Qass. 
 Book. 
 
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 THE 
 
 UNITY OF HISTORY. 
 
Cambrttrgc: 
 
 PRINTED BV C. J. CLAY, M.A. 
 AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 
 
THE 
 
 UNITY OF HISTORY. 
 
 THE REDE LECTURE 
 
 DELIVERED IN THE SENATE-HOUSE 
 
 BEFORE THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE 
 
 ON FRIDAY, MAY 24, 1872. 
 
 BY 
 
 EDWARD A.^REEMAN, M.A., Hon. D.C.L. 
 
 FORMERLY FELLOW OF TRINITY COLLEGE, OXFORD. 
 
 ^:/ 
 
 Sontion : ,j 
 MACMILLAN AND CO. 
 
 1872. 
 
 {^All Rights resei-ved.l 
 
■ F'Sb 
 
THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 
 
 The revival of learning in the fifteenth and 
 sixteenth centuries marks, as is agreed on all 
 hands, one of the great epochs in the history 
 of the mind of man. It is easy to exaggerate 
 the extent of the revival itself; it is easy to 
 dwell too exclusively on the bright side of its 
 results; but the undoubted fact still remains by 
 none the less. That age was an age when the 
 spirit of man cast away trammels by which it had 
 long been fettered; it was an age when men open- 
 ed their eyes to light against which they had 
 been closed for ages. A new world was opened ; 
 or more truly, a world which men never had 
 forgotten, but which had become to them a 
 F. I 
 
THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 
 
 world of fable, was suddenly set before them 
 in its true and living reality. The Virgil, the 
 Aristotle, the Alexander, of legend gave way 
 to the true Virgil, the true Aristotle, the true 
 Alexander, called up again to life in their 
 writings, and in their deeds. We are indeed 
 apt greatly to exaggerate the ignorance of 
 earlier times, but in one point it is hardly pos- 
 sible to exaggerate the importance of the 
 change. It must have been like the discovery 
 of a new sense, like the discovery of a new 
 world of being, when the treasures of genuine 
 Greek literature were, for the first time, thrown 
 open to the gaze of Western Christendom. 
 The twelfth century had its classical revival as 
 well as the fifteenth ; but the classical revival 
 of the twelfth century hardly ever went be- 
 yond a more accurate knowledge, a more 
 happy imitation, of the elder specimens of 
 that Latin tongue which was still the tongue 
 of religion, government, and learning. To 
 William of Malmesbury and John of Salisbury 
 
THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 
 
 the voice of Homer was dumb, and the voice 
 of Aristotle spoke only at third-hand with a 
 Spanish Saracen to his dragoman. Such know- 
 ledge of Greek as fell to the lot of Robert 
 Grosseteste and Roger Bacon was looked on 
 as a prodigy; and, whatever was its amount, 
 it certainly did not extend to any familiar 
 knowledge of the masterpieces of Hellenic 
 poetry, history, or oratory. That revival of 
 learning which brought the men of our North- 
 ern world face to face with the camp before 
 Ilios and with the Agor^ of Athens, was indeed 
 a revolution which amounted to hardly less 
 than a second birth of the human mind. 
 
 Yet the revival of learning, rich and mani- 
 fold as have been its fruits, had its dark side. 
 I speak not of its immediate results, political 
 and ecclesiastical, in its native land of Italy. 
 Yet better far was the honest barbarism of the 
 darkest age than the guilty splendours of 
 Lorenzo and of Leo, where all the blaze of 
 art and poetry and learning strive in vain to 
 
 1—2 
 
THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 
 
 gloss over the overthrow of freedom and the 
 foul abuse of sacred things. I speak of the 
 effects of the classical revival of those days 
 directly on the pursuit of learning, on those 
 studies of Greek and Roman literature and 
 art which became the all in all of the intellect 
 of the age. It at once opened and narrowed 
 the field of human study. It led men to centre 
 their whole powers on an exclusive attention 
 to writings contained in two' languages, and 
 for the most part in certain arbitrarily chosen 
 periods of those two languages. In its first 
 stage it devoted itself too exclusively to the 
 mere literature of those two languages, as op- 
 posed to the solid lessons of their political 
 history. But, in all its forms and stages, it 
 fostered the idea that the languages, the arts, 
 the history, of Greece and Rome, at certain 
 stages of their being, were the only forms of 
 language, art, and history which deserved the 
 study of cultivated men. It led to the belief, 
 not perhaps fully put forth in words) but none 
 
THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 
 
 the less practically acted on, that those two 
 languages, and all that belonged to them, had 
 some special privilege above all others — that 
 the studies which were honoured by the pos- 
 sibly ambiguous name of * classical' were fenced 
 off from all others by some mysterious barrier 
 — that they formed a sacred precinct which 
 the initiated alone might enter, and from which 
 the profane were to be jealously shut out. 
 Such a state of feeling, a feeling which has 
 even now far from died out, could not fail to 
 lead to mere contempt, and thereby to mere 
 ignorance, of everything beyond the sacred 
 pale. And, what is more, it hindered any 
 knowledge of the true nature of those things 
 which were allowed a place within the sacred 
 pale. It led to a cutting off of so-called ' clas- 
 sical' studies from all ordinary human pursuits 
 and human interests. And of this cutting off 
 we still feel the evil effects. Men persuaded 
 themselves that ' classical ' models in literature 
 and art were, not -only among the noblest and 
 
THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 
 
 -t 
 
 most precious works of human genius, but that 
 they were the only possible standards of ex- 
 cellence. Whatever did not conform to their 
 patterns was worthless, barbarous, what the 
 exclusive votaries of classical art and literature 
 deemed that they were branding with the 
 heaviest reproach when they called it Gothic. 
 They thus cut themselves off from long and 
 stirring volumes of the world's history; they 
 cut themselves off from forms of art and lan- 
 guage as worthy of their homage as those 
 which they deemed alone worthy to receive it. 
 They learned to look with scorn on the works 
 of men of their own land, their own blood, 
 and their own faith. They stifled art and 
 literature by arbitrary rules drawn from models, 
 perfect indeed in their own time and place, 
 but which were utterly inappropriate when 
 creeds and tongues and feelings had altogether 
 changed. Let any one who would thoroughly 
 take in how low the taste of Englishmen had 
 falkn under the dominion of the exclusive 
 
THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 
 
 classical fashion turn to those passages in the 
 Spectator where Addison chances to speak of 
 the history, the manners, the art, the religious 
 belief, of Englishmen in earlier days. Then let 
 him turn, and see how even then nature asserted 
 her rights against the deadening yoke of fash- 
 ion, in the papers in which the same man 
 called on his astonished age to acknowledge 
 an outpouring of the true Homeric spirit in 
 the English lay of Chevy Chace. 
 
 But, more than all this, the exclusive study 
 of ' classical ' models hindered men from gaining 
 any living knowledge of the classical models 
 themselves. It has been wittily said that they 
 deemed that all ' the ancients ' lived at the same 
 time. Certain it is that the habit of constantly 
 classing together Greece and Rome — that is, 
 Greece and Rome during a few arbitrarily 
 chosen centuries of their history — in opposition 
 to all other times and places led to an utter 
 forgetfulness of the wide gap by which Greece 
 and Rome were parted asunder. Men forgot 
 
8 THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 
 
 the difference between the Ionian singer and the 
 Augustan laureate ; they held up Homer and 
 Virgil as poets of the same class, whose merits 
 and defects could be profitably compared to- 
 gether. They would have been amazed indeed 
 to be told that the true parallel for the tale of 
 the wrath of Achilleus was to be looked for in 
 the Lay of the Nibelungs or in the stirring battle- 
 songs of Saulcourt and Maldon. They would 
 have deemed it a degradation to entertain the 
 thought that the vulgar tongues of England 
 and Germany were kindred tongues, of equal 
 birth and claiming equal honour, with the sacred 
 languages of Latium and Attica. They would 
 have deemed it, not so much a degradation as 
 an utterance of open madness, had they heard 
 that those sacred languages were but dialects of 
 one common mother-speech, and that its elder 
 offspring was to be looked for in the tongues 
 of lands which the Macedonian conqueror had 
 barely grazed, and, more wondrous still to tell, 
 in the fast-vanishing speech of a few men of 
 
THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 
 
 strange tongue by the Eastern shore of the 
 Baltic Sea. 
 
 On us a new light has come. I do not for a 
 moment hesitate to say that the discovery of 
 the Comparative method in philology, in my- 
 thology — let me add in politics and history and \ 
 the whole range of human thought — marks a 
 stage in the progress of the human mind at 
 least as great and memorable as the revival of 
 Greek and Latin learning. The great contri- 
 bution of the nineteenth century to the advance 
 of human knowledge may boldly take its stand 
 alongside of the great contribution of the 
 fifteenth. Like the revival of learning, it has 
 opened to its votaries a new world, and that not 
 an isolated world, a world shut up within itself, 
 but a world in which times and tongues and 
 nations which before seemed parted poles 
 asunder, find each one its own place, its own re- 
 lation to every other, as members of one common 
 primaeval brotherhood. And not the least of 
 its services is that jt has put the languages and 
 
10 THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 
 
 the history of the so-called 'classical' world 
 into their true position in the general history 
 of the world. By making them no longer the 
 objects of an exclusive idolatry, it has made 
 them the objects of a worthier, because a more 
 reasonable, worship. It has broken down the 
 middle wall of partition between kindred races 
 and kindred studies ; it has swept away barriers 
 which fenced off certain times and languages as 
 * dead ' and ' ancient ;' it has taught us that there 
 is no such thing as * dead ' and ' living ' languages, 
 as ' ancient' and ' modern ' history ; it has taught 
 us that the study of language is one study, that 
 the study of history is one study ; it has taught 
 us that no languages are more truly living than 
 those which an arbitrary barrier fences off as 
 dead ; it has taught us that no parts of history 
 are more truly modern — if by modern we mean 
 full of living interest and teaching for our own 
 times — than those which the delusive name of 
 'ancient' would seem to brand as something 
 which has wholly passed away, something which, 
 
THE UNITY OF HISTORY. II 
 
 for any practical loss in these later times, may 
 safely be forgotten. 
 
 My position then is that, in all our studies 
 of history and language — and the study of 
 language, besides all that it is in other ways, 
 is one most important branch of the study of 
 history — ^we must cast away all distinctions of 
 'ancient' and * modern,' of 'dead' and 'living,' 
 and must boldly grapple with the great fact 
 of the unity of history. As man is the same 
 in all ages, the history of man is one in all 
 ages. The scientific student of language, the 
 student of primitive culture, will refuse any 
 limits to their pursuits which cut them off from 
 any portion of the earth's surface, from any 
 moment of man's history since he first walked 
 upon it. In their eyes the languages and the 
 customs of Greece and Rome have no special 
 privilege above the languages and the customs 
 of other nations. They do but take their place 
 among their fellows, as illustrations of the 
 universal laws which bear rule over human 
 
12 THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 
 
 I 
 
 nature and human speech. But let us come 
 to history more strictly so called, to the history 
 of man as a political being, to the history of 
 our own quarter of the globe and our own 
 family of nations. The history of the Aryan 
 nations of Europe, their languages, their insti- 
 tutions, their dealings with one another, all 
 form one long series \ of cause and effect, no 
 part of which can be rightly understood if it 
 be dealt with as something wholly cut off from, 
 and alien to, any other part. There is really 
 nothing in certain arbitrarily chosen centuries 
 of the history of Greece and Italy, which ought 
 to cut them off, either for reverence or for con- 
 tempt, from any other portion of the history 
 of the kindred nations. There is nothing to 
 make the so-called * ancient' history a separate 
 study from that of so-called 'modern' times. 
 'Ancient' history calls for no special powers 
 for its mastery; it calls for no special method 
 in its study. The powers which are needed for 
 the mastery of ancient history are the same as 
 
THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 1 3 
 
 those that are needed for the mastery of modern 
 history. The method, the line of thought, the 
 habits of research and criticism, which are needed 
 for the one are equally needed for the other.' 
 Knowledge is, in both cases, gained by the 
 exercise of the same faculties, and by the 
 use of the same process in their exercise. So 
 too it is with language. There is not, as the 
 world in general seems to think, anything 
 special or mysterious about the Greek and 
 Latin tongues, or about those particular stages 
 of their history which are picked out to receive 
 the name of classical. The accurate knowledge 
 of one language can be gained only by the 
 same means as the accurate knowledge of 
 another. It does not need two sets of faculties, 
 but one and the same set, to enable us to master 
 the inflexions of the tongue of Homer and 
 the kindred inflexions of the kindred tongue 
 of Umias. 
 
 No language, no period of history, can be 
 understood in its fulness, none can be clothed 
 
14 THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 
 
 with its highest interest and its highest profit, if 
 it be looked at wholly in itself without reference 
 to its bearing on those other languages, those 
 other periods of history, which join with it to 
 make up the great whole of human, or at least 
 of Aryan and European, being. The tie which 
 binds together the Greek and the Latin lan- 
 guages is perhaps closer than that which binds 
 either of them to any other member of the great 
 family. But the tie is simply closer in degree ; 
 it is in no way different in kind. We are at last 
 learning that our scientific knowledge of the 
 speech of Greece is imperfect unless we add to 
 it a scientific knowledge of the speech of Eng- 
 land, and that our knowledge of the speech of 
 England is imperfect unless we add to it a 
 scientific knowledge of the speech of Greece. 
 We are learning that Greek and Roman his- 
 tory do not stand alone, bound together by 
 some special tie, but isolated from the rest 
 of the history of the world, even from the 
 history of the kindred nations. We are learn- 
 
THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 1 5 
 
 ing that European history, from its first glim- 
 merings to our own day, is one unbroken 
 drama, no part of which can be rightly un- 
 derstood without reference to the other parts 
 which come before and after it. We are learn- 
 ing that of this great drama Rome is the 
 centre, the point to which all roads lead, and 
 from which all roads lead no less. It is the 
 vast lake in which all the streams of earlier 
 history lose themselves, and from which all 
 the streams of later history flow forth again. 
 The world of independent Greece stands on 
 one side of it ; the world of modern Europe 
 stands on another. But the history alike of 
 the great centre itself and of its satellites on 
 either side can never be fully grasped except 
 from a point of view wide enough to take in 
 the whole group, and to mark the relations of 
 each of its members to the centre and to one 
 another. As with the language, so with the his- 
 tory. Our knowledge of the history of Greece 
 is imperfect without a knowledge of the kindred 
 
1 6 THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 
 
 history of England, and our knowledge of the 
 history of England is imperfect without a 
 knowledge of the kindred history of Greece. 
 Rome is the centre ; Rome is the common 
 link which binds all together; and yet, while 
 learning this, while learning more truly and 
 fully the place and dignity of Rome, we are 
 learning too to cast away the superstition which 
 once looked on her language as the one guide 
 and key to all other languages and to all hu- 
 man knowledge. We have learned that all 
 members of the great family are alike kinsfolk, 
 entitled to stand side by side on equal terms. 
 We have learned that Angul and his brother 
 Dan may march boldly and claim of right to 
 speak face to face with their cousin Hellen, 
 and have no need to be smuggled in by some 
 back-way through the favour of their other 
 cousin Latinus. 
 
 I here stop to answer one possible objection. 
 Is it, I may be asked, needful for the student of 
 history or of language to be master of all. 
 
THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 1 7 
 
 history and of all language ? Must he be 
 equally familiar with the tongue, the literature, 
 the political constitutions, the civil and military 
 events, of all times and places? Such an 
 amount of knowledge, it may well be argued, 
 can never fall to the lot of man. And some 
 may go on to infer that any doctrine which 
 may even seem to lead to such a result must be 
 in itself chimerical. Now to be equally familiar 
 with all history and all language is of course 
 utterly beyond human power. But it is none 
 the less true that the student of history or of 
 language— and he who is a student of either 
 must be in no small degree a student of the 
 other — must take in all history and all language 
 within his range. The degrees of his know- 
 ledge of various languages, of various branches 
 of history, will vary infinitely. Of some 
 branches he must know everything, but of 
 every branch he must know something. 'Each 
 student will have his own special range, the 
 times and places which he chooses for his special 
 F. 
 
THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 
 
 and minute study. Of these he will know 
 everything ; he will master every detail of 
 their history in the minutest way from the 
 original authorities. The choice of such times 
 and places for special study will of course 
 depend upon each man's taste and opportunities; 
 one may prefer an earlier, another a later time ; 
 one may choose the East, another the West ; 
 one may choose a heathen, another a Christian 
 period ; but all are fellow-workers, if only they 
 all remember that beyond the something of 
 which they must needs know everything lies 
 the everything of which they need only know 
 something. No man can study the history of 
 all ages and countries in original authorities. 
 To the man who is most deeply versed in 
 historic lore there must still be many periods 
 of which his knowledge is vague, imperfect, 
 and gained at second-hand. When a subject 
 is so vast, it cannot be otherwise. Some 
 branches must in every case be primary and 
 some secondary ; which are primary and which 
 
THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 1 9 
 
 are secondary will of course differ in the case 
 of each particular student. It is enough if 
 each man, while thoroughly mastering the 
 branches of his own choice, knows at least 
 enough of the other branches to have a clear 
 and abiding conception of their relation to his 
 own special branches and to one another. And 
 the thorough knowledge of one period, the 
 habit of minute research and criticism among 
 contemporary authorities, undoubtedly gives a 
 man a power which leads him better to see 
 his way through the periods which he has to 
 take at second-hand, and to feel by a kind of 
 instinct which second-hand writers may be freely 
 followed and which must be used with caution. 
 A man who is thoroughly master of the period 
 which to him is primary will readily grasp the 
 leading outlines and the true relations of the 
 period which to him is secondary. The one 
 point is that of no period of history worthy of 
 the name, of no part of the record of man's 
 political being, can he afford to know nothing. 
 
 2 — 2 
 
20 THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 
 
 I have said that a knowledge of the history 
 of Greece is imperfect without a knowledge of 
 the history of England, and that a knowledge of 
 the history of England is imperfect without a 
 knowledge of the history of Greece. But I do 
 not say that the knowledge need be in each 
 case the same in amount, or even the same in 
 kind. With many men one must be primary 
 and the other secondary ; one will be a study to 
 be mastered in its minutest detail, while the 
 other will be something of which it is enough 
 to know the main outlines and to grasp the 
 true relations of each period to the others. 
 And as it is with history, so it is with language. 
 The philologer will have certain languages of 
 which he is thoroughly master, with whose 
 literature he is familiar, and in which his tact 
 can distinguish the nicest peculiarities of dia- 
 lects and periods and particular writers. Of 
 other tongues he will have no such minute 
 knowledge ; he may be unable to compose a 
 sentence in them, perhaps even to construe a 
 
THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 21 
 
 sentence in them; yet he may have a very real 
 and practical knowledge of them for his own 
 purpose. That purpose is gained if he tho- 
 roughly grasps their relations to other languages, 
 the main peculiarities which distinguish them, 
 and the position which they hold in the general 
 history of human speech. 
 
 Looking then at the history of man, at all 
 events at the history of Aryan man in Europe, 
 as one unbroken whole, no part of which can 
 be safely looked at without reference to other 
 parts, we shall soon see that those branches 
 of history which are too often set aside as 
 something distinct and isolated from all 
 others do not lose but gain in dignity and 
 importance, by being set free from the unna- 
 tural bondage, by being brought into their 
 natural relation to other branches of the one 
 great study of which they form a part. Let 
 us look at the history of the Greek people and 
 the Greek tongue. Some men speak as if that 
 history came to an end on the field of Chai- 
 
22 THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 
 
 roneia, while others will graciously allow that 
 the life of Greece lingered on to be burned up 
 for ever among the flames of Corinth. Some 
 speak as if the whole being of the Greek 
 tongue was shut up within those few centuries 
 which, by an arbitrary distinction, we choose 
 to speak of as ^classical.' Some indeed draw 
 the line very rigidly indeed. There was one 
 Greek historian before whose eyes the history 
 of the world was laid open as it never was 
 to any other man before or after. There was 
 one man who, in the compass of a single life, 
 had been as it were a dweller in two 
 worlds, in two wholly different stages of man's 
 being. To the experience of Polybios the old 
 life of independent Greece, the border warfare 
 and the internal politics of her common- 
 wealths, had been the familiar scenes of his 
 earlier days. His childhood had been brought 
 up among the traditions of the Achaian League, 
 among men who were fellow- workers with 
 Markos and Aratos. His birth would almost 
 
THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 23 
 
 fall in days when Megalopolis stood under the 
 rule of Lydiadas an independent unit in the 
 independent world of Hellas. The son of Ly- 
 kortas, the pupil of Philopoimen, may have sat 
 as a child on the knees of the deliverer of 
 Sikyon and Corinth. He could remember the 
 times when the tale of the self-devotion of their 
 illustrious tyrant must have still sounded like 
 a trumpet in the ears of the men of the Great 
 City. He had himself borne to the grave the 
 urn of the last hero of his native land, cut 
 off, as Anaxandros or Archidamos might have 
 been, in border warfare with the rebels of 
 Messene. He could remember times when Ma- 
 cedonia, perhaps even when Carthage, was 
 still an independent and mighty power, able to 
 grapple on equal terms with the advancing, 
 but as yet not overwhelming, power of Rome. 
 He lived to see all swept away. He lived to 
 see Africa, Macedonia, and Greece itself, either 
 incorporated with the Roman dominion or 
 mocked with a shadow of freedom which left 
 
24 THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 
 
 them abject dependents on the will of the con- 
 quering people. He saw the dominion of the 
 descendants of Seleukos, the truest heirs of 
 Alexander's conquests, shrink up from the vast 
 empire of Western Asia into the local sove- 
 reignty of a Syrian kingdom. He saw Perga- 
 mos rise to its momentary greatness and Egypt 
 begin the first steps of its downward course. 
 He saw the gem of Asiatic history, the wise 
 Confederation of Lykia, rise into being after the 
 model of the state in which his own youth 
 had been spent. He lived to stand by the 
 younger Scipio beside the flames of Carthage, 
 and, if he saw not the ruin of Corinth with his 
 own eyes, he tried to legislate for the helpless 
 Roman dependency into which the free Hellenic 
 League of his youth had changed. The man 
 who saw all this saw changes greater than the 
 men who lived in the days of Theodoric and 
 Justinian, or the men who lived in the days 
 of the elder Buonaparte. And yet there are 
 scholars, men devoted to 'ancient' and * classi- 
 
THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 2$ 
 
 cal' learning, who have been known to cast 
 away from them the writings of the man who 
 saw all this, because forsooth they were 'bad 
 Greek,' because they did npt conform in every 
 jot and tittle to the standard of some arbitra- 
 rily chosen point in the history of a language 
 which has lived a life of wellnigh three thou- 
 sand years. As if the form were more pre- 
 cious than the substance ; as if the changes 
 in a language were not the most instructive 
 part of the history of that language ; as if it 
 were not as unreasonable to call the Greek of 
 Polybios 'bad Greek' because it is not the 
 Greek of Thucydides, as it would be to call the 
 Greek of Thucydides 'bad Greek' because it 
 is not the Greek of Homer. But let us rise 
 above trammels such as these ; let us take a 
 wider and a worthier view of the long history of 
 the most illustrious form of human speech. Let 
 us remember that the despised Greek of Poly- 
 bios gives us an instance of a law which has 
 gone on from his day to ours. Thucydides, 
 
26 THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 
 
 Xenophon, Demosthenes, wrote and harangued 
 in the dialect which came most naturally to 
 their lips, in the dialect of their daily life. The 
 History of Polybios is as little written in the 
 dialect which came most naturally to his lips 
 as is the History of Trikoupes. The language 
 of an Arkadian inscription is something wholly 
 different from the language of the contemporary 
 History. That is to say, the dialect of Athens 
 had already made that complete conquest of 
 Hellenic prose literature which it has kept ever 
 since. The classical purist may smile when I 
 apply the name of Attic to the long succession 
 of writers of Macedonian, Roman, and Byzan- 
 tine date. But so it is; the style and spirit 
 may change; the vocabulary may be corrupted 
 by strange and barbarous intruders, but the 
 mere form of words still remains Attic. The 
 latest Byzantine writer really differs less from 
 Xenophdn than Xenophon differs from Hero- 
 dotus. Even the language of a modern Greek 
 newspaper, in its vain attempts to call back 
 
THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 2/ 
 
 a form of speech which has passed away, is 
 Attic to the best of its abihty. Its aim is to 
 reproduce the Greek of Plato and Xenophon, 
 not the Greek of Herodotus or of Pindar. 
 What higher tribute can be paid to the great 
 writers of the short sunshine of Athenian glory, 
 than that the dialect of their one city should 
 for two thousand years have thus set the stand- 
 ard of Greek prose writing, that it should thus 
 keep up one ideal of Hellenic purity among 
 the many and shifting forms of speech which 
 were the native dialects of the men who used 
 it? But the full extent, the full worth, of such 
 a tribute can never be fully understood by 
 those who cast away with contempt whatever 
 does not fully come up to an ideal whose fulness 
 of course was unattainable except in its native 
 time and place. The man who would fully take 
 in the influence of the Greek tongue and the 
 Greek mind on the history of the world must look 
 far beyond the narrow range of time and place 
 within which classical purism would confine 
 
28 THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 
 
 him. Let him see how, in the earliest days of 
 Greek colonization, the tongue and the arts of 
 Greece found themselves a home on every coast 
 from the isle of Cyprus to the peninsula of 
 Spain. Let him look on the greater isle of 
 Sicily, twice the battle-field between the East 
 and the West, between Africa and Europe, 
 between the Semitic and the Aryan man. Let 
 him see the native tribes gradually absorbed by 
 kindred conquerors and neighbours, till the 
 distinction between Sikel and Sikeliot died 
 away, till the whole island was gathered into 
 the Hellenic fold, a land whose Hellenic life 
 lived on through the rule of Carthaginian, 
 Roman, Saracen, and Norman, and where 
 the tongue in which the victories of Hieron 
 had been sung to the lyre of Pindar lived on to 
 record the glories of the house of Hauteville on 
 the walls of the Saracenic churches of Palermo. 
 Look again at the Phokaian settlement in Gaul; 
 see how, among a race far more alien than the 
 kindred Sikel, the arts and letters of Greece 
 
THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 29 
 
 held their place for ages, and how some glim- 
 merings from the Massalian hearth seem even to 
 have reached, not indeed to our own forefathers, 
 but to our predecessors in our own island. See 
 the long history of the Massalian commonwealth 
 itself; how the spirit of the men who sailed 
 away from the Persian yoke lived on in their 
 kinsfolk who withstood the might of Caesar, 
 and sprang again to life in later times to with- 
 stand the sterner might of Charles of Anjou. 
 From the western extremity of Greek coloni- 
 zation let us look to the eastern; let us turn 
 our eyes from the northern shore of the Medi- 
 terranean to the northern shore of the Inhos- 
 pitable Sea. The Greek kingdom of Bosporos 
 and the Greek commonwealth of Cherson have 
 passed so utterly out of memory that we may 
 doubt whether, when, eighteen years back, those 
 lands were in every mouth, there was one among 
 the warriors and tourists and writers of a day 
 who knew that, in compassing the fortress of 
 Sebastopol, he was treading on the ruins of the 
 
30 THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 
 
 last of the Greek republics. Yet it is something 
 to remember that, ages after Athens, and Sparta 
 and Thebes had been swallowed up in the 
 dominion of Rome, ages after their citizens had 
 exchanged the name of Hellenes for the name 
 of Romans, the fire once lighted at the pryta- 
 neion of Megara still burned on, and one single 
 commonwealth still lived, Greek in blood and 
 speech and feeling, the ally but not the subject 
 of the lords of the Old and the New Rome. 
 Thus far we have seen the free Greek settle on 
 distant shores, and carry with him the freedom 
 of his own land. But we must look also to 
 other times and lands, when the Greek tongue 
 and Greek arts were scattered through the world, 
 but without carrying Greek freedom with them. 
 Yet it was something that, before Greece 
 yielded to her Macedonian master, he had him- 
 self to become a Greek, to be adopted into the 
 great religious brotherhood of Greece, and to be 
 chosen, with at least the outward assent of her 
 commonwealths, to be their cornmon leader 
 
THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 3 I 
 
 against the barbarian. The arms which over- 
 threw her old political freedom carried her 
 tongue and her culture through the kingdoms 
 of the East. The centres of Grecian intellectual 
 life moved from the banks of the Ilissos and the 
 Eurotas to the banks of the Orontes and the Nile. 
 Even the barbarous Gaul, the descendant of the 
 invaders of her Delphic temple, was brought in 
 his new home within her magic range, and his 
 Asiatic land deserved to be spoken of as the 
 Gaulish Greece. Thus that artificial Greek 
 nation arose, sometimes Greek in birth, always 
 Greek in speech and culture, which so long 
 divided the dominion of the world, and which, 
 after ages of bondage, has again sprung to life 
 in our own day. It is something too to see 
 how truly Greece led captive, not only her 
 Macedonian but her Roman conqueror ; to 
 remember how the first Roman historians re- 
 corded Roman legends in the Greek tongue, 
 and how wellnigh every Reman poet went to 
 Greece as the fount of his inspiration. But our 
 
32 THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 
 
 view will not stop with the Augustan or with 
 the Flavian age. If we would see how truly 
 Greece conquered Rome, we must see the two 
 imperial saints of heathendom, Marcus in his 
 camp by the Danube and Julian in his camp 
 by the Rhine, choosing the tongue of Greece, 
 and not of Rome, to receive the witness of the 
 time when the prayer of the wise man was 
 answered, and when philosophers held the do- 
 minion of the world. But from them we must 
 turn away to the records of the Faith which the 
 one persecuted and the other cast aside. Those 
 conquests which made the Greek tongue the 
 literary tongue of civilized Asia caused that 
 it should be in the Greek tongue that the 
 oracles of Christianity should be given to the 
 world, and that Greek should be the speech 
 of the earliest and most eloquent expounders 
 of the Faith. The traditions of Greece and 
 Rome, the conquests of Macedonian warriors 
 and of Christian apostles, all joined together 
 when the throne and the name of Rome were 
 
THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 33 
 
 transferred to a Greek-speaking city of the 
 Eastern world, and when the once heathen colony 
 of Megara was baptized into the Christian capital 
 of Constantine. Thence went on the lone do- 
 minion of the laws of Rome, but of the speech, 
 the learning, and the arts of Greece, the dominion 
 of the city which those who scorned and over^ 
 threw her political power none the less revered 
 as their intellectual mistress. We have not 
 gone through the history of Greece till we have 
 read the legends carved in her tongue on the 
 monumental stones of Ravenna, and blazing- in 
 all the glory of the apses of Venice and Torcello. 
 We have not taken in how thoroughly Greece 
 leavened the world, till we read how the 
 panegyric of the Norman Conqueror tells us 
 that the spoils of England were of such rich- 
 ness that they would not have disgraced the 
 Imperial city, and that even Greek eyes might 
 have looked on them with admiration. The 
 Empire of Greece has passed away, but her 
 changeless Church remains, the Church which 
 
 J^ 3 
 
34 THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 
 
 still speaks with the tongue of Paul and of 
 Chrysostom, the Church which still sends up 
 her prayers in the words of the liturgies of the 
 earliest days, the Church which still keeps her 
 Creed free from the interpolations of later times, 
 and which, alone among Christian Churches, can 
 give to her people the New Testament itself, and 
 not man's interpretation of it. And now again 
 the Hellen, disguised for ages under the Roman 
 name, has once more stood forth as a nation, 
 a nation artificial indeed as regards actual blood, 
 but a nation well defined by its Greek speech 
 and its Greek religion. And, if regenerate Hellas 
 has in some points failed, what has been the 
 cause of her failure .'' Mainly because regenerate 
 Hellas has, in the zeal of her new birth, for- 
 gotten her long continuous being. It is, above 
 all things, the dream of the irrecoverable past, 
 the dream of the exclusively classic past, which 
 has checked the progress of the ransomed nation. 
 A Greece which could utterly forget Athens and 
 Sparta, which could look on herself simply as one 
 
THE UNITY OF HISTORY 35 
 
 of the Christian races rescued, or to be rescued 
 from the bondage of the Infidel— a Greece which 
 could look on herself, and which was allowed 
 to look on herself, simply as the yoke-fellow 
 of Servia and Bulgaria— would be far more likely 
 to hold up her head among the nations of 
 Europe than a Greece that still dreams of Ther- 
 mopylai and Marathon, albeit her strife for 
 freedom was one in which the very soil of Ther- 
 mopylai and Marathon was again dyed with 
 the blood of vanquished barbarians. 
 
 Surely in such a view as this we learn how 
 truly history is one; surely such a survey teaches 
 us how the whole drama hangs together, how 
 ill we can afford to look at any one of its 
 scenes as a mere isolated fragment, without 
 referring to the scenes before and after it. And 
 surely we pay the highest homage to 'ancient' 
 days, to 'classic' days, to the nation which 
 stood forth as the first teacher of the human 
 mind, and to the tongue which was the instru- 
 ment of its teaching, not by shutting them up 
 
 l~2 
 
36 THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 
 
 within the prison of a few centuries, but by 
 tracing out their influence on the history of all 
 time, by showing how close is the bearing of 
 those ^ancient' times upon the modern world 
 around us, and how the language which we 
 falsely speak of as Mead' has in truth never 
 died, but still lives on, as it has ever lived 
 through the revolutions of so many ages. But 
 we shall feel the oneness of history even more, 
 if we turn from Greece and her influence on 
 mankind to the influence of other 'ancient' and 
 ' classical ' people, to the long and abiding life 
 of that other tongue which is even more strange- 
 ly spoken of as 'dead.' Let. us look at Rome, 
 not the mere ' classic ' Rome of a generation or 
 two of imitative poets, but the true Eternal 
 City, the Rome of universal history. And in 
 this view, it is again no small witness to the 
 oneness of true history that much that we have 
 already looked at as Greek we must look at 
 from another point as Roman. The influence 
 of Greece on the later world, deep and lasting 
 
THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 3/ 
 
 as it has been, has been largely an indirect 
 influence, an influence of example and analogy. 
 No modern nation is governed by the laws of 
 Lykourgos or the laws of Solon ; no modern 
 state can directly trace its pohtical being either 
 to Athenian democracy or to Macedonian 
 royalty. But Rome still lives in the inmost 
 life of every modern European state. Two 
 abiding signs of her rule stand out on the very 
 surface of the modern world, and need no 
 thought, no searching into records, to point 
 them out or to explain their cause. Three of 
 the foremost nations of Europe still speak the 
 tongue of Rome, in forms indeed which have 
 parted off into independent languages, but which 
 are none the less living witnesses of her abiding 
 rule, as not only the conqueror but the civilizer of 
 the Western lands. And among all the nations 
 which speak her tongue, and among many to 
 whom her tongue is strange, the city of the 
 Caesars and the Pontiffs is still looked up to as 
 their religious metropolis, though no longer 
 
38 THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 
 
 their temporal capital. Let us look at the 
 history of Rome and of her language. We 
 may say of Rome, in a truer sense even 
 than of Greece, that her sound has gone 
 out into all lands, and her words unto the 
 ends of the world. In the view of universal 
 history, the century or two of its ' classic ' 
 purity seem but as a moment in the long an- 
 nals of the Imperial tongue. We might indeed 
 be tempted to wipe out altogether the days of 
 her 'classical' — that is, her imitative — literature, 
 as a mere episode in the history of the undying 
 speech of Rome. We might be tempted to say 
 that the genuine literature of Italy went into 
 a katabothra when the Cam cense wept over the 
 tomb of Naevius, and came out again when the 
 dominion of the stranger Muses had passed away, 
 and when the inspiration of Prudentius and Am- 
 brose was' drawn from sources at least not more 
 foreign than the well of Helik6n. The old Sa- 
 turnian echoes which sang how it was the evil 
 fate of Rome which gave her the Metelli as her 
 
THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 39 
 
 Consuls, ring out again in those new Saturnian 
 rimes which sing the praises of Imperial 
 Frederick and set forth the reforming policy 
 of Earl Simon. The truly distinctive character 
 of the Latin tongue was not stamped on it by 
 its poets, not even by its historians and orators. 
 The special business of Rome, as one of those 
 poets told her, was to rule the nations ; not 
 merely to conquer by her arms, but to govern 
 by her abiding laws. Her truest and longest 
 life is to be looked for, not in the triumphs 
 of her Dictators, but in the edicts of her Praetors. 
 The most truly original branch of Latin lite- 
 rature is to be found in what some might 
 perhaps deny to be part of literature at all, 
 in the immediate records of her rule, in the 
 text-books of her great lawyers, in the Itine- 
 raries of her provinces, in the Notitia of her 
 governments and offices. The true glory of the 
 Latin tongue is to have become the eternal speech 
 of law and dominion. It is the tongue of Rome's 
 twofold sovereignty and of her twofold legisla- 
 
40 THE UNITY OF HISTORY, 
 
 tion, the tongue of the Church and the Empire, 
 the tongue of the successors of Augustus and 
 of the successors of Saint Peter. It has been, 
 wherever king or priest could wrap himself in 
 any shred of her Imperial or her Pontifical 
 mantle, the chosen speech alike of temporal 
 and of religious rule. In the hymn of the Fratres 
 Arvales, in the 'lex horrendi carminis' of the 
 earliest recorded Roman formula, Ave get the 
 beginnings of that long series of witnesses of 
 her twofold rule, as alike the temporal and 
 the spiritual mistress of the Western world. 
 In the eyes of universal history the true 
 triumphs of the Latin tongue are to be 
 found in lands far away from the seven hills, 
 and even from the shores of the Italian 
 peninsula. The tongue of Rome, the tongue 
 of Gaius and Ulpian rather than the tongue 
 of Virgil and Horace, has become the tongue 
 of the Code and the Capitularies, the tongue 
 of the false Decretals and of the true 
 Acts of Councils, the tongue of > Domesday 
 
THE UXITY OF HISTORY. 4 1 
 
 and the Great Charter, the tongue of the 
 Missal and the Breviary, the tongue which 
 was for ages in Western eyes the very tongue 
 of Scripture itself, the tongue in which all 
 Western nations were content to record their 
 laws and annals, the tongue for which all those 
 nations which came within her immediate do- 
 minion were content to cast away their native 
 speech. It is this abiding and Imperial cha- 
 racter of the speech of Rome, far more than 
 even the greatest works of one or two short 
 periods in its long life, which gives it a position 
 in the history of the world which no other 
 European tongue can share with it. But this 
 its position in the history of the world can 
 never be grasped except by those who look 
 on the history of the world as one continuous 
 whole. It is unintelligible to those who break 
 up the unity of history by artificial barriers 
 of ' ancient ' and ' modern.' Much that in a 
 shallow view of things passes for mere imita- 
 tion, for mere artificial revival, was in truth 
 
42 THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 
 
 abiding and unbroken tradition. Of all the 
 languages of the earth, Latin is the last to be 
 spoken of as dead. It was but yesterday the 
 universal speech of science and learning ; it is 
 still the religious speech of half Western Europe; 
 it is still the key to European history and 
 law; and, if it is nowhere spoken in its ancient 
 form, it still lives in the new forms into which 
 It grew in the provinces which Rome civilized 
 as well as conquered. It was a wise saying 
 that the true scholar should know, not only 
 whence words come, but whither they go. 
 The history of the Latin language is imper- 
 fect if it does not take in the history of the 
 changes by which it grew into the tongue of 
 Dante and Villani, into the tongues of the Pro- 
 vencal Troubadour and the Castilian Campea- 
 dor, and Into that later but once vigorous speech 
 which gave us the rimes of Wace and the 
 prose of Joinville, and which still lives in so 
 many of the statutes and records and legal 
 formulae of our own land. 
 
THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 43 
 
 In truth, as the full meaning and greatness 
 of the Roman history cannot be grasped without 
 a full understanding of history as a whole, so 
 the history of Rome is in itself the great ex- 
 ample of the oneness of all history. The history 
 of Rome is the history of the European world. 
 It is in Rome that all the states of the earlier 
 European world lose themselves; it is out of 
 Rome that all the states of the later European 
 world take their being. The true meaning of 
 Roman history as a branch of universal history, 
 or rather the absolute identity of Roman history 
 with universal history, can only be fully under- 
 stood by giving special attention to those ages of 
 the history of Europe which are commonly most 
 neglected. Men study what they call Greek 
 and Roman history; they study again the his- 
 tory of the modern kingdoms of England and 
 France. But they end their Roman studies at 
 the latest with the deposition of Augustulus; 
 sometimes they do not carry them beyond Phar- 
 salia and Phillppi. Their study of English 
 
44 THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 
 
 history they begin at the point when Eng- 
 land for a moment ceased to be England; 
 their French studies they begin at some point 
 which teaches them that the greatest of Ger- 
 mans was a Frenchman. At all events, they 
 begin both at some point which leaves an utter 
 gap between their 'ancient' or 'classical' and 
 their 'modern' studies. To understand history 
 as a whole, to understand how truly all Euro- 
 pean history is Roman history, we must see 
 things, not only as they seem when looked at 
 from Rome and Athens, from Paris and London, 
 but as they seem when looked at from Constan- 
 tinople, from Aachen, and from Ravenna. In that 
 last-named wondrous city we stand as it were 
 on the isthmus which joins two worlds, and 
 there, amid Roman, Gothic, and Byzantine 
 monuments, we feel, more than on any other 
 spot of the earth's surface, what the history of 
 the Roman Empire really was. It is in those 
 days of the decline of the Roman power, which 
 were in truth the days of its greatest conquests, 
 
THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 45 
 
 that we see how truly great, how truly abiding, 
 was the power of Rome. When we see how 
 thoroughly the conquered Roman led captive 
 his Teutonic conqueror, we see how firm was 
 the work of Sulla and of Augustus, of Diocletian 
 and of Constantine. We see it alike when Odo- 
 acer and Theodoric shrink from assuming the 
 title and ensigns of Imperial power, and when 
 the Imperial crown of Rome is placed upon the 
 head of the Prankish Charles. We see it in our own 
 day as long as the cognomen of a Roman family, 
 strangely changed into the official designation of 
 Roman sovereignty, still remains the highest 
 and most coveted of earthly titles. To know 
 what Rome was, to feel how she looked in the 
 eyes of other nations, it is not enough to read 
 the hireling strains in which Horace sends the 
 living consul and tribune to drink nectar among 
 the gods, or those in which Virgil and Lucan 
 bid him take care on what quarter of the uni- 
 verse he seats himself. Let us rather see how 
 Rome, in the days of her supposed decay, looked 
 
46 THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 
 
 in the eyes of the men who overthrew her. Let 
 us listen to the Goth Athanaric, when, over- 
 whelmed by the splendour of the new Rome, he 
 bears witness that the Emperor is a god upon 
 earth, and that he. who dares to withstand him 
 shall have his blood on his own head. Let 
 us listen to Ataulf in the moment of his tri- 
 umph, when he tells how he had once dreamed 
 of sweeping away the Roman name, of putting 
 the Goth in the place of the Roman, and Ataulf 
 in the place of Augustus, but how he learned in 
 later days that the world could not be governed 
 save by the laws of Rome, and that the highest 
 glory to which he now looked was to use the 
 power of the Goth in defence of the Roman 
 Commonwealth. And so her name and power 
 lives on, witnessed to in the Imperial style of 
 every prince, from Winchester to Trebizond, who 
 deemed it his highest glory to deck himself in 
 some shreds of her purple; witnessed to when 
 her name passes on not only to her subjects, 
 allies, and disciples, but to the destroyers of her 
 
THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 47 
 
 power and faith ; when Timour, coming forth from 
 his unknown Mongolian land, sends his defiance to 
 the Ottoman Bajazet and addresses him by .the 
 title of the Caesar of Rome. But it is not in 
 mere names and titles that her dominion still 
 lives. As long as the law of wellnigh every 
 European nation but ourselves rests as its 
 groundwork on the legislation of Servius and Jus- 
 tinian, as long as the successor of the Leos and 
 the Innocents, shorn of all earthly power, is 
 still looked to by millions as holding their seat by 
 a more than earthly right, it cannot be said that 
 the power of Rome is a thing of days which are 
 gone by, or that the history of her twofold rule 
 is the history of a dominion which has wholly 
 passed away. 
 
 In tracing out the long history of the true 
 middle ages, the ages when Roman and Teu- 
 tonic elements stood as yet side by side, not yet 
 mingled together into the whole which was to 
 spring out of their union ; — in treading the spots 
 which have witnessed the deeds of Roman 
 
48 THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 
 
 Caesars and Teutonic Kings — many are the scenes 
 Avhich we light upon which make us feel more 
 strongly how truly all European history is one 
 unbroken tale. There are moments when con- 
 tending elements are brought together in a 
 wondrous sort, when strangely mingled tongues 
 and races and states of feeling meet as it were 
 from distant lands and ages. I will choose but 
 one out of many. Let us stand on the Akro- 
 polis of Athens on a day in the early part 
 of the eleventh century of our aera. A change 
 has come since the days of Perikles and even 
 since the days of Alaric. The voice of the 
 orator is silent in the Pnyx ; the voice of the 
 philosopher is silent in the Academy. Athene 
 Promachos no longer guards her city with her 
 uplifted spear, nor do men deem that, if the 
 Goth should again draw nigh, her living form 
 would again scare him from her walls. But her 
 temple is still there, as yet untouched by the 
 cannon of Turk and Venetian, as yet unspoiled 
 by the hand of the Scottish plunderer. It 
 
THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 49 
 
 Stands as holy as ever in the minds of men; 
 it is hallowed to a worship of which Iktinos 
 and Kallikrates never heard ; yet in some sort 
 it keeps its ancient name and use : the House 
 of the Virgin is the House of the Virgin still. 
 The old altars, the old images, are swept away ; 
 but altars unstained by blood have risen in their 
 stead, and the walls of the cella blaze, like 
 Saint Sophia and Saint Vital, with the painted 
 forms of Hebrew patriarchs, Christian martyrs, 
 and Roman Caesars. It is a day of triumph, 
 not as when the walls were broken down to 
 welcome a returning Olympic conqueror; not 
 as when ransomed thousands pressed forth to 
 hail the victors of Marathon, or when their 
 servile offspring crowded to pay their impious 
 homage to the descending godship of Demetrios. 
 A conqueror comes to pay his worship within 
 those ancient walls, an Emperor of the Romans 
 comes to give thanks for the deliverance of his 
 Empire in the Church of Saint Mary of Athens. 
 Roman in title, Greek in speech — boasting of 
 F. 4 
 
so 7 HE UNITY OF HISTORY. 
 
 his descent from the Macedonian Alexander 
 and from the Parthian Arsakes, but sprung 
 in truth, so men whispered, from the same 
 Slavonic stock which had given the Empire 
 Justinian and Belisarius — fresh from his victories 
 over a people Turanian in blood, Slavonic in 
 speech, and delighting to deck their kings with 
 the names of Hebrew prophets — Basil the 
 Second, the slayer of the Bulgarians, the 
 restorer of the Byzantine power, paying his 
 thank-offerings to God and the Panagia in the 
 old heathen temple of democratic Athens, 
 seems as if he had gathered all the ages and 
 nations of the world around him, to teach by 
 the most pointed of contrasts that the history 
 of no age or nation can be safely fenced off 
 from the history of its fellows. Other scenes 
 of the same class might easily be brought 
 together, but this one, perhaps the most striking 
 of all, is enough. I know of no nobler subject 
 for a picture or a poem. 
 
 We might carry out the same doctrine of 
 
THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 5 I 
 
 the unity of history into many and various 
 applications. I have as yet been speaking of 
 branches of the study where its oneness takes 
 the form of direct connexion, of long chains 
 of events bound together in the direct rela- 
 tion of cause and effect. There are other 
 branches of history which proclaim the unity 
 of the study in a hardly less striking way, 
 in the form of mere analogy. Man is in truth 
 ever the same; even when the direct suc- 
 cession of cause and effect does not come in, 
 we see that in times and places most remote 
 from one another like events follow upon like - 
 causes. European history forms one whole in 
 the strictest sense, but between European and 
 Asiatic history the connexion is only occa- 
 sional and incidental. The fortunes of the 
 Roman Empire had no effect on the internal 
 revolutions of the Saracenic Caliphate, still less 
 effect had they on the momentary dominion of 
 the house of Jenghiz or on the Mogul Em- 
 pire in India. Yet the way in which the 
 
 4—2 
 
52 THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 
 
 European Empire and its several kingdoms 
 broke in pieces has its exact parallel in those 
 distant Eastern monarchies. After all real do- 
 minion in the West had passed away from the 
 New Rome, Gothic and Frankish Kings bore 
 themselves as lieutenants of the absent Em- 
 peror. It was by Imperial commission that 
 Ataulf conquered Spain and that Theodoric 
 conquered Italy, and Odoacer, Hlodwig, and 
 Theodoric himself, bore the titles of Consul 
 and Patrician, no less than Boetius and Beli- 
 sarius. So in later times we see the Duke of 
 the French at Paris owning a nominal homage 
 to the King of the Franks at Laon, and at the 
 same time attacking, despoiling, leading about 
 as a prisoner, the King whom he did not dare 
 deprive of his royal title. We see Princes of 
 Aquitaine and Toulouse so far vassals of 
 the King of Laon as to date their charters 
 by the years of his reign, but not caring to 
 speak a word for or against their master in 
 his struggle with their rebellious .fellow- vassal. 
 
THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 53 
 
 We see in times far nearer to our own a 
 Roman Emperor and King of Germany ad- 
 dressed in terms of the lowliest homage, and 
 served, as by his menial servants, by princes 
 some of them mightier than himself, princes 
 who never scrupled to draw the sword against 
 a Lord of the World who, as such, held not a 
 foot of the earth's surface. We see the paral- 
 lels to this when the dominion of Jenghiz is 
 split up into endless fragments which still re- 
 member the name of their lawful sovereign. 
 It is brought in all its fulness before our eyes 
 when the Emir Timour, scrupulously forbearing 
 to take on him any higher title, thus far respects 
 the hereditary right of the Grand Khan who 
 follows him as a single soldier in his army. 
 We see it when every Moslem prince who had 
 grasped any fragment of the old Saracenic 
 Empire dutifully seeks investiture from the 
 Caliph of his own sect ; when Bajazet the 
 Thunderbolt stoops to receive his patent as 
 Sultan from the trembling slave of the Egyp- 
 
54 THE UXITY OF HISTORY. 
 
 tiaii Mamelukes, and when Selim the Inflexi- 
 ble obtains from the last Abbasslde a formal 
 cession of the rank and style of Commander 
 of the Faithful. We see it in events which 
 have more nearly touched ourselves. We see 
 it in the history of our own dealings with the 
 land where we won province after province from 
 princes owning- a formal allegiance to the heir of 
 Timour. We see it In the way in which we our- 
 selves have dealt with the heir of Timour him- 
 self, first as a pampered pensioner, lord only 
 within the walls of his own palace, and at last 
 as a criminal and a prisoner, sent to a harder 
 exile than that of Glycerius in his bishoprick 
 or of the last Merwing in his cloister. 
 
 One word more. The fashion of the day, 
 by a not unnatural reaction, seems to be turn- 
 ing against ' ancient ' and ' classical ' learning 
 altogether. We are asked, What is the use of 
 learning languages which are ' dead ' t What is 
 the use of studying the records of times which 
 have for ever passed away? Men who call them- 
 
THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 55 
 
 selves statesmen and historians are not ashamed 
 to run up and down the land, spreading abroad, 
 wherever such assertions will win them a cheer, 
 the daring falsehood that such studies, and no 
 others, form the sole business of our ancient 
 Universities. They ask, in their pitiful shal- 
 lowness. What is the use of poring over the 
 history of ' petty states ' ? What is the use of 
 studying battles in which so few men were 
 killed as on the field of Marathon ? In this 
 place I need not stop for a moment to answer 
 such transparent fallacies. Still even such false- 
 hoods and fallacies as these are signs of the 
 times which we cannot afford to neglect. The 
 answer is in our own hands. As long as we 
 treat the language and the history of Greece 
 and Rome as if they were something special 
 and mysterious, something to be set apart 
 from all other studies, something to be ap- 
 proached and handled in some peculiar method 
 of their own, we are playing into the hands 
 of the enemy. As long as we have ' classical ' 
 
56 THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 
 
 schools instead of general schools of language, 
 as long as we have schools of ' modern ' history 
 instead of general schools of history, as long 
 as we in any way recognize the distinctions 
 implied in the words 'classical' and 'ancient,* 
 we are pleading guilty to the charge which is 
 brought against us. We are acknowledging 
 that, not indeed our whole attention, but a chief 
 share of it, is given to subjects which do stand 
 apart from ourselves, cut off from all bearing 
 on the intellect and life of modern days. The 
 answer to such charges is to break down the 
 barrier, to forget, if we can, the whole line of 
 thought implied in the distinctions of 'ancient,' 
 ' classical,' and ' modern, ' to proclaim boldly 
 that no languages are more truly living than 
 those which are falsely called dead, that no 
 portions of history are more truly ' modern ' 
 — that is, more full of practical lessons for 
 our own political and social state — than the 
 history of the times which in mere physical 
 distance we look upon as ' ancient.' If men ask 
 
THE UNITY OF HISTORY. S7 
 
 whether French and German are not more 
 useful languages than Latin and Greek, let us 
 answer that, as a direct matter of parentage 
 and birth, it is an imperfect knowledge of 
 French which takes no heed to the steps by 
 which it grew out of Latin, and that it is 
 an imperfect knowledge of Latin which takes 
 no heed to the steps by which it grew into 
 French. Let us answer again, not as a matter of 
 parentage and birth, but as a matter of analogy 
 and kindred, that it is an imperfect knowledge 
 of German which takes no heed to the kindred 
 phaenomena of Greek, and that it is an imperfect 
 knowledge of Greek which takes no heed to the 
 kindred phaenomena of German. If they ask 
 what is the use of studying the histories of petty 
 states, let us answer that moral and intellectual 
 greatness is not always measured by physical 
 bigness, that the smallness of a state of itself 
 heightens and quickens the power of its citizens, 
 and makes the history of a small commonwealth 
 a more instructive lesson in politics than the 
 
58 THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 
 
 history of a huge empire. If we are asked what 
 is the use of studying the events and institutions 
 of times so far removed from our own, let us 
 answer that distance is not to be measured simply 
 by lapse of time, and that those ages which gave 
 birth to literature, and art, and political freedom 
 are, sometimes only by analogy and indirect 
 influence, sometimes by actual cause and effect, 
 not distant, but very near to us indeed. Let us 
 give to the history and literature of Greece and 
 Rome in their chosen periods their due place in 
 the history of mankind, but not more than their 
 due place. Let us look on the 'ancients,' the 
 men of Plutarch, the men of Homer, not as 
 beings of another race, but as men of like 
 passions with ourselves, as elder brethren of 
 our common Aryan household. In this way 
 we can make answer to gainsayers ; in this 
 way we can convince the unlearned and un- 
 beheving that our studies are not vain gropings 
 into what is dead and gone. Let us carry about 
 with us the thought that the tongue which we 
 
THE UNITY OF HISTORY. 59 
 
 still speak is in truth one with the tongue of 
 Homer; that the Ekklesia of Athens, the Comitia 
 of Rome, and the Parliament of England, are 
 all offshoots from one common stock; that 
 Kleisthenes, Licinius, and Simon of Montfort 
 were fellow-workers in one common cause — let 
 all this be to us a living thought as we read the 
 records either of the earlier or of the later time — 
 and we shall find that the studies of our youth- 
 ful days will still keep an honoured place among 
 the studies of later life, that the heroes of ancient 
 legend, the worthies of ancient history, lose not, 
 but rather gain, in true dignity by being made 
 the objects of a reasonable homage instead of an 
 exclusive superstition. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY C. J. CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 
 
THE HISTORY OF THE 
 
 NORMAN CONQUEST OF ENGLAND, 
 ITS CAUSES AND ITS RESULTS, 
 
 BY 
 
 EDWARD A. FREEMAN, D.C.L. 
 
 Vols. I. and IL New Edition. 8vo, 36^. 
 
 Vol. III. The Reign of Harold and the Interregnum. 8vo.' 
 
 2 1 J. 
 Vol. IV. The Reign of William the Conqueror. 8vo. 21^. 
 
 "Extensive reading, unwearying industry, apt powers of con- 
 densation and critical discernment, leave their impress in happy 
 combination upon its pages ; forming altogether what is at once 
 a most pleasing work, and a singularly valuable contribution to 
 the early history of this country." — AthetKEwn. 
 
 "This volume (Vol. IIL) places Mr Freeman among the 
 first of living historians. The powers which he displayed before, 
 he has displayed here in a yet higher and more masterly way. 
 In the whole range of English history, we know of no nobler 
 record of a year than this,— a record as varied and as picturesque 
 in the telling as it is noble in the tone." — Saturday Review. 
 
 " It is long since an English scholar has produced a work of 
 which England may be more justly proud. With all the labo- 
 rious erudition of Germany, Mr Freeman has a force and fire 
 which, among German scholars, learning is too often found to 
 quench ; with all the clearness and precision of a Frenchman, 
 he has the soundness of judgment and diligent accuracy in in- 
 vestigation, whose importance the brilliant stylists of France are 
 apt to overlook." — British Quarterly Review. 
 
 OXFORD: 
 
 Printed at the Clarendon Press, and published by Macmillan 
 and Co,, London, Publishers to the University, 
 
WORKS 
 
 BY 
 
 EDWARD A. FREEMAN, D.C.L. 
 
 Just Published in Crown Svo. Price $s. 
 
 The Growth of the English Constitution 
 
 from the earliest times. 
 
 Historical Essays, Second Edition. 8vo. 
 
 loj. 6d. 
 
 Contents: — The Mythical and Romantic Elements in Early 
 English History — The Continuity of English History — The Re- 
 lations between the Crowns of England and Scotland — St Thomas 
 of Canterbury and his Biographers— The Reign of Edward III. 
 — The Holy Roman Empire — The Franks and the Gauls — The 
 Early Sieges of Paris — Frederick I., King of Italy — The Em- 
 peror Frederick II. — Charles the Bold — Presidential Govern- 
 ment. 
 
 Old English History, 
 
 Second Edition, revised, with Five Coloured Maps. Extra 
 fcap. 8vo. 6j. 
 
 History of the Cathedral Church of Wells , 
 
 as illustrating the History of the Cathedral Churches of the 
 Old Foundation. Crown 8vo. 3J. 6d. 
 
 The History of Federal Government from 
 
 the Foundation of the Achaian League to the Disruption of 
 the United States. Vol. I. General Introduction. History 
 of Greek Federations. 8vo. 11s, 
 
 MACMILLAN AND CO. LONDON. 
 
Bedford Street, Covent Garden, London, 
 ApjHl, 1872. 
 
 Macmillan &• Co:s Catalogue of Works 
 in the Departments of History^ Biography^ 
 and Travels ; Politics^ Political and Social 
 Economy, Law, etc; and Works connected 
 with Language. With some sho7^t Accotmt 
 or Critical Notice concerning each Book. 
 
 HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, and TRAVELS. 
 
 Baker (Sir Samuel W.)— Works by Sir Samuel Baker 
 M.A., F.R.G.S.:— 
 
 THE ALBERT N'YANZA Great Basin of the Nile, and Explora- 
 tion of the Nile Sources. New and Cheaper Edition. Maps and 
 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 6j. 
 ^^ Bruce won the source of the Blue Nile ; Speke and Grant won the 
 Victoria source of the great White Nile ; and I have been perinitted to 
 succeed in completing the Nile Sources by the discovery of the great 
 reservoir of the equatorial waters, the Albert N''yanza, from which the 
 river issues as the entire White Niley — Preface. '^ As a Macaulay 
 arose among the historians,''^ says the Reader, "so a Baker has arisen 
 among the explorer's.'''' " Charmingly written;'''' says the Spectator, 
 "full, as might be expected, of incident, and free from that wearisome 
 reiteration of useless facts which is the drazuback to almost all books oj 
 African travel." 
 
 THE NILE TRIBUTARIES OF ABYSSINIA, and the Sword 
 Hunters of the Hamran Arabs. With Maps and Illustrations. 
 Fourth and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. 6s. 
 A. 2. A 
 
 10.000.4.72. 
 
z\ MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN 
 
 Sir Samuel Baker here describes twelve mojiths' exploration, during 
 which he exa?nined. the rivers that are tributary to the Nile from Abyssinia, 
 including the Atbara, Settite, Roy an, Salaain, Angrab, Rahad, Binder, 
 and the Blue Nile. The interest attached to these portions of Africa differs 
 entirely from that of the White Nile regions, as the -whole of Upper Egypt 
 and Abyssinia is capable of droelopjnent, and is inhabited by races having 
 some degree of civilization; while Central Africa is peopled by a race of 
 savages, ivhose future is more problematical. The Times says : ^' It solves 
 finally a geographical riddle which hitherto had been extremely perplexing, 
 and it adds ??iuch to our information respecting Egyptian Abyssinia and 
 the differejit races that spread over it. It contains, moreovej', sotne 7wtable 
 instances of English daring and enterprising skill ; it abounds in ani- 
 mated tales of exploits dear to the heart of the British sportsman ; and it 
 will attract even the least studious reader, as the author tells a story well, 
 and cati describe nature zvith uncommon power. " . > , 
 
 Barante (M. De). — ^£'c?Guizot, 
 
 Baring-Gould (Rev. S., M. A.)— LEGENDS OF OLD 
 
 TESTAMENT CHARACTERS, from tlie Talmud and other 
 sources. By the Rev. S. Baring-Gould, M.A. Author «f 
 " Curious Myths of the Middle Ages," " The Origin and Develop- 
 ment of Rehgious Belief," " In Exitu Israel," &c. In Two Vols. 
 Crown 8vo. i6>r. Vol. I. Adam to Abraham. Vol. II. Mel- 
 chizedek to Zechariah. 
 
 Mr. Baring- Gould's p7'evious' contributions to the History of Mythology 
 atid the forjnation of a science of comparative religion are admitted to he 
 of high importance ; the present work, it is believed, will be found to 
 be of equal value. He has collected from the Talmud and other sources, 
 Jewish and Moha^nmedan, a large rmmber of curious and ititeresting 
 legends concerning the principal characters of the Old Testament, com- 
 paring these frequently with similar legends cttrrent among many of the 
 peoples, savage and civilized, all crder the world. " These volumes contain 
 much that is veiy strange, and, to the ordinary English reader, very 
 novel."— Bai-ly Neavs. 
 
 Barker (Lady). — See also Belles Lettres Catalogue, 
 
 STATION LIFE IN NEW ZEALAND. By Lady Barker 
 Second and Cheaper Edition. Globe 8vo. 3^. 6d. 
 
HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, &- TRAVELS. 
 
 These letters are the exact account of a ladys experience of the brighter 
 and less practical side of colonization. They record the expeditions^ ad- 
 ventures, and emergencies diversifying the daily life of the wife of a New 
 Zealand sheep farmer ; and, as each was written while the novelty and 
 excitement of the scenes it describes were fresh upon her^ they may succeed 
 in giving here in England aii adequate iinpression of the delight and free- 
 dom of an existence so far removed from our oivn highly -wrought civiliza- 
 tion. " We have 7iever read a more truthful or a pleasanter little book.^^ — - 
 Athen^UM. 
 
 Bernard, St. — See Morison, 
 
 Blanford (W. T.)— GEOLOGY and zoology of 
 
 ABYSSINIA. By W. T. Blanford. 8vo. 21s. 
 
 This tvork contains an account of the Geological and Zoological 
 Observations made by the author in Abyssinia, when accompanying the 
 British Army on its march to' Magdala and back in 1868, and dtiring a 
 short journey in Northern Abyssinia, after the departtire of the trodps. 
 Parti. Personal Narrative; Part I L Geology; Part III. Zoology. 
 With Coloured Illustrations and Geological Map. ^^ The result of his 
 labours," the ACADEMY says, "is an important contribution to the 
 natural history of the country." 
 
 Bryce.— THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE. By James Bryce, 
 D.C.L,, Regius Professor of Civil Law, Oxford. New and Re- 
 vised Edition. Crown 8vo. *js. 6d. 
 
 The object of this treatise is not so much to give a narrative history'^of 
 the cozintries included in the Romano- Germanic Empire — Italy during the 
 Middle Ages, Germany from theninth century to the nineteenth — as to describe 
 the Holy Empire itself as an institution or system, the zvonderful offspring 
 of a body of beliefs and traditiojts zvhich have almost wholly passed away 
 from the ivorld. To make such a description intelligible it has appeared 
 best to give the book the form rather of a narrative than of a dissertation ; 
 and to combine with an exposition of what may be called the theory of the 
 Empire an outline oj the political history of Germany, as well as some 
 notice of the affairs of mediceval Italy. Nothing else so directly linked the 
 old world to the nezv as the Roman Empire, zvhich exercised over the minds of 
 men an influence such as its material strength could never have commanded. 
 It is of this influence, and the catises that gave it potver, that the present 
 zuork is designed to treat. "It exactly supplies a want ; it affords a key 
 
 A 2 
 
4 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN 
 
 to much zvhich men read of in their books as isolated facts, but of which they 
 have hithe^'to had no connected exposition set befoi'e them. We know of no 
 writer zvho has so thoroughly grasped the real nattire of the mediceval 
 Empire, and its relations alike to earlier and to later tif?ies.^^ — Saturday 
 Review. 
 
 Burke (Edmund).— ^--f^MoRLEY (John). ' 
 
 Cameos from English History ^<f^ Yonge (Miss). ', 
 
 Chatterton. — 5^-^ Wilson (Daniel). 
 
 Cooper. — ATHEN.E CANTABRIGIENSES. By Charles 
 Henry Cooper, F.S.A., and Thompson Cooper, F.S.A. 
 Vol. T. 8vo., 1500—85, i8j. ; Vol. II., 1586— 1609, i8j. 
 
 This elaborate work, which is dedicated by permission to Lord Macaulay , 
 contains lives of the emiiunt me7i sent forth by Cambridge, after the 
 fashion of Anthony a Wood, in his famous ^^ AthencB Oxoni^Jtses" 
 
 Cox (G. v., M. A.)— -RECOLLECTIONS OF OXFORD. 
 By G. V. Cox, M.A., New College, late Esquire Bedel and 
 Coroner in the University of Oxford. Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. 
 
 '■'■ A}i avmsing farrago of anecdote, and will pleasantly recall in m,any 
 a country parsonage the memory of youthful days." — Times. " Those 
 who wish to make acquaintance with the Oxford of their grandfathers, 
 and to keep up the intercourse with Alma Mater du7- if ig their father' s time, 
 even to the latest novelties in fashion or learning of the present day, will do 
 well to procure this pleasant, ^inpretending little volume.'''' — ATLAS. 
 
 '* Daily News."— the daily news CORRESPOND- 
 ENCE of the War between Germany and France, 1870 — i. Edited 
 with Notes and Comments. New Edition. Complete in One 
 Volume. With Maps and Plans. Crown 8vo. ds. 
 
 This Correspondence has been translated into German. In a Preface 
 the Editor says: — 
 
 ^^ Among the various pictures, recitals, ajtd descriptions which have 
 appeared, both of our gloriously ended national war as a whole, and of its 
 scve?-al episodes, we think that in laying before the Gej'tnan public, through 
 
HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, &■> TRAVELS. 5 
 
 a translation, the following War Letters which appeared first in the Daily 
 News, and were afterwards published collectively, we are offering them a 
 picture of the events of the war of a quite peculiar character. Their com - 
 munications have the advantage of being at once entertaining and instruc- 
 tive, free from every romantic embellishment, and nevertheless written 
 in a vein intelligible and not fatiguing to the general reader. The writers 
 linger over events, and do not disdain to surround the great and heroic 
 war-pictures with arabesques, gay and grave, taken frovi camp-life and 
 the life of the inhabitants of the occupied territory. A feature which 
 distinguishes these Letters from all other delineations of the zvaris that they 
 do not proceed from a single pen, but were written Jrom the camps of both 
 belligerents.'''' " These notes and comments^^ according to the SATURDAY 
 Review, " are in reality a veiy well executed and continuous history.'''' 
 
 Dilke. — GREATER BRITAIN. A Record of Travel in English- 
 speaking Countries during 1866-7. (America, Australia, India.) 
 By Sir Charles Wentworth Dilke, M.P. Fifth Edition, 
 Crown 8vo. 6j. 
 
 " Mr. Dilke,'' says the Saturday Review, ''has written a book which 
 is probably as well worth reading as any book of the same aims and 
 character that ever was writtett. Its merits are that it is written in a 
 lively and agreeable style, that it implies a great deal oj physical pluck, 
 that no page of it fails to show an acute and highly httelligent observer, 
 that it stimulates the hnagination as well as the judgment of the reader, 
 and that^ it is on perhaps the most interesting subject that can attract an 
 Englishman who cares about his country.'''' '' Many of the subjects dis- 
 cussed iti these pages ^'' says the Daily News, "are of the widest ititerest, 
 and such as no man who cares for the future of his race and of the world 
 can afford to treat with indifference. " 
 
 Diirer (Albrecht).— ^-^-^ Heaton (Mrs. c.) 
 
 European History, Narrated in a Series of Historical 
 Selections from the best Authorities. Edited and arranged by 
 E. M. Sewell and C. M. Yonge. First Series, crown 8vo. ds. ; 
 Second Series, 1088- 1228, crown 8vo. 6j. 
 
 When young children have acquired the outlines of history from abridg- 
 ments and catechisms, and it becomes desirable to give a more enlarged 
 view of the subject, in order to render it really useful and interesting, a 
 
6 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN 
 
 difficulty often arises as to the choice of books. Two courses are open, either 
 10 take a geiieral and consequently dry history of facts, such as RusselPs 
 Modern Europe, or to choose some work treating of a particular period or 
 subject, such as the wo7'ks of Macaulay and Froude. The former course 
 usually renders history uninteresting ; the lattei' is unsatisfactory, because 
 it is not sitfficiently comprehensive. To remedy this difficulty, selections, 
 cojitinuous and chronological, have in the present volume beett taken from 
 the larger works oj Freetnan, Milman, Palgrave, Lingard, Hume, and 
 others, which may serve as distinct landjnarks of historical reading, 
 " We know of scarcely anything,'' says the Guardian, of this volume, 
 " luhich is so likely to raise to a higher level the avei'agejtandard of English 
 education.'" 
 
 Fairfax (Lord).— a life of the great lord fair- 
 fax, Commander-in-Chief of the Army of the Parliament of 
 England. By Clements R. Markham, F.S.A. With Portraits, 
 Maps, Plans, and Illustrations. Demy 8vo. i6s. 
 
 No full Life of the great Parliamentary Commander has appeared ; 
 ■and it is here sought to produce one — based upon caj'eful research in con- 
 temporary records and upon family and other documents. " Highly 
 usefid to the careful student of the History of the Civil War. . . . Pro- 
 bably as a military chronicle Mr. Markhai7i's book is one of the most full 
 ■and accurate that we possess about the Civil War."" — Fortnightly 
 Review. 
 
 Field (E. W^.)— 5^^ Sadler. 
 
 Freeman. — Works by Edward A. Freeman, M.A., D.C.L. 
 
 ^^ That special pozver over a suhfect which conscientious and patient 
 research can only achieve, a strong grasp of facts, a true mastery over 
 detail, with a clear and manly style — all these qualities foin to make 
 the Historian of the Co7iquest conspicuous in the intellectual arena." — 
 Academy. 
 
 HISTORY OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, from the Foun- 
 dation of the Achaian League to the Disruption of the United 
 States. Vol. I. General Introduction. History of the Greek 
 Federations. 8vo. 21s. 
 Mr. Freemai^s aif?i, in this elaborate and valuable work, is not so 
 much to discuss the abstract nature of Federal Government, as to exhibit 
 its actual working in ages and countries widely removed from one another. 
 Four Federal Commotiwealths stand cut, in four di^ereiit ages of thetvorld, 
 as commanding above all others the attention of students of political history, 
 
HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, &-> TRAVELS. 7 
 
 viz. the Achaian League^ the Siviss Cantons, the United Provinces, the 
 United States. The first volume, besides containing a General Introduc- 
 tion, treats of the first of these. In writing this volume the author has 
 endeavoured to combine a text which may be instructive and interesting to 
 any thoughtful reader, luhether specially learned or not, with notes zvhich 
 may satisfy the requirements of the most exacting scholar. " The task 
 Mr. Freeman has tmdertaken,'" the Saturday Review says, * ' is one 
 of great magnitttde and i7riportance. It is also a task of an almost 
 entirely novel character. No other work professing to give the history of 
 a political principle occtcrs to tts, except the slight contributions to the 
 history of representative government that is contained in a course op 
 M. Guizot' s lectures . . . . The history of the droelopjrient of a principle 
 is at least as ijuportant as the history of a dynasty, or of a race.^' ^ 
 
 OLD ENGLISH HISTORY. With Five allowed Maps. Second 
 Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo., half-bound. 6s. 
 
 ^^ Its object,^' the Preface says, "is to show that clear, accurate, and. 
 scientific views of history, or indeed of any subject, may be easily given to 
 children f^om the very first. . . . I have throughout st7'iv en to connect the 
 history of England with the general history of civilized Europe, and I have 
 especially tried to make the book serve as an incentive to a more accurate 
 study of historic geography. " The rapid sale of the first edition and the 
 universal approval luith %vhich the work has been received prove the correct- 
 ness of the author'' s notions, and show that for such a book there was ample 
 room. The work is suited not only for children, but will serve as an ex- 
 cellent text-book for older stude7its, a clear and faithjiil stimmary of the 
 history of the period for those who wish to revive their histoiical know- 
 ledge, and a book full of charms for the genei'al reader. The work is 
 preceded by a complete chronological Tahle, and appended is an exhaustive 
 and useful Ptdex. It the present edition the whole has been carefully revised, 
 and such improvements as suggested themselves have been introduced. 
 " The book indeed is full of instructioji and interest to studejtts of all 
 ages, and he must be a well-informed man indeed who will not rise from 
 its perusal with clearer and more accurate ideas of a too much neglected 
 portion of English history.'''' — Spectator. 
 
 HISTORY OF THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF WELLS, 
 as illustrating the History of the Cathedral Churches of the Old 
 Foundation. Crown 8vo. 3J-. 6^. 
 
8 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN 
 
 Freeman (E. A.) — continued. 
 
 ' I have here,'" the author says, ^^ tried to treat the history of the 
 Church of Wells as a contrihutio7i to the general history of the Church 
 and Kingdom of England, and specially to the history of Cathedral 
 Churches of the Old Foundation. . . . I wish to point out the genej-al 
 principles of the original founders as the model to which the Old Fojm- 
 dations should be brought back, and the New Foundations reformed afta- 
 their patter jt.^' " The history assumes in Mr. Freeman! s hands a signi- 
 ficance, and, 7ve may add, a practical value as suggestive of what a cathe- 
 dral ought to he, which ??iake it well zvorthy of mention.'''' — Spectator. 
 
 HISTORICAL ESSAYS. Second Edition. 8vo. los. 6d 
 
 The p'inciple on xvhich these Essays have been chosen is that 
 of selecting papers ivhich refer to comparatively modern times, or, at 
 least, to the existing states and nations of Europe. By a sort of accident 
 a number of the pieces chosen have thrown themselves into something like 
 a continuous series bearing on the historical causes of the great events oj 
 1870 — 71. Notes have been added whenever they seemed to be called for ; 
 and whenever he could gain in accuracy of statement or in force or clear- 
 ness of expression, the author has freely changed, added to, or left out, 
 what he originally wrote. To many of the Essays has been added a short 
 note of the circumstances under which they were written. It is needless to 
 say that ajiy pi'oduct of Mr. Freeman! s pen is worthy of attentive perusal : 
 and it is believed that the contents of this volume will throw light on 
 serjeral subjects of great historical importance and the zaidest interest. 
 The following is a list op the subjects: — I. The Mythical and Romantic 
 Eleinents in Early English History ; 2. The Continuity of English 
 Hisiojy ; 3. The Relations between the Crowns of E7igland and Scotlajid : 
 4. Saint Thomas of Canterbury and his Biographers ; 5. The Reign 0/ 
 Edzvard the Third ; (>. The Holy Romaji Empire ; 7. The Franks and 
 the Gauls ; %. The Early Sieges of Paris ; 9. Frederick the First, King 
 of Italy ; lO. The Etnperor Frederick the Second ; ii. Charles the Bold : 
 1 2. Presidential Government. ' ' He never touches a question without 
 adding to our comprehension of it, without leazdng the impression of an 
 ample knoiuledge, a righteous purpose, a clear and powerful tuidcr- 
 standing.''—S ATVRBAY Review. 
 
 THE GROWTH OF THE ENGLISH CONSTITUTION FRO^r 
 THE EARLIEST TIMES. In the press. 
 
HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, &> TRAVELS. 9 
 
 Galileo.— THE PRIVATE LIFE OF GALILEO. Compiled 
 principally from his Correspondence and that of his eldest 
 daughter^ Sister Maria Celeste, Nun in the Franciscan Convent of 
 S. Matthew in Arcetri. With Portrait. Crown 8vo. Js. 6d. 
 
 It has been the endeavour of the compiler to place before the reader a 
 plain, ungarbled statement of facts ; and, as a means to this end, to allow 
 Galileo, his friends, and his judges to speak for themselves as far as possible. 
 All the best authorities have been made use of, and all the juaterials which 
 exist f 07 a biography have been in this voluirie put into a symmetrical fo7'jn . 
 The result is a most touching picture skilfully ari'anged of the great heroic 
 man of science and his devoted daughter, whose letters are full of the deepest 
 reverential love and trust, amply repaid by the noble soul. The Satur- 
 day Review says of the book, ^^ It is not so much the philosopher as the 
 man who is seen in this simple and life-like sketch, and the hand zuhich 
 portrays the features and actions is mainly that of one who had studied the 
 subject the closest and the most intimately. This little volume has done 
 much within its slender compass to prove the depth and tenderitess of 
 Galileo's heart. ^'' 
 
 Gladstone (Right Hon. W. E., M.P.)— juVENTUS 
 
 MUNDI. The Gods and Men of the Heroic Age. Crown 8vo. 
 cloth. With Map. io.r. 6d. Second Edition. 
 
 This work of Mr. Gladstone deals especially with the historic element 
 in Homer, expounding that element and furnishing by its aid a full 
 account of the Homeric men and the Homeric religion. It starts, after 
 the introductory chapter, with a discussion of the several races then existing 
 in Hellas, including the influence of the Phcenicians and Egyptians. It 
 contains chapters on the Olympian system, with its several deities ; on the 
 Ethics and the Polity of the Heroic age; on the Geography of Homer ; on 
 the characters of the Poems ; presenting, in fine, a view of pritnitive life 
 and primitive society as found in the poems of Homer. To this New 
 Edition various additions have been made. ^^ Seldom,'''' says the Ktws.- 
 NiEUM, '■''out of the great poems themselves, have these Divinities looked 
 so majestic and respectable. To read these brilliant details is like standing 
 on the Olympian threshold and gazing at the ineffable brightness within.'''' 
 '• There is^^ according to M^- WESTMINSTER Review, ^''probably no other 
 writer now living who could have done the work of this book. . . It would 
 be diffictdt to point out a book that contains so much fulness of knowledge 
 along with so much freshness of perception and clearness of presentation.''^ 
 
lo MACMILLAJSrs CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN 
 
 Guizot. — M. DE BARANTE, a Memoir, Biographical and Auto- 
 biographical. By M. Guizot. Translated by the Author of 
 "John Halifax, Gentleman." Crown 8vo. 6s. 6d. 
 
 " It is scarcely necessary to write a preface to this book. Its lifelike, 
 portrait of a trite and great man, painted unconsciously by Jiijnself in his 
 letters and autobiography, and retouched and co?npleted by the tender hand 
 of his surviving friend — the friend of a lifetime — is sure, I think, to be 
 appreciated in Englatid as it zvas in France, where it appeared in the 
 Revue de Deux Mondes. Also,'' I believe every thoughtful mind will 
 enjoy its clear reflections of French and European politics and history for 
 the last seventy years, and the curious light thus thrown upon many present 
 events and co?nbinations of circumstances." — PREFACE, " The highest 
 pmposes of both history and biography are answered by a memoir so life- 
 like, so faithful, and so philosophical.^^ — BRITISH QUARTERLY REVIEW. 
 ". This eloquent memoir, which for tenderness, gracefulness, and vigour, 
 might be placed on the same shelf with Tacitus' Life of Agricola, . . . Mrs.. 
 Craik has rendered the language of Guizot in her own sweet translucent 
 English.'' — Daily News. 
 
 Heaton (Mrs. C.) — history OF THE LIFE OF AL- 
 BRECHT DURER, of Niirnberg. With a Translation of his 
 Letters and Journal, and some account of his Works. By Mrs. 
 Charles Heaton. Royal 8vo. bevelled boards, extra gilt. 31^.6^. 
 
 This work contains about Thirty Illustrations, ten of which are produc- 
 tions by the Autotype {carbon) process, and are pritited in pe7'7nanent tints 
 by Messrs. Cundall and Fle7ning, under licence from the Autotype Co?n- 
 pany, Limited; the rest are Photographs and Woodcuts. 
 
 Hole o— A GENEALOGICAL STEMMA OF THE KINGS 
 OF ENGLAND AND FRANCE. By the Rev. C. Hole, 
 M. A., Trinity College, Cambridge. On Sheet, I.;. 
 The different families are printed in distinguishing colours, thus facili- 
 tating reference. 
 
 Hozier (H. M.) — w^orks by Captain Henry M. Hozier, 
 late Assistant Military Secretary to Lord Napier of Magdala. 
 
 THE SEVEN WEEKS' WAR; Its Antecedents and Incidents. 
 New and Cheaper Edition. With New Preface, Maps, and Plans. 
 Crown 8vo. 6^. 
 
HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, &- TRAVELS. ii 
 
 Hosier (H. M.) — continued. 
 
 This account of the brief but momentous Austro- Prussian War of 1866 
 claims consideration as being the product of an eye-witness of some of its 
 most interesting incidents. The author has attempted to ascertain and 
 to adva7ice facts. Two maps are given, one illustrating the opera- 
 tions of the Army of the Maine, and the other the operations from 
 Kdnigg7'dtz. In the Prefatory Chapter to this edition, events resulting 
 from the war of 1866 are set forth, and the current of European history 
 traced down to the recent Franc o-Prtissian zuar, a natural consequence 
 of the war xvhose history is narrated in this volume. ^^ Mr. Hozier 
 added to the hioxoledge of military operations and of languages, which 
 he had proved himself to possess, a ready and skilful pen, and ex- 
 cellent faculties of observation and description. . , . All that Mr. 
 Hozier saw of the great events of the war — aMd he saw a large share 
 of them — he describes in clear and vivid language.''^ — Saturday 
 Review. ^^ Mr. Hozier' s volumes deserve to take a permanent place 
 in the literature of the Seven Weeks' War."" — Pall Mall Gazette. 
 
 THE BRITISH EXPEDITION TO ABYSSINIA. Compiled from 
 Authentic Documents. 8vo. 91. 
 
 Several accounts of the British Expedition have been published. 
 They have, however, been written by those who have not had access to those 
 authentic documents, zvhich cannot be collected directly after the termiization 
 of a campaign. The eiideavour of the author of this sketch has been to 
 present to readers a succinct and impartial account of an enterprise which 
 has rarely been equalled in the annals of war. " This" says the 
 Spectator, '■'■ xvill be the account of the Abyssinian Expedition for 
 professional reference^ if not for professional reading. Its literary 
 -merits are really very great. " 
 
 THE INVASIONS OF ENGLAND. A History of the Past, with 
 Lessons for the Future. In the press. 
 
 Huyshe (Captain G. L.)— THE RED RIVER EXPE- 
 DITION. By Captain G. L.- Huyshe, Rifle Brigade, late on 
 the Staff of Colonel Sir Garnet Wolseley. With Maps. 8vo. 
 IOJ-. 6^. 
 
 This account has been written in the hope of directing attention 
 to the successful acco7nplishment of an expedition which was attended with 
 moi'-e than ordinary difficulties. The author has had access to the official 
 
12 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN 
 
 documents of the Expedition, and has also availed hijnself of the 7-eports on 
 the line of route published by Mr. Dawson, C.E., and by the Typogra- 
 phical Departtnent of the War Office. The statements fuade may therefore 
 be relied on as accitrate and impartial. The erideavour has been made to 
 avoid tiring the geno'al 7'eader with dry details of military movefnents, and 
 yet not to sacrifice the character of the work as an account of a ??iilitary 
 expedition. The volume contaijts a portrait of President Louis Riel, and 
 Maps of the route. 77^^ Athen^UM calls it ^^ an enduring authentic 
 record of one of the most creditable achievements ever acco7nplished by the 
 British A7'my.'" 
 
 Irving.— THE ANNALS OF OUR TIME. A Diurnal of Events, 
 Social and Political, Home and Foreign, from the Accession of 
 Queen Victoria to the Peace of Versailles. By Joseph Irving. 
 Second Edition. 8vo. half-bound, ids. 
 
 Every occurrence, metropolitan or provincial, home or foreign, which 
 gave rise to public excitement or discussion, or becajne the starting poiiit for 
 new trains ofthoiight affecting our social life, has been judged proper matter 
 for this volume. Li the proceedings of Parliament, an endeavour has 
 beeft made to notice all those Debates which were either remarkable as 
 affecting the fate of parties^ or led to important chajtges in our 7'elations 
 tvith Foreign Powers. Brief notices have been given of the death of all 
 noteworthy perso7ts. Though the eve7its are set dow7i day by day i7i their 
 order of occu7-re7tce, the book is, i7t its way, the history of a7t itnportant 
 a7id well-defined historic cycle. hi these '' A7i7ials,^ the 07'dina7y reader 
 may 77iake hi77iself acquainted [with the history of his ow7i ti7ne in a way 
 that has at least the 77ierit of si77iplicity a7id readiness ; the more cultivated 
 stude7tt will doubtless be thankful for the epp07'tu7iity give7t him of passi7ig 
 dow7i the historic stream undistu7'bed by any other theoretical or pa7'ty 
 feeli7tg tha7i what he hi77iself has at hand to explain the philosophy of our 
 7iatio7ial story. A co77iplete and useful htdex is appetided. The Table 
 of Ad7ni7iist7'atio7is is desig7ied to assist the reader in follozuing the va7-ious 
 political cha7iges 7ioticed in their chronological order in the ^Annals,'' — 
 /« the 7iew edition all er7'ors a7td 077iissio7is have been rectified, 300 pages 
 been added, a7td as many as 46 occupied by an impartial exhibitio7i of the 
 iuo7ide)ful series of rvents markitig the latter half of 1870. " IVc 
 have before us a trusty and ready guide to the events of the past thirty 
 years, available equally for the statesman, the politicia7t, the public 
 writer, and the general reader. If Mr. Irving' s object has bee7t to bring 
 before the reader all the most 7totezvo7'thy occurre7ices which have happened 
 
HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, &- TRAVELS. 13 
 
 since the beginning of her Majesty's reign, he may justly claijn the credit 
 of having done so 7nost briefly, succinctly, and simply, and in such a 
 manner, too, as to furnish him "with the details necessary in each case to 
 comprehend the event of which he is in search in an intelligent manner.'''' 
 —Times. 
 
 Kingsiey (Canon). — Works by the Rev. Charles Kingsley, 
 M.A., Rector of Eversley and Canon of Chester. (For other 
 Works by the same Author, see Theological and Belles 
 Lettres Catalogues.) 
 
 ON THE ANCIEN REGIME as it existed on the Continent before 
 the French Revolution. Three Lectures delivered at the 
 Royal Institution. Crown 8vo. ds. 
 
 These three lectures discuss severally (i) Caste, (2) Centralization, (3) 
 The Explosive Forces by which the Revolution was superindziced. The 
 Preface deals at some length with certain political questions of the present 
 day. 
 
 AT LAST : A CHRISTMAS in the WEST INDIES. With nearly 
 Fifty Illustrations. New and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. 
 loj. dd. 
 
 Mr. Kingsley' s dream of forty years was at last fodfilled, when he 
 started on a Christmas expedition to the West Indies, for the purpose of 
 becoming personally acquainted zvith the scenes which he has so vividly 
 described in " Westward Ho /" These two volumes are the journal of his 
 voyage. Records of natural history, sketches of tropical landscape, chapters 
 on education, views of society, all find their place in a 7vork zuritten, so to 
 say, under the inspiration of Sir Walter Raleigh and the other adventurous 
 men who three hundred years ago disputed against Philip II. the possession 
 of the Spanish Main. " We can only say that Mr. Kingsley'' s account of 
 a ' Christmas in the West Indies ' is in every way wo?-thy to be classed 
 mnong his happiest productions.^'' — STANDARD. 
 
 THE ROMAN AND THE TEUTON. A Series of Lectures 
 delivered before the University of Cambridge. 8vo. \2s. 
 
 Contents: — Inaugural Lectttre ; The Forest Children; The Dying 
 Empire; The Human Deluge ; The Gothic Civilizer ; Dietriches End; The 
 Nemesis of the Goths ; Pauhis Diaconus ; The Clergy and the Heathen ; 
 The Monk a Civilizer ; The Lombard Laws ; The Popes and the Lombards ; 
 
14 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN 
 
 The Strategy of Providence. "He has nmdered,'' says the NONCON- 
 FORMIST, '''■ good service and shed a ne^o lustre on the chair of Modern 
 History at Cambridge .... He has thro7vn a charm around the tvork 
 by the marvellous fascinations of his own genius, brought out in strong 
 reiief those great principles of which all history is a revelation, lighted 
 up many dark a?id almost tinkno%v?i spots, and stijnidated the desire to 
 understand more thoroughly one of the greatest movements in the story of 
 humanity.''' 
 
 Kingsley (Henry, F.R.G.S.) — For other Works by same 
 Author, see Belles Lettres Catalogue. 
 
 TALES OF OLD TRAVEL. Re-narrated by Henry Kingsley, 
 F.R.G.S. With Eight Illustrations by Huard. Third Edition. 
 Crown 8vo. 6j. 
 
 In this volume Mr. Henry Kingsley re-narrates, at the sa7ne time 
 preserving much of the quaintness of the original, some of the most fasci- 
 nating tales of travel contahied in the collections of HaUuyt and others. The 
 Contents fl-r^ — Marco Polo; The Ship-wreck of Pelsart ; The Wonderful 
 Adventures of Andrew Battel; The WandeHngs of a Captichinj Peter 
 Carder; The Presej'vaiion of the " Terra Nova ;"" Spitzbeigen; D'Erme- 
 7to7ivilli s Acclimatization Adventure; The Old Slave Trade; Miles Philips ; 
 The Sufferings of Robert Everard ; John Fox ; Alvaro Nunez; The Foun- 
 dation of an Empire. '' We knctv no better bosk for those who 7uant 
 knowledge or seek to refresh it. As for the ^sensational,' most novels are 
 taf?ie compared with these narratives.^' — Athen^UM. ''Exactly the 
 book to interest and to do good to intelligent and Mgh-spinted boys.''' — 
 Literary Churchman. 
 
 Macmillan (Rev. Hugh). — For other Works by same Author, 
 see Theological and Scientific Catalogues. 
 
 HOLIDAYS ON HIGH LANDS ; or, Rambles and Incidents in 
 search of Alpine Plants. CroAvn 8vo. cloth. 6s. 
 
 The aim of this book is to impart a generalidea of the origin, character, 
 and distribution of those rare and beautiful Alpine plants which occur on 
 the British hills, and which are found almost evei'ynvhcre on the lofty 
 mountain chai}ts of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America. The informa- 
 tion the author has to give is conveyed in untechnical language, in a 
 setting oj personal adventure, and associated with descriptions of the 
 
HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, &- TRAVELS. 15 
 
 natural scenery and the peculiarities of the hwnan life in the midst of zvhich 
 the plants were found. By this method the subject is made interestiftg to 
 a very large class of readers. ' ' Botanical knowledge is blended with a 
 love of natitre, a pious enthusiasm, and a rich felicity of diction not to he 
 met with in any works of kindred character, if we except those of Hugh 
 J/z7/^r."— Telegraph. ''Mr. M.'s gloiving pictures of Scandinavian 
 scenery.''' — Saturday Review. 
 
 Martin (Frederick) — the STATESMAN'S YEAR-BOOK : 
 
 See p. 2)6 of this Catalogue. . 
 
 Martineau.— BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, 1852— 1868. 
 By Harriet Martineau. Third and Cheaper Edition, with 
 New Preface. Crown Svo. 6j-. 
 
 A Collection of Memoirs tinder these several sections: — (i) Royal, (2) 
 Politicians, (3) Professional, (4) Scientifc, (5) Social, (6) Literary. These 
 Mejnoirs appeared originally in the columns of the Daily News. '•' Miss 
 Martineau' s large literary powers and her fine intellectual training make 
 these little sketches more instructive, and constitute them more genuinely 
 works of art, than many more ambitious and diffuse biographies." — 
 Fortnightly Review. ''Each memoir is a complete digest of a 
 celebrated life, illuminated by the flood of searching light which streams 
 from the gaze of an acute but liberal mind." — Morning Star. 
 
 MaSSOn (David).— For other Works by same Author, see Philo- 
 sophical and Belles Lettres Catalogues. 
 
 LIFE OF JOHN MILTON. Narrated in connection with the 
 Political, Ecclesiastical, and Literary History of his Time. By 
 David Masson, M.A., LL.D,, Professor of Rhetoric and English 
 Literature in the University of Edinburgh. Vol. I. with Portraits. 
 Svo. \%s. Vol. IL, 1638— 1643. Svo. i6j-. Vol. III. in the 
 press. 
 
 This work is not only a Biography, but also a continuous Political, 
 Ecclesiastical, and Literary History of England through Milton's whole 
 time. In order to tmderstand Milton, his position, his motives, his 
 thoughts by Jmnselj, his public words to his countryjuen, and the probable 
 effect of those words, it was necessary to refer largely to the History of his 
 Time, not only as it is presented in well-knaiv?t books, but as it had to be 
 rediscovered by express and laborious investigation in original and forgotten 
 
i6 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN 
 
 records : thus of the Biography^ a History grew : not a mere popular 
 compilation, but a work of independent search and method from first to 
 last, which has cost fftore labour by far thaji the Biography. The second 
 volume is so arranged that the reader may select or omit either the History 
 4}r Biography. The NoRTH British Review, speaking of the first 
 volume of this work said, ** The Life of Milton is here written once for 
 alV The Nonconformist, in noticing the seco7id volume, says, *' Its 
 literary excellence entitles it to take its place in the first ranks of our 
 literature, while the whole style of its execution 7narks it as the only book 
 that has done anything like adequate justice to one of the great masters of our 
 language, and otie of otir truest patriots, as well as our greatest epic poet. " 
 
 Mayor (J. E. B.)_WORKS Edited By John E. B. Mayor, 
 M.A., Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. Part II. 
 Aixtobiography of Matthew Robinson. Fcap. 8vo. 5^-. ()d. 
 
 This is the second of the Me?noirs illustrative of " Cambridge in the 
 Set 'cnteenth Century, ' ' that of Nicholas Farrar having preceded it. It gives 
 a lively picture of England during the Civil Wars, the most impoi'tant 
 crisis of ozir national life ; it supplies materials for the history of the 
 University and our Endowed Schools, and gives us a view of country 
 clergy at a time wJmt they are supposed to have been, with scarce an ex- 
 ception, scurrilous sots. Mr. Mayor has added a collection of extracts and 
 documents relating to the history of several othei' Cajfibridge men of note 
 belonging to the same period, all, like Robinson, of Nonconformist leanings. 
 
 LIFE OF BISHOP BEDELL. By his Son. Fcap. 8vo. 3^. dd. 
 
 This is the third of the Memoirs illustrative of" Cambridge in the I'jth 
 Century.'''' The life of the Bishop of Kilmore here pHnted for the first time 
 is preserved in the Tanner MSS., and is preliminary to a larger one to be 
 "issued shortly. 
 
 Mitford (A. B.)— tales OF OLD JAPAN. By A. B. 
 MiTFORD, Second Secretary to the British Legation in Japan. 
 With upwards of 30 Illustrations, drawn and cut on Wood by 
 Japanese Artists. Two Vols, crown 8vo. 2.\s. 
 
 Under the influence of more enlightened ideas and of a liberal system of 
 policy, the old Japanese civilization is fast disappearing, and tvill, in 'a 
 
HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, &- TRAVELS. ly 
 
 few years, be completely extinct. It was important, therefore, to presei-ue 
 as far as possible trustworthy records of a state of society which^ although 
 venerable from its antiquity, has for Europeans the dawn of novelty ; 
 hence the series of narratives and legends translated by Mr. Mitford, 
 and in which the Japanese are very judiciously left to tell their own tale. 
 The two volumes comprise not only stories and episodes illustrative of 
 Asiatic superstitions, but also three sermons. The pjrface, appendices, 
 and notes explain a number op local peculiarities ; the thirty-one woodctits 
 are the genuine work of a native artist, who, unconsciously of course, has 
 adopted the process first introduced by the early Gervian masters. " These 
 very original volumes will always be interesting as memorials of a most 
 -exceptional society, while regarded simply as tales, they are sparkling, sensa- 
 tional, and dramatic, and the originality of their ideas and the qtiainincss 
 of their language give them a most captivating piquancy. The illustra- 
 tions are extremely interesting, and for the curious in such matters have 
 a special and partictdar value.'''' — Pall Mall Gazette. 
 
 Morley (John). — EDMUND BURKE, a Historical Study. By 
 John MoRLEY, B.A. Oxon. Crown 8vo. *]s. 6d. 
 
 " The style is terse and incisive, and brilliant with epigi'am and point. 
 It contains pithy aphoristic sentences which Burke himself xvould not have 
 disowned. Its stistained power of reasoning, its zuide sweep of observation 
 and reflection, its \elevated ethical and social tone, stamp it as a work of 
 high excellence." — SATURDAY Review, f^ A model of compact conden- 
 sation. . We have seldom met with a book in which so much matter was 
 compressed into so limited a space."' — FALL Mall Gazette. ''An essay 
 of unusual effort.'''' — Westminster Review. 
 
 Morison.— THE LIFE AND TIMES OF SAINT BERNARD, 
 Abbot of Clairvaux. By James Cotter MoRisoN, M.A. Cheaper 
 Edition. Crown 8vo. 4J. dd. 
 
 The Pall Mall Gazette calls this " one of the best contributions in 
 our literature towards a vivid, intelligent, and worthy knowledge of 
 European interests and thoughts and feelings during the tzvelfth centiiry. 
 A delightful and instructive volume, and one of the best products of the 
 modern historic spirit:' ''A work,'' says the Nonconformist, ''of 
 great merit and value, dealing most thoroughly with one of the most in- 
 teresting character's, and one of the most interesting periods, ifi the Churck 
 history of the Middle Ages. Mr. Morison is tho7-oughly master of his subject, 
 
 B 
 
i8 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN 
 
 and 2vrites luith great discrimination and fairness, and in a chaste and 
 elegant style.''' The Spectator says it is ''not only distinguished by 
 research and candour, it has also the great merit of never being dull.''' 
 
 Palgrave (Sir F.)— HISTORY OF NORMANDY AND 
 OF ENGLAND. By Sir Francis Palgrave, Deputy Keeper 
 of Her Majesty's Public Records. Completing the History to the 
 Death of William P>.ufus. Four Vols. 8vo. £Ac 4-f. 
 
 Volume I. General Relations of Mediceval Europe — The Carlovingian 
 Empire — The Danish Expeditions in the Gauls — And the Establishment 
 of Rollo. Volume II. TJie Three First Dukes of Normandy ; Rollo, 
 Guillaume Longue-Epee, and Richard Sans-Peur — Th^ Carlovi^igian 
 line supplanted by the Capets. Volume III. Richard Sans-Peur — 
 Richard Le-Boji — Richard III. — Robert Le Diable — William the Con- 
 queror. Volume IV. William Rufus — Accession of Henry Beauclerc. 
 It is needless to say anything to recommend this work of a lifetime to all 
 students of history ; it is, as the SPECTATOR says, ''perhaps the greatest 
 single contribution yet ??iade to the authentic annals of this country^' and 
 " must,'" says the NONCONFORMIST, "always rank among our standard 
 nuthonties.''' 
 
 Palgrave (W. G.)— A narrative of a year's 
 
 JOURNEY THROUGH CENTRAL AND EASTERN 
 ARABIA, 1862-3. By. liam Gifford Palgrave, late of 
 the Eighth Regiment Bombay N. I. Sbcth Edition. With Maps, 
 Plans, and Portrait of Author, engraved on steel by Jeens. Crown 
 8vo. ds. 
 
 "• The work is a model of what its class should be ; the style restrained, 
 the narrative clear, telling us all we wish to know of the country and 
 people visited, and enough of the author and his feelings to enable us to 
 trust ourselves to his guidance in a tract hitherto unti'odden, and dangerous 
 in more senses than one. . . He has not only written one of the best books 
 on the Arabs and one of the best books on A7'abia, but he has done so in a 
 manner that must command the respect no less than the admiration of his 
 fdlow-countrymen.^' — FORTNIGHTLY Review. " Considering the extent 
 of our previous ignorance, the amount of his achievements, and the im- 
 portance of his contributions to our knowledge, we cannot say less of him 
 than was once said of a far greater discoverer — Mr. Palgrave has indeed 
 given a new world to EuropeP — Pall Mall Gazette. 
 
HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, &- TRAVELS. 19 
 
 Paris.— INSIDE PARIS DURING THE SIEGE. By an 
 Oxford Graduate. Crown 8vo. js. 6d. 
 
 This "jolu7fie consists of the diary kept by a gentleman zvho lived in Paris 
 during the whole of its siege by the Prussians. He had many facilities for 
 coming in contact -with men of all parties and of all classes, and ascertain- 
 ing the actual motives ivhich animated them, and their real ultimate aims. 
 These facilities he took advantage of, and in his diary, day by day, care- 
 fully recorded the results of his observations, as well as faithfully but 
 graphically photographed the various incidents of the siege which ca7ne 
 under his own notice, the actual condition of the besieged, the sayings and 
 doings, the hopes and fears of the people ajnong whom he freely moved. 
 In the Appendix is an exhaustive and elaborate account of the Organization 
 of the Republican party, sent to the author by M. yules Andrieu ; and a 
 translation of the Manifesto of the Commu7ie to the People of England, 
 dated April 19, 187 1. " The author tells his story ad?)tirably. The 
 Oxford Graduate seems to have gone everywhere, heard what everyone had 
 to say, and so been able to give us photographs of Paris life during the 
 siege which we have not had front any other source." — Spectator. 
 ^'' He has written brightly, lightly, and pleasantly, yet in perfect 
 taste.'' — Saturday Review. 
 
 Prichard. — THE administration of INDIA. From 
 1859 to 1868. The First Ten Years of Administration under the 
 Crown. By Iltudus Thomas Prichard, Barrister-at-Law. 
 Two Vols. Demy 8vo. With Map. lis. 
 
 In these volumes the author has oAjned to supply a full, impartial, and 
 independe7it account of British India between 1859 and 1868 — which is 
 in many respects the tnost important epoch in the history of that country 
 that the present century has seen. " It has the gj-eat merit that it is not 
 exclusively devoted, as are too many histories, to military and political 
 details^ but enters thoroughly into the 7jiore important questions of social 
 history. We find in these volumes a well-arranged and cot?ipendious 
 reference to almost all that has been done in India during the last ten 
 years ; and the most important official documents and historical pieces are 
 well selected and duly set forth.'' — Scotsman. "// is a worfc wJiicJi 
 ^ery Englishman in India ought to add to /Us library." — Star of 
 India. 
 
20 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN 
 
 Robinson (H. Crabb) — THE DIARY, REMINISCENCES, 
 AND CORRESPONDENCE, OF HENRY CRABB ROBIN- 
 SON, Barrister-at-Law. Selected and Edited by Thomas 
 Sadler, Ph.D. With Portrait. Third and Cheaper Edition. 
 Two Vols. Crown 8vo. i()S. 
 
 The Daily News says : " The tzvo books which are most likely to 
 survive change of litei'ary taste, and to charm while histrncting genei-atioii 
 after generation, are the ^ Diary ^ of Pepys and BoswelVs ^ Life of 
 yohnson.'' The day will come zuhen to these many will add the ' Diary of 
 Henry Crabb Robinson.^ Excellences like those which render the personal 
 revelations of Pepys and the observations of Bosiuell such pleasant reading 
 abound in this loork ..../« it is to be found sojnething to suit evejy taste 
 and inform every mind. For the general reader it contains much light and 
 amusing matter. To the lover of literature it conveys information which 
 he will prize highly on account of its accuracy and rarity. The student of 
 social life will gather from it many valuable hints wha'con to base 
 theories as to the effects on English society of the progress of civilization. 
 For these and other reasons this ' Diary ' is a work to which a hearty 
 welcome should be accorded. " 
 
 Rogers (James E. Thorold).— HISTORICAL GLEAN- 
 INGS : A Series of Sketches. Montague, Walpole, Adam Smith, 
 Cobbett. By Prof. Rogers. Crown 8vo. 45-. dd. Second Series. 
 Wiklif, Laud, Wilkes, and Home Tooke. Crown 8vo. 6j. 
 
 Professor Rogers's object in these sketches, which aj-e in the form of 
 Lectures, is to present a set of historical facts, grouped round a pi'incipal 
 figure. ' The author has aimed to state the social facts of the time in 
 which the individual whose history is handled took part in public business. 
 It is from sketches like these of the great men who took a prominoit 
 and infftcetztial part in the affairs of their tifne that a clear conception of 
 the social and econoinical condition of our ancestors can be obtained. 
 History learned in this wayis both instructive and agreeable. " His Essays,'^ 
 the Pall Mall Gazette says, '' are full of interest, pregnant, thoughtful, 
 and readable.'' " They rank far above the average of similar perfor- 
 mances,'' says the Westiniinster Review. 
 
 Raphael.— RAPHAEL OF URBINO AND HIS FATHER 
 GIOVANNI SANTI. By J. D. Passavant, formerly Director 
 of the Museum at Frankfort. With Twenty Permanent Photo- 
 graphs. Royal Svo. Handsomely bound. 3IJ-, 6d. 
 
HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, &- TRAVELS. 21 
 
 7o the enlarged French edition of PassavanCs Life of Raphael^ that 
 painter's admirers have tu7-tied whenever they have sought iftformation, 
 and it will doubtless re77iain for many years the best book of reference 07t 
 all questio7ts pe7'tai7ii7tg to the great painter'. The present work consists 
 of a tra7islatio7i of those parts of Passava7tt' s vohwies which a7-e 77iost 
 likely to i7iterest the gene7'al 7'eader. Besides a co77iplete life of Raphael y it 
 contai7is the valuable desc7'iptio7is of all his known painti7igs, a7id the 
 Chro7tological Index, which is of so 77iiich se7'vice to a7nateu7's who wish to 
 study the progressive character of his wo7'ks. The Illustrations by 
 Woodbury's 7iew pe7'77ia7ie7tt p7'ocess of photo g7-aphy, are take7i f7'om the 
 fi7test e7igravings that could be procu7-ed, a7id have bee7i chose7t with the 
 inte7ttion ofgivi7ig exa77iples of RaphaeV s various styles of pai7iting. The 
 Saturday Review says of the77i, " We have see7i not a fexu clega7it 
 speci7?ie7is of Mr. Woodb7C7y's 7iew process, but we have see7i 7i07ie that 
 equal these. " 
 
 Sadler.— EDWIN WILKINS FIELD. A Memorial Sketch- 
 By Thomas Sadler, Ph. D. With a Portrait. Crown Svo. 4^. dd. 
 
 Mr. Field was well k7iozv7i du7'i7ig his life-ti77ie 7iot only as a7t emi7te7tt 
 hnvyer a7id a stre7tuous a7id successful advocate of law 7-efo7'77i, but, both 
 i7i E7igla7id a7id A77ierica, as a 7na7i of wide a7id tho7'ough culture, varied 
 tastes, Ia7'geliearted7iess, a7td lofty ai77is. His sudde7i death was looked 
 up07i as a public loss, a7td it is expected that this b7'ief Memoir will be 
 acceptable to a large nu77iber outside of the 7}ia,7ty f7'ie7ids at whose request 
 it has bee7i zuritte7t. 
 
 Somers (Robert). — the SOUTHERN STATES SINCE 
 THE WAR. By Robert Somers. With Map. Svo. 9^-. 
 
 This wo7'k is the result of i7iqui7'-ies 7nade by the author of all authorities 
 C077ipete7it to affo7'd hi77i i7ifo7'77iatio7t, a7id of his oiu7t observatio7t du7'i7tg a 
 lengthe77ed sojou7'7i i7i the Southerii States, to zvhich W7'iters 07z A77ierica so 
 seldo77i direct their steps. The author's object is to give so77ie accou7tt of the 
 co7iditio7t of the Southe7'7t States tmder the 7iew social and political systenz 
 i7tt7'oduced by the civil war. He has he7'e collected such notes of the prog7-ess 
 of their cotto7i plantatio7is, of the state of their laboiwing populatio7t a7td of 
 their industrial ente7prises, as may help the 7'eader to a safe opinio7t of 
 their 77iea7is a7id prospects of develop7nent. He also gives such info7'7naticn 
 of their tiatural 7'esou7res, 7'ailways, a7id other public works, as 77iay 
 te7id to ^hoiv to ivhat exte7it they a7'e fitted to beco77ie a profitable field of 
 
22 MACMILLAN\S CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN 
 
 enlarged ivwiigration, settlement, and foreign trade. The volunie contains 
 many valuable and reliable details as to the condition of the Negro popiilq- 
 tion, the state of Ediication and Religioii, of Cotton, Sugar, and Tobacco 
 Cultivation, of Agriculture generally, of Coal and Iron Mining, Manu- 
 lactures, Ti'ade, Means of Locomotion, and the condition of Towns aiid of 
 Socidy. A large map of the Southern States by Messrs. TV. and A. K. 
 Johnston is appended, 7uhich shows zvith great clearness the Cotton, Coal, 
 andiron districts, the raihmys co7npleted and projected, the State boundaries, 
 and other important details. ' ' Full of interesting and valuable informa- 
 tion."" — Saturday Review. 
 
 Smith (Professor Goldwin). — three ENGLISH 
 
 STATESMEN. See p. 37 of this Catalogue. 
 
 Streets and Lanes of a City. — Sec Dutton (Amy) p. 31 
 
 of this Catalogue. 
 
 Tacitus.— THE HISTORY OF TACITUS, translated into 
 English. By A. J. Church, M.A. and W. J. Brodribb, M.A. 
 With a Map and Notes. 8vo. los. 6d. 
 
 The translators have endeavoured to adhere as closely to the original as 
 was thought consistent with a proper observance of English idiom. At 
 the sa?ne time it has been their, ai?n to reproduce the precise expressions of 
 the author. This work is characterised by the Spectator as " a scholarly 
 and faithftd translation.'''' 
 
 THE AGRICOLA AND GERMANIA. Translated into English by 
 A. J. Church, M.A. and Vv , J. Brodribb, M.A. With Maps 
 and Notes. Extra fcap. 8vo. is. 6d. 
 
 The tratislaiors have sought to produce such a versioit as may satisfy 
 scholars who demand a faithful rendering of the original, and English 
 readers who are offejided by the baldness and frigidity tvhich commonly 
 disfigure translations. The treatises aj'e accompanied by Introductions, 
 Notes, Maps, and a chronological Summary. The Athenaeum says of 
 this work that it is " a version at once readable and exact, which may be 
 perused with pleasure by all, and consulted with advantage by the classical 
 student;^''' and the Vmjl Mall Gazette says,'' What the editors have 
 attempted to do, it is not, we think probable that any living scholars coidd 
 have done better.'''' 
 
HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, &- TRAVELS. 23 
 
 Taylor (Rev. Isaac). — WORDS and places. See 
 
 p. 44 of this Catalogue. 
 
 Trench (Archbishop). — For other Works by the same Author, 
 see Theological and Belles Lettres Catalogues, and p. 45 
 of this Catalogue. 
 
 GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS : Social Aspects of the Thirty Years. 
 War. By R. Chenevix Trench, D.D., Archbishop of Dublin, 
 Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 " C/ear and lucid in style, these lecttires will be a treasure to many to 
 whom the subject is unfafniliar''' — DUBLIN Evening Mail. , " TJiese 
 Lectures are vivid and graphic sketches: the first treats of the great 
 King of Sweden, and of his character rather than of his actions ; the 
 second describes the condition of Germany in that dreadfid time zvhen 
 famine, batUes, and pestilence, though they exterminated three-fourths of the 
 population, were less terrible than the fiend-like cruelty, the utter lawless- 
 ness and depravity, bred of long anarchy and suffering. The substance of 
 the lectures is drawn from conteinporary accounts, which give to them 
 especial freshness and life." — Literary Churchman. 
 
 Trench (Mrs. R.)— Remains of the late Mrs. RICHARD 
 TRENCH. Being Selections from her Journals, Letters, and 
 other Papers. Edited by Archbishop Trench. New and 
 Cheaper Issue, wi^;h Portrait. 8vo. 6j. 
 
 Contains Notices and Anecdotes illustrating the social life of the period 
 — extendittg over a quarter of a century (1799 — 1827). It includes also 
 Poems and other tniscellaneoiis pieces by Mrs, Trench. 
 
 Wallace. — Works by Alfred Russel Wallace. For other 
 Works by same Author, see Scientific Catalogue. 
 
 Dr. Hooker, in his address to the British Association, spoke thus of the 
 author .•— " Of Mr. Wallace and his many contributions to philosophical 
 biology it^ is not easy to speak without enthusiasm ; for, putting aside their 
 great merits, he, throughout his writings, with a modesty as 7'are as I 
 believe it to be unconscious, forgets his own tmquestioned claim to the honoitr 
 of having originated, independently of Mr. Darzvin, the theories ivhich 
 he so ably defends.'^ 
 
24 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN 
 
 Wallace (A. ^.)— continued. 
 
 A NARRATIVE OF TRAVELS ON THE AMAZON AND 
 RIO NEGRO, with an Account of the Native Tribes, and Obser- 
 vations on the Climate, Geology, and Natural History of the 
 Amazon Valley. With a Map and Illustrations. 8vo. \2.s. 
 Mr. Wallace is acknowledged as one of the first of modern travellers 
 
 and naturalists. This, his earliest zuork, will be found to possess many 
 
 charms for the general reada; and to be full of intej'est to the student of 
 
 natural history. 
 
 THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO : the Land of the Orang Utan 
 and the Bird of Paradise. A Narrative of Travel with Studies 
 of Man and Nature. With Maps and Illustrations, Third and 
 Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. *]s. 6d. 
 
 " The result is a vivid picttire of tropical life, which may be read with 
 unflagging interest, and a sufficient account of his scientific conclusions to 
 stimulate our appetite without wearying us by detail. In short, we may 
 safely say that we have nevei" read a inore agreeable book of its kind." — 
 Saturday Review. '^ His descriptions of scenery, of the people and 
 their manners and customs, enlivened by occasional ami^sing anecdotes, 
 constitute the most interesting reading we have taken up for some time.^^ — 
 Standard. 
 
 Ward (Professor).— THE HOUSE OF AUSTRIA IN THE 
 
 THIRTY YEARS' WAR. Two Lectures, with Notes and lUus- 
 
 trations. By Adolphus W. Ward, M.A., Professor of History 
 
 in Owens College, Manchester. Extra fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 These two Lectures were delivered in Febrtiary, 1 869, at the Philosophical 
 
 Institution, Edinburgh, and arenow published zvith Notes and Illustrations . 
 
 bear more thoroughly the impress of one who has a true and vigorous gj'asp 
 
 ' ' We have never read, " says the Saturday Review, ' ' any lectures which 
 
 of the subject in hand." " They are," the Scotsman says, '''' the fruit op 
 
 much labour and learning, and it would be difficidt to compress into a 
 
 hundred pages more information^ 
 
 Warren.— AN ESSAY ON GREEK FEDERAL COINAGE. 
 
 By the Hon. J. Leicester Warren, M.A. 8vo. 2s. dd. 
 • The present essay is an attempt to illustrate Air. Free?nan^s Federal 
 Goz'ernment by evidence deduced from the coiiiage of the times and countries 
 therein treated of. 
 
HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, &- TRAVELS. 25 
 
 Wedgwood— JOHN WESLEY AND THE EVANGELICAL 
 REACTION of the Eighteenth Century, By Julia Wedgwood. 
 Crown 8vo. Ss. 6d. 
 
 This book is an attempt to delineate the influence of a particular man 
 upon his age. The backgrotind to the central figure is treated tvith 
 considerable minuteness, the object of representation being not the vicissitude 
 of a particular life, but that element in the life which imp^'essed itself on 
 the life of a nation, — an element which cannot be understood without a 
 study of aspects of national thought which on a superficial viezu might 
 appear wholly tmconnected with it. " Lt style and intellectual power, in 
 breadth of view and clearness of insight. Miss Wedgzuood's book far 
 surpasses all rivals T — Athen^UM. ''''As a short account of the most 
 remarkable 7novement in the eighteenth century, it must fairly be described 
 as excellent.'' — Pall Mall Gazette. 
 
 Wilson. — A MEMOIR OF GEORGE WILSON, M. D., 
 F.R.S.E., Regius Professor of Technology in the University of 
 Edinburgh. By his Sister. New Edition. Crown 8vo. ds. 
 
 " An exquisite and touching portrait of a rare and beautiful spirit.'" — 
 Guardian. ''■•He more than most men of whom we have lately read 
 deserved a minute and careful biography, and by such alone could he be 
 imderstood, and become loveable and influential to his fellow-men. Such 
 a biography his sister has written, in which letters reach almost to the 
 extent of a complete autobiography, with all the additio7ial charm of being 
 unconsciously such. We revej'e and admire the heart, and earnestly praise 
 the patient tender hand, by which such a worthy record of the earth-story 
 of one of God's true angel-men has been constructed for our delight and 
 profit." — Nonconformist. 
 
 Wilson (Daniel, LL.D.)— Works by Daniel Wilson, 
 LL.D., Professor of History and English Literature in University 
 College, Toronto : — 
 
 PREHISTORIC ANNALS OF SCOTLAND. New Edition, 
 with numerous Illustrations. Two Vols, demy 8vo. 36J. 
 
 One object aimed at when the book first appeared was to rescue archceological 
 research fi om that limited range to which a too exclusive devotion to classical 
 studies had given rise, and, especially in relation to Scotland, to prove how 
 greatly more comprehensive and important are its native antiqiiifies than all 
 
26 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF WORKS IN 
 
 "Wilson (Daniel, 'L.'L.Xi^—contimied. 
 
 the traces of intruded art. The aim has been to a large extent effectually 
 accomplished, and such an impulse given to archceological research, that in 
 this new edition the whole of the work has had to be remodelled. Fully a 
 third of it has been entirely re-written; and the reuiaining portions have 
 undergone so minute a revision as to render it in many respects a new 
 work. The number of pictorial illtcstratio7is has been greatly increased, 
 and several of the former plates and woodcuts have been re-engraved 
 from nezu drawings. This is divided into four Parts. Part I. deals 
 with The Primeval or Stone Period : Aboriginal Traces, Septclchral 
 Memorials, Dwellings, and Catacombs, Temples, Weapons, etc. etc. ; 
 Part II. Tlae Bronze Period : The Metallurgic Transition, Pri?nitive 
 Bronze, Personal Ornaments, Religion, Arts, ar,d Domestic Habits, xvith 
 other topics ; Part III. The Iron Period : The Introduction of Iron, The 
 Roman Invasion, Strongholds, etc. etc.; Part IV. Tlie Christian Period : 
 Historical Data, the Norrie's Latv Relics-, Primitive and Mediceval 
 Ecclesiology, Ecclesiastical and Miscellaneous Antiquities. The work is 
 furnished zvith an elaborate Index. " One of the most interesting, learned, 
 and elegant works we have seen for a long time.'''' — Westminster 
 Review. " The interest connected with this beautiful vohtme is not 
 limited to that part of the kingdom to which it is chiefly devoted ; it tvill be 
 consulted zvith advantage and gratif cation by all 7vho have a regard for 
 National Antiquities and for the advancement of scientific Archceology.'''' — 
 Arch^ological Journal. 
 
 PREHISTORIC MAN. New Edition, revised and partly re- written, 
 wJth numerous Illustrations. One vol. 8vo, 2.\s. 
 
 This woi'k, zvhich carries out the principle of the preceding 07ie, but with 
 a wider scope, aims to " view Man, as far as possible, unafected by those 
 modifying influences which accompany the development of nations and the 
 maturity of a tnte historic period, in order thereby to ascertain the sources 
 from whejtce such development and maturity proceed. These researches 
 into the origin of civilization have accordingly been pursued under the belief 
 which 'influenud the author in previous inquiries that the investigations 
 of the arch(2ologist, when carried on in an enlightened spirit, are replete 
 with interest in relation to some of the most impo7-tant probletns of modern 
 science. To reject the 'aid of archceology in the progress of science, and 
 especially of ethnological science, is to extinguish the lamp of the student 
 when most dependent on its borrozved rays.'" A prolonged residence on 
 some of the ne^vest sites of the New World has afforded the author many 
 
HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, &- TRAVELS. 27 
 
 "Wilson (Daniel, 'Ll^.T^.)—contim(cd. 
 
 opportunities of investigating the antiquities of the Ameriean Aborigines, 
 and of bringing to light many facts of high importance in reference to 
 primeval man. The changes in the new edition, necessitated by the great 
 advance in ArchcEology since the first, include both reconstruction and 
 condensation, along with considerable additions alike in illustration and 
 in argument. " V/e find," says the Athen^UM, " the main idea of his 
 treatise to be a pre-eminently scientific one, — namely, by archceological 
 records to obtain a definite conception of the origin and nature of man's 
 earliest efforts at civilization in the New World, and to endeavour to dis- 
 cover, as if by analogy, the necessary conditions, phases, and epochs through 
 which 7nan in the p-ehistoric stage in the Old World also must necessarily 
 have passed.'' The NORTH British Review calls it ^' a mature and 
 mellow work of an able man ; free alike from crotchets and from d&g- 
 matisfn, and exhibiting on every page the canfwn and moderation of a 
 well-balanced judgment.''' 
 
 CHATTERTON: A Biographical Study. By Daix^el Wilson, 
 LL,D., Professor of History and English Literature in University 
 College, Toronto. Crown 8vo. ()s. 6d. 
 The author here regards Chatterton as a poet, not as a '■^ mere resetter 
 and defacer of stolen literary treasures." Reviezved in this light, he has 
 found much in the old materials capable of being tiirned to neru) account : 
 and to these materials research in 'various directions has enabled him to 
 make some additions. He believes that the boy-poet has been misjudged, and 
 that the biographies hitherto zvritten of hijn arc not only imperfect but 
 untrue. While dealing tenderly, the author has sought to deal truthfully 
 with the failings as well as the virtues of the boy : bearing always in 
 remembrance, ivhat has been too frequently lost sight of that he 7vas but a 
 boy ; — a boy, and yet a poet of rare pozver. The Examiner thinks this 
 '■^ the most complete and the purest biography of the poet which has yet 
 appeared." The Literary Churchman calls it '■^ a most charming 
 literary biography,'''' 
 
 Yonge (Charlotte M.)— Works by Charlotte M. Yonge, 
 Author of "The Heir of Redclyffe," &c. &c. :— 
 
 A PARALLEL HISTORY OF FRANCE AND ENGLAND : 
 consisting of Outlines and Dates. Oblong 4to. 3^'. ^d. 
 This tabular history has been drawn ip to supply a want felt by 7nany 
 teachers of some ?neans of making their pupils realize what events in the 
 
28 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 Yonge (Charlotte yi.)— continued. 
 
 ttvo countries were contemporary. A skeleton, narrative has been constructed 
 0j the chief transactions in either country, placing a column between for 
 •what affected both alike, by which means it is hoped that young people jnay 
 be assisted in grasping the mutual relation of events. 
 
 CAMEOS FROM ENGLISH HISTORY. From Rollo to Edward 
 II. Extra fcap. 8vo. Second Edition, enlarged. 5^. 
 A Second Series, THE WARS IN FRANCE. Extra fcap. 
 8vo. 5^-. 
 
 The endeavour has not been to chronicle facts, but to ptct together a series 
 of pictures of persons and events, so as to arrest the attention, and give 
 some individuality and distinctness to the recollection, by gathei'ing together 
 details of the most memorable moments. The ' ' Cameos " are intended as 
 a book for young people just beyond the elanentary histories of England, 
 and able to enter in so??ie degree into the real spirit of events, and to be 
 struck %vith characters and scenes presented in sof?ie relief. ^'' Instead of 
 dry details,^' says theT>iONCOl>iFORMlST, ''.we have living pictures, faithfid, 
 vivid, and striking. " 
 
 Young (Julian Charles, M.A.)— a MEMOIR OF 
 
 CHARLES MAYNE YOUNG, Tragedian, with Extracts 
 from his Son's Journal. By Julian Charles Young, M.A. 
 Rector of Ilmington. With : Portraits and Sketches. Neiv and 
 Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. 7^. dd. 
 
 Round this memoir of one who held no mean place in public estimation 
 as a tragedian, and who, as a man, by the unobtrtisive simplicity and 
 moral purity of his private life, zvon golden opinions fro7n all sorts of men, 
 are clustered extracts from the author''s Journals, containing many 
 curious and interesting reminiscences of his father's and his awn eminent 
 and famous contemporaries and acquainta7ices, somrwhat aftei' the manner 
 of H. Crabb Robinson's Diary. Every page will be found Jull both oj 
 entertainment and instruction. It contains four portraits of thett'agedian, 
 and a few other curious sketches. ' ' In this budget of anecdotes, fables, and 
 gossip, old and neiu, relative to Scott, Moore, Chalmers, Coleridge, Words- 
 worth, Croker, Mathews, the third and fourth Geoiges, Bowles, Beckford, 
 Lockhart, Wellington, Peel, Louis Napoleon, D'Orsay, Dickens, 
 Thackeray, Louis Blanc^ Gibsoji, Constable, and Stanfield, etc. etc. the 
 reader must be hard indeed to please tvho cannot find entertaitiment. " — 
 Pall Mall Gazette. 
 
WORKS IN POLITICS, ETC. 35 
 
 Hill.— CHILDREN OF THE STATE. THE TRAINING OF 
 JUVENILE PAUPERS. By Florence Hill. Extra fcap. 
 8vo. cloth. 5^. 
 
 In this ivork the author discusses the various systems, adopted in this 
 and other countries in the treatment of pauper children. The 
 Birmingham Daily Gazette calls it "« valuable contribution 
 to the great and important social question ivhich it so ably and 
 thoroughly discusses; and it must materially aid in producing a 
 wise method of dealing zuith the Children of the State.'''' 
 
 HistOricuS. — LETTERS ON SOME QUESTIONS OF 
 INTERNATIONAL LAW. Reprinted from the Times, with 
 considerable Additions. 8vo. 7^-. 6d. Also, ADDITIONAL 
 LETTERS. 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 The author'' s -intention in these 'Letters toas to illustrate in a popular 
 form clearly-established principles of la%v, or to refufe, as occasion 
 required, errors tvhich had obtained « mischievous currency. He 
 has endeavoicred to establish, by sufficient authority, propositions 
 tvhich have been inconsiderately impugned, and to point out the 
 various methods of reasoning which have led some modern writers 
 to erroneous conclusions. The volume contains: Letters on ^^Recog- 
 nition;'''' '■^ On the Perils §f Inte^'vention ;^^ '■'■The Rights and 
 Duties of Neutral Nations;'''' ^' On the Law of Blockade;"" '■'On 
 Neutral Trade in Contraband of War;'''' '' On Belligerent 'Viola- 
 tion of Neutral Rights;'" '■'The Foreign Enlistment Act ;" "The 
 Right, of Search;''^ extracts from letters on the Afair of the 
 Trent; and a paper on the "■Territoriality of the Merchant 
 Vessel.'''' — "It is seldom that the doctrines of International Lato on 
 debateable points have been stated zvith more vigour, precision, and 
 certainty. " — Saturday Review. 
 
 Jevons.-— WorVs by W, Stanley Jeyons, M.A., Professor of 
 Logic and Political Economy in Owens College, Manchester. (For 
 other Works by the same Author, see Educationai, and Philo-^ 
 soPHiCAL Catalogues.) 
 
 THE COAL QUESTION : An Inquiry Concerning the Progress 
 of the Nation, and the Probable Exhaustion of our Coal Mines. 
 Second Edition, revised. 8vo. los. ^d. 
 c 2 
 
36 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF 
 
 J e von S ( W. ^.^—contimied. 
 
 '■'■Day by day,^^ the Mithor says, '■'■it becomes juore evident that the 
 coal we happily possess in excellent quality and abundance is the 
 tnainspring of modern material civilization.^'' Geologists and 
 oth^r competent authoi'ities have of late been hinting that the 
 sitipply of coal is by no means inexhaustible, and as it is of vast 
 importance to the country and the world generally to know the real 
 state of the case, Professor Jezmts in this zuork Jias endeavoured to 
 solve the question as far as the data at cotmnand admit. He 
 believes that should the consumption multiply for rather- more than 
 a ccntu7'y at its present rate, the average depth of our coal ?}iines 
 would be so reduced that tve could not long continue our p'esent rate 
 of progress. '■'■We have to make the momentous choice,^'' he believes, 
 '■'■betiveen brief greatness and long-continued pr asperity. ^^ — '■^The 
 question of our supply of coal," says the Pall Mall GAZETTE, '^ be- , 
 comes a question obviously of life or death. . . . The whole case is 
 stated with admirable clearness and cogency. . . . We may regard 
 his statements as 7inanszvered and practically established.'''' 
 
 TIfE THEORY OF POLITICAL ECONOMY. 8vo. ^s. 
 
 In this work Professor yevons endeavours to construct a theory of 
 Political Economy on a mathematical or quantitative basis, believing 
 that 7nany of the commonly received theories in this science are pe7'- 
 niciously erroneous. The author here attempts to treat Economy 
 as the Calculus of Pleasure and Pain, and has sketched out, almost 
 irrespective of previous opinions, the foi'm which the science, as it 
 seems to him, must 2iltimately take. The theory consists in apply- 
 ing the differential calculus to the familiar notions of Wealth, 
 Utility, Value, Demand, Sitpply, Capital, Interest, Labour, and 
 all the other notions belonging to the daily operations of industry. 
 As the complete theory of almost every other science involves the use 
 of that calculus, so, the author thinks, zve cannot have a true theory 
 of Political Economy without its aid. ^'P?-ofessor yevons has done 
 invaluable service by courageously claiming political eco7to7?iy to be 
 strictlv a branch of Applied Mathetnatics." — Westminster 
 Review, 
 
 Martin. — THE STATESMAN'S YEAR-BOOK: A Statistical 
 and Historical Annual of the States of the Civilized World. 
 Handbook for Politicians and Merchants for the year 1872. By 
 
WORKS IN POLITICS, ETC. 37 
 
 h Frederick Martin, Ninth Annual Publication. Revised after 
 Official Returns, Crown 8vo, 10^, 6d. 
 
 The Statesman's Year-Book is the only work in the English language 
 which furnishes a clear and concise account of the actual condition 
 of all the States of Europe, the civilized countries of America, 
 Asia, and Africa, and the British Colonies and Dependencies in 
 all parts of the zuorld. The new issue of the work has been revised 
 and corrected, on the basis of official reports received direct f rem the 
 heads of the leading Governments of the world, in reply to letters sent 
 to them by the Editor. Through the valuable assistance thus given, 
 it has been possible to collect an amount of infoi'mation, political, 
 statistical, and commercial, of the latest date, and of tmimpeachable 
 trustzvorthiness, such as no publication of the same kind has ever 
 been able to furnish. The new issue of the Statesman's Year- 
 Book has a Chronological Account of the principal events of the 
 past momentous twelve months. "As indispensable as Bradshazv.'''' 
 —Times. 
 
 Phillimore.— PRIVATE LAW AMONG THE ROMANS, 
 from the Pandects. By John George Phillimore, Q.C. 8vo, 
 i6s. 
 
 The author's belief that some knowledge of the Roman System of 
 Municipal Lata will contribute to improve our own, has induced 
 hi?n to prepare the present zvork. His endeavour has been to select 
 those parts of the Digest which would best show the grand manner 
 in which the Roman jurist dealt with his subject, as well as those 
 -cvhich most illustrate the principles by which he was guided in 
 establishing the great lines and propositions of jurisprudence, which 
 every lazvyer must have frequent occasion to employ. ''Mr. Philli- 
 more has done good service towards the study of jurisprudence in 
 this country by the production of this volume. The work is one 
 which should be in the haitds of eveiy student.''— Atyl^^ mum. 
 
 Smith. — Works by *»rofessor Goldwin Smith :— 
 
 A LETTER TO A WHIG MEMBER OF THE SOUTHERN 
 INDEPENDENCE ASSOCIATION. Extra fcap. 8vo. 2s. 
 
 This is a Letter, written in 1864, to a ?nember of an Association 
 foi'medin this country, the purpose of tvhich was ''to lend assistance 
 
3-8 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF 
 
 S^ith (Prof. Q,)—co7iti7zued. ♦ 
 
 to tJie Slave-owners of the Southern States in their attempt to effect a 
 disruption of the American Covwionwealth, and to establish an 
 independent Poiver^ having, as they declare, 'iAzNOxy for its corner- 
 stone.''^ Mr. Smith endeavours to shozv that in doing so they 
 would have committed a great folly and a still greater crime. 
 T)u'074.ghout the Letter many points of general and permanent 
 importance are discussed. 
 
 THREE ENGLISH STATESMEN: PYM, CROMWELL, 
 
 PITT. A Course of Lectures on the Political History of England. 
 
 Extra fcap. 8vo. New and Cheaper Edition. 5^-. 
 
 '■^A work which neither historian nor politician can safely afford to 
 
 neglect. " — Saturday Review. " " There are outlines, clearly and 
 
 boldly sketched, if tnere outlines, of the three Statesmen who give the 
 
 titles to his lectures, whichare well deserviiigof study. ^' — SPECTATOR. 
 
 Social Duties Considered with Reference to the 
 
 ORGANIZATION OF EFFORT IN WORKS OF BE- 
 NEVOLENCE AND PUBLIC UTILITY. By a Man of 
 Business. (Willlam Rathbone.) Fcap. 8vo. 4^. 6d. 
 The contents of this valuable little book are — /. ^^ Social Disintegra- 
 tion." II. ^^ Our Charities — Done and Undone.''"' TIL '''^Organiza- 
 tion and Individual Benevolence — their Achievonents and Short- 
 comings." IV. " Organizatiojz and Individualism — their Co- 
 operation Indispensable.'''' V. ^'' Instances and Experiments.''^ VI. 
 ^'' The Sphere of Govern7nent." '■'■Conclusion.'" The views urged 
 are no sentimental theories, but have grown out of the practical ex- 
 perience acquired in actual wotIc. "Mr. Rathbone^ s earnest and 
 large-hearted little book tuill help to generate both a larger and wiser 
 charity.'" — BRITISH Quarterly. 
 
 Stephen ^C. E.)— the service of the poor; 
 
 Being an Inquiry into the Reasons for and against the Establish- 
 ment of Rehgious Sisterhoods for Charitable Purposes. By 
 Caroline Emilia Stephen. Crown 8vo. 6s. 6d. 
 
 Miss Stephen defines Religious Sisterhoods as "associations, the 
 organization of which is based upon the assumption that works of 
 charity are either acts of worship in themselves, or means to an end, 
 that end being the spirii7(al welfare of the objects or the performers 
 
WORKS IN POLITICS, ETC. 39 
 
 of those works. " Argzdng from that point of vieiv, she devotes the 
 first part of her vol^l^me to a brief history of religious associations, 
 taking as specimens — /. The Deaconesses of the Primitive Church. 
 II. TheBeguines. III. The Third Order of S. Francis. IV. The 
 Sisters of Cha7'ity of S. Vincent de Paul. V. The Deaconesses of 
 Modern Germany. In the second part, Miss Stephen attejupts to 
 show what a^^e the real wants met by Sisterhoods, to zvhat extent the 
 same wants may be effectually viet by the organization of co7're- 
 sponding institutions on a secular basis, and what are -the reasons 
 for endeavouring to do so. " The ablest advocate of a better line of 
 work in this direction than we Jiave ever seen.^^ — Examiner, 
 
 Stephen (J. F.)— A GENERAL view of the 
 
 CRIMINAL LAW OF ENGLAND. By James Fitzjames 
 Stephen, M.A., Barrister-at-Law, Member of the Legislative 
 Council of India. 8vo. i^s. 
 
 The object of this work is to give an account of the general scope, 
 tendency, and design of an important part of our institutions, 
 of which surely none can have a greater moral significance, or be 
 more closely connected with broad pi'inciples of morality and 
 politics, than those by which men rightfully, deliberately, and in 
 cold blood, kill, enslave, and otherwise torment their fellozv- 
 creatures. The author believes it possible to explain the principles 
 of such a system in a mamter both intelligible and inter estino; 
 The Contents are— I. ''The Province of the Criminal law.'' 
 II. '■'■ Historical Sketch of English Criminal Law.'" III. '■'■ Defi- 
 nition of Crime in Gene7'al. " IV. ' ' Classification and Definition 
 of Particular Crimes.'" V. '■'■ C^'iminal Procedure in General." 
 VI. "■ English Criminal Procedure.'" VI I. '' The Principles of 
 Evidence in Relation to the Criminal Law." VIII. '' En'dish 
 Rides of Evidence." IX. "-English Criminal Legislation:' 
 The last I $0 pages are occupied with the discussion of a nimiber 
 of iviportant cases. '■'■Readers feel in his book the confidence which 
 attaches to the writings of a man who has a great practical 
 acquaintance zuith the matter of which he writes, and lawyers will 
 agree that it fully satisfies the standard of professional accuracy T 
 — S AT URDAY Review. ' ' His style is forcible and perspicuous, and 
 
 singularly free from the unnecessary use of professional terms." 
 
 Spectator. 
 
4-0 JIACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE. 
 
 Thornton. — on LABOUR: its Wrongful Claims and Rightful 
 Dues ; Its Actual Present State and Possible Future. By William 
 Thomas Thornton, Author of" A Plea for Peasant Proprietors," 
 etc. Second Edition, revised. 8vo. I4J-. 
 
 T/ie object of this -volume is to endeavour to find "« cure for human 
 destitution^^'' the search after which has been the passion and the 
 work of the authm^'s life. The wa>'k is divided into four books, 
 and each book into a number of chaptei's. Book T. ^''Labour's 
 Causes of Discontent.'''' II. ''■Labour and Capital in Debate.'" 
 III. '■Labour and Capital in Antagotiism.'''' IV. ^^ Labour and 
 Capital in Alliance." All the highly ijnportant problems in Social 
 and Political Econo7ny connected with Labour and Capital arc 
 here discussed with knotuledge, vigour, and originality, and for a 
 noble purpose. The new edition has been thoroughly revised and 
 considerably enlarged. '■'■ We cannot fail to recognize in his work 
 the result of independent thought, high moral aim, and geno'ous 
 intrepidity in a noble cause. .... A really valuable contribution. 
 The number of facts accuinulated, both historical and statistical, 
 make an especially valuable portion of the work."" — WESTMINSTER 
 Review. 
 
WORKS CONNECTED WITHTHE SCIENCE 
 OR THE HISTORY OF LANGUAGE. 
 
 (For Editions of Greek and Latin Classical Authors, Graui- 
 ifiars, and other School works, see Educational Catalogue.) 
 
 Abbott.— A SHAKEvSPERIAN GRAMMAR : An Attempt to 
 illustrate some of the Differences between Elizabethan and Modern 
 English. By the Rev. E. A. Abbott, M.A., Head Master of the 
 City of London School. For the Use of Schools. New and 
 Enlarged Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo. 6s. 
 
 The object of this work is to furnish students of Shakespeare a] id 
 Bacon with a short systematic account of some points of difference 
 betzueen Elizabethan Syntax and our own. The demand for a third 
 edition within a year of the publication of the first, has encouraged 
 the author to endeavour to make the work somewhat more useful, 
 and to render it, as far as possible, a complete book of reference for 
 all difficulties of Shakesperian Syntax or Prosody. For this purpose 
 the whole of Shakespeare has been re-read, and an attempt has been 
 made to include zuithin this edition the explanation of every 
 idiomatic difficulty (zuhere the text is not confessedly corrupt) that 
 comes within the province of a grammar as distinct from a glossary. 
 The great object being to make a useful book of reference for students 
 and for classes in schools, several Plays have been indexed so fully, 
 that witli the aid of a glossary and historical notes the rferences 
 will serve for a complete commentary. "A critical inquiry, con- 
 ducted with great skill and knowledge, and with all the appliances 
 of modern philology.'''' — Pall Mall Gazette. ^^ Valuable not 
 only as an aid to the critical study of SJiakespeare, but as tending to 
 ja?niliarize the reader with Elizabethan English in general.''^ — 
 Athen.eum. 
 
42 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF 
 
 Besant.— STUDIES IN early French poetry. By 
 
 Walter Besant, M.A. Crown 8vo. %s. 6d. 
 
 A sort of impression rests on most minds that French literature begins 
 with the '■^siecle de Louis Quatorze f^ any previous literature being 
 for the most part tmknown or ignored. Few know anything of the 
 enormous literary activity that began in the thirteenth century, was 
 carried on by Rulebeuf Marie de Fj-ance, Gaston de Foix, ThibauU 
 de Champagne, and Lorris ; was fostered by Charles of Orleans, 
 by Margaret of Valois, by Fj'ancis the First; that gave a crowd of 
 versifiers to F-rance, enriched, strengthened, developed, and fixed the 
 French language, a,nd prepared the way for Corneille and for 
 Racine. The pj'esent work aims to afford information and direction 
 touchiizg these early efforts of France in poetical literature. '^^In one 
 moderately sized volume he has contrived to introduce us to the very 
 best, if not to all of the early French poets.'''' — Athen^UM. 
 ' Lndustry, the insight of a scholar, and a genuine enthusiasm for 
 his stibject, co??ibine to make it of very considerable vahie." — 
 Spectator. 
 
 Helfenstein (James).— a COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR 
 OF THE TEUTONIC LANGUAGES : Being at the same 
 time a Historical Grammar of the English Language, and com- 
 prising Gothic, Anglo-Saxon, Early English, Modem English, 
 Icelandic (Old Norse), Danish, Swedish, Old High Gennan, 
 Middle High German, Modem German, Old Saxon, Old Frisian, 
 and Dutch. By James Helfexstein, Ph.D. Svo. iSj-. 
 
 This work traces the different stages of development through which the 
 variotis Teutonic languages have passed, and the laws which have 
 regulated their growth. The reader is thus enabled to study the 
 relation which these languages bear to one another, and to the Eng- 
 "'^ lish language in particular, to which special attention is devoted 
 throughout. In the chapter's on Ancient and Middle Teutonic 
 languages no grammatical form- is omitted the knowledge of which 
 is required for the study of ancient literattire, whether Gothic or 
 Anglo-Saxon or Early English. To ea^h chapter is prefixed a 
 sketch showing the relation of the Teutonic to the cognate languages, 
 Greek, Latiti, and Sanskrit. Those who have mastered the book 
 will be in a position to pi'oceed xvith intelligence to the liiorc elaborate 
 works of Grimm, Bopp, Pott, Schleicher, and others. 
 
WORKS ON LANGUAGE. 43 
 
 Morris.— HISTORICAL OUTLINES OF ENGLISH ACCI- 
 DENCE, comprising Chapters on the History and Development 
 of the Language, and on Word-formation. By the Rev. Richard 
 Morris, LL.D,, Member of the Council of the Philol. Sec, 
 Lecturer on English Language and Literature in King's College 
 School, Editor of "Specimens of Early English," etc., etc. 
 Fcap. 8vo. 6s. 
 
 Dr. Morris has endeavoured to zvrite a work which can be profitably 
 used by students and by the upper forms in our public schools. His 
 almost unequalled knozuledge of early English Literature renders 
 him peculioA'ly qualified to write a work of this kind ; and English 
 Grammar, he believes, zuithout a reference toWie older forms, must 
 appear altogether anomalous, inco7tsistent, and unintelligible. In 
 the writing of this volume, moreover, he has taken advantage of the 
 researches into our language made by all the most e}?iinent scholars 
 in England, America, and on the Continent. The author shows 
 the place of English among the languages of the world, expounds 
 clearly and with great minuteness " Grhnm^s Law,^^ gives a brief 
 history of the English language and an account of the various 
 dialects, investigates the history and principles of Phonology, 
 Orthography, Accent, and Etymology, and devotes several chapters 
 to the consideration of the various Parts of Speech, and the final 
 one to Derivation and Word-formation. 
 
 Peile (John, M.A.)— an INTRODUCTION TO GREEK 
 AND LATIN ETYMOLOGY. By John Peile, M.A., 
 Fellow and Assistant Tutor of Christ's College, Cambridge, 
 formerly Teacher of Sanskrit in the University of Cambridge. 
 New and revised Edition, Crown 8vo. \os. ()d. 
 
 These Philological Lectures are the result of Notes made during the 
 author'' s reading for some years previous to their publicatioii. These 
 Notes zvere put into the shape of lectures, delivered at Chrisfs 
 College, as one set in the ^^Intercolleg-iate^' list. They have been 
 printed with some additions and .modifications, but substantially 
 as they we're delivered. ^^Thc book may be accepted as a very 
 valuctble contribution to the science of language.''' — SATURDAY 
 Review. 
 
44 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF 
 
 Philology. — THE JOURNAL OF SACRED AND CLAS- 
 SICAL PHILOLOGY. Four Vols. 8vo. lis. 6d. 
 
 THE JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGY. New Series. Edited by W„ 
 G. Clark, M.A., John E. B. Mayor, M.A., and W. Aldis 
 Wright, M.A. Nos. I. II., III., and IV. 8vo. 4^. 6d. each. 
 (Half-yearly.) 
 
 Roby (H.J.) — A GRAMMAR OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE, 
 FROM PLAUTUS TO SUETONIUS. By Henry John 
 Roby, M.A., late Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. 
 Part I. containing : — Book I. Sounds. Book II. Inflexions. 
 Book III. Word Formation. Appendices. Crown 8vo. 8^. 6d. 
 
 This work is the result of an independent and careful study of the 
 "Writers of the strictly Classical period^ the period embraced between 
 the ti?ne of Plautus and that of Stcetonius. The atithoj-''s aim has 
 been to give the facts of the language in as few words as possible. It 
 will be found that the arrangement of the book and the treatment of 
 the various divisions differ in many respects from those of previotis 
 grammars. Mr. Roby has given special prominence to the treat- 
 ment of Sounds and Word-formation ; and in the First Book he has 
 done much towards settling a discussion ivhich is at present largely 
 engaging the attention of scholars, viz. , the Pronunciation of the 
 Classical languages. In the full Appendices will be found various 
 valuable details still fou'ther illustrating the subjects discussed in the 
 text. The author^s reputation as a scholar and critic is already- 
 well known, and the publishers are encouraged to believe that his 
 present work will take its place as perhaps the most original, exhaus- 
 tive, and scientific gravwiar of the Latin language that has ever 
 issued from the British press. '■'The book is marked by the clear 
 and practical insight of a master in his art. It is a book zvhich 
 luould do honour to any country.''' — ATHENAEUM. ''Brings before 
 the student in a methodical form the best results oftfiodern phHology 
 bearing on the Latin language.''' — Scotsman. 
 
 Taylor (Rev. Isaac). — words and places ; or. 
 
 Etymological Illustrations of History, Ethnology, and Geography. 
 By the Rev. Isaac Taylor. Second Edition. Crowi 8vo. 
 12S. 6d. 
 
WORKS ON LANGUAGE. 45 
 
 This work, as the wSaturday Review acknowledges, 'Hs one which 
 stands alone in our language.'" The subject is one achnozvled^-ed to 
 be of the highest importance as a hand77iaid to History, Ethnology, 
 Geography, and even to ■ Geology ; and Mr. Taylor's luork has 
 taken its place as the only English authority of value on the subject. 
 Not only is the work of the highest value to the sttident, but will be 
 fou7id full of interest to the general reader, affoi'ding him wondeiful 
 peeps into the past life and wanderings of the restless race to which 
 he belongs. Every assistance is given in the tvay of specially pre- 
 pared Maps, Indexes, and Appendices ; and to anyone who wishes 
 to pursue the study of the subject further, the Bibliographical List of 
 Books will be found invaluable. The NoN CONFORMIST says, ' ' The 
 historical importance of the subject can scarcely be exaggei'ated.'' 
 '^His book,'' the Reader says, ''will be invaluable to the student oj 
 English history.'" ''As all cultivated minds feel curiosity about 
 local names, it may be expected that 'this will become a household 
 book,'''' says the Guardian. 
 
 Trench. — Works by R. Chenevix Trench, D.D., Archbishop of 
 Dublin. (For other Works by the same Author, see Theological 
 Catalogue.) 
 
 Archbishop Trench has do7ie /iiuch to sp7-ead an iizte7'est i7t the histo7y 
 of our English tongue. He is ack7towledged to possess an un- 
 co77i77ion power of presenti7tg, in a clear, inst7'uctive, and i7zte7'esting 
 77ia7t7ter, the fi^uit of his own exte7isive resea7-ch, as well as the 
 results of the labours of other scientific and historical students 
 of language ; while, as ^"7^^ Athen^um says, " his sober judg77ie7tt 
 and sound sense are barriers agai7tst the 77iisleading influe7ice oj 
 arbit7'ary hypotheses. " 
 
 SYNONYMS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. New Edition, 
 enlarged. 8vo. cloth. 12s, 
 
 The study of synony77is in cmy language is valuable as a discipliize for 
 training the 7nind to close and accurate habits of thought; 77107'c 
 £specially is this the case in Greek — ' ' a language spoken by a people of 
 the finest and subtlest intellect; who saw distinctions where othe7-s saw 
 none; who divided out to differe7it zvords zvhat others often we7'e 
 content to huddle confusedly zmder a co77i77ion term'' This work is 
 recognized as a valuable co77ipa7tio7i to every student of the Neiv 
 Testa77ient in the original. This, the Seve7tth Edition, has been 
 
46 MACMILLAN'S CATALOGUE OF 
 
 Trench (R. Q.^— continued. 
 
 carefully rez'ised, and a considerable number ofnrcV synonyms added. 
 Appended is an Index to the synonyms, and an Index to many other 
 words alluded to or explained throicghout the %uork. ^^He is," the 
 Athen^UM says, "a guide in this department of htoTvledge to 
 whofH his readers viay entrust themselves tvith confidence.''' 
 
 ON THE STUDY OF WORDS. Lectures Addressed (originally) 
 to the Pupils at the Diocesan Training School, Winchester. 
 Fourteenth Edition, revised and enlarged. Fcap. 8vo. 4-5-. dd. 
 
 This, it is believed, zvas probably the first %mrk which dreiv general 
 attention in this country to the importance and interest of the 
 critical and historical study of English. It still retains its place as 
 one of the most successful if not the only exponent of those aspects 
 of Words of tuhich it treats. The subjects of the several Lectures 
 are — /. 'Lntroductoiy." II. ''''On the Poetry of Words.'''' III. 
 "On the Morality of Words.'' IV. ''On the History of Words." 
 'V. " On the Rise of Neiv Words.'" VI. "On the Distinction of 
 Words." VII "The Schoolmaster^ s Use of Words." 
 
 ENGLISH PAST AND PRESENT. Seventh Edition, revised 
 and improved. Fcap. 8vo. 4s. 6d. 
 
 This is a series of eight Lectures, in the first of zvhich Archbishop 
 Trench considers the English language as it nozv is, deco7nposes some 
 specimens of it, and thus discovers of what elements it is co?npact. In 
 the second lecture he considers what the language might have been 
 if the Norman Conquest had never taken place. In the folloiuing 
 six Lectures he institutes from various points of view a cojnparison 
 between the present language and the past, points out gains which it 
 has made, losses zvhich it has endured, and generally calls attention 
 to some of the more important changes through zvhich it has passed, 
 or is at present passing. 
 
 A SELECT GLOSSARY OF ENGLISH WORDS USED 
 
 FORMERLY IN SENSES DIFFERENT FROM THEIR 
 
 PRESENT. Third Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 4^. 
 
 This alphabetically arranged Glossary contains many of the most 
 
 important of those English words zvhich in the course of time have 
 
 gradually changed their meanings. The author'' s object is to point 
 
 out some of these changes, to suggest hozv many more there may be. 
 
i 
 
 WORKS ON LANGUAGE. 47 
 
 Trench (R. C,)— continued. 
 
 to show how slight and subtle, while yet most real, these changes 
 have often been, to trace here and there the progressive steps by 
 which the old meaning has been put off and the new put on — the 
 exact road which a %vord has travelled. The atithor thtis hopes to 
 render some assistance to those who regard this as a serviceable dis- 
 cipline in the training of their ozvn minds or the minds of others. 
 Although the book is in the form of a Glossary, it tvill be found as 
 interesting as a series of brief xvell-told biographies. 
 
 ON SOME DEFICIENCIES IN OUR ENGLISH DICTION- 
 ARIES : Being the substance of Two Papers read before the 
 Philological Society. Second Edition, revised and enlarged. 
 8vo. 3^'. 
 
 The following are the main deficiencies in English dictionaries pointed 
 out in these Papers, and ilhcstrated by an interesting accumulation of 
 particulars : — T, '■^Obsolete ivords are incompletely registered.'''' II. 
 ^^ Families or groups of words are often imperfect.'''' III. '■^ Much 
 earlier examples of the employment of words oftentimes exist than 
 any which are cited, and much later exajnples of tvords no7v 
 obsolete." IV. '■^Important meanings and uses ofzvords are passed 
 over.'''' V. '^Comparatively little attention is paid to the distinguish- 
 ing of synonymous words." VI. ''Many passages in our literature 
 are passed by, xvhich might be carefully adduced in illustration of 
 the first introduction, etymology, and 7neaning of words. ''^ VII. 
 *' Our dictionaries err in redundancy as taell as defect." 
 
 Wood. — Works by H. T. W. Wood, B.A., Clare College, 
 Cambridge : — 
 
 THE RECIPROCAL INFLUENCE OF ENGLISH AND 
 FRENCH LITERATURE IN THE EIGHTEENTH 
 CENTURY. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 This Essay gained the Le Bas Prize for the year 1869. Besides a 
 general Introductory Section, it contains other three Sections on 
 " The Infiueiue of Boileau and his School 'f^ "The Influence of 
 English Philosophy in France;''"' "Secondary Influences — the 
 Drama, Fiction," etc. Appended is a Synchronological Table op 
 Events connected with English and French Literature, A.D. 1 700 ~ 
 A.D. 1800. 
 
48 MACMILLAN^S CATALOGUE. 
 
 Wood (H. T. 'W.)—contimied. 
 
 CHANGES in' THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE BETWEEN 
 THE PUBLICATION OF WICLIF'S BIBLE AND THAT 
 OF THE AUTHORIZED VERSION ; a.d. 1400 to a.d. 1600. 
 Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 T/i is Essay gained the Le B as Prize for the year i^'jo. Besides the 
 Introductory Section explaining the aim and scope of the Essay, 
 there are other three Sections and three Appendices. Section II. 
 treats of ^^ English before Chaucer.'''' III. ^^ Chaucer to Ca-xton.^^ 
 IV. '■^From Caxton to the Authorized Version." — Appendix: I. 
 "■^ Table of English Literature,''' A.D. 1300 — A.D. 161 1. //. 
 ^' Early English Bible.''' III. '■^Inflectional Changes in the Verb." 
 This will be found a most valuable help in the study of our language 
 during the period einbraced in the Essay. ''As we go with him" 
 the Athen^UM says, ''ive learn something new at eveiy step." 
 
 Yonge.— HISTORY OF CHRISTIAN NAMES. By Char- 
 lotte M. Yonge, Author of "The Heir of Redclyffe." Two 
 Vols. Crown 8vo. i/. \s. 
 
 Miss Yonge' s zvork is acknowledged to be the authority on the interest- 
 ing subject of which it treats. Until she 7vrote on the subject, the 
 history of names — especially Christian Names as distinguished from 
 Surnames — had been but little examined ; nor why one should be 
 popular and another forgotten — %vhy one should flourish through- 
 out Europe, another in one country alone, another around some 
 petty district. In each case she has tried to find out whence the 
 name came, whether it had a patron, and whether the patron took 
 it from the myths or heroes of his own coimtry, or from the mean- 
 ing of the words. She has then tried to classify the na7ues, as to 
 treat them merely alphabetically would destroy all their interest and 
 connection. They are classified first by language, begimmig with 
 Heh'exv and coming dowjt through Greek and Latin to Celtic, 
 Teutonic, Slavonic, and other sources, ancient and moderjt ; then 
 by meaning or spirit. ''An almost exhaustive treatment of the 
 subject . . . The painstaking toil of a thoughtful and cultured mind 
 on a most interesting theme." — London Quarterly. 
 
 R. CLAY, SONS, AND TAYLOR, PRINTERS, LONDON.