SF 751 
 .36 
 
 P 
 
 Common Sense 
 Treatment 
 
 Farm ^Inimals 
 
 
 ^H£ WORLD'S GREATLbT FARM f^P-^JJ/' 
 
 <i^^. 
 
 By Dr. C. D. Smead 
 
COMMON SENSE 
 TREATMENT • 
 
 OF 
 
 FARM ANIMALS 
 
 BY 
 
 C. D. SMEAD, V. S., 
 
 VETERINARY EDITOR 
 
 OF 
 
 THE NATIONAL 
 STOCKMAN AND FARMER 
 
 PITTSBURGH, PA. 
 
 COPYRIGHT. 1911, BY 
 
 The Stockman-Farmer Publishing Co. 
 
 PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA 
 

 ©CI.A3034'J9 
 
c 
 
 FOREWORD. 
 
 As a preface to what the following pages may contain I de- 
 sire to say: My intentions are not to make veterinarians of the 
 readers of this little book. Neither is it my design to make of 
 it a class book for students of veterinary science, nor to make it 
 what may be strictly called a scientific work. Yet what its pages 
 contain will be based on scientific facts. My desire is to so 
 instruct the host of my Stockman friends who have from time 
 to time sought my advice as to enable them in cases of emergency 
 to do something toward saving the lives of their animals when 
 no veterinarian is to be had. For several years I have been so- 
 licited by my Stockman friends to write a book they could refer 
 to in the management of their animals so as to avoid sickness 
 among them and treat the more common troubles. It is therefore 
 to them especially that I dedicate this little book and I hope that 
 long after I have passed to the Great Unknown some of them 
 may refer to it as a friend in time of need. 
 
 Most cordially yours, 
 
 C. D. SMEAD. 
 
 [Photographs by F. O. Sibley, Milfnrd, N. Y.'] 
 3 
 
CHAF»XER I. 
 
 SOME OF THE PRII\CIPAL CAUSES OF DISEASE. 
 
 In the study of animal diseases and the best means of treat- 
 ing them the all-important thing is, so far as possible, to learn 
 the cause. Having learned the cause, we have knowledge of how 
 best to treat it successfully, and more than this we learn how to 
 prevent the aisease, which is most important of all. As the student 
 and practitioner of veterinary medicine and surgery finds on the 
 farms of the country, from one ocean to the other, diseases among 
 domestic animals he finds that not less than fifty per cent of them 
 have been caused by lack of knowledge of feeding the young ani- 
 mals from birth to maturity, or if not always lack of knowledge, 
 a neglect of the growing colt, calf, lamb, pig or chicken so that 
 it cannot grow up into a strong, vigorous animal. Hence with 
 lack of constitutional vigor to stand work (if working animals), 
 or feeding if dairy, beef, pork or mutton animals, they are not 
 only deficient as workers, milkers or feeders, but they are con- 
 stantly subject to diseases of a certain class from which they 
 would have been immune had they been properly fed so as to 
 Tiave maintained a healthy, strong digestion. Witll a strong diges- 
 tion we always find the whole physical system strong, barring of 
 course some inherent weakness or deformity. 
 
 It is not our purpose to deal specifically with kinds of food, 
 or of their combination into so-called balanced rations, but to 
 treat this part of the subject in a general way. Thus we can 
 safely bank on this: Milk is a product that never as yet has 
 been supplanted by any other known food or combination of 
 foods that science has been able to find. A human infant cannot 
 exist for any considerable length of time except as milk is furnished 
 it for sustenance. Neither can a little colt, calf, lamb or pig. No 
 scientist has ever as yet learned how to manufacture simple, plain, 
 wholesome milk as it is drawn from the mammary glands of a 
 mother, whether that mother be human or of the lower animals. 
 While it is true that there is a variation in the solids that milk 
 contains from different animals, the same fundamental principle 
 is found in the milk of all animals. It is a product whose manu- 
 facture is in the animal. With all of the knowledge thus far ac- 
 quired it remains a mystery just how the mother is enabled 
 to eat, digest and put into her circulatory system the nutrients she 
 eats as food and throw off these nutrients through the mammary 
 
COMMON SENSE TREATMENT 
 
 glands so that her babe may be nourished. We have, however, 
 learned many facts regarding this product (milk), and fact num- 
 ber one is: That in order to enable the mother to manufacture 
 milk a certain class of food has to be eaten and digested by her 
 or she can manufacture no milk, and her offspring, although 
 born strong, would starve for lack of sustenance. Thus we say 
 milk is a perfect food for the young animal, and nearly so for 
 the growing animal, and only a little more carbon is needed in a 
 form to give the stomach distension for the fully grown animal. 
 
 Now when we apply this knowledge to the maintenance of 
 health what do we find? Simply this — that a class of food that 
 will enable a mother to make milk of it in fair quantity is a health 
 preserving food. And when we feed a young and growing animal 
 on a class of food which if it were fed to a nursing mother would 
 not enable her to convert it into milk we are feeding that young 
 animal a class of food that will stunt its growth from a lack of 
 proper nourishment, overtax its digestive organs by taking into its 
 stomach a surplus of bulky substance that weakens its digestion, 
 and it grows up an animal subject to intestinal disease on slight 
 provocation. With insufficient food nutrients we have a weak 
 muscular system, weak ligaments of the joints, and sometimes a 
 bony structure lacking in strength. Thus it is we find many 
 animals of superior breeding that grow up weaklings. They were 
 well born and started well in life on the milk of the mother, 
 and when sjich animal is a foal it grows a beauty so long as it 
 remains with the mother, nurses her and learns to eat the class 
 of food with her that she is manufacturing into milk for it. But 
 what a change sometimes follows when this little beauty is 
 weaned from its mother, and furnished the class of food its own- 
 er ignorantly feeds it. The same rule holds good regarding the 
 raising of a calf or a pig when weaned from the mother and the 
 mother's milk at a tender age and a supplemental food furnished 
 it. This is right and proper when wisely and intelligently 
 done. But when said supplemental food is of a character widely 
 different from the analysis of milk trouble follows in the form of 
 a weakened digestion, with the result of sudden death, or a worth- 
 less beast either as a work horse, a dairy cow, or a fattening animal. 
 
 We especially call attention of all animal breeders to the neces- 
 sity of studying the needs of the young animal, to insure a steady, 
 healthy growth from birth up to maturity, and then continuing 
 practically on the same line of feeding in order to maintain good 
 digestion, with a consequent vigorous constitution. But how is 
 the farmer to learn? is a pertinent question and a highly proper one, 
 and at the present time a very easy one to answer. The agricul- 
 tural press generally is furnishing the very essence or extract of 
 practical knowledge on the subject of feeding animals, and the 
 
OF FARM ANIMALS. 
 
 experiment stations are putting fortli bulletins constantly giving 
 freely to the world the results of their experiments in the feed- 
 ing of animals. The agricultural press and the experiment station 
 bulletins are just as essential to the progressive breeders of do- 
 mestic animals as law journals and medical journals are to the 
 lawyer and the man of medicine. 
 
 In the beginning of this chapter I spoke of breeding in con- 
 nection with feeding, and have thus far spoken of improper feed- 
 ing. I have given the feeding first place as I have learned by 
 experience that the lack of proper feeding is about twice as dis- 
 astrous as the lack of proper breeding of animals as far as the 
 disease problem is concerned. Remember I am not discussing 
 breeding for profit or loss, but breeding as a cause of disease. As 
 students of veterinary science and animal husbandry have studied 
 these questions, it has been found that not far from twenty per cent 
 of the horses that become blemished either in colthood or when 
 they are put to work do so from an inherited weakness, or from 
 a conformation not suited to the class of work required of them 
 in after life. We also find from five to fifteen per cent of the 
 dairy cows that go wrong in their udders do so by reason of their 
 having been bred with such a conformation that to carry an udder 
 without injuring it is impossible. We also find that many 
 breeders of animals, who by the way are alone responsible for 
 whatever the animal is, have dictated the mating or allowed the 
 mating of animals with such weak physical conformation as to 
 be wholly lacking in constitution. A fad that some possess on 
 color lines, or milk veins, or udder conformation, leads them to 
 overlook the points in an animal which denote physical strength. 
 Many are the animals of the bovine family bred by faddists that 
 are fit subjects for disease germs, especially of tuberculosis. We 
 shall endeavor in future chapters to illustrate by pictures ani- 
 mals that are subject to a certain class of disease. Having said 
 this much regarding food and the mating of animals, let us con- 
 sider some of the diseases which are most directly caused by 
 a bad system of feeding. Under this head will naturally come 
 first: 
 
 SPASMODIC COLIC. 
 
 This is a farmer name for acute indigestion. 
 
 This also with tympanitic colic (bloating), or a colic called 
 "sterchoral colic" by the veterinarian, stoppage of the bowels by 
 farmers, or impaction. 
 
 Now all of these are the results directly or indirectly of im- 
 proper feeding. The direct cause is the inability of the stomach 
 with the aid of the liver and pancreas to secrete juices which will 
 digest or put in condition the food that has been eaten so that 
 it can be digested. Hence it is that spasmodic, muscular pain is 
 
COMMON SENSE TREATMENT 
 
 produced in the stomach or intestines farther along. As an 
 illustration of what i desire to impress upon the reader's mind, 
 I will call attention to what we as humans experience. It has 
 been truthfully said that "What is one man's meat is another man's 
 poison." This saying has its origin in the simple fact that 
 the digestion of all persons is not the same. A class of food that 
 would be relished and well received by the stomach of nineteen 
 men would not be well received by the stomach of the twentieth 
 man, and might produce in him an attack of acute indigestion, 
 with the spasmodic griping pain we call "spasmodic colic" in 
 the horse. Thus it is that whenever a horse owner has a horse 
 that has frequent attacks of colic he should not only seek a rem- 
 edy to relieve the pain and cure the colic, but he should make 
 some changes in that horse's feed. Some horses (especially the 
 Eastern-bred horses of New York and New England) cannot 
 eat and well digest corn in any form it may be prepared for 
 them without bringing on a case of spasmodic colic. Yet all 
 horses of the Middle West are largely fed on corn. It is not good 
 judgment, therefore, for horse owners to strive to reason that 
 because perhaps twenty or even forty horses are eating a cer- 
 tain class of food and thrive well on it, all horses can eat 
 the same class of food without making them sick. Thus it is we 
 advise some change in the feed to be made in every case where a 
 horse has had frequent attacks of colic. But this in my years 
 of practice has been the hardest thing to get horse owners (espe- 
 cially farmers) to do. They have corn, rye, wheat or buckwheat 
 in plenty, while oats are scarce with them. Thus it is they de- 
 sire to feed whatever they have in the greatest quantity, and when 
 the horse is made sick by reason of feeding it they are re- 
 luctant to change, but seek a remedy to relieve the horse for 
 the time being, then continue to feed him just the same as before, 
 with the result many times of large veterinary bills or a dead 
 horse. 
 
 Farmers as a rule seek remedies and igncre causes. Were 
 it not for this we veterinarians might sometimes go hungry for 
 jobs. By far too many people, when they learn the remedy used 
 in curing their horse of colic, flatter themselves that they have 
 the veterinarian's secret, when in fact they have in hand only 
 what may fail as the case may reach a stage when the remedy 
 is not capable of conquering the disease. As a home remedy in 
 a case of spasmodic colic, none stands ahead of a tablespoonful 
 of good ginger, the same of common baking soda, dissolved or 
 mixed in a pint of hot water and given while still warm. This repeat 
 in half an hour in case the animal is suffering much pain. As a 
 more efficient remedy for horse owner's use, to keep as a gen- 
 eral stable remedy, the following is a good one: It is made by 
 
OP FARM ANIMALS. 
 
 f 
 
 J I"- ^*« *v - -v u - ■ 
 
 No. 1 — The type of udder that is subject to Garget. — [v* ' y".'/' ' J] 
 
 No. 9 — Road horse with weakiif^b^ in lore legs. — [Sec page '>l] 
 9 
 
COMMON SENSE TREATMENT 
 
 mixing together two ounces each of tincture of ginger, sulphuric 
 ether, tincture of opium and spirits of niter. Tlien add one ounce 
 of essence of peppermint. Give of this two tablespoonfuls in a 
 pint of water. Repeat in a half-hour if not relieved. When re- 
 lief takes place and the animal lies quiet, stop giving. Never 
 be frightened when the animal lies down and stretches out flat 
 on his side. Put a blanket on him and let him alone, even if he 
 lies for several hours, unless he really has passed all cure and is 
 down never to rise again. It is a good symptom that the pain haa 
 passed over, and recovery is taking place. Always feel en- 
 couraged when a rumbling is heard in the bowels in a case of 
 spasmodic colic. Never be in haste to encourage a horse to 
 eat when recovering from any bowel disease. Many a horse 
 is killed by a relapse of the disease from over-feeding after hav- 
 ing passed through the critical period of the disease. Never be 
 afraid to give the horse a few swallows of water when suffering 
 from colic of any kind. 
 
 CATHARTICS AS A CURE OF COLIC. 
 
 Some veterinarians high in authority have advised the giv- 
 ing of aloes as a cathartic as the first dose in a case of spasmod- 
 ic colic, but such has not been my experience. There is no need 
 of a physic until we can quiet the pam. Then as the safest rem- 
 edy for the farmer or general horse owner, I much prefer a pint 
 of pure raw linseed oil. As its cathartic effect is mechanical 
 and not by reason of exciting spasmodic action of the muscles 
 of the intestinal canal, as a rule no physic is called for at all. In 
 a case of common or spasmodic colic plenty of water given in 
 small quantities, together with laxative food like a feed of three 
 quarts of scalded wheat bran, with a handful of ground flaxseed 
 added, will be all that is needed. When the means and reme- 
 dies advised do not relieve the suffering brute, and a good vet- 
 erinarian is within reach, the safer way is to have him see the 
 animal, when more potent means may be used by him. But 
 drastic or extremely potent drugs are never safe in other than 
 skilled hands. 
 
 TYMPANITIC OR BLOATING COLIC. 
 
 This species of colic in animals, especially horses, is but one 
 form of spasmodic colic. It is a consequence of food that has 
 been eaten which is not properly digested, and a fermentation 
 is set up which involves gas to an extent which distends the 
 stomach or large intestines, sometimes to a degree which causes 
 death by suffocation before the veterinarian can be got to see 
 the patient. Hence it is highly important that farmers living 
 miles, sometimes, from the city or town where the veterinarian 
 
 10 
 
OF FARM ANIMALS. 
 
 is located be enabled to do something to relieve the sufferer 
 before it becomes too late to save his life. In this chapter I will 
 only speak of a treatment for the horse, reserving the treat- 
 ment for cattle for a future chapter. When the fermentation is 
 going on solely in the stomach tablespoon doses of common bak- 
 ing soda with a stimulant like a teaspoon of ground black pepper, 
 mixed in a pint of warm water, will many times prove an effi- 
 cient remedy. A more potent one, however, is a half-ounce of the 
 carbonate of ammonia, dissolved in a pint or more of cold water 
 and poured down the throat. Repeat in twenty minutes if bloat- 
 ing continues. But alas, the stomach form of tympany (gas 
 formation) in the horse is not the common but the least common 
 form of the trouble. The part of the intestinal canal known 
 as the colon is the point where the gas does most of its deadly 
 work, and is beyond a point where remedies given by the mouth 
 have great effect. Hence it becomes necessary for the farmer 
 to have some instruments on hand or he is powerless to do any- 
 thing when the veterinarian is not to be had. Now I care not 
 if the farmer owns only a team of horses and two cows, he 
 needs to own a good metal syringe, with a pipe six inches 
 long, and also a smaller pipe, the syringe holding not less than a 
 pint. It can be had of instrument makers, or any druggist can 
 order it at a nominal cost. This syringe and a bucket of warm 
 Boapy water with a handful of common salt added, used as a 
 rectal enema, will save, if used in time, many a horse suffering 
 with Tympanitis (bloat) before the veterinarian can drive five 
 miles with his treatment (called a trocar) to tap the distended 
 colon. This trocar, by the way, we shall speak of later on in 
 discussing diseases of cattle, when it can be safely used by 
 farmers. But it is an instrument that requires a skilled hand to 
 use in tapping the horse. Again the syringe will be the needed 
 instrument in the cleaning of punctured wounds and answer 
 all practical purposes, in the treatment of Tympanitic Colic, when 
 used at the beginning of the bloat. 
 
 STERCHORAL COLIC, CAUSED BY CONSTIPATION. 
 
 The third and last species of Colic that we shall speak of 
 is known by various names. The veterinarian calls it Sterchoral 
 Colic, or a colic as the result of constipation or mechanical ob- 
 struction through the stomachs of the cow and intestines of the 
 horse. Sometimes it is named for short Straw Colic. Its general 
 cause Is the habit the animal owners have of supplying no laxa- 
 tive food through the long winter months, feeding day after day 
 on dry fodder, hay or straw regardless of the nutrition these 
 foods may contain. In some instances the animal is turned to a 
 
 11 
 
COMMON SENSE TREATMENT 
 
 stack of straw and because it eats voraciously of it tlie owner 
 tliinks tlie animal is doing finely, as it is always full and always 
 hungry for more food. Always full but never fed, and con- 
 stantly starving! But whether the dry food is fairly nutritious or 
 not, the fact of its being dry necessitates the secretion of more 
 of the bile from the liver, the pancreatic fluids and gastric juices 
 to digest it, and unless the animal is fed more nutritious food 
 in the form of grain, or the animal has exceedingly strong diges- 
 tion, the time will come when there is a weakening of the 
 functional duty of the liver, the pancreas, and the secretive pow- 
 ers of the intestines. Then we begin to see constipation of the 
 animal, and later a dull, continuous pain manifest in the abdom- 
 inal region. The horse will stand and paw, and occasionally look 
 around at his sides, sometimes lie down and stretch out at full 
 length and groan, then get up and begin pawing again. In such 
 a case if the ear is placed to the side of the abdomen, no sound 
 Is heard of the intestines contracting and relaxing, producing 
 what is known as peristaltic action of the bowels. In fact diges- 
 tion has stopped and unless it can be set in operation within a 
 limited time an inflammation will set up, and we have a case of 
 peritonitis (inflammation of the bowels) to contend with, which 
 is a disease beyond the skill of the ordinary farmer. The animal 
 owner should use his knowledge and skill in preventing serious 
 ailments, and this is manifestly true in the treatment of all forms 
 of Colic, before the more deadly disease peritonitis or enteritis 
 takes place (inflammation of the bowels, in farmer language). 
 Now comes in the treatment. What shall it be? The digestion 
 has stopped, and may be in a semi-paralytic condition. The all- 
 important thing is to secure bowel movement, and many skilled 
 men in medicine actually aggravate the trouble, and sometimes 
 cause the death of animals, when not at all in a serious condi- 
 tion, by their extreme desire to see a bowel movement. Drastic 
 purgative agents are used, which cause muscular contractions 
 of the bowels, in a striving to force a dried mass of indigested 
 coarse food through them before this mass is so softened as to 
 be put in a condition to pass through the alimentary canal. 
 When aloes or aloin is given we do not in any way soften this 
 mass of dry substance. We only excite the liver into secreting 
 a little more bile and bring on muscular contractions of the 
 bowels. We therefore condemn active physics in the treatment 
 of sucli cases, and advise the use of agents which act mechani- 
 cally more than actively. Thus we have in either castor or pure 
 raw linseed oil the best and safest remedy for the farmer to 
 use. Every farmer should keep on hand not less than one gallon 
 
OF FARM ANIMALS. 
 
 of pure raw linseed oil. Give a pint of this at a single dose, add 
 to it a tablespoon of . good ginger, to act as a stimulant. Give 
 the horse, or cow either, all the water it will drink, and offer the 
 water frequently. Repeat the oil in two hours, and in a severe 
 case every hour, and put in two teaspoons of the spasmodic colic 
 remedy. Here again we have use for the syringe. Use this by 
 injecting a half-gallon or even a gallon of warm, soapy, slightly 
 salted enema, and use it as often as every half-hour, until a 
 natural rumbling is heard in the bowels, and the animal ceases to 
 paw and manifest other symptoms of pain. In recovering from 
 this species of colic, there is never the sudden let-up of pain and 
 quick recovery that mark the two preceding species of colic. 
 There may be momentary spasms or a griping for even twenty- 
 four hours, before all symptoms of disease have passed over. 
 
 AFTER TREATMENT. 
 
 The treating of all animals after having suffered an attack 
 of either of the kinds of colic mentioned is of fully as much im- 
 portance as the treatment during the immediate attack. Many 
 an animal owner in his haste and desire to see his animal well 
 again, or get him to work, will strive to do it by seeing if he 
 will not eat a bunk full of hay, or a full feed of grain. Right 
 here I desire to especially caution the reader. Always put the 
 animal on a stinted ration for at least three days after a re- 
 covery from the active stage of the disease, and always prepare 
 that so that it will be easily digested. As to the kind of food 
 I am not so particular. If the animal has a voracious appetite 
 be doubly careful about over-feeding. In case there is but little 
 desire to eat anything at all set your wits at work and hunt up 
 some class of food that he will relish. It may be a sour apple or a 
 carrot, a burdock leaf or a corn husk, or a quart or two of wheat 
 bran, whole wheat or ground oats. As a remedy to stimulate 
 the appetite use twenty-five to fifty drops of fluid extract of nux 
 vomica, given in a spoonful of water on the tongue, three times 
 a day. 
 
 DISEASES PRODUCED BY EXCESSIVE FEEDING. 
 
 Thus far we have spoken of disease as a result of either im- 
 proper foods or foods fed unwisely. "We shall now speak of a 
 disease caused by the improper feeding of a good food. I refer 
 to the disease known to veterinarians as 
 
 AZOTURIA. 
 
 To horse owners it is known under different names 
 such as "black water," "sweating colic," or "kidney stiffness." 
 
 13 
 
COMMON SENSE TREATMENT 
 
 The voidings from the kidneys during an attack are very dark 
 in color, sometimes nearly black, and always have a strong 
 smell of ammonia, thus the name black water. As sweating 
 from the start takes place, and usually some abdominal pain is 
 present, it quite naturally would be given the name of sweat- 
 ing colic; and as the animal always suffers more or less muscular 
 stiffness, and the urine is high colored, it could well be named 
 "kidney stiffness" when one knows no other name to give it. 
 Even up to within fifty years the veterinary profession had no 
 real knowledge of the cause of this disease. When the sufferer 
 was afflicted to the extent of being unable to stand on its feet it 
 was called paralysis as a result of spinal congestion, which was 
 true. Just what caused the congestion veterinarians did not 
 know. But as knowledge has been gained along the lines of di- 
 gestion and assimilation of foods the cause has become per- 
 fectly plain, and the means of prevention should be known by 
 every horse owner, although other animals than the horse are 
 subject to it, particularly rapidly growing lambs and pigs, which 
 will be spoken of in a special chapter later on. What we say 
 now will especially apply to the horse. 
 
 Now I desire every reader's attention, as it is of especial 
 importance to him that he understands to a degree how all 
 food is used up in the animal system. As an illustration I will 
 call attention to the fact that there is a constant wearing out 
 of muscular tissue going on in all animate bodies, and the food that 
 is eaten is constantly building up what is being torn down in 
 the animal system. When we are doing hard physical labor with 
 the horse we all know that it must be fed on a more concen- 
 trated and more nutritious food. Hence the horse that is worked 
 is fed grain to keep up his strength, and also to keep him from 
 growing thin in flesh. All horse owners or horse users have 
 learned this fact. Yet many are ignorant of the manner in 
 which the food nutrients are taken care of by the digestive 
 system. Digestion can be considered as only a chemical change, 
 produced by a mingling of the bile from the liver, after food has 
 been moistened by the saliva in the process of mastication, with 
 the fluid from the pancreas and later with the gastric juices. 
 These combined so dissolve the food as to permit the nutrients to 
 be sucked up into the blood and carried to various parts of the 
 body to build up the tissue that is being torn down by the labor 
 the horse is performing. Now in the case of a horse that is laboring 
 every day and is fed on a nutritious class of food, all goes well 
 with him, as he has nutrition to build up what the labor is tear- 
 ing down. But stop work even for a day, and full feed the horse, 
 
 14 
 
O:^" FARM ANIMALS. 
 
 No. 10 — The type mo^ subject to Tuberculosis.— [.Sec /jaye 02] 
 
 No. 11 — Good dairy type, with strong vitality, yet with|udder subjed to Garget. — [.Sec jxige i 
 
 15 
 
COMMON SENSE TREATMENT 
 
 Uien what takes place? This nutritious food is being digested 
 and taken up by the blood, but thei'e was no labor performed 
 to break down any tissue of the body, so there the nutrients are 
 in the blood, semi-coagulating it. A part of the nutrients may 
 be stored up in making fat and muscle, but there cannot be 
 enough of this to anywhere near use up the surplus food nutri- 
 ents. Now what is to be done? How is nature to get rid of it? 
 The horse is fed his regular full feed of grain and more of the 
 nutrients of it are taken into the blood, so that it becomes more 
 and more loaded with unappropriated nutrients of the food it is 
 eating. The liver from the idleness of the horse fails to secret© 
 bile enough to convert this excess into urea, so that the kidneys 
 can carry it off as urine. The horse as he remains idle suffers 
 no inconvenience whatever. His limbs may ache like a person's 
 limbs when he eats hearty meals and sits around doing nothing, 
 but his blood is in what is called by the veterinarians a hyper- 
 nitrogenous condition. Don't try, please, to pronounce this word 
 or your tongue may get hung on a center as engineers find their 
 engines get sometimes. But simply reason that the blood is 
 overcharged with food nutrients that nature can't get rid of. 
 Now that is the exact condition the horse is in when hitched 
 up to drive to town or do a day's work. He feels well and acts 
 well, but start him off at a trot or even a brisk walk, and he will 
 go but a short distance before he will stumble, or hang back, 
 stop trotting, and appear tired, although perhaps he has not 
 gone a half-mile. He soon begins to sweat, or not sweat in the 
 proper sense of the term. It will be an exudation of water 
 highly charged with ammonia coming out through the capillaries 
 (pores) of the skin. Stop the horse and you will find him breath- 
 ing very quickly, sometimes panting for breath. Put your hand 
 on the muscles of his hips and you will find them hard and tense. 
 Continue to make him move and you will soon find him scarcely 
 able to pick his feet off the ground. Every step seems to pain 
 him. Continue to make him move or hurry him at all and he 
 will fall broadside, and generally speaking be unable to get to his 
 feet again, and many times never be able to stand on his feet, 
 frequently die from a heart clot, or a blood clot on the brain. 
 Now these later conditions need not take place at all and the dis- 
 ease Azoturia need not be a serious matter at all, although 
 through ignorance of its nature, and ignorance in caring for the 
 animal when once attacked, it is killing thousands of horses yearly 
 on the farms of the country. Far more horses die in the farmer's 
 hands than in the city horse owner's hands yearly simply be- 
 cause the city man uses his horses daily rain or shine, the 
 
 16 
 
OF FARM ANIMALS. 
 
 farmer stops the use of his on rainy days. Now I have said it 
 could be wholly and absolutely avoided. Pretty strong lan- 
 guage, that, some folks will say. But I mean it, so I put 
 it strong. Whenever the working horse is on full grain feed, 
 when the idle day or days come cut that grain ration 
 right in two in the middle, then there won't be any sur- 
 plus or excess of food nutrients taken into the blood; also try 
 to give him a little daily exercise. A daily run in the barnyard 
 for an hour and this dread disease will not exist. But in some 
 instances this may not be possible. The horse owner does not 
 know in the morning whether he will work his horse that day 
 or not. EspeciaJly is this true of the physician's horse or the 
 livery in town. It is a hard drive for a day or several days, then 
 there comes a day or several days when there is no driviiig The 
 same happens on the farm, and thus it is the horse is fuliv fed. 
 and when the time comes to use him he is put in harnesb dUd 
 started, and then the trouble. Now it can be to an extent awr*, 
 ed if he is started off slowly, and the circulation of the blooci is 
 increased slowiy by the exercise. This is good policy in every 
 case when starting on a drive. A rapid gait on a full stomach 
 kills many a horse. But it is not our purpose to write on specific 
 management of the horse, but general management. Just as soon 
 as the horse begins to manifest stumbling or stiffness in his gait, 
 or breaks out in a sweat, stop him. Don't drive him even a rod. 
 Stop right where you are. The exercise you are giving him or 
 making hira take is increasing 'he pulse beats of the heart, and 
 this half-coagulated or thick bi ^d can't pass freely through 
 the small blood-vessels of the mu. ular system. Hence it is that 
 the horse's limbs stiffen and bee >me cramped, and he stum- 
 bles. Now what makes him sweat? Nothing, only it is an effort 
 on nature's part to relieve the cramp by throwing off what she 
 can through the pores of the skin. Now Hark! Stop and Listen 
 to what I am going to say to you. No man of medicine ever yet 
 cured any disease only as he studied nature's laws and learned 
 to aid nature in doing her work. Now if by exercise we are mak- 
 ing the cramping of the muscles, our common sense should dic- 
 tate us to stop the exercise, and not do as hundreds do, get fright- 
 ened and try to hurry the horse to some near-by barn or get him 
 home. If we do the chances are the cramping will increase and 
 extend to the great spinal nerve, and then he loses all control of 
 his limbs, and down he goes in the road with a probable spinal 
 congestion (spinal meningitis) brought on by our lack of sense. 
 Thus always have sense enough to say whoa no matter where 
 you are, and thus put a stop to the cramping cause. 
 
 Now nature is trying to relieve by perspiration. Put on the 
 blanket and help the horse perspire, and in nineteen out of every 
 
 17 
 
COMMON SENSE TREATMENT 
 
 twenty cases it will not be over ten or twenty minutes before 
 the sufferer will be breathing naturally, when he can be walked 
 slowly to some near-by barn. When the barn is reached get some 
 hot water and some thick fabric (an old piece of carpet is ideal), 
 it needs to be fully a yard long and just as wide, if a yard and 
 a half long all the better. Wring this out of the water just as 
 hot as can be safely handled, and get it on his back just as hot 
 as it can be laid on without scalding. Then put one or more dry 
 blankets over it. This will keep it warm and steaming for an 
 hour, when it should be wrung out of the hot water, and nineteen 
 out of twenty horses if thus treated will be easier and breathing 
 quite naturally inside of an hour and will manifest a desire to 
 eat something. Now right here is the most critical part of the 
 disease. As the horse is acted upon by the hot application to his 
 back and hips, there will soon be a micturition, and the first pas- 
 sage of urine from the kidneys will be fairly black in color, with 
 a strong ammoniacal odor. Then if the owner is a man with but 
 little will of his own, and less knowledge of disease, he will get 
 frightened right away. Then in most sections of the rural dis- 
 tricts there are found men all-wise (in their own estimation), espe- 
 cially so when there is a sick horse or cow in the neighborhood, 
 and they are always on hand to give advice and recommend any 
 and all kinds of herb teas, some poisonous and others harmless; 
 or some fellow's doctor once gave him some sweet spirits of niter, 
 and he knows that the horse will die with inflammation of the 
 kidneys if something is not done right away, and at last about 
 four out of five horse owners will yield to such advice unless a 
 veterinarian is there with courage enough to stand up and fight. 
 That black water is proof enough to convince the average horse 
 owner that the kidneys must be in an awful condition and thus 
 it is that many a horse when well on the road to recovery is 
 drugged to death by the whims of fools and the weak kneed owner. 
 Not one time in ten is any medicine needed to stimulate ac- 
 tion of the kidneys. High-colored urine is not by any means an 
 indication of diseased kidneys in this disease. The kidneys' office 
 work is to carry off poisons in the system, and the food nutrients 
 have now become ammoniacal poisons circulating in the blood, 
 and the kidneys are removing them as fast as they can by means of 
 the steaming and sweating the horse is undergoing from the hot 
 application along his spine. An ounce dose of aloes to stimulate 
 the liver and bowels is all that most cases need, and only in case 
 there is no passage of urine from the bladder at all, in from one 
 to two hours after the horse is taken sick, should the sweet spir- 
 its of niter be given, when two ounces in a pint of warm water 
 will usually be all that is needed. Perhaps once in twenty or 
 more cases it is necessary to use a catheter, when of course the 
 
 18 
 
OF FARM ANIMALS. 
 
 veterinarian should be sent for to use it. It is always best to send 
 for a veterinarian when a good one is within reach. But my strife 
 in writing this is to instruct the horse owner, so that the horse 
 can be on the road to recovery before the veterinarian can be 
 summoned. The period mentioned is again a critical one by rea- 
 son of so many horse owners believing that as long as a horse 
 is hungry for something to eat, and will eat, he is doing well. I 
 have had a lot of fighting in my practice to keep the owner, and 
 sometimes his wife, daughters and sons, from feeding a horse to 
 death when he began to get better from azoturia. They one and 
 all seem bent on feeding the horse some dainty. Now have sense, 
 don't feed him anything for the next 24 hours, but give all the 
 water he desires to drink. This of itself will aid wonderfully in 
 helping to rid the system of the agents which brought on the dis- 
 ease. Keep up the hot water on the back for a full twelve hours, 
 when it can be discontinued. A horse thus treated will be ready 
 for moderate work again in three days, usually in about twenty- 
 four hours he can be led about for an hour or two for exercise, 
 or if from home when taken removed to his home at a walking 
 gait. Now I have thus far given a prevention and a treatment 
 when the disease first appears and that is just as far as it is wis- 
 dom for the general horse owner to go in the treatment of this 
 disease. Whenever the horse has been driven until it falls it is 
 one of the most serious ailments the veterinarian has to contend 
 with, and not less than three cases will die where one will make 
 a good recovery, as spinal disease is frequently brought on, with 
 a paralysis from which it takes months to recover. 
 
 INFLUENZA OR DISTEMPERS 
 
 can well be spoken of under this chapter, inasmuch as the well- 
 fed animal and the properly-exercised animal, yet not overworked, 
 has little to fear by reason of any distempers that rage as an epi- 
 demic among any of our domestic animals. The well-fed, prop- 
 erly-nourished animal has a much greater germ-resisting power 
 than the one that is poorly fed and kept under conditions that are 
 not sanitary. The fatalities, also the sequels, are not nearly as 
 great when colts or horses, also cattle, are in prime condition, and 
 are exposed and contract some distemper as is the case when the 
 low vitality is attacked by the same disease. By sequels I mean 
 diseases like roaring in the horse, that may follow a case of com- 
 mon horse distemper, strangles, laryngitis or epizootic. Even a 
 common cold from exposure to a chilling blast is not nearly as 
 likely to result in pneumonia when the animal is in perfect health 
 from good feeding and sensible care. 
 
 Now I have touched a subject on which there is a great va- 
 riance of opinion. I refer to sensible care of farm stock. I might 
 
 19 
 
COMMON SENSE TREATMENT 
 
 devote many pages of this little work to this subject, but think it 
 best only to throw out a few hints in relation to it. A horse barn 
 or a cow barn can be so constructed as to keep the air in it at 
 all times at about the same temperature, and the foul gases can 
 be taken out by a system of ventilation. Yet more animals in it 
 suffer and die than the animals kept in a neighbor's barn whose 
 ventilation is doors and windows. The parlor barn frequently has 
 parlor furnishings, and it is so nicely arranged that it becomes 
 wholly unnecessary for the animals to go outside at all, while 
 the animals of the neighbor of necessity are turned out for a time 
 daily. My practice has called me to the barns of the rich, the 
 barns of the poor, and the barns of the middle class, and my ex- 
 perience has been, in periods of epidemics, that the middle class, 
 where the animals are well fed and turned out to get their drink 
 from a trough, even in cold weather, are less likely to contract 
 distempers, and have lighter attacks, than the animals kept un- 
 der the so-called more sanitary conditions. It is the pampered 
 child that catches diphtheria and dies, when the child that is 
 reared to roughing it a little escapes. And so it is with the colts 
 and calves. It is never good policy when distempers are prevail- 
 ing to leave horses or cows out in a rainstorm, or to keep them out 
 of doors on chilly nights, especially when the ground is wet for 
 them to lie on. But it is equally as bad to keep animals closely 
 confined in a stable ever so well supplied with pure air. As a 
 rule the human race is too much afraid of taking exercise in 
 the open air. Especially is this true when a disease of an epi- 
 demic character is raging in the house or in the barn.,; The tendency is 
 too great to shut down closely all avenues for fresh air to get to 
 the patient. We therefore desire to call attention to the fact that 
 pure air is more essential than much drugging, when an epidemic 
 disease is in the horse barn or the cow stable. Those who have stud- 
 ied the actions and symptoms of horses when suffering from dis- 
 tempers or lung disease know that when given a close box stall 
 horses will always be found with the head toward the door or 
 window when given a chance. The very nature of the disease 
 calls for pure, fresh air, and instinctively they strive to get it. 
 Keep the body comfortably clothed and in all cases where the 
 lungs are involved bandage the limbs in woolen bandages from 
 knees down to the feet. As to diet, give them whatever their ap- 
 petite seems to crave, only don't overfeed. We will now briefly 
 speak of some of the more common distempers, beginning with 
 what the farmers call the 
 
 OLD-FASHIONED HORSE DISTEMPER. 
 The veterinarian calls it strangles, as there is always a sore- 
 ness of the throat which prevents the horse from swallowing water 
 
 20 
 
OF FARM ANIMALS. 
 
 easily without strangling, while he may be unable to eat hay and 
 perhaps w4iole grain. ]\Ieals he will rarely try to eat, as they 
 require an increase of saliva from the mouth, and wheat bran 
 mashes, which are so popular with many veterinarians, I have nev- 
 er been able to get a horse suffering with strangles to eat. Theo- 
 retically the wheat bran would be all right, but practically it does 
 not work as desired. I said the sufferer had difficulty in swallow- 
 ing water. I might have said that it is nearly or quite impos- 
 sible for a horse to drink from a brook or from a low trough. 
 But if water is placed in a pail, and held up so the sufferer does 
 not need to put his nose below the lower part of his shoulder 
 blades, he will manage to drink considerable water, and thus re- 
 fresh himself. The water should be fresh and sweet and offered 
 him from a pail every one or two hours. In some cases of this 
 form of distemper there will be a swelling of the glands of the 
 throat and a suppuration will follow, in which case when the swol- 
 len glands beneath the jaws begin to cast off the hair, and the 
 skin looks a little watery, it is good policy to lance the tumefied 
 gland and let the pus out. Then with a syringe wash out the 
 cavity with a one per cent solution of carbolic acid. Whenever 
 the glands are greatly swollen and slow in coming to a suppurative 
 stage it is good policy to use linseed meal poultices on the glands 
 to hasten suppuration, otherwise no poulticing is called for. Per- 
 haps nine out of ten horse owners will consider this disease the 
 worst whenever there is a large degree of swelling and much dis- 
 charge of pus after the glands begin to suppurate. But such is not 
 the case. The most dangerous cases are those where there is no 
 glandular swelling and no suppuration. The pus forms in the 
 membranes of the throat, is swallowed, and frequently results in 
 septicaemic poisoning of the blood, which manifests itself in drop- 
 sical swelling of the limbs, or perhaps running sores on various 
 parts of the body, or as is sometimes the case, an internal gland 
 suppurates and death ensues after the owner thinks the horse 
 fully recovered. To relieve throat soreness I have found nothing 
 better than a mixture of equal parts of powdered sanguinaria 
 (blood root) and powdered chlorate of potash. Mix a teaspoonful 
 of this and a tablespoonful of simple syrup, and with a wooden 
 paddle smear on the tongue every two hours, and to guard against 
 the septic poison of the blood from the swallowed pus as often as 
 twice per day make a paste of hyposulphite of soda and simple 
 syrup and smear on the tongue, using an even tablespoonful of 
 the soda. This will neutralize the poison of the pus or render it 
 harmless in most cases. Hence, I advise the use of the soda in 
 every case of distemper, be it ever so light. Avoid working the 
 horse when suffering with distemper, even in a mild form, as the 
 respiratory organs are all of them more or less affected, 
 
 21 
 
COMMON SENSE TREATMENT 
 
 and a little overdoing is very apt to terminate in congestion of 
 the bronchial tubes or lungs. Also when the animal is put to 
 work after having recovered from the disease be careful and do 
 not leave him tied in a draft or facing a strong wind. A little 
 overwork or fast driving kills many a horse when he is well over 
 the distemper. The twin sister to strangles is the disease known as 
 
 LARYNGITIS. 
 
 This can well be called a severe cold causing a sore throat. 
 The same may be true of the disease known as pharyngitis. Both 
 can be treated as one, on the same general principle. Steaming 
 the head with the steam from pine or hemlock boughs is an old 
 and very good agent to use in connection with chlorate of potash 
 and blood root, already advised. A mixture of spirits of 
 ammonia one ounce, oil of turpentine one ounce, and olive oil 
 six ounces rubbed over the head of the glottis (throat), and along 
 the windpipe, makes a good counter-irritant. Use morning and 
 night, until the skin becomes a little tender, then stop its use, and 
 in most cases recovery will follow under good sensible care alone. 
 When there is a harsh, rasping cough, it may be well to give the 
 following cough syrup, which should really be in every horse 
 stable to use in case of colds. It is made by simmering together 
 over a slow fire two ounces of oil of tar, two ounces of Canada 
 balsam, one ounce tincture of capsicum, three ounces extract of 
 belladonna, three ounces syrup of squills, one pound granulated 
 sugar, one-half pint water. Constantly stir until all ingredients 
 are well melted together. Give of this one tablespoonful on the 
 tongue or make into soft balls with meal. About ten years ago 
 a peculiar disease of a zymotic nature (atmospheric) struck this 
 country, and in certain sections has become serious. I refer to 
 the catarrhal disease called 
 
 PINKEYE. 
 
 Horsemen doubtless gave it this name by reason of the mem- 
 branes of the eyeball becoming of a bright red or pink color. It 
 has now become under certain conditions very serious among 
 horses, cattle and sheep. It has its origin in a special micro-or- 
 ganism or microbe which floats in the air. The disease is usher- 
 ed in by a high temperature with a severe chill in some cases. It 
 is not a disease that can be arrested by any known treatment. It 
 is advisable always to cease work with the animal, place it in a 
 half-darkened stable, yet free of all foul gases and well supplied 
 with pure air. The eyes bathe frequently with a lotion made by 
 dissolving a half-ounce each of borax and acetate of lead, and 
 one ounce of common salt, in a pint of clean rain water. As a 
 rule neglected cases leave the eyes weak, and when horses are 
 
 22 
 
OF FARM ANIMALS. 
 
 so left they should have their eyes i)rotected by a piece of thin 
 blue or brown veiling put over the forehead or the eye weakness 
 may develop into blindness later on. Always give the suffering 
 animal plenty of laxative food like wheat bran mashes, and leaves 
 of the burdock or fresh green grass to cool the system. The more 
 serious forms of epidemic diseases are diphtheria and la grippe, 
 but these of necessity come under the head of diseases where all 
 medical treatment should be under direct supervision of a quali- 
 fied veterinarian. Another disease that comes under the head of 
 being largely produced by improper feeding, and bad management 
 when horses are suffering from the before-mentioned influenzas, is 
 
 PULMONARY OR ASTHMATICAL HEAVES. 
 
 While it is true that horses are bred with a physical con- 
 formation which renders them susceptible to this class of lieaves 
 (bellows heaves horsemen and farmers call it), we will speak 
 briefly of it. Heaves is incurable. It is largely produced by the 
 habit farmers have of feeding on hay or straw during the win- 
 ter months and not enough of the grains containing more nutri- 
 tion. Thus constantly is the stomach distended with bulky food, 
 until the nervous structure of the respiratory organs becomes de- 
 ranged. Horses suffering with heaves can be helped by feeding 
 cut hay, dampened with lime water, and the grain ground into 
 meal and mixed with the cut hay, never feeding more than a half- 
 bushel measure full at one feed, and not less than three pounds 
 of it being ground grain. If hard worked feed from four to six 
 pounds of the ground grain to a thousand pounds weight of horse 
 at each feed. 
 
 CATARRHAL HEAVES. 
 
 This class of heaves is usually a sequel to some one of the 
 forms of distemper. While there is no cure for it, careful feed- 
 ing on nutritious food, and from time to time syringing out the 
 head through the nasal chambers with a solution made by mix- 
 ing a teaspoonful of creolin in a pint of water, will help it. A 
 better remedy is dissolving a tablet of Chinosol in a quart of wa- 
 ter and using. When the disease is more of a bronchial nature 
 than catarrhal the cough syrup advised for laryngitis will afford 
 relief. 
 
 23 
 
\ 
 
 COMMON SENSE TREATMENT 
 
 24 
 
CHARTER II 
 
 WOUNDS AND ACCIDENTS. 
 
 These can be spoken of only in a general way, as the extent 
 and location of a wound must of necessity govern the treatment 
 to a degree. When a vein or an artery has been severed and 
 the hemorrhage is great, the animal will bleed to death before 
 the veterinarian can be had, hence it becomes highly necessary 
 for the farmer to have on hand some powerful styptic and also 
 be able to take up a small artery if necessary. Four or more 
 ounces of the tincture of the muriate of iron should be in every 
 farmer's household to use in the stoppage of hemorrhage due to 
 severed veins. Saturate cotton with this and crowd into the 
 wound if a punctured one or bind on if a surface wound. This 
 will effectually stop the hemorrhage of all veins except the larg- 
 er ones, and will also stop hemorrhage from the smaller arteries. 
 A flat piece of iron dipped in boiling water and applied to small 
 arteries will stop the hemorrhage. It is preferable to the heated 
 iron, as that will only sear over and the flow may break out afresh. In 
 case the artery below the knees or hock is severed, in most cases 
 the leg can be corded above the wound by tying a piece of soft 
 rope around the limb above the wound and then with a stick twisting 
 the rope so tightly as to stop the flow of blood. In case the 
 hemorrhage comes from a vein tie the cord below the wound, 
 then apply the saturated cotton mentioned, and bind on tightly, 
 and in most cases after keeping the limb corded for about an 
 hour the hemorrhage will be brought under control. In all such 
 cases after the hemorrhage has been stopped leave the wound 
 without further dressing for a full twenty-four hour day. Then 
 carefully soak loose the cotton from the wound, and carefully 
 cleanse the wound with a carbolic solution made by mixing a tea- 
 spoonful of liquid pure carbolic acid in a half-pint of water, then 
 saturate cotton with the following: Pure carbolic acid one ounce, 
 glycerine four ounces, olive oil six ounces. This is one of the 
 best healing dressings known to veterinary science. Punctured 
 wounds need cleansing by the use of a syringe so as to reach the 
 bottom of the puncture and destroy any possible germs that may 
 have been carried into the wound, which is all important. 
 
 LACERATED WOUNDS OR ABRASED WOUNDS. 
 
 When there are no vessels severed of course the wounds re- 
 quire no such treatment at the start as do the punctured wounds. 
 
 25 
 
COMMON SENSE TREATMENT 
 
 In all such cases make the wound clean with the carbolic solution 
 advised previously, and if there are threads of tissue or fragments 
 of muscle, with clean knife or shears clip them off. This will insure 
 a better and quicker healing. I am speaking now of wounds in 
 the muscular tissue and not kicks on the joints of the limbs, or 
 open joints or bruises made by dull calks in case of a kick by an- 
 other horse. But lacerated or torn wounds in the flesh, or where 
 the part has had the skin torn off, after they have once been 
 cleaned by the carbolic solution and the shredded fragments re- 
 moved the object should be to heal them without any pus forma- 
 tion if possible, and what is known by medical men as the first 
 intention. If we can aid nature to do this we have accomplished 
 the very best purpose. Now please remember that no agent known 
 heals any wound, nature does this. All we do is to put the wound 
 in shape so that nature can heal it, and then keep the germs that 
 the air is full of from infecting the wound. While the veterinarian 
 may have his own special germicide and antiseptics, which he may 
 prize more than others, I never have found any superior to a mix- 
 ture of bichloride of mercury one ounce mixed in finely powdered 
 resin four ounces. This mixture is a poison and needs to be prop- 
 erly labeled as such, and kept where children or animals cannot 
 reach it. Apply by dusting on the wounds, and unless there are 
 watery or pus secretions do not wash off at all. It will form a 
 scab over the wound. Keep flies away and give nature every 
 chance to heal the wound. 
 
 THE PICKING UP OF NAILS. 
 
 Of late years more than formerly animals, especially horses, 
 are liable to step on nails carelessly left in pieces of board, or the 
 horse may half pull a shoe, and the nails that held it in place be 
 on, and a puncture made in the sole of the foot or frog. The owner 
 thinks that when he has pulled the nail out all that is needed has 
 been done. But alas, such is not true, whenever a nail has been 
 driven through the sole or frog, or any other instrument sufficient 
 to bring blood, when it is withdrawn there is great danger of 
 serious trouble without a sufficient opening is made to allow a 
 thorough disinfecting of the wound the nail or other body made in 
 the foot. Sometimes the trouble arises from the carrying into the 
 foot of the germ of tetanus (lockjaw) or the imprisoned blood may 
 create pus which has to work its way out somewhere, or a case 
 of blood poison or canker of the foot follows, and death results 
 in thousands of cases that need not have occurred had the owner 
 had knowledge enough to realize these simple facts, and had 
 removed the nail or other instrument, then with the blade 
 of his pocket knife cut out a hole in the bottom of the foot large 
 
 26 
 
OF FARM ANIMALS. 
 
 enough so that the end of the little finger could have been inserted. 
 This will let out the blood, and allow any possible germs to be de- 
 stroyed. While there are many germicides which can be used, none 
 is superior to carbolic acid, used at a strength of one part acid 
 to five parts water. Pour a little of this in the wound, then satu- 
 rate cotton with it and crowd into the wound, in twenty-four hours 
 remove, and pour a little more in the wound, when in most cases 
 a pledget of cotton saturated with pine tar crowded into the wound 
 will stay there, and in a few days there will be a filling in of the 
 horn. Some use the spirits of turpentine instead of the acid. But 
 the turpentine in the form that most farmers have it is not of 
 sufficient potency to destroy the germ of tetanus. Many are re- 
 luctant to cut a hole in the foot. A very needless fear, as a 
 little cotton or oakum saturated with tar will keep all dirt out, 
 and the animal can be put right to work. 
 
 SHOULDER BRUISES AND CYSTIC TUMORS. 
 
 If every horse owner had a suitable collar for his horse, and 
 understood the anatomy of the shoulder sufficiently to understand 
 where the pressure should and should not be placed, then fitted 
 his collar so it really would fit, there would be no such thing 
 known as hard, callous swellings or soft puffy swellings seen on 
 shoulders. But these things will continue just as long as horse 
 owners continue to use the old English collar and hames. Thou- 
 sands of farmers in civilized countries will stick to this style of 
 collar with the same tenacity that a Hindoo will stick to the custom 
 of his fathers and use a crooked stick to till the soil propelled by 
 a water buffalo with a stick tied across his forehead. So it is tbat 
 modern styles in collars, like the Humane and Twentieth Century 
 collars, will have a hard time bringing about a change, and I see 
 plainly' that veterinarians will have plenty of business for many 
 years to come in treating these swellings. Of late years sweat 
 pads of various materials have been put in use to overcome the evil 
 the ill-fitting collar is producing. To an extent they do some 
 good, and in other ways they are a damage. A hole can be cut out 
 of the pad and take pressure off the gall or hard swelling, and then 
 relief is afforded, and some agent in the form of gall cures is used to 
 heal up the sores. I will give three remedies: One is verdigris oint- 
 ment, which any druggist can procure. Another is made by mix- 
 ing dry white lead in raw linseed oil until it becomes a thick white 
 paint and the third is a dusting powder made by mixing an ounce 
 each 'of oxide of zinc, finely powdered alum and borax and 
 four ounces of finely powdered starch. Dust on the raw sore from an 
 old pepper box. If a large puffy swelling comes on the shoulder, 
 and fills with bloody water (simply a large blood blister formed 
 
 27 
 
COMMON SENSE TREATMENT 
 
 between two layers of muscles of the shoulder caused by the col- 
 lar not fitting), there is only one way to treat it and that is to lance 
 it deep enough to let the bloody water out before it dries down 
 into an organized body (callus). When the lancing is done in the 
 beginning, it needs no further treatment more than to syringe out 
 daily with a one per cent solution of carbolic acid. In case several 
 days have elapsed before the swelling is lanced, it becomes what 
 is called encysted, which is the beginning of a callus. Then it 
 should be injected with the tincture of iodine daily for a few days, 
 until pus is being secreted liberally. Then change to the one per 
 cent carbolic solution until healed. Should any proud flesh form 
 in the wound made with the knife in lancing dip a camel's-hair 
 brush or feather in butter of antimony and daily wet it with it 
 until reduced. 
 
 BRUISES. 
 
 All poll evils and fistulas of the withers are no more nor less 
 than the result of a severe bruise to the extent of injury of the 
 tissue covering the occiput bones of the head in one case, or the 
 spines running upward from the spinal column to form the so-called 
 withers in the other. Now the farmer can do only a few things 
 with these. The first is use either cold or hot water to reduce any 
 inflammation as the result of a recent bruise. I don't care where it 
 is located, whether on the muscular part of the body or on a joint, 
 perhaps inflicted by a kick from another horse, use water. It is 
 far superior to any liniment that can be made as a reducer or 
 preventive of suppurative inflammation, which should be the first 
 thing sought. An ounce of sal ammoniac and the same of common 
 salt, added to each quart used, when cold water is used will make 
 the water still colder. This line of treatment we especially advise 
 in case of a bruise on a joint, and where possible wring cloths 
 out of this salt and ammonia water and wrap the joint with them, 
 changing about every hour. In case of bruise of the withers it is 
 rarely known when it does occur, as the horse may roll on a 
 stone in the pasture, or jam his withers against the side of the 
 stall, or put his head under a bar or a gate. The same may occur in 
 bruising the top of the head, so that generally speaking no one 
 knows when it occurs, and the first noticeable feature will be a 
 swelling. In all such cases use for a day or two the medicated 
 water. Then apply a blister, none better than the biniodide of 
 mercury ointment. This repeat in about ten days, in case the 
 swelling does not take on the appearance of breaking out. In that 
 case a competent veterinarian must be employed. There is no 
 other way, as a deep lancing of the tumor is needed before a 
 cure can be made. 
 
 28 
 
OF FARM ANIMALS. 
 
 OPEN JOINTS. 
 
 These can only be treated successfully by the skilled veter- 
 inarian. All the horse owner should do is to keep the animal 
 absolutely quiet in a stall (not in a pasture field) and never as some 
 do, thinking to save expense, lead or drive the horse to the veter- 
 inarian, and thus ruin all chance of saving the animal. Right here 
 I will bring the horse part of this little book to a close by saying: 
 In all serious cases always bring the veterinarian to see the 
 patient, especially so in cases of influenzas, lung and bowel troubles 
 and injuries to a joint. Many a time have I had horses and cattle 
 brought to see me and the journey killed them, when if the owner 
 had left them in the barn and come for me the animal would have 
 been well on the road to recovery by the time I got there. While 
 it may be true that moderate walking exercise will, in some cases, 
 be beneficial such exercise as most horse owners give the sufferer 
 kills more than the disease does. 
 
 29 
 
COMMON SENSE TREATMENT 
 
 
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 30 
 
OF FARM ANIMALS. 
 
 31 
 
CHAF»XER III. 
 
 CATTLE DISEASES. 
 
 While cattle are practically immune from many of the diseases 
 that afflict horses, the diseases of cattle are none the less 
 important, inasmuch as milk from the cow is so extensively used 
 as food for the human family, and the carcass forms a large per 
 cent of the meat that is consumed. Unless the cow is in good 
 bodily health she is wholly incapable of furnishing milk of a whole- 
 some character for human food, or even for the rearing of her own 
 offspring (in case her disease is of the mammary glands). Right 
 here again I desire to say, the feeding of milk-producing cows is 
 in a sense of more vital importance to the human race than the 
 feeding of horses, sheep or swine. The milk she produces is simply 
 a product made into a liquid form of the food she eats, the air she 
 breathes and the water she drinks. Give her a rotten food, germ- 
 laden air to breathe and poor water to drink, and it becomes im- 
 possible for her to put into the milk pail a product of high quality. 
 While the theory prevails among many scientific men that milk as 
 it comes from the udder is not contaminated with germs that are 
 in the udder, but with germs on the udder which fall in the pail 
 during the act of milking, it is by no means a fact that germs of 
 certain diseases do not actually abound in the milk before it leaves 
 the milk cistern in the udder of the cow. While a class of food 
 mouldy in its character can be fed to the cow, or beef animal also, 
 and no evil results follow in the form of gastric or kidney disease 
 as in the horse, it may in other ways prove to be a cause of fevers 
 of an anaemic form, the cow becomes emaciated and may even die 
 from nervous prostration or impoverished blood, due to micro-or- 
 ganisms taken into her system through the food she has been made 
 to subsist upon or the water she has quenched her thirst with. A 
 word to the wise is sufficient without further comment. 
 
 GARGET (MAMMITIS). 
 
 The disease Garget, as farmers name it, Mammitis as the 
 veterinary profession knows it, is one of the most common cow ail- 
 ments the farmer has to contend with. It may have causes without 
 number. It really is only an inflamed condition of the whole or some 
 part of the udder of the cow. When the cow is in full flow of 
 milk her udder is the most sensitive part of her physical system. 
 
 32 
 
OF FARM ANIMALS. 
 
 Blood laden with food nutrients is determined to lier udder, and 
 her udder temperature is in some instances from one to two de- 
 grees higher than the temperature taken at the mouth. Now let a 
 cow in full or even half normal flow of milk be allowed to remain 
 out in a cold rain storm, whereby she contracts a cold and has a 
 shivering fit, the chances are that she will either stop milk secre- 
 tion almost entirely or her udder become highly inflamed and we 
 have a case of general garget to contend with. Hence the great 
 importance of keeping all cows in from such storms as a preven- 
 tive; and whenever one suffers from taking a cold in any form 
 doing something to break up this cold or shivering fit just as 
 quickly as possible before the udder becomes inflamed is a neces- 
 sity. As a home remedy a pint of good ginger tea and an all-wool 
 square horse-blanket is good. And now I am going to speak of two 
 very active remedies, both highly poisonous, yet perfectly safe when 
 used as they should be. The one is the tincture of aconite, the 
 other extract of veratrum. In buying either of these always have 
 the druggist mark on the label the dose for a person, then make it 
 ten times as much for a horse or a cow. The laws of all states 
 compel the druggist to plainly mark it as poison. Give first above 
 dose of aconite and half an hour later give a dose of the other, until 
 all chill ceases, and the skin becomes moist under the blanket, 
 and many a case of garget will be headed off. 
 
 LOCALIZED GARGET. 
 
 It sometimes happens that one or more quarters of the udder 
 become hot and tense. This form of garget can be traced to one 
 of the three general causes. (1) The cow may have a bad con- 
 formation of the udder, as photo No. 1 will show, or be too narrow 
 across her hocks, as photo No. 14 shows, and if she is a large pro- 
 ducer of milk her udder will be constantly banged by her hocks 
 in walking, and if made to hurry they will sometimes inflict injury 
 to such an extent as to inflame one or both hind quarters. Again 
 cows with long udders, when they lie down on short platforms in 
 the stable so that the udder hangs over the edge of the manure 
 gutter, will bruise the udder. And again such udders will lie on 
 the hock joint of the leg when lying down, and the leg above it 
 will lie right on the udder and bruise it. Now right here I will 
 say, get rid of all such udders by breeding them out of the herd. 
 Use no bull whose dam and grandam had such a formed udder. 
 The better the breeding of such a bull the more sure he is to get 
 heifers with badly formed udders, gargety udders veterinarians 
 call them. Photo No. 3 shows a well formed udder and properly 
 formed hock for a dairy cow. As a remedy for this kind of garget, 
 use local treatment, hot water applied with thorough rubbing un- 
 
 33 
 
COMMON SENSE TREATMENT 
 
 34 
 
OF FARM ANIMALS. 
 
 No. 8 — Dr. Smead showing how to relieve a choked horse by a blow on a plank 
 
 held across the buttocks of the animal. — [.See ]>'i<je til] 
 
 35 
 
COMMON SENSE TREATMENT 
 
 til quite dry. Then apply some of a mixture of lard and turpen- 
 tine. This is a first-class home remedy, and use it twice or more 
 daily, giving teaspoonful doses three times per day of the ex- 
 tract of pokeroot. Now we come to another form of garget, where 
 there is no inflammation whatever. It is not really garget, but 
 what can be more properly called a 
 
 GARGETY CONDITION. 
 
 The cow has in some way received a blow on some part of one 
 quarter of her udder, and while there is no visible fever or hard 
 lump to be felt a small abscess has formed, and from time to time 
 the pus comes down into the milk cistern (cavity at the base of 
 the teat), and during the act of milking these little chunks of pus 
 come out with the milk and will be seen on the strainer. Now 
 this is not Garget, but what is known as a gargety condition of 
 the milk, due to the small abscess formed in the udder gland. 
 Now please do not understand me as saying that all lumps in milk 
 that may be seen on the strainer are pus cells. Lumps or chunks can 
 get in the milk from a stoppage of the follicles (tubes) in the 
 udder, and there will be seen when these follicles clear themselves 
 small organized pieces of casein (cheesy deposit), but such milk, 
 whether there be pus in it or even the cheesy deposit, is wholly 
 unfit for human food, as in the act of straining all that is done 
 is to take out the larger chunks of pus and casein. In most cases 
 if each teat is milked separately it will be found that one quarter 
 of the udder alone is responsible for this condition. When this 
 is found, then the milk from the remaining quarters can be saved 
 as human food. It has been a long-time practice among dairymen 
 to give saltpeter in tablespoon doses, yet I have doubts as to 
 whether any drug that may be given ever had much effect upon the 
 abscess or injury in the udder gland. Quite recently the G. P. Pilling 
 & Sons Co. of Philadelphia have invented a double syringe, whereby 
 the milk cistern of a cow suffering with this condition can be 
 cleaned and disinfected, and in many a case where the cow would 
 lose one or more quarters of her udder if not daily syringed out 
 with some harmless solution for a time it can be saved. We 
 therefore advise every dairyman to get either this or some other 
 garget syringe and use as may be needed. As a solution a heap- 
 ing teaspoon of common baking soda dissolved in a pint of boiled 
 water is a good one. 
 
 THE USE OF MILK TUBES. 
 
 Right at this time, I consider it fitting to speak of the use 
 and misuse of the milk tube. When a farmer owns even a half 
 dozen cows it rarely happens but that one or more of them will 
 
 36 
 
OF FARM ANIMALS. 
 
 in some way or manner get a teat injured, so that it becomes im- 
 possible to milk this teat by hand, and the tube has to be resorted 
 to, sometimes with the result of spoiling the quarter with the tube 
 by the time the wound is healed. Now this need not occur, and 
 will not occur, with a proper tube, properly used. 
 
 THE PROPER TUBE. 
 
 Milk tubes are found on the dealer's counter in four sizes, 
 namely: two inches, two and one-half inches, three inches, and four 
 inches in length, and the size in diameter is always in proportion 
 to the length. They are all of one price, and four men out of five 
 will buy the biggest they can get for the money. Thus it is a tube 
 four inches in length, and full one or two sizes larger than the 
 milk channel in the teat, is bought to use on a cow with a teat 
 not over three inches long. Thus again about four cow owners 
 out of five think the farther up the teat they can push the tube 
 the more milk they will get, so they push the oversize tube up the 
 teat and wound it, then punch the end up into the udder gland and 
 inflict a wound there also, and the next time they try to milk 
 the cow they find the teat and udder hot and tense and no milk 
 in it, simply spoiled by the tube that was as unsuited to use as a 
 crowbar would be for a toothpick. There are very few cows in 
 whose udder a three-inch tube will not reach the milk cistern and 
 draw all the milk there is in it, and in most cases a two and 
 one-half inch tube is long enough and large enough. 
 
 HANDLING THE TUBE. 
 
 The unseen things in this world are the dangerous ones, and 
 no one can see a germ any more than he can see the force that 
 drives the trolley car. The user of a milk-tube may carry on his 
 hands germs enough to spoil all the cows' teats on the 
 farm, yet not see one of them. Yet he wonders why, when he care- 
 fully ran the milk-tube up the teat of the cow, it inflamed 
 the teat so much. A dead easy thing to understand when we 
 learn about these things we can't see. The user wiped his hands 
 off on the milk-tube, and then shoved the tube up the teat of the 
 cow, and wiped the germs off on the lining membranes of the teat 
 and in her udder. Now hot water is cheap, and if one will take 
 hold of the base of that milk tube and dip it in boiling water for 
 an instant he will kill every germ on the tube. Wait a half minute 
 and the tube will be cool enough so as to not scald the teat, then 
 insert it up the teat, and draw the milk, after which rinse the 
 tube in cool water, then hot water to get the milk off it, and a 
 milk tube can be used in safety indefinitely and not inflict injury 
 to the teat. 
 
 37 
 
COMMON SENSE TREATMENT 
 
 cow POX OR INFECTIOUS GARGET. 
 
 Most veterinarians class these two very distinct diseases to- 
 gether as one, but they are not so by any means. True cow pox is 
 an eruptive fever, with pustules forming on the udder and teats, 
 which will in about a week scab over and heal under the scab, and 
 the cow will be well. But the disease which may look to be cow 
 pox, and is not, doesn't get well. It forms a blister much like that 
 of cow pox, then scabs over as the blister breaks, and then 
 instead of getting well forms a phagedenic (spreading) ulcer and 
 gets worse all the time. Again this latter disease does not always 
 locate itself on the teat, or udder, but is more liable to infect the 
 teat at the tip end of the milk channel, that point being moist. 
 There a tiny blister forms, and does its spreading right up the 
 milk channel, and goes into the udder and ruins the quarter if 
 not immediately headed off in its work. The first noticeable symp- 
 tom is when the milker sits down to milk the cow will cringe or 
 kick when the milk is first started. The next time she will do 
 more cringing, and soon the teat will be found hot and it is hard 
 to squeeze the milk through it, coming in a much smaller stream 
 than usual. When it gets to that stage there is little hope of sav- 
 ing that quarter of the udder. But it can be easily headed off in 
 the beginning by the proper use of the following: Carbolized olive 
 oil, made by melting one ounce of crystal carbolic acid and mixing 
 when melted with ten ounces of pure olive oil. Use this on the end of 
 the teat, or on all blisters or sores on the teat at each milking. Then to 
 prevent the germ from working up the milk channel, with a small 
 glass syringe inject a teaspoonf ul up the teat and milk it out again. 
 This will so grease the milk channel as to prevent the working 
 up of the germ. It is always worth the trial, even after the teat 
 becomes hot and the milk hard to draw. 
 
 HOW THE INFECTIVE GERM IS CARRIED. 
 The milker conveys the disease from cow to cow through the 
 hand. He milks an ailing cow, then milks a well one, and carries 
 the germ right to her teats. Again no one knows just where the 
 germ starts, but there are good reasons for believing on the floor 
 of the stable when cows are kept on it. Therefore always 
 scrub the floors with boiling water, then sprinkle air-slaked lime on 
 them, to destroy possible germs of the disease. 
 
 BLOODY MILK. 
 
 This may be the result sometimes of tuberculous disease of 
 the udder. Therefore always ascertain the quarter it comes from, 
 and examine closely for any hardened lumps in it, and if found 
 have the cow tested with tuberculin. If no such condition exists 
 
 38 
 
OF FARM ANIMALS. 
 
 consider it due to injury of the udder from thumping it with her 
 hocks in fighting flies, etc. Spray the cow with a good fly killer and 
 give her teaspoonful doses of powdered sulphate of iron, mixed 
 with common salt, twice daily, mixed in a feed of meal or bran, until 
 the blood ceases. With heavy milking cows practice milking them 
 three times a day. 
 
 LUMPY JAW (ACTINOMYCOSIS). 
 This disease is becoming more and more common. It is due to 
 a specific fungus found on various plants or pasture grasses. Its 
 name is "Ray Fungus," and under the microscope it looks like a 
 cluster of Indian war clubs. It sometimes locates in the glands 
 of the thBoat and internal glands, but generally either in the glands 
 of the throat or the tongue, and through any sores about the teeth 
 it works down to their extremities and infects the inner part of 
 the bone. Through much experimenting carried on by the 
 Bureau of Animal Husbandry at Washington, D. C, it was found 
 that when iodide of potassium was given in from one to two 
 drachm doses twice daily for two weeks, then once per day for 
 about two weeks longer, ninety per cent of cases where the glands 
 were the seat of the fungi would cease to go on with the enlarge- 
 ment, and the disease stop from doing serious damage until such 
 time as the animal could be made fat for beef. And in cases 
 ■where the bone was involved fully sixty per cent of cases could be 
 headed off. The surgeon may save advanced cases by an opera- 
 tion, but the farmer would better give the potassium iodide, and 
 use a blister on the enlargement as soon as it is noticed, which 
 repeat every two weeks for a few times. No better blister is found 
 than this: Compound one of the ointment of iodine crystal, pow- 
 dered cantharides and the biniodide of mercury. Prepare it 
 by mixing a drachm each of crystal iodine, biniodide of mercury 
 and powdered cantharides, in three ounces of lard. 
 
 CHOKING OF CATTLE. 
 
 Cattle frequently get choked on various things, and the farmer 
 should know how to relieve them, as in many cases death will take 
 place before the veterinarian can get to see the sufferer. When 
 the choking is by reason of some spherical body, like an apple or 
 a potato, it is no serious thing to relieve the animal; with some 
 body like the section of a cabbage stump it is far more serious. 
 Yet when the farmer possesses a fair amount of sense and judg- 
 ment, and does not get excited and lose his head, few animals need 
 die from choke. There are two forms of choke. The most common 
 Is the high choke, in which the substance the animal tried to swal- 
 low is lodged at any point of the gullet between the mouth and 
 
 39 
 
COMMON SENSE TREATMENT 
 
 No. 7 — Dr. Smead shows how to drench a horse easily. — [See page 61} 
 
 NTT^Method of puttinsj the rubber hose down the cow's throat to reheve choke or bloat. 
 
 40 
 
OF FARM ANIMALS. 
 
 where it enters the body. The so-called low choke is the one 
 where the body is lodged beyond the visible part of the gullet. 
 There are three very inexpensive instruments or rather home- 
 made devices which in a case of emergency will answer every pur- 
 pose, and every farmer needs them. First is a piece of inch rub- 
 ber hose, costing about sixty-five cents. It needs to be full six and 
 a half feet long (See photo No. 4), as it is about six feet from the 
 mouth to the entrance of gullet into the first stomach of the 
 grown cow or ox. Yet many think when they have pushed an 
 obstruction down the gullet out of sight it is far enough, when 
 in fact it is only about half way to the stomach or rumen 
 (paunch farmers call it), which lies back of the center of the 
 body of the animal. Now before going farther I desire to call 
 attention to one fact, and that is no rigid body like a whip-stock, 
 rake-handle or other similar device, can ever be passed from the 
 mouth to the rumen of a cow, calf or ox. The gullet takes a 
 turn upward soon as it reaches the thoracic cavity (lung cavity), 
 and soon after the whip-stock or other rigid device enters this 
 cavity it can follow the gullet no farther, and if it is pushed will 
 go right through the gullet and kill the animal. Yet scores of 
 ignorant editors of the agricultural press are giving space to just 
 such nonsense that ignorant writers desire to put in the paper. 
 All devices must of necessity be flexible, and while it is not sup- 
 posable that farmers would own the expensive instrument known 
 as a probang, they can own a piece of rubber hose one inch in 
 diameter, which is second only to the probang for utility in various 
 ways, which will be spoken of later on. First it is hollow, and 
 liquids can be poured or syringed into the end of it that sticks 
 out of the mouth. After the hose has been shoved down the 
 gullet this is a very great advantage, as when it has been shoved 
 down to the obstruction some raw linseed oil or melted lard can 
 be poured into the protruding end of the rubber hose and by 
 gravitation will run down to whatever obstructs the passage, when 
 the obstruction being greased with oil or lard will be, by gentle 
 pushing of the hose, passed into the rumen, and the job will be 
 over before the veterinarian can be phoned and get on the ground 
 in case he lives three miles away. The next instrument is a bull 
 snap costing twenty-five cents, to place in the nose to better hold 
 the animal when inserting the rubber hose. And the last is an 
 oblong ring, made of half-inch round iron, large enough to put 
 the hand and arm through. An old neck-yoke ring of large size, 
 flattened down a little, can be used in an emergency case. But 
 it is better to have the blacksmith make one about ten inches long, 
 so as to be held easily in the mouth by an assistant when the 
 
 41 
 
COMMON SENSE TREATMENT 
 
 operator is at work with this in the mouth. The farmer can 
 safely pass his hand down the throat of cow, ox or horse, and 
 where the obstruction is in the throat pull it out with his hand. 
 In case of an ordinary sized cow the arm of a man will be long 
 enough to go down the gullet a few inches. Now hark ye all: 
 Never try to push an obstacle down into the rumen that can be^ 
 felt from the outside. Never, as some have done, have an assistant 
 hold the fence maul on one side while the operator hits the 
 other side with a mallet, to mash the obstacle. A blow that would 
 mash a potato or a hard apple, say nothing about turnips or cab- 
 bage stumps, would mash the gullet of the animal, and seriously 
 injure it if not cause its death. Yet this foolish, yea torturous, 
 treatment has found its way into print in numerous agricultural 
 journals. Now what is the sensible, rational way? Pour a little 
 oil or melted lard down the gullet. The oil of course cannot go 
 any farther than the obstruction, but it will grease the obstruction, 
 whatever it may be, and enable one to manipulate the obstruction 
 from the outside and bring it up into the mouth, where it can be 
 reached easily by the hand, and bfought out. In case of the low 
 choke of course recourse must be had to pushing it down after 
 greasing, always with the piece of rubber hose mentioned, which 
 being hollow and cup-shaped to an extent, will not slip by the 
 obstruction. 
 
 I BLOATING OF CATTLE. 
 
 Bloating of cattle is very common on farms of the country, 
 and every cattle owner should know how to relieve it. No animal 
 should ever die with clover bloat when the farmer is at home, or 
 even his wife or boy ten years old. Of course all farmers should 
 avoid turning cattle on fresh wet clover or alfalfa when they are 
 hungry. In case the one in charge was on the watch for bloat 
 and took notice of the bloat commencing, the putting of a smooth, 
 round stick about three inches in diameter in the cow's mouth, 
 and tying it with a cord put over the head so as to hold it in place and 
 keep the mouth open, and the animal striving to get it out, will 
 so work the muscles of deglutition as to keep the gas coming out 
 of the rumen before it accumulates to the extent of closing the 
 valves at the lower end of the gullet. But this having been 
 neglected in nine cases out of ten the piece of rubber hose men- 
 tioned can be run down the gullet to the rumen and let the gas 
 out in short order. But the time may be when the bloated animal 
 is in a field a mile or more from the house, and would die before 
 one could get to the house and get the hose. What shall be done? 
 
 42 
 
OF FARM ANIMALS. 
 
 TAPPING. 
 
 Every farmer or farm boy should be taught how to properly 
 tap a bloated cow or ox. It really is one of the simplest opera- 
 tions known to veterinary science. There is one point, and one 
 point only, where an incision can safely be made by a novice into 
 the rumen and let the gas out, and that point is on the left side 
 of the animal, as one stands behind it facing toward it. In a full 
 grown animal it is one hand's breadth from the back bone, and half 
 way between the hip and the last rib. Note the place where my 
 hand lies in the picture. Photo No. 5. The proper instrument is 
 a trocar, costing seventy-five cents. It is no better than a large 
 sized pocket knife, only as the trocar has a tube (canula) which 
 can be left in the wound until the gas has all escaped, while if the 
 knife alone is used, one will need to turn the blade crosswise 
 of the cut made with it, and hold it in place until the gas has 
 escaped. Now inexperienced men fail to relieve by tapping the 
 animal when they have only a knife, by reason of three methods 
 of using it. The first is: They use too small a blade or too 
 short a blade, or perhaps do not insert it full length. In an or- 
 dinary cow or ox it is full three inches or more through the skin 
 and abdominal walls into the rumen (paunch), so one need never 
 be afraid of inserting the knife too far. The trocars are made 
 six inches in length, with a canula (tube) five and one- 
 half inches in length, while the farmer's pocket knife blade is 
 rarely over three inches in length, and will barely reach the 
 paunch when plunged into the animal full length. Other failures 
 occur from not inserting the trocar or knife at the proper angle. 
 Some will hold the trocar or knife nearly horizontal, others will 
 hold it nearly perpendicular. The right angle to insert the knife 
 or trocar is at an angle that would, if long enough, come out at 
 the forward teat of a cow. Note photo No. 6, The gas will be 
 reached every time when the trocar or knife is plunged deep 
 enough, but it may be as said, the trocar may be at the house a 
 mile away when the farmer finds the animal nearly dead from 
 bloat, then of course the pocket knife must be used, and if any 
 farmer is not onto his job well enough to own a pocket knife, he 
 had better throw up his job and go to work in some man's sand- 
 bank. 
 
 BLOATING CALVES AND SHEEP. 
 
 The same general principles should be used in the treatment 
 of them as in older cattle, always in tapping when needed. Do it 
 on the left side and never on the right side no matter which 
 side of the animal may be distended the most. There is only one 
 
 43 
 
COMMON SENSE TREATMENT 
 
 point in all ruminating animals where the rumen (paunch) is at- 
 tached to the abdominal walls and that is the one marked in the 
 picture No. 5. 
 
 TAPPING THE HORSE. 
 
 Tapping the bloated horse is the business of the veterinarian 
 alone, and should never be attempted by the unskilled man. 
 
CHAPTER IV, 
 
 BOVINE ABORTION AND STERILITY. 
 
 For fully a century have veterinarians been laboring to discov- 
 er the cause and a remedy for cows falling to conceive, and to learn 
 why many of them drop the foetus prematurely, and yet the trou- 
 ble has been steadily on the increase. Now this is casting no 
 slur on what investigators have done. They have learned much, 
 but there is much yet to learn. Some have worked on the theory 
 that some specific germ is causing the farmer the trouble he is 
 having with his cows. Others are working on antitoxins and 
 serums to inject into the system of the cow to render her immune 
 from the effects of the germ. Honorable veterinarians have thought 
 they had found specifics that would enable the farmer to stop the 
 trouble in his herd, and a lot of empirics have set their wits to 
 work and got up nostrums by the score and sold them to the 
 gullible. Now with the exception of the last named I feel like 
 giving due credit to all that has been done. It all tends toward 
 the solution of the problem, even though it has not solved it. I 
 have no specific to offer the reader. On the other hand I have 
 to tell him I don't think any will ever be found, yet I hope I 
 may be wrong in this conclusion. While specific germs may 
 and do cause some of the trouble, it is not the maximum but the 
 minimum cause the writer has had to contend with. The cow 
 herself must be studied, and means used to manage her by which 
 we can prevent sterility and abortion. In brief we must take her 
 as she presents herself to us at the present time; and take her 
 into consideration as a physical being, and a very abnormal pro- 
 duction of man, subject to certain conditions even as the human 
 female, especially shock from fright, sense of sight and smell. 
 
 We must realize that our modern cow has been so bred as 
 to produce milk, not only in sufficient quantity for a calf four 
 months in the year but she must produce enough to well rear two 
 calves for four months, then keep it up for four months longer, 
 and then produce enough to feed one calf for a period of two 
 months, or be condemned as an unprofitable dairy cow. Now all 
 this ability has been bred and fed into the cow by the skill of 
 man, but in the accomplishment of it we have dwarfed and ren- 
 dered less vitally strong the organs of reproduction, which are in 
 correlation with the mammary glands. The cow that will produce 
 milk only in a limited quantity for five or six months of the year 
 
COMMON SENSE TREATMENT 
 
 under good care and feeding never aborts except as the result 
 of severe injury. Her general vitality is good, her mammary 
 glands small, and her reproductive functions strong. She gets in 
 calf readily and carries it full time. She can witness extraordi- 
 nary sights, and Inhale offensive odors, and it M^ill have no effect 
 upon her sympathetic nervous organization, as she is of a low 
 nervous organization just as the peasant woman who can produce a 
 strong healthy babe every sixteen months, needs no mid-wife and 
 is ready to perform her usual labor in a week's time, while the 
 more refined races of the earth, with a higher nervous organiza- 
 tion, need to be on constant guard or an abortion will be the 
 result instead of the much desired living healthy child. Now this 
 is plain talk, my readers. It is the refined, improved cows and 
 heifers in our dairies that give us trouble in getting in calf and 
 then in keeping it up yearly until they have passed the age of 
 usefulness. It is this condition that confronts us more than it is 
 a micro-organism. The organisms (germs) that cause sterility 
 and abortion I consider as the least to fear. We have 
 learned that carbolic acid given internally for a prolonged period 
 will destroy the germs of abortion that exist in the blood or 
 uterus, while dilute sprays of it on the vulva and vaginal injection 
 will destroy the organisms. But drugs will not cure inherent 
 predisposition. A nervous child must be carefully cared for to 
 prevent convulsions, and this unbalanced cow of a high milk pro- 
 ducing function must be fed and cared for on the line of a re- 
 alization, that she, like the nervous child, must be fed to make 
 her strong in her weak parts. It may be considered in a sense an 
 inherent weakness, brought about by breeding. When we have a 
 cow capable of producing ten thousand pounds of milk annually 
 we should realize that all such animals, or the heifers from such 
 animals, have a corresponding weakness of their reproductive 
 organs. Heifers fail to desire to breed, and when they do breed 
 they fail to conceive. 
 
 This brings us to another contributive cause, namely, the 
 rearing of the calf. This in far too many instances is done ou 
 the extreme plan. The little young thing is either fed beyond 
 reason to make a show animal of it, kept closely confined in a 
 pen or stable, given all the new milk it will take, and grain or 
 meal as soon as it will partake of it, with the result that it be- 
 comes loaded with kidney fat to the extent of encasing the re- 
 productive organs in fat, so that conception is impossible, or if a 
 male it is impotent. We see more of this among the beef breeds 
 than among the dairy breeds. On the mass of dairy farms, how- 
 ever, it is the reverse. The price milk commands in market in- 
 duces the owner to strive to rear the heifer calves on just as 
 little milk as possible and supplement with hay teas, calf meals and 
 
 46 
 
OF FARM ANIMALS. 
 
 No. 2 Well-bred (>alf being raised on Hay Tea 
 
 No. 15 — A cow that is never sick, luver lia> \jai>;ei. »iii iai>t- a eali every ye; 
 and run her owner in debt $25.00 a year for feed. — [■Sec prtge fSS] 
 
 47 
 
COMMON SENSE TREATMENT 
 
 various condiments that are on the market. Many of these are 
 good, and I don't condemn them when the calf has arrived at an 
 age to live largely on solid foods. But when the calf-raiser starts 
 In to raise a calf at a week or even three weeks of age on this 
 class of supplemental food he starts a calf on life's journey with a 
 low vitality, an impaired digestion (like the calf shown in photo 
 No. 2), sometimes with the result, in case it is born with an 
 inherent weakness of the uterine organs, that we have a heifer that 
 is either sterile or aborts on slight provocation. Or in case she 
 drops a living calf at two or two and a half years of age and 
 largely sends the nutrients of the food she eats into the milk 
 pail, she fails to conceive or aborts if she does. I might take up 
 time and space in further discussion on this line of thought, but a 
 hint to the wise is sufficient. A strong animal at maturity must 
 be started right in infancy or it disappoints the owner when It 
 grows up into cowhood. This thought can well be put in print 
 and nailed up in many a farmer's cow stable. Exercise and grow- 
 ing, digestible food in plenty the first year of a heifer's life would 
 make it a yearly breeder of calves instead of a yearly aborter. 
 
 Another thought on this line I will present: By far too many 
 farmers think that when their cows or heifers are once safely 
 in calf they can be turned in a back woods pasture to fight flies 
 and subsist on any kind of herbage they can find, in most in- 
 stances with a scanty supply of grass. When winter time comes 
 the wheat straw stack and a nubbin of corn will be sufficient. 
 But it is not. There is growth to be made in this heifer, and a 
 life in her uterus to support and develop and give birth to, and 
 you need not be surprised if she aborts at about the sixth, sev- 
 enth or eighth month in pregnancy from sheer weakness of the 
 vital functions to grow the mother and develop the offspring. 
 
 SYMPATHETIC ABORTIONS. 
 
 In a preceding paragraph I spoke of a sympathetic nervous or- 
 ganization. This needs explanation; no one, however, can fully ex- 
 plain it. A person is run over by the cars and his limbs mangled 
 and is brought into the presence of perhaps twenty fellow beings. 
 Some will faint at the sight, others will have a sickness at the 
 stomach and vomit up the contents of it, all will be shocked, and 
 perhaps not five out of the twenty could pick up the bleeding per- 
 son and care for him. Sickening odors have the same effect on some 
 persons. Thus it is that a pregnant woman of a high nervous organ- 
 ization can never aid safely a member of her own sex at 
 time of child birth without danger of bringing about a premature 
 birth in her own case. This, in a homely way of expressing it, is 
 what the effects are on the nerves of sympathy. Now we must 
 come to a higher knowledge of the cow than many of us have, 
 
 48 
 
OF FARM ANIMALS. 
 
 wheu we assume to treat her so as to avoid abortions in the herd. 
 We must come to understand that even the brute is endowed with 
 a sympathetic nervous system, with some of the senses, especial- 
 ly smell, much more acute than the human. So that when we 
 send dogs after or otherwise frighten the pregnant cow we may 
 by reason of that fright cause her to abort. Then we must realize 
 that when an abortion occurs from any cause in the herd other 
 cows may from the effects of the sight and odor be so acted upon 
 as to produce an abortion in them. Thus we must immediately 
 remove the aborting cow from the herd and keep her away until 
 no segments of the placenta are being passed from her. In high-grade 
 herds if the aborting cows are allowed to remain with the herd a ver- 
 itable epidemic through sympathy may prevail in the herd and yet no 
 germ be present. The foetus must be removed out of sight and smell 
 of the herd, and not as some do throw it out on the manure 
 heap. In all cases use antiseptics and germicides. Carbolic acid 
 in one per cent solution is the most commonly used as vaginal 
 Injections once a day. Creolin is also good, but of late the Ger- 
 man germicide, sold under the trade name of "Chinosol," I prefer 
 to either, the carbolic acid or creolin being perhaps preferable to 
 use as an outside wash, on account of the odor counteracting the 
 odors of the cow v/hen the placenta or fluids are being passed. 
 
 FOODS AS A CAUSE OF ABORTION. 
 
 In these days of milk craze, when both the scientist and the 
 farmer are striving to get the most milk out of the cow possible, 
 concentrated foods rich in protein, which can be purchased the 
 most cheaply, are being fed to excess on some dairy farms. Even 
 scientists sometimes look only at the large per cent of protein 
 the food contains, and overlook digestibility and palatability, and 
 to induce the animal to eat it advise that cheap molasses be fed 
 with it as a seasoning. Stock food proprietors frequently season 
 up by-products rich in protein so as to make them highly pala- 
 table, and for a time they may cause a larger milk flow. Yet all 
 the time these foods may contain active medicinal agents which 
 injure digestion or agents which directly affect the uterine organs, 
 and when a cow has a predisposition to abort produce an abor- 
 tion. Cottonseed meal contains in a limited degree some of the 
 active emenagogue effects of the root of the plant (meaning the 
 power to produce uterine excitement and contraction). Thus it 
 is that the farmer needs to know of what the rich concentrated 
 protein feeds he buys are composed, and to always feed cot- 
 tonseed meal and the combinations containing it sparingly to his 
 large milk-producing cows. It is these precautions that must be 
 considered as well as the looking for germs when we combat abor- 
 tion in the herd. And without this done by the farmer himself 
 
 49 
 
COMMON SENSE TREATMENT 
 
 there is little hope of the scientist or veterinarian ever doing very 
 much toward helping him out of his trouble. The first thing ev- 
 ery farmer should come to understand is to distinguish the differ- 
 ence between the germ form of abortion and an abortion that may 
 be from accident or from sympathy. 
 
 HOW TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN THE ABORTIONS. 
 
 Whenever a cow aborts from the action of specific germs that 
 attack the placental membranes the foetus will usually be found 
 covered with a yellowish slime when it is first dropped and the 
 placenta will be found more or less covered with tne same and the 
 cotyledons (buttons the farmer calls them) will be found in a 
 partly putrid condition. Again the placenta will usually be passed 
 in from two hours to two days, and if one will part the lips of 
 the vulva he will usually find small red pimples or small ulcers 
 on the walls of the vagina. In all such cases lose no time in 
 taking the cow and fetus from the sight and possible smell of the 
 herd, and flush out her uterus with a solution of carbolic acid or 
 creolin, making it of a strength of a tablespoonful of either to 
 three pints of warm soft water. Or better still if it can be got- 
 ten use a tablet of Chinosol dissolved in a quart of water. Con- 
 tinue to use daily until all segments of the placenta and slimy 
 fluids have ceased to be seen passing from her. Then don't breed 
 her again inside of two months. As a rule cows thus treated will 
 get in calf again as readily as if they had not aborted. 
 
 Whenever a cow aborts from accident or uterine weakness the 
 slimy appearance of the foetus will as a rule not be present and the 
 placental membranes will remain attached to the walls of the 
 uterus. In all such cases remove the cow from the herd just the 
 same as if the case were of germ abortion and treat her just the 
 same as if she had given birth to a fully developed calf and 
 the placenta had been retained, which we speak of next, and such 
 treated cows will be as likely to again breed as if they had not 
 aborted. But such cows may need more special care in feeding 
 to keep them vitally strong during pregnancy or from weakness 
 of the uterine organs they may again drop the calf prematurely. 
 
 GIVING GERMICIDES INTERNALLY IN CASES OF SUSPECTED 
 GERM ABORTIONS. 
 It is as yet an undecided question as to whether the germs 
 which produce the germ form of abortion abound in the blood 
 or inhabit the uterus alone, but it matters not as far as the 
 farmer is concerned where the germs abound so that he can erad- 
 icate them from his herd. Thus it is that all suspected cases of 
 germ abortion should be treated internally with some agent which 
 can be given with safety. Without going into details I will say 
 
 50 
 
OF FARM ANIMALS. 
 
 that carbolic acid given internally in from twenty to forty-drop 
 doses for alternate months during pregnancy has proved very ef- 
 ficient. It can be safely given in case it is properly given, and 
 the proper way to give it is to put the dose of acid in a half-pint 
 of water and use the water to dampen a mess of wheat bran 
 or meal. Give once per day for a month after the cow has drop- 
 ped her calf, then skip a month and give again after she is safe- 
 ly in calf and continue through her period of pregnancy and she 
 will be often cleaned of possible germs and be a safe breeder 
 afterward. 
 
 TREATING THE BULL. 
 In all cases where it is thought that the bull has served an 
 infected cow thoroughly wash his sheath with the solution named 
 or better still use the Chinosol, which all druggists should keep. 
 The bull may be the means of spreading the germs through the 
 herd if not treated, and it is such a simple thing to render him 
 perfectly safe that no farmer should neglect to treat him in every 
 case there is reason to suspect infection. 
 
 RETENTION OF THE PLACENTA. 
 It sometimes happens that nature's laws have in some un 
 known way been interfered with, and the placental membrane 
 (afterbirth) still retains its adhesion to the walls of the uterus. 
 Various medical agents have been advised by the older authori- 
 ties to bring on uterine contractions and thus effect the expul- 
 sion of the placenta, but in candor I don't believe that any of them 
 has any effect whatever in loosening the attachments. In a case 
 where the placenta was already detached and was retained simply 
 by lack of uterine contractions sufficient to expel it the remedy 
 may have been of use, and then I think a pint of ginger tea or 
 a half-pint of spirits of wine, reduced one-half with boiling w^ater, 
 would accomplish just as much as stronger remedies like ergot. 
 It is therefore well to give the ginger tea, or the spirits, and re- 
 peat it in about six liours, when in case there is no delivery of 
 the placenta it can be considered as a case of retention from the 
 natural adhesions not yet being detached. The former custom 
 was to employ the veterinarian or cow quack to take them away, 
 but no man did ever yet entirely remove them, as some of the 
 attachments could not be removed, and of necessity had to remain 
 to putrefy or rot away. Sometimes the neck of the uterus closed 
 and locked these segments (fragments of the placenta) in the 
 body of the uterus, when the only way nature had of getting rid of 
 them was by absorption of the purulent pus into the blood. Thus 
 many a case of septic fever (blood poison) was produced, render- 
 ing the milk flow for not less than six months wholly unfit for 
 human food with the chances of the cow never conceiving again. 
 
 51 
 
COMMON SENSE TREATMENT 
 
 But the modern, safe and better way is not to endeavor to re- 
 move the placenta at all. This method the author of this little 
 book claims to be the first to advise. With the discovery of germ- 
 icides and antiseptics a new field was opened up, and now we can 
 safely allow the placenta in a cow to remain indefinitely, or until 
 natural conditions take place, by simply once daily injecting, with 
 a proper cattle syringe, some antiseptic solution which will pre- 
 vent germ inoculation, and in from two to eight days, as a rule, 
 the whole mass will be passed, and the cow left in as perfect 
 physical condition as though the placenta had been passed soon 
 after the birth of the calf. As an antiseptic solution use a one per 
 cent solution of carbolic acid or creolin, made by mixing a dessert- 
 spoonful of either in a quart of warm soft water, using at as 
 near blood temperature as possible, or a tablet of Chinosol dissolv- 
 ed in a quart of water. It has the advantage of creating no smart- 
 ing sensation to the cow. Every farmer needs a horse and cattle 
 syringe fully as much as he needs a hoe and a shovel. 
 
 CATTLE AND HORSES OVER-EATING OF GRAIN OR MEAL. 
 
 On the best managed farm a cow or a horse will sometimes get 
 loose and get into the corn crib, oat-bin or a bin of meal, and 
 help itself to several times as much as can be digested. 
 The danger to be apprehended depends largely upon the kind of 
 meal or grain the animal eats. In case it is oats a cow may eat 
 her fill and it is rare that injury follows. In case it is corn in the 
 ear it is rare that the cow or horse is made sick if properly treat- 
 ed, which will be spoken of later on. But in case it is wheat or 
 rye there may be acute indigestion followed with a stiffness, which is 
 called grain founder, which may remain permanently, and so it is 
 with the meals. Ground oats may give the horse the colic, but rare- 
 ly produces impaction by drying up the secretions of the stomach 
 and digestive tract. But corn meal, being so concentrated and 
 devoid of fiber, is quite sure to become packed in the second, third 
 or fourth stomach of the cow and in the stomach or intestines 
 of the horse unless proper means are promptly used to prevent 
 this condition. A very common opinion exists among farmers 
 that no water should be allowed either horse or cow that has en- 
 gorged itself with grain or meal of any kind. This belief 
 doubtless has its origin based on the fact that one engorgement 
 always calls for another, and when an animal has engorged itself 
 with twice or thrice the grain or meal that it can digest its 
 depraved appetite produces a depraved thirst, and if allowed to 
 go to the creek or trough and help itself to all the water its thirst 
 calls for it will add another engorgement of water to the engorge- 
 ment of grain or meal. Then there are two engorgements to con- 
 tend with, and the animal generally dies. Thus it is the farmer 
 
 52 
 
OF FARM ANIMALS. 
 
 jumps to the conclusion that all water must be withheld, which 
 is nearly as fatal to the animal as if it were allowed to go to 
 the creek or trough and fill up on water. Now we stated in the 
 beginning of the article that the danger lay in the baking of the 
 meal, by reason of there not being fluids enough to moisten it, say- 
 ing nothing about there being enough digestive fluids to digest 
 the surplus mass of grain or meal. Common sense is or should 
 be the basis of all action. If there is grain or meal in the stom- 
 ach that can't be digested, and is liable to soon absorb all the gas- 
 tric fluids, common sense would say give fluids enough to keep 
 this surplus meal from absorbing all the fluids and becoming bak- 
 ed in the stomach or intestine. Give water enough to make the 
 meal into a thin slop, so that it can pass through all the stom- 
 achs and go out its way through the intestinal canal. Water given 
 judiciously will accomplish more in doing this than all the drugs 
 in a drug house. 
 
 WATER USED JUDICIOUSLY. 
 
 That means furnishing it to the animal in small quantities, at 
 intervals of about every fifteen minutes. Two quarts at a time 
 every fifteen minutes, until the thirst is quenched, is worth more 
 than pounds of cathartics. It is simply the mechanical action on 
 the meal, making it into a slop, so that it will go on its way through 
 the intestinal canal and not bake. In the water each time place 
 a teaspoonful each of ginger and common baking soda, to warm up 
 the stomach and prevent fermentation. Animals thus treated will 
 be enabled to get rid of enormous quantities of grain and meal 
 and do no practical harm to them other than spoil their appetite 
 and stop the milk flow, if a cow, for a few^ days. 
 
 TREATING THE ANIMAL AFTER BAKING HAS SET IN. 
 But it sometimes happens that the animal gets loose when 
 no one sees it, and it may be hours before we know of it. and 
 when the animal is found it is in pain. Baking of the meal has 
 already commenced. Then what is to be done? A more serious 
 condition now exists. We must stop the baking, or paralysis of 
 the muscles of the digestive tract will soon take place. The thirst 
 will be present, only more severe than if water had been given at the 
 start. But give the water and the ginger and soda, with the 
 same judgment and discretion, and in connection with it give 
 about every hour a pint of pure raw linseed oil, and that 
 is also given more for its mechanical effect than for its medicinal 
 effect. It will by its mechanical effect soften baked meal and at 
 the same time hasten its passage through the intestinal canal, 
 and save many a case before the veterinarian can get on the 
 ground. 
 
 53 
 
CHARTER V. 
 
 STIFF LAMBS. 
 
 It sometimes happens that when farmers are taking what may 
 well be called ideal care of their ewes that are dropping their 
 lambs in the early spring months some of their best lambs are 
 found down and unable to rise on their feet, or if they are helped 
 up will seem weak in their legs and perhaps walk but a few steps 
 and drop down again. At first the lamb seems to suffer no pain 
 and will be greedy to nurse the mother. Later on if nothing is 
 done to relieve it a quick breathing is noticed and a total inabil- 
 ity to stand, no desire to nurse the mother, and death soon fol- 
 lows. After giving the subject some years of study I can come to 
 no other conclusion than it is wholly due to practically the same 
 causes which produce the disease known and heretofore spoken 
 of as azoturia in the horse, only the effect of the surplus food of 
 the lamb may be different. My study of the disease has convinced 
 me that it can be considered as wholly a surplus food disease, as 
 we always find the lambs that are afflicted to be the single lambs 
 of the flock and those whose mothers carry a full udder of milk 
 and some to spare. Again it is always at a time when the little 
 fellow is beginning to eat grain with the mother and also at 
 the period when the ewe's milk undergoes a rapid change, for be 
 it known that a ewe's milk changes in its fat content sometimes 
 from as high as an 8 to 12 per cent butter fat content to about 
 a 4 per cent content between the first week and the fourth or 
 fifth week, while the other solids in the milk remain about the 
 same. We find this condition: the lamb is taking more food nu- 
 trients into its system than it can grow fast enough to make use 
 of and its blood becomes in a condition quite similar to that spokeil 
 of in the horse with azoturia. The lamb may be seen running 
 and skipping and in an hour is paralyzed. Never have I known of 
 twin lambs being affected nor the lamb that had scant milk supply. 
 Thus it is we say that the disease is caused by too much food 
 and a violent change of the mother's milk which renders it some- 
 what constipating. So we can reason that a surplus amount of 
 unappropriated food nutrients together with constipation is the 
 primary cause. Avoid the trouble by placing the large-milking 
 ewes and their lambs by themselves and feed less milk producing 
 food to them. Manage to have some succulent food for the 
 flock at hand just before lambing time and feed it until the flock 
 goes to pasture. 
 
 54 
 
OF FARM ANIMALS. 
 
 HOW SHALL AN AILING LAMB BE TREATED? 
 If discovered soon after being taken or beginning to walk 
 stiff give it a tablespoonful of castor oil and a teaspoonful of 
 Bweet spirits of niter. Tliis is to quickly move the bowels and 
 kidneys. Then put the lamb to soak in a tub of water as hot as 
 the hand can be held in for a full half-hour, immersing the whole 
 body except the head and holding it in the water, meantime add- 
 ing hot water so as to keep it hot. When taken out of the water 
 rub it as dry as possible and wrap it in a woolen blanket and 
 many a case will be quickly on the road to recovery. Of course 
 a lazy man is never expected to do this and will not consider 
 it worth while. 
 
 A20TURIA IN PIGS. 
 Pigs are also prone to the same disease, especially when kept 
 closely confined and fed all the nitrogenous food they will 
 eat, for be it known that a pig will eat as a rule twice as much 
 food any time as it can grow fast enough to make use of, and 
 that is the only reason I know why they call him a hog when he 
 grows up. Azoturia in the pig assumes a somewhat different 
 form from that of other animals, seeming to take on more of a 
 rheumatic form followed by a paralysis of the hind limbs due to 
 the spinal cord becoming involved. The same general treatment 
 as for the lamb can be used in the young pig. The older one give 
 the physic and follow with stimulating embrocations to the back 
 and loins, a strong decoction of Cayenne pepper is good. Also 
 follow the physic with from ten to forty-grain doses of 
 Balol three times per day in some cooked oat meal. A mixture of 
 spirits of ammonia one part, olive or linseed oil four parts rubbed 
 along the spine is a good embrocation. But as a hog is a hog 
 any way you can fix him and hard to doctor it is just as well to 
 make him into pork as to spend time in doctoring him. 
 
 ■ i 
 
 E5 
 
CHARTER VI. 
 
 SPRING MANAGEMENT OF THE BREEDING FLOCK. 
 
 About March 1st every year trouble begins on many a flock 
 owner's farm. His ewes have apparently wintered fairly well, and 
 their condition, as far as flesh is concerned, is by no means bad, 
 but about two, three or four weeks before the expected birth of 
 the lamb a ewe is noticed to be standing with the head pressed 
 against the side of the barn or feed rack. Sometimes she will be 
 stupid, and if she attempts to move fast she will fall, and seems 
 very weak. Sometimes she is unable to see clearly, and appears 
 to be dizzy. This condition slowly grows worse, and in from one 
 day to a week she is dead. The older works on sheep husbandry 
 and farmers in general called it "grub in the head." This con- 
 clusion was arrived at by means of more or less of the larvae (grub) 
 of the gadfly being found in the nasal chamber when a post-mortem 
 was held. For several centuries this was a common belief. Yet 
 like many another belief it was found sadly in error when more 
 study was given to sheep and their necessities learned. 
 
 In a brief way I will say: My personal investigations have 
 always found the cause to be constipation. The flock has been 
 wintered wholly on dry food, sometimes lacking in variety. The 
 sheep by nature is a constipated animal and it is an animal, bar- 
 ring the goat, whose appetite craves, and physical needs require, 
 a greater variety of food than any other of our domestic animals. 
 A succulent food of some kind is well-nigh a necessity in win- 
 tering a breeding flock of ewes in order to avoid the conditions 
 named, and several others mentioned later on. In England there 
 is not a day in the year that the breeding flock does not eat a 
 succulent food of some kind, and the English shepherds never are 
 troubled with loss from this source. This country Is now well 
 supplied with English breeds of sheep, but in most cases the Eng- 
 lish methods of feeding and care did not come over with the im- 
 portation of the sheep. Thus it is that we find the English or 
 mutton breeds suffering more from this cause than our American 
 breeds of sheep. 
 
 Now I have said that constipation caused the death of the 
 sheep. But few realize what the results of constipation may be in 
 a pregnant animal, especially the sheep. A dozen or more dis- 
 eases may be the outcome of simply feeding a pregnant ewe four 
 months on dry hay, fodder and grain. Some will say, "I keep 
 
 56 
 
OF F^ARIM ANIINIALS. 
 
 salt where the flock can help themselves to it all the time." This 
 is good as far as it goes. But no sheep can eat salt enough to 
 take the place of succulent food. In England roots, cabbage or 
 kale are fed, but in this country corn silage can be made to fill 
 the bill in place of the roots, although not the equal of the roots 
 or cabbage. But one or the other must be furnished in order to 
 avoid loss by death of many ewes just before giving birth to the 
 lamb. Now I wish to be fully understood in what I am saying. I 
 mentioned variety of food right in connection with a succulent 
 food, and I spoke of corn silage taking the place of roots. Neither 
 corn silage nor roots of any kind must be wholly depended on. 
 They can be depended on to fill one place in the winter feeding 
 of the breeding ewe, but by no means must they constitute the 
 whole or sole food for the ewe. Many jump to the conclusion that 
 by reason of a certain food being a good one for sheep it can be 
 fed as the sole food in wintering the flock. Were the shepherd 
 to strive even for a few days to feed the flock of pregnant ewes 
 on corn silage or roots of any kind, he likely would set many of 
 the flock to scouring, and some ewes would prematurely give birth 
 to their lambs. As a part ration succulence is essential, but dry 
 foods are just as much needed as are succulent foods, and one 
 won't take the place of the other. 
 
 Another, important consideration in the feeding of the flock 
 to avoid disease later on is the feeding of the dry foods. When 
 the owner has clover or mixed hay, straw of various kinds, corn 
 fodder or bean fodder or any other roughage it is not good policy 
 for him to start in the winter feeding his poor feed first, thinking 
 to keep the clover or mixed hay until about lambing time. The 
 ewe when she comes from the pasture needs just as good feed- 
 ing to keep up her bodily health as at any time during the winter. 
 It is all important to keep the ewe strong and vigorous every day 
 and not allow her to lose in flesh or strength for a single day. 
 The sheep is not an animal that can be starved the fore part of 
 the winter and regain what was lost later in the winter or early 
 spring. If she needs clover hay in March she needs it in December. 
 All hay or no hay, all straw or no straw at all is the cus- 
 tom when the flock owner is compelled to feed cheap or unmar- 
 ketable roughage to his breeding flock. Yet a large number of 
 American flockmasters do this, then wonder when lambing time 
 comes why the lambs are weak and there is nothing in the udder 
 of the ewe to feed the lamb. The correct way and by far the most 
 economical way is to feed the better food right along with the 
 poorer food from the beginning of the winter, feeding the better 
 food at night and in the morning feeding the straw and if corn 
 stover or corn stalks are to be fed (and by the way when the 
 
 57 
 
COMMON SENSE TREATMENT 
 
 stalks are in good condition they are by no means a poor rough 
 feed), throwing them out on the ground for the sheep to pick over at 
 noon when it does not rtorm. All sheep need a little grain feed, 
 I care not how fleshy they may be, and the best of all grain feeds 
 for the breeding ewe is oats. Young ewes may need but little, but 
 older ones need feed in plenty. In this country it is safe to say 
 that where one sheep is fed oats to its injury not less than fifty 
 are allowed to get in low vitality for need of oats. It matters not 
 what time of the day the oats are fed, but the succulent feed like 
 the roots or silage is best fed in the fore part of the day. 
 
 In some parts of the middle western and eastern states blue- 
 grass abounds and when the snow does not cover the ground will 
 supply two very essential things for the breeding ewe, namely, 
 exercise and succulence. But right here is an illustration of the 
 truthfulness of what has been said: The bluegrass is abundant, 
 and is succulent, hence the flock owner depends upon it. He al- 
 lows the sheep to run out on the frozen bluegrass and stuff them- 
 selves upon it, but they are never fed, they are simply filled, and 
 only half fed. They are plump, yet actually being vitally reduced 
 in strength and prematurely give birth to their lambs, or if 
 they carry them full time drop weak lambs, which the ewes do 
 not own, or have no milk for them, and many a ewe dies at time 
 of parturition. She has simply managed to store up vitality enough 
 to carry her through giving birth to her lamb, then runs down 
 and dies. Too much succulence and not enough food. All could 
 have been prevented had a daily feed of good hay been furnished, 
 and a liberal feeding of grain all winter long. Right here again 
 is where thousands of sheep owners in this country bring loss in 
 their flocks. They save the grain feeding until after the lamb is 
 born, and then think to feed the ewe up into giving a good flow 
 of milk when the lamb is there to nurse it — a mistaken idea. A 
 breeding ewe that does not have a good udder of milk when the 
 lamb is born can never be fed up into giving a large flow after- 
 ward. The proper way is to feed the breeding ewe a milk-pro- 
 ducing food before the lamb is born, in fact all winter long, only 
 don't put her on as strong feeding as when she is nursing her lamb. 
 
 DISOWNING LAMBS. 
 Some flock owners are always having trouble by reason of 
 their ewes not owning their lambs. I feel perfectly safe in saying 
 that nine times out of ten when the ewe drops a single lamb and 
 does not own it she has no milk in her udder to feed it. She may 
 have twin lambs and fail to own one of them when she has a 
 full udder of milk, but put it down as a rule that the disowning of 
 lambs is by reason of no milk in the udder. And there is no milk 
 there simply because the shepherd fed his flock no milk-producing 
 
 58 
 
OF FARM ANIMALS. 
 
 food previous to lambing. Prevent the trouble by proper feeding 
 is the best of all ways. When ewes drop their lambs in the pas- 
 ture after being turned out for a few weeks before lambing it 
 never happens that a ewe in good physical health fails to own 
 her lamb. 
 
 CARE AT LAMBING TIME. 
 Shepherds are not made, they are born. It is the man who 
 has an inborn love for sheep who makes a good shepherd and no 
 other can be made into a first-class shepherd. We all in- 
 stinctively drift toward the things we love in this world and the 
 good shepherd always drifts to the sheep bam when the ewes 
 are lambing. He has prepared his sheep barn and so arranged 
 it as to have some little pens about 4x6 feet in size, so that when 
 he sees a ewe is about to drop her lamb he can put her into 
 it by herself. Then in case she drops twin lambs she will not 
 get strayed from either of them and as a rule will own them both. 
 The good shepherd is always familiar with his flock and the 
 flock is familiar with him. He can go among them night or day 
 without scaring them. A man not constituted to do this or too 
 lazy to get up in the middle of the night at lambing time and go 
 to the barn and see how his flock is getting along is not fit to 
 have charge of a flock of ewes. There are many good feeders of 
 «heep who are mighty poor shepherds to care for a flock at lamb- 
 ing time. A little assistance a ewe may need in the delivering of 
 her lamb, and a few drops of milk given soon after its birth will 
 save many a lamb's life and put a five dollar bill in the pocket 
 of the owner five months later on. A little intelligent assistance 
 rendered at this critical time saves the life of a fine ewe. The 
 man who stands around with his gloves on and lets a ewe strain 
 her life away, when one leg happens to be back in the uterus, is 
 no man to look after the flock at lambing time. He may have 
 graduated at an agricultural college and have a degree, be able 
 to preach the Gospel or practice law or teach, but he has no 
 place in the sheep barn. It requires a man of more energy, more 
 sense and judgment than he possesses to look properly after a 
 flock of sheep. Or if he thinks his hands too delicate to take hold 
 of a young lamb and rub it dry in case the ewe is quite exhausted, 
 and assist it to nurse, he may be taught to play a fiddle or pos- 
 sibly a piano, but he is not fitted to grace a sheep bam when the 
 ewes are lambing. He may be able to write a good article for the 
 press, or talk well from the platform at a farmers' institute, but 
 keep him at that kind of work and don't allow him to enter the 
 sheep barn. In closing this chapter it is fitting that I say some- 
 thing regarding the doctoring of sheep. 
 
 59 
 
COMMON SENSE TREATMENT 
 
 PARASITES. 
 
 The chief enemy of the sheep in this country Is internal para- 
 sites, by which I mean the stomach worm and the tliroat and 
 lung worm. The first named can be kept from doing serious harmT3y 
 the simple method of constantly keeping where the sheep can have 
 access to it medicated salt. Salt has long been known to be 
 one of the best worm destroyers and worm preventives. When 
 the salt is medicated by mixing in four quarts of salt one 
 pound of tobacco dust, one pound of powdered wormseed and one- 
 half pound of exiccated sulphate of iron, well mixed and placed in 
 a box where the flock can have access to it constantly summer 
 and winter, there is little danger of worm infection. It may be 
 cheaper, however, for the flock owner to buy the medicated salt 
 sold under the trade name of Sal-Vet. This I know by a personal 
 trial to be a good preventive of worms in sheep and the proprietors 
 preparing it on a large scale can furnish it at a low price, con- 
 sidering its value. Worms are so prevalent in this country that 
 no flock owner should run the risk of the flock becoming infected 
 when it can be so easily prevented. As a direct worm destroyer 
 the best known remedies are found in the gasoline treatment and 
 the coal tar creosotes. The method of giving them has been so 
 frequently given in the bulletins and agricultural press that it 
 would seem out of place to give it here. Again this work is put 
 forth more to instruct farmers how to prevent ailments than to 
 cure ailments, which must always be of necessity the business of 
 the veterinary profession. The throat and lung worm is incur- 
 able only as the veterinarian is called to administer tracheal in- 
 jection of special drugs. The adding of a gill of oil of turpentine 
 to every four quarts of the medicated salt is the best known 
 preventive. 
 
 EXTERNAL PARASITES. 
 
 External parasites can be kept under subjection by dipping 
 the sheep and lambs in almost any one of the creosote or tobac- 
 co preparations on the market. The day is past and gone when 
 the farmer can prepare his own dip. The manufacturer can fur- 
 nish him the needed preparation ready for use for less than half 
 what he can buy the crude drugs for, and the pure drug laws of 
 this country practically make every dip a good and safe remedy 
 to use if used as directed. 
 
 STRETCHES IN SHEEP. 
 
 This is practically unknown when sheep are fed succulent food 
 as heretofore spoken of. When a sheep does have an attack four 
 ounces of Epsom salts and a spoonful of ginger dissolved in a pint 
 of warm water and given as a drench will afford relief the quick- 
 est of any known remedy. 
 
 60 
 
CHAF»XER VII. 
 
 ODDS 4IVD ENDS. 
 
 Many a farmer is ignorant of how to give a horse medicine 
 in a liquid form or drench. Photograph No. 7 shows a very easy 
 method. It is simply a two-tined fork, the tines of which are 
 placed in the mouth so as to straddle the upper jaw as noted in 
 the picture, when a man can easily raise the head of the horse, 
 not extremely high, but just high enough so that the fluid will 
 not run out of the mouth, when even a woman or a boy can stand 
 on a box if a man is not at hand and easily pour the drench in the 
 side of the mouth as you will note the farmer in the picture doing. 
 Raise the head only just high enough so that the horse can 
 drink it easily. When the head is raised too high it becomes 
 impossible for the horse to swallow and strangling may take place. 
 
 GIVING CATTLE DRENCHES. 
 
 Some veterinarians have great trouble in giving cattle a 
 drench, but such is not the case when it is properly done. As 
 a rule when the animal is in the barn with the head in a stanchion 
 all one needs to do is to grasp the nostril with the thumb and 
 forefinger and the animal will stick its nose up, when the mouth 
 of the drenching bottle can be inserted and the animal will usual- 
 ly drink it as readily as an old toper. 
 
 RELIEVING A HORSE CHOKED ON OATS. 
 
 It is no uncommon thing for horses to become choked on oats 
 and sometimes it becomes a serious matter. The first thing al- 
 ways pour a little water down the throat, which generally relieves 
 the same as it will a person who chokes on some dry food. In 
 case it does not relieve have an assistant hold a piece of plank 
 on the buttock of the horse as is represented in the picture, while 
 you with a fence maul strike the plank a sharp blow as you see 
 me about to do in photograph No. 8. 
 
 A TYPE OF ROAD HORSE THAT USUALLY GOES LAME 
 AFTER A FEW HARD DRIVES. 
 Many a horse that has good blood in its veins and is consid- 
 ered a flrst-class road animal goes lame when put to hard driv- 
 ing on the road, or even moderate di'iving. Photograph No. 9 
 shows a horse of this class. Any woman can safely drive it, but 
 
 61 
 
COMMON SENSE TREATMENT 
 
 look carefully at the fore limbs. Note the spring in the knees 
 and the short, upright pastern joint. The spring of a road horse 
 should be in the pastern joint and not in the knees, or the horse 
 machine will not be a "laster" to use a horseman's phrase. 
 
 THE TUBERCULOUS TYPE. 
 
 Photograph No. 10 shows a type of cow in which veterinarians 
 who have studied types of cattle find the most tuberculosis pre- 
 vailing. Note. the lack of depth through the heart and the lack 
 of chest. While she may be a fair dairy cow her lack of con- 
 stitution makes her always subject to pulmonary disease. 
 
 THE STRONG CONSTITUTION TYPE. 
 
 Photograph No. 11 shows the type of cow of great constitution 
 and a first-class dairy cow, a little deficient in her udder conforma- 
 tion, making her somewhat subject to garget, also parturient apo- 
 plexy. Note her large nostril, her large jaw, her prominent chest 
 and great power of digestion. It is rare indeed that we find 
 a cow of this conformation suffering from tuberculous disease. 
 Right the opposite of the cow in Photograph No. 10. 
 
 A FIRST-CLASS DAIRY TYPE. 
 
 Photograph No. 12 shows a cow of well-nigh a perfect dairy 
 type. Animals of this type are generally not afflicted with gar- 
 get except as the result of a severe cold. The picture is one of 
 a pure-bred Ayrshire. She is not presented to boom the breed, 
 but to show what the type of a dairy cow that is somewhere near 
 perfection must look like, and at the same time have no inherent 
 tendency to disease of the mammary glands and lungs. Photo- 
 graph No. 13 shows the rear view of a pure-bred Guernsey heifer 
 28 months old, in milk three months, with an average daily record 
 of 36 pounds of milk testing 5.2 per cent of butter fat. The pho- 
 tograph shows the correct form of thighs and hocks so as to make 
 proper room for an udder not liable to injury. 
 
 NO ROOM FOR UDDER. 
 Photograph No. 14 shows a fairly good dairy type of cow, but 
 it will be noted that she is so narrow across the thighs and hocks 
 as not to have space enough to well carry her udder and she is 
 constantly producing stringy milk as a result of injuring her rear 
 udder with her hock joints. All such types should be bred out to 
 prevent veterinary bills and bad milk from time to time. 
 
 62 
 
OF FARM ANIMALS. 
 
 A TYPE OF COW THAT IS NEVER SICK AND NEVER PRO-, 
 DUCES ANY BAD MILK. 
 Photograph No. 15 shows the type of cow that I am sorry to 
 say is found on many farms of the country. They are never sick 
 and their owner never has to call the veterinarian. In fact the 
 owners of such cattle are always boasting that they always doctor 
 their own cows. In case one loses its cud he gives it a slice of 
 salt pork and in case a wolf gets in one's tail he splits it and puts 
 in some salt and pepper to kill the wolf or drive him out. Or if 
 perchance one may have hollow horn in the spring contracted 
 from having a hollow belly all winter, he bores the horn and pours 
 turpentine in the ear to make her shake the horn pith back again. 
 So you see that he has no use for the veterinary profession and 
 will call them all a pack of fools, myself included, for writing this 
 little book. He never milks his cows during the winter as the 
 cow never has any milk in her udder to take out. She may pro- 
 duce three thousand pounds of milk per year that will test 3 
 per cent butter fat; while she always consumes none too good a class 
 of food she always costs her owner from $15 to $25 more per year 
 to keep her than she produces him in milk. Look her over and 
 see how she compares with the cows of the preceding photographs. 
 
 [THE END.] 
 
 63 
 
II 19tt 
 
X 
 
 One copy del to Cat. Div. 
 
 DEC IS J97J 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS