LIBRARY OF COi^^lGRESS. Shelf .\^-.sn UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. TOPICS IN ANCIENT HISTORY. ARRANGED FOR USE IN MT. HOLYOKE SEMINARY AND COLLEGE By CLARA W.' WOOD. BOSTON: PUBLISHED BY GINN & COMPANY. 1888. ■1 en 'TOPICS IN ANCIENT HISTORY. ARRANGED FOR USE IN MT. HOLYOKE SEMINARY AND COLLEGE y By CLARA W. WOOD. ^' <4V ^ ^i;V Or i.o .„, ' Jlit/y 18e3 ''7^ / Of y/^ 5 ;_■•-»■ Copyright by C. W. Wood, i883. Typography by J. S. Gushing & Co., Boston. Behold, the puny child of Man Sits by Time's boundless sea, And gathers in his feeble hand Drops of Eternity. He overhears some broken words Of whispered mystery. He writes them in a tiny book And calls it History. — Ebers. All history is prophecy. — Bacon. Nothing in the past is dead to the man who would learn how the present came to be what it is. — Stubbs. The whole interest of History depends on the eternal likeness of human nature to itself, and on the similarities or analogies which we in consequence perpetually discover between that which has been and that which is. F. W. NEWM.4N. History does not admit of the cogent proof of mathe- matics, precisely because her province is an infinitely higher one, that of mental and moral conviction. — Bunsen. . . . Through the ages one increasing purpose runs, And the thoughts of men are widened with the process of the suns. — Tennyson. No doubt vast eddies in the flood Of onward time shall yet be made. — Tennyson. Sit at the feet of History — through the night Of years the steps of virtue she shall trace And show the earlier ages, where her sight Can pierce the eternal shadows o'er their face. — Bryant. "A Humanity." ANCIENT HISTORY. What is History? Define Ancient History, What is Philosophy of History? Meaning of the expression "Sci- ence of History." Contrasts between Ancient and Modern. History. Unity of History. Divisions of the only Historic Race ; their general characteristics. Importance of the Aryan Family. Great Oriental Civilizations. Universal Monarchies of Prophecy. Tests of Civilization. Our in- debtedness to the Orient. Fisher, Introduction. Swinton, Introduction, and pp. 69-72. Rawlinson, Ancient Monarchies. Lenormant and Chevallier's Manual of the Ancient History of the East. Ravvlinson's Herodotus. Schlegel, Philosophy of History. Littell, Vol. 123, p. 195. Freeman, Outlines of History. Freeman, Methods of Historical Study, Lect. III. Smith, Goldwin, Lectures on the Study of History. Book of Daniel, chaps. 2, 7, 8, 11. Cowles, Commentary on Daniel. Every age is a Sphinx, which sinks into the earth as soon as its problem is solved. — Heine. O fools and blind ! Above the Pyramids Stretches once more that hand, And tranced Egypt, from her stony lids, Flings back her veil of sand. And morning smitten Memmon, singing wakes ; And listening by his Nile, O'er Amnion's grave and awful visage breaks A sweet and human smile. — Whither. " The Wisdom of the Egyptians.' EGYPTIAN HISTORY. Historical outline. Great dynasties. The Hyksos. Civ- ilization of the Egyptians. Religion. Characteristics of Egyptian civilization. Our claim to civilization compared with the Egyptian. Fisher, pp. 33-42, 69-72. Swinton, chap. 2. Sheldon's General History, p. 10. Myers' Ancient History, pp. 26-44. Eclectic, Vol. XH, p. 401. Wilkinson, Manners and Customs of Ancient Egyptians. Osbiirn, Monumental History of Egypt. Bunsen, Egypt's Place in Universal History. Smyth, Piazzi, Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid. Ravvlinson, History of Ancient Egypt. Rawlinson, Herodotus, Vol. H, chap. 6 Birch, Ancient History from Monuments, Egypt. Littell, Vol. 123, p. 707, "The Egyptian Book of the Dead." May Century, 1887, "Finding Pharaoh." Ebers, Uarda, Egyptian Princess, The Sisters. Ye Gods of Greece ! Bright Fictions, when Ye ruled of old, a happier race — And mildly bound rejoicing men In bonds of Beauty and of Grace ; When worship was a service light, And duty but an easy bliss, And white-hued fanes lit every height. Then — what a sparkling world was this. ***** And while these Gods so deigned to share Our mbrtal pleasures, downward bending. We too to their Empyrean air In noble strife were upward tending. Ah ! generous Creeds that blossomed forth Mid Southern Gnnecia's softer bowers. What blight-wind from our bitter North Hath seared your hues, and shrunk your flowers ! — Schiller (Kenyon's Translation). Truth is large. Our aspiration Scarce embraces half we be. Shame ! to stand in His creation And doubt Truth's sufficiency ! To think God's song unexcelling The poor tales of our own telling. IV/ien Fan is dead. — Mrs. Browning. Mythology is Language forgetting herself.' MYTHOLOGY. Theories of its origin. Grecian Mythology. Its philo- sophical character. Historical value. Distinction between Grecian Mythology and Religion. Importance of the study of Mythology. Illustrate by explaining stories from " The Age of Fable." Illustrations from general literature. Com- parative Mythology. Fisher, p. 12, paragraph on Religion, pp. 80, 81. Bulfinch, The Age of Fable, Preface and pp. 400-403. Seeman, Classical Mythology. Keightley, Mythology, pp. 10, 11. Murray, Manual of Mythology. Illustrations. E. E. Hale, The Age of Fable. Gladstone, Juventus Mundi. Max Miiller, Chips from a German Workshop. Cox, The Mythology of the Aryan Nations. Grote, Vol. I. Rawlinson, Herodotus, Vol. IT, chap. 3. Clement, Mrs., Handbook of Legendary and Mythological Art. Coulanges, Fustel de, The Ancient City. When Atalanta, as the fables say, Hard pressed in race the young Hippomenes, To stay her swift pursuit, he cast away Apples of gold from the Hesperides. Light-footed Fancy leaves Truth far behind, Or at least, like Hippomenes, turns her astray By the golden illusions he flings in her way. — Moore. "Yield not thou to adversity, but press on the more bravely." " Much must he toil who serves the immortal gods." " Speak harshly to no soul, and stand by the word which you shall speak." " The gods help those who help themselves." Habits of reverence were to the Greek mind and life what the dykes in Holland are to the surface of the country ; shutting off passions as the angry sea, and securing a broad open surface for the growth of every tender and genial product of the soil. — Gladstone. "What they mean is true." GRECIAN HISTORY. I384-I183 B.C. The Heroic Age. Hercules. Tell the story of one other hero. Two ways of interpreting these legends. Real his- torical value. General characteristics of the Heroic Age. How did the Heroic Age meet the tests of civihzation? What did it leave to the world? Fisher, pp. 81-85. Swinton, p. 79. Seeman, p. 227. Grote, Vol. I. Curtius, Vol. I. Felton, Ancient and Modern Greece, 2d Course, pp. 418-420, 299-301. Bulfinch, The Age of Fable. Murray, Manual of Mythology. Gladstone, Juventus Mundi, pp. 402-405. Schliemann, Troy and Its Remains. Schliemann, Mycense and Tiryns. Schliemann, Ilios. Hawthorne, Wonder Book. Kingsley, Greek Heroes. " Two voices are there : one is of the Sea, One of the Mountains ; each a mighty voice ; In both from age to age thou didst rejoice ; They were thy chosen music, Liberty ! " History does not study material facts and institutions alone ; its true object of study is the human mind ; it should aspire to know what this mind has believed, thought, and felt in the different ages of the life of the human race. — FUSTEL DE COULANGES. From Egypt, arts their progress made to Greece, Wrapped in the fable of the Golden Fleece. — Denham. GRECIAN HISTORY. "Constitutions grow; they are not made." Geographical description of Greece. Laconian History. Relative excellences and defects of the Spartan Constitution. What is the interest and value of Spartan History to the world to-day? Fisher, pp. 75-80, 85-87. Felton, 2d Course, Lect. I, pp. 398-403, 421-423; 3d Course, PP- 57-70- Swinton, pp. 85-88. Myers, pp. 136-143- Grote, Plutarch, Lycurgus. Niebuhr, Lectures on Ethnography and Geography. Early Athenian History. Relative importance of Spartan and Athenian education. Corinthian comparison between Sparta and Athens. Fisher, pp. 87-90. Myers, pp. 144-149. Swinton, pp. 88-90. Felton, 2d Course, pp. 423-433, 304-309; 3d Course, Lect. V. Jowett's Thucydides, Vol. II, pp. 43-45. Cox, Greek Statesmen, Solon. Constitution of Cleisthenes. Dicast's Oath of Office. Ostracism. Relative excellences and defects of this Consti- tution, comparing it with modern free governments. Felton, 3d Course, Lect. VI; 2d Course, pp. 4?s-492. Grote. Cox, Greek Statesmen, Cleisthenes. The mysteries, too, in particular, although they did not at a later period, as in their origin, diffuse a sounder morality than the popular mythology, yet certainly inculcated more serious doctrines and more spiritual views of life, exerted, together with the Olympic and Isthmian games, a gentle, and on the whole, a very beneficial influence, and served as a bond of connection between the variously divided and dis- cordant nations of Greece. Nay, these public and gymnastic games, which were celebrated in the festive poetry of the Greeks, served to knit more firmly the bond of national union, so exceedingly loose among this people ; and many times, in a moment of danger, has the Oracle of Delphi roused and united all the sons of Hellas. These political decisions of the oracle were not false, so far as in these critical moments they gave no other council to the Greeks but that of patriotic courage, prudent firmness, and national concord. — Schlegel. As in the old Greek games, the athletes ran with torches, and one handed the light to the other ; so it is with us, — each man runneth his racCj but he passeth the torch on to another so that the light may never go out from generation to gen- eration. — Spurgeon. "All run, but one receives the prize." NATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 776 B.C.-394 A.D. Councils. Games. Festivals. Eleusinian Mysteries. Schools of Philosophy. Pythagoras. Criticism on these Institutions. Fisher, pp. 90-92. Felton, 2d Course, pp. 444-451, 469, 470. Myers, pp. 197-207. Thirlwall, Vol. I. Schlegel, History of Literature. Lewes, History of Philosophy. Divisions of the Authentic Period of Ancient History. Persian Supremacy, 490-479 B.C. Athenian Supremacy, 479-404 B.C. Spartan Supremacy, 404—371 B.C. Theban Supremacy, 371-360 B.C. Macedonian Supremacy, 360-146 B.C. Roman Supremacy, 146 B.C.-476 A.D. He (Xerxes) stood up against the realm of Grsecia. — Book of Daniel. The mountains look on Marathon, And Marathon looks on the sea. — Byron. The flying Mede, his shaftless broken bow ! The fiery Greek, his red pursuing spear ! Mountains above, Earth's, Ocean's plain below ! Such was the scene. — Byron. Age shakes Athena's towers, but spares gray Marathon. — Byron. " Pallas cannot prevail with Zeus, who lives on Olympus, though she has besought him with many prayers. And the word which I now tell you is firmly fixed as a rock. For thus saith Zeus, that, when all else within the land of Kekrops (Cecrops) is wasted, the wooden wall alone shall not be taken ; and this shall help you and your children. But wait not until the horsemen come and the footmen ; turn your backs upon them now, and one day you shall meet them. And thou, divine Salamis, shalt destroy those that are born of women, when the seedtime comes, or the harvest." 'An Immortal Possession." PELOPONNESIAN WAR. 431-404 B.C. Length. General causes. Immediate occasion. First division of the war. Sicilian expedition. Contrast Pericles and Alcibiades. Decelean War. Philosophical view of each division. Aristophanes' Plays. Motive of each Play, and illustrative extracts. Political mistakes and causes of the decline of Athens. Fisher, pp. 102-108. Curtius, Vol. Ill, pp. 409-413, 580-586. Felton, 3d Course, pp. 146-156. Creasy, Siege of Syracuse. Aristophanes. Jowett's Thucydides, pp. 429-431. Cox, Greek Statesmen. Collin's Classics, Aristophanes. MEANING OF THE "PEACE OF ANTALCIDAS." It was a popular proverb in Greece during the Peloponne- sian Wars that " the fate of Hellenes lies in the hands of the King of Persia." This was the result of a mistaken policy on the part of the Greeks to allow Persia, though conquered and driven back, to give the ultimate decision in the struggle between the Greek states. It grew out of a narrow jealousy, and was destined to reduce the great inde- pendent states of Greece to a condition of vassalage toward the conquered Persia. This relation was first formally recog- nized and legalized by the " Peace of Antalcidas." The arti- cles of this treaty, seemingly harmless, concealed a zeal for war ; and instead of being the shield behind which Sparta would crouch, it was a sharp sword against her enemies. The Great King was now the lord of Hellas. He sum- moned congresses of the Greek states, whose deputies hum- bly accepted his orders : in all important internal disputes he could give the final decision. With this treaty the glori- ous age of the " War of Liberation " was at an end, and the Persians had really gained what they lost at Salamis and Platsea and Mycale. By it they gained all they ever had demanded — a Persian protectorate in Greece. At this time, too, Persia became absolute master over Asia Minor, and by preventing the formation of any power to protect the defenceless islands near the Asiatic coast really controlled them. The resources obtained in this way made it possible for the King to suppress the rebellion in Cyprus, which was a continuation, a century too late, of the "War of Liberation." The Greek states were so full of jealousy and selfishness that they had no feeling left for the single national struggle which might have gained for Hellas the richest island of the Mediterranean. This island was the most important result to the Persians of the "Peace of Antalcidas." For this reason the peace amounted to a Persian victory, and an overthrow of the Hellenes, who, by it, betrayed the most glorious epoch of their history, and dishonored the memory of their great heroes. This humiliation cast a double shame upon the Greeks, because they were not yielding to superior power, but abased themselves before a foe whom they had overthrown, and whose internal weakness was now more notorious than ever before. The Great King had been alternately serving Sparta and Athens, when intending only to serve himself. Deep as was the moral overthrow of the Greeks in accepting this treaty, its external consequences were less than might have been expected from its arrogant terms. The Persian lord of Hellas was incapable of asserting a real supremacy, and the internal affairs of Greece were still effectually to be decided by Sparta and Athens ; yet the renunciation of the position held by the Greeks in the ^gean Sea, since the battle of Mycale, could not but blunt the last feelings of honor left in the Greek states, and undermine such remnants as still survived of national dignity. — Abridged from CuRTius. "A True Hellene." SPARTAN AND THEBAN SUPREM- ACIES. Corinthian War. Meaning of " Peace of Antalcidas." Contrast Agesilaus and Antalcidas. Epaminondas. Com- parison between Athenian and Theban Supremacies. Fisher, pp. 109, 1 10. Curtius, Vol. IV, pp. 511-524. Cox, Greek Statesmen. Think of the crowds of Dionysiac artists, and their joyous wandering Ufe, the festivals and games of old and new Greek cities, even in the far East, to which are gathered from afar festive spectators in a common worship. As far as the colo- nies on the Indus and Jaxartes, the Greek has kinsmen, and finds countrymen. . . . Science orders into system the marvellous traditions of the Babylonians, Egyptians, and Hindoos, and strives, from a comparison of them, to gain new results. All these streams of civilization . . . are now united in the cauldron of Hellenistic culture. — Drovsen. To the famous orators repair Those ancient, whose resistless eloquence Wielded at will that fierce democratic, Shook the arsenal, and thundered over Greece To Macedon and Artaxerxes' throne. — Milton. Wars of Liberation." PERSIAN WARS. Brief outline of Persian History. Cyrus the Great. Darius Hystaspes. Ionic Revolt. Particular account of the Persian Wars. Xerxes. Themistocles. Pausanias. Aristides. Philosophical view of the result. Fisher, pp. 64-69, 93-97. Willson, pp. 690-694. Myers, pp. 108-125, 150-159. Swinton, pp. 55-62, 91-98. Collin's Classics, Herodotus. Cox, Greek Statesmen. Creasy, Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World, Marathon. Curtius, Vol. II, pp. 348-352, 322-328. Heeren, chap. 8. Felton, 3d Course, pp. 1 12-120. Rawlinson's Herodotus. Grote, Vol. V, pp. 120-136. ^schylus, The Persians. There is a tide in the affairs of men, Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune. — Shakespeare. There is a history in all men's lives, Figuring the nature of the time deceased ; The which observed, a man may prophesy With a near aim, of the main chance of things As yet not come to life, which in their seeds. And weak beginnings, lie intreasured. — Shakespeare. Where on the JEgean shore a city stands. Built nobly, pure the air and light the soil ; Athens, the eye of Greece, mother of arts And eloquence, native to famous wits Or hospitable, in her sweet recess. City or suburban, studious walks and shades, See there the olive grove of Academe, ' Plato's retirement, where the Attic bird Trills her thick-warbled notes the summer long. — Milton. Athens is the school of the civilized world. — Felton. "The Right Man at the Right Time." AGE OF PERICLES. 469-429 r..c. Pericles. Phidias. Demostlienes. ^Eschylus. Herod- otus. Socrates. Aristoplianes. Confederacy of Delos, Athens in the " Age of Pericles." Influence of the Drama. Extracts from the hterature of this age. Fisher, pp. 97-102. Felton, 3d Course, pp. 125-138; and Lect. XII. Curtius, Vol. II, pp. 481-489, 501-51 1; Vol. Ill, pp. 81-85; Vol. V, pp. 467-4S2. Thirlwall. Cox, Greek Statesmen, Vol. II, pp. 28, 29. Rollin, Vol. II. Rawlinson's Herodotus, Vol. I, chap. 3. Wordsworth, Pictorial Greece, pp. 185-222. Lord, Beacon Lights of History, Socrates, Phidias. Adams, Temples and Monuments. Jevons, History of Greek Literature. Collin's Classics, Aristophanes, ^Eschylus, Socrates, Herodotus. Landor, Imaginary Conversations, Pericles and Aspasia. Hamerling, Aspasia. Oh Greece ! thy flourishing cities were a spoil Unto each other ; thy hard hand oppressed And crushed the helpless ; thou didst make thy soil Drunk with the blood of those that loved thee best ; And thou didst drive, from thy unnatural breast, Thy just and brave to die in distant cHmes ; Earth shuddered at thy deeds, and sighed for rest From thine abominations ; aftertimes. That yet shall read thy tale, will tremble at thy crimes. Yet there was that within thee which has saved Thy glory and redeemed thy blotted name ; The story of thy better deeds, engraved On fame's unmouldering pillar, puts to shame Our chiller virtues ; the high art to tame The whirlwind of the passions was thine own ; And the pure ray, that from thy bosom came. Far over many a land and age has shone. And mingles with the light that beams from God's own throne. The Ages. — Bryant. "S. p. Q. R." REPUBLICAN PERIOD. Struggle for Existence. 509-390 B.C. The Family. Early Constitutional History. Narrative to the Gallic Invasion. Incidents illustrating striking traits of character. Coriolanus. Camillus. Result of the struggle for existence. Extracts from the play of Coriolanus. Fisher, pp. 133-137- Swinton, pp. 136-144. Labberton. Sheldon, pp. 1 31-135. Coulanges, The Ancient City. Ihne. Leighton. Myers. Arnold. Shakespeare, Coriolanus. OUTLINE OF ROMAN JURISPRUDENCE. I. Period of the Republic. 450-100 B.C. Characterized by the hberalization of law, its change from a system of arbitrary rules to one of reason and justice. II. Period of Heathen Emperors. 100 B.C.-250 a.d. Characterized by development of scientific law-literature. III. Period of Christian Emperors. 250-550 a.d. Characterized by the formation of great law-codes, but no addition to lesral learninor. — Hadley. We are not entitled to say that if the Twelve Tables had not been written the Romans would have been condemned to a civilization as feeble and perverted as that of the Hin- doos, but thus much at least is certain, that with their code, they were exempt from the very chance of so unhappy a destiny. — Maine. Then equal laws were planted in the state. To shield alike the humble and the great. — Cooke. The law is reason. — Aristotle. "The Indigenous Science of the Romans." ROMAN LAW. Sheldon, pp. 145. ^46- Arnold, pp. 96-113- Mommsen, Vol. I, pp. 156-170, 201-217, 445-451' 550-557- Gibbon, Vol. IV, pp. 29S-3S4. Hadley, Introduction to Roman Law. Maine, Ancient Law. Lord, Old Roman World, chap. 6. Coulanges, The Ancient City, pp. 248-258, 410-423. Michelet, Roman Republic, pp. 81-110. EPOCH OF CONQUEST OF ITALY. 390-264 B.C. Gallic Invasion and Wars. Samnite Wars. Conquest of Magna Gr^ecia. Speech of Appiiis Claudius. Estimates of Pyrrhus. Fisher, pp. 136-142. Ihne, Vol. I, pp. 521, 504-510. Mommsen, Vol. I, pp. 396-400.- 493-497- The great republic see ! that glowed sublime, With the mixed freedom of a thousand states. — Thomson. Visions of fight and old heroic fame Before the mind's eye into being start, Deeds which their inspiration still impart. — Reade. Here shall shepherds tell To passing travellers, when we are dust, How, by the shores of reedy Thrasymene, We fought and conquered, while the earthquake shook The walls of Rome. — John Nichol. We win where least we care to strive, And where the most we strive we miss. Old Hannibal, if now alive, Might sadly testify to this. He lost the Rome for which he came ; And — what he never had /;/ petto, — Won for this little brook a name, — Its mournful name of Sanguinetto. — John Kenyon. Conquered and conqueror's dust have passed away. But that once blood-dyed stream records the dreadful day. — Reade, The night of Cannse's raging field ! When half the Roman senate lay in blood. — Young. "A mighty King shall stand up, that shall rule with great donninion, and do according to his will." MACEDONIAN SUPREMACY. Important events of the Macedonian Supremacy. Philip's great aim in connecting himself with Grecian affairs ; how did he accomplish it? Warnings of Demosthenes. Alex- ander the Great. Aristotle. Lamian War. Partition of Alexander's Empire. What plans of Alexander have been carried out? Achaean League. Greece under Macedon. Macedonia and Greece as Roman Provinces. Fisher, pp. 111-121. Myers, pp. 178-186. Swinton, pp. 103-111. Thirlwall, Vol. II, pp. 266-268. RolHn, Vol. IV, pp. 386-405. Niebuhr, Vol. V, pp. 420-422. Felton, 3d Course, pp. 231-233; 4th Course, Lect. II, pp. 274-279. Plutarch, Vol. V. Curtius, Vol. V, pp. 486-495. Finlay, Greece under the Romans, chap. I. Book of Daniel, chap. XI. Falsehood lurks by the cradle of nations. — Eastern Proverb. Succeeding times did equal folly call, Believing nothing, or believing all. — Dryden, First to the gods 'tis fitting to prepare The due libation and the solemn prayer ; For all mankind alike recjuire their grace. — Homer. Others, I grant, indeed, shall with more delicacy mould the breathing brass ; from the marble draw the features to the life, plead causes better ; describe with the rod the courses of the heavens, and explain the rising stars ; to rule the nation with imperial sway be thy care. O Romans, these shall be thy arts : to impose terms of peace, to spare the humbled, and crush the proud. — Virgil. ' A. U. C." ROMAN HISTORY. 753-509 B.C. Importance of Roman History. Contrast with Greece. Proofs of common origin. Geography and races of Italy. Character and truth of early legends. Religion of the Romans. Authenticity of Regal Roman History. Fisher, pp. 124-133. Swinton, pp. 1 30- 135. Myers. Arnold. Labberton. Leighton. Ihne, Vol. I, pp. 284, 285. Coulanges, The Ancient City. Dyer, Kings of Rome. Niebuhr. Lewis, Credibility of Early Roman History. Macaulay, Lays of Ancient Rome. Roman citizenship. — Acts 16:37; 22 : 25 ; 23:27; 25 : 10-21. With great examples of old Greece or Rome Enlarge thy free-born heart. — Somerville. Like rigid Cincinnatus, nobly poor. — Thomson. Who has not heard the Fabian heroes sung? Dentatus' scars, or Mutius' flaming hand ? How Manhus saved the capitol? The choice Of steady Regains. — Dyer. The senators of Rome are this good belly, And you the mutinous members ; for examine Their counsels and their cares ; digest things rightly. Touching the weal o' the common ; you shall find No public benefit, which you receive But it proceeds, or comes, from them to you ; And no way from yourselves. — Shakespeare. Know, Rome, that all alone Marcius did fight Within Corioli's gates ; where he hath won. With fame, a name to Caius Marcius ; these In honor follows Coriolanus. — Shakespeare, " She who was named Eternal, and arrayed Her warriors but to conquer." FOREIGN WARS. 264-133 B.C. Outline of Phoenician Civilization. Carthage. The First Punic War. Moral and political principles involved in the opening of the war. Second Punic War. Hannibal. Criti- cisms. Third Punic War. Cato. Comparison between Aristides and Cato. Comparison between Rome and Car- thage. Causes of the fall of Carthage. Comparison between Hannibal and Napoleon. Other foreign wars. Good and evil effects of foreign conquest. Fisher, pp. 51-55, 143-152- Myers, pp. 101-107, 271-305. Swinton, pp. 43-49, 156-158. Lenormant and Chevallier, Ancient History of the East, Vol. II, pp. 199-206, 214-224. Niebuhr, Lectures on Roman History, Vol. II, pp. 74-77, 82-85. Mommsen, Vol. II, pp. 20-27, 30-37, 94, 95, 114-116. Lord, Old Roman World, pp. 37, 38. Creasy, Battle of the River Metaurus. Church, The Story of Carthage. Ihne. Browne, Roman Classical Literature. Bosworth Smith, Carthage and the Carthaginians, chaps. I and 3; also, pp. 407-410, 285-296. Arnold, Incidents. Old events have modern meanings. — Lowell. We may gather out of History a pohcy no less wise than eternal, by the comparison of other men's miseries with our own like errors. — Sir Walter Raleigh. In every heart Are sown the sparks that kindle fiery war, Occasion needs but fan them, and they blaze. — COWPER. Wars where no triumphs on the victors wait. — Lucan. A mad world, my masters. — Middleton. Rome indeed, and room enough, When there is in it but one only man. — Shakespeare. The ages that are to be will try you, it may be with minds less prejudiced than ours, uninfluenced either by the desire to please you or by envy of your greatness. — Cicero. "Revolutions never go backward." CIVIL CONTESTS OF THE REPUBLIC. 133-31 B.C. Causes. Immediate and later effects of the Dissensions of the Gracchi. PoHtical significance of the Jugurthine War. Political importance of the defeat of the Germanic Invasion. Csesar. Pompey. Cicero. Augustus. Criticisms. Causes of the fall of the Republic. Study Historical Pictures. Fisher, pp. 153-162, 162-167. Svvinton, pp. 164, 165. Myers. Mommsen, Vol. Ill, pp. 194, 235-237; Vol. IV, pp. 450-458. Leighton. Niebuhr, Lectures on Roman History, Vol. V, pp. 24-26; Vol. Ill, Lect. XLIII. Ihne, Vol. IV, chap. 2. Gibbon, Vol. I, p. 138, iioie. Froude. Plutarch. Collin's Classics. Shakespeare, Julius Csesar; Antony and Cleopatra. Forsythe, Cicero, pp. 319-330. Lord, Beacon Lights of History, Ccesar, Cicero, Cleopatra. Browne, Roman Classical Literature. Church, Roman Life in the Days of Cicero. Merivale, Vol. I, chap. 3; Vol. II, chap. 22. " Revolution could not restore the ancient character of the Roman nation, but it could check the progress of decay by burning away the more corrupted parts of it." The establishment of the Roman Empire, was, after all, the greatest political work that any human being ever wrought. — Merivale. " The Empire was the final outcome of Ancient History." While stands the Coliseum, Rome shall stand ; When falls the Coliseum, Rome shall fall ; And when Rome falls, the world, — Byron. " All Rome is guilty of this Nero." From Brick to Marble. IMPERIAL PERIOD. 31 B.C.-476 A.D. Important events of the First Imperial Century. The Augustan Age. Provinces. War with Germans. Germani- cus. Agricola. Conquest of Britain. Pr^torian Guards. Destruction of Jerusalem. Philosophical view of this century. Fisher, pp. 1 68-1 81. Swinton, pp. 1S2-190, 201-206. Myers. Leigh ton. Mommsen, Provinces. Creasy, Battle of Teutoberg Forest. Niebuhr, Vol. Ill, pp. 161-165. Merivale, Vol. IV, pp. 268-278. Guizot. White, Eighteen Christian Centuries. Mrs. Charles, Victory of the Vanquished. Wallace, Ben Hur. Lytton, Last Days of Pompeii. Becker, Gallus. Shumway, A Day in Ancient Rome. And wise Aurelius, in whose well-taught mind, With boundless power, unbounded virtue joined, His own strict judge, and patron of mankind. — Pope. The happy ages of History are never the productive ones. — Hegel. The blameless career of these illustrious princes has fur- nished the best excuse for Caesarism in all after-ages. — Merivale. " It is more delightful," says Niebuhr, " to speak of Marcus Aurelius than of any man in history ; for if there is any sublime human virtue, it is his. He was certainly the noblest character of his time ; and I know no other man who combined such unaffected kindness, mildness, and humility, with such conscientiousness and severity towards himself. We possess innumerable busts of him, for every Roman of his time was anxious to possess his portrait ; and if there is anywhere an expression of virtue, it is in the heavenly features of Marcus Aurelius." If you set aside, for a moment, the contemplation of the Christian verities, search throughout all nature, and you will not find a grander object than the Antonines. — Montesquieu. Take care not to be Csesarized. — Marcus Aurelius. All roads lead to Rome." SECOND IMPERIAL CENTURY. Five 'Good Emperors. Marcus Aurelius. Internal and external condition cff Rome. Make a study of the His- torical Pictures. Philosophical view of this century. Fisher, pp. 181-185. Merivale, Vol. VII, chap. 63. Guizot, History of France, Vol. I, pp. gS^io2. Gibljon, Vol. I, chaps, i and 2. Shumway, A Day in Ancient Rome. Lord, Ancient History. Guhl and Koner, Life of the Greeks and Romans. White, Eighteen Christian Centuries. Long, Thoughts of Antoninus. Farrar, Seekers after God. Ebers, The Emperor. Fear of change perplexes monarchs. — Milton. He's only great who can himself command. — Lansdown. Alas ! the lofty city ! and alas ! The trebly hundred triumphs ! * * * * Alas, for Tully's voice, and Virgil's lay, And Livy's pictured page ! but these shall be Her resurrection ; all beside — decay. Alas for Earth, for never shall ^fe see That brightness in her eye she bore When Rome was free ! — Byron. The Roman eagle seized The double prey, and proudly perched on high ! And here a thousand years he plumed his wings. Till from his lofty eyrie, tempest- tost. And impotent through age, headlong he plunged. While nations shuddered as they saw him fall, — Anon. Vainly that ray of brightness from above That shone around the Galilean lake. The hght of hope, the leading star of love, Struggled, the darkness of that day to break. — Bryant. 'The Niobe of Nations." THIRD, FOURTH, AND FIFTH CEN- TURIES. Septimius Severus. Aurelian. Zenobia. Diocletian. Con- stantine the Great. Julian the Apostate. Council of Nice. Gothic Invasions. Battle of Adrianople. Theodosius the Great. Battle of Chalons. Philosophical view of each century. Causes of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire. Relation of the Roman Empire to the Progress of Christianity. What did the Roman Civilization leave to the world? Fisher, pp. 185-196. Gibbon, Vol. I, p. 350. White, Eighteen Christian Centuries. FeUon, 4th Course, pp. 293-342. Kingsley, The Roman and the Teuton. Merivale, Vol. VII. Lord, Old Roman World, chaps. 13 and 14. Curteis, History of the Roman Empire, chap. 2. Coulanges, Ancient City, pp. 519-529. Swinton, pp. 194-201. Dean Stanley, Eastern Church. Ware, Aurelian, Zenobia. Kingsley, Hypatia. Mrs. Charles, Conquering and to Conquer. The grandest system of civilization has its orbit, and may complete its course ; but not so the human race, to which even when it seems to have attained its goal, the old task is ever set anew, with a wider range and with a deeper meaning. — Mommsen. All history teaches us to hope that all evils will be over- ruled, and that there is a steady tendency among all nations to free institutions and emancipation from all slaveries, through the benign influence of the Christian religion. — Lord. We learn in history to sympathize with what is great and good ; we learn to hate what is base. In the anomalies of fortune we feel the mystery of our mortal existence ; and in the companionship of the illustrious natures who have shaped the fortunes of the world, we escape from the littlenesses which cling to the round of common life, and our minds are tuned in a higher and nobler key. — Froude. For we are Ancients of the earth. And in the morning of the times. — Tennyson. PRINCIPAL REFERENCES. — E ;ory cal Art Adams, Temples and Monuments . Arnold, History of Rome Becker, Charicles; Gallus Browne, Roman Classical Literature Bulfinch, Age of Fable . Birch, Ancient History from Monuments Bunsen, Egypt's Place in Universal His Church, The Story of Carthage Church, Roman Life in the Days of Cicero Clement, Mrs., Handbook of Mythologi Collin, Ancient Classics . Cook, Occident . . . • Coulanges, The Ancient City Cox, Greek Statesmen Cox, Mythology of the Aryan Nations Creasy, Fifteen Decisive Battles Curteis, History of the Roman Empire Curtius, History of Greece Doran, Monarchs retired from Business Dyer, Kings of Rome Felton, Ancient and Modern Greece Finlay, Greece under the Roman . Forsythe, Life of Cicero Freeman, Outhnes of History Freeman, Methods of Historical Study Froude, Ccesar , . . . Gibbon, Rome .... Gladstone, Juventus Mundi . Grote, History of Greece Guhl and Koner, Life of Greeks and Romans Hadley, Introduction to Roman Law ypt SHELF 773 782 785 365 774 773 784 7S5 785 386 355 885 774 684 774 781, 784 764 774 6S3 771 770 771 773 775 7S1 773 773 364 772 782 474 PRINCIPAL REFERENCES. Heeren, History of Greece Ihne, History of Rome . . Jevons, History of Greek Literature Jowett, Thucy elides Jameson, Mrs., Celebrated Female Sovereigns Keightley, Mythology Keightley, History of Greece . Kingsley, The Roman and the Teuton Landor, Imaginary Conversations (Works, V Leighton, History of Rome . Lenormant and Chevallier, Ancient History Lewes, History of Philosophy Lewis, Credibility of Early Roman History Long, Thoughts of Antoninus Lord, Old Roman World Lord, Points of History .... Lord, Beacon Lights of History Maine, Ancient Law .... Merivale, History of the Romans . Michelet, The Roman Republic Mommsen, History of Rome Mommsen, The Provinces Muller, Chips from a German Workshop (Vol Murray, Manual of Mythology Myers, Outlines of Ancient History Niebuhr, Lectures on History Osburn, Monumental History of Egypt . Ploetz, Epitome of Plistory Plutarch, Lives ..... Rawlinson, Ancient Monarchies Rawlinson, Herodotus .... Rollin, Ancient History .... Schlegel, Philosophy of History Schliemann, Troy and Its Remains Schliemann, Mycence and Tiryns . Schliemann, Ilios ..... Seemann, Classical Mythology Shakespeare, Historical Plays (Vol. V) . Sheldon, General History Shumway, A Day in Ancient Rome ol. II) of th e East 11) 771 770 364 340 673 781 782 771 330 775 775 632 781 355 773 775 775 473 774 775 774- 775 771 331 785 775 773> 771 784 775 684 783 773 772 774 783 783 783 773 312 775 785 V PRINCIPAL REFERENCES. Smith, R. B., Carthage and the Carthaginians Smyth, Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramids Swinton, Outlines of History Thirlwall, History of Greece .... White, Eighteen Christian Centuries Wilkinson, Manners and Customs of Ancient Egyptians Wordsworth, Pictorial Greece 785 7S5 773 782 784 785 780 BOOKS ON ENGLISH LITERATURE. Allen. . , Arnold . , Bancroft . Browne . Fulton & Genung . Gilniore . Ginn . . . Gummere Hudson . Johnson . Lee .... Martineau Minto . . Rolfe . . . Scott. . . Sprague Swift , Thorn , . 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