative sagacity. Frontier life is a severe test of character. Many a man has forgotteit, in the hurry and excite- ment of a rapidly growing town, his mural training and his religious experi- ence. Liut Orrington Lunt never neglect- ed his \'ows to God during the years of strenuous commercial activity, in which he laid the foundations of his success. His probity became proverbial. With the entry of railroads into Chi- cago, the conditions of trade materially changed, and, in the year 1853, Mr. Lunt leased his warehouse for a term of years and retired temporarily from the handling of grain, but in 1859 he again took charge and continued until 1862 handling as much as three and a half million bushels of grain annually. He always kept him- self familiar with all the transactions of the Boad of Trade, which had seen its first struggles into existence in 1848. He had joined with those who were taking the initiatory steps for its formation, and was at the first meeting called to pass res- olutions and adopt a constitution. He was a charter member, at one time a Di- rector on the Board, and was one of the noted pioneers in that period of its his- tory. In 185 1, at its third annual meeting, the official reports presented an extreme- ly discouraging aspect of affairs. Not only had the membership fallen off, but those in good standing who had paid their dues numbered only thirty-eight, and dur- ing the following year business transac- tions "on change" became so insignificant that attendance dropped at times to noth- ing. It is noteworthy that on the record for July 1 2th there was present one man. It was Orrington Lunt. And during nine days only five members had sufficient interest to put in an appearance at the place appointed for daily sessions. From that Board of Trade, to which he belonged from its organization, he never resigned his membership. Mr. Lunt was pre-eminently a builder v.'hose conservatism was only matched by 466 BIOGRAPHICAL his steady, persistent pusli in everything he undertook. He exercised a potent in- fluence in the city of his adoption. Every enterprise calculated to further its pros- perity deeply interested him. His zeal, conservatism, and strenuous endeavor made him an important factor during the formation period of the civic, railroad, educational, church and business life of Chicago and all the country tributary to it during that period. His geniality was as proverbial as his sterling honesty. His generosity was without narrowness. His hand and his home were open to all good men and all good causes, and the wisdom of his counsel was eagerly welcomed in all the varied interests connected with the growth of the Northwest. He early held many honorable positions. Rarely does it fall to the lot of one man to be equally wise in the Council Chamber and strong in executive action. Places upon boards of directors always came to him. He did not have to seek them nor did he shun them. He responded to every call upon his conscience and his judgment, and was ever ready to share in doing anything that would develop Chicago and the country about it. His love for his adopted city grew with its growth, and lasted all his life long; and the name of Orrington Lunt commanded respect, confidence and affec- tion in all Chicago. Men loved him for his gentleness, yet he knew how to achieve his purpose. His plans were pushed with tranquil energy, and none could swerve him where his conscience was involved. In 1853 Mr. Lunt was appointed a member of the Committee of the Board of Trade to visit Washington and urge upon Congress the improvement of Chicago harbor. In 1855 he was elected a \\'ater Commissioner for the South Division of Chicago, and con- tinued in that position for six years. At the end of his first term in office, he was re-elected for three more years, and during the last three, the City Department hav- ing been consolidated in the Board of Public Works, he held the position of Treasurer and President of the Board. He was often solicited by his friends to allow his name to be used as a candidate for Mayor and various high city offices, but his ambition never ran in that direc- tion. He was one of the most modest men that ever blessed the human family. He shrank from ostentation and from public applause. Like most men of that early period he made investments in real estate. He became interested in Fire and Life Insurance, and was a Director in the Chicago Fireman's and the Chicago Mutual Life Insurance Companies. He devoted much attention to railroad enter- prises, particularly to the Galena & Chi- cago L'nion, of which he was a director from 1855 until it became a part of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway Com- pany's System. He was also one of the Auditors of the Board of Directors and devoted close attention to the duties of the office for several years. During the last two years of his connection with the road, up to the time of its absorption by the Northwestern, he was its Vice-President. During all its years, until his resigna- tion a few months before his death, he was a member of the Board of Trustees of the Young Men's Christian Association : he was President of the Chicago Bible Soci- ty and one of its life-members, and worked earnestly and with decided success to es- tablish the Chicago Orphan Asylum, of which he was one of the builders and early benefactors. In connection with one other member of the Building Com- mittee, in the summer of 1854, he raised nearly twenty thousand dollars to com- HISTORY OF EVANSTON 467 plete the edifice. In 1854 he also became a Trustee of Dearborn Seminary, which, after a trying struggle, succeeded in erect- ing its building in 1857. He was one of the original Trustees of Clark Seminary at Aurora, which was built by a private corporation but subsequently turned over to the church, the first holders transfer- ring their interest without compensation. He was one of the Board of Directors of the first Homoeopathic Hospital estab- lished in 1854, and a Trustee of the Hah- nemann College, whose charter was drafted in the office of Abraham Lincoln who personally exerted himself to secure its passage. Quinn Chapel was organized in 1847 to shelter a little congregation of colored people. With a quiet courage that never failed him, Mr. Lunt helped these unfortunates when they were the objects of much persecution. He had sold to them a lot at a minimum price, receiving a very small first payment. The passage and the approval of the Fugitive Slave Act in 1850 had caused great consterna- tion among the colored population of Chi- cago, and resolutions intensely antagon- istic to the bill were passed and even a Vigilance Committee appointed. In one of the journals of that period it is related that many of the little congregation fled to Canada to prevent the provisions of the bill being enforced upon them. A local historian describes their pastor as "having very strong lungs, and being well versed in the prophecies and Revela- tions, but with a weak heart and doing nothing for the church." He refused to sign any papers, nor would he do anything toward collections, or aid in any pay- ments on Queen Chapel lot. A commit- tee, therefore, waited upon Mr. Lunt to explain their indigence and inability, to whom he replied, "Give yourselves no uneasiness; you shall not lose the prop- erty,"' and immediately donated three hun- dred of the five hundred dollars due him. He purchased lots for the Swedes, Ger- mans and other church societies, and his name became a household word in all of them. A liberal man at the beginning of his Christian life when only twenty years of age and when his means were slender, his lienefactions increased in variety and magnitude with his enlarging fortune. When Mr. Lunt first came to Chicago he and his wife immediately connected themselves with the First Methodist Epis- copal Church, in which he became one of the Trustees and for a long time was the Secretary of the Board. In the counsels of the church his words were not many, but always wise and brave. For Orring- ton Lunt united shrewdness with senti- ment. He planned for others as well as for himself. He gave thought and toil as well as speech and song. It has been said of him that there is not a Methodist institution, general or local, in the city of Chicago, which is not, in one way or another, a beneficiary of his enthusiastic and invincible love for the Church and Kingdom. The State Street Methodist Episcopal Church originated with Orring- ton Lunt. In 1847, realizing the necessity of a church edifice further south, he bought a lot which he oiTered to the Clark Street at the purchase price less his own contribution, and held this ofi^er open for five years. The Wabash Avenue M. E. Church was the result of his foresight and generosity. To the church of his early love he gave unstinted energy and a thrifty and far-seeing wisdom. His piety was fraught with rare intelligence, and to him more than to any other man the Methodists in Chicago owe many of the plans that made their growth so rapid. In spiritual as well as financial affairs he was active. In the social meetings he was a 468 BIOGRAPHICAL conspicuous and beloved figure. When he sang in the prayer meetings he cap- tured all hearts. Not unfrequently in those early days he sang alone. His voice was rich and resonant, strong, with a supporting, inspiring quality that made the heart glad. "I believe," he wrote in his old age, "that if one sings so as to help the meeting he must have the spirit to sing."' And he sang, as he gave, with the spirit and desire to help. He had the keenest sense of righteousness without a tinge of bitterness toward anybody. Re- ligious faith wrought in him not so much to transform as to refine, to preserve, to illuminate and to perfect him. And the vital thing about Orrington Lunt was the divine atmosphere in which he moved for over sixty years. It clothed him with an invisible armor. It urged him on to secret prayer and open goodness. It strength- ened and perfected the virtues he inherit- ed. It guided him into large and generous enterprise. It made his home luminous and glorified his old age. His character, to many who thought they understood him, seemed quite simple. But it was. in realitv, a harmony of many qualities too seldom found together. There was noth- ing astonishing about him, and yet no human being in all Chicago taught more perfectly the dignity of manhood and the sweet magic of loving kindness. Other men have had more fame: no man was ever dearer to the hearts that knew him. Other men have made more money: he made enough to accomplish far more for the public good than most of them. True to every trust, eager to urge and swift to aid in e^•c^y work of mercy, the associa- tion of his name with a new project became almost a guarantee of its success. When the Civil War broke out Mr. Lunt consented to serve upon the Com- mittee of Safety and Finance, appointed at the Bryan Hall Meeting, held April 13, 1861. That was a day long to be remem- bered in Chicago, a beautiful, cloudless spring day, such as seldom visits the West so early — and in the fresh April air, from spire and balcony, church and dwelling, floated the flag which had been lowered at Fort Sumter. To raise it once more — to preserve its honor as a priceless heri- tage — was the all-absorbing passion and purpose. He was a figure in the war meetings crowded with excited and patri- otic citizens, and he spent the first Sab- bath after the fall of Fort Sumter in rais- ing supplies and starting the first regi- ment to the front from Chicago. And this was but the beginning of his efiforts to aid the Union cause. His work was continu- ous, faithful and nobly generous. He threw himself into the arduous work of the committee with the zeal of an enthu- siast whose patriotism knew no more doubt than his religious faith. While the war lasted his devotion never flagged. And whatever Orrington Lunt did was not only sure to be well done, but it was done in a spirit of gentleness and cheerfulness that was a constant wonder and joy to his fellow-workers in those days of Na- tional trial. And four years after the com- mencement of the bitter struggle, he had the delight of seeing the old flag again flung to the breeze from the battlements of Sumter, and later, in company with distinguished generals and civilians, he visited Charleston and Richmond. His was also the proud privilege of witness- ing, at our National Capital, the never to be forgotten Grand Review of our vic- torious armies at Washington on May 24. 1865. Travel had always been to ^Ir. Lunt a source of keen enjoyment, and he lost no opportunity to familiarize himself with large regions of his own country. In 1865 HISTORY OF EVANSTON 469 he started with his family on a journey to the Old World. He visited the noted cities and countries of Europe and the East and traveled extensively for over two years. He loved nature and he loved art, and to the last moment of his stay abroad he showed for both a tireless interest. No one of his children, alert and active as they were, could keep pace with him. What he liked he remembered vividly and tenaciously, what he disHked he forgot. He had the rare quality of seeing quickly and passing by easily the trivial and un- pleasant, and he had a childlike happiness in the beautiful, the curious and the won- derful. Returning to Chicago he devoted himself to the care of his estate and to the enterprises that had become the central interests of his life. In 1877 he was elected President of the Trustees of the Care Fund for the lot owners of Rose Hill Cemetery, and was their Treasurer to within a short period of his death, render- ing, as was his wont, entirely gratuitous service. Under the skillful and faithful management of the Trustees $100,000 was collected and invested in city and Cook County bonds. Simply to mention the religious, philanthropic, and educational enterprises which were and are indebted to his munificence and foresight, is to make no inconsiderable catalogue. He displayed an enviable largeness of spirit, and a monumental lavishness in gifts. But the crowning activity of Mr. Lunt's public life was that in connection with the Northwestern University and the Garrett Biblical Institute, to which he gave more aiifection and gratuitous service than any other man who has been connected with them. It is a blessing rare and seldom paralleled that a man of large private interests should render, through so long a period and without pecuniary compen- sation, such painstaking, judicious and devoted service. And though responsible for many and extensive interests, which in the vicissitudes of business were often imperiled; and though in constant de- mand by important civic, philanthropic and religious enterprises for service which was alwaj^s ungrudgingly rendered, Mr. Lunt still gave to those institutions the richest treasure of his sagacity, his pa- tience, and his tireless devotion. As early as 185 1 Mr. Lunt, with two others, pur- chased the quarter of a block at the north- east corner of La Salle and Jackson Streets, Chicago, with a view to the pos- sible location there of a preparatory school for the projected LIniversity. But, after the University had been founded at Evanston, this property, of which they still held possession, as they had given their personal obligations for its full pay- ment, was leased to provide an income for the LTniversity which still owns it. It is the valuable land on which they have reared, as a permanent investment, that noble building occupied by the Illinois Trust and Savings Bank. Mr. Lunt's con- nection with the Board of Trustees of the University was continuous from the granting of the charter in 185 1, in which he was named one of the incorporators, until his death in 1897. For a time he was Treasurer of the Board, and he served for several years as a member of the Auditing Committee. In 1875 he became First Vice-President and Acting Presi- dent of the Board of Trustees, and continued as such until 1895, when he accepted the Presidency which had been repeatedly urged upon him. The LTniversity had frequently been the object of his generosity. It was char- acteristic of him that, at the time when he was planning for the special pleasure and profit of his family, he should also plan for the advancement of the institution he 470 BIOGRAPHICAL was wont to watch over almost as if it had been one of his children. Just before his departure for Europe he deeded to the University one hundred and fifty-seven acresofland.fifty-fourof which yet remain unsold and constitute an endowment fund for the Library. In 1855 he was one of the charter members of the Garrett Bibli- cal Institute, and was its Secretary and Treasurer and the Manager of its financial and business matters until his death. His policy was to sacredly keep intact the landed property willed by Mrs. Garrett, believing it to be the most permanent endowment. His was the steadfast, prac- tical wisdom that no booming prosperity or speculative enterprise could swerve from the principles of true conservatism, and that no financial disasters could waver or discourage. His unwearied and unre- mitting services, rendered with such judg- ment and power of prevision, gave him a unique place among the benefactors of the schools. Only those intimately associated with him in the development of that work could appreciate the laborious exactive management of infinite detail which he voluntarily assumed. Not only their ma- terial interests, but the selection of fit men for the Boards of Instruction, the framing of educational policy, and the fostering of the spirit of earnest evangel- ism were subjects of his constant care; and his sagacions counselling and liberal devising were resorted to as unfailing sources of light and inspiration. And his chief success was here at Evanston. A history of Evanston would have Mr. Lunt's name inscribed on its very first page, for to him more than to any other man is due the location of this city. He was the actual discoverer of the Evanston site and, therefore, the cause of the purchase of the magnificent location now owned and occupied by the Univer- sity. He helped to plant the Institute and University in the Grove that enchanted him. He helped obtain the charters that safeguard their endowments, and safe- guard also the children of this city from the dread destroyer worse than death. He lavished upon these Institutions an un- ceasing industry. He poured out for them his money and his time. The noblest building on the campus is a visible monu- ment of his generosity, but no architect that lives could frame a structure beauti- ful enough to symbolize the loving fidel- ity, the almost passionate afifection, with which Orrington Lunt fathered the prog- ress of these schools. They had grown fast to his heart. When the great fire of 1871 laid Chi- cago in ashes, and reduced multitudes to want, Mr. Lunt's home on Michigan Ave- nue went with the rest, and with it went all the buildings from which he derived an income. But there was that about this quiet man, with the smiling kindly eyes, that neither flood, war, fire nor fam- ine could daunt. He began amid the smok- ing ruins to lay the foundations for the restoration of his own fortune, as well as for the salvation of Garrett Biblical Insti- tute and the rebuilding of the Methodist churches. With the wisdom that always requires most of the busiest men, Mr. Lunt was chosen a member of the Relief and Aid Society which had charge of the distribution of the World's contributions for the relief of Chicago's destitute. The $150,000 collected from generous Metho- dists in all parts of the country passed through his hands and was disbursed to the satisfaction of all parties. In 1874 Mr. Lunt with his family removed to Evanston. He had first looked with the eye of a Seer on the beautiful grove. He had watched with pride the growth of the charm- II HISTORY OF EVANSTON 471 ing suburb. His home in Chicago had melted under a fiery hand. His memory, crowded with past scenes, with happy visions of cherished plans accom- pUshed and noble enterprises started for centuries to come, made it natural for him to choose Evanston as the home of his old age. Yet, in one sense Orrington Lunt had no old age. His four-score years were not "labor and sorrow." His strength, his good cheer, his vivacity, his sagacity remained with him, so that his life at Evanston was an ideal existence for bim and his beloved. The home was the center of his heart's affection. He never forgot that a perfect human home is the joy and the triumph of human endeavor. A lover after half a century of wedded life : a father who was at the same time as elder brother to his children ; he never did, and ne\er could, live his life in any sense apart from those dearest to him. Whatever interested him he took to them. ^^'hatever interested them was to him like something of his own. The svmny smile, the hearty hospitable word, the cordial hand-grasp, the heart warmth that always found leisure to make a welcome for the guest, the quick sense of humor and ready laugh that answered every jest, the low- ering of the voice that showed his sym- pathy with every trouble, the swift re- sponsive interest in human life and work left in every heart the sense of a perennial and perpetual youth. Happy in the wife of his youth and his children, his hearth- stone was the center of perpetual glad- ness, and there gathered rapidly a cluster of far reaching activities and friendships in Evanston that made their home upon the Lake Shore as beautiful, for its moral outlook, as it was for its enchanting views of Lake Michigan. On the evening of January 16, 1892, that home of Mr. and ]\Irs. Lunt was thronged with friends who came to cele- brate their Golden Wedding. Fifty years since the newly wedded pair had turned their hopeful eyes toward Chicago; fifty years since, with youthful courage, they had made their venture to the unknown West. What wonders they had seen ! Of what marvelous achievements they had themselves been a part ! It was, indeed, a notable company that assembled to greet this pioneer citizen — to bring to the much beloved benefactor and equally be- loved wife the congratulations of the community and the gratitude of thou- sands. All day long letters and telegrams had been pouring in from far and near; friends of his youth and friends of his later years, from bishops of the church, civic rulers, merchants, bankers, lawyers, physicians, officers and professors of the colleges, neighbors and relatives — all vied with each other to honor him and the wife who had furthered all his plans, who had delighted alike in his prosperity and his generosity, and who, with quiet skill, had ruled the household and trained the chil- dren. Costly presents and elaborate ad- dresses were laid at their feet. He looked and listened with gracious satisfaction. Benignity and contentment beamed from his features. He had completed half a cen- tury of faithful, happy and honorable domestic and parental life. This unstinted appreciation, these expressions of love and admiration and reverence were the fitting coronation of a life so rich in help- fulness, so radiant with intelligent benev- olence, so thoroughly alive with kindly energy-. He had shown himself friendly, and now he had friends. He was recog- nized everywhere as an example the largeness and wisdom of whose life had come to its golden fruition of victory and peace. During that culmination of Interna- 472 BIOGRAPHICAL tional Expositions, the ^^'orld's Colum- bian Exposition of 1893, Mr. Lunt dis- played remarkable vigor and vivacity. He visited the White City almost daily. It was to him the grandest enterprise ever carried through. He exulted in it all as a great educational work and it was to him the demonstration of how great Chi- cago could be. Those palaces and temples of the whole world's science and art and industr}' and zeal were studied with keenest enthusiasm and appreciation. Not counting the fatigue or exertion, he at- tended most of the celebrations held amid those surroundings. He spoke of it always with a challenging pride, he talked much of its far-reaching and beneficial results, and he astonished his whole circle by his intimate acquaintance with its wonders. The advancement of our Nation in art, science and invention filled him with a personal joy. On Chicago Day — that greatest pacific gathering the world had ever seen — he was one of the hap- piest in the happy throng. In that Fair his smiling eyes beheld all the promises of Chicago fulfilled fourfold ; for as one has ably put it, "creation had been brought together in harmony and in brotherhood." As the Orrington Lunt Library rose above its foundations he watched its prog- ress with ardent delight, and surprised his friends by his alertness and activity. But. as it approached completion, his strength began to fail. When in the fall of 1894 the building was dedicated, i\Ir. Lunt, to the joy of his friends, was strong enough to be there and to read his address of presentation. No one who saw it can ever forget the scene ; some could hardly take in his words — so pathetically beauti- ful was the sight. The touch of death was upon him, and they knew they would hear his voice in public no more. His words told them that he knew it also when he said : — "And, if I may now speak a few words to the young men and women who are to gather here that they may gain strength and enthusiasm for lofty purpose and noble endeavor, I would earnestly say to them — remember that, whatever you are, your chief eflfectiveness in life will be due to the high ground you take ; that your weight in advancing any cause will be measured in the end by your standard of character. That which is personal, small and intolerant soon dies, and only what is rational and noble, in the hard struggle for truth, survives to wield eventually its just power unfettered and free. The treasures of the past, the pos- sessions of the present, and the promise of the future seem to one of my age, look- ing back upon many deprivations and an entire lack of these splendid chances, to be all 3'ours for the seeking, all within your reach ... I seem to see the light which touches even as the sunrise touches the hill tops, the heads of the young and ardent workers of today. We, whose feet are rap- idly nearing the Shadowy Valley, have hope of the better things to come. Well do we know that all things which are true and honest, just and pure, come from Him who is the perfect beauty and perfect truth. And so believing, we look patiently for that rev- elation which is to turn darkness into light, falsehood into truth, hatred into love, and the whole earth from evil unto good. . . . Here is the Library. It is yours with its class rooms, its lecture rooms, its books, its periodicals, its newspapers. Yours with its inspirations and possessions, given to this University in cheerful love, and in full con- fidence that it will be consecrated by pa- tient industry and fruitful research, and that the gift will be multiplied by centuries of use ; that it will enlighten all who come into its studious and quiet atmosphere, and « HISTORY OF EVANSTON 473 more firmly establish that which you — liv- ing men of progress and lovers of learning — are aiming to teach and embody. I pray, in hope and faith, that it may become a great, active and potential force for good. I shall never speak to you all again. Stand- ing before you where I have so seldom stood in my life before, all unused as I am to the platform and wholly a novice at pub- lic speaking; reminded, as one of my age must constantly be reminded, of those who have passed beyond our human vision, whither all feet are surely tending — rem- iniscence has had, perhaps, too large a share in my thought and speech. This you will pardon to my years. And in closing — not mournfully but rejoicingly — I quote, and may even dare to appropriate, a sen- tence of Carlyle's, spoken of his father, whom he loved and whose death left him conscious of irreparable loss, yet kindled his faith into exalted expression, "I, too," — as that father did — "feel my feet upon the Everlasting Rock, and through time, with its death can to some degree see into Eter- nity with its life." He was indeed seeing into Eternal Life. One of the distinguished journalists of Chicago records the city's estimate in an editorial, under the distinctive heading, "End of a Beautiful Life": "Full of years, crowned with good works, beloved (as few men are) by all, with not an enemy in the wide world, Orrington Limt, the founder of Evanston and one of the Fathers of Northwestern University, died at his residence in our northern suburb yesterday morning. Mr. Lunt was in his eighty-second year, and for fifty-five years of his life he had been a sweet and whole- some influence in the stirring scenes mark- ing the development of Chicago from the hamlet to a metropolis. He was one of our pioneers, and he brought to this city a disposition so singularly limpid, gentle and pure ; a nature so full of love for his fellow men ; a character so free from the fierce energy of action that is usually asso- ciated with the founding of cities, that his career was another illustration of the truth that "The bravest are the tenderest, The loving are the daring." "In the early history of Chicago the name of Orrington Lunt figures in almost every enterprise that went toward centering here the trade of this vast continent. And as Chicago grew to be a city of mark in the land, the same name was found enrolled wherever action was being taken to yoke the refining elements of education and cul- ture with its material activity and growth. It is impossible to fully estimate or appreci- ate the priceless value of such a life to such a stirring community as that with which Orrington Lunt united his fortunes. It im- parted a leaven to the grosser lump which has never ceased to work for the purifica- tion and elevation of this city. "Of recent years it has been a joy to look upon the beautiful face of this pioneer. Crowned with an aureole of silver hair, as pure white as his own spotless nature, he has walked among us a being beneficent. He has gone, but his public benefactions, his private virtues, and the memory of his gentle, successful life remain to bless the community in which he lived. "Yes, Orrington Lunt was indeed a rare being, a very radiant human energy, a just man, very beautiful with love. He died on the morning of April 5, 1897. He was buried on the following Thursday. On the day of the funeral the schools were closed, business was practically suspended, and the National colors were half-masted in Evans- ton. The entire city mourned as if he rep- resented every interest there. A vast mul- titude gathered in the First Methodist 474 BIOGRAPHICAL Church of Evanston to honor his memory and to h'sten to the beautiful ceremonies of his funeral. In place of the ordinary de- pressing and oppressive black, the prevail- ing color of the funeral drapery was pur- ple. That color accorded better with the sunny life, earnest spirit, and ministering works that had adorned his personal his- tory. The many tributes to his memory were marked by an unusual tenderness anil reverence. All who knew him sorrowed ■and were grateful. The overflowing buoy- ancy of his nature had made sunshine wher- ever he was, and left inevitably an unlifting shadow on every life out of which his smile had gone. Tears and thanksgiving mingled in every mention of his death, for by his manly and beneficent life he had brought men nearer to the heavenly world. No won- der, therefore, that his departure touched them like a benediction. The words spoken over his bier sounded like words of tri- umph. "All that we loved him for is now im- mortal, and the shadow of him will linger with us while we remain and remember. It is not simply his name that is woven for- ■ever into the history of this community and its institutions, but his character has pen- etrated them and us and made us nobler than we were. Like some subtle mystery of climate that gives rare beauty and rare vigor to the happy children of the soil, so his influence will work its quiet marvels as the days go by, and brighten the lives of many with transfiguring touch. The build- ing that bears his name to posterity may crumble to its foundation ; but so long as yonder Lake that charmed him hither mur- murs to human listeners, the power of his faith and his example, carried from gen- eration to generation, will break in praises of human blessing at the feet of God." HARVEY B. KURD. Hon. Harvey B. Hurd was born in Hunt- ington, Fairfield County, Connecticut, Feb- ruary 14, 1828, and died at his home in Evanston, 111., January 20, 1906. On his father's side he was of English descent, and of Dutch and Irish lineage on the side of his mother. His youth was spent on his father's farm, during the summers at work and in the winters at school, until he was fifteen years of age, when, on May i, 1842, he made his start in life, breaking the home ties and journeying on foot with his little pack to Bridgeport, Conn., to become an apprentice in the office of the "Bridgeport Standard," a Whig newspaper. After two years and more of work as a printer, with a company of young men he turned his face westward to seek his fortune. He landed in Peoria County, Illinois, and for more than a year attended school at Jubilee Col- lege, founded by Bishop Philander Chase. His funds having been exhausted, he sought employment in Peoria as a printer, but fail- ing to find it, took passage on a baggage stage for the growing city of Chicago. There he obtained work as a printer in the office of the "Evening Journal," which was then published by Wilson and Geer. A lit- tle later he was employed for a time on the "Prairie Farmer." In the fall of 1847 he began studying law in the office of Calvin De Wolf, and was admitted to the bar in 1848, forming a partnership with Carlos Haven, and soon after with Henry Snapp. From 1850 to 1854 he was in partnership with Andrew J. Brown, with whom he was interested in the purchase and platting of a large tract of land on the West Side of Evanston, which has since become one of the most attractive parts of that suburb. In the summer of 1854, he built his home in Evanston, where he lived continuously till the day of his death, an exemplary, Indus- HISTORY OF EVANSTON 475 trious and public spirited life, taking a vital interest in all the concerns of his home town, of the city in which he worked, the State and the Nation. No interests were too small or too large to enlist his attention and active labor. He became the first President of the Evanston Village Board and retained his active interest in all its steps of progress throughout his life. JMr. Hurd was an anti-slavery man of the abolitionist type, and took an active part in the stirring events which took place in Chi- cago, both before and after the repeal of the Missouri Compromise. He was a mem- ber of the convention which met at Buf- falo, N. Y., at which a national committee was formed to aid, arm and protect the Northern settlers in Kansas, and was ap- pointed Secretary of its E.xecutive Com- mittee by this convention, with headquarters at Chicago. When the Kansas crop proved a failure in 1856, adding to the strife of fac- tions, the committee in New York in- structed the Executive Committee at Chi- cago to purchase the necessary seed for the crop of 1857, at the same time appropri- ating $5,000 to aid John Brown to organize and equip the Free Soil settlers for the purpose of protection. There were not funds enough in the treasurer's hands to meet both requirements, so he decided that the first requisite was seed, which was for- warded. When John Brown called for the appropriation the treasury was empty. Serious complaint was made by Gerritt Smith and other martial friends of John Brown, but the joy with which the seed- grain was hailed on its arrival at Law- rence, Kans., vindicated the action of Mr. Hurd, and made it possible for the settlers to hold their ground, without which their cause would have been lost. When John Brown left Kansas with a price upon his "head, he found an asylum in the house of Jolm Jones, later the colored Countv Com- missioner of Cook County, who had escaped from slavery. Brown's clothing was in tatters, but it was unsafe for him to venture out to the tailors to be fitted with a new suit. Mr. Hurd became his proxy and was measured for the suit, which in due time reached Brown. Mr. Hurd used often to refer to the incident and the humor of it, and remarked that he was glad he was not in it when John Brown was hung. The firm of Booth & Hurd was formed in 1862. The Hon. Henry Booth was deeply interested in legal education, and his partner likewise accepted a position as lecturer in the Law School of the old Uni- versity of Chicago. In 1868, the law firm of Booth & Hurd was dissolved and Air. Hurd retired from private practice, accept- ing in i869the appointment from Governor Palmer of a place on the Board of Com- missioners to revise and rewrite the General Statutes of the State of Illinois. His col- leagues soon withdrew from the work and he carried it on alone, completing it with the adjournment of the Twenty-eighth Gen- eral Assembly in April, 1874, and he was appointed by that body to edit and supervise the publication of a volume of revised stat- utes made necessary by the adoption of the Constitution of 1870. This task he accom- plished so satisfactorily that it stands as a monument to his industry and skill. Sev- enteen editions have since been edited by him following successive ses.=ions of the Legislature, and "Hurd's Statutes" has be- come a household word among the legal profession of the State. When the Law School of the Chicago University became the Union College of Law in 1876, under the joint supervision of Northwestern University and the Uni- versity of Chicago, Mr. Hurd continued as a Professor in the School and remained for many years after it became exclusivelv a department of Northwestern University, 476 BIOGRAPHICAL until he felt that he could no longer carry the burden in addition to affairs which taxed his declining strength. The deep regret of his associates and students that was manifested at his leave-taking made very apparent the large place that he held in their esteem. His logical mind and large acquaintance with affairs, his geniality and democratic spirit made him an ideal teacher. His interest in young men and in legal education kept him fresh and young, and imparted an element of enthusiasm to his work that made it a joy to himself and his pupils. The importance of the public question of drainage, as it pertained to the city of Chicago and the communities adja- cent, early appealed to him as to others to such an extent that he has been credited by many with being the father of the system. However that may be, he was certainly the author of the plan creating, for the benefit of the municipal district of Chicago, "The Chicago Sanitary District," which was adopted. He was the author of the first bill introduced in the Legislature on the subject in 1886. When a legislative com- mittee was appointed to further investigate the subject and present a bill, such a bill fashioned upon the Hurd Bill was pre- sented by them and passed in 1877. For a number of years Mr. Hurd was at the head of the Committee of Law Reform of the Illinois State Bar Association, and gave the subject the same public spirited and conscientious care which he was accus- tomed to bestow on all matters of public interest. Many able reports on this sub- ject emanated from his pen, among them one on the subject of the transfer of land titles, which resulted in the appointment of a commission by the State to consider the subject. Mr. Hurd was made Chairman of the Commission which recommended, in December, 1892, a system of registering land titles based upon the Australian or Torrens system. In 1897 the recommenda- tions of this commission culminated in the act for the registration of land titles which is now in our statutes, and which has been imitated in many other States of the Union. Another of his activities was in connection with the Children's Aid Society of Chicago, which grew out of his earnest endeavor to protect the young who were victims of crime and poverty, and evil association in their tender years. He was constantly calling attention to the necessity of this work in the interest of the State, and was the sponsor of the Juvenile Court Bill, which, under the administration of such Judges as Tuthill and Mack, is working so beneficently in the interest of the youth of Chicago and Cook County in the preven- tion of crime and the saving of the chil- dren. Not alone did he lend his natural pow- ers, his wide observation and his consum- mate skill to the formulation of legislative acts for the numerous causes that enlisted his sympathy, but was constantly impor- tuned for aid by various causes seeking changes in the interest of justice and prog- ress or the public good, and only those who were intimately associated with him can realize the amount of valuable time and consideration he gave to these matters of public service without expectation of mate- rial reward. In all matters pertaining to township, village, city, State and national affairs, he was an interested public spirited citizen. His home reflected his culture and his domestic virtues. He was thrice mar- ried to lovely and cultured women, who made the Hurd home in Evanston a syn- onym for refinement and taste and hospital- ity. Two daughters survive him : Mrs. George S. Lord, of Evanston, and Mrs. John A. Comstock. His funeral was held in the Evanston home and memorial serv- ices were likewise held in the Emmanuel HISTORY OF EVANSTON 477 Methodist Cliurcli, to the building of which he had generously contributed. Judges Horton, Kohlsaat and Tuthill each spoke feelingly and appreciatively of Mr. Kurd's well spent life in the interest of the com- munity, and Dr. R. D. Sheppard spoke of his relations in the home town where he was best known. It was the universal tes- timony that a noble, useful and many-sided career had closed with the death of Mr. Hurd, that the life of the State and Nation had been enriched by his living, and to him should be accorded the tribute, "Well done, good and faithful servant." ROBERT DICKINSON SHEPPARD. Robert Dickinson Sheppard, A. M., D. D., former Professor and present Trus- tee of Northwestern University, was born in the city of Chicago July 23, 1846, the son of Robert and Samantha (Dickinson) Sheppard. The father was a native of Dundee, Scotland, who came to America in 1830, locating first at Buffalo, N. Y., whence five years later he came to Chicago, where he became a building contractor and later engaged in the lumber business. Rob- ert Sheppard, Sr., was an early Methodist and erected the first brick building occu- pied by the First M. E. Church on the site of the present Clark Street church. His wife, Samantha (Dickinson) Sheppard. mother of the subject of this sketch, was born in Granby, Hampshire County, Mass- achusetts, the daughter of Zenas Dickinson, who came to Chicago in 1833, where the daughter was a pioneer teacher. The son, Robert D.. was educated in the Foster School, the Chicago High School, the Northwestern University and the old University of Chicago, graduating from the latter in 1869. At an early period he formed the purpose to qualify himself for the ministry, and accordingly devoted much of the time during his college vacations to the study of theology. As a consequence it was necessary for him to spend only one year at the Garrett Biblical Institute to complete his theological course, receiving his certificate of graduation from the Insti- tute in 1870, when he was immediately ad- mitted to membership in the Rock River Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church. His first charge after entering the ministry was as pastor of the Michigan Ave- nue Church, Chicago, with which he was connected for a period of three years, which was the full limit at that time. His second charge was in connection with the Third Street Church at Rockford, 111., after which he spent three years (1874-77) as pastor of the Western Avenue M. E. Church, Chicago. In the fall of 1877 he went abroad and spent the following year in travel, visiting Italy, Greece. Palestine, Asia Minor and Egypt, with a view to ex- tending his acquaintance with countries and peoples connected with Biblical history, be- sides devoting six months to study in Ger- many. On his return to Chicago in 1878 he was appointed pastor of the Grace Meth- odist Episcopal Church, Chicago, where he remained three years, when he became pas- tor of the First Church at Aurora, 111., re- maining there a like period when he re- turned to Grace Church. Three years after graduating at the University of Chicago, he received from that institution the degree of A. M., in course, and in 1875 received an honorary degree of the same rank from the Northwestern University. Mr. Shep- pard's official connection with the latter in- stitution began in 1878, when he became one of its Trustees, in 1884 accepting a sim- ilar relation with the Garrett Biblical Insti- tute, which he has retained up to the present time. In 1884 he was elected by unanimous vote of the Board of Trustees of the North- 478 BIOGRAPHICAL western University to the chair of History and Political Economy in that institution, and was immediately granted one year's leave of absence, which he utilized for travel and study abroad. Returning at the end of the year, he entered upon his studies, which he continued to discharge in full until the burden of care in the business office of the University made it necessary for him to share some of his professional work with his colleagues. In 1892 he was elected Treasurer and Business Manager of the University, resigning this position in 1904, with the intention of resuming his work in history after a vacation granted him by the Trustees. Excepting the Pres- ident, no one has occupied a more prom- inent and responsible position in connection with the material growth of Northwestern University than Dr. Sheppard, and his fit- ness has been demonstrated by his long connection therewith and the confidence manifested in him by the Trustees and friends of the institution. After an active professional experience of over thirty-five years, ofwhich more than twentyyears has been spent in connection with the North- western University, Dr. Sheppard is still in the midst of a successful career with apparently many years of usefulness before him. Dr. Sheppard was married on June 13, 1872, to Miss Virginia Loring, a daughter of Nahum Loring, who settled at Naper- ville. 111., at an early day, antl there estab- lished a mercantile business at a time when that place was considered, in a certain sense, a rival of Chicago. Four children have been the result of this union, namely : Rob- ert Loring, Margarethe, Virginia and Dor- othea, all of whom are living. FRANCES E. WILLARD. (By MRS. L. M. N. SI EVENS, President National \V. C. T. U.> Frances E. Willard was born of New England ancestry in Churchville, N. Y.. September 28, 1839, reared in Wisconsin and educated at the Northwestern Univer- sity, Evanston, which was the family home for well-nigh forty years. Here, beginning as a teacher in the public schools. Miss Willard, by what she liked to call "honest hard work," achieved the position of Dean of the Woman's Department of the Uni- versity, and Professor of Rhetoric in a fac- ulty otherwise composed of men, nearly all of whom had been graduated from Euro- pean universities. She studied abroad two years or more (from 1868 to 1870), French, German, Italian, history and the fine arts being the subjects to which her attention was devoted. It was her ambition to be a literary woman in connection with her work as a college professor. She was perhaps more celebrated for her method of school government than for any other one thing at this time. She organized what amounted to a senate and a house of representatives of the young women in the college, and practically placed their government in their own hands. This method worked so well for the good order of the institution and for the development of a high standard of honor among the young women students, that it has since been introduced into many colleges and public schools. In 1862 Miss Willard wrote her first book, "Nineteen Beautiful Years," which was published by the Harper Brothers, with an introduction by the poet Whittier, and since has been translated into several lan- guages. She also wrote "How to Win," a book for girls ; "Woman and Temperance," a history of the Woman's Christian Tem- perance Union ; "A Classic Town,'' a his- HISTORY OF EVANSTON 479 tory of the beautiful university town of Evanston ; "A Young Woman Journalist," intended to inspire young women to take up a profession in which Miss Willard her- self had been engaged for many years. "Glimpses of Fifty Years," her autobiog- raphy, of which 50,000 copies have been sold, was written in 1889 by request of the National Woman's Christian Temperance Union. "A Great Mother" is, perhaps, her best book, containing as it does the theory and practice of bringing up children accord- ing to her mother's plan ; and Madam Wil- lard was, in the estimation of everyone who knew her, a truly "Great Mother." Miss Willard's hand-book for the world's white ribboners. entitled "Do Everything," is packed full of hints and helps for local workers. She also wrote "Woman in the Pulpit" and "How I Learned to Ride the Bicycle." In 1883 Miss Willard and Miss Anna Gordon made a temperance organization trip, visiting each of the States and Terri- tories of the United States, traveling 30.000 miles or more, from Puget Sound to the Gulf of Mexico. Such a trip had never before been made by man or woman in any cause, so far as we know. In the same year Miss Willard founded the World's Wom- an's Christian Temperance Union, of which she became President, and which has made the White Ribbon Society known in every English speaking country of the globe. In 1892 Miss Willard and Miss Gordon went to England by invitation of Lady Henry Somerset, their devoted friend, who then led the movement in Great Britain. There they helped to develop white ribbon methods and to edit the English white rib- bon paper. Editions of several of Miss Willard's books were brought out about this time, thus making her known to the reading public in the mother country. A great reception was tendered her in Exeter Hall, which was participated in by fifty philanthropic societies of London, with such speakers as Canon Wilberforce, Lady Henry Somerset, Mrs. Ormiston Chant,. William T. Stead, Rev. Hugh Price Hughes, Rev. Mark Guy Pearce and sev- eral members of Parliament. They returned to America from this visit in the summer of 1894, Lady Henry Som- erset coming with them. In March, 1895, they again went to England. Miss Willard and Miss Gordon returned to the United States in time for the National W. C. T. U. Convention, held that year in Baltimore. In April, 1896, Miss Willard made her last voyage to England, accompanied by Miss- Gordon, and it was in the autumn of thiy year that she and Lady Henry did their notable work for the Armenian refugees at Marseilles, her interest in their welfare never waning. She reached her native lanJ in October, 1896, spent the following winter in Castile, N. Y., and the last summer of her life was spent in New England. In October, 1897, Miss Willard presided over the World's W. C. T. U. Convention, helcf in Toronto, Canada. Her address as Pres- ident of that convention was pronounced tO' be one of the finest, most powerful and elo- quent that she had ever delivered. A few days later she presided over the National' Convention at BufTalo, N. Y. Miss Willard originated the "Polyglot" Petition addressed to all the Governments of the world, praying for the prohibition of the liquor trafificandtheopiumtrade, which, with seven million names and attestations of great societies, was presented to the President of the United States in February, 1895. and in London before an audience of ten thousand people in June, 1895. In April, 1898, the petition was presented to the Dominion of Canada at a great meeting in Ottawa, arranged by the Canadian W. C. T. U., when it w-as received on behalf 48o BIOGRAPHICAL of the Canadian Government by the Pre- mier, Sir Wilfred Laurier. Miss Willard's active interest on behalf of social purity, labor reform and woman suffrage was in consistent accord with her belief in the "do everything" policy of dealing with the great problem of the day. In 1894 the honorary degree of LL. D. was conferred upon Miss Willard by the Ohio Wesleyan University. How Miss Willard Came Into the Work of the W. C. T. U. Miss Willard has repeatedly said that, when the Crusade came, in 1873. she as well as her mother, became absorbingly inter- ested in it. Miss Willard resigned the pres- idency of the Woman's College and her pro- fessorship in the University in June. 1874. Attractive positions at the head of educa- tional institutions were offered her, but she felt more and more drawn to the women of the "Crusade." She was not in Chautauqua when the preliminary committee for organ- ized work was formed, but was at that time in Maine, consulting with Keal Dow, and in Boston, consulting with Dr. Dio Lewis. Meantime she wrote to Bishop Simpson, who had been an honored friend of her family for years : also to Mrs. Mary A. Livermore, whom she and her mother greatly admired, and to other leaders, as well as to her own family, friends and rel- atives, not one of whom sent her a favor- able reply except Mrs. Livermore, who encouraged her, telling her by all means to follow her leadings. Miss Willard's res- olution to join the crusade movement was taken independently. One morning in August, 1874, there came to her a letter from Mrs. Louise S. Rounds, who had led the crusade movement in Chicago during the winter, asking her if she would come to Chicago and act as President of the local W. C. T. U. Thev were a weak band of middle-aged women without financial re- sources, and Mrs. Rounds wrote Miss Wil- lard that they could offer her no salary. ()n the same day that this letter reached her at Cambridge, Mass., Miss Willard received a definite offer from the principal of a ladies" school in New York City, near Cen- tral Park, offering her $2,500 a year if she would act as preceptress, teaching as little or as much as she pleased, but exercising a helpful influence over the young ladies and among the patrons. She was entirely with- out income, and had not laid up a penny, as those \\ho knew her do not need to be told. Her mother was advancing in years, and Miss Willard was her only support. The crusade movement had passed away and there seemed to be a lull in the work. Yet so profound was the impression that God called her to the work of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, that she at once wrote to New York declining Dr. Van Norman's offer, and to Mrs. Rounds, accepting the position of President of the W. C. T. U. of Chicago, entering upon its duties a few weeks later. At the organizing convention of The National W'oman's Christian Temper- ance Union, held in Cleveland, Ohio, November, 1874, ]\Iiss Willard was elected Corresponding Secretary of the organization, which position she held until she was elected President at the Indianapolis Convention in 1879. She was re-elected as President each year, holding that position at the time she passed away. Miss Willard was the founder of the World's Woman's Christian Temper- ance L'nion, which was organized in 1883, and was its first and only President during her lifetime. Lady Henry Somerset, who was Mce-President. succeeded Miss Willard in the Presidency and still holds that office, having been re-elected at the sixth biennial convention held at Geneva, Switzerland, in I HISTORY OF EVANSTON 481 1902. This society is composed of National Unions organized in over fifty nations. The other officers are: Mrs. LilHan M. M. Stevens, Vice-President, who is also Pres- ident of the National W. C. T. U. of the United States; Miss Anna A. Gordon, one of the Secretaries and also Vice-President- at-large of the W. C. T. U. of the United States ; Miss Agnes Slack of England the other Secretary; and Mrs. Sanderson, of Canada, Treasurer. ]\Iany memorials have been erected in many places in honor of Miss Willard. The National Woman's Christian Temperance Union decided that its most fitting memorial would be to extend and perpetuate the work to which she gave her life. For this pur- pose, contributions to the Frances E. Wil- lard Memorial Organization Fund are made each year, and the society is constantly gaining in membership and influence. Miss Willard's home State of Illinois, through the action of its Legislature, has placed a statue of Miss Willard in the Hall of Fame in the United States Capitol Build- ing at Washington, D. C. Miss Willard is the first woman to be thus honored. On occasion of the acceptance of this statue by the United States Congress, on February 17, 1905, memorable addresses were made by Senators Cullom and Hopkins of Illi- nois, Beveridge of Indiana and Dolliver of Iowa. In the House, Representatives Foss, Graff and Rainey, of Illinois ; Littlefield, of Maine, and Brooks, of Colorado, also deliv- ered notable addresses. These addresses were fitting eulogies of the great good woman who had the heart and mind of Christ in her yearning love for humanity. At the hour of unveiling the statue, thousands of little people paid the tribute of childhood, as each one placed a flower at the foot of the statue. "Stand, radiant soul, Here in the center of our nation's heart. Forever of its best life thon'rt a part; Here thou shall draw thy land to what thou art. Stand, radiant soul." A commemorative meeting was held in the evening, at which forty-three States were represented by speeches, messages or telegrams. Miss Willard will live on and on in the hearts of multitudes of grateful men and women, who, with desires like her own, are working to redeem our country from the curse of impurity and intemper- ance. The following tribute to Miss Willard, as the type of "The American Woman," was delivered in the United States Senate by Senator Albert J. Beveridge, of Indiana, on the occasion of the unveiling of the Wil- lard statue in W'ashington, above referred to: Mr. President : From the beginning woman has personified the world's ideals. When history began its record it found her already the chosen bride of Art. The things that minister to man- kind's good have, from the very first, by the general judgment, been made feminine — the ships that bear us through storm to port ; the seasons that bring variety, surcease of toil and life's re- newal; the earth itself, which, through all time and in all speech, has been the luiiversal mother. The Graces were women, and the Muses, too. Always her influence has glorified the world, until her beatitude becomes divine in Mary, Mother of God. Mark how the noblest conceptions of the hu- man mind have always been presented in form of woman. Take Liberty; take Justice; take all the holy aspirations, all the sacred realitii^s. Each glorious ideal has, to the common thought, been feminine. The sculptors of the olden time made every immortal idea a daughter of the gods. Even Wisdom was a woman in the early concept of the race, and the unknown genius of the youthful world wrought Triumph itself into wo- man's form in that masterpiece of all the ages — The Winged Victory. Over the lives and destinies of men the ancients placed Clotho, Lachesis, and .'Vtrophos, forever spinning, twisting, severing the strands of human fate. In literature of all time woman has been Mer- cy's messenger, handmaid of tenderness, creator and preserver of human happiness. Name Shake- speare — Miranda and Imogen, Rosalind, Perdita and Cordelia appear; name Burns — the prayer "To Mary in Heaven" gives to the general heart that touch of nature which makes the whole 482 BIOGRAPHICAL world kin ; name the Book of Books — Rachel and the women of the Bible, in beauty, walk before us, and, in the words of Ruth, we hear the ulti- mate formula of woman's eternal fidelity and faith. So we see that, through all time, woman has typified the true, the beautiful, and the good on earth. And now Illinois, near the very heart of the world's great Republic and at the dawn of the twentieth century, cliooses woman herself as the ideal of that Commonwealth and of this period ; for the character of Frances E. Willard is womanhood's apotheosis. And she was American. She was the child of our American prairies, daughter of an American home. And so she had strength and gentleness, simplicity and vision. Not from the complex lives that wealth and luxury force upon their unfortunate children ; not from the sharpening and hardening process of the city's social and business grind ; not from any of civilization's artificialities, come those whom God appoints to lead mankind toward the light. Moses dwelt alone on the summit of mystery and human solitude. The Master abode in the wilderness, and there the power descended on Him with which He put aside the tempter. In the forests the Father of our Country learned Liberty's lessons from Nature, Liberty's mother, and from the valleys and the heights, the fields and pouring streams, got understanding of the possibilities of this land, a knowledge of its uses, a perception of its people's destiny. We cannot imagine Abraham Lincoln coming to us from a palace. No ! We can understand him only as he really was — man of the people and the soil, thinking with the people's mind the grand and simple truths, feeling with the people's heart an infinite compassion for and fellowship with all the race. So, Mr. President, all the saints and heroes of this world have come, fresh and strong from the source of things, by abuses unspoiled and un- weakened by false refinements. And so came Frances E. Willard, the American woman. The wide, free fields were the playgrounds of her childhood. The great primeval woods impressed her unfolding soul with their vast and vital calm- ness. Association with her neighbors was scant and difficult, and home meant to her all that the poets have sung of it, and more. It was a refuge and a shrine, a dwelling and a place of joy, a spot where peace and love and safety and all unselfishness reigned with a sovereignty un- challenged. And so this child of our forests and our plains, this daughter of that finest of civiliza- tion's advance guard — the American pioneers — early received into her very soul that conception of the home to which, as the apostle of universal womanhood, her whole life was dedicated. To make the homes of the millions pure, to render sweet and strong those human relations which constitute the family — this was her mis- sion and her work. And there cannot be a wiser method of mankind's upliftment than this — no better way to make a nation noble and en- during; for the hearthstone is the foundation whereon the state is built. The familv is the social and natural unit. Spencer wrote learnedly of "the individual and the state;" but he wrote words merely. Tlie individual is not the im- portant factor in nature or the nation. Nature destroys the individual. Nature cares only for the pair ; knows in some form nothing but the family. And so, by the deep reasoning of nature itself, Frances Willard's work was justified. But hers was no philosopher's creed. She got her inspiration from a higher source than human thinking. In her life's work we see restored to earth that faith which, whenever man has let it work its miracle has wrought victory here and immortality hereafter. Such was the faith of Joan, the inspired maid of France; such that of Columbus, sailing westward through the dark; such the exalted belief of those good missionaries who first invaded our American wilderness to light, with their own lives on civilization's altar, the sacred fire that never dies. The story of Frances Willard's faith in the conquest of evil by the good seems incredible to us who demand a map of all our future before we take a step. For Frances E. Willard knew no questioning. The Master's message was at once her guar- anty and her command. The Bible was to her, in very truth, divine. What immeasurable and increasing influence that one book has wielded over the minds of men and the destiny of the world! If it be the word of God, as we profoundly believe, surely it conies to human ears with all the dignity and peace and power that His word should command. If it be the word of man. then even the doubter must admit that the ancient Hebrews had miraculous skill to cast a spell across millenniums which, strengthening with the years, spreads wider today than ever and embraces the future as far as even the eye of imagination can behold. Not all invention, or all statesmanship, or all of litera- ture have so touched and bettered human life as this one book. And it was the Bible that gave Frances E. Willard her mission, her strength, her hope, her argument and her inspiration. Thus prepared and thus equipped she went out into the world and to her work. No method can measure what she did. The half million of women whom she brought into organized co-op- eration in the Women's Christian Temperance Union, is but a suggestion of the real results of her activities. Indeed, the highest benefits her life bestowed were as intangible as air and as full of life. She made purer the moral atmosphere of a continent — almost of a world. She rendered the life of a nation cleaner, the mind of a people saner. Millions of homes today are happier for her; millions of wives and mothers bless her; and countless children liave grown into strong, upright and beautiful maturity, who, but for the work of Frances E. Willard, might have been forever soiled and weakened. Mother of all mothers, sister of all wives, to every child tlie lover, Frances E. Willard sacri- ficed her own life to the happiness of her sisters. For after all, she knew that, with all her gifts and all the halo of her God-sent mission, never- theless the humblest mother was yet greater far than she. But it was needful that she should so I HISTORY OF EVANSTON 483 consecrate her strength and length of years. For how shall the service of utter unselfishness be achieved save in the utter sacrifice of self? So Frances E. Willard gave up her life and all the rights and glories of it, that all of her sisters might lead fuller, richer, happier, sweeter lives themselves. So, Mr. President, by placing her statue in the hall of our national immortals, a great common- wealth today forever commemorates the services of this American woman to all humanity. And the representatives of the American people — the greatest people in this world — in Congress for- mally assembled, today are paying tribute to the little frontier American maid who heard and heeded the voices that came to her from the unseen world, and, obeying their counsels, be- came the first woman of her generation, the most beloved character of her time, and, under God, a benefactress of her race. WILLIAM DEERING. William Deeriiig, merchant and manu- facturer, was born at Paris, Oxford County, Maine, April 24, 1826. His parents were James and Eliza (Moore) Deering. His ancestors emigrated from England in 1634, and, in all of the histories of New England from that time, the name of Deer- ing finds most honorable mention. Wil- liam Deering's boyhood was much the same as that of other boys reared by earnest Christian parents. His scholastic educa- tion consisted of the full and regular course of studies in vogue at that time in the co:n- mon and graded schools, and was finished in the high school at Redfield, Maine, in 1843. While yet in his early manhood he occupied the position of manager of a woolen mill in Maine, discharging every trust reposed in him to the eminent satisfac- tion of his employers. After the termina- tion of his labors there he engaged in vari- ous business enterprises, to which is largely due his marked genius for handling large manufacturing details. His greatest achieve- ment has been the building up of the works of William Deering & Company, for the manufacture of harvesters and agricultural machinery. The firm was founded in 1870, the name being changed in 1894 to the Deering Harvester Company, but is now the "National Harvester Company," in which Mr. Deering holds the controlling interest. The works are now located in Fullerton Avenue, along the line of the Chi- cago & Northwestern Railroad, with docks on the North Branch of the Chicago River. At the present time eighty-five acres are occupied by the plant, which is compactly arranged. The works comprise large wood- working shops, knife and section shops, machine and blacksmith shops, bolt and rivet works, a foundry, a large malleable iron plant, and an extensive twine plant. The works consume annually 45,000 tons of steel and a like quantity of pig iron, com- prising both Northern and Southern coke- iron. Some 72,000 tons of coal and coke are annually consumed, 4,817,750 gallons of oil and 31,000,000 feet of lumber. The force employed in the shops is usu- ally 7,000 hands, and many of the depart- ments work with regular night shifts, the establishinent operating its own electric light plant, which gives it facilities for pro- ducing a larger nuinber of machines of all kinds than any other harvester company in the world. It receives a part of its raw material from many foreign countries, in- cluding the Philippines, and distributes its products all over the globe. The sales de- partment embraces fifty-eight branch houses and general agencies, and the sales extend over Europe, Australia, New Zealand and South America. Mr. Deering, the founder of this immense plant, continues actively identified with its operations, ably assisted by his two sons, Charles and James. Mr. Deering has been twice married. His first wife was Miss Abby Barbour, of Maine, daughter of Charles and Joanna (Cobb) Barbour, to whom he was married October 31, 1849. O^ this union there was one child, Charles, born in 1852, now Sec- 484 BIOGRAPHICAL retary of the Deering Harvester Company. The second marriage, on December 15, 1857, was to Miss Clara Hamilton, of Maine, daughter of Charles and Mary (Barbour) Hamilton. The issue was two children, James and Abby Marion, born in Maine — the former in 1859, and the latter 1867. James Deering is the present Treas- urer of the Deering Harvester Company. William Deering removed with his family to Evanston, 111., in 1873, where he now resides in his beautiful home. He is lib- eral, public-spirited and benevolent, and his business career has been noteworthy from the absence of controversies with his em- ployes. He has been, for a number of years, one of the Trustees of the North- western University at Evanston. He is also a Director and stockholder in several finan- cial institutions. One of his latest acts of beneficence was the giving of Fisk Hall to the Northwestern University. CHARLES COMSTOCK. Charles Comstock (deceased), for over thirty years a prominent citizen of Evans- ton, 111., and during his business career, a leading member of the Chicago Board of Trade, was born in Camden, N. Y., May 7. 1814, and spent his early life in the cen- tral portion of his native State. In 1861 he came to Chicago as the Western Agent of the Onondaga Salt Company, of which he was a stockholder, and at once located at Evanston, which continued to be his res- idence for the remainder of his life, cover- ing a period of thirty-four years. Soon after coming to Chicago he became a mem- ber of the Chicago Board of Trade and, at the time of his death in September, 1895, was, with one single exception, the oldest in continuous membership connected with that organization. As a business man Mr. Comstock was noted through his life for his energy and aggressive character, occupied with rare business judgment and a public spirit that tended to promote the interest of the city and any enterprise with which he might be connected. Always possessed of ample means, he contributed liberally to the sup- port of religious and benevolent enter- prises, and was a leading factor in the founding of St. Mark's Episcopal Church in Evanston in 1865, of which he was a generous supporter and which he served as Senior Warden continuously for thirty-one years. For five years he acted as President of the Traders' Insurance Company, in which he retained a large interest, besides being interested in several leading banks of Chicago. On account of age and failing health he was practically retired from active business during the latter years of his life, but always maintained a deep interest in business affairs and in operations on the Board of Trade. The late Judge George F. Comstock, of the New York Court of Appeals, was his brother, and together they were largely interested in the Onondaga Salt Company, of which -\Ir. Charles Com- stock was the representative after coming West in 1861. Mr. Comstock was twice married, his first marriage being with Mary Griswold of the State of Massachusetts and a niece of Bishop Griswold, an early American Bishop of the Episcopal Church. One son by this marriage — who is a namesake of Bishop Griswold — is now living. Mr. Comstock's second marriage was with Miss Julia J. Sprague of New York State, who survived him five years. Of this marriage five children are living — two sons and three daughters. The golden wedding anniver- sary of this marriage was celebrated in September, 1892, three years before Mr. Comstock's death. That event occurred at HISTORY OF EVANSTON 48s his home at 1326 Ridge Avenue, Evanston, September 5, 1895, ^^ the age of over eighty-one years, as the result of a linger- ing illness from which he had suffered for many years. Both the local and the Chi- cago press paid a generous tribute to his memory as an upright citizen and a public- spirited and enterprising business man. The following testimonial to his integrity of character by one who had been brought in close association with Mr. Comstock and knew him intimately — Mr. George F. Stone, Secretary of the Chicago Board of Trade — ■ is worthy of reproduction here: "He al- ways enjoyed a reputation for being con- scientiously honest and punctilious in all his affairs, and commanded the respect of every one who knew him. He was an extremely upright man in business and charmingly affable and courteous in a social wav." HUGH ALEXANDER WHITE. Hugh Alexander White (deceased) was one of the solid men of Chicago, the scene of his business life, and of Evanston, the place of his residence for upwards of thirty years, and where he resided at the time of his death, after a short illness, ]\Iarch 25. 1894. He was a believer in work, and one of his most prominent characteristics, even from childhood, was his unremitting indus- try. It was not a hardship for him to work — it was a pleasure. He did not be- lieve in royal roads to success in life, or in short cuts. There was, consequently, no time in his life when he was not successful to the measure of his undertakings. He was one of those who, if he thought he could go a mile, could go two. He did not lack ambition, but it was not for display — not to shine for a time — it was to go stead- ily on in the discharge of the duties belong- ing to the trusts reposed in him, reaping the rewards he knew were sure to follow. Such was his dislike to intruding himself upon public attention that he would never consent to being "written up," and so seldom talked of himself that the writer of this sketch, though intimate with him for nearly thirty- five years, knew little of his early life except what was gained from others ; and, what- ever his success in business, he seldom talked of them by way of self-gratulation. He was a public-spirited man, and took an active part in bringing about better condi- tions, the enactment of better laws and greater fidelity in their enforcement. By the thoroughness of his investigations into the subjects committed to him, and the practical nature of his suggestions for re- form, he rendered most valuable service. He was clear-headed, outspoken and sturdy, and left no one in doubt where he stood. Mr. White was born near Quincy, 111., in 1830. Both parents having died before he was nine months old, he was left to the care of his maternal grandparents. He was brought up on a farm in the neighborhood of Quincy by an uncle by marriage, Moses Gutherie, and was educated in the Illinois College at Jacksonville. From there he went to Quincy and entered the law office of W^illiams, Grimshaw & Lawrence as a student, where he remained until he came to Chicago in 1856 and opened the law office of Williams & White. His partner was Archibald Williams, the senior mem- ber of the firm with which he had studied, and who was about that time L'nited States District Attorney, one of the great lawyers in Illinois. Mr. White continued in the active prac- tice of the law, trying cases in court until about 1874. when, in consequence of an affection of the throat and a large increase in his office business, he discontinued his court practice and confined himself to the more profitable and congenial business of 486 BIOGRAPHICAL managing the several large estates that had been entrusted to his care, examination of abstracts and other office business. Among the estates which he managed were the Allen C. Lewis estate, which grew in his hands to its present magnificent propor- tions : the Bigelow estate, the De Haven estate, and the Francis C. Sherman estate. To the management of these estates he brought that same conscientious, painstak- ing care, executive ability and strict integ- rity that marked his whole business life. He wanted no unfair advantage of others, and he did not allow others to take unfair advantage of him. The upright found it very agreeable to do business with him, but the quibbling and dishonest were sometimes made to regret that they had shown these undesirable traits to him. Mr. White was married to Catherine Mc- intosh Sands, of New York, in i860, who died a few years after her husband, a pub- lic benefactress, mourned by many friends, by those who had sustained to her the rela- tion of neighbor and by the general public of Evanston. They had no children. Soon after their marriage they moved to Evans- ton, and not long after that erected the beautiful home where they lived to the time of his death. Mr. White was a great lover of flowers, among which many of his early morning and evening hours were spent in their culture. His grounds, half a block on Ridge Avenue, one of the most beauti- ful streets in the town, have been the pride and delight of the people of Evanston. He was a connoisseur of pictures, and a great lover of books. His house was well filled with the best paintings of the masters, and his library was well stocked with rare and most valuable books. There were few men better posted upon almost every topic, or who could talk more entertainingly, than Mr. White. He cared little for general society, and did not aspire to office. His pleasure was in his home, which he pro- vided with every luxury, where, in com- pany of his devoted wife, whom he de- lighted to honor and to whom he left his fortune, he spent the hours of leisure among his flowers, his books and gems of art. During his active business life Mr. White was unostentatious in his private benevo- lence, often extending his charities to worthy persons and objects, on the princi- ple that "the left hand knoweth not what the right hand doeth." After his demise manv instances came to light of persons whom he had befriended, saying, "What shall I do, now that my best friend is gone?" His widow, by her will, left a generous bequest to the Chicago Art Insti- tute, thus carrying out the purposes which Mr. White had entertained during his life. Through the same source his library of miscellaneous and law books has become the property of the University of Chicago. CHANCELLOR LIVINGSTON JENKS. Few names upon the roll of honor of Evanston's loyal and successful citizens are better known than that of Chancellor L. Jenks. During the greater part of his active life he was either a resident of, or largely interested in, Evanston. His energetic na- ture, guided as it was by sound business acumen and sterling honor, made him a most conspicuous and influential figure in the civic and industrial life of the city and of Chicago. He was born in the town of Warren, Bradford County, Pa., January 29, 1828, and was one of a large family of children born to Livingston and Sarah ( Buffington) Jenks. His father was a na- tive of Rhode Island, the cradle of the fam- ily in America, and came of a sturdy line of ancestors whose lives form part of the glo- rious history of New England patriotism. HISTORY OF EVANSTON 487 Three in the direct line of his ancestry — all bearing the name of Joseph Jenks — had much to do in molding the destinies of the Colonies. All were called upon to serve as members of the General Assembly, and one was four times elected Governor of Rhode Island. Livingston Jenks, the father of Chancellor L. Jenks, settled in La Salle County, 111., in 1836, where he combined the several vocations of farmer, merchant and lawyer, until his death in 1863 closed a life of usefulness and honor. Chancellor L. Jenks spent his boyhood in La Salle County, receiving his education at the country school house and at Granville Academy. From 1849 to 1850 he taught school in Ottawa ; but his ambition had always been to engage in the legal profes- sion. In 185 1 he came to Chicago and began the study of law under Calvin De- Wolf. Nine months later he was admit- ted to the bar. Success came at once. His tremendous activity of mind, his fer- tility of resource, his power of grasping in- stantly the important points of a case, his fearlessness and his great physical strength, aided by a reputation for "good luck," at- tracted a large clientage. He was an in- domitable worker and a firm believer in the policy of "keeping everlastingly at it." He was married to Pamella M. Hoising- ton. May 6. 1855, at the First Methodist Church in Chicago. She was the daughter of Jasper A. Hoisington, whom many resi- dents of Evanston and Chicago will recall with pleasure, and who lived to the ripe age of ninety-four years. Mrs. Jenks died in San Diego, Cal., April 5, 1890, while vis- iting her son Chancellor, then a resident of California. Mr. Jenks became early convinced of the great future of Chicago and vicinity and believed that careful investments in real estate would prove remunerative. From time to time, as his means allowed, he made purchases in different parts of Chi- cago and its suburbs. In 1868, in connec- tion with Charles E. Brown and others, he acquired a large tract of land in what is now the Sixth Ward of Evanston, and laid out the sub-division known as North Evanston. He was also one of the found- ers of Glencoe and, in addition to his hold- ings in Chicago, invested largely in Engle- wood, Hyde Park and elsewhere. Mr. Jenks' real estate interests having become so extensive as to demand his entire at- tention, he was compelled, with great re- luctance, to give up the practice of the law not long before the great Chicago fire. That catastrophe violently checked his career of prosperity. In the second great fire of 1874, he again suffered a heavy loss. But like thousands of his energetic fellow-citi- zens, he managed to rise above his misfor- tunes and. in a few years, realized that these great financial disasters had merely cleared the ground for the foundations of a more enduring and genuine success. During his long residence in Evanston Mr. Jenks served several terms as a mem- ber of the Board of Trustees and the School Board, and was a strong influence in the development of the municipality. In poli- tics he was always a stanch Republican, and, in ante-bellum days, he and his father were active champions of abolitionism, and maintained upon the . farm in La Salle County a station of the so-called "Under- ground Railway," established to aid run- away slaves in escaping to Canada. An interesting incident in connection with Mr. Jenks' efforts in behalf of the negro has been often related. One day he saw a runaway slave girl struggling in the grasp of her master, Stephen F. Knuckles, and Jack Newsom, a commissioner under the Fugitive Slave Law. Mr.Jenksprompt- ly rushed to the assistance of the negress 488 BIOGRAPHICAL with the result that the entire party were soon rolling over each other in the gutter. Police officers arriving on the scene, they were all taken into custody. The slave alone was imprisoned ; the others being well known and responsible, were released on their own recognizance. Mr. Jenks im- mediately swore out a warrant charging the slave with disorderly conduct, Justice Calvin De Wolf issuing the writ at lo o'clock at night. George Anderson, Deputy Sheriff (who with Justice De Wolf was in the "conspiracy") served the warrant at once, and took the girl from the police station with the apparent purpose of pro- ducing her before the magistrate. On the street he was surrounded by a howling mob of several hundred persons, and, when the crowd was dispersed, the prisoner was not to be found. The Federal Grand Jury, which was then in session, promptly indict- ed Mr. Jenks, Calvin De Wolf and George Anderson on the charge of violating the Fugitive Slave Law. The affair coming to the knowledge of President Buchanan, he made the somewhat natural mistake of supposing "Chancellor" Jenks to be a judge of one of the State courts on the chancery side. Indignant at this instance of open violation of a cherished L^nited States stat- ute, he telegraphed the United States Attor- ney at Chicago as follows; "Prosecute Chancellor Jenks to the full extent of the law. For a private citizen to be engaged in such nefarious practices as he is charged with is bad enough ; but a high officer of the court, who is concerned in them, should be severely dealt with. James Buchanan, President." Shortlyafter Abraham Lincoln was elected President, the War of the Re- bellion broke out, the political complexion of the Federal officers at Chicago changed, and the indictment was nolle prossed. Mr. Jenks was a member of the First Baptist Church of Chicago for more than forty years. He closed his eventful, suc- cessful and honored life January lo, 1903, at San Francisco, Cal., while on a visit to his son, Livingston Jenks. The children born to Mr. Jenks and wife were eight in number, of whom but two survive their parents — Chancellor L. Jenks, Jr., who re- sides at 1217 Ridge Avenue, Evanston, and who is a practicing attorney, and Liv- ingston Jenks, whose residence is in San I'^rancisco, and who also is a member of the legal profession. JOHN HUME KEDZIE. John H. Kedzie (deceased), for over forty years a leading resident of Evanston, III., was born in Stamford, Delaware Coun- ty. N. Y.. September 8, 18 15, and, after reaching the school age, until his seven- teenth year attended the district school in winter while working on his father's farm in the summer. At eighteen years of age he began teaching in a district school, but being ambitious to acquire a liberal educa- tion, he began a course of preparation for college at Oneida Institute, and later en- tered Oberlin College, Ohio, from which he graduated in 1841. Having studied law and been admitted to the bar in his na- tive State, in 1847 ^i^ removed to Chicago and there established himself in practice. At the time of the California gold excitement, in common with many others, he was seized with the desire to visit the El Dorado of the Pacific Coast, but was prevented by the accumulation of business on his hands. He was compelled to content himself with making financial advances to others. Of four or five whom he aided in this way, not one ever made any return to him as prom- ised. In 1850 Mr. Kedzie was married to Marv Elizabeth Austin; who died four HISTORY OF EVANSTON 489 years later, leaving an infant daughter named for her mother, but who died dur- ing the following year. On June 17, 1857, he was married to a second Mary Eliza- beth, whose maiden name was Kent, and who still survives in Evanston. Of five children born to Mr. Kedzie's second mar- riage, two — Margaret Frances and John Hume, Jr. — are still living. The oldest daughter, Kate Isabel, who became ]\Irs. George Watson Smith, died over twenty- years ago, and two daughters — Laura Louise and Julia Hume — died in child- hood. A steadfast Republican in his political views, in the fall of 1876 Mr. Kedzie was elected a member of the lower branch of the Thirtieth General Assembly from Cook County, and in the contest for United States Senator which followed, gave his earnest support to Gen. John A. Logan for that po- sition. It becomingapparent that Gen. Lo- gan could not be elected, Mr. Kedzie final- ly gave his support to Judge David Davis, who was elected as an "Independent." His prominence in connection with the business affairs of both Evanston and Chicago is in- dicated by the fact that public highways have been named in his honor in both cities — that in the former being Kedzie Street and in the latter Kedzie Avenue. An office building at 120-122 Randolph Street also bore his name. The names of both the Kedzie and the Hume families, from both of whom he was descended, are traced to Scottish origin, each being prominent about the time of Oliver Cromwell and earlier. In 1861 Mr. Kedzie took up his resi- dence in Evanston, and from that time bore a prominent part in the affairs of that place. He first purchased and occupied a house erected by Francis H. Benson, which was subsequently destroyed by fire. Another house built on the same site met a like fate on New Year's Day of 1880, and during the same year he erected the residence on the southwest corner of Ridge Avenue and Grove Street, which he occupied during the remainder of his life. Mr. Kedzie gave evidence of his original- ity and his fondness for philosophical inves- tigation in the preparation of a volume en- titled "Solar Heat, Gravitation and Sun Spots," which was published in 1886, and which has attracted the attention of many interested in the unsolved problems of na- ture. He took a prominent part in the es- tablishment of the Evanston Free Public Library, and from the date of its organiza- tion in 1873, ^o'' tlic first four years of its existence, serving as President of the Li- brary Board. He also served for many years as a member of the Board of Edu- cation, was one of the original members of the Philosophical Society organized in 1866, and took a prominent part in connec- tion with church affairs, being one of the organizers of the St. Mark's Episcopal Church in 1864, and in the latter part of his life a member of the First Congregational Church, which he served for many years on its Board of Trustees. Mr. Kedzie's death occurred April 9, 1903, in the eighty- eighth year of his age. JOSEPH CUMMINGS, D. D., LL. D. Rev. Joseph Cummings (deceased), one of the most eminent clergymen and edu- cators in the United States, and widely known as the honored President of North- western L^niversity from 1881 until 1890, was born at Falmouth, near Portland, Me., March 3, 1817. His parental ancestors were of Scotch nativity. His father was a zealous and faithful minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, whose la- bors covered a large portion of the State of Alaine and extended into the Canadas. 490 BIOGRAPHICAL His worthy wife, the steadfast and de- voted helpmate in his pastoral labors, was a member of a family of local note in the field of Methodism, and especially active in the work of the church. Thus the sub- ject of this sketch was a ^Methodist by birth, domestic training and institutional instruction. In early youth Dr. Cummings enjoyed the advantages of the public schools in the vicinity of his home. He underwent his preparation for college in Maine ^Ves- leyan Seminary at Kent's Hill, and after- wards entered Wesleyan University at Middletown, Conn., through which he w^orked his way by teaching school at in- tervals. From this institution he was graduated with the Class of 1840, and shortly afterwards became a Professor in, and subsequently Principal of. Amenia Seminary, at Amenia, New York. While engaged in teaching he pursued a course in theology, and in 1846 was ordained by the Methodist Episcopal Conference a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He rapidly gained prominence in his calling, being recognized as an impressive and convincing speaker, a pro- found logician and a forceable expounder of doctrinal points. In 1853, Dr. Cummings was called to the chair of Theology in the Methodist Biblical Institute at Concord, N. H., and thence went to Lima, N. Y., where he assumed the presidency of Genessee Wes- leyan College, of which he was the head from 1854 to 1857. In the latter year, the success he had achieved in this ca- pacity resulted in his election to the presi- dency of his alma mater, Wesleyan L^ni- versity. Here was first revealed, in a remarkable degree, his possession of that superior constructive faculty, capacity for organization and high quality of leader- ship, which made him famous among the educators of the United States. For eighteen years he conducted the affairs of this institution, and these were years of marvelous growth and development in its history. The grand results which he achieved in this connection were fittinglv recognized in a memorial address de- livered, shortly after the death of Dr. Cummings, by Rev. James Marcus King, D. D., of New York, in which he said : "It was the proud boast of a Roman Em- peror that he found the 'Eternal City' brick and left it marble. Of Dr. Cum- mings it may justly be said, that he found the college buildings at Middletown meager, inadequate and unattractive — formerly the dingy quarters of an aban- doned military academy — and he crowded that classic hill on High Street with mas- sive structures as noble and inspiring as can be found on this continent. In these eighteen years he reared a triple monu- ment in buildings of imperishable old red- sandstone, that will stand as imposing reminders of the splendidly successful ad- ministration of Joseph Cummings as long as the river they overlook shall flow to the sea." During the presidency of Dr. Cum- mings, the alumni of Wesleyan Univer- sity contributed about $30,000 towards a library fund for the institution, and Isaac Rich and Daniel Drew pledged $200,000 to the endowment fund. The old board- ing hall was remodeled and transformed into an observatory hall, being surmount- ed by a tower containing a telescope of extraordinary power. The memory of "Wesleyan's" heroic dead, fallen in the W'ar for the Union, was perpetuated by the erection of a memorial chapel. A model gymnasium was provided ; large additions were made to the scientific col- lections ; the faculty was increased in numbers, and the course of study extend- II HISTORY OF EVANSTON 491 ed; the halls of the University, with their opportunities, were for the first time opened to women ; and finally the work of this administration was crowned by the erection, through the beneficence of Orange Judd, of a structure — one of the most complete and elegant in the land — as a temple of natural science. Mr. Judd also originated and prepared at great la- bor and expense, a work of incalculable value to his alma mater, in the shape of an alumni record, which is the only ap- proximately perfect catalogue of this kind known to American colleges. In 1875, Dr. Cummings resigned the office which he had held for nearly a score of years, his administration having spanned the pre-eminently constructive period in the history of the University. After his resignation Dr. Cummings continued for three years to occupy the chair of Mental and Moral Philosophy and Political Economy in the institution, and then resumed his ministerial labors, feeling that his career as an educator was at an end. It was not so to be, however, as the fame of his ability, not only as a builder of institutions of learning, but as a developer of character and men. was widespread. His services were needed in an enlarged field of activity and a broader sphere of usefulness. In 1881 he was called from a successful ministry in New England to the presidency of Northwest- ern University. To this position he brought ripe experience, rare wisdom, ma- ture judgment, and that spirit of progres- siveness which had been one of the dis- tinguishing characteristics of his career. In addition to these, he brought to the scene of his last endeavor the prestige of a great name. Here he speedily won the confidence of the official board and of wealthy and kindly disposed friends of the University. Financial claims against it were met, new buildings were erected. its income was increased, and the period of its highest prosperity began. He gov- erned wisely, planned judiciously for the future, and directed the affairs of tlie in- stitution, which is now the pride of West- ern Methodism, almost to the end of his life. At his death it was truly said, "Methodism has lost its greatest College President." In terms of endearment, and almost of adulation, those who came un- der his care and guidance at the W'es- leyan and Northwestern Universities.. speak of this great educator — stern and exacting as he was at times — as one who seemed to grapple his pupils to himself with hooks of steel. Possessed of rare moral and physical courage, a chevalier in defense of the right, and a knight-er- rant in boldly and vigorously assailing the wrong, "he seemed," says one of his students, later associated with him as an instructor at Wesleyan University, "to sum up and embody all that can vaguely be conceived of tenacity of will, fearless- ness, superb power of achievement — in short of the heroic." Dr. Cummings had a hatred of feebleness and indolence of nature, vacillation, dallying with wrong and weak-kneed sentimentality. "He taught us," said another of his pupils, "that the first duty of a man is to be strong; yet this man, so stern — at times so harsh — had a heart as tender, a hand as soft, and a voice as gentle as a wo- . man's, wherever there was pain to soothe or sorrow to console." Another, who was an elder and lifelong friend, said: "For the student, he had a personal and tender interest. He encouraged the despondent, assisted the sick, prayed with the peni- tent, and pleaded and labored with the erring. He imparted his spiritual life to thousands who have thereby been quickened into noble living. He lived 492 BIOGRAPHICAL on towards three-score years and ten, genial, optimistic, planning, until the last, greater things for our educational institu- tions. Withal, he was so modest and un- assuming, and did his work with so lit- tle of the spirit of display, that we have but faintly realized how great was the place he filled." Busy as was the life of Dr. Cummings in the fields of education and ministerial work, he still found time to give consid- erable attention to social, economic and governmental problems. He was a mem- ber, and at one time Vice-President, of the National Reform Association, and also a member of the American Associa- tion for the Advancement of Science. His was a powerful influence in promot- ing the cause of temperance, and through- out his long career he missed no oppor- tunity to aid in the suppression of the liquor traffic. A great preacher, as well as a great educator, he stood high in the councils of the Methodist Church. He participated as a delegate in many of the General Conferences of the Church, and, in 1864, was a member of the committee appointed by the Conference to formulate resolutions conveying to President Lin- coln an expression of the loyal sentiment and co-operation of the church. He pre- pared and presented to Mr. Lincoln the address which drew from the great Emancipator the following historic answer : "Gentlemen : In response to your ad- dress allow me to attest the accuracy of its historic statements, endorse the state- ments it expresses, and thank you in the nation's name for the sure promise it gives. Nobly sustained, as the Govern- ment has been, by all the churches. I would utter nothing which might, in the least, appear invidious against any. Yet without this it may fairly be said that the Methodist Episcopal Church, not less de- voted than the best, is, by its greater numbers, the most important of all. It is no fault in others that the Methodist Church sends more soldiers to the field, more nurses to the hospitals and more prayers to Heaven, than any. God bless the Methodist Church! Bless all the churches and blessed be God, who, in this, our greatest trial, giveth us the churches !" During the war Dr. Cummings was among the most active supporters of the Union cause in New England, bringing all his powerful influence to bear to strength- en the armies, care for the sick and wounded, and provide for those depend- ent upon the soldiers in the field. In recognition of his distinguished serv- ices as educator and minister of the gos- pel, both Harvard and Wesleyan Univer- sities conferred upon Dr. Cummings the degree of D. D., and he received the de- gree of LL. D. from Nofthwestern Uni- versity. The domestic life of the subject of this sketch, like his professional and public career, was ideal in its character. In 1843 he was united in marriage with Deborah S. Haskell, a member of one of the most prominent and worthy families of Augus- ta, Maine, represented by ministers and lawyers of local distinction. Airs. Cum- mings was a broad-minded, capable wo- man, and her assistance in furthering the plans and endeavors of her husband can- not be overestimated. She was endowed with fine social gifts, and her home was delightfully hospitable. She survived her husband and, after his decease, served as one of the Trustees of Northwestern Uni- versity. Her death occurred in 1901. Mrs. Bonbright, wife of Dr. David Bon- bright, Professor of the Latin language and Literature in Northwestern Univer- HISTORY OF EVANSTON 493 sitv, is the only child left by this noble couple. Dr. Cummings departed this life on May 7, 1890. In that event a great career was ended and a great soul entered the communion of saints. His strong indi- viduality is indelibly impressed upon the city which was his last home, and upon the famous educational institution of which he was the head ; and his memory lingers, like a benediction, with those who knew him as guide, philosopher and friend during the years when his labors were drawing to a close. His field of activity was wide and his fame national ; but his name is indissolubly linked with Evans- ton, with Northwestern University, and with Western Methodism. GEORGE MYRICK SARGENT. George Myrick Sargent, manufacturer, Chicago and Evanston, 111., was born in Sedgwick, Me., March 29, 1830, the son of Benjamin Choate and Susannah (Cole) Sargent, being the youngest of a family of eleven children, of whom six (Janu- ary, 1904), are still living. The family name has had more than thirty different forms of spelling at different periods and in different countries, beginning, as it is believed, in Normandy in the latter part of the twelfth century, with the name "Serniens," and after undergoing various transformations in the intervening cen- turies, has taken on its present form. The founder of the family in America was William Sargent, who was born in Northampton, England, in 1602, and came to Charleston, Alass., in 1638, from whom Mr. George M. Sargent is sixth in line of descent. Heads of various other branches of the family on the maternal side came to Plymouth Colony in the days of Pil- grim immigration, some of them coming on the "Mayflower" in 1620, and their de- scendants took part in most of the colo- nial wars, including King Philip's War, and later in the War of the Revolution, the War of 181 2 and the Mexican War. The children of Benjamin C. and Susan- nah Sargent were : Benjamin Cleaves, born June 12, 1808, died in infancy; Wyer Groves, born June 24, 1810; John Oliver, born December 18, 1812; Sarah Jane, born February 2, 1815; William Haskell, born February 4, 1818; Lucius Bolles, born January 18, 1820; Thomas Cole, born November 6, 1821 ; Albion Keith Parris, born October 24, 1823; Mary Mer- rill, born June 4, 1826; Jasper Newton, born January 6, 1828; and George M3'rick. The five last named, with William Has- kell, are still surviving. The subject of this sketch was reared on his father's farm, meanwhile attend- ing the common schools in his native State until eighteen years of age, when he entered into the employ of his brother, W^yer G., as clerk in his store at Sedg- wich (now Sargentville), Maine. Here he remained four or five years, during part of the time serving as the first Post- master of that place ; later removed to Boston, Mass., where for the next four years he was employed as clerk by J. N. Dennison & Co. Then returning to Sedg- wick, Maine, he entered into partnership with his brother under the firm name of W. G. Sargent & Brother, continuing four years. Retiring from this partnership, he next engaged in the ship-chandlery business in Boston with his brother-in- law, Joseph J. Durham, the firm taking the name of Durham & Sargent. In 1861 Mr. Sargent went to New York, where he formed a partnership in the same line of business with Robert H. Thayer (firm name Thayer & Sargent), remaining until 494 BIOGRAPHICAL about 1870. On account of the sturdy political position of the members of this firm during the Civil War period, their place of business became known as "The Black Republican Store." Coming west in 1870, Mr. Sargent pur- chased an interest in the malleable iron works at Moline, 111., with which he re- mained three years, the concern first be- ing known by the firm name of Hill, Heald & Sargent, but later being incor- porated as the Moline Malleable Iron Works. Having severed his connection with the iron works enterprise at Moline in 1873, he removed to Des Moines, Iowa, where for three years he was connected with the Des Moines Scale Company in the manufacture of farmers' scales. Then, in 1876, coming to the city of Chicago, he established there the first manufactory in the United States for the exclusive manufacture of the brake-shoe for rail- way cars, under the firm name of George M. Sargent & Co. In 1877 the concern was reorganized as a stock company, known as the Congdon Brake-Shoe Com- pany. The business grew rapidly and, in 1893, ^ "sw corporation was formed un- der the name of the Sargent Company, with a capital stock of $250,000, Mr. Sar- gent being its President. Later the stock was increased to $500,000, the plant be- ing located at Fifty-ninth and Wallace Streets, Chicago, and covering an area of about five acres. Furnaces for the manufacture of steel castings were erect- ed, the output consisting chiefly of brake- shoes and railroad couplers. The busi- ness grew so rapidly that it was found necessary to increase the facilities for the production of cast-iron brake-shoes, and a new plant was erected at Chicago Heights, covering an area of ten acres, the plant at Fifty-ninth Street being there- after devoted to the manufacture of coup- lers and knuckles almost exclusively for railroads. In 1901 the plant at Chicago Heights was sold to the American Brake- shoe & Foundry Company, and the steel plant at Fifty-ninth Street to the Ameri- can Steel Foundries, the former represent- ing a capital stock of $4,500,000. Mr. Sargent is still a director in the first named company, but not in active busi- ness. His son, William Durham Sargent, who promoted its organization, was its first President, remaining until January, 1904, when he resigned, and is now Sec- ond Vice-President of the American Steel Foundries (representing a capital of $40,000,000), in charge of the operating department. Mr. George M. Sargent is a director of the Railway Appliance Company of which his son, George H., is the Vice- President. Other business enterprises with which he has been connected include the "Live Poultry Transportation Com- pany," of which he was President for some years, and the Vessel -Owners' As- sociation, of which he was a director while in New York. It was through the efTorts of a committee of the latter as- sociation, of which Mr. Sargent was a member, that the builders of the East River Bridge were induced to inci^ease the elevation of that structure from 120 feet, as originally projected, to 135 feet. His prominence as a business man is indi- cated by the fact that, in 1901, he was elected Vice-President for Illinois of the National Association of Manufacturers of the United States, and, at the present time, is a member of the Committee on Commerce of the National Business League. Mr. Sargent was married at Winter- ford, Maine, September 15, 1858, to Helen Marie Durham, who was born in Free- dom, ]\Iaine, February 15, 1834, the HISTORY OF EVANSTON 495 daughter of William and Emily Durham, and they have had four children : Emily Helen, born October 3, i860, died aged eleven months; William Durham, born in Lynn, Mass., June 16, 1863 ; George Ham- lin, born in Brooklyn, N. Y., October 5, 1865, and Annie Gushing, born in Marl- boro, N. H., November 2"], 1870. William Durham Sargent married, February 14, 1899, May Alene Partridge, daughter of G. W. Partridge ; Annie G. married, Sep- tember 19, 1895, Henry K. Gilbert of Ghi- cago; and George Hamlin married, Janu- ary 12, 1904, Elizabeth H. Pittman, of Detroit, Mich. In religious belief Mr. George M. Sar- gent is a Methodist and in politics a Re- publican. For two terms he served as a member of the Evanston Board of Trus- tees, and is a member of various fraternal and social organizations, including the Royal Arcanum and Blue Lodge A. F. & A. M., Evanston Ghapter and Gommand- ery K. T., Evanston ; the Mystic Shrine, Medinah Temple ; Union League Glub, Ghi- cago ; Gountry Glub and Evanston Club, Evanston ; besides the Evanston, Glen- view and St. Augustine Golf Glubs. For several years he was President of the Society of the Sons of Maine, Ghicago, and is present Vice-President of the New England Society. After a long and con- spicuously successful business career, Mr. Sargent, with his faithful and devoted wife, is spending the evening of his days in their delightful home in Evanston, practically retired from active business, though still retaining his official connec- tion with the manufacturing enterprises in which he has been financially inter- ested and an important factor for more than a quarter of a century. ALEXANDER GLARK. The death, on September 26, 1903, of Alexander Glark, at Antioch, 111., where he was bringing to successful completion one of -the many enterprises which his genius for large and useful undertakings had conceived, and which his indomitable energy and splendid organizing ability had made possible, removed a man who had given generously of his talents and time to the furtherance of Evanston's civic welfare. Almost from his settle- ment in Evanston to his latest hours on earth, he had taken a deep and active in- terest in everything that concerned the community. Although he never sought or accepted office, he commanded, by reason at once of his high personal character and his unselfish devotion to public interests, a measure of respect in the ranks of in- fluential citizenship, which made his opin- ion an important political factor, and which never failed to give weight to his voice, whenever he felt called upon to raise it, in support or condemnation of the policy of those entrusted with the conduct of municipal affairs. It was mainly through his instrumentality that the vil- lages which now constitute the Gity of Evanston were consolidated under one government, and it is a peculiar, yet a characteristic, coincident that only a few months subsequent to his death, his fel- low citizens ratified at the polls a meas- ure upon which he had been quietly work- ing for years, and one which rendered this consolidation more secure — the prac- tical combination of the city and town- ship governments. While South Evanston was still a vil- lage and I\Ir. Glark was among the new- est of its residents, he was foremost in the movement for securing a water sup- ply, and when the artesian well, then in- 496 BIOGRAPHICAL stalled, proved inadequate to meet grow- ing needs, he assisted materially in creat- ing the means whereby the village was enabled, by the erection of waterworks, to draw its supply from Lake Michigan, and to establish in connection therewith an electric light plant. He was a strenu- ous advocate of good streets and side- walks, and it was largely through his ef- forts, and in consequence of his unceasing agitation for improvement in this direc- tion, that South Evanston became the best paved of the North Shore suburbs and was the first among them to introduce the cement sidewalk. He was the first to see the necessity for the creation of a local park system ; it was he who secured the strip of lake frontage between Main and Kedzie Streets. He was one of the found- ers of the movement for the creation of Sheridan Road, and was Secretary of the Sheridan Road Association from its or- ganization to his death. The advice of Mr. Clark was sought and followed in the establishment of the city government ; he gave wise counsel to its first officials, and prepared, or as- sisted in the preparation of, many of the ordinances under which the municipality is now operating. Although engrossed in an extensive law practice in Chicago, he was always ready to give liberally of his thought and time to the public afifairs of the community in which he made his home and for which he always enter- tained and expressed the greatest affec- tion. To him is Evanston indebted for the conception and construction of elec- tric railway communication with Chi- cago, an enterprise in which he enlisted capital, and for which he secured the nec- essary frontage consents and right of way through its entire length. The ability which he displayed in this undertaking won for him a hearing later, when he pro- posed the construction of the Union Loop in Chicago — a conception which was en- tirely his own, and which was carried into execution, so far as its legal phases were concerned, in accordance with plans which he had formulated long before capi- talists were asked to consider it as an in- vestment. In his lifetime, so unmindful was he of any form of personal praise, he was never heard to claim credit for what many knew him to be entitled to — the origination of the scheme which has made possible the success of the present elevat- ed railway systems of Chicago. At the time of his death Mr. Clark was engaged in promoting the electric line be- tween Waukegan and Kenosha, since completed, one of his principal associates being Volney W. Foster, another distin- guished and beloved citizen of Evanston, who was one of his pall-bearers and who, only a few months later, was also borne to his last resting place. Alexander Clark came of Scotch-Irish stock ; his father, Alexander Clark, and his mother, Eliza McCuUom, having been born in the North of Ireland, the former on June 7, 1819, the latter on July i, 1821. His parents emigrating to America, Alex- ander was born in Paterson, N. J., on June 15, 185 1. The family came West when he was 12 years of age, settled on a farm in Knox County, 111., later moving to a larger place in Ford County. He was educated in Wabash College, Crawfords- ville, Ind., from which he was graduated in 1877. After reading law in the office of Judge Woods, Chicago, he was, in 1878, admitted to the bar. On March 10, 1881, he married Miss Emma Osgood of Oneida. Knox County, 111., and the same month the young couple settled in Evans- ton. Mrs. Clark and two children — John Alexander and Helen Osgood — still sur- vive. i HISTORY OF EVANSTON 497 Following the death of Mr. Clark, the City Council of Evanston adopted resolu- tions setting forth the great loss which the community had suffered in his demise, recounting the useful services which he had rendered the community, and naming the lake front park, which he had secured for the City, Clark Square, as a lasting testimonial to his honored memory. DR. JARED BASSETT. Dr. Tared Bassett (deceased) was born in East Montpelier, Vt.. January 26, 1814, the son of Joel and Ruby ( Aletcalf) Bas- sett, and grandson of Jared Bassett, who emigrated from Connecticut and became one of the early settlers of the "Green Mountain State." \\'hile the genealogy of the family is not now accessible, it is believed to have been of Huguenot origin, the first American ancestor of the name having crossed the ocean in 1621, the year after the landing of the "Mayflower" at Plymouth Rock. Dr. Bassett"s mother was a devout member of the Society of Friends, while the father, who was a farmer by occupation and held many of- fices of honor and trust in the connnunity, shared the faith and mode of life of his wife. Although not strictly a Quaker in religious faith and practice, the son inher- ited many of the traits of his ancestors, including the strength of character, sim- plicity of manner and quiet self-contro! which were marked characteristics of the followers of that faith. After having spent his boyhood and youth on the farm engaged in farm work and in attendance at the district school, at tJie age of twenty-two years, having decided to adopt the medical profession, he entered the office of Dr. James Spaulding, of Montpelier, as a student in that line. In 1836 he attended medical lectures at Woodstock, Vt., later took a course in the medical department of Dartmouth Col- lege, Xew Hampshire, and in 1839 received the degree of M. D. from the Medical Col- le,ge at Albany, N. Y. Then having set- tled at Plainfield, Washington County, Vt., he engaged in practice, but later re- moved to Northfield in the same State, where he remained seven years, winning the experience of the old-school practi- tioners of that period. On May 29, 1844, Dr. Bassett was mar- ried to Miss Harriet Sherman, a daughter of Col. Nathaniel and Deborah f^^'eb- ster) Sherman, of Barre, Vt.,and sister of the late Alson S. and Oren Sherman, who were prominent business men of Chicago at an early day. Two years later his at- tention havingbeen attracted to the advan- tages offered in the West to those enter- ing upon a business career, Dr. Bassett, accompanied by his wife, started for Chi- cago, making the journey by stage to Lake Champlain, across the lake to Whitehall by steamer, thence to Roches- ter by canal-boat, and from there to Buf- falo by a newly built section of what is now the New York Central Railroad. At Buffalo they took a lake steamer for Chi- cago, arriving at their destination on Sep- tember 10, 1846, after a lake journey of ten days. Chicago, a primitive city of some ten thousand inhabitants, was then just entering upon the development which, in the growth of the next sixty years, made it the second city in the United States with a population of two million souls. In Chicago Dr. Bassett found a tempo- rary boarding place on West Washington Street, and opened an office in the second story of a frame building on Lake Street, where he displayed a sign indicating his profession. A year later he bought a small 498 BIOGRAPHICAL house and lot on Clark Street, near Mon- roe, then a pleasant neighborhood of frame cottages in the outskirts of the town, paying for the land about fifteen dollars per front foot. After a few years residence here he converted his home into business property and removed to the West Side, taking up his residence at the corner of West Adams and Morgan streets, where he purchased a small brick cottage (the first of its kind erected west pf the river, with about an acre of ground. In 1857 he removed to Wauke- gan, where he resided until 1868, when he returned to Chicago, in the meantime giv- ing attention to his landed interests in Chicago, making daily trips between his suburban home and the city by the Chi- cago & Northwestern Railroad, the pi- oneer suburban line for the accommo- dation of dwellers along the North Shore. After his return to Chicago he erected a more commodious dwell- ing on the site of his West Side home. After practicing his profession in Chi- cago for about twelve years, Dr. Bas- sett turned his attention to the improve- ment of his real estate, keeping pace with the growth of the city. In common with the mass of property holders of the city of Chicago, he was a heavy loser by the great fire of 1871, the retrievement of which cost him many years of labor and anxiety. In politics he was a zealous Re- publican, before the days of the Civil War maintaining the anti-slavery views of his ancestors. He was one of the founders of the People's Church, which grew out of the exclusion of Dr. H. W. Thomas from the Methodist denomination. In 1894 he removed to Evanston, where he contin- ued to reside until his death. Mr. and Mrs. Bassett had one son, Robert J., a lawyer, who continued to reside with his parents during their latter years. Dr. Bassett died May 10, 1905, his wife having preceded him, dying August 14, 1900. HENRY BASCOM RIDGAWAY. Henry Bascom Ridgaway, D.D., LL. D. (deceased), for thirty years a most able and efficient minister and pastor of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and for ten years President of Garrett Biblical Insti- tute, Evanston, 111., was born in Talbot County, Md., September 7, 1830. His fa- ther, James Ridgaway, one of the most ex- tensive and prosperous farmers in Talbot County, was a man of strong mental and moral characteristics, a devout Christian, and a much valued official of the church. Mary (Jump) Ridgaway, mother of the subject of this sketch, was a daughter of Alumbey Jump, a veteran of the Revolu- tionary War, who served the State of Maryland in official positions, and was Representativein the Legislature from his county shortly after the successful ter- mination of the Revolution. Henry B. Ridgaway's parents moved to Baltimore when their son was quite young, and there he attended the public school. He subse- quently graduated from the high school, the principal of which left a lasting im- press upon the after life of his pupil. In 1847 he entered Dickinson College, at Carlisle, Pa., and was graduated from that institution in June, 1849. While pursu- ing his course there he preached the gos- pel at frequent intervals, and after his graduation taught a common school for one year. In 185 1 he joined the Baltimore Conference, was ordained a Deacon in 1853. and an Elder, in 1855, by Bishop Beverl}' Waugh. For four years he was engaged as an itinerant upon circuits in Maryland and Virginia, and in 1856 was HISTORY OF EVANSTON 499 assigned to the Harford Avenue Church in the City of Bahimore, which, with two other churches there, formed a city cir- cuit. He afterwards served High Street Church, Baltimore, then in its most flour- ishing condition, and after that, Grace Church, which had one of the finest edi- fices and largest congregations in Balti- more. In 1858 he was placed in charge of the Chestnut Street Methodist Church in Portland, Maine, which had just com- pleted an ornate and imposing place of worship. Its new pastor attained the cli- max of his pulpit and parochial effective- ness while ministering to this flock, by which he was held in the highest esteem and affection. The country was just pass- ing into the throes of the Civil War, and a Southern man in a Northern pastorate confronted a severe ordeal, from which he emerged without the slightest distrust of his patriotism. From Portland Dr. Ridgaway was called to St. Paul's Church, in New York City, then the most conspicuous church in the Methodist denomination. The Washington Square Church was his next pastorate, and the size of the parish made his three years of service there an intense strain upon his powers of endurance. Dur- ing 1867, however, he enjoyed a most pleasant ministerial experience at Sing Sing, on the Hudson River. From 1868 to 1870 he was again in charge of St. Paul's Church, New York City. Follow- ing this, he spent three serviceable years at St. James Church, in Harlem, and then, after a long tour abroad was pastor, for one year of St. James Church, Kingston, New York. His foreign journey was de- voted to visiting Egypt, crossing the des- ert, traveling through Palestine, and going to Constantinople and Greece. He had, on a former occasion, traveled through Great Britain and the Continent. Having been transferred to the Cincin- nati Conference, he was three years in charge of St. Paul's Church, Cincinnati, and three years at Walnut Hills, then a suburb of that city. In both parishes his labors were highly effective. In 1882 Dr. Ridgaway was elected Professor of His- torical Theology in Garrett Biblical Insti- tute, Evanston, 111., and in 1885, became President of this institute and Professor of Practical Theology. In 1892 he availed himself of an extended vacation to make a tour of the world, journeying through Europe ; visiting the Riviera, Florence, and Rome, Italy ; passing through the Suez Canal, stopping at Bombay and mak- ing extended journej's in India, spending a month in China, traveling through Ja- pan and returning by way of the Pacific Ocean and the Canadian Pacific Railroad. Dr. Ridgaway was one of the editors of the "Methodist" during the entire period of its publication, and was the author of several interesting and popular works. He was also a most entertaining lecturer on various topics. As a preacher he was earnest, forceful and convincing; as an ed- ucator, erudite, yet simple and lucid. The enforced limits of this sketch forbid a de- tailed mention of his manifold efforts of pen and tongue, or of the numerous honors bestowed upon him by different religious bodies. In 1868 he received the degree of D.D. from Dickinson College, and that of LL.D. in 1889. Dr. Ridgaway was married, February 22, 1853, to Rosamond U., daughter of Professor Caldwell, of Dickinson College. Mrs. Ridgaway still survives her hus- l)and, having shared all his experiences of joy and sorrow during forty years of wifely companionship. His widely la- mented death occurred March 30, 1895. 500 BIOGRAPHICAL ELLIOTT ANTHONY, LL. D. Among the names that are justly enti- tled to be enrolled among the makers of the great commonwealth of Illinois and of the City of Chicago, is that of Judge Elliott Anthony, whose more than forty years residence has left its impress upon the State and the Nation. Al- though born in Central New York, he early saw the great possibilities which the West afforded, and, as a consequence, left his home and native State within one month after being admitted to the bar at Oswego on !\Iay 7, 185 1, and took up his abode, first at Sterling, the county seat of Whiteside County, 111., where an elder brother was at that time living. The next autumn he removed to Chicago, where he spent his life in connection with his pro- fession, officially or otherwise, though a resident during later years of the city 01 Evanston. He came at that fortunate pe- riod when everything was in the formative state, when there were not more than fifty lawyers all told. His rise was rapid, and in less than three years he was known as one of the most promising lawyers at the bar. Judge Anthony's forefathers were Quakers, who, early in the seventeenth century, came to the land to which Roger Williams was exiled, and with which the family history has been closely identified for generations. His father, Isaac An- thonv. was born on the island of Rhode Island, eight miles from Newport. His grandmother on his father's side was a Chase, who was connected with the well known Chase family of which the late Chief Justice Chase was a member, and his mother a Phelps, belonging to the Phelps family of Vermont, who at an early period were residents of Connecti- cut and Massachusetts. The grandfather and his familv were residents of Rhode Island when the Hessians held it during the Revolutionary War, and for some alleged infraction of martial law, the grandfather and a younger brother were taken prisoners and compelled to perform various menial duties, which greatly em- bittered them against the British. Mr. Anthony's father was an able historian, thoroughly familiar with the facts con- cerning all the Indian wars and the upris- ing of the colonies against their mother country, having obtained them from his own father and grandfather, and thus the son acquired familiar acquaintance with those stirring events in our history which has had a most lasting effect on all of the descendants of the family. Removing from New England about the same time, Mr. Anthony's grandfathers on both sides settled in \\'ashington County, N. Y., and purchased lands in the town of Cambridge, some twenty miles from Albany. Here the father of Judge Anthony first met Parmelia Phelps, to whom he was married, and one daughter and three sons were born of this union, when the father removed to Spafford, the south- western town of Onondaga County, and commenced the life of a typical pioneer. There, on June 10, 1827, the son Elliott was born. This region was then an almost unbroken wilderness, and here his early years were spent in cutting down and clearing the forests and assisting in work on the farm. Three sisters were born while the family resided in this lo- cality, so that there were in all four brothers and four sisters who grew to manhood and womanhood. The children attended the country schools, and attained a considerable proficiency in the common branches, later each in turn taking a course at Cortland Academy, located at Homer. At the age of eighteen Elliott, who was the fourth son, left the farm to HISTORY OF EVANSTON 501 take a preparatory course before entering college. Cortland Academy was at that time under the charge of Samuel B. Wool- worth, who subsequently became one of the regents of the State Universitj' at Albany. Here he remained two years studying Greek and Latin and some of the higher branches of mathematics, and in the fall of 1847 entered the sophomore class at Hamilton College, Clinton, N. Y., graduating there with high honors in 1850. Prof. Theodore W. Dwight, afterwards so distinguished, was at that time Professor of Law and Political Economy, and com- menced private lessons to a few students who chose to avail themselves of his serv- ices. A class having been formed for the year 1850-51, Mr. Anthony returned to Clinton for a year's course, and was ad- mitted to the bar at Oswego, May 7, 1851. It was during this period that he and a classmate by the name of Joseph D. Hub- bard had charge of the academy located in the village of Clinton, and he had as one of his pupils Grover Cleveland, afterwards President of the L^nited States. Soon after his admission to the bar he came west and stopped for a short time at Sterling, Whiteside County, 111., where he com- menced the practice of law and where he tried his first case in a court of record. Returning east the following year he was on the 14th of July, 1852, married to Mary Dwight, the sister of his law preceptor, and a granddaughter of President Dwight, so well known in connection with Yale College. In the fall of the same year he came to Chicago, and from that time until elected to the bench in 1880, he pursued his profession with a zeal and success rarely equaled. During his first year's residence in Chicago, with the aid of his devoted wife, he compiled "A Digest of the Illinois Reports," which was soon after published and received with favor by the profession throughout the State. In 1858 he was elected City Attorney for Chicago, and distinguished his adminis- tration of that responsible office by the energy and ability with which he con- ducted the legal business of the city. Later he was for several years specially retained by the city to conduct many important cases in the local courts and in the Supreme Court of the State and the United States. While acting for the city he established several new and interesting law points, among which was that the col- lection of special assessments could not be enjoined by a court of chancery ; next, that the city of Chicago could not be gar- nisheed to collect the salary or wages of any of its officers or employes ; and, lastly, that no execution could issue against the city to collect a judgment; and at a later period, that the city could not tie up its legislative powers by making contracts with the gas companies for the supply of gas so as to interfere with its legislative prerogatives. In 1863 he was appointed the general attorney and solicitor of the Galena & Chicago LTnion Railroad, which during the next year was consolidated with the Chicago & Northwestern Rail- way. A contest arose over this consoli- dation, and he was shortly after retained by a number of bondholders and non-con- senting stockholders to test the validity of the consolidation, and in connection with the case prepared and printed a most remarkable argument upon the law of the case, which grew into a treatise which he entitled "The Law Pertain- ing to the Consolidation of Railroads." The late Samuel J. Tilden was directly interested in the questions involved, as well as many of the leading capitalists and railway magnates in New York, and the array of legal talent was formidable, the late Judge Beckwith leading on behalf of 502 BIOGRAPHICAL the consolidationists, and Judge Anthony leading on behalf of the minority bond- holders and minority stockholders. It was tried as a chancery case before Judge David Davis of the United States Su- preme Court, then on the circuit, who associated with him the late Samuel H. Treat, United States District Judge for the Southern District of Illinois, and the positions maintained by Mr. Anthony were upheld and affirmed in almost every par- ticular. Soon after the parties met and settled their differences to the satisfaction of all, as the consolidationists found that it would be disastrous to them if the liti- gation should be continued. At this time Mr. Anthony received numerous letters from some of the most prominent lawyers and Judges in this country, complimenting him upon his masterly exposition of the law. Among them were the late Josiah Ouincy and Sidney Bartlett of Boston, Mr. Justice Swayne of the United States Supreme Court, the late Thomas A. Ewing, of Ohio and many others. His brief, which was in the shape of a bound volume of several hundred pages, was in great demand in this country and in Europe, and was most kindly reviewed by several of the leading journals in Great Britain. It fell to the lot of Judge .\nthony to serve as a member of two of the conven- tions called to frame constitutions for the State of Illinois — the first held in 1862, which framed a constitution that was rejected by the people, and the second held in 1870, and which framed the pres- ent constitution. In both of these con- ventions Judge Anthony took a promi- nent part, and was regarded in many re- spects as a leading expert in that body upon constitutional questions and meth- ods of procedure. He was made Chair- man of the Executive Committee and reported the article as it now appears in the constitution relating to the Executive Department. He also served upon the Judiciary Committee, and the committee upon railroads, and many of the provi- sions in the judiciary articles, and most of those in regard to railroads, are the work of his hands. He was instrumental in pro- viding for the organization of Appellate Courts and for additional Judges of the Circuit and Superior Courts of Cook County, as the population should increase and public business might require. At an earlier period he took part in the for- mation of the Republican party in this State, and was a delegate to the first Re- publican convention ever held in Cook County, and was for years most active in everything relating to the welfare and suc- cess of that party. In 1880 when the third term question came up, he took a most conspicuous part in that movement, was elected Chairman of the Cook County con- vention, at which a portion of the dele- gates withdrew, was elected a delegate to the State Convention, and was then se- lected as a contesting delegate to the Na- tional Convention at Chicago ; was, after one of the stormiest debates on record, admitted as a delegate and participated in the proceedings which resulted in the nomination of General Garfield for Presi- dent. In the fall of that year he was nomi- nated and elected to the office of Judge of the Superior Court of the city of Chicago, and six years later was re-elected to the same position. Among the marked traits in Judge Anthony's character were his indomitable industry, and his devotion to business which, coupled with executive ability, enabled him to try and dispose of cases with great promptness and celerity. Judge Anthony was a voluminous writer, and his contributions to various legal magazines and periodicals would, if col- II HISTORY OF EVANSTON 503 lected, fill volumes. He was also the author of several books of a historical character, among which may be enumer- ated "The Constitutional History of Il- linois," "The Story of the Empire State," and one of local interest upon "Sanitation and Navigation," which has special refer- ence to the disposition of sewage of the city of Chicago and the construction of a ship canal to unite the waters of Lake Michigan with those of the Mississippi River. While acting as Corporation Coun- sel of the city of Chicago in 1876, he wrote an interesting work upon taxation and the rules which had been established regard- ing the levy and collection of taxes. This work involved great labor and research, and has proved a useful and timely contri- bution to the general subject, and is very frequently referred to. In 1887, while hold- ing the Criminal Court of Cook County, which includes the city of Chicago, he wrote a most interesting work on the "Law of Self-Defense, Trial by Jury in Criminal Cases and New Trials in Crim- inal Cases," which attracted a great deal of attention in this country, and is the first bold stand ever taken by any jurist of distinction against the wanton abuses which have arisen by invoking the doc- trines of self-defense. One of his latest and most valuable contributions is an extended chapter entitled "Reminiscences of the Bench and Bar of Chicago," pub- lished in a two volume edition of the "Bench and Bar of Illinois" under the edi- torship of the late ex-Gov. John M. Palmer. Other contributions from his pen include a sketch of all of the courts of England; a treatise upon the "Law of Arrests in Civil Cases." and a series of articles upon "Old Virginia," published in the "Western Magazine of History." By special invitation of the State Bar Associ- ation, he delivered a memorable address at their annual meeting in January, 1891, upon "The Constitutional History of Illinois," and another in the following year, entitled, "Remember the Pioneers," which is replete with the most interesting reminiscences. Judge Anthony was one of the incorpo- rators of the Chicago Law Institute, hav- ing drawn up its charter and, at his own expense, visited Springfield twice in- one winter, while the Legislature was in session, to urge its passage, and for sev- eral terms served as its President. He was also one of the founders of the Chi- cago Public Library, and one of its first Board of Directors with which he was connected for a number of years. From his youth Judge Anthony was a omniverous reader, and had at the time of the Chicago Fire, one of the largest pri- vate libraries in the city. He made sev- eral trips to Europe, during the last of which he visited Denmark, Sweden, Rus- sia, Turkey, Greece, Italy, Spain and all the regions along the Mediterranean and Southern France. Many of his letters relating to these countries were published and read with great interest. In 1889 Judge Anthony was honored by his alma mater with the degree of Doctor of Laws. His death occurred at his home at Evans- ton, February 24, 1898. VOLNEY W. FOSTER. Volney W. Foster (deceased) was born near Jefferson, Wis., February 2J, 1848. He attended the public schools and the Academy in Portage City, Wis., to which- place his father moved when Volney was an infant. When he was thirteen years of age his father moved back to Jefferson, Wis., on a farm where Volney attended the district school. Afterwards he at- 504 BIOGRAPHICAL tended Milton College at Milton, Wis., one year. His mother, who was a gifted woman, helped him to acquire a fairly good classical education. At Jefferson he taught school several terms, holding the position of Principal of the Public Schools of that city. Afterwards he was engaged in business for himself as a partner in the firm of Piatt, Gray & Foster, general mer- chants, at Manitowoc, Wis. He sold his interest in this firm and came to Chi- cago. There he was employed first by the Northwestern Railway. Later he became agent for a Wisconsin Lumber Company and, still later, was employed as cashier and the representative of Schulenburg & Boeckler's interests in the lumber firm of James McDonnel & Co., Chicago. After- wards he was employed by Thompson & Barber, Wholesale Grocers on South Water Street, Chicago, as a traveling salesman. In 1874 Mr. Foster went to Chatham, Ontario, and there purchased a half inter- est in the lumber business of A. R. Schul- enburg. In the following year he pur- chased the entire business of the Georgian Bay Lumber Company. In 1879 he sold his lumber business at Chatham, and joined William D. Hitchcock in the pur- chase, sale and manufacture of lumber, shingles, railway ties, telegraph poles, etc., the business being carried on under the firm name of Hitchcock & Foster. In 1883. in connection with Mr. Hitchcock, Amos H. Perkins and W. H. Watson, he organized the Western Paving & Supply Company. In 1898 this company entered extensively into the asphalt-paving busi- ness, establishing offices in Indianapolis, Ind., Milwaukee, Wis., Evansville, Ind., and in Chicago. In 1892 the firm name of Hitchcock & Foster was dissolved, Mr. Hitchcock continuing the lumber business and Mr. Foster taking over the paving business. In 1898 he sold out his interest in the paving business, and, in 1901, at Mexico City, in association with Mr. Enrique C. Creel, now Governor of the State of Chihuahua, Mexico, he organ- ized the Almacenes Generales de Deposito de Mexico y Vera Cruz, S. A., which is a bonded warehouse organization, with warehouses at Mexico City and \'era Cruz. Of this company Mr. Foster was Vice-President. He was also President of the L'nited States Repair & Guaranty Company, the United States Silica Com- pany, the Chicago, Waukegan & North Shore Railway and the Chicago, Keno- sha & Milwaukee Electric Railway Com- pany, and he was largely interested in the North Shore Gas Company of Waukegan, 111., in the North Coast Development Company, of San Francisco, Cal., and the Foster Contracting Company of Illinois. None of the companies or corporations in which he was interested ever failed in business. Mr. Foster was the possessor of one of the finest private libraries in Evanston, and was a diligent and discriminating reader, being especially fond of history and philosophy. There were few depart- ments of literature with which he was not well acquainted, and he had a remark- able memory and an unusual gift of lan- guage, so that he was able to appear to advantage in any company of cultivated gentlemen of which he was a member. In 1901 he was appointed by President McKinley a delegate to the Pan-Ameri- can Conference, held in Mexico City in the Winter of 1901-02. He there had charge of formulating projects on Inter- national Sanitation, the re-organization of the Bureau of American Republics, the Exchange of Diplomas, and he originated HISTORY OF EVANSTON 505 and presented to the Conference the proj- ect for the estabhshment of an Interna- tional Archaeological and Ethnological Association, with its headquarters at \\ ashington. All of these projects were unanimously adopted by the Republics represented at the Conference. In 1903 he was appointed by the President one of the American Commissioners to the Con- vention held at Washington, Deceml^er 21, 1903, for the organization of the Inter- national Archseological and Ethnological Association. In 1904 he was appointed by the Peruvian Government as repre- sentative of Peru in this Association. In 1900 he was appointed and served as Assistant Treasurer in the National Re- publican campaign. In 1887 he organ- ized at his home, with the assistance of a few friends, the Sheridan Road Associa- tion, its purpose being to promote the con- struction of a free pleasure driveway on and near the Shore of Lake Michigan between Chicago and Milwaukee. Of this Association he was President up to the time of his death, and gave to it largely of his time and money. This Association secured State legislation for the estab- lishment of park districts and pleasure driveways, and also the passage of the bill authorizing the reclamation of sub- merged lands on Lake Michigan by mu- nicipalities for parks. In 1891 he organ- ized the Back-Lot Studies Society, and devoted to it premises near his home in Evanston and erected thereon a building for its use. These were known as the Back-Lot and the Shelter. The object of this was the instruction of boys selected by the Principal of the High School and the Principal of the Preparatory Depart- ment of the University. The attendance for several years averaged sixty-five. ^^'eekly meetings were held in the Shelter and the boys were addressed by practical and successful business men on the dif- ferent kinds of human activity called busi- ness. In the summer of 1903 he main- tained on these premises a nature study class, in charge of an able director, where eighty-five young people were taught. In 1876 Mr. Foster was married at Brockport, N. Y., to Eva Adele Hill, the daughter of Ezra N. Hill, of that city. Of this marriage were born two children, Albert Volney Foster, born in 1877, and Eva Cornelia Foster, born in 1879. .\Ibert graduated from Harvard L^niversity and Eva at Smith College, Northampton. Eva married Mr. ^Valter Leisenring Righter, and now resides at Plainfield, N. J. Mrs. Foster died in 1887. ]\Ir. Foster was a member of the Glen View Golf Club, a charter member of the Evans'ton Club and a member of the Union League Club of Chicago, of which he was President in 1901. He organized the Evanston Ethical Club, which held its meetings at his home for several years and afterwards at his rooms at his hotel. He was also a charter member of the Evanston Country Club and an honorary ' member of the University Club of Evans- ton, a member of the Society of Colonial Wars, and of the Society of Mayflower Descendants. He was also a member of the International Peace Society, and author of the bill introduced in both Houses of Congress, in 1893, ^or the establishment of the National Arbitration Tribunal. This bill attracted very general attention and it is believed that, of he had lived, its essential features would have been incor- porated into a national law. He regarded this as the most important work of his life. Mr. Foster's death occurred August 15, 1904- 5o6 BIOGRAPHICAL JOHN B. KIRK. John B. Kirk (deceased), former man- ufacturer, Chicago, with residence in Evanston, was born in Utica, N. Y., November 8, 1842, the second son of the late James S. Kirk, who was a native of Glasgow, Scotland, and was brought in his infancy by his father to Montreal. Canada. Here James S. Kirk grew to manhood, married Nancy Ann Dun- ning, of Ottawa, Canada, in 1839, and the same year located at Utica, N. Y., where he entered into mercantile business with his father. In 1859 the firm removed to Chicago where they founded the house of James S. Kirk & Company, which at the time of James S. Kirk's death, in 1886, was one of the most extensive man- ufacturers of soap, perfumery, etc., in this country. John B. received his early school training in the public schools of his native place, where he remained until seventeen years of age, in the meantime receiving ■a sound English education. At first he had a strong predilection for a profe.s- sional career, but yielding to the wishes of his father, entered upon a business career, finally succeeding the latter in a branch of manufacturing industry which has grown to large proportions. Under his father's eye he was initiated into the mysteries of chemistry connected with the manufacture of the various products turned out by the firm of James S. Kirk & Company, meanwhile being trained in bookkeeping and business methods. After serving a regular apprenticeship under such thorough tutorship, having demon- strated his qualifications while still a young man, he was admitted as a partner of the concern, sharing with his father the responsibility of its management. In this way he was able to render his father most valuable assistance during the period of depression immediately following the great fire of 1871, in which the firm suf- fered a loss of nearly a quarter of a mil- lion dollars. In the work of reorganiza- tion he bore a prominent part, and the business was soon placed on a substantial basis. It is worthy of note here that the site of the plant now occupied by the Kirk Manufacturiiio- Company, on North Water Street, is that of the first home occupied by permanent white settlers in Chicago, known as the historic "Kinzie Mansion." Besides the manufacturing interests in which he held the position of President, Mr. Kirk had been connected with a num- ber of financial enterprises, including the late American Exchange National Bank (merged a few years ago in the Corn Exchange Bank), of which he was Pres- ident from 1890 to 1894. He was also deeply interested in the prosperity of the Northwestern University, which he served for several years as Trustee, and in connection with which he founded the $100 prize for oratory, which was of deep interest to the students of the Senior Class. Mr. Kirk was married October 4, 1866, to Miss Susie MacV^ean, the daughter of Mr. D. McVean, of Chicago, and of this union four children "were born: James M., Frederick I., Josephine and Susie. For many years his home was in Evans- ton, where he enjoyed the confidence and respect of a large circle of friends. On November i, 1904, ^Ir. Kirk's notable career as a business man and public-spir- ited citizen was terminated by his sud- den death, in New York City, while on a business visit to that place. II HISTORY OF EVANSTON 507 SIMEON FARWELL. Simeon Farwell, niercliant and head of one of the most widely known mercantile houses in the West, has been a resident of Evanston since 1876. He was born at Campbelltown, Steuben County, N. Y.. March 22, 1831, the son of Henry and Nancy (Jackson) Farwell, and a descend- ant in the seventh generation of Henry Farwell, who was one of the founders of the colony of Concord, Mass., incorpo- rated in 1635. Back of its advent in this country, the history of the Farwell fam- ily is traced to the thirteenth century, and to Richard Farwell of Yorkshire, who gained distinction in the reign of King Edward I. The American branch of the family has had many prominent repre- sentatives in various walks of life in New England, and in later years in many States of the Union. The father of Simeon Farwell, who removed from Mass- achusetts to New York State, was a farmer by occupation in the last named State, and later became one of the pio- neer agriculturists in Ogle County, 111. "He removed with his family to this State in 1838, and the son, Simeon, passed the next few years of his life on the farm near Oregon, aiding as a boy to bring under cultivation the prairie lands which his father had acquired. He was educated at Mt. Morris Seminary, Mt. Morris, 111., fitting himself for a commercial career. In July of 1849 he came to Chicago, and had his earliest experience in this city as Deputy Clerk of the Circuit Court, of which the pioneer Chicagoan, L. D. Hoard, was then Clerk. After filling this position about two years, Mr. Farwell entered, as a clerk, the noted old-time banking house of George Smith, in its dav the most famous financial institution in the \\'cst. A year later he resigned this position to become a clerk in the dry- goods house of Cooley, Wadsworth & Co., accepting a lower salar}^ than he had been receiving in order that he might learn the business to which he had de- cided to devote his after life. When he entered the employ of this firm, he took charge of its books and accounts, bring- ing to the discharge of his duties untiring energy, a thorough knowledge of his busi- ness and strict integrity, which consti- tuted an excellent basis for success. He continued to act as bookkeeper of the firm until 1860, and in 1870 was admitted to a partnership. In the meantime, in i860, the firm had become Cooley, Far- well & Co., Mr. Farwell's elder brother, John V. Farwell, since widely known as a merchant, being the junior partner. John V. Farwell had preceded the younger brother to Chicago, as had also another brother, Charles B. Farwell, later mer- chant, banker and United States Senator. In 1865 the firm became John V. Farwell & Co., a name which it has since retained, with slight change, although the co-part- nership was succeeded in 1890 by the J. \\ Farwell Company, incorporated. This pioneer dry-goods house, known now and for many years past throughout the United States, and which annually has a trade aggregating many millions of dol- lars, has graduated from its salesrooms some of the most famous merchants in the world ; among them, Marshall Field, Levi Z. Leiter, H. N. Higinbotham, and others. The connection of Simeon Far- well with this house and its predecessors has covered a period of fifty-five years, and for twenty-five 3'ears he has taken a leading part in its conduct and manage- ment. He became Vice-President of the J. V. Farwell Company at the time of its incorporation in 1890, and since 1900 has been its President. To the building up of =;o8 BIOGRAPHICAL this great commercial institution his activ- ities have been mainl_v given, although for some years he was a Director of the Metropolitan National Bank. The meas- ure of its success evidences the measure of his ability as a merchant, and the breadth and scope of his genius in the field of commerce. In the early years of his business career in Chicago his home was in this city, but as previously stated, he became a resident of Evanston in 1876. Since then he has been a leading citizen of this classic suburb of Chicago, and a leader in advancing the interests of the little city and its institutions. Mr. Farwell is a Methodist in religious belief, and a communicant of the First Methodist Church of Evanston. In 1857 he married, at Sardinia. Erie County, N. Y., Miss Ebenette M. Smith, daughter of Rev. Isaac B. Smith, a Methodist clergy- man of the Empire State. Their living children are Henry S. Farwell, now con- nected with the great mercantile house which his father helped to build up, and Mrs. Ruth f Farwell) Gridley, of Evans- ton. Their eldest daughter, Anna Pearl Farwell, died in 1893. WILLIAM HUGH JONES. William Hugh Jones, Evanston, 111., President of the Piano ^lanufacturing Company, one of the substantial indus- tries of the city of Chicago, was born in Wales in 1845, on^ °^ eight children — six sons and two daughters — of Hugh and Jennett Jones. His father, who was a farmer in comfortable circumstances, came to America in 1812, locating near Utica, N. Y., where his first wife died. He later returned to Whales, where he married his second wife, the mother of the subject of this sketch. In 1857 he again came with his family to America, first locating in Wisconsin, whence he removed in 1873 to Iowa, dying in How- ard County in that State in 1876, aged eighty-two years. His widow, who sur- vived her husband about four years, was a daughter of Richard Jones, an extensive farmer of Wales, who reached the age of ninety-two years. William H. Jones remained in his native land until twelve years of age, when he came with his parents to Wisconsin, and there spent his youth in farm work with his father until he reached his majority. In 1866 he became agent for the Dodge Reapers and Champion Mowers at Berlin, Wis., remaining in this business until 1868, when he entered into the employ- ment of L. J. Bush & Co., of Milwaukee, as traveling salesman. Two years later (1870) he formed a connection with E. H. Gammon for the sale of the Marsh Harvester and Dodge Reapers. This con- cern afterwards became the firm of Gam- mon & Deering, which was dissolved in 1879 by the retirement of Mr. Gammon. Mr. Jones remained with Mr. Deering until 1880 and in 1881 organized at Piano, 111., The Piano Manufacturing Company, assuming the office of President, which position he has retained to the present time. In 1893 this concern erected a new factory, covering an area of twenty acres in West Pullman ( now One Hundred an Twentieth Street. Chicago), which was furnished with improved machinery and facilities, which has resulted in a largely extended trade, both home and foreign. Air. Jones' early experience as a farmer fitted him to judge the needs of the farm- ing class, while his later connection with practical manufacturing enterprises has enabled him to apply this knowledge in a way greatly to benefit the farmers and extend the trade. In 1877 he opened a HISTORY OF EVANSTON 509 wholesale implement house at Minneap- olis, which carried on a large business, and with which he continued to be con- nected until 1889. Mr. Jones was married in 1867 to Miss Elizabeth Owens, and three sons were bopn of this union — Hugh W., William O. and Garfield R. The parents are mem- bers of the Methodist Episcopal Church, in which Mr. Jones holds the position of Trustee. In political views he is an ad- herent of the Republican party, but votes independently on local questions, and has never been a seeker for office in his own behalf. Since 1872 he has been a resident of Evanston, with the exception of a short time s]5ent at ^Minneapolis and at Piano, 111., and is held in high estimation as a public-spirited and enterprising cit- izen. Mr. Jones is now a \'ice-President , and Director of the International Har- vester Company. CHARLES GATES DAWES. Charles G. Dawes, President of Central Trust Company of Illinois, and former Comptroller of the Currency, was born at Marietta, Ohio, August 27, 1865, the son of Gen. Rufus R. Dawes, who served as Colonel of the Sixth Wisconsin ^'olunteer Infantry (which constituted a part of the "Iron Brigade" under com- mand of Gen. Edward S. Bragg) during the Civil War. and at the close of the war was brevetted as Brigadier-General for gallant service. Mr. Dawes" mother. Mary (Gates) Dawes, was a member o{ one of the oldest families of Southern Ohio, her father being Beman Gates, a prominent business man and banker of his time, and his great-grandfather tlie cele- brated Manasseh Cutler, who was a prom- inent representative of the Ohio Land Company just after the close of the Rev- olutionary War, and is credited with hav- ing been the author of the anti-slavery clause of the Ordinance of 1787, protect- ing the territory northwest of the Ohio River from the admission of slavery. Charles G. Dawes was educated in the common schools and at Marietta College, graduating from the latter in 1884. Two years later he graduated from the Cincin- nati Law School, during his vacation working as a civil engineer on the Toledo & Ohio Central Railroad, of which he later became Chief Engineer. In 1887 he went to Lincoln, Neb., where for the next seven years he was engaged in the prac- tice of his profession. Having in the meantime made a special study of the question of railroad freight rates, he was retained by a number of Nebraska ship- pers in the prosecution of suits against railroad companies for violation of the Inter-State Commerce Law, in which he displayed marked ability. In 1894, having acquired an interest in a gas company, Mr. Dawes removed to Evanston, 111., whicli has since been his home except when in the Government service. While a resident of Nebraska he had gained much prominence as a cham- pion of the principles of the Republican l)arty, and, on coming to Illinois, at once Iiecame an important factor in the move- ment to secure the nomination of W'il- liam McKinley for President. Largely through his influence and active efforts the Republican State Convention at Springfield, in 1896, adopted resolutions instructing the delegates to the National Convention there appointed to cast their votes for McKinley, and Mr. Dawes was appointed a member of the Executive Committee of the Republican National Committee and bore an important part in the following campaign. In January. 510 BIOGRAPHICAL 1898, he was appointed by President Mc- Kinley Comptroller of the Currency as successor to James H. Eckels, retaining this position until October, 1901, when he tendered his resignation with a view to becoming a candidate for the United States Senate. In May, 1902. having withdrawn from the candidacy for the Senate, he was. a few days later, elected President of the Central Trust Company of Illinois, with headquarters in Chicago, a position which he has retained contin- uously to the present time. Having made banking and finance a study for many years, he is regarded as an authority on these questions, and is the author of a volume on "The Banking System of the United States." Mr. Dawes was married on January 24, 1889. to Miss Caro Dana Blymyer, of Cin- cinnati, Ohio. • MERRITT C. BRAGDOX. M. D. Dr. Merritt C. Bragdon, one of the most prominent and successful physicians and surgeons of Cook County, 111., whose career as a skillful practitioner in Evans- ton, the city of his home, extended over a period of more than thirty years, was born in Auburn, N. Y., January 6, 1850, the son of Rev. Charles P. and Sarah (Cushman) Bragdon, natives of the State of Maine, born in the towns of Acton and East Poland, respectively. Rev. Charles P. Bragdon was reared to man- hood in his native State, and there, in early youth, made diligent use of the opportunities for mental training afforded by the public schools. At a later period he became a pupil in Cazenovia Seminary, N. Y., where he pursued a course of study, which fitted him for his subsequent long and eminentl}- useful career in the minis- try, covering a wide field of activity. He entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Maine, and was aft- erwards stationed at Auburn, N. Y., until he was called to the agency of the Meth- odist Book Depository at Springfield, Alass., where he remained until 1854. In that year he made his home in Illinois, becoming' a member of the Rock River Conference. His first pastoral charge was at Waukegan, where he remained for two years. His next appointment was at Aurora, from whence he was transferred to Evanston, where, in 1858, he became one of the earlj' pastors of the First Meth- odist Church. He was greatly beloved by the pioneer residents of Evanston who founded and built up the "First Church," which is now one of the leading churches of the Northwest, conspicuous in Chris- tian work, abounding in material prosper- ity, and noted for the moral and intel- lectual culture of its members. On the termination of a useful pastorate of two years in this connection, the health of Mr. Bragdon having become seriously im- paired, he was compelled to relinquish his ministerial labors and withdraw from active labor. He departed this life in Evanston on January 8, 1861. His esti- mable wife survived her husband for more than forty years, during which period she continued to reside in Evanston. She passed away on January 29, 1902, at the age of eighty-three years. At the time when the Bragdon family established their home in Evanston, the subject of this sketch was eight years of age. He received his primary mental training in the local schools, and after pursuing a course of preparatory study, matriculated in Northwestern University, from which he was graduated in the class of 1870. Immediately after gradua- tion, he began reading medicine under the 11 HISTORY OF EVANSTON 511 preceptorship of Dr. Xathan Smith Davis, whose extended and distinguished career as a physician and educator placed him at the head of his profession, and whose fame as author and founder of the Amer- ican Aledical Association spread through- out the scientific world. Dr. Bragdon at- tended his first course of lectures at the Chicago Medical College, and subse- quently became a student in the Hahne- mann Medical College at Philadelphia, from which he was graduated in the class of 1873. .^fter receiving the degree of M. D. from this institution, he went abroad and continued his studies at Vienna, de- voting particular attention to obstetrics and surgery. On completing his post- graduate researches he returned to Evans- ton, and entered into a professional part- nership with Dr. O. H. Mann, who then had a large practice, but is now retired. This connection lasted three years, and since the end of that peirod, Dr. Bragdon has continued in practice alone. His growth in popular favor has been rapid and continuous, and he long ago became one of the leading practitioners of his section of the State. The devotion which he has' manifested to professional duty has been of an intense and useful nature, and nothing has been permitted by him to interfere with the attention due to those who required his treatment or sought his friendly counsel. He was chosen to a professorship in the Hahne- mann Medical College of Chicago, but declined the honor, lest an acceptance should prove detrimental to his success as a practicing physician in Evanston — the college being located at so great a distance from his field of labor. He is. however, a member of the American Institute of Homceopathy, and the Illinois State HomcEopathic Association. Dr. Bragdon has taken an active inter- est in public affairs, and has been a steadfast advocate and supporter of all that is wholesome and desirable in con- nection with the material and educational interests of Evanston. He was one of the founders and an original stockholder of the State Bank of Evanston, and has for a number of years been a member of the directorate of that admirably managed financial institution. Of the welfare of the Northwestern University he has al- ways been a helpful promoter, and has contributed to its prosperity through indi- vidual etifort, and as a member of its Board of Trustees. As a churchman he has used his best endeavors to advance the inter- ests of the First Methodist Church of Evanston, with the official board of which he is identified. On June 6, 1876, Dr. Bragdon was united in marriage with Elizabeth \\'ayne Byerly, a lady of many virtues and graces, and a daughter of David Byerly, who was a representative of one of the old Quaker families of Philadelphia. The children resulting from this union are as follows : Elizabeth, Wayne, Charles Ridgaway, Sara Frances, and Merritt Caldwell. Jr. In politics, the subject of this sketch is an adherent of the Republican party, to which he lends an unselfish support. As boy and man, he has been a witness of the progress of Evanston and its institutions from an early period, and has borne his full share in their development. Through- out the community he is held in high esteem. LEVI CARROLL PITNER. Rev. Levi Carroll Pitner, retired, Evans- ton, was born in Wilson County, Tenn., January 24, 1824, the son of Michael and Catherine (Rouble) Pitner. Michael Pit- ner was born in Rockingham County, Va., K12 BIOGRAPHICAL the son of John Pitner, a native of the same State. John Pitner was a soldier in the Revolutionary War for the entire period of seven years, and Michael Pitner was a soldier in the War of 1812, serving with General Jackson at Xew Orleans. At the age of eighteen, Michael Pitner removed to East Tennessee, near Knox- ville, and here his marriage took place. In the year 1799, this heroic couple crossed the Cumberland Mountains and went to Wilson County, West Tennessee, where they purchased a farm, which, for thirty-two years, continued to be their home. On this homestead twelve chil- dren were born — seven sons and five daughters, — eleven of whom grew to matu- rity. Four of these sons preceded the family to Illinois, and so glowing were the accounts sent back, that the remainder soon followed, arriving at the home of Montgomery Pitner, a relative, on the second day of September, 1837, and locat- ing soon afterward on a farm in North Prairie, nine miles northwest of Jackson- ville. Before a permanent home could be provided, the head of the family was stricken with disease, which proved fatal, and ended his life at the age of sixty-two. Levi Carroll Pitner, the subject of this sketch, was then sixteen. He was greatly distressed at the death of his parent, and. as a result of that father's example and death-bed solicitude, the son gave his heart to God and united with the M. E. Church. From the day of his conversion the conviction grew upon him that his life-work was to be preaching the Gospel. At length he was appointed class-leader; next he received a license to exhort, and later a license to preach from the Quar- terly Conference of the Jacksonville Cir- cuit. He was next recommended for ad- mission to the Illinois Conference, which he joined September 4, 1845. In those days the conferences maintained a strict course of study, which Mr. Pitner success- fully completed. His first work was on the Jerseyville Circuit as junior colleague of the Rev. James Leaton, and there had a happy and prosperous year. He later had charge at Quincy, Carlinville, Beards- town, Bloomington, Jacksonville and Decatur. One of the twenty-three years of Mr. Pitner's connection with the Illi- nois Conference was spent as agent to raise $40,000 with which to build the Ouincy College, now known as Chaddock College. In 1866 he was appointed Con- ference agent for the purpose of raising $100,000 to aid the conference institutions of learning, including Garrett Biblical Institute. This large amount, by the aid of the ministry and the laymen, was raised during that year. Mr. Pitner served three years as Presiding Elder of the Dan- ville district, and was an active force in man}' large camp-meetings so popular during that period of church history. The arduous labors in which he had so long indulged were a severe strain on his phys- ical strength, and at the advice of his many friends he at length asked for loca- tion, Bishop Janes signing his release fiom service. On August 30, 1848, Mr. Pitner was married to Miss Arminda F. Cartwright, daughter of Rev. Peter Cartwright, D. D.. famous among the pioneer preachers of W'estern Methodism. Their only child is Lee J. Pitner of Evanston. After his retirement from the itinerary service, deciding to locate in Evanston, 111., ]\Ir. Pitner was confronted with the serious problem of making a living. He finally w^nt into the real estate business, and as his venture began just at the time when Chicago was having "a boom" and when buyers were plentiful, he made a success, clearing about $200,000 in three HISTORY OF EVANSTON 513 or four years. The panic of 1873, how- ever, swept away all but his home. In the early 'eighties the tide of fortune again turned in his favor. He was happy in making investments in Hammond, Ind.. and also in Seattle, Wash., and has since that date lived in the enjoyment of a com- fortable competency. In his political views, Mr. Pitner, after having voted twice for Lincoln, because of his temper- ance principles went over to the Prohibi- tion Party in 1884. In 1888 he was Chair- man of the State Central Committee for his party, and led the campaign for Fiske and Brooks. At that election the party cast a larger number of votes in Illinois than has been cast at any Presidential election since, with the exception of that of 1904. Notwithstanding the fact that he was Southern born he was an ardent Unionist during the Civil War, support- ing the cause with all the means and in- fluence at his command. It is equally note- worthy that he was a strong anti-slavery man before the war, voting for General John C. Fremont in 1856. ^^'hen the war had settled the slavery question, his strong convictions on the subject of pro- hibiting the liquor traffic carried him in 1884 into the Prohibition party, and he has been a consistent and forceful cham- pion of the principles of that party ever since. He is now a local elder in Emman- uel M. E. Church, Evanston. and a mem- ber of the official board. REV. MINER RAYMOND, D. D., LL. D. January 2nd, A. D. 1636, the town of Salem, Mass., granted a half acre of land at \\'inter Harbor, to Richard Raymond, "for fishing trade and to build upon." Richard was a mariner who later engaged in coastwise trade and died at Savbrook, Conn., in 1692, "ae. abt. 90." Richard's son, John, and John's son, Thomas, lived at Norwalk, Conn., and Thomas' son. Com- fort, and Comfort's son. Comfort, Jr., lived at New Canaan, Conn. Here was born Nobles Benedict, a son of Comfort, Jr., September 29, 1788. Nobles Benedict, who was by trade a shoemaker, was mar- ried in 1808, in the City of New York, to Hannah Wood, a daughter of a Revolu- tionary soldier. Of their union Miner Raymond was born in New York City, August 29, 181 1. Two years later the family removed to Rensselaerville, Albany County, where Miner helped in the home and the shop and attended the village school until he was twelve years old. By that time he had mastered all that the village school could teach him and he began to yearn for something larger and better. His father was not able to send him away to school, nor could he allow him to be idle ; so, to use his own language, "he set me on a shoe-bench drawing the cords of affliction on the stool of repentance for six years, and I wanting to go to school all the time." In 1830, when he was nineteen years old. the way opened for him to go to the Wesleyan Academy at Wilbraham, Mass. He succeeded in paying his way, in part, by means of his skill as a shoemaker. Three years later he became a teacher in the Academy and continued for seven years in that relation, first in charge of the English department and later as in- structor in mathematics. His remarkable aptness as a teacher, as well as the power of his commanding personality, is wit- nessed by a lawyer of New York who was a student under him, and declared long afterwards that "Miner Raymond was the greatest mathematical teacher on God's earth." He evinced from the first that 514 BIOGRAPHICAL he was one of those born teachers who are gifted beyond ordinary men to make things clear. In 1840 the W'esleyan Uni- versity honored him with the degree of Master of Arts and in 1854 with that of Doctor of Divinity. Thirty years later the Northwestern University conferred on him the degree of Doctor of Laws. Meanwhile his ability as a preacher began to attract wide attention, and in 1841 he left the Academy and became a pastor in the New England Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, preaching successively in Worcester, Bos- ton and Westfield, Mass. Of him, as a preacher, the historian of Wesleyan Acad- emy writes, that "his first attempts at preaching evinced the careful thinker. But while the principles and main prop- osition were laid down carefully as well as clearly, the preacher was sure to kindle as he advanced and to break into a tor- nado in the peroration. Though gifted with large capacity for astute and accu- rate thought, he was heard gladly by the people, because his logic usually came to white heat." After his coming to Evans- ton he was for three years the pastor of the First Methodist Episcopal Church of this place, and the older inhabitants often speak of his great power as a preacher, and of the overwhelming eiTect some of his sermons had upon the large assembly. He was six times a member of the (quad- rennial) General Conference of the Meth- odist Church, and was chairman of the Committee on Slavery in the General Conference at Indianapolis in 1848. But it was not as a pastor and preacher that he was destined to work out the great ministry of his life. In 1848, when he was thirty-seven years old, exigencies at the Academy at \\'ilbraham led the Trus- tees to turn to Miner Raymond as the man above all others to take charge of the institution. It was with great reluc- tance that he at last consented to leave the pastorate and become the Principal of Wilbraham. But he obeyed the call which seemed divine, and the si.xteen years that followed were probably the most brilliant period of his entire career. The same historian of the ^\'esleyan Academy says that his election as Prin- cipal "marked a new era in the history of that honored institution. Of all the Prin- cipals, his term was at once the longest and most fruitful in important results. Lender the touch of his genius and the con- trol of his unconquerable will, old things disappeared and almost everything about the institution became new. Difficulties, which to weaker men would have proven altogether insuperable, vanished in the presence of one so able to influence men and to command resources. To this wise master-builder the friends of the institu- tion owe an immense debt of gratitude." But if those sixteen years were the most brilliant in his career, the next period of over thirty years made him more conspic- uous in the eyes of both the Church and the world. In the summer of 1864 Dr. Raymond was called to succeed Dr. John Dempster, as Professor of Systematic Theology in Garrett Biblical Institute, and the rest of his life work was per- formed in connection with that institution. "When I came here," he once remarked, "and walked up and down along the lake- side, and considered the field and its op- portunities, I felt that I had come to my kingdom ; and though it was unexpected and unsought, the place and the work came to me as that which, above all others in the gift of the Church, was the one for which I had been providentially pre- pared." Dr. Raymond died November 25, 1897, and at his funeral services his colleag^jc, i HISTORY OF EVANSTON 515 Dr. M. S. Terry, said: "For the last thirty years his Hfe has been a part of the history of Evanston. His name is to the people of this community a household word ; his memory as ointment poured forth ! How magnificently that whole record of a life of eighty-six years opens up to our thought ! Almost three genera- tions have come and gone since he was born, and his life was nearly co-extensive with the nineteenth century. He has built a character and work that cannot perish from the annals of the Church of God. Dr. Raymond was the last survivor of a great faculty — that older faculty of the Institute in its heroic days. Successor of Dempster, the founder of theological schools in the Methodist Episcopal Church, lie was the fitting colleague of Kidder and Bannister and Hemenvvay. They passed on before him into God's higher school many semesters ago. But Dr. Raymond lived on to see almost an- other generation pass. A Bennett and a Ridgaway have come and gone, and seem already like the transfigured forms of a beautiful vision that vanished long ago. But this saintly man lived on and taught, and prayed, and smiled, and wept, and pronounced many a loving benediction on the younger folk." Of Doctor Raymond President Little wrote: "He was one of the last and one of the greatest of a marvelous group of Methodist preachers — a group illustrious with the names of Olin, and Fisk, and Bascom ; of Simpson, and McClintock, and Durbin, and Stevens. And even in the class-room he could not cease to preach. For the truths that he expounded were to him the substance of eternal life. Other teachers might be more erudite and more subtle ; none could be more luminous or more reasonable ; and few, indeed, could so challenge the student to admira- tion, or so encourage him to strenuous effort and to independent thought. Hence, the unbounded affection of the men that sat at his feet. Many of them have reached the highest station of influence and authority in the Church ; some of them are preaching the gospel in distant lands ; others are working quietly and faithfully at home. But to all of them the echoes of his deep, sonorous voice are an imperishable treasure, for the words he spoke to them were spirit and life." During the first years of Doctor Ray- mond's residence in Evanston he was not only professor in the Institute and pastor of the Methodist Church, but he was also President of the Village Board of Educa- tion ; and it was during his adniinistration that the Hinman Avenue School was or- ganized and the first building erected for that school. When the University purchased the Snyder farm in 1867 the Trustees voted "that the street on the north line be called Dempster Street, and that the street near- est the lake shore be called Raymond Ave- nue." Raymond Avenue has been swal- lowed up in Sheridan Road, but the City Council recently voted that the public park between Chicago and Hinman Ave- nues, and between Grove and Lake Streets, be named Raymond Park ; so that Dr. Raymond's name is still perpetuated on the city plat. Doctor Raymond married, at Webster, Mass., August 20, 1837, Elizabeth Hen- derson, who died at Evanston, September 19. 1877. ^'i^ was the mother of his chil- dren : Charles Wesley and Francis Asbury, who died in infancy; Alary, widow of Philip B. Shumway, who died at Evanston, December 22, 1903 ; William M., who died in Chicago, February 5, 1896; Samuel B., now living in Chicago; 5i6 BIOGRAPHICAL and James H. and Frederick D., who are living in Evanston. On July 28, 1879, Doctor Raymond married, as his second wife, at New Ha- ven, Conn., Mrs. Isabella (Hill) Binney, who died at Evanston February 6, 1897. FREDERICK D. RAYMOND. Frederick D. Raymond, who has been a resident of Evanston for more than forty years, was born in Wilbraham, Mass., September 16, 1852. His father. Rev. Miner Raymond, D. D., LL. D., was born in New York City, August 29, 181 1 : and his mother, Elizabeth (Henderson) Raymond, was a native of Ireland, born in Mt. Hall, County Tyrone, August 12, 1814. The former was a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and an emi- nent teacher. (See sketch of Rev. Miner Raymond in this volume.) Frederick D. received his primary edu- cation in the public schools of his native State, and came to Evanston with his par- ents in August, 1864, and there, for one year, attended the "Grove School," with Miss Frances E. Willard as his pre- ceptress. He then became a pupil in the Preparatory Department of Northwestern University where he continued three years. Subsequently he finished the uni- versity course, requiring four more years of study, and graduated with the class of 1872. During his undergraduate period, he was a member of the Hinman Literary Society and the Sigma Chi fraternity, and later was elected a member of the hon- orary Phi Beta Kappa Society. On com- pleting his education, Mr. Raymond spent a year in connection with the adjustment of the affairs of a Chicago fire insurance company, which was rendered insolvent by the great fire of 1871. He then taught in the Preparatory Department of North- western University during the first year of the principalship of Rev. Dr. Fisk — 1873 to 1874. Since 1874, Mr. Raymond has devoted his attention to the construction and oper- ation of railroads. The first three years of this period were spent at Streator, 111., engaged in construction work and in the freight department of the Chicago & Paducah and the Chicago, Pekin & South- western Railroads, now, respectively, the Chicago division of the Wabash System and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway. He was subsequently engaged in the construction of the "Monon" line, from Chicago to Indianapolis, and served as general freight agent of the Chicago & Great Southern Railway (now the coal line), in Indiana, of the Chicago & East- ern Illinois Railroad. Since its organiza- tion in 1887, he has been a director, and Secretary and Treasurer of the Elgin. Joliet & Eastern Railway Company ; and since 1899 has acted in the same capacities in connection with the Chicago, Lake Shore & Eastern Rail- way Company, both of which com- panies are controlled by the United States Steel Corporation. In the construction of all these roads, except that last men- tioned, Mr. Raymond was associated with his brother-in-law. the late Philip B. Shumway. On October 24, 1877, Mr. Raymond was united in marriage at Evanston, 111., with Carrie M. Wyckoflf, of that city. Mrs. Raymond is a daughter of William M. and Mary A. Wyckoff residents, suc- cessively, of New York City, Bellefont- aine and Cincinnati, Ohio, Chicago and Evanston. Mr. and Mrs. Raymond are the parents of the following named chil- dren: Ruth, born October 6, 1878; Mary, born October 18, 1880; Philip W., born HISTORY OF EVANSTON 517 October 28, 1886; Margaret, born August 9, 1891 ; and Frederick D., Jr., born July 6, 1896. Politically, Mr. Raymond is a supporter of the Republican party. His religious connection is with the First Methodist Episcopal Church, of Evanston, of which he has been a member of the official board since 1878. In fraternal circles he is identified with the Royal Arcanum, and is a member of the University Club, of Evanston. He is now acting in the ca- pacity of Treasurer of the Municipal As- sociation of Evanston. CAPT. JOSHUA P. BOUTELLE. The first American ancestor of Captain Joshua P. Boutelle, of Evanston, 111., was James Boutelle, who came from England to America early in the seventeenth cen- tury, the original family seat being in Massachusetts. From Massachusetts Captain Boutelle's branch of the family emigrated to Maine, and at Edgecomb and at other places in the latter State Dr. John Boutelle, the father of the subject of this sketch, practiced medicine for many years. Dr. Boutelle was a zealous anti-slavery champion and for many years was actively interested in colonization movements in the interest of e.x-slaves and other negroes in the United States. Captain Boutelle's grandfather, W'illiam Boutelle, was a soldier of the Revolu- tionary War, and received for his services a land warrant from the Government, which he located on land in Maine. Captain Joshua P. Boutelle was born at Edgecomb, Maine, September 20, 1822, where he was reared on a small farm, receiving a common school education during his boyhood. Later he attend- ed an academv at Newcastle. Maine, where he gave special attention to navi- gation, and at seventeen years of age adopted the life of a sailor, making his first trip to Cuba on board the brig "Damas- cus," under the command of Captain Chase. In 1848 he became master of the ship "St. John," upon which he won for himself the title of the "yellow fever cap- tain," in consequence of having taken this vessel to Vera Cruz to remove a number of American soldiers to the States, after the close of the Mexican War. In the performance of this duty he took the place of the regular commander of the "St. John," who feared to expose himself to contracting the yellow fever. In 1849 Captain Boutelle sailed the ship "Arche- laus," which foundered oflf the coast of W'ales, after which, in 1850, he took the ship "State of Maine" around Cape Horn to California, and thence sailed across the Pacific and Indian Oceans, making the circuit of the globe and finally reach- ing London by way of the Cape of Good Hope. In 1852 he assumed command of the "Arabia," which, for four years, sailed between New York, Mobile, New Orleans and Liverpool, after which a company, of which he was a member, built the "Niagara," which in 1859 was engaged in trade between the L^nited States and Liverpool. The last vessel on which he sailed was the "Saginaw," which, in company with others, he built in 1863, and which made its first voyage to Pan- ama the same year. During tlie Civil ^^^ar this vessel narrowl}' escaped capture by the Confederate cruiser ".\labama," but was burned in 1866 off the Island of Madeira while bound from Cardiff, Whales, to Panama. This closed Captain Boutelle's sea-far- ing Ijfe, and in 1867 he engaged in coal- mining in Nova Scotia, having charge, as superintendent for one year, of mines J ci8 BIOGRAPHICAL which he had opened there. He then came to Chicago, but in 1869 returned to New York, where he embarked in tli; wholesale sewing machine trade for one year, when, in 1870, he came to Evanston. 111., which continued to be his home for the remainder of his life. Here he in- vested in real estate and engaged in build- ing and other improvements: in 1871 erected the Boutelle & Wesley Block, and later improved considerable residence property. From 1875 to 1881 he was en- gaged in the hardware trade in Evanston, since then being retired from business life. Captain Boutelle was married first to Frances A. Robbins, of INIaine. who died in 1859, and in 186S, he married as his second wife Margaret A. Patten, of Brunswick, Maine, who died in 1872. His third marriage was with Miss Augusta A. Reed, of Chicago, in 1880. jNIrs. Boutelle is a native of New York, but came to Sterling, Illinois, in girlhood, still later spent some years in the South and East, finally returning to the West. An intimate friend of Mrs. Boutelle for many years was the widow of the late Judge David Davis, of Bloomington. 111., now Mrs. Greene of North Carolina. Cap- tain Boutelle's only child is now Airs. Ada (Boutelle) Briggs of Evanston. The Hon. Charles A. Boutelle, late Congress- man from Maine (now deceased), was a nephew of Captain Boutelle. Captain Boutelle was a member of the Odd Fellows" fraternity, in politics was a Republican, and served for eight years as Justice of the Peace and one year as Collector for the city of Evanston. He lived an active and strenuous life, and at the age of eighty-two years was in pos- session of his mental faculties, and re- tained a vivid memory of past adventures and events which made him a most charming companion. Death came to him at his home in Evanston, June 21, 1935. His daughter and her husband, Mr. John A. Briggs, accompanied the remains to Union, Maine, where they were in- terred in accordance with his wish, by the side of his first wife. WALLACE REYNOLDS CONDICT. Wallace Reynolds Condict (deceased), a well known and highly respected resident of Evanston from May I, 1875, until August 30, 1899, was born in Newark, New Jersey, June I, 1824. His parents were Sidney and Charlotte (Reynolds) Condict. Sidney Condict was a prominent and prosperous dry-goods merchant in the East. In New York and New Jersey the Condicts are an old and influential family, and the Reynolds family is of Mayflower stock. The circum- stances of Wallace R. Condict 's parents en- abled them to give him an excellent high school education, and his business training was received in the dry-goods line under his father's supervision. When about twen- ty years of age the son came West, to Ra- cine, Wis.', and was connected with an ele- vator concern until he was about twenty- five years old, when he went to Michigan City, Ind., and engaged in the dry-goods business on his own account. There he re- mained until near the termination of the Civil War, when he sold out and came to Chicago, but did not enter upon any active business enterprise on his own responsibili- ty after his arrival there. On May i, 1875, he established his residence in Evanston, where he lived during the remainder of his days. Politically, ]\Ir. Condict supported the Republican party. He attended the Congregational Church, to the maintenance of which he was a regular contributor. Mr. Condict was married in Chicago, HISTORY OF EVANSTON 519 January 31, 1874, to Louise Albridge, a daughter of Isaac and Armina Albridge, of Plattsburgh, New York. The issue of their union was Wallace Reynolds and Jessie Haskell, both of whom are married and liv- ing in Evanston. The subject of this sketch was honorable, conservative and level-headed in his busi- ness transactions, and one whom all could trust. He was a home-loving, quiet man who devoted himself to his business and family, and cared nothing for club life or political honors. OLIVER iM. CARSON. Oliver M. Carson (deceased) was born in Sweden, March 31, 1853, and in early- childhood came to America with his parents who settled in Galesburg, 111. His educa- tion was received in the public schools near his home and at Knox College, Galesburg. While pursuing his course in that institution he supported himself and secured his diplo- ma by his own unaided efforts. He then en- tered the well-known dry-goods house of Charles Gossage, where he remained until his health became so impaired as to necessi- tate a change, when he went to Minnesota and tried agricultural pursuits for a brief period. An improvement in his health en- abled him to return to mercantile pursuits, which first took him to Farmington, Minn., later becoming connected with the dry goods firm of Carhart & Co. of St. Paul, with which house he remained for a period of eleven years. Returning to Chicago, Mr. Carson, after a brief experience in trade, began operating in real estate, located in the main along the North Shore, and also in Oak Park. Always enthusiastic over the development of North Shore realty, his con- fidence was unbounded, and the improve- ments made under his management were many and of an important character. The subject of "riparian rights" was ever upper- most in his mind, and he acquired much property in this connection. In his business undertakings he was intensely active, such being the nature of the man, but of all en- terprises none was dearer to his heart than the improvements along the North Shore. He promoted a number of sub-divisions be- tween Chicago and the suburban cities tc the north, as well as 48 acres of land in Oak Park. On October 18, 1882, Mr. Carson was united in marriage to Miss Clara, daughter of G. L. Wetterland, of Chicago, and of this union one daughter (Miss Mildred) was born. In his political affiliations Mr. Carson was a Republican. He was a mem- ber of the Presbyterian Church. Until 1892 his residence was in Chicago, but at that time he removed to Evanston, 111., his home being- at No. 222 Stockham Place, one of the most charming locations in the classic town. Active, genial, enterprising, j\lr. Carson's interest in all pertaining to the improvement of North Shore property con- tinued to the close of his successful career. His decease occurred on September 11, 1902. Mrs. Carson, who survives her hus- band, resides at Hotel Monnett, Evanston. ]Mr. Carson was domestic in his habits, de- lighting in the society of his family and of his intimate friends. He was cordial, ap- proachable, and his home was a center where one met this most aiTable and engag- ing of men, whose death was lamented by manv. WILLIAM J. CANFIELD. \\'illiam J. Canfield (deceased), former- ly a leading merchant of Evanston, 111., was born in Salisbury, Conn., November 14, 1832. His parents were Lee and Ruth (Butler) Canfield. The Canfield family ;2o BIOGRAPHICAL was originally of English extraction, and the subject of this sketch was a descendant of Thomas Canfield, one of the early colon- ists who settled at Mil ford, near New Hav- en, Conn., and was one of the original pro- prietors of the place. Lieut. Col. Buel, of Revolutionary fame, was one of the ances- tors of Mr. Canfield, as was also Governor Wells, one of the early Colonial Governors. Lee Canfield was an iron manufacturer by occupation, and worked the noted Salisbury mines from which iron was taken for ves- sels in the Revolutionary period. These mines were once operated by Ethan Allen, and were among the first worked in America. In his boyhood Mr. Canfield attended the public schools of Salisbury, and was after- ward a pupil in Amenia Academy, at Amenia, N. Y. He grew up at Salisbury, and was trained to the iron business. In early man- hood he was associated with his father in the manufacture of iron at Salisbury, which he continued until 1 88 1, when he came with his family to Evanston. Here he estab- lished himself in the grocery business and was one of the principal merchants of the city until his death, which occurred Decem- ber 19, 1896. Mr. Canfield was married, Alarch 3, 1856, to Frances C. Caul, who survives her hus- band. Her parents were William and Dor- cas (Crowell) Caul, of Salisbury, N. Y., and on the maternal side, she is a descend- ant of John Alden, of the Mayflower, and also of Richard Warren, who was one of ■ the same company of Pilgrims. Her an- cestors were represented in the Revolution- ary army. The children of Mr. and Mrs. Canfield are: Mrs. Carrie (Canfield) Dean, and Mrs. Nellie (Canfield) Lee, both born in Salisbury. The former is the wife of Mar- vin A. Dean, of Evanston, and the latter married Rev. Frank T. Lee, of Maywood, 111. In politics Mr. Canfield was an adher- ent of the Republican party. ADAM FRIES TOWNSEND. Adam Fries Townsend (deceased), for twenty-one years special agent of the Northern Assurance Company of London, England, and a most highly esteemed citi- zen of Evanston, 111., was born in Phila- delphia, on May 9, 1834. Reared as a boy in that city and educated at Pennington Semi- nary in New Jersey and Dickinson College in Pennsylvania, the educational bent of his nature led to his choice of the teacher's profession, and he entered life's active serv- ice as Superintendent of Schools at Du- buque, Iowa, where he organized that city's system of graded schools. Later, he under- took and accomplished a similar work at Galena, 111. While success had crowned his work as an educator, and while his chosen profession proved fully congenial to his intelligent spirit, it soon appeared that the sedentary conditions of his vocation were detrimental to his physical well-being. He reluctantly changed the direction of his life energies from a professional sphere to the business arena, entering the employ of the Western Manufacturers' Mutual Fire In- surance Company. At this time he came to Evanston and soon after was appointed special agent of the Northern Assurance Company of London, serving the interests of this company with unflagging faithful- ness for the long period of twenty-one years and up to the very day of his death. While in East St. Louis, 111., in the faithful dis- charge of his business obligations, he fell and fractured the bone of his thigh, an in- jury which resulted in his death on Febru- ary 13, 1904, in Henrietta Hospital, East St. Louis. While in charge of the Galena schools, HISTORY OF EVANSTON 521 Mr. Townsend was married by Bishop Vin- cent, of the Methodist Church, to Miss Sarah P. Burr, daughter of Hudson Burr, well-known merchant of Dubuque, Iowa. The subject of this sketch united with the Methodist Episcopal Church, in Salem, New Jersey, at the early age of fourteen. Committed by holy vows to the fellowship of the church, he was ever devoted to her interests. For many years and in many places he was an office bearer in the church, attending with conscientious fidelity to whatever was committed to his hand. Of him it should be said that he was regular and punctual at the place of worship, devout in his ways, pure and blameless in Christ- ian life, uniform and steadfast in his relig- ious confession, and always ready to do his part in every good work — a living epistle, a steady light, that grew not dim, but brightened with the years. HUMPHRYS H. C. MILLER. Humphrys H. C. Miller, lawyer, Evans- ton, 111., with office at 1415 Marquette Building, Chicago, was born in New York City, October 17, 1845, the son of George and Isabella (Clark) Miller, the former born at Ballybay, County Monoghan, Ire- land, April 14, 1796, and the latter in New York City in 1820. After coming to Ameri- ca the father was engaged in the book pub- lishing business, also keeping a book store, until 1855, when he removed to the vicinity of Hanover, Jo Daviess County, 111., and engaged in farming, later removing to Car- roll County, 111., where he continued in the same business. Still later the father lived in Jackson County, Mo., and died at Green- wood in that State in 1876, the mother dy- ing there the same year. Until about nine years of age, the sub- ject of this sketch lived in New York City, but coming with his parents to Illinois in 1S55, worked on his father's farm in Jo Daviess County, and then in Carroll County except while attending school. He taught school one winter in a small log school- house in Carroll County, at a place called Zion's Grove, receiving a salary of $25 per month. While in Carroll County he pre- pared for college in Mt. Carroll Seminary, and entering L^nion College, at Schenectady, N. Y., in the fall of 1864, remained there two years, when he was admitted to the Junior Class at the University of Michigan, graduating from that institution with the degree of A. B. in 1868. From 1868 to 1870 he was Principal of the high school at Channahon, Will County, 111., when he went to Morris, Grundy County, serving as School Superintendent there for five years, after which he occupied the same position at Pittsfield, 111., for one year. Always fond of reading, his mind naturally turned to- ward the law ; and, in 1875, he was admitted to the bar, during the following year com- ing to Chicago, where he entered into part- nership with Charles W. Needham, which was continued five years, when the partner- ship was terminated by Mr. Needham's re- moval to Washington, D. C. While main- taining his office in Chicago, Mr. Miller has continuously made his residence in Evans- ton. The official positions held by Mr. Miller include those of Corporation Counsel for the Village of Evanston (1886-87), and Village President from 1888 to 1890, being elected to both of these positions without opposition and by unanimous vote. At the close of his term he was complimented by a public reception given in his honor by the citizens of Evanston. He has also been President of the Evanston Board of Edu- cation since 1880, and has held a like posi- tion in connection with the Civil Service Commission since 1895. From 1900 to ^22 BIOGRAPHICAL 1904 he served on the staff of Gov. Richard Yates, with the rank of Colonel. The pub- lic positions held by Mr. Miller indicate the est'mation in which he is held as a lawyer and as a citizen. JOHN MARSHALL WILLIAMS. Mr. John M. Williams was born in the village of Morrisville, Madison County, N. Y., on the 6th day of December, 1821. His parents were Amariah and Olive (Read) Williams, both of whom were natives of Connecticut. There were four sons and two daughters in the family, of whom he was the third son. He was sent to the district school and, later, to an academy at ]Morris- ville. At eighteen years of age the course of his studies was interrupted by ill-health, which led to his taking a sea-voyage in the hope of improvement. Five months spent in cruising upon the banks of Newfound- land, with the active life and plain whole- some fare of a cod fisherman, so restored his strength that he resumed his course of education, going to The Oneida Conference Seminary at Cazenovia, N. Y. Here he pur- sued his studies for eighteen months, having in view preparation for college, to which his taste and ambition led him. At this time his eyesight having become impaired, he was obliged to leave school and abandon the idea of obtaining a liberal education, but desired a wider and more active field than w-as offered by the life of a farmer among the secluded valleys of Madison County. An advertisement of ^Ir. S. Augustus Mitchell, a noted publisher of maps in Phila- delphia at that t-me, met his eye, and thinking it offered a favorable opportunity for commencing business and seeing some- thing of the country, he opened a corres- pondence which led to his undertaking the sale of maps. Witii one hundred dollars advanced by his father — the only pecuniary aid which he ever received during the life- time of his parents — he procured a supply of outline maps, suitable for use in school- rooms, and commenced a tour through the villages of New York and Pennsylvania. His success was such that Mr. Mitchell. though he knew his customer only by cor- respondence, offered him an agency for the State of C)hio for the sale of a wall-map of the L'nited States, which he had just pub- lished. With a supply of these maps he set out in the spring of 1843 ^or Ohio, by way of the Erie Canal and by steamboat on Lake Erie, and commenced work in Cleveland. The maps sold readily, and after canvass- ing a large part of the Western Reserve he later took the agency for New Orleans, meeting there with fairly profitable success, and in early spring embarked on a sailing vessel for New York, visiting Cuba on the way. His sales so far had yielded him a net capital of $800 for the year. In the fol- lowing year he pursued his map business in New York and the South, but soon after had an earnest desire to go West. An older brother, Mr. Read A. Williams, had already located in Chicago, and was there engaged in the lumber business. At the solicitation of his brother, and impress- ed with the advantages which the young city offered for business, Mr. Williams came to Chicago in the spring of 1848, accompa- nied by his cousin, \\'illiam W. Farwell. a lawyer, who afterwards was a Judge of the Superior Court of Cook County for many years. He soon formed a partnership with Mr. Walter Lull and opened a yard for the sale of lumber. Having occasion to visit Michigan for the purchase of lumber during the summer, he was there attacked by a severe and dangerous fever. \\'hile upon the sick-bed the tidings of the discovery of gold among the alluvial sands of California reached the East, and stimulated a wild I HISTORY OF EVANSTON 523 emigration to that distant, and then ahnost inaccessible, region. Mr. Williams disposed of his lumber business and determined to join the ranks of the gold-hunters. At St. Joseph, Mo., the fitting-out place for over- land emigrants, he joined a party of them, in company with hie cousin, Mr. Farwell. The story of the journey across the plains and over the mountains by the emigrants of 1849 has often been told, and Mr. Will- iams' experience was not unlike that of oth- ers. He drove oxen, toiled along dusty trails, crossed deserts, starved and suffered thirst through the long stretches of sage- covered plains, guarded' tlie camp by night, repulsing attacks from stealthy savage ma- rauders, climbed the ascent of the Rocky Mountains, and wandered among the preci- pices of the Sierra Xevadas, At the sink of the Humboldt River, having tired of the slow and toilsome progress of the ox-train, he procured a horse and pushed on with his cousin for the remainder of the journey, arriving at Sacramento on the first of Sep- tember, 1849, after a three months' jour- ney. He lost no time in seeking the placer grounds, which he entered upon at Good- year's Bar on the Yuba' River. \\'ith a shovel and rude rocker he began working the gravel of the bar, and in twenty-two days had taken out $900. Supplies of food, at this place and time, cost $3.50 per pound. The work was hard and the society rough. ^^'itll the winter floods approaching, he left the diggings and returned to Sacramento. Going down to San Francisco he investei! his little capital in such goods as sperm can- dles, bacon, etc., and for two or three months carried on a lively little trade in the small towns along the river. He had ac- cumulated $1,000 by his labor and enter- prise, when, in January, 1850, in conse- ■ quence of the news of his father's death, he started for his former home in New York, by way of the Isthmus of Panama. Among his fellow-voyagers were General John C. Fremont and his wife, the renowned Jessie (Benton) Fremont. After walking across the Isthmus, where he saw new and strange forms of tropical vegetation and a novel type of human life, he again embarked on the Atlantic, and reached Morrisville, his former home, in the early summer. On July 17, 1850, he was there married to Miss Elizabeth C. Smith, a daughter of Xathan and Roxana Smith, of Nelson, Madison County, N. Y. She accompanied her husband on his return to Chicago and, for forty-five years, shared his home at Chi- cago and at Evanston, to which they re- moved in 1868. Uniting with the First Congregational Church in its infancy in Chicago, Mr. and Mrs. Williams both bore a prominent part in the work of that de- nomination as charter members of the First Congregational Church of Evanston. In the latter part of the summer of 1850, Mr. Will- iams went to Elgin, which was then the temporary terminus of the Galena & Chica- go Union Railroad, and there opened a lum- ber yard. The next spring he formed a partnership, in Chicago, with Messrs Ryer- son & Norris, of which firm Mr. Martin Ryerson was a member. The firm of Will- iams. Ryerson & Company opened a luiuber yard on the corner of Fulton Street and the River, adjoining that of Leonard & Williams, and carried on the business for five years. He continued in the lumber business until i860, when he established a wholesale grocery business, but retired frijm that a few months later. In 1861, in connection with W. D. Houghteling, he engaged in the grain-buying and commis- sion trade, continuing it for several years. In iSCxj he went into a wholesale hardware business, and was so engaged wl'en the Chi- cago fire of 1871 swept it away and all the improvements upon his business lots. Being largely insured in English companies, his 524 BIOGRAPHICAL loss was not as great as that of many oth- ers, and he was one of the first to rebuild his business block on the corner of Fifth Avenue and Monroe Street, it being read_v for occupancy early in the following spring. After being destroyed by fire again in 1898, a modern fire-proof building was erected in Its place. Mr. Williams was a purchaser of lots in the west part of the city at the sales held by the Canal Trustees, and dealt in other realty with profitable results. He had con- fidence in Chicago and did not hesitate to stake his fortune on her growth and pros- perity. In business matters he seems to have been gifted with an accurate judg- ment. He was cautious and prduent, and invested freely when the times seemed pro- pitious. Fortune seems to have favored him, for, from the time he started out from his early home to engage in a humble trading venture up to the time of his death, his fortune had grown without any serious set-backs, until he was numbered among the many wealthy men of the city. He was one of the original stockholders of The First National Bank, of Chicago, and always continued his ownership in its stock. He was also one of the organizers of that wonderfully prosperous corporation. The Elgin Watch Company, in which he retained a large financial interest. His early knowledge of the lumber trade caused him, during the period of 1880 to 1885, to invest largely in pine timber-lands adjacent to the north shore of Lake Superior, Minn., on what is now termed the Mesaba Range of iron and pine lands. These lands embrace the famous Biwabik Iron Mine, one of the richest and most extensive iron mines on the range. While Mr. Williams' business career has been chiefly sketched thus far, it should not be overlooked that he was prominently iden- tified with the moral and religious move- ments of the period of his active life. His early home in Xew York was in the neigh- borhood of one of the early apostles of emancipation, the gifted Gerrit Smith, and he brought to the West such a lively sense of the abomination of slavery, that he class- ed himself with the then execrated, but now honored, abolitionists, and identified himself with all the agitations which preceded the war of the rebellion and the culmination in the adoption of the policy of emancipa- tion. He was ever afterward a steadfast friend of the colored man, and exemplified his friendship by his numerous benefactions for their education and the moral elevation of the race. He was also a liberal supporter of the religious and city mission work in Chi- cago, prosecuted by the Congregational churches. The Chicago Theological Semin- ary, long struggling with embarrassments, which repressed its growth, but now happily placed in an independent position, owes much to his liberal contributions, and the Chicago Commons also received much aid from him, and after his death his children manifested the same spirit by giving the family residence at the Commons as a me- morial to his honor, while the new Mater- nity Building of the Evanston Hospital is a memorial to their mother. Mr. and Mrs. Williams had a family of eight children, three boys and five girls. Lucian Marshall married Lucile Seaton, and they reside in Chicago. Walter Smith married Elia Gilbert, daughter of Mr, C. J. Gilbert, of Evanston, but died in 1801, leaving two children — John Marshall Will- iams and Margaret Williams. Another son, Xathan Wilbur, married Elizabeth Cook, and they reside in Evanston. Isabella mar- ried Charles L. Blaney, a son of Doctor J. V. Z. Blaney, formerly of Chicago, and they live at San Jose, Cal., and Anna married an- other son of Dr. Blaney, but both are de- ceased. Helen G. married Joseph J. Husser, HISTORY OF EVANSTON 525 and they reside in Chicago. Edith married Robert C. Kirkwood, and they reside in Mountain View, Cal. Jessie B. married Parke E. Simmons, and they reside on the old homestead, in Evanston, at the corner of Hinman Avenue and Clark Street. Mr. Williams was at one time President of the Village Board of Evanston, and iden- tified himself with various interests of the city. During the last four years of his life he made his home in Mountain View, Cal., where he died on March 9, 1901, leaving a widow, Mrs. Annie (Dearborn) Williams, and a son Alan. ALDIN J. GROVER. Aldin J. Grover (deceased), pioneer set- tler of Chicago and early resident of Evans- ton, was born at Holland, Erie County, N. Y., near Buffalo, August 24, 1822, the son of Chester J. and Susan (Davis) Gro- ver, both of whom were natives of Brad- ford, Vt. His parents moved to Western New York while that region was still a wilderness, and settled upon the famous "Holland Purchase." Here the father died when the subject of this sketch was about three years old. Thus left fatherless at an early age, the son was compelled to face the problem of life about the time when most children are entering school. Having learned the carpenter's trade by the time he was twenty-two years of age he had ac- cumulated sufficient means to enable him to come to the city of Chicago, which he did in September, 1844. There being no rail- road connection from Chicago with the East at that time, the journey was made from Buffalo by the steamer "Empire State" around the lakes. He soon found employment with the American Car Works, which later came into the hands of the Illi- nois Central Railroad Company. For many years thereafter he resided in Lyons Town- ship, Cook County, owning several farms in the vicinity of Riverside and La Grange. In 1866 he removed to Evanston for the purpose of securing better educational ad- vantages for his children. In Evanston he engaged in business as a contractor and builder, and was quite an extensive dealer in real estate, in the meantime building for himself and others many of the older dwell- ings and business blocks in that city. His residence in Evanston, 111., from 1866 to 1895 was at the corner of Grove Street and Sherman Avenue, on the present site of the "Grover Block," recently built by his ex- ecutors. In the early days Mr. Grover held sever- al Evanston township offices, and was a member of the Grand Jury that returned the indictments against the Chicago Anarchists after the Hay market riot of 1886. Mr. Grover was married twice, first to Eliza D. Reed, of Erie County, N. Y., and, as his second wife, to Mrs. Mary E. Skin- ner of Waukegan, who survives him. Six children — two sons and four daughters — were born of the first marriage, all still living, viz. : Frank R., Chester A., Etta (wife of Dr. Charles H. Thayer), Kath- erine S., Caroline G. (wife of Dr. Warren R. Smith of Lewis Institute), and Louise M. A stepson, Mortimer B. Skinner, also survives. Some ten years before his death Mr. Grover retired from business, and seven years later removed to Wilmette, where he spent the last three years of his life. His death occurred in his home at Wilmette on Sunday, April 6, 1902. Mr. Grover is remembered as a man of great physical and mental energy and in- dustry, his business activity extending until he was advanced in life. He left a name for sterling integrity and as a Christian gentleman of which his family may justly be proud, and which is recognized by a large circle of friends and fellow-citizens. 526 BIOGRAPHICAL FRANK REED GROVER. Frank Reed Grover, lawyer. Chicago, with residence in Evanston, 111., was born on a farm in Lyons Township, Cook County, 111., September 17, 1858, the son of Aldin J. and Eliza D. (Reed) Grover. In 1866 he came with his father's family to Evanston, and there received his education in the public schools, being a member of the second graduating class of the Evanston High School in 1877. Later he attended the Laiion College of Law of the Northwestern University for one year, and thereafter, until 1881, was engaged in business as a traveling salesman. During the year last named he entered the law office of Ela & Parker, Chicago, where he continued his law studies and was admitted to the bar in 1883. Upon the dissolution of this firm in 1885, he entered into partnership with one of its members and his former employer. John W. Ela, late President of the Chicago Civil Service Commission, under the firm name of Ela & Grover, and later under the name of Ela, Grover & Graves, which was continued until Mr. Ela's death in 1902. Since tlxat date the business has been carried on by Mr. Grover and his surviving partners, without change of the firm name. The official positions held by Mr. Grover include that of member of the Board of Trustees of the former Village of Evanston, in which, although the youngest member ever elected to the Board, he held the chair- manship of many important committees. Having declined a re-election he was subse- quently appointed Village Attorney, and while occupying this position, carried through all the legal work incident to con- solidation of the village of Evanston and South Evanston, laying the foundation for the present city government for the consoli- dated corporation. He was then elected as the first City Attorney and Corporation Counsel, and bore a prominent part in or- ganization of the new city government in its various departments, which was accom- plished in 1892. For the service thus ren- dered he received high commendation from the City Council in resolutions adopted by that body on his retirement from office. Mr. Grover is a member of the Chicago Bar Association and has conducted a suc- cessful practice of his profession for the past twenty years. For several years he was Chairman of a Committee appointed by citizens of Evanston in connection with the proposed constitutional amendment pending in the Legislature, providing for a new charter for the City of Chicago. The duties of this committee were to protect the City of Evanston from any scheme look- ing to the annexation of Evanston to the city, and in this they were entirely success- ful, as shown in the character of the amend- ment as finally adopted. I^.Ir. Grover is a charter member of the Evanston Historical Society, was elected its first Vice-Presi- dent and has served in that capacity ever since. During this period he has been an important factor in promoting the success of the Society, not only in the way of organ- ization and subsequent work in its behalf, but by his contributions on historical top- ics, especially with reference to matters con- nected with Indian history of this locality. An example of this is furnished in a chapter in this work relating to Indian history con- nected with the North Shore. (See Chapter II., "Our Indian Predecessors.") Mr. Grover's father, Aldin J. Grover, was one of the pioneers of Cook County, who came to Chicago from Erie County, N. Y., in 1844, and his mother, Eliza D. (Reed) Grover, who came from the same locality, was a member of the same family as Charles H. Reed, a former State's Attor- ney of Cook County. (See sketch. Aldin J. Grover, in this volume.) HISTORY OF EVANSTON 527 Mr. Frank R. Grover was married in 1884 to Ella F. Smith, of Olmsted County, Minn., and one son has been born to them, namely : Mortimer C. Grover. WILLIAM EICHBAUN STOCKTON. William Eichbaun Stockton was born in Pittsburg, Pa., December 18, 1840, the son of Robert Clark and Martha Celeste (Lit- tle) Stockton, the father born near Mead- ville. Pa., and the mother in Pittsburg. The father was a member of the firm of Johnston & Stockton — afterward R. C. Stockton— who were engaged in the print- ing, publishing, bookselling and paper man- ufacturing business in Pittsburg. Among tlie publications issued by Johnston & Stock- ton was the "Western Calculator," an arith- metic which was popular and used for many years in Western schools. The au- thor was Joseph Stockton, A. M., the father of Robert C. Stockton, and grandfather of the subject of this sketch, who had studied theology with the noted John Mc]\Iillan and. in 1801, became pastor of a church at Meadville, Pa., whence he removed to Pittsburg to become Principal of the Acade- my at that place, now the Western Uni- versity of Pennsylvania. In 1819 he gath- ered together a little group of worshippers in Allegheny City, and established the first clnirch in that city. He published a series of school books, which proved a valuable aid to popular education of that period. Be- sides his interest in education he was skilled in medicine, and his services as a missionary and pastor of local churches were given, largely without compensation or reward, throughout all that region from Allegheny City to the United States Arsenal, and from Sharpsburg to Pine Creek, the churches at the two points last named being built under his care. This was before the davs of rail- road transportation, and travel was solely by means of horses or on foot. His father, Robert, was one of the first elders of the Presbyterian Church at Washington, Pa., and his grandfather (Thomas Stockton) was an elder of the church of Dr. Craig- head, at Rocky Springs, Pa., when that patriot pastor left his pulpit to lead the male members of his church into the ranks of the Continental Army. William E. Stockton was first employed in the railroad business at Pittsburg, Pa., but is now engaged in the iron and steel trade with office at 536 Rookery Building, Chicago, and, with the exception of one year, has been a resident of Evanston since 1872. On April 25, 1861, he enlisted under the first "call for troops issued by President Lincoln in defense of the Union, was mus- tered into Company I, Twelfth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, and after serving the three-months' period of his en- listment, was discharged at Pittsburg, Pa., August 5th following. On the last day of the same month (August 31, 1861), he re- enlisted as a member of Company A, First Regiment Illinois Volunteer Artillery, but was discharged under surgeon's certificate, for disability, at Memphis, Tenn., February 15, 1863. A year later (February 15, 1864) he enlisted a third time as a member of Company A, Fourteenth Pennsylvania Cav- alry, was promoted to be Sergeant-Major of his regiment in the field September 20, 1864, and was discharged at Pittsburg, Pa., January 16, 1865, on account of a gun- shot wound received at Fisher's Hill, Va. The civil offices held by Mr. Stockton in- clude those of Trustee of the Village of Evanston and Director of the Evanston Public Library. He is a pronounced Re- publican in political principles, but has not been a seeker for public office. His religious affiliations are as a member of the First Presbvterian Church of Evanston, in which 528 BIOGRAPHICAL he has held the position of Elder. He is a member of the John A. Logan Post, No. 540, Grand Army of the Republic, and of Evans Lodge A. F. & A. M., Evanston. Mr. Stockton was married at Shields, Pa., May 7, 1872, to Eliza Leet Cook, a great- granddaughter of Major Daniel Leet of Virginia and Pennsylvania, who was an officer of the Continental Army during the War of the Revolution and a personal friend of Gen. George Washington. Two children have been born of this union: Martha Cook Stockton and John Wilson Stockton. The latter is a resident of Evan- ston and is associated in business with his father in the city of Chicago. u CHARLES GRAIN. Charles Grain, who was one of the earli- est settlers on the site of the present city of Evanston, and whose family still reside at the old homestead, thereby linking the earliest history of the city with the present, was born in Stockton, Chautauqua County, N. Y., July 16, 1822. He came of an old New England family, which is now widely represented throughout the United States, the names Grain and Crane being traceable to the same origin, and their genealogv to the same parent place in New York State, and here Mr. Grain gained his early education in the schools of Stockton. In 1833, his father's family removed to Ohio and settled in the town of Leroy, where they lived during the next three years. From there they came west as far as Hamilton, now in Steuben County, Ind., where Charles Grain received his last schooling and was fitted, by thorough industrial train* ing for an active business life. He made his first visit to Illinois in 1840. coming to Chicago, which then had a population of about four thousand souls. The same year he traversed the North Shore region, which was later to become his home, and saw much of the then unbroken and totally unimproved land about Chicago. His cous- in, John Miller, had settled at what was then called Dutchman's Point, now Glenview, and Mr. Grain was in his employ during part of the following year. Then return- ing to Indiana in 1841, he remained there until after the death of his mother in 1842. In company with his brother, O. A. Grain, he then came again to Illinois, determined to make here his permanent home. The settlement, which a little later became known as Ridgeville, and still later devel- oped into the Town of Evanston, was then called Gross Point, and here the brothers cast their lot with the few pioneers then to be found in this region. In 1844, they set- tled on the farm by which they were after- ward so closely identified with Evanston, and which is now part and parcel of the city. From 1845 to 1850 the brothers were engaged in the cooperage business there and were pioneer craftsmen in that line. The gold discoveries in California, in 1849, stirred the spirit of adventure within them, however, and, early in 1850, they were members of a company that outfitted a wagon train for the long and, in those days, perilous trip across the plains and over the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Coast. There were thirty men in the com- pany, in all, which, besides Charles Grain, included three of his brothers and a cousin of the same name. On April 8, 1850, the company left what was known as the Buck- eye Inn, an old-time Evanston tavern, and reached Georgetown, Gal., in August fol- lowing, having been a little more than four months on the way. This was considered a very quick trip in those days, and by rea- son of the fact that this wagon train passed pretty near everything on the road, it was HISTORY OF EVANSTON 52') called the "Lightning Express." After mining for something less than a year. with varying degrees of success, the com- pany returned to Illinois in 185 1, bringing with them the recollection of many thrill- ing and interesting experiences. Safely they had crossed the arid plains of Kansas, the tortuous steeps and chasms of the Rocky Mountains, and the desert wastes beyond. They had traversed, unharmed, a region infested with wild animals and wilder men. They had seen herds of buffa- lo so vast that they seemed like moving plains ; and they came back, if not rich in purse, rich in knowledge and stories of ad- venture with which to regale their children and grandchildren, neighbors and friends, in later years. Upon their return, Mr. Grain and his brother, O. A. Grain, turned their attention to farming and gardening, and carried on a profitable business in this line for many years, and until the growth of the city created a demand for the sub- division of the lands and the building up thereon of city homes. Mr. Charles Grain bought a 44-acre tract of land on which he originally settled in 1846, upon which he resided during the remainder of his life, dying at his home on this farm, June 2, 1 89 1. In all respects he was a typical pioneer. Honest, upright, generous and kindly, he was much esteemed by the pio- neers who were his earliest neighbors and friends, and equally esteemed by the later generation who grew up around him. He was one of the pioneer members of the Ma- sonic Order in Evanston, and very soon after its organization he affiliated with the Evans Lodge, and died a member of this Lodge, which buried him with the honors due a steadfast and faithful brother. Mr. Grain was married, in 1846, to Miss Sarah Burroughs, who was born in Ashta- bula Gounty, Ohio, and came with her sis- ter. Mrs. Gaptain Beckwith, and her broth- er, Alonzo Burroughs, to Gross Point in 1842. There was a bit of history kindred to romance connected with the coming thither of the pioneer Beckwith. He sailed a vessel on the lakes for fourteen years prior to 1841 without accident, but in the fall of that year his boat went ashore at what is known as Hubbards Hill. The captain was not aboard himself at the time of the wreck, but soon reached the disabled boat, and while making his way to Ghicago by wagon, fell in love with the country along the lake shore and determined to settle here, where his wife, sister-in-law, and brother-in-law joined him the following spring. Mrs. Grain's father, David Burroughs, who was a soldier in the War of 1812, came from Ashtabula Gounty, Ohio, to what is now Evanston, with the rest of his family in 1843. He rented, for a time, the farm which Gharles Grain purchased two years- later, and this place has now been Mrs. Grain's home continuously for more than sixty years. The old homestead is still a cherished possession of Mrs. Grain, and here, where she passed her later girlhood and young womanhood, she is growing old gracefully, a veritable encyclopedia of in- formation concerning the pioneers and pio- neer life of Evanston and its environments. From time to time she has contributed to the local press and to the Evanston Histori- cal Society much interesting data of this character. The history of her family, as well as that of her husband's family, is closely interwoven with the earliest history of Evanston, and representatives of both families bore an honorable part in laying the foundation of "the Glassic Gity." Grain Avenue was so named in honor of the Grain family. Besides Mrs. Grain, the members of this pioneer family living in 1905 were Mrs. Malvina (Grain) Angle, Mrs. Alice (Grain) McDougal, Miss Lucy J. Grain of Evanston, William 530 BIOGRAPHICAL E. Grain, living in Wayne Gounty, 111. ; Gharles E. Grain of Pittsburg, Pa. ; Mrs. Francis (Grain) Blake of non Gity, of Golo. ; George H. Grain, real estate oper- ator of Evanston, and Harvey E. Grain of Park Ridge, 111. ROBERT McLEAN GUMNOGK. Robert McLean Gumnock, A. M., L. H. D., Director of the School of Oratory, Northwestern University, at Evanston, 111., has been a resident of Evanston for thirty- eight years. Professor Gumnock is of Scotch nativity, having been born in the town of Ayr, Scotland, on May 31, 1844. At a very early period of his life he was brought to America by his father, who set- tled in New England, and the years of his boyhood were spent in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. His preparation for a col- legfiate course was obtained at Wilbraham Academy, Wilbraham, Mass., and, in the fall of 1864, he entered Wesleyan University at Middletown, Gonn., from which he was graduated with the class of 1868. Three years later his Alma Mater conferred upon him the degree of A. M., and in 1903, he re- ceived from Dickinson Gollege the degree of L. H. D. Professor Gumnock was married, in 1877, to Annie E. Webster, of Evanston. The children resulting from this union are Wal- lace Webster Gumnock, who was born April 28, 1880, and Glaude B. Gumnock, born July 31, 1884. Professor Gumnock has been connected with the Northwestern Uni- versity since 1868, and to his assiduous care, in the special department of instruction over which he presided, has been entrusted the mental molding of many pupils who have achieved useful and notable careers. JOSIAH SEYMOUR GURREY. The Gurrey family traces its ancestry to Richard Gurrey, who came from Scotland when a young man and settled in West- chester Gounty, N. Y., about the year 1700. The county records and Bolton's History of that county mention the names of Richard Gurrey and his descendants frequently dur- ing the period from 1707 to the present time. Richard Gurrey had a son of the same name, born in 1709, who died in 1806, hav- ing attained the extreme age of ninety- seven years. His son Stephen, one of nine children, was born in 1742 and died in 1830. Stephen married Frances, a daugh- ter of Thomas Moore of New York Gity, and they reared a family of seven children. Stephen served in a New York regiment for a time during the Revolutionary War. The family lived near Peekskill, in Westchester Gounty, almost from the beginning of the settlement of that region, and many of the descendants, now very numerous, are still living there. One of the sons of Stephen was Thomas, who was born in 1773 and died in 1862. He married Rebecca Ward and their children were nine in number. The youngest was James, the father of the subject of this sketch, who was born in 1814 and died in 1891. He married Eliza Fer- ris of Peekskill and had a family of six children. losiah Sevmour Gurrey, the eldest son of James and Eliza (Ferris) Gurrey, was born on a farm near Peekskill, N. Y., October 2, 1844. In his childhood he attended the schools of the neighborhood, and when thir- teen years of age, removed with his parents to Illinois, the family making its home at Ghaiuiahon, in Will Gounty, where his father carried on the farming business. In 1862 the family removed to Ghicago, and in 1867 to Evanston. His father was engaged for some years in the lumber business at II HISTORY OF EVANSTON 531 Evanston, frequently receiving cargoes from lake vessels at the old Davis Street pier, now in ruins. In 1862, Seymour Currey, as he is usually known, enlisted in the Sixty-seventh Regi- ment Illinois Volunteer Infantry (a 3- months' regiment). After serving the period of his enlistment on guard duty at Chicago and Springfield, he was discharged October 6th, following. Later in the war he enlisted again in one of the "hundred- day" regiments — the One Hundred and Thirty-fourth Illinois. During and after the war Mr. Currey became engaged in various employments, one year as teacher in a country district school near Aurora, 111., for some years serving as an assistant in the oldtime drug-store of Bliss & Sharp at 144 Lake Street, Chicago, and later spending a year in attendance at the North- western University in Evanston. His first appearance in the place where he ha? since made his home was in the spring of 1867, and in the following fall he regularly en- tered the Lfniversity as a member of the class of 1871. His course was not finished, but the next year other activities were en- tered upon, and since that time he has been engaged in various mercantile employments, most of the time as an accountant, in which capacity he attained considerable proficien- cy. In 1895 he became connected with the New England Mutual Life Insurance Com- pany of Boston, which has been continued to the present time. Mr. Currey was married November 24, 1875, to Miss Mary Ella Corell, by Rev. E. N. Packard of the Congregational Church of Evanston. Miss Corell was born at Portland, Chautauqua County, N. Y., September 1 1, 1852. the daughter of Joseph Corell of that place. The Corell family had lived in Chautauqua County since the days of the "Holland Purchase" early in the nineteenth centurv. Mr. and Mrs. Currev have had seven children, six of whom are living. The oldest, Helen Marguerite, was born May 27, 1877, graduated from Vassar College in 1901 ; the second, Harold Young, born June 10, 1879, graduated from the Massachusetts Irjstitute of Technology in 1902; the third, Frances Moore, born March 21, 1882, married Ralph M. Ashby, November 2, 1905 ; the fourth, Rachel, born October 25, 1883, graduated from Wellesley College in 1905 ; the fifth, Fred- erick Seymour, born August 5, 1885, died December 21, 1888; the sixth, Richard Channing. born September 20, 1891 ; the seventh, Ruth Seymour, born July 28, 1896. All were born in Evanston, and the two last named are attending the schools in Evanston. Among the ancestors of, and those im- mediately related to, the Curreys are the names of many well known families and men who have attained eminence. Frances Moore, previously mentioned, was the daughter of Thomas Aloore of New York and Elizabeth Channing, who was the daughter of William Channing, the agent of the British navy in New York. Frances was one of a family of eleven children, born in 1750 and died in 1824. A brother of Fran- ces, John Moore, was the agent of the Brit- ish government in New York from 1765 to 1783, and was naturally unfriendly to the American cause. He was denounced in a report made to the Provincial Congress in 1776. The sympathies of the family were divided, however, as another brother. Ste- phen Moore, was Colonel of an American regiment, and was owner of the land on which the buildings of the West Point Academy are now situated, which he sold to the American Government after the war for $10,000. Ann Moore, a sister of Fran- ces, became the wife of Jedediah Hunt- ington, a Major-Ceneral in the .American armv, and Frances herself was the wife of 532 BIOGRAPHICAL Stephen Currey, a private in the same army. Another brother of Frances was Richard Channing Moore, who was the Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Mrginia from 1814 to 1841. and rector of the Monumental Church of Richmond. Going back a generation we find that John Aloore, the father of Thomas Aloore, held appointments from the British govern- ment in colonial times, was a member of "His Majesty's Council" in New York, and Colonel of a city regiment. He mar- ried Frances Lambert, a member of a Huguenot family, and they were the parents of eighteen children, one of whom, Thomas Moore, above mentioned, is in the line of ancestry we are here tracing. The line of descent is as follows : John Moore, 1687 to 1749; Thomas Moore, 1722 to 1784; Frances Moore, 1750 to 1824, who married Stephen Currey, previously mentioned. In Trinity churchyard. New ifork, within a few yards of the passing throng in Broad- way, may be seen the family vault of the Moore family. In this vault lie the remains of John Moore and Frances Lambert, his wife ; Thomas Moore and Elizabeth Chan- ning, his wife : and a number of the chil- dren of both families. The Ward family were residents of Peekskill in colonial times, and at the time of the Revolutionary War, Benjamin Ward became Cajjtain of a company of loyalists, or "Tories," and entered the British serv- ice. He was present at the storming of Ft. Montgomery in 1777, being one of the first to scale the walls. After the war he became reconciled to the new order of things and lived in Peekskill the remainder of his life. John Paulding, one of the cap- tors of Major Andre, married a sister of Benjamin Ward, and one of the children, Hiram Paulding, became a Rear-Admiral in the L'nited States Navy about the time of the Civil War. Benjamin Ward's daugh- ter, Rebecca, was born in 1776 and died in 1864. She married Thomas Currey in 1796 and they had a large family of children, one of whom w'as James Currey, the fp.ther of the present subject. Of the Ferris family the first mention is made of Jeffrey Ferris, who came from England about 1635, and was a resident of Stamford, Conn., where he died in 1666. His son John was born about 1650 and died in 1715. The next in order of descent was Peter, who became a resident of Westchest- er, N. Y., where in 1721 his name is men- tioned in a deed in the county records. His son Jonathan was born in 1732 and died in 1798. Jonathan was a soldier in the Revolutionary War, and member of a com- pany raised in Peekskill. It is a singular fact that Jonathan Ferris and Stephen Cur- rey, previously mentioned, were members of the same company, namely ; Capt. Eben- ezer Boyd's company of Col. Drake's regi- ment of New York troops ; and that their descendants — a great-granddaughter o"f the former and a grandson of the latter — should have become man and wife. And thus the present subject of this account, J. Seymour Currey, is able to trace his Revolutionary ancestry, on both the maternal and paternal sides to men who were fellow soldiers in the same company. Jonathan raised a fam- ily of fourteen children, the eldest of whom was Joseph, who was born in 1757 and died in 184 1. He married Lydia Seymour in 1786. and they had a family of ten chil- dren. The eldest was Josiah Seymour, for whom the subject of this account wa§ named. He was born in 1788 and died in 1882. He was married to Elizabeth Royce of Peekskill in 1814 and they had nine chil- dren. He was for many years a custom house officer in New York, where the fami- ly lived a great part of their lives. One of the daughters of the family was Eliza, who was born April 7, 1825, married James HISTORY OF EVANSTON 533 Currey, October 22, 1843, and she is still living in good health at the age of eighty- one. The eldest child of this union is the subject of this sketch. Of the uncles of Mr. Currey on his father's side one was Daniel Curry who spelled his name at variance with the usage of his ancestors. In 1827 he graduated from the Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn., and entered the ministry of the Methodist Church. He received the de- gree of Doctor of Divinity, and in 1854 be- came President of Indiana Asbury Univer- sity (now De Pauw). In 1857 he became editor of the New York "Christian Advo- cate," and was the author of numerous works. A biographical account of him is given in the American Cyclopedia, and in the New York papers at the time of his death in 1887. Another uncle, a twin brother of James Currey, was John Currey, still living in California at the advanced age of ninety-two years. John Currey was graduated at Wesleyan University and af- terwards entered upon the practice of law in Peekskill. In 1849 he went to California and has resided there ever since. He was an occupant of the Palace Hotel, where he had lived some thirty years, at the time of its destruction by earthquake and fire, April 18, 19O6, but escaped in safety, though suffering a severe property loss. In 1859 he was a candidate for Governor of the State of California, and though defeat- ed, he conducted one of the liveliest cam- paigns in the political history of the State. In 1864 he was elected Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the State, which office he held for eight years. In 1870 the degree of LL. D was conferred upon him by Wil- liams College of Massachusetts. His de- cisions as Judge occupy a large space in the California reports, and are highly esteemed by lawyers. Edward Currey, a brother of Josiah Seymour, was at one time Secretary of State of the State of Arkansas, and was a prominent banker in the West at the time of his untimely death in 1904. Another brother, Arthur L. Currey, is a practicing lawyer of Chicago widely known in the community. As will be observed, the family of Mr. Currey has been closely identified with the history of the country at all periods since colonial times. In the Revolutionary War some of its members were found in the ranks and some among the officers on both sides. They are found in the legal and min- isterial professions, and some have risen to eminence. Large families and a remark- able average of longevity have been charac- teristics of the different branches above described. One of the family, who in 1883 was engaged in writing a family history (which, however, was not completed), esti- mated that there were (or had been) 600 descendants of Stephen Currey and Frances Moore. Since his residence in Evanston, Mr. Cur- rey has been honored by the citizens by be- ing elected a Director of the Evanston Pub- lic Library, for a succession of terms. In the spring election of 1886, when Evanston was under a village form of government, he was elected for a term of three years, and re-elected twice thereafter. The village having been succeeded by a city form of government in 1892, the office of Library Director became thereafter an appointive one, and Mr. Currey has received the appointment each time his term has expired up to the present time, mak- ing a continuous service in this line of over twenty years. He is now Vice- President of the Board, and Chairman of the Building Committee having in charge the new Public Library building now in course of construction. In 1898 he was the principal mover in the formation of the Evanston Historical Society of which the 534 BIOGRAPHICAL late Harvey B. Kurd was President up to the time of his death in January, 1906, when Mr. Currey was elected his successor and is now President of the Society. Mr. Currey is a member of the Caxton Club of Chicago, the American Historical Association, the Illinois State Historical Society, the Illi- nois State Library Association, Grand Army of the Republic, the Sons of the American Revolution and the Society of the Colonial Wars. COXRAD HERMAN POPPENHUSEN. Conrad H. Poppenhusen, lawyer, Evans- ton and Chicago, was born on Long Island, New York, July 21, 1871, and is the son of Herman C. Poppenhusen, a former man- ager of the Long Island Railroad, and his wife, Caroline C. Funke. The family name is one of social and financial prominence and will, for a great measure of time, be perpetuated in the educational history of Long Island, because of the beneficence of Conrad Poppenhusen, the paternal grand- father of the subject of this narrative, who was a man of affairs, being then the con- trolling owner of the Long Island Railroad. Commemorative of his fiftieth anniversarv, he presented to the village of College Point, Long Island, a suitable plat of ground, along with an endowment of one hundred thousand dollars, in which deed is written the initial chapter of Poppenhusen Institute. The early education of Mr. Poppenhusen was obtained in private schools, and at the age of eleven years he was sent to Europe where he remained until his eighteenth year, attending the best schools during that en- tire period. Returning to America, he lo- cated in Evanston and entered the Evanston High School, from which he was graduated after six months' attendance. In the same year (1890) he matriculated in the Union College of Law, now the School of Law of the Northwestern University, and re- ceived his degree in 1892. In the year 1893 he was admitted to the Chicago bar and then began the practice of his profession. Several years afterward he entered the law partnership of Gregory, Poppenhusen & McXab, which firm occupies a position of high rank in the Cook County Bar. Following the precepts of his father and paternal grandfather, Conrad Herman Pop- penhusen takes a leading interest in educa- tional matters. From 1898 down to the date of this sketch he has been continuously a member of the Evanston High School Board of Education, serving with 'distinc- tion during the term 1902-03 as President of that body. In his political affiliations, he is identified with the Republican party, and has been honored, at the solicitation of his party, with office. In 1895 he was Sec- retary and Chief Examiner of the Evanston Civil Service Commission, and from 1895 to 1897 served as Alderman in the Evanston City Council. He is a member of the Re- publican Club of Evanston. The social status of Mr. Poppenhusen is exemplified by his membership in the fol- lowing social and other organizations : Evanston Club, Evanston Golf Club ; Onwentsia Club, Lake Forest ; Union League, Chicago ; Chicago Athletic Club ; City Club, Chicago; Lawyers' Club, New York ; Chicago Bar Association ; Illi- nois Bar Association ; Municipal Asso- ciation, Evanston, and the Civic Fed- eration of Evanston, and is also a member , of all Masonic bodies. He is a believer in the Presbyterian faith and a member of the First Presbyterian Church of Evanston. At Evanston, June 25, 1895, Mr. Poppen- husen was united in marriage to Miss Har- riet Mae Gunn, born May 9, 1872, the daughter of Alexander H. Gunn, Esq., a graduate of Yale College, class of 1854, and HISTORY OF EVANSTON 535 of Yale Law School. Her mother, Emily (Dyer) Gunn, is a daughter of Charles Dyer, M. D., of Burlington, Wis., and a sis- ter of Judge Charles E. Dyer, of Milwau- kee, Wis. SIMON VEDER KLINE. Simon \'eder Kline (deeased), whose res- idence in Evanston dates from 1850, before the advent of railroads at this point, was formerly a substantial and prosperous mer- chant of the place. He was born in Fonda, N. Y., June 12, 1821, and his ancestors were of German extraction. He was reared in the village of Fonda, where he attended the common schools, and in his youth learned blacksniithing. After living for a time in Syracuse, N. Y., he came to Chi- cago, where he engaged in the manufacture of threshing machines and farming imple- ments under the firm name of Wemple, Kline & Company. In 1866. they disposed of the business, and Mr. Kline entered upon the manufacture of lumber at Glencoe, 111., and also had a contract for supplying the Northwestern Railroad with wood for en- gines at that point. After the disposal of these interests along in the 'seventies, he did not engage again in mercantile pursuits, but operated a farm which he owned north of Evanston until 1880. At that time he went into the grain business in Evanston, and also conducted a grocery store. This he continued until 1891, when he withdrew from active business and lived in retirement until his death, December 18, 1893. Mr. Kline served as Assessor of the Township of Evanston for several years ; he was also Township Collector for a num- ber of years, and subsequently served as Village Trustee. The subject of this sketch was twice mar- ried. His first wife was Mary Foster, whom he wedded in 185 1. She bore him one child, James D., born February 28, 1852, who married Anna Gedney ; he died in 1880. For his second wife Mr. Kline married Laura Northrup Ostrander, of Wa- tervale, N. Y., November 16, 1853. The issue of this union was George Romyne, Mary Virginia, Carrie Anna, Frank J., and Charles Gaffield. George Romyne was born November 15, 1854, and died October 20, 1901. Mary Virginia, who is deceased, married Fred. R. Merrill, of Evanston, and they had four children, three of whom are living. Frank J. married Anna C. Franz, of Evanston, and they have four children. Charles Gaffield, born January 6, 1863, mar- ried Harriet E. Franz, and they have six children. In politics, the subject of this sketch was a Republican, and in religious belief, a Universalist. Socially he was a member of the I. O. O. F. His widow is still living. GEORGE ROMYNE KLINE. George R. Kline (deceased ), formerly a prosperous merchant of Evanston, 111., where he lived forty-five years, was born in Chicago, November 15, 1854. His father, Simon \'eder Kline, one of the pioneer res- idents of the place, who was a merchant and farmer, was born in Fonda, N. Y., June 12, 1821, and his ancestors were of German origin. His mother, formerly Laura Northrup Ostrander, was born in Watervale, N. Y., and was married to Simon V. Kline, November 16, 1853. George R. Kline came with his parents to Evanston when he was two years old, and there attended the public school, which stood a little north of the lighthouse and was very primitive in those days. Dwellings were few and the wolves could be heard howling around the home at night. 536 BIOGRAPHICAL George was an apt pupil, and took pride in recalling the time when he won a picture of George Washington in the old school house, for being the best speller. He grew up in the midst of pioneers trained to farm- ing, and was accustomed to till the soil where fine houses and grounds now mark the landscape and excite the beholder's admiration. About the year 1882, when the city of Evanston began to build up more rapidly, Mr. Kline abandoned the farming and dairying business which he had carried on in company with his father, and in com- pany with the latter went into the flour and feed business, conducting also a grocery store. Shortly before the death of his fa- ther he sold his interest in the grocery, but continued in the flour and feed trade. In 1899, he disposed of his store and purchased a large farm near Lake Forest, to which he gave a large share of his attention thereafter until his death, which occurred at his coun- try home October 20, igoi. He had led a very active life and died at a comparatively early age. Besides his farm he was owner of valuable real estate in Evanston, and had been for some time part owner and operator of an elevator at Rockwell, Iowa. The subject of this sketch was married in Chicago, in 1875, to Mary Jones, a daugh- ter of James W. and Margaret (Snyder) Jones, who still survives him. Mrs. Kline's parents came to Evanston from Peekskill, N. Y., in 1857. They first settled at what is now Wilmette, when Mrs. Kline was four years of age, but two years afterwards established their home on the site of the present corner of Church Street and Chi- cago Avenue, in Evanston. The children of Mr. and Mrs. Kline are Rolland R., Mrs. Laura (Kline) Thomas, of Evanston, and Mrs. Jennie (Kline) Payne, also of Evan- ston. Here Mrs. Kline spent her girlhood, removing subsequently with her father's family to Chicago, where she was married. In political views, Mr. Kline supported the Republican party, and participated with lively interest in its campaign work. He served as Tax Collector in Evanston during the years 1898, 1899 and 1900. He was an estimable man, honest and upright in all his transactions and left a name free from re- proach. CHARLES GAFFIELD KLINE. Charles G. Kline, President of the Kline Bros. Coal and Grain Company and for- mer manager of the Evanston branch of the Peabody Coal Company, in which he is a stockholder, was born in Evanston, Illi- nois, January 6, 1863. His parents, Simon v. and Laura (Ostrander) Kline, were pioneer residents of Evanston. His father who was a merchant and farmer, was born in Fonda, N. Y., June 12, 1821, his ances- tors being of German origin. He married Laura Ostrander, November 16, 1853. Charles G. Kline was reared in Evanston, and enjoyed the advantages of the public schools. In 1884 he became associated with his father and brother in the flour and feed business, to which he had been trained in his father's store. Lntil 1890 he was jun- ior partner of the firm of S. V. Kline & Sons. Then his brother, George R., took the feed business in which, in 1892, Charles G. became a partner with him. The same year they engaged in the coal trade, taking over the business of the Evanston Elevator and Coal Company. This connection con- 'tinued until 1899, when George R. Kline retired from the firm. Charles G. Kline conducted the business until December 31, 1904, when the concern was absorbed by the Peabody Coal Company, whose coal inter- ests in Evanston Mr. Kline superintends, having gained an extensive patronage. Mr. Kline has had this trade under his personal HISTORY OF EVANSTON 537 direction since 1892, and has developed it into large proportions. He has charge of all the interests of the Kline estate, acting also as administrator of the estate of his brother George, since the death of the latter in 1901. Mr. Kline was married in Evanston, in 1885, to Harriet E. Franz, a daughter of Jacob Franz, of Evanston. Mrs. Kline's parents were early settlers in Chicago, and in later years made their home in Evanston. The children of Mr. and Mrs. Kline are: Carrie M., Merritt C, Elida F. Helen, Walter E. and Harriet E. Politically, the subject of this sketch is a Repub- lican, and fraternally, he is a member of the Modern Woodmen of America. TUNIS ISBESTER. Tunis Isbester (deceased) was born in Kinderhook, N. Y., on May 10, 1849, 3"d was engaged in business in Rochester, N. Y., until about 1887. when he removed to Evanston, 111., which continued to be his residence until his death, which occurred January 15, 1902. During the latter years of his life and at the time of his decease, Mr. Isbester was the Western Manager of the Westinghouse Air-Brake Company, and was widely known in business circles throughout the United States. His par- ents were of Scotch descent, but resided in Kinderhook, N. Y., for many years, finally removing to Niagara Falls. Mrs. Isbester was born in Nashville, Tenn., in 1849, the daughter of John H. and Christene (Cul- len) Campion, and comes of Scotch ances- try. Her family removed from Nashville, Tenn., to New York City about 1854, a few years after her birth, and she was married at Buffalo, N. Y., to Mr. Isbester December 29, 1873. JOHN J. FOSTER. John J. Foster (deceased) was born in Syracuse, N. Y., April 16, 1832, the son of William and Mary Foster, the former born in Ireland and the latter in New York State, who came West with their family in the fall of 1839, making their home for six months in Chicago. In the spring of 1840 they removed to Gross Point, purchased a farm and remained there for six years. Sometime in 1846 they came to the newly- laid-out town of Evanston, locating on what was known as the "Old Ridge Road," now Ridge Avenue and Grant Street. Mr. Fos- ter received his education in the public schools, and in his seventeenth year (1849) left home with his father for an overland trip to California. Of the experience per- taining to this journey much might be said. It was at length accomplished in safety, and the young man spent three fairly successful years in the West. Upon his returning to Illinois, Mr. Foster located at Evanston, where he was engaged at different times, in the coal and lumber trades. While dealing in coal, he built what was known as the "Foster Pier," where much merchandise of various sorts was handled during a long period. This pier, which, during the last quarter of a century, was so important a feature of the lake trade at Evanston, as well as the landing place of passengers from lake vessels, was a place of much historic interest. Here schooners and other vessels were accustomed to discharge their cargoes of coal and other fuel for consumption in the city of Evanston and surrounding coun- try, while numerous lake steamers used it as a landing place for parties of excursionists from Chicago and other points, who had come to visit and admire the college sub- urb. Through all its history was associated with it the name of Mr. Foster, its origina- tor and builder. 538 BIOGRAPHICAL On June 12, 1852, Mr. Foster was united in marriage to Miss Marietta, daughter of Oliver Jellerson, a native of Bangor, Maine, who came to Illinois in 1839, first settling in Chicago, but removing to Evanston in 1846, purchased land on what is now Ridge Av- enue and Leonard Street. The old home- stead where Mrs. Eoster spent her girlhood days is yet standing. Mr. Jellerson accom- panied Mr. Foster and his son, John J., on their overland California trip in 1849, and there the former died. Mr. and Mrs. Fos- ter were the parents of six children, three of whom are living: Edward, John H., and Mrs. Olive M. Corlett, all residents of Evanston. In his political views Mr. Foster was a Republican, and he and his wife were mem- bers of the Baptist Church. Mr. Foster had all of the pioneer resident's pride in the town in which he had always felt so loyal and deep an interest, and in the devel- opment of which he was so important a fac- tor. The growth and prosperity of Evan- ston meant much to one who, like him, had never for a moment doubted the supremacy of the college town. His death, which oc- curred February 12, 1898, was sudden, be- ing the direct result of an accident, in which he received an injury while unloading a coal vessel at Foster's Pier. His widow survives, residing at No. 2236 Ridge Av- enue, Evanston. ANDREW SCHWALL. Andrew Schwall (deceased), former cit- izen of Evanston. 111., was born near Ber- lin, Germany, October 11, 1846, the oldest son of Jacob and Katherine (Rieden) Schwall, both of whom were natives of the vicinity of their son's birthplace, where the father was a farmer by occupation. The parents came to America in 1847, when the son was one year old, and buying sixty acres of land at Gross Point, five miles northwest of Evanston, the father there resumed his vocation as a farmer. The opportunities then afforded for acquiring an education in that locality were extremely meager, and his mother having died when he was seven years old, the son Andrew assisted his father in supporting the family until he was fourteen years of age, when he came to Evanston, and there engaged in working wherever he could find employ- ment. In this he was so successful that he soon after purchased an express wagon, and still later a carriage, which he used for some time for the accommodation of passengers arriving or departing by the Chicago & Northwestern trains. On January i, 1873, he entered into partnership with Earl S. Powers in the livery business, the concern becoming the well-known firm of Powers & Schwall. Mr. Powers having died in August 1891, Mr. Schwall purchased his deceased partner's interest, thus becoming sole proprietor of the estab- lishment, which he conducted success- fully for the remainder of his life. On November 23, 1881, Mr. Schwall was married at No. 1505 Ashland Avenue, in Evanston, to Lydia J. Kinder, who was born May 31, 1856, near the village of Des Plaines in the Town of Maine, Cook Coun- ty, the youngest daughter of Edwin and Mary Kinder, who came from Yorkshire, England, in 1842. Airs. Schwall's mother died October 3, itj03. at the age of eighty- four years, while the father is still living about the same age. Mr. and Mrs. Schwall had three children : Myrtle Lavinia, born December 15, 1882; ]\Iartha Marion, born August ir, 1885. and Rowland Rieden, born January 10. 1891. The older daughter. Myrtle, was married September 7, 1904, to John G. Seyfried, of Oak Park, 111. The HISTORY OF EVANSTON. 539 two other children still reside with their mother at 1423 Benson Avenue, Evanston. Mr. Schwall was admitted to the Ma- sonic fraternity as a member of the Evan- ston Lodge, May 9, 1870, in which he took the third degree, March 26, 1871, and on June 4, 1878, became a member of ApoHo Commandery, Knights Templar. While not a member of any church, he was a lover of the highest order of personal integrity, adopting as his motto, "Let not thy left hand know what thy right hand doeth." His political affiliations were with the Re- publican party. As the result of a stroke of paralysis which he had suffered on May 28, 1901, his decease occurred at his home in Evanston, December 19, 1901, and he was buried in Rose Hill Cemetery on the 23rd of that month. He was a kind and loving husband and father, and his taking away was deeply lamented by a large circle of appreciative friends, especially by the poor of his locality who had been indebted to him for many favors. JOSEPH McGEE LYONS. Joseph McGee Lyons, retired banker, and a resident of Evanston, 111., for more than forty-two years, was born in Coleraine, Franklin County, Mass., August 6, 1835, and is a son of Lucius and Jane Ross (Mc- Gee) Lyons. His father, who was by oc- cupation a cabinet-maker, was born in 1803. The Lyons' family is of French extraction, and the ancestors of Joseph M. Lyons went to England with William of Normandy in the year 1000. In 1640 his more immediate ancestors came to America and settled at Roxbury, Mass. Mr. Lyons' grandfather, Jesse Lyons, was born in Roxbury, May 18, 1767, and moved to Coleraine while still a young man. The great-grandfather, was one of the famous Boston "Tea Partv." The house built by Jesse Lyons still stands, and is among the oldest houses in Cole- raine. Joseph McGee Lyons received his early mental training in the common schools, in Coleraine, and the academy at Shelburne Falls, Mass. When nineteen years of age, he went West and obtained employment in a bank in Cincinnati, Ohio. There he re- mained five years, serving the last as cashier of the bank. During that year his father died, and he returned home to settle up the estate. After remaining at home for two years, he came to Chicago in 1861 and es- tablished a banking and brokerage business, which he conducted for ten years. In 1864 he moved to Evanston, where he has since resided. After retiring from the banking business Mr. Lyons established a brick man- ufacturing plant in Evanston, which he operated until 1873, when he disposed of it. When Mr. Lyons came to Evanston in 1864 he purchased a tract of twenty acres of land just west of Ridge Avenue. In 1870, in connection with Gilbert & Wood- ford, who owned the twenty acres adjoining he platted, improved and sold this ground, which became known as the Lyons, Gilbert & Woodford Addition to Evanston. In 1865, Mr. Lyons bought twenty acres more lying west of his former purchase, which he used for the manufacture of brick. This he sold in 1873 to Merrill Ladd, who sub- sequently platted it as an addition to the City of Evanston. One of the streets of Evanston is named for Mr. Lyons, and a building erected by him bears his name —"Lyons' Hall." Mr. Lyons was married at Groton, Mass., on November 24, 1859, to Mary Helen Far- mer, and three children were the issue of this union, all of whom died in infancy. Po- litically, Mr. Lyons is a Republican. He cast his first vote for John C. Fremont, and has voted for every Republican candidate 540 BIOGRAPHICAL for the presidency since that day. During the four years from 1876 to 1880, he was engaged in the office of the County Treas- urer of Cook County. Prior to 1880 he served one year as Town Assessor, and with the exception of a year's interval, has filled this office continuously up to the pres- ent time. He was formerly a member of the Board of Village Trustees. Mr. Lyons is the "Nestor" of Evans Lodge No. 524, A. F. & A. M. In 1857 he joined Woodward Lodge, No. 149, I. O. O. F., in Cincinnati, and was affiliated with that order for some time after coming to Evanston, but relinquished his membership on account of the pressure of other duties. He is a member of St. Mark's Episcopal Church. HENRY LEONIDAS BOLTWOOD. Henry L. Boltwood (deceased educa- tor) was born at Amherst, Mass., Janu- ary 17, 1831, the son of William and Electa (Stetson) Boltwood, both of whom were natives of Massachusetts, the former born at Amherst, July 3, 1802, and the latter at Abingdon, same State, April 7, 1808. His ancestors had been New Eng- land farmers for eight generations, which was the vocation of the father, and in which the son gave assistance during his boyhood and youth. Several of the fam- ily were killed during the Indian wars in New England, and Mr. Boltwood's great grandfather was an officer in the Provin- cial wars. His maternal grandfather moved from Abingdon, Mass., his moth- er's birthplace, in 1812. The father was a man of reserved temperament, well-in- formed and suffered from lameness most of his life. The mother died at Ottawa, Kan., a few years ago, aged nearly nine- ty-two years. Of their eleven children, of whom Henry L. was the third, nine grew to maturity and six were living in 1905, previous to the death of the subject of this sketch. Lucius Boltwood, an uncle of Henry L., was the first candidate for Governor of Massachusetts on the old Abolition ticket in 1840, and a brother. Captain Edmund Boltwood, of Ottawa, Kan., served as a soldier for four and a half years in the Civil War, and was a Captain of the Twentieth Kansas Vol- unteers in the Philippines during the Spanish-American War, while still an- other brother (now deceased) was an en- gineer in the Government service during the Civil War. Brought up on a farm in his early boy- hood, Mr. Boltwood had the opportunity of only three months' attendance each year at the district schools, but between the ages of nine and fifteen, residing with- in a mile of Amherst Academy and Col- lege, he was naturally inspired with a desire for a higher education, although the family means did not permit its grati- fication. Through the influence of the Principal of the Academy which he first attended, his father was induced to grant him his time, except such help as he could give on the farm during vacation, or out of school hours. He obtained his board, washing and fuel at home during this period, but no other compensation for his labor. He thus worked his way through the Academy for three years, and for four years in college, graduating from the lat- ter in 1853. This he was able to do with- out losing his rank in his class. A vora- cious reader and having access to the col- lege library through the favor of student friends, he took a high rank in college, though often compelled to be absent to earn money by teaching or otherwise to pay expenses. During this period he taught every winter, at first receiving HISTORY OF EVANSTON 541 only four dollars per week while board- ing "round. His tastes were for the languages and literature, and he also be- came quite an expert in botany and chem- istry. After graduation in 1853, Mr. Boltwood took charge of an academy at Limerick, Maine, but six months later accepted the principalship of a high school at Palmer, Mass., where he remained one year, when he assumed charge of the Blanchard Academy at Pembroke, N. H., remaining there two years. In 1857 he went to Der- ry, N. H., and there had charge of the Pinkerton Academy for four and a half years, when he succeeded to the prin- cipalship of the high school at Law- rence. Mass.. a little more than a year later accepting a business po- sition as photographic chemist in New York City. Starting out with the in- tention of entering the ministry, he had by this time become deeply interested in educational work, although in the meanwhile doing much missionary and pastoral work in feeble and destitute' churches, but without having taken a course in theology. For one year (1859) he also served as School Commissioner of Rockingham County. X. H. On April I, 1864, he entered into the service of the Lhiited States Sanitary Commission in the Department of the Gulf, remaining until June. 1865, and being present at the capture of Fort Hlake- ley near Mobile, which was the last bat- tle of the war. occurring on the day of Lee's surrender at Appomattox. During this period he served for a time as Chap- lain of the Sixty-seventh United States Colored Infantry, but was never formally mustered in. After returning from the army. Mr. Boltwood came to Illinois and was soon after appointed School Superintendent and Principal of the High School at Griggsville, Pike County, remaining there two years (1865-67). During the latter year he removed to Princeton, Bureau County, and there organized the first Township High School in the State, which proved a success, and in connec- tion with which he remained eleven years, when (1878) he went to Ottawa, La Salle County, and organized a similar school there. Five years later (1883) he came to Evanston, there organized his third Township High School, of which he con- tinued to be Principal for the remainder of his life — a period of over twenty-two years. He has been widely recognized as the father of the township high school system, with which he was continuously connected for nearly forty years, and for a longer period than any other teacher in the State. In all, his experience as a teacher, both East and West, covered a period of nearly fifty-three years. In- cidentally, during his teaching service. Prof. Boltwood did much outside work as a teacher and lecturer in Teachers' In- stitutes in New Hampshire. Massachu- setts, Iowa and Illinois. In 1876 he was appointed a member of the Illinois State Board of Education, serving eight years, and was elected President of the State Teachers' Association for the year 1891. He was never a candidate for political of- fice, though once proposed for the nomi- nation for State Superintendent of Public Instruction. While in college. Professor Boltwood was a member of the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity, and became a charter member of the Phi Beta Kappa Society at Am- herst ; was also identified with most of the great religious organizations of the Congregational Church, of which he be- came a member in his college days, in his religious faith following in the footsteps 542 BIOGRAPHICAL of his parents. He was also connected with the Tariff Reform and Anti-Cigar- ette Leagues of Evanston, and various benevolent, literary and historical socie- ties. Educated as a Whig and a protec- tionist, he was active at an early day in his support of the principles of the Re- publican party. The opportunity of see- ing the condition of the factory operatives during his residence in Lawrence, Mass., led to a change in his views on the sub- ject of protection, and he became a strong advocate of tariff reform and an "inde- pendent" in politics, as well as an earnest opponent of all classes of monopolies. Beginning with his college days. Prof. Boltwood manifested a strong fondness for athletics, and was one of the best long-distance runners in college, often walking a distance of twenty miles or more. He kept up his practice in base- ball and football until forty-five years of age, and was fond of hunting, fishing and forest life. His favorite sciences were chemistry and botany, and he was also an enthusiastic student of the languages, be- sides his vernacular and the classics, hav- ing gained a fairly intimate acquaintance with German, French, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese, besides some knowledge of Bohemian. He was also the author of an English Grammar, several readers, two spellers, a "Topical Outline of General History." besides many articles on educa- tional topics. He was deeply interested in labor issues and, in 1889, delivered an address on Tariff Reform which attracted much attention and was widely quoted. On June 17. 1904, after completing fifty years of actual school work. Professor Boltwood was tendered a public recep- tion by the Evanston Township High School Board, which was attended by several hundred of his friends and former pupils. Near the close of the exercises he was presented by President George P. ^lerrick with a purse containing fifty ten- dollar gold pieces, and still later the alumni of the school presented him with a beautiful silver loving-cup. In the fifty- odd years of his school experience he had never lost a day on account of illness until within the last three or four years of his life. While connected with public school work, he received several invita- tions to accept positions in connection with colleges, but, being devoted to the work in which he was already engaged, invariably declined. Of some 6,000 pupils who came under his instruction, nearly one thousand have entered over forty different colleges, professional or technical schools, scattered over the world. These have included foreign mis- sionaries, regular officers. professors, doctors, lawyers, financiers, railroad of- ficials, eminent teachers and a host of prominent business men and refined and useful women. Professor Boltwood was married at Charlemont, Mass., July 31. 1835, to Helen Eugenia Field, born in that city, June 18 1830, the daughter of Eugene and Abigail (Hawkes) Field, and grand- daughter of Joseph Field, who was a pas- tor of the Congregational Church at Char- lemont for many years, later becoming a Unitarian, and who lived to be ninety- four years of age. An uncle. Dr. Joseph Field, was with Fanning's command which were the victims of a brutal massa- cre at the hands of the Mexicans, at Go- liad, Texas, during the war for Texan in- dependence, but was spared by the victors to care for their wounded, finally escap- ing after a season of great peril and hard- ship. Professor and Mrs. Boltwood had one son, who was born at Pembroke, N. H., April 28, 1856, graduated from Am- herst College in 1881, and died of di])h- II HISTORY OF EVANSTON 542 theria at Peoria, 111., unmarried, Decem- ber 27,, 1884. Professor Boltvvood died at his home in the city of Evanston, Janu- ary 23, 1906, deeply lamented by a large circle of appreciative and admiring friends. His widow, Mrs. Helen E. Bolt- wood, still survives. WILLIAM LISTON BROWN. William Listen Brown, a longtime resi- dent of Chicago and Evanston, Cook County, 111., the record of whose career, as herein contained, speaks with no uncertain sound, was born in St. Joseph, Mich., Aug- ust 23, 1842. He is a son of Hiram and Jane Reese (Liston) Brown, the former born in Locke, N. Y., June 15, 1804; and the latter, born in Columbia, Pa., June 15, 1810, and a member of a Quaker family who set- tled in Michigan in 1830. The paternal grandfather. Liberty Brown, recruited a company of troops in Western New York during the War of 1812, which he led to Fort Niagara. Hiram Brown first em- barked in business in Rochester, N. Y., whence, in 1834, he removed to Michigan, locating in St. Joseph. There he remained until 1848, when he removed to Chicago, and for several years operated a line of boats on the Illinois and Alichigan Canal, returning to St. Joseph in 1861. He died August 17, 1883. his wife passing away July 7, 1854. Mr. Brown passed his early youth in Chicago in the manner customary for most boys in a large and growing village, such as Chicago was at that time. He was thor- oughly familiar with all the streets and points of interest, and was ever on the alert for new and notable features. An intent observer, his watchful eyes left no occur- rence unnoticed in the successive stage of development which the future metropolis of the West was undergoing. His education was mainly obtained in public and private schools in Chicago, and he completed his educational training in what was known as the Garden City Academy. After finishing the course of study there, he was employed as a clerk, and afterwards as bookkeeper, in a grain commission house, continuing in this position from 1857 until 1862. In July of the latter year. Mr. Brown enlisted as a pri- vate in the Chicago Mercantile Battery, Light Artillery, and actively praticipated in all of its field activities, serving with it in Tennessee, at the sieges of Vicksburg and Jackson, Miss., and later in the campaigns in Louisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas and Texas. During the entire period of his enlistment he was continually in active serv- ice. He was mustered out as Quarter- master's Sergeant in July, 1865. On re- turning home he became connected with the iron business in the capacity of a clerk, and, in 1870, was admitted to the enterprise as partner. In 1883 he reorganized the con- cern as Pickands, Brown & Co., which is its present designation. He also organized the Chicago Ship Building Company in 1890. He devotes his attention largely to the manufacture of pig-iron, iron ore mining, and ship-building, and has developed these industries in Chicago and the Northwest to extensive proportions. In addition to his duties as President and member of the Board of Directors of Pick- ands, Brown & Co., Mr. Brown sustains numerous other important commercial and financial relations, as follows : as member, and chairman of the Board of Directors of the American Ship Building Company. ; Director of the Bay City Ship Building Company : President and Director of the Calumet Transit Company ; President and Director of the Chicago Ship Building Coitl- pany : Director of the Dental Protective Supply Company of the United States ; Di- 544 BIOGRAPHICAL rector of the Detroit Ship Building Com- pany ; President and Director of the Fed- eral Furnace Company ; Vice-President and Director of the Federal Steamship Com- pany; Director of the First National Bank of Chicago ; Director of the First Trust and Saving Bank of Chicago ; Director of the Interlake Company ; Director of the Inter- national Steamship Company ; Vice-Presi- dent and Director of the Manitou Steam- ship Company ; Director of the Milwaukee Dry Dock Company : Director of the Na- tional Safe Deposit Company : Director of the Sea & Lake Insurance Company ; Presi- dent and Director of the South Chicago Furnace Company ; Director of the Supe- rior Ship Building Company : and Director of the Zenith Furnace Company. Mr. Brown is also a member of the Board of Trustees of Northwestern L'niversity, and a member and Trustee of the Chicago (Thomas) Orchestral Association. On September 27, 1871, Mr. Brown was united in marriage with Catherine Seymour, of Smithville. N. Y., a daughter of Dr. Stephen and Harriet (Weeks) Seymour, natives of New York and \'ermont. Dr. Seymour was one of the founders of the Hahnemann Medical College, of Chicago, and was a physician of high standing dur- ing his life in that city. The attractive and hospitable residence of Mr. and I\Irs. Brown is situated at No. 217 Dempster Street, Ev- anston. While the tastes and inclinations of Mr. Brown are strongly domestic, he is fond of outdoor recreation, and takes pleasure in occasional travel, having visited almost ev- ery point of interest in his own country, and made several tours in foreign lands. Socially he is a member of the Chicago, Mid-Day, Commercial, Glen View, Onwent- sia, and Evanston Country clubs : the Ket- chi-Gammi, of Duluth, Minn. : the Union & Tavern Clubs of Cleveland, O. ; the Casta- lia Fishing Club ; the Point IMoullie Shoot- ing Club ; and the Tolleston Club. In politics Mr. Brown has always been a pronounced and unswerving Republican, al- though never an aspirant for political pre- ferment. His religious connection is with the Chicago Society of the New Jerusalem ( Swedenborgian) Church. Fraternally he is identified with the Grand Army of the Re- public, and with the Ancient (Jrder of Free and Accepted Masons, in which he is a Blue-Lodge member, although not at present actively affiliated with any lodge. Mr. Brown is one of the most prominent characters in the industrial, commercial and financial circles of the \\'est. ARTHUR W. LITTLE, D. D., L. H. D. Arthur W. Little, D. D.. L. H. D., Episcopal clergyman, Evanston, 111., was born in lirooklyn, N. Y., October 6, 1856, the son of William H. and Caro- line F. (Cobb) Little. The father was a native of Castine, Maine, born in 1806, and a merchant, manufacturer and bank- er by occupation, while the mother was born in Gouldsborough, Maine, in 1823, Both parents were people of education, refinement and personal piety. The son acquired his education in Dr. Pingry's school at Elizabeth, N. J.: Knox Col- lege, Galesburg, 111., and the General Theological Seminary, New York. In 1881 he was ordained to the priesthood, and, during the same year, became rector of St. Paul's Church at Portland, Maine, where he remained until i888, when he removed to Evanston, 111., becoming rec- tor of St. Mark's Episcopal Church of that city, where he has remained ever since, at the present time being the long- est settled pastor connected with any church in Evanston. HISTORY OF EVANSTON 545 The most notable work accomplished by Dr. Little since coming to Evanston has been the erection of a beautiful church edifice and parish-house and the building up of a prosperous parish, which has been attended by good work for the souls and bodies of his parishioners and others who have come under his influ- ence. He has been a member of Standing Committees of the Dioceses of both Maine and Chicago, has represented both in the General Convention of the Episco- pal Church, and has been a lecturer on Ecclesiastical History in the \\'estern Theological Seminary of the Episcopal Church in Chicago. He has also been, for many years, Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of Chicago Diocese. His fra- ternal relations are with the Phi Delta Theta Society, Sons of the Revolution, Masonic Fraternity, and the University Club of Chicago. In politics he is a Re- publican. In 1889 Dr. Little was married, in the city of New York, to Caroline Ferris, who was a native of Portland, Maine. In his religious and professional relations he is recognized as a hard-working par- ish-priest and eloquent preacher, a man of wide culture and scholarship and a successful writer. His principal publica- tions are : "Reasons for Being a Church- man," which has passed through several editions and is recognized as a standard authority for the Anglican Church ; "The Times and Teaching of John Wesley ;" "The Intellectual Life of the Priest;" "The Character of Washington ;" "The Maintenance and the Propagation of the Church Idea ;" etc. Socially he is genial and witty, and much in demand as an after-dinner speaker. MILTON S. TERRY, A. M., D. D., LL. D. Milton Spenser Terry, A. M., D. D., LL. D., who has held a professorship in the Garrett Biblical Institute, at Evans- ton, 111., for more than twenty years, and is a widely known minister of the Metho- dist Episcopal Church, was born in Coey- mans, Albany County, N. Y., on Febru- ary 22, 1840. the youngest son of Johiv and Elizabeth (McLoen) Terry, of whom the former was born at Swansea, R. I., March 13, 1786, and the latter in New York City, on April 15, 1796. The oc- cupation of John Terry was that of a farmer, in which he met with reasonable success. In 1794, he moved from Swan- sea, R. I., to Coeymans, N. Y., together with his father, Philip Terry, and his grandfather, George Terry. The family is of English origin, and some of Dr. Terry's ancestors settled at an early period in the New England colonies. Milton S. Terry spent his early youth on the paternal farm, and, as a boy, was inclined to be studious and to make dili- gent use of his opportunities for mental instruction. He obtained the rudiments of an education in the public schools of his native place, and afterwards pursued a course of study at Charlotteville Semi- nary, in New York, and a theological course in the Divinity School of Yale Col- lege. After graduating from the latter institution, he entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church, having pastoral charges at Hancock, N. Y., and at Hamden, Delhi, Peekskill, Poughkeepsie, Kingston and New York City, in succes- sion. From 1879 to 18S3, Tie was the Presiding Elder of the New York District of the New York Conference, and since 1884 he has occupied the position of Professor in the Garrett Biblical Institute at Evanston. 546 BIOGRAPHICAL On May 15, 1864, Dr. Terry was united in marriage at Delhi, N. Y., with Frances Orline Atchinson, who was born at Ham- den, N. Y., on October i, 1841. Her ancestors were of New England origin, and made their home in Schoharie Coun- ty, N. Y., at an early day. Of this union there are two children, namely : Minnie Ruth, born in 1870, and Arthur Guy, born in 1878. Politically Dr. Terry has been a sup- porter of the Republican party since 1864, when he voted for Abraham Lincoln, whose election to the Presidency he ad- vocated in public speeches. Dr. Terry is a clear, forceful and convincing preacher, a highly efficient instructor, and a bibli- cal scholar of profound research. His at- tainments as a theologian are recognized throughout his denomination and in other evangelical fields, and he is the author of a number of widely read books. Among these are volumes entitled, "Biblical Her- meneutics," "Biblical Apocalyptics," "Biblical Dogmatics," "The New Apolo- getic," "Moses and the Prophets," "The New and Living Way," "The Mediation of Jesus Christ," "The Prophecies of Dan- iel Expounded," "The Sibylline Ora- cles," "Commentary on Genesis and Exo- dus," "Commentary on Judges, Ruth, First and Second Samuel," "Commentary on Kings, Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah and Esther," and "Rambles in the Old World." Dr. Terry has been a most ob- servant traveler in foreign lands, and has made good use, in his ministerial and institutional work, of the experience thus gained. STEPHEN JOSEPH HERBEN. Rev. Stephen Joseph Herben, Litt. D., D. D., of Evanston, 111., editor of the "Epworth Herald," was born in London, England, May 11, 1861. In boyhood he underwent his primary mental training in the public schools. After completing a course of study in the Preparatory School of Northwestern University, in 1885 he entered the College of Liberal Arts of that Institution, from which he was graduated in 1889, with the degree of A. B. He then became a student in the Garrett Biblical Institute, graduating therefrom in 1891, with the degree of B. D. During his preparatory course, he was a member of the Philomathia So- ciety, and in college, a member of the Hinnian Literary Society and the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity, and was President of the Twentieth Century Club. He is a member of the Phi Beta Kappa Frater- nity. He was a successful contestant for the Marcy Botany Prize, the Hinman Es- say Prize, and the Sheppard Political Economy Prize. He competed in the Kirk Oratorical Contest, and was on the edi- torial staff of the "Syllabus." The subject of this sketch joined the Rock River Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1889. From 1890 to 1895, he was assistant editor of "The Ep- worth Herald," and from 1895 until 1904, was associate editor of "The New York Christian Advocate." In May, 1904, at the General Conference in Los Angeles, Cal., he was elected editor of "The Ep- worth Herald." Dr. Herben was a dele- gate to the Third Methodist Ecumenical Conference at London, England, in 1901. He received the honorary degree of Litt. D. from Syracuse University in 1897, and that of D. D. from Garrett Biblical Insti- tute in 1904. On May 27, 1891, Dr. Herben was united in marriage at Park Ridge, 111., with Grace Ida Foster, and two children have been born to them, namely: George Foster, born March 17, 1893; and Stephen Joseph, born March 14, 1897. Mrs. Herben was born at Lanark, 111., I HISTORY OF EVANSTON 547 September 19, 1864. In girlhood, she re- ceived her primar}' education in the pub- lic schools, completed a course in the Northwestern University Preparatory School in 1885, and in 1889 was graduated from the University, with the degree of B. L., and received the degree of M. A. from Allegheny College in 1890. During the undergraduate period, she was a member of the Eugensia Society ; the Al- pha Phi Sorority; the Ossoli Literary Society; and the Twentieth Century Club. From 1889 until 1891, she held the position of Preceptress in Allegheny College. In October, 1895, she was ap- pointed Secretary of the Woman's For- eign Missionary Society in New York- Conference, and in October, 1905, was elected Home Secretary of Northwestern Branch, W. F. M. S. GEORGE PECK MERRICK. George P. Merrick, attorney-at-law, Chicago, with residence in Evanston, 111., was born at Manteno, Kankakee County, 111., October 4, 1862, the son of Dr. George Clinton and Mary Elizabeth (Peck) Merrick, the former born in Franklin, N. Y., December 11, 1824, and the latter in Troy, same State. The fath- er graduated at Rush Medical College, Chicago, after coming to Illinois, and practiced his profession at Manteno for- ty-four years. Dr. George C. Merrick re- moved with his parents from their home in New York to Fremont, Ohio, when he was about nine years of age, and later to Palmyra, Wis., where he married Mary E. Peck who was the daughter of Joel M. and Amanda Peck, the latter being a daughter of Judge Purdy of Steuben County, N. Y. Joel M. Peck removed about 1840 to Wisconsin and settled at West Troy, Walworth County, later re- moving to Palmyra, where he spent the remainder of his life. The parents of Dr. George C. Merrick — and paternal grandparents of the sub- ject of this sketch — were Sylvester M. and Mercy (Loveland) Merrick, both of old Colonial families of Massachusetts. Thomas Merrick, the first of the name in America, came from Wales and settled in Springfield, Mass., in 1630. His de- scendants in direct line were: Joseph, James, Perez, Sylvester, George C. and George P. — making the latter of the sev- enth generation in America. James Mer- rick, the grandson of Thomas, was a sol- dier and served as a Lieutenant in the Continental army. George P. Merrick received his ele- mentary education under private tutors,' after which he entered Northwestern Uni- versity, graduating in the class of 1884. He then began the study of law in the office of Judge Elbridge Hanecy, and two years later (June, 1886) was ad- mitted to the bar. In 1889 he entered into partnership with his preceptor, but since the promotion of Judge Hanecy to the Circuit Court bench in 1893, has prac- ticed alone. Mr. Merrick was married at Gales- burg, 111., January 21, 1885, to Miss Grace Thompson, daughter of James S. and Nancy (Willitts) Thompson. Mrs. Merrick was born in New Boston, Mercer County, 111., and she and her husband are the parents of three children, namely: George Clinton, born January 18, 1886; Grace Willitts, born October i, 1896; and Thompson, born March 29. 1900. George C, who is a student in Yale LTni- versity, at the close of his freshman year (1906). was chosen a member of the edi- torial board of the "Yale Daily News" for the year 1906-07. Mr. George P. Mer- 548 BIOGRAPHICAL rick attends the Methodist Church of which his wife is a member, and for sev- eral years has been one of the Trustees of Northwestern University. The profession- al, fraternal and social organizations with which he is identified include : the Ameri- can, the Illinois State and the Chicago Bar Associations ; the Chicago Law Institute ; the University and Evanston Clubs ; the Glen \'iew Golf Club ; the Law Club ; the Knights Templar and subordinate Ma- sonic orders. ANSON MARK. Anson Mark, manufacturer, formerly of Chicago, but now a resident of Evanston, III, was born at Annville Mills, Dauphin County. Pa.. April 21, 1867, the son of Cyrus and Rebecca (Strohm) Mark. His parents were both natives of Lebanon Coun- ty, Pa., the father born August 8, 1836, and the mother Alarch ii_, 1840, the former being engaged in mercantile business. The subject of this sketch came to Chicago in boyhood, and was there educated in the public schools, after which he was engaged in the dry-goods trade as an employe of James H. Walker & Company, wholesale dealers, remaining with this firm from Sep- tember 4, 1886. to July i; 1890. On the lat- ter date he became connected with the Mark Manufacturing Company, which had been established by his father and a brother in. 1889, and with which he is still identified. At the time Mr. Mark entered into the business, the company employed six men. It now maintains two manufact- uring plants, one at Evanston and another at Zanesville, Ohio, employing twelve to fourteen hundred men. It is engaged in the manufacture of drive-well points, ar- tesian and tubular well cylinders, pump fi.xtures, plumbers' and steamfitters' tools. wrought iron pipe and other products in this line. The general ofiices of the com- pany, formerly in the First National Bank Building, Chicago, are now located in the city of Evanston. Mr. Mark removed from Chicago to Evanston in May, 1902, which continues to be his home. On September 5, 1893, he was married at Van Buren, Ark., to Allie Willis Ribling, who was born in that place January 27, 1867, and they have two children : Geraldine Rebecca Mark, born in Chicago, September 28, 1896, and Anson Mark, Jr., born in Evans- ton, September 9, 1902. Mr. Mark's suc- cess as a business man is demonstrated by the phenomenal growth of the manufac- turing enterprise with which he has been connected during the past fifteen years of its existence. AARON NELSON YOUNG. Aaron Nelson Young, a grain merchant of the Chicago Board of Trade of long standing, who has been a resident of Evanston, 111., for the past thirty-five years, was born in Morrison, 111., in 1838, and married at Sterling, 111., to Anna M. Correll. He received a common school education at Morrison and early em- barked in the grain and lumber business. About the time of the great Chicago fire he moved to Chicago and became a part- ner in the firm of S. H. McCrea & Co. ; later, in 1883, established the firm of Young & Nichols, in which he was active- ly interested until 1903, when he retired from business. He has always been deep- ly interested in the Evanston public schools, and served in the capacity of President of the Evanston Board of Edu- cation for many years, during a period when they required very able and care- II Jl HISTORY OF EVANSTON 549 ful financial management. He was Trus- tee of the Northwestern University for several years, and has been a Director in many business enterprises. HOMER HITCHCOCK KINGSLEY. Prof. Homer H. Kingsley, educator, Evanston, III., was born at Kalamazoo, Mich., June 9, 1859, the son of Moses and Clarissa (Beckley) Kingsley, the father born in Boston, Mass., March 5, 1810, and the mother in Chautauqua County, N. Y., in 1818. The occupation of his father was that of a farmer and, after reaching the school age, the subject of this sketch attended the district school five miles west of Kalamazoo until twelve years of age, when he spent six years in the graded schools of Kalamazoo, going from his home each day a distance of five miles and graduating from the Kalamazoo High School in 1877. Then entering the Uni- versity of Michigan, he graduated there- from in 1881, when at once he began teaching as instructor in mathematics in the high school at East Saginaw, Mich. This relation continued three years, when IMr. Kingsley went to Alexandria, the county seat of Douglas County, Minn., where he had charge of the city schools for one year. He was then recalled to the University of Michigan as Instructor in Mathematics, in place of one of the pro- fessors who was disabled by reason of sickness. After remaining in connection with the University two years, in 1886 he accepted the Superintendency of the schools at Evanston, 111., which he has retained continuously to the present time, a period of twenty years. From boyhood Professor Kingsley had a strong predilec- tion for teaching as a profession, and his success in that line, during an experience of twenty-five years, has demonstrated the accuracy of his judgment. Undoubt- edly one reason for that success is to be found in his enjoyment of his profession and the enthusiasm which he has thereby been able to impart to others. The es- tmiation in which his abilities in his chosen profession are held is indicated by the fact that, during the summer of 1898, by special invitation he delivered a course of lectures on "School Supervis- ion" at the University of Chicago. Professor Kingsley was married at Hopkinton, Mass., August 18, 1886, to Nellie Appleton Fitch, who was born at Peoria. 111., October 4, 1862, and three daughters have been born of this union, namely : Margaret Appleton, born July 3, 1887; Katharine Winslow, born June 18. 1892, and Helen Dewey, born Decem- ber 3 1895. In politics, although in gen- eral accord with the principles of the Republican party on national issues, Mr. Kingsley is inclined to vote independent- ly and for "the best man" on questions of a local character. In this he seeks to secure the best interests of the people. Aside from his profession as a teacher, both Professor Kingsle}' and his wife have devoted some attention to literary work, as shown by the issue by the former in 1901 of a volume entitled "The New Era W'ord Book," and by the publication in 1900, from the pen of the latter, of a "History of the Lewis and Clark Expedi- tion," and in 1902 of the story of "Four American Explorers." NEWELL CLARK KNIGHT. Newell C. Knight, manager of the Bond Department of the Royal Trust Com- pany of Chicago, was born in St. Louis. Mo., April 25 1862, the son of Augustus 55<: BIOGRAPHICAL and Fanny (French) Knight. He re- ceived his preparatory education in the Saint Louis pubHc schools and the aca- demic department of Washington Uni- versity, and graduated from Yale Llni- versity in 1884. After graduation, intend- ing to engage in business as a shoe-manu- facturer, and in order first to learn it, he entered the factory of the Hamilton- Brown Shoe Company, working at the block and handling machines. Two years' experience of ten hours a day physical labor somewhat impaired his health: he therefore accepted a position as Secretary of an investment company at Wichita, Kan., but soon after retired to engage with his brother, Harry F., in the same line of business, under the name of The Knight Investment Company, dealing in mortgages and commercial paper. This business was discontinued in 1893, when Mr. Knight came to Chicago, and in connection with Reuben H. Donnelley, organized the firm of Knight. Donnelley & Company. From a small beginning this firm became one of the very large stock, bond and grain houses in Chicago, being members of all the leading exchanges. Its failure in June. 1905, resulted in its dissolution, and Mr. Knight soon after became the ^Manager of the Bond Depart- ment of the Royal Trust Company. A Cleveland Democrat politically, Mr. Knight, during the campaigns of 1896 and 1900, was an active supporter of Mc- Kinley and of Roosevelt in 1904. In 1899 he was elected President of the Evanston '•Four-mile League" and later served as Chief of Police of the City of Evanston without pay, devoting his attention to the strict enforcement of all the city ordi- nances, especially the law prohibiting the establishment of saloons within four miles of Northwestern University. He kept the town clean. Mr. Knight was mar- ried in 1886 to Annie Louise, daughter of James L. Sloss of Saint Louis. Five chil- dren have been born to them : Augustus, Francis McMaster, Katharine, Newell Sloss and Nancy Louise. His office is with the Royal Trust Company, 169 Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, and his resi- dence is at 1326 Asbury Avenue, Evanston. ALBERT R. JONES. Alijert R. Jones, oil operator, residing in Independence, Kan., and engaged in the production of crude oil, was born at Pekin, 111.. September 14, 1874. In boy- hood he attended public school, and was a pupil in the \'irginia (111.) High School in 1891-92. In the latter year, he entered the Northwestern Academy, from which he was graduated in the fall of 1895. He then matriculated in Northwestern Uni- versity, graduating therefrom with the class of 1899, and receiving the degree of B. S. From 1899 to 1902, he applied himself to the study of law in the Law School of Illinois Wesleyan University, at Bloomington, 111., from which he gradu- ated with the degree of B. L. Mr. Jones is a member of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon Fraternity. He was a member of the "Deru" Society, the Rog- ers Debating Club, Young Men's Chris- tian Association, and was Captain of the L^niversity track team during the seasons of 1898 and 1899. On June 29, 1904. at Springfield, 111.. Mr. Jones was united in marriage with Mabel Neer. of that city. NELSON LLOYD STOW. Nelson Lloyd Stow, whose residence in Evanston, Cook County, 111., covers the period of a generation, during which HISTORY OF EVANSTON 551 he has maintained a record free from re- proach, was born in New Haven, Conn., January 8, 1833, a son of Henry and Lydia (Goodrich) Stow, both natives of Con- necticut, where the former was born in Milford, December 15, 1804, and the lat- ter in Berlin, September 9, 1805. The occupation of Henry Stow was that of a manufacturer of wheels and wheel ma- terial for vehicles, in New Haven, and he was the first manufacturer in the United States to make these by machinery. He was a devoted member of the Baptist Church in New Haven, in which he served as deacon for more than sixty years, and he died in that city at the age of ninety-one years. The Stow family is descended in a di- rect line from Lord Thomas Stow, of» England, and certain of the ancestors of the subject of this sketch came to this country previous to the Revolutionary War, and held superior rank in the Con- tinental Army during that conflict. A fine monument in honor of one of them stands in the cemetery at Milford, Conn., erected by the State. Nelson Lloyd Stow received his early mental instruction in the public and high schools of his native State. He finished his school studies at the age of sixteen years, and then spent five years in learn- ing the trade of carriage manufacturing. On September 17, 1854, when twenty- one years old, he located in Chicago and engaged in selling carriage materials. He was the first dealer in such goods in Chi- cago and in the West, none being manu- factured at that time west of New York. In this business Air. Stow continued un- til 1880, when he was engaged as man- ager of the most extensive iron concern in the city, and acted in that capacity for twenty-five years. He became a resident of Evanston in 1873, and has made his home there ever since. In 1863, Mr. Stow was united in mar- riage, at Milford, Conn., with Sarah Ma- ria Merwin, who was born May 21, 1844. She is descended from Puritan stock, be- longing to one of the oldest families of Connecticut, and a monument to one of her ancestors, in the cemeter)^ at Milford, marks the oldest grave in that oldest of Connecticut cemeteries. The union of Mr. and Mrs. Stow resulted in six chil- dren, namely : Ada Merwin, born Sep- tember 17, 1864; Harry Jared, born De- cember 8, 1866; Helen Webster, born July 8, 1870; Charles Goodrich, born Oc- tober 2, 1871 ; Nelson Lloyd, born De- cember 12, 1872 : and Mary Goodrich, born October 5, 1875. Charles died in in- fancy and Nelson died at the age of twen- ty-two years. In politics Mr. Stow has long been an unswerving adherent of the Republican party, and a prominent and influential fac- tor in the local councils of that organi- zation. In 1887 he was elected a member of the Evanston Board of Education for District No. 76, and served in this capac- ity eleven years, acting for six years as President of the board. He was elected Alderman from the Fourth Ward in Evanston in 1895, and twice re-elected, and filled the position of acting Mayor of Evanston one year. "He drafted many of the statutes which conserve the welfare of the city, among them being the Curfew Law. The erection of street signs was ac- complished through the personal efforts of Mr. Stow, and under his personal su- pervision as President of the School Board, the Lincoln and Central schools were erected. By individual exertion he also raised over $600, with which to put up the fountain on the Central School 552 BIOGRAPHICAL grounds, which commemorates the hero- ism of teachers who saved the hves of their youthful pupils, on the occasion of the destruction by fire of the old school building. The name of Mr. Stow is cut in panels on both of the school buildings above mentioned. Since making his residence in Evans- ton, Mr. Stow has been identified almost continuously with the public afifairs of the city. He was a member of the Cook County Federation, and served on the Drainage Canal Committee, acting with the late Judge Harvey B. Hurd, in tracing the route for the canal through West Evanston. He was also chairman of the Evanston Army and Navy League, or- ganized in 1898. While a member of the City Council, Mr. Stow drafted the stat- ute for the protection of animals and birds, the law to preserve street signs from damage, and that prohibiting the sale of cigarettes to minors, besides other statutory provisions. During the Civil War Mr. Stow was a member of the Sani- tary Commission. The subject of this sketch has long been a zealous adherent of the faith of the Baptist denomination. He united with the First Baptist Church of Evanston in 1873, being transferred from the Second Baptist Church of Chicago, and has main- tained his membership in the former ever since. In 1875 he was elected clerk of that church,, and has held that office con- tinuously until the present time. He has conducted Sunday services at the Indus- trial School for Girls, in Evanston, since 1874, and served twelve years as a mem- ber of the Board of Directors of that In- stitution, acting as President of the board for three years. His influence has always been exerted in behalf of the best inter- ests of the community. LEONIDAS P. HAMLINE, M. D. Dr. Leonidas P. Hamline, who became a resident of Evanston at a comparatively early date, and whose family has since been closely identified with the social and religious life of the city, was born in Zanesville, Ohio, August 13, 1828, the son of Bishop Leonidas L. Hamline, a dis- tinguished member of the Episcopacy of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and a pulpit orator of rare force and eloquence. In the youth of the son Bishop Hamline was actively engaged in ministerial work, and under the itinerary system then pre- vailing in the Methodist Church, the fam- ily changed its residence at frequent in- tervals. Thus it happened that the young- er Hamline was educated in the schools of Tarrytown, N. Y. ; Yellow Springs, Ohio, and Greencastle, Ind., finally fin- ishing his academic studies at Lebanon, 111. He then began the study of medi- cine, and received his doctor's degree from Castleton Medical College, Castle- ton, Vt. For a time thereafter he prac- ticed medicine at Hydeville, Vt., and was physician and surgeon to the corporation operating large marble quarries at that place. He came west from Vermont and first established his home at Mt. Pleas- ant, Iowa, where he gained professional distinction and was in active practice dur- ing nine years following. While the Civil War was in progress he took an active part in caring for the sick and wounded Cnion soldiers, acting as sur- geon in the hospitals at Dubuque, Iowa. He retired from practice at the close of the war and removed to Evanston in 1865. He was among the pioneer men of means who established homes in Evanston, and one of the first to make building and other improvements which have since made the city noted for its beauty. His father, HISTORY OF EVANSTON 553 Bishop Hamline, had been an early and fortunate investor in Chicago real estate, and the care and management of these interests occupied a large share of Dr. Hamline's attention in later years. After the death of Bishop Hamline at Alt. Pleasant, Iowa, in 1864, his widow re- moved to Eva^nston, and that city contin- ued to be her home until her death, which occurred in 1881. It was in the infancy of Northwestern University and in the village days of Evanston that Dr. Ham- line came to Evanston to live, and for more than thirty years thereafter he was an esteemed citizen of the place. He and Mrs. Hamline were members of the First Methodist Church established here, and at- tended services in the primitive church edifice in the days when the Methodists shared it with other denominations not able to have places of worship of their own. During the later years of his life. Dr. Hamline and Mrs. Hamline traveled extensively both in this country and abroad, and much of their time was spent away from Evanston. Dr. Hamline was married in 1850 to Miss Virginia Moore, daughter of John Moore of Peoria, 111., and died in Evanston in 1897. Mrs. Ham- line, who still survives, residing in Evans- ton, was born in Ripley, Ohio. The other surviving members of this pioneer family are: Leonidas N. Hamline, of Chicago, and Mrs. Virginia (Hamline) Creighton, of Evanston. Another son, John H. Hamline, a distinguished mem- ber of the Chicago Bar, died February 14, 1904. JOHN H. HAMLINE. John H. Hamline, lawyer (deceased), Evanston and Chicago, was born in Rot- terdam, near Schenectady, N. Y., March 23, 1856, the son of Dr. Leonidas P. Hamline, who was the son of a Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church. In 1865 his father. Dr. L. P. Hamline, removed with his family to Evanston, 111., where the son spent his youth attending the public schools and Northwestern Uni- versity, and graduating from the latter with the degree of A. B. in 1875. After two years of study in the Columbia Law School, New York, he graduated from that institution in 1877, taking his ex- amination and was admitted to the bar September 14, 1877, and immediately en- tered upon the practice of his profession in the city of Chicago, yvhich continued to be his professional headquarters dur- ing his business career. At this time his home was still in Evanston, where he served as Corporation Counsel from 1880 to 1884. While occupying this of- fice he framed a complete municipal code for Evanston, which was published in 1882. About 1885 he removed to 1621 Prairie Avenue, Chicago, where he continued to reside for the remainder of his life. In October, 1886, he entered into partner- ship with his life-long friend, Frank H. Scott, under the firm name of Hamline & Scott, which later, by the admission of Frank E. Lord, became Hamline, Scott & Lord, Redmond D. Stephens being ad- mitted to the firm in 1902. In 1887 he was elected a member of the Chicago City Council, serving one term, during which time he won a great deal of promi- nence by advocating for the first time in that body the principle of compensation for municipal franchises. Though never afterwards a candidate for political office, he continued to take an active part in public affairs, and his opinions were often sought after in connection with municipal issues. Besides being associated with many local clubs and fraternal societies. 554 BIOGRAPHICAL he was a member of the American Bar Association, the Chicago Bar Association (of which he was elected President in 1891), and the Illinois State Bar Associa- tion, serving as President of the latter for the year 1896-97. In 1895 he was chosen President of the Cnion League Club, and also served one term as Presi- dent of the Chicago Law Club. (3ne of the most conspicuous services rendered by Mr. Hamline was as member of a board consisting of three members appointed by Mayor George B. Swift, in 1894, for the purpose of devising a merit system in connection with the Po- lice Department of the City of Chicago. In conjunction with his colleagues he gave a vigorous support to this measure, which resulted in the passage by the Leg- islature of the Civil Service Act of 1S95. Later he was a zealous supporter of a similar measure for the whole State, and. although it failed at the time, the final enactment of the State Civil Service Law, approved May 11, 1905, authorizing the (jovernor to appoint a Civil Service Com- mission with power to prescribe rules for the examination and appointment of persons for service in connection with the State institutions, was undoubtedly the outcome of these early efforts. Mr. Hamline was married May 19. 1880, to Miss Josephine Mead, daughter of Henry Mead of Norwich, N. Y., and two children were born to them — Jose- phine and John H., Jr. Mr. Hamline died at his home in the city of Chicago Febru- ary 14, 1904, and the event was deeply deplored by a large circle of personal friends and members of the bar, who had learned to admire his profound modesty, his high integrity and unselfish devotion to public interests, and his talents as a citizen and a lawyer. His former partner, Frank H. Scott, Esq., in an "In Memo- riam" pamphlet, paid the following trib- ute to his memory; "Taking into account not merely disposition toward public af- fairs, nor ability nor energy, but all of these combined, it may safely be asserted that, in the^past twenty years, Chicago has had no better citizen. For himself he claimed nothing, giving credit to others for the fruits of his own eiiforts. He was concerned only in effecting results, and not at all as to where credit should be be- stowed." CURTIS H. REMY. Curtis H. Remy, a well-known attor- ney-at-law, who has been a resident of Evanston, Cook County, 111., for many years, is a native of the State of Indiana, where he was born in the town of Hope, Bartholomew County, April 29, 1852. He is a son of Allison Clark and Sophia R. Remy. The father was a farmer by oc- cupation, and was successful in that sphere of industry. The subject of this sketch spent his early youth on the farm, utilizing the opportunities afforded by the district schools in the vicinity of his home. His education was accjuired in part at Nazareth Hall, in Pennsylvania, and was completed at Transylvania Col- lege, Lexington, Ky. Mr. Remy was married in Boone Coun- t)', Ind.. on October 28, 1875, and is the father of two sons and one daughter. In politics Mr. Remy is a supporter of the Republican party, and has served the pub- lic in several local offices, and often been suggested for others. Fraternally he is affiliated with the Masonic order, in which he has passed all the degrees, and he is also a member of several clubs. His religious belief is in accordance with the creed of the Methodist Church. He has made his home in Evanston since Novem- ber, 1876. HISTORY OF EVANSTON 555 CLAUDIUS BUCHANAN SPENCER. Claudius B. Spencer, A. B., A. M.. D. D.. Litt. D., LL. D.. Kansas City, Mo., was born at Fowlerville, Mich., October 20, 1856, prepared for college at How- ell, Mich., matriculated in Northwestern University, Evanston, 111., in 1877, and four years later (1881) graduated from the College of Liberal .\rts with the de- gree of A. B. still later, in due course, receiving the degree of A. AI. During his undergraduate career he was a mem- ber of Hinman Literary Society, his fra- ternity was the Phi Kappa Sigma. He is a Plii Beta Kappa. He was editor of "The Tripod" (the College paper), and succeeded I. E. Adams on the "Evans- ton Index." He edited the college "Mu- sical Register." Immediately after grad- uation he joined the Detroit Conference of the M. E.' Church, and preached for two years on Lake Superior ; four years in Detroit ; three years in Owosso, Mich., and two years again in Detroit. In 1892, he was transferred to Christ Church, Denver, Colorado Conference. He was elected by the General Conference Com- mission editor of the "Rocky Mountain Christian .\d\ocate." In i8(;5 he was as- signed to Asbury Church, Denver. In 1896 he was again elected editor of the "Rocky Mountain Christian .Xdvocate," by the General Conference Commission ; and resigned the pastorship to devote his attention to editorial work. In 1900 he was elected, by the General Conference, held that year in Chicago, editor of the "Central Christian .Advocate," at Kansas City, Mo., and four years later was re- elected at Los .\ngeles, Cal., to the same position, which he still retains. He was Secretary of the Conference of Young People's Societies, held in Cleveland, Ohio, in May. 1889, which organized the Epworth League. He is a member of the Board of Managers of the Freedmen's Aid and Southern Education Society. On October 20, 1886, Mr. Spencer was united in marriage with Miss Mary L. Mitchell, of Brockport, N. Y., and three children have been born to them, namely: Helen Mitchell, Marjorie Elizabeth, and iMildred Isabel. THOMAS C. HOAG. Thomas C. Hoag (deceased), former prominent citizen and banker, Evanston, 111., was born in Concord, N. H., Sep- temlier 7, 1825. His father, who was a book-publisher in New Hampshire, came \\'est with his family in the fall of 1840, and spent the following winter in Chi- cago, after which he 'removed to a farm near Plainfield, Will County. In 1845, Thomas C. Hoag came to Chicago and engaged in the wholesale and retail gro- cery business in partnership with Oliver L. Goss, under the firm name of Goss & Hoag. This business was continued until the great Chicago fire of 1871, when their stock having been destroyed with the mass of Chicago business houses, Mr. Hoag removed to Evanston and there established himself in the grocer}' busi- ness in a building still occupied by his succes.sors in the same line. There being' no banking facilities in Evanston in those days, in 1874 Mr. Hoag established a private bank in the rear of his store, which was conducted under the name of T. C. Hoag & Company. In 1894 it was re- moved to the building now occupied by the State Bank of Evanston, which was incorporated under that name in 1892, Mr. Hoag having, at that time, sold out his interest and retired from the banking 556 BIOGRAPHICAL business. In addition to his other busi- ness interests, Mr. Hoag was, for a time commencing in 1870, President of the Lumbermen's Fire Insurance Company of Chicago. Mr. Hoag was married May i, 1851, to Marie L. Bryant, who was born in Can- terbury, N. H., in 1827. In 1857, while still engaged in business in Chicago, he became a resident of Evanston, purchas- ing the homestead at the southwest cor- ner of Davis Street and Hinman Avenue, then directly across the street from the original building of the Northwestern L^niversity, of which he was a Trustee for thirty years, and for over twenty years business manager. Of four chil- dren born to Mr. and Mrs. Hoag, three are still living, namely: Dr. Junius C. Hoag, of Chicago ; William G. Hoag, Cashier of the State Bank of Evanston, and Dr. Ernest B. Hoag, of Pasadena, Cal. A daughter, Rebecca B. Hoag, was one of the first two women to become students in Northwestern University, which she did in 1870. pursuing a clas- sical course until her death in her junior year. On May i, 1901, Mr. and Mrs. Hoag celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of their wedding, the occasion being memorable on account of the presence of a large number of their early friends in Chicago and Evanston. Soon after retiring from the banking business in Evanston, Mr. Hoag removed to Pasadena, Cal., where he purchased a home, there spending the remaining years of his life in practical retirement, though still maintaining his interest in public enterprises. While a resident of Pasadena he served as a member of the Board of Trustees of that city, and on the Board of Trustees of the Throop Poly- technic Institute founded by Mr. A. G. Throop, a former resident of Chicago. Mr. Hoag's demise occurred at his home in Pasadena, April 16, 1906, and his re- mains were brought to Chicago and in- terred in Rose Hill Cemetery, where impressive ceremonies were held in the chapel on the cemetery grounds on Sun- day afternoon, April 22. He is survived by his widow and three sons mentioned in the preceding sketch. \\ ILLIAM GALE HOAG. William Gale Hoag, Cashier of the Ev- anston State Bank, was born in Evanston, 111., Novemljer 19, i860, the son of Thom- as C. and Maria L. (Bryant) Hoag, who were natives of New Hampshire, the for- mer born at Concord in 1825, and the lat- ter at Canterbury in 1827. The Hoag family was of Xew England Quaker stock, and the father of William G. was prominent in Chicago and Evanston busi- ness circles for more than fifty years. (See sketch of Thomas C. Hoag in this vol- ume.) \\'illiam G. Hoag received his edu- cation in the local schools and North- western University Academy, enjoying the rare advantages of books and friends from his youth in a university town. After leaving school Mr. Hoag at once entered upon a business career in connec- tion with his father in the private bank conducted by the latter — now the State Bank of Evanston — with which he has been continuously associated ever since, and of which he has been Cashier for twenty years. His whole life has been spent in the [ilace of his birth without change of occupation or business rela- tions. The official positions held by Mr. Hoag have been wholly in connection with local benevolences, having served as Treasurer and Director, and member of HISTORY OF EVANSTON 557 the Executive Committee of the Evans- ton Hospital for many years. The Hterary, social and business organ- izations with which i\Ir. Hoag is associ- ated include : The University Club, The Evanston Club, Evanston Country Club, the Evanston Golf Club, and the Bankers' Club of Chicago. His religious associa- tions are with the First Methodist Epis- copal Church of Evanston, and politically he supports the policies of the Republi- can party. Indulging the quiet tastes of a bachelor, he feels a deep interest in the social life and happiness of those around him, and takes pleasure in contributing his share to the comfort and welfare of others. JEAN FREDERIC LOBA, A. M. D.D. Jean Frederic Loba, pastor of the First Congregational Church, Evanston, 111., was born in Lausanne, Switzerland, Oc- tober 17, 1846, the son of Frederic and Julie (Sider) Loba. Both parents were natives of Switzerland, as their ancestors had been for an indefinite period — the father born in Berne Canton, December 25, i8og, and the mother at Echallens. The father was a chemist and lived in Canton de Vaud ; came to the United States in 1853 and died in Illinois March 14, 1864. Mr. Loba was educated at Olivet College, Mich., at Basle in his native country, Yale College and Chicago Theo- logical Seminary. Hampered by limited means, his youth was spent in toil and wandering from place to place in search of employment, but being a lover of books, he was a voracious reader of everything that came into his hands, thus acquiring a literary bent of mind. After leaving college he spent two years (1873-75) ^*^ teacher of Greek in Knox College, Gales- burg. 111., later was a student at Basle L'niversity, Switzerland, 1875-76; a stu- dent in Yale Divinity School, 1876-77 ; pastor at Kankakee, 111., 1877-78, and at Kewanee, 111.. 1878-82; Professor of Mod- ern Languages at Olivet College, Mich., 1882-88; pastor at Kalamazoo, Mich., 1888- 91 ; in Paris, France, 1891-92, and from 1892 to 1906 in his present position as pastor of the Congregational Church at Evanston. He has been a member of the Congregational Church since June, 1866. On September 22, 1864, he enlisted as a soldier of the Civil War in Company I, Thirteenth Missouri Veteran Volunteer Cavalry, and after serving nearly two 3'ears, was mustered out May 17, 1866. He is a member of the Evanston Grand Army Post, and was Commander of the Post in Olivet, Mich. He is also a member of the Phi Alpha Pi Literary Fraternity. In politics he is a Republican, but on local questions is inclined to act independently, and on one occasion voted the Prohibiti- tion ticket. On September 4, 1877, Mr. Loba was united in marriage at Penacook, near Con- cord, N. H., to Lucene M. Bradley, born at Adams, N. Y., January 10, 185 1, and of this union five children have been born : Lucene S. (now Mrs. McConnell), born December 25, 1879; Julie B. (Mrs. Col- lins), born September 17, 1882; Winifred, born September 2, 1885, died April 25, 1905 ; Marguerite, born December 25. 1891, and Jean F., Jr., born September 10. 1894. The Bradley family, to which Mrs. Loba belongs, is of Revolutionary stock, and many still reside in Concord, N. H. Possessing no advantages until he had reached his nineteenth year, by a life of self-denial and sturdy effort, aided by a vivacious and enthusiastic temperament, Rev. Mr. Loba has developed a strong character which has placed him in the front rank of Evanston clergymen. A 558 BIOGRAPHICAL lover of nature, he is also a lover of men and of books, and enjoys life as pastor of his flock while contributing to the enjoy- ment of others and promoting their as- pirations to a higher life. In 1876 he re- ceived the degree of M. A. from his Alma Mater and in 1891 the degree of D. D. fiom the same institution. WILLIAM S. HARBERT. A\'illiam Soesbe Harbert, lawyer, born September 17, 1842, at Terre Haute, Ind., is the son of Solomon and Amadine (Wat- son) Harbert — the former a descendant of a Virginian family of English extrac- tion, and the latter a native of Bards- town, Ky. At an early age the subject of this sketch attended the public schools of Terre Haute, preparatory to a course in Franklin College, at Franklin, Ind. From that institution he went to Wabash Col- lege, Crawfordsville, Ind., and from there to the University of Michigan, where he remained till he completed his sophomore year. In 1862 he enlisted as a volunteer in the Union Army, and on his return from the field, matriculated in the Law Depart- ment of the University of Indiana at Bloomington, Ind., remaining there one year, when he entered the Law Depart- ment of the University of Michigan, at Ann Arbor, where he received his degree in 1867. The same year he located at Des Moines, Iowa; was admitted to the bar, remaining there seven years, within that time serving as Assistant LTnited States District Attorney, and being also a mem- ber of the law firm of Harbert & Clark. Success attended his stay in Des Moines, but the desire to operate in a field afiford- ing greater opportunities led to his re- moval to Chicago in 1874, where he resumed practice as the senior member of the firm of Harbert & Daly. This part- nership was succeeded by that of Har- bert, Curran & Harbert, the junior part- ner being the only son of the subject of this narrative. Upon the death of his son, Arthur Boynton Harbert, in 1900, the firm was dissolved, since which time Mr. Harbert has practiced alone. The year following the outbreak of the Civil War and while a student, then twenty years of age, William Soesbe Har- bert enlisted as a private in Company C Eightj'-fifth Indiana Volunteers and was in active service until 1865. During the period of his military career, he served on the stafif of Gen. John Colburn, Gen. Ben- jamin Harrison, and Major-General W. T. Ward. He was engaged in the cam-' paigns against Atlanta and Savannah and was with General Sherman on his famous march to the sea. At the first battle of Franklin (Tenn.) he was taken prisoner and spent two months in Libby Prison. He was brevetted as Captain "for distin- guished meritorious services." Mr. Har- bert is prominent in philanthropic work and, for seven years, was President of the Board of Managers of the "Forward Movement," a social settlement organ- ization having beautiful assembly grounds, which Mr. Harbert spent much time in procuring for the organization. He holds membership in and is active in furthering the enterprises of a number of jihilanthropic organizations. In his religious and political affiliations, Mr. Harbert is independent. He believes in municipal control of public utilities, as- sisted in the establishment of the Juve- nile Court, the adoption of the indeterminate sentence law and advocates the placing of a limitation on the power to grant, by will, large sums to single individuals. ^Ir. Harbert. on October 18, 1870, was united in marriage to Miss Elizabeth Mor- HISTORY OF EVANSTON 559 rison Boynton, a woman of high Hterary attainments and social rank, a sketch of whom also appears herein. Three chil- dren. Arthur Boynton (deceased), Cor- inne Boynton, and Boynton Elizabeth, wife of Ashley D. Rowe, of Pasadena, Cal- ifornia, were born to them. Continuously since 1874 the Harberts have been resi- dents of Evanston. and their spacious home is not the least of its attractions. For twenty years they have dispensed a generous hospitality at their pleasant summer home at Lake Geneva, Wis. ELIZABETH BOYNTON HARBERT. Mrs. Elizabeth Boynton Harbert, author, lecturer, reformer and philanthropist, was born in Crawfordsville, Ind. She is the eldest child of William H. Boynton, of Nashua, N. H., and Abigail Sweetser Boynton, a native of Boston, Mass. Her maiden name was Elizabeth Morrison Boynton. Her journalistic signature was Lizzie M. Boynton. She was educated in the Female Seminary at Oxford, Ohio, and in the Terre Haute Female College, graduating from the latter with honors. Growing up in Crawfordsville, under the shadow of a college into which girls were not permitted to enter, she early learned the value of educational privileges and claimed them for her sister women. After vain attempts to slip the bolts of prejudice and precedent that barred out the daughters of the State from the halls of learning, she strove to rouse, with pen and voice, those whose stronger hands could open wide the doors. The faculty of Wabash College had allowed, as an especial privilege, four young women — Emma Hough Fairchild, Mary Krout, Mary Cumberland Jennison and Eliza- beth Boynton Harbert — to attend lectures on Physics by Prof. John L. Campbell, who was later the Secretary of the Phila- delphia Centennial Exposition. Although these lectures were substantially repeti- tions of those required in the college cur- riculum, the young men were excluded. Dr. White, the first President of Wabash College, shortly before his death, prom- ised Mrs. Harbert a diploma upon the completion of her course. Not long after the same four young women, in com- pany with nineteen others, petitioned the faculty for permission to enter the college and receive the benefit of its teachings. The letter written in reply to the petition of the young ladies was to the effect that the faculty expressed its extreme regret that the facilities of the preparatory de- partment were such that the department was inadequate for its needs, and hence the college would not be able to admit the young women. Each one of these young women had progressed far beyond the "preparatory" department. It is dif- ficult for Airs. Harbert to speak of this letter without manifesting, in some man- ner, a slight touch of the profound impres- sion it produced, although, when meas- ured by its after effect upon her career, it should be considered of inestimable val- ue. The first ten dollars she received as the result of her own work, was from the "New York Independent" for an account of this attempt to obtain a college edu- cation. This group of twenty-three girls, under the leadership of the four, had purchased the town flag, the church organ and the first fire engine. In their indignation and disappointment, they determined to se- cure for their own use, and the town, a public library. With this object in view, they advertised the presentation of a com- edy, entitled "The Coming Woman," in which they burlesqued themselves and 56o BIOGRAPHICAL their unsuccessful efforts. In a relent- less manner, the male students issued bur- lesque handbills and posters. In one day not less than five varieties were issued. The ladies were styled "the Twenty-three Sorry Sisses," in an attempt to pun upon the word "Sorosis," which latter organ- ization was attracting considerable atten- tion in the East. It is needless to say that the adverse criticism attracted an unusually large audience, and a consid- erable sum was netted with which was purchased the nucleus for a circulating library. At that time Miss Boynton was but twenty years old. Oberlin was then the only college which admitted men and women on an equality. At the suggestion of friends. Miss Boyn- ton prepared an address which she enti- tled, "Before Suffrage, What?" which was a plea for the education of women as an essential preparation for their enfran- chisement. This was delivered first in Crawfordsville, after a most flattering in- troduction by Gen. Lew Wallace. The following week the same address was given at La Fayette, and the next week at Cleveland before an immense audience. Following this was another success at Cincinnati in the opera house. Mrs. Mary A. Livermore, who was at this time a most helpful and encouraging friend of Miss Boynton, wrote to one of the Wom- an's journals, as follows : "The speech of the day and evening (referring to a con- vention in Ohio), was made by Lizzie Boynton, although among the speakers were Susan B. Anthony, Mrs. Stanton and myself. She held the audience on the platform, as well as that in the hall, spell- bound for an hour." A journalistic sketch of Miss Boynton said, "by one stroke she had placed herself beside Fanny Fern and Gail Hamilton." During the Civil War Miss Boynton energetically devoted her time to the care of the soldiers and the duties of the hour. Her sympathies were keenly allied to the cause of the L^nion, although she was always too inclusive in her love of human- ity to indulge in any bitterness of feeling. Her first book, "The Golden Fleece," was published in 1867. In 1870 she was mar- ried to Capt. William S. Harbert, a brave soldier and successful lawyer. After their marriage Mr. and Mrs. Harbert lived in Des Moines, Iowa, and there Mrs. Har- bert published her second book, "Out of Her Sphere," and her first song, "Arling- ton Heights." While living in Des Moines, Mrs. Har- bert took an active part in the Woman's Suffrage Movement, being elected Presi- dent of the State Association. She suc- ceeded in inducing the Republicans of Iowa to put into their State platform a purely woman's plank, "winning the members of the committee appointed to prepare a platform for the State Con- vention, by her earnest and dignified pres- entation of the claims of women." Thus was earned the distinction of being the first woman to design a woman's plank and secure its adoption by a great politi- cal party of a state. In the winter of 1874, Mr. and Mrs. Harbert moved to Illinois, and from that time have made their home in Evanston. The family now consists of two daugh- ters, Corinne and Boynton. In 1900 their only son, Arthur Boynton Harbert, hero- ically surrendered his earthly life, mean- while bequeathing to parents, sisters and friends the memory of a beautiful, self- sacrificing, loving life, he being then in his twenty-eighth year. IVIrs. Harbert was for two years the President of the Social Science Associa- tion of Illinois. She was Vice-President of the Woman's Suffrage Association of HISTORY OF EVANSTON 561 Indiana, President of the ^^'()man's Suf- frage Association of Iowa, and for twelve years President of the Illinois Woman's Suffrage Association. She was a member of the Board of Managers of the Girls' Industrial School of South Ev- anston, and Vice-President of the Associa- tion for the advancement of women, known as the Woman's Congress. As editor for seven years of the "Woman' Kingdom," a regular weekly department of the Chicago Inter Ocean, she has exerted a widespread influence over many homes. As editor of the New Era, in which she was free to utter her deepest convictions, she devoted a year's service. In 1891 the Ohio Wesleyan Col- lege conferred upon her the honorary de- gree of Doctor of Philosophy. During the year of the World's Colum- bian Exposition, and the \\'orld's Con- gress, auxiliary thereto, popularh' known as the \\'orld's Parliament of Religions, Mrs. Harbert served on several commit- tees, among which was the Committee on Organization of the ^^'orld's Congress of Representative ^\'omen. otherwise known as the "Department of \\'oman's Progress of the World's Congress Auxiliary of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893." Of that committee, Mrs. j\Iay \\'right Se- well, of Indianapolis, Ind., was Chairman; Mrs. Rachel Foster Avery, of Somerton, Pa., Secretary, and Mrs. Sarah Hacket Stevenson, M. D., Mrs. Julia Holmes Smith, M. D.. Mrs. Coonley Ward, ]Miss Frances E. Willard and Mrs. William Thayer Brown, members. These con- gresses resulted in a number of organi- zations of both national and international scope. Mrs. Harbert was also a member of the Committee of the Woman's Branch of the World's Congress Auxiliary on Gov- ernment Reform Congresses, and subse- c|uently became Associate Chairman of the Government Reform Congress of the \\'orld's Congresses. The list of charter members of the Il- linois Woman's Press Association con- tains the name of Mrs. Harbert. She was also a member of the Illinois Press As- sociation. She was President and Direc- tor of the National Household Economic Association, and Vice-President for Illinois of the National Woman Suffrage Association. The Woman's Club of Evanston was organized and presided over by Mrs. Har- bert, and after seven years' service as such — during which time the meetings of the Club were held at the Harbert homestead — she was elected Honorary President of the Cluli, which honor she declined. The immediate outcome of the World's Congresses was the formation of two or- ganizations, namely: The Religious Par- liament Extension, of which the late Hon. Charles C. Bonney was President and Dr. Paul Carus, Secretary ; and The World's Unity League, of which Hon. Charles Carroll Bonney (until the time of his de- cease) and Mrs.- Harbert were Associate Chairmen. At present Mrs. Harbert is the acting chairman, no one having yet been appointed to succeed Mr. Bonney. Mrs. Ella A. W. Hoswell and Miss Ida C. Heffron are its secretaries. From the official report of Air. Bonney, made to the representative participants in the "Congress Auxiliary," we quote the following: The Woman's Committee on Religious Par- liament Extension. — Mrs. Elizabeth Boynton Harbert. Chairman, and Mrs. Frederick Hawk- ins, Secreta-y thereof, have determined to cir- culate for signatures, in all parts of the world, the pledge of the World's Religious Unity, with which the Religious Extension Movement was inaugurated. This pledge, of which Mrs. Harbert is the author, was the bond of union p-esented and signed at the first E.xtension meeting and is in the following words: 5f>2 BIOGRAPHICAL BOND OF UNION. "Recognizing the interdependence and solidari- ty of humanity, we will welcome light from every source, earnestly desiring to grow in knowledge of Truth and the Spirit of Love and to manifest the same by helpful service." • Mrs. Harbert is associated with many organizations which have for their object the recognition of the divinity of hu- manity, one of her favorite statements be- ing, "There are no common people, since we all belong to the divine familyhood of the Creator and the created." Notwithstanding all the work implied in filling so many important offices. Airs. Harbert finds her greatest pleasure in her hospitable home and with her family. However, the basic principle of all her work has ever been found in the home, and the recognition of the fact that the civilization of tomorrow inheres in the children of today. Mrs. Harbert is versatile to a remark- able degree. She has won the unstinted af- fection of her townsmen and women, which has manifested itself in the gift of a fountain, works of art, etc., from these. In al! her endeavors she has been nobly sustained by her husband, whose clear judgment and generous sympathies have made his aid invaluable. As a writer she is poetic, pointed, witty, vigorous, convincing. On two occasions she has addressed the Judiciary Committee of the Senate of the United States, making a plea for an amendment to the Federal Constitution prohibiting the dis- franchisement of United States citizens on account of sex. She also addressed the New York General Assembly at a joint session of the Assembly and Senate of that State, upon the same subject. \Vith Mrs. Catherine Waugh McCulloch, of Evanston, and Mrs. Helen M. Gougar, of La Favette, Ind., Mrs. Harbert went to Springfield, 111., where they addressed the House and Senate in favor of the bill allowing the women of Illinois to vote upon school questions, and secured the passage of the bill. She has made addresses before the Leg- islative Assemblies of Wisconsin, Iowa and Illinois. She* was one of the two women appointed by the National Wom- an's Suffrage Committee, as delegates from the United States at large to the National Republican Convention that nominated R. B. Hayes, at which she made an address before the platform committee. Among the most important of Mrs. Harbert's essays and lectures are the fol- lowing: "Before Suffrage, What?" "Homes of Representative Women"; "The ' Domestic Problem"; "Men's Rights": "Conversation and Conversers" ; "The Ideal Home" ; "George Eliot" ; "Litcretia Mott"; "Statesmanship of Wom- en"; "Aims, Ideals and Methods of Wom- en's Clubs" ; "A Woman's Dream of Co- operation" ; "The Message of the Madon- na" : "Lyric Poets of Russia" ; "An Hour with the Strong Minded." Her publica- tions are: "The Golden Fleece": "Out of Her Sphere": "Amore ;" "The Illinois Chapter in the History of \\"oman Suf- frage." Songs: "Arlington Heights"; "What Have You Done with the Hours?" "The New America" (words); "The Promised Land" (words). Poems: "The Little Earth Angel" ; Lines to My Anony- mous Friend," and others. The narrative in the foregoing sketch, with but slight and immaterial changes, from the pen of Mrs. Harbert's only son, Arthur Boynton Harbert, who passed from this life in 1890, was found among his papers after his death. To Mrs. Harbert is due the full credit of the chapter in this volume under the title of "Homes and Home-Makers of Ev- anston." k HISTORY OF EVANSTON 563 FRANK M. ELLIOT. Frank M. Elliot, who for nineteen years has resided at No. 225, Lake Street, Evan- ston. 111., and is engaged in the real estate and loan business in Chicago, was born at Corinna, Maine, March 27, 1853, the son of Jacob Smith and Sarah (Moore) Elliot, both natives of New England. Jacob Smith Elliot, who was a physician by pro- fession, continued to live in Maine until 1855, when the family moved to Minneap- olis, Minn. He preempted 80 acres of land on which he established his western home and which is now within the limits of that city. Dr. Elliot was one of the leading practitioners of medicine in his locality for twenty-five years. Subsequently, he went to California, where he died, aged eighty- three years. The subject of this sketch spent his boy- hood on the paternal farm, and received his early mental training in the public schools of Minneapolis. He afterwards pursued a course of study in Northwestern L'niver- sity, at Evanston, from which he was grad- uated with the class of 1877. After his graduation he studied law, and then held a position in the Recorder's Office of Cook County, for two years. At the end of this period, he entered into the real estate and loan business in Chicago, in which he has since been successfully engaged. He at- tends to the management of estates and con- ducts a general business in real estate. He has been a director in the State Bank of Evanston, since the organization. On November 13, 1878, Mr. Elliot was united in marriage, at Evanston. 111., with Anna Shuman, whose father, Andrew Shuman, was for many years, the editor of the "Chicago Evening Journal" and who filled the position of Lieutenant Governor of Illinois. In politics Mr. Elliot has always been an earnest supporter of the Republican party. In 1887 he held the office of Village Trustee of Evanston. He has been an of- ficer of the Evanston Hospital Association since its organization in 1891, acting for fifteen years on the Executive Committee and has been the President for eleven years. In 1884-85 he was President of the Alumni Association of Northwestern University. Socially, Mr. Elliot belongs to the Sigma Chi Fraternity, in which he was Grand An- notator from 1884 to 1886; and to the Evanston Club, the Glen View Golf Club, and the University Club of Chicago. His religious connection is with the First Con- gregational Church of Evanston. He is regarded as a public-spirited and useful member of the communitv. BENJAMIN ALLEN GREENE, D. D. Rev. Benjamin A. Greene, an eminent minister of the Baptist church, resid- ing in Evanston, 111., was born in Harris- ville, R. I., November 6. 1845, the son of Alvin and Maria (Arnold) Greene, of whom the former was born in Killingly, Conn., in December, 1820, while the latter was a native of Rhode Island, where she was born in February, 1820. The occupa- tion of Alvin Greene was that of superinten- dent of a cotton mill. The genealogical line of the family is traceable back to John Greene, who lived in Warwick. R. I., in 1639. In early youth the subject of this sketch attended the common schools of his native place. After reaching the age of twelve years, he worked half of the time in the cotton mills and spent the other half at school. He recalls the fact that he began to read the "New York Tribune" editorials of Florace Greeley, at the beginning of the Civil War. For two years he lived in Yar- mouth, Maine, but most of his later boy- 564 BIOGRAPHICAL hood was spent at White Rock, R. I. He spent 1866-68 in preparation for college, in the Connecticut Literary Institute, at Suf- field, and entering Brown University, grad- uated there in 1872, and from Newton The- ological Institution in 1875. In 1893 he received the degree of D. D. from the for- mer institution. From July, 1875, to April, 1882. Dr. Greene followed his ministerial calling in ^Massachusetts, during that period serving as pastor of the First Baptist Church at Westboro, and later as pastor of the Washington Street Baptist Church, at Lvnn, Mass., from April, 1882, to March, 1897. Then coming West he assumed his present charge in Evanston. Dr. Greene has officiated as President of the Massachu- setts Conference of Baptist Ministers, and as lecturer on homiletics at Newton Theo- logical Institution, Crozer Theological School, Rochester Theological Seminary. and Chicago University Divinity School. On June 25. 1875, Dr. Greene was united in marriage, at Providence. R. I., with Ella Fairbrother. who was born in Pawtucket, R. I., in 1840. Two children have been born of this union, namely: Ruth M. (Mrs. J. F. Pierson ) . born February 27, 1877 ; and Marian F., born January 4, 1886. On May 12, 1891 . the mother of this family having died. Dr. Greene was married again, his second wife being Xancy W. Maine, who was born January 19, 1856. In his politi- cal views. Dr. Greene is a supporter of the principles of the Republican party. HENRY B. HEMENWAY. M. D. Dr. Henry Bi.xby Hemenway, who is successfully engaged in the practice of medicine in Evanston, 111., was born in Montpelier, Vt., December 20, 1856, the son of Francis Dana and Sarah Louise (Bi.xby) Hemenwav, natives of Chelsea, \'t.. where the former was born November 10, 1830, and the latter, March 2, 1828. The pater- nal grandparents, Jonathan Wilder and Sally (Hibbard — or Hebard) Hemenway, were born in Barre. Mass., and Brookfield, \'t.. respectively. On the maternal side the grandparents were Ichabod Bi.xby, born at Belchertown, Mass., March 19, 1784, and Susanna (Lewis) Bixby, in Walpole, N. H., August 31, 1789. The maiden name of the great-grandmother, on the paternal side, was Sarah Davidson. The great- grandparents on the maternal side were Ichabod and Lydia (Orcutt) Bi.xby, James and Grace (Paddock) Lewis — the first men- tioned (Ichabod Bixby), born January 9, 1757. The great-great-grandfather of ]\Irs. Hemenway, Solomon Bixby, was born in 1732, and died January 27, 18 13. His father, Nathan Bixby, was born in No- vember, 1694, the father of Nathan was Benjamin and his father was Joseph Bixby, who died in 1706. The father of Joseph Bixby was Nathaniel Bixby, who came from Boxford, Suffolk County, England and settled in Salem, Mass., in 1636. Dr. Hemenway "s father, Francis Dana Hemen- way, was a clergyman who, at the time of the doctor's birth was pastor of a church in Montpelier, \'t., and Chaplain of the State Senate. He first located in Evanston in 1857. During periods in i86i to 1862 and 1863 to 1865, he had a pastoral charge at Kalamazoo, Mich., and for a time in 1862-63, served as pastor of the First Meth- odist Episcopal Church in Chicago. On lo- cating in Evanston he was elected to a pro- fessorship in the Garrett Biblical Institute but from the fall of 1861 imtil the spring of 1866. availed himself of leave of absence from the institution. In 1876 he was a re- viser of the Methodist Episcopal Hymnal. Henry Bi.xby Hemenway received his mental training in the Preparatory School and College of Liberal Arts of Northwest- fl HISTORY OF EVANSTON 565 ern University, receiving his degree of A. B. in 1879, A. M.. in 1882. and that of M. D., from the medical department of the University in 188 1. While taking his course in the College of Liberal Arts he taught a district school at Deerfiekl, 111., in 1878-79, In 1881 he entered upon the practice of his profession in Kalamazoo, I\Iich,, continued therein until 1890, when he moved to Evanston, where he has since practiced with successful results. He served in the capacity of Health Officer of Kalamazoo in 1884-85, was secretary of the Kalamazoo Board of the U, S, Examin- ing Surgeons, from January 1887 to Sep- tember 1890; was also Treasurer of the Michigan State Medical Society from 1886 to 1890 and was Secretary and Librarian of the Kalamazoo Academy of Medicine, He was a member of the Finance Com- mittee of the Ninth International Medical Congress ; is now a member of the Ameri- can Medical Association, the American Academy of Medicine, the Chicago Medical Society, the Illinois State Medical Society, etc. Dr. Hemenway has been twice married, first in Evanston, on May 2, 1882, to Lilla Maggie Bradley, who was born at Cottage Hill. Ill,, August 25, 1856, and died March 29, 1883, She was descended from an old New England family, Benjamin Bradley, a London Apothecary, being the ancestor of the family. His son, Daniel, born in 161 5, came to Massachusetts in 1635 and was killed by Indians August 13, 1689, The doctor's second wife was Victoria Steven- son Taylor, to whom he was united in mar- riage at Kalamazoo, Mich,, October 13, 1885, She was born in Kalamazoo, Febru- ary 16, 1861, a daughter of Andrew and Victoria (Bangs) Taylor, her father being a native of Kelso, Scotland, Her maternal grandparents were Samuel and Susan (Payne) Bangs, the birthplace of the latter being in Virginia, Samuel Bangs received a grant of eleven leagues of land from the Mexican Government, for services rendered previous to 1840, Dr. Hemenway became the father of three children, namely : Ruth L,, born March 23, 1883: Hazel, who was born March 24, 1887, and died March 28, of the same year : and Margaret, born De- cember 14, 1888. In politics, the subject of this sketch is a supporter of the Republican party, but is averse to mingling national with local is- sues. His religious connection is with St. Mark's Episcopal Church, In fraternal circles, the doctor is identified with the A. F. & A. M., belonging to the R, A, M., and Knights Templar organizations. He is also affiliated with the Knights of Pythias, the U. O. F. ; the I. O. O. F. : and the Colum- bian Knigfhts. ANDREW J. BROWN. Andrew J. Brown (deceased), one of the oldest and most favorably known citizens of Evanston, 111., and a lawyer of distinction, was a native of the State of New York, born at Cooperstown, in that State, in 1820. Mr. Brown received his early education in the common schools of his native place, and subsequently studied law with Robert Campbell, of Cooperstown, In the autumn of 1840, he removed to Illinois and settled in De Kalb County, where, on his twenty- first birthday, he was elected Probate Judge of that county. After remaining four years in De Kalb County, Judge Brown located in Chicago, where he rapidly built up a remunerative practice. In 1850, he entered into a law partnership with the late Harvey B. Hurd, of Evanston, which was continued until 1854, Soon after entering into this part- nership he became interested in North Shore 566 BIOGRAPHICAL realty, and about the year 1863, became the owner of a tract of land containing 248 acres, which mainly constitutes the site of the present city of Evanston. In 1850 Mr. Brown, in conjunction with Grant Good- rich, Dr. John Evans, Orrington Lunt, and others, took part in a conference held in the city of Chicago, to consider the founding of "a university in the Northwest under the patronage of the Methodist Episcopal Church." Mr. Brown served as Secretary of this conference, was appointed a member of the committee to propose a form of char- ter which was adopted at a subsequent meeting, and still later, in an act passed by the Legislature in January, 185 1, author- izing the establishment of such an institu- tion, was named as a member of the First Board of Trustees. As one of the incorpo- rators he assisted in the formal incorpora- tion of the new institution, meanwhile serv- ing as Secretary of the Board. Two years later ( 1853) he took a prominent part in the search for a permanent site for the LTniver- sity, which, on or about the Fourth of July of that year, resulted in the selection of the present location, and the founding of the village of Evanston named in honor of Dr. John Evans, at that time President of the Board of Trustees and a potent factor in the founding of the institution. It is claimed that, as early as 1852. Mr. Brown had selected this as . the proper site of the coming university, thus anticipating the views of his colleagues on the Board of Trustees, of which he was the only member then living in Evanston. After the estab- lishment of the L^niversity, Judge Brown, who had acquired considerable financial re- sources, was one of its most steadfast sup- porters, and became security for many of the loans negotiated to tide it over the emer- gencies in its early history. The land in that vicinity which he purchased early in the 'sixties in anticipation of the future devel- opment of his educational project, was dis- posed of by him in such a manner as to promote the best interests of the city of Evanston, and to him is largely attributable the reputation which Evanston now enjoys as a center of material elegance, intellectual culture, and sound moral sentiment. Mr. Brown was married to Abigail Mc- Tagg, who survives her husband, as do also their son and daughter, Robert P. Brown, and Mrs. W. A. S. Graham. His death, as the result of an attack of grip, occurred at liis home in Evanston early in the year 1906. PETER CHRISTIAN LUTKIN. Peter Christian Lutkin, whose career in technical music during the twenty-five years which have passed since his first connection with Northwestern University, has given him a high reputation throughout the West as a master of that art, is a native of Wis- consin, born at Thompsonville, in the vicin- ity of Racine, that State, March 27, 1858. His father and mother, who were of Danish nativity, came to the LInited States in 1844. In 1859, they moved from the small village where their son Peter was born to Racine, and thence, in 1863, to Chicago, where they spent the remainder of their lives. Both died in 1872. Before the death of his parents, the sub- ject of this sketch had made diligent use of the opportunities for mental training af- forded by the Chicago public schools, and had been for one year a pupil in a select school in that city. On being left an or- phan when just entering upon his 'teens, further attendance at school became impos- sible. He had gained some experience, however, at an earlier age, as boy-alto in the choir of the Cathedral of SS. Peter and Paul, in Chicago. He was the first boy to sustain that part in the church choirs of the HISTORY OF EVANSTON 567 city, as he was also the first one of his age in this section of the country to render solos in oratorio music. He was then nine years old, and three years later, without previous tuition, he presided at the cathedral organ during the regular daily services. At the age of thirteen years, in conjunction with W. F. Whitehouse, a son of Bishop White- house, he played that instrument in the cathedral on occasions of Sunday worship. He was then appointed organist of the ca- thedral when fourteen years old, and acted in that capacity for nine years. During this period he had studied with Clarence Eddy, Regina Watson and Frederick Grant Glea- son in organ, piano, and the theory of music, respectively. On going to Europe in 1881, Mr. Lutkin became a pupil of .August Haupt, Oscar Raif and Waldemar Bargiel, in Berlin, in the respective branches of organ, piano and composition. In 1882 he took a course in the Hochschule, in that city, and was one of the sixteen students (he being the only for- eigner) accepted for the study of theory and composition in the Royal Academy of Arts, Berlin. Later he went to Vienna, where he attended the piano classes of Theodor Leschetitzky ; and subsequently visited Paris, there becoming a pupil of Moszkows- ky, in piano and composition. ]\Ir. Lutkin then returned home and received the ap- pointment of organist and choirmaster of St! Clement's Church, in Chicago. From 1890 to 1896, he acted in the capacity of organist of St. James' Episcopal Church, in the same city, which established the stand- ard for ecclesiastical music in this section of the country. Before entering upon his studies in Eu- rope, Professor Lutkin had been a teacher of piano in the Conservatory of Music in Evanston, and after his return to this coun- try, he was for a considerable period the principal theory teacher in the American Conservatory of Music in Chicago. In 1 891, while temporarily retaining his con- nection with the latter institution, he was placed in charge of the Conservatory, to which he devoted a portion of his time, re- organizing the school and soon uplifting it from a state of deterioration to a condition of high efficiency and prosperity. In 1892 Professor Lutkin resigned his position in the American Conservatory, and was for- mally appointed Director of the Depart- ment of Music of Northwestern University and Professor of Music in the College of Liberal Arts. Five years later the progress of the Department warranted its reorganiza- tion as a separate School of the University, with Professor Lutkin as Dean of the new faculty. He was one of the organizers of the LTniversity Club, and received the degree of Mus. D. from Syracuse LTniversity in 1901. The Evanston Musical Club was organ- ized by Professor Lutkin during the 'nine- ties, and he has acted as its director since 1895. He was director as well of the Ra- venswood Musical Club from 1897 to 1905. and that society made signal progress under his leadership. These two organizations were awarded $4,500 in prizes, during com- petitions held at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis in 1904. Professor Lutkin is the composer of music to a con- siderable extent for use in the worship of the Episcopal Church, to which denomina- tion he belongs, and some of his composi- tions are used in the services of the Estab- lished Church of England. Although an Episcopalian, he was chosen as one of the two musical editors engaged on the revision of the hymnal of the Methodist Episcopal Church, a fact which notably attests the rank generally conceded to him in the musi- cal profession. 568 BIOGRAPHICAL CHESTER P. WALCOTT. Chester P. Walcott (deceased), for a number of years one of the most worthy, useful and highly esteemed citizens of Evanston, 111., was born in Providence. R. I., November 24, 1859, the son of Erastus L. and Harriet (Pratt) Walcott. Mr. Walcott was reared in his native place, where, in early youth, he made diligent use of the opportunities afiforded by the public schools. In 1876, he located in Chicago, and sometime afterwards became connected with the business of dealing in plumbers' supplies. For many years, in partnership with Mr. Hurlbut, he carried on a large business under the firm style of Walcott, Hurlbut & Co., being identified with the trade in this line until the time of his death, which occurred April 25, 1899. He had es- tablished his residence in Evanston in the spring of 189 1, and there passed away at his home. No. 11 14, Judson Avenue. Al- though a quiet, undemonstrative man, Mr. Walcott was energetic in the conduct of his afifairs, in which he manifested superior business capability and won merited success. October 2-]. 1881, Mr. Walcott was unit- ed in marriage, at the Fourth Presbyterian Church in Chicago, with Martha C. Howe, a daughter of Samuel Howe, one of the pioneer grain merchants of that city. The children born of this union are : Chester H. Walcott, who graduated from Princeton University with the class of 1905 ; and Rus- sell S. Walcott, who is a high school student in Evanston. Mr. Walcott was reared an Episcopalian, but after his marriage united with the Presbyterian Church, to which de- nomination his wife belonged and with which she is still connected. On settling in Evanston he became a member of the First Presbyterian Church, and took a prominent part in promoting its welfare. He was a member of the Board of Trustees and of its building committee. He was also a member of the committee which extended the call to the Rev. Dr. Boyd to become pastor of the church, in which relation that gentleman still officiates. Socially, Mr. Walcott was identified with the Evanston Club. He had a wide ac- quaintance, and his genial nature, kindly de- portment and helpful disposition, attracted to him hosts of friends. By those who were brought into intimate contact with him in the daily walks of life, he was regarded with warm afifection, and his unswerving probity and sterling traits of character commanded the sincere respect of all with whom he had business transactions. COL. NATHAN H. WALWORTH. Col. Nathan H. Walworth (deceased), formerly one of the most prominent, popu- lar and widely known citizens of Evanston, 111., was born in Western (now Rome), Oneida County, N. Y., February 14, 1832, the son of Elisha and Sarah (Halbert) Walworth, natives of New York State. Elisha Walworth was a farmer and manu- facturer by occupation. The Walworth family was one of the oldest and most noted in the Empire State, and among its most distinguished representatives was the emi- nent jurist. Chancellor Walworth. The boyhood of Nathan H. Walworth was passed on the paternal farm in the Mo- hawk Valley, and he received his primary training in the public schools in the vicinity of his home. His education was completed at Rome Academy and in Cazenovia Semi- nary. He remained on the farm during his youth and, when about twenty-two years of age, after finishing his studies, he came west to Fulton County. 111., where he oper- ated a large farm in 1855 and 1856. At a later period he went to Oneida, Knox Coun- HISTORY OF EVANSTON 569 ty, where he engaged in mercantile pursuits. In Oneida he was prominent both as a mer- chant and as a citizen, serving as Supervisor of his town, and filHng other positions of trust and responsibility. While in New York, Col. Wadsworth had some experience as Captain of Artillery, in the National Guard of that State, and in the early sum- mer of 1861, organized a company of infan- try for service in the Union Army. This company became a part of the Forty-second Regiment, Illinois \'olunteer Infantry, in which he was commissioned as Captain July 22, 1861. In December of that year he was promoted as Major, and in October, 1862, became Lieutenant Colonel. On February 15, 1863, he was promoted to the Colonelcy and was constantly in command of his reg- iment from the time he became Major until J\lay 15, 1864, when he resigned. At the battles of Chickamauga and Mission Ridge he commanded a brigade. His services in the field began under Fremont and Hunter in Missouri. In February, 1862, he was sent to reinforce Grant at Fort Donelson, and was then ordered down the Mississippi River to Island No. 10. There he con- ceived the idea of surprising the Confeder- ate water battery, located above the bend of the river. His suggestion was carried out by Col Roberts in the famous exploit of April I, 1862, in which the guns of the bat- tery were spiked, and our gunboats ran the gauntlet at the island, cutting ofif the retreat of the Confederates and compelling them to surrender. The regiment was later engaged in the siege of Nashville, and became part of the Army of the Cumberland. Col. Wal- worth was a close personal friend of Gen. Sheridan, who relied much on his military judgment. After leaving the army, Col. Walworth returned to Oneida, 111., where he became a stock breeder in that vicinity, and operated a lumber vard in the town, which he con- ducted until 1868. In that year he located in Chicago with C. H. Conger, and was largely interested in the firm of Conger, Walworth & Co., lumber dealers. About the same time the firm purchased the busi- ness of Roberts, Calkins & Hull, and Col. Walworth having bought the Conger inter- est, the firm became Bushnell, Walworth & Reed in 1871. In 1875 the company engaged in the manufacture of lumber at Cedar Springs, Mich., and also estab- lished lumber yards, drying kilns, etc., at that place, where it conducted business un- til 1880. The Chicago yard was sold in 1876, and Mr. Bushnell withdrew from the firm. Mr. Reed became President and the concern carried on a retail lumber business at a dozen or more points in Nebraska, having a trade in the aggregate of 30,- 000,000 feet of lumber per year. The firm abandoned the lumber business in 1889, but Col. Walworth and Mr. Reed contin- ued together in the real estate line until the death of the former, at his home in Evans- ton, October 29, 1892. They were also the owners of large live-stock interests, opera- ting an extensive ranch at Holdredge, Neb. as the Holdredge Live Stock Company. Besides these interests, they owned mills at Muskegon, Mich., which the firm had bought in 187 1 and continued to operate until 1885, when they moved to Minneapo- lis. In 1880 the firm sold a half-interest in the Cedar Springs plant, and moved the business to Montague, Mich., and in 1884, the Walworth & Reed Lumber Company was incorporated, with Col. Walworth as President. In 1855, at Delta, N. Y., Col. Walworth was united in marriage with Adelia E. Cornish, who was a native of New York and a daughter of Hosea Cornish of that town. Mrs. Walworth is the only surviv- ing member of the family, although she and her husband cared for and educated 570 BIOGRAPHICAL several children. Politically, Col. Wadworth was an earnest supporter of the principles of the Republican party. Socially, he was a prominent member of the Loyal Legion ; the Union League' and Evanston Clubs ; and the George H. Thomas Post, G. A. R. His religious connection was with the Con- gregational Church. Throughout his ac- tive career, the strain of his varied and ex- tensive business responsibilities was inces- sant and severe, and he found it necessary, in 1888-89, to indulge in a vacation for the benefit of his health, spending the period in European travel. It was the nature of Col. Walworth to be kindly and helpful, and his friends loved him as few men are loved. He was ever charitable and took special interest in assisting young men. He was steadfast in friendship and devoted to his old comrades in arms. His home life was ideal, and his intercourse with his wide acquaintance was befitting the character of a brave soldier and chivalrous gentleman. RICHARD CONOVER LAKE. Richard C. Lake, retired, Evanston, 111., was born in Montour County, Pa., July 20, 1846, the son of James and Han- nah (Dey) Lake, natives of the State of Pennsylvania. Mr. Lake is most fortunate in his ancestry. On the paternal side, he is a descendant of John Lake, one of the Lady Deborah Moody party who consti- tuted the first English settlement on Long Island in 1643; the line of descent being from John through Daniel, John, Richard, Benjamin and James to Richard C. On the maternal side, the Dey family are Holland Dutch, and were among the first emigrants to land in New Amsterdam, now New York City. Dey Street is named for this family. Thus it will be seen that through descent, both maternal and paternal, as well as by collateral lines, the subject of this sketch is related to many of the most prom- inent and distinguished families known to American history, among them being the Randolphs, Harrisons, Berkleys, etc. James Lake, the father of Richard C, was a well-known agriculturist, who at the time of his decease was an associate Judge in the County of Columbia, State of Penn- sylvania. Richard C. received a common school education, which has been supple- mented by study in later years. Until he was twelve years of age, his youth was spent upon a farm. He then went to Espy, Columbia County, Pa., where he was employed by a mercantile house until his seventeenth year, when, in company with some older brothers, he removed to Central City, Colo. There he went to work for a mercantile firm, later becoming a partner in the concern. In 1877 he dis- posed of his interest and embarked once more on the mercantile sea in Deadwood, S. D. A little later he engaged in the bank- ing business in that city, and in 1879 was elected President of the First National Bank. For twenty years thereafter he con- tinued in this business, becoming President of the First National Bank of Rapid City, S. D., in 1884, and later President of a bank in Hot Springs, S. D., and another at Chad- ron. Neb. On September 14, 1871, Mr. Lake was married to Mary, daughter of John R. Ran- dolph of Providence, R. I., whose father was a cousin of the celebrated John Ran- dolph of Roanoake. Mr. and Mrs. Lake were the parents of six children: Jessie, Amy (now Mrs. Walter G. Pietsch), Rich- ard Randolph, Margaret, George Ernest (now a midshipman in the U. S. Navy), and Gertrude. In 1893, the family removed to Evanston, 111., where Mrs. Lake died September 14, 1894. Shortly after coming HISTORY OF EVANSTON 571 to Illinois, Mr. Lake disposed of his bank- ing interests in the West, but was made \'ice-President of the Union National Bank of Chicago, which relation he con- tinued to occupy for nearly two years, when, having been elected President of the Masonic Fraternity Temple Associa- tion, and being a large stockholder therein, he resigned the vice-presidency of the bank and took personal charge of the Ma- sonic Temple Building. For two years thereafter — or until the building was placed on a dividend-paying basis — he held this position. He then resigned, and since that time has devoted his attention exclu- sively to his private business affairs, most important among which may be mentioned the Range Cattle Industry in South Dakota and Texas, a business in which, for the past twenty years, he has been interested to a greater or less extent. On February 9, 1899, Mr. Lake was united to Helen M. Kitchell. daughter of Mrs. E. E. Willis, of Evanston, 111., but there is no living issue from this marriage. In his political affiliations, Mr. Lake is a Re- publican. He is a thirty-second degree Ma- son, and has filled nearly every position in the order. He is a member of the Union League Club of Chicago, the Glenview Golf Club, the Evanston Club, and the Country Club of Evanston. He is likewise a Direct- or of the Evanston Free Public Library, and a member of the School Board of that city. He and his family are members of the Episcopal Church. EDWARD W. LEARNED. Edward W. Learned, a prominent resi- dent of Evanston, 111., since 1865, was born in the town of Homer, Cortland County. N. Y., April 30, 1823. His parents were Edward W. and Polly (Briggs) Learned. Edward W. Learned, Sr., was a farmer by occupation and the son was reared in the neighborhood made famous in the story of David Harum. Here he enjoyed the educational advantages of the common schools of Homer and Solon, and after a course in the Cortland Academy at Homer, in his early manhood engaged in teaching. He came west in 1845, locating at Racine, Wis., on June 5, of that year. His elder brother had come to this section the year before, and he took a tramp beyond Rock River to visit some old New York friends. There he hired out to a farmer who lived near what was then Southport, but is now Kenosha. He worked there at $12.50 per month, taught school the following winter and. when the term was over, went to Port Washington, where he and his brother en- tered government land, receiving a deed therefor from President James K. Polk. Mr. Learned still owns this farm. Except for a period of six years spent in California, Air. Learned remained in Wis- consin, engaged in building and farming, for twenty-one years. He went to Califor- nia in 185 1, sailing from New York and rounding Cape Horn. The voyage from New York to San Francisco consumed 155 days, and during this period thirteen bur- ials at sea and ten cases of yellow-fever came under his observation. He was en- gaged in the building line in San Francis- co and Sacramento five years, was connect- ed with the Vigilantes, and made money rapidly. In 1857 he returned from Cali- fornia, via the Isthmus of Panama, and re- turned to Port Washington where he re- sumed building and continued in this line until 1866, when he came to Evanston. Here he was actively engaged in building operations until he retired from business. Prior to his removal to Evanston (in 1865) he built the second brick residence in Ev- anston. He put up several buildings for 572 BIOGRAPHICAL himself, and made judicious investments in real estate. He also conducted a grocery in Evanston for a time, and, by diligent ef- fort, secured a competency for old age. In 1857. Mr. Learned was married in Homer, X. Y., to Carrie M. Shuler, a daughter of Jacob Shuler, of that place. Their only child was Ella Elizabeth (Learned) Betts, who died in 1884, leaving an infant son, who died seven weeks later. Politically, Mr. Learned is a Republican. He served one term of four years as Jus- tice of the Peace, and was also a member of the city auditing board. His religious con- nection is with the First Methodist Church. JOHN R. VAN ARSDALE. John R. Van Arsdale (deceased), for eighteen years one of the most favorably known citizens of Evanston, 111., was born in New Brunswick, N. J., Alarch 10, 1824, and was reared in his native place, where he received his early training in the public schools, and where he also gained his first business experience. In 1869 he moved west to Illinois, and locating in Chicago, was first engaged in the manufacture of wall paper, as a member of the firm of M. A. Howell & Company. From 1870 to 1872, he was a grain commission merchant and an operator on the Chicago Board of Trade. In 1873. he became connected with the Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Com- pany of Chicago, of which, in 1876, he was appointed cashier. This position he filled until the time of his death, which occurred February 15, 1890. He passed away at his residence on Ridge Avenue, Evanston, where he had established his home in 1872. During the seventeen vears of his connection with the above-mentioned com- pany, he was largely instrumental in ad- vancing its interests to a high degree of prosperity. In 1857, Mr. Van Arsdale was united in marriage with Mary E. Tannehill, of Brooklyn, N. Y.. and their union resulted in the following named children : Robert T., a resident of New Brunswick, N. J. ; William T., who is engaged in business in Chicago, and maintains his residence in Evanston ; John R., Jr., who is also a busi- ness man of Chicago and lives in Evans- ton ; Isabella (Mrs. Sutphen) of Brooklyn, N. Y., and Mary, whose home is in Evans- ton. In his religious associations Mr. Van Arsdale was an attendant upon the services of the Presbyterian Church. He was a man of excellent traits of character, superi- or business capacity and scrupulous integ- rity, and enjoyed the sincere respect and unreserved confidence of all who made his acquaintance. LUCIUS A. TROWBRIDGE. Lucius A. Trowbridge, a well-known banker of Chicago, and prominent resident of Evanston, 111., was born in Danbury, Fairfield County, Conn., April 10, 1847, the son of Matthew Thomas and Agnes K. (Sherman) Trowbridge, who moved from Connecticut to Illinois in 1861, settling in Rockford, where the former passed the re- mainder of his life, dying in KJ03. Both the Trowbridge and Sherman families are of old New England stock. Lucius A. re- ceived his early education in the public and high schools of Rockford, 111., and, after finishing his studies, was employed for two years as a clerk in the "County Book Store," in that city. In 1863, he became bookkecj^er in the private bank of Spaf- ford & Penfield, and during the same year this bank became the Third National Bank I HISTORY OF EVANSTON 573 of Rockford. Mr. Trowbridge remained with it in various capacities for twenty- seven years. He was successively book- keeper, teller, assistant cashier and cashier, and for several years, was also a director, and one of the principal stockholders. In 1891, he resigned his position as cashier, in order to engage in private banking in Chicago, and, in 1893, founded the private banking house of Lucius A. Trowbridge. This was succeeded by the corporation of Trowbridge & Co., in 1895, with Mr. Trow- bridge as President and D. R. Niver as Secretary. In 1900 the corporate name was changed to that of The Trowbridge & Niv- er Co., and the house has been, and still is, largely engaged in the purchase and sale of high-grade municipal and corporation bonds. From the outset its main offices have been located in the First National Bank Building, in Chicago, while a branch office is maintained in Boston. In late years, the bonds owned and ofifered to the public by The Trowbridge & Niver Company have aggregated millions of dollars annual- ly. Mr. Trowbridge is also largely inter- ested in the Twin City Telephone Company, of Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn., on be- half of his firm. He is a man of keen per- ception and excellent business judgment. On June 9, 1881, Mr. Trowbridge wa.s united in marriage with Carolyn Frances Cobb, a daughter of George Cobb, whose early home was at Sauquoit. X. Y. Mr. and Mrs. Trowbridge have three daughters, namely : Alice, Jessie and Carolyn. Relig- iously, Mr. Trowbridge has been for manv years a prominent and active member of the Baptist Church. He is widely known throughout the State of Illinois as a Sun- day School worker and, in 1883. was Presi- dent of the Illinois State Sunday School .■\ssociation. He is also active in the work of the Y. M. C; A., and was chairman of the Illinois State Executive Committee of that organization from 1891 to 1895. He is still a member of the advisory committee of the association. Mr. Trowbridge estab- lished his home in Evanston in 1902. and is there held in high esteem. DORR AUGUSTINE KIMBALL. Dorr A. Kimball ( deceased), who was for many years one of the most prominent and widely known business men of Chicago, was born in Dexter, Jefferson County, N. Y., June 4, 1849, the son of John B. and Louisa (Ryder) Kimball. His father was a shoe manufacturer and a Jus- tice of the Peace in New York State, and in political sentiment a zealous Free-Soiler, deeply interested in the abolition movement anrl the operations of the "Underground Railroad," and while living near Sackett's Harbor, frequently aided fugitive slaves to secure their freedom by escaping to Cana- da. Later he was a supporter of the Gov- ernment in the war for the preservation of the Union, assisting in the organization of troops for the suppression of the rebellion. Oa the maternal side, the Ryders were an old family of New York State, engaged in agriculture. The subject of this sketch received his education in the public schools, and when about fifteen years of age obtained a clerk- ship in a store at Watertown. X. Y., where he remained a year when, in 1865, he came to Chicago and found employment as office boy with Fox & Howard, dredgers and con- tractors, continuing in this business until 1874. He then accepted a position as cash- ier with Marshall Field & Co.. which he soon exchanged for a position at the head of the general credit department of the same firm, retaining the latter position for the rest of his life, covering a period of nearly thirty vears. His long connection 574 BIOGRAPHICAL with the most important department in this extensive concern indicates the estima- tion in which he was held as a business man. Gifted with a retentive memory which enabled him promptly to recall faces and events, his judgment and integrity were im- plicity trusted, and seldom, if ever, at fault. Soon after coming to Chicago, Mr. Kim- ball became a member of the New England Congregational Church, but after moving to Evanston in 1876, transferred his mem- bership to the First Congregational Church of that city, with which he remained identi- fied up to the date of his decease. Although not a member of any secret society, he was identified with several social organizations, including the Evanston Club, the Evanston Country Club, besides various literary or- ganizations, being Vice-President of the first named during the last year of his life. He was also one of the founders and most active supporters of the Home for Incura- bles, in connection with which he served as a Director from its establishment, was a member of the Evanston High School Board, a Director of the Evanston Hospital and, for several terms, a Trustee of the First Congregational Church. He was es- pecially interested in the welfare and happi- ness of the children — the boys and girls — of his home city, and on his holidays was ac- customed to lead a bicycle club of little girls about the city and adjoining country, ending the trip with an entertainment at a soda-fountain or an ice-cream parlor. The affection in which he was held by the younger class was one of the highest trib- utes that could be paid to his character, and affords his friends a pleasant memory of his many admirable qualities of mind and heart. In politics he was a Republican. Mr. Kimball was united in marriage in the city of Chicago, April 24, 187 1, to Miss Susie Woodford, daughter of Orin F. and Mary A. (Merrill) Woodford — both branches of Mrs. Kimball's family being de- scended from old prominent New England families. To Mr. and Mrs. Kimball were born three sons and three daughters, of whom two sons — Harlow M. and Dorr Edwin — and one daughter — Ruth Merrill — are now living. Of the other three chil- dren, two died in infancy, and the oldest born, Leonice Woodford, in 1900, at the age of twenty-six years. Mr. Kimball's death occurred suddenly on May 20, 1903, at the Sanitarium at Lake Geneva, Wis., whither he had gone for treatment for a nervous affection, and was deeplv deplored by a large circle of friends both in Evanston and Chicago who had learned to appreciate his high business in- tegrity and his many admirable traits of character. His decease called forth many tributes to his memory. It may be said of him that his fidelity and his honesty were never questioned. He was one of the most faithful and trustworthy of citizens in every relation of life. His de- portment in all the relations of life was of the highest, and he was interested in every- thing that would tend to the betterment of the community — spending freely of his means, his time and his labor for the up- building of his home city and the promo- tion of the public good. LEWIS CASS TALLMADGE. Lewis Cass Tallmadge, for many years one of the most prominent and favorably known citizens of Evanston, 111., was born in Springfield, Mass., January 23, 1842, son of Marcus M. and .\bigail (Andrews) Tallmadge. Marcus M. Tallmadge was a man of independent fortune. In politics, he was a prominent Democrat and an intimate friend of Andrew Jackson. In religion he was a leading Episcopal churchman. Gen. HISTORY OF EVANSTON 575 Benjamin Tallmadge, the grandfather, was a member of Washington's staff. Marcus A. Talhnadge moved with his family, at an early period, from Springfield, Mass., to East Granby, Conn., where he made his home for many years. He had a son and daughter, who were respectively named after Andrew and Rachael Jackson. The old family homestead was destroyed by fire in October, 1905, and with it were con- sumed many Revolutionary and other his- torical relics and family treasures. Among these were miniature portraits, on ivory, of General and Rachael Jackson, presented to their namesakes. The Tallmadge family in New England was descended from James Tallmadge.' who, with his son Robert, came from Hol- land to Boston in 1630. They moved to Connecticut in 1639, and were original grantees of lots in the town of New Haven. Many of the Tallmadge family participated in the Revolutionary War, and some of its representatives have, in later times, become distinguished in professional careers, among them, Rev. T. DeWitt Tallmadge, the noted pulpit orator. Lewis Cass Tallmadge received his early education in the public schools of New Haven, Conn., relinquishing his studies at the age of seventeen years in order to enlist in the Union Army, where he served in a Connecticut regiment. After the war was over, he went to Washington, D. C, where he obtained a position in the War Depart- ment, and at the same time studied law. At a later period, he engaged in the business of adjusting naval claims, which he fol- lowed to a considerable extent during a residence of twenty years in Washington and thereafter. He was also interested in real estate operations, the building of tele- phone lines and various other enterprises. In 1881, Mr. Tallmadge located in Chicago, soon afterwards removing to Evanston, where he resided until the time of his death, which occurred in Chicago, October 16, 1902. In 1874, the subject of this sketch was united in marriage, in the city of New York, with Mary Eliza Eddy, a daughter of Rev. Dr. Thomas M. Eddy, then Secre- tary of the Board of Missions of the Meth- odist Episcopal Church, and widely known in that connection. Dr. Eddy had previously held the position of editor of the "Northwestern Christian Advo- cate," in Chicago, and from Chicago went to Baltimore, where he became pastor of the old Charles Street Church, and after- wards built the beautiful Mt. Vernon Place church, and served as its pastor. Still later, he was pastor of the Metropoli- tan Methodist Episcopal Church in Wash- ington, D. C, from which he went to New York, and died there while serv- ing as Secretary of the Board of Mis- sions of his denomination. He was one of the most eminent ministers of the Meth- odist Church, noted alike for eloquence in the pulpit and rare executive ability in the conduct of church affairs. Mr. and Mrs. Tallmadge became the parents of two chil- dren, namely : Thomas Eddy Tallmadge, of Chicago, and Abbie Louise Tallmadge, of Evanston. Politically Mr. Tallmadge was a support- er of the Republican party. He enjoyed a wide acquaintance with public men, and personally knew every President of the L'nited States, from Grant to McKinley, inclusive. In religion, he was reared an Episcopalian, but became a Methodist while in Washington, and was a communicant of the First Methodist Episcopal Church, of Evanston. Socially, he was a member of the Evanston and Country Clubs ; the John A. Logan Post, G. A. R. ; and the Sons of the .American Revolution. 576 BIOGRAPHICAL GEORGE ALBERT COE, A. M., PH. D. George Albert Coe, John Evans Profes- sor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy, Northwestern University, Evanston, 111., was born March 26, 1862, at Mendon, N. Y., son of the late Rev. George W. Coe, for about forty years a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The Coe an- cestrv is English. The first member of this family to emigrate to America came to Boston in the ship Francis in 1654. The ancestry on the side of the mother (Harriet \'an Voorhis) was Dutch, the first \'an Voorhis ancestor in this country, coming from Holland to the Hudson River region in the year 1670. Mr. Coe graduated with degree of A. B., from the University of Rochester, N. Y., in 1884, subsequently receiving the degree of A. M. from the same university. In 1887, after three years' study at Boston Univer- sitv, he received from that institution the degree of S. T. B., thereafter remaining at the University for another year of graduate study. On September 3, 1888, he was united in marriage to Sadie E. Know- land, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Knowland, of Alameda, Cal., and during the next two years (1888-90) was a pro- fessor in the University of Southern Cali- fornia at Los Angeles. Then, having been appointed Jacob Sleeper Traveling Fellow of Boston University, he spent one year (1890-01) studying at the University of Berlin. In 189 1 he received the degree of Ph. D. from Boston University, and the same year was appointed Acting Professor of Philosophy at Northwestern University, two years later being appointed the John Evans Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy in that institution, which he stilj retains. Professor Coe has published numerous articles in psychological and theological journals, and is a member of the American Psychological Association, the American Philosophical Association, and the American Association for the Advance- ment of Science. He is the author of the following works: "The Spiritual Life" (N. Y., 1900) ; "The Religion of a Mature Mind" (Chicago, 1902) ; "Education in Re- ligion and Morals" (Chicago, 1904). He has also delivered numerous popular lectures on educational topics. In 1900 he was Lec- turer on the Psychology of Religion at Bos- ton University School of Theology, and in i(;02, and again in 1903, gave courses of lectures at the summer sessions of the Har- vard Divinity School on The Psychology of Religion and Religious Education, respect- ively. Professor Coe is a member of the First Methodist Church of Evanston. SADIE KNOWLAND COE. Sadie Knowland Coe, late Professor of Piano and History of Music, Northwestern University School of Music, Evanston, 111., was born in San Francisco, Cal. in 1864, the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Knowland, was educated in the public schools and the high school of Alameda, Cal., and studied piano with Ernst Hart- mann of San Francisco, and still later with Carl Baermann and J. W. Tufts, of Boston, On September 3, 1888, she was married to George Albert Coe, a Professor in the Uni- versity of Southern California at Los An- geles. During the academic year 1889-90, she was in charge of the piano department of the University of Southern California, and for the next three years studied music in Germany — taking instruction in piano music with Heinrich Barth and Moritz Moskowski, Theory and Composition with Reinhold Succo, and Ensemble Playing with Waldemar Bargiel. Mrs. Coe came to Evanston in 1893 and HISTORY OF EVANSTON 577 started a class for private instruction of pupils in piano music, but was invited into the faculty of the University School of Mu- sic as Instructor of Piano, with which she was connected eleven years. Besides teach- ing piano, she developed a popular depart- ment of the History of Music, gave numer- ous recitals, and appeared often with the string quartette, repeatedly bringing out new compositions, or those heard here for the first time. In 1901 she was advanced in rank to Professor, which she resigned in 1905 in order to establish a private school. She was under appointment as Lecturer on Musical Aesthetics in the College of Liberal Arts at the time of her death, which resulted from cancer, at San Fran- cisco, Cal., August 24, 1905. Mrs. Coe was exceedingly active in pro- moting tnusic as a means of popular cult- ure. For some four years she took the lead in the music work of the Evanston Wom- an's Club, conducting or organizing each year a course of educational programs and recitals. In the meantime she gave numer- ous lecture recitals in Evanston and else- where. Her leading topics were historical, such as Primitive Music, Music of the American Indians, and the several music- dramas of Richard Wagner. A few days before her death there ap- peared from the press of the Clayton F. Summy Company, her "Melodrama of Hi- awatha" for speaking voice and piano, the text being from Longfellow's poem, and the music being based upon genuine Indian themes. This composition has been given repeatedly in Evanston, and a number of times in other cities. It has proved itself possessed of great beauty and emotional power. Besides being a brilliant player and an able teacher and lecturer, Mrs. Coe was possessed of rare executive ability, intellect- uality and social power. Adhering to the same faith as her husband, Prof. George A. Coe, she was a member of the First Methodist Church of Evanston. ALANSON SWEET. Alanson Sweet (deceased), pioneer mer- chant and legislator of the Middle West, and former well-known citizen of Evans- ton, 111., was born in Owasco, Cayuga County, N. Y., March 12, 1804, the son of Wilbur and Anna (Leach) Sweet. Wilbur Sweet was a skilled stoneworker by occu- pation, and was also engaged in agricul- tural pursuits. His son. Alanson, was reared on the paternal farm and trained to farming, besides learning the stone-mason's trade. On the maternal side he was de- scended from Lawrence Leach, of English ancestry, who settled in Salem, Mass., eleven years after the landing of the Pil- grims, and was in the Colonial service un- der Governor Winthrop. Left a half - orphan by the death of his mother in his early childhood, Alanson Sweet was thrown upon his own resources at the age of fourteen years. He had had few advantages of early schooling, but be- ing naturally studious, as a result of self- training he became a man of broad general information. As a youth he had a varied experience, an incident of which was his service as driver of a canal boat on the Erie Canal. When but nineteen years of age he was a contractor for stone work, and in this connection, held Government contracts. In 183 1 he journeyed to Chicago, and was at Fort Dearborn at the beginning of the Blackhawk War. He was First Lieutenant of a company of volunteers raised in Chica- go at that time, to aid in checking the rav- ages of the Indians, and in this connection rendered considerable active service. While in Fort Dearborn he saw, for the first time, Emily Shaw, who had just arrived in Chi- 5/8 BIOGRAPHICAL cago from Xew York State, and who, on account of the threatened danger, had tak- en refuge in the fort. It was a case of love at first sight, and, in 1833, they were united in wedlock at St. Joseph, Mich. Soon after his marriage, Mr. Sweet engaged in build- ing and other enterprises in Chicago, and was one of the earliest real estate owners there. He built the first two-story frame house in Chicago, and had the first inclosed grounds, comprising a quarter of an acre of land at the corner of Clark and Kinzie Streets. In 1835, believing that on account of its fine harbor and other advantages, Mil- waukee was destined to become the chief city of the lakes, he moved to that place, where he acquired large landed interests and became a leading man of affairs. For thirty-five years thereafter, he was one of the foremost citizens of Milwaukee, pos- sessed of ample means, conducting e.xten- sive enterprises and manifesting great ac- tivity in every field of efifort. It was his design to build up a new city and commer- cial emporium. Mr. Sweet held many po- sitions of honor and trust in Milwaukee, and was one of the organizers of the Wis- consin Territorial and State Governments. He served as one of the five members of the first Territorial Legislature, and was chief- ly instrumental in locating the capital of Wisconsin, afterwards named Madison, at "Four Lakes." He improved part of the harbor of Milwaukee, and constructed a number of lighthouses on Lake Michigan and Lake Superior. Mr. Sweet was a close personal friend of Governor Doty, the first Governor of the State, and co-operated with him and other noted pioneers in laying the foundations of a great commonwealth. For many years he was the leading grain mer- chant of Milwaukee, owning large eleva- tors and handling vast quantities of grain annually. In the early days, Mr. Sweet was an ar- dent champion of water as against railroad transportation, and was among the pioneers who were unfriendly to railroad enterprises. He lived, however, long enough to realize how largely the latter have contributed to- ward the development of the country. Hav- ing met with reverses, Mr. Sweet went to Kansas in 1870, beginning the life of a farmer again at Arkansas City. After re- maining there about six years, he relin- quished active efforts and settled in Ev- anston, where he passed nearly all his later life, dying in Chicago in 1891. His last days were spent near the scenes of his earli- est labors in Illinois. On the spot which he had beheld in all its original barrenness, with hardly a human habitation outside of Fort Dearborn, he saw a city of more than a million people spring into existence al- most within a generation. The faithful, life-long companion of Mr. Sweet passed away in Evanston in 1892, and the only surviving members of this noted pioneer family are a son and a daughter — George O. Sweet, of Chicago, and Mrs. Mary (Sweet) Taggart, of Ev- anston. OSCAR H. MANN. Oscar H. Mann, M. D., who has been one of the prime factors in the develop- ment of Evanston, 111., from a straggling, though pretty suburb of Chicago, to a handsome city and a seat of wealth and culture, was born in Providence, R. I., Xovember 24, 1834. His parents, Timo- thy M. and Eliza (Tupper) Mann, were descended from families conspicuous for high mental and moral qualities. Dr. Mann's father was a cousin of Horace Mann, the famous educator and author, and Martin Tupper, the poet, was a mem- HISTORY OF EVANSTON 579 ber of the family from which the mother of the subject of this sketch was derived. When Mr. Mann was but a child, his father moved to Albany, New York, and for several years was engaged in the transportation business on the Hudson River and the Erie Canal. The son at this period attended Whitesboro College, Whitesboro, N. Y., and then pursued a course of study in the Medical College of the University of the City of New York, where he received his diploma. Similar degrees were also conferred upon him by Hahnemann Medical College in Chicago, and the Chicago Homoeopathic College. In i860 Dr. Mann came West and com- menced practicing medicine at Shabbona Grove, 111. From 1863 until 1866 he prac- ticed in Ottawa, 111., and then settled in Evanston, where he soon attained a pro- fessional status which ranked him among the leading physicians of the State for more than thirty years. He has been President of the Illinois State Homoeo- pathic Association, and has filled other positions of honor and trust. Early in his career he became interested in pro- moting public enterprises and was an earnest advocate of honesty and economy in municipal government. He bought real estate and improved it substantially, erecting some years ago what is still one of the principal business blocks in the city. He served as a member of the Vil- lage Board and was the last President of that body before the incorporation of Ev- anston as a city. He was one of the chief organizers of the waterworks system, and under his administration the City Hall was commenced and completed. The annexation of South Evanston to Evans- ton was, to a considerable extent, the re- sult of his active efforts, in conjunction with those of other public-spirited men whose sagacity and energy made the city what it now is. He became the tirst Mayor of the city, and was re-elected to that office, serving, in all, three years, and organizing the city government in all its departments. To him was largel}^ due the satisfactory settlement of the tax con- troversy between the city and the North- western University, the bringing to the city of the electric railroad, and the plan- ning and beautifying of Fountain Square. Shortly after his second term as Mayor expired, in 1895, ^^- Maim relinquished his medical practice, and moved to a large stock and grain ranch, which he owned near Pierre, South Dakota, where he re- mained eight years, returning to Evans- ton in 1903. Beyond the. age of three- score and ten years, he is now living in retirement, enjoying well earned repose and the esteem of all his fellow citizens. FRANK HERBERT ANDERSON. Frank H. Anderson, a well known citi- zen of Evanston, 111., where he is now serving as City Treasurer, was born in Forest, Ontario, Canada, October 11, 1866. He is a son of Andrew Sparahock and Helen (Jones) Anderson, both of whom were natives of the Province of Ontario; the former born at Prescott, and the latter at Kingston. The occupation of Andrew S. Anderson was that of a builder and stockman. The subject of this sketch received his early mental training in the public schools in the vicinity of his birth- place, and remained at home until his schooling was completed. He then pur- sued a course of professional study in the Ontario Veterinary College, from which he was graduated in 1889, beginning the practice of veterinary surgery at Evans- ton in the following year. On November 29, 1893, ^I"". Anderson 58o BIOGRAPHICAL was united in marriage, at Evanston, with Anna Margaret Hartray, who was born in that city, December 2, 1S70. She was a daughter of James Hartray, who is one of the earlier settlers of Evanston. Of this marriage there were two children, namely : Raymond Francis, born Septem- ber II, 1804, 'iiifl Ruth Helen, born Jan- uary 18, 1898. The mother of these chil- dren died March 21, 1899. In politics Mr. Anderson is an earnest supporter of the Republican party, and is active and influential in its local councils. He was elected City Treasurer of Evans- ton in 1905, and is still the efficient incum- bent in that office. He has served in the capacity of Assistant State Veterinarian of Illinois, since 1900. In fraternal cir- cles, the subject of this personal record is identified with the A. F. & A. M. Religi- ously, he is an adherent of the Episcopal faith. He is an intelligent, energetic anil popular man, and a public-spirited citizen. JAMES MILTON BARNES. James Milton Barnes, who is one of the most prominent and favorably known citi- zens of Evanston. 111., was born at Hope, A\'arren County, N. J., December 29, 1858, the son of Samuel and Sarah Ann (Moore) Barnes, who moved from the East, in i860, to Rochester, Mich. The subject of this sketch received his early mental training in the public schools of Rochester, Mich., and there his childhood years were spent. He then became a pu- pil in the Pontiac (Mich.) High School, and after graduating from that institu- tion, pursued a two years' course of study in the University of Michigan, at Ann Arbor. Before completing his education. Mr. Barnes applied himself to teaching, in which occupation he continued four years. In 1883 he entered the government serv- ice, securing a position in the Ap- praiser's office in Chicago, where he re- mained five years. After leaving the gov'- ernment service, he went into the employ of Marshall Field & Co., in Chicago. While thus engaged he studied law and was admitted to the bar. Subsequently, he was made attorney for Marshall Field & Co., and at a later period became head of the credit and legal departments in that establishment, which position he now holds. On December 25, 1885, Mr. Barnes was united in marriage, at Rochester, Mich., with May Curtis, who was born near that place, October 13, i860. Two children have been born of this union, namely: Alyrtie Adella, born April 22, 1887; and Alice May, born February 10, i88g. In politics, Mr. Barnes is a supporter of the Republican party, and in religion he ad- heres to the faith of the Methodist Epis- copal Church. His business reputation is of the best, and he is regarded in Evans- ton as a high-minded and public-spirited citizen. SARAH H. BRAYTON, M. D. Dr. Sarah H. Brayton. a well known and highly respected practitioner of medi- cine in Evanston, 111., is a native of Car- lisle. County of Cumberland, England, where she received her elementary educa- tion in the grammar schools. Her par- ents came to the United States during her early girlhood and settled in the State of New York, where the daughter grew to maturity. As she approached woman- hood, she conceived the idea of becoming a i)hysician, and intent upon the belief that the avenue of her usefulness in life lay in this direction, she diligently applied HISTORY OF EVANSTON 581 herself to a course of medical study, which she continued four years. In 1875 she received the degree of M. D., and dur- ing the same year began the practice of her profession in the City of New York. In 1876 she was appointed Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in the Medical College for Women in that city, in which she soon attained a high reputa- tion. She was also signally successful in her practice, which rapidly increased. Work in that city, however, proving detri- mental to her health, she was obliged to relinquish it. While on a visit of recrea- tion to the West during a vacation period, some of her friends in Evanston urged lier to resign her position in New York, which she consented to do, and after arranging her affairs in the East, settled in Evans- ton, and has ever since been profession- ally and socially popular in her adopted city, where her practice has contmued to meet with exceptionally good results. Dr. Bray ton has been prominent in many important and meritorious public enter- prises, especially in securing the erection of the hospital building in Evanston, which is now one of the most creditable features of the town. She is a member of the Illinois State Medical Society ; the Chicago Medical Society; the American Association for the Advancement of Science; the American Public Health As- sociation ; The Fortnightly of Chicago, and the London Lyceum Club. In 1891 she was appointed a delegate by the Aux- iliary Congress of the World's Colum- bian Exposition, to the Seventh Interna- tional Congress of Hygiene and Demogra- phy, held in London, England. In 1893 she was elected Chairman of the Wom- an's Committee of the International Con- gress of Public Health, which convened with the annual session of the American Public Health Association, in Chicago, during that year. In later years in ad- dition to her large practice. Dr. Brayton has devoted much time to the establish- ment of a convalescent home for women and children in Evanston. She is a mem- ber and Secretary of the Evanston Hos- pital Staff. CHARLES LYMAN \\'AY. Charles Lyman Way (deceased), a noted expert in iron and steel work, whose residence in Evanston, 111., began at the time of the great Chicago fire of 1871, in which he was one of the numer- ous sufferers, was born in New Haven, Conn., November 7, 1818, the son of Wil- liam and Betsy ^Vay, who were natives of New England, ^\'illiam \\'ay, the father, was an iron-worker l:)y occupation, and was the first man in that line of work to conceive and carry into eft'ect the idea of manufacturing carriage hardware for the general trade, thereby obviating the neces- sity of making each part as needed. Since that time this branch of manufacture has grown into vast proportions. \\'illiani Way was a man of rare skill as an artisan, and was possessed of remarkable energy and strong traits of character. In relig- ious belief he was a Methodist, and be- longed to the First Methodist Church of New Haven, Conn., for more than seventy 3'ears, being a class-leader for about sixty years of that period. The early mental training of the sub- ject of this sketch was obtained in the public schools of his native place, and after his schooling was over, he was em- ployed with his father in tjie iron works, until lie ac(|uire(l an intimate knowledge of that art. Fr(_im 1845 to 1855, he was 582 BIOGRAPHICAL superintendent of Peter Cooper's rolling mills at Trenton, X. J., and in the latter year, moving to Michigan, acted in the same capacity in connection with E. B. Ward's rolling mills ' at Wyandotte in that State. In 1863, he located in Chi- cago, where he assumed the position of superintendent of the North Chicago Rolling ]\Iills. on Clybourn Avenue. Sub- sequently for more than twenty years, he served in the capacity of steel expert for the Chicago & Northwestern Railway Company. He was also connected with the Pennsylvania, and other railroad com- panies, as steel expert. On September 21, 185 1. at Trenton, N. J., ^Ir. A\'ay was united in marriage with Margaret C. Raum, who was bprn in that city, July 23, 1829. One child was born of this union, namely, Kate Virginia, who was born April 27, 1858, and became the wife of Roger Barrett McMullen, on June 15, 1882. In politics Mr. Way was a supporter of the Republican party. Religiously, he was reared, in the place of his birth, in accordance with the creed of the ]\Iethodist Episcopal Church, but after his marriage became connected with the Baptist denomination. Immediately after the fire of 1871, Mr. Way, abandoning the flaming ruins of Chicago, established his home in Evans- ton, on October 9, 1871, and from the time of his removal until his death was re- garded as one of the worthiest and most useful members of the community in which he had cast his lot under cir- cumstances so peculiar. He was a man of exceptional purity of character and scrupulous sense of justice. It was his habit never to pass an adverse opinion on others, and if nothing good was to be said, he said nothing. JOSEPH :\I. LORIMER. Joseph M. Lorimer (deceased), who was for about ten years a well known, excep- tionally useful and highly respected citizen of Evanston, 111., was born in Pittsburg, Pa., September 6, 1891, the son of William F. and Rachael (McMasters) Lorimer, who were natives of Pennsylvania. When Jo- seph was five years of age, the family went to Nebraska, and after remaining there a short time, settled in Leavenworth, Kans., where William F. Lorimer was engaged in freighting to Denver. He afterwards moved to a farm in the vicinity of Leaven- worth, where his home wa.s situated during the Civil war. The father of the family and four sons served in the Union army. When Joseph M. Lorimer was eighteen years of age he located in Chicago and, as messenger, entered the employ of Jones & Laughlin, the Pittsburg iron manufacturers, who had established a branch in Chicago some years previously. Mr. Lorimer was advanced from one grade to another, until some years before his death, when he became manager of the western department of the business. At the time of his death, which oc- curred August 24, 1894, he had been in the employ of Jones & Laughlin nearly twenty- five years, and had established a very high reputation as a business man. He had charge of most important interests in this connection, and was the inventor of the Lorimer column, used in structural iron work. Mr. Lorimer established his home in Ev- anston in 1884. and at once became a potent factor in promoting the best interests of the citv. Seldom has any man. in a residence so comparatively brief in duration, im- pressed his individual worth upon the hearts of his fellow citizens as ■ strongly as did Mr. Lorimer upon the people of Evanston. HISTORY OF EVANSTON 583 In 1876, Mr. Lorimer was united in mar- riage, at Waukegan, 111., with Fannie L. Sherman, a daughter of the Hon. Alanson S. and Aurora Sherman. Mrs. Lorimer's father was the fifth Mayor of Chicago, and, at a later period, was one of the founders of Northwestern University. Mr. and Mrs. Lorimer became the parents of the follow- ing named children: Helen (Mrs. Miller), of Pittsburg, Pa. ; Robert Sherman ; and Joseph McMasters Lorimer. On settling in Evanston, Mr. Lorimer took an active part in church and educa- tional work. He was a most active and use- ful member of the First Congregational Church, a liberal contributor to its needs, and earnest and zealous in all branches of its work. He was a member of the official board of the church, and his Sunday school efforts were highly effective. He was one of the organizers of the Evanston Y. M. C. A. and the prime mover in infusing life and energy into its operations. A leading spirit in starting the movement to erect its build- ing, he aided the construction with his own means, and made loans to others for the same purpose. For several years ^Ir. Lori- ,mer was a member of the Evanston School Board, and as chairman of the building committee, had charge of the erection of the Lorimer School, thus named in his honor after his decease. In politics, Mr. Lorimer was a strong Republican and took a spirited part in the campaigns of his party. He was a member of the L^nion League Club of Chicago and a director of the State Bank of Chicago. His death was deepl)' deplored as an irreparable loss to the community, and his memory is warmly cherished by all who closely knew him and felt the wholesome beneficence of his life. ALANSON FILER. Alanson Filer, a venerable and highly esteemed citizen of Evanston, 111., and one of the few survivors among the orig- inal settlers of the Middle West, was born in Herkimer County, N. Y., March 10, 1812, the son of Alanson and Patty (Dodge) Filer, the former born Septem- ber 12, 1774. and the latter October 25, 1784. The father was a farmer by occu- pation. In early youth the subject of this sketch attended the public schools of his native place for a limited period only, as, being the oldest son, his services were needed to assist his father in work on the farm. After having remained at home until he was fourteen years of age, he was apprenticed to a cabinet-maker, with whom he remained four years. His mother furnished his clothing during the period of this apprenticeship, and besides his board, he received from his employer, in return for four years' service, ten cents in wages or as a present. At the end of this connection he went to Utica, Oneida County, N. Y., to serve another appren- ticeship lasting until he reached his majority, when he journeyed westward to Chicago, reaching that village Julv 6, 1833- On November 22, 1835, Air. Filer moved from Chicago to Root River (now Racine), Wis., where he made his home until April. 1891, when he moved to Evanston, 111., where he has since resided. When Mr. Filer located at Root River, Wis., that State formed a part of Mich- igan Territory, and he was one of the pioneers in that region. He is now prob- ably the oldest survivor of the original settlers of Southeastern Wisconsin. On November 16, 1834, Mr. Filer was united in marriage, at Chicago, with 584 BIOGRAPHICAL Maria Pilkington Green, who was born November 28, i8og, and died in 1889. Eight children born of this union were as follows : One daughter, born in October, 1835, and who died in infancy unnamed ; Mary A., born February 22, 1837; Agnes Julia, born August g, 1840; Charles A., born March 15, 1842; Roxanna M., born March 29, 1846; Martha, born April 14, 1849; Samuel H. (date of birth unknown) ; and Kittie M., born September 26, 1853. The survivors of this family are Agnes Julia and Martha, whose home is at Man- istee, Mich. Charles A. was killed in the first battle of Bull Run, and "Charles Filer" Post, G. A. R., at Racine, Wis., is named in his honor. On January 28, 1893, ■'^I''- F'lei" was married a second time, wedding Elizabeth Crews, who was born and reared at Fairfield, 111. In politics. Mr. Filer was originally a Whig, but became a Republican in 1856, maintaining his association with that party until 18S4. when he joined the Pro- hibition party. He was a member of the lower house of the Wisconsin Legislature in 1855, and served as Sergeant-at-arms of the Senate of that State in 1857. Fra- ternally, he belonged to the order of Good Templars in the 'fifties, and held the office of Grand Worthy Chief Templar until the disruption of the order, about the time of the Civil W'ar. Religiously, Mr. Filer is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, with which he united in 1828. He was President of the Board of Trus- tees of the First M. E. Church in Racine, Wis., from the time its place of worship was built until his removal to Evanston. in 1891. He has lived an exceptionally long, upright and useful life, and is held in the highest esteem and veneration by all who know him. MYRON H. BASS. Myron H. Bass (deceased), formerly one of the most worthy and highly esteemed citizens of Evanston, 111., was born in Williamstown, Vt., December 24, 1836, the son of Joel and Catherine Wright Bass, natives of New England, where they were derived from Colonial ancestry, Myron H. Bass being a descend- ant in the seventh generation from Sam- uel Bass, who settled in Roxbury, Mass., in 1630, and was for many years a deacon of the first church established there. Mr. Bass remained in his native place until he was 18 years of age, obtaining his early education in the public schools. His primary studies were supplemented by an academic course at Meriden, N. H. In 1855, Mr. Bass removed to Illinois, to which State two of his brothers had pre- ceded him — Perkins Bass, who located in Chicago, and another brother, Walter B. Bass, who was engaged in farming in Will County. Mr. Bass owned and oper- ated a farm in Kankakee County until 1870, when he moved to Chicago and engaged in the real estate business, rep- resenting many large holdings. He con- tinued to be prominently identified with the business interests of Chicago, al- though he removed to Evanston in 1884, which was his home during the remainder of his life. In 1863, he was united in marriage, in Will County, 111., with Ann Elizabeth Kelly, a daughter of James Ward and Nancy J. Kelly. In 1834 James W. Kelly moved from Greenbrier County, Va., to Illinois, and settled in Will County. At that period, the Indians were numerous in that section of Illinois, and Mrs. Bass, who was a native of that region, has vivid recollections of many thrilling experi- HISTORY OF EVANSTON 585 ences of pioneer life. The surviving members of the family born to Mr. and Mrs. Bass are : George A., of Philadel- phia, Pa. ; Perkins B., of Evanston ; Stella (Mrs. J. E. Tilt), of Chicago; and James K., of New York City. In religious belief, Mr. Bass was a Methodist, at an early period having be- come a member of the Grant Place Meth- odist Church, of Chicago. From the time when he became a resident of Evanston until his death, on June 3, 1890, he was a communicant of the First Methodist Episcopal Church of that city, in which he officiated as one of the stewards. He was possessed of most excellent traits of character, and was a genial, kindly man, the virtues of whose daily life gained for him the affectionate esteem and confi- dence of all who intimately knew him. \MLLIAM MORSE GRISWOLD. Dr. \\ illiam IM. Griswold, who is en- gaged in the practice of dentistry at No. 23, Glockengiesserwall, Hamburg, Ger- many, was born in St. Charles, Minn., September 26, 1871. His primary mental training was obtained in the public schools and after completing his prepar- atory studies in Hamline University, he. took a professional course in Northwest- ern University Dental School, Chicago, 111., from which he was graduated, in 1897, with the degree of D. D. S. He received the class honor of an appoint- ment as demonstrator in this institution. Dr. Griswold is a member of the Amer- ican Dental Society of Europe, and is serving on its Executive Committee for the term extending from 1903 to 1907. That body held its Easter session of 1904 in Hamburg, through an invitation ex- tended in 1903 by Dr. Griswold, at Mad- rid, where he was in attendance at the meeting of the International Medical Congress. The subject of this sketch is a member of the New York Institute of Stomatology, the Congris Dentaire Inter- nation de Paris, and was elected first hon- orary member of the W. D. Miller Dental Club of Berlin. SIDNEY BACHRACH MEYER. Sidney B. Meyer, attorney-at-law, re- siding at No. 1627 Grace Street, Chicago, 111., was born in Ouincy, 111., April 13, 1879. His primary mental training was obtained in the public schools and he pur- sued a preparatory course of study in the North Division High School, in Chicago. In September, 1898, he matriculated in Northwestern University Law School, from which he was graduated in June, 1901, with the degree of LL. B. In 1899, 1900 and 1901, he was pitcher in the Northwestern University baseball team. Mr. Meyer is a member of the Phi Alpha Delta Fraternity, and belongs to the Hampden, Washington and Lexington Clubs. In 1900, he was President of the First Voters' Club, in Chicago, and in 1902-1903, held a like position in the 24th \\'ard Republican Club in that city. His law offices are at Rooms 937-945 Amer- ican Trust Building, Clark and Monroe Streets, Chicago. \MLLIAM MONTELLE CARPENTER. \\illiam M. Carpenter, First \'ice-Pres- ident \\'alworth and Neville Manufactur- ing Company, with residence at 2010 Sheridan Road, Evanston, was born in ^Vooster, Ohio, October 15, 1866, the son of Charles and Mary (Blanchard) Car- S86 BIOGRAPHICAL penter, both born in the State of New York, the former in 1833 and the latter in 1836. The first of the Carpenter fam- ily to come to America was William, an Englishman, who crossed the ocean on the ship "Bevis" in 1638 and settled at Rehoboth. ^lass. Genealogists have traced the name as far back as John Car- penter, who was Town Clerk of the City of London, died wealthy and founded a great school in that city at the corner of the Thames Embankment and John Car- penter Street, — "The City of London Schools." Another ancestor on the pater- nal side was Lieutenant John Hollister. who came from England to Connecticut in 1642, and married a daughter of Hon. Richard Treat, Sr., who was one of those to whom the original Connecticut charter was issued. The first of the Blanchards was Samuel, who came early in the sev- enteenth century from England to Charles- ton, now a part of Boston, and whose descendants intermarried with many of the families of Billerica, Mass. The last of the Blanchards was Mr. Carpenter's grandfather, Capt. ^^'alter Blanchard, who was killed at Ringgold Gap, during the Rebellion, while leading his regiment, the Thirteenth Illinois. The wife of one of the Blanchards was a Tolford, whose claim to descent from "the nobility" is at least stoutly maintained. The Daniels, another maternal family, was of North- of-Ireland-Scotch stock and settled in Vermont. Of the different branches of these ancestral families many took part in the Colonial Wars, the Revolutionary War, the War of 1812 and the War of the Rebellion. Mr. Carpenter's father's family re- moved from Southern New York to the central part of the State, and his mother's family to the same locality from Massa- chusetts. In the 'thirties of the last cen- tury his mother came to Du Page County, 111., and his father some years later, and there they were married during the Civil War, while the father was at home on furlough. The father of William M. Car- penter was a school teacher and court reporter for many years, and a respected citizen of Downers Grove, where he served on various boards and as Post- master. He made a modest success in business, and lived a clean, honorable and useful life ; he was, at the same time, of strong character and kindly temperament. The mother died in 1893; in the language of Mr. Carpenter himself, she "was of all mothers the best : a strong, forceful, noble character." The subject of this sketch spent his boyhood and early youth in a village near Chicago, where he graduated from a high school, later taking a one year's classical course in college, and in the meantime acquiring the habit of reading, with taste for an active out-door life. He then be- came an errand boy in a law office in Chicago at a very modest salary, utilizing his spare time in the study of shorthand. In August, 1883, he went to New York as a stenographer in the office of the West^ ern Electric Company, a year later return- ing West to enter school for a year. He then entered the employment of the Western Union Telegraph Company for a year, but returned to the Western Elec- tric Company, with- which company he continued for upwards of twelve years, making steady progress. During 1906 he connected himself with the lumber company above referred to. For some years during the 'nineties he was a member of the Downers Grove Board of Education. Besides being a member of the Sons of Veterans, he be- longs to the following social organiza- tions and fraternities : Union League and Caxton Clubs, Chicago : Bibliophile Soci- ety, Boston ; Evanston Municipal Associ- II HISTORY OF EVANSTON 587 ation and Evanston Club, Evanston His- torical Society, Sons of American Revolu- tion and Sons of Colonial Wars, Masonic Fraternity, Modern AX'oodmen of Amer- ica, National Union, American Civic As- sociation, National Geographic Society and National Credit Men's Association. He has at times been President of The Electrical Trades Association of Chicago and of the National organization. Mr. Carpenter's business has made it necessary for him to make frequent and extensive trips over the country, and he has visited ever\- large city from Boston to San Francisco and from New Orleans to Duluth ; has also, for several years, made annual trips to Europe, one to the Hawaiian Islands and one each to Cuba and the City of ^ilexico and beyond, be- sides frequent visits to Canada. He has thus been a visitor in practically every State of the Union, and in most of the large cities of the country has a more or less extensive acquaintance. Originally a Prohibitionist in his callow days, he later came to the conclusion that real regeneration never came through law, and is now willing to be classed as a "Mugwump" with pronounced Repub- lican proclivities. In July, iS88, ^Ir. Carpenter was mar- ried, at Downers Grove, 111., to Florrie M. Schofield, who was born in St. Louis, Mo., in 1867, and of this union two chil- dren were born, namely: Plubert Mon- telle, I)orn June 12, 1S89, and Mary Blanchard, born December ig, 1890. On Jul}' 27, 1898, he was married in London, England, to Lucile Russell, of Hudson, Mich., and tliey have one son — Russell — born June 12, 1903. Fond of good books and fine bindings, Mr. Carpenter has gathered a library con- taining some choice books. For years he has had an especial liking for the writ- ings of Eugene Field, Rudyard Kipling and Thackeray, and of neither one does he ever tire. \\'ith a taste for art, he has collected some good pictures, and has studied potteries and picked up many samples in his travels. He has been espe- cially interested in American art pottery specimens, including Rockwood, Van Briggle, Grueby, etc. He also made many original photographs of scenery and of ancient and modern buildings and other structures met with during his travels : and has in his collection some rare specimens of old Mexican zerapes, Indian rugs and potteries, Hawaiian cal- abashes and the like. Mr. Carpenter re- gards the people of the Middle West as the "salt of the earth," and would rather live in Evanston than in any other city he has ever seen. \\TLBUR WALLACE McCLEARY. Dr. \\'ilbur Wallace McCleary, physi- cian and surgeon, whose office, is located at No. 257 West Forty-seventh Street, Chicago, 111., was born in Rock Island, III., in 1867. In boyhood, he availed him- self of the advantages aflforded by the public schools of his native town, and in 1881 began a course of study in St. Mary's College, Kan., from which institution he was graduated in 1886. In that year, he matriculated in the Medical Department of Northwestern Lhiiversity, graduating therefrom in 1889. The subject of this sketch is at pres- ent acting in the capacity of physician to the Provident Hospital, in Chicago. He is a member of the American Medical Association, the Illinois State Medical Society and the Chicago Medical Society. On June 30. 1895, Dr. McCleary was united in marriage with Fannie Cleage, of Chattanooga, Tenn., and one child, Josephine, has been born of this union. 588 BIOGRAPHICAL JOHN H. HUNGATE. John H. Hungate, lawyer and banker of La Harpe, Hancock County, 111., was born in that county June 2, 1838. His early education was obtained in the pub- He schools of his native place, and he aft- erwards pursued a preparatory course in Knox College and Burlington University. Subsequently he qualified himself for the legal profession by taking a course in the Law Department of Northwestern Uni- versity, from which he received the de- gree of LL. B. He then entered upon the practice of law in St. Louis, Mo., and was thus engaged for five years. From 1864 to 1868, he held the office of Circuit Court Clerk of McDonough County, III., and is the author of the law requiring an index of court records. In 1876, Mr. Hungate was the candi- date of his party for Congress, but met with defeat. He assisted in organizing the Title and Trust Company of Peoria, 111., which was afterwards consolidated with the Dime Savings Bank of that city. In 1874, he organized the bank of Hun- gate, Ward & Company, of which he is now sole proprietor. He is President of the Board of Trustees of Gittings Sem- inary at La Harpe, 111., and President of the Board of La Harpe High School. On May 8, 1878, Mr. Hungate was united in marriage with Florence E. Mat- thews, of Monmouth, 111., and they have, four children : Ward, Edith, John and Harold. In fraternal circles, Mr. Hun- gate is identified with the A. F. & A. M. and the I. O. O. F. He is a man of broad information and has traveled extensively in the Lhiited States and in Europe. MASON B. LOOMIS. Judge Alason B. Loomis (deceased), formerly a prominent citizen of Evans- ton, 111., and a lawyer and jurist of dis- tinction, was born in Harrisville, Medina County, Ohio, April 14, 1837, the son of Milo and Lucy (Greenly) Loomis, who had moved to Ohio from New York. Milo Loomis was a merchant by occupa- tion. The first known ancestor of Judge Loomis was a Spanish gentleman, who came to this country at an early period and settled in Connecticut. Both of Judge Loomis' parents died when he was fifteen years old, and he grew to man- hood under the care of a guardian. After receiving his primary education in the public schools at Lodi, Ohio, he took a supplementary course in Oberlin College. He then spent several years in Illinois, returning to Ohio in 1859 and beginning the study of law there with Bliss & Mc- Sweeney. Both of his legal preceptors passed their professional examination at the Ohio Bar, and in later years, Mr. ]\IcSweeney, who was noted as a criminal lawyer, became widely known through- out that State as the "old man eloquent." Mr. Loomis was admitted to the bar in the spring of 1861, and thereupon moved to Kankakee, 111., where he remained nine vears, meeting with signal success in his profession. In 1868, he was elected State's Attorney for the circuit compris- ing the counties of Livingston, Iroquois and Kankakee, for a term of four years. At the end of two years, he resigned this office and located in Chicago, where he became a member of the firm of Runyan, Avery, Loomis & Comstock. Four years later he withdrew from this firm, and formed a partnership with Judge Charles H. \\'ood, under the firm name of \\'ood HISTORY OF EVANSTON 589 & Loomis. This connection continued until 1877, when Mr. Loomis was elected County Judge of Cook County, for a term of four years. In this office he served, however, five years, an amendment to the State Constitution having, in the mean- time, extended the term one year. At the expiration of this period, he resumed the practice of law under the firm name of Needham & Loomis. At a later period this partnership was dissolved, and he became associated with his son under the firm name of M. B. and F. S. Loomis, which existed until the death of the father, when the son succeeded to the practice. Judge Loomis established his home in Evanston in 1892, and died there at his residence on Washington Street, October 2, 1902, after an attack of sick- ness lasting four days. In addition to the offices of Judge and State's Attorney, he served as a member of the City Coun- cil of Evanston, and in this position did much towards the advancement of the in- terests of the city. In 1859, at Harrisville, Ohio, Judge Loomis was united in marriage with Nel- lie Ainsworth, who was a schoolmate of her husband in their youth, and who still survives him, a resident of Evanston. In politics, Mr. Loomis was an earnest advo- cate of the principles of the Republican party, and participated in many cam- paigns. Religiously, he was a member of the Second Presbyterian Church of Evanston during his residence there, hav- ing previously been connected with the Third Presbyterian Church of Chicago. Socially, he was identified with the Illi- nois Club (of which he was an officer), the Irving Club, of Chicago, — an old lit- erary organization, — and the Twentieth Century Club, of Evanston. These soci- eties, as well as the Evanston City Coun- cil, adopted appropriate memorial resolu- tions on the occasion of his death. Judge Loomis was a rare wit and an incisive, forceful and convincing public speaker. He was an exceptionally able trial lawyer, and a jurist of eminent abil- ity, making an exemplary record on the bench. The "Chicago Evening Post" re- flected public opinion in regard to him by saying: "In citizenship he won high esteem. He was a thorough Chicagoan, zealous for Chicago's supremacy, and al- ways sought to enhance its repute, munic- ipally and commercially. Honest local government commanded his continuous interest. He was identified with many movements leading towards the city's up- building, and education, charity and church all found in him an ardent advo- cate." The Twentieth Century Club paid him this tribute: "He was not only pro- foundly versed in the law, but he was abreast of the best literature of the day, and conversant with the best authors of the past. His convictions were deep, and he had the courage to maintain them. His wit was of the character that pro- voked only mirth ; it had no sting. He used this dangerous faculty so skillfully that he never inflicted a wound. Judge Loomis was a Christian gentleman. He was an active participant in the religious work of the church to which he belonged. He was genuine, upright, pure and noble, and the loss to this community of such a man is immeasurable." WALTER L. GALLUP. Walter L. Gallup (deceased), formerly a very energetic, prosperous and repu- table citizen of Evanston, 111., was born at Poquonock Bridge, Conn., April 2, 1852, the son of Franklin and Sarah (Bur- roughs) Gallup, both members of old New England families. Franklin Gallup was engaged in the fish-oil business. The S90 BIOGRAPHICAL early education of Walter L. Gallup was obtained in the schools of Norwich, Conn., where his childhood was passed. When he reached the age of fourteen years he entered the Bank of Norwich, in which he received his youthful business training, becoming an expert accountant. A severe attack of sickness, however, caused him to relinquish this position, and to join his father in the oil business on the coast of Maine. At a later period, he was connected with a mercantile firm in New York City. Early in the 'seven- ties Mr. Gallup located in Indianapolis, Ind., where he became a member of the saw-manufacturing firm of E. C. Atkins & Co., and was prominently identified with the manufacturing interests of Indi- anapolis until 1889, when he established himself in business in Chicago, where he was engaged in advertising enterprises until the time of his death, which occurred in Evanston, in 1894. After starting in Chicago five years previously, he had, through diligent application and superior capacity, built up an exceedingly prosper- ous business. In 1874 Mr. Gallup was united in mar- riage at Port Jervis, N. Y., with Ella H. Hunt, a daughter of Dr. Isaac S. and Sarah (Fleming) Hunt. Mrs. Gallup's father practiced medicine successfully for many years at Port Jervis, and there his death occurred. One child resulted from the union of Mr. and Mrs. Gallup, namely, Stella (Mrs. Pickerell), of Evans- ton. Mr. Gallup belonged to the First Bap- tist Church of Evanston, in which he was a member of the Board of Trustees, hav- ing charge of the choir, and sustaining other official responsibilities. In frater- nal circles, he was identified with the Royal Arcanum. He was a man of excel- lent traits of character and strict probity in his business relations, and was re- garded as one of the worthiest and most useful members of the community. JOHN H. VOJE. Dr. John H. Voje, who is engaged in the practice of medicine in Oconomowoc, Wis., and is also proprietor of Sanatorium Waldheim in that city, was born in Ger- many, on March 12, 1853. In 1874, he entered the Chicago Medical College, now the Medical Department of Northwestern University, from which he was graduated in 1876, with the degree of M. D., and in 1884 received another degree from the University of Leipzig, Germany. Dr. Voje founded the Sanatorium \\^aldheim, in Oconomowoc, August i, 1888. He is a member of the American Medical Asso- ciation, the Wisconsin State Medical Society, and the Waukesha County Med- ical Society. On June 19, 1879, Dr. \^oje was married to Hannah LTlrich, who has borne him two children: Hertha, born July 24, 1880, and Henry, born December 14, 1885. CHARLES W. BARLOW, D. D. S. Charles William Barlow, dentist. Prov- idence, R. I., was born in St. John, N. B., Canada, May 13, 1863. His boyhood and 3'outh were spent in the place of his nativ- ity, where his early mental training was obtained in the public schools. He pur- sued a course of dental surgery in North- western University Dental School, Chi- cago, 111., from which he graduated with the class of 1894, receiving the degree of. D. D. S. He is a member of the North- western Universitv Dental School Alumni HISTORY OF EVANSTON 591 Association. The marriage of Dr. Bar- low occurred August 4, 1896, at which time he was wedded to Florence A. Angell, of Providence, R. I. WINFIELD SCOTT HALL. Winfield S. Hall, Professor of Physiol- ogy in the Northwestern University Med- ical School since 1895, ^""^^ ^ resident of Berwyn, Cook County, 111., was born in Bataxia, 111., January 5, 1861. He began his preparatory studies under private tutors in Hastings, Neb., and entered the College of Liberal Arts of Northwestern LTniversity in 1881, continuing until the fall of 1883.. From 1884 until the fall of 1886, he pursued a professional course in Northwestern University Medical School, and in 1886-87, continued his literary and scientific studies in the University. In 1887-88, he was a student in the Medical School, and he also took a course in med- icine in the LTniversity of Leipzig, Ger- many in 1893-94, and a course in philoso- phy in 1894-95. He received the degree of B. S. from Northwestern LIniversity in 1887, that of M. D. in 1888, and of M. S. in 1889, from the same source. The LTni- versity of Leipzig conferred upon him the degree of Dr. ]\Ied. in 1894, and those of A. M. and Ph. D. (Magna cum laudel in 1895. While in the College of Liberal Arts in Evanston, 111., Prof. Hall was a member of the Hinman Literary Society and the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity. He was awarded the Marcy Botany Prize in June, 1883, and received General Scholarship Honors in 1887. He belonged to the Honorary Fraternities — Phi Beta Kappa, Sigma Xi, and Alpha Omega Alpha. Dur- ing his medical course. Prof. Hall was Class President of the class of '88. He was a successful contestant for the Fowler $ioo-Prize in Optics, and the Ingalls $ioo-Prize in "Scholarship: Lit- erary, Scientific and Professional." In 1888-89 he held an interneship in Mercy Hospital, Chicago, after a competitive examination. From 1889 to 1893, Prof. Hall was Professor of Biology in Haver- ford College, Pennsylvania. From 1901 to the present time he has served in the capacity of Junior Dean of the Medical Faculty of Northwestern University Med- ical School. From 1902 to 1906, Prof. Hall was Pres- ident of the American Medical Associa- tion for the Study of Narcotics ; in 1903-04, Secretary of the Association of American Medical Colleges ; in 1904-05, Chairman of the Section of Pathology and Physiology of the American Medical Association ; Primarius of the .\lpha Omega Alpha, Honorary Fraternity, 1903 to date; and President of the American Academy of Medicine, 1905. He is now a Fellow of the American Academy of Science, a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, a Fellow of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, a mem- ber of the American Medical Association, the American Physiological Society, the Chicago Medical Society, etc., etc. He is also the author of several important con- tributions to medical literature in the form of volumes familiar to the profes- sion. On October 11. 1888, the subject of this sketch was united in marriage at Juniata, Neb., with Jeannette Winter, of Prince- ton, 111., and they became the parents of the following named children : Ethel, born October 22, 1893 : Albert Winter, born January 8, 1895; Reymond Ludwig, born January 20, 1897; and Muriel, born August II, 1902. 592 BIOGRAPHICAL ASAHEL O. BASSETT. Asahel O. Bassett (deceased), formerly one of the most substantial and prominent citizens of Evanston, 111., was born in Delhi, Delaware County, N. Y., January 2, 1837, the son of Hon. Cornelius Bas- sett, who was an extensive farmer, and owner of a fine country residence, and at one time a member of the New York Leg- islature. The Bassett family was of Eng- lish extraction, and settled at an early period in Martha's Vineyard. Asahel O. Bassett received his early training partly in the public schools of New York State and partly in Illinois. He grew up on his father's farm until he was about ten years of age, when his mother having died, he accompanied his uncle, Reuben Coffin, to Illinois, the fam- ily locating at Buffalo Grove, Ogle County. After remaining there two years, the family came to Chicago, and, on the trip, Mr. Bassett had a good opportunity of observing pioneer life in that section of the State from which the farmers were accustomed to haul their grain to Chi- cago by team. In 1849, Mr. Bassett went to New York City, where he remained five years, and was there trained to the grocery business. Thence he went to Tarrytown, N. Y., where he was first en- gaged in that line of trade on his own responsibility. At a later period he em- barked in the manufacturing business, but shortly after his marriage, took charge of the large estate of his wife's father, who was an extensive land-owner at Tarry- town. After living about ten years at Tarry- town, Mr. Bassett moved to Chicago, where he engaged in the plumbing and gas-fitting business. He suffered heavy loss by the fire of 1871. but at once re- sumed operations, and afterwards con- ducted a large business on the Methodist Church Block. Subsequently withdraw- ing from the plumbing trade, he embarked in the manufacture of picture mouldings and frames on a large scale, employing about 100 men, and shipping his product throughout the United States. In this connection he suffered further losses by fire, when he turned his attention to the lumber trade, in which he was engaged until his retirement from active business, a few years before his death. Mr. Bassett was always a very active and energetic business man, and maintained a wide acquaintance. In 1859, Mr. Bassett was united in mar- riage, at Tarrytown, N. Y., with Nancy B. Decker. Her father, William J. Decker, was in early life a shipbuilder in New York City, but subsequently became an extensive landowner in Westchester County, N. Y. The Deckers were an old Knickerbocker family, and were also akin to the Bayles and Storm families, ances- tors of Mrs. Bassett on the maternal side. Mrs. Bassett was born in New York City, but spent her youth in the Tarrytown home, which is located amid historic sur- roundings. It is within four miles of White Plains, a famous battlefield of the Revolutionary War. At Tarrytown, the noted British spy, Major Andre, was cap- tured, a member of the family of Mrs. Bassett's mother having taken part in the capture. Within a mile of the Tarrytown home stood the headquarters occupied by Washington during a portion of the strug- gle for Independence. Of the Decker estate Mrs. Bassett is still part owner. In the vicinity are the summer homes of John D. Rockefeller, Edwin Gould, Helen Gould and other noted people. Mrs. Bas- sett's mother, who died at the old home in 1902, was born in the same vicinity on HISTORY OF EVANSTON 593 the Holland estate, afterwards the proi)- erty of Cyrus W. Field. Mr. and Mrs. Bassett became the par- ents of the following named children : \\'illiam D., of Loveland, Colo. : George, who is connected with the First National Bank of Chicago ; Etta (Mrs. Dr. Free- man), of Evanston ; Harriet, wife of Harry H. Mallory, of Evanston; and Emma, who married Vernon S. Watson, of Oak Park, 111. In 1882, Air. Bassett established his home in Evanston, purchasing a residence at No. 1 124 Asbury Avenue. His home, which then stood almost alone, is now in a compactly built portion of the city. It was there that he departed this life on February 4, 1902. In religious belief, Mr. Bassett was a Baptist, and for 18 years officiated as deacon of the First Baptist Church ot Evanston. In fraternal circles, he was identified with the Royal Arcanum. He was devotedly attached to the home cir- cle, and his domestic life was exceedingly pleasant. Although Cjuiet and unassum- ing in demeanor, he was a man of genial, amiable nature and winsome disposition, and won many friends. In life he was cordially esteemed, and his death was deepl}- lamented. THOMAS H. WATSON. Thomas H. Watson (deceased), long and favorably known in connection with the wholesale grocery interests of Chicago for a period of thirty-five years and a i)romi- nent and highly esteemed citizen of Evans- ton, 111., was born in a Quaker settlement called "The Union," fourteen miles from Plattsburg, N. Y., April 7, 1843. He was a son of Judge Thomas B. and Harriet E. (Powers) Watson, natives of New York. Judge Watson was of English extraction and was reared in the Quaker faith. He was a lawyer of high reputation, and served on the judicial bench of New York for a number of years. Thomas H. Watson passed his early youth in Plattsburg, N. Y., where he made diligent use of the opportunities afforded by the public schools. When seventeen years of age he located in Chicago, where his uncle, Heman G. Powers, was then established in business, as Junior member of the firm of Durand & Powers. The head of the firm, Henry Durand, was a pio- neer merchant of Chicago, Mr. Watson entered the employ of this firm as a clerk, and continued in that capacity until 1862, when he entered the Union Army as a member of the famous Board of Trade Battery, of Chicago, in which he served until near the close of the war. On his dis- charge from the service he returned to Chicago, and resumed his connection with Durand & Powers, remaining with this firm and its successors until 1879, when he became associated with the extensive wholesale grocery house of Franklin Mac- Veagh & Company. At different times he traveled extensively in the interest of this firm, and became widely known as a sales- man. He was a close student of every- thing pertaining to the grocery trade, and gained a reputation throughout the West as one of the best informed men in the coun- try, in that line of business. Mr. Watson was especially prominent as a sugar expert, and for many years had en- tire charge of the sugar purchases of Franklin Mac\'eagh & Co., amounting to hundreds of thousands of dollars a year. He was also a leading member of the Na- tional Association of Wholesale Grocers, and served as the Committeeman of that organization charged with special attention 594 BIOGRAPHICAL to the sugar trade, until within ten months of his death. He was very active in busi- ness, bearing heavy responsibilities, and conducting large transactions. In 1862, at Kankakee, 111., Mr. Watson was united in marriage with Mary P. Hickox, a daughter of John R. Hickox, a well known member of the Bar of Illinois. Mrs. Watson was born at Dansville, Liv- ingston County, N. Y., and spent the years of her girlhood in Syracuse, that State. In i860 she moved from New York to Illi- nois, the journey westward being deeply impressed upon her memor)' by the fact that it was made in company with the New York delegates to the Republican Na- tional Convention held in Chicago, which nominated Abraham Lincoln for the Presi- dency. Mr. and Mrs. Watson became the parents of four children, as follows: Emma (Mrs. Knight), of Chicago; Thomas W., of Decatur, 111.; Alice (Mrs. Jackson), and Ednah (Mrs. Russell), of Evanston. Mr. Watson established his home in Evanston in 1869, and during the early years of his residence there was a member of the Board of Trustees of South Evanston and also a member of the School Board. He was an attendant at the services of the Congregational Church. His death oc- curred at Evanston, July 28, 1904. He was regarded as one of the most worthy and useful members of the com- munity, and his estimable widow is held in the highest regard by a wide circle of friends. ISAAC R. HITT, Jr. Isaac Reynolds Hitt, Jr., residing in Washington D. C, was born in Chicago, 111., September 7, 1864. Mr. Hitt's child- hood was spent in the city of his birth. In 1871 his parents moved to Evanston, 111., and there the subject of this sketch lived until 1898. Since February i, of that year, he has been a resident of Washington, D. C, where his home is at No. 1334 Columbia Road. The primary mental training of Mr. Hitt was received in the public schools of Evanston, 111., and he afterwards became a pupil in the Preparatory School of North- western LTniversity, graduating therefrom in 1883. He was graduated from North- western University with the class of 1888, receiving the degree of B. S., that of M. S., being conferred upon him by his alma mater in 1894, the year of his graduation from the Kent Law School, now Lake Forest University Law School. During his preparatory course, Mr. Hitt belonged to the Euphonia Literary Society, and was Captain of the Football Eleven. In the University he was President of the Hinman Literary Society, and Captain of the University Football Eleven. While in that institution, he was one of the reorgan- izers of the Illinois Alpha Chapter of the Phi Delta Theta Fraternity, later Province President, and in 1891-93 was in the Gen- eral Council of that fraternity. He partic- ipated in the "Hinman Essay Contest," acted in the capacity of business manager of "The Northwestern" (Magazine) ; served on the board of business managers of the "Syllabus ;" and was one of the four organizers of the "LTniversity Press." Since making his home in Washington, D. C, Air. Hitt has been, since its organization and is still, a member of the Council of the Uni- versity Club, President of the Northwestern Alumni Club, and re-organizer of the Phi Delta Theta Alumni Club. From 1898 to 1902 Mr. Hitt held the position of Law Clerk in the Law Division of the Internal Revenue Bureau in the Treasury Department, and became Chief of HISTORY OF EVANSTON 595 the Miscellaneous Division of that Depart- ment in the latter year. He is President of the Illinois Republican Association of the District of Columbia, and is President of the Board of Trustees of the Calvary Meth- odist Episcopal Church of Washington. D. C. He compiled the Internal Revenue Laws in 1900. and the Legal Tax Laws and Decisions. He is a member of the Bar of the L'nited States Supreme Court, the Court of Claims, and Supreme Court and Court of Appeals of the District of Co- lumbia. On November 13, 1889, at Logansport, Ind., Mr. Hitt was united in marriage with Rosa May Birch (N. W. U. Ex. "87). Four children are the offspring of this union, namely : Ruth Emma, born October 8, 1890 ; Leila Birch, born July 29, 1892 ; William Birch, born July 17, 1895 • ^" Templar. C. PRUYN STRINGFIELD, M. D. Dr. C. Pruyn Stringfield, physician and surgeon, whose office is located in the Western L'nion Telegraph I'.uilding, in Chicago, 111., was born in Washington, D. C. December 12, 1866. In youth he made diligent use of the facilities for in- struction afforded by the public schools of Topeka, Kan., and entered the Medical Department of Northwestern University in 1886, graduating therefrom in 1889. b'rom that year until 1894, he assisted Prof. Ralph S. Isham in clinical surgerv. He was President of the Chicago Medi- cal Examiners' Association in 1902 and 1903. In 1895, '896 and 1897, he was connected with the Health Department of the City of Chicago. Dr. Stringfield was consulting physician of the Chicago Baptist Hospital ; attending surgeon to the Cook County Hospital ; is physician to the Actors' Fund of America ; was Medical Director of the Marquette Life Insurance Company, and is now Medical Examiner for the Phoenix Mutual Life Com- pany of Hartford ; resident physician of the Grand Pacific Hotel, in Chicago : and ex-contract surgeon of the United States I\farine Corp. He is a member of the American Medical Association ; the Illi- nois State Medical Society ; the Chicago Medical Society ; the American Associa- tion of Life Examining Surgeons ; Chi- cago Medical Examiners' Association and the Association of Military Surgeons of the L^nited States. From 1901 to 1905. Dr. Stringfield served on the staff of Gov- ernor Yates, of Illinois, with the rank of Colonel. Fraternally, the subject of this sketch is a i\Iason, a life-member of the B. P. O. Elks, and is Past Chancellor of . the Knights of Pythias. He belongs to the Chicago Athletic Club : South Shore Country Club ; the Chicago Yacht Club : the Hamilton, the Forty and the Chicago Automobile Clubs. The marriage of Dr. .Stringfield took place on August 14, 1889, when Miss Josephine Milgie, a most estimable and accomplished lady, became his wife. He is widely and favorably known in Chi- cago and the State, where he is held in high esteem, individually, professionally and as a citizen. 620 BIOGRAPHICAL ALEXANDER F. BANKS. Alexander F. Banks, a prominent rail- way official, whose residence is at No. 1908 Sheridan Road, Evanston, 111., and who is widely and favorably known throughout the railway circles of Illinois, was born in Crawford County, Ind., on January 31, 1861. He is a son of Henry Bartlett and JuHa C. (French) Banks, na- tives of Kentucky, his father born in Wash- ington County, that State, in 1809, and his mother, in Maysville, in 1822. Henry Bartlett Banks, who was a farmer by oc- cupation, moved with his family from Kentucky to Crawford County, Ind., in 1844, and there engaged in agricuhural pursuits. His son, Alexander, attended the common schools of Indiana during the winter months, until he was thirteen years of age, and in the intervals between the school terms, assisted his father in the work on the farm. At that period he started out to work for himself. In 1877, when sixteen years old. Mr. Banks entered upon his career in the rail- way service as a clerk at Evansville, Ind., and, in 1879, was appointed contracting freight agent of the St. Louis & South- western Railway. In 1880, he became con- nected with the Continental Fast Freight Line, and served in the capacity of Agent and General Agent of that company until 1888. In that year he entered the service of the Iowa Central Railway Company, at Peoria, 111., as General Agent, afterwards serving successively as General Freight Agent, General Freight and Passenger Agent, and as Traffic Manager. In 1893 Mr. Banks left the services of the Iowa Central Railway Company, in order to be- come General Freight Agent of the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway Company. He was appointed Traffic Manager of that company, and also of the Lake Shore & Eastern Railway Company, in 1894. In 1900 he was elected President of both of these corporations and still serves in that capacity. In November, 1883, Mr. Banks was united in marriage with Blanche Nichol- son, at Evansville, Ind., and of this union three children have been born, namely: Duke Nicholson, Blanche, and Charles Ackert. Mr. Banks has risen, step by step, from a lowly grade of railway serv- ice, through superior innate ability, to his present high and responsible position, and is regarded as one of the most thor- ough and capable railroad officials in this section of the country. AUGUST AH LB ERG. August Ahlberg, Evanston, 111., was born in Sweden, August 5, 1845, the son of Johan Gustave and Alargaret Christina (Olson) Ahlberg, his ancestors on both sides having been natives of Sweden for generations. After receiving his educa- tion in his native country, he learned the cabinet-making trade and, in 1871, came to America, arriving in Chicago in July of that year. In 1878, he removed to Evanston, where he has followed the cabinet busi- ness continuously ever since. Mr. Ahl- berg was married in 1872 to Margaret C. (Jslund, who is also a native of Sweden, and they have three children : Theresa. Axel Renaldo and Gertrude. In religious faith he is a Baptist and a member of the Swedish Baptist Church, and in political opinions is a Republican, but is not identi- fied with any secret fraternal organiza- tions. His residence is at 2122 Harrison Street. Evanston. I HISTORY OF EVANSTON 621 DR. STEPHEN V. BALDERSTON. Stephen Victor Balderston, a very fav- orably known and successful physician, of Evanston, 111., was born in Prince Edward Island, Canada, November 5, 1868, a son of Hon. John and Sarah (Weeks) Bald- erston. both natives of Prince Edward Is- land. His father was born October 31, 1831, and his mother, May 3, 1841. The occupation of the former was that of a farmer and miller and, in his civic career, he attained prominence and distinction as a statesman. Hon. John Balderston first came into public notice at the age of twenty-eight years, in connection with the movement, in Prince Edward Island, for the abolition of landlordism in that col- ony. When thirty-two years old, he was elected to the Legislati\'e Council, in which he served twenty-four years, during ten years of this period acting as Presi- dent of that body. When Prince Edward Island became a Province of the Domin- ion of Canada, in 1870, the title of Hon- orable was bestowed upon Air. Balderston. as a mark of favor, by Queen Victoria. The paternal grandfather of Dr. Bald- erston was a native of Cornwall. England. and a descendant of an old border family which lived in the land of the Douglases. Grandmother Balderston's people were Protestant Irish, born in W'e.xford. One brother was condemned to be Isurned by Irish insurrectionists in a holocaust of some hundreds in a large barn, but was rescued at the last moment by a priest, who was a personal friend. The Weeks family were also Irish Protestants, and one member of it was a Captain of foot soldiers during the Irish Rebellion. Stephen Victor Balderston spent his childhood on his father's farm, and was a sprightly lad of a somewhat studious disposition. In early youth he utilized the advantages afforded by the common schools in the vicinity of his home, and then pursued a course of study in Prince of Wales College, at Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. After leaving college, he applied himself to teaching school for a time. His professional edu- cation was subsequently obtained in the University of Pennsylvania Medical De- partment, at Philadelphia, from which he was graduated in 1895. I" the same year he took the position of interne in the hos- pital of the National Soldiers' Home, in Virginia, where he was promoted to be First Assistant Surgeon in 1897. This position he resigned in December, 1899, to take up private practice in Evanston. During the period spent in the hospital at Hampton, Va., he served through an epi- demic of yellow fever. While there he became a citizen of the commonwealth of Virginia. On January 5, 1903, Dr. Balderston was united in marriage, in the National Sol- diers" Home, in Virginia, with Jessie Eliz- abeth Thompson, who was born August 17- 1873, in the National Military Home at Dayton, Ohio. Her father was a vet- eran of the Civil War, having served in the Third Regiment Kentucky Volunteer Infantry and lost an arm on the battle- field. He was a member of the staff at the National Military Home at Dayton, Ohio, and Governor of the National Sol- diers' Home in Virginia. Mrs. Balderston is a graduate of the Woman's College of Baltimore, Md., and a member of the Alpha Phi Sorority. Dr. Balderston is a member of the John Ashhurst, Jr., Surgical Society of the University of Pennsylvania, the Chicago Pediatric Society, the Chicago Medical Society, and the Illinois State Medical Society. In politics, he is inclined to favor the general policies of the Repub- lican party, but is not in accord with high- 622 BIOGRAPHICAL tariff legislation. He voted for McKinley and Roosevelt. In religion, the doctor adheres to the faith of the Methodist Church. Next to his love of good books and his partiality for microscopic investigation, the subject of this sketch is fond of out- door sports, especially golf. Most of all. in a practical sense, he likes to be regarded as a family doctor who tries to make peo- ple physically better and mentally hap- pier. He takes an earnest and intelligent interest in public affairs, and supports all measures tending to promote the welfare of the city of his adoption. HENRY W. HINSDALE. Henry W. Hinsdale, an old and widely known resident of Evanston, now living in honored retirement, was born in Benning- ton, Vt., August 19, 1825, being descended from an old New England family. His father, Hiram W. Hinsdale, was a farmer by occupation. The son attended the public schools of Bennington, and later, went to school at Grand Rapids, Mich., to which place his parents moved at an early date. Grand Rapids was then an Indian trading post. Henry stayed on the farm until he was seventeen years old, and then set out alone for Chicago, where he arrived with but two dollars in his pocket and having no acquaintance to advise him. He looked about for something to do, and finally se- cured employment with J. H. Dunham, then the leading wholesale grocer. His wages at first were two dollars per week. He was employed as a clerk in this store for ten years, his salary for the last five years of this period amounting to $2,500 per year. He was afterwards a partner in the concern for three years, and then bought Mr. Dunham's interest and became the head of the firm of Hinsdale & Babcock. Later he built a block at the corner of South Wa- ter and River Streets, which he occupied as head of the firm of Hinsdale, Sibley & Babcock. He carried on this business until the spring of 1867, when he temporarily retired. He was the most extensive whole- sale grocer of his day in Chicago. Just before the great fire of 1871, Mr. Hinsdale went to Grand Rapids, where he built a beautiful home, intending to live there. The fire destroyed property belong- ing to him, worth more than $500,000, and evidence of his high standing as a merchant is found in the fact that two of his New York correspondents telegraphed him au- thority to draw on them for $50,000 each. Mr. Hinsdale has known Chicago since it was a small city, and can remember hunt- ing deer where the Board of Trade Build- ing stands. His business career began in Chicago during the 'forties, and continued for a period of more than fifty years. His first residence was on Wabash Avenue, where he built the first house north of Twelfth Street. Later he had a house on Prairie Avenue. He removed to Evanston in the 'sixties, where he lived for three or four years before going to Grand Rapids. He continued to reside at the latter place until 1879, engaged in loaning money for Eastern capitalists and in rebuilding Chi- cago property. During the years of his experience as a pioneer merchant, he had formed a wide acquaintance with Western business men, who had great confidence in his sagacity and foresight. In 1879 Ml"- Hinsdale moved from Grand Rapids to Evanston, and went into the brokerage business, in which he was en- gaged for fourteen years. At the end of this period he became manager of the Chamber of Commerce safety vaults. This HISTORY OF EVANSTON 623 position he held until July, 1904, when he abandoned an active business life. While in the brokerage business he represented three of the leading sugar refineries of the United States. After the capture of New Orleans in the Civil War, he sent north the first cargo of sugar, loading three vessels. Mr. Hinsdale was one of the early mem- bers of the Chicago Board of Trade, and one of the first stockholders of the Elgin Watch company. The Merchants Loan & Trust Company was organized in the office of J. H. Dunham & Co., with which Mr. Hinsdale was connected. He was a pas- senger on the first train that ran west of Chicago on the Chicago & Galena Union Railroad. In 1866 he made an overland journey to California, returning by way of the Isthmus of Panama. The beautiful town of Hinsdale, on the Chicago. Burling- ton & Ouincy Railway, was named after Mr. Hinsdale by its founders, who were his friends. The subject of this sketch was married in Chicago, at the home of Mrs. Hinsdale, on State Street, opposite Marshall Field's present store, wedding Eliza Chatfield, a daughter of Judge John Chatfield, of Ba- tavia, N, Y. The children born of this union are : Henry K. Hinsdale, now of New York; Mrs. Charlotte Hinsdale Mosely, and Benjamin Hinsdale, of Evanston. Religiously Mr. Hinsdale is an Episco- palian, and served as Warden of Grace Epis- copal Church in Chicago, for many years. He is now a communicant of St. Mary's Episcopal Church of Evanston. THOMAS H. BEEBE. Thomas H. Beebe, a venerable and great- ly esteemed citizen of Evanston, 111., who is passing his declining years in well- earned repose, was born in St. Louis, Mo., March 31, 1819, the son of Elijah and Sarah (Hempstead) Beebe, natives of Con- necticut. The Beebe family came to Ameri- ca with Gov. Winthrop's colony. John Beebe started from Northamptonshire, England, with his wife and five sons, in 1650, but died on shipboard. The remain- der of the family settled at New London, Conn. From its head, all the Beebes are de- scended. At a convention of citizens of Columbia County, N. Y., held June 24, 1776, Martin Beebe was made a member of a committee which was instructed to draft resolutions declaring for Independ- ence. The Hempstead family is also of an- cient and honorable origin. Elijah Beebe journeyed from New Eng- land to St. Louis in 1813, making the trip to Pittsburg, Pa., overland. There he pur- chased a keel-boat and took a cargo of flour down the river. At Louisville, Ky., he took aboard John and Benjamin O'Fallon, men who afterwards became noted citizens of St. Louis. By trade Elijah Beebe was a saddler and harness maker, and established himself in that line in St. Louis. Subse- quently, he took a contract to supply beef to the Government forts. On one of his excursions in this connection, Indians robbed him of a whole herd of cattle, for which loss he was reimbursed by Congress through the efforts of Col. Thomas H. Benton. Thomas H. Beebe received his early edu- cation in the public schools of St. Louis and in the country schools of Belleville, 111., and afterwards went to work in the dry goods store of his uncle, William Hempstead, in St. Louis. He was later employed by Hempstead and Beebe. This firm was in the river trade, and was interested in steam- boats. Mr. Beebe afterwards became a clerk at different times on several of these 624 BIOGRAPHICAL boats, and followed the river for about four j-ears. He then went to the Rocky Moun- tains with a wagon train, and on this trad- ing expedition had an interesting experi- ence among the Indians. In 1841 Mr. Beebe went to Galena, 111., where his uncle, William Hempstead, was in business, and was employed by him for two years, becoming his uncle's partner, at a later period, in smelting and dealing in lead. This connection lasted until 1853, when he came to Chicago and opened a branch house under the name of T. H. Beebe & Co., in the forwarding and com- mission line. Isaac L. Lyon and E. G. Merrick became members of the firm dur- ing its first year, and the business was trans- acted under the firm name of Beebe, Lyon & Co. Mr. Beebe bought his uncle's half- interest, and the firm purchased a half-in- terest in the lumber firm of Capt. Jesse H. Leavenworth, who owned mills and timber land at Peshtigo, Wis. The firm of Beebe, Lyon & Co. was dissolved in 1855, Mr. Beebe retaining his lumber interest with Capt. Leavenworth. William B. Ogden. the first Mayor of Chicago, became a partner of Beebe, in 1856, and the Peshtigo Lumber Company was formed that year. Mr. Beebe after- wards became President of this company, and filled that office until 1873, when he re- signed and disposed of his interest in the business. In 1873, Mr. Beebe went to California as general superintendent of a large lumber concern. After a short time he returned to Chicago, and was subsequently connect- ed with the First National Bank, of that city, and the Consolidated Paper Company. He was a sufferer from the great fire of 187 1, after which he moved to Highland Park, where he lived six years and served as Mayor in 1874. He afterwards returned to Chicago, whence, in 1891, he moved to Evanston, where he has since resided. He was an early member of the Chicago Board of Trade, of which he was Vice-President for two years. Thomas H. Beebe was married in 1844 to Catherine Eddowes, a daughter of John and Lydia Eddowes, of Galena, 111. Mrs. Beebe was born in Newcastle County, Dela- ware. She died June 3, 1902, after fifty- eight years of wifely companionship. The children of this union who are living are as follows : Edward H., who lives in Cali- fornia ; William H., Dr. John E., Christ- opher K., of Chicago; Archibald A., and Catherine E. ; Mrs. Lydia (Beebe) Van Du- sen and Mrs. Mary K. Valentine, of Evans- ton. Politically, Mr. Beebe was a Whig in his early life, but later acted in co-operation with the Democratic Party until 1896, and since that time has been an Independent Re- publican. Religiously, he is classed as a Presbyterian. JOHN G. BYRNE, M. D. John G. Byrne, physician and surgeon, who is engaged in the practice of his pro- fession at Spokane, Wash., was born in Chicago, 111., January 22, 1871. He at- tended the Chicago public schools, and was a student in Dennison L'niversity, in 1887- 89, and in Lake Forest Academy in 1890. In 1 89 1 he matriculated in Northwestern University Medical School, from which he was graduated in 1894 with the degree of M. D. From April, 1894, to May, 1895, he acted in the capacity of interne in Wes- ley Hospital, Chicago. He is a member of the Phi Rho Sigma Fraternity. On March 2, 1887, the subject of this sketch enlisted as a private in the Second Regiment, Illinois National Guard, and be- HISTORY OF EVANSTON 625 came Corporal of Company E, May 17, 1890; Sergeant, December 15, 1890; First Sergeant and Hospital Steward in 1896 ; Assistant Surgeon, December 22, 1897 ; First Lieutenant and Assistant Surgeon Il- linois Volunteer Infantry, May 16, 1898, and resigned September 28, 1898. He was appointed Acting Assistant Surgeon U. S. Army, November 9, 1899, and served as such until March 20, 1903, spending one year in the Philippines, where he was wounded, June 26, 1900. He was Post Surgeon at Fort Wright from December 6, 1900 to March 20, 1903. Dr. Byrne is a member of the Snohomish County (Wash.) Medical Society, and a life member of Northwestern University Alumni Medical Association. Socially, he is a member of the Spokane Club, and the M. W. A., the Royal Highlanders, and Sur- geon to Spanish War Veterans. On October 14, 1897, Dr. Byrne was united in marriage with Annie S. Hewitt, who has held the position of Superintend- ent of Wesley Hospital in Chicago, and of the West Side Hospital, in the same city. Dr. and Mrs. Byrne have one child — Kath- erine Anna, born November 7, 1903. JOHN J. FLINN. John J. Flinn became a resident of the village of South Evanston in the summer of 1880, when he purchased from General Julius White the house which he and his family have since occupied at 814 Michigan Avenue. The street was then called Con- gress Street, but later the name was changed to Wheeler Avenue. It became Michigan Avenue by adopting the name of the extension north of Main Street, which was then called Lincoln Avenue. With the exception of three years, Mr. Flinn has been continuously a resident of Evanston from the time of his first removal here. He has thus witnessed practically all the changes that have occurred here for the last twenty-five years, and has taken an ac- tive part in connection with some of the most important of them. Mr. Flinn was born in Clonmel, Ireland, December 5, 185 1, his parents being James and Margaret (Cunningham) Flinn. Com- ing to America with his widowed mother in 1863, after receiving only an elementary education in his native country, he began life on this side as a cash boy in Boston. Thanks to the fact that the Boston Public Library was open to him, his education was uninterrupted. He read everything that he could lay his hands on, and kept this up when his family moved to Missouri. At eigh- teen years of age he began to contribute matter to the local newspapers, at twenty- one became a reporter in St. Joseph, Mo., and one year later secured a position under Joseph B. McCullagh (inventor of the "In- terview"), on the "St. Louis Globe," now the "Globe-Democrat." At twenty-two he was made night editor of that journal, later was entrusted with the Legislative corre- spondence, and in 1873 reported the proceed- ings of the Missouri State Constitutional Convention. His days in St. Louis were contemporaneous with those of Eugene Field, Stanley Huntly, Stanley Waterloo, William Lightfoot Visscher, and others who have won celebrity in literature. In 1875 Mr. Flinn became associated with Melville E. Stone in the editorship of the "Chicago Daily News," and was con- nected with that newspaper during the first seven years of its existence. In 1883 he was appointed Consul to Chemnitz, Sax- ony. Returning he became associated with Frank Hatton, who was Postmaster-Gener- al under President Arthur, and Clinton A. Snowden, in the publication of the "Chi- cago Mail," and later was managing editor 626 BIOGRAPHICAL of the "Chicago Times." Since 1897 he has been an editorial writer on the "Chicago Inter Ocean." In addition to his newspaper work, Mr. FHnn has written numerous essays, lec- tures, poems, a novel, etc. In connection with John E. Wilkie, now chief of the Unit- ed States Secret Service, he compiled a "History of the Chicago Pohce." He is the compiler, also, of the "Standard Guide to Chicago," and was appointed compiler of all the authorized Guide Books of the World's Columbian Exposition. He is a charter member of the Chicago Press Club, and was elected to its Presidency in 1906. He is one of the founders of the Twentieth Century Club of Evanston, and has been its President. He is serving his third term as a member of the Evanston City Council. FRANK MYER FORREY. Frank Myer Forrey, credit man State Bank of Chicago, was born in Cambridge City, Ind., November i, 1859, the son of William Sharpless and Lydia (Myer) For- rey, the former a native of Milton, Ind., and the latter of Dublin, Ind. The father was engaged in the hotel business for many years, for ten years was in charge of the Hotel Phoenix at Shreveport, La. ; one year with the Commercial Hotel at Muscatine, Iowa ; five years with the Occidental Hotel at Wichita, Kan., and five years with the Glen House at Harper, Kan. He died in April, 1904. Frank M. Forrey came to Chicago in 1864, acquired his education there and, in 1875, entered into the employment of the Central National Bank, remaining one year, when he became a clerk and later Exchange Clerk, in the Clearing House for two years. He was then offered the position of Assist- ant Cashier of the firm of A. T. Stewart i Co., where three years later he assumed the entire responsibility as Cashier without an assistant. In 1881 he became connected with the wholesale dry goods firm of James H. Walker & Co., as Cashier, remaining until the failure of the firm in 1893, when he became an employe of the State Bank of Chicago, in which, at the present time, he holds the position of credit man. On November i, 188 1, Mr. Forrey was married in the city of Chicago, to Alida Churcher, who was born in Chicago in 1862 and is a granddaughter of Rev. Edward D. Wheadon, who was a prominent Methodist preacher and one of the early settlers of Evanston. Mrs. Forrey 's mother was a teacher in the vicinity of Evans- ton a half century ago. Mr. and Mrs. Forrey have lived at the same location in Evanston, No. 2040 Sherman Avenue, since 1882, a period of nearly twenty-five years. They have two children : La Jeune C, born in Evanston, November i, 1885, and Rich- ard Lindgren, born in the same place, De- cember 5, 1 89 1. The daughter. La Jeune, won the oratorical contest of Literary So- cieties as a student in Northwestern Uni- versity in 1904, being the first female student to gain that distinction in ten years. Mr. Forrey served as Alderman of his ward two years (1897-98), is a member of the Republican party and in religious faith and association a Methodist. He is fra- ternally associated with the Royal Arca- num, the Royal League, of which he has been an officer since 1883 ; the Order of Columbian Knights, and formerly a mem- ber of the Boat Club, but later of the Evan- ston Club. He is also identified with the Evanston Musical Club, which includes in its membership a large proportion of the musical talent of the University city. HISTORY OF EVANSTON 627 MITCHELL DAVIS FOLLANSBEE. Mitchell Davis Follansbee, who is en- gaged in the practice of the law in Chicago, with offices in the Home Insurance Build- ing, and in New York, with offices in the Trinity Building, is the son of George A. Follansbee, and was born in Chicago Janu- ary 23, 1870. He obtained his education in the public schools, the South Division High School, Harvard School, and Harvard University, from' which he was graduated in i8q2, with the degree of A. B. He then entered the Northwestern Lhiiversity Law School, being graduated therefrom in 1894, with the degree of LL. B. He was on the first Board of the Northwestern Law Re- view, and a member of the Phi Delta Phi Legal Fraternity. He now holds the posi- tion of lecturer on Legal Ethics in the Northwestern LTniversity Law School and is Professor of Illinois Practice in that institution. He is a member of the Univer- sity, Midday, Onwentsia, Forty, Saddle & Cycle, and Harvard clubs of Chicago, and belongs to the Legal Club, Law Club, the Chicago Bar Association, the Illinois State Bar Association, the Harvard Club and the Lawyers' Club of New York, and the Har- vard Union of Cambridge, Mass. He is President of the District Council of the Lower North District of the Bureau of Charities, and is President of the North- western University Law Publishing Asso- ciation, publishers of the new Illinois Law Review. On April 14, 1903, Mr. Follansbee was married at Seabreeze, Fla., to Miss Julia Rogers McConnell. They have two chil- dren: Eleanor, born January 27, 1904, and Mitchell Davis Follansbee, Jr., born March 6, 1906. Their home is at 52 Bellevue Place, Chicago. ROLLIX CURTIS WINSLOW, M. D. Dr. Rollin Curtis Winslow, physician and surgeon, who is engaged in the prac- tice of his profession at Sault Ste. Marie, Mich., was born at Laporte, Mich., August II, 1873. He received his primary mental training in the public school, and afterward became a pupil in the Laporte (Mich.) High School. He then studied languages in a private school, for two years. His first course of medical study was pursued in the Saginaw Valley Medical College, from which he was graduated in 1899, with the degree of M. D. He matriculated in Northwestern University Medical School in the summer of 1901, and graduated there- from with the class of 1902. Previous to taking the university course, Dr. Winslow was engaged in the practice of medicine at West Branch, Mich., from June, 1899, to September, 1901. On grad- uating from the medical department of the university he entered upon practice in his present location. He is a member of the American Medi- cal Association ; the Michigan State Medi- cal Society; the Copper Peninsula (Mich.) Medical Society; and the Chippewa County (Mich.) Medical Society, of which he was elected Secretary in 1905. On September 21, 1898, at Saginaw, Mich., Dr. Winslow was united in mar- riage with Edith May McAlpine. This union has resulted in one child, Madeline Eloise, born January 22, 1905. WILLIAM HUDSON DAMSEL. William H. Damsel, a well known and highly respected citizen of Evanston, 111., was born in Westchester, Chester County, Pa., February 7, 1844, the son of L^riah and Catherine (Phipps) Damsel, natives of 628 BIOGRAPHICAL Pennsylvania, the former born in Lancaster County and the latter in Chester County. The occupation of L^riah Damsel was that of a manufacturer. In early youth William H. Damsel obtained his education in the schools of his native town, and after his studies were completed, secured a position in the employ of the Central Ohio Rail- road Company. April 17, 1861, he enlisted as a private in the Third Regular Ohio Volunteer Infantry, for a service of three months, being mustered out August 19, 1861, at the expiration of his term of enlist- ment. On May i, 1864, he entered the service of the Adams Express Company, with which he has ever since been con- nected. On September 15, 1870. Mr. Damsel was united in marriage, at Columbus, Ohio, with Susan R. Nace, who was born at Morristown, in that State, March 7, 1845. Five children were born of this union, namely : William Wynkoop, born December 27, 1871 ; Edna Murray, born January 14, 1873; Jessamine Phipps, born April i, 1877; Ethel Birch, born June 20, 1879; and Percy, born June 10, 1882. In politics Mr. Damsel is a supporter of the Republican party, and fraternally is •identified with the Royal Arcanum and the Knights of Honor. GEORGE OSMAN IDE. George Osman Ide (deceased), formerly a well known attorney of Evanston, 111., and a highly respected citizen, was born at Passumpsic, Vt., November 25, 1831. His father. Rev. George Barton Ide, a clergy- man of the Baptist Qiurch, was born in Coventry, Vt.. February 17, 1804, and his mother, Harriet (Walker) Ide, was born December 21, 1807. The ancestry of the Ide family dates back to an early period in New England history. John Ide, the great- grandfather of George O., born in 1742, and deceased in 181 5, was a soldier in the Revolutionary army. Timothy Ide, another ancestor, whose life covered the period be- tween 1660 and 1735, was an early settler of Bristol County. Massachusetts. He took an active part in the wars against the In- dians, and was an ensign to the General Court of ^lassachusetts. .Still another an- cestor, Nicholas Ide, came from England to Massachusetts in 1643. He was one of the original settlers of Bristol County, and one of the first landowners there. He was ac- tive in the early settlements ; was one of a committee appointed to settle disputes with King F'hilip, the Indian Chief, in 1689, and was the first of his name in America. Rev. George B. Ide, father of George O., was pastor of the First Baptist Church of Philadelphia, Pa., from 1838 to 1852, and of the first Baptist Church of Springfield, Mass., from 1852 to 1872. He died in the city last named, April 16, 1872. George O. Ide attended the public schools of Philadelphia, to which place the family had moved, and completed his education at Hamilton College, N. Y., where he gradu- ated. He studied law under Rufus Choate, in Springfield, Mass., where he was ad- mitted to the bar. Soon ' afterwards he came to Illinois and, about 1855, settled in Princeton, where he began the practice of law. In this he continued successfully un- til 1 87 1, when he came to Chicago and formed a partnership with George L. Pad- dock, formerly of Princeton, under the firm name of Paddock & Ide, during the same year taking up his residence in Evanston, where he lived during the remainder of his life. About three years before his death the firm of Paddock & Ide was dissolved, and Mr. Ide thereafter practiced alone. He was Village Attorney of Evanston from HISTORY OF EVANSTON 629 1874 to 1880, and attained a prominent po- sition at the Chicago bar. Mr. Ide was married at Princeton, 111., January 29, 1862, to Helen M. Ide, a daughter of Cassander Ide, of that place. Mrs. Ide was born at Essex, Vt., and be- longed to the same general lineage as her husband. The children born of this union who are still living are : William K. Ide, of the First National Bank, Chicago; Charles B. Ide, of the Corn Exchange Na- tional Bank, Chicago; Arthur C. Ide, an attorney of Chicago ; and Airs. Henry W. Dakin, of Detroit, Mich. The eldest of the sons of Mr. and Mrs. Ide, died in Evans- ton, August 6, 1894. In politics, George O. Ide was a Demo- crat, and fraternally, was a member of the Masonic order, and in religious belief, a Baptist. His death occurred at his home in Evanston, February 7, 1885. The home at No. 1425 Maple Avenue, where the fam- ily have resided since 1881, is still occupied by his widow and three surviving sons. ORRIN T. MAXSON, M. D. Orrin T. Maxson, M. D. (deceased), formerly a prominent physician in Evans- ton, 111., was born in the State of New York in 1825, being descended from an old New England family. In his early child- hood he went to Wisconsin with his parents, who were among the earliest settlers in the northwestern part of that State. There he attended the public schools and received his early mental training. His professional education was obtained in Rush Medical College, Chicago. Dr. Maxson began the practice of medicine in Prescott, Wis., where he remained several years, when he removed to Chicago, and where he con- tinued in practice. He subsequently lived and practiced for a time in Waukegan, 111. In the early 'eighties he moved to Evans- ton, 111., where he devoted himself to his profession until his death, which occurred at Pasadena, Cal., in 1895. Dr. Maxson recruited Company A, Twelfth Regiment Wisconsin \'olunteer Infantry for service in the Civil War, and served as its Captain (hiring the entire war. Dr. Maxson was married to Eunice Mc- Cray, of New York State. Those of their children who are living are : Dr. O. P. Max- son, of Waukegan; and Amelia (Ma.xson) Knox, who resides in Evanston. In 1882 the daughter, Amelia, became the wife of Laverne L. Knox, of Waukegan, who was engaged in business in Chicago, and died in Evanston in 1889. Dr. Maxson was a physician of high standing in his profession and of superior accomplishments, and was a valued member of the leading medical societies. Politically he was an active Republican and took a good citizen's interest in public affairs. While living in Wisconsin he served as a member of the Legislature of that State. Fraternally, he was a Knight Templar, and in religious belief a Congregationalist. FRANK WHEELOCK GEROULD. Among the most prominent men in the social, political and religious circles of Evanston, 111., whose business interests are in Chicago, is the gentleman whose name heads this brief personal record. Mr. Ge- rould was born in Smithfield, Pa., January 13, 1854, the son of Marcus B. and Mary E. (Bingham) Gerould, of whom the for- mer was born in Smithfield, Pa., October 28, 1818, and the latter, in Towanda County, in the same State, January 2, 1827. Mar- cus B. Gerould was a merchant by occupa- tion. In 1857 he moved from Pennsylvania to Rockford, 111., where, with the exception 630 BIOGRAPHICAL of a few years spent in Byron, 111., the family made their permanent home. In youth the subject of this sketch dili- gently utilized the opportunities afforded by the public schools of Rockford, and, af- ter completing his studies, secured employ- ment as clerk in a shoe store in that city. In 1878 he located in Chicago and entered the employ of A. G. Spaulding & Bros., extensive dealers in athletic goods, in which connection he has remained until the present time. Mr. Gerould now occupies the position of managing director of the western department of that widely known establishment. He maintains a high repu- tation for executive ability in the commer- cial circles of Chicago, and is very popular among the employes and patrons of the con- cern with which he has been so long identi- fied. On September i, 1881, Mr. Gerould was united in marriage, in the city of Chicago, with Mary S. Avery, who was born in Bel- videre. 111., on February 9, i860. Three children have been born to them : Helen Louise, born January 9, 1890; Frank Avery, born August 15, 1893, and Walter Blakes- ley, born August 18, 1898. The mother of this family passed away in Evanston, March II, 1901. Mr. Gerould is connected with the First Presbyterian Church, of Evanston, and is a member of its Board of Trustees. In politics he is a supporter ot the Republican party, and has represented his ward in Evanston, as Alderman, for the last eight years. Socially he is a member of the Evanston Club, of which he is President and director ; a member of the Chicago Athletic Club, and of the Glen View Golf Club. He is one of the Directors of the State Bank of Evanston. In earlier life he belonged to the Illinois National Guard for six vears. He is highly regarded through- out the communitv. WILLIAM BECKLEY PARKES. William B. Parkes (deceased), formerly a prominent citizen of Evanston, 111., and a man of lovable and great force of charac- ter, was born in Saugerties, N. Y., March 19, 1838. He was a son of Joseph and Mary (Dunn) Parkes, who came from Dudlev, England, five or six years before his birth, and a brother of the noted sur- geon. Dr. Charles T. Parkes, of Chicago. Joseph Parkes was an iron master, with interests in Wheeling, W. \a.., and St. Louis, Mo. He prepared his son, William, for a commercial career, the latter having graduated from a business college in Wheel- ing at the age of thirteen years. From that period he worked in his father's foundry and made himself independent, paying his own board and other expenses. In the panic of 1857, the failure of his father's works at St. Louis, with which he was connected, together with his marriage at the same time, made it necessary for him to seek other employment. He accordingly went from St. Louis to Southern Illinois, and worked on farms in order to secure means to engage in business on -his own account. In 1864, he bought a farm in Will County, 111., which he operated for three years, and then, commg to Chicago, secured employment in connection with the North Chicago Rolling Mill Company. In 1868, Capt. E. B. Ward, of Detroit, founded the Milwaukee Iron Works, and among other skilled workmen who were taken there from Chicago, was Mr. Parkes. He was soon promoted to the superinten- dency of a department in the plant, and subsequently, when the North Chicago Roll- ing Mill Company acquired possession of the works, he was made General Superin- tendent. This position he held for ten vears or more, having an average of 2,000 men under his direction. He was especially I HISTORY OF EVANSTON 631 happy in his method of deaHng with his employes, and was successful in building up an industrious and prosperous communi- ty. In this connection he became widely known as a practical iron-master of ripe experience and broad general knowledge of all phases of the business. Besides his rolling mill connection, he was interested in iron mines and transportation companies to a considerable extent. At this period ill health compelled Mr. Parkes to retire from active business, and he severed his connection with the concern in 1890. Disposing of his Milwaukee in- terests he purchased a home in Evanston, where he lived in retirement until 1899. He died August 4, 1899, in Milwaukee, where he had gone to visit his daughter. Mr. Parkes was married at St. Louis, in 1857, to Mary Jane McNickle, a daughter of George and Jane (McCoy) McNickle, of that city. Mrs. Parkes, who is still liv- ing, was born in Pennsylvania and reared in Virginia. The children of this union are as follows : Ida Virginia Parkes, Mrs. Mary (Parkes) Llewellyn. Mrs. Jennie (Parkes^ Grier, Mrs. Annie (Parkes) Phillips, and Dr. William Ross Parkes, all of Evanston, and Mrs. Sarah (Parkes) Treat, of Apple- ton, Wis. ]\Ir. Parkes became a member of the ]\Iethodist Episcopal Church when he was fourteen years of age, and when he re- moved to his farm in Will County, he helped to found a church at Monee. He was afterwards one of the founders of the Dixon Street M. E. Church in Chicago, and of Trinity M. E. Church in Milwaukee, where he served as Sunday-school Super- intendent for twenty years. After coming to Evanston he was one of the builders of Emmanuel M. E. Church. For several vears he was a member of the Board of Trustees and of the official board of the last named church. "Though dead he yet speaketh," and "his works do follow him." JOSEPH WATERS WORK. Joseph W. Work, who is successfully engaged in the real estate business in Evan- ston, 111., was born in Dewitt, Carroll Coun- ty. Mo., September 18, 1871. His father, Andrew Jackson Work, was a native of Charlestown, Ind., where he was born Oc- tober 17, 1819, and his mother, Elizabeth (Waters) Work, was born in Lincoln County, Ky., October 15, 1835. Andrew Jackson Work was a farmer by occupation and his whole active life was devoted to agricultural pursuits. The early education of Joseph W. was obtained in the public schools and the high school at North Salem, Ind., and Bunker Hill, III, and, after com- pleting his studies, he became a traveling salesman. This occupation he followed for nine years previous to making his home in Evanston, where he located in 1894. In that year he established himself in the real estate business in partnership with his fa- ther-in-law, Lewis M. Perry, succeeding to the latter's interest in the firm, in 1897 and establishing at that time the firm known as The J. W. Work Agency. On December 27. 1893, Mr. Work was united in marriage at Evanston, with Flora Perrv, who was born in Murdock, 111., De- cember 10, 1 87 1. In politics, Mr. Work pursues an inde- pendent course, ignoring party lines. His religious' connection is with the Evanston Christian Church, of which he is a charter member. Socially he is identified with the Evanston Club. SUSAN LEONHARDT. Mrs. Susan Leonhardt, one of the oldest living natives of Cook County, 111., was born at Grosse Point, September 18, 1840, and enjoys the distinction of being the first white child born within the present city of 632 BIOGRAPHICAL Evanston. She is a daughter of Paul and CaroHne (Adams) Pratt, who were natives of Massachusetts ; her mother CaroHne Adams, being a daughter of Rev. Ephraim Adams, who was a member of the same family which furnished two Presi- dents of the United States — John Adams and John Quincy Adams. Her father was born in Weston, Middlesex County, Mass., September 11, 1807, and her mother, in Ox- ford, Worcester County, March 10, 1816. Paul Pratt was the owner of considerable landed property, for those times, and was engaged in agricultural pursuits. His father, also Paul Pratt, was one of the his- torical "Minute Alen" of Massachusetts Colony, who sprang to arms from every village and farm in Middlesex Comity, when Paul Revere sounded the summons on his celebrated ride in 1775. Paul Pratt, Jr., the father of Mrs. Leonhardt, moved to Il- linois at an early period, locating on the site of the present city of Evanston. On his land in that locality, he hewed timber and rafted it to the mouth of the Chicago River, to be used in building the first Government pier at Chicago in 1839. He had two sons who took part in the Civil War, Charles E. and Willard I. The former served three years in the Eighth Regiment Illinois Vol- unteer Cavalry ; the latter was a member of Company C, Eighty-ninth Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and was taken prison- er at Dallas, Ga., and incarcerate in An- dersonville prison, where he languished for seven months. He died at home in 1865. From their log cabin on Leon Avenue, the family moved in 1848, to a frame house, built that year, and which was one of the first frame dwellings constructed in Evan- ston. Mrs. Leonhardt spent her childhood years in the way customary for farmers' daugh- ters in a new settlement. Her early mental training was obtained in the country school at Ridgeville, now a part of Evanston, and she grew to maturity on the paternal farm. On September 30, 1857, she was united in marriage at Evanston, with Louis Leon- hardt, and twelve children were born of this union: Charles E., born April 29, 1859; Arthur D., born November 3, 1861 ; Frank W., born November 29, 1863 ; Carrie E. (Mrs. Stiles) born February 4, 1865; Ella, who was born August 29, 1866, and died in 1867; George P., born March 7, 1868; Louis, born November 25, 1870, and died in 1880; Eva May, born January 21, 1873, and died in 1880; Paul, born February 10,' 1875, and died in 1880 ; Fred. L., born July 30, 1877, and died in 1880; Richard J.,' born November 17, 1880; and Willard I., born January 7, 1882. Seven of this family still survive. In religious faith, Mrs. Leonhardt is a Baptist, and a zealous member of the Mis- sionary Society of the First Baptist Church of Evanston. She is an object of affec- tionate interest to her children, and of cor- dial esteem by a large circle of friends. LEWIS TABOR BRISTOL. Lewis Tabor Bristol, who is engaged in the practice of dentistry in Nogales, Ariz., was born in Cairo, 111., September i, 1872, the son of Walter L. and Louisa S. Bristol, natives of Illinois. In early boyhood. Dr. Bristol received his primary mental train- ing in the public schools of his native town, where he spent the remainder of his youth- ful 3'ears. He entered the Dental School of Northwestern University in 1894, graduat- ing therefrom in 1897, with the degree of D. D. S. He is a member of the Delta Sig- ma Delta Fraternity. Shortly after his graduation he entered upon the practice of his profession, in which he has continued HISTORY OF EVANSTON 633 successfully ever since. In politics, Dr. Bristol is an earnest supporter of the Repub- lican party. In 1905, he served as a Repre- sentative of Santa Cruz County in the Leg- islature of Arizona. VERNELLE FREELAND BROWNE. Vernelle F. Browne, attorney-at-lavv, Farmer City, 111., was born at De Witt, De Witt County, 111., January 8, 1873. He acquired his primary education in the local high school and by home study, took a law course in the Northwestern Uni- \ersity Law School at Evanston, 111., with one semester in the Law Department of the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor in that State. While in the University he was much interested in athletics, and a member of the Masonic Club at the University of Michigan. He worked his way through the University, was admitted to the bar in October, 1899, and, starting in debt, since entering upon his profes- sion has been very successful, having accumulated, in less than seven years' practice, an estate valued at $15,000. The official positions held by Mr. Browne since locating at Farmer City, 111., include those of City Clerk for two years (May I, 1901, to May I, 1903) ; City Attorney since May i, 1903, in which he is now serving his second term, which will expire May I, 1907. He has been solicited at dif ferent times to become the candidate of the Republican party for County Judge, State's Attorney and Representative in the State Legislature, but believing that his best interests would be subserved by adhering to his profession, has declined. He is a member of the Knights of Pythias Modern Woodmen, Red Men, a Thirty- second Degree Mason, the Order of the Eastern Star, the Rathbon Sisters and the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. On December 6, 1899, Mr. Browne was married to Miss Daisy Gertrude Reeser, of Farmer City, 111., and they have one daughter, Theresa Gertrude Browne, born February 5, 1903. WALTER LAURANCE HERDIEN. \\'alter Laurance Herdien, wh'o is a successful representative of the younger element of rising lawyers who are becom- ing favorably known at the bar of Chi- cago, was born in Galva, 111. August 8, 1874. He is a son of Peter and Martha (Johnson) Herdien, natives of Sweden, In early youth he made diligent use of the opportunities for an education afforded by the public schools of his native place, and in September, 1894, matriculated in the Liberal Arts Department of North- western University, from which he was graduated in June, 1898, with the degree of A. B. He entered Northwestern Uni- versity Law School in September, 1898, graduating therefrom in June, 1900, with the degree of LL. B. During his collegi- ate course, he was a member of the Beta Theta Pi Fraternity and the Deru Society. Shortly after graduating he was admitted to the bar, and at once entered upon the practice of his profession, in which he has since continued. In social circles, he is affiliated with the B. P. O. E. On October 25, 1903, Mr. Herdien was united in marriage with Mabel Geneva Sharp, of Kewanee, 111. . Politically, he is a Republican. ELMER FORREST HERDIEN, M. D. Elmer Forrest Herdien, physician, Chi- cago. 111., was born in Galva, 111., May 22, 1876, the son of Peter and Martha (John- son) Herdien, both natives of Sweden, 634 BIOGR-\PHICAL and a brother of ^^'alter L. Herdien, a lawyer of Chicago. Ehiier F. spent most of his early life in Chicago, was a graduate from the Lake View High School and from the Northwestern University, later taking a course in the Medical Depart- ment of the University, from which he was graduated in 1901. After gradua- tion he served for a time as interne in hospital work, after which he was en- gaged in practice at Baker City, Oregon. On June 6, 1906, Dr. Herdien was mar- ried at Kewanee, 111., to ^liss Xelle John- son, of that city, the event exciting much interest among society people, and being celebrated with much eclat in the pres- ence of a large circle of friends of the bride and groom. Dr. Herdien's address is at 1317 Foster Avenue (Edgewater). Chicagfo. HENRY BUTLER. Henry Butler, a well-known and highl}- esteemed citizen of Evanston, Cook County, 111., where he has lived for nearly twenty-six years — during a considerable portion of this period being e.xtensively and successfully engaged in the livery and teaming business — was born in Kenosha. \Ms., April 7. i8fio. the son of Cornelius and Barbara ( Blanknheim) Butler, of whom the former was born in Richmond \'a.. in July. 1822, and the latter in Prue, a small town in The Netherlands, on Feb- ruary 17, 1 83 1. Cornelius Butler was a carpenter by occupation, and followed that trade in Kenosha, Wis., of which place he became a resident in 1840. Early in the Civil \\'ar he enlisted in the Thirty-ninth Regiment Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry, with which he served until the end of the conflict, when he returned to Kenosha, and resumed his customary work. Shortly afterward he moved to Evanston, where he spent the remainder of his life. The mother of the subject of this sketch came to the United States when she was about sixteen years of age. Her marriage to i\Ir. Butler took place at Kenosha on March 13, 1851, and their union resulted in eleven children. The early mental training of Henr\- Butler was obtained in the district schools in the \icinity of Kenosha, and in the public schools of that city, \\hen not engaged in study, he applied himself to farm work. He was about seventeen years old when he came to Evanston., where he was employed for several years in various kinds of labor by prominent citizens of the place. In 1893 he started out on his own responsibility, establish- ing himself in the livery and teaming business, in which he has ever since been very successful. He now conducts two extensive livery barns, has about seventy teams in use, and employs forty men, besides an office force of four girls. He also operates large blacksmith and repair shops. His entire time is occupied in superintending this business, and his energy, diligence, close application and honorable methods have made the enter- prise a pronounced and signal success. With the exception of a tour of inspection which he made through the Western States, he has not been absent from home to any extent since coming to Evanston. On January 5, 1883, Mr. Butler was united in marriage, at Evanston, 111., with Mary Hager, who was born July 4, 1864, at Florence, Ala., where, in girlhood, she enjoyed the advantages of the public schools. Mrs. Butler is a daughter of William Hager, a native of Pennsylvania, and a soldier in the Civil \\'ar, near the close of which he lost his life. Her mother is also deceased. In religious faith Mr. Butler is a Bap- HISTORY OF EVANSTON 635 tist, being a consistent member of the Second Baptist Church, of Evanston. PoHtically lie has always been a firm RepubUcan, but never an aspirant for pub- Uc office. To all charitable and benev- olent enterprises in Evanston, he has al- ways been a liberal contributor. He has led a life of exceptional personal purity, having never made use of tobacco or in- toxicants, nor indulged in profane lan- guage. His strict observance of correct rules of living have enabled him to endure the strain of long and strenuous exertion in building up his extensive business, with no impairment of mental or physical fac- ulties, and his upright and honorable deal- ings have gained for him. in an especial degree, the confidence and esteem of his fellow citizens. Mr. Butler is regarded as one of the most useful and exemplary members of the community. JOHN T. BARKER. John T. Barker, la\\'\ er and Mayor of Evanston, was born in Derbyshire, Eng- land, October 27, i860, the son of John and Mary (Shimwell) Barker. John Bar- ker, Sr., was a blacksmith by trade, and his death occurred in England. This bereavement necessitated his son's finding a position at the age of eleven in a rolling mill, in order to help support his mother. When the lad was thirteen years old, with his surviving parent he took passage for. America, locating in the city of Chi- cago. The boy enjoyed less than two years' schooling before he went to work in earnest for the North Chicago Rolling Mills. A little later he secured a posi- tion with the Chicago Steel Works, where, for fifteen years, he found steady employ- ment; first as a common laborer, at fifty cents per day, spending his earnings at a night school, being gradually promoted through the positions of stenographer, bookkeeper, cashier, etc., until he received the sum of $1,500 per annum. Here he paused long enough to take a course of lessons at the Chicago Athenaeum. In 1890 he launched out in the real estate business, his evenings again being occu- pied with the study of law in the night schools of the great city. In 1893, h's studiousness was rewarded by his admit- tance to the bar. On December 14, 1881, Mr. Barker was united in marriage to Anna Laura Blanch- ard, and of this union two children have been born: John Lawrence, born August 27, 1884, and Marion Ethel, born July 22, 1888. In 1897, Mr. Barker removed with his family to the city of Evanston 111., with the history of whose growth the present Mayor has been and is still inti- mately connected. In the year 1900, Mr. Barker was elected Alderman for the Third Ward, thus becoming an active member of the City Council. In 1901 he took an extended vacation, making a tour through England, Scotland, France and Belgium, and other European countries. LIpon his return to Evanston in 1902, he was re-elected Alderman, which position he resigned in the spring of 1903, when he was made Mayor of the city as suc- cessor of James A. Patten. During his official connection with the city. Mayor Barker has been greatly interested in much legislation of an important nature, such as the annexing of the North Shore territory to the Drainage District, the consolidation of the towns included in the present city of Evanston, the amend- ment of the Library Act, and other meas- ures pertaining to public improvement. In the year 1905, he was re-elected Mayor of the city whose interests he has served so disinterestedly and well. In his polit- 636 BIOGRAPHICAL ical affiliations, Mayor Barker is a Repub- lican. He was one of the originators of the organization of the first Park District of the city of Evanston, an improvement recognized by all. He is a member of the A. F. & A. M., the National Union, and Royal League Fraternities, and also of the local Evanston Club, Hamilton and Golf Clubs. He belongs to the Episcopalian Church. GEORGE E. GOOCH. George E. Gooch, a well-known resident of Evanston, 111., who has been prom- inent in the business circles of Chicago for many years, was born in Norwich, Norfolk, England, September 24, 1847, the son of George C. and Margaret (Brewer) Gooch. The son received his early edu- cation in the common schools of his native land, and came to Chicago in 1867. He became connected with the commission firm of Sherman, Hall & Pope, and soon afterwards engaged in the same line of business on South Water Street, under the firm name of Richards & Gooch. Sub- sequently, he identified himself with Charles Counselman & Co., and still re- mains in that connection. Since 1869 he has been a member of the Chicago Board of Trade. Mr. Gooch established his res- idence in Evanston in 1877, and is con- sidered one of its intelligent and sub- stantial citizens. Mr. Gooch was married in November, 1874, to Miss Rhoda England, a daughter of William England, and they have seven children, all of whom were born in Evans- ton, and all are still living. In his political views, Mr. Gooch is in- dependent, and his action is untrammeled by party ties. He has served as Alder- man of the Second Ward in the City Council. Socially, he belongs to the A. F. & A. M. Royal Arcanum, of which he is Regent ; Royal League, of which he is Orator ; Modern Woodmen of America, and Sons of St. George. He is a charter member of the Evanston Club and the Evanston Boat Club. Mr. Gooch is a communicant in St. Mark's Episcopal Church, in which he officiates as vestry- man. JOHN W. GIBSON. John W. Gibson (deceased), formerly a well-known resident of Evanston, 111., was born in Batesville, Noble County, Ohio, October 20, 1853. His parents were William and Christine (Stattler) Gibson, the former being a merchant by occupa- tion. The early childhood of Mr. Gibson was passed in Batesville, and his educa- tion was received in the schools of New- ark, Ohio. He was trained to merchan- dising by his father, and on the death of the latter, succeeded to the business and conducted it for two or three years. About 1881 he came West and became identified with the nursery business, es- tablishing his home in Davenport, Iowa. In this connection he traveled extensively, his transactions covering the States of Iowa, Illinois and Wisconsin. He con- tinued to reside at Davenport until 1890, when he moved to Evanston, where he remained until his death, which occurred September 13, 1904. Mr. Gibson was married at Monroe Center, 111., December 26, 1882, to Ella Tyler, a daughter of Mrs. H. C. Tyler, of that place. Mrs. Gibson, who survives her husband, was born there and grew up in Illinois. The only child of Mr. and Mrs. Gibson is Harry W. Gibson, who has succeeded to the conduct and manage- ment of his father's business interests. Mr. Gibson was an attendant upon the services at the Baptist Church. HISTORY OF EVANSTON 637 JOHN C. MURPHY. John C. Murphy (deceased), who served as Justice of the Peace in Evanston. 111., for nearly twenty-three years, was born in Evanston July 31. 1841, the first white child born in that place. His parents were Edward and Ann (Mack) Murphy, natives of Ireland, the father born at Ken- more, County Kerry, in 1805, and the mother at Castletown Bearhaven, County Cork. Edward Murphy was a teacher and mathematician by profession. Through the influence of the Marquis of Lansdowne, while still a young man, he was appointed to the position of Govern- ment teacher at London, Upper Canada, where he first located on his arrival in America. In the spring of 1837 he set- tled in Chicago, where he taught in the public schools, and was otherwise inter- ested in educational affairs. In 1839 he was appointed Deputy Sheriff, under Sheriff Isaac R. Gavenfirst, was elected Coroner of Cook County in 1840, and re- elected in 1842. He was the first Super- visor for Evanston, having been elected to that office in 1850, the year of the adop- tion of township organization, and served in this capacity until 1856. His death occurred January 25, 1875. Eugene ]\Iack a brother of Mrs. Edward Murphy, served in the United States Xavy for forty years, and was an officer on board the Frigate "Cumberland"' when that vessel was sunk. Six of Edward Murphy's children sur- vived him — two sons and four daughters, namely: John C, the subject of this sketch: Edward, Mary A. (Mrs. Samp- son), Anna E., Louisa D., and Eliza- beth C. John C. Murphy received his early edu- cation in the public schools of Chicago, where he subsequently pursued a course of study in a business college. His father owned a farm in the vicinity of Evans- ton, and upon this John C. lived until 1875. From that year until 1881, he was in the employ of Cook County. He al- ways made his home in Evanston, and in his reminiscences of early times often re- calls the rush of gold seekers, with their prairie schooners to California in 1849-50. On July 19, 1877, Mr. Murphy was united in marriage, in Chicago, with Eliz- abeth M. Carroll, who was born at Ogdensburg, N. Y., August 4, 1857. Four children were born of this union, namely : Edward J., born April 30, 1879; J. Francis, born November 13, 1881 ; Joseph N., born January 7, 1891 and Nannie A., born August 23, 1886. In politics. Mr. Murphy was an un- swerving adherent of the Republican ];arty. He was elected Justice of the Peace for Evanston Township in April, 1881, and held that office without inter- mission until the time of his death. In fraternal circles, he was identified with the K. of P. and the Catholic Order of Foresters. He belonged to the Histor- ical Society of Evanston. In religion, he was a devout member of the Catholic Church, and as a citizen, was ever on the alert in his efforts to promote the best interests of the community. He was a member of the Evanston Historical Soci- ety. Mr. Murphy departed this life on Feb- ruary 21, 1904, and his death was deeply lamented by all who knew him. He was a man of invariable good nature and, as a public official, was easily accessible. On account of the numerous wedding ceremonies which he performed, he was sometimes called "Bishop" Murphy. The dwelling in which he was born is still standing, in a slightly altered condi- tion, on the northwest corner of Clark Street and Rogers Avenue. r 638 BIOGRAPHICAL EDWARD J. MURPHY. Edward J. Murphy, Justice of the Peace, Evanston, 111., is a native of Evans- ton, where he was born April 30, 1879, the son of John C. and Elizabeth M. (Car- roll) Murphy, the father born in Evans- ton, 111., July 31, 1841, and the mother in Ogdensburg, N. Y., August 4, 1S57. John C. Murphy was the first white male child born in Evanston, and died in that city February 21, 1904. The grandparents, Edward and Ann (Mack) Murphy, were natives of Ireland (see sketch of John C. Murphy). Grandfather Edward Murphy was a teacher and mathematician, who came to Chicago from London, Canada, in the spring of 1837, and taught in the public schools. He was the owner of a farm situated where the City of Evanston now stands, and served as Deputy Sheriff and Coroner of Cook County, and as the first Supervisor of Evanston, to which office he was elected in 1850. The gentleman to whom this record re- fers received his rudimentar}- mental training in the public schools of Evans- ton, and subsequently graduated from the De La Salle Institute, in Chicago. He then pursued courses of study in Canisius College, at Buffalo, N. Y., and Northwest- ern University, Evanston, graduating from the Law School of the latter in 1903. In politics Edward J. Murphy is an ear- nest supporter of the Republican party. In 1904 he was elected to succeed his father as Justice of the Peace, and enjoys the distinction of being the youngest in- cumbent of that office ever elected in Cook County. Socially, he is identified with the Phi Delta Theta Fraternity, the Alpha Chi Law Fraternity, the Modern Woodmen of America, and the Knights of Columbus. He is regarded as one of the most promising young men in the community, and seems fully assured of a bright and useful future. GEORGE HENRY MOORE. George Henry Moore, Manager Insur- ance Company, Chicago, with residence in Evanston, was born in North Hartland, Vermont, January 20, 1848, the son of Reuben and Ann Maria (Hunt) Moore, the former born in Salem, Mass., Novem- ber 18, 1808, and the latter in Concord Mass., December 6, 1812. The father's occupation was that of a railroad con- tractor and builder. On the maternal side Air. Moore is the eighth in descent from Captain Thomas Brooks, seventh from Captain Timothy Wheeler and Captain John Prescott, and sixth from Ensign Humphrey Barrett, Captain James Min- ott. Captain Jonathan Prescott, Hon. Peter Bulkley, Simon Lynde and Francis Willoughby — all of whom were soldiers of the Colonial and Revolutionary Wars, and direct descendants of the famous Hunt family, whose progenitors settled in New England in 1635. George Henry Moore commenced busi- ness for himself at Plattsburgh, New York, as clerk in a general merchandise store in 1864, in which he remained two years, when (in 1866) he engaged in the forwarding and shipping business and lumber trade at Detroit, Michigan. Twelve years later (1878) he entered into the fire insurance business, which he has followed continuously ever since. Hav- ing received an appointment as one of the managers of the Liverpool, London & Globe Insurance Company for the West, on January i, 1893, he moved to Evans- ton. Pie still retains this position with office in the Home Insurance Building at 205 La Salle Street, Chicago. He was elected President for 1896-7 of the Fire Insurance Association of the Northwest, which is the largest insurance organiza- tion in the world. December 16, 1870, Mr. Moore was married at Detroit, Mich., to Emma E. HISTORY OF EVANSTON 639 Smith, and they have had six children: Carlton Ward, Ella Florine, George Albert, Louise Hurd and Irene Hunt (twins), and William Warren. In his political sentiments Mr. Moore has always been a sturdy Republican, is an attendant upon religious services at the First Presbyterian Church of Evans- ton, and is identified with the following clubs and social organizations: Union League Club, Chicago ; Sons of the Rev- olution, Colonial War Society, Evanston Club, Evanston, and Glen View Golf Club. CHARLES CLARENCE POOLE. Charles Clarence Poole, patent lawyer, Evanston, 111., was born at Benicia, Cal., November 27, 1856, the son of Charles Henry and Mary A. (Daniels) Poole, was educated in the public schools at Wash- ington, D. C, and fitted for practice in civil engineering by private instruction. During 1874-75 he served as Assistant Engineer in connection with surveys car- ried on by the Engineering Department of the United States Army. In 1882 he graduated from the Law Department of the Columbian University, Washington,, with the prize for an essay on Trade- marks. During the same year he came to Chicago and, in partnership with Taylor E. Brown, engaged in practice as a law- yer, confining his attention chiefly to patents, copyright and trade mark laws, which he still continues, with offices in the Marquette Building. He is also a member of the bar of the United States Supreme Court, the Chicago Bar Associa- tion, and the Patent Law Association. In 1884 Mr. Poole was married in the city of Chicago to Miss Anna Poole, daughter of the late Dr. William Fred- erick Poole, at that time Librarian of the Chicago Public Library, but later occupying a similar position in connection with the Newberry Library. Mr. and Mrs. Poole have four children: Frances, Charles H., Clarence F. and Dorothy, their residence being at 939 Forest Ave- nue, Evanston. Mr. Poole's fraternal as- sociations are with the Illinois Athletic and the Chicago Literary Clubs. CHARLES S. RADDIN. Charles S. Raddin, a prominent citizen of Evanston, 111., where he has resided for twenty-five years, was born in Lynn, Mass., January 29, 1864, the son of Charles E. and Harriet Augusta (Rhodes) Raddin, natives of New England. Charles E. Raddin, who carried on the business of shoe manufacturing in Lynn, Mass.. moved with his family from that city to Chicago in 1879, and thence to Evanston in 1881. The subject of this sketch ob- tained his early education in Chauncy Hall, Boston, Mass., and when the family located in Evanston, pursued a course of study in Northwestern University, from which he received the degrees of B. S. and M. S. During his undergraduate period he identified himself with the Phi Kappa Sigma Fraternity. Mr. Raddin's business interests are in Chicago, where he acts in the capacity of manager of the American Bank Equipment Company. On June 28, 1892, Mr. Raddin was united in marriage, at Evanston, 111., with Belle Elmira Ailing, a native of that city, and the daughter of a well known Meth- odist clergyman. This union resulted in one child, Louise, born January 4, 1898. Politically Mr. Raddin is a supporter of the Republican party. Religiously he adheres to the faith of the Methodist Church. In fraternal circles he is affili- 640 BIOGRAPHICAL ated with the National Union. He is a member and Vice-President of the Board of Trustees of the Chicago Acad- emy of Sciences, Secretary of the Natural History Survey of Chicago, and a mem- ber of the Board of Directors of the Evanston Historical Society. He is the author of publications entitled, "Flora of Evanston and V'icinity," and "Flora of Chicago and Vicinity," issued as bulletins of the Chicago Academy of Sciences. Aside from his business relations, he is a man of studious habits and wide informa- tion, and is a useful and highly esteemed member of the community. WALTER LEE BROWN. Walter Lee Brown (deceased), for- merly a chemist of high repute and for some time President of the Northwestern Gas Company, of Evanston, 111., was born in Melrose, Mass., August 24, 1853. He was a son of Edwin Lee and Mary (Bab- cock) Brown. His father was a man of high attainments whose reputation ex- tended beyond the limits of his State. The family came to Chicago about 1861. As a boy, Walter Brown attended the old Ogden School in Chicago. When seven- teen years of age he returned to the East and entered the Pennsylvania Military Academy, at Chester, Pa., which he at- tended for three years. He completed his academic studies at Northwestern Univer sity, giving special attention to chemistry while there. From that institution he re- ceived the degree of Bachelor of Science. After CQmpletinghis studies in Eyanston, he entered the Columbia College School of Mines, from which he was also graduated at the end of a course of study in which he devoted much time to metallurgy. For two or three years thereafter he was a lecturer at Columbia College, and acted as assistant to Dr. Charles F. Chandler, then, as now, at the head of the scientific department of that institution. About 1879, J\lr. Brown returned to Chicago, where he purchased the pioneer labora- tory, the oldest in the city — established at an early date by the late Dr. James G. Blaney. He conducted this laboratory five years, and became widely known as achem- ist, assayer and metallurgist. In 1885 he dis- posed of the laboratory in order to organ- ize a "test department" for the Chicago. Burlington & Quincy Railway Company, which then set on foot a plan to test all materials used in its railroad construc- tion. et|uipment, etc. From 1885 to 1888, while conducting these experiments, he resided at Aurora, 111. Business interests then compelled him to remove to Evans- ton, where he succeeded his father as President of the Northwestern Gas Com- pany. Witli the duties imposed on him by this relation he was occupied for the next five years. He disposed of his interest in this company in 1893, and virtually retired from business, devoting his attention to his books and the arts and sciences dur- ing the remainder of his life, which ended April 6, 1904. He bestowed much time on the collection of rare books and lit- erary relics, and gathered together numer- ous first editions of American authors. Among his intimate associates in this occu- pation was James Fennimore Cooper, a grandson of the famous novelist. In the science of metallurgy he was eminent, and was the author of "A Manual of Assay- ing," which reached its eleventh edition, and has been adopted as a text-book by Harvard University and other higher in- stitutions of learning in America and abroad. He traveled extensively through- out the mining regions of the United HISTORY OF EVANSTON 641 States in connection with his work as met- allurgist and mineralogist. He was a charter member of the National Society of Chemists, and was long an oflScial of that organization. From June, 1894, to August, 1901, he was a member of the Board of Directors of the Evanston Free Public Library. Mr. Brown was married October 16, 1884, at Boone, Iowa, to Ida B. Cosgrove, a daughter of Thomas A. Cosgrove, of Evanston. Mr. Cosgrove was an early resident of Evanston, having moved there from Champaign, 111., in 1868. He was one of the prime movers in securing the location of the Illinois State University at Urbana. The chil- dren of ^Ir. and Mrs. Brown are: Lathrop Lee, who pursued a course of study at the Manner School in Stamford. Conn. : Lois Virginia, and Delight. Mrs. Brown is still living in Evanston. The subject of this sketch was a man of undeviating rectitude of character. In religious views he was broadly liberal. EDWARD H. WEBSTER. Edward H. Webster, a prominent citizen of Evanston, Cook County, 111., was born at Wells River, Vt., November 17, 1851. He is a son of Caleb Williams and Persis T. Webster. The father, Caleb William Webster, was a merchant by occupation. The subject of this brief personal rec- ord received his early mental training in the public schools of his native State, and graduated from Northwestern Uni- versity. Mr. Webster was united in mar- riage with Emily Roneyn Winne, and one child, Helen Christine, is the result of this union. GEORGE P. K. VOLZ. George P. K. Volz, of Arlington Heights, Cook County, 111., Manager of the firm of Peter & Volz, manufacturers of sewing machines, opera chairs, and school desks, was born in Arlington Heights, April 7, 1878. From 1884 until 1891 he attended the public school in his native place, and from 1891 until 1895 was a -pupil in the Jefferson High School in Chicago. In the last mentioned year he matriculated in Northwestern L^niversity, from which he was graduated in 1899, with the degree of A. B. He was a teacher in the Chicago public schools from 1899 until 1903, when he assumed the management of the Peter & Volz manufactory. Mr. Volz is a member of the Arlington .\thletic and Social Club, of which he was secretary 1901-1906. In 1902 he was appointed assistant chief of the Arlington Heights Volunteer Fire Department, and was appointed Chief in 1905. In fraternal circles, he is affiliated with the M. W. A., and was clerk of the Arlington Camp of that order, 1900-1906. He is also identi- fied with the A. F. & A. M., being a member of Palatine Lodge No. 314, and of Lincoln Park Chapter, R. A. AI., No. 177. On June 29, 1904. at Aurora, 111., the subject of this sketch was united in mar- riage with Miss Sallie Anderson, of Chi- cago, and they have one daughter. Donna Marie, born July 8 1905. EZRA MARCH BORING. D. D. The Boring family name was first known in .America in Maryland. -The pro- genitor of the American branch of this family was a sailor, who was separated 642 BIOGRAPHICAL from his family at Liverpool, England, when a lad. Together with companions, he was enticed upon a ship which sailed and carried them to sea. Because the boys were unable to pay their fare they were sold into servitude. Young Boring, on account of his vivacity, became a fa- vorite of the captain and was made cabin boy. From this position he rose to that of mate and finally to be captain of a privateer. While commanding this ves- sel, he lost a limb in an engagement in the Mediterranean Sea, and after this in- cident determined to retire from the sea service. He returned to England and, unaljle to find his family, sailed for America and settled in Baltimore, Mary- land. His business was that of a shoe- maker. He was one of the early converts to Methodism, and the Boring family, which spread over the South and West, has been generally prominently identified with that denomination. Some of the immediate ancestors of the family of a later period removed from Maryland to Kentucky, and early in the last century to Claremont, Ohio, where Ezra Marsh Boring was born near the vil- lage of Felicity, June 12, 1813. General L'. S. Grant was also born in this village and was a boyhood friend. Temperance Bor- ing, the mother of Ezra Marsh Boring, was a strong character, an ardent Metho- dist, and her home was one of the best known of the fraternity in Southern Ohio. In 1832 Mr. Boring was soundly con- verted, and this change of heart turned his life into a new channel and he became an earnest student. Previous to this time he had learned the saddler's trade, and this fact, together with the assistance of his warm friend, William I. Fee, made it possible for him to attend the Methodist school in Augusta, Kentucky. He gradu- ated from this college in 1842, and, while the college curriculum was limited, he became reasonably proficient in Latin, Greek and Hebrew, which languages he continued to study and use until his clos- ing years. At the close of his school life, Mr. Bor- ing married Rebecca Ann Barnes, and became Principal of Franklin Seminary in Washington County, Kentucky. This was a well known Southern Seminary of the M. E. Church, situated in the heart of the slave district. Ezra Marsh Boring re- ceived a liberal salary for his services for that day, and enjoyed great popularity among the planters, because of his great ability as an orator and his genial and happy nature. He was an ardent cham- pion of the"Divine Right of Slavery"until he was suddenly converted to Abolition- ism, which made it necessary for him to cross the Ohio River and separate him- self from his friends. From that day he was an ardent friend of the black man. and his home was one of the stations of the "underground railroad." In 1843, he joined the Southern Ohio M. E. Confer- ence and was stationed at Gallipolis. This was an old French town with marked in- fidel tendencies among its citizens. Here Mr. Boring's fearlessness, joined with his tact, made him many warm friends, so that the meager salary, customary in that day. was generously supplemented by fees and presents. He afterwards preached at Marietta, Newark and Lancaster, Ohio, and was made a Presiding Elder, at which time he resided at Athens, the seat of the Ohio State University. He was then a very young man for so responsible a position. In 1857 he was transferred to the Rock River Conference in Illinois, be- inp- stationed at Galena, where he re- HISTORY OF EVANSTON 643 mained for two years and made many warm friends. He also here renewed his acquaintance with U. S. Grant, his boy- hood friend, which friendship continued through Hfe. After a brief pastorate in Waukegan, he removed to Chicago and became Presiding Elder of the Chicago District, serving, in all, two terms in this position. He was pastor at Grant Place (now Wesley), Dixon Street and State Street, Chicago ; also at Arlington Heights, Park Ridge, Crystal Lake, Woodstock and Wheaton, Illinois. For many years he was Secretary of the Home for the Friendless in Chicago, giving to this Institution the best service of his life, and, as the result of his labors, leaving it well endowed for the future. The closing years of this long life in public service was spent as Correspond- ing Secretary of The Superannuates' Re- lief Association of the Rock River Con- ference, and here he also succeeded to a remarkable extent. The degree of Doctor of Divinity was conferred upon him by the Theological Institute of Greensburg, Ind. Dr. Boring will be especially re- membered by many as the founder of the Desplaines Camp Meeting, established in i860, which he conducted or attended for twenty-eight consecutive years. As a preacher, Elder Boring (as he was often called) spoke extemporaneously, and often with great power. He was an earnest but wise evangelist, an educator of great ability, and managed business affairs with remarkable sagacity. He was greatly beloved bj- many of all demoni- nations for his broad and tolerant spirit, and no man in Chicago was probably bet- ter known by those of every rank of life. He passed away November 21. 1892, hav- ing survived his wife about two years. ERNEST HAMMOND EVERSZ. Ernest H. Eversz, senior member of the firm of Eversz & Company, bankers, located at No. 220 La Salle Street, Chi- cago, was born August 3, 1872. His primary education was obtained in the Milwaukee public school, where he gradu- ated in 1888. He subsequently pursued a course of study in Evanston Town- ship High School, Cook County, 111., graduating therefrom in 1891. In that year he matriculated in Northwestern University, from which institution he was graduated in 1895 with the degree of A. B. While taking the university course, he was identified with the Beta Theta Pi and Theta Nu Epsilon fraternities, and from 1891 to 1894, was a member of the Northwestern University Glee and Banjo Clubs. In 1895 he took the Harris Prize in the political economy contest. From 1895 until 1901, Mr. Eversz was in the employ of N. W. Harris & Com- pany, bankers, in Chicago. From 1901 to 1904 he was manager of the Chicago office of Redmond, Kerr & Company, bankers, and since 1904 has been engaged in his present connection. Mr. Eversz is a member of the Union League and \\'ashington Park Clubs, of Chicago : the Chicago Yacht Club, and the Illinois Ath- letic Club. On November 5, 1902, Mr. Eversz was united in marriage with Ruth Swift, a daughter of the late Gustavus F. Swift. One child, Barbara, has resulted from this union, born October 9, 1904. Mr. Eversz, resides at No. 3323 Michigan Avenue, Chicago. WILBUR J. ANDREWS. Wilbur J. Andrews, of Berwyn, Cook County, 111., engaged in the real estate business, was born in Rockford, 111., 644 BIOGRAPHICAL March 24, 1859. In boyhood he received his rudimentary education in the public schools of his native place, and otherwise pursued his preparatory studies until he entered Northwestern University, from which institution he received the degree of A. B. in 1887, and that of A. M., in 1890. While in the university, he was a member of the Hinman Literary Society and the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity. The subject of this sketch was united in mar- riage with Ada C. Redfield, of Evanston, 111., in 1881 and they became the parents of three children, namely: Elliot Red- field, Jerome Edson and Kathryn Louise. CHARLES EDWARD PIPER. Charles Edward Piper, lawyer and real estate operator, Berwyn, 111., was born in Chicago, 111., June 12, 1858, the son of Otis and Margaret Piper — the former born at Sackett's Harbor, N. Y., in October, 1830, and the latter at Prescott, Canada, in 1837. Mr. Piper's father was a merchant, and one branch of his family was descended from old Massachusetts stock extending back to New Salem, I\Iass.. in 1632. Mr. Piper was educated in the Chicago public schools, the High School and North- western LTniversity, and after completing his literary course, served as Postmaster at the Union Stock Yards, Chicago, while pur- suing the study of law in the Law Depart- ment of the Northwestern L'niversity. After his graduation from the Law School in 1887, he turned his attention to the real estate business and general practice of his profession. During 1894-95 he served as President of the Town Board of Cicero Township, and has also been a member of the School Board. Some vears since he started the movement for the establishment of Sanatoria in different States tor the bene- fit of tubercidous members of various fra- ternal organizations participating in the same, the first institution being located at Black Mountain, N. C. In political views, Mr. Piper was born and bred a Republican, and in religious be- lief is identified with the Methodist Episco- pal Church. He was one of the organizers of the Epworth League, serving as the first President for the Chicago District, and later as President of the State organization, and for eight years as Treasurer of the National organization. He has also been Supreme Secretary and General Manager of the Royal League, a member of the Phi Kappa Psi and Phi Delta Phi Fraternities, of the Royal Arcanum, Knights of Pythias, va- rious Masonic bodies. Ancient Order of United Workman, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, Independent Order of For- esters, North American Union, and various other secret and benevolent orders. At Indianola, Iowa, on August 15, 1882, Mr. Piper was married to Carrie Gregory, who was a native of Nauvoo, 111., and whose great-grandfather was associated with Rob- ert Morris in the manufacture of gunpow- der for use of the American soldiers during the Revolutionary War period. ]Mr. and Mrs. Piper's children are: Carolyn E., born January 17, 1884, and now a member of the Senior Class in Northwestern University ; Lulu Lane, born May 29, 1887, a sophomore in Macalester College, St. Paul, Minn ; Rob- ert G., born December 7, i88g, a graduate of Clyde High School, now entered Fresh- man in Northwestern ; Margaret, born Feb- ruary 27, 1892, died September 16, 1894; and Charles E., Jr.. born March 6, 1898. Mr. Piper's office as Supreme Scribe of the Royal League is located in Room 1601, Ma- sonic Temple Building, Chicago. HISTORY OF EVANSTON 645 CHARLES LYFORD LOGAN. Charles Lyford Logan, clergyman, who is a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church at Elizabeth, 111., was born in .At- kinson, Maine, June 10, 1850. When he was four years old his parents removed to Illinois and two years later to Minne- sota. Here he received his primary edu- cation in the public schools and, after preparing for college at home, in the fall of 1873 entered the Freshman Class of Northwestern University, graduating therefrom in 1877. In that year he became Principal of Public Schools in Caledonia, Houston County, Minn., for one term. He joined the Wisconsin M. E. Conference in 1878. and in 1880, entered Garrett Biblical Institute, at Evanston, 111., from which he was graduated in 1882. He re- ceived the degree of A. B. in 1877; that of A. M., in 1880; and that of B. D.. in 1882. During his college course, he was a member of the Adelphic Literary So- ciety and of the Owl Club. In the Junior year, he was one of those who took part in the "Junior Ex.," and was a contestant in debate between the Adelphic and a Chi- cago literary society. He was editor of the "Tripod," representing the .Adelphic Literary Society, and was one of the ora- tors in the commencement exercises, at the time of his graduation. In 1883 he transferred to the Rock River Conference. From 1886 to 1889, and from 1892 to 1895, a period of seven years, inclusive, he was principal of Inyo Academy, at Bishop, Inyo County, Cal. On May 8. 1884, Mr. Logan was united in marriage with Grace Boehm W^ood, and they have become the parents of the fol- lowing children, namely: Mary Lois, born in 1885 ; Grace Sarah, born in 1887 : Laura Louise, born in 1889; Helen Irene, born in 1891 ; Edith Evangeline, born in 1893; Frances Willard, born in 1896; Charles Lyford, Jr., born in 1898; and Ruth, born in 1904. In fraternal circles, the subject of this sketch is identified with the I. O. O. F. and the A. O. U. A. M. JEROME J. CERMAK. Jerome J. Cermak, attorney-at-law, Chi- cago, was born in the city where he now re- sides, September 30, 1880. In boyhood he made diligent use of the opportunities af- forded by the Chicago public schools, graduating from the Joseph Medill High School in June, 1898. In September, 1899, he matriculated in Northwestern Univer- sity Law School, from which he was graduated in June, 1902, with the degree of LL. B. From 1902 to 1906 he has been Secretary of the Law Alumni Association of that institution. He was a member of the LIniversity Baseball Club in the spring of 1901, and of the Law School baseball team in 1901 and 1902. He belongs to the Plii Alpha Delta Law fraternity, and socialh'. is identified with the Royal League and the "Ceska Beseda." He is also a member of the Y. M. C. A. GEORGE THOMAS FOX, D. D. S. Dr. George Thomas Fox, who is en- gaged in the practice of dentistry at No. 5101 South Halsted Street, Chicago, 111., was born in Chicago February 19, 1881, and received his rudimentary education in the Chicago public schools. He after- wards pursued a course of study in Wheaton College at Wheaton, 111., and, in the fall of 1900, entered Northwestern University Dental College, from which he was graduated in 1903, with the degree of 646 BIOGRAPHICAL D. D. S. In November, 1903, he com- menced the practice of dentistry at the location above mentioned, where he has since continued with good results. FHILIP E. ELTINO. Philip E. Elting, attorney-at-law, Ma- comb, McDonough County, 111., was born in the vicinity of that city and spent his boyhood and early youth in his native place, where he enjoyed the advantages of the public schools. After completing his primary education, he pursued a course of study in the Law Department of North- western University at Evanston, 111., from which he was graduated with the Class of 1892, receiving the degree of LL. B. He was immediately admitted to the bar (June 14, 1892), and at once entered upon the practice of his profession at Macomb, in which he has since continued with suc- cessful results. Although he has not sought political preferment, he has been endorsed by his county as a candidate for Circuit Judge in the Ninth Judicial Circuit of Illinois. In fraternal circles, Mr. Elting is identi- fied with the A. F. & A. M., in which he is a Knight Templar; and is also afifiliateid with Military Tract Lodge, No. 145, Inde- pendent Order of Odd Fellows, and with the Knights of Pythias. SIDNEY G. McCALLIN, D. D. S. Sidney Gilmore McCallin, who is en- gaged in the practice of dentistry at No. 830 West Sixty-Third Street, Chicago, 111., was born in Rochester, Minn., Sep- tember 7, 1878. In boyhood he made dili- gent use of the opportunities afforded by the public schools, and afterwards entered the Waukesha (Wis.) High School, from which he was graduated in 1896. On Oc- tober, 5, 1898, he matriculated in North- western University Dental School, gradu- ating therefrom in May, 1900, with the degree of D. D. S. During his dental course he was a member of the Psi Omega Fraternity, and was on the Dental School football team in 1898-1899. Dr. McCallin began the practice of his profession at No. 1124 West Sixty- third Street, Chicago, on July 7, 1901, and on June 7, 1904, moved to his present lo- cation. In 1904, he became a member of the Englewood Dental Society, of which he was elected President in 1905. He is also a member of the Englewood Men's Clulj and of the Jackson Park Yacht Cluli. LOUIS GRANT HOTCH. Louis Grant Hotch, dentist, who is lo- cated at No. 334 East Division Street, Chicago, 111., was born in Carthage, 111., March 15 1868. In early youth he at- tended the puljlic schools of his native place, and afterwards graduated from the High School, subsequently taking a course in a Kansas City (Mo.) business college. In 1901, he graduated form Northwestern L'uiversity Dental School. Dr. Hotch worked his way through schopl by indus- trious application to other pursuits, during his vacations and other periods of leisure. On June 30, 1900, he was united in marriage with Miss Tillie Nelson, and one child Marion Sophia, has been the result of this union.- SAMUEL CRAIG PLUMMER. Samuel Craig Plummer, surgeon, who is located at No. 156 East Forty-second Place, Chicago, 111., was born in Rock Island, 111., April 22, 1865. In early youth HISTORY OF EVANSTON 647 he utilized the advantages of the pubhc schools and, after finishing his primary studies, pursued a course in Augustana College, at Rock Island, from which he was graduated in June, 1883, with the degree of A. B. In the same year he ma- triculated in the Chicago Medical College, of Northwestern University, graduating therefrom i\Iarch 2;},, 1886, with the de- gree of M. D. He is a member of the Phi Rho Sigma fraternity. In 1886-87, Dr. Plummer occupied the position of interne in the Cook County Hospital, Chicago. In 1891 he was appointed Assistant Demon- strator of Anatomy in the Northwestern University ]\Iedical School ; in 1892 be- came Lecturer on Anatomy ; in 1893, Pro- fessor of Anatomy, and in 1894, Demon- strator of Operative Surgery. Since 1899 he has been Professor of Operative Sur- gery in that institution, and from 1900 until the present time, has served in the capacity of Surgeon to Wesley Hospital. Chicago, and since 1902 has held the po- sition of Chief Surgeon of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway system. He has also been secretary of the North- western L'ni\ersity Medical School since 1904. Dr. Plummer is a member of the Ameri- can Medical Association ; the American Association of Railway Surgeons; the Illinois State Medical Society, the Chi- cago Medical Society, of which he was Secretary in 1900-1901 : the Chicago Sur- gical Society; and the Chicago Pathologi- cal Society. Socially Dr. Plummer is a member of the Kenwood and Washing- ton Park Clubs of Chicago, and fraternally of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion. He was united in marriage with Mary Louise Middleton. on March 18, 1902, and one child, Susan Middleton Plummer, has been born of this union. ALBERT D. PERSONS, D. D. S., M.D.S. Dr. Albert Dodge Persons, dentist, of Des Plaines, Cook County, 111., was born in Chicago, 111., July 20, 1879. His early mental training was obtained in the Chi- cago public schools and, in October, 1897, he entered the Northwestern College of Dental Surgery and matriculated in Northwestern University Dental School in October, 1898, graduating therefrom April 30, 1900, with the degree of D. D. S. He has also received the degree of M. D. S. Dr. Persons was a member of Northwestern University Dental School football team in 1898-1899. The subject of this sketch is Professor of Oral Surgery in the American Post- Graduate School ; Professor of Oral Sur- gery in the National Medical L'niversity ; was formerly Professor of Orthodon- tia in the Illinois Medical School Dental Department, and is now Assistant Professor of Orthodontia in the Northwestern Uni- versity Dental School. Dr. Persons was united in marriage with Grace Bennett, of Des Plaines, 111., on August 16, 1904. WALTER B. HELM, M. D. \Valter B. Helm, physician and sur- geon, of Rockford, 111., was born at But- lerville, Iowa, October 12, 1859, and his primary education was received in the public schools of his native place. Sub- sequently he became a pupil in the Beaver Dam (Wis.) High School, finishing his studies there in 1876. He then matricu- lated in Northwestern University, and. after completing the literary course, in 1881 entered the Medical Department of that institution, from which he was gradu- ated with the degree of M. D., in 1884. 648 BIOGRAPHICAL He had previously received the degree of B. S. In 1884-85, he attended the clinics of Cook County Hospital, Chicago, and in 1895, took a course in the New York Post Graduate School of Medicine. Dur- ing his undergraduate period, he was a member of the Hinman Literary Society, and from 1879 to 1883, was connected with the United States Life-Saving Service. Dr. Helm acted as Attending Physician and Surgeon in connection with the Rock- ford City Hospital from 1886 to 1904, and. since the last named year, has occupied the position of Consulting Surgeon in that institution. He was local surgeon of the Illinois Central Railroad Company at Ra- cine, Wis., in 1897. Dr. Helm is a mem- ber of the American Medical .Association: the Illinois State Medical Society ; the Central Wisconsin Medical Society ; and the Winnebago (111.) Medical Society. Socially he is connected with the Rock- ford Country Club, and, in fraternal cir- cles, is identified with the B. P. C). E. Dr. Helm was married on October 26, 1887, to Mary C. Gibson, and two children are the offspring of this union, namely : Allan G., born November 8, 1888, and Elizabeth, born January 27, 1902. can Medical Association; the Illinois State Medical Society ; the DeKalb County (111.) Medical Society; and the Mississippi Valley Medical Society. He was united in marriage with Cora Whitte- more, of Sycamore, 111., on August 16, 1894. PAUL SYNNESTVEDT. Paul Synnestvedt, who is engaged in the practice of law, in Pittsburgh, Pa., where his office is located at No. 518 Frick Building, was born in Chicago, 111., April 14, 1870. In his youth he enjoyed the ad- vantages afforded by the public schools of Chicago, and, after finishing his literary studies, entered the Law School of North- western University at Chicago, from which he was graduated in 1897, with the degree of LL. B. The marriage of Mr. Synnestvedt took place in 1893, when he was wedded to Anna E. Lechner of Pittsburgh. Pa., their union resulting in eight children, namely : Arthur, Hubert, Elsa, George, Evan, Raymond, Kenneth and Virginia. GEORGE W. NESBITT. George W. Nesbitt, physician and surgeon, of Sycamore, 111., was born in that town March 13, 1869. His early edu- cation was obtained in the public schools of his native place, and from 1887 to 1889. he was a student in the Illinois State Uni- versity at Urbana. In the fall of the lat- ter year he matriculated in the Chicago Medical College of Northwestern Uni- versity, from which he was graduated April 22. 1892, with the degree of M. D. Dr. Nesbitt is a member of the Ameri- WILLIAM LEON STEVENS, D. D. S. Dr. William Leon Stevens, who is en- gaged in the practice of dentistry at No. 1012 West Lake Street, Chicago, 111., and resides at Clyde, Cook County, 111., was born at Eaton Rapids, Mich., December II, 1867. In early youth he utilized the opportunities afforded by the public schools, and on September 25, 1887, ma- triculated in the .\merican College of Dental Surgery, from which he was grad- uated with the degree of D. D. S., March 25. 1889. In fraternal circles. Dr. Ste- vens is identified with the A. F. & A. M., HISTORY OF EVANSTON 649 having joined Lodge No. 610, August 14, 1893. On June 17, 1897, Dr. Stevens was uni- ted in marriage with Anna Maude Stevens, and they have become the parents of two children, namely: Morton Leon, born Oc- tober 27, 1898, and Ethel Grace, born May 17, 1891. OLE HANSEN TUTTLE. Ole Hansen Tuttle, dentist, Chicago, 111., was born at Eaton, Ohio, April 17, 1867. In early youth he utilized the opportuni- ties afforded by the public schools of his native town and graduated there in 1886. In 1891 he entered Northwestern Univer- sity Dental College, and was graduated therefrom in 1894, with the degree of D. D. S. He was class treasurer in that in- stitution during the last mentioned year, and special clinic in operative dentistry there in 1895-96. From 1893 to 1900, he served as secretary and treasurer of the Miami Club. Fraternally he is identified with the A. F. & A. M., being a thirty- s'econd degree Mason, and a member of the Mystic Shrine. On November 24, 1902, Dr. Tuttle was united in marriage with Grace M. Goss, a daughter of the inventor of the Goss Printing Press. One child, Genevieve Harriet, has been the offspring of their imion. Dr. Tuttle is located at No. 1046 Jackson Boulevard, Chicago. BENJAMIN WALDBERG. Benjamin Waldberg, who is engaged in the practice of dentistry at No. 66 North State Street, Chicago, 111., was born in Lemberg, Austria, December 25. 1851. In boyhood he received his primary mental training in the public schools of his native country, and graduated from the Classic Gymnasium in the city of his birth. He matriculated in Northwestern University Dental School for the term of 1897-8, and was graduated in 1901, with the degree of D. D. S. Dr. Waldberg was appointed Demonstrator in Prosthetic Technics, Oc- tober I, 1899, and in May, 1901, received the appointment of Demonstrator and Superintendent of Prosthetic Laborator- ies, a position which he still holds. He is a member of the Odontographic So- ciety ; the Psi Omega Dental Fraternity, and the A. F. & A. M. Dr. Waldberg was married in 1869, but has been a widower since 1886. He has two sons, Bernard and Joseph. AMOS R. SOLENBERGER, M. D. Amos Rufus Solenberger, physician, and a resident of Colorado Springs, Colo., was born in 1853, at Canton, Ohio. After finishing his primary studies in the public schools of his native State, his parents removed to Illinois, where he pursued preparatory courses in Rock River Sem- inary and Northwestern University Academy, and in 1879 matriculated in the College of Liberal Arts of Northwestern University, Evanston, graduating there- from in 1883, with the degree of Ph. B. In 1883 he entered the Northwestern Uni- versity Medical School, from which he was graduated in 1885, with the degree of M. D. During his undergraduate course, he was a member of the Euphronean and Adelphic societies, and of the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity, and was contestant for the Adelphic and Hinman prizes in oratory. He acted in the capacity of Field Marshal on Field Day in 1883. Dr. Solenberger took special courses in Medicine, Laryngology, Rhinology and 6.SO BIOGRAPHICAL Otology, in Berlin, Paris and London, and is the author of "Lectures on Hygiene of the Vocal Organs," and on the "Principles and Practice of Diseases of the Upper Respiratory Tract." From 1896 to 1899 he was Instructor in Laryngology and Rhinology in the Northwestern Univer- sity Medical School. He is a member of the American Medical Association ; the Chicago Academy of Medicine; the Am- erican Laryngological, Otological and Rhinological Societies, and of the Colorado State Medical Association. He was united in marriage with Pris- cilla H. Staufifer, at Denver, Colo., on April 8, 1885. JOHN RAYMOND HOFFMAN, M. D. Dr. John Raymond Hoffman, who is engaged in the practice of medicine at No. 206 East Washington Street, Chicago, 111., and resides in Ottawa, 111., was born in the latter city, June 18, 1865. In boy- hood he attended public school in Ottawa, and graduated from the High School there in 1885. He matriculated in Chi- cago Medical College of Northwestern University in 1888, and was graduated therefrom in 1891 with the degree of M. D. Dr. Hoffman entered upon the gen- eral practice of his profession in Ottawa, during the year of his graduation from the University, and continued therein un- til 1895, when he devoted his attention mainly to affections of the eye, ear, nose and throat. In 1897, he began this special line of practice in Chicago, on the estab- lishment of the Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat College, of which he is secretary. In this institution, Dr. Hoffman has also filled the chair of Professor of Ophthal- mology since the year of its establish- ment. From 1896 to 1898, Dr. Hoffman was Assistant Surgeon of the Illinois National Guard, and from 1897 to 1903 was Assistant Surgeon of the Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary. He is a member of the Chicago Medical Society, the Chicago Ophthalmological and Otolo- gical Society, and the American Academy of Ophthalmology, Otology and Rhinol- ogy- On June 2, 1891, the subject of this sketch was united in marriage with Mary T. Hapeman, of Ottawa, 111., and their union has resulted in three children namely : Douglas T., Phoebe Ella, and Frances. H 12 9 0.*^ <* *'TVT' .0 cf\^^:^^% *^ o"'* *<<^ P^C^%% .** .1^>X. ,C°Vi.^^°o /..'J^lvV r0^.1^%% ., '■^Arx-?' ::iM^^ ^r. • * V V, »^ V-^ Xos^' AT r» <^^ ^^, ^'- '^^n <^ .HO* G^ ''o '.,.•:• ,^ 0^ .-:-:, V, .,^* :'^"* »>V/):^ '^^ A^ ** o V S" . '^^Z^-',/ "°^vf^*/ -^^/^.'^/ "o^'^T^*/ ■^^,*^-\/ 'k' ''t? .i^ • 1'.^ J' \ •" '.-..' .G^ ^3, 'o.." /V 0' \*'^'*\/'' ^O^'*. ♦ aV -^ . ^V v^ ♦ aV '5'. fe*^ k .V> »S- -It .A^-^-i. 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