THE 
 
 STORY OF A PICTURE 
 
 BY 
 
 F. R. DIFFENDERFFER, Litt. D. 
 
 LANCASTER, PA, 
 
 Reprinted prom The New Era 
 1905 
 
THE 
 
 STORY OF A PICTURE 
 
 13Y 
 
 F. R. DIFFENDERFFER, Litt. D. 
 
 LANCASTER, PA. 
 
 Reprinted from The New Era 
 
 1905 
 
Gift 
 Author 
 (Person) 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 I desire to express my pleasure and 
 thanks at being asked to read a paper 
 before Donegal Cliapter, Daugliters of 
 the American Revolution. My hearti- 
 est wishes are with you in all the 
 worthy purposes of your noble and pa- 
 triotic organization. I, too, am a mem- 
 ber of a kindred society. If I were 
 not a "Son" I would wish to be a 
 "Daughter." I bring no rhetorical 
 bouquets to east into your laps. My 
 subject does net allow of them. It 
 deals with cold facts and figures per- 
 taining to the early history of Lan- 
 caster town — the town founded by 
 your ancestors and later defended by 
 the valor of your fathers. It will, no 
 doubt, in some of its features, be more 
 than a "twice told tale" to many of 
 you, but I have sought to introduce 
 some things that may not be so fa- 
 miliar respecting this old shiretown 
 which bore so conspicuous a part in 
 the struggle for American independ- 
 ence. 
 
THE STORY OF A PICTURE," 
 
 As a rule.pictures are allowed to tell 
 their own story, and, in most cases, 
 they do so in a very satisfactory way. 
 Some seem to require a certain 
 amount of explanation. The one pre- 
 sented to you this afternoon is one of 
 the latter kind, and seems to require 
 outside assistance, which I will en- 
 deavor to give so far as I can. 
 Some of you have seen it before, be- 
 cause many copies have been made of 
 the original, but most of them do not 
 do it justice. The present one, while 
 on a considerably smaller scale than 
 the original, is, nevertheless, one of 
 the best ever made irom it, so far as 
 exact fidelity to details and clearness 
 of outline are concerned. 
 
 As you can see at a glance, it repre- 
 sents a view taken of Lancaster at a 
 comparatively early period. How early 
 I am not prepared to say, but the year 
 1800, I think, would not be very far 
 from the mark. It may have been made 
 earlier than that, but my own opinion 
 is that its date is a few years later. It 
 must, at all events, have been made 
 subsequent to 1794, for in that year 
 the handsome spire on Trinity Luth- 
 
 'This paper was prepared at the re- 
 quest of Donegal Chapter, Daughters 
 of the American Revolution, and read 
 before that organization on March 8, 
 1905. The Lancaster County Historical 
 Society, by resolution, ordered it to be 
 printed in its Papers and Proceedings, 
 which has accordingly been done. 
 
 The writer hereby desires to ac- 
 knowledge his obligations and express 
 his thanks to Messrs. Steinman & 
 Foltz, to Rev. W. Stuart Cramer and to 
 S. M. Sener, Esq., for their courtesy in 
 allowing him the use of some of the 
 cuts used in illustrating this brochure, 
 thereby much enhancing what value it 
 may have. 
 
(5) 
 
 eran Church was completed, and, as 
 can be seen, forms one of the most 
 conspicuous features in the drawing. 
 Who was the artist? I regret to say 
 that is a question 1 am unable to 
 answer. No one knows, and probably 
 the actual truth never will be ascer- 
 tained. It has been conjectured that 
 one of the Krug boys, whose father 
 owned a tannery on the site of the 
 present Stevens House, may have been 
 the person. One of the family, accord- 
 ing to tradition, wan a draughtsman 
 of merit, and there has been a disposi- 
 tion to award him the credit of the 
 performance. Another tradition awards 
 the credit to the son of a Moravian 
 Bishop. One thing. However, is cer- 
 tain, and that is, whoever he was, he 
 was a person of no mean ability in 
 pen drawing. The original is in India 
 ink, somewhat faded by its century of 
 exposure to light and air, yet retain- 
 ing much of its original freshness and 
 artistic beauty. 
 
 Circumscribed Limits of the Town. 
 
 That the picture was taken from a 
 natural elevation to the southwest of 
 the centre of the borough is apparent, 
 and the legend that accompanies it so 
 states. Most probably it was from the 
 most elevated part of what has long 
 been known as "Dinah's Hill," so 
 named after an ancient lady of color, 
 who made the locality historical 
 through a residence there during the 
 early part of the last century. At the 
 period when the sketch was made, 
 Lancaster had not reached out very 
 far in all directions from the rectangu- 
 lar plaza at its centre. Most of the 
 borough or city, whichever it may 
 have been, was confined to the dis- 
 tance of two blocks in every direction, 
 from the Square. A careful study of 
 the drawing clearly shows the water 
 course in the foreground that once ran 
 
(6) 
 
 southward along what is now Water 
 street, then, as now, the lowest 
 point in the western half of Lancaster, 
 and drained nearly one-half of its en- 
 tire area. Its early name was "Roar- 
 ing Brook," later "Hoffman's Run" 
 and more recently "Gas Run. It will 
 be observed, the built-up portion of 
 the borough at that time only reached 
 westward as far as "Water street. Only 
 two buildings are to be seen beyond 
 that, evidently barns or stables, and 
 one of them thatched with straw. 
 Looking to the northeast, where the 
 store-house stood, on North Queen 
 street, near James, we get an almost 
 unobstructed view, although houses 
 seem to have been straggling out 
 North Queen street. The same thing 
 is seen when we look southwest. The 
 Quaker Meeting House, on the second 
 block out South Queen street, stand- 
 ing where the Odd Fellows' Hall now 
 stands, seems about as far in that di- 
 rection as buildings had been erected. 
 
 We learn from Christopher Mar- 
 shall's diary that the same state of 
 things existed in a northeasterly direc- 
 tion. His residence, orchard and bo- 
 tanical garden were located on East 
 Orange street, north side, between 
 Lime and Shippen streets. This lo- 
 cality was considered "out of town," 
 and he uses language like this: "I 
 then went into town;" "in the even- 
 ing we again went into town to hear 
 the news;" "after dinner went into 
 town;" "after breakfast went down- 
 town to Wm. Henry's," and so on, at 
 least a hundred times. From all this, 
 it seems very clear that in that direc- 
 tion all the part east of Lime street 
 was "out of town," and likely wooded. 
 
 One exception, I think, must 
 be made to this two-square 
 limit as comprising almost all 
 there was of the borough at 
 that time. A writer in the Lancaster 
 
(7) 
 
 Journal of 1838, who declares he was 
 then " a bachelor of eighty," says: 
 "While I am on Orange street, I can- 
 not help contrasting the present ap- 
 pearance (in 1838) with what it was 
 in my boyhood. At that time it was 
 little more than a wide lane, with half 
 a dozen houses, nearly all of which are 
 still standing. The peaceable and re- 
 tired-looking mansion, with the willow 
 trees in front, at present inhabited by 
 the widow of Judge Franklin, I re- 
 member as a commission store, where 
 trade was carried on with a few In- 
 dians still in the neighborhood, and 
 also with those from a greater dis- 
 tance, who exchanged their furs and 
 peltries for beads, blankets, cutlery 
 and rum." That was the old Shippen- 
 Franklin-Reigart residence, at the cor- 
 ner of Orange and Lime streets, owned 
 by Christopher B. Mayer, who 
 was born in 1756. He was a wealthy 
 merchant and a brother of Colonel 
 George Mayer, the hardware dealer, 
 whose place of business was on North 
 Queen street. The writer in the Jour- 
 nal continues in this wise: "I remem- 
 ber the forest trees standing on East 
 King street, nearly as far down as Mr. 
 McGonigle's tavern. (That is, to Ship- 
 pen street.) What is now called 
 Adams street, then Adamstown, was 
 the most thickly inhabited place 
 about." The Adamstown referred to 
 was the early name given to the fif- 
 teen-acre tract of land bought by Dr. 
 Adam Simon Kuhn from Hans Musser 
 in 1744, and on which ne laid out the 
 ground-rent plot known as Adams- 
 town. It lay between East King and 
 Middle streets, or Howard avenue. 
 Hard by it, Hans Musser also cut some 
 or all of his remaining land into build- 
 ing lots, and which was known as 
 Mussertown. 
 
 Hans Musser had some troublesome 
 neighbors in the Indians who kept 
 
(8) 
 
 hanging around the vicinity and set up 
 their wigwams close by. In the same 
 year, 1744, he complained to Governor 
 Thomas that the redskins had barked 
 his walnut trees and used the bark to 
 cover their cabins. He claimed £6 
 damages for the same, and was al- 
 lowed £3. 
 
 This discursive ramble has been 
 taken to show very conclusively, as I 
 think, that even after the Revolution- 
 ary era, and down to 1800, the prin- 
 cipal portion of Lancaster Borough 
 was confined to two squares, or less, in 
 every direction from zne centre of the 
 town, although buildings were strag- 
 gling, more or less remote from each 
 other, over a far greater area. 
 
 Finding of the Picture. 
 
 But I must now retui'n to the pic- 
 ture and relate the few known facts 
 concerning it. Where it remained 
 during the earlier years of its exist- 
 ence is not known. It first came to 
 public notice at a sale of the house- 
 hold goods of Miss Catharine Dean, of 
 North Prince street, on November 20, 
 1870, at which time u was purchased 
 by the late Charles R. Frailey, Esq., 
 for "a mere song." How it came into 
 the possession of Miss Dean, or how 
 long it had been there, will, of course, 
 never be known. Perhaps it may have 
 been a gift from the artist himself. 
 One day the late George M. Steinman 
 and William Carpenter entered Mr. 
 Frailey's office. Mr. Carpenter, 
 being himself a surveyor and 
 draughtsman, was at once at- 
 tracted by the talent of the 
 artist who drew the picture and ex- 
 pressed his admiration for the same. 
 "What will you take for it?" asked 
 General Steinman. "Ten dollars," 
 responded Mr. Frailey. The money 
 was handed over to the latter gentle- 
 man, and the picture at once pre- 
 
(9) 
 
 sented to Mr. Carpenter. It was hung 
 on the walls of his office, where it re- 
 mained until his death, when it came 
 into the possession of his son, Henry 
 Carpenter, Esq., in whose office it 
 hangs to-day. 
 
 After this long introduction to the 
 picture, I will mention some of the 
 more important facts connected with 
 the ten historic buildings, which, as 
 you see, the artist has brought into 
 special prominence. They were the 
 most conspicuous structures in the 
 then borough. With the history of 
 most of these buildings you are all 
 more or less familiar, but there are 
 several not so well known, and of 
 these I may perhaps be able to tell a 
 few things that are not familiar even 
 to well-informed readers. By refer- 
 ence to the old drawing, it will be seen 
 the ten buildings were plainly visible 
 from the artist's point of observation, 
 and can be easily identified by the key 
 which is also printed on the drawing. 
 
 NO. 1. THE OLD STORE HOUSE. 
 
 The first one of the ten is the build- 
 ing on the extreme left, standing out 
 boldly. It is what was known then 
 and in later times as the old "Store 
 House." It was built by the State of 
 Pennsylvania at an early period of the 
 Revolutionary War, for the housing 
 of military supplies, and from whence 
 they were distributed as needed to 
 other points. The building stood on 
 the west side of North Queen street, 
 between Lemon and James streets. 
 The southern gable of the old building 
 may still be seen in the first house 
 Immediately north of the Baily car- 
 riage works. The original building 
 was of brick, and was one hundred 
 feet long and thirty-five feet wide, and 
 two stories high. Either during that 
 war or at its close, the Store House 
 
(10) 
 
 was rented or loaned to the General 
 Government and continued to be used 
 by tbe latter for the storage of certain 
 military supplies which it had on 
 hand. By an act of the Legislature, 
 passed February 27, 1788, the Store 
 House and the ground on which it 
 stood was donated by the State to 
 Franklin College, which had been 
 chartered during the previous year. 
 As the college did not require the 
 building for its immediate uses, these 
 
 OLD STORE HOUSE— SOUTHWEST CORNER OF NORTH 
 QUEEN AND JAMES. 
 
 stores were allowed to remain in it, 
 as may be inferred from the following 
 letter of General Knox, then Secre- 
 tary of War, to General Hand, re 
 printed here. It reads as follows: 
 
 "War Office, 17th of April, 1790. 
 "Sir, 
 
 "By some mistake I find your letter 
 of the ISth of January last has not 
 been answered. 
 
 "An expectation of some general 
 arsenals being permanently estab- 
 lished has hitherto prevented the re- 
 moval or disposal of the few public 
 stores in Lancaster. The expectation 
 
( 11 ) 
 
 still continues, but its accomplishment 
 does not appear to be immediate. I 
 must therefore leave to your judg- 
 ment — in case the college should de- 
 mand the buildings or rent for the 
 same — to make the best of the stores 
 in case of being obliged to remove 
 tnem or bargain for the rent of the 
 buildings in which they now are. 
 
 "It will not be necessary to make 
 any returns at periods, but only on 
 such occasions as from any causes 
 shall happen. 
 
 "I am. Sir, 
 
 "With great respect, 
 
 "Your most obedient servant, 
 "H. KNOX." 
 
 'The Honorable General Hand." 
 
 What the result of this correspon- 
 dence was, or how long the United 
 States remained in occupancy of the 
 building, there is, I believe, no evi- 
 dence to show. The building was, 
 however, thoroughly repaired and the 
 lately chartered Franklin College es- 
 tablished therein. The exact year 
 when this occurred seems to be un- 
 known. At all events, the buildings 
 and ground, rather more than an acre 
 in extent, which included two addi- 
 tional lots donated by the Hamilton 
 heirs, were sold about 1838, for ?2,000. 
 The college was then removed to the 
 Franklin Academy building, which 
 had been purchased, near the north- 
 east corner of Orange and Lime 
 streets. The property fell into the 
 hands of the late John S. Gable, who 
 built a row of six houses on the old 
 Store House site, the same ones to be 
 seen there now. 
 
 NO. 2. THE BARRACKS. 
 
 The next structure on our picture is 
 called "The Barracks." To better il- 
 lustrate this and the other Govern- 
 
(12) 
 
 ment buildings erected here, 
 before and after the outbreak 
 of the Revolutionary War, an- 
 other picture or draft is presented. 
 This is entirely new and ndhe of you 
 have ever seen it before, the illustra- 
 tion having been printed for the first 
 time for this special occasion. It 
 represents the large Barracks which 
 stood on the corner of Walnut and 
 North Duke streets, where the First 
 M. E. Church now stands, fronting on 
 Walnut westward as far as Christian 
 street, thence northward along the 
 last named street, as may be seen. 
 
 The Government Stables. 
 
 Directly opposite the Barracks, 
 eastward, on North Duke street, 
 was the row of buildings known 
 as the Government Stables, 
 and extending northward almost 
 to the club house in which we 
 are now sitting. A gentleman of this 
 city told me not long ago that when 
 exploring the garret of one of these 
 houses, many years ago, he noticed 
 wisps of straw and hay between the 
 rafters and roof, and wondered at the 
 time how they ever got there. It was 
 only when I told him of the uses these 
 buildings had been put to more than 
 a hundred years ago that the presence 
 of that straw was accounted for. Of 
 course, the old building underwent 
 great changes during its conversion 
 into dwelling houses, and the latter 
 give no evidence of the earlier uses to 
 which they had been put. 
 
 But I have been hurrying ahead of 
 my original plan, and now beg leave 
 to turn back and explain the existence 
 of the map or plot on which these 
 buildings are located, and which is In 
 your hands. No person now living 
 saw that Barrack Building, but as late 
 as 1884 there lived a man who was 
 born within a hundred feet of the old 
 
 ■ n ■ m m » t> ti M»m; 9smtBamm l < J i a i i f i iK.^jjt ^- 
 
^/7/V^J 
 
 6r/=^££r 
 
 LEMOA/ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 W/iLNUT 
 
 6 TREET. 
 
 1 r- 
 
 
( 13) 
 
 Store House in 1794, and who, through 
 his long life of eighty-eight years, 
 lived within a square or two of all 
 these public buildings, and who had, 
 when a boy, played in and around 
 them, and was fully acquainted with 
 their appearance and all the other de- 
 tails. That man was the late Chris- 
 tian Zecher, whom some here, no 
 doubt, remember. Some years before 
 his death Dr. D. McNeely Stauffer, of 
 New York, a native of this county, a 
 learned archaeologist and excellent 
 draughtsman, purposely interviewed 
 Mr. Zecher, and procured from him all 
 the facts and particulars relative to 
 these four buildings. From these de- 
 scriptions Dr. Stauffer made a drawing. 
 This was submitted to Mr. Zecher for 
 inspection and correction. Some few 
 changes were made and the map as 
 corrected is the one before this or- 
 ganization to-day. Its accuracy is be- 
 yond question, and I regard it as one 
 of the most valuable of the historical 
 documents relating to the early his- 
 tory of our city that we have. 
 
 The New Barracks. 
 
 The new Barracks, the one repre- 
 sented on the map, was built for a 
 two-fold purpose — to provide a place 
 of safety for the frontier people who 
 were driven from their homes by 
 the Indians and to house the 
 forces that should pass through Lan- 
 caster, or be stationed here, and also 
 as a safe place in which to keep the 
 prisoners captured from the enemy. 
 As the sequel proved, they were used 
 far more often for the latter purpose 
 than for the former. 
 
 Why the Barracks Was Built. 
 
 After the defeat of General Brad- 
 dock a most savage and barbarous 
 war was begun by the Indian allies of 
 the French all along the fron- 
 tier. To protect the people, a series 
 
(14) 
 
 of block-houses or forts was estab- 
 lished all along the Kittatinny or Blue 
 Mountains, beginning a little above 
 Easton and running down to the 
 Maryland line, a little west of Harris- 
 burg. About twenty-five of these forts 
 were built along that line alone, each 
 manned by from twenty to seventy - 
 five provincial militiamen and at a 
 cost of £85,000. Berks, Leba- 
 non and Dauphin counties be- 
 came the scenes of the most horrible 
 Indian massacres. More than three 
 hundred men, women and children 
 were ruthlessly butchered along the 
 Kittatinny range. The depredations 
 did not reach the present bounds of 
 Lancaster county, but the alarm was 
 • great, and the people demanded the 
 erection of a fort in this place also. 
 
 The following letter from Edward 
 Shippen to James Hamilton shows the 
 sentiment prevailing among the 
 people :2 
 
 = Edward Shippen, not the least im- 
 portant member of the Shippen family 
 of Pennsylvania, was the son of Joseph 
 Shippen, of Boston and Germantown, 
 and grandson of Edward Shippen, the 
 founder of the family in the United 
 States. He was born in Boston in 1703. 
 Early in life he entered the employ of 
 James Logan, and later became his 
 partner in business. He was elected 
 Mayor of Philadelphia in 1744. He was 
 also Judge of the County Court. In 
 1752 he came to Lancaster, where he 
 resided until his death, in 1781. He 
 became the County Prothonotary soon 
 after coming here, and held the office 
 until 1778. In early life he laid out 
 and founded Shippensburg, Pa. He 
 was the Chief Burgess of Lancaster at 
 the time of the Indian massacre at the 
 Working House. His son, Edward 
 Shippen (1729-1806), was the father of 
 "Peggy" Shippen, wife of Arnold, the 
 traitor. 
 
 James Hamilton, to whom Mr. Ship- 
 pen's letters are addressed, was born 
 in 1710. He was the son of the cele- 
 brated Andrew Hamilton, the lawyer 
 who defended the printer. John Peter 
 Zenger, whose trial forever established 
 the freedom of the press in the LTnited 
 States. He was Prothonotary of the 
 Supreme Court of Pennsylvania; elected 
 member of the Provincial Assembly in 
 1734, and re-elected five times; was 
 
(15) 
 
 "Lancaster, Dec. 5, 1755. 
 "Honored Sir: 
 
 "I received the favor of yours of 
 the 24th of November, and we are all 
 much pleased by your willingness to 
 contribute to the building of a block- 
 house. The savages who committed 
 the murders in Paxton are now be- 
 lieved to be very numerous; perhaps, 
 one hundred. A number of families, 
 but thirty-five miles from us, are en- 
 tirely cut off. Farmers are flying 
 from their plantations to Reading. An 
 alarm last night about twelve o'clock; 
 we assembled in the Square, say three 
 hundred, with but fifty guns; it was 
 shocking to hear at such a moment, 
 when, in expectation of the savages, 
 that we had neither a sufficiency of 
 guns nor of ammunition. Thanks be 
 to God, the alarm was false. The 
 block-house will be built on the north 
 side of the north end of Queen street. 
 There will be a wide ditch around it, 
 a small draw-bridge; one important 
 use is to place our wives, girls and 
 
 Mayor of Philadelphia in 1745-46; was 
 commissioned Lieutenant Governor of 
 the State in 1748, but resigned in 1754; 
 was again Deputy Governor from 1759 
 until 1763. On the departure of John 
 Penn to England he administered the 
 State Government, as President of the 
 Council, until the arrival of Richard 
 Penn, in 1771. Subsequently he was 
 Acting Governor for the fourth time in 
 1773. He was made a prisoner on 
 parole in 1777, and lived at Northamp- 
 ton during the British occupation of 
 Philadelphia. He was the owner of a 
 500-acre tract of land, on part of which 
 Lancaster was laid out, and lots sold 
 on ground-rent conditions. 
 
 Bush Hill Mansion, the family seat of 
 the Hamiltons in Philadelphia, was 
 built by Ex-Governor Andrew Hamil- 
 ton in 1714. It stood on a tract of land 
 bounded by "what is now Fairmount, 
 Vine, Twentieth and Twelfth streets. 
 
 Bd"ward Shippen and James Hamil- 
 ton were life-long friends, and the for- 
 mer, as seems to be implied in one of 
 the letters quoted, had promised to 
 keep the latter informed of what was 
 going on in Lancaster Town, which 
 Hamilton had founded and where he 
 had large, monied interests. 
 
(16) 
 
 children within, that they may be in 
 safety. These are fearful times. God 
 only knows how they will end. 
 "I am yours, 
 
 "EDWARD SHIPPEN." 
 
 Another letter, also from Shippen 
 to Hamilton, reads as follows: 
 
 "Lancaster, Dec. 5, 1755. 
 "Honored Sir: 
 
 "The fort we have agreed to build 
 is as follows: For the stockade, the 
 logs split in the middle.and set on end 
 three feet in the ground, placed on the 
 north side of the town, between 
 Queen and Duke streets; with cui- 
 tains 100 feet. The planks of the bas- 
 tions, 16 feet; and the saws of said 
 bastions 30 feet each. 
 "Yours, &c., 
 
 "EDWARD SHIPPEN. 
 "James Hamilton, Esq., Bush Hill." 
 
 The third letter is by the same 
 writer, and addressed to the same 
 man. It is of great historic interest, 
 and is here presented. It was, how- 
 ever, dated twenty-two years after 
 the first one. The Revolutionary War 
 was then on, and the letter not only 
 confirms what will be said of the 
 building of the Powder House, but it 
 brings to the front another and a new 
 Continental storehouse, of which 
 there is no mention anywhere that 1 
 know of, and concerning which local 
 historians seem never to have heard. 
 The building must have stood where 
 the old High School building now 
 stands. That is historic ground in the 
 fullest sense of the words. But here 
 isi the letter: 
 
 "Lancaster, June 2, 1777. 
 
 "Dear Sir: George Ross- is building 
 
 a continental store, about 18 feet wide 
 
 and one story, on lot 210 Chestnut 
 
 street and Prince, the length of the 
 
.17) 
 
 lot on Chestnut. Mark Burd, Adjutant 
 General, has given orders. 
 
 "Mr. John Hubley is putting up the 
 brick magazine. He has also a fine 
 kiln at work. As it is my duty to in- 
 form you of all proceedings here, 1 
 can only say, I shall faithfully obey 
 your instructions. 
 
 "Your affectionate friend, 
 
 "EDWARD SHIPPEN. 
 "James Hamilton, Esq., at Bush Hill." 
 
 Some of the Prisoners. 
 
 The first prisoners of which I have 
 found any record came to the Bar- 
 racks in the fall of 1775. Some 
 were sailors taken from the Brit- 
 ish ships that had stranded on the 
 New Jersey coast, and some that had 
 been captured during G-enerals Mont- 
 gomery and Arnold's invasion of Can- 
 ada. The officers were as a rule 
 lodged at the taverns or inns, and the 
 privates sent to the Barracks. Many 
 of the officers had their wives and 
 children with tuem, and these latter 
 had a pretty rough time of it. Gen- 
 eral Howe at one time sent through 
 the lines, by permission, both provis- 
 ions and clothing for their use, but 
 William Henry'^ confiscated a portion 
 
 ^ No man in Lancaster played a more 
 conspicuous or important part in our 
 local history during the Revolutionary 
 era than William Henry. He was born 
 in Chester county, of Scotch ancestors, 
 on May 19, 1729. He came to Lancas- 
 ter about 1750, and at once began the 
 manufacture of firearms. He was ap- 
 pointed armorer to General Braddock's 
 expedition and also that of Gen- 
 eral Forbes. He became prominent in 
 local affairs. Was a Justice of the 
 Peace in 1758, 1770 and 1777; an Asso- 
 ciate Justice of the Common Pleas and 
 Quarter Sessions in 1780; Burg-ess from 
 1766 to 1775, and Treasurer of the 
 county from 1777 to 1786. Was one of 
 the incorporators of the Juliana Li- 
 brary. Nowhere was there a more 
 ardent or more trusted patriot. ■Was 
 a member of the Assembly in 1776 and 
 in 1777 a member of the Committee of 
 Safety. In 1778 he was appointed 
 Armorer of the State and Assistant 
 Commissary General of the United 
 
(18) 
 
 of these, despite the earnest protests 
 of the British officers. Of the 5,791 
 men of Burgoyne's army captured at 
 Saratoga in 1777, 2,431 were German 
 mercenaries. Many of these latter, 
 along with those captured at Trenton 
 in 1776, were held in captivity here. 
 Others were sent to Reading, Lebanon 
 and Carlisle. Many of the Saratoga 
 prisoners were kept here until the 
 winter of 1778, when they were sent 
 into Maryland and Virginia. Among 
 the Hessians was an excellent band, 
 which was hired by the citizens of 
 Lancaster at a cost of £15 per night 
 to play at the balls and entertain- 
 ments given by society people of the 
 borough at that time. Sometimes as 
 many as 2,000 prisoners were held in 
 this place at one time. They came in 
 large numbers and often within a few 
 days of each other. On December 14, 
 1781, 781 of Burgoyne's English sol- 
 diers arrived at the Barracks; on the 
 15th came 783 more, and on the 19th 
 923; all these left for other parts on 
 the 19th, but on that same day 947 
 Germans came along, and on the 
 next day 935 more. 
 
 States. In 1784 he was elected to Con- 
 gress. During Howe's occupation' of 
 Philadelphia, David Rittenhouse had 
 his office in Henry's house, on East 
 King- street, a few doors from the 
 Square. There, too, Thomas Paine 
 wrote the fifth number of his "Crisis." 
 He was a skillful mechanic, and the 
 invention of the screw-auger is 
 claimed for him. He was an early 
 patron of the painter West. His son, 
 John Joseph Henry, as a youth of 
 seventeen years, accomi)anied Arnold's 
 expedition to Canada, and wrote an 
 excellent history of that ill-fated cam- 
 paign. Later, on the death of Judge 
 Atlee, he became Judge of the Second 
 Judicial District of Pennsylvania, 
 which he held from 1793 until 1810, 
 when he resigned. William Henry was 
 stricken with disease while attending 
 a session of Congress in New York, and 
 died in Lancaster on December 15, 
 1786. His wife acted as County Treas- 
 urer after his death, and satisfactorily 
 settled all his accounts. 
 

(19) 
 
 In January, 1782, Congress ordered 
 prisoners to Lancaster and two Hes- 
 sian regiments, tliat of the Crown 
 Prince and Von Bose, were quartered 
 in the Poor House and made fairly 
 comfortable.'' 
 
 Fevers and other diseases fre- 
 quently broke out among these pris- 
 oners, causing many deaths and a pan- 
 ic among the citizens. On June 13, 
 1781, Judge Atlee wrote to President 
 Reed that in addition to the 800 pris- 
 oners already in the Barracks and 
 stockades, some 500 more were on 
 the way, and that all of them could 
 not be accommodated, there being 
 women and children among them, and 
 150 being down with fever. The jail 
 was also filled with prisoners. Dr. 
 John Houston, the attending physician, 
 called the attention of Paul Zantzing- 
 er to this condition of things and ask- 
 ed that some be removed. At last, 
 many of these prisoners were removed 
 to Baston, much to the relief of the 
 people of Lancaster, as we can read- 
 ily believe. 
 
 About the Prisoners. 
 
 Many other particulars relating to 
 the old Barracks building might be 
 given. Where so many soldiers were 
 herded there were, of course, trou- 
 bles of all kinds. Uprisings and plots 
 to escape were continually in the air 
 and often only too true. On March 
 12;; 1781, President Reed informed 
 the State Board of "War that the 
 Lieutenant and First Magistrate of 
 the county had informed him that the 
 powder magazine contained a large 
 quantity of ammunition and was in a 
 very insecure condition, and that 
 British prisoners had been heard to 
 drop expressions that meant evil. The 
 letter was followed on May 21, 1781, 
 
 * See "German Allied Troops," page 
 216. 
 
(20) 
 
 by one from Col. Adam Hubley, who 
 told of a plot the 800 prisoners in the 
 Barraclvs had formed to escape. The 
 project was nipped in the bud, how- 
 ever. In spite of all precautions fre- 
 quent escapes were made by the pris- 
 oners. This was more difficult for the 
 English soldiers than for the Germans. 
 The latter had only to get a few miles 
 away from the town to find shelter 
 with German farmers. They did not 
 wish to reach the British lines, but 
 desired to remain in this country, and 
 many deserted and escaped in order 
 to bring this about. Between October, 
 1777, and April, 1778, 160 of the 2,431 
 Germans captured at Saratoga had 
 deserted, and were cared for by their 
 German farmer friends. In January, 
 1777, John Hubley, the Barrack mas- 
 ter, was instructed to put all the shoe- 
 makers among the Hessian prisoners 
 to work, he to make them a small al- 
 lowance for their labor. Others were 
 employed at the various iron works 
 to make cannon and shot. Lieutenant 
 Wiederbold, a Hessian officer taken 
 prisoner, says in his diary under date 
 of January 8, 1778: "Hessians were 
 taken to Lancaster, where they work- 
 ed during the summer on the farms. 
 Congress paid them in money the 
 value of their rations, and the farmers 
 gave them pay besides. On June 4, a 
 fracas occurred between the British 
 prisoners and the guards at the Bar- 
 racks, and they were only subdued 
 after a few were killed and some were 
 wounded." (See Wiederbold's Diary.) 
 There were always Tories ready to 
 render aid to British deserters. In 
 October Jacob and Christian Grove 
 were fined £150 each for that offense. 
 On the petition of some citizens two- 
 thirds of the fine was remitted. 
 
 An English officer who was cap- 
 tured at Saratoga and came to Lan- 
 caster a prisoner inDecember, 1778, 
 
(21) 
 
 has this to say of our own peculiar- 
 style of architecture: "Lancaster is 
 the largest inland town in the United 
 States, containing a population of 
 about 3,000, Germans and Scotch- 
 Irish. Most of the houses had an ele- 
 vation before the front door and were 
 entered by ascending high steps, re- 
 sembling a small paicony with 
 benches on both sides, where the in- 
 habitants sat and took in the fresh air 
 and viewed the people passing." ^ 
 
 CHARACTERISTIC LANCASTER ARCHITECTURE 100 YEARS AGO. 
 
 Sergeant Roger Lamb, of the British 
 army, who was captured with Bur- 
 goyne's army at Saratoga and brought 
 a prisoner to Lancaster in March, 
 1782, describes this stockade as a 
 "pen.'"' 
 
 The Barrack Masters. 
 
 I have had much difficulty in try- 
 ing to find out who were the barrack 
 masters at these Barracks. The first 
 
 "Lieutenant John Anbury's Diary. 
 ^Lamb's Journal of the American 
 "War. Dublin. 1809. 
 
(22). 
 
 I have been able to trace was 
 Major John Hubley. That was in 
 1777. Michael Hubley held the posi- 
 tion in January, 1778. At that time 
 he petitioned the Supreme Executive. 
 Council, "that in consideration of the 
 great increase of the duty in his de- 
 partment his Pay and Rations as Bar- 
 rack Master of Lancaster should be 
 equal to that of a Major in the army; 
 that he be allowed such assistance 
 from time to time as might be neces- 
 sary; and that he be allowed For- 
 age for a Horse from the day of his 
 first appointment as Barrack Master." 
 On May 25, Judge William Atlee wrote 
 to President Reed that Captain Ham- 
 bright, the barrack master, had done 
 much work on the building, employing 
 persons to do the same; he says he 
 ordered the blockhouses at the four 
 corners of the stockade to be put in 
 order. On April 1, 1784, the follow- 
 ing motion was adopted in the General 
 Assembly: "Whereas, the Barracks, 
 Public Store House and Powder Mag- 
 azine in the Borough of Lancaster are 
 now vacant, and for want of a proper 
 person to take care of them are sub- 
 ject to destruction and spoil," it was 
 resolved that the Supreme Executive 
 Council should appoint a proper per- 
 son residing in Lancaster to take 
 charge of the said buildings with au- 
 thority to rent them for the highest 
 rent he could get. His salary was to 
 be £6. He was to keep the buildings 
 in repair, and repay himself the cost 
 of doing so out of the rent. 
 
 What Became of the Barracks. 
 
 Mr. Zecher, to whom I previously 
 referred, said that the building be- 
 came dilapidated and began to tum- 
 ble down. There being, perhaps, no 
 one to exercise authority in the mat- 
 ter, the bricks were carted away by 
 everyone who had need of them, and 
 
(23) 
 
 no doubt many of the old houses in 
 the city to-day have bricks in their 
 walls taken from the Barraclis brick 
 quarry. This statement is in part 
 confirmed by a letter from John 
 Screiber, the last barrack master of 
 whom I found a record. On August 
 16, 1784, he wrote to President John 
 Dickenson, saying: "I beg leave to in- 
 form the council that one of the G-able 
 Ends has lately been broken down by 
 the fall of a chimney from that pan 
 of the Barracks which was lately sold; 
 this accident has laid open some ot 
 the rooms and will receive much in« 
 jury from the weather; indeed, the 
 whole of the Barracks are in a ruinous 
 situation, and unless a new roof is 
 put on, the whole Barracks will be de- 
 stroyed in a short time." Exactly 
 one month later Barrack Master Screi- 
 ber wrote to Secretary of War Arm- 
 strong that Dr. Frederick Kuhn's two 
 chimneys having fallen, that individ- 
 ual was not only going to remove the 
 bricks belonging to these chimney&, 
 but also those knocked out of the 
 gable end of the Barracks. He also 
 reported a request from some mer- 
 chants for storing their powder in 
 the Powder House, but that William 
 Henry, who had the keys, had refused 
 to deliver them until the State's own 
 powder had been removed. 
 
 The last incident connected with 
 the Barracks that I shall relate is, 
 that, according to tradition, the duel 
 between Dr. Jacob Reiger and Cap- 
 tain Stephen Chambers, on May 12, 
 1789, in which the former was mor- 
 tally wounded, took place behind the 
 Barrack building. As tradition is a 
 great liar, it is for you to receive or 
 reject the story as you may feel in- 
 clined. 
 
 I have tried in vain to find out 
 when, and in what way, the State dis- 
 posed of the Barracks and stables. 
 
(24) 
 
 The Legislature in April, 1826, trans- 
 ferred to the city of Lancaster all its 
 right and title to the Powder House, 
 and the two lots of ground belonging 
 to the same. I think it more than 
 probable that the Barracks and sta- 
 bles were disposed of in the same 
 way. 
 
 The Middle Street Barracks. 
 
 It will be in order at this place to 
 mention that there was another and 
 almost as early a Barracks building in 
 Lancaster. It was erected as early as 
 1759-1760, upon the return of Colonel 
 Forbes after the capture of Fort Pitt, 
 to accommodate the English troops 
 who came with him. Later it was 
 called the British prison, because it 
 
 MIDDLE STREET BARRACKS, 
 1759-1886. 
 
 was used for the detention of British 
 soldiers captured during the Revolu- 
 tionary War. Lancaster was elected 
 as their place of confinement because 
 the prevailing sentiment of a large 
 majority of the citizens was decided- 
 ly hostile to the English cause. These 
 Barracks were erected on what was 
 formerly Middle street, now Howard 
 avenue, near East King, and stood un- 
 til 1886, when the opening of Shippen 
 street caused its demolition. It is 
 said to have accommodated 500 men. 
 The main building was intended for 
 
(25) 
 
 the use of the officers. In the rear 
 was a large open space in which 
 wooden huts were erected to shelter 
 the common soldiers. James Webb 
 was Barrack Master as early as 1764. 
 In June 16, 1769, he resigned the po- 
 sition and James Ralph, who was then 
 Chief Burgess of Lancaster, was at 
 once appointed. In 1777 William Baus- 
 man was appointed Barrack Master. 
 
 An Exciting Episode. 
 
 This old Barracks was the scene of 
 one of the most exciting episodes of 
 the War for Independence. The 
 story is too long to be given here, but 
 a brief outline of it may be told. The 
 prison was surrounded by a stockade 
 of logs and strongly guarded, but, in 
 spite of all precautions, prisoners 
 escaped and found their way back to 
 the British army. General Hazen, 
 who was in charge of the post, devised 
 a plan to detect the method of escape. 
 A Captain Lee, a patriot officer, was 
 selected to carry out the scheme. He 
 disguised himself as a British soldier, 
 and was then thrust into jail with the 
 rest. For a time he could discover 
 nothing, but one night, while lying 
 awake, the door was opened silently 
 and an old woman came in, touched 
 the nearest sleeping prisoner, who 
 arose; then she approached Lee, 
 looked at him, whispered, "not the 
 man, but come." This seemed to be 
 the opportunity so long awaited.and he 
 also arose and followed. The woman 
 took an alarm and went out, telling 
 Lee to follow. The sentry had retired 
 to a shelter out of the rain that was 
 falling. They found a door unbarred 
 and passed through. They were taken 
 to the cottage of the old woman, who 
 was well known. All present were 
 about to be sworn to secrecy, but an 
 alarm gun fired at the Barracks induced 
 a hasty departure and they left the 
 
(26) 
 
 cottage in charge of a guide. In 
 twelve days tliey reached the Dela- 
 ware. They always traveled at night, 
 stopping during the day time in the 
 barns and farm houses of Tories, 
 where they were fed and cared for. 
 But one of the number recognized Lee, 
 who had once punished him, and he 
 told the leader who he was. This 
 man attempted to kill Lee, but both 
 were seized by some loyal countrymen 
 and carried before a magistrate. Lee 
 told his tale, but he was not believed, 
 and he was sent to jail. He prevail- 
 ed on a jailer to carry a note to Gen. 
 Lincoln, who was at the time in Phila- 
 delphia, who almost failed to recog- 
 nize him in his rags. Lee returned 
 to Lancaster. He was able to retrace 
 the ground he had gone over and was 
 instrumental in arresting and punish- 
 ing fifteen persons who had aided the 
 prisoners to escape. 
 
 The Powder House. 
 
 In the next square on North Duke 
 street, on the west side, and near the 
 corner of James street, stood the Gov- 
 
 OLD POWDER HOUSE— 1777. 
 
 ernment Powder House. On February 
 6, 1777, the Council of Safety, then 
 sitting in Philadelphia, resolved, 
 
 "That a Powder Magazine of the di- 
 mensions of 24 feet by 36, and other 
 military store houses, be built in or 
 near the Borough of Lancaster, for 
 
(27) 
 
 the use of this State; and that John 
 Hubley, Commissary, provide ma- 
 terials, employ Workmen, and see the 
 same finished with all possible 
 despatch, and that Major John Hub- 
 ley take up on ground rent, or pur 
 chase, such grounds as iare necessary 
 for the said Buildings." 
 
 That Major Hubley lost no time in 
 complying with the order of the Coun- 
 cil of Safety is to be inferred from the 
 fact that on August 19 of the same 
 year, by direction of the Council, "an 
 order was drawn on David Ritten- 
 house, Esq., for the Sum of One thou- 
 sand Five hundred Pounds, towards 
 defraying the Expences of building a 
 Powder magazine and' Store Houses 
 at Lancaster, he being appointed a 
 Commissioner for that purpose by the 
 Council of Safety, for which he is to 
 account."' 
 
 At the beginning of the Revolu- 
 tionary struggle the interests of the 
 several colonies and the General Gov- 
 ernment were not well defined, so that 
 those furnishing supplies were uncer- 
 tain who was their debtor or to whom 
 they should look for payment. This is 
 seen in the manner the following ac- 
 counts are made out. Both these bills 
 are in the possession of the writer: 
 
 Michael Dieffenderfer's (Innkeeper) 
 account against the Continent of 
 America for entertaining rifle men: 
 Captn. Price's Company.... 1. 7. 
 Captn. Cresap's Company... 3. 17. 10 
 ditto " " 4. 14. 
 
 ditto for a Riffle 6. 0. 
 
 Captain Stephenson 0. 19. 6 
 
 Captain I>owdle's Company. 1. ,4. 
 
 18. 0. 6 
 Received of John Hubley eighteen 
 pounds and six pence for the above 
 Acct. 
 
 MICHAEL, DIEFFENDERFBR. 
 Octr. 24, 1775. 
 
 Adam Reigart's Account against the 
 Continent of America for entertaining 
 Riflemen and for Monies advanced to 
 Drumers and Pfeiffers: 
 Captn. Smith's Company... 4. 13. 11 
 ditto Drumers and Pfeiffers. 4. 2. 6 
 
 8. 16. 5 
 Received of John Hubley the above 
 eight pounds, sixteen shillings and five 
 pence, October 24, 1775. 
 
 ADAM REIGART. 
 
(28) 
 
 NO. 3. THE OLD JAIL. 
 
 The third building indicated in our 
 picture is the old jail. This, however, 
 was not the first one built for the 
 county's needs. An earlier one was 
 ordered to be built at John Postle- 
 thwait's Tavern.seven miles southwest 
 of Lancaster, and £600 were voted 
 for it and a Court House, but for some 
 
 THE OLD JAIL— 1775-1851. 
 
 reason the plans were changed and 
 they were never erected. Robert 
 Barber, who was the first elected 
 Sheriff of the county, erected one of 
 logs at his own expense, on his prop- 
 erty, at Columbia, hoping to get the 
 county seat located there, but he, too, 
 was disappointed. The first one built 
 in Lancaster town was erected in 
 1739. It also was of logs, and had to 
 be enlarged several times. The second 
 one, of brick, was built in 1745-6, 
 and the third, or stone one 
 of our picture, in 1775. It was 
 there that the murder of the fourteen 
 
29 
 
 Conestoga Indians occurred on De- 
 cember 27, 1763, by the "Paxtang 
 Boys." It was not within the jail 
 itself, however, that the tragedy took 
 place, but in the yard of the Work 
 House, which adjoined the jail, on the 
 south side, extending to West King 
 street. 
 
 The French and Indian War led to 
 the usual results of warfare — a demor- 
 alized community and the multiplica- 
 tion of vagabonds. In 1763 a petition 
 was presented to the Legislature pray- 
 ing for an act to authorize the erection 
 of a "House of Correction." The pre- 
 amble to the act is as follows: 
 
 "Whereas, it hath been represented 
 to this House, by petitioners from a 
 considerable number of inhabitants ol 
 the borough and county of Lancaster, 
 that they now, and for a long time, 
 have suffered most grievously, as well 
 by unruly, disobedient servants, as by 
 idle strolling vagrants from divers 
 parts, who have taken shelter in the 
 county and borough; that drunken- 
 ness, profane swearing, breach of the 
 Sabbath, tumults and other vices so 
 much prevail, that it is not in the 
 power of the magistrates to suppress 
 them, and preserve peace and good 
 order, having no house of correction 
 for the punishment of such offenders." 
 The asked-for permission was granted 
 and a House of Correction, or Work 
 House, was erected. In it the Indians 
 were killed on December 27, 1763. 
 Felix Donnelly was appointed Keeper 
 of the Work House in November, 1763. 
 In May, 1765, Matthias Booch was ap- 
 pointed in his place. 
 
 This Work House, or House of Cor- 
 rection, must not be confounded with 
 the "House of Employment," whicn 
 was established in 1751, where a large 
 number of indigent persons were given 
 something to do. Stockings were made 
 
(30) 
 
 on a very extensive scale in tMs house, 
 and the borough became noted for its 
 production of that article. 
 
 The first assault on the Conestoga 
 Indians by the "Paxtang Boys" was 
 made on December 14, 1763,when they 
 unexpectedly put in their appearance 
 at the Indian town of Conestoga, in 
 Manor township, when three men, two 
 women and one boy, six in all, were 
 brutally slain. The remainder of the 
 tribe being away from home, selling 
 baskets and other Indian wares, es- 
 caped the massacre. These, fourteen 
 in number, were then brought to Lan- 
 caster and placed in the Work House 
 for safety, where, on December 27, 
 they were all killed, three men, three 
 women, five boys and three girls, four- 
 teen in all, wiping out all that com- 
 posed this ancient tribe. The slaugh- 
 tered Indians were buried in one grave 
 near the corner of North Duke and 
 Chestnut streets, and there their 
 bones remained until May, 1835, when, 
 through the building of the railroad, 
 they were again brought to light. 
 
 I will be excused, I trust, for intro- 
 ducing a personal allusion at this 
 point. I am, I believe, with a single 
 exception, the only person living who 
 heard the story of that bloody tragedy 
 from the lips of one who was a per- 
 sonal witness of it. My grandfather 
 at that time was a lad of eleven years. 
 Along with scores of others, for the 
 evil news flew rapidly through the 
 town, he ran to the Work House to 
 learn what had been done. I, in 
 turn, a boy of thirteen years, many 
 times heard him tell what he saw on 
 that occasion. Our two lives span 
 that gulf of 142 years, 1763-1905. rite 
 also told me what no contemporary au- 
 thority has mentioned, that, while all 
 the Indians were either dead or mor- 
 tally wounded, several of the dying 
 
(31) 
 
 warriors by the significant motions of 
 their hands, threatened or indicated 
 a desire for retaliation or revenge — 
 "the ruling passion strong in death. " 
 
 As a lad, I remember to have stood 
 times without number at that aged 
 grandsire's knees, listening with a 
 swelling heart as he told me how he, 
 a volunteer for the war, carried the 
 flag of his native State over the win- 
 try waters of the Delaware into the 
 glorious conflict at Trenton; how he 
 carried it through that hot midsum- 
 mer day at Monmouth and over the 
 ensanguined snows at Valley Forge. 
 The tears that gathered in those sight- 
 less eyes, as these "tales of the times 
 of old" fell from his lips, proudly, yet 
 moaestly told, have burned them- 
 selves into my memory, and there 
 they will live enshrined forever. 
 
 It was not until 1774 +hat the build- 
 ing of the stone structure, which was 
 familiarly known as "the Old 
 Jail," pictures of which are 
 familiar to us all, was begun. It was 
 completed in 1775, at a cost of $4,675. 
 It stood on the ground now occupied 
 by the Fulton Opera House. Part of 
 the original jail-wall may be seen at 
 the rear of the building on Water 
 street. The old jail stood until 1851, 
 when the new jail standing in the 
 eastern part of the city was com- 
 pleted. 
 
 NO. 4. THE DUTCH PRESBY- 
 TERIAN CHURCH. 
 
 It is a curious fact, that in various 
 documents dating back to the first 
 third of the eighteenth century, Penn- 
 sylvania is called an "Island." How 
 this designation arose it is, no doubt, 
 useless to inquire at this late day. 
 The "High Dutch" or "Calvinistic" 
 Church was the name by which the 
 Reformed Church was first known in 
 
(32) 
 
 State documents. In the account ot 
 its organization in 1736, the year in 
 which the first church was built, we 
 flnrl the following: "Church Protocol 
 of the newly built Reformed Church, 
 here in the Island of Pennsylvania, in 
 Cannastoken in the new town named 
 Lancaster." The church itselt was 
 
 FIRST REFORMED CHURCH, 1757—1850. 
 
 the first church of any kind built in 
 Lancaster. It was constructed of 
 logs and stood on the southern side of 
 the present church lot. This old log 
 church was torn down in 1753 and a 
 new one begun in the same year, 
 and completed in 1757. The 
 material of the old one was converted 
 into a dwelling erected on the north- 
 west corner of Christian and Orange 
 streets, where it stood until 1836, 
 
(33) 
 
 when it was burned down. The sec- 
 ond church building stood until 1850, 
 when the present structure was built. 
 Some eminent names have been as- 
 sociated with this church. Pastor 
 John Jacob Hock was the first regu- 
 larly ordained minister who served 
 the congregation. After him came 
 the noted Otterbein, the erratic Stoy, 
 the zealous Helfenstein, the learned 
 Becker, the earnest Harbaugh, and 
 the well-read Titzel — the present pas- 
 tor emeritus. 
 
 POSTLETHWAIT'S TAVERN— FIRST COURTS HELD HERE FROM JUNE 
 9, 1729, TO NOVEMBER, 1730. 
 
 NO. 5. THE COURT HOUSE. 
 
 Lancaster county was organized in 
 1729 at John Postlethwait's Tavern, 
 seven miles southwest of Lancaster, 
 and there the first term of the County 
 
(34) 
 
 Court was held on June 9, X?29. The 
 Courts continued to be held there 
 until November, 1730, when they 
 were held in Lancaster, but in various 
 taverns, there being no regular Court 
 House. The erection of one on the 
 
 THE OLD COURT HOUSE, 1787—18 53. 
 
 Square was commenced in 1737, and 
 completed about May, 1739. It was an 
 unpretentious brick structure, two 
 stories high, paved with brick and 
 had a steeple. It was destroyed by 
 fire on June 9, 1784, fifty-five years 
 to the very day from the date when 
 the first Court was neld in Postle- 
 
(35) 
 
 thwait's. A more imposing structure 
 was begun on the old site in 1784 and 
 completed in 1787, at a cost of $15,758. 
 That is the building seen in the pic- 
 ture. It was also known as the State 
 House, because the State Legislature 
 met in it down to 1812, when the 
 Capital was removed to Harrisburg. 
 It was a fine specimen of the archi- 
 tecture of that period, and noted t6r 
 the beauty of its lines and its sym- 
 metry. It is a burning disgrace to the 
 authorities of the city of Lancaster 
 that it was allowed to be torn down. 
 Public sentiment to-day would not 
 permit such a desecration of so noted 
 a structure. 
 
 NO. 6. ST. JAMES' CHURCH. 
 
 It is well known that clergymen of 
 the Church of England visited Lan- 
 caster before the town was officially 
 laid out, and preached here. The Rev. 
 Robert Weyman was here in 1719, pos- 
 sibly in 1717. The Rev. John Back- 
 house also preachea here in 1728. 
 There was no church here, and the 
 church historians do not seem to know 
 where the services werr: held. It was 
 in the Court House, as I shall show 
 later on. The records of St. James' 
 parish go back no farther than 1744, 
 the year the great treaty with the Six 
 Nations was held here. In the follow- 
 ing year, 1745, subscriptions were 
 made towards building a stone church. 
 The work proceeded slowly. It was 
 not until 1755 that every part of the 
 work on the inside was completed. It 
 was built of blue limestone, and ex- 
 tended forty-four feet on Orange 
 street and thirty-four feet on Duke 
 street. The spire, galleries and other 
 improvement's were subsequently 
 added. The funds to build a church- 
 yard wall were raised by a lottery in 
 1764. The funds for the steeple had 
 
(36) 
 
 been supplied in the same manner in 
 1761. No picture of this early stone 
 church has been preserved. It was 
 torn down in 1818, and in 1820 a new 
 brick church stood in Its place. Addi- 
 
 ST. JAMES" CHURCH, 1820. 
 
 tions and other improvements were 
 made to that building in 1844, 1878 and 
 1880. St. James' has numbered many 
 eminent Lancastrians among her ac- 
 tive members. George Gibson, John 
 Postlethwait, Edward Shippen, Judge 
 Yeates, George Ross, General Hand, 
 Matthias Slough, Colonel Samuel J. 
 Atlee and many more men who were 
 
(37) 
 
 prominent in our early history were 
 members. In this connection I must 
 not omit the name of Dinah Mclntire, 
 or "Old Dinah, the Fortune Teller," 
 as she was generally called. She was 
 the wife of John Webster, the colored 
 sexton of St. James' Church. She was 
 once a slave, the property of Col. Mat- 
 thias Slough, and died on May 4, 1819, 
 at a great age — thought to have been 
 113 years old. She was regular in her 
 attendance at church, and rustled her 
 silk skirt with the best of them as she 
 swept into her seat. Humble though 
 she was, and once a slave, she has im- 
 pressed herself forever into the nomen- 
 clature of our city by giving her name 
 to one of its most promineE+ eleva- 
 tions, while most of the big wigs who 
 occupied more ostentatious pews have 
 been forgotten these many decades. 
 
 Among St. James' rectors have been 
 men of more than loc-ai fame. The 
 able Thomas Barton, the pious Dr. 
 Clarkson, Dr. William Augustus Muh- 
 lenberg, hymnologist and philanthro- 
 pist, and the saintly Dr. Samuel Bow- J 
 man were among the men who built 
 up St. James' and made her famous. 
 It is a curious circumstance that Dr. 
 Muhlenberg, preacher, poet and philan- 
 thropist, wTio at the age of thirty 
 wrote that splendid hymn, "I Would 
 Not Live Alway," at the age of seventy 
 wished for ten more years of life to 
 complete his grand philanthropic 
 work in the vicinity of New York. 
 
 NO. 7. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. 
 
 It is a singular circumstance, and 
 not easily accounted for, that Presby- 
 terianism, which was the first faith so 
 far as is known to estaolish houses of 
 worship in this county, was not suffi- 
 ciently strong, or, at all events, did 
 not build a church in this city before 
 
(38) 
 
 the year 1769 or 1770. Blsev/here 
 churches had long before been built 
 by Presbyterians. At Donegal in 
 1722; at Pequea in ^724, and at 
 Middle Octorara still earlier. In 
 the lower end of the county it was the 
 dominant faith among the Scotch- 
 Irish. Nevertheless, the fact remains 
 that, while there was a congregation 
 here as early as 1763, the first church 
 
 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, 1769. 
 
 was not built until 1769. Perhaps, not 
 to seem odd, or above their neighbors, 
 the Reformed, Lutherans and Epis- 
 copalians, the Presbyterians also held 
 a lottery to pay for the little log church 
 built on the samxe lot where the pres- 
 ent stately church stands. Rev. John 
 Woodhull was the firtit regular pastor. 
 After a ten years' pastorate, he was 
 
(39) 
 
 followed by the Rev. Nathaniel W. 
 Sample, in 1780, who remained the 
 pastor for the unusually long period of 
 forty years. During nis incumbency 
 the church was greatly enlarged and 
 improved. I cannot omit alluding to a 
 sermon preached in this church ou 
 June 4, 1775, by the Rev. John Car- 
 michael, which entitles him to special 
 remembrance. A company of militia 
 had been raised in the city by Captain 
 Ross, and this company, in uniform, 
 attended and listened to the sermon. 
 Rev. Carmichael fully satisfied his 
 hearers that, although a soldier of the 
 Cross, he had strong convictions in 
 favor of using more carnal weapons 
 when the occasion demanded it. It was 
 an eloquently patriotic discourse. Non- 
 combatant Christians were bowled 
 over in a way that must have fired the 
 hearts of his listeners. Towards the 
 conclusion of the sermon he said: 
 "We have all the true friends of virtue, 
 of liberty and righteousness on earth 
 
 on our side We have all the 
 
 angels of Heaven on our side 
 
 Courage, then! Courage, my brave 
 
 American soldiers Go forth in 
 
 the name of the Lord of hosts; and 
 may He protect you, bless you, and 
 succeed your very laudable and grand 
 undertaking in connection with all the 
 militia of North America." 
 
 The church was remodeled in 1877, 
 and later the fine chapel adjoining 
 was built. This church has had able 
 men among its servitors, such as 
 Woodhull, Sample, McNair and Mit- 
 chell. Some of the most prominent of 
 our citizens, such as Edward Shippen, 
 William Montgomery, Judge Yeates 
 and James Buchanan, were among its 
 officers and members. 
 
(40) 
 
 NO. 8. THE TRINITY LUTHERAN 
 CHURCH. 
 
 As was the case with all the other 
 religious denominations in Lancaster, 
 
 OLD TRINITY— 1761. 
 
 the Lutherans hereabouts were visited 
 by clergymen of their faith, who 
 preached to them, married them and 
 
(41 
 
 baptized the young children, at an 
 early period. The first register of bap- 
 tisms began in 1730, and a congrega- 
 tion was organized three years later, 
 but there was no church until 1738, 
 the pastor at that time being the well- 
 known John Casper Stover. The first 
 church had a steeple, bells and an 
 organ. Of this organ Lieutenant John 
 
 4. 
 
 
 Anbury, a British prisoner in Lancas- 
 ter, in 1778, speaks in his diary as 
 follows: "Largest pipe organ in 
 America now in use at the Lutheran 
 Church. Some of the officers went to 
 see this wonderful piece of mechan- 
 ism, and sent descriptions of it to their 
 homes. Manufacturer had made every 
 
(42) 
 
 part of it with his own hands. It had 
 not only every pipe and stop, but had 
 some pipes of amazing circumference 
 and had keys to be played by the feet 
 in addition to the regular keys." David 
 Tannenberg, of Lititz, a famous organ 
 builder of that period, was the maker 
 of it. By 1761 the congregation had 
 grown so large that more ample ac- 
 commodations were required, and in 
 the same year the lot on which the 
 present church stands was purchased, 
 and on May 18, 1761, the corner-stone 
 was laid with imposing ceremonies. 
 The new structure was eighty feet 
 long and sixty feet wide. The erection 
 of the present tower and steeple was 
 begun in 1785, but was not completed 
 until 1794. Eminent men have served 
 the Old Trinity congregation. The 
 names of Helmuth, G. H. E. Muhlen- 
 berg, Endress, Baker and Greenwald 
 are still held in fragrant remembrance. 
 Dr. Muhlenberg was an eminent 
 botanist and has been named the 
 American Linnaeus. This fact brought 
 him the honor of a visit from the great 
 scientist, Alexander \on Humboldt, in 
 1804. He wrote several works on 
 botany and also a German-English 
 lexicon in two quarto volumes. In 
 1853-1854 the church was again re- 
 modeled and extended. The chime of 
 bells now in the belfry was put there 
 in 1854. The commodious chapel to 
 the south of the churcn building was 
 dedicated in 1877. Thg spire of "Old' 
 Trinity" has always been justly ad- 
 mired for its symmetry and beauty. 
 
 "Old Trinity" has the distinguished . 
 honor of having within her sacred pre- 
 cincts the ashes of two Governors of 
 Pennsylvania. Thomas Wharton, Jr., 
 President of the Supreme Executive 
 Council, died in this city on May 23, 
 1778, while that distinguished body 
 was holding its sessions here. He was 
 buried with military honors, and at 
 
(43) 
 
 the request of the vestry was interred 
 within the walls of the church. Gov- 
 ernor Thomas Mifflin, one of the three 
 Quaker Generals in the Revolutionary 
 War, became the first Governor of 
 the State under the Constitution of 
 1790. He served three terms, from 
 1790 until 1799, and died in Lancaster, 
 January 21, 1800, while serving as a 
 member of the Legislature, this city 
 being at that time the capital of the 
 State, was buried at Trinity and has 
 a tablet erected to his meniory. 
 
 NO. 9. ST. MARY'S CATHOLIC 
 CHURCH. 
 
 Among the early settlers in this 
 city and county were Catholics, and 
 missionaries of that faith came among 
 them at an early date to minister to 
 
 ST MARY'S CATHOLIC CHURCH, 
 
 1762—1854. 
 
 their spiritual needs. A mission was 
 established in the city as early as 
 1741. A log church was built on 
 
( 44) 
 
 ground donated by Hamilton at the 
 corner of Prince and Vine streets. It 
 was destroyed by fire in 1760. Two 
 years later a stone edifice arose above 
 the ashes of the primitive early build- 
 ing. The members of the congrega- 
 tion, both males and females, are 
 said to have lent their manual labor 
 to the task. A large number of priests, 
 some who later became eminent in 
 their church, served the congregation 
 between 1740 and 1823, when the 
 most noted among its pastors, the 
 
 FATHER KEENAN. 
 
 Rev. Bernard Keenan, assumed 
 charge, and served for a period of 
 fifty-four years. No clergyman in 
 this city was more highly esteemed 
 and reverenced tnan Father Keenan. 
 Everybody knew hirii and Lancaster 
 had no more public-spirited citizen. 
 He died in 1877, in the ninety-eighth 
 year of his age. The congregation 
 under the ministrations of Father 
 Keenan grew so large that a new 
 church became necessary, and in 
 
 Le4C 
 
(45) 
 
 1854 the stately church which stands 
 on the same old corner was dedicated. 
 A fire in 1867 caused so much damage 
 to the building that a remodeling of 
 the church became necessary and 
 this was done in 1868. The building 
 in the picture, of course, represents 
 the small stone church erected in 
 1762. 
 
 NO, 10. THE FRIENDS' MEETING 
 HOUSE. 
 
 The facts concerning this meeting 
 house are not so well known, and 
 no picture of it was accessible. 
 The records of the Sadsbury 
 Quarterly Meeting are almost our 
 only source of information concerning 
 it. The Quakers came into the county 
 at an early period. They were numer- 
 ous before 1725. The statement of 
 the well-known antiquarian and his- 
 torical writer, Redmond Conyngham, 
 that "a thousand families of l<'riends 
 were settled in Lancaster county at 
 the time or shortly after its erection," 
 is not to be credited. Ihat would 
 have been nearly one-haif its entire 
 population. I have never seen any 
 evidence to warrant such a statement. 
 That they were here in very consider- 
 able numbers, however, is not to be 
 questioned. There was a "Quaker 
 Society" here in 1754, for on May 1, 
 in that year, James Hamilton deeded 
 to three of its members, Peter Woi- 
 
 ^Redmond Conyngham, historian and 
 antiquarian, "was born in Philadelphia, 
 of Irish parentage, in 1781, and edu- 
 cated at Princeton College. For a time 
 he represented Luzerne county in the 
 State Legislature. Prom that place he 
 came to Lancaster, where he died, June 
 16, 1846. He was married to Elizabeth, 
 the daughter of Judge Jasper Yeates, 
 of this place. Mr. Conyngham early 
 manifested a fondness for antiquarian 
 research, and became .our most pro- 
 lific writer on. the Indian tribes of the 
 county. His contributions to the His- 
 torical Society of Pennsylvania and the 
 American Philosophical Society, as 
 well as to our local papers, were both 
 numerous and valuable. 
 
 ^h J 
 
(46) 
 
 rail, Isaac Whitlock and Thomas 
 Poultney, "Trustees ot the Quaker So- 
 ciety of Lancaster, two lots on the 
 east side of South Queen street, sixty- 
 four feet front and two hundred and 
 fifty-two feet deep." The lots were 
 numbers 138 and lc;9 on the Hamilton 
 tract. About the same time, in the 
 same year, the "Sadsbury Quarterly 
 Meeting" records have the following 
 item: "Sadsbury Monthly Meeting 
 acquaints this meeting that the 
 Friends living in and near Lancaster, 
 have, for some time past, by their al- 
 lowance, kept meetings for worship 
 on First Days in Lancaster, and they 
 do now, on behalf of those Friends, re- 
 quest this meeting would appoint 
 some Friends to give them a visit and 
 to consider uow far they may be cap- 
 able to hold and keep meeting for 
 worship with reputation." As a con- 
 sequence eight persons were appoint- 
 ed a committee to come here on a 
 visit of inquiry. In August and No- 
 vember further reterences are found 
 in the Sadsbury records. The com- 
 mittee, among other things, said that 
 "from information anu from a confer- 
 ence they had with those Friends, and 
 having considered their capacity (we) 
 do unanimously think that if it was 
 allowed them and liberty given to 
 build a meeting house, it mighv be 
 kept with reputation." The work of 
 collecting funds was accordingly be- 
 gun and £559.11.6 were subscribed. 
 The Meeting House was completed 
 about 1739, at a cost of £bol.6.3. It 
 wni be observed the cost ^.d not ex- 
 ceed the money in hand, which good 
 example we moderns very rarely fol- 
 low. There are good reasons for be- 
 lieving that the attendance at certain 
 periods was not what it should have 
 been from the large Quaker popula- 
 tion. Christopher Marshall, himself 
 a Quaker,ex-communicated for having 
 
(47) 
 
 allied himseli with the patriotic 
 cause, occasionally attended the wor- 
 ship. I give a few extracts from the 
 diary of that very worthy and cred- 
 itable chronicler: 
 
 "July 6, 1780. To Quaker Meeting 
 where were fifteen mankind and eight 
 womankind, five of whom were 
 strangers." 
 
 "December 10, 1780. Went to meet- 
 ing that consisted of six men and self, 
 four boys, three women and two girls 
 —16 in all." 
 
 "January 14, 1781. Went to meet- 
 ing that consisted of eight men and 
 self, two women, two boys and twa 
 girls — 15 — silent." 
 
 "March 18, 1781. My wife and I 
 went to meeting that consisted of 
 eight men, seven women, five Doys,. 
 three girls, silent — 23." 
 
 "August 26, 1781. Went to meeting; 
 consisted of six men and self, five 
 women, three boys and one girl — 15.' 
 
 Either the Quaker population at 
 that time was far less than the his- 
 torian tells us or they had fallen away 
 from the "meeting" habit. Services 
 continued to be held in this Meeting 
 House until about 1810. After that it 
 was used for a while as a scnool 
 house, and from 1816 until 1822 the 
 Rev. John Elliott, of whom I have no 
 further information, preached in it. 
 The Society of Friends grew weaker 
 year by year in this city, and being 
 no longer able to keep up their 
 meetings, in March, 1845, the Meet- 
 ing House and grounds were sold tO' 
 uudge Ellis Lewis, for $±,250, the 
 burying ground in the rear of the 
 house being reserved. In 1846 Judge 
 Lewis sold the property to the Odd 
 Fellows, who built a hail upon it» 
 which is still standing. 
 
(48) 
 
 THE MORAVIAN CHURCH. 
 
 Although the Moravian . Church 
 building was one of the seven church 
 edifices in Lancaster at the time this 
 picture was made, it does not appear 
 in the drawing, owing to the fact that 
 it was a low structure and not visible 
 to the artist from his view-point. B& 
 ing, however, one of the oldest of the 
 historic buildings of the borough, with 
 a grand record, it may very fittingly 
 close this sketch of the prominent 
 public buildings of Lancaster in 1800. 
 
 MORAVIAN CHURCH, 1746—1820. 
 
 At its beginnings in this country the 
 Unitas Fratrum, as the Moravians 
 called themselves, were a missionary 
 people, directing their efforts more 
 largely than any others to the conver 
 sion of the Indians. The congregation 
 and church in this city owe their exist- 
 ence to the efforts of Count Zinzen- 
 dorf, who came here and preached in 
 the first Court House in 1742, as did 
 the Episcopalians and other denom- 
 inations. In 1746 the modest stona 
 church, represented in the accompany- 
 
(49) 
 
 ing cut.was erected. Various prominent 
 Moravian clergymen like Zinzendorf 
 and Bishop Spangenberg preached 
 there occasionally, although there 
 was no resident pastor until 1748, 
 when the Rev. Leonard Schnell lo- 
 cated here. Among the more promi- 
 nent pastors who served tne congre- 
 gation were Christian Ranch, Peter 
 Wolle, Charles F. Reichel, 1829-1834, 
 at which time services in the German 
 language were discontinued; Dr. Bahn- 
 son, Henry A. Shultz, David Bigler 
 and Dr. J. Max Hark. From its earli- 
 est history many prominent and influ- 
 ential families have been connected 
 with this historic congregation. 
 
 The old stone church was used as a 
 place of worship until 1820, when it 
 was taken down and the present one 
 erected in its stead. The stone par- 
 sonage was left standing, but in 1868- 
 69 the church was remodeled and en- 
 larged, so as to join the former, which 
 is still standing. 
 
 This completes the story of my 
 picture. It is far longer than it was 
 intended to oe. I am aware that I 
 j..ave taxed your time unduly, but it 
 may mitigate your criticism to know 
 that many things were left out of it 
 that clamored for admission. I am 
 aware there is a limit even to the pa- 
 tience of women, and have but one 
 more item to offer. 
 
 Unfortunately for us, our Lancas- 
 trian grandmothers and great-grand- 
 mothers, among their many virtues 
 and accomplishments, lacked some 
 things which we now wish they nad 
 possessed. We know they had their 
 balls and their routs, their social 
 parties and their teas (not the pink 
 variety, however), at which they talk- 
 ed and gossipped and even hinted at 
 mild scandals, but the cacoetJies scrih- 
 
(50) 
 
 cndi was not theirs. They did not 
 care to write. There were no Sallie 
 Wistars, no Elizabeth Drinkers among 
 them. 
 
 Nor did our grandsires do much bet- 
 ter in this direction. They, too, at- 
 tended to their daily round of duties 
 and allowed our historical chronicles 
 to take care of themselves. I must 
 make one exception, in favor of Chris- 
 topher Marshall, a wealthy Quaker, 
 excommunicated, however, because he 
 espoused the warlike policy of 
 the Province, who came here 
 from Philadelphia in 1777, and 
 remained until 1781. His diary 
 is full of interest, and, but for 
 him, we would know still less about 
 ourselves and our city than we do. 1 
 am glad, however, that I am able to 
 offer j^iou a brief description of early 
 Lancaster, the earliest I know of, and 
 some of its people. It is by no means 
 flattering, but it is entertaining never- 
 theless. What is more, it gives us 
 no hearsay evidence, but tells what 
 the writer saw personally. It is from 
 the journal of Mr. Witham Marshe, 
 who was the Secretary of the Mary- 
 land Commissioners, who, with those 
 of Virginia and Pennsylvania, held 
 the great treaty with the Six Nations 
 at Lancaster in 1744. He kept a daily 
 journal and from it I will give you a 
 brief extract. He reached Lancaster 
 at 2 o'clock in the afternoon of Thurs- 
 day, June 21, 1744, and with his fel- 
 low Commissioners from Maryland 
 put up at Peter Worrall's inn, which 
 was located on West King street, and 
 called the "Cross Keys." The narra- 
 tive says: "This town has not been 
 begun to be built above sixteen years. 
 It is conveniently laid out into sun- 
 dry streets, and one main street. In 
 the midst of which stands the court 
 house and market. Through this runs 
 the road to the back country on the 
 
(51) 
 
 Susquehanna. There are several cross 
 streets on each side of the main 
 street, which are indifferently well 
 built, as to quantity of houses. 
 
 'The inhabitants are chiefly High- 
 Dutch, Scotch-Irish, some few Eng- 
 lish families, and unbelieving Israel- 
 ites, who deal very considerably in 
 this place. 
 
 "The spirit of cleanliness has not 
 as yet in the least troubled the major 
 part of the inhabitants; for in general 
 they are very great sluts and slovens. 
 When they clean their houses, which, 
 by the bye, is very seldom, they are 
 unwilling to remove the filth far from 
 themselves, for they place it close to 
 their doors, which in the summer time 
 breedis an innumerable quantity ot 
 bugs, fleas and vermin. 
 
 "The religions which prevail heSe 
 are hardly to be numbered. Here are 
 Dutch Calvinists, who have a church 
 built with square logs, and the inter- 
 spaces filled up with clay. In this a 
 small organ, good for little and worse 
 played on by the organist." 
 
 "The sect of Luther have a church 
 likewise. This is more spacious than 
 that of the Calvinists, being built of 
 stone, and is much larger than the 
 other. The minister of this church is 
 a gentlaman of good character, and 
 by his true pastoral conduct keeps his 
 congregation in good order.'" The" 
 ministers of the Dutch churches are 
 allowed no certain stipend for preach- 
 ing, but are paid at the will of their 
 hearers. This is a great tie upon 
 them to do their duty, and makes 
 them more diligent than our clergy 
 are. Happy people. In this we may 
 envy them. 
 
 "A clergyman of the Church ot 
 England sometimes^ ofl&ciates in the 
 
 ^This organ was replaced in 1769 by 
 
 one made by the celebrated David Tan- 
 
 nenberg-. whose full, rich tones are 
 
 still to be heard on every Sabbath day. 
 
 '"•Rev. John Dylander. 
 
(52) 
 
 Court House, there being no church 
 here built by those of that persuasion. 
 The Rev. Mr. Craddock, who was the 
 Episcopal Chaplain attached to the 
 Maryland Commiissiion, preached in 
 the Court House on June 24, 1744. 
 There are a great number of Irish 
 Presbyterians and several Jews, as I 
 hinted before, with divers others 
 that neither themselves nor any one 
 else can tell what sect they follow or 
 imitate. 
 
 "The houses for the most part are 
 built of wood, except some few, which 
 are built of brick and stone. They 
 are generally low, seldom exceeding 
 two stories. All the owners of lots 
 and houses here pay a ground rent, 
 greater or less, according to the grant 
 of them by James Hamilton, Esq., who 
 is the proprietor of the town. 
 
 "There are hills which environ 
 Lrancaster, as likewise some thick 
 woods, which in the summer render it 
 very hot, especially in the afternoons. 
 The soil is then dry and very sandy, 
 which, when a fresh wind blows, al- 
 most chokes the inhabitants. 
 
 "The water here is very bad'; occa- 
 sioned by their springs, and even 
 wells, being stored with limestone. 
 This palled my appetite, but this soon 
 left me after I refrained from drink- 
 ing the water bv itself. They have a 
 very good market in this town, well 
 filled with provisions and prodigiously 
 cheap." 
 
 That account was written 161 years 
 ago. If Mr. Marshe could revisit us 
 in the flesh, to-day, his words would 
 be tuned to a different key. 
 
m 12 1905 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
 014 365 187 3 
 
 M\