'^^<^ I ^v»»S' '^s* m»s ly^^'h. ^^ V •*\<^ >.'?.*.' 0^ V*^^^'V ^ •-?:?•• ^6*' ./'^^/".V^"..iV'.\ '•.»•" aP' ^ 4?% tP-v ^^-^K -1 .• V^^^. V •.,0' V* ^ *\ ****. a.* .•iHB^». ^ ': .<^''\ 5 *Ch. • .♦^•v^ rr» A »•- ^Ant »•- -e^o-i ^^ ^^°A ** "^ V |. ^ A* ♦V F* J^ "^ •' "-.v,^* .^^\ f^^-^:* o*-" V*^^V ■ ,. V Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1878, by E. H. Sawyer, in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. K. M. Baxter's steam print, macon, Missouri. G^INTRODUCTION.^^) The sole purpose of the author in the preparation of this Chart, was to furn.sh a stimulus and indicate the method of Historical Study, to the youth ^vith wliom his professional duties brought hnn m daily contrct in the College lecture room. In his connection with educational v.wk the conviction has been produced that the American mind is peculiarly unhistorical in its tendencies. "We live m an earnest and innmltuouspre6ent,looking to a vague future, and comparatively cut off from the prolific past which i. S the mother of us all ;"'and yet I a people we are more indebted to the past, and are more deeply concerned with understanding the lessens of the past than any other ex.tsing nation. Ihere is an oblig Uon, therefore resting with great weight upon those among us, who are to be the moulders and guiders c> the opinions and tendencies of tlie American people, to imbue themselves with tlie true historic spirit, and to acmiaint themselves with theteachings of the past. Dr. Cheney has well remarked: "Human history opens a boundlessfield of investigation, which no man ever has or ever can explore to is remotes boundaries " The sphere of history is the sphere of facts, events and developements extending .through all the centuries since the creation of man; it cunnut therefore be constructed on a prion p.-inciples, but when pursuing secular or sacred narrative exhibites events in their connected and related order. I is fur her observed, in the language of President Northrui>: -'Historical processes and movements cim have neither value no; significancy except as they are comprehended in the light of vuulery.ng ideas and P"nciP es; hence the importance of a correct method in the prosecution of this study. Rigiitly understood. History affords scope for the exercise of tlie highest powers of the mind, and is adapted to awaken them to vigorous action. It appeals profoundly to every element of man's nature. It meets his philosophical tendencies, presenting the loftiJst achievements in the sphere of metaphysical thought, and appeals to his religious instincts by portraying a scheme of re.lemption in which are comprehended the infinite interests of our race. History may then be termed the epitome of all learning. In the preperation of these pages, reference, has been freely made to the historical writings of Thalheiiner, Gibbon, Wilson. Hume, Tacitus, D' Aubigne, Ridpath, Pierce.Bancroft, Barnum, Kohlrausch, Thiers, Macauley, Froude, Ranke, Buckle, Hurst, Neander, Stanley an.l others, to whom we acknowledge -ndebtediiess. If in the limited sphere tl.is Chart is designed to range, it shall incite the student to enter the broad domain of History, and shall help l.im in traversing her plains and scaling her mountain peaks, the most earnest wish of the author will be fully realized. ^- • ^ • Macon, Mo., November fith, 1878. <^^HISTORICAL CHARTS CHRONOLOGY OF CONTEMPORANEOUS GOVERNMENTS, EARLIEST AUTHENTIC RECORDS TO THE! I*r©s©rktTina©, 4,004: IB. O. 1B78 .A.. I>. HOW TO BTliDY HISTOKi'. » 111 the study of events the two circumstances of time and place constantly demand our ftttention. Ac- cordingly, chronology and geography have been called 'the two eyes of history." The student wil' there- fore see the propriety of useing this Chart in connection with a reliable map of the world. History is divided into three great branches, viz: Ancient (4004 B. C.— 476 A. D.) Mediaeval (476 1600 A. D.) and Modern 1600—1878. A. I).) ANIIENT HISTORY. Ancient history narrates the succession of Empires which ruled Asia, Africa and Euroue, until the Roman dominion in Italy was overthrown l)y northern barbarians, A. I). 476. Geographically, it com- prises only the shore* of the Mediterranean and a part of Western Asia. The earliest historical records are found in the Hebrew scriptures. Tiie first government of earth was a Theocracy, which extended from Adam 4004 B. C, to »aul the king lU!t4 B.C. The Patriurcliate of the twelve sons of Jacob— (Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Zebulun, Issachar, Dan, Gad, Asher, Naphtali, Joseph and Benjamin;) and the Judgeship, of Othniel, Ehml, Shamgar, Deborah (female), Gideon, Tola, Jair, Jephthah, njzaii, Elon, Abdou, Sampson Samuel, Joel and Abiah,) were included in the Theocracy. Alter the dispersion of the other decendants of Noah from Babel, Nimrod, grand-son of Hani remained near the scene of their discomfiture, and established a kingdom south of the Euphrates at the head of thePersian gulf. This is known as the Chaldean dynasty, from about (3000-1543 B. C.) The first date is uncertain here, some authorities placing it 1000 years later. The only kno\Tn kings are Nimrod and Chedorlaonier, Succeeded by an Arabian dynasty, (1543-1298 B. C.) A dynasty of 45 kincs, probably Assyrian followed from (1298—772 B. C). King Paul (772— 747B. C.) Phoenicea (kings of Tyre) accA>rding to Herodotus (2750-532 B. C.) Non— Utile le knon-o of the dictloctlve butor.v of the Cbaldeao and riioeDicean dynactlei", Th«t which is of importoDi-f, in either, will be exhibited in the liistory of succeeding Empires. 8AWYEirS CHART OF CHINESE EMPIKK.-vr?. C. 2207-A. D. 1877), Is very ancient, and is said by the Cliitiese to have existed forty-one thousand years before tlic christian era. We liave no authority save tlie claim urged by tliu people of this vast empire for fixing the remarkable date, thirty-seven thousand years buck of the time generally fixed asilieheginningof thehuman race. Tlie earliest dynasty known to the historian, is that of Haia (22U7 13. C), but little is known of the country before the time of CJonfucius, during the prevalence of the Chow dynasty (1122-25i)~n. CV During the reign of Ching (256 13. C), the great wall was built. Elated with his own exploits, ho formed the design of making posterity believe that he was the first Emperor that filled the Chinese throne, und for this purpose, it is .said, ordered all the historical records to be obliterated. From (220-280 A. D.) China was divided into three kingdoms, viz: tlie Sliohany; thcGori in the north, and the El in thesoiith. lu the thirteenth centurv the Chinese called in the aid of the Mongols to beat off the Eastern Tartars. These tierce allies soon subdued not only the Tartars, but the i)eopIe who!n they came to defend, and seized the country. The Kul>lai Khan dynasty continued for nearly a century when it was overthrown by the Chinese, who continued to hold their own country until (A. D. 1644) when the expelled Mongols who had united with the Tartars and formed the race known as the Mantchous. invaded the Empire, overtluew the ])rcvailing Chinese dynasty and established a permanent Tartar dominion, which is still in power. The Chinese is, on the whole, by far the best native government of Asia. The government is patriarchal, and the Emperor has the remarkabU- title of "Holy Son of Heaven, Sole Governor of the Eartli, and Great Father of his People." The population is 353,000,000. JAPA.NESK KMl'IRE, has a history usually connected with China, and lies to the east of the former Emjiire, being composed of a great number of Islands. The Japanese have nominally two Emperors; one is the supreme pontiff, and oracle of religion, and the other a secular emperor, who is investetl with absolute authority. The latter resides at Jeddo the cai>ital, in the Island of Ni])hon. Commondore Perry with an American fieet visited Japan in 1853, and concluded a commercial treaty with the Empire. EGYPTIAN EMHIBK (fOI:NI)K1) BY MKNKs") Embracing three historical periods. I Old empire from the earliest times to 1900 13. C. II Middle empire (Shepherd kings) 1900-1525 B, C. Ill New empire (1525-525 B. C.) The Hebrew bondage and exodus occurred somewhere lietween 1600—1219 B. C. KINGDOMS OF ASIA MINtlK. From the occupancy of the country by the Phrygians to the close of the Lydian empire. Kingdom of Lydia, three Dynasties bore rule. The Atyadae (before 1200 B. C). The Heraclidae (1200— 695 B. C.l The Marmnadae (694 — 546 B. C.) when Croesus the last and greatest monarch was concjuered by Cyrus, king of Persia. GRECIAN STATES — UNKNOWN TILL 336 U. C. History is best divided into three periods — I Mythical period, from the earliest times to the Dorian migrations, alwut 1100 B. C II Authentic period from the Dorian migrations to the beginning of the Persian wars 1100-.500B. C. Herodotus began his historical record with the year 776 B. C. It formed the first definite starting point for subsequent historians. Ill Revolutionary period, from the beginning of the Persian wars to the victory ot Philip of Mace- don at Chaeronea (500-336 B. C.) CHKONOLOUY AND OONTEMPORANEOUS HISTORY. Greece, thougli one of the smallest couiitrieij of the globe, about the size of the state of Ohio, enjoys the undisputeil title U) the controlling literary power of the world. She gave us Homer the father of poetry S<)cratui<, the father of philo.sophy ; IIero. liehoboani the son of Solomon, reigned from 975-956B. 0. During this reign the ten tribes revolt from Rehoboam and proclaim Jeroboam the son of Nebat of the tribe of Ephram king. Rehoboam continues to reign over Jndah and Benjamin. Abijam succeeds hie; father to flu- tlinnie of J ndah 95fi-953 B. 0. Asa succeeded his father H53-912 15. C. J ehoshaphat 912-896 B.C. Jehoram (896-888 B. C.) Ahaziah (888-887 B. C.) Slain by order ipf Jehu. Athaliah (887-881 B. C.) Queen Athaliah usurped the tlirone, but was slain by order of Jehoiada, the priest. Joash (88(1-840 B. C.) Slain by two of his servants. Amaziah (»-lo-!f Troy. For a full and able discussion of the events connected with this empire, embracing the extmc- tion of the "Western Empire: the banishment of Augustulus to the Lucullan Villa, and the decay of the Roman spirit, the student is referred to CTibl)on's Decline and Fall of the Romati Empire, vol. ii page 380, etc. MEDIAaVAL HISTORY. Mediaeval history begins with the fall of the Western Empire, A. D. 476, at the dawn of the period styled the Dark Ages. Geographically, mediaeval history is concerned with Europe and the adjacent coasts of Asia and Africa. The Dark Ages cover the history from the fall of the Western Empire to the establishment of the Feudal system ROMAN EMI'IRE FROM [753 B. C.-476 A. D.J 476-1096 A. D. Thi distinct periods. First Period. r-JlUC. li eiiibraces three From the fall of the Western Empire, to the rise of the (jarlovingian Empire, 476-732 \, D. During this ])eriod the Moslem power had its rise. "Mahommed, the camel driver of Mecca, in his journeys to the S^yrian fairs met travelers of all nations and religions." Me remarked the general confusion in their religious creeds, and ''conceived the idea of raising upon the ruins of all these creeds, the worship of the One God, of whom he aspired to be considered the prophet and apostle." During this period, also, the Saracens crowded upon the Roman dominion and after a successful incursion, established, what is known as the Saracen Empire, which continued from about 622-732 A. D. The tide of the Saracen invasion having rolled back, two powers are seen rising in the west. These jiowers are — The restored Roman empire, and the temporal sovereignty of the Popes, which together form the frame work of Mediaeval history. Second Period — From the battle of Tours to the battle of Fontenaye, 732-841 A. D. The San- guinary struggle of Fontenaye broke in pieces, the empire, which had grown stong by the powerful genius of Charlemagne, and b}' the subsequent treaty at Verdun, the dominions of this great gen- eral were divided between his three grand-sons; Lothaire, received Italy and adjoining territory; Louis the German, the countries east and north of the Rhine; Charles the Bald, received Gaul west of the Rhone and Saone. Germany dates her CUKO.NULUItY AM) CONTEMPORANEOUS HISTORY national existence from the treaty of Verdun, A. D. S48. T/i/rd Period— Yiom the treaty i.l' N'enliin to tlie first crnsade, 84;5-loyt> A. D. This period ^vebirtli to three of tlie greatest nameb in liistory; Alford, the Great; William, the C'on(Hierur, and Pope Gregory VII, the famous lliidehraud. That eriod. His reign apjiears to have been characterize"! by great clemency toward his subjects and especially toward the captive Jews in his realm. A certain Jewish young man of talent named Daniel had been assigned to important service in the Empire, and a conseijuent jealously had been awakened among the Persian princes. Daniel was singled out as a special object of revenge, by these jirinces, and b}' a succession of intrigues, a decree was secured l)y which he was cast into the lions den, in hope of inflicting a cruel death. The story of his miraculous escape and its influence upon the history of his time will be found in the Bible. (Daniel vi chapter.) Cyrus succeeded his grandfather Darius about 534 B. C. The conflicting accounts, of the relationship and history of Darius and Cyrus, given by Herod- otus and Xenopbon are generally rejiardcd as in- capable of reconciliation, we have, therefore endeav- ored to ascertain as nearly as possible, the facts of this history from the Biblical record. In his wars with Croesus, KingofLydia, Cyrus was victorious, but when he turned his arms against the Scyhtiau Queen Tomyeis he was defeated and taken prisoner in a bloody battle 529 B. C. It is said the victorious queen who had lost her son in a previous encounter, was so incensed against Cyrus, that she cut ofl^his head, and threw ;— (650-321 B. Q.) it into a vessel* filled with human blood; crying. "Satisfy thyself with the blood for which tliou hast thirsted." Cambyses, so n of Cyrns, succeded to the Per- sian throne, and reigned from 529-522 B. C. Af- ter a short, but eventful reign of seven years this monarch perished with a mortal wound, accidentally inflicted by his own sword, while mounting his horse. Gomates, the Artaxerxes of the Bible, usurped the throne upon the death of Cambyses, and reigned from 522-521 B, C. By this monarch the work of rebuilding Jerusalem which had been decreed by Cyrus, was suspended. (Ezra, chapter iv.) The honor of royalty and the vestitures of authrity were soon wrested from him, as within the space of one year he was dethroned and slain. Darius II ascended the throne and reigned from 521-486 B. C. During the political commotioiib »f the previous reign, Babylon had revoted from Persian rule, but was now returned to her former allegiance, by the new n)onarch. This reign a])pears to have been peaceful as it was protracted. Somewhere about 519 B. C. Darius having discovered in the palace at Achnietiia, the former decree of Cyrus foi- the building of "the house of God at Jarusalem." Renewed the instructions with a further decree [Ezra vi 6-12] which enabled the Hebrews to begin afresh the work of restoring and enibelishing the temple in the beloved city. "And they (the elders of the Jews) builded and finished, according to the commandment of the God of Israel, and according to the commandment of Cyrus, and Dariu^, and Artaxerxes, King of Persia." CHRONOLOGY AND CONTEMPORANEOUS HISTORY 64 Xerxes I succeeded his father 'to the throne 486-465 B. C. He attempted to retrieve the disgrace of tlie battle of Marathon, lost by his father, and in 480, B. C, began his celebrated campaign against the Greeks. His army consisted of 2,641,000 soldiers, when he arrived at Thermopylae. In the battles of Salamis and Plataea, the Persians were utterly defeated. In the midst of his greatness and defeat, Xerxes was cut down by the bloody hand of the assassin. Artaxerxes I, son of the preceding monarch, now ascendeii the throne, and administered the government from, 465-425 B C. This King is supposed to be the Ahasuerus of the Scriptures, as seen in the book of Estlier. The event which more especially marks this long reign, is the issuing of two decrees in the inter- ests of the Jewish captives. The first issued in 458 B C. and recorded in the book of Ezra, Chap. VII 11-26 The second, issued in 445 B. C. and recorded in the book of Nehemiah, Chap. II. 6-8. This monarch was followed in the Persian throne by his son. XERXES n 425 b. c. Tills reign which seems to have opened auspiciously, was cut short in the brief period of 45 days, by the hand of the crnel assassin Sogdianus, who aspired to the throne. Sogdianus, the cruel half brother of Xerxes, succeeded to the throne in 425 B. C. and reigned a little more than six months when he was dethroned and put to death. Darius III, [orOchusj also half-brother to Xerxes now ascended the throne, from 424-405 B.C. Artaxerxes II succeeded his father in the throne from 405-359 B. C. Cyrus, brother to the reigiiiug King, heads a rebellion against the Persian government and is aided by Greek auxiliaries. The Rebellion is put down by the Persian arms. Cyrus is slain in the battle of Cuuaxa, and the Greek allies now numbering 10,000 make their memorable retreat under Xenophon. A very interesting account of this Rebellion may be found in Xenophon's Anabasis. Artaxerxes III, [or Ochus] the next occupant of the throne, from 359-338 B. C, was one of the greatest warriors, but the most cruel tyrant of hie age. This King was poisoned by Bagoas, an Egyp- tian, who fal his flesh to cats an-1 dogs, and made sword handles of his bones. Arses succeeded his father in 338-336 B. C, after a brief reign of two years, he was succeeded Darius IV from 336-331 B. C. This monarch was grandson of Darius III. After a reign of five years he was defeated in the battle of Issus by Alexander the great, and finally overthrown by Alexander in the terrible battle of Arbela. While attempting to escape from the battle field he was slain by his own satrap Bessus. CHIiONOLOGY AISD COiiTEMPOJRANEOUS HISTORY GERMAN GOVKBNMENT. Germany like Gaul was anciently occupied by numerous tribes some of wliicli only were subjuojated by the Romans after a vevy tierce and prolonged re- sistance. We first meet their armies confronting the Roman legions under the celebrated Roman (General Caius Marius J}. C. 102, in tlie Rattle of Vercellae near Milan, July 30, 101, B. C. The Germans were repulsec], and }iuall\- met an over- whelmniiig defeat; 74,n()0 were either slain or taken prisoner by Marius. In 55 B. C, Jnlius Caesar crossed the /{hinc and invaded Germany; but little was accomplisod. It wsis afterward con- •juered by Charlemagne, about A. D. 800, who Kxed his imperial'residence in Germany. He was strongl}' opposed by the Saxons who occupied a large portion of Germany; but succeeded in estab- lishing the same dynasty which his father Pojun had erected in Fiance A. D. 752. CAELOVINOIAN DYNASTY,(A. D. 800-911.) (For names of Kniperors and ])eriod of reign see Chart for France.) The Saxions linally gained the ascendency and established the SAXON DYNASTY (a. D. 911-1273.) Conrad I A. I). 91 1-9 IS.- Henry I 918-936. Otiiu I A. I). 936-973; crowne(l by Pope John XII in 902. Otho II A. D. 973-983, was the author of a bloody massacre, and met a deserved fate in a mortal wound received by a |x»isoned arrow. -Otho III A. D. 983-1002. Poisoned. Henry II A. D. 1002-1024. Conrad II A. D. 1024-1039. Henry III A. D. 1039-1056. Henry IV A. D. 1056-1106. Excommuni- cated by Pope Piischal II and dejiosed by his son. Henry V A. D. 110(5-1125, married the daughter of Henry the 1 of England. LothairellA. D. 1125-1138. Conrad III A. D. 1138-1152. Fredrick Barborassa A. I). 1152-1190. Henry VI A. D. 1190-1198 detained Rich- ard I of England in captivity. Philip A. D. 1198-1208. Assassinated. Otho IV A. D. 1208-1212. Excommunica ted and deposed. Fredrick II A. D. 1212-1250 deposed and Henry Landgrave elected in his stead. Conrad IV A. D. 1250— deprived of his throne by the Pope who bestowed the crown upon William Earl of Holland. William A. D. 1250-1255. The electors could not agree upon a successor. IIOUSKS OF HAl-SBURO, HXEMBURG AND BAVARIA, A. D. 1273-1410. Rodolph of Ilapsburg A. D. 1273-1291. INT£RUEGNU.M. Adolphus of Nassau A. D. 1292-1298 to the. exclusion of Albert Rodolph's son; deposed and slain at the battle of Spires. Albert Duke of Austira .\. D. 1298-1308 son of Rodolph; assassinated by his i^ephew. Henry VII ofLu.\emburg . A. D. 1308-1313. ^NTKURKGNUM. lAinis IV of Bavaria A. D. 1314-1347. Fredrick III his rival died 1330. Charles IV of Luxemburg A. D. 1347-1378. Wenceslans of Bohemia A. D. 1378-1400. Fredrick Duke of Brunswick . A. D. 1400 — murdred as soon as elected. Rupert Count Palatine of the Rhine A. D. 1400-1410. Jossus Marquess of Moravia A. D. 1410- 1438. Died 1411. Segismund King of Hungary A. D. 1410- 1438. Chosen by two parties of electors. The latter was chosen King of P.ohemia in 1419. HOUSK OF AUSTRIA — A. D. 1438-1792. -Vlbert II Duke of Austria A. D. 1438-1439 King of Hungary and Bohemia. INTERREGNUM. Frederick IV A. D. 1440-1493. Maximilian A. D. 1493-1519 his son. Charles V-I of Spain A. D. 1519-15»6 grand- son of Fredrick IV abdicated. Ferdinand I A. D. 1558-1564 King of Hun- gary, brother of Charles V. Maximilian HAD. 1504-157t> son of Fred- rick, and King of Bohemia and Hungary. Rodolph II A. D. 1576-1612 son of Maximil- ian II. Matthi;i.s A. 1). 1612-1619 brother of Ro- dolph II. Ferdinand II A. D. 1019-1637 cousin of SAWYER'S CHART OF Rodolpli, sou of the Arcli Duke Charles of Hungary . Fenlinaiul III A. 1). 1(j37-1<)5.S son of Fer- dinand II. Leopold I A. D. 1658-1705 son of Ferdinand III. Joseph I A. D. 1705-1711 son of Leopold I. Charles VI A. D. 1710-174O brother of Jo sepli, succeeded by his daughter. Maria Theresa A. D. 1740-1742. Queen of Hungary and I)ohcniia, wliose right to tlie Empire was sustained by England. Charles VII A. D. 1742-1745. Elector of Bas'aria, whose claim was supported l)y France. Thecro\vn was contested in a general War. Charles HKITISH (iOVKKNMKNT Tlie Ikttle of Ilasting.s in whiclt*Ilarold 11 led the Englisli and Williiini the Concjuei'or, the Nor- mans decided in favor of tlie latter and England passed under Norman rule from InOC. to-ll!»l) A. D. William I of England reigned from 106(1-1087. A. D. Events of this reign. The revolts of the En- glish 1067. A. D. Insurrections during 10(iS-'J A. D- Warwith France and death of King William 1087. A. D. * William II succeeded his father on tlic tlirone of England 10S7-1100. A. I). The King was a bachelor and having been slain (according to one account) by accident while engaged hunting with iiis fi-iend Walter Tyrel was succeeded by his brotlier. HENRY I (UOO-liyO. A. D.) Henry died in Normandy Dec. Ist, 1135 ajid was succeeded by his nephew Stc|)hen. JMatilda the daughter of Henry I by the will of her father was heir to the throne, but Stephen her cousin usurped the power, and was anointed king by tlie Archbishop of Canterbury Dec. 26th, 1135. Matilda contested the title and powerfully aided by Robert Earl of Gloucester, finall)- ca])tured Stephen and having loaded him with irons threw him into prison. Civil war ensued,- but by a negotiation of the great men on both sides it was agreed that Stephen sliould possess the crown during his life- died in 1745. Francis I A. D. 1745-1765. of Lorraine, Grand Duke of Tuscany,Consort of Maria Theresa. JoseiJi II A. D. 1765-1790 son of Francis 1 and Maria Theresa. Leopold II A. D. 1790-1792. brother of Joseph 11. Francis II A. D. 1792-18(14. son of Leopold. In 1804 this monarch took the title of Em])er-- or of Austria only. The different confederations formed by the German States, were finally disrujited in 1865. The new Empire was founded in 1871. R. C. 55-A. D. J^7.s. time and that upon his demise Henry the mhi of Matilda should succeec to tlie kingdom. Stejilien reigned from (A. I). 1135— 1154V MOUSE OF I'J-ANTAGKNKT, A. D. 1154 1199. HKXKY II (A. D. 1154—1189) Tlic Monarch who now ascended the throne was tiie first rnlor of this house. The name Plantagenet was derived frotn the S})anish Bhiida goiirta ("brown plant") a sprig of which was worn 1)3' Henry's father in his hat. Henry like King David was dethroned by his son, but the condu«tof the two was(piite dissimilar. The former "bestowed upon Ins ungrateful children'" a malediction whicfi he never could be prevailed on to retract. The latter forgave tlie conduct of liis unnatural son saying "woiddtiint I had died for the Oh Absolem ni}- son my son." uiciiAKi) 1 (A. D. lls!>-1199.) The compunctions of Richard for his undutiful behavior toward his father had a decided influence upon his reign. II is coronation was signalized by the Jewish Massacre but withoutthe King's orde''- He joined in tne crusade; concluded a truce with Saladin in favor of the christians in ' Palestine; returning home was captured and imprisoned by Henry VI Emperor of German}-. By interposition and ransom was released and after a rciicirl-.jble journey reached England, in 1194 A. I). .loHN (1199-1216 A. D.) The youngest son of Henry II now ascended CHRONOLOGY AND CONTEMPOKANEOUS HISTORY the throne. During tliis reio;n the Saxon and Xorman latifjiiages were suplitnentcd by the English tongue; the foundation hiid and much of the superstructure raised of those liberties which are still the glory and the safety of theEnglisli Nation- Durinjj this reiurn also a staiuliii;' annv was first livied and an annnal election of Loi-d Mayor and SlieriflTsof the city of London instituted. Submission was made at this time by the English people to Innocent III Pope of Rome. HENRY III (A. D. 1216-1272.) Succeeded to the throne. The coronation of Henry occurred at Gloucester on Oct. 28th 1216 only eleven days after the death of his father. As the yoBHg King \»as but, nine years of age the earl of Pembroke "was chosen protector of the realm.'' KDWAKD I (A. 1). 1272-1327). Was crowned at Westminster. Aug. l!>th 1274. Prominent among the events of this reign were the Conquest of Wiiles, and persecfution and banishment of the Jews from England to the number uf 10,311 A. D. 1290. They were not allowed a residence in England again until the time of the Common- wealth A. D. 1649; wars with Philip of France and troubles with Scotland embarrassed tiiis. reign. In a battle with the Scots the bravo WilfTam Wallace was captured and subse(juently e.xecuted by order of the King in Smithficld England A. D. 1305. Robert Bruce avenged the death of his countryman and rescued the liberties of Scotland by a decisive victory over the English led by Edward II at ^Jannockhnrn June 25th 1314 A. D. EDWARD 11 (A. D. 1327-) Succeeded to the throne but was deposed by his Queen Igal)ella and executed in a must horrible manner at Berkley Castle by authority' of the Queen's paramour Roger Mortimer a Welsh baron. EDWARD m (1327-1377 A.D.) Ascended the throne at the age of fourteen but the real power was in the hands of Isabella and Mortimer. Finally in 1330 Mortimer met his deserved fate and by authority of Parliament was hanged on a gibbot at Tyburn. The Queen was confined to her own house at Risings near London and Edward assumed the reins of goveniment for himself. Further troubles with Scotland, and war with France ensued the latter occasioned by Eeward's claim to the crown of France through his mother Isabella. The King was successful in two memor. able engagements with the French ; the bloody battle Crecy Aug 26 1346 where the English used artillery — and the French and their allies lost full 60,000 troops; and the battle of Poitura Sept 19th 1356 in wliich King John of France was captured, and taken by the Prince of Wales (styled the black prince) a prisoner .to England. By a sebsecjnent treaty May Sth 1360 Edward renounced all claim to the crown of France on payment by the French of 3,000,000 crowns of gold as a ransom for their king. The treaty was again broken, and in 1369 Edward by advise of Parliament resumed the title of King of France. The Prince of Wales, by far the most noble and brilliant military leader of his age, died af^ter a lingering illness June Sth, 1376. The King's death occurred soon after that of his* son June 21st 1377 leaving the throne to be filled by his grandson. The most popular law enacted in this reign was the statute "which limited high treason to three principle heads — conspiring the death of the king, levj'ing war against him, and adhering to his enemies." Edward III may be called the Father of English Commerce. RICHARD II (A. I). 1377-1399.) Richard, son of the Black Prince, upon whom the crown devolved, was but eleven years of age, and theEnglisli Lords "elected a council to conduct the ordinary course of business." The young king wrince who possessed many virtues died at the early age of 35 years, and •left the throne to liis infant son. The duke of Bedford was appointed protector. Soon after the King's death, Catherine, liis widow, married Sir Owen Tudor, irrand-fatber itf Henry A'll. Henry \'I, (A. D. 1422-14G1 ) now ascended the throne. A noted event of this reign was the success of the French under the leadership of Joan of Arc (or Maid of Orleans) who was finally cap- tured by the English and burned in the Market place of Rouen . (June 14, 1431.) The King fell into a distemper which render- ed him incapable of maintaining tlie place of roy- alty, hence the Queen and council appointed tin- Duke of York lieutenant oftlie Kingdom, and ])ar- liainent conferred the further title of protector dur- ing pleasure. 1454. The following year. the King having recovered his health, annulled the ])rotectorship. The duke of York then levied an army^a battle was fought at St. Albans, May 23, 1455. The duke of Somer- set, the King's favorite was slain and the King him- self captured. This was the first blood spilt in that fatal f|uarrel, which continued full 30 years, which was signalized by 12 ])itclied battles, co.'-it the lives of 80 princes, and almost entirely annihilated the ancient nobility of England. TUK noIISK OF YOKK. A. D. 14t!l-l 4^.">. Edward IV, A. D. 14f twenty years assumed the crown, and became the first ruler of the above named house. He was the eldest son vf the duke of York and by nature well fitted for the work of the Kingdom. The leading event of this reign was "the war of the Roses." The white and the red rose were the symbols of the houses of York and Lancaster Ye- si)ecti vely . ( 1 455-1 48(j.') Edward V, A. D. 1483. Edward was but 12 years of age at the death of his father; accordingly the King liad nominated the duke of Gloucester regent. The ambitious Gloucester caused the ex- ecution of the earl of Rivers,(the most accomplished nobleman in England, to whom she was indebted for the introduction of the art of printing) under whose care the young j)ririce was left. Subsequent- ly he caused the execution of the ycmng King and the royal ])rinces. They were siWocated in their beds by the inhuman Tyrrel. irichard III, A. I). 14S3-1485. Richard suc- ceeded his nephew to the throne. (_)ne of his first acts was to load the famous Buckingham (who had assisted him in usur|)ing the crown) with grants and honors. But the universal detestation of Rich- ard's conduct turned the attention of th'e nation to- ward Henry the earl of Richmond. A union of the roses was effected by a marriage of the earl of Richmond to Princess Elizabeth, cl- de.-^fcidaughter of King Edward lY. Richard sought to defeat this union and ad- vanced to meet Henry \^\vho was now on his way from France.) They met on tlie field of Bosworth, where after a desperate encounter, Richard was slain, and Henry advanced in Vriiimjih to Leicester (August 22, 1485.) The ]H'riod of the I'lantagenets forms one of the iiio^t iiii)iortaiit ci)Ochs of English history. The law was administered by three courts, viz: The King's bendi, tlie common pleas, and tlie ex- che c^lhit Cardinal college, but upon 'his fall," the King took possession of the revenues and changed the name. Wolsey founded at Oxford the first chair for teaching Greek. Edward VI, (A. D. 1547-1553) wjvs but 10 years of age at the death of his father, hence the King had appointed 16 executors, to whom during his minority he entrusted the government. By the executors, Hertford, the duke of Som- erset, the King's uncle, was chosen protector. Archbishop Cranmer was appointed by the King, the leader of a commisNon of 30 persons to * Note— Historical criticism haa led u« to llx the date Tor the begiunhig of the proceed against all heretics — Baptists were specially mentioned in the commission. On the 13th of Jan. 1551. George Van Pare, a Dutch Baptist was burned in Sinithtield; and the torch of perse- cution swept the ranks of the dissenters. Edward died of consumption (July 6, 1553) in the 16th year ot his age. "In pace requiescat." Mary A. D. 1553-1558. The Queen was de- clared legitimate by an act of parliament. Henry's divorce ot Catharine of Aragon, (the Queens moth- er) pronounced by Cranmer, was annulled. Mary was now prepared to begin the work of restoring the Catholic religion. Dungeons, racks and scaffolds were summoned to her aid, and England fairly ran with blood. Cranmer, Ridley and Latimer were among the famous BishojjS of the Church of Eng- land who paid the foifeiture of their religious con- victions amid the jlames of martyrdom. After an unfortunate and bloody reign of five years, Mary died of a lingering fever, Nov. 17, 1558. Intercourse was opened between England and the Eastern em- pire of Muscovy, in this reign. , Elizabeth A. D. 1559-1603 succeeded her sister, and her coronation took place Jan. 13, 1559 Bishop Carlisle performing the ceremony. The House of Commons addressed the Queen, "that she should fix her choice of a husband." She decliiied saying, she desired no fairer remembrance than this inscription on her tombstone: "Here lies Elizabeth who lived and died a maiden Queen." The leading events of this reign were: The Reformation in Scot- land, under the lead of John Knox; the assistance of the French Huguenots by the Queen and her ex- communication by the Pope. The rise of the Puri- tans; the massacre of St. Bartholomew, August i?A, 1572, (/. c.) the cold l>looded murder at Paris of Admiral Coligny with 500 noblemen and gentle- men and nearly 10,000 persons of inferior rank,, by order of King Charles. For this atrocety the nobility and gentry of England were greatly indignant and offered to raise and support an arm}' for the invasion of France; the Queen would not consent. The expidition ot Sir Thomas Drake under the auspices of the Queen (he was the first com- niander-in-diief who sailed round the world.) 1577. The Babington conspiracy or attempt upon the life of the Queen by Roftiish priests, 1586; modern era, at 1600. i. e. near the cloee of the reign of the Todors. 12 SAWYEK'S CHART OF Mary Queen of Scots was in leas^ue with the conspirators; at lengtli tlie conspiracy was discovered, and tlie parties brought to trial, fourteen were condemned and executed. The trial of Mary was then taken up, and on the 25 of Oct. 1586 sentence of death pronounceil upon lier. Executed Feb. 8, 1587. Trouble with Spain — defeat of the Invincable Artnada, 1588. The Irish rebellion. 1598-lfi02. The dominion of the English over Ireland, though established in about 12()(», liad been merely nominal up to tlie O'Neal rebellion. O'Neal had been created Earl of Tyrone. The Irish were at first successful. The Earl of Essex, commander-in-cKief of the British forces landed at Doiiblin, April 1591). Terms of peace were finally agreed U})on, but not being approved by the Queen, Essex was ordered to remain in Ireland, was subsequently disgraced, engaged in an insurection, arrested, tried, condemned and execnteil Feb. 25, 1601. In 1602, Tyrone made an absolute surrendered and the Irish rebellion ended. ( )n the 2-t*of March, 1603, having named the King of Scots, as her successor, the Virgin Queen, quietly passed away, having reigned forty-five years, ami in her death closed tlie reign of the House of Tudor, which had extended over 117 years, four months and twenty-five days. THK IIOI'SK OF STUAKT — (A. D. 1603-1688.) James I, A. D. 1603-1025 This prince signalized his accession by distributing a i)rofusion of titles; in three months after his arrival in England he is said to have bestowed not less than 700 knighthoods. He made considerable parade of learning and was flattered by his courtiers as the British Solomon; but the Duke of Sully charac- terized him as the most learned fool in christindom. Events of this reign, worthy of special notice are the gunpowder plot, 1604; the romantic career of Sumerset, 1609-1651; commencement of English colonization in America, 1606; translation of our common version of the bible. 1611; execution of Sir Walter Raleigti 1618; fall of Lord Bacon 1621; discovery of the refraction of light bv Sirrellius. 1624. Charles I, A. D. 1625-J6!I4, Marries the French princess Heniretta and begins the adminis- tration of the government in the twenty-fifth 3-ear ^ of his age. Events of his reign : War with France and Spain; another rebellion in Ireland ; insurrec- tion in Scotland ; opposition to the liturgical service; institution of the Long Parliament Nov. 3, 1640; impeachment and execution of the Earl of Straffoyd, (one of tlie most eminent personages thatShas ap- peared in England,) 1641. Beginning of the civil waf, Aug. 22, 1642. Battle of Edge Hill, Oct. 23d, in which the king's forces were defeated by the inyirgents under (ren. Oliver Cromwell. Trial and sentence of King Charles by the ten regicides and his execution by order of Cromwell, .fan. 30, 1643. The establishment of newspapers, occured during this reign. Among the great scliolars who lived and wrote at this time, those most wildly known are William Harvey, 1578-1657; John MHton, 1608-^ 1674; Robert Boyle, 1627-16!>1; John Locke, 16:VJ 1704; Isaac Newton, 1642-1727. TIIK COMMOXWKAI-TH. (A. 1). 1649-1660.) Cromwell di.ssol\es thelong TarliamentJ Apl. 20. 1653.') and assembles a new Parliament, composed of representatives (P^ngland 128.) (Scotland 5.) (Ire- Irtiuhi.) upon whom he devolved the whole authori- ty ot the state. This Parliament assembled (July 4) composed largely of fifth monarchy men, anabaptists and Inde|iendents. "They began by seeking God by prayer." ( If nme.l In Dec. -Sydenham, an Inde- pendent proposed, that the Parliament should resign its power into the hands of Cromwell, liouse, the speaker, immediately left the chair and the majority followed. The few who remained in the house were expelled by Col. White, with a body of soldiers. Cromwell received the title .of "His Highness, the Lord Protector," and a coun- cil was aj>|)ointe<.I. England was divided by tiie protectorMnto 11 military jurisdictions, each presided over by a Major (Tcneral. Impprtant events: War with Spain, and aC(|nisitioii of Jamaica. Death of the celebrated Ad- miral Drake, just after the naval battle of Santa Cruz. On the 3rd of Sept. 1658, Oliver Cromwell . passed away ; and was succeeded in the protector- ship by his elder son Richard. The new protector wanted the abilities of his father, and unequal to the task assigned him, siirrcTided the protectorship (Apl. 22,1660.) '' chuonoi/xtY and contemporaneous history 18 KKSTORATION OK TIIK STL'^KTS. (May 8, IfiHO.^ Charles II, i,A. D. I66O-I680.) iiscends tlie t.iii-ijiie in his 3i)th year, inarritw Catliariiu' of Pnrtiifral. (^hief events of thisrciwii — Tiie trial and ijondeiiination of the rej?icidet>. Harrison, Scot, {'arew, Clement, Jones and Scnuipe were executed, ('roniwell, Irunton and Bradshaw were disinterred, lianired on the ;^allows at Lylmrn, then decapitat- ed. War with Holland, Fel"). 22, 1065. Tiie plagne in London, by which 100,000 \)ev- sons perished in one year. (lOdri.i The great fire in the same year; T3,000 houses reduce77 a marriage was ett'ected Iwitween Wil- liam and Princess Mary, the elder ilanghter of the Duke of York. The following year (1078) jieace was signed between France and Holland. '•The I>pish Plot" (1678) Insurrection in Scotland (1079.) The unjust execution of Algernon Sidney, by the notorious chief justice Jeffreys (Dec. 7, 1083). King Charles died in the lioman Catholic faith (Feb. 0, 1085.) "He never said a foolish thing, nor ever did a wise one." James II. (A. I). 1 085-1 0S8.) Succeeflef Englanl, was the son of Luneburg, Duke of Brunswick and Sophia, grand-daughter of James T of England, hence second cousin of Queen Anne. ■ the last ruler of the House of Stuart. .I.\^MES III (tiIK Kr.DKU I'ltKTKNnKR,) Son of James II and Mary d'Este, made sevenil efforts to secure to himself tlie succession of tiie throne of England during the reigns of Anne. George I and George II, respectively. The attempt made in this reign by Prince James, (heir apparent) to restore the former House is known as tlie "Mais Rebellion," (1715-1711)). . Other important events of the reign of George I, were: The impeachment of Lord Boliiiffbroke for secretly favoring the Stuarts; the death of Louis XIV of France, 1715, the treaty ratified with Louis XV, his successor 1717; the death of Marlborough, one of the greatest generals England has produced, June 16, 1722; the estab lishment of the coinage called "Wood's half penie," 1724, which called forth the Diaper's Letters, by Swift (see Shaw's English Literature, page 276); the king's death while enroute for Hanover, caused, it is claimed, by a reproachful letter of iiis Queen Sophia, whom he had confined in the Castle of Allien for thirty-two years cm suspicion of crime, which was thrown into his coach; the reading of the letter jiroduced convulsions from which he died. 1727. OKOKOK u u\. D. 1727-1760), was forty-four years of age at the time of his accession to the British th'sone. His speaking English with fluency gave bini an advantage over his father, George I, wlio it is said, "had been olilige to eons'erse with Walpole. chancellor of the Exchequer, in Latin, which the latter had almost forgotten, and whicli tiie king had never perfectly learnt.'* The more important events of this reign were: The war with Spain, in part, due to ques- tions arising ctmcerning the boundaries o^ Georgia, an American colony named in honor of the king, which continued from 1739-1743: the war between Prussia and Austria, in which the battle of Molwitz, 1741 was won l)y the powerful arm of Fredrick the Great of Prussia; the invasion of Bavaria by the French, in 1741, which arousefl ''the British lion," and a large army under Lord Stair was advanced into Crerinany in 1743; about the 10th of June the king, attended by his son, the Duke of Cumberland, joined the British army near the village of Dettii'gen. The French and their allies had already taken strong positions and a deadly encounter was inevitable. The king ])laced himself at the head of ;i dense mass of British and Hanoverian infantry, and led the charge against the disciplined arms of France; the cliarge was irresistible and the victorious king advanced at once upon Hanan. The French were utterly put ti> route and obliged to evacuate (Tennany. This was the last field on which an English king displayed the ancient valor, or took a personal share in the bloodv contest. Ciiarlcs, grand-son of James II invaded Scotland, and having been prt>- claimed King James VIII, at Edinburg, advanced his arm}' toward Dunbar, where he met and defeated the Uritish forces under Sir John Cope, ill the battle of Preston Pans. The precipitate retresit of Sir Jolin Co]>e from this field, iM-ovoked the scathing reluike from Lord Mark Kerr, who received him at Berwick, "I believe you are the first general who lias ever brought the news of his own defeat! '" Charles desired to move at once upon London, but for once the French were too slow, and the last opportunity for the restoration of the Stuarts, passed unimproved. Tiie battle of Preston Pans and di^feat Of Cope, produced tin- great alarm in London, known as "Black Friday." The Duke of Cumberland advanced with a strong force against the Prctcmkr. The two armies met on CuUoden Moor, and after a desperate encounter, Charles was forced to relinquish the field, and the CHR0N01.0(iY AM) OONTEMPORANEOl S illSTORY 15 rebellion thus came t<) an end, April 8, 1746. A rofonnatioii ui' the calendar wai< eftoctcd l>v Lord Chesterfield in 1748; tins same year is memorable a« tixing the period of the death of Isaac Watts I). D., a Baptist clefgyniaii. who enjoyed the friendship uf the benevolent Sir Thomas Abney, of London. Dr. Watts is justly diritingiiished for his snccessfnl pastorate in i>ondon; for the many choice liymns which he contributed to christian psalmody; and for his able treatises, on "Logic," and on the "Improvement of the Mind." The administration 0. GEORGE HI (a. I). 1760-1820), Son of Fredrick, Princ« of Wales, and Augusta, and grand-son of (leorge II ascended the throne at the age of twenty-two years. This young prince, married Charlott« of Mecklenburg Strelitz, agef 177l», Spain joined France in the war against England; manifestoes of alleged grievances were published in Paris and Madrid, to which answer was made in the Memoire yustificatif, or "justify- ing memorial," drawn up by Edward Gibbon, and circulated widely in Etirope. The disturbances known as Lord (Tcorge Gordon's riots occurcd in 17S(). The Irish Parliament declared their' inde- pendence in 1782. The independence of the United States of America was recognized in 1782. The same year William Pitt, Jr., was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer. The war between England and the allied powers of France and Spain was terminated by the "peace of Versailles," in 1783. In Jime. 1785, King George III gave audience to Mr. Adams, the first minister from the United States. The king said, that "notwithstand- ing he had been the last to conseut to separation, he would be tl^ first to welcome the friendship of the United States as an independent power." The celebrated impeachment of Warren Hastings occurred in 1786. The French Revolution (1789- 1802) burst with a tornado of violence that shook Europe to its foundation. The Storming of the Bastile, was the signal for those burnings, and plnnderings, and butcheries, which soon sunk "the , politest nation in the world" to the level of a horde 16 SAWYER'S CHART OF of savages. Edmund Burke, in his "lieflections on the Revolution in France and on the proceed- ings of certain societies in London," most eloquently denounced the proceedings in France, and aptlv fore- told the future destinies of that' country. Burke's publication was attacked by Thomas Paine in his "Rights of Man," and by Sir James Macintosh in his " Vindiciac Gallicuey Dr. Priestly a leading Unitarian, and ardent admirer of the French Revo- lution, celebrated the anniversary of the capture of the Bastile, by a great dinner at Birmiiighain, July 14, 1791, which provoked a riot that issued in the destruction of two church eilifices, and Mr. Priestly's dwelling, together \.-ith his library, philosophical apparatus and manuscripts of works which had cost him j'ears of labor. This revolution awoke the slumbering energies of Napoleon Bona- parte, who at the age of twenty years, began his remarkable career, and in the brief space of nine- teen years rose from an unknown Lieutenant, to the throne of the French Empire. In the great battle of Austerlitz, fought December 2, 1805, Napoleon won a brilliant victory over the Russians and Austrians. The same year Lord Nelson won the great naval-battle of Trafalgar, in which he was opposed by a superior French and Spanish Armada commanded by Commodore Villeneuve. Going into the engagement, Nelson fixed to the mast head his last signal — Eiig'lciud cxpccis every innn to do his duty — wliicli was gr«jeted with cheers by the British marines. Tlie struggle was fierce and bloody, but the brave Nelson, like General Wolf at Quebec, fell amid the huzzas of victory. His dying words were; "thank God, 1 have done -my duty!" The French were successful on land. On the 14th of October, ISOt!, tlie Prussians were defeated b}' Napoleon at Jena. Bonaparte hastened into Spain to join Soult against the British under Sir John Moore. Tlie British army retreated to Corunna, where they were overtaken by Geu'l. Soult and an indecisive battle fought on the 16th of January, 18()1». Moore was mortally wounded by a cannon hall, and was buried at midnight on the ramparts, "with his martial cloak around him,'" for the Spanish use no coffins. Napoleon having bten suddenly called from Spain to Austria by a declara- tion of war from the Emperor Francis, antinued for two years, (1812-1814). The European powers now formed a coalition for the crushing of Napoleon, whose genius had well nigh mastered the fragments of the old Roman Empire. With a vast army of 700,000, he put the allies at defiance. Then followed the battles of Dresden, Geoss, Buren, Dennewitz, Katzbach and Leipsic, all which decided in favor of the allies. The last of these battles was called by tlie Germans the Volkerschlachl, or "battle of the nations." Napoleon was forced across the Rhine, having lost over 2t)2,0(lO men in his camjiaign in Germany, lie stubbornly contested the advance of the allied powers toward Paris, but was swept back by the overwhelming forces of the enemy which entered the Frencli cajjitol Marcli 31st, 1814. Napoleon was compelled to abdicate April 11th, and a provisional government was formed to effect the restoration of the Bourbons. Louis XVIII arrived from England on the 3d of May, aiul subsequently signed a treaty of peace with the allied powers, by which the boundaries of 1792, with slight additions were secured to the French. Napoleon was allowed to retain the imperial title, was assigned the isle of Elba as his dominion, and was decreed a pension of six million Francs. CHRONOLOGY AND OCNTEMPORAWBOUS HISTORY If While the European conj^eas was in session at Vienna, Jannary, 1815, intelli^nce reached them that Bonaparte was again on the continent, and troops were rapidly joining his stamlard. The [)ok6 of Wellington was at once assigned to the command of the allied forces and advanced his armr into Belginin. Uostiiities were begun by Marsltal Ney, on the 15th of Jnne, and enlminated Snnday evening, June 18th, on the plains of Watekloo, when "the Old Guard," made t)ie tinal charge against the British position. This was the first time Napoleon had come in contact with British trooj>8. Greek had met Greek, and now the tug of war. Napoleon led the charge supported by the dauntless Ney. The guard advanced in too dark and threatening columns. At the top of a gently sloping ridge the British guards were lying down to avoid the fire of the French artillerj'; but as the French coluTiins approached, Wellington gave the order to rise, and a terrible volley was ponre«l into the ranks of the assailants. The French colnmu» staggered, the iron DuTte ordered a charge, and the British guards fell like an avalanche upon the foe- men. The old guard, had now met a foeman wortijy their steel, and were hurled back in one mingled mass of death and agony. The power of Napoleon was forever broken, and his life went out in lone exile upon St. Helena, May 5th, 1821. Tlie death of George III had occurred about a year earlier, (January 39th, 1820,) after a reign of 60 years, the longest of any sovereign that ever sat on ^he English thn>ne. Georg.' IV, (A. D. 1820-1830) the Prince of Wales now ascended the throne at the age of 58 years. As he had been regent during the last ten years while his father was in seclusion, his accession produced little or no change in the state ofafiairs. Among the events of this reign worthy of special notice, were — the Cato street conspiracy, viz: an attempt upon the lives of the cabinet ministers, (1820.) Trial of Queen Caroline for divorce,( 1821.) Tlie effort of the Roman Catholics under the leader- ship of Daniel O'Connell, to secure seats in parlia- ment, (1824.) The great financial panic, (1825.) The naval battle of Navarino, in whicli the Greeks were aided by the Russians, French and Englisli, and the Turkish and Egyptian fleets were totally de- stroyed, Octol»er 20th, 1827. This victory resulted in the establish raent or Greek indej)endence. The deatli of the King occurred June 2d, 1830. William IV (A. D. 1830-1837) tlie Duke of Clarence, and next surviving brother of George IV was proclaimed King in his 65tli year. There waa great political e.Kcitement in England and Irelaivd during (1831-2.) In the former year the Cholera visited England. In the latter year the "reform bill," passed the house of Commoue. The brilliant csueer of William Wilberforce, one of the most distinguished philanthropists, statesmen .and authors, of England, was closed by death in 1833. The amendment of the ]X)or-law, and the abolition of British slavery in this year, were largely dne to the former labors of Wilberforce and hiscolligues; £20,000,000, was votel as compensation to the slave-owners. The death of King William occurred June 20, 1837. Queen Victoriii, (A. D. 1837-1878) the only child of the Duke of Kent, succeeded her Uncle William IV, on the throne of England in her 18th year. The first yeivr of Victoria's reign was mark- ed by insurrections iu Canada. Other noted events of this reign were; the Famine in Ireland (1874.) The great exposition in Crystal Palace, in Ilyde Park (1851.) The Crimean war between the Russians on the one hand, and the allied forces — English, French, Turks and Sardinans— on the other. The war opened Sept. 14, 1854, by an attack of the allied forces upon Eupatoria, on the west coast of the Crimea. The Russians were defeated and fell back upon Sebastopol. Balaklava and Inkermann were desperately contested, then came the final charge upon the fortifications of Sebastopol which were carried (Sept. 8, 1855.) Thus ended one of the "most memorable sieges in the annals of history." The Rebellion against the British rule in India occurred in 1857. The horrors of this Rebellion, and the determined energy and courage with which it was met, are fresh in the memory of many now living. Lawrence, Ilavelock, Wilson, and Colin Campbell, placed British valor in high relief daring this bloody struggle. The rebellion liad the effect to dissolve tue east India company, which had so loiig governed that mighty Empire. 18 SAWYER'S CHART OF India is now governed by a secretary of state, assisted by a council of 15 members. Victoria is acknowledf^ed sovereign. In 185S, by act of both houses the Jews were again admitted to parliament; and a Jew (Lord Beiikonsiield) is at the present time (1878) Englands Cliief minister. The present reign has been marked by the reform of "the Criminal law" (1837.) The advancement of Education, with Lord Brougham as the most conspicuous name, in lead of the movement; the establishment of the British school of Art, witli the illustrious names of Gains- borough, "Wilson, Wiklie, Turner and Lawrence; the progress in sculpture led by Chantry, Bailey and Westmacott; and tlie Evangelical movements conducted . by Varley, Morehouse, Moody and others, are among the more favorable sigus of progress in Great Britain at this date. The adjustment of peace between the late contending powers of Russia and Turkey, resulted in an increase of jurisdiction by the British Government, on the Mediterranean. At tliis hour, (1878) several of the great powers of Europe are gathering their forces in Central Asia, for the probable purpose of conquest, or decidint; a claim to the old paternal estate of tiie Aryan race, under the shadow of the Hindoo Koosh. THE FRENCH DYNASTIES. France occupies the territory of ancient Gaul. Slie has an area of 203,736 S(|uare miles, and in 18<11 claimed a population of 37.472,132. The Pyrenees separate France from Spain, the Alps from Italy, the Jura mountains from Switzerland, the Rliine from the Duchy of Baden, but the rest of the frontier is conventional, and has often varied with the fortunes of war. France has ever been considered one of the best agricultural districts of Europe. The chief products, however, are wine and silk. THE OARLOVINGIAN DYNASTY (A. D. 752-986) was established by Pepin of France, wlio received permission from the Pope of Rome to assume the title of king, and who afterward rewarded the mag- nanimity of the Pope by conferring upon him the temporal dominion, of territory he had wrested from the Lombards in battle. Pepin reigned from (A. D. 752-768) — though Pepin is generally regarded as the first king who occupied the throne under the above named dynas- ty, the name Carlovingian is derived from Charlemagne, who conquered the Barbarians of Germany about A. D. 800, and gave name to a race of kings which ruled France and Germany for about two centuries. Charlemagne succeeded his father (A. D. 768- 814.) This celebrated prince,confirmed and enlarged the grants of his father to the Holy See, and about the year A. D. 800, was crowned by Leo. Ill "Emperor of tlie West," at R'^me. Louis, the Debonair (A. D. 814-840.) Charles the Bald, (A. D. 840-877) was crown- ed as Emperor in A. D. 875. Louis II, (A. D. 877-879) succeeded his father on the French throne. Louis III, (A. D. 879-882.) Carloman II, (A. -D. 882-884.) Charles II, (A. D. 884-887) usurped the throne which siiould have decended to Charles the simple. Eudes or Hugo, countof Paris (A. D.887-893.) Charles III called the simple, (A. D. 893-922.) Robert I, (A. D. 922^923,) Robert the brother of Eudes, who now aspired to the throne, was slain in battle after a reign of one year. Rodolf, duke of Burgundy (A. D. 923-936.) Louis IV, (A. D. 936-954) was son of Charles III. Lothaire, (A. D. 954-986,) son of the preced- ing monarch. Lonis V, (A. D. 986-987) son of Lothaire, was called the indolent. This weak prince having been poisoned by his Queen.terminated the Carlovingian dynasty in France. THE CAPET DYNASTY. Hugh Capet, (A. D. 987-996) son of Hugh the count of Paris, seized the crown in prejudice of Charles of Lorraine, the uncle of Louis IV. NoTi—rhereare two thcorici respectingthc origin ofthensmeof the hoimeorPliinlsgenet. The one by Mr. Home, already jjiven, «nd the followinc by Mr. Pierce: "Henry II, Earl of Anjoii received the name of Plantaeenet, in the followinj; manner: Having contrived the death of his nephew, the Ean of Briltainy, in order to succeed to that Karldom. hla coufesaor sent him, in atonement for the mnrdcr, to Jerusalem, attended bv only two scr^anUn. one of whom was to lead him by a halter to the holy aepulchrc, the other to strip and whip him there, like a common malefactor. liroom (In French uemct, in Latin OBNI9TA,) being the only tough plant shrub In Palestine, the knlehtly criminal wa» emarUj scourged with it, and from the instniment of his chM- tlaement, be waa called Plautagenet. CHRONOLOGY AND CONTEMPOIIANEOUS HISTORY 19 Robert II, son of Hugli Capet. (A. D. 096- 1031. Henry I, son of Robert. [A. D. 1031-1060.] Philip!, son of Henry. [A. D. 1060-1108.] Louis VL son of the former King. [A. D. 1108-1137.] Louis VII. infant son of Louis VI. [A. D. 1137-1180.] Philip AnguBtus, also son of Lovis VI. [A. D. 1180-1223.] Louis VIII, son of Philip. [A. D. 1223-1226] won the appellation Coeur de Lion, by his noble daring. Louis IV, [A. D. 1226-1270] was the son of the former monarch, and is generally called St. Louis. During his childhood, the regency was confided to Blanche of Castile, the queen dowager. At the age of 21 years, this prince assumed the reins of government, and was immediately in- volved in war with Henry III of England. He engaged in the crusades in 1248; spent live years in Palestine, where he ransomed nearly 1200 prisoners. Returning to France he employed him- self in promoting the enjoyments of peace and just- ice. His death occurred in a second crnsatle, [1270] before the walls of Tunis, which city he was be- sieging. This King was made a saint by Pope Boniface VIII. Philips 111, son of St. Louis. [A. D. 1270- 12Sa] upon the death of his father raised the siege of Tunis, and returned with the army to Paris where he was crowned in 1271. He was afterward engaged in war with Peter of Aragon. Philip IV, [A. D. 1285-1314] was the son of the former King by Isabella of Aragon. A sedition, broke out during this reign, caused by the Earl of St. Panl, which wasiinally put down by the King in the memorable battle of Mons, where more than 25,000 Flemings were slain. Philip was engaged in war with England, and also had a quarrel with the Poj)e of Rome. The latter resulted in his excommunication from the Catholic church. Louis X, [A. D. 1314-1316] son of Philip IV by reason of certain peculiarities was styled, Ihe headstrong. John I, [A. D. 1316 — ] a posthumous son of Louis X, reigned only a few days. Philip V, [A. D. 1316-1322] the son of Philip III, was preferred to the daughter and heiress of Louis X, and wa.s admitted to the thone in accord- ance with, the salir law. Charles IV, (A. D. 1322-1328) the third son of Philip III, succeciled his brother tetween the Juarez and Maximiliiin governments, until June 19, 1867. The French troops having been withdrawn, the new Emperor was defeated, captured and shot by order of J'resident Juarez. The revolution in Spain hastened the crisis, which was to change the whole state system of Europe. Jealousies, grew out of the candidacy of Prince I./eopold for the Spanish throne, which resulted in the Franco- Prussian war. On the 15th of July, 1870, France declared war against Prussia, and Napoleon advanced his army toward the Rhine. The aJvancc of the French having crossed the Rhine, attacked the Prussian out-post on the heights above Saar- CHRONOLOGY AND CONTEMrORANEOUS HISTORY nrucken, Aug. 2ds Here tlie Frencli prince ini- lieriiil received bis ''baptisiu of fire;" aud tlic first (Serious trial of the metrailleuse was made. After repeated disasters, at Weisseniburij, Worth, For- bach, Metz,Mars-la-Tour,(Travelotte and Strasbourg, the great and rmed, with (General Tro»»liu at its head, amj with Arago, Cremieu.x, Favre, Ferry, Gambctta, and others, as ministers. Subsem of Enric, covered all Spain. During the reign of Roderick, A, D. 711, the Arabs, and Moors invaded the country from the South. Roderick was defeated and slain in the battle of Xerxes-de-la-Frontera, and the conquerors took possession of all Spain; except the fortresses of the Pyrenees, where a .few Spaniards, and Pelagians escaped the yoke of the Saracens. Pelagius, and his successors finally compelled the Moors to withdraw to Africa in A. D. 141^2, and Ferdinand and Isabella became Sovereigns of Spain. The country again became the posssession of a foreign dynasty, as it decended to Joan, [daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella,] wife of Philip, Arch- Duke of Austria. Spain as a seiiarate Kingdom, may be said to begin her history, with the reign of, Ferdinand V, [A. D. 1512-1516,] who united the two small kingdoms of Aragon, and Castile, by his marriage with Isabella: and having made con(juest of Gunada and Navarre became monarch of all Spain. To the King and Queen of Spain, in this rieiarn, the world is indebted for the discoveries in the New World, by Christopher Columbus; and the fresh impulse, these discoveries in America, gave Mahon, and the election of M. Grevy to the presidency, has just taken place, (1879) is a litUe remarkable, even la older Republic* bo CTOl , (1879; of President Mac SAWYER'S CHART OF in the inaugration of the modern fcriod of Voy- ages atid Discoveries. Charles I [A. D. 1516-1556] son of Joan of Castile, and Plillip of Austria, became King of Spain, in 15IG, and Eai])cror of (icrmany in 151!). He was a Prince of talent, and genius, but his ambition ruined him; and having resigned his crown to his son Philip, he ended his days in a Monastery. Pliilip II, [A. D. 1556-1598] son of Charles V, and Isabel of Portugal united to the dominion of his father, the Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily. Two years before he succeeded to the Spanish crown, he had married Mary Queen of England. The union seems not to have been happy. In 1580, Philip, made a dependency of Portugal, was involved in a quarrel with Elizabeth Queen of England, [successor to Mary], in regard to the Netherlands, and sent "the Invincible Armvada," against England, [1588.] The fleet was destroyed, partly by storm, and partly by thcUritish navy. Philip III, [A. D. 1598-1621] son of Philip II, succeeded to the throne. Philip distinguished his reign, by the reform of the courts of judicature, and by the e.xpulsion of the remnant of the Moors, to the number of 600,000; who were transported into Africa. Philip IV, [A. D. 1621-1665] succeeded liis father on the throne of Spain. This Prince appears to have possessed good natural 'abilities, but was unfortunate in his administration. This reign is distinguished by the t/iirty years war, in Europe, chiefly involving the interests of the persecuted Protestants, in tlie German provinces; [In 1570, Ma.\imilian II, had granted liberty of conscience to the Protestants of Anstria,] the snfllering espec- ially^in Bohemia was great. In their distress the Protestant (Jerman princes, appealed to Gnstavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, for protection. This famous warrior, "the Lion of the North," sprang upon, the cruel persecutors, and tlie very Emi)ire of Ferdinand II, trembled underj the shock. Tlie cold-hearted General Tilly, who had fought in the Spanish army, was advanced to the front,and gaineading ministers. Queen Matilda died in Exile. Frederick VI, (A. D. 1808-1839) the crown Prince, who ha In the battle of Pultowa, July 8, 1709, he met an overwhelming defeat by Peter the Great. Charles was wounded in tbe engagement, and car- ried off the field in a litter. He retired to Bender in Turkey, where he met some strange experiences. Inl7U3, he invaded Norway; two years later he sought to prosecute the war in Norway, but was checked in his progress at the siege of Frederick- ehall, where he fell mortally wounded by a cannon shot, Dec. 11, 1718. His reckless daring won for him the appellation, "the madman of the north." His victorious career, much resembles that of Alexander; his romantic life, is a reproduction of Cervantes, Don Quixote. Ulrica Eleouora, (A. D. 1719-1741) sister ot Charles XII, and consort of Frederick I, ascended the throne upon the death of her brother. Frederick I, (A. D. 1741—1751) continued the reign in his own person, about ten years after the death of his consort. Adolphus Frederick, (A. D. 1751—1771) de- Tjeuded from the family of Vasa, was the next oc- cupant of the Swedish throne. Gustavus III, (A. D. 1771—1792) eldest son of the former King, soon allayed the revolutionary spirit which convulsed his kingdom; but misguided by ambition, arrayed himself against the French revolutionists, which act provoked domestic discord, and he perished by a shot from Count Ankarstroem, at a masquerade in Stockholm, March 15, 1792. Gustavus IV, (A, D. 1792—1809) son of the former, was dethroned, and the government assum- ed by his uncle the Duke of Sudermania. Under assumed names, and in straitened circumstances, Gustavus wandered in Europe, until his death, which occurred in Switzerland. Charles XIII, (A.D. 1809-1818) uncle of the former prince, wrested the throne from his relative, and reigned nine years. Charles XIV, (A. D. 1818—1844) a French Prince, was the next occupant of the Swedish throne. Oscar I, (A. D. 1844—1859) son of Charles XIV, succeeded his father in the crown, and reigned about fifteen years. NORWEIGIAN GOVERNMENT. Norway, was divided into petty principalities, until the ninth century, and was little known except for piracies. In A. D. 1029, the country was con- quered by Canute the Great, of Denmark. The Norwegians, recovered their independanee on the death of Canute. In A. D. 1397, the coun. try was again incorporated with Denmark. A peaceful union continued until, A. D. 1814, when by a treaty with Great Britain, Norway was ceded to Sweden ; and has since been under the Sover- eignty of the King of Sweden, but allowed to ad- minister its laws under its own Constitution. POKTUGE8K DYNASTY. The Romans knew Portugal by the name of Lusitaina. After their day, it was successively subject to the Suevi, the Goths, and the Moors. About the beginning of the twelfth century, Portu- gal regained her liberty by the valor of Henry of Lorraine, (grand-son of Robert, King of France) who administered the government under the title of Count. Henry I, (A. D. 1093-1111) the Count of Portugal, became the first ruler under the indei)end- ent dynasty. Alphonso, son of Henry and Theresa, and another Prince bearing the same name, exercised a qxiasi dominion, from (A. D. 1111-1139) when Alphonso Henriquez, also son of King Henry, gained a decisive victory over a vast army of Moors, commanded by five Kings, on the plains of Ourique. Alphonso I, (A. D. 1139-1185) was proclaim- ed King of Portugal by the soldiers who had shared with him the great victory over the Moors. Sancho I, [A. D. 1185-1212] son of Alphonso, succeeded to the throne. Alphonso U, [A. D. 1212-1223J was the next occupant of the Portugese tiirone. Sancho II, [A. D. 1223-1248] after wearing the crown about twenty -five years was deposed ; and the throne occupied by, CHRONOLOGY AMD CONTEMPORANEOUS niSTORY 31 Alphonso III, [A. D.1248-1270.] Denis, [A. D. 1270-1325] also called Diony- pius, enjoyed a prosperous reign of fifty five years. Alpjionso IV, [A. D. 1225-1357] seems also to have enjoyed a peaceful and protracted reign. Peter, [A. D. 1357-1367] was chiefly noted for his severity. Ferdinand I, [A. D. 1367-1384] succeeded his father in the crown of Portugal. On the death of this prince in 1383, the State settled the crown upon his brother John. John I, [A. D. 1384-1433] married Philippa, daughter of Jolm, Grand Duke of Lancaster. Under this enterprising prince, the first voyages of discovery in the western ocean, were projected. Edward, [A. D. 1433-1438] followed in pos- session of the crown of Portugal. Alphonso V, [A. D. 1438-1481] the Afri- can, ascended the throne left vacant by Edward. John n, [A. D. 1481-1495] the great grand- son of John J, a prince of fine natural, and acquired ability, succeeded Alphonso the African. In this reign the Portugese matle contj uests in Africa, and discovered the Cape of Good Hope. Emmanuel, [A. D. 1495-1512] the fortunate prince who next occupied the Portugese throne, encouraged tlie spirit of discovery. lie sent out a fleet under Vasco de Gama, which explored un- known seas, touched on the coast of Malabar, and discovered Brazil, in 1510. This reisn is further noted for the planting of Colonies in Africa, and America, and the erection of an Empire in India. John III, [A. D. 1521-1557]son of Emmanuel, succeeded his father on the throne. John continued the discoveries, and commercial enterprise begun, by his father in India: But a misguided religious zeal, led him to introduce the bloody Inquisition in 1536, which contributed no little toward the decline of the Portugese power, and influence. Sebastian, [A. D. 1557-1578] son of the for- mer, had developed, in his education by the Jesuits a wild fanaticism which resulted in his death, in a battle with the Moors in Africa, Aug., 4, 1578. Leaving no issue, the crown reverted to his. great uncle. Henry II, [A. D. 1578-1580] a Romish Cardi- nal. On the death of Henry, Anthony his brother 8eizt>d the crown but was deposed by Philip II, of Spain, who united Portugal to his own dominion. Philip, II, [A. D. 1580-1640] of Spain and Portugal. John IV, [A. D. 1640-1656] Duke of Bragan- za, dispossessed the Spaniards in a bloodless revo- lution, and was proclaimerinting and certain branches of manufacture were introduced about the close of this reign. Theodore I, {A. I) 1584-1598) son uf Ivin. supposed to have been poisoned. ■ Boris Godoonoff, (A. D. 1598-1<)06) the broth- er-in-law, and minister* of Theodore was placed on the throne. The beginnijig of this reign was signalized by the emancipation of the Russian serfs, and other just and liberal acts; but the spirit of the tyrant, at length betrayed itself in acts of cruelty, which cost iiiin his throne, and his life. Demetrius, (^A. D. 1606 — ) the lost brother of Theodore, who had wrested the crown from God- oonoff was himself dethroned and put to deatii in less tlian a year after he began his reign. Jouinski, (A. D. 1606-1610) the leader of the revolutionary party, seized tht throne. The coun- try was distracted by anarchy and civil war, during this reign, and an interregnum of about three years passed in which desperate efforts were made by both the Poles and Swedes to seat a prince of their own nation upon the Russian throne. The Poles were repulsed in a sjingninary battle at Moscow in 1613, and a convocation of deputies from the nobles, priests, and burgesses of each province, was held to elect a Czar. Michael Romanoff, was chosen. Sensible of the dangers and cares which hedged about the throne amid these convulsions, the Czar eldfet, declined the honor. He was iiowever persuaded to undertake the gov- ernment and made one of the most efficient and popular rulers of his time. Michael Romanoft",(A. D. 1613-1645) the first rulerof the great Romanoff dynasty, had wandered in exile, and suffered in prison, but now he was placed in a position to demand the release of the royal captives. His father who languished in the Polish prison at Warsaw, wa.>; rescued by him, and his mild reign was characterized by reforms in social life. It is claimed that he prohibited the use of tobacco, as injurious to health and strength; and issued a j)rohibition law, against the use of ardent spirits. Alexis, (A. D. 1645-1676) son of the former, was unlike his fatlier. Through himself and Ids chief minister Morosoif, the offices, and employ- ments of government were made articles of taffic. The oppressed Russians finally rose in arms against these abuses and oppressions; but the reeking hand of despotism subdued their cries for justice witl) ■ the bloody sword and legal chain . Toward 1 he close of this reign, a straggling ra^' of hope fell upon the victims of this cruel despotism, and some advantages were secured to the people by intercourse with the more advanced countries of the West. Theodore II, (A. D. 1676-1682) succeeds his father. Ho was a sickly prince, and after a mere nominal reign of six years, left the throne to his brothers. Ivan V, and Peter I.(A. D. 1682-1725) brother and half-brother of Theodore, reigiicd jointly for about seven 3'ears. Ivin was almost blind, very deaf, and withal idiotic. Peter was little more than three years of age. Sophia the beautiful and accomplished sister of Ivin, was made regent. Sophia attempted to secure the crown to herself, but was defeated in the undertakinar. Peter I, (A. D. 1689-1725) the Great, now ascended the throne in his own name, and as the idiotic Ivin did not interfere with the government he was allowed to live in private, and die in peace, in 1696. Peter's reign was very marked in advanc- ing Russia to a leading position among the powers of Europe. 84 SAWYER'S CHART OF Many curious things are relat«id of this mon- arch. Realizing the necessity of a better navy, he visited Holland, under an assumed name in 1698, engaged himself as a common laborer among the ship-wrights in the dock-yard. From Holland he went to England and engaged in like manner in the royal dock-yard at Deptford. He hewed and hammered like any other fru£;al workman, until he had acquired the trade, when he returned to his own country, and taught his subjects the art of ship buildiug. Catharine I, (A, D. 172ft-1727) wife of Peter the Great, had been designated by the Emperor, his successor. Leaving the management of the affairs of the state to her chief minister Menschikoff, the Empress, gave herself up to the most unrestrained gratification of her appetites and passions. These excesses, developed tlie most loathsome maladies from wliich she died, after the brief reign of two years. Peter II, (A. D. 1727-1730) son of Alexis, obtained the tlirone. During his minority Men- schikoff, continued tlie management of the govern- ment, until his oppressive measures, secured his banishment to Siberia. Ivan Dalgorusky, brother- in-law to the young Emperor, suc-ceeded to the ministry and usurped tlie crown. . Anne, (A. D. 1730-1740) daughter of Ivan, was chosen by a caucus of generals and nobles, to succeed her father. Contrary to a pledge she had given those who had raised her to the throne, she placed Biren, her former Chamberlain, at the head of the government. Exile and the knout were the principles by which he ruled. It is affirmed, his banishments to Siberia, would average a lialf dozen per day. The empress, cared little for the lives of her subjects so long as she could indulge herself in "cheerful 7nnsic and gay dancing. ^^ A little wliile before her death having been offended by one of her ministers, Volynski ; she ordered his tongue torn from the roots, his right hand cut off, and his mtitilated body beheaded. Ivan VI, (A. D. 1740-1741) grand nephew of the late empress, was declared heir to the throne. But the innocent three months old babe, with his mother Anne of Mecklenburg only sixteen yeare of age, as regent, could not be expected to enjoy the honors of royalty very long. He was dethroned, and the Princess Elizabeth made empress. Elizabeth, (A. D. 1741-1762) daughter of Peter the Great; on ascending the throne, impris- oned the infant Ivan and the royal family. Elizabeth exhibited some traits of nobility as well, as others of cruelty. She abolished capital punishment; but substituted other cruel modes of torture. Like Elizabeth of England she never married, but was less noble than her namesake. She resign- ed the management of state affairs to her minister, Panin, and abandoned lierself to shameless de- bauch. She died in 1762, "of delirium tremens, with a half emptied bramly bottle in lier hand and obscene ravings on her tongue.'" The throne was left to Peter III, nephew of Elizabeth; who can hardly be said to have reigned. Conspiracies were at once formed, whicli speedily deprived this dissolute prince of his crown. On the 9th of July 1762, Catharine, consort of Peter, entered the capifill in the absence of the Czar, and reported her life imi>erriled by the decree other husband. Tlie soldiery declared for her, and she was crowned by the Archbishop of Novogorod, as sovereign of Russia, under the name of Catharine II. Peter was thrown into* prison by order of the empress, where his life was put out by the admin- istration of poison. Catharine II, (A. D. 1762-1796) who formerly bore the name Sophia, was a Prussian ; and again illustrated the abuse of tlie aj)pellation "Great," by moulding her crimes in colossal dimensions. She conceived many grand schemes which were never executed; and founded cities which were never built. On returning from a site on the Dnieper, where he liad accompanied the empress to lay tlie foundation stone of a new city, Joseph II, of Austria drily remarked, "The empress, and I, have this day achieved a great work; she has laid the first stone of a great city, and I have laid the last." The most redeeming feature of her life was, the encouragement she gave to the development of Russian literature. Paul I, (A. D. 1796-1801) son of the preced- ing empress, succeeded his mother on the throne. He modified some of tlie worst measures of his CHRONOLOGY AND CONTEMPORANEOUS HISTORY 35 mothers reign : But his subsequent conduct pro- voked a conspiracy, and he was murdered iu his bed chamber. His death cry was, "and thou too my Constantine!" Alexander I, [A. D. 1801-1825] was crowned, September 27, 1801, at the age of twenty-four. This emperor endeavored to promote the welfare of Russia. He broke the fetters which had so long paralized her commerce, and domestic industry; established schools; elevated the j)ea6antry; reor- ganized the military arm of government; modified the laws; improved the public highways; rewarded merit in his snbjectb; and contributed in other ways toward the promotion of his empire. His conduct amid the stirring scenes of the French revolution, and his connection with Napoleon Bonaparte, ex- hibited dignified ambition, and noble bearing, quite in advance of many of his predecessors. Nicholas, (A. D. 1S25-1S55) succeeded Iuh brother Alexander, Constantine the parricide, hav- ing relinquished his claim to the throne, and enter- ed upon the domination of Poland. Nicholas like his predecessor, sought to de- velop the esoteric resources of his empire; building extensive lines of rail way, and fostering internal industries. His ambition finallj' involved him in a war with Turkey, and her European allies, in the midst of which he fell by the hand of disease, and was followed on the throne by his son. Alexander II, (A. D. 1855-1878) continued the war of the Crimea in which his father was in- volved at the time of his death. After an obstinate contest which continued many months, he was overpowered, and terms of peace were agreed upon. Subsequently, in 1877, he became again in- volved in war with Turkey, the issues of wliich were more favorable to the Czar. TORKiSH EMPiKE (Ottoman.) This Empire embraces territory in Europe, Asia, and Africa. Turkey iu Europe contains about 300,000, square miles, and 15,500,000, in- haditants. Turkey in Asia, embraces about 560, OOO, square miles of territory, and 16,050,000, in- habitants: The Turkish possessions in Africa are made up of the states of Egypt, Tripoli and Tunis. The Turks were of Asiatic origin. In the lat- ter part of the thirteenth century Osman at the head of a band of warriors took possession of the country of the Seleucidae in Asia Minor. The con(^ueror assumed the name of Sultan, and pursu- ing his conquests, took the city of Prusa in Bithy- nia which he made the capital of his Empire. The Sultans of Turkey begin with the above named conqueror. Osman, (A. D. 1299-1326) was also called Ottoman, gave the latter name to that autocratic dynasty, which nearly six centuries ago domiciled itself in one of the best portions of the globe, and has since sustained itself by extortion and plunder. Orchan, (A. D. 1326-1360) son of the former. Amurath I, (A. D. 1360-1389) son of Orchan, was assassinated by one of his own soldiers. Bajazet I, (A. D. 1389-1402) sou of Amurath became involved in a war with Tamerlane the cele- brated sovereign of Tartary. The Tartars who had everywhere been victori- ous, entered Asia Minor, and confronted the army of the Sultan between Caesarea and Angora. The field was stubbornly contested on both sides, and the battle is said to have been one of the bloodiest ever fought. Tamerlane was victorious, and Bajazet was made prisoner, and thrown into the iron cage which he had prepared for his antagonist. His chagrin made him desperate, and he beat his brains out against the bars of his cage. Solyman I, (A. D. W:02-1410) son of the pre- vious Sultan, secured the crown, but was subse- quently dethroned by his brother, Musa Chelebi. Musa, (A. D. 1410-1413) succeeded Solyman, but was allowed to reign only three years, when he was put to death in a violent manner, and the crown seized by another brother. Mohammed I, (A. D. 1413-1421) perhaps the most gifted son of Bajazet, was able, by his cour- age and talents to exercise dominion over the Turks for about eight years. Amurath II, (A. D. 1421-1451) who succeeded his father on the throne, was a brave but cruel man. He captured Thessalonica and put the inhabitants to the sword. He also won the famous battle of Var- na, in which Ladislaus, King of Hungary was slain. The moral atmosphere,in which he lived, like all his predecessors, was sultry. 36 SAWYER'S CHART OF Mohammed II, (A. D. 1451-1481) the great- est warrior of all the Turkish Sultans, won several brilliaut victories. On May 20, 1453, he captured Constantinople, and thus put an end to the Greek Empire, and established the seat of Turkish domin- ion more firmly in Eurojie. Bajazet II, (A. D. 1481-1512) succeeded his fatlier on the throne. He continued the work of conquest begun by his predecessor; but finally ex- hausted by fatigue and debauchery he was about to abdicate in favor of his eldest son, when he was de- tlironed by Seliin a younger son . Selim I, (A. D. 1512-1520) .signalized his reign by the massacre of his relatives, and others who might embarrass his ambitious designs. His arms acquired territorj' in Egypt, Persia and Armenia. Solymau II, [A. D. 1520-1566] had scarcely mounted the throne when he formed the design of extending his Empire as mucli in Europe as his father had extended it in Asia. The undertaking was accomplished by the most cruel and barbarous means. Selim II, [A. D. 1566-1574] son of Solyman, made peace with Germany and Persia, and fur- ther enlarged the Ottoman Empire. In 1572, the Turkish navy, hitherto the most formidable in Europe, was almost anihilated in the great battle of Lepanto. Amuratii III, [A. D. 1574-1595] on ascending the throne of his father, m^de war upon Russia, Poland, German}', and Venice, and subdued the province of Georgia. He had twenty sons, nineteen of whom were cruely put to death l)y the eldest, who succeeded his father on the throne as Mohammed III. Mohammed III, [A. D. 1595-1603] had no sooner ascended the throne, than he caused other executions, among them his eldest son, a prince of excellent qualities. Ahmed, [A. D. 1G03-1617] succeeded his father at the age of 15 years. His reign is chiefly memorable for the great fires in Constantinople. Mustapha, [A. D. 1617-1618] succeeded his brother; but was soon deposed on account of his cruelty, and entombed in the castle of the seven towers . Osman II, [A. D, 1618-1622] was placed on the throne, but after a reign of four years he was murdered, and his uncle restored to the throne. Af- ter occupying the throne about one year Mustaplia was again deposed. Amurath IV, [A. D. 1623-1640] the brother of Osman, who now succeeded his uncle on the throne, was a prince of both courage and cruel- Ibralmn, [A. D. 1640-1648] brother of Amu- rath, who had languislied four years in prison, was elevated to the throne. After a nine years reign he was compelled to abdicate the throne, and soon afterward, was put to death. Mohammed IV, [A. D. 1649-1687] son of the unfortunate Ibrahim,enjoyed a long and prosperous reign. He conducted the campaign against Crete, and added that island to the dominion of the cres- ent. The reign of this merciful prince, marks an important page in the liistory of Turkey. Solyman III, [A. D. 1687-1691] was placed on tlie throne by the soldery wlio deposed his brother. He engaged in war with Germany and Venice, but was unsuccessful. Ahmed II, [A. D. 1691-1695] succeeded his brotiier. He was a weak prince, with little power to do evil, and little disposition to do good. Mustapha II, [A. D. 1695-1703] eldest son of Mohammed IV, was disposed after a reign of eight years. Ahmed III, [A. D. 1703-1730] who succeeded liis brother as Sultan of Turkey, is chiefly remem- bered for his cruelty tt) a body oi 14,000 soldiers who revolted under his tyranny. It is said "they were carried ofl'in the night, and drowned in the J'.osjihorus." Ahmed was involved in wars with Russia, Germany, Venice and Persia, which made serious drafts upon tlie resources of the Empire. He was deposed in 1730, and his nephew elevated to the throne. Mahmud I, [A. D. 1730-1754] also called Mohammend V, afl'octed considerable alterations in the conduct of the government. He was unsuc- cessful in his war with Russia, and was obliged to make important concessions to Kouli Khan in Persia. Osman III, [A. D. 1754-1757] released from prison to ascend the throne, on the death of his CHRONOLOGY AND CONTEMPORANEOUS HISTORY 37 brotlier, enjoyed the Jiouors of royalty for about three years. Mustapha III, [A. D. 1757-1774] son of Ahmed II, obtained the crown. A war broke out between the Turks and Russians, in 1769 which continued about live years, and proved very dis- astrous to tlie Turkish Empire. Ahmed IV, [A. D. 1774-1788] called also Abdulhaniid, succeeded his brother. The dishon- orable peace which he was compelled to make [1774] with the Russians, was the first serious blow strnck, in breaking up this great autocratic power. Selim III, [1788-1807] son of Mustaplia, ascended the throne in the midst of another war, which decided in favor of Russia. A civil war, which is thought to have been excited by the French, resulted in the dethrone- ment of Selim, and the elevation of his nepliew to the throne. Mustiipha IV, (A. D. 1807-1808) had barely reached the throne, when by a new revolution, he was luirled from the seat of Empire, and himself and uncle [Selim] put to death. Mahmond II, [A. D. 1808-1839] was called to the throne, recently made vacantby the murder of liis brother. In the second year of his reign Mahmond be- came involved in a war witli Russia, which con- tinued about three years, resulting in tiie acquisition of some territory by the Turks. The Greek revo- lution broke out in 1821 and continued until 1829, when the Turks were compelled to concede the in- dependence of the land of scholars and of arts. Abdul Medjid, [A. D. 1839-1861] carried on the reforms which had been commenced by his father. He sought to engraff the arts of European civilization upon the barbarous Turks. But the dreary night-mare of Mohammedan- ism,had ill fitted them for such tuition. Tlie Turk is still a Turk. Abdul Aziz, [A. D. 1861-1876] succeeded the former Sultan, in the Ottoman Empire. He was deposed during the civil convulsions of 1876, and his nephew Murad Effendi, declared Sultan. Murad Effendi, [A. D. 1876-1878] had assum- ed the reigns of government but about three months, when a new revolution broke out in European Turkey. Russia became the champion of the oppressed Christian provinces, and the war was prosecuted with considerable energy for several months. By the interposition of other European powers, a peace commission was assembled at Berlin Prus- sia, and such terms agreed upon, as put an end to the war, and further limited the power of the Otto- man Empire. PRUSSIAN DYNASXy. Prussia was raised from a duchy to a kingdom in 1701,by Frederick, son of the elector of Branden- burg. Her early history like that of Austria, is included in the general history of Germany. There is no state religion in Prussia. The royal family, and a majority of tlie people at the present time are Calvinistic in doctrine, though the different denominations of christians are allowed freedom to worship God. A superior system of education prevails; embracing the primary schools and great universities. Among the latter schools for higher learning, the Universities of Berlin, Bonn, Greifswald, Halle, Muneter, and Konigsberg, rank with the best in the world. The late struggles for larger freedom have re- sulted in securing a species of constitutional liberty based upon representation. Berlin the capitol is situated on the river Spree, and has a population of about a half million. Frederick I, (A. D. 1701-1713) son of Freder- ick William, established the separate Prussian dynasty. Frederick William I, (A D. 1713-1740) son of the previous monarch was a wise and politic prince. Frederick II, (A. D. 1740-1786) usually called Frederick the Great, son of the former, was one of the first military, political, and literary characters that ever filled a throne. He was however very despotic in his administration. His reign is pregnant with stirring historical events, in 1756, Russia, Austria and France leagued against him, but found in Frederick, a "foeman worthy their steel." He maintained him- self against these powerful allies in a seven years war. Frederick William II, (A. D. 1786-1797) nephew of Frederick the Great, succeeded to the 88 SAWYER'S CHART OF throne. He is known as "a weak and unwise prince." Frederick William III, (A. D. 1797-1840) who next ascended the throne, laid claim to the Elector- ate of Hanover, and thus became involved in a war with Napoleon Bonaparte. Frederick, was defeated in the celebrated bat- tle of Jena, and Napoleon pushing his conquests brought the Prnssian kingdom under his sway. An alliance of the, European powers recovered the territory and restored it to the unfortunate Frederick. Frederick William IV, (A. D. 1840-1861) succeeded his father upon the Prussian throne. The revolutionary wave of 1848, rolled through Prussia, but the king by bowing to the popular will for a time, allayed the tumult. William I, (A. D. 1861-1878) brother of Fred- erick William IV, ascended the throne in 1861. In 1866, war broke out between Prussia and Austria, in which the former power, through the able management of Count Bismark, premier of King William, attained brilliant success. As a result of the war, Prussia advanced in one month from the rear to the front rank, in the great European Peiitarchy. The Emperor Xapol- eolitical fortunes were cradled in the ancient castle of llapsburg in Switz- erland, was among the most ilhistrious families of Europe. Albert succeeded Rodolph his father, in the imperial diadem of Germany about 1298, thus for a time associating the government of Austria with the German Empire. The rule of Albert of Austria wa^ characterized by such tyranny over the Swiss, tliat tlie brave and resolute Swtzers revulted in 1307, under the lead of the celebrated William Tell. In the year 1804, political embarrasments led Francis II, to surrender the dignity of the German Empire, and assume the title of Fran- cis I, Emperor of Austria. From this date Austria may be said to have a distinct history. Francis I, (A. D. 1804-1835) had barely en- tered upon the duties of his new Empire, in his capital city Vienna on the Danube, when he became involved in fresh complications with the-French. By the great battles of Marengo and Hoheulinden, Ulm and Austerlitz, Austria was deprived of large tracts of territory. In 1809, Francis opposed the Austrian arms to the victorious Napoleon; but witli resistless en- ergy the great con(^ueror bore down his opponents, and entering the capital of Austria, dictated his own terms to Francis. Austria was again depriv- ed of large possessions. During the iinal strujjgle between Napoleon and the allied powers of Europe, Austria again recovered her lost j^ossessions, and acquired some additional territory. Ferdinand I, (A. D. 1835-1848) succeeded his father on the Austrian throne. He had iield the reins of government al)out thirteen years, when a revolution broke out which compelled iiis at)dica- tion of the throne in favor of his nephew, Francis Joseph, December 2, 1848. Francis Jose])h, (A. D. 1848-1877) began his reign under a liberal constitution, but in 1852 lie succeeded in revoking the constitution of 1849, and henceforth under the Concordat the Emperor of Austria has wielded absolute power. The dis- solution of the German Confederation in 1866, was followed by a war between Austiia and Prussia, in which the Austrians and their Saxon allies numbering 195,000 men, were humbled, at Sadowa, one of the greatest battles of modern times, July 3, 1866, by the Prussians, who numbered 250,000. Peace was concluded on the 23d of August, and Aus- tria lost her position as one of the leading conti- nental powers of Europe. ITALIAN DYNASn'. The early history of Italy is linked with the an- nals of Rome. Clouds obscure the origin of this garden of Europe, and little that is truly historical can be discovered earlier than B. C. 753. From CHRONOLOGY AND CONTEMPORANEOUS IIISTOIIY 39 this date, down to A. D. 476, Italy funiighes the lieadquarters for the Roman legions, and the Capi- tal of the Great Empire. Sometime after A. D. 500, the Loinhards entered Italy and fonnded a kingdom, which continued ahout two centuries, when it was overthrown \>y (Charlemagne, who be- cjime Emperor of the West. The territory passed from the hands of the old liomans to the northern I'arharians, then to the French, afterward t^^) the (iermans; but the Italians refused any absolute control, by the foreign ruler who a.sserted his right of government. About the fourteenth centuryltaly was broken up; ami the following states constituted out of the fragments. Naples, Tuscan}', Parma and Lombardy, tlie Genoese and the Venetian territories, the states of the Roman Churcli, and other small states. The present kingdom of Italy, was formed by accretions of territory from the other states, to the dominion of Victor Emanuel Tiie first Italian |)arliament met at Turin Kei). is, 1861, and on the 2!5th, enacted the new title of King of Italy. Victor Emanuel, (A. D. 1861-1878) was ac- knowledgetl monarch of the new kingdom, in IStjl. A few months previous to his receiving the new ti- tle, he had taken possession of Palermo, ( Dec. Ist, 1860) and thus added Sicily to his dominion. Tusciinv was acijuired the same year. Modena and Parma had also declared for the new kinirdom. Subsequently', in 1870, the King gained possession •f the states of the Church. By this a(juisition of territory to the Italian government, the Roman Pontiff was deprived of the last vestige of his temporal power. Humbert I, [A. D. 1878] succeeded to the Italian throne on the death of his father, January. 9, 1878. OOVERNMKNT OK THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. These United States constitute an essential portion of a great political system, embracing all the civilized nations of the globe. The sovereignty of the people is liere a conceded axiom, and the laws established upon that basis, are cherished with faithful patriotism. Prosperity follows the execu- tio n of even justice; invention is quickened by the freedom of competition; and labor rewarded by certain and ample returns. Domestic peace is maintained without the intervention of a large standing army. An efficient navey broods over our commerce which floats every sea, and penetrates every clime. Our national resources are developed by a faithful culture of the arts of peace. Every Americiin enjoys the fruits of his own industry; and is free to publish his own convictions. Religion, free from ))ersecution asks no subsidy from the state; but is recognized for her regard shown in the support of public morals, and is maintained by the l)enefactions of an enlightened conviction and a pure faith. Etlucation is fostered b}' public gifts and promoted by private endowment. Art, science and literature, are rapidly advancing to a position in this country which will challenge the respect yf older nations. All the industries of civilized life are plied with gratifying success. Such is our ])resent condition; but let us retrospect the history of this country. In ])ur8Hing the history of the United States it is well to note the the periods into which it is divided. These are, Mrs/, The period of Voyages and Discoveries, A. D. 986-lt;00. Second, The Colonial period, A. D. 1600-1775. Third, The ])eriod of Revolution and Confed- eration, A. D. 1775-1789. Fourt/i, The National period, A. D. 1789-1878. PEKIOD FIRST, embraces the history of voyages and discoveries made in the Western Hemisphere by the following nations: I Norwegian. The Western Continent is supposed to have been first seen by Herjclfson a Norse navigator in A. D. 986. He is said to have beheld the coast of Labrador, but did not effect a landing. II Icelandic. Lief Ekickson an Icelandic voyager, landed upon the coast of I^brador, A. D. 1001. TiioRWALO Erickson landed upon the coast of Maine in A. D. 1002, and is said to have penetrated tlie country as far as Fall River, Massachusetts, where he died. TnoRSTEiN Erickson, also brother aiLief, vis- ited the coast of New England, in A. D. 1005. 40 SAWYER'S CHART OF Thorfinn Kaklsefne is supposed to Lave coasted alonj;; tlie American continent from Massa- chusetts to Virijinia in A. D. 1(»(>7. If we determine tlie question of the discovery of America, i)y the well established principle of the Philosojihv of History, '■'■an event must be weighed by it^ consequences^'' we must reject the Norwegian and Icelandic claims to the lionor, of the real discoverers of the North American Conti- nent. They came, they saw, they dci)arte20,he touched at a grou]) of islands called tlie I^adrones; still later he came to the Phili]>i>ine islands where he fell in a battle with tlie natives. Vasqikz De AYi.r,oN,discovered Chicora (South Carolina), A. D. 152U, and kidna]i])ed a number of native Indians. lie was made Governor of Chicora by Charles Y, and returned to liis new province in 1525. The outraged Indians drove him from the country, and he retired to St. Domingo, in disgrace. Pamphilo De Narvaez with a commissitm from Charles Y, as Governor of Florida, sailed westward, and reached TarajKi Pay in April 1528. With a force of two hundred and sixty soldiers and forty horsemen, he jiiunged into the wilderness in search of gold. The adventures of this little band are full of wild romance. Ferdinand De SoTO, with a splendid squadron left the harbor of San Lucar in 1539, and after a prosperous voyage cast anchor in Tampa Bay. Imitating his predecessor, De Soto, set out amid the wilds of the New World in pursuit of gold^ In 1540, became upon tlie fortified Indian town of Mobile, where a terrible battle was fought with the natives. Two thousand five hundred Indians are said to have perished. De Soto lost about one hundred and sixty-eight in killed and wounded. With the remnant of his little army, the brave cavalier pushed westward, and came upon the Mis- sissippi river in 1541. Crossing the river, De Soto moved northward until he reached a point near the present site of New Madrid in Missouri. Again their course inclined to the south, and once more they stood upon the lianks of the Great Father of AV^aters. Here near the site of Natchez, the prouti spirit of De Soto gave way, and he perished from fever. His rudely encoflincd remains were buried by his broken hearted comrades in the Mississippi. W French. Yerrazzani, discovered tlie coast of North Carolina, and coasted north as far as Newfoundland, in A. D. 1524. Ja.mes Car'hkr sailed up the St. Lawrence river, in 1534. The following vear having returned to America with a colony, he reached the coast on St. Lawrence bay, hence gave tlie name of that martyr, ti> tlie bay and river, which have since retainetl the name. John RiBAri.T, a brave and experienced sailor, in search of an asyiuiu for the ]>ersecnted Huguenots, left France in Fcln-iiary 15t!2 and striking the coast of [''lorida, sailed north as far as Port Royal. A fort was constructed, and named Carolina in honor of Charles IX. La Roche discovered Sable Island, A. D. 159S. Sa.mlei. Champi-ain discovered C'anada in A. D. I(i03, and selected the site of the ]>resent city of Quebec, for a fort. De Monts sailed from France A. I). 10O4, and anchored I«s Heet in the bay of Fundy. He afterwards took possession of Nova Scotia and adjacent islands, and called the country Acadia. Y English. JouN Caijot, formerly a daring sailor, and now a wealthy merchant of P>ristol, was commissioned by Henry YII, of England, to make discoveries and cxfilorations in the Atlantic and Indian oceans. This distinguished navigator sailed from Bristol, in April, 1496, and on the 24th, of June moored his fleet on the dismal shores of CHRONOLOGY AND CONTEMPORANEOUS HISTORY 41 Labrador. Cabot went on shore, and took posBes- sion of the country in the name of the king of En- gland. This is regarded the real discovery of the North American Continent. Sebastian Cabot succeeded his father in explorations upon the American Coast, A. D. H98. Martin Fkobishkk made the discovery of the Meta Incognita (Island) in A. D. 1576. Francis Drakk visited the Pacific coast of North America, in A. D. 1579. Maktin Pring, discovered Martha's Vineyard, A. D. 1603. VI Dutch. Hknry Hcdson made the dis- covery of Sandy Ilook and Iludsons Bay, in A. D. 1610. Adrian Block, first entered the Connecticut river, A. D. 1614. CHRisriANSoN,di8covered Castle Island A. iD. 1614. Cornelius May, discovered Delaware Bay A. D, 1615. The above record exhibits what wc conceive to be the most important facts embraced in the period of voyages and discoveries. PERIOD SECOND. Embraces the est^iblishment of the American colo- nies. The following abstract of colonial history will give, the date of settlement, time of erection into independent states of the Union by adopting the Constitution, and some characteristics of the several districts of the country: I Virginia Colony, settled at Jamestown, by the English Lond(m company, A. D. 1607. Became an independent state of the Union, 1788. The surface of the country is varied; the climate good; the mineral resources, embracing coal, iron and salt, ample; agricultural capabilities, large; manu- facturiug and commercial facilities unsurpassed; education liberally patronized. Richmond is the capital. II Mabsachosetts Colony, settled at New Plymouth by the English, our Pilgrim Fathers, self-exiled on account ot Religion, A. D. 1620. Was erected into a state of the Union, in 1788. She has a fair climate; but the sterility of her soil has rendered agriculture less remunerative than other industries. Her manufacturies are among the most important; her commerce is extensive; and her educational facilities among the best in the world. Boston is her capital. III New Hamfsuire Colony, settled near the present site of Portsmouth, according to a grant from the council of Plymouth to Gorges and Mason, A. D. 1623. Became an independent state of the Union in 1788. Her climate is rather cold, but healthful ; soil light, 3'et adapted to grazing; her manufacturies are of some importance; and her . mineral wealth not insignificant. Tlie capital is Concord. IV New York Colony, settled on Manhattan Island by the Dutch Protestant refugees, from Flanders in Belgium, of the same faith as the Uuguenots, A. D. 1623. Erected into an Inde- pendent state of the Union in 1788. With a tem- perate climate; vast commercial resources; abund- ant agricultural arid mineral wealth, she has no superior in the galaxy of states. Albany is her capital. V CoNNEOTicnT Colony, settled at Windsor by the English, A. D. 1630. The Dutch had taken tempoiary possession a little earlier at Hartford, but were compelled to relinquisli their hold upon the country. Erected into a state of the Union in A. D. 1788. Climate temperate; has large min- eral wealth, consisting of gold, silver, lead, iron, copper and bismuth. Quarries of excellent marble and granite abound. Her manufacturies and commerce turnish the chief revenue to the state. Hartford and New Haven are jointly her capital. VI Maryland Colony, settled at St. Mary's by a colony under Leonard Calvert, second son of I-ord Baltimore, as an asylum for persecuted Cath- olics and others, A. D. 1633. Became a state of the Union in 1788. The climate is mild; and the soil adapted to agricultural pursuits. Her commercial advantages are good. The capital is Annapolis. VII Rhode Island Colony, settled by Roger Williams, and other religious exiles from Massachu- 6ett6,at Providence, A. D. 1636. Became a state of the Union in 1790. Here first, the Baptist princi pie of soul liberty was allowed full exercise. The climate is temperate; her manufacturies and com- mercial pursuits, aflFord the principal revenue. Providence and Newport are jointly her capital. VIII Delaware Colony, settled near Wil- mington, by the Swedes, under the auspices of their Christian King, Gustavus Adolphus, A. D. 1638. Became a state of the Union in 1787. Her climate is agreeable, except amid the severities of winter; 48 SAWYER'S CHART OF and her soil is generally fertile. Grain and fruit constitute her principal resources. The capital is Dover. IX NoKTu Carolina Colony, settled at a point on the river Chowan, by the Englisli, A. D. 1663. Became an independent state of the LTnion in 17S9. The climate is mild. The surface of the country is low in the east and mountainous in tlie west. The soil is fertile but as yet, her agricul- tural resonrccs are only partially developed. Her forests yield lumber and turpentine abundantly; yams, rice and cotton are successfully cultivated. Her fisheries arc a source of wealtli. Raleigh is ber capital. X New Jersey Colony, settled at Elizabeth- town, by English Puritans after the English had wrested the country from the Dutclj, A. D. lCrt4. Organized into a state by the ratification of the constitution, December 17S7. Her climato is mild; her agricultural capabilities unlimited; her manufacturing interests important. Education is generously promoted. Tlie capital is Trenton. XI South Carolina Colony, settled at Old Charleston, by a compau}' of Englisli under West and Sayle, A. D. 1670. Became an independant state of the Union in 1788. Iler climate is genial; agriculture manufacture and commerce, yield her wealth. Columbia is her capital. XII Pennsylvania Colony, settled at New Castle on the Deieware, by William Penn, and the persecuted Quakers, A. D. 1681. Became an inde pendent state of tlie Union in 17S7. Her climate is temperate, and her soil fertile. Vast deposits of coal, iron, copper and zinc; and quarries of marble and slate, render her wealth inexhaustable. Her capital is Harrisburg. XIII Geori ha Colony, settled at Savannah, by poor English debtors, under the philanthropist. General James Oglethorpe, A. D. 1733. Erected into a state of the Union in 17.SS. Her climate is- mild, and aconsiderable portion of her soil cap- able of moderately remunerative cultivation. The capital is Atlanta. THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAK. The desolating storm of the French and Indian war which broke upon the thirteen primary colonies in 1754, continued till 1763, when by the treaty of Paris, a large tract of territory claimed by the French, was ceded to the English. At the same time Spain ceded Florida to the English. While the sacrifice of blood and treasure was ver}' exhaust- ing to the feeble colonies, the war liad taught them the necessity of closer union, which was an im- portant preparotory step in the approaching struggle for Independance. THIRD period. Revolution and Confederation. The war of American Independence was an event of the most far reaching significance, affecting as it did the tlestinies of all nations. Tlie questions de- cided by the conflict of arms was briefly this: Shall the Entrlish Colouia in Atnerirti, havivg- become $ovcrei<^n, oovcrn themselves, or be governed us defendencecs of the British Monarchy? To this question our Fathers made answer. We %c ill govern ourselves, and j)roved their competency for self- government in the vigorous persecnti(m of a seven years war, and another seven years of wonderful recuperative activity under the articles of confedera- tion. To French and other European j)atriots we were in some measure indebted for aid in this protracte Education. The capital is St. Paul. Oreuon, the thirty third state was admitted by act of Congress Feb. lith, 185!). The eastern re- gionsare volcanic, aiid entirely sterile, the middle is adapted to grazing, the western jiortion wmtains valuable fariiiing lands. Wheat is the staple. She also possesses valuable mines of coal and copper. Salem is her capital. Kansas, the thirty-fourth state, was admitted in- to the Union, Jan. 29th, 1861. Much of her soil is possessed of ine.xiiaustible fertility, producing corn and wlieat in abundance. Vast beds of coal, iron, petroleum and lead augment her wealth. Her capital is Topeka. Wkst Virginia, the thirty-fifth state, was ad- mitted to representation in congress June 20th, 1863. Her climate is healthy, and her scenery picturesque, sometimes even arrayed in wild grand- eur. Her maimfacturing facilities are excellent. Iron and timber are "abundant. Wheeling is the capital. Nevada, the thirty-sixth state admitted into the Union March 1864, has a healthy climate. The seasons are wet and dry making agriculture depen- dant on irrigation. Her Silver mines are said to be the richest in the world . Carson City is the capi- tal. Nebraska, the thirty-seventh state, became a meml)er of the Union in 1867. Her commercial fa- cilities are good; educational advantages excellent; and the wealth locked up in her soil, certainly not limited. Her capital is Lincoln. Colorado, the thirty -eighth state, was admitted intfj the Union Aug. Ist, 1876, by proclamation of the President, according to law. Her climate is salubrious and mines of wealth extensive. She yields oil and salt somewhat freely; and produces grains and vegetables in great perfection. Denver is the capital. territories. The individual Territories were organized in the following years. New Mexico 1850. Utah 1850. Washington 1853. Dacotah 1861. Arizona 1863. Idaho 1863. Montana 1864. Alaska 1867. Wyoming 1868. District of Columbia 1871. The Indian Territory which by treaty was made the special property of the Red man, is not included among the territories of our government. Of the above named tracts, Arizona was se- cured to the United States by the Gadsden treaty made with Mexico Dec. 30th, 1853. The govern- ment paying $10,000,000 for it. Alaska was ac- quired by a treaty with Russia in 1867 and cost the United States $7,200,000. The District of Columbia originally embraced a tract ten miles square, donated by Virginia and Maryland a« the seat of the general government. Here on the Maryland side of the Potomac river, President Washington selected the site for the fu- ture Capital of his country, in the year 1790. The City was tirst occupied by the United States Con- gress in 1800. The government of this tract resi- ded wholly in congress until 1871 when the District was made a territory with a legislature for its in- ternal government. The Capital building located in the city of Washington in the Territory of Columbia, is the finest in the world, and cost the government $5,000, (100. presidents and their cabinets 1789-1878 POPCI-AR administration. 1797. George Washington, Virginia, President,1789- r John Adams, Massachusetts, Vice-President. cabinet. Thomas Jefferson, Virginia, Secretary of State. Edmund Randolph " " " Thomas Pickering, Massachusetts," " 46 SAWYER'S CHART OF Alexander Hamilton, New York, Secretary of the Treasury. Oliver Walcott, Connecticut, Secretary of the Treasury. Timothy Pickering, Massachusetts, Secretary of War. James McHenry, Maryland, Secretary of War. Henry Knox, Massachusetts, Secretary of War. 1801, FEDERAL ADMINISTRATION. John Adams, Massachusetts, President 1797- 1, Thomas Jefferson, Virginia, Vice-President. CABINET. Timothy Pickering, Masschusetts, Secretary of State. John Marshall, Virginia, Secretary of State. Oliver Walcott, Connecticut, Secretary of the Treasury. Samuel Dexter, Massachusetts, Secretary of the Treasury. James McHenry, Maryland, Secretary of War. Samuel Dexter, Massachusetts, Secretary of War. Roger Griswold, Massachusetts, Secretary of War. George Cal)ot, Massachusetts, Secretary of the Navy. Benjamin Stoddert, Maryland, Secretary of the Navy. REPUBLICAN ADMINISTRATION. Thomas Jefferson, Virginia, President 1801- 1809. Aaron Burr, New York, Vice-President. George Clinton " U it CABINET. James Madison, Virginia, Secretary of State. Samuel Dexter, Massachusetts, Secretary of the Treasury. Albert Gallatin, Pennsylvania, Secretary of the Treasury. Henry Dearborn, Massachusetts, Secretary of War. Benjamin Stoddert,Maryland, Secretary of the Navy. Robert Smith, Maryland,Secretary of the Navy. 1817. REPUBLICAN ADMINISTRATION. James Madison, Virginia, President 1809- 7. George Clinton, New York, Vice-President. Elbridge Gerry, Massachu8ett8,Vice-President. CABINET. Robert Smith, Maryland, Secretary of State. James Monroe, Virginia, " " " Albert Gallatin, Pennsylvania, Secretary of the Treasury. George W. Campbell, Tennesse, Secretary of the Treasury. Aleck J. Dallas, Pennsylvania, Secretary of the Treasury. William Eustis, Massachusetts, Secretary of War. John Armstrong, New York, Secretary of War. .James Monroe, Virginia, Secretary of the War. William H.Orawford,Georgia,Secretary of War. Paul Hamilton, South Carolina, Secretary of the Navy. William Jones, Pennsylvania, Secretary of the Navy. B. W. Crowninshield, Massachusetts, Secretary of the Navy. REPUBLICAN ADMINISTRATiON. James Monroe, Virginia, President,1817-1825. D. D. Tompkins, New York, Vice-President. CABINET. John Q. Adams, Massachusetts, Secretary of State. William H. Crawford, Georgia, Secretary of the Treasury. Isaac Shelby, Kentucky, Secretary of War. John C. Calhoun, South Carolina, Secretary of War. B. W. Crowninshield, Massachusetts, Secretary of the Navy. Smith Thompson, New York, Secretary of the Navy. Saml. L. Southard, New Jersey, Secretary of the Navy. DEMOCRATIC ADMINISTRATION. John Q. Adams, Massachusetts, President, 1825-1829. CHRONOLOGY AND CONTEMPORANEOUS HISTORY 47 dent. John C. Calhoun, South Cai^slina, Vice Presi- CABINKT Henry Clay, Kentucky, Secretary of State. Richard Rush, Pennsylvania, Secretary of the Treasury. James Barbour, Virginia, Secretary of War. Peter B. Porter, New York, Secretary of" War. Samuel L. Southard, New Jersey, Secretary of the Navy. DEMOCRATIC-ADMINISTRATION. Andrew Jackson, Tennessee, President. 1829- 1837. John C. Calhoun, South Carolina, Vice-Presi- dent. Martin Van Buren, New York, Vice-Presi- dent. CABINET. Martin Van Buren, New York, Secretary of State. Edward Livingston, Louisiana, Secretary of State. Ix)uis McLane, Delaware, Secretary of State. John Forsyth, Georgia, Secretary of State. S. D. Ingham, Pennsylvania, Secretary of the Treasury. Louis McLane, Delaware, Secretary of the Treasury. Win. J. Duane, Pennsylvania, Secretary of the Treasury. Roger B. Taney, Maryland, Secretary of the Treasury. I^vy Woodbury, New Hampshire, Secretary of the Treasury. John H. Eaton, Tennessee, Secretary of War. Lewis Cass, Michigan. Secretary of War. Benj. F. Butler, New York, Secretary of War. John Branch, North Carolina, Secretary of the Navy. Levy Woodbury, New Hampshire, Secretary of the Navy. Mahlon Dickerson, New Jersey, Secretary of the Navy. John McLean, Ohio; William F. Barry, Ken- tucky, and Anlbs Kendall, Kentucky; Postmaster Generals, now added to the list of Cabinet officers. 1841. DEMOCRATIC ADMINISTRATION. Martin Van Buren, New York, President, 1837- 1. Richard M. Johnson, Kentucky, Vice Presi- dent. CABINET. John Fors^'th, Georgia, Secretary of State. Levy Woodbury, New Hampshire, Secretary of the Treasury. Joel R. Poinsett, South Carolina, Secretary of War. Mahlon Dickerson, New Jersey, Secretary of the Navy. James K. Paulding, New York, Secretary of the Navy. Amos Kendall, Kentucky, Postmaster Gen- eral. John M. Niles, Connecticut, Postmaster General. WHIG ADMINISTRATION. William H. Harrison, Ohio, President, 1841- 1841. (President one month.) John Tyler, Virginia, Vice President, (became President.) CABINET. Daniel Webster, Massachusetts, Secretary of State. Thomas Ewing,Ohio, Secretary of the Treasury . John Bell, Tennessee, Secretary of War. Geo. E. Badger, North Carolina, Secretary of the Navy.. Gideon Granger, New York, Postmaster Gen- eral. WHIG ADMINISTRATION. John Tyler, Virginia, President, 1841-1845. (Inaugurated after the death of Harrison.) CABINET. Daniel Webster, Massachusetts, Secretary of State. Abel P. Upshur, Virginia, Secretary of State. John C. Calhoun, South Carolina, Secretary pf State. . Thomas Ewing, Ohio, Secretary of the Treas- ury. Walter Forward, Pennsylvania, Secretary of the Treasury. 48 SAWYER'S CHART OF John C. Spencer, New York, Secretary of the Treasury. Geo. M. Bibb, Kentucky, Secretary of the Treasury. John Bell, Tennessee, Secretary of "War. John C. Spcncer,New York, Secretary of War. James M. Porter, Pennsylvania, Secretary of War. William Wilkins, Pennsylvania, Secretary of War. Geo. E. Badger, North Carolina, Secretary of the Navy. Abel P. Upshur, Virginia, Secretary of the Navy. David Henshaw, Massachusetts, Secretary of the Navy. G. W. Gilmer, Virginia, Secretary of the Navy. John G. Mason, Virginia, Secretary of the Navy. Ohas. A. Wickliffe, Kentucky, Postmaster General. Frances G. Granger, New York, Postmaster General. Hugh S. Legare, South Carolina, Attorney General . John Nelson, Maryland, Attorney General. (New Cabinet office.) DEMOCEATIO ADMINISTRATION. WHIG ADMINISTRATION. James K. Polk, Teimessee, President, 1845- 1849. Geo. M. Dallas, Pennsylvania, Vice President. CABINET. James Buchanan, Pennsylvania, Secretary of State. Robert J. Walker, Mississippi, Secretary of the Treasury. Wm. L. Marcy, New York, Secretary of War. George Bancroft, Massachusetts, Secretary of the Navy. John Y. Mason, Virginia, Secretary of the Navy. Cave Johnson, Tennessee, Postmaster General. John Y. Mason, Virginia, Attorney General. Nathan Cliiford, Maine, " " Isaac Toucey, Connecticut, " " Zachary Taylor, Louisiana, President, 1849- 1850. Millard Fillmore, New York, Vice President. CABINET. John M. Clayton, Delaware, Secretary of State. Wm. M. Meredith, Pennsylvania, Secretary of the Treasury. Geo. W. Crawford, Georgia, Secretary of War. Wm. B. Preston, Virginia, Secretary of the Navy. Jacob Collamer, Vermont, Postmaster Gen- eral. Reverdy Johnson, Maryland, Attorney gen- eral. Thomas Ewing, Ohio, Secretary of the Interior (Now added to the Cabinet offices.) WHIG ADMINISTRATION. Millard Fillmore, New York, President, 1850- 1853 (inaugurated after the death of Taylor.) CABINET. Daniel Webster, Massachusetts, Secretary of State. Thomas Corwin, Ohio, Secretary of the Treas- ury. Chas. M. Conrad, Louisiana, Secretary of War Wm. A. Graham, North Carolina, Secretary of the Navy. Nathan K. Hall, New York, Postmaster General. John J. Crittenden, Kentucky, Attorney Gen- eral. Alex. H. H. Stuart. Virginia, Secretary of the Interior. DEMOCRATIC ADMINISTRATION. Franklin Pierce, New Hampshire, President, 1853-1857. Wm. R. King, Alabama, Vice-President. CABINET. Wni. L. Marcy, New York, Secretary of State. James Guthrie, Kentucky, Secretary of the Treasury. Jefferson Davis, Mississippi, Secretary ot War. CHRONOLOGY AND CONTEMPORANEOUS HISTORY 49 J. C. Dobbin. North Carolina, Secretary of the Navy. James Campbell, Pennsylvania, Postmaster General. Caleb Gushing, Massachnsetts, Attorney Gen- eral. Robert McClelland, Michigan, Secretary of the Interior. DEMOCEATIC ADMINISTRATION. James Buchanan, Pennsylvania, President, 1857-1861. J. C. Breckeiiridge, Kentucky, Vice-Presi- dent. CABINKT. Lewis Cass, Michigan, Secretary of State . Jeremiah S. Black, Pennsylvania, Secretary of State. Howell Cobb, Georgia, Secretary of the Treas nry. Philip F. Thomas, New York, Secretary of the Treasury. John A. Dix, New York, Secretary of the Treasury. John B. Floyd, Virginia, Secretary of War. Joseph Holt, Kentucky, " " " Isaac Toucey, Connecticut, Secretary of the Navy . Aaron V. Brown, Tennessee, Postmaster Gen- eral. Joseph Holt, Kentucky, " " Horatio King, Kentucky, " " Jeremiah S. Black, Pennsylvania, Attorney General. Edwin M. Stanton, Pennsylvania, Attorney General. Jacob Thompson, Mississippi, Secretary of the Interior. REPUBLICAN ADMINISTRATION. Abraham Lincoln, Illinois, President, 1861- 1865 Hannibal Hamlin, Maine, Vice-President. Andrew Johnson, Tennessee, " " CABINKT. William H. Seward, New York, Secretary of State. Solomon P. Chase, Ohio, Secretary of the Treasury. Williaiv P. Fessenden, Maine. Secretary of the Treasury. Hugh McCulloch, Indiana, Secretary of the Treasury. Simon Cameron, Pennsylvania, Secretary of War. Edwin M. Stanton, Pennsylvania, Secretary of War. Gideon Welles, Connecticut, Secretary of the Navy. Montgomery Blair, Maryland, Postmaster Gen- eral. William Dennison, Ohio, Postmaster General. Edward Bates, Missouri, Attorney General. James Speed, Kentucky, Attorney General. Caleb B. Smith, Indiana, Secretary of the Interior. John P. Usher, Indiana, Secretary of the Interior. RErUBLIOAN ADMINISTRATION. Andrew Johnson, Tenness*'*, President, 1865- 1869. (Inaugurated alter the assassination of Abraham Lincoln.) CABINET. William H. Seward, New York, Secretary of State. Hugh McCulloch, Indiana, Secretary of the Treasury. Edwin M. Stanton, Pennsylvania, Secretary of War. - Ulysses S. Grant, Illinois, Secretary of War. J. M. Schofield, Illinois, Secretary of War. Gideon Welles, Connecticut, Secretary of the Navy. William Dennison, Ohio, Postmaster General. Alexander W. Randall, Wisconsin, Postmaster General. James Speed, Kentu«ky, Attorney General. Henry Stanbery, Ohio, Attorney General. William M. Evarts, New York, Attorney General. James Harlan, Iowa, Secretary of the Interior. Orville H. Browning, Illinois, Secretary of the Interior. 60 SAWYER'S CHART OF KEP0BLICAN ADinNISTRATION. Ulysses S. Grant, Illinois, President 1869- 1877. Schuyler Colfax, Indiana, Yice-President. Henry Wilson, Massachusetts, Vice-President. CABINET OFFICERS — FIRST TERM. Elihu B. Washburne, Illinois, Secretary of State. Hamilton Fish, New York, Secretary of State. George S. Boutwell, Massachusetts, Secretary of the Treasury. John A. Kawlins, Secretary of War. William T. Slierman, Secretary of War. William W. Belknap, Iowa, Secretary of War. Adolph E. Borie, Pennsylvania, Secretary of the Navy. George M. Robeson, New Jersey, Secretary of the Navy. J. A. J. Cresswell, Maryland, Postmaster General. Eben R. Hoar. Massachusetts, Attorney Gen- eral. Amos S. Akennan, Georgia, Attorney Gen- eral. Jacob D. Cox, Ohio, Secretary of the Interior. Columbus Delano, Ohio, Secretary of the Interior. CABINET OFFICERS SECOND TERM OF PRESIDENT ORANT. • Elsewhere, the Cabinet officers of both terms are in- cluded in one list. Hamilton Fish, New York, Secretary of State. W. A. Richardson, Illinois, Secretary of the Treasury. Benjamin H. Bristow, Kentucky, Secretary of the Treasury. Lot. M. Morrill, Maine, Secretary of the Treasury. William W. Belknap, Iowa, Secretary of War. Alonzo Taft, Ohio, Secretary of War. J. D. Cameron, Pennsylvania, Secretary of War. George M. Robeson, New Jersey, Secretary of the Navy. J. A. J. Cresswell, Maryland, Postmaster General. Marshall Jewell, Connecticut, Postmaster General. John W. Tyner, Indiana, Postmaster Gen- eral. George H. Williams, Oregon, Attorney Gen- eral. Edward Pierrepont, New York, Attorney Gen- eral. Alonzo Taft, Ohio, Attorney General. Columbus Delano, Ohio, Secretary of the Interior. Zacliariah Chandler, Michigan, Secretary of the Interior. 1881. dent. REPUBLICAN ADMINISTRATION. Rutherford B. Hayes, Ohio, President, 1877- l. William A. Wheeler, New York, Vice Presi- CABINET. William M. Evarts, New York, Secretary of State. ury. John Sherman, Ohio, Secretary of the Treas- George W. McCreary, Iowa, Secretary of War. R. M. Thompson, Indiana, Secretary of the Navy. David M. Key, Tennessee, Postmaster Gen- eral. Charles Devens, Massachusetts, Attorney Gen- eral. Carl Schurz, Missouri, Secretary of the Inte- rior. THE UNITED STATES AS A MILITARY POWER. The theory of our government has always limited the size of the American army and navy; but sufficient martial spirit prevails to guard the Mation against the menaces of foreign powers. The following conflict of arms have occurred during our National History : WAR WITH ENGLAND 1812-1814. Upon the inauguration of President Madison, the foreign relations of the United States were gloomy, and mutterings of war were distinctly heard. The insolent conduct of the British gov- NoTE — The Vice President is given in the list, though not a member of the Cabinet The second person named filled the Vice Presidency during the second term of the Presidential office. CHRONOLOGY AND CONTEMPORANEOUS HISTORY 51 ecnment, in restricting American commerce, called tor retaliation, and on the 19th of June, 1812, the President issued a proclamation of war. The re- sults of this conflict were insignificant, except as we regard them in the light, of putting a period to the hoBtilities between the two nations. THE MEXICAN WAB — 1845-1848. The<|ueBtion which precipitated the war with Mexico, was the annexation f,\> This cruel war raged in every part of the South, for five long years, desolating many of the fairest fields of our country; levelling homes reared by pious industry and patient frugality; covering our valleys and hillsides with vast cemeteries of the martial dead; filling our whole country with a retinue of maimed and helpless soldiery, to be pro- vided for by public pensions, or spurned from the doors of opulence, (by those whose wealth was accu- mulated from the war, in which they imperiled their lives, their fortunes, and their sacred honor,) to perish from neglect. The first gun of this war was fired from a Con- federate battery in Charleston, upon Fort Sumter. General Beauregard, Confederate commander at Charleston, had demanded ^the surrender of the fort on the 11th of April, 1861, but Major Ander- son spurned the summons, and defended his fortress during thirty-four hours of terrific bombardment, when the fort became nnteuable, and with his gal- lant comrades, Anderson was obliged to capitulate. The mighty upheaval of popular wrath had. come, aud the American nation yawned apart, opening a fearful cliasm, to be filled with the best blood and treasure of the Nort)i and South. The battle plains of Bull Run, Antietam, Chickamauga, Gettysburg and Spottsylvania, with scores of like bloody fields, had they tongues to whisper across the intervening years, would pale our cheeks with their recital of those sickening horrors of bloody hecatombs, thrust into the hungry maw of the demon — Civil War. Not only was a costly libation of blood oflTered^ but three thousand millions of dollars were expend- ed in bridging the awful chasm. On the yth of April, 1865, General R. E. Lee surrendered the principal confederate army, and- the dreadful civil war with all its bloodshed, and devastation, and sorrow, was virtually' at an end. Long years have been spent in healing the wound, which has often been torn agap by ruthless, wicked hands. The war had barely closed, when President Lincoln was brutally murdered by J. W. Booth, the cold-blooded assassin. The death of this great and good man, was prolific of untold embarrassments, in the restora- ' tion of the bleeding members of our once happy nnion to their proper sphere. Remarkable recuperative energy has been' evinced throughout our whole country during, nearly, a decade and a half which has succeeded the war. MODERN HISTORY. The more important events which marked the dawn of modern history were; the establishment of the House of Austria, in Germany; the transition" of the Tudor dynasty to the House of Stuarts, in England ; the erection of the House of Bourbon, in • France; tlie inauguration of the modern period of 52 SAWYER'S CHART OF voya^jes and discoveries, by the Spanish govern- ment; the thirty years war in Europe, involving the interests of persecuted Protestants, whose cause was championed by Gustavus Adolphns of Sweden ; the bloodless revolution in Portugal, by which the Portugese, under the Duke of Braganza, threw ofl" the Spanish yoke; the founding of the Russian Empire; the consolidation of the Ottoman Domin- ion in Europe, and the consequent serfdom^ of the Greeks; the transition of Prussia from a Dutchy to a Kingdom; the beginning of the colonization of North America; the religious Reformations in Europe, led by Savonarola, Luther, Melanchthon, Zwingle, Calvin, Bunyan, Spener and otliers; the Translation of the Common English version of the Bible, from the originals, Hebrew and Greek. MEXICAN GOVERNMENT. MEXICO, ifi a Federal Republic, witii a constitution much like that of the United States. Her government embracing, 23 states was constituted into a Ilcpul>- lic in 1862. This government is quite unstable, and frequently involved in war. The country was ©riginally occupied by a people called Aztics who had attained to a considerable degree of civilization when conquered by the Spanish in 1521. Mines of gold and silver abound. The city of Mexico is the capital. CENTKAL AMERICAN OOVERNMENT. CENTRAL AMERICA, was discovered by Columbus in 1502; conquered by the Spanish in 1525; gained their independence in 1823; and formed a confederation of states, similar to Mexico, which continued until 1839; since which time the states have maintained separate govern- ments. Her exports are cohicneal, cacao, (from which ehocolate is made,) mahogany, and dye-woods; also sugar, coffee and tobacco. SOUTH AMERICAN GOVERNMENTS. South America consists of several grand divis- ioDB of territory under separate state governments. COLUMBIA, VENEZUELA AND GUIANA, were discovered by Columbus, in 1498, and held as the possession of Spain until the present century. when they gained their independence by force of arms. BRAZIL, was discovered by De Cabral, a Portugese, in 15(»0. Fifty years later a colonial government was estab- lished by the Portugese, who held possession of the country until 1822. PARAGUAY AND URAOUAY, were discovered in 1512 and explored by Sebastian Cabot in 1530. A fort was built at Buenos Ayres in 1534, and when the Argentine Republic was f(jrmed in 1777, these states were included in that Republic, but were ultimately separated by conflict of arms. BOLIVIA, PERU AND ECUADOR, were conquered by Pizarro in the early ]>art of the 16th century, lie founded Piura in 1532. Ecuador achieved her independence in 1812, Peru and Bolivia in 1821, after a bloody war with Spain. The governments are frequently disturbed by revolutions. CHILI AND THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC, were conquered by the Spanish, who founded San- tiago in 1541. Independence was secured in 1810, but not admitted by Spain till 1818. The Aran- canians of Chili have an organized government,and possess a fair degree of civilization. The Argentine Republic is a confederation of fourteen states. AKRICAN GOVERNMENTS. EGYPT, and the more advanced states lying upon the Med- iterranean, are governed by a constitutional Mon- archy. The chief productions' are wheat, barley and other grains; cotton and indigo; date-palms, olives, figs and apricots. Forests of oak, elm, chestnut and pine abound ; while thejplains furnish excellent grazing. THE BARBART STATES, have Monarchial governments. The Moors usually inhabit the towns; the Arabs feed their herds upon the plains; and the Berbers dwell in the mountains and valleys of the Atlas, and are usually engaged in agricultural pursuits. The chief products of CHRONOLOGY AND CONTEMPORANEOUS HISTORY 03 these states, are wheat, corn, barlej, millet and other grains; grapes,' pomegranates, peaches and yarioas other kinds of fruit. 8IERBA LEONB, Ma British Colony. The inhabitants are prin- cipally negroes, transported from Canada, and the West Indies. Free Town is the capital. UBEKIA, is a Republic, with a constitution modeled after that of the United States. It is chiefly peopled by American negroes, for whose benefit it was original- ly established. Monrovia is the capital. OniNEA. is held by native tribes, and governed by chiefs. Portions of the country are renowned for their nat- ural wealth, both in vegetable, and mineral pro- ductions. THB SOUTH AFEICAN DISTRICTS, are mainly occupied by native tribes, the Kafirs, BasoDtos and Zulus, under the government of hered- itary chiefs. The English hold dominion in Cape Colony, and Natal. From these colonies England is supplied with wool, wine and diamonds; quantities of sugar, coflfee and cotton are also supplied from these districts. Christian civilization is making pro- gress. THR EASTERN DISTRICTS, contain some of the most powerful African tribes. Some of the most fertile regions of the globe are found here. Rice, gold-dust, ivory, hides, gums, molasses and fish form the chief exports. AUSTRALIA, is the lone southern continent of the family of Ocean ica. It is at present claimed as the possession of England, and has colonial governments similar to those originally established in North America. Gold, 8ilver,copper, lead, iron and coal abound. Stock raising and wool growing are the chief pur- suits. MADAGASCAR, is one of the largest islands on the globe. The inhabitants are principally Malays. Christian civilization has recently made gratifying progress in this island. The soil is extremely fertile, producing rice, sugar-cane, tobacco, manioc, yams, potatoes and beans, and the fruits of tropical regions. Copper, mercury, iron and coal abound. Gold and silver are also found. Tamatava is the capital. NoTX— The varions Provinces and Islands, or which no Immediate men- tion hasbc-en made In tbio chart, are either inclnded In the general record of the conntries to which they belong, or have been thooght to poesess, too little historical intcrt-'nt to demand the attention of the student here. ^OTB— The plan of the chart, has been to give the history of the several countries of the globe. In the order In which their dynasties were establish- ed. That errors nave been made in some Instances is not improbable ; bnt of general accnracy we feel meutinblj assored. (AirrBOB.) ts ^ -APPENDIX. The Phoenician colonists ofTartessns and Gades in Spain, were very early attracted to the shores of Britain in search of tin, which was then extensively used in the manufacture of weapons of war. Aristotle is the first writer who mentions the British islands by name, lie says, "In the ocean beyond the Pillars of Hercules are two very large islands called Britannic." Pytheas gives the first account we have of the in- habitants of these islands, by means of which they l)ecame known to the Romans, and awakened the inquiry of Poly bi us and Scipio before 100 B. C. The history of the Brit'25 Conrod III 1138 Barbarossa 1152 Henry VI iigo Philip 1198 Otho IV 1208 Ficdcrick II 1212 Conrad IV 12150 William 12^0 Rodolph 1273 Adolphus 1292 -Mbert 1298 Henry VII 1308 Louis IV 1314 Carles IV 1347 Wenceslaus 1378 Frederick 1400 Rupert 1400 Jossus 1410 Segismund 1410 Albert II 1438 Frederick III 1440 Maximilian I '493 Charles V 1519 Ferdinand 1 1558 Maximilian II 1564 Rodolph II 1576 Matthias 1612 Ferdinand II 1619 Ferdinand III 1637 Leopold I '. . 1658 Joseph I 1705 Charles VI 1711 Maria Theresa 1740 Charles VII 1742 Francis 1 1745 Joseph II. .' 1765 Leopold II '79° Francis II 1792 William 1 1871 Table of Contemporary Rulers since the Norman Conquest. THE YEARS INDICATE THE BEGINNING OF ADMINISTRATION. Vladimir 11 ,,, Andrew I ,,j. Jo*""' 1328 Johnlll ,^62 «"''"^ .505 '''-'V .«3 Theodore I ^ ,^8^ Godoonoft ^ Demetrius ,ti,^ ,„ . ,. 1006 oumski ,/;,^ D _ 1006 Komanofi dix Alexis , , '645 Theodore II ./•_, IvanV '^7(' 1682 Peter I ,„ 1689 Catharine I Peter II •. . . . '7-5 Anne ■•"•■ '7-7 Ivan IV '73° Elizabeth '74° Catharine II •''74« Paul I : '762 Alexander I ''9* 1801 Vicholas o >• ••• 1825 Alexander II „ Osman . . Orchan. . .1299 .1326 .1360 Amurath I tT"''v :";'!!;:!:v.v.;.:' :: ,389 S?b"'anl 4oi Musa \\\r, Mohammed I / Amurath II '. .V./.V.'. '.■.■.■.' ,^' , Mohammed II ,;" B»ja='^»ii ':::''::::::::::rr:::::!S Selim I Solvman II 1481 1512 .1520 Selim II Amurath III. ■'574 Mohammed III. Ahmed Mustapha. . . Osman II. . Amurath IV Ibrahim Mohammed IV. '.W .1603 .1617 .1618 .1623 .1640 1649 Solvman III ^ Ahmed II : ;~7 Mustapha II ,^. Ahmed III ,'!9S Mahmud I .■.■.■.■.■■.■.■.■.■.■.■.•;. ,53! Osman III ,, Mustapha III '. ,"* Ahmed IV ■.■..;: ;7"- Selim III , .■■■.■".■ ,7§| Mustapha IV ...".............'.'....... 1807 Mahmond II ,gQa ^'e'^jed 1S39 ^^•f:.- .861 EffL-ndi ,8y6 < '.^\^'-'~ •A 'A O O o > « vO VO VO s£ vg^ o « u -•CJ o cii ^vO r^O r-» -t- 1'* •*■ rovC o :: '■t r^ *■» r» M fo r^ -1-sc \c r^co a:, cn 9^ ;> o^ O •- 1^ o t^ > i ^'Z C.o J-i ^^-J a'u o c CJ3 ^■■S i.il ='.-i 5 c o.H-5 o:3= fe ^S u S3 ri r< rt fi e^\C CO ^ ft vc »o vo NO NO vo vo vO ;;; a o ti o •^ o m u ?? > i-j < oTx m m 73 O Q « r '■»'■< M -ft^GO ? \0 "^ 2 "^'5 ^ ? Q O >■ ? ^ X B3 U X J*— u « a 5 3 o • O a: o Id O y. X --N <: . <5 O < O •t (- o X < ^ 2: X < X • < < u Q o tail o CO o X vO ►* (^ N^OQ i^. w-> On NO^OvO NOsOvONONOl^t^t'* O - « t>» l> r* ^ -o ■- u O 3 H >- c o ^ In ,oz f5« \Q t* t^OO GO Q\ O ^ \0 vO "O ^ \0 r* 3 « = 3£ T3 o I. U "- 3 o 3 I- 1 I 7X7X«.ES^. The Course of Lectures designed to be delivered, by the Author, in connection with the use of this Chart, will embrace the following subjects: I. Tlie origin of earth and man. II. The propaf^ation of the predihivian race of Adam . III. Historical criticism on the Noachian Deluge. , IV. Ethnology, or the development of the Post-diluvian Nations. V. The growth of Empire. VI. The origin and development of the Hier- archy. VII. Ecclesiastical reformations. VIII. The thirty years war in Europe. IX. The political influence of the house of Stuart. MoTK. — Several of the above Lectures were delivered at La Grange College during the sessions of 1878 and 1870. The course will be continued ne.vt year. The author has also been engaged to deliver this course of lectures. at Bolivar College. X. Napoleon, and the French Dynasty. XI. The superiority of a pure democracy il- lustrated by American History. XII. Historical resume of art, science, and literature. XIII. Paganism. XIV. Judaism. XV. Christianity. XVI. Mahometanism. XVII. Rationalism. XVIII. Mormonism. ,<^" ''^ym' /%. -.iir/v*''^^ --^^'./'^ ''W^/y\ '-'fw.' /%. -.^p «.* *\.*^^***aO' ^.'^i^* ^JT *V*^^***°^ "V'^iJ^*."!.*^ %.**^V^**A?'' "^