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 Jtme 18, 1917 , 
 
 REPORT 
 
 M. 
 0RGANI2ATI.0H AMD ACTIVITIES 
 
 OF 
 
 STATE COUNCILS OF DEFENSE 
 
 3i, 
 
 Cotmcil of National Defense, 
 Section on Cooperation i/' 
 with. States. 
 
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 \^ TABLE OF COHTENTS 
 
 "-t SUBJECT Page 
 
 i 
 
 Letters and Bvillctins ..»......, 1 
 
 State Organization - By Act of Legislature. ......,,, =...,.. ^ 5 
 
 Appointed by Governor. . . o , . , , , . , ,..,,.. 7 
 
 Coraraittces 8 
 
 LSoal'. Organization. 9 
 
 Finances 14 
 
 Coordination of Clubs and Societies............... .......15 
 
 Military Establishment - Recruiting. .18 
 
 Medical Service. .... ,.o 19 
 
 Military Education. ....... ............. .19 
 
 Transportation of Troops ............... .20 
 
 Relief - Relief to Soldiers. ... ......................... ........ .20 
 
 Civilian Relief, ,...,,......,.,. ..«.,..,....... *21 
 
 Red Cross .21 
 
 Aliens 24 
 
 Transportation. , .25 
 
 Industrial Activities - Industrial Survey. ...................... .26 
 
 IVlan-power Census .....,,..,....«.. 27 
 
 Engineering Activities - Engineering Census and Enrollment. ..... .27 
 
 Research and Invention ,,...,....... 28 
 
 Miscellaneous. ..........................28 
 
 Labor - Civilian Enlistment ...,,..., , . , , , .28 
 
 Labor Adjustment . , 29 
 
 Boys ' Working Reserve 29 
 
 Employment Exchanges ,..,..,..,,........... 30 
 
 Farm Labor 32 
 
 Supply and Conservation of Food. ........... ..................... .33 
 
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 Food Production and Conservation Propaganda - 
 
 Conservation. ...,....,36 
 
 Agri cultural dubs ...... ......................... ........ 37 
 
 Preserving of Foods .,.,..,.,....,..,....,.. ..,.,..... ... .37 
 
 Agr icultural Surveys ...,..., .,.,.. 38 
 
 Agr icultural Labor Supply. .....,,,.,....... 38 
 
 Seed Distribution. ,38 
 
 Financial Assistance to Farmers,... ,,.., .,39 
 
 Miscellaneous Activity. , , .40 
 
 Publicity Activity, . , . , .41 
 
 Conclusion. .,.,,. .,,.,..... .42 
 
 Index. ,...,,,.... , ,43 
 
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EEPOHP 
 
 THE ORG-ANIZATION AM) ACTIVITIES OF 
 STATE CQTOTCILS OF DEFENSE 
 
 Juiie 16 ., 1917 . 
 
 The organization in every state of a state co-uncil of defense, similar in 
 nature to the Co-uncil of National Defense, and created to promote and coordinate 
 the war activities of the state, and to cooperate with the Federal Government and 
 the Council of National Defense, was suggested in a letter dated April 9th, signed 
 "by the Secretary of \7ar, and sent to all state governors. This letter v/as follow- 
 ed by a National Defense Conference held in Washington on May 2nd and 3rd, attend- 
 ed hy representatives ( includingeleven governors) from every state. At the Con- 
 ference the questions of state war orgaaiization and of state wartime activities 
 v/ere discussed, and a nation-wide movement for organizing state councils of de- 
 fense and for stimulating state jsas activities of aid to the nation was "begun. 
 State after state was organized .until, at present, all but two are reported to 
 have such councils. These councils are reiDorting an ever increasing nujiiber of 
 valuable war activities and rendering constantly enlarging cooperation and assist- 
 ance to the Federal Government and the Council of National Defense. 
 
 The cooperation which has boon specifically requested from the state coun- 
 cils may be seen in the following outline of tiie circular letters and bulletins 
 which have been sent by the Council of National Defense to all the state coimcils 
 and to state governors where no council then existed. Those bulletins especially 
 rcouiring attention and active work at the present time arc marked v/ith asterisks. 
 
 Date Subject 
 
 April 9 Circular letter requesting the organization of state councils of 
 
 defense in every state. 
 April 9 ^Circular letter urging the maintenance of the existing safeguards 
 of the health and welfare of workers, and the passage of legis- 
 lation empowering the state governors to s\ispcnd labor laws at 
 the request of the Council of National Defense. 
 

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 April 12 First of a series of let'ters cjad. telegra-is urging the pcstponeinent 
 
 of Cu state-\;ide mcja pox/or-census or industrial- sua' vejr, 
 April 20 TelegroiTi inviting the states to send representatives to the National 
 
 Defense Conference. 
 liay 2 & 3 National Defense Conference at 'Washington* 
 
 I.Iay 8 Bulletin No. 1 , transmitting the report of the proceedings of the 
 
 National Defense Conference. 
 liay 12 Bulletin No. 2, requesting the state councils of defense to pro- 
 
 vide for the celehration cf Registration Day, 
 
 May 15 *Bulletin No. 5 , offering to send the Official Bulletin ^ published 
 
 under the order of the President by the Committee on Public Infor- 
 mation, to the members of the various sfeate councils of defense. 
 
 Play 15 Bulletin No. 4 , requesting the state councils to cooperate in 
 
 promoting the sale of the Liberty Loan, 
 
 May 17 Bulletin No. 5 , transmitting the answers of the Coimcil of National 
 
 Defense to the questions submitted to it at the National Defense 
 Conference on behalf of the governors and their representatives. 
 
 May 17 * Bulletin No. 6 , transmitting a questionnaire as to personnel, or- 
 
 ganization and activities of the state councils. 
 
 Hay 19 *Bulletln No. 7 , requesting the recognition of the stater/omen's 
 
 Committees representing the V/oman's Corardttee of the Council of 
 National Defense. 
 
 Hay 22 Bulletin No. 6 , offering recoiiL.^.endations for the celebration 
 
 of Registration Day. 
 
 liay 31 Bulletin No» 9 , trcnsmitting documents relativeto the sole of 
 
 Liberty Bonds. 
 
 May 28 Bulletin No. 10 , forvvarding co;:ies of Federal lav/s of importrjice 
 
 to the states. 
 
 Hay 28 *Bulletin No. 11 . recommending the cooperation of the state councils 
 
 "i/ith the Nationd Board of Fire Underwriters in conserving supplies 
 in storage, etc. 
 
 liay 31 *Bulletin No. 12 , requesting the state councils to cooperate v/ith 
 
 the state medical committees representing the Medical Section of the 
 
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I'fey 31 
 
 June 1 
 
 June 1 
 
 June 5 
 
 June 5 
 
 J-une 5 
 
 June 5 
 
 June 7 
 
 June 7 
 
 June 6 
 
 June 8 
 
 June 11 
 
 J-une 15 
 
 June 15 
 
 June 18 
 
 June 18 
 
 Council of National i^efense. 
 
 Bulletin No. 1-5 . announcing tliat tenders of service to the ^cderal 
 Government from state associations will be referred back to tlae res- 
 pective state councils 
 
 * Bullet in No. , 14- ^ requesting the state councils to aid in extending 
 the Federal Reserve System. 
 
 Bulletin No. 15 . transmitting the address of Secretary Lane for use 
 
 in connection with Begistration Daj^. 
 
 Bulletin No. 16 , announcing the availability of the bulletin boards 
 
 in Federal buildings for utilization by state councils. 
 
 Bulletin No. 17 . transmitting an outline for the plan of the United 
 
 ♦ 
 States Boy's Uorking Reserve. 
 
 Bulletin No, 18 . foiT/arding information as to the temporary admissio 
 of otherwise inadmissible immigrants to engage exclusively in agri- 
 cultural labor. 
 
 Bulletin No. 19 ,. forwarding further information and material relat- 
 ing to the Liberty Loan. 
 
 * Eullet in No. 20 ^ requesting the state councils to assist the Com- 
 mercial Economy Board in preventing the return of ^rnsold broa-d to 
 bakears. 
 
 ♦Bulletin No. 21 . anno-uncing the limiting of tlae distribution of 
 the Official Bulletin to 15 copies to each state council. 
 
 Bulletin No. 22 . traiasraitting the Federal Reserve Primer for use 
 by the state councils in promoting the extension of the Federa^l 
 Reserve System. 
 
 Bulletin No» 25 ^ referring to ea.ch state council various offers of 
 land in the state received by the National Covmcil. 
 
 * .Bulletin No. 24 „ t ran splitting a cuesticimaire as to the activities 
 undertaken at the suggestion of the National Council,^ and as to 
 local organization. 
 
 Bulletin No , 25 , calling attention to the desire of the organisa- 
 tion created by the Committee on Public Information called "Fou.r 
 Minute Men" to assist the state councils, 
 
 * Bulletin Ho. 26 » announcing that tlie day after which unsold bread 
 shall not be returned, is postponed to July 10th. 
 
 ^Bulletin No. 27 ^ transmitting a statement of I.ir, Herbert Hoover 
 on Food Conservation togetiior with a letter xrom the Presif^nt 
 on this sxibject, 
 
 '^B ulletin No . 2C calling attention to the work of the Commission 
 on Training Camp Acti"-ities. 
 
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 In addition to these circular letters and bulletins suggesting 
 state co-operation, the Council of National Defense through its Section on Co- 
 operation with States has carried on a large correspondence with the state coiincils. 
 It has ansv;ered their frequent inquiries in regard to Federal legislation and 
 activities and matters of general importance. It has endeavored to assist in 
 solving local problems, and meeting local needs, and to direct local offers of 
 assistance to the channels where they will be of most use to the nation. It is 
 the endeavor of this Section, in addition to fostering and supervising the direct 
 co-operation of the state councils with the National Coiincil and the Federal 
 government, to act as a clearing house between the state councils, affording each 
 so far as is possible the benefit of the experience of the others. To this end, 
 the Section on Co-operation with States is submitting to the states this report 
 on the organization and activities of the state coiincils of defense, 
 
 The activities enumerated comprise the principal activities reported 
 
 to the Council of National Defense as having been effectively carried on or actual^ 
 
 \jndertaken by the various state councils on their own initiative. It must be 
 
 borne in mind, however, that many of the councils have but lately been organized, 
 
 and therefore have had no opportxanity to imdertake such activities;- that many 
 
 councils have refrained from repo;*tingLtheir activities until such time as these 
 
 have been completed or have been sufficiently executed that their results and 
 
 value could be determined; and finally that from many states incomplste reports 
 
 have been received to date. As a result many valuable activities, v/ithout doubt, 
 
 are not reported, and the names of many states v/hich have successfully undertaken 
 
 the reported activities are omitted. 
 
 It is to be noted that a few of the activities herein enumerated are not 
 
 conside red desirable by the Council of National Defense for general adoption, 
 
 and that many, though desirable in some States, would not be desirable in 
 
 eral d esirability or 
 others owing to different local conditions. In cases where the activity is of gen-/ 
 
 general undesirability, this is indicated in the report. In those cases where no 
 
 comment is made, the discretion of the various state councils is looked to to 
 
 prevent unfortunate or unnecessary undertakings, and select and initiate those 
 
 activities which are of immediate importance and are suitable to local conditions 
 
 and of value to the State or Nation. 
 
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STAT E OHGAWIZAT IOIJ 
 
 At the present time 46 States a.'ar the District of Colijrabi? h?ve reported 
 to the Council of National Defense the crerti-n of official councils of defense 
 or similar committees. The organizatirn of these bodies, though varying videly 
 among the several states, may he classified into two groups. 
 
 1. Councils creater hy act of legislature. 
 
 All the councils of this group are statutory bodies entrusted v-ith the 
 duty of promoting sri'^ gui'-'ing the state 'var activities. In all cases except 
 Michigan and Ne-v .York their members>ip consists primarily of civilians repre- 
 senting the activities, industries and resources of the state. Their members 
 are appointed upon a non-partisan basis by the governor, in a fev; cases vdth 
 the consent of the upper house of the state legislature. In California, 
 Illinois, Nebraska, Texas, West Virginia an^'' Wisconsin the group in the com- 
 munity which each member shall represent, is specified in the statute. In 
 Minnesota and New Mexico the personnel of the council is left to the unfettered 
 discretion of the Governor. In California, Minnesota, Nebraska, and ^Visconsin 
 the governor, and sometimes high state executive officials are ex-off icic 
 members of the council. Though in all cases the statute creating the council 
 provides that the actual travelling and similar expense of the members shall be 
 paid by the state, in most cases the members nf the coiincil receive no salary. 
 In Ne^7 Mexico, Nebraska, and. Wisconsin, hovrever, they receive a per diem of 
 $5.00; in California the vice-chairman is salaried and devotes his full time 
 to the v/ork. These councils vary in size frcmi b'"^dies of 30 or 40 to sm.all 
 executive bTdies of 7 or 8. 
 
 The functions and po\7ers of these councils, though varying considerably 
 
 in detail, are fundamentally similar in all of the states in this group except 
 Michigan, New York and West Virginia, the povers of v;hich are treated separate- 
 ly. These po\''ers pre as follov.-s: 
 
 (a) The general functi-^n anr' pnver to carry on activities for v;ar within 
 th3 state; and the duty and pc/rer to cc-'^perate to this end vath the 
 Council of National Defense, and all state p.nd national agencies. (In 
 Illinois this general pov.'cr is limited to activities "mutually agreed 
 upon between it and the Council of National Defense.") 
 
 (b) Power to investigate any matter relating t^ the general welfare and 
 safety of the state or nation in time of war-, and in connection therewith 
 to compel the rendition of testimony and the production of d.ocuments. (in 
 Minnesota this power extends to the right to investigate ''the performance 
 of his duty hy pny public official other than the constitutional officials 
 of this stste, and advise the governor to remove any such official from 
 office. * * * The Governor is hereby authoriir.ed summarily to remove such 
 public official," In V/isconsin and Nevrda .the po'ver of investigati-^n is 
 safeguarded by a provision making it a misdemeanor for any member or em- 
 ployee of the Council to make public any information obtained by such 
 investigation without the auth^rizatii^n of the Governor. In 
 
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New Mexico and Texas this pov/er is not given to the Council.) 
 
 (c) Power oti. their ov/n initiative, to report to the Governor or 
 
 the legislature and to reconm?rid legislat: on. {This power is not expressly 
 given in California, Minnpisooa and I'exaG.} 
 
 (d) Power to supervise and direct the cooperation and assistance of 
 local and municipal gcverrii:::ental bodies and officials, and of associations 
 receiving state aid; v;h.ich are req.i/red to cooperate with and assist the 
 council. (This power is not expressly given in Minnesota and Ne^v Mexico. 
 
 In Texas the council is empov/ered "to call upon the various civic, educational 
 and commercial activities of this State".) 
 
 (e) Power to create sub-corrmittees and to act through them. (fhis 
 power is n«t expiessly given in California, Ilinnesota and Texas.) 
 
 (f) In Minnesota power to seicre by condemnation proceedings any property, 
 and in Wisconsin pov;er to seize, store and distribute foodstuffs and fuelr 
 
 In addition to these exprees powers, these councils as the official 
 defense organizations of the state, exercise large power through their influence 
 over public opinion and their ability to enlist and direct popular support and 
 popular activity, and to supervise the work of local organizations* 
 
 In all cases there has been appropriated to these councils, considerable 
 funds; sometimes as a general appropriation to co'^^er the expenses of all activities 
 performed by thera directly, in other cases a specific appropriation varying from 
 $25,000.00 to 15,000,000,00. 
 
 Councils of this type have been formed in California, Illinois, Minnesota, 
 Nebraska, New Mexico, Texas and Wisconsin. Maryland has organized a council and 
 legislation of this nature is pending. 
 
 In West Virginia the Board of Public Works has been constituted by statute 
 an Executive State Council of Defense. As such it is required to cooperate with 
 and assist the Council of National Defense and the sbate councils. In addition to 
 the powers recited above, it is empowered to suppress insurrections and rebellions 
 to cause a .nan pov/er said indusb: ial census to be taken, to -uake and enforce regu- 
 lations governiJigithe operations of railroads, mines and industrial works and for 
 the conservation of resources, to regulate prices of food and fuel, and "in gener- 
 al tr> take such steps as may be necessary or advisable for the public defense and 
 security". Subordinate to the Executive Council there is an Advisory Council of 
 Defense which has no powers other than those accraing to it as asi agency of the 
 Executive Council, but which corresponds in organization and membership to the 
 other cou-cils of this group. 
 
 In Michigan, the Governor, Attorney General, State Treasurer, Secretary of 
 
 State and Superintendent of Public Ixistruction are constituted a V/ar Preparedness 
 
 Scard anJ. e.-ipovered to expend a $5,000,000 war loan in military activities and for 
 
 "such othei purposes* * * as may be deemed necessary in the discretion of 
 
 - 6 - 
 
^ 7 - 
 
 the Governor f^r the purpose of state and national defense." 
 
 Ne\7 York has sn organizstion somewhat similsr to that adopted by West 
 
 Virginia, The Governor, State Superintendent of Public Worlcs, S^^ate Engineer, 
 
 State Commissioner of Agriculture, s Bepresentative of the Citizens' Preparedness 
 
 Association, a secretary and an auditor have been constituted by Statute the state 
 
 defense council. Subordinate to this council and directly under the Adjutant 
 
 General's Department is e Committee of Experts composed of twelve civilians who 
 
 volunteer their time, each being e.rpert in one of the twelve divisions in v/hich 
 
 the activities of the Department are dividel* These tv/elve chiefs of divisions 
 
 constitute a State Advisory Council of Defense. 
 
 2 « Councils without stati Tto'^^y rceoo^nition appoint-^.d by the Governor 
 as the officr '.el da.ren-^e rou-icil of t/io svs ce. 
 
 The councils of this group are also invariably non-partisan. They are composed 
 
 entirely of representative civilians. They v?ry in size from large bodies of 100 
 
 cr 200, to small bodies of 6 or 7. In Indiana, Massachusetts, New Hampshire 
 
 and Pennsylvania, though given no legislative establishment, these councils have 
 
 been granted an appropriation to cover their expenses*. in several ether states 
 
 they indirectly supervise the expenditure of a large war fund appropriated to the 
 
 Governor, 
 
 These councils are directly controlled by the state executive departments, 
 and assist them in carrying out their war undertakings, both as investigating 
 and advisory bodies and as xk executive organizations centralizing local defense 
 units* 
 
 They often exercise iarg't powers as an agency of the Governor. In addition, 
 the popular influence and control v;hich accrues to them as the Gfficial defense 
 organization of the state, enables them to supervise and diiect the work of local 
 defense bodies and to exercise influence over the executive action and the 
 legislation of the state. 
 
 Councils of this tj^pe have been reported in Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, 
 
 Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Idaha, Indiana, 
 
 Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Missouri, 
 
 Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, North Carolina., Forth Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, 
 
 Gregory, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, 
 
 Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, and Wy«ming. 
 
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An imique type of state organization wMch utilizes no civilian volimteer 
 assistance, e^cists in Ilew Jersey. Ttere tJs govenior has "been enrpov/ered "by 
 statute "to assist the Federal GovernrtGnt in the present; crisis by any assistance 
 within tlB povv-er of the State." Under tte direction of the governor all the 
 official v;ar activities of the state government, even though directly under 
 another department, have "been focused in the Adjutant -Generals departiie nt ".vSs an 
 executive center. Cooperating with this departnsnt and the governor is a Com- 
 mittee of Public Safety composed of tlie mayors of all th^ various municipalities, 
 and headed "by a small executive committee. The principal worlc of the state, 
 except that done directly by the executive departments, is carried on by the 
 Mayor's Committees which are appointed by the mayor in each municipality to cor- 
 respond with the sub-committees off the state Committee on Public Safety. Nov/here 
 in the state has an official local committee been created which is not appointed 
 by and subordinate to scome executive officer, and no state comnittee exists which 
 is not composed of executive officers. 
 
 In Delaware no state council has been appointed, but the Y/ilmington County 
 Committee on National Defense has conducted the principal defense activities of 
 the state- It is announced, however, that the Governor is soon to appoint a 
 state council. In Mississippi no covmcil has been reported. 
 
 In most of these states the legislatures have not been in session since the 
 oirganization of these ccancils. It is to be expected and hoped that when the 
 Legi slsatures come into session and have time to pass appropriate legislation, 
 the councils of this Group will be re-organized as councils of Groiip 1, being 
 granted broad powers, and sufficient appropriations to cover general expenses 
 and to meet those emergencies which may arise during adjournmaits of the Legis- 
 latures. 
 
 COM!ITT:gRS . 
 
 The state councils of defense of either group carry on their activities 
 
 through coiTimittees. In cases where the ccuncil is large, 'these committees are 
 composed of various mombers of the coimcil and the activities of the council 
 and its various committees a.re directed by a email executive committee. IVhere 
 the councils are srrall, meirbers of th^ caxncil are made tla chairmen of the 
 principal coiraTiittees, but the other meinbers of these committees and the entire 
 memberships of thB subordinate ones are chosen by the council from outside its 
 membership. 
 
 The various committees existing in thie several ntite coxincils will be 
 considered in this report in the sections dealing v,d th the respective activi- 
 ties of the committees. 
 
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-9- 
 LOCAI^ 0HGMI2ATI0N 
 
 In nearly every state there is some form of local organization. In several 
 states the promotion of this organization has uiiforttinately not been -undertaken 
 by the state council or the state executive officials, but left entirely to local 
 initiative. The result is that there is no state-v/ide local organization of any 
 sort, and only in communities of vigor do councils of defense exist. Many of 
 these independent local organizations, however, have displayed extraordinary 
 vitality and enterprise, carrying on a wealth of valuable activity. In one or tv;o 
 cases, indeed, the local council in the principal county or city, has proved 
 itself the dominating defense organization of the state. 
 
 Twenty-(:^\yp states, hov/ever, have already com,pletei or have well under way a 
 
 state-wide system of local organizations of some sort. California, Colorado, 
 
 Kansas 
 Connecticut, Indiana, Iowa, /Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, New York, 
 
 Tennessee, Vermont and Wisconsin have reported that a coimty coxmcil of defense 
 
 has been organized in every or nearly every county* '-yArkans as, Pennsylvania 
 
 and Wyoming have undertaken the establishment of a similar system. In Massachusetts 
 
 Nev/ Hampshire and New Jersey local councils exist in nearly every township or 
 
 municipality. Florida, Ohio and Virginia have completed, and Georgia and North 
 
 Carolina have planned and undertaken a system of agricultural committees in every 
 
 county. 
 
 The Council of National Defense wishes to commend this activity and to 
 recommend that the state councils in all states which have not yet built up an 
 efficient state-wide system of local councils, concentrate their efforts upon the 
 development and completion of local organization in their state. It is becoming 
 more and more evident that intensive work must be done in local geographical sub- 
 divisions not larger than a county, and that through efficient and systematic 
 local organization only, can state councils effectively utilize the resources of 
 their state and render their full measure of co-operation and assistance to the 
 
 nation. 
 
 In order to assist by the experience of others, those states which have 
 
 not yet completed an adequate organization of local councils, the methods employed 
 
 and the syster% established in several tj^pical states are outlined below* 
 
 The organization of local councils, in Wisconsin for example, was carried 
 
 on as follows: Shortly after its organization the state council, to which all 
 
 -nlocal officials are compelled by statute to render assistance and cooperation, sent 
 
 out a letter to the chairman of the county board of each county in the 
 
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- 10 - 
 state requesting him to create gji official county council of defense in his 
 co\mty by calling a meeting cf prominent citizens, heads of associations, etc. 
 to organize the coimty v4th one of their members as chairman, Thi s letter urged 
 him to recognize, sud utilize all defense organiza tions th? t alre ad;^?- exi__st^a A 
 plan of appropriate orgsjiization for county councils v;as enclosed. This plan sug- 
 ggested a membership of sixteen men in each county. The basis of selection of 
 members outlined. was very similar to that provided in the statute incorporating 
 the state council of defense. The communication also urged that before all else, 
 committees be or-grjiized and activities undertrJcen upon the three follov/ing subjects: 
 Increased food production and conservation; recruiting and aid of Red Cross; and re- 
 lief ".vorlc. This circular letter v/as follov/ed by a bulletin requesting reports as to 
 thPTirgTini zatioYi efTocted, pnp:p,osf.ir\G tv\'yf3^r:hrr orcj-'ni^/^t. i rin in the counties v/here 
 county councils v;ere already orgrjiized, and again apj)caling for activity along 
 the three lines emphasized in the original letter. At the same time the state 
 c-ancil secured the enactment of a Ioav authorizing county boards and tov/n, vill?.ee 
 and city c-uthorities to appropriate to the county councils recogmzed by the 
 state council, a certain percentage of the assessed property value of the 
 jurisdiction. The lav; also provided that the sum so appropriated shoiold be ex- 
 pended by the co^mty councils under the direction of the state co^mcil. This 
 county organization has recently been given full legislative establishment by a 
 lav/ authorizing the governor to appoint co'onty councils of defense to supersede 
 any nnofficial councils and to act as an agency of the state council. 
 
 By means of these circular letters, this legislation and a publicity 
 cpinpaign, in v/hich speakers at county meetings v/ere effectively used, 
 co^jinty councils have been created in every county in the state, caid in most counties 
 a great number of subordinate tov.^nship or other local coujicils nov/ exist. The 
 state council of defense keeps in close touch V7ith the activities of all, the co^imty 
 councils through regular v/eekly reports from the counties to the state couuicil on 
 forms provided by the state council,. On these forms are printed qu.estions concern- 
 ing the various activities -..Aich'ttae -stc-t^ coaixiUhvAS -recCf^faended that the countioo 
 ^indcrtakG, On the other hand the ctato coujicil issues froquonti bu.llctins to the 
 covmty councils suggesting end directing activities, cjod. in addition issues a 
 weekly publication v/hich is sent to the ma-nbers of all local orgrnizations and to 
 a mailing list of 12,000 people. In this publicrtion items of importance 
 
 concGrning the Federal and state govcrniLcnts 
 
 - 10 - 
 
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- 11 - 
 
 and the national and state council are published. In addition there are articles 
 encouraging activities, which are of value to the nation. The last part of this 
 publication is devoted to reports on the activities of the specific county c^hjuotI. 
 which annotated by an occasional word of praise, serve to stimulate local pride 
 and competition, and to encourage delinquent councils to emulate those leading in 
 activities. To further promote and direct local activities, a_st^te_ defense con- 
 ference^ similar in its nature to the National Defense Conference held in Waahing- 
 ton, was held at Madison on May 27th. At this conference representatives from 
 the local councils attended and speeches by the state executive officers of in- 
 terest, and on the work already accom.pl ished and to be accomplished by the local 
 councils, v/ere fallo%ved by gencrrl discussion. 
 
 The Missouri State Council of Defense has almost completed a plan for organ- 
 izing a system of councils in everv, opuntjajid every t^wn_ship__in. the _state^ 
 
 A similar state-wide system of tov/n councils, but resembling the state 
 council in their internal structure, has been nearly completed in Massachusetts 
 by the efforts of the Massachusetts Committee on Public Safety. This Committee 
 appealed to the Mayors and Boards of Selectmen of each town to organize councils 
 resembling the state council* They recommend that local councils should have 
 fev/er members and committees than the large state organization* In most of the 
 few toT'.'ns not so organized, the Board of Selectmen is acting as a town council. 
 
 In Kansas, the State Council appointed a small county emergency committee in 
 each county and transmitted to the chairman of this committee a resolution re- 
 commending that the: conaittee organize a county council of defense if none al- 
 ready existed, and that where a strong and effective organization already had been 
 created it should be further perfected along the plans for county councils out- 
 lined. It was suggested that the county council be composed of representatives of 
 the chief interests of the county and include in addition to these representatives 
 one township representative from each to^vvnship. This member was to be re- 
 sponsible for the organization of a similar local committee in his township 
 and in erch municipality therein, and to supervise the activities of these local 
 c^mritteesv This call to preliminary organization was follov/ed by bulletins and 
 questionnaires. By this means a working organization has been established in near- 
 ly every county in the state. 
 
 -A s^mev^hat similar plan of entrusting to designated local citizens the cre- 
 ation tf the local council was carried «ut in lo'.va. There the state council ©f de 
 
 - 11 - 
 

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-12- 
 
 fense recommended to the Governor the names of two prominent men in each county. 
 These two men, together with a man designated by them, in each prec5;nct and town- 
 ship in their county were constituted by the Governor the county council of de- 
 fense. The size of these county councils ranges from 20 to 50 members. Ba ch mem- 
 ber is given an official card as an official coianj .s sion to his o ffice. The issuing 
 of these cards has proved to be of great value in enlisting the interest and pride 
 of the men in the work of their counc-il, Th.e internal organization of each council 
 has been left entirely to the discr^.-tion of its own members and no effort made in 
 suggesting activities to the councils to direct the means by which these activities 
 should be carried o;it . Most of the active defense v/ork of the state is performed 
 by these councils, the state council merely S"ggesting suitable activities. 
 
 In California the state council, which has statu.tory powers, appointed the 
 
 cliairraan of 
 Judge of the Superior Court, the District Attorney, the Sheriff and/t?ie Board of 
 
 Supervisors of each county members of the county council, and delegated to them 
 the fui;ction of choosing three civilian members from their county. These _c_ounty_ 
 councils of seven were induced to organize coiimittee? similar to those of the 
 state council of defense. In addition, "all county organizations which have preT*-' 
 pGT^(^QOs as their object", were made subject" to the jurisdiction of the county 
 cou-Xil". In most cases a similar organization has been created by the county 
 cou:-cils in each township in the county. To these cour.cils most of the work of 
 the state has been entrusted by the state council and has thus been decentralized. 
 
 In New York, as in California, the appointment of the members and the organiza- 
 tion Qf -tj^g county coiincils was e:;trusted to county officials. At the request of 
 the Governor, in each coxiiaty, the county Judge and the chairman of the Board of 
 Supervisors, together with the mayors of the cities but iii Greater Nev^ York, the 
 Mayor alone, selected a county Home Defe:..se Committee of seven or more mem.bers . 
 These coiiimittees each act through about 12, sub-committees appoi;-ted from outside 
 the membership of the Home Defense Coainittee^ - the number ar.d functions of these 
 sub-coranittees varying slightly v/ith the local needs. In. each com-ty, the Home Ds- 
 fe:.se Committee meets with the chairman of the sub-committees as a general cou. oil,, 
 to effect coordination between the activities of the committees and to determi.re 
 important questions of poliC3'". The number of the sub-comnittees is to be •*.&%.. ^^ ■ 
 creased as i.eed for e:-larged cou.rcy activity arises. I:. Hew York, c.ll local 
 committees as ^-v^ell as the sbate cou- cil are directly controlled by ohe Adjutar.t- 
 Ge.eral's department. Tlie local comnicteos represe..t this djpartme..t in the 
 
 cou/-ties a:-d assist it i-. the co-.duct of its local fu-.ctior.s. 
 
 - 12 .. 
 
- I. ■'- . , 
 
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- 13 - 
 In Indir^.a, the st:ito council comiDSioncd th- judge of the Gircmt 
 
 Co-uiit of each county, to appoint and orGr.nizc a county council of seven 
 
 racmbcrG, one to be a woman and one to represent labor. These judges ha^e 
 
 further been caipov/crcd to remove nenbers of their council and fill vacancies. 
 
 In Maryland local organization was effected by the Governor who appoint- 
 ed a county coiTnittcc of five of every county and c ormicci one d the chairman 
 of o.ach county committee to bo cx-offjcio a nenber of the Maryland Prepare d- 
 ncGG and Survey ComniGsicn, the official stnte council. Each county co::Tnit- 
 
 tcc cr.rricG on ite activities through eight Gub-committecs and its work is cor- 
 related with that of the state council through the presence of its chairman 
 in thet body. 
 
 The '' rganiza-tion, in IvTcw J.-rocy, by or^oh mayor. <!f a i-v^^tu-'c r>.mmn.il of 
 defense directly subordinate to him, is a necessary incident of the unique 
 state defense organization of that state. This local and stnte organization 
 arc both described earlier in this report in the section dealing v/ith state 
 crgnnization, 
 
 Li Pennsylvania the state council has issued a carefully prcparod"Uni- 
 fcrn Plan of Organization and Regulations for the Adoption of Local Gonrait- 
 tees," providing for a Local Committee, divided into five departments cor- 
 responding to those of the state committees. 
 
 In Florida a system of "Local Coiam.issicns, " whose functions are primarily 
 agricultural, has been developed so rs to rcch even the voting precincts* The 
 State 'Pood Preparedness Commission," which includes in its membership represen- 
 tatives of the leading state patriotic, commercial and similar associations, 
 induced the state Federation of ;7omcn's Clubs, Banker's Association, Press as- 
 scci:"-tion. Federation of Labor, Farmer's Union, and Teacher's Association, and 
 the local Business Men's Organization, to each designate a representative in 
 every county. In each county these reprcscntotives, together with the chair- 
 man of th^ County Board, th^ Superintendent of Instruction, the two county 
 'Lemonstr.ating Agents, ex-cfficio , v/ere crgrniz^d into a County Food Prepared- 
 ness Cormission. Each County Commissi "n thrn, .'^p-pointcd a small group in each 
 of the five political districts of the coui:ty. This :,roup was urged to ap- 
 point a representative from eoeh voting 'Tocinct to sit v.lth it 
 
 - 13 - 
 
- 14 - 
 In Ohio the Governor asked the Board of County Commissioners in each 
 county to nominate a prominent citizen to head the local movements with reference 
 to food production and conservation. The men nominated v/ere then coiranissioned 
 "by the Governor as " County Food and Crop Commissioners, " Thejr in turn have 
 named and com:nissioned " Township Food and Crop Commissioners " to cooperate with 
 them. 
 
 To complete the existing system of County Agent Sj special agents v/ho 
 volunteered their services were appointed hy the coimcil in every county or group 
 of small counties in which there was no. regular agent v/orking ^^nder the direction 
 of the College of Agriculture. These agents have charge of the general agricultur- 
 al labor situation, the supply of additional labor for the harvest, Ishe distsi- 
 
 the 
 "buting of information regarding planting, and the assisting and/getting of foodrft'*... 
 
 stuffs from the farm to the market, especially by making up carload shipments of 
 fertilizers, seeds and farm fodders out of a group of small shipments, thereby savin;^ 
 great expense. 
 
 In all states, regardless of v/hether the county councils were appointed by 
 the state co/ncil, the Governor, county officials, or county citizens, th® coun.cils, 
 except in so far as their membership includes county officers ex officio, are 
 entirely non-partisan. It is recomiTiendsd as an es;-.ential to these county organi- 
 zations that they be non-partisan in character and free from political influence 
 in order that they may best fulfill their function of representing and uniting 
 in service all the resources and activities of the county. Their node of appoint- 
 ment can best be determined by the State authorities in accordance with local 
 conditions. It seems desirable that their membership be small snd that only such 
 coaviittees be included as are necessary for work in sight, with provision that 
 addiUional committees may be appointed from tixae to time to take care of furthere 
 "./ork as it develops. 
 
 PliTMCES. 
 In iiiaiiy atates, as has been ;^reviously noted in the section dealing vith 
 st£.te organization, adequate appropriations have been mad.e available to the 
 coviicils of defense. In those states the problem to be solved by the coixiittti " 
 hcving to do -/ith finciice, is relatively simple. In the states having no appro- 
 priation, the finance committee faces the difficult problem of providing 
 from private subscriiDtion adequate swas to carry on all the activities of the 
 council. The means employed for soliciting these funds have in no case 
 
 y o.. 
 
 been fully reoorted. Repeated statements ha,ve be.n made, however, of the difTiculti' 
 
 - 14 - 
 
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- 15 - 
 
 encountered by the council in effectively conducting its functions when private 
 subscription must be looked to to care for all expenses. Even in the states having 
 appropristions, however, many of the activities have been financed by private con- 
 tributions, and by this means the coiaicils have been enabled to conduct their 
 functions upon a more extensive and valuable scale thah could otherwise have been 
 done. 
 
 In Wisconsin the county authorities have been empowered by Act of Legislature 
 to raise by taxes and to appropriate funds to the county councils of defense, and 
 in New Mexico and New Hampshire county appropriations for agricultural purposes 
 have been authorized by statute. In Massachusetts the cities and tovms are 
 authorized to appropriate funds for war time activities generally. These funds 
 
 are to be spent under the direction of the to^ra and city officials. In the great 
 
 supported 
 mass of the states, all local councils must be "d by private subscriptionii 
 
 Less difficulty, h#wever, seems to have been encountered in raising funds for 
 
 local than for state activities, 
 
 COORDIITATION AND ASSISTANCE OF PATRIOTIC CLUPS. 
 SOCIETIES AND ASSOCIATIOITS. 
 
 Seventeen states have reported that they have organized a sub-committee of 
 their ijouncil to deal with the problem of correlating the patriotic activities of 
 the various clubs, societies and associations of the state. This is of great 
 value in avoiding duplication and confusion and is recommended to all states. The 
 councils of defense of Illinois, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsyl- 
 vania and Wisconsin have reported that their committee is in communication with 
 the patriotic societies in their state and has joined with them in a mutual effort 
 to prevent duplication and to secure a well balanced distribution among these 
 associations of funds and assistance and a systematic allotment of ftmctions and 
 opportunities for service. In addition, an effort has been made to unify the 
 standards of work of the various associations undertfeking common functions. In a 
 few states the coordination committee of the state council has undertaken to con" 
 duct certain of the correspondence of the local societies and branches with such 
 national organizations as the Red Cross, and thus, by making one letter and one 
 
 answer take the place of many, to simplify supervision by these national bodies. 
 
 - 15 - 
 
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-16- 
 lu New York there is in every coviiity a committee on coordination of asso- 
 ciations directly subordinate to the state committee. These committees are com- 
 posed of representatives o f_the_jr 3.rJ.o us tJatriot^.c societies in the connmunity . 
 Their meetings, at v/hioh the representatives report the needs of their societies 
 and the lu^dertalcings which they contemplate, are a clearing house for the re- 
 distribution of funds and assistance and the articulation of functions. It is also 
 plarjied that through these local committees the ua'.fo?m standards of v.-ork 
 established by state or national orgar.izations be transmitted to the various local 
 societies and individuals undertaking patriotic service. In the city of New York, . 
 for example, under the direction of the vigorous Mayor's Committee on National 
 
 Defense, a large Coordinating Council containing one representative from each of 
 
 or 
 the sixty philanthropi</ patriotic societies aiid a collateral committee v;ith 
 
 representatives from each of fifty-five women's organizations is now coordinating 
 
 and supervisi:.g £.11 voluntary war activities. 
 
 In Illinois the Committee on Coordination of Societies has classified all 
 
 offers of help of the various associations. Through the local branch of the Woman' r 
 
 Committee of the Council of National Defense, which is also affiliated with the 
 
 state council, the chairman of the V/oman's Committee being the member of the state 
 
 council representing woman's activities, a questionaire has been issued to all 
 
 state charitable associations inquiring to \vhat extent the resources of the charity 
 
 have been curtailed by the v/ar, v/hat specific needs the charity has, v/hat voliin- 
 
 t3er service can be used and the exact nature of the demands to be made of the 
 
 volunteer, what equipment is required and what service can be rendered by the 
 
 society. This committee has also undertaken a labor exchange for women volui'i- 
 
 teera registering and classifying all women who tender their service* It is 
 
 inter.ded that this committee will supply vol^in te ers and eq uipment to the various 
 
 associations in proportion to their need an d a Iso de v ise some p Ian of ree:ula-G j-n.^' 
 
 the solicitatio:. of co.-tributio--5 o At the same time the committee has distribute 
 
 widely a little folder urging the importance of maintain. i.-g home charities as a 
 
 patriotic duty, and stating that to volu^.teer funds or service for charitable \.-ork 
 
 is of direct war value. At the same time the state cou.-cil has prepared a bill 
 
 the passage of vv'hich is expected for the regulatio.. by law of the soliciting cf 
 
 funds by associations and societies. 
 
 - 16 - 
 
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J In Wlsconain, as in Illinois, "the principle worlc of coordinetion of activities 
 haa been done by women. The Adviao.r^ Corniaittee ox the Wompn's Organisation of the 
 State CoTincil of Defence Mj X'^c^rgJ■■;p^J3_]JJ;j_c■f J:he pr jngipel women^s state pa tri-, 
 ^>^-J^ietie3^aM_aj;j^_/^ed^^ It also has 
 
 utilized the statutory potrer of the state council to direct all locsl jrgenizs- 
 tions to cooperate with these societies in the undertakings assigned to them. Thue 
 sll associations doing work relato.i to that of the Red Cross, and all county coun- 
 cils of defense in so far as requested by the Red Cross, h?ve been directed to 
 work inmediately under the supervision of the body; the Daughters of the American 
 Revolution and the Woman's Relief Covpcration, have been assigned to relief vrork t:.'. 
 for the families of soldiers in local corrraiini'bies, and to the Americanization of 
 aliens; the state Federation of Woman's Clubs has been assigned to educational 
 movements for the iTiipjro-viemreii*b- oi' tKe qu^LXit.y mj^<i ■t^lf; \t:inrj.. nriJ the conservation 
 of food and clothing; the Consumers League has been assigned a task of supervising; 
 the health of workers under the direction of the state factory inspector, and of 
 supplying workers 4n the seasonable trades with oociTOations during the quiet 
 seasons; the Woman's Suffrage Association has been assigned the care of sanitary 
 conditions-. in local communities, the utilisation of labor of high school children, 
 and together with the Y.W.C.A. , the housing of any err.erj^ercy labor suppT-v of 
 women; the Anti-Suffrage, the Catholic Women's Associations, end the Y.WoC.A, have 
 been assigned to home handicrafts and the utilization of the home labor of marrieO 
 v-.^men, and to the returning of farmer's daughters at sc^.ool r.r cnrployGd in 
 factories to their homes during harvest and sirniln;* tin;;?,?, and the Service Com- 
 mittee of the University of Wisconsin, to the giving of lc-;ctr.-.res on food conserva- 
 tion and food production. Throrgh the local co'-inclls the shate council has pro- 
 m.oted the organization in coi^nties, cities and localities ef al}nopt every size, 
 of local branches of the Red Cross. 
 
 FloTidr has provided for the coordination of the work of pstriotic societies 
 by placing a representative of all the principal societies on its state council, 
 and r representative af the Federation of Women's Clubs, Ban'^ers' Assiiciation, 
 Press Association, Federation of Labor, Farm.ers' Union, and Teachers' Asscciatikn 
 en its county councils. These councils themselves thus act as a clearing house 
 for activities of societies. 
 
 All offers of service received by the Council of National Defense fr^m state 
 organizations are being referred back to the state councils of defense that these 
 
 • patristic offers may be effectively used in connection with state activities. 
 
 - 17 - 
 
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- 18 - 
 
 ACTIVITIES M BELATI 017 TO THE MILITAHy ESTABLISHMENT 
 OF THE UITITED STATES 
 
 A majority of the states v/liich. have reported the full list of thenr coinroi i-ti-ea 
 have a military committee of some sort. I.n geveral states there are tv/o or m.ore 
 coMnittees dealing v/ith this phase of military \70rk, Thus, for example, in Massa- 
 chusetts, there are the follov/ing cOEmittees with military functions — Recriiit- 
 ing, Naval Forces, Land Forces, Military EQ_uipment and Supplies, Mobilization and 
 Concentration Gamps, Horses, and Trucksand Motor Cars; in Maryland there is a Mili- 
 tary Census, and a Military Preparedness •committee; and in Maine there is a coimnit- 
 tee both on Naval and on Military Forces. 
 
 Recruiting 
 
 The principal function of the military committees is assisting with recruit- 
 ing. Too much emphasis can not be laid upon this activity at the present time. 
 Tae reports concerning it have to date been unfortunately meagre and discouraging. 
 Only a fe-sv state councils have reported to the National Covmcil any considerable 
 activity of this kind. The reports which we have received indicate the possibil- 
 ities that are open to the state councils in this field* Proclamations by the 
 Governor and bulletins from the state council have been scattered widely; groups 
 of speakers' have been organized and sent out to the various localities; speakers • 
 in automobiles have been sent through cities speaking wherever a crov/d could be 
 gathered; moving pictiire shows throughout the state have been induced to show be- 
 tv.'een the regular films recruiting posters and sentences. In those states which 
 publish a regular bulletin, notably New York and Wrsconsin, large parts of this 
 bulletin have been given over to the encouragement of increased enlistment. In 
 addition the local councils of many states have been induced to undertake this 
 work, for v/hich they are peculiarly suited because of their position of influence 
 in the locality, and their ihtimate knov/ledge of local conditions. 
 
 As at present a little less than three-fourths of the full quota of the regu- 
 
 lai- army of the United States has been recruited, and as it is of vital importance 
 
 that the regular army should be recruited to its full war strength with the least 
 
 possible delay, all state and local coiuicils of defense are urged to concentrate 
 
 their ir.raedi ate efforts in grasping this great opportunity for national co-operattu: 
 
 - 18 - 
 
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Ifassachusetts and Nev/ Hampshire laave reported an eicceedinglj- valuable militarjr 
 activitjr. Hen wlio have enlisted in the national Guard or the regular army, often 
 have imperfectly cared for teeth or feet, or are in need of some minor s^argical 
 operation. In ITev; Hampshire the Committee of Physicians and Siu-geons, and in 
 I.Iassachusetts the CoMiiittee on Hygiene, Medicine and Sanitation have provided free 
 of charge a physical examination of men seeking to enlist, and have performed 
 v/hatever dental v/orlc or small sm-gical operations were necessary to render the 
 applicants in fit condition to pass their physical examination for enlistment 
 and to imdertalce the heavy physcial activities of an enlisted man. Similar v;ork 
 has been done for men in the National Guard. It is hoped that the praisv/orthy 
 activity of these tivo states r/ill he followed as an eiJcample by many states in 
 the Union, 
 
 The Ife-ryland Commission reports that it has about completed the equipment 
 of a hospital train. The thre§. principa,! railroads of the state each contributed 
 a. first class coach and these have been equipped and manned by the efforts of the 
 Baltimore Commission* 
 
 MLITAI^Y EDUCATION 
 
 Previous to the war both Jtossachusetts and ITew York had well organized nauti- 
 cal schools aid a nautical ship. These schools take healthy boys between the ages 
 of 16 and 20 years, ahd give them a coraiDlete cou^rse in the various subjects relat- 
 ing to the navigation of a merchant ship. The boys on gradtiation are able to qual- 
 ify as a master marine or a chief engineer. These schoolswill be of great service 
 in providing men for the increased mercl-Bnt m.arine v/hich has become so vital to the 
 successful prosecution of the present v/ar. 
 
 The state councils of defense in Illinois and Jlassaclxisetts have reported 
 the organization of naval training classes. In Illinois these classes are con- 
 ducted in Chicago as a night school in the building devoted to the activities of 
 the council. Courses are given in Navigation, Guainery, Sigiio-ling, Radio, Marine 
 Engines and First Aid, These classes meet two or tln-ee evenings a v/eek for an hour 
 and a half or two hours. Tlie men are being organized into crev/s. In a few cases 
 meixibers of the courses have offered their boats and these boats have been maimed 
 
 ajid made available for imra-sdiate use by the Federal Government, It is planned dur- 
 ing the coming summer to give -practical instiniction on Lake Michigan on Satur(?ay 
 afternoons on boats to be provided by members of the ChiCc.go Yacht Club, The men 
 taking these courses are not required to talce any oath of service, but considerable 
 pressure is put upon them to join scm.e form of naval reserve. In Massachusetts sim- 
 ilar navigation schools are conducted in connection with training classes for tlie 
 fourth-class coast defense of the navy. - 19 - 
 
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 i.; r. 
 
The I.IassachuGetts comicil has also rendered valuable service in organ- 
 izing under the United States llavy Department a naval reserve force ani a naval 
 reserve flying corps. Tte appropriate sub-committees oSf the council examine 
 the candidates as to their qualifications for the work and issue descriptive 
 pamphlets aiming to secure the enlistment c£ v/ell qualified in€n« 
 
 Ilassachusetts has also organized and equipped a coast defensd fleet, 
 
 Activities directed toward the facilitating of 
 transporting troops ♦ 
 
 A few states tove reported an effort to provide adequate facilitioe fcx 
 transporting men, etc. through their states. Thus ifessachusetts and Rhode Island 
 have reported the listing and ontoilment of the automobiles and auto trucks cf 
 the state and their organization so that they may be ca,lled upon at short 
 notice for emergency service and to transport troops to amy desired point. In 
 Ilassachusetts the enrolled nuchines are given an official badge to be ised while 
 on emergency service only, v^hile in Ehode Island each ma^chine of the Volunteer 
 Jlotor Corps is marked by a small pennant for general use v/ith a letter donotii^g 
 the company to vttich it is assigned. Arizona and Vermont have studied their 
 transportation facilities available for the movement of troops and have recom- 
 mended improvements in ca.rs, oto., and devised plans for the. conversion of day 
 coaches into sleeping cars. 
 
 ACTIVITIES KELITDIG TO RELIEF 
 nil i tar:/ Relief 
 
 Rhode Island hs s undertaken to maintain its state and loca-l governmental 
 employees on the government pay roll while absent from duty in mi^-itary service. 
 New Hampshire a.rii Michigan have passed statutes to provide a.id for the depend- 
 ents- of soldiers and sailors. Though temporary relief is necessary and advisable, 
 it is suggessted, that all measures fcr permanent relief should be postponed if 
 possible until such time as the provision to be made by the; national agenciGs for 
 phis purpcs e h?. s been determined. 
 
 The New Hajnpshire council has induced the Not?; Hampshire Medical Society 
 ■^ to adopt plans for conserving th£ practice cff physicians and dentists who enter 
 military service. This; valur.ble work is reconmended to other states aid. to 
 other professions and societies. 
 
 - 20 - 
 
Civilian belief 
 
 Though the demands and opportunities for civilian relief are enormously 
 increased and altered by the advent of ver, civilian relief must largely be 
 carried on through the regular channels developed in times of peace. Accord- 
 ingly the principal relief function of the state councils is in relation to the 
 coordination of the r-pr activities of the various clubs and societies of the 
 st?te. This and other civilian relief v^ovy: has been previously described in 
 this report in the section dealing v/ith coordination of societies. 
 
 It is to be remembered that the American Red Cross is chartered by 
 Congress to perform certain well- defined duties in connection v»'ith military 
 and civilian relief, including volunteer aid to the siclc and --omided of the 
 Army and Navy in w&t time pnd in civilian relief after great disasters. 
 
 At the present time the Bed Cross is active in the production and dis- 
 tribution of surgical dressings, hospital supplies and comforts for the troops, 
 pnd in the care of the dependent families of soldiers and sailors serving v;ith 
 the colore, to mention only some of its v/orlc. For these reasons it is 
 suggested that "^-orlc of a similar na-^ure should not be undertaken vdthin your 
 st?te - ithout a consultation v:ith the officers of the local chapter or with 
 the director of the division or state, as the case may be. 
 
 ACTIVITIES IN HELATIOF TO HOJiEE DEFENSE 
 A considerable number of states, fearing danger from alien enemies or 
 l?"r breakers at a time v/hen the entire organized militia of the state is drafted 
 into Federpl service, have vindertaken to supplement by a volunteer guard the pro- 
 tection to life and property afforded by the regular police force. Though this 
 activity is considered desirable by the Council of National Defense, and ^vas re- 
 commended on May 17th in the letter ansv.-ering the questions submitted at the 
 National Defense Conference, it is to be remembered that in an increasing number 
 of states home defense v/ill be sufficiently provided for by the constant 
 presence in the state of large masses of men being trsined for 
 military service, and that it is undesirable to pro- 
 
 - 21 - 
 
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vide any organization v/hich v/ill tokc men av;ay or district their attention 
 fron their norraal lator. Cnrc should therefore be taken in or^-cnizins hone 
 guards or similar bodies not to encroach upon the v/orking hours or to exhaust 
 the energies of men enrolled. 
 
 In New York City, Philadelphia, and many other municipalities. Home Guards 
 were organized a considerable time previous to the aetual declaration of v/rr. 
 P In cities and tcv/ns the Home Guard serves as a ''police second line" to supple- 
 m^^nt the v/ork of the city police in the ovent of an emergency, '"■nd the police 
 organization should therefore be imitated. Thus in the New York City Home 
 
 Guard, which is known as the "Home Defense League," the unit of organization 
 
 ses 
 is the police precinct. The police captain of each precinct posses/ an enrol- 
 ment list of all the "guardsmen" in his precinct, with the business, residenee • 
 and telephone number of each so that he can quickly call upon them. Military 
 drills arc held, v/ith calisthenics and setting up exercises. Instructions arc 
 given in the duties of policemen. Th^. League includes v/ithin its membership 
 about fifteen thousrnd men. The Philadelphia organization is similar. 
 
 Several of the state councils have organized coiumittees dealing with the 
 problem of home defense for the state as a whole. In this case the duties 
 of th.-- gucrd resemble the home duties of the militia and organization on a 
 military basis .is customary and desirable. In New York, New Jersey rnd Georgia, 
 the Home Guard h?s be^n organized v/ithout rcc:urse to special legislation. New 
 York has orgajiizcd a Home Defense Corps under thu military law of the state, with 
 cc::Tppnies of between thirty-six rnd one hujidred unlisted men, officered by a 
 captain, first and second lieutenant, o.nd non-cominissioncd offic'-rs. In dis- 
 tricts where tho population is toe small t? recruit a full comprny, provision 
 is made for the orgr.nization of detached platoons to consist of not over fifty 
 men. The cnrolm.ent is divided into tv;o classes — the first may be ordered to 
 rny part of the state, while th^- second mr.y be called for local duty only. This 
 same division has b^^n made in. oh>. enrolm.ent of the Wcw Jersey Guard. In the 
 recruiting of the Home Defense Corps of Nov; York, i-xn .-ligible for the National 
 Guord, the Ar-my or ITavy, are refus^'.' , and th^re ar.. separ.-^te org"nizati : ns of 
 men between th^ ages of eighteen and forty-five, "nd of boys from sixteen to 
 
 eighteen and men from fort37--five to sixty- fot-.r. 
 
 - 22 - 
 
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Arizona, California, Illinoisj Maasachusetts, Michicen, Nev/ Hampshire, Pennsyl- 
 vania and Rhode Island have enacted, and Maryland has planned, legislation on the 
 subject of Home Guards. Tlx se Acts in most cases provide that the Home Guard shall 
 "be organized, officered and roGulated by the Governor, but that the equipment shall 
 not he furnished at the expense of the state. In Illinois j though no expenses 
 may he incurred when the Guard is not in actual servioo, if drafted into active 
 service, the expenses of the Guard arc home hy the state, the enlisted men being 
 paid One Dollar a day and the officers the same pay that is given to the officers 
 of the National Guard, The Homo Guard is usually TOstod with the oov/er and author- 
 ity conferred upon sheriffs ard deputy sheriffs, excepting the serving of process. 
 Some of the Statutes expressly provide that no unmarried men raider a certain age, 
 physically qualificed for military service, may enlist in the Home Guard. In 
 Illinois where no such provision is made it is hoped that the Home Guard v/ill 
 
 serve as a training school for men later to be called into activo service. In 
 
 Connecticut, 
 Calif ornia,/Massachusotts and Rhode Island as well as in Georgia, Nev; York and 
 
 New Jersey, the Home Guard has already been organized throughout the state. In 
 those statoa tte men are grouped into companies, are given regular drills, and aro 
 subject to call for duty on short, notice. 
 
 In no state as yet has the drafting of the Guard into active service for the 
 purpose of protecting railroads and other public utilities or otherwise been re- 
 ported. m The Home Defense League of New York City, however, has done valuable 
 service in recruiting for the Red Cro^s, in assisting in the prevention of street 
 accidents aiid in the sanitary patrol of the city in an epidemic of p/Jliomyel'.tis. 
 New Jersey has carried out a unique home defense activity in preparing and 
 distributing to the municipal police officers pamphlets descriptive of the 
 police power of the rnvQiicipality and the police prosecution of offences against 
 destruction of property. In New Hampshire and ilhode Island the committee has 
 secured the passage of legialation increasing the punishment for tli; ma].icious 
 destruction of property. Such legislation has been drafted by the Peimsylvaiiia 
 Committee oi" Public Safety and recommended to the Legislature. 
 
 - 23 - 
 
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ACTIVITIES I^LATDTG TO ./ILISNS . 
 
 Georgia, New Hampshire, New York and Rhode Island have planned or undertak:on 
 a census of aliens, and in all of these states with the exception of Georgia a 
 lav; has been passed providing for the compulsory registration of aliens. In New 
 York this registration was part of a general compulsory registration of citizens 
 and aliens alike. The registration of aliens by the individual states scorns an 
 undesirable expense and complication and the imposition of an unnecessary buden 
 upon aliens. Considerable activity of unquestionable value has b^'on conducted 
 in these states in regard to aliens. In Rhode Island the citizenship comiTiitteo 
 of the state council has set itself the task of improving the facilities for 
 naturalization in the state* The naturalization laws and regulations were ex- 
 amined and conferences held with the various justices of the Rhode Island courts 
 and with the clerks of the United States and state courts. By this means it has 
 boon made possible that first papers may be taken out in all counties v/horo clerks 
 have offices, and that aliens may be naturalized in all places where the judges go 
 on circuit. In addition to this work the Committee has distributed widely a 
 pamphlet of "Information for Immigrants" published in many langKiEi,ges by the 
 National Society of the Sons of the American Revolution, and a pamphlet entitled 
 "Questions and Answers for Coming of the American Revolution, and a pamphlet en- 
 titled "Questions' and iJLaswers for Coming Citizens" prepared for the Providence 
 Y. M. C. A. The Coramitteo- also drafted two short circulars, one entitled 
 "Rhode Island Citizens" and ono "Non-Citizens in Rhode Island" for general dis- 
 tribution. An investigation relating to the aid which large employers of labor 
 may give to increase the naturalization of the foreign born population has b.on 
 undertaken by the Rhode Island Council, and a report on this subject is being pre- 
 pared. Speakers have bo'cn enrolled to go in times of stress and excitement to the 
 l^arious centers of foreign born population to quiet and reassure these people 
 by addresses in their own language, 
 
 In New York the Division of Aliens has developed an exceedingly uffcctive 
 organization. Directly under the Division arc the following committees - 
 Information, Research, Legal Advice, Field Service among Aliens, Registration, 
 Industrial Resources, Agricultural Resources, Adjustments, and 7\mjricanization, 
 Subordinate to the Division there is a sub-committcjo on aliens in most of the 
 
 -24- 
 
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coiontics of the state. It is plaiiricd to establish such a coinnittGO in each covc.Vj 
 including alien mcnbcrs v/lien possible; to have local coninittccs under the ccuiity 
 coranittoc 7/hercvcr there arc comnuiiities coiitaininG' a Is r-^'C pcrccntaGc of aliens; 
 and to have industrial correspondents representing th© Division of Aliens appointed 
 in each Isarrc industrial or^i^anization by the orcaiiization itself. It i o to be the 
 duty cf these industrial correspondents to keep in touch v;ith the aliens and Iciov/ 
 v/hcrc they are and what they arc doinr;; to direct their activity and to discover, 
 report and prevent destructive measures on the part of enemy aliens; to make siiCGCfl- 
 tions for the stabilizing of the labor supply; to render v/hatover service is possi- 
 ble in finding employment for aliens in the locality and in adjusting difficulties 
 between the aliens aixl their enploycrs; to report from time to timo'to the Division 
 of Aliens and to bring to its attention aiay matters of importance; and finally, 
 to distribute information among the aliais as t o naturalization aiid their relation 
 to the United States. In addition to this organization the Division of Alier-s con- 
 templates instituting infer mation offices in each county, conducting a campaign 
 for increased naturalization, sri. for recruiting on the part of mon v/ho have taken 
 out their first papers. To stimulate and assist all this activity a Service 
 Bulletin of the Division cS Aliens giving information as to the activities of all 
 committees and the prcscvifc alien problems has been printed and widely distributed, 
 
 ACTIVITIES RILATING- TC gFJ\ITSPOHTATION > 
 To a large extent the principal activitjr undertaken by the committees 
 dealing v/ith problems of transportation have related solely to the transportation 
 of troops. Insofar as this is true, these activities have been discussed in the 
 section of this report dealing with activities relating to the military optablish- 
 mcnt of the United States. The transportation problem, hov/cver, is by no mecns 
 confined to the transportation of troops; tlie transportation of food, fuel aif. 
 othor resources being fully as important and difficult a problon. New Hampshire, 
 Rhode Island, South Carolina and Utah have undcrt^.ken c:rtcnsive investigations of 
 the transportation facilities of their state, and issued valuable reports upon 
 that subject. In Rhode Isl£ind and South Carolina the attention hac been focused 
 eesentially on the question of handling the noecoflcry food supplies. The councils 
 
 in Rhode Island and Utah have plBptuVeC 6a.i'ei"u-l miph 6f the railway and highT/air 
 
 - 25 - 
 
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ffxilities Ghowing the moot desirable routes, dividing thj country into r.reas '.u 
 proportion to th^ir distance from the centers of population, and indicating the 
 foodstuffs and other resources available for shipment from these areas. Rhode 
 Island has also worked out detailed plans for the construction of oraergency freight 
 facilities, so that in case of necessity, temporary freight v»'are-houses for non- 
 perishable goods could bo constructed, and the regular freight facilities devoted 
 to foods and other materials requiring refrigeration, and to the use of troops* 
 In Marylrjid the Llilitary Coraraittoo has digested the information given by the 
 various railroads, and classified the various tunnels, piers, structures, etc, 
 into four classes in proportion to their importanco for transportation* Blue 
 prints containing this information wero then forvi^jirded to the Eastern Dopartmjnt 
 of the /jQcrican Railway Association and to the Commanding General of the Department 
 of the Sast« The Transportation Committee in Alabama has submitted two resolu- 
 tions, one to the Shippers, and one to the Railroads, asking their cooperation in 
 preventing empty cars from remaining idle, in preventing cars from being o^^nt out 
 partly loaded, and generally in the prevention of unnecessary car shortage, 
 
 INDUSTRIi'J. ACTIVITIES 
 
 In over half of the states there is some committee dealing with industrial 
 
 questions. To the prcso-nt those committees have as a rule not reported much 
 
 activity. 
 
 ■Industrial Surveys 
 
 Massachusetts, Maryland, New Hampshire, Nev/ York and .Vermont have conducted 
 industrial surveys. In Utah a comprohcnsivG investigation and report has be^n 
 iTiado of the various resources within three hundred mil^^-s of Salt Lake City, the 
 industrial center of the state, The Council of National Defense does not rccoT!hv.^i\d 
 ths.t stc.te-wido general industrial surveys be taken for the present. The informa- 
 tion alro;ady in its hands from the survey of the Na\dl Consulting Board, madt withi:^ 
 the year, and other sources, is suffici^jnt for its present needs, '^■'hen the no-.v 
 rapidly changing industrial conditions are more stable, and the exact information 
 needed from industrial plants becomes clearer, such a survey may be of great value. 
 At that time the Council will be prepared to make recommendations to insure the 
 essential uniformity necessary, if the survey is to be of national value. 
 
 -26- 
 
.u. 
 
 ^1 ',' 
 
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Man-power Censuses. 
 
 Connecticut, Maryland, New York and Vermont have vindertaken or have completed 
 
 a general man power census- In New York: and W(^Dt Virginia there are statutes 
 
 providing for such a census. The information and experience from these will be 
 
 of groat value but the Council does not at this time recommend that more man 
 
 pov;er censuses bo taken* The rapidly changing industrial and labor conditions and 
 
 the mobilization of the new Army will, within the next few montias, make great change 
 
 throughout the country, Tte informatioh to be derived from ijuch a census can bo 
 
 better determined when the needs and conditions arc clarified by more. experience . 
 
 If it is later determined that a census should be taken, the Council will be 
 
 ready to make tcccicrannds.trions based on their then bettereknowledge of conditions 
 
 and requirements and on practical experience derived from the Federal registration 
 and from censuses now being taken in these fevvr States.. 
 
 ENGINBERINC- ACTIVITIES . 
 
 Censuses and Enrolment - 
 Massachusetts and Rhode Island, through their state councils of defense 
 have undertaken the census and enrolment'sof all engineers with the purpose of 
 forming an Engineering Emergency Corps similar in organization to that of the 
 Horn®- Guard, the engineers being divided into units complete in themselves which are 
 assigned to the various parts of the state and subject to call on short notice* 
 The Massachusetts committee- is prepared to supply in any emergency, under the 
 direction of expert engineers, such, laborers, mechanics, foreman or superintendents 
 as may be needed, as v;ell as thU' necessary materials and equipment* Thjs assist- 
 ance is intended to continue only so long as tte strictly emergency character of 
 the v;ork endures, and the Committee expects to be reimbursed for all outlays by 
 the Government authority or thi3 corporation which it has served. 
 
 National Engineering censuses ha.ve been taken by the various P^tional 
 Engineering associations and by tha^ large engineering schools and colleges. The 
 work of these latter bodies ha.s bo.n done under the direction of the Intercolleg- 
 iate Intelligence Bureau, which wae created with the approval of the Secretaries cf 
 War and tte Navy to organize the country's resources of education for emergency 
 service. The results of tha censuses taken by the professional schools and col- 
 
 - 27 - 
 
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logeo have boon classifiod and filed. with the Intorcollogiato Intolligenco Bureau 
 and made available to the various branches of the Federal Government. With this 
 nation wide system of censuses and enrollment it seems an unnecessary duplica- 
 tion in most cases for state councils or local professional societies to undertake 
 a general enrollment of professional men. The Intercollegiate Intolligenco Bureau 
 will be glad to tender its assistance to any of the state councils or local socie- 
 ties in providing men for their needs or in finding opportunities for able men* 
 
 Committees on Research and Invention 
 California, Illinois and Wisconsin have created sub-committees on research 
 and invention. In Illinois this committee is composed of associate members of the 
 Waval Consulting Board. In "tlJ^^^s^ states all communications on inventions and 
 engineering ideas are referred to the committee which then selects those inven- 
 tions and ideas '.vhich are of value and transmits them to the appropriate Govern- 
 ment authorities. In California the committee has also undertaken to devise 
 improvements in industrial processes. It has already taken valuable steps for 
 the utilization of industrial waste, ^y the manufacture as by-products of many 
 of the chemicals, of which the supply has boon cut off by the present war. 
 
 Miscellaneous * 
 In Ivlaryland, Rhode Island and Vermont the engineers have investigated 
 engineering structures throughout the state in relation to their military import- 
 ance, and have recommended improvements wherever necessary* Rhode Island has also 
 appointed an. Advisory Purchasing Board to prepare specifications for and pass on 
 contracts made by the state for services and mo.terials, endeavoring to secure 
 those supplies at cost whenever possible » 
 
 ACTIVITIES RI^L'-TING TO L.'JOR. 
 
 The principal activities relating to labor are as follows: 
 
 Civilian Enlistment. 
 
 ';. In Wisconsin a Statute has boon enacted providing for "civilian enlistment''. 
 Under this Statute any person disqualified or exempt from military service is 
 ontitlec": to enlist in the Civilian Reserve all the meniboi-s of which ai'^ enrolled 
 v;ith the state council of defense and .^re given an oiiicial insignia which may 
 be worn only by mouibers of the Reserve. The reservists ar^. classified accoiding 
 
 -28- 
 
tp, the type of activity for which they enlist, end ?re su'bject to c?ll for such 
 duties as the state council of defense feels sre roost valuable. The council is 
 empowered tiy the Statute to prescribe rules ?nd regulations for enlistment and 
 service .?nd is endowed with adequate fimds to c^rry on this work. No rep«rt 
 has yet been msde ps to the undertrking of this enterprise. A somewhat similar plan 
 is being carried en in Colorado, though without Statutory authority. Men ?nd 
 women v;ho are not called ^o the colors are urged to join the Colorado Volunteers. 
 The volunteers take an oath to obey the Governor, the War Council and the State 
 and County IVays and Meens Committee in their conduct during the 7;ar» 
 
 LABOR ADJgsTJJENT 
 The councils of Massachusetts and Illinois have reported activities in 
 relation to the prevention and settlement of l?bor disputes. In Illinois 
 the stete co\incil of defense is now engeged in the investigation of the labor 
 troubles which have led to race riots in East St. Louis. In Massachusetts a War 
 Industrial Adjustment Board has been appointed by the council to undertake the pre- 
 vention and settlement of labor disputes. It has already succeeded in adjusting a 
 fishermen's strike which threatened to be an unusually serious industrial dis- 
 turbance. In JTew Hampshire, at the instigation of the state council, a law has been 
 ps-ssed to limit strikes and locS:-outs in war time. 
 
 BOYS* WORKING KESERVE 
 In many states valuable efforts have been reported for the utilization of 
 the labor of boys in agriculture. In Connecticut, Maine, New Jersey, New Hampshire 
 and Pennsylvania, boys working reserves are already in successful operation. 
 In New Jersey this work is being done under the Commissioner of Education working 
 through school superintendents. This is the only war activity which New Jersey 
 has undertaken which is not directly under the supervision of the mayors. The 
 New Jersey plan consists of the organization of a Junior Industrial Ariry. Each 
 recruit signs a pledge to devote himself to the service of the state and country 
 in the present crisis by assisting in planting and harvesting on farms; by in- 
 fluencing others to do the same, and by keeping himself in fine physical and 
 mental condition. School credit is given for such farm labor as is actually 
 done. In Arizona clubs of boys to work on the farms are being generally 
 organized and have already started work. In Illinois a campaign has just been 
 begun to enlist and employ boys in the fall harvest. Massachusetts has devised 
 
 - 29 - 
 

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a unique plan for utilizing tho- labor of boya. Boys between the ages of fifteen 
 and eighteen aro placed in camps of one hundred equipped and supervised by the 
 state council, for military drill and agricultural v^ork. This scheme solves the 
 difficult problea of providing proper housing facilr.ties for the boys employed in 
 agricultural labor. Ohio is building up a P'iblic School Industrial Preparedness 
 League, the object of v/hich is to mobilize the school children of the country for 
 such industrial v;ork as they can do without detriiront to their health and in- ■ 
 tellectual development, Schoo;i shops, domestic science rooms and gardens are 
 being utilized in this work. Army and surgical equipment and foodstuffs are 
 prepared by the children under the direction of their teachers. Wisconsin is de- 
 veloping a Boys' Working Reserve iinder the Dean of the University Extension and 
 has a,rranged that all boys doing farm work or testing seeds shall be given school 
 credit. 
 
 On June 5 the Council of National Defense united with the Secretary of Labor 
 in a request to the state councils for co-operation in organizing the United 
 States Boys' Working Reserve and for the appointment of a State Director for this 
 work. Accordingly in the future all state activities in this regard will be 
 correlated with the work of the Department of Labor, 
 
 Emp 1 p yme n t E 'cchange s . 
 
 Galifornia, Ohio and Wisconsin have reported the organization of employment 
 exchanges. 
 
 California is undertaking a plan to coordinate the efforts of all Federal, 
 state and other public employment bureaus, of county councils of defense, and 
 the County Agents, in making a state-v/idc system of labor exchanges directed 
 essentially toward providing adequate farm labor. In Ohio the state is divided 
 into twenty-one districts with a general labor employment bureau in the principal 
 city .in each district and a central bureau at Columbus o 
 
 In Wisconsin the State Industrial Corflmission is in charge of this work 
 ^■/liich has developed essent iall3?- in rolation to agriculture. Assisting the Wis- 
 consin Industrial Concussion is an Advisory Commission appointed by the state 
 council, '"/ei":ing iu coop^^racion "ith these commissions is a state farm labor 
 agont, a factory labor agent, and a director of boys' camps. The council of de- 
 fense has also utilized its Statutory power to direct the University Extension 
 Department and the State Board of Industrial Education to assist in this work. 
 
 Under the supervision of the central organization each county council of defense 
 has appointed a coimty labor agont and has b<jun urged to furnish a room in the 
 county for the conduct of a county employment bureau. In those counties whore 
 the st:-te industrial comiTiission itself has offices, the commission provides tli^i, 
 room. The county labor agent -"■.'■' 
 
 -30- 
 
U !■ 
 
has appointed at each local center of impoxtance a local labor acent,, Throuch 
 the appeal of the state cc-ancil that erD:.rient persons in each comm'unity chould 
 volunteer for this service, an efficient and iiiflier.tial ctovco of labor acents 
 has been secured. Thoce labor agents are required to be on dn.ty at their tele- 
 phones from 12 to 1 and 6 to 8 PoIL daily and to conduct al?. emplojnuent v/ork 
 free of charee. Frequent reports are made by the local J^ent to the county a^ent, 
 who re-distributes any reported surplus labor to those localities most in need. 
 Similar reports and re-distribution are made by the covjity and the state acents. 
 The boys' v;ork is in rh?.r:\'e of the director of boys' canps and the v/ork of v;omen 
 and girls, together with their cor)di:ions of labor, are in charge of the women's 
 departn:ient of the state coimcil* This labor organization v/as supplemented by 
 an exceedingly active publicity earapaign urging every one to v/ork. 
 
 ITer; Hampshire has provided by Statute for the creation of a state employ- 
 ment bureau. 
 
 The Florida Pood Preparedness Comi-Qission has instituted a system sorae^7hat 
 similar to .•(..Agricultural labor es-ohanges. Under the Florida plan of local 
 organization there is a representative of the local district council in every 
 precinct. This representative is charged among other things v/ith the duty of 
 receiving all requests for farm labor or for employment on farms in his precinct, 
 and so far as is possible adjusting the supply of labor to the demand. xUiy ex- 
 cess of supply or demand he reports to the district meeting and this excess is 
 assigned if possible to some neighboring precinct v/here an excess of the opposite 
 sort exists* If this is not possible the district representative reports his 
 need to the county council which in turn, if necessary, reports to the state 
 council of defense. By this means, supplemented by a publicity campaign, the full 
 farm labor supply of the state is utilized where most needed. 
 
 Flans for a nations-wide system of employment exchanges in v/hich all the 
 above mentioned exchanges will be utilized are nov; being considered by the liepart- 
 ments of Labor and Agriculture in Washington, in cooperation v/ith the Council of 
 National Defense. 
 
 - 31 - 
 
Farm Labor 
 
 In many states the state council of defense has undertaken to assist in in- 
 creasing agricultural production by supplying sufficient farm labor. In so far 
 as this has been undertaicen through labor exchanges it has been described in the 
 section dealing v/ith labor exchanges. Jfeny states have carried out a campaign to 
 induce men v/ith farm experience to return to the farms, usually in connection with 
 a general campaign for increased agricultural production. In Maryland this has 
 been supplemented by the organization of an agricultural army of three himdred men 
 enlisted for six months at a uniform wage of $15 per month, each group of twenty- 
 five being in charge of a sergeant who is paid §2 per day. 
 
 The Coloi'ado council has submitted to the business houses in the small towns 
 a request that they remain closed during harvest time until 5 P.M., and thus allow 
 their employees to work during the day in the harvest fields. Ifeissacliusetts, New 
 Jersey and Wisconsin are perfecting plans for the utilization of factory laborers 
 on farms. In Massachusetts an' exceedingly valuable plan has been devised. Large 
 employers have been urged to discover those of their men who have had previous 
 farm experience and to endeavor to induce them to return to farm work and to make 
 up to them any difference in wages that this may involve. A valuable suggestion 
 comes from Wisconsin where the state council has undertaken to induce and assist 
 farmers' daughters who are receiving education or who are employed in the large 
 cities to return to the farm during the harvest time. 
 
 The Minneapolis Civic and CoiTinerce Association, an exceedingly active local 
 council of defense, has reported a plan to utilize the vacation labor of city men. 
 Blanks are "being sent out asking men if they would be willing to forego their vaca- 
 tions and give at least two weeks to farm labor, and between v/hat dates they would 
 be able to work. The blanks also asked what farm experience, if any, had previous* 
 ly been had» The return blanks are to be classified and given to the Public Safe- 
 ty Commission of Minnesota to be directed by their employment bureau to the de- 
 sired location. 
 
 Representatives of the Ohio council, between April 20th and April 27th, visit- 
 ed thirty universities and colleges of the state, with the result that approxim.ate- 
 Ijr thirty-five hundred college students v/ere released for labor between the dates 
 of April 20th and May 5th, a month before the regular su^ner vacation. A similar 
 series of interviev/s was held with the count3r and city school superintendents, and 
 an approximately similar number of high school boys were released a month early for 
 farm work. By this means an additional labor supply was provic'.cd at a ti:;:e when 
 labor v/as most needed for planting. 
 
 - 32 - 
 
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Farm Labor Surveys , 
 
 In Florida, lov/a and Wisconsin a farm Jabor survey has been izndertaken 
 by tho county councils of many counties on blanks prepared by the state council to 
 determine the need for labor and to aid in adjusting tl® supply to the demand. 
 In Iowa the surveys were followed by a campaign to provide the necessary men from 
 banks and stores, \7isconsin and Iowa report that this plan of decentralized 
 labor censuses under central direction has proved thoroughly satisfactory. 
 
 K^hliacell^ec5us . 
 
 One or two octintiea in T/isconsin have endeavored to utilize their prisoners 
 in agricultural work by paroling them to farmers for use in planting and dairy 
 work. The women's division of the Wisconsin State Council has also endeavored 
 to provide increased man for heavy farm work by studying the possibility of sub- 
 stituting v;omen for men in industry. 
 
 ACTIVITIES KSMTING TO THB SUPPLY AND C0N35RVATI0N OF FOOD . 
 
 With but three exceptions every state which has reported the complete 
 organization of its ccmmittees has reported the existence of some committee solely 
 concerned with aotivjt.ies re Is. ting to food supply and conservation. 
 
 Organization concerned v/ith food activities . 
 
 In many councils there are separate committees on each of these subjects; 
 
 in still others there are a large number of committees dealing with various phases 
 
 of food production and conservation. Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Kansas, New Mexico, 
 
 North Dakota, Virginia and Washington have reported the organization of a committee 
 
 dealing with agriculture". in every county and often in every local sub-division 
 
 of each couiaty. Typical county organizations of this sort iBVe been fully doscribc-d 
 
 in thi.iSQCtion in this roport dealing with local organization. Again in Calif cr nia 
 
 Indi?na, lov/a, Iferyland, Massachusetts, Ilinnosota, Missouri, Montana, No^.v York, 
 
 Virginia, V/isconsin and \7yoming, whoro thcro is a local council in nearly every 
 
 county, thorj is almost invariably a local agricultural com^nittcc subordinate to 
 each county council. In California, Colorado,' Iowa, Kansr.s, Mo.ssachusetts, New 
 Mexico and Wisconsin the agricultural work of state and local councils has be^n 
 supplemented by the valuable assie-feance of tho Agricultural College. The Extension 
 Departments of these colleges have cooperated v/ith the councils in sending out 
 educational bulletins on various agricultural and food conservation questions. In 
 addition they have put at the. disposal of the council their Jtecturers and instructor 
 who have made extensive 
 
 - 33 - 
 
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 n'iir^. v.- i.v£,-v^-Hr^'/'^ •:-.:- ;--i.. o: 
 
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speaking tours throughout the atatOj stimulating and instructing agricultural 
 activity. Anothor valuable Gupploment to the agricultural organizations created 
 by the state councils of defense arc the County Agents of the Federal Agricultu- 
 ral Department under the direction Of the State Agricultural College and Depart- 
 ment, who have rendered valuable assistance to the councils of defense in their 
 agricultural work. In those states in which there have been considerable appro- 
 priations to the state councils of defense, this money is available and to a 
 large extent has been utilized for agricultural activity. In Rhode Island 
 $50,000, has been appropriated by the Legislature to be spent by the Commission 
 of Agriculture to increase the agricultural output of the state. 
 
 In New Hampshire, New Mexico and Wisconsin the county councils of defense 
 have been empowered by legislation to appropriate funds for agricultural v/ork. 
 In Wisconsin this power is part of the pov/er to appropriate for the general 
 expenses of the county councils* In New Hampshire it is limited to the purpose 
 of securing county agents for the development of the farming industry. In New 
 Mexico the County Boards are authorized to appropriate for the improvement of 
 roads to facilitate the transportation of troops, food and other resources and to 
 appropriate for the agricultural extension v;ork of the county agents. For cadi 
 dollar appropriated by the county for this latter work the Statute provides that 
 a dollar shall be appropriated from the state to be used by the county for the 
 same purpose. 
 
 Legislation 
 
 The state councils of defense in Minnesota, West Virginia and Wisconsin 
 have been given by statute considerable power over the production and use of food. 
 In Minnesota this power is incidental to the general power "in the event of war* * * 
 to do all acts and things non-inconsistent with the Constitution or laws oi the 
 State, or of the United States, which are necessary or proper for the public 
 safety and for the protection of life and public property, or private property 
 of such character as in the judgment of tho Commission requires protection* * * * * 
 "^nd i-H "^ddition thereto* **************** j*!******^**** 
 it JtYic counciT/ may seize, condemn and appropriate all such property for any of 
 the uses aforesaid, and provide for determining the value of such property, j.nd. of 
 making loroper payment therv^for." In West Virginia the executive council, which is 
 
 -34- 
 
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 li ■"■':.■> r..'!'>i;''.''-tJ.r! , 1-, .■ .'•.:-■" . .rri -yj :?/ .i;';-^;/- .r j/J. ■.• •; ,- ■•■ >' . 
 
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composed of the principal state executive officisls, h?s power "to t?ke such steps 
 ss Dfi?y be, in the opinion of the councils, necessary or ?dvis?ble * * * for the 
 development of the resources of the state, particula?*:.y thoce throug'i which will be 
 derived the supplies of food * * * ; to regulate food pr.icec"". In addit-".on a penal 
 Statute has been passed in V/est Virginia punishing ac + erots to come'' the iv-uDcet 
 in foods, fuel or other necessities, or to produce an r.bnomrl price >'y Irnlting 
 the supply. In Wisconsin whenever the state council of defense fir-Is that a 
 shortage of food, fuel, seed or any other produce exists or threatens, or that 
 excessive prices for these commodities exist or threaten, the council may sei^e 
 as much of these commodities as it deoi-s adv^isable, paying therefor Jrist compensa- 
 tion to be determined by it, subject to appeal to the courts. For the storage of 
 the comm.odities seized the council may seize and use, paying just compensation, 
 reasonable storage facilities. These commodities may be sold or otherwise dis- 
 tributed by the coiincil in such manner as it deems advisable. 
 
 In California a Statute has been passed at the request of the State Coiincil, 
 empowering irrigation commissioners to furnish any v/gter not needed within their 
 district to areas outside of their jurisdiction. 
 
 Food P-'od-'.ction and C on ? e r r a 1 1 on P r o pa? an j a . 
 ^ Froat'.c"ci on^ 
 
 Many states, too tTmcr oris to recite, have conducted extensive propaganda 
 for the increase of planting and production of food, and against waste and 
 hoarding. This propaganda has been carried out by the use of bulletins and 
 posters encouraging planting as a patriotic duty, and by carrpaigns of spealcers. 
 
 This worl? of the South Carolina Agricultural Committee may be tal^en as 
 typical of the best activity. There the farm demonstrator in each': county was 
 commissioned to form a county carrpaign committee and to appoint an auxiliary 
 negro committee. Further to insure the cooperation of the negroes the Governor 
 was induced to appoint a state committee of nine prominent negroes. The County 
 Committee was responsible for the publicity necessary to bring the fanners of 
 each local unit together for farmers' conventions which were held at different 
 places in each county during a "Planters' Week". At these conventions 
 patriotic and stirring speeches by men appointed by the committee were follo-ed 
 by a practical talk by the county farm Agent, urging planting of foodstuffs 
 as well as cotton and the general increase of agricultural activity, and giving 
 careful instruction as to the best methods of selecting seeds and planting. 
 
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 - 35 - 
 
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This "Planters' Wook" was followod up by a newspaper insert sheet prepared by the 
 State Agricultural Committee. This sheet, which all newspapers in the state 
 were prevailed upon to insert in their publications, contained on one side a 
 proclamation by the Governor proclaiming the need and duty of increased planting 
 and on the reverse side full instructions as to how and what to plant and a para- 
 graph of instructions to the county committees as to how to stimulate and assist 
 farming. Wisconsin has made valuable use of its weolcly publication called the 
 '•The Forward" in this agricultural propaganda. 
 
 This publicity work in the various states has been directed sometimes to 
 increased agriculture by farmers, which is of primary importance, and sometimes 
 to the promotion of back yard gardens, of gardens planted by boys and girls, of 
 gardens run by factory vjorkers on waste land during their leisure hours, or of 
 other similar extraordinary agriculture. 
 
 Food Conservation* 
 
 Similar publicity work has been directed toward food conservation. In some 
 cases the campaign has been directed against any waste of food or fuels. In 
 other cases the state council has undertaken to suggest what food products 
 should be especially conserved. As the Federal Government is at present planning 
 •to direct the use of foodstuffs and to designate oxplicitty which articles of food, 
 in the light of the international situation, arc especially important, it is 
 suggested that indepjndcnt state activities in this regard should be limited to a 
 general propaganda against all waste of food, and for the substitution of vegetable 
 foods for meats. The value of such general propaganda, conducted by each state 
 council in the manner best suited to local conditions, is great and state councils 
 are urged to surolcment Federal activity by such campaigns. 
 
 In Virginia food conservation wo.s further encouraged by a pledge presented to 
 every woman in the state, reading as follows: "I will use only those amounts of 
 food required for adequate nourishment. I will endeavor to control the waste 
 of all kinds of material in the household and will live simply. I v/ill begin 
 nov/. ■' This activity also has now been superseded by a na.tion-wide pledge cojnpc--i3;n 
 which the Federal Government is requesting the state councils to undertake for it^ 
 
 -36- 
 
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Ar^rictalt-ural Clubs. 
 In a ntrabcr of str.tcs clubs have been startcu for the ptirposc of stimu- 
 lating agricultural activity- These clubs arc of the follov/ing typos: (1) 
 Associations of farncrs for the purpose of bringing aboxit cooperation in the 
 use of farn inplcnents too expensive to be owner, by alT., and in the distribu- • 
 tion of the extraordinary labor supply required at harvesting and similar 
 times. These farmers' clubs which have been reported by Colorado, also en- 
 deavor to build up a spirit of competition among the formers in increased 
 acreage and other patriotic agricultural activities. (2) Boys* and girls' 
 garden clubs and competitions reported in Arizona, Kansas, Massachusetts, New 
 Jersey, Nov/ Mexico and vVyoraing. (3) Back yard and rural gard: n associations 
 and competitions reported in Connecticut, Massachusetts and Wyoming. These 
 clubs endeavor to stimulate competition in the utilization of open spaces in 
 the city and suburbs hitherto uncultivated and to assist by common experience 
 and group instruction the people undertaking farming for the first time. 
 
 Frcservin,g of Foods. 
 Canning and preserving clubs have been promoted by the state councils in 
 many states to provide for the collection and utilization of hitherte v/asted 
 foodstuffs which are capable of being preserved or canned. These clubs are of 
 great importance in those states which raise a larger amount of fruit or vege- 
 tables than can immediately be constiraed. These clubs have been built up 
 
 by the local councils, by the county councils, by the county agents, and by 
 teams of promoters traveling from place to place meking speeches and starting 
 organizations. In Iowa, for instance, there are twenty teems sent o^t by the 
 State Agricultural College. Each team spends from one week to ten or tv/elve 
 deys in a countj^, talking in as many localities as it can cover, giving in- 
 struction -rnd laying emphasis on the care of perishable foodstu.ffs. They also 
 give actual demonstrations of new end old methods of preserving, laying especial 
 stress on methods which may be used without the purchase of special equipment. 
 They also endeavor to create canning organizations which v; ill keep in touch 
 with the Agricultural College and utilize its Extension Deprrtment for solving 
 any problems that may arise. In Florida canning has been assisted by the 
 /omen's committee of the Food Commission which hes financed and carried out a 
 scheme of purchasing rrxd distributing a large number of cans for the use of in- 
 dividuals desiring to preserve the e:ccess stiTply of fruit. 
 
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Agric ul-tural Sixty eys 
 Kansas, Montana, Ohio, Hiiode Island and V/isconsin have reported the talcing 
 of some form of agricultural survey. The state councils in Kansas, Montana and 
 Rhode Island have sent out a comprehensive questionnaire to the farmers inquir- 
 ing as to what was planted last year, v/liat is to be planted this year, and the 
 amount that is to be planted per acre. In Rhode Island the questionnaire also 
 inquired as to the important farm implements possessed. The purpose of this sua^- 
 vey is to enable the state council to direct what is to be planted and how inten- 
 sively each acre of land is to be used. With such a survey the coimcils hope to 
 be able to reach personally those people in the state who are not completely or 
 
 wisely employing theix- l?inA. In Ohio -iTiie atixirmittxr^^l di.vi.<5.Tnx) nf -the coxuacil ':■':■'■. 
 
 xii'i K\il 
 has, subject to its direction, 55 paid county agricultural agents and 88 food com- 
 missioners, there being one food commissioner for each county. These men are mak- 
 ing a careful personal canvass of the state's agricultural supply and agricultural 
 needs. In Wisconsin a general agricultural survey is being taken by the county 
 councils on blanks provided by the state council of defense. This form of decen- 
 tralized surveys has been described before in the section of this report dealing 
 Vi^ith farm labor surveys* New Mexico and Wyoming have reported that they have 
 planned to undertak:e similar surveys. 
 
 Agricultural Labor Supply 
 This subject has been treated in the section of tins report dealing v/ith 
 labor. 
 
 Seed Distribution 
 Arizona, Connecticut, Florida, Kansas, Massa.clmsetts, Utah and Wisconsin 
 have undertaken the distribution of seeds to farmers. In Arizona, Connecticut, 
 and Massachusetts, and in Utah, where the Legislature has made a specific appro- 
 priation for this purpose, seeds have been purchased by the council and distribut- 
 ed at cost for cash or on credit. In Connecticut the endeavor is only to distri- 
 bute seeds insofar as the market supply fails or the na rket prices rise above a 
 fair amount. By the purchase of a large amount of seeds x.'hich c?n be throvm on the 
 market at cost at any time the Connecticut committee, thus, to a large extent, con- 
 ((r.-ois.^ the price of all seeds in the state. In Fail field County, 
 
 - 38 - 
 
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Connecticut, tinder the exceptionally vigorous and efficient Fairfield County 
 Resource Mobilir^ation Committee, ?.r)d iri Wisconsin, the councils have secured 
 options on seeds, making seeds available at a uniform price to all fanners. 
 The Fairfield County Committee has gone further and secured options on 
 fertilizers and agricultural implements. In Wisconsin the principal seed dis- 
 tributors of the state were called into a conference by the state council and 
 induced to make a low uniform price for seeds, the option to purchase to last 
 for several v/eeks. The farmers were enabled to acquire this seed at the option 
 price through the cooperation of the banks. In Florida and Kansas a system of 
 seed exchanges has been establishedj. The farmers are requested to report any 
 seeds v/hich they m.ay have available for sale and any need for seeds which they 
 are unable to supply themselves » In Florida the precinct representatives and 
 local branch of the Agricultural Commission handle this matter in the same manner 
 that they handle the farm labor problem. This activity has been described in 
 the section in this report dealing with farm labor. In Kansas the state council 
 has published a catalogue of the names of various farmers needing seed or having 
 seed to sell and the amounts of each. This was sent out generally throughout the 
 state. 
 
 Financial Assistance to Farmers 
 In Connecticut, Jdassachusetts, Ehode Island and Vermont the councils have 
 assisted the farmers by securing loans for them at low rates of interest for 
 use in the purchase of seeds. In Ehode Island this credit has been extended 
 directly by the council, $50,000 having been appropriated by the Legislature for 
 this purpose. In New Mexico financial agents have been appointed in each county 
 
 to finance the planting of land v/hich vrould othen7ise not be fully cultivated and 
 to cooperate with the county councils insofar as is possible. These county 
 financial agents are carefully instructed as to the quantity of seed of each kind 
 itjiich it is most advisable to plant in an acre, and are urged to use all their 
 power to see that each acre is planted with its full quota of seeds and that no 
 land is over planted at the expense of other areas. 
 
 ^ 39 - 
 
MiscQllancous Activity. 
 
 Wisconsin has established a system of itinerant tree sprayers to go from 
 place to place spraying trees for such people as havo not sufficiently large 
 orchards to enable thorn to purchase their own equipment. California, Idaho, 
 Iowa, Massachusetts, Wisconsin and Fairfield County, Connecticut, have bureaus 
 of farm markets which are endeavoring to devise some scheme for the marketing of 
 the food supplies produced by people in the suburbs whose production is not 
 sufficient to enable them to put their supplies on the market through the regular 
 channels without undue expense. Kansas and Wisconsin have undertaken to provide 
 for the free testing of soeds for farmers by the school children. The different 
 counties in Wisconsin have reported the following interesting activities. Ex- 
 changes for utensils and farm implements especially those which are of great ex- 
 pense and used only for short periods; the use of school basements for canning 
 kitchens; the pledging of each farmer to raise a minimimi crop of a size to be 
 specified by him. with a forfeiture provided for the failure to carry out the plodgQ 
 the undo i^AH^i ting by the county of all bank notes given by farmers for seeds. 
 
 The New York State Food Commission has undertaken a plan of furnishing 
 tractors to the farmers in the state. The Commission purchases the tractors 
 from the manufacturers at a special discount, and then furnishes the tractors to 
 farmers' organizations. Tractors are not furnished to individual farmers. The 
 organization must pay or guarantee to the Commission one-fifth of the cost price 
 of the outfit, which is the amount estimated for depreciation for the first year's 
 work. The operator for the tractor is furnished and paid by the farmers' organ- 
 ization. The work is done for farmers at a reasonable price just sufficient to 
 cover all overhead charges. Plows, discs and harrows form a part of each tractor 
 outfit. The Commission also requires the guarantee of the cultivation of at 
 least 150 acres in addition to thr-t v;hich v/ould otherwise have been plowed. At 
 the end of the year the tractor may be returned to th^.- state authority or may be 
 purchased by the farmers' organization at cost, in which case the amount advp.ncod 
 is credited as part payment. 
 
 -40- 
 

 
 
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As publicity is ?,n essen'^ial e?.ericr:t in most of the rctivities de- 
 scribed previously in this report, i'o will no-u be sttempted to re-enumerpte 
 here those pin.blicity activities described in relption to other undertplcings. 
 The Council of ITstion?l Defense urges all stptes to develop -i.s fully ?s 
 possible the facilities for giving broad publicity to any desir?ble mrterial. 
 Such facilities will not only increase the effectiveness of ?11 other state 
 pctivities, but 'vill greptly improve the cooperation which the stptes 
 may render to the National Council and the Pederpl Government. The Council 
 considers the development of an effective publicity bureau as fundpmentpl 
 to Pll vork and of first importpnce at the present time. 
 
 Though publicity committees have been estpblished in a great majority 
 of stpte councils, in most cases the facilities developed by these com- 
 mittees hpve not yet been reported. The follov/ing publicity systems, how- 
 ever, hpve been brought to our pttention. 
 
 In Florida the stpte council and epch county council contains in its 
 membership p representptive of the Stpte Press AssociPtion. The presence of 
 this member on the council has secured sptisfpctory publicity for any matter 
 desired by the council. In Pennsylvania the services of a professional publicity 
 expert who gives his whole time to the work of the committee, and supervises the 
 local staff of the Publicity Lepprtrrent has been secured by the stpte council. 
 This expert keeps in touch with the work of every departm.ent of the council and 
 acts as publicity advisor to the Executive Committee. The Vermont co\mcil begpn 
 its publicity work with an appeal for t^e cooperation of the press. It then or- 
 ganized a corps of speakers for patriotic meetings, and a smaller corps of agri- 
 cultural experts. This speakers' corps is nov^ tor:?iLDg the state speaking in every 
 district. The use of the University Extension work in connection with the publi- 
 city work has already been described. In Winebago County, Wisconsin, the county 
 council has devised '-a- unique system of disseminating informption to farmers. 
 At p certain hour in e?ch day the farmers* telephone lines of each diptrict are 
 \connected v/ith ? central operator who may thus report to all the farmers in the 
 district any information of importance ar to national state or local activitier, 
 p-nd as to agricultural conditions and affairr. The value of the weekly publi/---- 
 
 cdtion of New York and Wisconsin has already been mentioned. 
 I - 41 - 
 
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 1^- 
 
A federal organization directed from Washington, called the "Fonr Minute 
 Men", has been created to provide in moving picture theatres speakers on topics 
 of national importance, and thus to assist the xfork of the Government and the 
 Council of National Defense. The organization is conducted under tiie authority 
 of the Committee on Public Information. It offers its cooperation to the state 
 councils for those publicity campaigns which the National Government v/ill ask the 
 states to assist in. 
 
 The translation and distribution in foreign communities of proclamations 
 and other public documgnts in explanation of the v;ar are especially urged as of 
 immediate and continuing importance. 
 
 CONCLUSION 
 
 In submitting this report of the organization and activities of the various 
 state councils of defense, the Section on Cooperation with States desires to 
 make available to the various state councils their mutual suggestions and ex- 
 periences. It is appreciated that these activities are stated in outline only. 
 For further information as to those activities which are specifically recoirjmended 
 or stated without conment and deemed desi rafele by any state council, the state 
 councils of defense are recoiraTaerjied to write directly to the states reported as 
 undertaking these activities. 
 
 The Section especially asks that you keep it advised of any nev; undertakings 
 begun or contemplated. 
 
 - 42 - 
 
''.'. I 
 
 ■-■■,. I, :<■ 
 
 ■y..-' .^■l):.v 
 
 ^^■B§& -W'' 
 
 '^C'!! it.-;;. 1 r- 
 
imu 
 
 o » e * 
 
 ACTS OF LEGISLATUP^ 
 Appropriations 
 
 Agricu-lt^ireo . » . . 
 
 Local Councils,, 
 
 State Councils. o 
 
 Censuses. , , , . , , 
 
 Civilian liaiistment. . 
 Food Hoarding. » . o . . . . 
 Home Guard. ...<,.>.... 
 Local Organization, . . 
 Protection of Property 
 Solicitation for Charity,. 
 State Organization. ,,...,. 
 
 ACTIVITIES 
 
 Desirable and Undesirable. 
 (The activities are listed generally throughout 
 this Index under their appropriate headings ) » 
 
 e e a a 
 
 9» 9«e ee»a»«0OJr 
 
 , ..o...,15, 34 
 ...5, 7, 14 
 
 ...28 
 
 "A 
 
 « • o t^rr 
 
 ...23 
 ...10 
 ...23 
 ...16. 
 ..o,,5, 8 
 
 o • « « 
 
 ADJUSTICEITT OP LABOR TROUBLES 
 
 AGRICULTURE 
 
 0«COlt*«tt« 
 
 ««a«»e*«««fc' 
 
 • o # « « ^^ 
 
 e • • B e » 
 
 eo*eeoooo« 
 
 ..34 
 
 Appropriations, , . . , , 
 
 Clubs 
 
 Back Yard Gardens , . . , ,,,.,..<. .3-7 
 
 Boys ' and Girls ' Gardens ..,».,.... 37 
 
 Canning. .....o.. ,.,.,,,.., .,,...,..♦.. 37 
 
 Farrne rs '..,,...,,,...,............,..,,,,....,. ,37 
 
 Colleges. ,,, 33 
 
 Financial Assistance to Farmers, ...,,, .,,..,, .39 
 
 Distribution of Seeds.,,....,... ..38, 39 
 
 XiUuXlS fo*** ••«4**«««afl0tt»«*«o •••fl«opo«««*tt0oeo oa»oo00oa«O«7 
 
 aJdU Oi/ ••«o«o««oe0«a<»o*«o««O0»»tt»e*s««*a«oftCQefto«eo«''o0ooooo«0 OtC 
 
 Jl'I^Lw/lciXI^w k>«00«»0«0jkooa«0»ee«»0«»«o0»o0i»flae«flaBOQ*o«o00»e 0\J 
 
 Facto ly Workers on Farms ..,, ..o ..,.,. ,.,...,, 32 
 
 V 3,G 3< U X Gxl .yO J. iCG Jro«0tt««»0eooo*oooa««« *a oo« »oo«ea«0»oo0 a a*^/^ 
 
 SLirveys of Farm Labor. ,..,,„...»..,.,,. .33 
 
 Legi slati on .., .....o .,.,,. , , ...,,..,,,, 34 
 
 Local Organization - See also LOCAL ORGANIZATION. ,.,.....,. . 9 
 
 i'lc3>Xi\.6T> S o (j<)oo«»0ooa4»oQ o»0aaa»A«*«ao«o««*«eo«o40ooo«ooe«oe«(a a^Vy 
 
 Miscellaneous Activities. ,..,..«.....,. 40 
 
 Organization. ...,,....,.,., , , ,33 
 
 Piiblicity . ...,,.. o , . . , , ...,., ,35 
 
 Propaganda , . , , .,..., 55 
 
 Seed Distribution ,.....,,...... , . ,38, 39 
 
 Surveys .,..,,.....,.,.... o.,.,, , ,...,. 38 
 
 ALABAMA... ., 
 ALIENS .. 
 
 • oefo a» aoaoeAaeaoaaaaa aaa « f>*o««*0O eanoevo oooa*tf*»f^ ^O 
 
 .24 
 
 Census ..,,.....,..........,,..., ..,,,.,,,..,...»,,,,, 24 
 
 Lab or . . ...,,«... « 25 
 
 Naturalization. ,,,,,,.., ,.,....,...... ,24 
 
 Organization ....*. 24 
 
 APPOIITTMENT OF STATE COUNCILS BY GOVERNOR ,, ..7 
 
 ARBITRATION . , . , , , 29 
 
 - 43 - 
 
'^ 'k 1 
 
 V ■ » 
 
ASS I STANCE TO JAJLERS , ,.„.,«.,,...,...»,. o ,,,,.,..,„ o ., o . o .„....., 39 
 
 Seed Distribution ,,ooooo«!..oo<.e.»..'<.o.».«..a.»......«.».»oo.3o 
 
 AUTOMOBILES , ,...„,.., o, o ,....«. o = ,,.,«.... , ,.,.,...., 20 
 
 ■?■ jj a" 
 
 BOYS ' WOMING RESERVE , .....,,. o , o. o c .. .,., = .,,.„,....,..«.,..... .29 
 
 BULLETINS AND LETTERS . (See LETTERS ).»., o,o ,,o ..o o,o ,,«....,...... 1 
 
 BUREAUS OF EMPLOYMENT (See also Er/iployraent Bureaus ) , . , . o 30 
 
 « C - 
 CALIFORNIA . . ................... ,5. 6, 9, 12, 23, 28, 30, 33,35, 40 
 
 CENSUSES 
 
 XHCLlZST) X^XSJ. oo*«««oa»aft«ooa«ooa*o**4««»*o«ea««es«A«»ooo»««f>too ^O 
 iijL3'll**jOO v/GX* eao*ooisoo«ao«eoeooeo»«o*ooe*o*«««o*«oe>*OA»eaoe«*«*f^f 
 
 CIVILIAN EITLISEENT ^a... .,...,....«..,.,,«.,,.......,., ..c o ... c o . ,28 
 
 CLUBS AND SOCIETIES 
 
 Agricultural ( See Agri culture ) o..,». ..o ...» o ... ,.o <..<,. o .,..» 37 
 
 Coordination of Patriotic, Philanthropic and 
 
 D XlilX Xo/1 OOG XG X XGS •4o««*tt*«ca o«04o«««ee«46*^0«»o«« •a0aaap«e«XD 
 COLOMDO . a . . a . a a , . . a a . . a . , a . . . . . . a „ . , , a a a . , 7 , 9, 29, 32, 33, 37 
 
 CONFEPi EITCES 
 
 National Defense Conference o = .. a . a ...,.,, ,o „„.,„.,,,..„.. .1, 2 
 State Defense Conferences » o a , a . . , o a » , , . , . a , . . o o , . . c . a » o . . , » ,11 
 
 COimBCTI CUT,...,,.,., „...„..,„....„.., .7, 9, 23, 29, 37, 38, 39, 40 
 
 CONSBRVATIQl^ OF FOOD 
 
 Agricultural Gliibs (See Agriculture ) . a . « a . . . » . a a a . c . . . . , . , . a37 
 
 Agricultural Labor Supply (See Labor ),«».,,., , , . „ . S2 
 
 Agricultural Surveys. . a . , a. <, . . . c » . , , 38 
 
 Canning Clubs .a. .a.. •..«...«.•.•,...» .....37 
 
 Financial Ass istance to Farmers ...,....,. .oa .. = ,.39 
 
 Miscellaneous Activities. .......,, .o ..... a ,a. .<,,.,. , .40 
 
 Preserving of Poods ..,.,o ......... 37 
 
 C lub s o ..... a .. a ',37 
 
 Instin;.ction, o. ....... ,,.,,., ., ^37 
 
 Publicity and Propaganda o...... .,...». 35 
 
 Conservation. ..,,., 36 
 
 Increased Production, .,.,..,,,,.. *..... ...35 
 
 Seed Distribution, a ., o a, .,.,, a, ....,38 39 
 
 CONSTABULARY (See also Homo Gtiard) , a . . a , 32 
 
 COOEDINATIOH OF ACTIVITIES OF SOCIETIES ..15, 21 
 
 - 44 - 
 
t ►• 
 
 t ,,., ^. ■..*,. s * > 
 
 ^ , .. -, * # J, ^ '.■ 1 ^ » • r » ^ - 
 
 \. ^ . I . ■ • . ■ : ^ ■ - ■ 
 
 ,(,•»• » 
 
COHi£Sr-OrDjITCE (See Letters and Bulletins ) o ». o««. o ., ,.o »o. .o ,..,., 1 
 
 com-ciL or ijmioijal seimse. ,..,..,,.,...,., „ _.il 
 
 CaUlIIAGOiTS.,,,..,...,,..,., .,,.,.,. _,.„,., 34 
 
 COUNTY COUITCILS ( See also Local Organicaticn )....,_, 9 
 
 - D - 
 DEPTSTSE, EOm (See Home Defense) 
 
 DELAUAHE . .«.»..„,,..,,.,,, ...,,o ..,....., c .,.,„..,,_,._..._... 8 
 
 MSTMCT OF COLyjffllA- •..--.-... .»,.,*«......,,, .5, 7 
 
 DISTP.IBUTIOIM OF S-EPS ^^/^Q 
 
 - E - 
 
 '9 
 
 EDUCAgi PIT 
 
 Agricult-aral .. c. ....,,,.,.„ . ,.,..,,, «.......,. 35, 36 
 
 a..iiiitaryo •0000..000. „o,oo4», »„,.,,,,,.,..,..,, ,,,,,,^....,, .19 
 
 mgLOYI.ENT BUBEAUS AID e;[CII/UTGE:S 
 
 Censuses and Enrollment ....... , e . 27 
 
 Investigations.. ,..o.. ..o .,.,....., .,0 ...,..,. c... .,28 
 
 ENLISTrgHMT 
 
 i,-i 1 1 tary ..oo............. „.,,,. .,,„„,»o....ooco.(»b».co»..««. 17 
 
 '>■'■ '"' ■ rie'dical Care of Enlisted Men. ,.,..,. .....c ... ».....,.. « .19 
 
 ENHOLL?!EI'TT 
 
 Military. . . » ,0. 18 
 
 EXCHA.]^C-ES 
 
 Labor ( See al so Employment Bureaus ) o ...,,,. c ................ 30 
 
 - F - 
 
 FAIPiFiriD COUITTY RESOURCE MOBILISATI OiT COM/IITTE E. ,,....,,.,.,.... 38 
 
 PARIS AIJD FAPilliTG (See Agriailture, Pood, Labor),,. 
 
 FART'EPS ' FINANCI AL ASSISTAITCE , .39 
 
 FIrT/JTCE S 
 
 A{;"ri cultural. ,......> 15 
 
 Local Counoils. .,-...,.»... ,.....«..« 35 
 
 ' State Councils. r <. 14 
 
 FLORirn ...................... .7 , 9, 13, 17, 31, 33, 37, 38, 39, 41 
 
 - 45 - 
 
FOOD 
 
 Conservation of ('See Conservation of Foodi 
 Production (See I'.Qricv.l'cure) 
 Supply (See Agriculture) 
 
 GEOEGIA. 
 
 C-0\^;?ITOH 
 
 9 t> e ar a 9 o«o0«oa6a9* 
 
 ........7, 9, 22, 24, 33 
 
 CircLilar Letter to Seconmending Etr/ce Counc ils „ „,o ,...,.... . 1 
 Apjpointment of Local Cotrncils , . . « c o . » , . , o , .18 
 
 -. R 
 
 HO? 'IE DEFIHSE 
 
 Legislative Establishinent ,,..,..<..,,,.. c <,,o ,,<,,«....«. i.23 
 
 i^Xi axe '^rgamZat l on «aoo»«e«ooo««e«eaAOo*a»e«»e«e««l*0»«fr«^^ 
 
 Supplementary Constaljulary .<,o.,o,..«.,,o*r, ..« = ». ««.«.♦ 22 
 Protection of Property - Legisla.tion. . » , . . , . . o » . . o .. . . .23 
 
 HOJJE DBFIJTSE LEAGUS OF HET. Y05K CITY , 
 HOUSING,.,, , .,., 
 
 o « e o Q 
 
 • • • « • 
 
 6&«oa««*«c 
 
 ftodoaoesA* 
 
 ?2 
 
 -I - 
 
 9fteoO«i>oo*«oo*«oo»o*4««*»00«Delo -^v/ 
 
 ,,.,..o5, 6, 15, 16, IS, 23, 28, 29 
 
 oaB«*0*«e*e d« 
 
 ILLINOIS , ,,.,.,.,,,.. c . o .. o . , 
 
 DTOLAKAoo ...,,,... ,,,.., .,,. , 
 
 II'TDUSTHY 
 
 Adjustment of Industrial Disputes ,,.,,, o,., ,,«,,,, .,».o .... .29 
 
 Censuses and Enrollraent ,,,.,,,.,. ..o c,. ..,,,. , 27 
 
 I nv e s t i gat i on o...,o.c»..,<-«oo>»o.«i»r,o,oo.o«.»»«o!i»e»3fcO 
 La"bor , see Laloor . ,,.,,. ,,..,. ,,.o., ,.».».-.<•».«..»».'>•••■>••• 29 
 o tir N^ey s , JLno.us ^r x ai .••..•,..oe.aA..«..oiiee9a«o.eoo.0e.o«...o^r 
 
 IKTERCOLLEGIil'xE I:MTELLIGEHCS BUHrAU ,, ,.,,..., o.,. ,,,,,.., ,,..,, c.28 
 
 - K - 
 KANSAS ,.........,.,..., ..,.,....7, 9, 11, 33, 37, 38, 39, 40 
 
 - L 
 
 LABOR, 
 
 <} A O 
 
 a o « * • 
 
 O • ft 9 O O « 
 • • » O • 4 • 
 
 « 4 4 • • * • 
 
 Adjustment of Industrial Dispu.tes , . . . . . . 
 
 Agriciiltural Labor Supplj'-.,.. 
 
 Factory Workers on Farms 
 
 Vacation Workers ,.,.... , 
 
 Siirveys of Farm Labor.,. 
 Boys* .'orking Reserve,. 
 C ivi 1 i an Enl i s tme nt . . . , 
 College Men 
 
 ?9 
 
 
 i|nop;;oOOeat>r(ocn»«« OO 
 
 .ff>.4.f*...<«oi«,oo.oo. '~'U 
 
 3? 
 
 Employraeiit Bureaus ^^.o^ao-.-o^.^o ^c. c..oaoore4*.o.33 
 
 ^-46 ^ 
 
LEGISLATION {See Acts of Legislatm-e) 
 
 lett::rs mtd bullstiits 
 
 Coi-respondence of National Coiuicil \/ith State Co-one ils. <,„.. o 1 
 Correspondence of State Coimcils with Local Councils. ... o ., . 9 
 PulDlications, »,.,,, o o .«, o ... o .... • o ,. .... o .. o .«. .10, 35, 41 
 
 LOCAL ORGANIZATION . ., ... .,.....,.,......., ........ .... . 9 
 
 AppO intlTle nt ..•..••«.o<>6'>0»».»<'00000»0000.0000«..0»0«.0»«.««. ^ 
 
 Appropriations »i,..o..oo.«...oo.oo..<).ooc(>«oo»oo..».»ee.».Bo«-i>-' 
 
 J^OOCL.oeoo.oeoe*#(ko*o.ooe.eo..«.*»*ooo......*oeft4.»o...oo...<^^ 
 
 Form of Organization o ,«6cr<ioooo««.oo<,,»oo««a.c*6c.oe«oocooao« 9 
 Eecmiting by, « » • o . • o *, o . « <, « • o o o o « • c o c o * « « o « « • o « <, . , • o <. . o • o . o d18 
 
 )D 'CaX'lJIT' CSo c ooo oooo«« D «o a •»< o*i»**««*oao«*»»o»ao o»«0oftfioeo«ooJ-V 
 
 l/liLJr'J.'\.-!--iX O o o(>oot>oooooocooooaoo6oooo«oo«o#6ooooQO«aft«t>fi*oee8»tt»»o*6» ofirv/ 
 
 MAHYLAim . o..,..5, 7, 9, 13, 18, 19, 23, 26, 27, 28, 32, 33 
 
 MSSACHUSETTS... 7, 9, 11, 15, 18, 19, 20, 23, 26, 29, 32, 33, 57, 
 
 38, 39, 40 
 
 JIBDICINE 
 
 Medical Service to Soldiers. ... ....o o., o,.. ,.o.. ooc,..19 
 
 Preservation of Practice of Enlisted Doctors, ,. ...<......... .20 
 
 IviX Lgl X LtxVIM a»>aooeoaooftt«aooft«o««o««oofto6ttoo4oeo«eroe«*«o«oaoe«^^ O ^ <^0 
 
 l.'ix-Li-L .LiLXU- •9o«oo«*«0o«*o«oi>oo«oO9o»o«O4O»«oaoeoft#aeeoo«4oee*ooe*«o»XO 
 \J Uillll I jLl'X'66wo<isoooo«o«oe9»«oooe»oooott0eoo«eaoeo(iea*««o«e(ioe«fteXO 
 JliO-UlOaT> X on ••••••»o(i«e« 9 » % a o e coo 00000 o«ott»oooo» ciooooeo0oooeoci»X>> 
 
 i-10C\X OojX 06J. V XO64 ooaod0ao(>0eoo«aeooooooooooooooooooaoeo««c4& oX^ 
 •Tlt^ OJ/ULX uXll^ • oeft <>*o9a«>oo«o oAoaoooa oAoooaaao«tooeoooQoeAnoe coeXO 
 
 Relief of Soldiers' Families. ...<,.•.,.,. .o. ..o .<>......,. .o. .20 
 
 Transportation of Troops. ............. ,»..o «.«... ..o ....... .20 
 
 MIIINEAPOLIS CIVIC AND COM/ERCE ASSOCIATION . . o . o ..... ............. 32 
 
 MINNESOTA,. ,., o. .. »c .. .ooo... , .occ 0.. ...o. .o.,.o5, 6, 9, 32, 33,34 
 
 IviX O O X D Q X JTir X ooao«fl0«o*»oaato oovoo oaa(>«oo»ft«oo*Ce*Bea*eoe«Qaeo*Bao* O 
 A'i.j!: -! XiX *aeoo««oooa««*«coeeooooQ09«9«»ao*eo«4«o«too*oo» ■ -i' ^^ •> XX « OO 
 
 MONTANA ... ....................... o ..... o ............. .7, 9, 33, 38 
 
 - N -. 
 
 i^lA V A Xi '. / _ Vxln. OS a o«oooo*ooaaoft««a49Qoo«««o»«aoo«o««oo9aeqet«*«4*«X^a ^U 
 J]J.EjI>Xbfl0.tVA ?o»Bce«*ao«oa9aaa9aoo«oeoo4aoae««««ooooo«««»co*«ft««»«««Dy O 
 X^Jij V AXJA ft0ODa*'«a»a«ooaoe«9 oo»4c ooaoa*otaa»aa*oatt««aa*ea«»oao«ea«ftoa f 
 
 NEW HAlffSHIRE. ,...,...., 7, ,9, 15, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 26, 29.^ 31,34-' 
 NEW JERSEY" 8, 9, 13, 22, 29, 32, 37 
 
 NEW MIIXICO ...,,,..5, 15, 33,- 34, 37, 38, 39 
 
 - 47 - 
 
) • ■ 
 
 '#' f 
 
 - a • -- • 
 
 • 1 X 
 
 .1 X' 
 
imi YOFi: .... . ..p;- 9, 12, 15, le, :.6^ is, S2, 25,24, 26,27, 33, 40, 
 
 41 
 
 FCZTH CA?OLIiT;i . , c , . =. = o ., = . c c o , c , c o, ,= = c,c . . ... o , , C..7 
 
 lie^Sy. B-JiOTA , , o ........ t , . . 7 , . 33 
 
 ,17 
 
 CEIO ., , .7j. 9,.14, 30, 32,56 
 
 ohc-a:tizati cit 
 
 Local c ...... c .... 9 
 
 Agricnltural Organinatiors ..... c ..... 33 
 
 Celerity Councils , o . 9 
 
 State 5,7 
 
 Bj J--ct of Legislatxire >.............. 5 
 
 Appointn^nt iDy C-over::o r. r ................ c .,.. c ....... . 7 
 
 - P - 
 
 gUmiSYLVAKIA ..., = . ....7, 3, 13, 15, 22, 23, 29, d 
 
 PPZSZIIVIITG- OF JO'JD (See Conservaticn of Food) 
 PPCBUCTICa? OF FOOD (See AgriciJ.ture ) 
 
 P-SGISTEA-TIGL^ 
 
 r-Iaji-Power . = c . , , .27 
 
 EFLIFF 
 
 Soldi ers • Families and Dependents. . ^ 20 
 
 FFSEAPCH 
 
 Oo-jciittees on Inventions ...,..,,.,. .26 
 
 IndTistr ial . . , . , 28 
 
 Iiqprovement of "ransportation. . , 20, 25 
 
 FXSFP'v~' 
 
 Boys * T7orl:ing Peserve 29 
 
 Hoae Guard, , c . . . 23 
 
 PHXI ISLjJiD . ,0 7, 20, 23, 24, 25, 26, 26, 33, 39 
 
 - S - 
 
 szo:riCF pit gocfezi^tic:' •■igi states 4 
 
 - 48 - 
 
,,vi *v 
 
 • t 
 
 , >■ 
 
 Hi.,/£ 
 
 ♦ * 
 
S^^ED DI^TRTBUglON » ■ c . . , « » , .38, 39 
 
 S PC 1 1:1 TIES Alls CLUBS (See Cooi'dination) , ,...oo«.o 15 
 
 SOLDIERS (See Military) 
 
 %D U xH Cj liriO.- -^J- iv A o o«ft«»o*tt«a*«e««oe«aa«»ooao*ooo»ae9a»e««or^ 3^^ (CD y OD 
 
 STATE conrciLS 
 
 Act ivi ties {See Index C-eneralXy) 
 
 Bj- ^':.ct of Legislat^ire 
 Appointed by Governor. c « ...... . 
 
 
 • •••e«9oo«a0«e 
 
 990 e99909«a90 
 
 5 
 
 999S990 uJ 
 
 ec9oa99 O 
 
 ....... 7 
 
 • tt B 9 9 « ■ J-^ 
 
 oe9999ao999e«9 <-/i^ 
 
 SL??LY 
 
 Agr icul tural Labor. .......o... ....ooao* 
 
 A-gi^icultuxB.1 Products (See AgriciiLtureJ 
 Food (See Conservation of Food; Agriculture) 
 Labor (See Labor] 
 
 SUE:'7 E?3 
 
 il^J/J S-^LL* CwC JT&'X O0e99e«*99999S9ft»O«99CeO»S9«0O9999eo9*9999««e999 OO 
 X Jin.uL,'-> f^ X 2.3.JL 99*00099*e9«999999a99»9e«0«*9999909e0999e909999909 ^O 
 J...^7-l Jr0i(V6X e 69*9 C»0* 9e 09 a9999 990 99999 e009O*9«0aB99O0 99 C9 090 9999>~-'i 
 
 - T ,- 
 
 X -L i;--*I.N -LO O IL'^J 9 00*999909«909990999999e99909eo«99099' 00090000000009991^ ^ 
 
 X-i- yV-t. J 9 OO9CCOOC9999999999ft9Oa««»9O90e*99OO9OeO99999O9eaQe999O9*a<-^» W 
 
 X _ ,'\ W J. Ujl OOX ~ JjX oooa99oe>o«eooo«999a99eo9009»090eoo«e999990C9»9aaoa4^U 
 
 TrATJCPORTlTiaT. . . . . = c e o . . 
 
 A-j'.to.aob lies ........ . 
 
 Food arl S ippl^GS. , . 
 Mill iBr;?. c. c ..--,.., . 
 Railroad?-, 
 
 9 9 9 
 
 99e'-oeoi~»sfnoo94 ^O q ^O 
 
 9 9 a • 
 
 9 9 9 
 
 9 9 O O •> 
 
 099009089900 
 
 a0O9«069a0099eC90C9 
 e9o9b0909909eoacc e 09oao 
 «9O999000O)ee09OB9Oae99 
 
 20 
 
 9 9 9 w\y 
 
 9 9 O 9 O e t^^ 
 
 ,..„.,,. o „ 20 
 
 O 9 O O * O ^W y CD 
 
 TROOP S (See Llilitsry) 
 
 U X^m ao9ttoaoe«*d09e49gao99«a99 a 
 
 - u - 
 
 «99O90ao'^•90 
 
 .7, 25, 26, 38 
 - V - 
 
 I5ISM^-->-<' — ---«-«">»». ..»•-•. ..7, 9, 20, 26, 27, 28, 39, 41 
 
 ' Iri- '-' '-'i :^ ...••0CO0.000O«»O«O.«0««»0.«0«...O00««0.0C».«.«7, 9, 30, 36 
 
 VOLOl'TEERS ; REGULATION OF. .._,...„_ „. 1^ 
 
 , ', ■ - ? , . * oaoe Oaao oOoC99«a 99O9«a09aaB»»O9*99«9O99 XO 
 
 - O a 
 
 mSIIIITGTON. ..... o o ..... c ,,, . 
 
 V.'EST ilRGIITIA . ... o ........ e o . o .... . 
 
 VvLLIJSiilM COLT^TTY Cj^jJIITTEE, ....... 
 
 WloClCJiSIl. 5, 6, 9, 15, 17, 18 
 
 TO^CTT'S OR GANIZATIOITS . , ... ^ ....... . 
 
 \/0.'. Ax . '': VJ IV-^^-!^--'-'-'-^ . -P -■^'J ..'.'.......» 
 
 V/YOIvjj. JG . . .....o...*... .«....•..••.• 
 
 ..... 
 
 o . . a 
 
 - 49 - 
 
 CO*-'. ooeoo/» OO 
 
 ...5, 6, 7, 27, 34, 35 
 
 >o«..o....„oco««»,..ooo...b, . OO 
 
 28, 30, 32, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39 
 
 40, 41 
 
 >...'. »....s.,e,.,,.,,,.,J,6, 17 
 'e..,o.. .,.,..- -...,.,,o».o.o 29 
 
 ...7, 9, 53, 37, 38 
 
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