i'l'tiii;;,;! '.i'lKiiK'. ,'i.tii!i'ii 
 
 iiii 
 
I 
 HANDICRAFT SERIES. 
 
 A Series of Practical Manuals. 
 
 Edited by PAUL N. HASLUCK, Editor of "Work." 
 Price 50cts. each, post paid. 
 
 House Decoration. Comprising Whitewashing, Paperhanging, 
 Painting, etc. With 79 Engravings and Diagrams. 
 
 Contents. — Colour and Paints. Pigments, Oils, Driers, Varnishes, etc. Tools 
 used by Painters. How to Mix Oil Paints. Distemper or Tempera Painting. 
 Whitewashing and Decorating a Ceiling. Painting a Room. Papering a Room. 
 Embellishment of Walls and Ceilings. 
 
 Boot Making' and IMending:. Including Repairing, Lasting, and 
 Finishing. With 179 Engravings and Diagrams. 
 
 Contents. — Repairing Heels and Half-Soling. Patching Boots and Shoes. 
 Re-Welting and Re-Soling. Boot l^Iaking. Lasting the Upper. Sewing and 
 Stitching. Making the Heel. Knifing and Finishing. Making Riveted Boots 
 and Shoes. 
 
 How to Write Signs, Tickets, and Posters. With 170 Engravings 
 and Diagrams. 
 
 Contents. — The Formation of Letters, Stops, and Numerals. The Sign- 
 writer's Outfit. Making Signboards and Laying Ground Colours. The Simpler 
 Forms of Lettering. Shaded and Fancy Lettering. Painting a Signboard. 
 Ticket- Writing. Poster- Painting. Lettering with Gold, etc. 
 Wood Finishing. Comprising Staining, Varnishing, and Polishing. 
 With Engravings and Diagrams. 
 
 Contents. — Processes of Finishing Wood. Processes of Staining Wood. 
 French Polishing. Fillers for Wood and Filling In. Bodying In and Spiriting 
 Off. Glazing and Wax Finishing. Oil Polishing and Dry Shining. Re-polishing 
 and Reviving. Hard Stopping or Beaumontage. Treatment of Floors Stains. 
 Piocesses of Varnishing Wood Varnishes. Re-polishing Shop Fronts. 
 Dynamos and Electric Motors. With 142 Engravings and Diagrams 
 
 Contents. — Introduction. Siemens Dynamo, Gramme Dynamo. Manchester 
 Dynamo. Simplex Dynamo. Calculating the Size and Amount of Wire for 
 Small Dynamos. Ailments of Small Dynamo Electric Machines : their Causes 
 and Cures. Small Electro-motors without Castings. How to Determine the 
 Direction of Rotation of a Motor. How to Make a Shuttle-Armature Motor. 
 Undertype 50- Watt Dynamo. Manchester Type 440- Watt Dynamo. 
 Cycle Building and Repairing. With 142 Engravings and Diagrams. 
 
 Contents. — Introductory, and Tools Used. How to Build a Front Driver. 
 Building a Rear-driving Safety. Building Tandem Safeties. Building Front- 
 driver Tricycle. Building a Hand Tricycle. Brazing. How to Make and Fit 
 Gear Cases. Fittings and Accessories. Wheel Making. Tyres and Methods 
 of Fixing them. Enamelling. Repairing. •'■* 
 
 Decorative Designs of All Ages -For All Purposes. With 277 
 
 Engravings and Diagrams. 
 
 Contefits. — Savage Ornament. Egyptian Ornament. Assyrian Ornament. 
 Greek Ornament. Roman Ornament. Early Christian Ornament. Arabic 
 Ornament. Celtic and Scandinavian Ornaments. Mediaeval Ornament. 
 Renascence and Modern Ornaments. Chinese Ornament. Persian Ornament. 
 Indian Ornament. Japanese Ornament. 
 Mounting and Framing Pictures. With 240 Engravings, etc. 
 
 C(?M^^«/.y.— Making Picture Frames. Notes on Art Frames. Picture Frame 
 Cramps. Making Oxford Frames. Gilding Picture Frames. Methods of 
 Mounting Pictures. Making Photograph Frames. Frames covered with Plush 
 and Cork. Hanging and Packing Pictures. 
 Smiths' Work. With 211 Engravings and Diagrams. 
 
 C^«/^«/.v.— Forges and Appliances. Hand Tools. Drawing Down and Up- 
 setting. Welding\nd Punching. Conditions of Work : Principles of Forma- 
 tion. Bendin? and Ring Making. Miscellaneous Examples of Forged Work. 
 Cranks, Model Work, and Die Forging. Home-made Forges. The Manipula- 
 tion of Steel at the Forge. (Continued on next page.) 
 
 DAVID McKAY, Publisher, 1022 Market Street, Philadelphia. 
 
HANDICRAFT SERIES {continued). 
 
 Glass Working by Heat and Abrasion. With 300 Engravings 
 and Diagrams. 
 
 Contents. — Appliances used in Glass Blowing. Manipulating Glass Tubing. 
 Blowing Bulbs and Flasks. Jointing Tubes to Bulbs forming Thistle Funnels, 
 etc. Blowing and Etching Glass Fancy Articles ; Embossing and Gilding Flat 
 Surfaces. Utilising Broken Glass Apparatus ; Boring Holes in, and Riveting 
 Glass. Hand-working of Telescope Specula, Turning, Chipping, and Grinding 
 Glass. The Manufacture of ^Jlass. 
 BuiSding^ Model Boats. With 168 Engravings and Diagrams. 
 
 Contents.— ^\A\^\nz Model Yachts. Rigging and Sailing Model Yachts. 
 Making and Fitting Simple Model Boats. Building a Model Atlantic Liner. 
 Vertical Engine for a Model Launch. Model Launch Engine with Reversing 
 Gear. Making a Show Case for a Model Boat. 
 
 Electric Bells, How to Make and Fit Them. With 162 En- 
 graving s and Diagrams. 
 
 Contents. — The Electr c Current and the Laws that Govern it. Current 
 Conductors used in Electric-Bell Work. Wiring for Electric Bells. Elaborated 
 Systems of Wiring; Burglar Alarms. Batteries for Electric Bells. The Con- 
 struction of Electric Bells, Pushes, and Switches. Indicators for Electric-Bell 
 Systems. 
 Bamboo Work. With 177 Engravings and Diagrams. 
 
 Contents. — Bamboo ; Its Sources and Uses. How to Work Bamboo. Bamboo 
 Tables. Bamboo Chairs and Seats. Bamboo Bedroom Furniture. Bamboo 
 Hall Racks and Stands. Bamboo Music Racks. Bamboo Cabinets and Book- 
 cases. Bambco Window Blinds. Miscellaneous Articles of Bamboo. Bamboo 
 Mail Cart. 
 Taxidermy. With 108 Engravings and Diagrams. 
 
 Contents. — Skinning Birds. St-ffing and Mounting Birds. Skinning and 
 Stuffing Mammals. Mounting Animals' Horned Heads : Polishing and Mount- 
 ing Horns. Skinning, Stuffing, and Casting Fish. Preserving, Cleaning, and 
 Dyeing Skins. Preserving Insects, and Birds' Eggs. Cases for Mounting 
 Specimens. 
 Tailoring;. With 180 Engravings and Diagrams. 
 
 Contents. — Tailors' Requisites and Methods of Stitching. Simple Repairs 
 and Pressing. Relining, Repocketing, and Recollaring. How to Cut and 
 Make Trousers. How to Cut and Make Vests. Cutting and Making Lounge 
 and Reefer Jackets. Cutting and Making Morning and Frock Coats. 
 Photograph ic Cameras and Accessories. Comprising How to 
 Make Cameras, Dark Sliles, Shutters, and Stands. With 160 
 Illustrations. 
 
 Contents. — Photographic Lenses and How to Test them. Modern Half-plate 
 Cameras. Hand and Pocket Cameras. Ferrotype Cameras. Stereoscopic 
 Cameras. Enlarging Cameras. Dark Slides. Cinematograph Management. 
 
 Optical Lanterns. Comprising The Construction and Management 
 OF Optical Lanterns and the Making of Slides. With 160 
 Illustrations. 
 
 Contents. — Single Lanterns. Dissolving View lanterns. Illuminant for 
 Optical Lanterns. Optical^ Lantern Accessories. Conducting a Limelight 
 Lantern Exhibition, Experiments with Optical Lanterns. Painting Lantern 
 Slides. Photographic Lantern Slides. Mechanical Lantern Slides. Cinemato- 
 graph Management. 
 Engraving Metals. With Numerous Illustrations. 
 
 Contents. — Introduction and Terms used. Engravers' Tools and their Uses.. 
 Elementary Exercises in Engraving. Engraving Plate and Precious Metals. 
 Engraving Monograms. Transfer Processes of Engraving Metals. Engraving 
 Name Plates. Engraving Coffin Plates. Engraving Steel Plates. Chasing 
 and Embossing Metals. Etching Metals. 
 
 Basket Work. With 189 Illustrations. 
 
 Contents. — Tools and Materials. Simple Baskets. Grocer's Square Baskets. 
 Round Baskets. Oval Baskets. Flat Fruit Baskets. Wicker Elbow Chairs. 
 Basket Bottle-casings. Doctors' and Chemists' Baskets. Fancy Basket Work. 
 Sussex Trug Basket. Miscellaneous Basket Work. Index 
 
 DAVID McKAY, Publisher, 1022 Market Street, Philadelphia. 
 
HANDICRAFT SERIES (contmued). 
 
 Bookbinding. With 125 Engravings and Diagrams, 
 
 Contents. — Bookbinders' Appliances. Folding Printed Book Sheets. Beat- 
 ing and Sewing. Rounding, Backing, and Cover Cutting. Cutting Book Edges. 
 Covering Books. Cloth-bound Books, Pamphlets, etc. Account Books, 
 Ledgers, etc. Coloring, Sprinkling, and Marbling Book Edges. Marbling 
 Book Papers. Gilding Book Edges. Sprinkling and Tree Marbling Book 
 Covers. Lettering, Gilding, and Finishing Book Covers. Index. 
 
 Bent Iron \A/ork. including Elementary Art Metal Work. With 
 269 Engravings and Diagrams. 
 Contents. — Tools and Materials. Bending and Working Strip Iron. Simple 
 Exercises in Bent Iron. Floral Ornaments for Bent Iron Work. Candlesticks. 
 Hall Lanterns. Screens, Grilles, etc. Table Lamps. Suspended Lamps and 
 Flower Bowls. Photograph Frames. Newspaper Rack. Floor Lamps. 
 Miscellaneous Examples. Index. 
 
 Photography. With 70 Engravings and Diagrams. 
 
 Contents. — The Camera and its Accessories. The Studio and Darkroom. 
 Plates. Exposure. Developing and Fixing Negatives. Intensification and 
 Reduction of Negatives. Portraiture and Picture Composition. Flashlight 
 Photography. Retouching Negatives. Processes of Printing from Negatives. 
 Mounting and Finishing Prints. Copying and Enlarging. Stereoscopic 
 Photography. Ferrotype Photography. Index. 
 
 Upholstery. With 162 Engravings and Diagrams. 
 
 C^«/^«/'j.— Upholsterers' Materials. Upholsterers' Tools and Appliances. 
 Webbing, Springing, Stuffing, and Tufting. Making Seat Cushions and Squabs. 
 Upholstering an Easy Chair. Upholstering Couches and Sofas. Upholstering 
 Footstools, Fenderettes, etc. Miscellaneous Upholstery. Mattress Making 
 and Repairing. Fancy Upholstery. Renovating and Repairing Upholstered 
 Furniture. Planning and Laying Carpets and Linoleum. Index. 
 
 Leather Working. With 152 Engravings and Diagrams. 
 
 Contents. — Qualities and Varieties of Leather. Strap Cutting and Making. 
 Letter Cases and Writing Fads. Hair Brush and Collar Cases. Hat Cases. 
 Banjo and Mandoline Cases. Bags. Portmanteaux and Travelling Trunks. 
 Knapsacks and Satchels. Leather Ornamentation. Footballs. Dyeing 
 Leather. Miscellaneous Examples of Leather Work. Index. 
 
 Harness Making. With 197 Engravings and Diagrams. 
 
 Contents. — Harness Makers' Tools. Harness Makers' Materials. Simple 
 Exercises in Stitching. Looping. Cart Harness. Cart Collars. Cart Saddles. 
 P'ore Gear and Leader Harness. Plough Harness. Bits, Spurs, Stirrups, and 
 Harness Furniture. Van and Cab Harness. Index. 
 
 Saddlery, with 99 Engravings and Diagrams. 
 
 ' Contents. — Gentleman's Riding Saddle. Panel for Gentleman's Saddle. 
 Ladies' Side Saddles. Children's Saddles or Pilches. Saddle Cruppers, Breast- 
 plates, and other Accessories. Riding Bridles. Breaking-down Tackle Head 
 Collars. Horse Clothing. Knee-caps and Miscellaneous Articles. Repairing 
 Harness and Saddlery. Re-lining Collars and Saddles. Riding and Driving 
 Whips. Superior Set of Gig Harness. Index. 
 
 Other Volumes in Preparation. 
 
 DAVID McKAY, Publisher, 1022 Market Street, Philadelphia. 
 
WORK'' HANDBOOKS 
 
 HARNESS MAKING 
 
HARNESS 
 
 MAKING 
 
 WITH NUMEROUS ENGRAVINGS AND DIAGRAMS 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 PAUL ]Sr. HASLUOK 
 
 EDITOR OF "work" AND ".BUILDING WORLD," 
 AUTHOR OF "HANDYBOOKS FOR HANDICRAFTS," ETC. ETC. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 DAVID McKAY, Publisher 
 
 1022 MARKET STREET 
 1904 
 
Hi's 
 
 T1 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 This Handbook contains, in form convenient for 
 everyday use, a comprehensive digest of the knowledge 
 of harness making, scattered over more than twenty 
 thousand columns of Woek— one of the weekly 
 journals it is my fortune to edit— and supplies concise 
 information on the details of the sui-jects of which 
 it treats. 
 
 In preparing for publication in book form the mass 
 of relevant matter contained in the volumes of Woek, 
 much had to be arranged anew. However, it may be 
 stated that the greater part of the contents of this 
 Handbook consists substantially of matter contributed 
 by a working harness maker. 
 
 Eeaders who may desire additional information 
 respecting special details of the matters dealt with in 
 this Handbook, or instructions on kindred subjects, 
 should address a question to Wcek, so that it may 
 be answered in the columns of that journal. 
 
 P. N. HASLUCK. 
 
 La Be le Sauvage, London, 
 May, 1904. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER PAGE 
 
 I. — Harness-makers' Tools 9 
 
 IL — Harness-makers' Materials . . . .30 
 
 in.— Strap Making and Stitching . . .49 
 
 IV. — Looping 57 
 
 v.— Cart Harness 62 
 
 VL-Cart Collars ....... 75 
 
 VII.— Cart Saddles, Eeins, etc 86 
 
 VIII.— Fore Gear and Leader Harness ■. . . 101 
 
 IX.— Plough Harness 107 
 
 X.— Bits, Spurs, Stirrups, and Harness Furniture 111 
 
 XL — Van and Cab Harness 127 
 
 Index 157 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 ¥I'dr. PAGE 1 
 
 FIG. PAGE 
 
 1.— Paxing Knife . 
 
 10 
 
 54.— Home - made Clamp 
 
 
 2.— Hand Knife 
 
 10 
 
 Holding Work . 
 
 25 
 
 3.— Round Knife . 
 
 11 
 
 55.— Jaws of Clamp 
 
 25 
 
 4.— Head Knife 
 
 11 
 
 56.— Nail-claw .... 
 
 26 
 
 5.— Cutting Gauge . 
 
 11 
 
 57.— Cutting Pliers . 
 
 26 
 
 6.— Plough or Plough Gang 
 
 3 12 
 
 58.— Iron Collar Rod , 
 
 27 
 
 7.— Side Elevation o 
 
 E 
 
 59.— Steel Seat-iron 
 
 27 
 
 Plough Gauge 
 
 . 12 
 
 60.— Loop-stick 
 
 28 
 
 8.— End Elevation of Plougl 
 
 1 
 
 61.— Rubber .... 
 
 28 
 
 Gauge 
 
 . 13 
 
 62.— Straining Fork 
 
 29 
 
 9.— Slitting Machine . 
 
 . 13 
 
 63.— Cutting up Hide . 
 
 39 
 
 10.— Spokeshave 
 
 . 13 
 
 64.— Plain Waist Belt . 
 
 53 
 
 11.— Edge Trimmer 
 
 . 14 
 
 65.— Fancy Waist Belt . 
 
 54 
 
 12.— Washer Cutter 
 
 . 14 
 
 66. — Waist Belt with 
 
 
 13.— Round Punch 
 
 . 15 
 
 Pockets .... 
 
 55 
 
 14.— Oval Punch 
 
 . 15 
 
 67.— Box Creased Loop . 
 
 53 
 
 15.— Buckle Tongue, or Crew 
 
 , 
 
 68.-^Box Creased Loop . 
 
 59 
 
 Punch 
 
 . 15 
 
 69, 70.— Box Creased Loops 
 
 60 
 
 16.— Girth Chape Punch 
 
 . 15 
 
 71.— Horse in Cart Gear 
 
 62 
 
 17.— Brace End Punch 
 
 . 15 
 
 72 to 75.— Scotch Brass Gear 
 
 
 18.— Forepart of Brace En 
 
 i 
 
 Buckles 
 
 63 
 
 Punch 
 
 . 16 
 
 76, 77.— Brass Face-pieces . 
 
 64 
 
 19.— Hand Punch . 
 
 . 16 
 
 78.— Brass Face-piece . 
 
 65 
 
 20.— Hand Punch Nipple 
 
 . 16 
 
 79.— Bells and Brush . 
 
 65 
 
 21 to 24. — Scalloping Irons 
 
 . 16 
 
 80, 81.— Brass Hame Plates . 
 
 65 
 
 25, 26.— Rosette Punches 
 
 . 17 
 
 82.— Brass Oval 
 
 66 
 
 27.— Lead Piece 
 
 . 17 
 
 82 to 85.— Brass Octagons . 
 
 66 
 
 28.— Wooden Mallet 
 
 . 17 
 
 86.— Brass Heart . 
 
 66 
 
 29, 30.— Useful Wooden Ma 
 
 L- 
 
 87, 88.— Brass Stars 
 
 66 
 
 lets .... 
 
 . 17 
 
 89, 90.— Brass Hame Knobs. 
 
 67 
 
 31.— Saddlers' Hammer . 
 
 . 18 
 
 91, 92.— Brass Swing 
 
 67 
 
 32.— Pricking-iron . 
 
 . 18 
 
 93.— Ear-piece 
 
 67 
 
 33, 34.— Wheel Prickers . 
 
 . 18 
 
 94.— Corner-piece . 
 
 67 
 
 35.— Screw-race 
 
 . 19 
 
 95.— Cart Collar without 
 
 
 36.— Single Crease . 
 
 . 19 
 
 Side-piece 
 
 75 
 
 37.— Screw-crease 
 
 . 19 
 
 96.— Cart Collar Lining . 
 
 79 
 
 38.— Checker 
 
 . 20 
 
 87.— Cart Collar Side-piece . 
 
 8'. 
 
 39.— Beveller 
 
 . 20 
 
 93.— Cart Saddle Tree . 
 
 87 
 
 40.— Compasses 
 
 . 20 
 
 99.— Cart Saddle Panel 
 
 89 
 
 41.— Race Compasses 
 
 . 20 
 
 100.— Cart Saddle Hind 
 
 
 42, 43.— Awl Blades 
 
 . 21 
 
 Housing . 
 
 93 
 
 44.— Sewing Awl 
 
 . 22 
 
 101.— Cart Saddle Front 
 
 
 45.— Bent Awl . 
 
 . 22 
 
 Housing . 
 
 9i 
 
 46, 47. — Harness Needles 
 
 . 23 
 
 102.— Set of Leader Gear 
 
 103 
 
 48, 49.— Seat Awls . 
 
 . 23 
 
 103, 104.— Ilip-strap Chains 
 
 103 
 
 50, 51.— Hand-irons or Pali 
 
 n- 
 
 105. —Plough Back-band 
 
 irons 
 
 . 24 
 
 Hook 
 
 109 
 
 52.— Clamp or Clams 
 
 . 24 
 
 106 to 108.— Pelham Bits 
 
 111 
 
 53.— Clamp for Sewing Sha 
 
 t- 
 
 109.— Hackney Bit . 
 
 . Ill 
 
 tugs 
 
 . 25 
 
 110.— Bridoon . 
 
 . Ill 
 
JIarxess Making 
 
 FIG. PAGE 
 
 111, 112.— Ladies' Horse Bits. 112 
 113.— Peliiam Snaffle witli 
 
 Indiarubber Mouth . 112 
 114.— Hackney Bit with 
 
 Indiarubber Mouth . 112 
 115.— Gig Snaffle . . .113 
 116.— Wilson Snaffle . . 113 
 117.— Liverpool Bit . . 113 
 
 118.— Globe Check Curb Bit . 113 
 119.— One-horn Bridoon Bit . 113 
 120.— One-horned Bridoon 
 witli Indiarubber 
 
 Mouth . . . .114 
 121.— Gig Curb Bit . . . 114 
 122.— Buxton Bit . . ,114 
 123.- Swivelled Bridoon Bit. 114 
 124, 125.— Breaking Bits . . 114 
 liiti.— Breaking Bit . . .115 
 127.— Snaffle with India- 
 rubber Moutli . . 115 
 128, 129.— Exercising Bits . lib 
 liO.— Show or Stallion Bit . 115 
 131.— Double-mouthed Snaffle 116 
 132.— Ordinary Spur . . 116 
 133. — Officer's Regulation 
 
 Spur . . . .116 
 134.— Dress Spur . . .116 
 135.— Lady's Spur . . '. 117 
 136.— Trousers Spur . . 117 
 137. -Solid Stirrup . . .117 
 lib.— Open Button Stirrup . 117 
 139.— Waving Ear Stirrup . 117 
 140.— Lady's Stirrup . . 117 
 141.— Stirrup Slipper . . 118 
 142.— Safety Stirrup . . 118 
 143.— Flat Side Wire Front 
 
 Buckle . . . .118 
 144.— Front Bevelled Buckle 118 
 145.— Bevelled Flat Top 
 
 Buckle . . . .118 
 146.— West End Bevelled Flat 
 
 Top Buckle . . .118 
 147.— Spade Buckle . . 118 
 
 143.— Square Wire Buckle . 119 
 149.— Chatham Buckle . . 119 
 
 FIG. PAGE 
 
 150.— Flat Top Turned-up 
 
 Buckle . . . .119 
 151.— Fluted Buckle . . 119 
 152.— Swelled Front Bent-leg 
 
 Buckle . . . .119 
 153.— Flat Top Cab Buckle . 119 
 154.— West End Whole 
 
 Buckle . . . .119 
 155.— Chased Buckle . . 120 
 156.— Melbourne Buckle . 120 
 157.— Square Buckle . . 120 
 158, 159.— Covered Buckles . 120 
 160, 161. — Part - covered 
 
 Buckles . . . .120 
 162.— Shaft Tug Buckle . . 121 
 163.— Burgess's Buckle . . 121 
 164.— Ball Terret . . .121 
 165.— Plain Terret . . .121 
 166 to 168.— Ball Terrets . . 122 
 169 to 172.— Hames . . 125 
 175, 174.— Bearing-rein Swi- 
 vels 123 
 
 175, 176.— Roller Buckles . 124 
 177.— Hame Clip . . .125 
 178, 179.— Breeching Dees . 125 
 180, 181.— Winkers . . .129 
 132.— Van Saddle . . .131 
 133.— Van Saddle Flap . . 131 
 134.— Van Saddle Panel . . 131 
 135.— Chain and Leather Gig 
 
 Front . . . .140 
 136.- Chain and Leather Gig 
 
 Front . . . .141 
 187.— Chain and Leather Gig 
 
 Front . . . .143 
 183.— Crupper Dock . . 147 
 189.— Breeching, etc. . . 147 
 193.— Back-band . . .147 
 191.— Shaft Tugs . . .147 
 192.— Four-wheeled Cab Sad- 
 dle 153 
 
 193.— Cab Saddle Tree . . 153 
 194.— Hansom Cab Saddle . 154 
 195, 196.— Rein Stops . . 154 
 197.— Hansom Cab Harness . 155 
 
HARNESS MAKING. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 HAKNESS-MAKEES' TOOLS. 
 
 Harness making and repairing is a branch of 
 leather work that can often be undertaken profit- 
 ably by many persons, and the information given in 
 the following pages has been adapted specially to 
 the amateur's requirements. Doubtless the readers 
 of a companion handbook on " Boot Making and 
 Mending'' have wished to pursue further the sub- 
 ject of leather working, and will take up the making 
 and repairing of harness with pleasure. Aspirants 
 to more highly skilled work will find " Practical 
 Saddlery" of the greatest possible use to them, 
 whilst readers less ambitious may look to " Leather 
 Working " for instructions on making a number of 
 articles, such as bags, portmanteaus, and cases, for 
 which there is general employment and a conse- 
 quently great demand. The two books just men- 
 tioned are issued uniform in style and price with 
 the present work. 
 
 In this handbook it is proposed to treat the sub- 
 ject of harness making so fully that anyone possess- 
 ing tact and sense can make a set of harness from 
 the instructions given, or, at any rate, keep harness 
 in good repair. A start will be made by describing 
 the tools that will be necessary. In the list given 
 below, every essential tool is specified and its uses 
 explained. The tools are very numerous, but the 
 amateur may dispense with many of them ; for 
 though all of them may have to be employed by a 
 
10 Harness Making. 
 
 tradesman in turning out finished work, an amateur 
 may be content with a much smaller outfit. The 
 tools are not bulky, however, and all that are neces- 
 sary for making a double set of harness could be 
 carried in a small handbag, excepting, of course, 
 the mallet and collar-iron. 
 
 Fig-. 1. — Paring Knife. 
 
 The tools are here classified as (a) cutting tools, 
 (b) punches and tools of percussion, (c) tools for set- 
 ting out, marking, and ornamenting, ((/) awls and 
 needles for perforating, (e) tools for gripping and 
 holding work, (/") tools used in stuffing collars 
 and saddles, and (7) miscellaneous. It may be re- 
 marked that saddlers' tools, as well as harness- 
 makers', are included in this chapter. 
 
 With regard to cutting tools, a paring knife (Fig. 
 1) and a hand knife (Fig. 2) are used for cutting 
 thread, paring down, and splicing, and are other- 
 wise generally useful. The round knife (Fig. 3) is 
 used by saddlers instead of the hand knife for cut- 
 ting, splicing, and thinning leather ; they can be had 
 in different sizes, suited to light and heavy work ; 
 thsir chief use is in thinning the edges of leather. 
 
 Fig-. 2. — Hand Knife. 
 
 and for giving a rounded appearance to lined straps, 
 such as nosebands, traces, breeching straps, etc. 
 The head knife (Fig. 4) is used for cutting the holes 
 for buckle tongues and cutting any circular shapes 
 or holes in leather. 
 Fig. 5 is a cutting gauge made in iron or wood. A 
 
Harness-makers^ Tools. 
 
 II 
 
 knife passes through the ruled stem, and is held 
 firmly by a screw. It is adjusted by shifting the 
 block, which is also held by a screw. 
 
 A plough or plough gauge (Fig. 6) is very useful 
 when much strap or belt cutting has to be done. By 
 
 Fi?. 3. — E,ound Knife. 
 
 Fio-. 4.— Head Kuifc. 
 
 means of it, straps can be cut from | in. to 4 in. 
 wide, by sliding the knife backwards or forwards 
 along the marked gauge. Straps can be cut much 
 more quickly by this machine than by hand, and it 
 quite dispenses with the use of the round knife and 
 compasses. A slightly different plough is illus- 
 trated by Figs. 7 and 8. 
 
 Fig. 5.— Cutting Gauge. 
 
 The slitting machine (Fig. 9) is useful for thinning 
 straps which are to be drawn down to half or one- 
 third their thickness. A saddler's spokeshave (Fig. 
 10) may be used for the same purpose as the slitting 
 
12 
 
 Harness Making. 
 
 machine. It is suitable for thinning light straps, 
 and not only takes less time to adjust, but does the 
 work more quickly than the slitter. The chief use 
 
 Fig. 6.— Plouo-h, or Plough G-auge. 
 
 of the spokeshave, however, is to trim and finish 
 traces, backhands, etc. After a trace or backhand 
 or other lined strap is stitched, the uneven edges 
 require to be rounded and smoothed ; this is done 
 by clamping the strap between the knees, holding 
 
 Fig. 7. — Side Elevation of Plough Gauge. 
 
 the clamp a little straighter than when stitching, 
 and using the spokeshave. 
 Edge trimmers (Fig. 11) are for running along the 
 
Harness-makers' Tools. 
 
 13 
 
 edges of straps of all kinds to take off the sharp edge 
 and sides before dyeing. It is made in sizes 1 to 8. 
 
 End Elevation of Ploug-h. Gauge. 
 
 Sharp and strong scissors are necessary for cutting 
 linings, basil, and other kinds of thin leather. The 
 
 Fig. 9.— Slitting Machine. 
 
 washer cutter (Fig. 12) is used for cutting round 
 pieces of leather by rule ; the knife can be set at 
 allsizes up to 6 in. 
 
 Fig. 10. — Spokeshave 
 
 Punches are indispensable, and half a dozen dif- 
 ferent sizes each of round (Fig. 13) and oval (Fig. 
 
H 
 
 Harness Making. 
 
 14) tools should be obtained. Round punches are 
 made in sizes from No. 1, suitable only for very 
 narrow straps, to No. 16, which make a hole f in. in 
 diameter. Oval punches are numbered, according 
 
 Fig-. 11. — Edge Trimmer. 
 
 to size, from 17 to 32, and make a hole of similar 
 dimensions to the round punches just mentioned. 
 Punches of intermediate sizes, Nos. 3 to 13 or Nos. 
 19 to 29, will, however, answer for most repair- 
 ing jobs. The ovals are preferable in most cases, 
 as they make holes in the straps large enough for 
 the purpose without impairing the strength so much 
 as the round ones do. Buckle tongue punches, or 
 
 Fig. 12.— Washer Catter. 
 
 crew punches (Fig. 15) are handy ; these are made 
 in three or four sizes, and they run from No. 33 to 
 No. 43, and are used for making the holes that take 
 the heel of the buckle tongue when the buckle is 
 
Harness-makers' Tools. 
 
 15 
 
 placed in its chape. This hole may also be made 
 by punching two holes at a suitable distance from 
 each other, and cutting between them, thus 6 O 
 The strap has to be bent and a hole cut through the 
 
 • mt 
 
 Fig-. 13.— Round Fig-. 14.— Oval Fig-. 15.— Buckle Tongue 
 Punch. Punch. or Crew, Punch. 
 
 bent end, the piece between the holes for the 
 tongue of the buckle being afterwards cut out. 
 The punches shown by Figs. 16 to 18 may be used to 
 cut saddle girth chapes, brace ends, etc. 
 
 A hand punch (Fig. 19) is useful for punching holes 
 in small straps, or for making holes in harness 
 whilst it is worn by a horse. Saddlers are some- 
 
 Fig. 16.— Girth Chape Punch 
 
 Brace End Punch. 
 
 times called upon to do this, and without a hand 
 punch the work is awkward, necessitating the use 
 of mallet, punch, and lead. Fig. 20 shows a loose 
 
i6 
 
 Harness Making. 
 
 nipple which can be obtained in various sizes to 
 screw in the handle. 
 
 Scalloping irons (Figs. 21 to 24), vandyke, round, 
 
 Fig. 18. — Forepart of Brace End Punch. 
 
 straight, and half-moon are used for cutting any 
 fancy or ornamental designs in American cloth 
 or fancy leather. Rosette punches (Figs. 25 and 26) 
 
 Fig. 19.— Hand Punch. 
 
 in sets of three or four, are useful for making 
 rosettes in patent fancy coloured leather or for cut- 
 ting out round scalloped edge pieces. 
 
 Fig. 20.— 
 
 Hand Punch 
 
 Nipple. 
 
 [1 
 
 Figs. 21 to 24. — Scalloping Irons, 
 
 A lead piece (Fig. 27) for punching on should be 
 from 6 in. to 8 in. square, and about 1^ in. thick. 
 Lead is used because, being soft, it does not 
 damage the points of the punches ; but if lead is not 
 
Harness-makers'' Tools. 
 
 17 
 
 handy, a block of wood 5 in. or 6 in. thick will do, if 
 set up on end so that the punch does not cut across 
 the grain. 
 
 Fig. 2r. 
 
 Figs. 1:5 and 26.- 
 
 Fi-. 2o. 
 -Eosette Panclies. 
 
 A wooden mallet (Fig. 28) for punching is also 
 required, and a lignum-vitse round mallet to work 
 the forewales and shape the stuffed bodies of 
 
 Fig. 27.— Lead Piece 
 
 Wooden Mallet. 
 
 collars. Other useful mallets are shown by Figs. 29 
 and 30. Two hammers are necessary, one fairly 
 light— the proper saddler's hammer (Fig. 31) — and 
 the other a heavy one for heavy work. 
 
 Figs. 29 and 30.— Useful Wooden Mallets. 
 
 Tools for marking and ornamenting leather may 
 now be mentioned. Fig. 32 shows a tool used m 
 stamping the lines preparatory to stitching. These 
 
i8 
 
 Harness Making. 
 
 tools vary in width from three teeth, which are used 
 only for round points and scalloped work, to twenty- 
 four teeth for straight lines. The teeth on each 
 iron are cut to mark a certain number of stitches 
 
 Fi^. 31. 
 
 Fiff. 33. 
 
 Fig. 31. 
 
 Fig. 31. — Saddlers' Hammer. Fig. 32.— Pricking-iron. 
 
 Figs. 33 and 34.— Wheel Prickers. 
 
 per inch, from six to sixteen, and these teeth are 
 not at right angles to the flat part of the iron, but 
 are cut on the slant as at b, thus making an im- 
 pression on the leather which acts as a guide in 
 forming a stitch perfect in shape as well as in 
 length. 
 
IlARNESS-^fAKERS^ ToOLS. 
 
 19 
 
 Wheel prickers (Figs. 33 and 34) are used in sizes 
 from seven or eight to sixteen teeth to the inch. 
 They are round pieces of steel, having serrated 
 edges and a hole in the centre, and are provided 
 with a handle in which they are adjusted with a pin 
 and nut. A change of stitch, say from fine to coarse, 
 necessitates a change of wheel. The wheel is run 
 along the stitching line, and in the holes made by 
 the pricks the stitches are run. 
 
 The screw-race (Fig. 35) is a tool for grooving 
 
 
 Fi-. 35. 
 Fig-. 35. — Screw-race. 
 
 F j,^. b6. 
 
 Fig. 36.— Single Crease. 
 Screw-crease. 
 
 Fig. 37. 
 Fig. 37.— 
 
 lines in any part where it is desired to sink the 
 stitches below the surface. It is easily adjustable. 
 
 Single creases (Fig. 36) are for marking in places 
 where neither the screw-crease nor the compasses 
 can go, as for instance, in the centre of a large piece 
 of leather or wide strap. They are also used to 
 mark thick and heavy loops, for which purpose they 
 are heated before using. 
 
 Two screw-creases must be obtained, one light 
 and the other heavy (Fig. 37) ; one is used for light 
 lines and the other for heavy lines along the edge of 
 
20 
 
 Harness Making. 
 
 the leather, and for marking the lines for stitch- 
 ing. By means of the screw, the points are closed 
 
 Fiff. 38.— Checker. 
 
 Fig. 39. — Beveller. 
 
 or opened, thus bringing the line nearer to the edge 
 of the work or taking it farther away. 
 
 Checkers (Fig. 38) are small double creases with 
 
 Fig. 40. — Oompasbes 
 
 Fijj. 41. — Race Compasses. 
 
 two parallel edges, one of which marks the small 
 ornamental checked lines on loops ; one edge is run 
 
Harness-makers^ Tools. 21 
 
 along the last line done, which thus serves as a 
 guide for keeping the lines parallel. Sizes 1, 2, and 
 3 will be sufficient. A brass foot-rule, of course, 
 must be obtained. 
 
 Fig-. 42.— Awl Blade. 
 
 Bevellers (Fig. 39) resemble the single creases, 
 but are much thicker and bevelled ; they are used 
 for the sole purpose of creasing or marking loops on 
 portions that require ornamenting. In use, they 
 are heated and then made to form a deep, wide 
 groove on the loop, such as the straight cross lines 
 on the front, and any fancy shapes worked on the 
 outside of the loop. 
 
 Compasses (Fig. 40) should have a screw and regu- 
 lator so that they may be set at different widths. 
 They are used for marking the widths of straps to 
 be cut and for marking distances, etc. 
 
 Race compasses (Fig. 41) are for the purpose of 
 cutting a slight groove or line along the edges ; they 
 just take off a narrow strip of the grain and leave a 
 faint line, which is blacked with the edges. It 
 answers the same purpose as the line cut with the 
 screw-crease, either ornamenting the straps or 
 marking the line for the stitches. 
 
 With regard to perforating tools, a few awl blades 
 (Figs. 42 and 43) and hafts may be obtained. Stitch- 
 ing blades vary in sizes from \\ in. to 3 in. long. 
 
 Fig. 43.— Awl Blade. 
 
 Hold the blade fast in the vice, and with a few sharp 
 blows of a light hammer drive the haft or handle on 
 the awl, which is then ready for use. Fig. 44 shows 
 a sewing awl. Strong thick awls will be required for 
 
2 2 Harness Making. 
 
 coarse work, to stitch, say, a thread of seven, eight, 
 or even more cords of hemp in one thread, and the 
 thickness of the awl should diminish until the fine 
 awl for stitching fine silk and cotton threads is 
 obtained. Bent awls (Fig. 45) in one or two sizes. 
 
 Fig. 44. — Sewing Awl. 
 
 such as shoemakers use, are employed for putting 
 in wire in saddle flabs for fastening the panel ; they 
 have other uses also. 
 
 Half a dozen packets of harness needles (Figs. 46 
 and 47), varying in size from No. 2 to No. 6, will be 
 necessary ; the lowest number is the coarsest. 
 These needles are for wax thread and all other 
 stitching threads. Needles will also be required as 
 follows : — 2-in. or 3-in. needles for quilting saddle 
 panels, etc. ; pointed needles for thimble work in 
 stitching linings to saddle panels, etc. ; collar 
 needles of different sizes, half-moon shape and 
 straight with bent points ; these are from 3 in. to 
 6 in. long, the longest being for heavy cart collar 
 work and the lightest for patent and light harness 
 collars. 
 
 The seat-awl (two shapes are shown by Figs. 48 
 
 Fig. 45. — Bent Awl. 
 
 and 49) is for easing and levelling stuffing in collars, 
 saddles, and other stuffed or padded articles. It is 
 also useful for levelling thread ; this is turned once 
 around the round awl, which is then drawn sharply 
 
Harness-makers' Tools. 
 
 23 
 
 backwards and forwards, the lumps thus being 
 taken out of the thread. 
 
 The hand- or palm-iron (Figs. 50 and 51) is a kind 
 of thimble used on the palm of the hand when driv- 
 
 Fig. 46. 
 
 Fiff. 47. 
 
 Figs. 46 and 47.— Harness Needles. 
 Seat Awls. 
 
 LI 
 
 Fig-. 48. Fig-. 49. 
 
 FijTS. 48 and 49.— 
 
 ing collar needles through leather. A shallow honey- 
 combed well is formed in the hand part, which pre-, 
 vents the needle from slipping, however great the 
 pressure may be ; and at the end or point a hole is 
 bored lengthwise, about \ in. deep, to take the eve 
 
Harxess Making. 
 
 end of the needle and force it closer to the leather 
 when the broad part of the iron is not available 
 Holding and gripping tools include the clamp, 
 
 Fig. 50. Fig. 51. 
 
 Figs. 50 and 51. — Hand-irons or Palm-irons. 
 
 known also as the pair of clams. Fig. 52 shows the 
 ordinary type, while Fig. 53 is the kind used in sew- 
 ing shaft-tugs. Held between the knees in a slightly 
 slanting position, the clamp keeps the work firmly 
 in position while the stitching is being done ; it lies 
 against the left knee, and by throwing the right leg 
 over it the work is held fast between the gripping 
 points. Note that the saddler has the clamp be- 
 tween his legs in a slanting direction, and not as 
 the shoemaker, who has them straight up, almost 
 
 Fig. 52. — Clamp or Claras. 
 
 against his nose, when bending over the work. One 
 reason for this is that the work done by the saddler 
 with the clamp requires more force to press the awl 
 
Harness-makers' Tools. 
 
 25 
 
 through than the work done by the shoemaker ; con- 
 sequently the saddler must set his clamp against 
 some firm object (his left knee) so that it will not 
 yield under the pressure. Another reason is that 
 
 Fig. 53. — Clamp for Sewing 
 Shaft-tugp. 
 
 Fig. 55. — Jaws of Clamp, 
 
 Fxg. 54.— Home-made Clamp Holding- Work. 
 
 the saddler stitches with needles, while the shoe- 
 maker uses bristles, and must see the hole made by 
 the awl, as the bristles cannot force their way, as 
 
26 
 
 Harness Making. 
 
 the needles, to some slight extent, are able to do. 
 The saddler feels for the hole with his needle and 
 thus becomes accustomed to finding the hole with- 
 out looking, and to getting his needle to follow the 
 awl as the latter is drawn back ; in fact, the needle 
 is inserted in the unseen lower side with more 
 accuracy than on the top side, which is in view. 
 
 A clamp can be made easily by the worker at 
 home. The parts a and b (Fig. 54) are made from 
 two oak cask or barrel staves. The lower portion 
 c may be a sound piece of white deal, 20 in. by. 3 in. 
 
 ■Nail-claw, 
 
 Fi-. 
 
 Pliers. 
 
 by 3 in., and the only other requisites will be eight 
 stout 2j in. screws. The staves should be cut 2 ft. 
 long by at least 3 in. wide, the points of greatest 
 convexity being in the centre ; the more bent the 
 staves are the more useful the clamp will be. Clean 
 up the outside with a spokeshave, leaving one end 
 the full thickness of the staves, or about 1 in., and 
 thinning off gradually to about | in. towards the 
 upper ends, which are to form the jaws of the 
 clamp (Fig. 55). Round off the outer corners, and 
 clean up the inside surface flat, smoothing both 
 sides with glass-paper. The dovetail-shaped tenon 
 
Harness-makers' Tools. 27 
 
 in the lower part c, should be at least 6 in. in 
 length, and will require careful cutting, the depth 
 of the shoulders and the width of the upper end 
 depending upon the amount of curve in the staves 
 
 Fig. 58.— Iroa Collar Eod. 
 
 which are to be attached to it. It should be borne 
 in mind that the object is to embed the staves so 
 firmly that their upper ends, or the jaws of the tool, 
 press tightly together. With this object the tenon 
 should be cut, so that energetic screwing will bo 
 required to bring the staves home into their final 
 position. The screws should be countersunk flush 
 with the surface of the staves. 
 
 A small wrench and a medium-sized vice will 
 often be found useful. A nail-claw (Fig. 56) is re- 
 quired for pulling out the nails used to keep the 
 work together. Pincers, nippers, and cutting 
 pliers (Fig. 57) will be found useful as occasion 
 demands. 
 
 An iron collar rod (Fig. 58) for stuffing the fore- 
 wale must be obtained, as well as a hardwood stick, 
 about 2 ft. 6 in. long, and having a V-shaped point, 
 for filling the body of collars with straw ; the stick 
 
 Fi<x. 59.— Steel Seat-iron. 
 
 is flat towards the V-shaped end, and round at the 
 other end, the corners being rounded off smooth. 
 
 A steel seat-iron (Fig. 59) is used in putting flock 
 into cart-saddle panels, but chiefly for stuffing the 
 peak of riding saddles, as the tool bends nicely with 
 
28 
 
 Harness Making. 
 
 the ahape of the saddle without tearing the cover or 
 stretching it immoderately. 
 
 Loop-sticks (Fig. 60) are made of hardwood in 
 various sizes to suit the width and thickness of the 
 straps. A set made of hard boxwood or iron, vary- 
 ing in width from \ in. to 2 in., and in thickness from 
 ^ in. to \ in., should be obtained. Less room is 
 wanted in shaping a loop for a single strap than 
 when a strap of two or three thicknesses is required 
 to go through a loop. (A loop is the piece of leather 
 placed crosswise on straps having buckles, and it 
 keeps the point of the strap in its proper position.) 
 A loop stick must be obtained that is thick enough 
 
 Fig, GO.— Loop-stick. 
 
 Fig, 61.— Rubber. 
 
 and wide enough for a trace If in. wide and propor- 
 tionately thick ; there must also be one sufficiently 
 thin and narrow for a ^-in. strap ; loop sticks for 
 intermediate sizes are also necessary, and it is as 
 w^ell to get two each of some of the sizes. For in- 
 stance, those things that are done in pairs, such as 
 bridle-cheeks, shaft-tugs, etc., will require the use 
 of two loop sticks of the same size. Good loop sticks 
 are essential to turning out good work. 
 
 A rubber (Fig. 61) made of a piece of hard, close- 
 grained wood or of thick glass about 6 in. square 
 and V-shaped on one edge is used to smooth down 
 two edges whipped together, or for flattening and 
 levelling any two thin substances, such as leather 
 and linen pasted or stitched together ; it is also used 
 to rub stitching on the underside of traces or any 
 
Harness-makers^ Tools. 
 
 29 
 
 double straps, and for rubbing or stretching damped 
 leather. 
 
 The straining fork (Fig. 62) is sometimes em- 
 ployed for stretching wet webbing or leather, one 
 end of which is nailed down and the other end 
 strained with the fork and secured until dry. 
 
 Eio-. 62. — Strainino- Fork. 
 
 A coarse file or rasp may be necessary to file down 
 wooden and cane driving whip-stocks, etc., when 
 putting on thongs and in splicing whip-sticks to 
 level the splice so that both of the parts may lie fiat 
 against each other. A small round file and a small 
 square one, as well as two or three coarser ones, are 
 sure to come in handy. Amongst their uses will be 
 the filing down of the brass or ironwork of saddles, 
 and the making of holes in saddle trees, etc. 
 
30 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 harness-makers" materials. 
 
 It is now proposed to give some particulars of the 
 materials used in saddle and harness making. 
 
 The threads used in the trade are many, but the 
 principal is waxed thread, made by the saddler him- 
 self, and used to stitch harness and straps together. 
 By waxed thread is generally meant thread dressed 
 with black or cobbler's wax, but the saddler also 
 uses thread dressed with beeswax and sometimes 
 with white wax. The linen thread used is in various 
 colours, yellow, red, black, white, etc., and is on 
 reels or in hanks. Silk threads of the same colours 
 are used for best work, such as stitching best brown 
 saddlery, riding bridles, martingales, etc. The 
 white and black linen thread is used for whipping- 
 in lining in panels of both gig and riding saddles, 
 and for stitching saving pads in any thin material 
 for light work, and also in stitching along with the 
 red and yellow thread in making riding bridles, and 
 all kinds of brown light work. The hemp for wax 
 threads, of various strengths, is to be had in black, 
 yellow, green, and white. The white hemp is con- 
 sidered the best and toughest, though the coloured 
 perhaps is a little cheaper. Fine No. 15 and coarse 
 No. 3 will probably meet all requirements. 
 
 Beeswax, as already hinted, is used to make 
 threads for work that is light as regards both colour 
 and substance. Single linen threads of all colours 
 are, before using, rubbed with beeswax, which does 
 not deaden the colour. White wax is sometimes 
 made for brown harness by melting together white- 
 lead and white wax ; instead of the latter, the wax 
 from best white wax candles may be used. If the 
 wax when cold is too soft, add more white wax ; if 
 too hard, add a little more white-lead. 
 
Harmess-makers^ Materials. 31 
 
 Black cobbler's wax is made by melting together 
 ^ lb. each of resin and pitch. When thoroughly 
 mixed, remove the pan from the fire, and add one 
 pennyworth of boiled linseed oil, or less, according 
 to the weather. Thoroughly mix this with the other 
 ingredients and then pour a little into cold water to 
 test it. Let it remain for a minute and then remove 
 it from the water, taking care to well wet the hands 
 in doing so, or in the subsequent working it will 
 stick to them. If it cracks when working it in the 
 hands, it is too hard ; if it pulls out properly and 
 sticks well together, it is all right. Put it back into 
 the water, and pour in the rest of the stuff after it. 
 It is important that the piece tested be not put back 
 into the pan containing the rest of the wax, as the 
 water absorbed will evaporate and make the hot 
 wax frothy and spongy. Gather the wax together 
 in the water without loss of time, remove it with 
 wet hands, and pull it fast hand over hand as 
 quickly as possible till it attains a light golden 
 colour. Pull off a small piece with the hands, or cut 
 it off with wet scissors, and throw it into the water. 
 If it floats on the surface it has been pulled enough ; 
 if it sinks, the wax requires more working. If not 
 pulled enough, the wax is brittle, becoming tougher 
 and better the more it is pulled. In making the 
 wax it must be remembered that only half as much 
 oil is required in summer as in winter. The colder 
 the atmosphere the more oil will be required. 
 
 The quantities of ingredients mentioned will make 
 about thirty handy lumps of wax, and as a rule a 
 pennyworth of oil is enough in the coldest weather. 
 If,after working it, the wax is too hard, melt it again 
 and add more oil ; if too soft, add more pitch and 
 resin. Hard wax may be used in a way that avoids 
 re-melting. The thread, previous to being dressed 
 with the wax, is rubbed with tallow, over which the 
 wax will run smooth. Cut fhe wax into lumps the 
 size of a large pigeon's egg and keep it in water. 
 
3,2 Harness Making. 
 
 Directions will now be given for making wax 
 threads. So that the hemp may be kept tidy and 
 not mixed up with the tools on the bench, place the 
 ball of hemp in a wooden or tin box having a small 
 hole in the centre of its lid, through which the hemp 
 can pass. Take hold of the end of the hemp with 
 the left hand, twist it once around the fingers, and 
 draw it through the right hand. When a sufficient 
 quantity has been drawn out, break the thread by 
 rubbing it on the knee to take out the twist, at 
 the same time giving it a sharp pull ; the strands 
 thus loosen and break in a ragged end. Throw the 
 hemp over a nail or hook in the bench, pull it until 
 the sides are each about 2 ft. 9 in. long, keep the 
 hemp tight with the end in the left hand, and with 
 the right hand spin or rub it on the knee as before 
 to untwist the strands ; then pull it sharply to break 
 it. The more ragged the broken end is the better 
 will be the point on the finished thread. There is 
 now one strand 2 ft. 9 in. long and pointed ; with 
 the right hand put the points together in the left 
 hand, and draw the hemp again over the hook, spin- 
 ning and cutting it as before, and repeating the 
 operation till the required number of strands is 
 obtained. The number varies with the required 
 strength, from three to sixteen. 
 
 In putting the ends of the cut hemp together, do 
 not leave them exactly the same length ; by leaving 
 some shorter than others a nice pointed thread is 
 obtained at the finish, fine enough to go into the eye 
 of a needle. When the required number of strands 
 is obtained, take a ball of wax in the right hand, 
 and hold both ends of the thread separately in the 
 left ; draw the wax over the points two or three 
 times to keep the ends together, taking care to keep 
 the ends on the left of the hook twisted round the 
 left hand, and holding them tight with the third 
 and fourth fingers, leaving the thumb and forefinger 
 loose to manipulate the other end in the process of 
 
Harness-makers' Materials, 33 
 
 twisting ; the wax on the ends or points is a great 
 help at this stage. Having an end between the 
 thumb and finger of the left hand, set it on the knee, 
 and spin or twist it as when cutting the hemp. The 
 knee should be raised about 12 in. from the floor by 
 placing the foot on a support. Continue spinning 
 with the palm of the right hand until the thread is 
 twisted enough. If twisted too much, it will work 
 into knots when used in stitching. Then put the 
 twisted side round the left hand, kept firm by the 
 third and fourth fingers as before ; and take the 
 other side between the thumb and forefinger of the 
 left hand, and spin it to the proper twist with the 
 palm of the right hand as the other side was done. 
 If the thread is required very smooth, twist both of 
 the sides of the thread once round the seat-awl and 
 draw the latter sharply backwards and forwards 
 along the thread, all unevenness being thus 
 smoothed away. For coarse work and repairs this 
 is not necessary, but for best and new work the 
 thread should always be smoothed. 
 
 To wax the thread, hold the two ends of tlie 
 thread firmly in the left hand, and with the ball of 
 wax held in the palm of the right hand, rub all along 
 the thread, pulling the thread from around the hook 
 into the open to enable that portion to be waxed 
 also. Pull back the thread into its former position, 
 and, with a piece of soft leather or the bare hand, 
 rub the thread sharply from end to end to smooth 
 the wax and make it even all along. The thread is 
 tlien ready for use. 
 
 Yellow or white hemp thread is made with either 
 beeswax or white wax in exactly the same manner, 
 but the point of the thread is not dressed with white 
 wax, being left unwaxed until the rest of the thread 
 is finished. The end has to be pointed with black 
 wax, which will not stick over beeswax or white 
 wax. Black wax is the only kind that will keep the 
 thread fast to the needles. 
 
34 Harness Making. 
 
 Nails are extensively used both in putting 
 materials together for working and as ornaments. 
 The nails used in putting work together are gener- 
 ally cut tacks, ranging in length from | in. to 1 in. 
 Neat wire nails can now be had, however, much 
 cheaper than the tacks, and are to be preferred, as 
 they are of uniform size and leave a much smaller 
 hole when withdrawn. Clumsy nails spoil good 
 work, as the holes made by them are larger than the 
 awl used in stitching. Very fine nails do not spoil 
 the work, and can be obtained in sizes suitable for 
 heavier and clumsier work ; and they may be used 
 over and over again if care is taken in pulling them 
 out with the nail-claw. Cut tacks are used in put- 
 ting gig saddles together, in nailing the leather to 
 the tree, in adjusting panels in the gullet and be- 
 hind, between the two prongs of the crupper staples, 
 for nailing seats in riding saddles, etc. Cut tacks 
 can be obtained as small as | in. in length. 
 
 Saddlers' tacks of different sizes from \ in. to | in. 
 long are used in putting in cart-saddle and riding- 
 saddle panels and flaps, and for many other pur- 
 poses. Clout nails are used now and then in putting 
 houses on cart saddles, and for nailing on straps and 
 girths, etc. Clout nails and saddlers' tacks are 
 made of wrought iron. Round-headed and japanned 
 nails may be used for nailing cart-saddle housings, 
 and have a neater appearance than common iron 
 clouts. Tough nails are used in making all kinds of 
 saddles ; they sometimes have heads covered with 
 black patent leather, and sometimes japanned heads 
 only. Others have heads of silver, nickel, or brass. 
 They are used partly as ornaments and partly to 
 hold the work together, and are in two sizes, cab 
 and gig. There are usually four in a gig or cab 
 saddle, one in each corner of the skirt in front and 
 one on each side behind, holding down the binding 
 that comes over the cantle of the saddle. The front 
 ones are driven through, bent, and beaten close to 
 
Harness-Makers' Materials. 35 
 
 the tree backwards, whilst the hind ones are cut to 
 taper for about half their lengths to a point ; they 
 are driven into the tree. 
 
 In a riding saddle there is one nail in the front, 
 one in each of the sides, one in the corner of the 
 skirts driven through and bent, and one on each 
 side just at the thin end of the skirt, driven inwards 
 so as to catch the tree and be flattened close to it. 
 There is also one in each flap under the skirt in a 
 line with the stirrup fastener, driven through the 
 tree on the outside of the plate running along the 
 points from the gullet ; these are bent and flattened 
 underneath. Sometimes brass nails are used as 
 ornaments, but brass beading has done away with 
 their use to a great extent. Formerly country cart 
 saddles were ornamented by nailing the housing to 
 the tree with brass nails ; the covers of van saddles, 
 as well as the opening over the boards, were also 
 fastened down with these nails. 
 
 Such pieces as loop leather, the edges of black 
 straps, etc., often have to be dyed. The dye or 
 stain is made by boiling together for half an hour 
 1 lb. logwood chips, 4 oz. crushed nutgalls, \ lb. 
 copperas, a little gum arable, and 5 qt. of water. 
 Keep a little in an old bottle hung in a handy posi- 
 tion near the bench. The dye is applied by a stick 
 having a piece of felt attached to its end. The ink 
 can be thinned by the addition of water. In dyeing 
 brown leather, it must first be coated with soda 
 solution to kill the grease. The solution is made by 
 dissolving a piece of washing soda the size of a 
 pigeon's egg in a quart of hot water. The black dye 
 may then be applied. If it does not strike well, 
 rub over it a coarse brush and again coat with dye. 
 Rub it well and dry with a rag, afterwards well rub- 
 bing in a little tallow with either a rag or the bare 
 hand. The tallow gives a finish and counteracts 
 any injury the dye might do the hand, there being 
 in tjie copperas a tendency to burn. 
 
36 Harness Making. 
 
 Flocks, both white and coloured, are extensively 
 used in the trade, and can be bought at from 20s. 
 to 50s. per hundredweight ; the material can also 
 be had in small quantities — even as low as a pound. 
 Best white flock should be free from cotton, and 
 should be tested by putting a small quantity in a 
 candle flame ; if cotton is present, it burns fiercely 
 and with a big flame, but fine wool burns slowly and 
 smoulders. The best flock is used for stuffing rid- 
 ing-saddle panels, etc., and the best drummed flock 
 is used for collars, being put near the horse's 
 breast under the lining to make the collars easy for 
 the shoulder. 
 
 The drummed flocks are in large sheets, and these 
 are cut to the size and shape required, and, being 
 of even thickness, will not be lumpy, an important 
 consideration in making a collar. Coarser flock of 
 a white, brown, or any dark colour will do for 
 stuffing and restuffing gig-saddle panels. Curled 
 horsehair is sometimes used for stuffing panels, and 
 is found very cool for an animal with a tender back 
 or shoulder ; goat hair is very suitable for stuffing. 
 Neither this nor horsehair is so liable to be clogged 
 by sweating as sheep's wool, though the latter, 
 when dry, containing but very little oil and being 
 well carded, is used extensively in country places. 
 
 All these materials before use should be put 
 through the flock machine once or twice to loosen 
 the fibre, and care should be taken when stuffing 
 with a rod that the flock or wool is not put in 
 lumpy or uneven. After stuffing, the work should \ 
 be levelled with the seat-awl until it is as smooth as \ 
 a board. The drummed flock, of course, is already 
 level and even ; it is not stuffed in, but laid on the 
 inside of the collar lining before stuffing the collar 
 with straw. 
 
 Thick felt is a good substitute for pads to ease 
 collars and saddles, and can be bought in various 
 thicknesses by the pound. Large cuttings and 
 
Harness-makers' Materials. 37 
 
 waste pieces can also be bought very cheaply, and 
 two thicknesses can be put together if necessary, a 
 strap and a buckle being on one side with a strap on 
 the other to fasten to a saddle or collar. Felt is 
 useful to put under cruppers and to line breechings 
 when chafing, or under any strappings that chafe 
 the horse's skin. They can be fastened to the above 
 
 by stitching them with a spot stitch, thus , 
 
 about I in. apart, and slanting the awl underneath 
 to make the stitch small there as well as on the top ; 
 or nails may be used when the felt is sufficiently 
 thick. False collars, pads to be used like saddle 
 cloths under gig or cab saddles and under cart- 
 saddle panels, riding-saddle cloths, and many other 
 articles are made of felt. 
 
 The harness maker and saddler uses many differ- 
 ent kinds of leather, and, unless the worker pos- 
 sesses some knowledge of the particular purpose of 
 each variety, much waste is likely to result. Stuff 
 too light or too heavy, too thick or too thin, spoils 
 a job, and of course entails loss. 
 
 In Fig. 63, which is a diagram showing a cut hide, 
 A A show the sides of a harness hide with belly on ; 
 c c, backs of harness hide with belly off ; b b B B, 
 bellies of hide ; d d, middlings ; e, shoulder ; and F, 
 uncut middling. 
 
 Harness leather can be bought in hides (a a) cut 
 only along the back, having the belly part attached, 
 at the rate of from Is. 2d. to Is. lid. per lb. The 
 best part can be used for harness and cart gear ; the 
 belly will come in well for repairs, linings, and fill- 
 ings. Harness backs (c c) are half hides from which 
 the belly (b b) has been cut off ; these have all pure 
 firm leather suitable for making all kinds of har- 
 ness. The price is from Is. 9d. to 2s. 5d. per pound. 
 
 Trace backs (c c) resemble the above, but are 
 picked and more carefully dressed, and are made of 
 the finest and best grown hides. They cost from 
 Is. lOd. to 2s. 7d. per pound. 
 
38 Barness Making. 
 
 Rein hides have the bellies attached but are 
 dressed and of picked quality and thickness and 
 uniform strength ; they are suitable for making into 
 driving reins. For the best part can also be made 
 any good light single straps, where strength and 
 durability are required. The best part of the belly 
 can be cut up into small straps of any kind and into 
 linings. These hides cost from 56s. to 72s. each. 
 Rein backs resemble the above, but have the belly 
 cut off ; the price is from 40s. to 70s. each. 
 
 Black strap butts (d d) are the best part of the 
 hide from which the belly and shoulder have been 
 cut. They are from 4 ft. 6 in. to 4 ft. 9 in. long, and 
 are suitable for any kind of good single strap. The 
 price is from 56s. to 72s. a pair. 
 
 Black spur shoulders (e) are light shoulders 
 dressed and flattened ; from them are made spur 
 and similar straps, garters, wrist straps, etc. The 
 price is from 8s. 6d. to 10s. each. Japanned horse 
 hides for patent harness collars cost from 40s. to 
 46s. each. Cow hides, japanned for the same pur- 
 pose, cost from 38s. to 44s. each. Japanned cow- 
 backs for collars, etc., cost from 30s. to 39s. per pair. 
 Japanned flap hides for making gig, cab, or 
 brougham harness saddle flaps are priced at from 
 2s. 3d. to 2s. 6d. per pound. The middlings cost 
 from 2s. to 2s. 6d. per pound. 
 
 "Winker hides, japanned for making bridle 
 winkers, cost 54s. to 56s. each, and the middlings 
 (f) for the same purpose cost from 32s. to 36s. per 
 pair. Japanned welting seals for making welts for 
 gig saddles, etc., are priced at from 7s. 6d. to 8s. 6d. 
 each. Japanned and enamelled hides for making 
 military belts, etc., cost from 54s. to 60s. each, and 
 middlings for the same purpose from 40s. to 42s. 
 per pair. 
 
 There is great variety in brown or stained leather. 
 Bridle hides for all sorts of riding bridles cost from 
 50s. to 56s. each. Backs (c c) from the above cost 
 
Harness-makers' Materials. 
 
 Z9 
 
 45s. to 50s. each, whilst the butts cost 32s. to 40s. ; 
 these are in varying qualities and prices. 
 
 Brown shoulders (e) dressed for coat straps, 
 garters, braces, or small straps in general can be 
 bought at from 6s. 6d. to 10s. each, and driving-rein 
 brown hides at from 56s. to 72s. each. The backs 
 cost from 56s. to 66s. a pair, and the butts for hand- 
 parts of reins 38s. to 42s. a pair. 
 
 Fig. 63,— Catting up Hide, 
 
 Double-rein hides — that is, brown leather speci- 
 ally selected and dressed for making reins of double 
 thickness stitched together, cost from 44s. to 50s. 
 each. The backs cost from 40s. to 48s. per pair. 
 Head-collar rein backs for making head-collars, 
 stallion bridles, etc., can be bought at from 2s. 6d. 
 to 2s. lid. per pound. ^ 
 
4© Harness Making. 
 
 Stirrup hides for making stirrup straps cost from 
 2s. 6d. to 2s. 9d. per pound ; there are also inferior 
 qualities. Butts for stirrup straps cost from 3s. 6d. 
 to 4s. per pound. Brown harness hides cost from 
 Is. 6d. to Is. lid. per pound. The backs cost from 
 Is. 8d. to 2s. 2d. per pound. Skirt hides for making 
 ladies' and gents' saddle skirts and flaps are priced 
 at from Is. lOd. to 2s. 2d. per pound. Skirt backs 
 are from 2s. to 2s. 4d. per pound, and shoulders, 
 Is. 5d. to Is. lOd. per pound. 
 
 Hog-skins suitable for all purposes, but chiefly 
 used for saddles, can be bought at from £9 to £12 
 per dozen ; they can be bought singly, and there are 
 also inferior qualities. 
 
 Sheep-skins in imitation of hog-skins can be 
 bought at from 30s. to 60s. per dozen, or copper 
 plates for printing basils and a printing press for 
 the purpose can be bought instead. Basils for gig- 
 saddle panel pads and repairing collars, and cart- 
 saddle cheek pads, etc., can be bought at from 10s. 
 to 30s. per dozen. The common ones are good 
 enough for repairs and cheap work. 
 
 Specially dressed hides for making braces or any 
 light straps can be bought at from 36s. to 40s. each ; 
 the shoulders (e) or bellies (b) dressed for the same 
 purpose can be had apart from the hide. Purse and 
 pocket-book hides are also specially dressed, and 
 cost from 30s. to 40s. each. Calf-skins dressed for 
 the same purpose cost from 9s. to 10s. 6d. each. The 
 brace and pocket-book and purse leather can be 
 obtained stained in various colours, red, brown, 
 yellow, orange, etc. The brown harness leather 
 also can be had natural or tallow colour or stained 
 fawn, nut brown, yellow, or orange. Brown gear 
 hides for cart work are from Is. 3d. to 2s. per 
 pound, the backs from Is. 7d. to 2s. 3d. per pound, 
 and bellies from lOd. to Is. 4d. per pound. 
 
 Mill bands for making driving belts cost from 
 Is. 6d. to 2s. 2d. per pound. Engine butts for mak- 
 
Harness-makers^ Materials^ 41 
 
 ing strong engine belts, either single or double, cost 
 from 2s. to 2s. 6d. per pound. 
 
 Fancy coloured leather for bridle fronts and 
 rosettes cost from 40s. to 42s. each middling. 
 Striped patent frontings leather costs from Is. 6d. 
 to 2s. 9d. per square foot. White buff hides for 
 hunting-crop keepers, razor strops, belts, etc., cost 
 about 5s. per pound. White bleached buff middling 
 is about 5s. per pound. 
 
 A country saddler is often called upon to work in 
 coach-builders' leather ; leathers for this purpose 
 are not included in the above list, but, as a rule, 
 they can be obtained at the same place as harness 
 leather. 
 
 Enamelled cow, ox, and bull hides for carriage 
 tops, etc., are sold whole, and not slit along 
 the middle, at from 40s. to 70s. each. Coach hides 
 and backs for dashes and wings cost from 26s. to 
 40s. each. Seal-skins for the same purpose cost 
 from 7s. 6d. to 12s. each. Hides for window straps, 
 enamelled and prepared, cost from 56s. to 60s. each. 
 All coloured carriage cushion hides for making car- 
 riage cushions cost from 40s. to 60s. each. Dyed 
 and enamelled leather for cushions is sold by the 
 square foot. 
 
 It is scarcely necessary to state that all the above 
 pric^es fluctuate with the market. A great quantity 
 of harness leather, nowadays, is prepared by the 
 quick tanning process, but it is inferior stuff. The 
 best leather is that which has been through a pure 
 oak tan. It is very hard, however, to tell when the 
 inferior process has been used, but as a rule the 
 colour, smell, and even taste of the leather decide 
 the question ; soft, mellow leather that has not a 
 hard feeling to the touch is as a rule good leather, 
 especially if it has a close grain and a light yellow 
 colour when cut. The inferior quality feels and 
 looks dry and hard ; it has a dull grey colour and an 
 uneven grain facing. A good test is to bend it, 
 
42 Harness Making. 
 
 poor and badly dressed leather cracking in the bend, 
 and the grain giving way ; these defects show that 
 either chemicals or excessive heats have been used 
 in the finishing and tanning. Well tanned and 
 dressed leather stands the bending test well. 
 
 A few rules on cutting up hides may now be given. 
 When cutting a strap from a hide, do not cut down 
 lower than the width of the strap required, so as 
 not to interfere with the next cut into the hide. All 
 possible care should be taken to prevent waste, and 
 pieces of particular shape should be cut from a pat- 
 tern. It is sheer waste to cut off a piece of stuff 
 larger than is required and then to trim it down. 
 In cutting up a hide, lay it on the bench with the 
 back part against the worker; use a straightedge 
 at least 8 ft. long, and mark with a blunt-pointed 
 awl or the seat-awl, using the straightedge as a 
 guide. Take care not to cut the grain of the leather 
 with the point of the awl, as in the case of the 
 straightedge being shifted an indelible mark may be 
 left. 
 
 If the strap is to be cut with the round knife, set 
 the compass to the right width, and put one point in 
 position to run along the edge of the leather, and 
 the other on the leather so that it marks the width 
 to be cut ; pull the compass towards the worker, 
 pressing it so that it leaves a plain line. With 
 the round knife begin cutting at the right-hand end, 
 keeping the leather steady in its place on the 
 cutting-board with the left hand. A cutting- 
 board ought alwaj's to be employed, as nails 
 on the top of the bench would interfere with the 
 work. Push the knife along the marked line stead- 
 ily, taking care that the knife does not slip ; if it 
 does, it may make a bad slit and spoil the work. 
 Straps are always cut along the hide and not across 
 it, the hide being much stronger lengthways. 
 
 The first cutting from the hide is suitable for reins, 
 and then in order come traces, back-bands, bridg- 
 
Harness-makers^ Materials. 43 
 
 ing-straps, hip-straps, and hip-strap tugs ; then 
 crupper billet, shaft tugs, name tugs, bellyband, 
 bridle head-strap, cheeks, etc. ; and from the belly 
 part or third quality in side of hide may be cut 
 linings and layers for folds. In making cart harness, 
 cut bridge-band, crupper, and bridge-band carrier 
 or hip-straps and bearers, and then cart-saddle 
 bellybands and bridle ; the best part of the belly, 
 with the top well lined, will do for side pieces of 
 collar, unless this can be cut from a specially 
 dressed piece. 
 
 Specially curried leather must be obtained for 
 cart-saddle housings and winkers, as the harness 
 leather is not firm enough and contains too much 
 oil. The special leather also must be got for the 
 saddle flaps, the pieces lying against the ribs of the 
 horse under the ridgworth. 
 
 A leather that is cheapest in first cost is not 
 always the cheapest to use. That leather is the 
 best from which the greatest weight of firm straps 
 can be made, and which will continue firm for the 
 greatest length down towards the belly part. 
 
 The compass and round knife only were men- 
 tioned in the description of cutting straps, but the 
 plough is very useful for cutting straps varying from 
 \ in. to 5| in. in width. The plough does away with 
 the use of both compass and round knife, and cuts 
 much more evenly and straight than it is possible 
 to do by hand. Its use effects a great saving of 
 time, the knife merely requiring to be adjusted on 
 the gauge and made fast by the thumb-screw. 
 Hold the leather firm and flat on the board with the 
 left hand, and press it forward to the plough, keep- 
 ing the guard close and tight to the edge all along. 
 The uses of the head knife in cutting will be fully 
 explained later. 
 
 Brown harness work, as small straps, traces, back- 
 band, and breechings, may be finished with a thin 
 solution of gum and water, and should be well 
 
44 ' Harness Making. 
 
 rubbed with a smooth bone until polished. Machines 
 for trimming the edges are made, but their work is 
 incomplete, because all lengthy straps have parts 
 in which the fibres are less close than at others. A 
 good method is to knock the edges all along, con- 
 solidate them as much as possible, and then trim 
 them round and level with the spokeshave ; after- 
 wards run a glass scraper over them and sandpaper. 
 Finally, a good rubbing with brown paper and bone, 
 after gumming, will give a fine polished edge to all 
 brown work. 
 
 Black straps and harness are prepared in the same 
 way for polishing ; black dye them, then rub dry 
 with a rag, and polish with brown paper and bone. 
 Sometimes, after blacking and rubbing, a coat of 
 liquid blacking is applied, and rubbed until dry. 
 Again, some harness-makers employ black-ball and 
 a burnisher to finish after blacking, rubbing down 
 well ; this is recommended for the best harness. It 
 should be understood that whenever the word finish- 
 ing is used here in connection with best harness this 
 process is referred to for black and brown harness 
 and single straps. 
 
 Common harness and cart gear, especially in 
 country places, are usually finished by levelling the 
 edges, scraping with glass, blacking, rubbing with a 
 rag, and finally, after passing a ball of hard tallow 
 along the edges, rubbing with a bone or hard knife 
 handle. 
 
 Webs are used for a variety of purposes by sad- 
 dlers. Girth web for making saddle girths is sold 
 in 15-yd. pieces. It can be had in cotton, union, or 
 worsted. Race girth is a superior material for 
 racing saddles ; it is about 5 in. wide. Web for 
 roller girth is from 4 in. to 6 in. wide and in 12^-yd. 
 pieces ; it is of cotton, union, or worsted. In the 
 same material is made trace web in 18^-yd. pieces, 
 l\ in. to 2\ in. wide. Game-bag web is sometimes 
 required, and is bought by the yard in different 
 
Harness-makers' Materials. 45 
 
 colours. Men's body-belt web is to be had in 18-yd. 
 pieces from 4 in. to 8 in. wide, and in seven or eight 
 colours. Straining-web for saddle seats can be 
 bought by the yard or in the piece. A country 
 saddler finds diaper-web very useful ; this is bought 
 in 15-yd. pieces. 
 
 Other requisites, such as bits, spurs, stirrups, and 
 harness furniture are described in Chapter X. 
 
 A few reliable recipes for some of the most neces- 
 sary articles employed in harness making will now 
 be given. 
 
 Iron Liquor for Dyeing.— (a) Green copperas, 2 lb. ; 
 vinegar, 2 qt. ; pulverised nutgall, i lb. ; and water, 
 4 qt. Two weeks after mixing add another 2 qt. of 
 water. (6) Bichromate of potash, ^ lb. ; logwood ex- 
 tract, 1 lb. ; copperas, 1 oz. ; and water, 1 gal. 
 
 Saddlers' Black Wax.— (a) Pitch, 2 lb. ; resin, 2^ lb. ; 
 seal oil, one pennyworth. In winter add 2 lb. of 
 resin instead of 2^ lb., and never more than § of the 
 oil until the stiffness of the wax has been tested. 
 (6) ritch, 1 lb. ; resin, 1 lb. ; and linseed oil, one 
 pennyworth. 
 
 The exact amount of oil to be used in both of the 
 above recipes depends on the season and the 
 weather. A little lampblack may be well mixed in 
 when the wax is required very black. Always melt 
 the pitch and resin together, and then add the oil. 
 Afterwards pour the mixture into cold water, and 
 knead and pull it until it floats. Try a small piece 
 first to ascertain whether there is sufficient oil, and 
 likewise after pulling to see whether it floats. 
 
 Brown ]>Fax.— Beeswax, 1 lb. ; pale resin, 3 oz. ; 
 and white-lead, 3 oz. The wax can be softened or 
 hardened by adding more or less beeswax. Melt the 
 mixture, stirring it, and then pour it into water and 
 pull until it floats. 
 
 Flour Pas^e.— Water, 1 qt., and alum 3 oz. Heat 
 until the alum has melted, and when cold add flour 
 to the consistency of cream ; then let the mixture 
 
46 Harness Making. 
 
 boil, stirring it at the same time. By adding a little 
 powdered resin and a clove or two before boiling, 
 the paste will keep for a year and can be softened 
 with water when dry. 
 
 Brown Stain. — Boil equal parts of pine and alder 
 bark in six times their bulk of water until the colour 
 is extracted, and when cold add a little alcohol. 
 
 Yellow Stain. — Boil some fustic berries in alum 
 water and darken the shade by adding powdered 
 brazil, which must be boiled with the berries. 
 
 Brown^ Busset, and Yellow Stain. — Boil a given 
 amount of saffron in water until the colour is ex- 
 tracted, cut a quantity of annatto, putting it into 
 urine, and mix the urine and extract, the proportion 
 of each determining the shade ; the greater the 
 amount of annatto the darker the colour. 
 
 Stain for Biding Saddles, etc. — Saffron, three penny- 
 worth ; annatto, one pennyworth ; soft soap, one 
 pennyworth ; and boiling water, 1 qt. Mix and let 
 the whole stand until ready. 
 
 Beviver for Patent Leather. — Mix warm linseed oil 
 1 pt., and cream 1 pt. Apply with a sponge and 
 polish with a soft flannel or rag. 
 
 Harness Composition. — (a) Glue, 4 oz. ; gum arabic, 
 3 oz. ; water, | pt. Dissolve all by heat and add 6 oz. 
 of treacle and 5 oz. of very finely powdered ivory 
 black, and slowly evaporate with constant tritura- 
 tion until the composition is of the proper consist- 
 ency when cold. When nearly cold, bottle and cork ; 
 if necessary the bottle can be warmed before use. 
 (b) Mutton suet 2 oz., and pure beeswax 6 oz. Melt 
 this mixture and then add finely powdered sugar 
 candy, 6 oz. ; soft soap, 2 oz. ; lampblack, 2oz. ; and 
 finely powdered indigo, ^ oz. When perfectly incor- 
 porated add 5 pt. of oil of turpentine. Keep the 
 composition in pots or tins, (c) Beeswax, 1 lb. ; 
 soft soap, 6 oz. ; ivory black, ^ lb. ; Prussian blue 
 (ground in), 1 oz. ; linseed oil, 2 oz. ; and oil of tur- 
 pentine, ^ pt. Mix well together and pot. Put a 
 
Harness-makers Materials. 47 
 
 thin layer of one of the above on the leather and 
 polish gently with a brush or rubber. 
 
 Harness Jet. — Molasses, 8 parts ; lampblack, 1 
 part ; sweet oil, 1 part ; gum arabic, 1 part ; isin- 
 glass, 1 part ; and water, 32 parts. Mix well to- 
 gether and add 1 pt. of turpentine. Apply the mix- 
 ture with a sponge. If it is hard, place the bottle 
 in hot water to soften the mixture. One ounce of 
 spirit of wine can also be added when cool. 
 
 Waterproof Past& for Carriage Harness. — (a) Dis- 
 solve three sticks of black sealing wax in \ pt. of 
 alcohol, or dissolve lac in alcohol and colour with 
 sufficient lampblack. (6) Melt 2 oz. of black resin in 
 a glazed vessel over the fire, and then add 3 oz. of 
 bees-wax, and as soon as all is melted remove from 
 the fire and add \ oz. of fine lampblack and \ oz. of 
 Prussian blue in powder. Stir all well and add 
 enough turpentine to form a thin paste. Cool and 
 apply with a sponge ; polish with a soft brush. 
 
 Oil for Farm and Team Harness. — Melt 3 lb. of pure 
 tallow without letting it boil, and gently add 1 lb. of 
 pure neatsfoot oil. Stir continually until cold, so 
 that it will be perfectly mixed, otherwise the tallow 
 will harden in lumps. To colour, add a little bone 
 black or lampblack. 
 
 Brass Polishing Paste. — (a) Dissolve 3 parts of oxalic 
 acid in 40 of water, with 100 of pumicestone pow- 
 dered, 2 of oil of turpentine, 12 of soft soap, and 12 
 of any fat oil. (b) Beat equal weights of soft soap 
 and rottenstone into a paste. 
 
 Plate Powder. — Take as much sulphate of iron as 
 will fill a clay pipe, keep it on the fire for a quarter 
 of an hour, and mix with powdered chalk. 
 
 Leather Preserver. — To preserve harness from the 
 effect of ammonia in stables add a little glycerine 
 to the oil employed. 
 
 Leather Cement. — (a) Dissolve guttapercha* in bi- 
 sulphate of carbon until of the consistency of 
 treacle. Shave well the parts to be cemented and 
 
48 Harness Making. 
 
 then spread a little cement evenly over them. Warm 
 them for about half a minute, apply one against 
 the other quickly, and press hard. Keep the bottle 
 well corked and in a cool place. (6) Melt gutta- 
 percha, 16 parts ; pure rubber, 4 parts ; yellow pitch, 
 2 parts ; shellac, 1 part ; and linseed oil, 2 parts, and 
 apply as above, (c) Guttapercha, 1 lb. ; indiarubber, 
 4 oz. ; pitch, 1 oz. ; shellac, 1 oz. ; and linseed oil, 
 2 oz. Melt all together. The composition will 
 harden when kept, and must be melted for use. 
 
 Bronzing for Leather. — A small amount of so-called 
 insoluble aniline violet is dissolved in a little water 
 and the solution brushed over the article ; it will dry 
 quickly. If the result is not satisfactory, repeat the 
 process. 
 
 To Gild Calf- or SheepsUn.— Wet the leather with 
 some egg albumen, and, when dry, rub it with the 
 hands damped with a little olive oil. Then apply the 
 gold leaf, and pass a hot iron over it. 
 
49 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 STEAP MAKING AND STITCHING. 
 
 Instructions have been given on making threads 
 and cutting leather, and now a simple exercise in 
 stitching may be given in the putting together of 
 small straps. 
 
 In making a box strap, cut with the round knife 
 or plough from the back of the hide a good piece 
 of leather, which should be 6 ft. long, and 1^ in. 
 wide. Turn down about 2 in. of one end, cut a hole 
 within about ^ in. of the bend, and slit the part out 
 with two cuts. Neatly shave down the point of the 
 under piece with the round knife, and slant the 
 other end a bit at each side to make a neat point to 
 enter the buckle easily. Run the No. 1 edge tool 
 along the sharp edges of the two sides and of the 
 top and bottom ; this takes a small strip off, rounds 
 the edges, and produces a better finish. If brown 
 leather is used, wipe the edges with a damp sponge ; 
 instead of pure water, a very thin solution of gum 
 may be used. Then rub the edges with a rag or 
 with a piece of brown paper until they are smooth 
 and polished. 
 
 Adjust the screw-crease so that it marks a line 
 about I in. inside the edges, warm the crease in 
 a gas or candle flame, and rub it sharply all along 
 the edge, guiding the crease mark on the strap by 
 keeping the other side of the crease close up to the 
 strap. Rub backwards and forwards until there is a 
 deep polished mark on the strap, then mark across 
 the point in the same way. This operation is known 
 as creasing. 
 
 Two crease marks instead of one may be made 
 after turning the thumb-screw to widen the points 
 of the tool. Then cut a piece to form a loop about 
 
50 Harness Making, 
 
 I in. wide and long enough to go round any part of 
 the strap and make the ends meet. Edge this in 
 the same way as the strap, polish with dye or water 
 according to colour, and then crease. 
 
 For a running loop — one that runs loosely along 
 the strap — the leather about \ in. longer than twice 
 the width of the strap so as to overlap ; shave 
 one end on the top or grain side, and the other on 
 the bottom or flesh side, so that when jointed the 
 pieces will make an even thickness. Allow suf- 
 ficient length for the two thicknesses of strap to go 
 through, and mark where it is to overlap. Put one 
 side of the doubled part in the clamp and stitch the 
 side opposite, then reverse it and stitch the other ; 
 all running loops are made in this way except for 
 very common straps, when the strips are simply 
 brought end to end and a stitch or two is made from 
 side of the doubled part in the clamp and stitch the 
 buckle, put the tongue point of the latter through 
 the hole made for it in the strap, and having marked 
 the stitches eight or ten to the inch with the wheel- 
 pricker on the short underpart, put the loop in be- 
 tween the two leathers deep enough for the stitches 
 to hold firmly. Begin stitching by the buckle, put- 
 ting a cross stitch downwards close to it. Stitch the 
 straight row along the line of marks close to the 
 buckle end, and have a stitch over ; do not pull the 
 thread up at the last stitch, but have both the ends 
 underneath. Put two or three stitches in the centre 
 at the point ; here also the last stitch is down- 
 wards. Then begin stitching the other side. 
 With the awl put the first hole close to the 
 point and pull the thread through ; make the 
 next hole and put the other thread up and 
 the top one down, and so on until the loop 
 is reached. See that the loop is of the right 
 length ; if too long, cut a bit off. Put the point in 
 between the two leathers, deep enough to catch the 
 stitches, and put one or two stitches in the side next 
 
Strap Making and Stitching. 51 
 
 to the thread, slanting the awl a little outwards at 
 the point. Put the upper needle through the loop 
 so that the stitching will not be over it, and have 
 a stitch or two in the side of the loop next to the 
 worker ; finish it up to the buckle. Put a cross stitch 
 at the finish, the same as on the other side, and cut 
 the thread. Put a loop stick of the same width and 
 thickness as the strap through both loops, hammer 
 them lightly to shape, and run the warm single 
 crease along the edges. With a punch of the right 
 size cut the required number of buckle holes, begin- 
 ning about 5 in. from the point ; make the distance 
 between the holes a little more than the width of the 
 strap. This is always the rule in punching single 
 straps, such as garters, cart hame straps, dog 
 muzzle straps, luggage straps, etc. 
 
 With regard to threading the needles, a properly 
 made thread will have a nice point, which must be 
 well waxed, and pulled between the finger and 
 thumb two or three times to warm the wax so that 
 it will stick. Pass the end through the eye of the 
 needle for from 1 in. to 2 in., according to the fine- 
 ness of the point, and holding the thread between 
 the finger and the thumb of the left hand, spin it 
 from you with the finger and thumb of the right 
 hand. Afterwards draw the thread from the needle 
 downwards at the point between the fingers so as to 
 stick the point together well and make it Smooth. 
 Take care not to put it too far through the eye, or it 
 will be too thick to go through the holes in the 
 leather, while if it is not pulled through far enough 
 the thread is liable to break. Be careful also to get 
 needles of proper size ; light thread for light work 
 and strong thread for thick and heavy work ; and a 
 fine awl for fine thread, and a coarse and strong one 
 for coarser thread, and so on. 
 
 In making the first hole in stitching, put the 
 needle and thread up from underneath, and draw 
 exactly half of the thread through. Put both 
 
52 Harness Making. 
 
 needles together and adjust the lengths of the two 
 portions of threads, and with the awl cut the second 
 hole, and stitch on. Always put the lower thread in 
 each hole first and draw it up about 3 in., then put 
 the other needle in and pull, always keeping the 
 thread from below lowest in the hole and the top 
 thread above. This is managed by pulling with the 
 upper hand a bit downwards, and with the hand at 
 the back of the work a bit upwards, thus tending 
 to keep the stitches in position. It may be noticed 
 that the hole is not round, but square and elon- 
 gated, and tends to help the manipulation of the 
 thread. Do not make a practice of pushing the awl 
 through the work at right angles to the face, but on 
 the slant ; the holes made by the wheel-pricker are 
 all on the slant. The above instructions also apply 
 to double-thread stitching, the kind mostly used in 
 harness making, though many things, such as the 
 straps, described above, are stitched with single 
 thread. 
 
 In back stitching, use one thread only ; begin by 
 putting it up from below ; put it down backwards in 
 the next hole to the one last made, and then pull it 
 tightly from below. There is not much difference 
 on the top side, but the stitches on the underside 
 are 'twice as long and cross each other in chain 
 fashion. Sometimes it is convenient to adopt this 
 method to use up waste points, etc., but such things 
 as traces, surcingles, waist-belts of web, saddle 
 girths, etc., are always stitched with single thread. 
 V»^hen repairing inferior harness, single thread can 
 sometimes be used without stitching backwards, by 
 doing what is called spotting, that is, always going 
 forward thus / / / , and only up and down forward, 
 the stitching appearing like spots, and not as an 
 unbroken chain. 
 
 Stitching wdth white lace in cart work is done in 
 this manner : — Put the holes on the upper side very 
 close together, but underneath ; the distance apart 
 
Strap Making and Stitching, 
 
 53 
 
 may vary with the fineness of the work. This kind 
 of lace stitching is not much in vogue now, but it 
 looks well when across the end of breechings for 
 cart purposes, across the openings in cart cruppers, 
 etc. Lace needles and white skin will be necessary 
 for this work. 
 
 Riding bridles and almost all light brown work 
 are stitched single thread and backwards, with 
 either white linen, cotton, or silk beeswaxed, or 
 sometimes with yellow fine hemp thread beeswaxed. 
 
 Dog-collars are made in a similar way "to Lhe 
 straps previously mentioned, only the bend is made 
 a little longer underneath to allow sufficient lining 
 under the D to which the chain may be fastened. 
 
 Now that an insight mto stitching has been ob- 
 tained, the making of a waist-belt, Figs. 64 to 65, 
 
 Fiff. 64.— Plain Waist Belt. 
 
 may be described. Cut the web so that its ends 
 meet together round the waist, and also cut pieces 
 of very thin belly brown leather or basil, for binding 
 the ends ; the latter should be about l\ in. wide, and 
 as long as the webbing is wide. Turn down the 
 binding along the centre lengthways, hammer it 
 lightly, and with the screw-crease mark along one 
 side ; then slip it in both sides of the ends of the 
 web, and either put a tack or two in it, to keep it 
 in place, or paste it down. x\llow the paste to dry 
 before proceeding further. With the wheel pricker 
 along the crease mark the stitches, about ten to the 
 inch, then put the web in_the clamp, the latter 
 being between the knees, and begin stitching at the 
 end farthest from the worker. Use one yellow or 
 
54 
 
 Harness Making. 
 
 white linen thread dressed with beeswax. On 
 coming to the end, cut the thread ; also cut tne bind- 
 ing square with the edge of the web and stitch both 
 ends across at some distance from the edge. 
 
 Prepare the pieces to be put over the straps and 
 chapes ; cut them about 3 in. wide, and straight on 
 one side, making any fancy cut on the other ; two 
 of these pieces are wanted, one at each end. Then 
 cut the straps and chapes, and use light tinned 
 bridle buckles or brown covered buckles \ in. wide. 
 With the compasses set to the right width, mark out 
 the straps on a close piece of brown shoulder or 
 belly leather. Cut the straps about 6 in. long and 
 the chapes about 2-|- in. long. They may be cut in 
 long strips, being afterwards divided into the re- 
 
 Fiy- G5. — Fancy Waist Belt. 
 
 quired lengths. Form the strap, point one end a 
 little, and shave the other end to go under the pieces 
 above mentioned ; rub the edges either with water 
 or solution, and crease them about xV in- from th'3 
 edge. Then turn down the chapes for the buckles, 
 shave down both ends thin, and let the lower one 
 be a little shorter than the other. Punch a small 
 hole about \ in. from the end, cut the hole clean out 
 at the bend, and the piece is then ready for the 
 buckle. 
 
 Use thin brown waste to make the loops ; with the 
 compasses mark a width of this about | in., cut to 
 the right length ; then rub and crease the chapes. 
 Place the buckles in the leather, put in the loops 
 about half the width of the chape between the two 
 
Strap Making and Stitching. 
 
 55 
 
 points of the chape, and close to the buckle, and 
 put two or three stitches in each end. The pieces 
 to hold up the belt firmly at the small of the back 
 should be about 1 in. wide. Rub the edges and 
 crease them as well as the two pieces for the front, 
 and mark stitches with the pricker in all of them. 
 Three of these back supports will be needed, one 
 right across the centre of the belt and one on each 
 side, 3 in. from the centre at the top and slanting 
 inwards to within 1^ in. from the centre at the 
 bottom. 
 
 To determine which is the lower and which is th^ 
 upper side of the belt, bear in mind that, when being 
 worn, the buckles will be on the left-hand side and 
 the straps on the right. Put one of the 3-in. wide 
 
 Fig. 66.— Waisfc Belt with Pockets. 
 
 pieces flat on the belt, within about 3 in. of the end, 
 and either paste or tack it in its place from the 
 lower side. Put the straps in about | in., all three 
 exactly alike, one in the centre, and the others one 
 on each side within \ in. of the edge. Place the 
 other piece in the other end so near the edge that, 
 in putting the buckle chapes up to the loops under 
 the edge of the piece, the outer edge of the buckle 
 is flush with the end of the belt. Fasten the chapes 
 in position exactly opposite the straps in the other 
 end. Then backstitch the pieces in each end all 
 round, in the same way as the binding was treated. 
 Put a second row of stitches farther in than the first, 
 through the strap ends and through the end of the 
 chapes ; leave about \ in. between two rows, and 
 then lay on the back straps. Having pricked them, 
 stitch them in the same way as the others. If 
 
56 Harness Making. 
 
 pasted on, they can be kept more easily in their 
 place ; if pasting is not convenient, pencil on their 
 positions and keep them to the mark in stitching. 
 
 It is usual to put a piece of whalebone or good 
 hard cane inside these to keep them up ; thin the 
 bone or cane and push it in between the leather and 
 webbing from one end, and then stitch both ends 
 across. Put four or six holes in the straps and see 
 that they work easily in the loops, when the belt is 
 finished. 
 
57 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 LOOPING. 
 
 Some hints on looping will be given in this chapter. 
 The loops are pieces of leather placed crosswise on 
 all straps, which have buckles, to keep the point of 
 the strap in its proper position. Sometimes also 
 loops are employed merely to hold the straps in 
 place, as for example in the case of shaft tugs. 
 Loops are common to all kinds of straps in general 
 and to harness and cart gear in particular. 
 
 Straps made to exact length with only one hole 
 are cut long enough beyond the hole to go through 
 the loop, and so' give the work a neat finish. When 
 the unused part of the strap varies considerably in 
 length, the part run through the buckle being some- 
 times 6 in. long and sometimes 3 ft. long, a runner 
 loop must be made to hold the point of the strap. 
 
 A runner is a loop which runs loosely along the 
 strap to any required part. To make it, one end 
 is laid on the other, overlapping it more or less 
 according to the size of the loop, and the material 
 is then stitched ; it must be made loose enough for 
 two thicknesses of the strap to pass easily. 
 
 The width of the loops, except in the case of pipe 
 or box loops (defined later) must always be in pro- 
 portion with that of the strap ; the broader the 
 strap, the broader is the loop. Taste and a due 
 sense of proportion are necessary here as elsewhere. 
 The loop must never be placed too near the buckle, 
 particularly when the strap running through is stiff. 
 Both ends of the loop should be placed so that they 
 can be firmly stitched ; the first end is stitched 
 easily, but the second requires more practice. The 
 ends of the loop should be made to meet in the 
 
58 
 
 Harness Making. 
 
 centre of the strap, care being taken to catch it at 
 the first stitch, for then it will not easily slip from 
 its place. Two stitches on each side may suffice, 
 but a very wide loop will need four or five on both 
 sides of the ends. Slant the awl with every stitch, 
 using the end of the awl to drive the loop a little 
 out of the way. 
 
 It must not be taken for granted that a firm hold 
 of the loop has been obtained until it is com- 
 pletely stitched ; but make sure of the work at the 
 first stitch, as otherwise it may be necessary to 
 
 Fig. 67. — Box Creased Loop. 
 
 unstitch the work and do it again. Care must be 
 taken also to ascertain that the loop is straight in 
 its place at the first stitch, and that one side of the 
 same end is not farther in than the other. A crooked 
 loop spoils the appearance of the whole of the work. 
 Box loops (Figs. 67 to 70) or, as they are styled, 
 pipe loops, are long loops like those on bridle 
 cheeks, bearers of gig breechings, hame tugs, etc. 
 To make them, measure the length and width of the 
 loop required ; for example, a bridle cheek | in. 
 wide and 8 in. long will need a loop If in. wide and 
 7^ in. long. 
 
Looping. 
 
 59 
 
 Before making the loop, crease a line along the 
 place to be stitched, about \ in. from the edge, and 
 cut a groove along the line to about half the depth ; 
 then open the groove well with the blunt point of 
 a compass, passing it backwards and forwards. The 
 stitching is done along this groove, which is finally 
 closed. 
 
 The groove is necessary on account of the coarse 
 stitches, about four to the inch, which are thus kept 
 out of sight and prevented from being worn away by 
 friction. Another method is to slit the leather about 
 
 Box Creased Loops. 
 
 y\ in. from the side ; then to raise it and stitch under 
 it. When finished, apply a litle paste or gum to 
 hold it firm, and smooth it down over the stitches. 
 
 Mark a line on the loop at about half the width 
 of the strap and run a writing pen along it to keep 
 the mark visible ; the loop, being of brown leather, 
 will retain the mark of the ink, whereas the compass 
 mark alone would be obliterated by damping. This 
 mark is essential as a guide in fixing the loop and 
 stitching. Mark the inside of the loop first time 
 and the outer side the second. Damp the loop well 
 first. Stitch the first side with black wax three-cord 
 
6o Harness Making. 
 
 thread about I in. apaj-t ; this is an easy job, the 
 difficult point being the blind-stitching. Put the 
 loop between the winker and the cheek as far as 
 
 Fig, 69. Fig-. 70. 
 
 Figs. 69 and 70. — Box Creased Loops. 
 
 the mark and put a tack in each end and one m the 
 centre. 
 
 The first stitches are simple enough, but when it 
 becomes impossible to see and reach the hole the 
 
Looping. 6 1 
 
 awl must be put right through the loop to the other 
 thread about \ in. apart ; this is an easy job, the 
 side, the needle and thread being passed after- 
 wards. Take the needles off both threads, and by 
 means of a wire hook pull the inside thread out 
 through the loop until it is 3 in. from the hole it 
 entered. Now put the awl through the thread close 
 to the loop, run the end of the other thread through 
 for about 2 in., and pull it through the hole by the 
 aid of the first thread to the side being stitched. 
 Take out the end of the thread, put through and 
 pull both extremities until tight, one in the groove 
 and the other inside the loop. Repeat this opera- 
 tion with every stitch, but when about half-way 
 through the loop, the thread inside must be run 
 through to the other end, the work being continued 
 from that end until finished. 
 
 Another method of making box loops, thougn it is 
 not recommended, is as follows : Put an iron loop- 
 stick inside and fasten the loop down by driving 
 small tacks into the groove, this groove being then 
 closed by rubbing the edges well. A third method 
 consists in running the threads through with a 
 bristle, or twisting the threads together and thus 
 running them through. 
 
62 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 CART H ARNE S S. 
 
 The make and pattern of cart gear are very varied 
 in all parts of the kingdom, and there is often a 
 local name for each particular style ; but the only 
 gear which can claim special favour is one that 
 combines proper strength with minimum weight. 
 
 Fig. 71. — Horse in Cart Grear. 
 
 A typical shaft gear is shown by Fig. 71, in which 
 A is the bit ring, B the noseband, c winkers, d 
 cheeks, E ear-pieces, f throat-lash, G head-strap, 
 •H forehead band, i reins, K collar forewale, k' hame 
 straps, L hame or jambles, m collar body and side- 
 piece, N collar draught, o forecart saddle housing, 
 P back housing, R cart saddle skirt, s girth and 
 
Cart Harness. 
 
 63 
 
 girth straps, T crupper, u and v hip and loin straps, 
 w and X fore and aft breeching tugs, and Y breech- 
 
 ing 
 
 The ornaments used are brass buckles (Figs. 72 to 
 
 Fio-. 72. Fig-. 73. 
 
 Figs. 72 and 73.— Scotch Brass Gear Buckles. 
 
 75) instead of tinned or japanned buckles, with brass 
 face-pieces (Figs. 76 to 78) on the bridle to hang on 
 the horse's forehead, brass bells for the bridle (Fig. 
 79), hame plates (Figs. 80 and 81) at the top of the 
 collar between the two points of the hames or 
 jambles, with a strap across from one hame point 
 to the other to hold it in position, brass squares, 
 
 Fig. 74. Fig. 75. 
 
 Figs. 74 and 75. — Scotch Brass Gear Buckles. 
 
 ovals (Fig. 82), octagons (Figs. 83 to 85), hearts 
 (Fig. 86) on bridle winker or saddle housing corners, 
 and brass beading instead of nails over the top of 
 the housing where attached to the tree. When 
 
64 
 
 Harness Making. 
 
 making gears this must be remembered. Other 
 details of cart ornaments are shown in Figs. 87 to 92. 
 
 Cart and leading gear made according to the fol- 
 lowing directions will be useful anywhere, and when 
 this method has been learned any other style can be 
 made. 
 
 The winkers c (Fig. 71) must be prepared first ; 
 blocked winkers with fancy pattern raised against 
 the eye are little used nowadays. 1 lain winkers are 
 just as safe for the eyes if well made. Special winker 
 leather must be obtained either from a middling in 
 
 Frof. 76. Fij;-. 77. 
 
 Figs. 76 and 77. — Brass Face-pieces. 
 
 stock, or, cut to pattern, from any currier or 
 leather-seller. 
 
 Cut the pieces straight 7 in. by 7^ in., and mark 
 three rows all round the long side and across one of 
 the shorter sides with the race compass or racer, 
 making the groove deep ; edge them above and 
 below with the edge tool and black the edges. After 
 soaking them well in water, bend them along the 
 centre of the longer width into something that is 
 nearly, though not quite, a semicircle. Nail them 
 down in any convenient way, with the raised part 
 above, on a flat board and let them dry in this 
 
Cart Harness. 
 
 65 
 
 shape ; drive in the nails near the edges only at the 
 side that will be covered and stitched over with the 
 cheek. They can be put to dry near a stove or fire. 
 
 Fig. 78. 
 
 Fig. 80. Fig. 81. 
 
 Fig. 78.— Brass Face-piece. Fig. 79.— Bells and Brush. 
 Figs. 80 and 81.— Brass Hame Plates. 
 
 Then run a big hot beveller round the edges and 
 along the lines made until the groove looks deep and 
 polished. Having two |-in. roller tinned buckles, or 
 
66 
 
 Harness Making. 
 
 brass Scotch buckles, cut two chapes to the same 
 width. Chapes are pieces to hold on the buckles ; 
 the name is also applied to the part going round 
 buckles on any length of strap. The chapes are 
 
 Fig. 82. Fiff. 83. 
 
 Fig. 82.— Brass Oval. Figs 
 
 Fig. 84. Fig. 85. 
 
 3 to 85. — Brass Octagons. 
 
 made 3^ in. long and turned down 2 in. from one 
 end ; make the short end very thin and the other 
 end slightly so, then point the piece. Cut a buckle 
 hole at the bend, edge, crease, and prick for stitch- 
 ing ; then put the chapes in the buckles and make 
 the tops of these last flush with edge and front of 
 winkers, working as follows :— 
 
 Tack the chape down in its place in the front 
 corner where the creasing on the edges meets, and 
 
 Fig. 86. Fig. 87. Fig. 88. 
 
 Fig. 86.— Brass Heart. Figs. 87 and 88.— Brass Stars. 
 
 stitch. With tinned buckles put on a loop ; Scotch 
 buckles, as Figs. 72 to 75, do not need any ; place 
 the other chape and buckle on the corner of the 
 other winker and stitch likewise, taking care to put 
 
Cart BariYess. 
 
 67 
 
 it on the reverse corner to the other to make the 
 winkers pair. 
 
 Now cut the cheeks d, or the pieces that run down 
 
 U U 
 
 Fig-. 89. Fig. 90. Fig-. 91. 
 
 Figs. 89 and 90. — Brass Hame Knobs. Fig. 91. — 
 Brass Swing. 
 
 the side of the head, making them 2 ft. 2 in. by 
 1^ in. ; turn them down so as to make both ends 
 
 Fi<r. 93. 
 
 ^ 
 
 Fig. 94. 
 
 Fig. 92. 
 
 Fig. 92.— Brass Swing. Fig. 93.— Ear-piece. Fig. 94.— 
 Corner-piece. 
 
 meet underneath in the centre, and give the bends 
 in each end a slight tap with the hammer. It is 
 
6S Harness Making. ■ 
 
 better to draw in the underpart a little so as to have 
 the top somewhat longer, because as there is a bend 
 in the winker outwards the lower side shoukl be a 
 little shorter. Cut a hole for the buckle in one end 
 and another in the centre of the bend, which is also 
 the centre of the strap, at the other end ; from this 
 hole cut straight out to each side and shave the 
 edges of the cut. Edge the cheek on the outside 
 only and race it along the top part with the race 
 compass ; the second race must be made close to the 
 other, care being taken not to run them into one 
 another. Make another line a little more than \ in. 
 from the last, blacken the edges and lines with 
 black dye, and rub them with a rag ; then prick the 
 two inner rows with the pricker, eight per inch, put 
 the buckle in its place and the bit ring A in the other 
 end, and stitch both ends of the cheek together. 
 There are two bit rings on each side, fastened 
 together by a small link ; one ring, that placed in 
 the cheek, is larger than the other. The smaller 
 ring must be kept for the bit after the completion 
 of the bridle. Both cheeks are made in the same 
 way, but the slit from the centre hole in the bend 
 must be reversed, otherwise the cheeks will not 
 pair. 
 
 The winkers c and cheeks d (Fig. 71) being ready, 
 cut the nose-band b about 2 ft. long and 2 in. wide ; 
 turn in both ends equally, leaving about 1 ft. 4 in 
 for the noseband ; shave the ends rather thin, and 
 make a punch-hole in the centre of the bend, then 
 slit it out straight from both holes on the same side, 
 and shave the sides of the slit. 
 
 Edge both sides of the nose-band where it is not 
 double, and make two rows along it with the race 
 compass, deepening and polishing them with the 
 hot beveller, after which prick the double row^ on 
 both sides from the bend to the lined part. 
 
 The nose-band is now ready for adjustment at the 
 proper time. The forehead band h (Fig. 71), or 
 
Cart ITarness. 69 
 
 front, must be cut about 2 ft. 3 in. long and 1| in. 
 wide. Edge, crease, black, and rub it and pass a 
 hot beveller over the grooves. Cut the ear-pieces e 
 (see also Fig. 93) 1-1- in. wide and 9 in. long, and 
 double and flatten the bend, shaving one end well. 
 Take a piece of any strap 1^ in. wide, and put it in 
 the bend, close up ; mark how far the inner side runs 
 in the ear-piece, the l^-in. strap being allowed to 
 run smooth in the opening between the line and the 
 bend. Mark two rows of pricking, eight per inch, 
 on each side from the cross-mark to the point or 
 end, having previously made a double row of creas- 
 ing all along. Stitch from the cross line to the point 
 with three-cord thread ; stitch the cross line coarse, 
 about two stitches for one of the other stitches. Rub 
 the edges, making them even by cutting if neces- 
 sary, then black and rub. Place the forehead band 
 H in position, and stitch it end to end with the ear- 
 pieces, and cut a small V-nick in the joint of each 
 end on the same side. 
 
 The object of the nick is to provide space for the 
 small projection in the tongue of the buckle when 
 put into position. Some harness-makers cut the end 
 of the ear-pieces, before joining them to the fore- 
 head, in a slightly slanting way in such a manner 
 tha^t the end with the opening will turn up a little 
 when in place, but this is not essential. Moreover, if 
 the forehead band is to be covered with any kind of 
 fancy cloth or leather, this covering had better be 
 done before the ear-pieces are stitched, because the 
 work will be much easier than when the bridle is 
 completed. Cut the material, red American cloth, 
 leather, etc., double the width of the forehead, and 
 allow \ in. more to go round the edges ; finally, 
 herring-bone-stitch underneath along the centre, 
 and stitch on the ear-pieces. 
 
 Corner-pieces (Fig. 94) are now required to sup- 
 port the nose-band and to join it and the cheek well 
 together when complete. They are in one single 
 
70 Harness Making. 
 
 piece near the bit ring corner, descending from 
 cheek to nose-band. To make the chin strap, cut it 
 1^ in. wide, one piece being made 6 in. long, leaving 
 2 in. of the original width, and then narrowing the 
 rest to I in. with a rounded point. The other part 
 is made 12 in. long, and 2 in. of the original width is 
 preserved, the rest being narrowed to | in. ; then 
 turn down a chape and make a hole for the buckle 
 in the narrow end, after which edge, crease, and 
 black both, then adjust buckle and loop. 
 
 To put the bridle together ready for stitching, 
 work as follows : With a ring at one end and a 
 buckle at the other, place the forehead band be- 
 tween the cheeks in such a way that the centre 
 where the forehead band and ear-pieces join may be 
 right under the centre of the buckle with the nick 
 against the tongue. Drive a tack on the inner side, 
 and put the nose-band in the same ring as the cheek 
 at the other end, with the slits made in the bends 
 upwards ; fix the corner-pieces one part in the cheek 
 and the other in the nose-band, sufficiently low to 
 catch when stitching the nose-band. The corner- 
 pieces must, of course, be placed between the two 
 leathers, both in the cheeks and nose-band: the 
 inner side of the corner-piece must follow the ring in 
 the cheek like a half-circle. 
 
 The outer part is supposed to have been pre- 
 viously edged and creased. The point of the slits in 
 the nose-band comes underneath the slits in the 
 cheeks on both sides in such a way that the edges in 
 the cheeks may cover and neatly overlap the edges 
 of the slit in the nose-band and catch them during 
 work of stitching the cheek. Both winkers are now 
 adjusted with buckles in the front corners, turned 
 upwards to meet each other ; place the winkers close 
 to the ear-pieces and forehead, making the outside 
 flush with the outer edge of the cheek. Tack down 
 the winkers, keeping the bend in shape as set after 
 drying ; thus there is an opening between the two 
 
Cart Harness, )i 
 
 sides of the cheek from the end of the corner-piece 
 to the bottom of the winker. 
 
 Cut a piece of leather as near as possible of the 
 same thickness as the winkers and of the same 
 width as the cheeks. Place it between the two sides 
 of the cheek to fill the hollow, and so have a firm 
 cheek all along ; tack the piece down and see that 
 it fits tight ; there must be no looseness where it 
 joins the winker and corner-piece. 
 
 The chin strap is now adjusted, the wide end of 
 the short piece being placed inside the cheek under 
 the centre filling for a distance of about | in. and 
 about 1-| in. from the bottom ring. This is the right- 
 hand side, taking a front view of the bridle. The 
 other piece, with buckle, goes on the other side, 
 and both are tacked down. When two small loops 
 are to be placed on each side near the buckle at the 
 top of the cheek they should be tacked down so that 
 they may be stitched in with the cheek ; but for a 
 long loop, adjust beforehand on the cheek, by stitch- 
 ing the ends loosely together. Nail the first side of 
 the long loop and clinch the nails underneath over 
 a loop-stick, leaving this inside while nailing the 
 other side in the same manner, partly running over 
 the ear-piece e (Fig. 71) and forehead band h and 
 partly over the winker. 
 
 Stitching may be begun on the near side at the 
 ring, and continued up to the loop on the outside ; 
 then begin at the loop on the outside of the other 
 cheek and stitch down to the ring. The outer row 
 on the inner side of the first cheek and of the second 
 check is now stitched. When stitching opposite the 
 winkers on the inner line two stitches may be made 
 instead of one by slipping a stitch between each ; 
 fine stitching is apt to cut the winkers, and they 
 often fall off before being worn out ; consequently 
 slipping a stitch is a good method. A row must now 
 be stitched on each side of the nose-piece in each 
 end, then the inner rows of the cheek, and finally 
 
72 Harness Making. 
 
 the inner rows of the nose-band. Level the edge^ oi 
 the cheeks and nose-band, scrape them, and black 
 the edges ; then rub them with tallow and bone. 
 
 Having creased and finished the loops, make two 
 basil pads as long as the distance from the buckle 
 to the bottom of the winkers. For a cheek of 1^ in., 
 cut the pads 1 in. wider than twice the width ; fold 
 them lengthwise so that the edges will meet in the 
 centre, and stitch the ends together with the basil 
 inside out. Now, after turning them inside out, 
 stitch the edges together like the ends with pointed 
 needle, thimble, and white linen thread. Run the 
 stitches from both ends and leave an opening about 
 1 in. long in the middle, through which ram in the 
 flock stuffing, but not too hard. Having stitched the 
 opening, place this side against the cheek of the 
 bridle under the winker, and as far as the buckle ; 
 choose three nails having large heads, run small 
 tufts of flock to the heads of the nails, and fasten 
 the pads down firmly to the cheek by driving a nail 
 in each end and one in the centre, taking care that 
 the points do not appear on the other side ; trim 
 the flock on the nails with the scissors. 
 
 The winker straps are made as follows : Cut a 
 strap 24 in. long and 1^ in. wide, then slit it exactly 
 in the centre for 13 in., making a punch hole at the 
 end of the slit ; shape the points of each slit to go 
 through the buckles on each winker, and make a 
 cross line \\ in. from the end of the slit, marking it 
 deeply. At a distance of 1^ in. from this line make 
 a second line, and a third If in., making them all 
 deep ; turn down the strap so that the centre of the 
 bend will be exactly at the last mark. Knock the 
 bend flat if the point runs beyond the end of the slit 
 after turning down ; cut some off and shave it down ; 
 edge it on both sides except where the parts over- 
 lap. Crease all along the edges, and make one or 
 two rows with the screw-race ; then black, rub, and 
 finish the creases. Leave an opening from the bend 
 
Caut Harness. 73 
 
 to the next cross line, then put a piece of leather to 
 fill the space between the cross line and the next to 
 it and wide enough to be stitched through in work- 
 ing across ; then leave the space between the next 
 two lines open, and stitch down the point of the 
 bend from the end to the cross line. Stitch along 
 the pricked part and along the cross lines, the 
 stitches on the latter being twice as coarse as the 
 straight lines. 
 
 There should now be two openings, one at the end 
 and the other beyond the next stitched part ; that 
 at the end is for the throat lash f (Fig. 71), and the 
 other for the head strap G. Having rubbed the 
 edges and finished, cut the head strap 1 ft. 10 in. 
 long and 1^ in. wide ; narrow the ends for the pas- 
 sage of the buckle, crease, black, and finish. Now 
 cut the throat lash 3 ft. 8 in. long and \\ in. wide ; 
 turn in 2 in. for the buckle at the best end and 
 narrow the point to enter the buckle at the other 
 end ; crease, black, finish, stitch on the buckle and 
 loop, and then finish the loop. 
 
 A rein is now cut 5 ft. long and 1^ in. wide for the 
 off side, and another 2 ft. 4 in. long for the near side. 
 Turn down the chape for the buckle in the weakest 
 end of the short rein, and 3 in. at the best end of 
 each to fasten to the ring at the bit ; then edge 
 crease, finish, and stitch in the buckle and loop, also 
 making a running loop on the short rein. Now mark 
 four rows of stitching on the double part about to 
 be stitched to the rings ; stitch the shortest part of 
 the rein with the buckle to the ring hanging by a 
 link from the cheek ring on the right hand when 
 looking at the front of the bridle, then stitch the 
 long rein to the ring on the other side. Make three 
 punch holes on each side of the head strap, equi- 
 distant from the point and from each other, and 
 then six holes in the throat lash, three in the slits 
 of each winker strap, and nine in the long rein. 
 
 The bridle being ready for adjusting, place the 
 
74 Harness Making. 
 
 head strap up to its centre in the opening next to 
 the slit in the winker strap ; then fasten each end 
 of the head strap to the cheek buckles through the 
 second holes. Now place the throat lash in the 
 opening in the ear-piece on the off side, running it 
 through the outer opening in the winker strap, 
 down the opening in the other ear-piece, and then 
 through the buckle at the other end. 
 
 Buckle the winker strap slits to the winker 
 buckles, pass them through the loop, and buckle the 
 rein in the sixth hole ; this completes the bridle. It 
 it is to be polished, coated with jet, or ornamented, 
 this must be done before putting the parts together. 
 
 Cut out all parts according to the dimensions 
 given before beginning to stitch ; this is more work- 
 manlike than cutting the parts as the work pro- 
 ceeds. 
 
75 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 CARTCOLLARS. 
 
 In making a cart collar (see Fig. 95) the first part 
 to take in hand is the f orewale a ; the material for 
 this must always be cut 8 in. longer than double the 
 length of the collar when finished, to allow for 
 shrinkage. Supposing the collar is to be 20 in., the 
 leather must be cut 48 in. long. The leather can be 
 cut from the bellies of gear hides, which come in 
 handy when proper hide is not available. Cut it 
 7^ in. wide and make the length to meet require- 
 ments, and then damp it thoroughly. Stretch it on 
 
 ' Fig-. 95. — Cart Collar without Side-piece. 
 
 a flat board by holding one edge with the hand and 
 pulling the other edge with the pincers. Fold it 
 over 2| in. all along ; adjust the compass by rule 
 to 2| in., and mark from the turned side, so that 
 there will be | in. of leather outside the mark on 
 which to stitch the lining. On the opposite side 
 there will be about 2 in. to draw in the body b and 
 stitch the side-pieces. Tack along the mark here 
 and there to keep it in its place. 
 
 Make a ten-strand thread, waxing it before and 
 after twisting. This thread must be long enough to 
 
76 Harness Making. 
 
 stitch all the length, and at least twice as long as 
 ordinary thread. Use strong needles, making about 
 three stitches to the inch ; always leave the stitches 
 slack, merely drawing them home, especially for 
 about a foot on each side of the centre. Thus the 
 f orewale will bend easier in working round, and the 
 stitches will tighten enough in stuffing. If the 
 leather has an uneven grain, close here and open 
 there, a piece of calico slack may be put inside the 
 forewale a ; take care that both sides of it are 
 caught in stitching. This will help to keep it 
 straight even when being stuffed. 
 
 The forewale is now ready for stuffing. Having a 
 bundle of rye straw at hand, pull a few handfuls 
 across the knee until the straw is straight ; cut the 
 ears off, and then cut the handful of straw in half, 
 and again divide it with the collar knife until about 
 9 in. long. Place it neatly in a heap near the work- 
 ing-seat on the right-hand side, with the collar rod 
 and mallet lying close by ; there must also be a 
 thick, solid block of wood placed on the firm ground 
 in front of the worker's seat. 
 
 The collar- maker must now sit down and mark the 
 centre of the leather with a nick or stitch. The fore- 
 wale is now placed on the block, and the left foot 
 laid on it, about 2^ in. from the centre, the folded 
 part of the forewale being furthest. Put the other 
 end on the right knee, and, holding the collar rod 
 in the left hand point upwards with the head against 
 the knee, take about half a dozen cut straws, and 
 give them a half twist with both hands. Place the 
 centre of the wisp in the nick of the collar rod and 
 hold it firm with the right hand, the forewale being 
 handled with the left. Put the straw in the fore- 
 wale and press it down to where the foot is on the 
 block, 2^ in. from the centre ; beat the wisp well on 
 the block with the mallet, leather as well, and then 
 put another wisp in from the other end, taking care, 
 when putting in the wisps, that they do not catch 
 
Cart Collars. 
 
 77 
 
 those already inside and drive them back ; to avoid 
 this, beat well after each wisp has been put in, and 
 when the iron reaches them raise the point a little. 
 Continue to* work in this way, putting in wisps alter- 
 nately at each end until the forewale is as hard as 
 it can be made. When the straw seems firm enough 
 not to move, the wisps can be knocked in instead of 
 being pushed by hand. See that they go into the 
 centre of the straw. Push the straw and rod down 
 the centre as far as possible ; turn the forewale and 
 the rod with the point upwards, knocking the wisp 
 in firmly against the collar block in front. 
 
 Repeat the process from the other side, and so 
 on until all is as har'd as a piece of wood. To shape 
 and round the collar it must be continually turned 
 round the knee, turning one side to the right and the 
 other to the left hand. This operation is repeated 
 after every one or two wisps are put inside ; take 
 care that the forewale does not get straight. When 
 turned enough, three or four wisps may be put into 
 each side before changing ; but both sides must be 
 shaped alike. 
 
 When approaching the top, shape it inwards a 
 little in the same way as it was turned ; fill with 
 straw until the top is quite firm, and then place it 
 flat on the block, beating it well into shape with the 
 round mallet, and hol(^ing it down with both knees 
 at one end while shaping the other. Now damp it, 
 and turn it backwards a little at the top on both 
 sides ; stitch both points firmly together with waxed 
 twine and collar needle and hand iron, cutting a 
 little off when necessary to bring it to the. right 
 length. 
 
 To make a pipe collar, follow all the above direc- 
 tions and proceed as below. Obtain a piece of iron 
 9 in. long, \ in. in diameter, and having a sharp 
 point ; in the middle it must be shaped half-round, 
 with the points turning a little outwards and up- 
 wards. Put straw around it, tying it as tightly as 
 
yS Harness Making. 
 
 possible to within 2 in. from each point, and let the 
 straw at each end be of different lengths, a few 
 inches longer than the points of the iron, so that it 
 will splice well when stuffing is commenced. Add 
 straw, and tie again until the straw around the iron 
 is the right size, then place it in the centre of the 
 forewale, and stitch as tightly as possible, pulling 
 the stitches well ; make sure that it fills the forewale 
 well, but having passed this part, leave the stitches 
 slack. Now stitch from end to end, and stuff from 
 each end as in the other case, remembering to splice 
 them well where the iron ends ; the sharp point will 
 not be much of a hindrance. Finish as with the 
 other collar. 
 
 In making the body of the collar, cut the lining 
 to Fig. 96, and in any required size ; 14 in. is about 
 the average at the draught when the strain of pull- 
 ing is on the collar. Cut a leather throat-piece 
 about 2 in. wide at the base, and widening out to 
 3^ in. in a sweep to the top. Stitch the narrowest 
 end of the lining, which is about 4^ in. deep, to the 
 sweep of the throat-piece, turning in a little of the 
 linen or woollen check to make the part under the 
 stitches strong. 
 
 The narrowest part of the centre of the throat- 
 piece must now be tacked to the exact centre of the 
 collar by the stitches, putting the edge even with 
 the rim of leather running inside from the stitches. 
 
 Add another tack without pulling at the lining, 
 but leaving it rather slack from the centre, just at 
 the part where the forewale begins to run straight 
 upwards. Another tack is now placed within 5 in. 
 from the top on both sides, and the lining pulled 
 tightly to there from the bottom, the edges being 
 turned in all round. 
 
 Basil is employed for part of the lining in some 
 localities ; about 6 in. is measured from the top of 
 the collar. A pattern of the lining must be cut out 
 of brown paper, and then the basil can easily be 
 
Cart Collars. 79 
 
 made to fit the shape of the linen lining ; the basil 
 must be whipped in with white linen thread and 
 the linen turned in a little under the stitch, being 
 rubbed flat afterwards. The lining being ready, 
 make a four-cord thread of black-wax, cut it in two, 
 and thread a harness needle with half. Having a 
 suitable awl, whip the lining in all round through 
 the leather rim above the stitches inside the fore- 
 wale ; the stitches of course must be inside, and 
 should be well rubbed. Everything is now ready 
 for making the body. Wax some strong twine or 
 make a long beeswax thread, with four or five 
 strands, 3^ yds. long, and have another about 1| yd. 
 long with six or seven strands. 
 
 Now a strong old strap, 1 ft. long, with a buckle 
 is wanted ; this is called the throat strap. The hand- 
 iron, a medium-sized collar needle, seat-awl. 
 
 Fig-. 96.— Cart Collar Lining 
 
 scissors, and collar knife being placed near at hand, 
 gee a bundle of rye or wheat straw, preferably rye, 
 and place it straight together by the side of the 
 stool, with a sheet of drummed flock or basket of 
 carded flock all within reach. As during work the 
 legs are placed inside the collar, making it awk- 
 ward for the operator to move, it is well to have 
 handy a flat-headed mallet besides the collar maliet. 
 Thread the collar needle with the shortest thread 
 and hang it close by, and having pulled a big hand- 
 ful of straw from the bundle, sit down and put the 
 right leg through the collar lining, the throat being 
 placed upwards. 
 Place the middle of the handful of straw exactly 
 
8o Harness Making. 
 
 in the centre of the throat-piece, between it and the 
 forewale ; then take the needle and thread it, the 
 handiron being in the right hand. Make a stitch 
 from the centre of the throat over the straw to the 
 big margin of leather on the other side ; make an- 
 other stitch at the same place to keep the throat in 
 the centre, and more stitches, about 1^ in. apart, for 
 about 6 in. up one side from the middle towards the 
 left. Fasten the thread and cut it, turn the collar 
 with the other side facing you, and stitch it again 
 on this side exactly like the first, taking great care 
 to make both sides similar in shape and size. 
 
 Take the stuffing-stick and fix a wisp of straw on 
 the point, beating it along to the centre of the straw 
 and a little beyond the centre of the throat. Place a 
 similar one on the opposite side, and so continue 
 until the bottom part is firm and hard. Now lay it on 
 the block, with the lining on the top, and pull the 
 lining outwards as much as possible. Hold it by 
 the knees, one on each side, and beat the throat out- 
 wards as far as possible with the round collar mallet. 
 Put the throat strap round it and the forewale, pull- 
 ing it as tightly as possible to keep it in position 
 while making the other part. Now take a wisp of 
 straw, large enough to fill the body of the collar 
 pretty well, cut it square at one end, so as to get 
 almost the full bulk at the section, and see that it is 
 long enough to go the full length of the collar body. 
 
 Wrap a piece of hemp five or six times round the 
 part just cut, making it firm for about 6 in. along, 
 and somewhat pointed. Run the long thread 
 through the needle, and put both knees through the 
 collar with the lining towards you. Open the lining 
 flat as it lies on the knee and raise the straw issuing 
 from the throat so as not to be in the way ; then 
 cut a piece of drummed flock to the same size a^ the 
 lining, to come within an inch or so of the edge. 
 Take care to place it level in all parts, reaching well 
 down towards the throat and forewale. Cut another 
 
Cart Collars. 3i 
 
 handful of straw and put it over the flock opposite 
 the draught and as near as possible to the forewale. 
 
 Open the straw running from the throat in the 
 centre, and put the long tied wisp inside, ramming 
 it as near as possible to the throat ; pull the lining 
 over the straw from the top to the bottom, and then 
 pass the seat-awl through the lining and leather to 
 fasten the top. Turn the collar the other way 
 about, put both legs in again, and begin to draw in 
 the lining where the bottom stitching left off. 
 
 Now lace it from bottom to top, running the 
 needle from lining to leather and leather to lining 
 till finished. Draw the stitches as tightly as pos- 
 sible, pulling each to tighten the other, as in lacing 
 a boot. So far, the collar is neither hard enough 
 nor shapely enough ; the straw must therefore be 
 beaten down between the lacing. To do this, the 
 mallet must be grasped round the handle close to 
 the head, and the straw struck as hard as possible 
 with the handle. 
 
 Having improved the shape of the collar, begin to 
 tighten the lacing again from end to end, keeping 
 the desired shape constantly in mind. If the collar 
 is not firm enough, begin work at the bottom, ram- 
 ming down some wisps towards the throat from be- 
 tween the stitches, and continue this until the 
 draught is reached, shaping as well as stuffing. 
 It may be hardened, from the draught up to the top, 
 by driving some wisps from the extreme top, and 
 shaped by tightening or slackening the lacing, as 
 the work demands. 
 
 Great attention must be given to shaping, for a 
 well-shaped body is very important from the point 
 of view of both utility and appearance ; it should 
 be graceful and rounded at the bottom and some- 
 what flat at the draught, gradually growing narrow 
 towards the top. At the extreme tip, however, the 
 collar should be rather full, with extra flock to ease 
 the neck. Work in the same manner with the other 
 
82 Harness Making. 
 
 side, using as nearly as possible the same amount of 
 flock and straw ; take care to obtain the same shape 
 and size. 
 
 If any lumps can be felt in the flock, loosen and 
 level it with the seat-awl by stuffing it off or on as 
 required ; beat it slightly all round to give it a 
 smooth appearance. Cut the straw at the top, turn- 
 ing the lining down out of the way ; beginning close 
 to the forewale, cut it slanting upwards a little 
 towards the back. Make two or three long stitches 
 in each side through the lining on both sides and 
 the straw to pull the linings together. Then stitch 
 together the two sides, drawing the lining over the 
 outer side ; run the stitches through from side to 
 side and cut the spare lining at the top ; this com- 
 pletes the work. Trim the points of the forewale 
 previously stitched, and cut them into a neat point, 
 which should be neither long nor sharp. 
 
 Having cut a piece of soft leather, form it into a 
 cap reaching low enough to cover the stitches that 
 join the point' on each side ; stitch the front with a 
 welt between the edges long enough to reach the 
 back under the forewale, so that a stitch can be 
 put through it there when stitching the cap. This 
 last must be long enough to come over the point of 
 the body behind ; damp the cap and put it in its 
 place. Take a lace and the collar needle, draw it 
 down tightly into the hollow between the body and 
 the forewale, then stitch through it, burying the 
 welt underneath to fasten the cap in front by a 
 stitch. 
 
 The other part must be stitched with a lace ail 
 round over the top of the body ; make the point of 
 the forewale very prominent to hold the hame strap. 
 Two l^-in. straps, 18 in. long, must now be cut ; 
 race the edges and blacken them, point them for the 
 buckle, and punch four holes in each, and another 
 hole in each corner at the opposite end and one in 
 the centre 2^ in. from the end. The four holes in 
 
Cart Collars. 83 
 
 the forepart are to fasten the buckles to the crupper 
 or cart-saddle and the others to stitch to the collar. 
 Place one on each side of the collar down to the 
 forewale 5 in. from the top. Fasten them with lace 
 by stitching through the hollow between the fore- 
 wale and collar body, putting two stitches through 
 and through to the other side ; then send the collar 
 needle in the direction of the other hole in the 
 centre of the strap, and make one stitch from each 
 side of the strap through this hole ; fasten the lace 
 well and cut it. 
 
 Pieces of leather of the shape shown by Fig. 97 
 are now required to cover the side of the body. The 
 pattern can be cut out of brown paper according to 
 the made body and kept for other work. Cut the 
 
 Cart Collar Side-piece. 
 
 paper close to the rim all round to cover the body 
 full in all parts outside, but a little wider and 
 pointed at the top to keep rain-water- off and give 
 a good appearance. Cut one side only at a time, 
 and, as the two sides join in the centre at the top 
 and bottom, cut the top slanting downwards 
 towards the forewale to the same shape as the body, 
 and line the top for about 1 f fc. downwards on each 
 side with firm leather ; shave it on the inner side 
 and bottom. 
 
 The pieces need not be so wide as the side-piece ; 
 half its width or a little more will do. Make three 
 rows of stitching, and join them together at the 
 lower part along the lined part ; the distance be- 
 tween the rows should be about 1 in., with nine 
 
84 1:1 A R NESS Making. 
 
 stitches per inch. Rub the side-pieces and blacken 
 them ; crease two rows with a screw-crease all 
 round the outer side not stitched. When cutting, 
 take care to have the best part under draught. 
 Join the two sides together at the top with stitch 
 after stitch from one to the other, thus drawing 
 them close end to end. 
 
 Crease and prick a l|-in. piece of leather, cutting 
 it to the same length as the joint, and thinning it 
 towards the collar end ; the other, outer end must 
 be shaped to the point of the joint. Now tack the 
 piece and stitch, keeping it quite over the centre of 
 the joint, and making the stitches exactly at the 
 same distance on both sides ; it is well to put a bit 
 of thin lining underneath the stitches. Damp the 
 side-pieces well in water, and have a long lace ready 
 to run the side-piece in ; damp and grease it, and 
 have it long enough to go all round the collar if 
 possible, with sufficient to spare for fastening. 
 
 Take out the side-pieces, beat the water from the 
 leather, and fasten the pieces to the centre on top 
 with a big strong awl or seat-awl. Pull them to- 
 gether as tightly as possible from top to bottom ; 
 let them overlap about 3 in. at the bottom, shave 
 the leather down a little here, and fix the pieces in 
 place with the awl. Then see that they are in the 
 right position, not too near nor too far from the 
 f orewale ; put an awl on each side near the draught 
 to keep them in position there. 
 
 Begin lacing them in at the throat-piece, making 
 the stitches 2 in. or 2| in. apart, at about the same 
 distance from the edge all round ; be sure to catch 
 the lining underneath with each stitch. Then take 
 another long lace and pull it in at the throat ; draw 
 it close to the forewale all round till the point of 
 commencement is reached, running a stitch over the 
 edge of the side-piece, and catching the leather 
 everywhere by the forewale ; the stitches should be 
 about \\ in. apart. 
 
Cart Collars. 85 
 
 Some harness makers run a piece of leather about 
 13 in. under the draught, fasten it with a few 
 stitches to the collar body in the lower part, and 
 spot with lace to the side-piece all round the top 
 part ; coarse flock, or anything which will keep the 
 chains from the horse's shoulder when pulling, 
 being employed for stuffing ; but this will not be 
 necessary if the body of the collar is well made. 
 Others make the side-piece without lining, using 
 instead a round piece of leather with canes round 
 the rim, covering them with leather stitched on 
 both sides to protect the shoulders and collar from 
 wet. They are stitched with lace to the collar. 
 
 Experience, however, has demonstrated that 
 neither the horse nor the collar is any the worse 
 without such a device. In other localities the hous- 
 ing and side-piece are cut in one piece — a poor 
 imitation of a Scotch collar — and stiffened all round 
 with cane ; this involves a great waste of leather^ 
 and is unnecessary. 
 
86 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 CAET SADDLES, REINS, ETC. 
 
 The saddle is another important part of cart har- ' 
 ness. To make a saddle for a horse about 15^ hands 
 high will need a tree (Fig. 98) measuring 14 in. 
 across the board right through the centre. It may 
 have an iron plate for the back chain covering 
 entirely the top of the tree, or only partially cover- 
 ing it, but with plates at the point and one in the 
 centre of the groove. The plate can be removed 
 from the first kind of tree when making the saddle, 
 but the partial plates are permanently riveted with 
 an iron pin. If the board across the tree is very 
 long it may be sawn off at each end, but never at 
 one end only. Saw off the same length at each 
 end ; a 1-ft. board is always long enough. 
 
 The tree can be obtained also in the pattern re- 
 quired for nailing housings (leather covers) on the 
 bridge of the tree at the top, or with a projection 
 running along both sides lower down for nailing. If 
 the housings are nailed at the side, the width need 
 not be so great as when nailed on the top ; the part 
 of the tree above must be covered with thin 
 leather, nailed under the housing at the lower edge, 
 damped and rubbed down close to the tree and 
 nailed at the very top. 
 
 The panel (Fig. 99) can be made when the tree is 
 ready. From the middle of each side cut the panel- 
 back about i in. longer than the boards and 2 in. 
 wider than the central width of the board. Leave 
 the space between the middle lines of stitches about 
 2 in. wider in front than at the back to prevent the 
 shoulder-bone of the horse being caught when carry- 
 ing a weight. Cut both sides alike, reversing the 
 pattern to pair them. Then whip them together 
 
Cart Saddles, Reins, etc. 87 
 
 along the centre and shorten the panel-back in front 
 by cutting from the point, slanting inwards and 
 upwards in the fore part. 
 
 When the sides are joined, rub the stitches flat 
 and put pieces of leather, about 3 in. square, at 
 each end at the positions of the boards when the 
 panel is in position ; mark the back of the panel on 
 the spot to which the boards reach and then adjust 
 the pieces of leather, stitching them across, the 
 marks being nailed as nearly as possible in the 
 centre of the board. These pieces are for nailing 
 the panel in place when completed. 
 
 The panel must now be laid flat on the flannel 
 check or linen lining, which is cut about \ in. larger 
 than the l>ack. As the panel is wider in front, the 
 lining m'lst be slit in the centre of the front as far 
 
 Fig-. 98.— Cart Saddle Tree. 
 
 as the point where the panel begins to widen ; then 
 cut a piece of the same material of the necessary 
 width in front and narrowing towards the back. 
 Whip this piece to the lining, turning down the 
 edges of both while stitching. The extra \ in. 
 beyond the size of the back is now turned in, and a 
 coarse stitch run all round. 
 
 The leather basil facing for the panel is now cut 
 about 2| in. wide, then whipped in all round the 
 lining, being joined and stitched in the centre of 
 each side. Rub the stitches flat, and cut the lining 
 down round the back to about 2 in. wide, from the 
 centre on each side. Then, when stuffed, the panel 
 will be somewhat thicker in the front than at the 
 back, and will not sink down and press on the 
 shoulder-bones under a load. Now cut about l\ in. 
 
88 Harness Making. 
 
 from the front part of the facing opposite the widen- 
 ing piece stitched to the lining ; cut it about 4^ in. 
 long, gradually slanting it out towards the ends, 
 and cut about 2 in. at the back in a similar style. 
 Tack the facing round the back, centre to centre, 
 and both inside out ; run it with coarse stitches, 
 about three to the inch, keeping the edges together ; 
 it can be either spotted or stitched double. Now 
 well damp the back of the panel and the basil fac- 
 ing with sponge and water. 
 
 With scissors cut an opening in the lining exactly 
 in the centre of the panel and just large enough to 
 allow it to be turned inside out ; the cut must run 
 along the panel, not across. This opening can be 
 utilised for stuffmg, but if it is necessary to make 
 the cut longer than is required for this, let the open- 
 ing be made a little shorter at each end so that the 
 slit will be in the centre of the length. Put a line 
 on each side of the stitches in the joining of the 
 back, about 1^ in. on each side at the back, and then 
 gradually widen from halfway to the front until it 
 is about 2^ in. on each side of the stitches. Tack the 
 lining underneath, making it tight and flat between 
 the two lines and keep the slit in the centre, so as 
 to have the lining distributed equally on both sides 
 of the centre of the joining in the back. 
 
 Now take a wisp of straw, about 9 in. long, and 
 wrap it round with hemp, making it firm and slightly 
 thicker than a finger ; tie the centre of the wisp 
 for about 5 in. and place its centre against that of 
 the panel in the gullet at the front, and draw the 
 facing tight for the distance between the two lines 
 just made. Stitch it from above tightly round the 
 wisp with a spot stitch to keep the gullet open and 
 from the shoulder. 
 
 The lining must now be spot-stitched on the back 
 along the two lines which have been marked, the 
 needle being passed up and down through both. 
 Leave an opening of the same length as the slit, an4 
 
Cart Saddles, Reins, etc. 89 
 
 carry the thread on the leather side from end to end 
 of the slii so that the panel can be stuffed through. 
 
 To stuff the panel, place it on the bench in front, 
 with the lining uppermost. Drive a stout clout nail 
 with a head into each corner, and one into each end 
 of the stitches in the side opposite the outer corners, 
 the other side of the panel being allowed to hang 
 over the bench, and the slit in the lining running 
 along the edge of the bench. Having a heap of 
 straw cut to the same length as the panel close by, 
 and grasping the stuffing stick in the right hand, lay 
 a wisp across the front and push it to its position 
 with the stick. Lay another across the back, and 
 w^ork it through the hole with the fingers ; then use 
 the stick to drive it against the facing inside. 
 
 Fig. 99.— Carfc Saddle Panel. 
 
 A third wisp must now be placed in the side 
 farthest from the operator, and w^orked into place 
 with the right hand and stick, the left hand being 
 employed to keep the straw in position. Wisp after 
 wisp can now be added along the front until the 
 side is filled, but no more straw is put in the ends 
 after the first wisp. 
 
 Beat the panel level and flat with the collar 
 mallet, and run a piece of leather of the same width 
 as the opening and about 9 in. long inside the slit 
 for about half the length between the straw and the 
 lining ; this will clear the opening for the flock. 
 Have a hamper full of carded flock, and put a thick, 
 even layer over the str^w, and press it dowri with a 
 
90 Harness Making. 
 
 stick or seat iron to the edges and corners, making 
 it as smooth as possible ; then beat it again with the 
 mallet, and use a seat awl to level the surface, feel- 
 ing for lumps with the left hand. Work in the same 
 way on the other side to complete the panel. 
 
 A dock to fasten the crupper to the saddle is 
 placed across from board to board at the back. Two 
 l|-in. tinned rings are needed, and the leather must 
 be cut l\ in. wide, and doubled to reach on each 
 side as far as half the width of the board. It is 
 better to make the dock in four thicknesses, running 
 double through the rmgs. Insert these, one at each 
 end, and drive a clout nail through each extremity 
 and clinch it on a piece of iron ; put one or two nails 
 in the centre, the points being shaved to make a 
 good joint in the leather. Spot it with white lace, 
 or stitch it coarse with strong thread, a row on each 
 side. Trim the edges, and black and rub it with 
 tallow. 
 
 Take two fine-pointed staples, and, with the dock 
 in its place, mark the position with the points of 
 the staples. Make holes for these with a gimlet 
 half-way between the tree and the end of the board. 
 Run the staples through the ring and knock them 
 down in the holes until about f in. shows on the 
 other side ; turn the points and knock them against 
 the iron level with the board, turning in the tips 
 a little to enter the board. The dock must be slack, 
 with at least the same sweep from board to board 
 as there is in the tree. Some harness makers nail 
 to the centre of the tree a 2-in. strap, about 10 m. 
 long, for fastening the crupper. This device can be 
 adopted instead of the dock, and a buckle put on the 
 crupper ; with a dock the crupper goes round it. 
 
 The flaps to protect the horse's side from the 
 back trace reach from end to end of the boards on 
 each side of the saddle. Cut them 9 in. deep more 
 or less, according to needs, making them \ in. longer 
 at each end at the top than the boards. Swell them 
 
Cart Saddles, Reins, etc. 91 
 
 out at the sides from the top and round the corners 
 at the bottom, and cut a fancy point in the centre 
 of the lower side. 
 
 Now hold them against the board with the same 
 length exactly over each end, and mark the width 
 of the tree on both sides on the flaps. At the marks 
 cut a slit about | in. deep towards the near edge, 
 and turn the leather inwards between the cuts in 
 the centre. Knock it down between the slits, and 
 cut a hole to admit the l|-in. girth or strap at about 
 the middle of the flap on each side just opposite the 
 junction of the boards and the tree ; as there will be 
 two girths, a strap will run from each end of the 
 board. Edge the flaps and holes all round on both 
 sides, and make two or three rows round them with 
 the race compass ; finish them with a hot iron after 
 having blacked the edges. Reverse the cuts in cut- 
 ting the flap to catch at the top on the boards, as 
 these may not be the same length, back and front, 
 over the trees, and there may be a difference in the 
 positions of the holes for the girth. 
 
 The girths and straps must be made from good 
 leather, the fore girth being 4 ft. 10 in. and the hind 
 5 ft. 2 in. long, an allowance of 2 in. being made to 
 turn down for the chape. The fore strap must be 
 1 ft. 6 in. long and the hind 1 ft. 8 in. ; the width of 
 girth and straps is 1^ in. to If in. Edge the girths 
 along both sides, and turn down the chapes and 
 shape the points of the straps. Leave the best end 
 of each girth and strap for nailing to the tree ; put 
 two rows along the edge with a race compass and 
 bevel with a hot iron. Stitch the buckles and make 
 the loops, adding two running loops ; finish the 
 loops with a loop-stick, and then crease them. 
 Black the edges before using a hot beveller and cut 
 four or five holes in the straps. 
 
 Now take the flaps and place the slit in the centre 
 opposite the tree, and turn down the part below, 
 thus having about an inch of leather on the board 
 
92 Harness Making. 
 
 under the slit. Drive a saddler's tack in each end 
 of the board ; do this gently to avoid splitting. Put 
 the shorter strap in front and the longer behind into 
 the flap hole from above so as to bring the square 
 end out at the top between the flap and the board. 
 Adjust both in the same manner, and put four or 
 five nails along the edge of the flap and board, 
 taking care to drive two of them through the straps 
 and flap ; finally put another nail in the centre of 
 the strap above the edge of the flap. Add the girths 
 on the other side in the same way, and see that the 
 straps are on the near side and the girths on the 
 off, and that the longer of each set is behind. 
 
 It is not difficult to determine w^hich is the front 
 of the tree because in this part the boards rise a 
 little and converge towards each other. Sometimes, 
 instead of cutting a hole, a leather loop is stitched 
 on the flap with an opening wide enough to admit 
 straps and girths. 
 
 The girths, flaps, and dock are now put in posi- 
 tion. Then place the front of the panel against that 
 of the tree, and press it in the centre just against 
 the top of the tree. Having the pieces to be nailed 
 on the centre of the board stitched to the panel, 
 fasten them to this part with four or five small 
 tacks, making sure that the panel lies close. Deal 
 with the hind part of the panel in the same manner. 
 Some harness makers always run a piece of lace 
 from the centre of the panel to the centre of the 
 tree in front, where it is nailed close to the tree. 
 
 The next operation is to cut the housings (Figs 
 100 and 101) or cover for the saddle top ; the width 
 must be 5 in. to 7 in., and the length sufficient to 
 reach from end to end over the tree by the side of 
 the groove on each side. The length can be mea- 
 sured with string. Do not cut the ends square to 
 the measurement, but bulge and round them so that 
 they are 3 in. more along the centre. Narrow the 
 front housing (Fig. 101) slightly for about 10 in. in 
 
Cart Saddles, Heins, etc. 93 
 
 the centre so that it will rise there, and cut the part 
 to be nailed at the back as before, namely about 
 6 in. wide on each side from the centre, narrowing to 
 a sharp point at the lower end. The back housing 
 (Fig. 100) being straight on the outside, begin to 
 cut on the side about to be nailed from the corners 
 upwards, narrowing an inch from the corner until 
 it comes to a point in the middle. This improves 
 the appearance and lifts the front from the shoulder, 
 the back being thus made to match the entire piece. 
 Make three rows around the edges with a race com- 
 pass and run the lines deep with a beveller. 
 
 A brass oval or octagon may be placed on each 
 corner of the housings at equal distances from the 
 edge and end. Put these pieces in position and nail 
 them to the tree through the centre ; then tighten 
 
 Fig-. 100.— Cart Saddle Hind Housing-. 
 
 them at each end with the seat awl or other strong 
 awl, pulling down hard from the centre and driving 
 in a nail on each side while tightening. Drive nails 
 all along about 2 in. apart, being careful to make 
 the edge of the housing quite flush with the edge of 
 the tree so as to obtain the -proper shape. The nails 
 can then be covered Mdth brass beading J in. wide, 
 or a welt of the same w^idth may be nailed down 
 with brass or japanned head nails. Seven or eight 
 stitches, nine per inch, must now be put in the 
 lower part of the housing at the four ends through 
 the flap, and will thus bind all neatly and firmly. 
 
 For the cart-saddle crupper, the body must be 
 cut 2 ft. 6 in. or 2 ft. 8 in. long and 3^ in. to 4 in. 
 wide ; cut a semicircle in the centre from the weak 
 end, a point about | in. wide being left at each side 
 
94 Harness Making. 
 
 of the semicircle, and then cut an 8 -in. piece to line 
 with this end. Next cut a piece of leather | in. wide 
 and 8^ in. long, shaving the ends thin. Stitch it 
 with the edges together so as to make it round to 
 within 1^ in. from each end. A cord or bit of leather 
 may be placed in the centre to reinforce this ; then 
 rub it round and blacken it, and flatten both ends 
 out with a hammer ; this is for hanging the saddle 
 on a peg. 
 
 The body that was cut first must now be pointed 
 at the square end, the width being reduced to about 
 2 in., the same cut being made on each side. Race 
 it along the sides and ends, then edge, black, and 
 run a hot iron over the creases. Now prick it, 
 about nine per inch, as far as the termination of the 
 lining from the semicircle. 
 
 The ends of the round piece lately made are 
 brought together and put under the points, one on 
 each side ; place the lining under them, and stitch it 
 all round and across the points from side to side 
 with a three-cord black wax thread, and trim, black, 
 and rub the edges. Cut the lay 1 in. narrower than 
 the body and 3 ft. long ; turn it in 10 in. at the strong 
 end and beat it flat. Turn it down 2 in. at the other 
 end, and cut it slanting down to 1^ in. wide for a 
 buckle of the same width ; cut a hole for the buckle 
 and run a line across the broad end 2 in. from the 
 point, another in the same direction \ in. from the 
 end of the bend underneath, and a third 2^ in. from 
 this part towards the buckle. Edge only the top, 
 just reaching over the end of the broad bend ; then 
 make two lines of creasing and run a hot iron over 
 them. 
 
 Inner lines are made about \ in. from the inner- 
 most line, from the first cross line to the second, and 
 from the third to the buckle. Two spaces are left 
 for openings for the hip straps, one in the bend and 
 the other in the middle ; black and prick the parts 
 to be stitched, four lines between the two openings 
 
Cart Saddles, Reins, etc. 95 
 
 and four lines from the other side of the second 
 opening in the direction of the buckle. Fix the 
 buckle in place and laj^ it fiat in the centre of the 
 body, the extremity of the broad end of the lay 
 reaching the edge of the semicircle ; tack it down 
 and stitch, keeping it well in position while working. 
 Stitch coarse or spot along the three marked lines 
 near the openings. The body is now finished. 
 
 A pad or panel is next needed. Cut some thick 
 f git to the same width as the body, and long enough 
 to reach from the point of the semicircle to 2 in. 
 beyond the cross line near the buckle ; cover it with 
 basil, and coarse-stitch it with a pointed needle 
 along the centre. Turn the ends neatly over the felt 
 and fasten ; then with stitches put it in place next 
 the crupper body. Tack down each end, and run 
 
 Fig. 101.— Cart Saddle Front Housing. 
 
 four or five stitches here and there through the body 
 and panel ; make sure that the work is well secured 
 at each corner. Cut a hole through the body 
 exactly opposite the buckle 1^ in. wide and broad 
 enough to pass the strap ; this is made 9 in. long, 
 pointing one end and shaving the other. Crease 
 and black it, and stitch the shaved end against the 
 narrowed end of the body. When finished and 
 punched, this will go round the dock in the saddle 
 and fasten to the buckle on the lay, running down 
 through the hole made in the body. 
 
 Sometimes, instead of the opening in the bend, an 
 iron dee is employed for the crupper, and the hip 
 straps are fastened thereto, a strap about 20 in. 
 long being used on each side of the dee. This is a 
 matter of taste, but care must be taken that the 
 measurement from the second cross line to the ex- 
 
^6 Harness Making. 
 
 treme end of the dee, when the lay is turned down, 
 equals what it would be to the extreme end of the 
 bend. 
 
 To make the breeching, cut the body, if possible, 
 7 ft. 4 in. long and about 4 in. wide. Turn it down 
 to 4 ft. 10 in. long, the strong end less than the 
 weak ; edge and black, and crease two rows along 
 the edges. Shave the ends, and mark a cross line 
 about l\ in. from the centre of the bend on both 
 sides and at each end of the body. 
 
 Now cut some pieces 1 ft. long for lining between 
 the two marks in the bend and shave their ends ; 
 bend them flesh outwards, leaving one end about 
 1 in. shorter than the other ; otherwise it will be 
 bulky when inside the breeching. Put it inside the 
 bend after pricking the second row along the part 
 having the leather doubled, and across the bend 
 from one cross line to the other. When this lining 
 has been tacked in the bend, stitch from row to 
 row ; this is the eye for the bridgeband pin used for 
 fastening the chain. Trim the edges of the bend, 
 blacken, and rub them with tallow and a bone ; 
 then tack down the double part as far as it goes. 
 If, after being lined, the bend is rather hard, beat 
 it with a wooden mallet and stitch the double part 
 along both the ends and sides ; then trim, black, 
 and rub the edges. 
 
 The body is now ready for the lay, which must be 
 of the same length and 1 in. narrower ; edge, crease, 
 and black it all along, and make another line with 
 the compass \ in. from the inner line of the crease. 
 Prick the two innermost lines nine to the inch, and 
 turn down the lay at both ends to the same extent 
 as the body. Shave the ends and tack the lay in the 
 centre of the body, the light end of the lay being 
 placed against the heavy end of the body and in- 
 versely ; pull it down close over the ends of the 
 body and tack it in place. 
 
 Stitch all along the pricked part from end to end 
 
Cart Saddles, Reins, etc. 97 
 
 to the cross lines, and spot or stitch cross lines, 
 making the stitching bulge inwards at the middle to 
 the extent of about 1 in. Make a hole with a large 
 punch exactly in the centre where the stitches bulge 
 inwards, and then, holding the round knife firmly in 
 the hand, cut out straight at each side to remove 
 a piece that allows the chain to enter and catch the 
 pin. Cut another hole in the centre 1 ft. 4 in. from 
 the ends by punching a hole 1^ in. farther on ; then 
 remove the part between the holes by two cuts, 
 allowing space for the l^-in. tug to go through. 
 
 Prepare the two bridgeband pins and four 1^-in. 
 buckles to match those on the saddle and crupper. 
 The pins have a dee at one end, and at the other a 
 screw-thread with nut and washer to fix it in place. 
 Two hind tugs 1 ft. 8 in. long must be cut from the 
 leather, 6 in. being turned down at each end to meet 
 the point ; make a buckle hole in the weak end of 
 each, and black, crease, and rub them. Prick the 
 tugs from where the chapes leave the bridgeband to 
 the loop or to the part which will have the loop. 
 Place the strong end in the hole in the centre of the 
 bridgeband from underneath, so that the joint will 
 be in the front under the loop, and put a buckle on 
 the other end. Make a loop about 2^ in. long and 
 sufficiently wide to go round the two thicknesses of 
 the strap. Make two rows of creasing, one at each 
 end, and stitch the sides loosely together ; then put 
 the loop on the tug and stitch the end of the tug. 
 Pull the loop over the joint and keep this and the 
 stitches out of sight in the centre of the strap. 
 
 A safe must now be cut sufficiently long to run 
 from the body of the bridgeband to an inch beyond 
 the end of the buckle at the top and \ in. wider on 
 each side of the tug. Narrow the bottom to the 
 width of the tug and shave it ; round the other end, 
 putting a loop on its extreme point in the centre, 
 both the ends meeting. Stitch it for about 1^ in. 
 along both sides through the safe ; put the l|-in. 
 G 
 
98 Harness Making. 
 
 loop-stick in it, and black, crease, and finish. In the 
 next place put the l|-in. iron loop-stick in the long 
 loop on the tug and beat it gently until it is quite 
 flat and square. Fasten it securely from under- 
 neath with about five nails on each side, clinching 
 them against the iron loop-stick inside. Crease this 
 again with a hot iron and put a fancy stamp with 
 the maker's name or a neat creasing in the centre. 
 Then put the safes in their places, fixing the loops 
 on their ends just against the buckle at the top, and 
 stitch the safe along the part pricked from the loop 
 to the body of the bridgeband. Make two or four 
 row^s and strong cross-stitch the tug at the bottom. 
 Now run a row of stitches across the top of the tug 
 through the safe between the buckle and the loop. 
 
 Make both the tugs alike, and to prepare the tugs 
 for the pins the loop is made as before, but it must 
 be shorter because the tug with the dee-pin should 
 have the same length from the body of the bridge- 
 band as the hind tugs. Join the ends and make the 
 safes similar, creasing the loops to a similar pat- 
 tern ; in fastening the safe to the tug, however, 
 stitch a row only across the bottom and top of the 
 tug, as it will be too short for more. Two loin straps 
 3 ft. 8 in. long by \\ in. wide must be cut to fasten 
 to the tugs and pass through openings in the crup- 
 per ; point at each end, crease double at each side, 
 edge, black, pass a hot iron along the creases, and 
 make six or seven holes in each end to complete 
 them. 
 
 The parts next to be made are a leading rein, a 
 1-in. strap with a billet and buckle at one end and 
 a chain with a spring hook, called a cheek, at the 
 other. Black and crease the rein, and then stitch 
 on the buckles, billet, and chain. 
 
 The billet is the piece of leather stitched under 
 or behind the buckle for fastening this particular 
 end to any object. Make the billet 1 ft. long. The 
 full length of the rein must be about 8 ft. 6 in. ; the 
 
Cart Saddles, Reins, etc. 99 
 
 chain by which it is fastened to the horse's mouth 
 is put through the near ring and secured with a 
 spring hook to the opposite ring. The billet end 
 is fastened to the crupper of the leader or the shaft 
 horse. This is very useful when horses take fright, 
 as the driver may then be able to catch the rein and 
 pull them in, though unable to reach their heads. 
 
 The l^-in. hame straps are simple straps with a 
 buckle and loop at one extremity, the other end 
 being pointed w^ith holes. Their length is about 
 1 ft. 8 in. ; they are employed to secure the hames 
 at the top. 
 
 Some harness-makers, for the purpose of orna- 
 ment, make, for cart horses, a breast-plate which 
 extends from the bottom of the hames and collar to 
 the fore girth of the saddle or to the belly-band of 
 a leader. It is made of leather, bound with red or 
 yellow leather or iVmerican cloth, and the sides are 
 scalloped, and have two or three face-pieces placed 
 opposite the swell in the scallop, these face-pieces 
 being a litle narrower than the leather. A narrow 
 strap runs from underneath through a hole, catch- 
 ing a loop at the top of the face-piece, and then 
 down through another hole, and so on to the next. 
 
 When the strap is run all along, fasten the end 
 at the bottom, the other extremity being secured by 
 the billet, and buckle to the haraes at the top. Ptun 
 a strap about 2 ft. long from the base of this scal- 
 loped part, and furnish it with a buckle. Put it on 
 the reverse way and bring the other end through the 
 buckle, fastening it thereto ; stitch the end to the 
 bottom of the scalloped part, the other end being 
 furnished with a loop through which the girth may 
 pass. The part underneath the face-pieces may, 
 before being bound, be covered with coloured 
 leather to give it a good appearance. 
 
 Now cut the cart belly-band 3 in. wide and 
 3 ft. 8 in. long ; narrow it down to 2 in. along a 
 length of 6 in. at both ends, and, without bending 
 
 L.ofC. 
 
too Harness Making. 
 
 the band, cut a buckle hole about 3 in. from the 
 point. Make two billets 2 ft. 2 in. long and 2 in. 
 wide, and edge, crease, and black everything. Two 
 loops must also be made about If in. wide. Prick 
 the billet, six per inch, for about 6 in. from the 
 shaved end, and adjust the buckle and billet, 
 making the latter lap over the buckle for 3 in. lower 
 down. Place the loop about 1 in. from the buckle, 
 tack all down, and stitch with a six-cord black wax 
 thread, twice waxed ; then make two or three 
 stitches in the centre of each end. Having opened 
 and creased the loops, make four holes in the 
 billets ; finally, give them a coat of Harris's liquid 
 or composition. 
 
lOI 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 FORE GEAR OR LEADER HARNESS. 
 
 The bridle and collar for a fore gear or leader 
 harness must be made in the way described in the 
 previous chapters, and will require no further ex- 
 planation here. 
 
 The back-band a (Fig. 102), long crupper f, and 
 belly-band d, still need description, however. Cut 
 the crupper from good leather 3 ft. 8 in. long and 
 5 in. wide, and make a split 9 in. long at the light 
 end and another, 7 in. long, at the tail end, leaving 
 the points of the slits in front of the full width, 
 merely cutting a little out of the corners. Narrow 
 the points at the tail end gradually to about 1^ in., 
 and cut a little from the sides of each slit. A piece 
 of leather must be cut to line a foot or so of the 
 tail end, and a piece of soft leather 16 in. by 3^ in. 
 for a dock. Damp the dock well and turn down both 
 edges in such a manner as to overlap deeply along 
 the centre, the ends having been previously shaved 
 thin. 
 
 Now bring both ends together, making both sides 
 meet flat, but not with the flat sides together ; then, 
 taking hold of the piece on the flat in the centre, 
 turn the lower edge inwards and upwards, still keep- 
 ing the points together with the other hand. Nail 
 each point to a board and keep all parts in shape 
 until dry, when the dock will be firm. Edge, crease, 
 and black the body, making two rows all round, 
 rubbing the edges well and hot-creasing the lines. 
 At the tail end prick the second line as far as the 
 double runs ; if the dock is dry, put it between the 
 lining and body at each end of the slit. Tack it 
 down around the lining, and stitch. 
 
I02 Harness Making. 
 
 A few egg-shaped stitches can be put inside the 
 outer stitches through the body and points of the 
 dock to keep the last in place ; trim the edges, and 
 black, rub, and tallow them, and do the same inside 
 the edges of the slits. 
 
 Cut two chapes to hold the buckles in front for 
 fastening the crupper to the collar straps ; bend the 
 chapes down about 4 in., shave one end and point 
 the other. Cut a hole for the buckle and prepare 
 the chapes for stitching ; then, having two loops 
 ready, about 1^ in. wide, tack them in their places, 
 keeping the outside of the buckle exactly level with 
 the end of each slit and the chapes right in the 
 centre. Stitch them down, put a cross stitch on 
 each side of the buckle, and shape and crease the 
 loops. Now cut the crupper lay 1 ft. 3 in. by 3 in., 
 and turn it down for about 1 ft. at the good end ; 
 shave the end of the short turn thin, and round the 
 other end ; then edge, crease, and black the lay. 
 
 Cut two hip straps h (Fig. 102) 2 ft. by \\ in., and 
 turn them down for 3 in. at the heavy end ; then 
 shave the turn down, point the buckle end, and 
 crease and black the straps. Attach them to a 
 3-in. japanned or tinned dee, one strap on each 
 side ; stitch four rows in the double of each, and 
 rub and finish the edge. Prepare two more straps 
 in the same manner, each 2 ft. 10 in. by 1^ in., and 
 stitch them in the middle round part of the dee 
 between the two other straps. These are the car- 
 rier straps L (Fig. 102) for the stretcher ; the hip 
 straps are for carrying the traces. 
 
 The straight part of the dee is now put in the 
 bend of the lay and placed on the centre of the 
 crupper body at the same distance from each side, 
 the extreme point of the dee being within 8 in. from 
 the points of the tail slits. Tack down and stitch 
 two rows \ in. apart all round, eight per inch, with 
 three-cord thread ; then stitch the lay coarse, or 
 Bpot it across just to the dee. Some makers put a 
 
Fore Gear or Leader Harness, 
 
 103 
 
 pad under the crupper as with the cart-saddle 
 crupper, running it from the end of the tail slit to 
 1 in. beyond the point of the lay. 
 
 Hip-strap tugs k, must be made to buckle to the 
 hip straps running from the dee, and for hooking 
 in the traces. Having a pair of l|-in. hip-strap 
 chains (Figs. 103 and 104), cut the tugs 10 in. by 
 1^ in. ; bend them so that the points meet in the 
 centre, and cut a hole for the buckle in one end. 
 Stitch the points together and put in two narrow 
 
 Fig'. 102. -Set of Leader Gear. 
 
 loops, one to be used to hide the joint, or have one 
 single broad loop for the same purpose. Place a 
 safe underneath the same as on the bridgeband 
 fore tugs, but stitch it instead of nailing. 
 
 In the next place make the tugs for the stretcher 
 carrier strap M (Fig. 102), and a strap 1^ in. by 
 1 ft. 2 in., and in the last bend a chape, and cut 
 a hole for the buckle. Stitch the buckle on with a 
 loop and make a running loop and a hole 1 in. from 
 tb^ point of the strap. 
 
I04 Harness Making. 
 
 When placing the carrier straps in position, fix 
 a loop on each end of the stretcher and nail the 
 ends of the latter, leaving space for the strap to 
 pass. Run the strap down through this loop, the 
 runner loop having previously been put on the 
 strap ; then pass it through the runner loop to the 
 buckle, where it is fastened. Secure the carrier 
 straps to the same buckle over the carrier straps, 
 bringing their points down into the loop. Keep the 
 runner loop down by the stretcher to tighten the 
 tug and to produce a neat finish. 
 
 The hip straps must now be buckled in the tug 
 buckles, the hook fastened to chain traces, and the 
 collar straps buckled in the fore-slit buckles. 
 Whether the dock is put under the tail is optional, 
 because the hip straps, when fastened in the dee, 
 suffice to keep the crupper in place. 
 
 The back-band a, to carry the traces, is the next 
 part of the harness to be made. It must measure 
 about 4 ft. 4 in. from tip to tip, including the termin- 
 al chains or the eye, to which the traces are hooked. 
 If pipe, the leather must be made 6 ft. 4 in. by 5 in. 
 Mark a cross-line 1 ft. from each extremity, and 
 another 6 in. from each line, so that there will be 
 3 ft. 4 in. between the two middle marks. A piece 
 of lining is required for the part between the two 
 lines at each end ; this should be of the same width 
 as the back-band and 1 ft. 3 in. long. Shave thin 
 both tips of the lining and also the ends of the 
 turn-in of the back-band ; crease, black, and rub 
 the back-band, the crease being made from the ex- 
 treme lines right along. Prick the piece from the 
 outer cross-line at each end as far as the double will 
 run, making five rows with two on each side ; then 
 put the lining under the space between the two 
 lines so that it is 6 in. over one and 3 in. over the 
 other. 
 
 A narrow piece, shaved at the inner edge and 
 about 6 in. long, is now placed on both ends at 
 
Fore Gear or Leader Harness, 105 
 
 each side of the 6-in. space to strengthen the eye. 
 Stitch the four rows in the 6-in. space, between the 
 two lines, with three-cord thread, eight per inch ; 
 turn the edges of this part and black and rub them. 
 Now turn down the ends, bringing the cross-lines 
 dividing the eye exactly opposite each other ; 
 flatten the eye so as to bring the parts with the 
 lines close together, and tack it in this position. 
 Take two 1-in. dees and place a piece of leather 
 inside them, on the flat side, for about half their 
 width. Put both on each side of the back-band, 
 one in each end between the double close to the eye 
 and low enough to stitch through the piece of 
 leather inside, when stitching the outer row. 
 
 Fig 103. Fig. 1.04. 
 
 Figs. 103 and 104. — Hip-strap Chains, 
 
 The dees must be tacked down as well as the 
 double ; fasten it right along both sides. The four 
 rows at both ends and sides are stitched to the top 
 of the double from the cross rows. If desired, a 
 fancy wave or pattern can be made instead of the 
 two inner lines of stitching. Then stitch or spot 
 with lace across the back-band along the cross-lines 
 near the eye ; open out the last by placing a thick 
 piece of wood, etc., inside. 
 
 Two straps must be cut 10 in. by | in., a buckle 
 and loop being adjusted to one end, and four or 
 five punch holes made at the other for the dee 
 
io6 Harness Making. 
 
 fixed at the side of the back-band to pass through a 
 link in the trace, and thus secure the back-band. 
 
 Some harness-makers line back-bands from one 
 end to the other and stitch them ; others line the 
 inner part of the eye with sole leather, and place a 
 safe under the eye. This safe is about 1 in. wider 
 at the bottom, and narrows down to the same width 
 as the back-band at the top ; the lower corners are 
 rounded, and then it is stitched in from the eye 
 upwards. 
 
 For the belly-band d, a pair of 3-in. chains is re- 
 quired, and the leather must be cut 3 ft. 4 in. by 
 3 in. Turn in 4 in. at the ends, and shave, edge, 
 black, and crease them ; then put the leather into 
 the openings in the chains, stitch four rows along 
 the double part, and spot or stitch across near the 
 chain. 
 
 The set of shaft and chain gear, as described in 
 Chapters V. to VIII., is now complete. The chains 
 are attached to the shaft harness or jambles to pull 
 from the shaft, while the leader harness has only 
 a hook for hitching the chain traces. 
 
I07 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 PLOUGH HARNESS. 
 
 In plough gears the ordinary bridle and collar are 
 employed. The back-band is made in various ways. 
 The method with hooks is taken first. The eye of the 
 hook (Fig. 105, p. 109) is 4 in. wide. Cut the leather 
 3 ft. 9 in. long and 4 in. wide ; turn down 3 in. at 
 each end, and beat the bend slightly with the ham- 
 mer to keep it down, and crease it with the screw- 
 race, making two rows on each side ; mark the 
 centre from each end, and draw a line straight 
 across at this point, then two lines each 5 in. from 
 the centre, so that the distance between them will 
 be 10 in. 
 
 Cut two pieces of leather 10^ in. long and | in. 
 wide ; dye and crease one side of each piece, having 
 previously cut a small piece out of each corner of 
 the side being worked. A line must then be drawn 
 wdth the compasses along the centre of this narrow 
 piece. Make a mark across the centre, and place it 
 underneath the back-band, centre to centre, as far 
 as the line just drawn ; tack it down for stitching, 
 and place the other piece in the same manner on 
 the other side, so that the pieces may be a little 
 over both lower lines at each end. This piece is 
 called the facing ; the place on the back-band where 
 the pieces are to be stitched is pricked out before 
 tacking them down. The work of stitching is now 
 commenced, care being taken to keep the line close 
 to the edge of the back-band ; make the thread of 
 three or four cords of coarse hemp. 
 
 Having a l^-in. tinned dee at hand, cut a piece of 
 leather 1^ in. by 4 in. ; shave and point both ends, 
 then crease, black, and prick them like the side, 
 with eight or ten marks per inch. Place the dee in 
 
io8 Harness Making. 
 
 the centre of this piece, and lay it flat on the back- 
 band in the centre, measured from both sides, or 
 from the top line to either of the lines below, and 
 then stitch, having tacked it down. When plough- 
 ing is being done, the rein is run through this dee, 
 and there must be one dee on each back-band on 
 the opposite side when the horses work in pairs, 
 but for a single horse there is one on each side of 
 the same back-band. 
 
 The next part to be made is the panel, used for 
 preventing soreness of the back of the animal when 
 ploughing, brought about by the constant pressure 
 in one place. Take a piece of linen, or basil 
 leather, 14 in. by 7 in., and lay the back-band on it 
 centre to centre, and evenly over both sides ; make 
 the spot stitch thus // // // across the back-band, 
 and through the linen along the middle line. Then 
 the partition between the two sides will show the 
 object of these facings, which make the pad slightly 
 wider than the back-band, and so ease the horse's 
 back. 
 
 Having stitched across the centre, turn in the 
 lining all round about \ in. ; if, however, the 
 material employed is basil, no turning is required. 
 Make a pleat at each corner of the end of the 
 facing, making both exactly the same length ; put 
 another pleat opposite the first, so that the width 
 may be the same as that of the back-band and 
 facing combined. 
 
 If the panel is basil, the corner is cut off to obtain 
 the true length, and then stitched together where 
 the cut was made instead of making a pleat. Now 
 begin to stitch all round, commencing about 1^ in. 
 from the centre on one side so as to have an open- 
 ing for stuffing. Work round along the cross lines 
 at the bottom until within 1^ in. of the centre of the 
 other side in a direct line from the starting point. 
 Spot-stitching is executed in the usual style. 
 
 Stuffing is the next operation, the flock being put 
 
Plough Harness. 109 
 
 through the opening left on each side of the centre 
 line. Lay the back-band flat on the bench and stuff 
 each side rather tightly by the aid of the stuffing- 
 stick ; the leather side of the back-band is under- 
 neath, whilst the openings are near the edge of the 
 bench. Smooth well towards the sides, and flatten 
 with a mallet, and continue the stitching along the 
 opening to the starting-point ; this completes the 
 top. 
 
 The hooks must now be put in, an operation 
 which is performed as follows : Cut two saving 
 pieces from a thick, firm face of hide ; good, close- 
 grained stuff is wasted on such work as this, the 
 best material, as a rule, being that from the face 
 of a gear hide. Cut the pieces 7 in. 
 long, and if the back-band is to be 
 4 in. wide, make the pieces 5 in wide. 
 Cut one end slanting to 4 in., of the 
 same width as the back-band, and 
 shave it. Round off the corners of 
 
 the other end, leaving it the full ^'^-i^S'^-T^Ti^"?^ 
 . ,,, 11,1 ,1 1 Back-band Hook, 
 
 width ; black and crease the edges. 
 
 Pat the hooks in their places and the saving pieces under 
 them about \\ in. lower down than the extremity of the 
 hook ; tack them down exactly in the centre. Hav- 
 ing marked and pricked the back-band with four 
 rows running from the hook upwards to the end of 
 the saving pieces, stitch with a four-cord thread, 
 nine or ten stitches per inch, and then stitch, a 
 line across close to the hook to bind all together. 
 Now the back-band is in working order. 
 
 The plough back-band, with chains instead of 
 hooks, is made in exactly the same manner, but 
 when there is only one chain and a bar across in 
 the bend to hold it, a hole must be cut in the centre 
 of the bend for the passage of the chain. For two 
 chains and a bar make two holes ; the saving pieces 
 can be made a little narrower with chains, and the 
 body of the back-band need net be so long in pro- 
 
no Harness Making. 
 
 portion to the length of the chains. As a guide in 
 determining the length of the body, whatever may 
 be the length of the chains or hooks, it should be 
 remembered that the length of the back-band over 
 all must be about 4 ft. 4 in. 
 
 Couplings are also a necessary part of plough 
 gear. In some localities only cross-straps are em- 
 ployed from mouth to mouth when ploughing in 
 pairs. Cut the strap 1 in. wide and 28 in. to 30 in. 
 long, turn it in about 1 in. at each end, and make 
 a hole for the buckle, and shave the points. Take 
 two billets of the same width, 1 ft. long, and trim 
 them to a point at one end, shaving the other ; then 
 edge back, and crease them ; place the buckle in, 
 and then the thin end, 2 in. down at the back of the 
 buckle. Put a loop between the chape by the buckle 
 and stitch one billet and buckle at each end ; 
 punch two holes in each billet. 
 
 Sometimes two coupling straps are employed for 
 a pair : the straps cross each other from the hames 
 of each horse to the mouth of the other. They are 
 made to the first style, but longer, being 38 in. in 
 length, each with 12-in. billets ; in some cases they 
 are made a foot longer than this, the coupling being 
 cut into two, one end. 15 in. long with a buckle 
 and loop, and the other made to buckle on, with 
 numerous holes for adjusting the length. This is 
 a very convenient method, for when a young horse 
 is coupled with an old one, the coupling must be 
 shortened on the side of the former animal to keep 
 it back until it has learned the ordinary working 
 pace. 
 
Ill 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 BITS, SPURS, STIRRUPS, AND HARNESS FURNITURE. 
 
 Bits, their patterns and materials, will now be con- 
 sidered. Bits are made in polished iron, tinned 
 iron, in steel of various qualities, and in nickel. 
 Nickel is as expensive as good steel, but does not 
 
 Fig. 106. Fig-. 107. 
 
 Fig-s. 106 and 107.— Pelham Bits. 
 
 tarnish so soon, and when worn still continues to 
 take a good polish. 
 
 Some of the more expensive kinds of bits have 
 
 FiiT. 110. 
 
 Fig. 108. Fig. 109. 
 
 Fig. 108.— Pelham Bit. Fig. 109. —Hackney Bit. 
 Fig. 110.— Bridoon. 
 
 ornamented and silver-plated cheeks ; this is especi- 
 ally the case with carriage, military, and riding 
 bits. 
 
112 
 
 J^ARNEss Making. 
 
 Riding bits are snaffles for a single head bridle 
 and rein, hence their name snaffle bridles. Pelham 
 bits (Figs. 106 to 108) are used for single head bridle 
 and double rein, this bridle being known as the 
 
 Fig. 111. Fig. 112. 
 
 Figs. Ill and 112.— Ladies' Horse Bits. 
 
 Pelham. The Hackney bit (Fig. 109) has a bridoon 
 (Fig. 110), that is, the bit has only a mouthpiece 
 and a ring at each end with a jointed bar. This bit 
 is used for the Weymouth bridle, which has a 
 
 Fig. 113. Fig. lU. 
 
 Fig. 113. — Pelham Snaffle with Indiarubber Mouth. 
 Fig. lU.— Hackney Bit with Indiarubber Mouth. 
 
 double head and a double rein. Curbs are used 
 with the two bits last mentioned. 
 
 Bits for horses to be ridden by ladies are shown 
 by Figs. Ill and 112. They are on the same prin- 
 
Birs^ Spurs^ Stirrups^ and Furniture. 113 
 
 ciple as those previously mentioned, but are lighter 
 and more fanciful, many of them being ornamented 
 about the cheeks. The Pelham snaffle (Fig. 113) 
 and the Hackney bit (Fig. 114), with indiarubber 
 
 Fig. 115. 
 Fig. 115.— Gig Snafflo. Fig. 116. 
 
 Fig. 316. 
 ■Wilson Snaffl( 
 
 mouths, can be had for tender-mouthed horses, and 
 double or twisted or smooth-mouthed bits can be 
 had for vicious or quiet horses as required. 
 
 Driving bits are commonly gig snaffles (Fig. 115) ; 
 Wilson snaffles (Fig. 116) have rings at each end and 
 two loose rings on the mouthpiece, one of which is 
 
 Fig. 119. 
 
 Fig. n 7.— Liverpool Bit. Fig. 118.— Globe Cheek Curb 
 Bit. Fig. 119.— One-horn Bridoon Bit. 
 
 buckled to the bridle cheek ; the outer ring on each 
 side is for the driving rein, but sometimes the rein 
 billet is put through both rings at the same time. 
 Wilson snaffles can be obtained bar jointed, 
 
 H 
 
114 
 
 Harness Making. 
 
 twisted, or smooth-mouth. The Liverpool bit (Fig. 
 117) has a curb cheek, and a straight or solid bar 
 
 Fig. 120. — One-horned Bridoon 
 with Indiarubber Mouth. 
 
 -Gig Curb 
 Bit. 
 
 mouth with the mouth bar loose on the cheek. The 
 Globe cheek curb bit (Fig. 118) has a ring at the 
 bottom of the cheek to which the mouthpiece is 
 attached instead of being loose as in the Liverpool 
 
 Fig. 123. 
 
 Fig. 124. 
 
 Fig. 122. Fig. 1-3. 
 
 Fig. 122.— Buxton Bit. Fig. 123.— Swivelled Bridoon Bit. 
 Figs. 124 and 125.— Breaking Bits. 
 
 bit. A "■ one-horn bridoon " (Fig. 119), with one ring 
 at each side and either a solid or a jointed mouth; 
 
BiTS^ Spurs, Stirrups, and Furniture. 115 
 
 sometimes has a leather or indiarubber mouth (sec 
 Fig. 120). 
 
 Gig curb bits (Fig. 121) have the billet of the 
 
 Fig. 126.— Breaking? 
 Bit. 
 
 Fiff. 127.— Snaffle with 
 Indiarubber Mouth. 
 
 bridle fastened to the top of the cheek, with cheeks 
 on the lower side to which the reins are fastened. 
 
 The carriage bit most in use is the Buxton bit 
 (Fig. 122), which has a bend in the cheek below the 
 
 Fig. 128. Fig-, 129. 
 
 Figs. 128 and 129.— Exercising Bits. 
 
 mouthpiece, and a bar across at the bottom from 
 one side of the cheek to the other, the solid mouth- 
 piece having a port in the centre ; this is a smart 
 and very powerful curb bit, but it is being super- 
 
 130.— Show or Stallion Bit. 
 
 seded by the Liverpool bit. A swivelled bridoon 
 (Fig. 123), as sometimes used with the ordinary 
 driving bit, has the bearing rein running from the 
 hames down through the swivel and up to a strap 
 stitched between the two slit straps of the head- 
 
ii6 
 
 Harness MakixC. 
 
 strap. Breaking bits (Figs. 124 to 126) are Special 
 kinds of patent bits. Fig. 127 is an indiarubber 
 mouth snaffle ; Figs. 128 and 129 are exercising 
 bits ; Fig. 130 is a show or stallion bit ; and Fig. 131 
 is a double-mouthed snaffle. 
 
 Double-mouthed Snaffle. 
 
 On the subject of spurs, very little need be said. 
 Besides ordinary pattern spurs (Fig. 132), there are 
 officers' regulation spurs (Fig. 133), dress spurs 
 (Fig. 134), ladies' spurs (Fig. 135), trousers spurs 
 (Fig. 136\ and box spurs. The last-named are 
 
 Fig. 132. Fig. 133. Fig. 131. 
 
 Fig. 132.— Ordinary Spur. Fig. 133.— Officer's Regulation 
 Spur. Fig. 134. — Dress Spur. 
 
 fastened to the heel of the boot by a spring inserted'- 
 in a steel box inside the heel. Like screw spurs, 
 which screw into a hole in the heel, they may be- 
 taken off at will. Spurs are made in polished steel' 
 
Bits, Spurs, Stirrups, and Furniture. 117 
 
 and brass, some being silver-plated. Tlie saddler 
 must have a supply of spur rowels for repamng 
 spurs. 
 Stirrups may be solid (Fig. 137), three bar or open 
 
 Fig. 135. 
 Fiir. 135. 
 
 lODj wg 
 
 Fig. 13G. Fij. 137. 
 
 -Lady's Spur. Fijr. 136.— Trousers Spur. 
 Fig. 137.— Solid Stirrup. 
 
 bottom (Fig. 138), or they may be of the waving bar 
 pattern (Fig. 139). They vary greatly in weight 
 according to the purpose for which they are re- 
 quired, and are made of polished steel and of plated 
 brass or silver. Ladies' stirrups (Fig. 140) are of 
 various patterns, some having pads to protect the 
 
 Fig. 138. Fig. 139. Fig. UO. 
 
 Fig. 138.— Open Bottom Stirrup. Fig. 139.— Waving Bar 
 Stirrup. Fig. 140.— Lady's Stirrup. 
 
 foot, others having foot plates of the same shape 
 as the foot ; others, again, have slippers (Fig. 141). 
 Safety stirrups (Fig. 142) both for ladies and gentle- 
 
li8 
 
 Harness Making^ 
 
 men are made so that if the rider falls or is thrown 
 off the horse the stirrups spring open and release 
 the rider's feet. Thus the danger of being dragged 
 along the ground by the horse is obviated. 
 
 Fig. 141. — Stirrup Slipper. 
 
 Fig. H2.— Safety 
 Stirrup. 
 
 Some particulars will now be given of harness 
 furniture. First the material will be touched upon. 
 
 Japanned iron furniture is strong and durable, 
 and has a fairly good appearance when new, but 
 the japan soon wears off and allows the iron to get 
 rusty. Common iron buckles, covered with leather, 
 are also used, but not so extensively as they were 
 formerly. The iron soon rusts, and the rust affects 
 the leather and causes it to crumble off, giving a 
 
 Fiff. 143 
 
 Fijr. 14j 
 
 Fig. 14S. 
 
 Fi^. 143.— Flat Side Wire Front Buckle. Fig. 144.— Wire 
 Front Bevelled Buckle. Fig. 145.— Bevelled Flat Top 
 Buckle. Fig. 146.— West End Bevelled Flat Top Buckle, 
 
 very shabby appearance to the rest of the set of 
 harness. 
 
 Brass furniture is largely used, and it is got up in 
 many qualities and styles of finish. The best brass 
 
Bits, Spurs, Stirrups, and Furniture. 119 
 
 does not tarnish nearly so soon as common brass, 
 and, of course, has a good appearance when clean. 
 Partly covered brass or plated furniture is also 
 sometimes used, the buckles being covered v,^ith 
 
 Fiff. loO. 
 
 Fig, 147. Fig. 148. Fig-. 140. 
 
 Fi^. 147.— Spade Buckle. Fig. 143.— Square Wire Buckle. 
 Fig. 149.— Chatham Buckle. Fig. 150.— Flat Top 
 Turned-up Buckle. 
 
 leather about half-way up the sides, leaving the top 
 and a little of the side bare. This looks very well, 
 and is more durable than iron-covered buckles, as 
 the brass- or silver-plate does not destroy the 
 leather so soon as iron ; partly covered furniture is, 
 however, very awkward to clean. 
 
 Buckles are occasionally covered with celluloid ; 
 sometimes this only partly covers the brass, alu- 
 
 Fig. 151. Fig. 152. Fig. 153. Fig. 154. 
 
 Fig, 151.— Fluted Buckle. Fig. 152.— Swelled Front Bent- 
 leg Buckle. Fig. 153.— Flat Top Cab Buckle. Fig. 154. 
 —West End Whole Buckle. 
 
 minium, or gold-plated buckle, and it then looks 
 very rich. The celluloid-covered article is made in 
 imitation of the leather-covered buckle ; it is dur- 
 able, and does not require much cleaning, the occa- 
 
I20 
 
 Harness Making. 
 
 sional application of a wet sponge being sufficient. 
 Celluloid is more commonly used in America than 
 in this country. It is a very inflammable material, 
 and will break if given a hard knock or if allowed 
 to fall. 
 
 Fig. 155. Fig. 1-56. 
 
 Fig-. 155.— Chased Buckle. Fig. 156 
 
 Fi;?. 157. 
 
 _.p. ^„„. Melbourne Buckle. 
 
 Fig. 157.— West End Square Buckle. 
 
 Nickel furniture looks well, but costs a little more 
 than brass. Nickoline, white metal, or Victoria 
 metal furniture costs about the same as brass ; all 
 three look well when cleaned, but quickly tarnish. 
 Plated furniture is used on superior harness ; it can 
 be bought in different qualities^ being plated with 
 silver, white metal, German silver, or nickel. 
 
 Of course, the hames and the buckle tongues are 
 
 Fig. 1 
 
 Fig. 161. 
 
 Figs. 158 and 159.— Covered Buckles. Figs. IGO and 161.— 
 Part-covered Buckles. 
 
 of iron, plated in whatever metal the rest of the 
 furniture is made ; they have to be of iron to with- 
 stand the strain to which they are subjected. In 
 ordering, it is necessary to state whether plated 
 
Bits, SruRS, Stirrups, and Furniture. 121 
 
 hames are required of the same material as the 
 furniture, and whether the latter is brass, silver- 
 plated, etc. The pattern of buckle required will 
 
 Fig. 16i. 
 
 Fig. 165. 
 
 Fig. 162.— Shaft Tug Buckle. Fig. 163.— Burgess's Buckle. 
 Fig. 164.— Ball Terret. Fig. 165.— Plain Terret. 
 
 make a little difference in the price; the wire- 
 shaped pattern is the one mostly used. 
 
122 Harness Making, 
 
 There are so many patterns in gig and carriage 
 furniture that it is impossible to mention them all. 
 
 Fig. 1G6. Fig. 167. 
 
 Figs. 166 and 167.— Ball Terrets. 
 
 Attention will be directed, however, to some of the 
 most useful patterns of buckles. The flat side wire 
 front (Fig. 143, p. 118), the wire front bevelled (Fig. 
 
 Fi^. 168.- Ball Terret. 
 
 144), the bevelled flat top (Fig. 145), the West End 
 flat top wire (Fig. 146), and the spade pattern (Fig. 
 
Bits, Spurs, Stirrups, and Furniture. 123 
 
 147, p. 119) are all very neat buckles. Square wire 
 buckles (Fig. 148) on light gig harness look very 
 well. The Chatham (Fig. 149), flat top turned up 
 
 Fig. 1G9 
 
 Fig. 170. Fif. 171. 
 Fia-s. 169 to 172.— ':iaincs. 
 
 (Fig. 150), and fluted (Fig. 151), are very strong 
 buckles for cab harness, as are also the swelled 
 front bent leg (Fig. 152), and side and flat top cab 
 
 Fig-. 173. Fig. 171. 
 
 Figs. 173 and 174.— Bearing-rein Swivels. 
 
 (Fig. 153) buckles. The West End whole buckle is 
 shown by Fig. 154 ; it looks very neat for any fancy 
 harness. " Chased " (Fig. 155, p. 120), " Melbourne " 
 
?24 
 
 Harness Making. 
 
 (Fig. 158), or " West End square," or " square wire " 
 (Fig. 157) whole buckles, are all very showy and 
 smart when worked up. Figs. 158 and 159 are cov- 
 ered buckles, and Figs. 160 and 161 part-covered 
 buckles. 
 
 There are many different kinds of shaft tug 
 buckles ; that shown by Fig. 162 (p. 121) is a good 
 pattern, as is also Burgess's patent buckle (Fig. 163). 
 
 The terrets (Figs. 164 to 168) for the reins to 
 run through on the saddle and hames (Figs. 169 to 
 172), as well as the bearing-rein swivels (Figs. 173 
 and 174) and all parts of the set of furniture, are of 
 a pattern conforming with that of the buckles. 
 
 Fig. 175. 
 
 Fiffs. 175 and 176. 
 
 Fig. 176. 
 -Roller Buckles. 
 
 Cart-harness furniture may be of galvanised or 
 japanned iron, with buckles of brass or white metal. 
 All the brass patterns illustrated are known as 
 Scotch gear buckles. Cart fancy-brass breeching 
 loops may be used instead of leather ones for 
 bridgeband carriers and bridle cheeks. 
 
 Fly-terrets are much used as ornaments on the 
 top of the bridle between the ears of the horse, 
 being either screwed down into a socket or riveted 
 in place. Brass face-pieces for the front of the 
 bridles on the forehead can be obtained in numerous 
 patterns. 
 
 Hame plates, to be put between the two points of 
 the hames or jambles above the collar, look very 
 
Bits, Spurs, Stirrups, axd Furniture. 125 
 
 well with a strap across from side to side as a fas- 
 tening. 
 
 Cart hames are either wholly or partly covered 
 with iron, and generally take their names from the 
 district in which the particular pattern is mostly 
 used. Thus there are the Manchester, Lancashire, 
 Irish, and Yorkshire hames. Cart bits, together 
 witli their fittings, are always firmly attached to the 
 bridle, and are made either of tinned or japanned 
 
 Fig. 1 
 
 Fig. 177. ; Fig. 179. 
 
 Fig. 177.— Hame Clip. Figs. 178 and 179.— Breeching Dees. 
 
 iron. They may be straight and jointed, or 
 twisted. 
 
 Chains, such as backband, crupper, or hip strap 
 chains, and watering chains for bridle reins, and 
 plough backband hooks or chains, are all wanted 
 in making up a set. Others necessary are :— Leader 
 backband chains, cheek chains for the end of lead- 
 ing rein, bridgeband chains, and chains for the 
 bellyband, instead of billets, to go round the shafts. 
 
 Riding bridle buckles range in width from | in. 
 to 1 in. Stirrup leather buckles are also a special 
 
1^6 Harxess Making. 
 
 line, being from 1^ in. to 1^ in. in width. Saddle 
 girth buckles are 1 in. wide. Roller buckles (Figs. 
 175 and 176, p. 124) vary in size from f in. to l| in., 
 and are largely used on all kinds of leather work. 
 Head-stall or head-collar buckles range in size from 
 \\ in. to 1^ in. ; some have the collar attached, to 
 which is fastened the throat lash. 
 
 The following buckles must also be kept ready to 
 hand : — D-buckles for use on small straps ; and 
 japanned legging buckles, in sizes ranging from \ in. 
 to I in. Head-collar stop squares, for making 
 and repairing head-collars, must also be stocked, as 
 vv^ell as tinned and brass rings of different sizes, for 
 making head-collars and for miscellaneous repairs. 
 Brass, tin, and plated dees will be necessary for 
 making and repairing dog collars, and for holding 
 coat straps on riding saddles, etc. They range in 
 size from | in. to 1^ in. 
 
 Belt, brace, and garter buckles may often be 
 wanted, and 2 lb. or 3 lb. of buckle tongues for re- 
 pairing old buckles should also be obtained in all 
 sizes and strengths. Strong double-pronged buckles 
 may be wanted from 1^ in. to 2 in. There may also 
 be occasion to use harness buckles of all sizes, 
 patterns, and material, saddle terrets, hame clips 
 (Fig. 177), various kinds of nails, breeching and 
 bearing-rein rings, breeching dees (Figs. 178 and 
 179), and rivets for clips, etc. 
 
127 
 
 CHAPTES XI. 
 
 TAN A^'D :a3 ZAzyzss. 
 
 Tee making of a set of gig li£.::ies= is described in 
 the companion Tolmne " Saddlerv. Tan harness 
 for heavy work requires a set of fnmitnre, includ- 
 ing buckles, hames, and chains, and a van saddle- 
 tree. The furniture should be_ of brass, nickel, cr 
 silver. Burgesses patent t vr : ickles (Tig. 133. p. 
 121) can be recommende :, : : SA^ft tngs. 
 
 A pair of winker plates of any : TTf ; a : see Figs. 
 1S*J and 1S1,> are necessary to m.Ar TAe winkoi"Si 
 Beginning with the winkers, cut the leather ab^Dut 
 i in. wider than the plate all round, except at tha 
 back, where it must be t in. wider. If patent 
 leather is used, make a line all round the edge, and 
 another about ^ in. from it, and race a line across, 
 H in. from the back part, from one end of the inner 
 line to the end of the other ; of course, the other 
 lines must not be brought nearer than this to the 
 back. Prick along the lines, about eleven per inch, 
 and single stitch the inner line all round the four 
 sides, through the leather, employing black linen 
 thread double, with two needles. 
 
 Cut the lining to the same size as the top, but 
 lightly stu5ed and with little oil in : put the top 
 on it and stitch all round three sides, leaving the 
 back open. Put the leather in water and wet it 
 thoroughly, and then, havinp- opened out the two 
 leathers with the hand, put a good coat of paste on 
 both of the inner sides by the aid of a spoon or 
 other convenient implement. 
 
 Push in the winker plate front to front : but if 
 the front is round-comered, it must, of course, be 
 
128 Harness Making. 
 
 put in first. Push in the pieces until they lie 
 square in the leather and close to the front 
 stitches ; then rub the top and the lining down to 
 the sheet iron, being careful to make the lining 
 stick well to the sheet. 
 
 Place the winker on a board, lining underneath, 
 and tack down each of the hind corners, and if 
 necessary, the middle ; then put some paper or rags 
 between the winker and the board so as to keep the 
 lining up to the sheet. When quite dry and per- 
 fectly adhering, remove them from the board, trim 
 the edges, finish and polish well. 
 
 The collar is made practically in the same way 
 as a cart collar. The forewale must be turned down 
 2 in., that is 4 in. altogether, and instead of whip- 
 ping the basil lining in as previously described, cut 
 it a little smaller, and stitch it in at the same time 
 as the forewale ; tack it down in such a manner 
 that when the lining is turned over to stuff the 
 body, the stitches will not be visible. Take a 
 pattern (see Fig. 96, p. 79) and let the lining 
 overlap in the centre of the forewale for quite 2 in. 
 Stitching is done as for a cart collar, both for the 
 forewale and the drawing in the body, but the last 
 must not be so big and clumsy. 
 
 In making and setting the top piece, no stitches 
 should appear in front other than the cross row ; 
 the top piece must not be joined downwards as in 
 the other. Turn in the bottom of the top piece for 
 \ in. across, and stitch a line with black linen 
 thread \ in. from the edge to keep the turn in its 
 place. Damp the top piece, put it across the front, 
 and draw it tight, putting a tack in both sides ; then 
 make it overlap at the top centre of the back so 
 as to obtain a good point to hold the hame strap in 
 place ; then stitch all round the hollow. 
 
 Cut the side piece close along the sides of the 
 body to fit tight by the forewale. Then take a 
 piece of soft thin leather binding 1^ in. wide, damp 
 
Faiv and Cab Harness. 
 
 129 
 
 it, and place it edge to edge with the outside of the 
 side piece, tacking it down. Having stitched the 
 side piece, putting a small welt at the joint at the 
 bottom, and shaving a little round the edges, stitch 
 the binding and side piece together around the 
 edge with black linen thread, about seven stitches 
 per inch. Run a piece of twine along the stitches 
 round the rim, and turn down the binding over the 
 twine towards the inside, being careful to keep the 
 twine in place. Mark a line and prick it, about 
 eight per inch, and | in. from the edge ; then stitch 
 the binding down below the twine. The last must 
 be in one piece with 4 in. or 5 in. to spare at each 
 end. 
 
 Damp the side piece and adjust it ; tack it with 
 
 Fig. 180. Fig. 181. 
 
 Figs. ISO and 181.— Winkers. 
 
 an awl at the bottom and draw it tight at the top. 
 Now wax a piece of collar twine, about 18 in. longer 
 than is necessary to pass round the collar, and 
 begin to stitch the side piece in at the top on the 
 off side, running the stitches through the binding 
 close to the stitching and through the lining at 
 every other stitch. The stitches may be about 2 in. 
 long ; draw them tight while working, and be care- 
 ful that the side piece is in its proper position, with 
 both sides equally level. Fasten the thread after 
 stitching the side piece all round. Take hold of 
 the hanging ends of the twine which has been run 
 along the binding inside, and pull them well to 
 draw down the edges of the side-piece along the 
 side of the body ; then knot and fasten them to- 
 I 
 
130 Harness Making. 
 
 gether. Draw in the side piece at the forewale as 
 with the cart collar, using only thread or very fine 
 white lace. 
 
 A layer of old carpet may be placed on the 
 stitches next to the body under the side piece to 
 give the sides smoothness and roundness. Fasten 
 the two side pieces together at the top by stitch- 
 ing over from one to the other with the collar 
 needle. 
 
 A small housing to cover the top of the collar 
 must be cut, almost half-round in shape, but with 
 slightly widening points and a V-shaped notch on 
 the side next the collar for the points to pass, one 
 on each side of the top piece ; bring it down close 
 to the forewale. It may be bound in the same 
 style as the side piece, stitched fast edge to edge 
 with the binding, the latter being then turned and 
 a line stitched round a short distance from the 
 edges ; about | in. below that another row of 
 stitches is made all round. The point on the out- 
 side of the body must not project more than about 
 5 in. 
 
 Plain or patent leather can be employed to 
 make the collar and winkers ; patent leather must 
 always be marked for stitching with the race com- 
 pass, and a groove cut so that the patent will be 
 raced off and the line quite visible. This kind of 
 leather, when used to make the collar forewale, 
 must be lined with calico to prevent it cracking. 
 
 The van saddle (Fig. 182) is the next part to be 
 made. The tree is a miniature cart-saddle tree, 
 with similar boards and groove. The plates to bo 
 put in the point of the groove where the backhand 
 runs through may be nickel or brass to match the 
 furniture. Begin work by fixing the terrets and 
 bearing-rein stand hook on the tree. Take off the 
 sockets which are attached to the screws, and see 
 that they are of the proper length to reach over 
 the groove of the tree f*-om side to side ; file them. 
 
Van AND Cab Harness. 
 
 T31 
 
 down to the width of the tree if they are too long. 
 Place the stand-hook socket exactly in the centre 
 at the top, and mark its position on each side and 
 end. 
 
 Gut out a hollow at the mark deep enough for 
 the socket to enter and lie flush with the surface, 
 and drive a small screw through each socket into 
 the tree. The terret sockets are fixed in the same 
 manner, being sunk level and screwed down, about 
 3-^ in. lower than the stand hook on each side. 
 
 Cut two pieces of thin leather, either plain or 
 patent, to the same shape as each side of the tree 
 
 Fig. 182. Fig. 18J. 
 
 Fig. 182.— Van Saddle. Fi2-. 183 
 
 Fi«-. 1S4. 
 
 Fig. 184. 
 
 ■Van Saddle Flap. 
 Van ^Saddle Panel. 
 
 and about 1 in. larger each way. Damp them and 
 make a nick at the top of the boards in the leather 
 so that the centre of the piece will turn down 
 underneath. Tack each end of the leather to the 
 board close to the tree, then pull it tightly along 
 the entire surface of the side over the top, nailmg 
 it here and there. Level it down on the surface 
 of the tree, and tack the centre part between the 
 boards underneath the tree, pulling it tight and flat 
 over all parts. 
 
 To make the flaps, cut out a paper pattern as a 
 guide (see Fig. 183), making it wider at the top 
 
13.2 Harness Makinc. 
 
 than at the other parts and slightly raised in front. 
 The flaps must reach down from the lower part of 
 the groove in the centre for about 15 in., swelling 
 slightly at the sides and gradually narrowing to 
 about 2 in, at the bottom. The patterns may also 
 be cut straight without the swelling sides, but in 
 both styles they must rise in front more than at the 
 back ; as they are cut in two pieces, one for each 
 side, this can easily be managed, because when 
 they are joined at the top this part will stand out 
 prominently in front. 
 
 Some flaps are made with stout firm leather, 
 others are lined. In the first case, make two rows 
 along the sides with the race compass and bevel 
 deep with a hot bevel ; but patent leather, instead 
 of needing the race compass, has tallow rubbed 
 along the part to be creased and the lines are 
 marked with the compass ; then run a warm 
 beveller deep along the marks, being careful that 
 it does not cut the leather. 
 
 When patent or plain leather is lined, use the 
 race compass and prick the grooves for stitching. 
 When stitched (or made without lining), cut and 
 polish the edges well and join them with a stitch at 
 the top ; place a piece of leather over the joint at 
 the front about 1^ in. wide, and stitch it on both 
 sides of the joint and across the front ; then shavo 
 it thin at the side next the tree. A dee, of brass or 
 other metal, is placed on the outside for fastening 
 the crupper. Cover the joint at the back with 
 another piece of leather, turning it down on the 
 outside and shaving the other end thin. These 
 pieces should be long enough on both sides to pass 
 under the tree when the flaps are nailed. On these 
 the tree is placed centre to centre and front to 
 front, and a line is marked along the sides of the 
 tree from board to board on the leather. 
 
 Make a mark at the lower side of the board to 
 indicate the width of the tree there, and the width 
 
Fajv and Cab Harne.^s. 133 
 
 of the wood on both sides of the groove. Note 
 that this must be marked at the bottom side of the 
 boards, four marks being made at each end of the 
 tree, outside and inside the wood on each side of 
 the groove. 
 
 At this point take away the tree, and cut a slit 
 from the outer lower mark to the point of the one 
 running along the side of the tree ; there will the:a 
 be two slits of the width of the board, one on each 
 side of the tree. Now cut upwards from each of 
 the two inner marks at the bottom, for the length 
 of the other cuts and equal in width to the wood, 
 on both sides of the groove. Then cut across the 
 top of each incision from side to side ; there will 
 now be one cross cut and four cuts upward, and a 
 portion along the centre. Cut the middle piece 
 between the four slits at each end about 1^ in. from 
 the bottom, and shave the points ; now cut the two 
 narrow strips at each end to the same length. 
 
 The middle piece, unless there are plates, is 
 nailed along the groove with the narrow cuts under- 
 neath. Place flaps over the top and make the 
 edges of the centre slit meet at the centre of the 
 tree below. Nail the flaps down along the edge 
 of the tree, putting four or five extra nails opposite 
 the crupper loop in its chape. When there is no 
 plate, nail the centre piece in the bottom along the 
 groove ; put the narrow pieces down and nail them 
 with the brass beading, making sure that the part 
 of the flaps over the boards runs close to the tree ; 
 fasten it to the boards with four or five tacks. 
 Turn the centre piece down like the narrow ones, 
 and nail it to the board at each end. 
 
 Cut a top cover of strong leather of the same 
 width as the tree and to reach to within 2^ in. from 
 the bottom, so that there will be an opening for the 
 backhand ; crease it across both ends and bevel the 
 creases with a hot iron, or line both ends for about 
 2 in. and shave the inner side : then make two rows 
 
134 Harness Making. 
 
 of stitching across the points. Place it on the tree 
 in its proper position, and give two or three light 
 taps with a hammer opposite the three openings 
 for the terrets and stand hooks in the sockets ; thus 
 the size and position of the holes is marked on the 
 cover. 
 
 Holes, of the same dimensions as the socket 
 holes, must now be cut in the cover, and this nailed 
 down on both sides of the tree, keeping the holes 
 in the leather exactly opposite those for the 
 sockets. A strong nail must be driven into each 
 corner so that it will not be prized up by the back- 
 band. Take a piece of beading long enough to run 
 along the top on each side and go down underneath 
 through the opening opposite the narrow cuts in 
 the bottom; nail the beading on the -side of the 
 boards or under them, securing in the same way 
 the narrow turned-down strip. The beading should 
 lie close to the leather along the top of the tree ; 
 drive the nails for the beading with a wooden 
 mallet. 
 
 The saddle is now ready for the panel (Fig. 184, 
 p. 131), the back of which must be cut to the same 
 size as the flaps ; it must not reach quite to the bot- 
 tom ; let it end, say, 2 in. from it. Basil can be 
 employed as material, and if this is light, a piece of 
 linen can be pasted inside, or a narrow slip may be 
 pasted along the edges. When dry, see again that 
 it is of the same size and shape. The facing must 
 be cut about l| in. wide, and of the same length as 
 the sides of the panel ; it may be in patent or plain 
 leather to match the flaps. 
 
 When the material is not long enough it may be 
 cut into two parts and joined at the centre ; it is 
 then tacked along the edges and stitched for about 
 six inches. Rub the joint down as flat as possible. 
 Take some blue serge lining or collar lining and lay 
 it out smooth on the bench, and place the panel 
 back on it inside out ; with hemp, tack it along 
 
Van and Cab Harness. 135 
 
 the sides to the lining, cutting the latter to the 
 same shape as the back, but wider by If in. or more 
 on both sides at the top. The lining then tapers 
 to exactly the same width as the base at the ex- 
 treme point. Narrow the lining at the gullet and, 
 just at the back in the centre opposite the opening 
 to be left, turn it in about \ in. ; run a stitch to 
 keep it down, and then whip it in with the facing 
 from end to end and across the bottom, employing 
 black linen thread and a pointed needle and 
 thimble. No facing is placed across the bottom. 
 
 Now turn the panel inside out through the open- 
 ing at the top ; the joint is not stitched right across, 
 only two or three stitches being used at each end. 
 Some piping is now needed to run round the facing 
 to make both sides of the panel front stand out 
 round and straight. 
 
 Sometimes the facing is made of straw whipped 
 round with hemp until it is hard and round ; some- 
 times with damp brown paper rolled with both 
 hands on the bench ; or a simple cord of light twist 
 may be employed, and, in America, cane. In har- 
 ness of this description, cord will suffice ; it may be 
 covered with brown paper to about | in. in dia- 
 meter. Place it in the facing through the opening 
 at the top, making it reach to the bottom at each 
 side but not across. Turn the facing tightly over 
 it and begin to spot from the back, the stitches 
 being small and even on the lined side. 
 
 While working, the panel should be kept flat on 
 the bench, the lining being uppermost and being 
 stitched close to the facing with a quilting needle 
 and thimble. Then place the lining flat and even 
 at the top, parting it alike on both sides and run- 
 ning a line of cross stitches from side to side on 
 both sides of the joining at the back, to about 1^ in. 
 apart at the back and about 4 in. in the front. 
 
 The panel is now in two compartments. Cut 
 two openings across it, one on each side, below the 
 
136 Harness Making. 
 
 line of stitches just made, and one to cross them ; 
 then stuff the panel with carded flock through 
 these openings, the stuffing-stick being employed 
 for the purpose. Fill it level from top to bottom, 
 but not too full. 
 
 Next mark, say, six cross lines, about 1^ in. 
 apart, from the bottom of the panel towards the 
 top, a rule being used as a guide. Take a long 
 three-cord black hemp thread made with beeswax 
 and quilt it, making four stitches or so in each line ; 
 use a thimble and quilting needle. Keep the 
 stitches in a straight line both downwards and 
 crosswise, and when the last line is reached, make 
 two stitches from back to front, thus leaving the 
 last line half finished. Now flatten it over the 
 stitches and stuff the top to the requisite thickness, 
 taking care to make it firm, though not hard, other- 
 wise it will become very thin when pressure bears 
 on it. Place the panel to the centre of the tree and 
 flaps, and put a tack on each side at the top to 
 retain it in this position. Some harness makers 
 run five or six stitches through the flap and panel 
 here and there, others spot them all the way along ; 
 but the best method is to put the panel in with 
 copper wire. 
 
 Stitching or spotting might do for common 
 work, small stitches being put in spotting on the 
 flap side and about \\ in. apart below. The 
 stitches, whether spotting or stitching double- 
 handed, should run out in the hollow between the 
 facing and stuffing below. Keep the facing even 
 along the edge of the flap a little outside rather 
 than underneath. 
 
 To fasten a panel, cut the wire into pieces about 
 5 in. long, and with a bent awl cut holes underneath 
 the flaps close by the outer row of stitches, all at 
 the same distance from the outside. Then place a 
 piece of wire in each, and, if for a gig or cab saddle, 
 nail the panel in the centre on both sides ; but in 
 
Van and Cab Harness. 137 
 
 the case of a van saddle, nails need not be em- 
 ployed ; simply wire it all round. Keep the panel 
 right in the centre and fasten a wire in the top, on 
 each side, by cutting a hole with the bent awl for 
 each point of the wire just below the facing. Put 
 one wire in each hole and push the panel close to 
 the flap ; then twist the wire on the panel side with 
 a pair of pincers till the panel is pulled tight to the 
 flap. Give the wire a sharp twist w^ith its points 
 together, and cut them within \ in. of the panel ; 
 turn down the points and press them out of sight 
 into the hollow between the panel and the facing, 
 rjpeating the process along both sides with the 
 wire about 2^ in. apart. 
 
 A strap and a girth are needed to fasten to the 
 bottom of the flaps. Cut the girth 2 ft. long and 
 2 in. wide, and have a lay to put on about 9 in. by 
 1^ in. Make a buckle hole in the lay so that the 
 edge of the buckle will be level with the end of the 
 girth, as the chape is not to be turned down, but 
 is stitched on the flat. 
 
 A strong strap must nov/ be cut 18 in. by 1^ in., 
 rounded at one end and shaved at the other, and 
 another piece of leather 2 in. by 4| in., with one 
 end shaved and the other narrowed to l\ in. ; edge, 
 black, and crease both. Tack the lay on the girth 
 with the buckle level to the end, and narrow the 
 girth to the width of the lay at the point ; then 
 place two loops beyond the buckle and stitch the 
 lay. In the next place, the shaved end of the strap 
 must be stitched to the 4i-in. piece, the strap being 
 placed within 1 in. of the broad end. Finish the 
 loops, punch the straps, and stitch them, the strap 
 on the near side and the girth on the off side at the 
 base of the flaps, the stitches running across and in 
 a half circle from corner to corner. 
 
 The winkers by this time will be dry and fit to 
 work as part of the bridle. Straighten the outside 
 — that is, the part to be stitched — if it has got a 
 
138 Harness Making. 
 
 little out of shape in wetting and nailing. Rub 
 the other edges with sandpaper and give them a fine 
 polish ; then shave the side for the cheek. 
 
 Having got four |-in. buckles ready for the 
 cheeks, cut the latter 2 ft. 9 in. by | in. and measure 
 1 ft. from the better end, marking it across for a 
 billet. Now round its point and measure 8 in, from 
 the first mark ; turn it down there, and again turn 
 it down 8 in. from the bend. Make a buckle hole 
 in each bend, and edge, black, and crease along the 
 billet part. Make a groove with a round knife or 
 grooving tool underneath on the billet side from 
 the cross mark to within \ in. of the top bend, the 
 depth of the groove being about half the thickness 
 of the leather ; open it out with the point of a 
 blunt compass or anything suitable. 
 
 The buckles can now be fixed, one in each bend, 
 and the winkers can also be placed between the 
 cheek up to the buckles at the top bend and level 
 with the outside. Cut a small nick just opposite 
 the projection of the buckle tongue so that the 
 winker will ascend on the top end close to the 
 buckle. See that the point of the turn-down run- 
 ning from the base bend is cut level with the 
 bottom of the winker, and run a stitch through 
 both, making the point fit tightly in the hollow 
 between the lower buckle and the winker. 
 
 Place three tacks on the outer side to keep the 
 edges together in their places. Make one loop for 
 each from medium heavy winker brown loop 
 leather about 7 in. by If in. ; damp it v>^ell and place 
 it in half the width of the cheek on the inner side 
 and stitch along the groove. Adjust the two sides 
 in the same manner, reversing the winker to pair 
 them. 
 
 The loops having been damped before being at- 
 tached, place a loop-stick | in. wide in each loop ; 
 then knock them square and level to shape. Black 
 them with soda and dye, dry partially with rag, and 
 
Fajv akd Cab Harness, 139 
 
 rub and polish well with a bone, making them shine 
 brightly. Now trim the underside of the cheek, 
 round the square edges, and polish. Apply a coat 
 of Harris's harness liquid both to the loops and to 
 the edges ; rub them well with the palm of the hand 
 and then with a little tallow, after which they must 
 be again rubbed with a rag. 
 
 The loops are now ready for creasing and check- 
 ing, but in the first place make sure that the loops 
 are in condition ; if too dry, they cannot be creased 
 deeply enough, and if too wet the bevels and marks 
 cannot be polished. Test with a hot crease and 
 then hold them near the fire a little while ; finally 
 rub with the hand until they are dry enough. At- 
 tention must also be given to the temperature of 
 the tools when heated in the fire, candle, or gas. 
 Therefore, keep on the bench a small quantity of 
 water into which to dip the heated tools ; if the 
 beveller or checker hisses in the water it must be 
 kept there until this ceases. 
 
 Now with the screw crease or compass make two 
 or three lines across each end of the loop, and two 
 rows near each other along the edges on the face. 
 Trace out the design on the surface between the 
 outer lines, namely diamonds, single arrow point, or 
 double arrow points, etc. Having warmed the 
 beveller, mark deeply the cross and outside lines, 
 polish them, and then mark the outer lines of the 
 design with the beveller on the surface of the loop. 
 
 The space between the outer lines of the design 
 and the straight lines at the edge and sides must 
 now be marked with the warm checker, which may 
 be fine or coarse, according to the style of work ; 
 the design also will vary with the fineness or coarse- 
 ness of the work. The checking being finished, 
 run the beveller along all the outer lines in the 
 design and the straight line, to smooth down the 
 checker marks running to the bevelled lines and to 
 give boldness to the work. 
 
140 Harness Making. 
 
 The noseband is made by cutting the leather 
 2 ft. 8 in. long by 1 in. ; it must then be marked 5 in. 
 from the point and again at a distance of | in, from 
 this mark ; then a third mark is made 13 in. farther 
 on, and a fourth | in. from the last mark. Turn 
 down 2 in. of the end marked last for the buckle ; 
 take ^ in. from each end and each side as far a 3 
 the cross mark nearest the ends. Make a br.c'do 
 hole and shave, bend, and round the other end for 
 the point. Cut another piece for a lining, taking 
 the first as a pattern, and then thin the edges of 
 both, slanting from the middle of the strap on both 
 sides, but do not thin the |-in. space in either 
 piece. 
 
 The first piece of leather that v/as cut with a 
 buckle hole can now be damped ; then with a groov- 
 
 Chain and Leather Gis: Front. 
 
 ing board and hammer handle a groove is made 
 along the full length, not including the two f-in. 
 spaces. Now cut a hole in the outer side of each 
 of the cross lines, marking two spaces, and cut two 
 loops about I in. by 2 in. Shave the points, damp, 
 and put one end in each hole over the |-in. space ; 
 beat the points a little to flatten them to the 
 leather, and leave sufficient space for the billet to 
 pass between the loops and the noseband. 
 
 Crease the noseband on both sides from end to 
 end, \ in. from the edge, and, if required, another 
 line can be made at the same distance farther in 
 from opening to opening in the centre only. Piick 
 the lines all along except opposite the openings, 
 fine or coarse, according to the style of work, and 
 then put the lining underneath and the buckle in 
 its place. Tack it here and there with fine tacks, 
 
Fa.y and Cab Harness. 141 
 
 and with three-cord fine hemp stitch from end to 
 end, around the point, and across at the end of 
 the centre loops to fasten the loops near the 
 openings. 
 
 Stitch a second line if needed, and then the 
 buckle chape from underneath, and put in one or 
 two loops. Trim the edges, sandpaper, black 
 them, and polish ; then place sticks in the loops and 
 finish, making four holes in the short end. 
 
 The next part of the harness to be described 
 is the front or forehead band. Begin work by 
 cutting it 21 in. by 1 in., bend it down to pass easily 
 round a l^-in. strap, and then mark it across the 
 length of the required opening. See that there are 
 13 in. between the two cross marks in the centre 
 and sufficient to stitch down the ends beyond the 
 
 IllJ 
 
 Fig. 186. — Chain and Leather Grig Front. 
 
 openings ; shave the points and stitch down the 
 ends from the cross Imes to the points. 
 
 It can be covered with fancy coloured or striped 
 cloth or leather and herring-bone stitched along 
 the centre underneath, making a cross at each end ; 
 or a chain front (Figs. 185 to 187) can be employed. 
 In the last case a piece of patent leather must be 
 cut of the same length as the front from one cross 
 line to the other and of the same width as the fore- 
 head band ; adjust the chain and stitch along its 
 centre, taking the thread out at one side of the 
 chain, and running it through the link and dov\^n on 
 the other side close by the chain, and so on through 
 every link ; at each end through the link joint make 
 a little chape and stitch double through it when the 
 patent leather is being adjusted to the forehead 
 band. 
 
142 Harness Making. 
 
 Now mark a line along the edges of the patent 
 leather outside the chain and prick it fine, laying 
 on the patent leather from opening to opening, and 
 stitching double with beeswaxed linen thread and 
 a fine awl. Stitch the patent leather across also 
 at the ends, catching the above-mentioned little 
 chapes. Then pare, sandpaper, black, and well 
 polish the edges. 
 
 To make the head-piece, cut the leather 1^ in. 
 wide and 1 ft. 10 in. long ; slit it 6 in. at each end, 
 and edge, black, and rub it well, and then crease 
 it with a hot creaser close to the edge and at both 
 sides of the slits. Now cut a |-in. chape, long 
 enough to clasp the buckle and the headpiece and 
 to reach no farther than the far side. Make a 
 buckle hole in it, and edge, black, crease, and 
 finally prick it. 
 
 Cut a loop \ in. wide, trim it and place the chape 
 in the buckle, tacking it exactly in the centre of 
 the head-piece, after having cut a small nick 
 exactly in the centre for the projecting tongue to 
 enter. Stitch it in place, running a line across at 
 the end opposite the buckle ; then make four holes 
 in each of the slits. 
 
 The winker strap is made as follows : Cut it 
 from stiff leather 1^ in. by 13 in. long and re- 
 move the centre piece with a punch at the top of 
 the slit, the last being 1\ in. by \ in. Beginning at 
 the slit, gradually narrow the other part to | in. 
 wide to run to the head-piece buckle at the top. 
 Crease, black, and rub well with a hot iron and 
 make three punch holes at the pointed end. Take 
 the winkers and open a small slit by cutting the 
 stitches between the leather at the top corner in 
 the front ; put a ^-in. length of the slit in each 
 winker and stitch the points there firmly. 
 
 All that is now required to complete the bridle 
 is the throat lash ; make it 2 ft. 3 in. by | in. and 
 turn it down at each end to 1 ft. 8 in. ; then make 
 
Van and Cab Harness. 143 
 
 buckle holes in the bend and shave the points. 
 Edge, black, crease and rub well, prick the bend, 
 and put in the buckles with the bearing-rein 
 swivels, one at each extremity. Having made a 
 loop or two between the buckles and swivels, stitch 
 down the chapes, going below the swivel suffi- 
 ciently to keep it in place. 
 
 Put the bridle together by passing the ends of 
 the front piece into the rosette loops, and placing 
 one slit of the head strap on each side of the rosette 
 loops at both ends of the front piece, the centre 
 buckle at the top pointing in the same direction as 
 the front. Secure the winker strap at the top 
 buckle, and both inner slits of the head strap in 
 the top buckle of the cheeks ; then pass the billet 
 through the noseband opening. Make sure that 
 the noseband is buckled on the near side, and then 
 
 Figf. 187. — Chain and Leather Gig Front. 
 
 put the billets through the cheek of the bit and up 
 again through the loops on the outside of the nose- 
 band and cheek buckle. 
 
 The throat lash must now be buckled on the off 
 side and the strap passed through the loop on the 
 near side ; the noseband being buckled, the bridle 
 is finished. It may be coated with liquid blacking 
 or composition before it is put together, and the 
 buckles and rosettes can be cleaned with paste 
 and washleather or a clean soft rag. 
 
 To make a bearing rein a middle piece must be 
 cut 6 ft. by I in. ; finish it and bend 2 in., making 
 it ready for a buckle. Shave the end thin and cut 
 it to a point ; if two buckles are employed both 
 ends must be prepared alike, but with only one 
 buckle one end must be pricked for stitching to the 
 
144 Harness Making. 
 
 ring of the round part. Cut the round parts If in. 
 wide and 2 ft. long ; turn them down and narrow 
 them to f in. at one end, the turned-down part 
 being 2 in. long. Turn down about 1 in. at the 
 other end and prepare it for a buckle, shaving the 
 point thin ; then damp round the central part, 
 bring the edges together, and cut a groove on each 
 side to sink the stitches. 
 
 With a blunt point, open the groove before 
 stitching and have a piece of cord thick enough to 
 fill the inside and 1 in. longer at each end ; unravel 
 it at the ends and thin the strands by pulling off 
 some of the material with an awl. Run one end 
 of the cord through the bearing-rein ring for an 
 inch and whip it round with waxed hemp so that it 
 will be secured there. 
 
 Open the strands at the other end and put half 
 of them on each side of the buckle tongue at the 
 part which will be in the leather ; whip this again 
 fast to the buckle and see that it is of the right 
 length inside the round to reach tightly from the 
 buckle to the ring when in its place. It is now 
 necessary to put the ring in the long bend and the 
 buckle in the short one. 
 
 Now cut a billet 9 in. by | in., and after shaving 
 one end thin, round the other and prepare and 
 crease it. Put it in the billet and a loop, and stitch 
 the other end fine in the ring ; stitch the round 
 along the groove, being careful to have the thread 
 in the centre of the groove at both sides and to 
 catch the points of the turn-down at the ring and 
 the point of the billet in the other end, between 
 the edges of the round part, making two or three 
 stitches in each, thus joining them firmly with the 
 round part. Then with the spokeshave trim them 
 round and neat, rub with coarse glasspaper, and 
 finish with fine ; close the edges of the groove well 
 over the stitches and try to make it look as much as 
 possible like one round, solid piece. 
 
Fa.v and Cab Harness. 145 
 
 After well blacking and polishing the bearing 
 rein, give it a coat of liquid blacking, polishing by 
 sharp rubbing ; finish neatly around the ring and 
 buckle, crease the loops, and make one or two holes 
 in the billets. 
 
 ISTow prepare the middle part. When there are 
 two buckles, begin by punching a dozen holes 
 within 9 in. of each end ; with one buckle of course 
 only one end is punched. Five running loops large 
 enough to pass over the strap double must now be 
 made, as explained. When they are finished and 
 polished, put the two points together through one 
 of the loops and pull that loop to within 2 in. from 
 the top ; fix a buckle on each side and two loops 
 after each buckle with the right side out. Now ru:a 
 the points through the rings to the buckle and put 
 a chape in place, fastening the buckle in about the 
 sixth hole from the end and leaving the chape un- 
 stitched. Then pull one loop over the chape close 
 to the buckle and the other loop down to the ring 
 on each side. 
 
 To make the crupper, cut out the body 2 ft. by 
 If in. and slit it for 8 in. at the strongest end ; 
 taper the other end to 1^ in. wide and cut a l^-in. 
 billet 3 ft. 9 in. long. Shave the strong end thin 
 and round the other ; cut the lay 16 in. by Ij in. 
 and shave one end, rounding the other. Tho 
 points of the slits and the end of the body must 
 also be shaved, the slit points being tapered. Black 
 and crease them all, only the top of the lay being 
 edged. 
 
 Place the round end of the lay close to the slit 
 end, in the centre of the body, and 4 in. from the 
 round end make a deep cross line followed by three 
 other lines at intervals of 2 in., and at the same 
 distance from the fourth line cut a hole for the 
 buckle ; then put an awl at each corner formed by 
 the cross lines into both lay and body so as to make 
 a mark visible below ; there will thus be a guide for 
 
146 Harness Making. 
 
 use when stitching underneath to indicate where to 
 begin and end. 
 
 Cut a groove from the shaved end of the body as 
 far as the first awl mark below, then from the 
 second to the third, and finally from the fourth to 
 a distance of about 1 in, towards the point of the 
 lay; this groove must be made on the under-side- 
 Cut through one half the thickness of the leather 
 at a sufficient distance from the edge to catch the 
 lay on both sides in stitching. ]Now adjust the 
 buckle and lay once again, and then trim four loops 
 about I in. wide and place one before the buckle, 
 a second on the other side before reaching the first 
 opening, another between the two openings, and, 
 finally, the fourth beyond the lash. 
 
 The lay must be stitched in from the underside 
 with double waxed thread, a cross stitch being made 
 at the corners of each opening and the thread being 
 brought straight over the opening to the opposite 
 corner without cutting. Stitch over the loop at the 
 slit end, but no farther, the remainder being 
 stitched fine round the end from above. It is better 
 to stitch the crupper lay from below because it will 
 then be smoother and the stitches will not be so 
 likely to rub the hair off as when they are on the 
 surface, there being much friction at this part. 
 Having placed the stick in the loops, finish with the 
 hot iron, making a running loop for the billet. 
 
 The dock (Fig. 188) that is placed under the tail 
 is made of soft close-grained leather, 1 ft. 3 in. in 
 length, and tapered from the centre on each side 
 to about I in. when doubled over at the points. 
 Groove it carefully along the edges at a slight dis- 
 tance therefrom, and stitch it loosely with three- 
 cord fine hemp, about six per inch, merely pulling 
 the stitches home ; then damp it well. 
 
 Having a pint of whole linseed near at hand, 
 drive a nail through one end to close the opening, 
 and then, placing the linseed on the apron, scoop 
 
Fa IV AND Cab Harness. 
 
 M7 
 
 it in with the open end and ram the dock tight from 
 end to end with a stick or iron rod till it is filled. 
 
 Fig-. 188. 
 
 Fio:. 189. 
 
 Flo-. 188.— Crupper Dock. 
 
 ^4 Fig. 189.— Breeching-, etc. 
 
 Fig. 190.— Back-band. 
 
 Fig. 191.— Shaft Tugs. 
 
 m 
 
 Fi"-. 190. 
 
 Fig. 191. 
 
 Take one end in each hand and twist the piece to a 
 round shape, endeavouring to bring the stitches on 
 
148 Harness Makisg. 
 
 the lower side. Knock the two ends with nails in 
 them into a flat board, and keeping the centre on 
 the board, raise both sides and draw them as close 
 together as possible with a piece of soft leather 
 tied around them. Then allow them to dry and 
 trim the stitched part and sand it, rounding it with 
 the other parts ; polish well, thin the top sides of 
 the points, and knock them flat with the hammer. 
 Stitch one to each slit of the crupper body for 
 about I in., finish the edges, and put about a dozen 
 holes in the billet. 
 
 To make the breeching (Fig. 189), cut the leather 
 7 ft. 6 in. by If in., and turn it in 4 in. at the better 
 end, so that it will be 3 ft. 8 in. long when double. 
 If the lower part is too long, cut it off, allowing 
 about 2 in. for splicing, and shave both ends. Both 
 edges must now be shaved on the inside of the top 
 and bottom so as to slant outwards ; damp the top 
 from one bend to the other. Round it on the large 
 groove of the grooving board, crease it along both 
 edges, and prick it eight per inch. If the bend 
 seems too weak for the rings these can be lined. 
 Cut a strip of leather or an old rein, 1 in. wide, 
 and shave it round along the edges and at the 
 ends ; it must be long enough to run from ring to 
 ring. 
 
 Having prepared the rings and breeching dees 
 (Fig. 178 and 179, p. 125), cut the bearers from 
 good leather, 10 in. by | in. ; turn them down so 
 that the points will meet, and flatten the bends. 
 Prepare one end of each for the buckle, and cut a 
 groove along the lower side, where there is no 
 joint, and open it. Place the buckles and dees in 
 two bearers and the rings and buckle in the two 
 remaining, joining them on the side under the loop. 
 Stitch the ends together, making them meet ex- 
 actly in the centre of the bearer. 
 
 After edging the end bends, black them, because 
 this would be troublesome work later ; then cut 
 
Van and Cab Harness. 149 
 
 four loops, 2>\ in. by If in., blind-stitch them, and 
 finish them like the others. Make the pattern match, 
 finish the back of the bearer, and close the groove 
 well. A ring must now be put in each end of the 
 breeching, which is then tacked in place for stitch- 
 ing. Place the lining lately cut in the centre to 
 raise and strengthen it, and then stitch along both 
 ■ the sides with three-cord coarse hemp ; reserve an 
 opening about 8 in. from the ring for the bearers, 
 but do not fix these in it until the body has been 
 stitched and trimmed. 
 
 Some fancy style of stitching can be run along 
 each end from the ring about 6 in. when the straight 
 lines have been stitched along the sides, or have 
 two extra straight lines instead of fancy work, 
 bringing the lines to a point at 6 in. from the ring, 
 or again make four rows all along the breeching. 
 
 The body being well trimmed and finished, put 
 both bearers in on the same side, one at each end 
 where the opening was left. Before this, how- 
 ever, put a small piece of leather inside to fill the 
 hollow square in the breeching dees ; stitch this 
 firmly in place. 
 
 For a hip-strap to match the breeching, cut a 
 strap 4 ft. long and a little more than double the 
 width of the buckles on the bearers ; slit it for 16 in. 
 at each end, each slit being the width of the bearer 
 buckles, and if it is altogether too wide, the waste 
 should come off the centre. Then edge, black, and 
 crease it neatly and put eight holes in each end. 
 
 The breeching straps to go round the shafts 
 must be cut 3 ft. 3 in. by \\ in., and when the light 
 ends are turned down, are 2 ft. 6 in. long. Round 
 the point, and shave that of the turn over ; then 
 prepare the bend for the buckle, and edge, black, 
 and crease. 
 
 Cut four strong loops about I in. wide, and 
 having neatly finished them, prick along about 3 in. 
 from the buckle on the lower side. Tack on the 
 
I5C3 BARNE^iS Makinc. 
 
 two loops, one near the buckle in the usual posi- 
 tion, and the other close to it but in the reverse 
 position to turn under the strap. Stitch them with 
 strong thread, and, having finished them, bend the 
 strap from the loop to the end of the underpiece 
 and run a dozen stitches on each side at the point. 
 Bend it so that when in position in the ring the 
 parts will be even ; if stitched without bending, the 
 lower part will pucker. Finish the loops and put 
 six holes in each strap. 
 
 The back-band (Fig. 190, p. 147) may now be cut 
 out, its complete length being 8 ft. The centre 
 piece passing through the saddle is 3 ft. 3 in. long, 
 the strap or buckling end measuring 1 ft. 6 in., and 
 the remainder being for girth. If it is for a van 
 harness it must be in three thicknesses along the 
 centre, but the strap end will be strong enough in 
 two thicknesses ; when the belly-band part is very 
 light it may also be thickened a little. Place the 
 belly-band buckle in the belly-band end, and if 
 necessary line the chape ; then round the point at 
 the strap end. Crease all along and make two 
 rows on each side of the centre, bringing them to- 
 gether in a point at the extremities. Strictly 
 speaking, one row on each side of the belly band 
 and strap will suffice, but four rows are better ; in 
 the last case, crossing the two middle centre lines 
 at the end of the centre part will improve the 
 appearance. 
 
 An opening must be left in the stitching about 
 1^ in, from the buckle, and two openings lower 
 down, 2 in. apart, to receive three loops when the 
 back-band has been completed. Stitch it about 
 eight per inch, with four-cord thread. 
 
 For finishing, use a spokeshave, and rub the 
 stitches underneath to level them well ; round the 
 edges well towards the stitches, making the edges 
 neat in appearance. Scrape it with glasspaper, 
 place the buckle on the hook, and black the edges 
 
Van and Cab Harness. 151 
 
 and stitches ; rub vigorously with the rag in the 
 right hand, holding each side of the back-band 
 with the other. The hand should be moved briskly 
 backwards and forwards so as to dry and polish the 
 edges well. Now pass a ball of tallow along the 
 edges and again rub well with the rag, after which 
 the three loops may be placed on the belly band 
 and stitched from below, the reverse side to the 
 other stitches. Then punch eight or nine holes in 
 the strap and three in the centre part at equal 
 distances from each crossing of the middle row of 
 stitches, or from the point of the inner rows if the 
 centre only has four rows of stitching. Leave 
 about 1 ft. 6 in. in the centre without holes. 
 
 The shaft tugs (Fig. 191, p. 147) are made by 
 cutting a 1 ft. 71 in. length of leather to the same 
 width as the buckles and back-band — that is, 1| in. 
 Overlap this piece 4^ in., the overlap then being 
 bent together and knocked flat in the centre. 
 Through both leathers cut a hole for a buckle in 
 the bend, and shave a little on the sides of the 
 hole underneath where the tongue enters, so that 
 the buckle will run close to the leather. 
 
 Shave both ends, the inner very thin and the 
 outer or top one moderately, cutting a little ofiE 
 each corner. Crease two rows on each side as on 
 the back-band, and, having pricked the rows seven 
 per inch, place the brass or nickel loop loose on the 
 strap and adjust the buckle therein. Draw the two 
 holes in the centre, where the buckle is placed, 
 exactly opposite each other, and stitch the top 
 point of the overlap along the two inner lines for 
 about 2 in. through the two leathers. 
 
 The shape being now obtained, the tug must be 
 filled and thickened. This is done by cutting a 
 piece of leather to fit the inside tight from one side 
 of the buckle to the other, keeping the buckle in 
 position while working. Cut a nick in the centre 
 of each Qxa^ of this piece so that the tongue and 
 
152 Harness Making. 
 
 sides may fit close to the buckle, and then cut 
 another good piece of leather to go round inside 
 tight and to overlap at the top for about 1^ in. 
 Now shave each end and cut a groove on each side 
 for about the length of the loop on the part in- 
 tended for it, and overlap it on the side opposite 
 the loop just below the buckle, with the outer point 
 of the overlap on the top pointing towards the 
 buckle and not downwards. 
 
 If the tug needs more thickening, place another 
 piece under the inside lining to reach from the 
 metal loop (placed below the leather loop) round 
 the bottom and about halfway up the other side, 
 leaving it with its thickness at the end near the 
 metal loop ; shave the other end thin. 
 
 The metal loop must fit tight between the end 
 of the piece and the leather loop. It must now be 
 tacked together from the inside, the joint at the 
 overlap being made firm. The lining should be of 
 sole leather ; damp it well so that it will fit into its 
 place and be easier to stitch. Begin stitching at 
 the buckle with four-cord thread and work round 
 to the metal loop ; then begin at this part on the 
 other side and stitch to the buckle. Continue to 
 work in this way until four rows are stitched. 
 
 Trim the edges, and black and polish them, 
 paying particular attention to the part about the 
 buckle. 
 
 There is an opening from the metal loop to the 
 buckle remaining unstitched ; this, with a groove 
 cut underneath on the lower side, is for the loop, 
 which must be about 2 in. wide. Having inserted 
 one side for about half the width of the tug, stitch 
 it with six-cord double waxed thread from the 
 buckle to the metal loop, being careful to bring the 
 awl out with each stitch in the centre of the groove. 
 Stitch the other side as far as the buckle and make 
 two or three cross stitches on each side of the 
 buckle. 
 
Van and Cab Harness. 
 
 153 
 
 If there is mucli unevenness on the part from 
 the end of the loop to the buckle, a little filling 
 may be put in the space. The loop must be longer 
 than usual because the back-band is extra thick. 
 Shape the loop with a thick bent loop-stick big 
 enough to make plenty of room for a back-band. 
 Black and finish the loop, make a pattern or check 
 it if necessary, and then remove all unevenness, 
 close the grooves, and trim neatly about the loop 
 and buckle. Repeat the operation with the second 
 tug, and then all will be ready. 
 
 The big loops for a shaft and the hame tugs, 
 etc., must always be made of firm loop leather, 
 
 Fig. 193.— Cab Saddle Tree. 
 
 Fig. 192. — Four-wheeled 
 Cab Saddle. 
 
 which will grow hard in finishing and retain its 
 firmness and shape in spite of rain and weather. 
 
 For the traces, trace end chains will be needed ; 
 van and cab traces are stitched to the hames, being 
 shortened by having ten or twelve links of a chain 
 at the other end. The traces may be 4 ft. 9 in. 
 long by 1| in., being 1 ft. 1 in. longer with a chain. 
 They must be in three thicknesses, but with two 
 thicknesses to go through the chain dee and hame 
 ring (Fig. 171, p. 123). 
 
 In putting the upper and lower part together, 
 place the light end of one against the heavy end 
 of the other, thus levelling the trace and making it 
 
154 
 
 Ha r NESS Ma king. 
 
 of equal strength. Shave the points well where 
 one ends and another begins — for example, the 
 lining in the hame ring and chain dee. Having 
 turned the leathers down to the right length, crease 
 and prick them, seven or eight per inch. Tack 
 down with only the chain on and stitch the four 
 rows, but not so far in the hame end as to prevent 
 the hame ring being placed in position when they 
 are finished. When both are stitched, trim, black, 
 and polish them ; then rub down the stitches under- 
 neath, and having fixed them to the hame ring, 
 stitch thsm to it, and finish that end like the other 
 
 Fior. 195 
 
 F.g. 194. Fig. 196. 
 
 Fig. 19i.— Hansom Cab Saddle. Figs. 195 and 19:5. — 
 Rein Stops. 
 
 Make two hame straps \ in. wide, the top strap 
 1 ft. 10 in. long, and the lower 1 ft. 4 in. Adjust 
 the buckles at the strong ends and make two loops, 
 reversing them as on the breeching straps ; have 
 seven or eight holes in each. 
 
 The driving reins are 1 in. wide, and the fore- 
 part near the horse's head is 6 ft. long on each side. 
 Turn down the chapes at the strong ends for the 
 buckles, and shave the point thin ; then cut two 
 billets, 1 ft. long, from a firm piece of leather. 
 Shave one end and round the other, and, having cut 
 
Vajv Ajvl) Cab Harness. 155 
 
 two loops, edge and finish them ; then rub all and 
 crease them close to the edge with a hot creaser. 
 
 Adjust the buckles, prick the part of the billet 
 to be stitched a little inside the outer crease, and 
 stitch the billets in with the loop. When the loops 
 are finished, make a hole in each billet far enough 
 from the point to allow what is over to come 
 through the loop, and cover the stitches on the 
 front. 
 
 Fig. 197.— Hi'nscm Cab Harres^. 
 
 Make the brown hand parts 5 ft. 6 in. long, and 
 narrow the light end of one part to pass through 
 into a |-in. covered buckle ; then turn down the 
 other point and narrow it for the buckle chape. 
 Finally, prepare a narrow brown loop. Shave and 
 taper the other end of the hand parts to a point, 
 edge both sides below and under, and damp the 
 edges with gum and water, or with water only. 
 
156 Harness Making. 
 
 Polish them well by rubbing, making them even 
 everywhere ; brown paper is excellent for polishing 
 either black or brown edges. 
 
 After creasing them very near the edge with a 
 screw crease, place the buckle and loop on the end 
 and mark a line a little inside the outer one, about 
 2^ in. or 3 in. long, on the end to be spliced on the 
 fore-part. Prick it fine and stitch with a fine 
 thread, pointing the stitches in the upper end to 
 the same shape as the others. The hand parts can 
 be obtained ready cut with buckles, and then all 
 that has to be done is to shave the ends and stitch 
 them to the fore-parts. 
 
 Four-wheel cab harness can be made in the same 
 way as van harness, except the saddle (Fig. 192), 
 which is made exactly like a gig saddle, but is 
 heavier and has brass or nickel screw studs in each 
 corner of the skirts ; Fig. 193 shows the top or 
 tree. 
 
 Hansom cab harness is not much different, 
 though the saddle (Fig. 194) is lighter, and some 
 have rollers inside the saddle so that the back- 
 band may run smoothly backwards and forwards 
 through the tree ; these trees are made to order. 
 In Fig. 197, A indicates the noseband, b winker, c 
 forehead band, E throatlash, f cheek, G rein, h 
 collar, I trace, j saddle, k shaft tug, l cantle of 
 saddle, m crupper, N tug strap, bearer, p breech- 
 ing, and R shaft strap. 
 
 ~ The hansom reins must be about 20 ft. long on 
 each side, each brown hand part being about 7 ft. 
 long. They are generally showy and ornamental. 
 Winkers and saddle, hip straps, martingale, and 
 breastplate have ornaments, the reins have ivory 
 rings and stops (Figs. 195 and 196), and there is a 
 face -piece ornament on the bridle. 
 
 Both four-wheeler and hansom harness (Fig. 
 197) are larger and heavier than gig harness, except 
 at the saddle. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Awls, 21, 22 
 
 Back Stitching, 52 
 Backband Hook, Plough, 107 
 
 , Van Harness, 150 
 
 Backs, Hide, 37, 39, 40 
 Ball Terret, 124 
 Band, Forehead, 68 
 Bands, Mill, 40 
 
 , ISTose, 63 
 
 Basils, 40 
 
 Beeswax, 30 
 
 Bells and Brush, Bridle, 63 
 
 Belly Band, Cart, 99 
 
 Belt, Waist, 49 
 
 Bent Awl, 21 
 
 Bevellers, 21 
 
 Billet, 93 
 
 Bits, 111-116 
 
 Black Wax, 31, 33, 45 
 
 Black-ball, 44 
 
 Board, Cutting, 42 
 
 Body-belt Webs, 45 
 
 Box Creased Loop, 57 
 
 Loop, 57 
 
 Strap, 49 
 
 • Spurs, 116 
 
 Brace End Punch, 15 
 Brass Face-pieces, 63 
 • Gear Buckles, Scotch, 63 
 
 Hame Plates, 63 
 
 ■ Nails, 35 
 
 Ornaments, 63 
 
 Polisliing Paste, 47 
 
 Squares, 63 
 
 Swing. 65 
 
 Breaking Bit, 116 
 Breeching, Cart Harness, 96 
 
 , Van Harness, 149 
 
 Bridle, 70 
 
 Hides, 38 
 
 Bridoon Bits, 112, 114, 115 
 Bronzing for Leather, 48 
 Brown Gear Hides, 40 
 Harness Hides, 40 
 
 Shoulders, 39 
 
 Stain, 46 
 
 Wax 45 
 
 Brush and Bells for Bridle, 63 
 Buckle Tongue Punch, 14 
 Buckles. 63, 118-126 
 Buff Hides, White, 41 
 
 Buff Middling, White Bleached, 
 
 41 
 Bull Hides, Enamelled, 41 
 Burgess's Buckles, 124 
 Burnisher, 44 
 Butts, Black Strap, 38 
 Buxton Bit, 115 
 
 Cab, Hansom, Harness for, 156 
 
 Harness, 156 
 
 Saddle, 156 
 
 Tree, 156 
 
 Calf-skins, 40 
 
 Cart Belly Band, 99 
 
 Collars, 75-85 
 
 Harness, 62-74 
 
 Saddles, 86-100 
 
 , Panel of, 86 
 
 - • , Tree for, 86 
 
 Cement, Leatlier, 47 
 Chain Front, 141 
 Chains, 12j 
 
 , Hip-strap, 105 
 
 Chapes, 66 
 
 Chased Buckles, 123 
 
 Chatham Buckles, 123 
 
 Clieckers 21 
 
 Cheek Curb Bit, Globe, 114 
 
 Chin Strap, 71 
 
 Clamp or Clams, 24 
 
 Clip, Hame, 123 
 
 Clout Nails, 34 
 
 Coach Hides, 41 
 
 Collar, Cart, 75-85 
 
 , Lining, 78 
 
 , Pipe, 77 
 
 Rod, Iron, 27 
 
 Side-piece, 83 
 
 , Van, 128 
 
 Coloured Flocks, 36 
 Couplings for Plough Gear, 110 
 Compasses, 21 
 
 , Race, 21 
 
 Composition, Harness, 46 
 Corner-piece, Nose-band, 69 
 Cow-backs, Japanned, 38 
 Cow-hides, Enamelled, 41 
 Creased Loop, Box, 57 
 Creases, 19 
 Crew Punch, 14 
 Crupper, Cart Harness, 93 
 Dock. 143 
 
53 
 
 Harness Making. 
 
 Crupper, Van Harness, 145 
 Curb Bit, 115 
 
 , Globe Cheek, 114 
 
 Cut Tacks, 34 
 Cutter, Washer, 13 
 Cutting Board, 42 
 
 Gauge, 10, 11 
 
 Pliers, 27 
 
 Cutting up Hides, 42 
 
 Dees, Breeching, 143 
 Diaper Webs, 4o 
 Dock, 146 
 
 Double-rein Hides, 39 
 Dress Spurs, 116 
 Drummed Flocks, 36 
 Dye, 35 
 Dyeing, Iron Liquor for, 45 
 
 Ear-piece, 69 
 Edge Trimmers, 12 
 Enamelled Hides, 41 
 Exercising Bit, 116 
 
 Face-pieces, Brass, 63 
 
 Farm Harness, Oil for, 47 
 
 Felt, 36 
 
 Files, 29 
 
 Flap Hides, Japanned, 38 
 
 Flocks, 36 
 
 Flour Paste, 45 
 
 Fly-terrets, 124 
 
 Foot-rule, 21 
 
 Fore Gear and Leader Harness, 
 
 101-106 
 Forehead Band, 68 
 
 , Van Harness, 141 
 
 Forewale, 76 
 
 J^orJc, tttiaining, 29 
 Four-wheel Cab Harness, 156 
 
 Gauge, Cutting. 10, 11 
 
 , Plough, 11 
 
 Gear Buckles, Scotch, 63 
 
 -. Hides, Brown, 40 
 
 , Plough, 107-110 
 
 , Shaft, 62 
 
 Gig Curb Bit. 115 
 Harness, 127 
 
 Snaffle, 113 
 
 Gilding Leather, 43 
 Girth, Cart Saddle, 91 
 
 Chape Punch, 15 
 
 •, Van Harness, 137 
 
 Webs, 44 
 
 Globe Cheek Curb Bit, 114 
 
 Hackney Bits, 112, 113 
 Half-moon Scalloping Irons, 16 
 Hame Clip, 125 
 Knobs, Brass, 63 
 
 Plates, Brass, 63 
 
 Straps, 99 
 
 Tug Loops, 153 
 
 Hames, 124-125 
 Hammer, 17 
 Hand Knife, 10 
 
 Punch, 15 
 
 Hand-iron, 23 
 
 Hansom Cab Harness, 156 
 
 Saddle, 156 
 
 Hard Wax, 31 
 Harness, Cab, 127-156 
 , Cart, 62-74 
 
 Composition, 46 
 
 — -, Fore Gear and Leader, 
 101-106 
 
 , Gig, 127 
 
 Jet, 47 
 
 Oil, 47 
 
 , Plough, 107-110 
 
 , Van, 127-156 
 
 Waterproof Paste, 47 
 
 Head Knife, 10 
 
 Strap, 73 
 
 Head-collar Rein Backs, 39 
 Hearts, Brass, 63 
 
 Hemp, 30, 53 
 Hides, 37-42 
 
 , Cutting up, 42 
 
 Hind Tugs, 97 
 
 Hip-strap Chains, 103 
 
 Hog-skins, 40 
 
 Hook, Plough Back-band, 107 
 
 , Wire, 61 
 
 Horse Hides, Japanned, 38 
 Horseliair, Curled, 36 
 Housing, Cart Saddle, 92 
 
 Iron Collar Rod, 27 
 
 , Hand, 23 
 
 Liquor for Dyeing, 45 
 
 , Palm, 25 
 
 -, Pricking, 18 
 
 , Scalloping, 16 
 
 Seat, 27 
 
 Jambles Plates, 63 
 Japanned Hides, 33 
 
 Nails, 34 
 
 ■ Welting Seals, 38 
 
 Winker Hides, 38 
 
 let. Harness, 47 
 
 Knives, 10 
 
 Lace Needles, 53 
 Ladies' Horse Bits, 112 
 — ■ Spurs, 116 
 
 Stirrups, 117 
 
 Lash, Throat, 73 
 
 Lead Piece for Punching, 16 
 Leader Harness, Fore Gear and, 
 
 101-106 
 Leather, 37-42 
 
 , Bronzing. 48 
 
 Cement, 47 
 
 , Fancy, 41 
 
Index. 
 
 159 
 
 Leather Preserver, 47 
 
 •, Patent, Keviver for, 46 
 
 •, Testing Quality of, 41 
 
 Lignum-vitse Round Mallet, 17 
 
 Linen Threads, 30 
 
 Lining Cart Saddle Panel, 87 
 
 Collar, 78 
 
 Winkers, 127 
 
 Liverpool Bits, 114 
 Loin Straps, 93 
 Loop, Box, 57 
 
 , Creasing, 59 
 
 Leather, Dyeing, 35 
 
 , Pipe, 57 
 
 , Running, 49, 57 
 
 Looping, 57-61 
 Loop-sticks, 23 
 
 Machine, Slitting, 11 
 Mallets, 17 
 Materials, 30-48 
 Melbourne Buckles, 124 
 Middling, White Bleached Bufl, 
 
 41 
 Mill Bands, 40 
 
 Nail-claw, 27 
 Nails, 34, 35 
 Needles, 22 
 
 , Threading, 51 
 
 Nipple, Hand Punch, 16 
 
 Nose-band, 63 
 
 , Van Harness, 140 
 
 Octagons, Brass, 63 
 
 Officers' Spurs, 116 
 
 Oil, Harness, 47 
 
 Oval Punch, 13, 14 
 
 Ovals, Brass, 63 
 
 Ox Hides, Enamelled, 41 
 
 Palm-iron, 23 
 
 Panel, Cart Saddle, 86 
 
 . Van Saddle, 134 
 
 Paring Knife, 10 
 Paste, 45, 127 
 
 • , Brass Polishing, 47 
 
 , Harness, 47 
 
 Patent Leather Reviver, 46 
 Pelham Bits, 112 
 
 Snaffles, 113 
 
 Pincers, 27 
 Pipe- Collar, 77 
 
 Loop, 57 
 
 •Plate Powder, 47 
 
 Pliers, 27 
 
 Plough Back-band Hook, 107 
 
 Gear Couplings, 110 
 
 Harness, 107-110 
 
 Plough-gauge, 11 
 Pocket-book or Purse Hides, 40 
 Polishing Paste, Brass, 47 
 Powder, Plate, 47 
 
 Preserver, Leather, 47 
 
 Prickers, Wheel, 19 
 
 Pricking-iron, 18 
 
 Punches, 13-16 
 
 Punching, Lead Piece for, 16 
 
 Purse or Pocket-book Hides, 40 
 
 Race Compasses, 21 
 
 Girth Webs, 44 
 
 Rasps, 29 
 
 Rein, 73 
 
 Backs, Head-collar, 39 
 
 • Hides and Backs, 38 
 
 Stops, 156 
 
 Reins, Van Harness, 154 
 Reviver, Patent Leather, 46 
 Riding Bits, 112 
 
 Saddles, Stain for, 46 
 
 Rivets, 126 
 
 Roller Buckles, 120 
 
 Girth Webs, 44 
 
 Rosette Punches, 16 
 Round Awl, 22 
 
 File, 29 
 
 Knife, 10 
 
 Punch, 13, 14 
 
 Round-headed Nails, 34 
 Rubber, 28 
 Running Loop, 50, 57 
 Russet Brown Stain, 46 
 
 Saddle, Cab, 156 
 , Cart, 86-100 
 
 Girths, 91 
 
 , Hansom Cab, 156 
 
 Stain, 46 
 
 Straps, 91 
 
 , Van, 130 
 
 Safety Slipper Stirrup, 117 
 Scalloping Irons, 16 
 Scotch Brass Gear Buckles, 63 
 Screw Crease, 19 
 
 Race, 19 
 
 Spurs, 116 
 
 Seals, Japannei Welting, 38 
 Seal-skins, 41 
 Seat Awl, 22 
 
 Iron, 27 
 
 Sewing Awl, 21 
 Shaft Gear, 62 
 
 Tug Buckles, 124 
 
 Tugs, Clamp for Sewing, 24 
 
 , Van, 151 
 
 Sheep-skins, 40 
 Sheep's Wool, 36 
 Shoulders, Hide, 38-40 
 Show or Stallion Bit, 116 
 Silk Threads, 30 
 Single Crease, 19 
 Skins, Calf, 40 
 
 , Hog, 40 
 
 , Seal, 41 
 
 , Sheep, 40 
 
 . White, 53 
 
i6o 
 
 JIarne s Makixg, 
 
 Skirt Hides and Backs, 40 
 Slipper Stirrups, 117 
 Slitting Machine, 11 
 Snaffles, 113, 116 
 Spokesliave, 11 
 Spur Shoulders, Black, 38 
 Spurs, 116 
 Square File, 29 
 Squares, Brass, 63 
 Stain, 35 
 
 Stains, Various, 46 
 Stallion or Show Bit, 116 
 Stars, Brass, 63 
 Steel Seat-iron, 27 
 Stirrup Hides, 40 
 Stirrups, 117 
 Stitching Awls, 21 
 
 , Back, 52 
 
 , Simple Exercises in, 49-56 
 
 with White Lace, 52 
 
 Straight Scalloping Irons, 16 
 Straining Fork, 29 
 
 Webs, 45 
 
 Strap, Box, 49 
 
 Butts, Black, 38 
 
 • for Cart Saddle, 91 
 
 , Chin, 71 
 
 ■ , Hame, 99 
 
 , Head, 73 
 
 , Loin, 98 
 
 , Winker, 72 
 
 Swing, Brass, 63 
 Swivelled Bridoon Bit, 115 
 Swivels, 124 
 
 Tacks, Cut, 34 
 
 Tallow, 31 
 
 Team Harness, Oil for, 47 
 
 Terrets, 124 
 
 Threads, 30, 33, 75 
 
 Throat Lash, 73 
 
 Tools, 10-29 
 
 Trace Backs, 37 
 
 , Von Harness, 153 
 
 Tree, Cab Saddle, 156 
 
 Tree, Cart Saddle, 86 
 
 , Van Sadale, 1?2 
 
 Trimmers, Edge, 12 
 Trousers Spurs, 116 
 Tugs, Hind, 97 
 
 Van Collar, 123 
 
 Harness, 127-155 
 
 Saddle, 130 
 
 Vandyke Scalloping Irons, 16 
 Vice, 27 
 
 Waist-belt, 49-56 
 Washer Cutter, 13 
 Waterproof Harness Paste, 47 
 Wax, Black, 31, 33, 45 
 
 , Brown, 45 
 
 , Hard, 31 
 
 , White, 30 
 
 Waxed Threads, 30 
 Webs. 44, 45 
 
 Welting Seals, Japanned, 38 
 West End Buckles. 122-124 
 Weymouth Bits, 112 
 Wheel Prickers, 19 
 White Bleached BufT Middling, 
 41 
 
 Bufl Hides, 41 
 
 Flocks, 36 
 
 Hemp Thread. 33 
 
 Lace, Stitching with, 52 
 
 Skin, 53 
 
 Wax, 30 
 
 Wilson Snaffle, 113 
 Winker Hides, 38 
 
 ■ , Japanned, 33 
 
 Straps, 72 
 
 , Van Harness, 142 
 
 Winkers, 64, 127 
 V.'ire Hook, 61 
 
 Nails. 34 
 
 Wrench, 27 
 
 I Yellow Hemp Thread, 33 
 
 Stain, 46 
 
 Frinied by Cafsell and Companv, Limited, La Belle Sa! 
 
 E.G. 
 
ENGINEER'S HANDY-BOOK. 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 FACTS, FORMULiE, TABLES AND QUESTIONS 
 
 ON POWER, ITS GENERATION, TRANSMISSION AND MEASUREMENT; 
 HEAT, FUEL AND STEAM ; THE STEAM-BOILER AND ACCESSORIES ; 
 STEAM-ENGINES AND THEIR PARTS; THE STEAM-ENGINE IN- 
 DICATOR; GAS AND GASOLINE ENGINES; MATERIALS, 
 THEIR PROPERTIES AND STRENGTH: 
 
 TOGETHER WITH A 
 
 DISCUSSION OF THE FUNDAMENTAL EXPEEIMENTS IN 
 
 ELECTRICITY, 
 
 AND AN EXPLANATION OF 
 
 DYNAMOS, MOTOES, BATTERIES, SWITCHBOAEDS, TELE- 
 PHONES, BELLS, ANNUNCIATOES, ALARMS, Etc., 
 
 AND ALSO 
 
 RULES FOR CALCULATING SIZES OF WIRES. 
 
 BY 
 
 STEPHEN EOPER, Engineer, 
 
 AUTHOR OF 
 
 "Roper's Catechism of High-Pressure or Non-Condensing Steam-Engines," 
 "Roper's Hand-Book of the Locomotive," "Roper's Hand-Book of 
 Land and Marine Engines," " Roper's Hand-Book of Modern 
 Steam-Fire Engines," "Young Engineer's Own Book," 
 "Use and Abuse of the Steam-Boiler," "Ques- 
 tions and Answers for Engineers," etc. 
 
 FIFTEENTH EDITION. 
 
 REVISED AND GREATLY ENLARGED BY 
 
 EDWIN R. KELLEE, M. E., 
 
 AND 
 
 CLAYTON W. PIKE, B. S., 
 
 Bx-President of the Electrical Section of the Franklin Institute. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA : 
 
 DAVID McKAY, 
 
 1022 Market Street. 
 
DEC 7 1904 . 
 
 ROPER^S 
 Practical Hand -Books 
 
 For Engineers and Firemen. 
 
 NEW REVISED AND ENLARGED EDITION. 
 
 HANDY-BOOK FOR STEAM ENGINEERS 
 AND ELECTRICIANS. 
 
 PRICE, $3.50. 
 
 pRice. 
 Ropcf*s Catechism for Steam Engineers and Electric- 
 ians, $2*00 
 
 Roper^s Questions and Answers for Steam Engineers 
 
 and Electricians, 2.00 
 
 Roper's Hand-Book of Land and Marine Engines, • 3.50 
 Roper's Care and Management of the Steam Boiler, 2.00 
 Roper's Use and Abase of the Steam Boiler, .... 2.00 
 
 Roper's Young Engineers' Own Book, 2,50 
 
 Roper's Hand-Book of the Locomotive, 2,50 
 
 Roper's Instructions and St^gestions for Engineers 
 
 and Firemen, 2.00 
 
 Roper's Hand-Book of Modem Steam Fire Engines, • 3.50 
 
 DAVID MCKAY, Publisher, 
 
 1022 Market Street, Piuladelphia, Pa. 
 
TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION. 
 
 Important New Series of Practical Volumes. Edited by PAUL 
 N. HASLUCK. With numerous Illustrations in the Text. 
 Each book contains about 1 60 pages, crown 8vo. Cloth, 
 ^i.oo each, postpaid. 
 
 Practical Draughtsmen's Work. With 226 Illustrations. 
 
 Contents. — Drawing Boards. Paper and Mounting. Draughtsmen's Instru- 
 ments. Drawing Straight Lines. Drawing Circular Lines. Elliptical Curves. 
 Projection. Back Lining Drawings. Scale Drawings and Maps, Colouring 
 Drawings. Making a Drawing. Index. 
 
 Practical Gasfitting. With 120 Illustrations. 
 
 Contents. — How Coal Gas is Made. Coal Gas from the Retort to the Gas 
 Holder. Gas Supply from Gas Holder to Meter. Laying the Gas Pipe in the 
 House. Gas Meters. Gas Burners. Incandescent Lights. Gas Fittings in 
 Workshops and Theatres. Gas Fittings for Festival Illuminations. Gas Fires 
 and Cooking Stoves. Index. 
 
 Practical Staircase Joinery. With 215 Illustrations. 
 
 Contents. — Introduction : Explanation of Terms. Simple Form of Staircase 
 — Housed String Stair : Measuring, Planning, and Setting Out. Two-flight 
 Staircase. Staircase with Winders at Bottom. Staircase with Winders at Top 
 and Bottom. Staircase with Half-space of Winders. Staircase over an Oblique 
 Plan. Staircase with Open or Cut Strings. Cut String Staircase with Brackets. 
 Open String Staircase with Bull nose Step. Geometrical Staircases. Winding 
 Staircases. Ships' Staircases. Index. 
 
 Practical Metal Plate Work. With 247 Illustrations. 
 
 Contents. — Materials used in Metal Plate Work. Geometrical Construction 
 of Plane Figures. Geometrical Construction and Development of Solid 
 Figures. Tools and Appliances used in Metal Plate Work. Soldering and 
 Brazing. Tinning. Re-tinning and Galvanising. Examples of Practical 
 Metal Plate Work. Examples of Practical Pattern Drawing. Index. 
 
 Practical Graining and Marbling. With 79 Illustrations. 
 
 Contents. — Graining: Introduction, Tools, and Mechanical Aids. Graining 
 Grounds and Graining Colors. Oak Graining in Oil. Oak Graining in Spirit 
 and Water Colours. Pollard Oak and Knotted Oak Graining. Maple Graining 
 Mahogany and Pitch-pine Graining. Walnut Graining. Fancy Wood Grain- 
 ing. Furniture Graining Imitating Woods by Staining. Imitating Inlaid 
 Woods. Marbling : Introdiiction, Tools, and Materials. Imitating Varieties 
 of Marble. Index. 
 
 Ready Shortly: Practical Plumbing Work. 
 
 Other New Volumes in Preparation. 
 DAVID McKAY, Publisher, 1022 Market Street, Philadelphia.