.^^^ preskS'tkd by Michigan Manual of Freedmen's Progress ,^r^:-'^ ■^^:^^ — / 1 1-^ Compiled By FRANCIS H. WARREN ^JJi^. Secretary of Freedmen's Progress Commission Authorized By Act 47. Public Acts 1915. DETROIT, MICHIGAN 1915 CO))y A. 0^ / FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS Si>ldier8' and Sailors' Monument at Campus Martius. Detroit, Showing the Figrure of a Negro Woman Crowning the Soldiers and Sailors with Wreaths. Represent- ing Gratitude for Emancipation Inspired by Sojourner Truth. MICHIGAN MANUAL CONTENTS. Pages. Officers of Freedmen's Progress Commission 6-18 Biographical sketches of Commission 30-33 Delegates to Lincoln Jubilee, Chicago 19-20 Editor's Preface 21-27 The Negro in Michigan. Historical sketch 34-36 Alphabetical List of Exhibitors 37-42 Afro-Americans Engaged in Professional Pursuits 45-83 Afro-Americans in Politics 85-96 The Michigan Negro in Business 97-127 Afro- American Organizations in Michigan 129-145 Negro Home and Property Owners 147-215 Honor Roll of Negro Volunteers in Civil War, 1861-1865 217-256 Resolutions in Honor of Late Thaddeus W. Taylor 258 Occupations of Afro-Americans 259-314 Chapter on Mortality 315-358 Negro Mortality in Detroit 338-340 Appendix — Michigan Day Program 361 Address of Gov. Woodbridge N. Ferris 362.371 FREEDMEN'S TROGRESS GOV. FERKIS 6 MICHIGAN MANUAL Officers of Freedmen's Progress Com- mission, Organized April 21, 1915 Members of Commission. Oscar \V. Baker, President, Shearer Bros. Bldg., Bay City. Wm. Iv. Roberts, Vice-President. Wilmot A. Johnson. Mary E. McCoy, Field Agent Eastern Michigan. Charles A. Warren. L, Margaret Williams. Ellsworth L. Curtis, Field Agent Western Michigan. S. Henri Browne. Francis H. Warren, Secretary, 325 Broadway Market Bldg., Detroit, Michigan. Executive Committee. Wilmot A. Johnson. Chairman, Box 405, Lansing, Mich. Wm. K. Roberts, Vice-President. L. Margaret Williams. Chas. A. Warren. S. Henri Browne. Oscar W. Baker, President. Francis H. Warren, Secretary. Honorary Members. Woodbridge N. Fei'ris, Governor. Edgar A. Planck, Senator. Fred B. Wells, Representative. James D. Jerome, Chairman House Committee, State Affairs. Fred L. Wood worth, Chairman Senate Committee, State Affairs. Dana H. Hinkley, Chairman House Committee on Ways and Means. Honorary Vice-Presidents. Allen, John W., Lansing. Ames, Dr. James W., Detroit. Anderson, John B., Detroit. Anderson, William H., Detroit. Atwood, Frederick S., Saginaw. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS Baker, James II., Bay City. Banks;, Oliver, Detroit. Beeler, John, Detroit. Bradby, Kev. II. L., Detroit. Bell, J. A. F., Laiisiug. Blackwell, Mrs. Anna, Kalamazoo. Barnes, Kobert C, Detroit. Campbell, Charles A., Lansing. Carr, Eev. George W., Lansing. Chappee, Biruee, Detroit. Cleage, Dr. A. B., Kalamazoo, Cole, Daniel, Detroit. Cole, Mrs. Maggie Porter, Detroit. Cole, Mrs. Mary, Detroit. Cole, William E., Detroit. Collins, Walter G., Lansing. Craig, Horace E., Lansing. Cross, William, Bay City. Dalton, Jerome, Detroit. Davis, Gabriel, Detroit. Dungey, Andrew W., Lansing. Edwards, Rev. W., Kalamazoo. Edwoods, Cornelius, Bay City. Ernest, F. William, Detroit. Evans, Mr. Charles, Kalamazoo. Evans, Rev. Joseph M., Detroit. Everett, Rev. Peter, Lansing. Fairfax, Daniel, Bay City. Goodrich, Wallace L., Saginaw. Green, Mrs. Annie Glover, Detroit. Harris, Emerson, Kalamazoo. Harris, James E., Detroit. Harrison, Charles, Bay City. Henderson, Rev. J. M., Detroit. Henry, George, Saginaw. Howard, Mrs. Carrie, Detroit. Hawkins, Miss E. Fannie, Detroit. Jackson, John B., Bay City. Jarvis, Joseph W., D.D., Lansing. 8 MICHIGAN MANUAL Jeffrey, Komain, Detroit. Johnson, Dr. A. H., Detroit. Johnson, Dr. H. Peyton, Detroit. Johnson, Rev. T. C, Kalamazoo. Jones, Preston, Detroit. Kemp, William P., Detroit. Kersey, John, Bay City. Lester, Benj., Detroit. Miller, William, Bay City. Miller, W. S., Lansing. Nelson, Mrs. Sallie B., Detroit. Owens, Miss Lucile, Detroit. Page, William T., Detroit. Parks, Harry, Kalamazoo. Parks, Taylor, Bay City. Pelham, Benjamin B., Detroit. Pelham, Miss Meta, Detroit. Phillips, Mr. Joseph, Kalamazoo. Pierce, Lewellyn S., Lansing. Powell, William A., Bay City. Preston, Madame Frances E., Detroit. Proctor, Mrs. Mary E., Detroit. Richards, Miss Fannie, Detroit. Bobbins, Henry B. Wade, Ann Arbor. Bobbins, John, Kalamazoo. Roman, James F., Bay City. Roxborough, Charles A., Detroit. Salpaugh, James B., Lansing. Shelton, Dr. Wm. P., Detroit. Small, Mrs. Eppie, Kalamazoo. Smedley, George E., Detroit. Smith, Bimey, Detroit. Stafford, Wallace, Kalamazoo. Stafford, Mrs, Delia, Kalamazoo. Stowers, Walter H., Detroit. Tate, William, Lansing. Taylor, Miss B. Bernice, Detroit. Thompson, E., Kalamazoo. Thompson, James G., Lansing. Thompson, Leonard C, Detroit. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS Thomit!>(in, ^Yilliam O., Lausiug. Tomlinson, William J., Detroit. Walker, George C, Bay City. Warsaw. T. D.. Dclroii. ^^"asllin^t<)I^ Fostor. 15;iy ("iiy. Webb, Charles R., Detroit. White, Charles T., Bay City. Williams, Charles E., Detroit. Williams, Henry A., Kalamazoo. Willis, Elijah, Detroit. Willis, Robert J., Detroit. 10 MICHIGAN MANUAL Oscar W. Baker. President. FREEDMEN'S I»ROGRESS 11 William Ross Roberts, Vice-President. 12 MICHIGAN MANUAL Francis H. Warren, Secretary. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS Lulu Margaret Williams. 14 MICHIGAN MANUAL Charles A. Warren. FREEDMEN'S PUOGRESS 15 Mary E. McCoy, Field Agent. 16 MICHIGAN MANUAL Wilmot A. Johnson. Chairman of Executive Committee. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 17 Elsworth L. Curtis, Field Agent. 18 MICHIGAN MANUAL Harriet V. Dixon, Official Stenographer Freedmen's Progress Commission. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 19 1 I Delegates to Lincoln Jubilee. j The followiug- persous were appoiuted Delegates by Gov. " Woodbiidge N. Ferris to the National Half Century Anniver- j sary of Negio Freedom and Lincoln Jubilee at Chicago, 111., i August 22n(l to Sept. 10th, 11)15 : | Allen, John W., I'Jl'O W. Allegan, Lansing. j Allen, William, Union, K. F. D. j Ames, Dr. J. W., 831 Frederick Ave., Detroit. ; Archer, Henry L., Cassopolis, K, F. D. 1. | Artis, Mathe\Y T., Cassopolis, R. F. D. 3. | Baker, Oscar W., 305 Shearer Bros., Bay City. | Bagnall, Rev. R. W., 329 St. Antoiue St., Detroit. Bradby, Rev. R. L., 103 Mullet St, Detroit. j Brown, Charles, 511 East Frank St., Kalamazoo. j Browne, Rev. S. Henri, Oil Franklin St. S. E., Grand Rapids. | Buckingham, Josie, Cassopolis, R. F. D. 12. ' Byrd, Abuer, Cassopolis. • Case, Herbert, 412 Webb St., Jackson. j Clark, Rev. Frank E., Whittaker. i Collier, Charles, 107 Baird St., Benton Harbor. Curtis, E. L., 704 Cass St., Niles. Decker, Joseph. Dickerson, Dr. John H., 307 Washington St., Ypsilanti. , Dungill, Rev. J. A., 523 Walbridge St., Kalamazoo. Evans, John. i Evans, John J., 403 Maple St., Battle Creek. ^ Evans, Rev. Jos. M., 100 Napoleon St., Detroit. i Ford, J. C, 550 Jefferson Ave, Grand Rapids j Foster, Carrie, 271 Fox St., Battle Creek. ] Gaskin, Wm. W., Jackson. Haley, Paul, 140 Clay St., Battle Creek. Harris, W. Q., Cassopolis, R. F. D. 2. Hayes, Mrs. Carrie, 221 Harriet St., Ypsilanti. . Henderson, Rev. Jas M., 140 Euclid Ave., Detroit. j Houston, Mrs. George W., 341 Maple St., Detroit. Jefferson, Thos., 1020 Sigsbee St., Grand Rapids. Johnson, Wilmot A., Box 405, Lansing. ' Kemp, Wm. P., Editor of "The Leader," Detroit. Lawson, Cornelius, Cassopolis, R. F. D. 2. 20 MICHIGAN MANUAL McCoy, Mrs. Mary E., 180 Eowena St., Detroit Mahony, George, Decatur. Morgan, E. Y., Boyne City. Morgan, Mrs. Minnie B., 209 S. Chestnut, Lansing. Marshall, Mrs. Mayme, 415 Ransom St., Kalamazoo. Outland, Samuel, Three Rivers. Patterson, John W., 94 Clay St., Battle Creek. Pendlton, Mrs. Adela, 575 Jefferson Ave., Grand Rapids. Pettiford, Rev. Lewis, 137 East Frank St., Kalamazoo. Poole, Alphaeus R., 337 Wesson Ave., Detroit. Ray, Sergeant A. W., 308 Ridge St., Sault Ste. Marie. Rider. Wm., 509 Church St., St. Joseph. Roberts, W. R., 1214 Allegan St., Lansing. Simpson, Eli, Decatur. Sims, Mrs. Grace, 649 Jackson St., Grand Rapids. Smith, Mrs. C. S., 35 Alexandrine Ave., Detroit. Stewart, Thomas, Kalamazoo. Thompson, Wm. O., 1025 Allegan, Lansing. Van Dyke, Fred, Three Rivers. Warren, C. A., Cassopolis. Warren, Francis H., 325 Broadway Market Bldg,, Detroit. Williams, Mrs. Henry, 720 Parker St., Kalamazoo. Wilson, M. Ormie, St. John. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 21 PREFACE. When Thomas Wallace Swan, Secretary of the Illinois Freedmen's Progress Commission, induced the friends of Afro- Americans in that great state to secure the i)assage of a bill with a sufficient appropriation to hold a jubilee and Half Cen- tury Anniversary in commemoration of the great work accom- plished by the world's greatest humanitarian, Abraham Lin- coln, a peculiarly fitting accomplishment was effected. The celebration of fifty years of freedom for the former Xegro slaves of this nation marks an epoch in the history of our country that holds much for the future good of our nation. True it is that on the surface there appears to have been a growth of hostility to Negro Freedom, not so much because giving the Negro his freedom was an economic failure, nor yet because there remains in the minds of the people at large, any idea that slavery for black men was preferable to the freedom, or rather the partial freedom that they now enjoy, but this apparent growth of hostility to the Negro that has been empha- sized in recent years by numerous measures of legislation pro- posed against him, is more the result of the fact that the daily press, when chronicling crimes of colored men almost uni- formly set up the racial character in large type of Negro crim- inals, and it has come to pass that in a great majority of instances when the term ''Negro" is used in news matter, it refers to the criminal Negro and not to that vast bulk of black people who are making good and pursuing the even tenure of their way. Ordinarily, on the other hand, when many of the newspapers mention anything commendable about a black man, his racial character is not mentioned, and in at least one instance where a black woman was assaulted and robbed by a white man in Michigan, no mention was made of the fact that the woman was a Negro while in the same article a colored robber w'ho had assaulted and robbed a white woman was re- ferred to in bold face type as a ''Negro." Another instance illustrating how the press emphasizes the racial character of black criminals and sujtpresses the racial character of black persons performing good deeds was shown in the campaign of the Old News Boys of the City of Detroit last December, for funds to aid the Oood Fellows Club in buy- 22 MICHIGAN MANUAL ing Christmas presents for the poor and needy. Out of a list of some thirty Old News Boys, who had become prominent and wealthy citizens, there were included six Negroes who stood on the busy street corners of the city on an appointed day and sold newspapers for the benefit of the Good Fellows Fund. Some twenty articles appeared in the daily press of the City of Detroit mentioning some, or all of those Old Newsboys. The names of these NegToes were there, but no one could tell from reading the article that any Negro had any part in raising those funds for charity, but in the same edition of these papers or in nearly all of them, appeared the "Negro" in headlines over some news item of a criminal act. The racial character of the bad Negro was fully expressed ; the racial character of the good Negro was fully suppressed ; therefore the effect and result has been a seemingly growing hostility to colored people bcause of the fact that in reading the daily press the average white man wall conclude that there are no good Negroes, that all are bad and should be shunned. While this has been almost a universal rule with the daily papers, there are a few notable exceptions to the rule. The ratio is shown by the following table which is compiled from clippings from the English-Speaking daily papers of the City of Detroit, from December 1st, 1914, to June 1st, 1915. Newspaper References Taken from Four English-Speaking Daily Papers in Detroit from Dec. 1, 1914, to June 1, 1915. Total number of articles mentioning "Negro" 232 Number of articles referring to Negro criminals 139 Number of articles referring to prejudice and discrimination 35 Number of articles referring to Ex-champion Jack Johnson 22 Number of articles commendatory of Negroes 36 It will be seen by this table that out of a total of 232 arti- cles in which the Negro racial character of the persons is men- tioned, 139 articles refer to Nergo criminals; 35 articles refer to discrimination in various forms against Negroes; 22 articles refer to Jack Johnson, the defeated champion pugilist, and 3(; articles were commendable to the Negro. In other words, out of 232 articles where Ihe term ''Negro'' was mentioned, nearly 200 of them referred to the Negro in a manner that was not commendable, unless those referring to Jack Johnson could be FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 2S SO regarded, lu '2[) published articles referring lo comuiend- able acts in which Negroes took part, the racial character of the Negro was wholly suppressed. What has occurred in Detroit during the six months above referred to is an index to the treatment accorded llic black people of this counlry by the daily press, especially in the large cities frcun one end of the nation to the other, and while it is not true in a large measure of the country newspapers, and there are some notable excep- tions in the large cities, this constant bombardment of the moral character of the black people has produced an apparent growth of hostility to the Freedmen in rccml years. S(. I say again that it is peculiarly fitting that an opportunity has been presented to us by the great State of Illinois, the Innne of the mighty Lincoln, to pref^ent to the world the other side of the story of the black man, 1(» note his progress during ihe fifty years of freedom he has enjoyed, from total ignorance to an educated race, from abjed ])overty to a ccmdition of healthful self-sustenance, and from vicious ignorance to a wholesome christian civilization, doggedly and determinedly working out his destiny with the means at hand, assisted and encouraged by those noble. God-fearing white men who can look beneath the surface and see some good in their black brother. In January, 1015, Governor Woodbridge N. Ferris called me into his office for a conference regarding the accomplish- ments of the colored people of the State of :\Iichigan. The invi- tation to the conference was sent through Mr. Charles A. War- ren, an attachee of the Governor's office. When ^^■e had pre- sented to the governor our statement of Negro accomplish- ments in this state, he declared that Michigan cmght to install an exhibit at the National Half (Vntury Exposition, and it was decided to encourage some member of the Legislature to intro- duce a bill 1 was asked to prepare. In February I again went to Lansing with the bill prepared to present to SenaK.r Edgar A. rianck and Kepresentative Frederick B. Wells, with an explanatory statement rc(iuesting them in iiihodu.c ii into the Legisljiture and seek to have it adoi)ted. The bill was introduced simultaneously in the Senate by Senator IManck and in the House of Representatives by Kepi'f''<'"^'"'^'^' '^^'''"^' both of Cass County. The bill follows: 24 MICHIGAN MANUAL ACT 47, PUBLIC ACTS 1915. Introduced by Senator Planck, March 2, 1915. AN ACT To provide for the preparation, transpoitatiou and care of a Michigan exhibit at the national exhibition to be held in connection with the half century anniversary of Nesro freedom, in the city of Chicago, in Angust and September, 1915; to create a commission to manage the said exhibit; and to make an appropriation therefor. The People of the State of Michigan enact: 1 Section 1. Wilmont A. Johnson, Mary E. McCoy and 2 Francis H. Warren, of Wayne County; Charles A. War- 3 ren, of Cass county; William E. Koberts, of Ingham 4 county; Elsworth L. Curtis, of Berrien county; S. Henri 5 Browne, of Kent county ; Margaret Williams, of Kalama- 6 zoo county, and Oscar Baker, of Bay county ; having here- 7 tofore been appointed by the Governor of the state of 8 Michigan, delegates to the Half Century Anniversary of 9 Negro Freedmen, to be held in the city of Chicago, state 10 of Illinois, from the twenty-second day of August to the 11 twenty-third day of September, 1915. are hereby created 12 a commission to represent the State of Michigan at the 13 exhibition to be held in connection with the said celebra- 14 tion. The members of the commission, so constituted, 15 shall serve without compensation, but shall be reimbursed 16 for necessary and reasonable traveling, hotel and other 17 expenses, actually and necessarily incurred in the per- 18 formance of their duties; Provided. That the secretary of 19 said commission shall receive such reasonable compensa- 20 tion as said commission may determine. The commission 21 shall elect a president and a secretary from among its 22 members. 1 Sec. 2. Within a reasonable time after this act takes 2 effect, the commission shall organize by the election of a 3 president and secretary ; a notice of the organization with 4 the names of the i>rosident and secretary, with their signa- 5 tures, shall be filed with Ihe state treasurer aud the audi- 6 tor-general. 1 Sec. 3. It shall be the dntv of Ihe conuuission to col- FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 25 2 lect, prepare, iusjiall and (.aie lor, at said exhibition, an 3 exhibit of iuventions and handiworli; in art, science, manu- 4 factnre and agriculture; and to prepare a manual yhow- 5 ing the professional, political, religious and educational 6 achievements of citizens of this state in whole or in part of 7 Negro descent. 1 Sec. 4. The sum of five thousand dollars, or as much 2 thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated out of 3 the general fund in the State Treasury, to be used in the 4 discretion of the said commission in carrying out the pro- 5 vision of this act. All bills shall be paid Avhen rendered 6 upon proper vouchers, drawn by the secretary of the com- 7 mission, countersigned by the president of said commis- 8 sion, and approved In^ the board of state auditors. Any 9 portion of the sum hereby appropriated which shall not be 10 used shall remain in the general fund in the state treasury. 1. Sec. 5. The auditor shall add to and incorporate in the 2 state tax for the year 1915 the sum of five thousand dol- 3 lars, to be assessed, levied and collected as other state 4 taxes are assessed, levied and collected, and shall be cred- 5 ited to the general fund to reimburse the same for the 6 money hereby appropriated. The Bill was passed by the Legislature with only ten dis- sentins: votes and signed bv the Governor on the 14th dav of April. 191.0, notices were at once sent out by Mr. Charles A. Warren, vrlio had been appointed Secretary of the temporary organization of delegates who had previously met and organ- ized a tentative commission, to meet on the 21st of April, 1915. and effect a permanent organization. As the Half Centurj- Anniversary and Exposition was to open on the 22nd of August, the time was exceedingly short to gather the exhibits and information from the Afro-Americans of the State of Michigan, and to prepare this Manual as re- quired by the Act, and we therefore ask the indulgence of all interested persons in the State of ■Michigan for any inac- curacies or omissions that have been rendered necessary in sending the coi)y of this Manual to press in time to have it printed to be seen at the Exposition at Chicago. 26 MICHIGAN MANUAL But for the eutliusiastic and faithful assistance of several public-spirited and broad-minded Afro- Americans, the work could not have been accomplished at all. To begin with the appropriation was quite meagre considering the territory to be covered. The Afro-American population of Michigan is scat- tered all over the State, from Houghton on Lake Superior to Monroe on Lake Erie, and in some counties only two or three Afro-Americans reside, while in a large number of counties, there are no Afro-Americans at all. The chief aid rendered us in preparing the Manual, of course, came from the Census De- I)artment in Washington in the two chapters prepared by Mr. Robert A. Pelham, which form the last two departments on "Occupations and Mortality'' respectively, found in the Manual. Besides the splendid aid rendered by Mr. Pelham, we received signal assistance from Commissioners Oscar W. Baker. L. Mar- garet Williams, and Elsworth L. Curtis, and no slight aid from Commissioners Mary E. McCoy, Charles A. Warren, Wil- mont A. Johnson, and William Ross Roberts. Others entitled to our special thanks for the splendid aid given are Miss Hattie Dixon, our official stenographer, who has foregone all pleasures since her appointment both (m week days and Sundays to help us complete this work. Mrs. Mabel Perkins, of Grand Rapii> rack. Tate, Eleanor Beatrice, Detroit — Fancy pillow shams. Taylor, George, Battle Creek — Crochet centerpiece. Taylor, Miss Henrietta, Detroit — Elmbroidery piece. Thompson, Mrs. Charles, Soo- Fancy work. Thompson, Edward, Oshtemo — Hand-made horseshoes. Thompson, Mrs. James G., Lansing — Centerpiece. Turner, Mrs. J., Detroit — Hand painted dishes: fancy work. Walker, Cyrus H., Lansing — Photo of brick work. Wallace, Prof. T., Adrian — Picture showing methods of work. 42 MICHIGAN MANUAL Warren, Charles A., Lansing — Poultry; farm products. Warren, Fred, Ypsilanti — Hand made cane. Warren, Francis H., Detroit^Nine bound volumes of the Detroit Informer, 1904-12 (Inc.) Watkins, Marion, Detroit — One-piece dress. White, Albert J., Kalamazoo — Photographs. White, IVIrs. Fannie, Kalamazoo — Embroidered table cover. Wilson, Alfred B., Niles — Dairy products; premium butter. Winburn, Mrs. Jane L., Grand Rapids — Embroidered centerpiece. Winnans, Mrs., Detroit — Canned fruit. Wise, Rose Poole, Detroit — Portrait in water color; pastels. Wormley, Emily R., Detroit — Fancy needle work. Young, Miss Catherine, Detroit — Fancy work. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 43 ■I. 44 MICHIGAN MANUAL a a a a < c, o C P9 CC FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 45 Afro-Americans Engaged in Profes- sional Pursuits In the tables shown under the head of ihe •"Negro In Michigan," the Afro-Americans of this State are shown to be employed in 152 different occupations. Of these 16 must be classed as professional pursuits. The hitjhor education of Afro-Americans in Michi.sian has indeed been rapid. In 1880 there were only two professional men in the State. In the files of the Michigan Commission are found 98 persons fol- lowing professional occupations, 19 of w^hom are attorneys-at-law, and 16 doctors of medicine, and all of whom have been educated in their professions subsequent to 1880, the older professional men having passed away. The following paragraphs on Michigan'.s professional Afro-Americans are splendidly supplemented in the Department of Oc- cupations in the latter part of this manual. Attorney s-at-Law. Baker, Oscar W., 223 N. Van Buren St., Bay City. Mr. Baker was born Aug. 30th, 1879, and is the youngest of four children of James H. and Mary F. Baker. At the age of 7 he met with an accident whereby he lost his left limb, amputated above the knee, but this did not affect his ambition to achieve success in the professional world. He event- ually graduated from the Bay City High School, Bay City Business Col- lege, and Law Department of the University of Michigan, class of 1902. He entered the law office of the Hon. L. E. Joslyn (now referee in bankruptcy, U. S. District Court, for the eastern district of Michigan, Southern Division), at Bay City, in 1902, where he has since been engaged in the practice of law. Mr. Baker was secretary of the Repub- lican County Committee for Bay County for two terms; Circuit Court Commissioner for Bay County, one term; is a member of the Bay City Board of Commerce and other institutions. In ,Iune, 1910, he married Miss Ida Ma,y Harrison, of Ohio, who together with their three children, Oscar W., Jr., Albert H. and Dorothy Florence, now comprise the fam- ily of our subject. He has been highly successful in the practice of law, color prejudice in Bay City being at a minimum. Mr. Baker's practice is nearly all white. He is an honorary member of the Epsilon Chapter of the Alpha Phi Alpha, of the University of Michigan; stock- holder in the Farmers' State Savings Bank, Fulton Mfg. Co. and Kuhl- man Electric Co., and other Bay City corporations. He is also a mem- ber of the Bay City Y. M. C. A., and has already accumulated a com- petence. In 1914 Mr. Baker was appointed a delegate to the National Half Century Anniversary of Negro Freedom, by Governor Ferris, and in 1915 was made a member of the Freedmen's Progress Commission, of w^hich he is the president, to install a Michigan Afro-American exhibit in the Exposition held in connection with said Anniversary. Barnes, Robert C, 207 Josephine, Detroit. Mr. Barnes was born in Mercer County, Ohio. After attending the public schools he graduated 46 MICHIGAN MANUAL FREEDMAN'S PROGRESS 47 from Ada Commercial College, Ada, Ohio, and Wilberforce University. For a time Mr. Barnes taught school. Twenty-six years ago he came to Detroit and engaged in the practice of law. He is associated with Mr. Walter H. Stowers, who together have become one of the best known law firms in the State of Michigan. A wife and one child com- prise the family of Mr. Barnes, who lives in an elegant home at the address given. Henderson, Byron M., 210 Alfred St., Detroit. Born at Cassopolis and has lived in Micliigan 53 years of his life. He is a high school graduate and also graduate of the Chicago Union Law College. He commenced the practice of law in Chicago 24 years ago. Went from there to Oklahoma, where he was assistant U. S. District Attorney at Guthrie from 1893 to 1897. In 1905 he returned to Michigan, coming to Detroit, where he has since been engaged in the practice of law. Johnson, Lindsay E. A native of Mississippi and a graduate of the Union Academy of the City of Columbus in that state. He subse- quently took a seven-year course at Knoxville College, Knoxville, Tenn., Residence of Robert (". Barnes. 48 MICHIGAN MANUAL graduating from there in 1906 with a degree of Bachelor of Arts and was chosen by the faculty as valedictorian of his class, an honor con- ferred only upon the student with the highest standing. In the same year Mr. Johnson came to Detroit, and in order to obtain sufficient money to start a law course, he put in one year working for the Pull- man Palace Car Co. In 1907 he entered the law course of the University . of Michigan, graduating fvom that institution in June, 1910, with a degree of Bachelor of Law. Mr. Johnson's father was a contracting bridge builder, which afforded a means for our subject to acquire a knowl- edge of the use of tools which stood him in good stead while earning his way to an efficient education. Receiving his "sheep skin" from the University of Michigan, Mr. Johnson sought to establish a law office in the City of Detroit. He made many fruitless attempts to secure an office in the business district of the city, and was finally forced as a last resort to take a high-priced office in the Broadway Market building, where he remained from July 5th, 1913, to October, 1914, when he formed a co-partnership for the general practice of law with Mr. Charles H. Mahoney with offices in the old Telegraph Building in that city. Lester, Benjamin F. A native of Baltimore, Md. His father was George W. Lester, who for upwards of 50 years was a prosperous poul- try dealer in that city. Our subject was educated in the public schools at Baltimore and graduated from the Lincoln University, Pennsylvania, in 1891, with a degree of Bachelor of Arts, and later entered the Law Department of the University of Michigan, receiving a degree of Bache- lor of Law. He returned to his home city and entered the practice of law and also engaged in newspaper work. Came to Michigan in 1912, and was admitted to practice at the Wayne County Bar, at Detroit. He is a frequent contributor to the press and a zealous advocate of his people. McKinney, Wm. Hayes. Native of Alabama, lived in Michigan five years. Has a college education and graduated from the Detroit College of Law, class of 1915, at the age of 37, and now has his office with the well known firm of Barnes & Stowers in the City of Detroit. Lewis, C, Henri, Jr., 221 Alfred St., Detroit. Born at Munich, North Dakota. Educated at Virginia University. Came to Michigan in Sep- tember, 1909, and has since been engaged in the practice of law in Detroit. Mahoney, Charles H. Born in Decatur, Mich. Is a graduate of Olivet College and the Law Department of the University of Michigan. Admitted to the bar in 1910; entered the law office of Francis H. War- ren, Detroit, with whom he practiced until 1913, forming a partnership in that year with Lindsay Johnson with the firm name of Mahoney & Johnson, and now engaged in the successful practice of law in Detroit. Marshall, Eugene J., 415 W. Ransom St., Kalamazoo. Born in Detroit 34 years ago, where he was educated in the public schools. He grad- uated from the High School, from the Law Department of the Uni- FREED.MEN'S PROGRESS 49 versity of Michigan, and the University of Wisconsin and from the University of Chicago. Mr. Marshall is one of the best educated Afro- Americans in the State of Michigan and an orator of matchless ability. He was class orator of the University of Michigan in 1903 and won the second prize in the inter-state contest with six other state universi- ties. He also I'epresented the University of Wisconsin in the Hamilton Club contest between nine universities, and won first prize. He also represented the University of Wisconsin in a debate with the Uni- versity of Nebraska. The Wisconsin team won. He represented the University of Chicago in a debate with the Northwestern University in which his team was successful. Mr. Marshall also won the bronze medal which the Chicago Alumni Association gives annually to the best orator in the inter-state league. For the past seven years Mr. Marshall has engaged in the practice of law in the state of Michigan, finally settling in the City of Kalamazoo, where he now enjoys a liberal practice. Pettiford, Ira J. Is a native of Palding. Ohio, and has resuitd in Michigan eight years. He is a graduate of the Ohio Northern, and the Ohio State University and of the Detroit College of Law, class of 1908. His office is at 1088 Russel St., in Detroit, and because of the singular ability and profound knowledge as a legal advocate, he has already attained an enviable reputation and clientage. Mr. Pettiford is a self- made man, being compelled to work his way through university and college. Roxborough, Charles A., 816 Chene St., Detroit. Is a native of Plaquemine, La. Has resided in Michigan 17 years, and is a graduate of the Detroit High School and the Detroit College of Law, class of 1914. Mr. Roxborough, although young, is active in politics, and was a clerk in the office of Gov. Chase S. Osborn for two years. Near the end of Gov. Osborn's term Mr. Roxborough received an appointment as Deputy Oil Inspector of the City of Detroit. In this position he acquired a wide acquaintance and when he graduated from the Law College in 1914, he at once entered upon the enjoyment of a lucrative practice among his numerous friends. He is making good as a member of the Detroit Bar and has proved to be an advocate of high character and ability. Stowers, Walter H., 306 Meldrum, Detroit. Born in Owensbori.', i\\., and has lived in Detroit fifty years, coming here when a young lad, and graduated from the Detroit High School, May hews Business University and eventually from the Detroit College of Law, class of 1895. Mr. Stowers has for years taken an active part in the Republican politics of Wayne County and has held several political positions, including Deputy Sheriff, Assessor's clerk and Deputy County Clerk. He is a stockholder in several commercial corporations for making auto parts, moving picture companies and hose coupling manufacturing. He en- tered the practice of law after graduating from college and associated with Mr. Robert C. Barnes, who together have made a name for them- selves known throughout the state as competent attorneys. 50 MICHIGAN MANUAL Thompson, Leonard C, 792 Fischer, Detroit. Mr. Thompson was born and educated in Detroit and has always lived in that city. He is a graduate of the Detroit High School and the Detroit College of Law, class of 1905. He was employed by the Union Trust Co., as an abstractor and has continued said employment since his graduation. Mr. Thompson married a daughter of the late W. W. Ferguson, one of the pioneer Afro-American lawyers of the Detroit Bar. He has one daughter. Thompson, Samuel G., 311 Broadway Market Bldg., Detroit. Born in Washington, D. C, and educated at Howard University. Admitted to the Detroit Bar seven years ago, coming to Michigan from Minnesota, and he had previously practiced law in Washington and New York. He bas achieved considerable success at the Bar in Detroit. Warren, Francis H., 26 Grant Court, Detroit, Mich. Was educated in the public schools of Saginaw and Reading and a graduate of the Detroit College of Law. Admitted to practice by the Supreme Court of Michigan in 1903, and the Supreme Court of the United States in 1913, at Washington. (See sketch under head of Freedmen's Progress Com- mission.) Webb, Charles R., 319 W. Canfield Ave., Detroit. Born in Pittsburg, Pa. Lived in Michigan 43 years; educated in the public schools of Detroit and a graduate of the University of Michigan, Law Department. Mr. Webb is an expert stenographer and has for many years been employed in the Internal Revenue Office of the U. S. in the City of Detroit. He has an interesting family, consisting of a wife and six children. Williams, Charles E., 1365 McLellan, Detroit. Is a native of Michigan snd a graduate of the State LTniversity. Has lived in Michigan all of the thirty-six years of his life. He was born in 1879 at Saline in Wash- tenaw County and his parents were James and Mary Williams. His father was a native of Kentucky, where he was born a slave. He escaped from slavery in 1858 and changed his name from Beverly Johnson to that here given, as was the custom of former slaves after reaching places of safety for fear of detection and being returned to bondage. While a slave the elder Williams was taught the trade of cigar-making and he followed this occupation after reaching the free air of Michigan, finally operating a cigar factory at Saline and later taking up farming in Washtenaw County. For several years after graduation, Charles E. practiced law with Robert J. Willis in Detroit. About five years ago he was appointed general clerk in the Assessors' office in that city, in which position he has a life tenure of office under the new civil service law. He is a full-blood Negro. Willis, Robert J. 727 Holcomb, Detroit. Born in Detroit and was educated in the public .schools of that city. Graduated from the law department of the University of Michigan, class of 1886. Mr. Willis has been a prominent figure in tlie politics of Wayne County and has FREEDMEN'S TROGRESS 51 made a competence in the practice of law. He is one of the oldest Afro-American members of the Wayne County Bar, and besides his law practice has always taken a lively interest in the welfare of Afro- American people and has frequently sought to have the door of oppor- tunity opened for Negro employment in various industrial occupations. He has a family consisting of a wife and four children. His son, Rob- ert J., Jr., is a student of the law and is following in the footsteps of his father. 52 MICHIGAN MANUAL Physicians and Surgeons. Ames, J. W. (see under Politicians). Beck, E. T., M. D., 155 Gratiot, Detroit. Is a native of Wabash, Indianna, and removed to Michigan with his parents 15 years ago. Was educated in the public schools of Ann Arbor and the University of Michigan. After graduation he came to Detroit, where he has since been engaged in the practice of his profession. Biggs, Adolphus L., M. D. Born at Charlotte. Educated in the pub- lic schools of Charlotte and University of Michigan. Recently moved to Dayton, Ohio, where he is engaged in the practice of medicine. Browning, Eugene, M. D., 637 Franklin, Grand Rapids. Native of New York; was a graduate of Lincoln University; lived in Michigan nine years. Bundy, George, M. D., 842 Seyburn, Detroit. Native of Ohio. Grad- uate of Theological Seminary and the Detroit College of Medicine. Came to Michigan nine years ago; was rector of St. Matthews Episco- Dr. A. B. Cleage. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 53 pal Church. While there began the study of medicine. Graduated in 1911. Cleage, Albert B., M. D., Kalamazoo. Born in London, Tennessee, May 15th, 1883. Graduate of Henderson Normal and Industrial College. 1902; Knoxville College in 1906; Indiana School of JMedicine in 1910. Dr. Cleage won second highest position in the competitive examina- tion, with all white applicants, in 1910, for appointment as intern at the City dispensory at Indianapolis, where he served as house physician and ambulance surgeon. Began private practice in Kalamazoo in 1912, where he has become highly successful as a doctor of medicine and surgeon. Crawford, Miss Catharine, M. D., 1116 Fuller, Ann Arbor. Native of Ann Arbor, Mich., and a recent graduate of the medical depart- ment of the University of Michigan. Miss Crawford has hung out her shingle in her home city. Dickerson, John H., M. D., 309 N. Washington, Ypsilanti. Born in Baltimore, Md., where he received a high school education. Graduate from Hampton Institute and the medical department of Howard Uni- versity, 1894. Started the practice of medicine at Columbus, Ohio, the same year. Served as a surgeon in the Spanish-American War in the 9th Ohio Batallion, and held the military rank of Captain. After his battalion was mustered out. Captain Dickerson came to Michigan, finally settling at Ypsilanti where he enjoys a large practice. He is a delegate to the National Half Century Celebration and Lincoln Jubilee at Chicago, 1915. Gamble, Parker Blair, M. D., 226 E. Lafayette, Detroit. Born at Chattenooga, Tenn. Graduate of Knoxville College and the medical department of the University of Michigan, class of 1912. Like almost all other Negro Professional persons, Dr. Gamble worked his way to his gheepskin and is now successfully practicing medicine in Detroit. Johnson, Albert H., M. D., 717 Rivard, Detroit. Native of Windsor, Canada, and has resided In Michigan 35 years, coming here when a young lad with his father Levi H. Johnson. He attended the public schools of Detroit and is a graduate of the High School and the De- troit College of Medicine. While attending school he contributed to his own support by selling newspapers, prefering to be as independent as possible of his father, who had become a successful practicing physician at that time and could have sustained his sons, Albert and William E., in College, had they chosen to rely on him. but they pre- ferred to aid themselves and did so very effectively as newsboys. Dr. Johnson is one of Detroit's best known physicians of either race and has for many years been a successful practitioner, attending to the medical wants of many of the best families of the City both white and black. He is universally courteous and withall. public spirited, being identified with many movements for the betterment of the poor. He is one of the wardens of the St. Matthews Episcopal Church, and an in- 54 MICHIGAN MANUAL spector of the public schools for the city of Detroit. He also takes an active interest in civic affairs. Johnson, H. Peyton, M. D. A native of Richmond, Va.. Was edu- cated in Boston, Massachusetts, graduating from Tufts Medical Col- lege class of 1897. Dr. Johnson immediately came to Michigan and entered upon the practice of his profession in the city of Detroit. He has been exceptionally successful, building up a large practice in that city. Newsome, O. E., M. D., Cassopolis, Mich. Born in Calvin, Cass County, and is a graduate of the University of Michigan. Dr. Newsome has taken an active part in the political affairs in his home county. He is Health Officer and Township Clerk at the present time. Turner, Alexander L., M. D., 1042 W. Warren, Detroit. Born in Georgia. Graduate of the medical department of the University of Michigan. Started his practice in Detroit, 1910, and became highly suc- cessful in the treatment of diseases peculiar to women and children. Dr. Turner is also a Pharmacist and is the proprietor of two drug stores in the city of Detroit. Dentists. Johnson, Wm. Edward. Is a native of Windsor, Ont. Has lived in Michigan 32 years. Besides graduating from the Dental Dept. of the Detroit College of Medicine, he is also a graduate pharmacist. He, together with his brother. Dr. Albert H. Johnson, succeeded to the bus- iness and practice of their father, the late Levi H. Johnson. L'nder the management of these young men, the business left by the Senior John- son has prospered and grown until the estate has reached large pro- portions. Shelton, Wm. P. Doctor of dental surgery. Is a native of Missouri, but has resided in Michigan 11 years and now has offices in the city of Detroit. Mr. Shelton is a graduate of Howard University of Washing- ton, D. C, and the Detroit College of Medicine. He is very successful in the practice of his profession. Smith, Sylvester. A native of Detroit, Mich., and a graduate of the Detroit College of Medicine, Dental Department Mr. Smith has main- tained an office at 585 St. Antoine St., and has attained an enviable reputation as a dentist, besides which he is a musician of the high class and his services as such are also in frequent demand. Nurses. Hailstock, Margaret. A native of Calvin, Mich. Now resides in Kalamazoo. She has a common school education and her services are in constant demand in her home city, where she has grown popr.lar in her profession. Joiner, Maud Muriel. Is a native of Canada . Has lived in Michigan eight years. Graduated from the Lincoln Hospital, New York as a professional nurse. She is engaged in the practice of her profession in the city of Detroit. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 55 c o H •a c 2 it 3 56 MICHIGAN MANUAL Residence of Dr. A. H. Johnson, Detroit. Six-Family Flat Owner b.v Dr. A. H. John- son, Detroit. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 57 Pettiford, Flora Joiner. A native of Canada. Has lived in Michi- gan eight years. Is a sister of Maud Joiner and graduated with her as a nurse from the Lincoln Hospital, New York. She is now the wife of Ira J. Pettiford, attorney of the Detroit Bar. Price, Wm. Birthplace in Georgia. He now lives at Rattle Creek. Mr. Price has a college education and his services are much in demand at the Battle Creek Sanitarium. Smith, Eliza. A native of Columbus, Ohio. Lived in Michigan thirty-five years. Received a common school education and trained as a nurse at the Battle Creek Sanitarium. She is now employed in that city. Thomas, Telesie Rhodriquez. A native of Mexico, now residing in Grand Rapids. Lived in Michigan twenty-six years. Received a com- mon school education and is a nurse by profession. Psychologists. Roberts, Wm. Edison. Professor Roberts is one of Detroit's most active professional Afro-Americans. Besides being a Professor of Psychology, Mr. Roberts is a vocalist and an artist. Is also active in church work, being president of the Christian Endeavor Society of Bethel Church and also a leader of the senior choir of the same in- stitution. Chiropodists. Cheatham, Abbie Bledsoe. Is a native of Ohio and came to Mich- igan 20 years ago wath Mr. Bledsoe, her husband, who was one of the best known head waiters in Michigan for many years. She has become very successful as a chiropodist and numbers among her patrons many of Detroit's prominent citizens and the competence which she enjoys has been acquired largely because of her professional popularity. Jackson, Susie B. Is a native of Pennsylvania and has lived in Mich- igan five years. Has opened an office in Detroit, where she practices chiropody. Her cards announce she is massagist, manicurist and scalp specialist as well. Johnson, Nora. Is a native of Missouri and has lived in Michigan ei^ht years, most of which time she has been in business in Mt. Clemens, the famous bath resort. She employs two regular assistants in her office. Miss Johnson enjoys a large practice as chiropodist and beauiifier and has invested her earnings in lands to a considerable extent. Moore, Edward L. A native of Louisiana. Lived in Michigan five years, most of which time he has resided in the City of Detroit, where he has an office and enjoys a large patronage because of his popularity as an expert chiropodist. He is a graduate of the Moler, Kahler and Illinois Colleges of Chiropody and is said to be exceedingly expert in his profession. Mr. Moore is the author of two books, "Chiro Thera- peutic Guide" and "Treatise on the Sciences of Foot Health." 58 MICHIGAN MANUAL Burton, Wm. H., D. C. O. Is a native of Indiana. Lived in Michigan fourteen years and is a graduate of the Illinois College of Chiropody and Orthopedic. Mr. Burton hung his shingle out at Benton Harbor and there enjoys a splendid practice in his profession. He is said to have one of the nicest and best equipped offices in the State Bank Bldg. at Benton Harbor to be found anywhere in the state. His stand- ing in the community is of the best. Office of Dr. E. L. Moore, Chiropodist, Detroit. Dermatologists. Davis, Adeie. A native of Illinois. Has been a resident of Detroit, Mich., for six years. She is a hair dresser and dermatologist and has attained prominence in Madame Lulu Butler's famous beauty parlor. Moorehead, Etta Levenia. A native of Canada. Has lived in Michi- gan ten years. She is a graduate of the Molar College at Chicago and has achieved success in her profession, having acquired considerable property by way of investment. Chemists. Dodson, Norris A. Is a native of Washington, D. C, and has lived in Michigan 12 years. Is a graduate of the University of Michigan and is now in charge of the pharmacy of Drs. A. H. and W. E. Johnson in the City of Detroit. Mr. Dodson has also become a manufacturer of candy, in which business a brother is interested with him. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 59 Stenographers. Bakeman, Lillian E. A native of Kentucky. Lived in Detroit thirty- eight yeans. Educated in the high school and bu.sine.s.s college of Detroit. She is a bookkeeper and stenographer and is regularly em- ployed in that city. Dixon, Harriet Victoria. A native of Windsor, Ont., Canada. Edu- cated in the public schools and Windsor Collegiate Institute. Grad- uated as a stenographer in 1911 and started her career as bookkeeper and stenographer for Robert Baker, grocer. Later as private secretary to S. D. Sumner, printer and rubber stamp manufacturer. Miss Dixon was appointed official stenographer to the Secretary of the Freedmen's Progress Commission June 8, 1915, and is slill employed in that posi- tion, where she has proved very efficient. Hayes, Carrie M. A native of Ypsilanti, Mich., educated at Ypsilanti. Is a graduate of the high school and the Cleary Business College in the class of 1903, she bearing the distinction of being the first colored graduate from that school. For three years Miss Hayes was steno- grapher and bookkeeper for Dr. Goldberg in Detroit and has now returned to her home to keep house for her father, who is a prosperous citizen of Ypsilanti. Hill, Manford. A native of Detroit. Educated in the public schools and Detroit Business College. Is now employed as stenographer in the office of the Register of Deeds in Wayne County of said city. Jefferson Rachel Johnson. Born at Plymouth, Mich., and was edu- cated in the public schools of Detroit and the Gutchess Business Col- lege. She was first employed by the Detroit Shipbuilding Co. as a stenographer and held a position in the office of said company for a number of years until she was married. Since then she has been suc- cessively employed as stenographer in the office of Francis H. Warren, Attorney, and later she became official stenographer for the Detroit College of Law, furnishing students with transcripts of the lectures given by the professors. She is at present employed as stenographer in the Auditor's Department of the County of Wayne. She is said to be one of the most rapid and competent stenographers in the City of Detroit. Stanton, Jos. A native of Pittsburg, Pa. Lived in Detroit four years. Graduated from the high school of Pittsburg and is employed in the U. S. Custom House at Detroit as stenographer. Smith, J. Pauline. A native of Windsor, Ont., and has resided in Detroit, Mich., since her early childhood. Miss Smith is quite a remarkable young woman. She is a Negro of the full blood and picked up the art of stenographic writing without the aid of college training. To use her own l.lnguage, she says that she studied stenography when a mere girl "because the odd looking lines or symbols interested me." Later, realizing the value of her stenographic knowledge, she perfected herself by diligent practice and in reporting sermons, lectures, etc., and 60 MICHIGAN MANUAL finally by taking up the study of typewriting at a business college. During a period extending over several years, she sought to obtain a position with some firm by answering the numerous advertisements appearing in the newspaper for stenographers. Invariably she was requested to call for a personal interview, only to find on applying that someone iust ahead of her had been given the position. Despairing of obtaining a position, she obtained desk room with an Afro-American firm of attorneys, Messrs. Barnes & Stowers, where she hung out her shingle as a public stenographer and remained until 1914, when her business had so grown that she opened an oflice of her own at No. 827 Chamber of Commerce Bldg., where she is now located, enjoying the fruits of perseverence and faithful service. For a time Miss Smith was the official stenographer for the Freedmen's Progress Commission, but as that position was only temporary and required all of her time, she felt that she could not give up her permanent patronage for the tem- porary position the Commission afforded her. Miss Smith also pos- sesses rare literary talent, having composed several creditable poems and a book entitled "Olive Prints." She is also prominent in church club work. Worm ley, Mrs. Emily R. A native of Detroit, Mich. She was edu- cated at Ann Arbor and in Detroit and besides assisting in the work of compiling this manual as stenographer, she also listed with the Freedmen's Progress Commission an exhibit of fancy needle work t6 be included in the Michigan Exhibit at the Chicago Exposition. Vocalists. Greenlaw, Albert E. Native of Pennsylvania; a resident of Michigan ten years. He received a common school educaton and turned his attention to cultivating a splendid voice, of which he is the possessor. For several years past he has been employed as a vocalist with travel- ing companies in some of the more prominent church societies, and has proved highly successful, receiving one of the highest salaries paid to artists of that character. Mills, Alice Irene. A native of Chatham, Canada. Came to Michigan with her parents in 1901; educated in the public schools of Detroit. Miss Mills began the cultivation of her voice under Madam Maggie Porter Cole, of "Fiske Jubilee Singers" fame, who has developed Miss Mills into a prima donna. Miss Mills possesses a soft, sweet voice with wide range, and has become quite popular with the Detroit public, where she has given several musical recitals. FREEDMEN"S PROGRI']S;S 61 Miss Alice Mills, Michisran's Promisinfr Prima Donna, Dtlroit. 62 MICHIGAN MANUAL W. Wendell Gaskins, Jackson. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 63 Portrait Artists. Griffin, James Marion. A native of Georgia. Has lived in Michigan five years. Is a graduate of Rust University and an exhibitor of por- traits in the Michigan Exhibit at the National Half Century Exposition. Foster, Frank and Herbert, brothers. Are natives of Detroit, Michi- gan and are crayon and water-color artists. They have opened a studio at 225 Garfield avenue, in that city, and are promising young artists. Gaskin, Wm. W. Is a Negro of the full blood and a penman of ex- ceptional ability, being especially fine in scroll work. He is a card writer and engrosser by profession, but is also a clever chef, which occupation he followed until a few years since at Adrian, where he still owns a cozy home. Mr. Gaskin now resides at Jackson, and is listed as one of the attractions at the Half Century Exposition. Jackson, John Spencer, 340 Erskine St., Detroit, Mich. Is a native of Amherstburg, Ont., Canada, and a son of Annie V. and John Jack- son, both natives of Amherstburg. Removed to Michigan with his par- ents when 3 years old, settling in Adrian, Mich. Mr. Jackson was educated in the Public Schools of Adrian, where he evinced an espe- cial interest in art work when a lad of ten years old. He was encour- aged by his teachers, who told him he should make an especial study of art work. There resided in Adrian at that time an art teacher by the name of Mr. Eldridge, who advertised for day or night scholars. Mr. Jackson's mother took him to see this teacher, but he would not accept our subject as a pupil because of his color, but offered him a job at sweeping out and mopping. Mr. Jackson took this job long enough to get an idea of the coloring and how it was applied, then gave up his work as janitor. In 1899 he went to Atlanta, Georgia, where he studied for a short time under Professor Anderson. In 1901 he returned to Adrian. The same Mr. Eldridge who had refused to teach Mr. Jackson wanted to employ him in his studio as an artist, but Mr. Jackson, having plenty of his own work to do, refused to accept the employment. In the same year he went from Adrian to Grand Rapids to visit his aunt, Mrs. Newton Carter. Mr. Jackson had some of his art work with him. While there some of the German artists, seeing his works, drew it to the attention of the Grand Rapids Herald, which gave a two-column account of Mr. Jackson's productions and genius. This attracted the attention of art dealers. Many artists came to view his works, and he was offered different opportunities for em- ployment. One he accepted for a short time to make pen sketches and illustrations for newspapers and magazines. Later he received a better opportunity to make portraits for the West Art Association of Grand Rapids, where he worked in their studio for two years. In 1902 he came to Detroit en route to Atlanta, Ga. In Detroit he thought he would inquire whether a colored man could work in a white studio. The first man he went to was the proprietor of the Eureka Art Co., 64 MICHIGAN MANUAL John Spencer Jackson, Detroit. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 65 Windsor, Ont., who would not employ him in his studio, but wanted to see some of his work. When the work was delivered he requested Mr. Jackson to bring his easel to his studio and commence work at once. He remained with this firm for five years. In 1907 he left of his own accord with a good recommendation, and the next day went to the West Art Association in Detroit, where he was immediately employed. Mr. Jackson has remained witli this firm for eight years, and is at the present time in their employ, painting all classes of work handled by them, including crayon, water-color, India-ink, pastel and oil, which are sent to all parts of the world, to Europe, England, and throughout the United States. Mr. Jackson, though only 34 years of age, is exceptionally progressive and an enthusiastic student of his life's work. He is the only colored portrait artist in Detroit who makes his livelihood exclusively by art work. In 1908 he married Miss Mattie Nelson, daughter of William Nelson, of Windsor, Ont., and resides with his wife at the above address. In 1915 Mr. Jackson painted in oil a picture of Sojourner Truth interviewing President Lincoln for the Sojourner Truth Association, to be a part of the Michigan exhibit at the National Half-century Exposition at Chicago. This work is a masterpiece designed to bring lasting and wide renown to the name of "John Spencer Jackson." Among his other accomplishments, Mr. Jackson carves portraits on wood surfaces with jackknives or other sharp instruments. Mrs. KoKt' I'ooir Win*-. Drlroit. 66 MICHIGAN MANUAL Singleton, Albert D. Born in Kentucky; twelve years a resident of Michigan. Mr. Singleton has listed an exhibit Vith the Michigan Com- mission of pastel paintings and cartoons. He is especially clever as a cartoonist, and since he is quite a young man, bids fair to become more or less famous in his chosen work. He is a Negro of the full blood. Roberts, Wm. Ross, 1214 Allegan St., Lansing, Mich, under head of Freedmen's Progress Commission.) (See sketch Wise, Rose Poole, 318 Watson St., Detroit. Has won renown as a water color artist. Madam Wise has a studio at the above address and has listed an exhibit with the Michigan Commission for the Chicago Exposition. She is a graduate of the Detroit School of Art, and a daughter of Alpheus A. Poo'.e, a prominent Union Labor Leader of the State. Miss Bertha Hansbury. FREED^rEN■S PROGRESS 67 "^C^ ■St-' Q 68 MICHIGAN MANUAL Minnie A. DaTis, Teacher of Music, Boyne City. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 69 Music Teachers. Carter, Helen. A native of Indiana. Has lived in Michigan ten years. She was educated in Detroit and conducts a musical studio at 737 St. Antoine St. Davis, Minnie A. A native of Boyne City, Mich., where she still lives. Is a graduate from the high school and Conservatory of Music. She is very popular v. 84 MICHIGAN MANUAL Joseph C. Ford, Grand Rapids, Popularly known as Senator Joe, Who Has Been Styled Western Michigan's Political Wizard and for Many Years Was Em- ployed by the State Senate at Lansing. Alonzo John Taylor, City Electrician of Adrian. John W. Johnson, Manager of Johnson's Wm. Henderson, a Successful Business Orchestra, Detroit. Man of Boyne City. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 85 Afro-Americans in Michigan Politics Though it may not be generally known, Afro-Americans have held a goodly number of elective offices in the State of Michigan as has been the case in other parts of the Union. Colored electors of Michi- gan for the most part have been faithful Republicans, sharing the grat- itude of all the Afro-Americans for the liberty siven them under the Republican administration of Abraham Lincoln in 1865. Nearly all of the colored citizens who attained political preferment belonged to the educated class of Afro-Americans and they have held positions all the way from delegates to the National Conventions down to Committee- men in the Republican organization and from member of the Legisla- ture to ward constable in elective offices and not a few appointed po- sitions. No criticism has ever been heard of the conduct of Afro- Americans in office in this state and in some instances the Afro-Amer- ican officials acquitted themselves with a high degree of ability and credit to themselves and the offices they held. A partial list of those holding one form of office or another here follows. To avoid duplica- tion persons are here omitted who have been sufficiently mentioned in the chapter on occupations. Allen, Chas. Fred. Is a native of Cass County, Michigan, and the son of Green Allen. Graduated from the Cassopolis high school and from McLaughlin's Business University at Grand Rapids. In 1906 he received an appointment as clerk in the Auditor General's Department at Lansing, serving five terms under Dr. Jas. B. Bradley and Oramel B. Fuller, respectively, where his work was said to be of high character and most satisfactory. At Lansing he became a member of the Capi- tal Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons and was also an active worker in the Michigan Co-Operative League, an organization composed of Afro-Americans. Ames, James W., M. D. A native of New Orleans, La.. Has lived in Michigan twenty-one years. Was educated in Straight University in New Orleans and is a graduate of the medical department of How- ard University, Washington, D. C. Opened an office in Detroit as physician, where he has since resided. Married a daughter of the late James H. Cole, by whom he has reared four children. Dr. Ames soon became active in Republican politics of Wayne County and has served as committeeman from his precinct and ward and also as a delegate to many Republican state and county conventions. In 1900 he was elected to the House of Representatives of the Michigan Legislature, where he served one term, after which he was appointed as a member of the medical staff of the Detroit Board of Health, from which posi- tion he recently resigned after serving some ten years, to look after his private practice and business interests. Anderson, John B. A native of Canada. Has resided in Detroit, Michigan for the past thirty years. Mr. Anderson was always active 86 MICHIGAN MANUAL in Republican politics and has successively held the positions of deputy collector of customs at the port of Detroit, clerk and assistant bookkeeper of the School Board of the City of Detroit, and is now clerk in the office of the Auditors of Wayne County. Cole, Daniel. Has been a resident of Detroit for upwards of 30 years and has received a thorough public school training, graduating from the High School and Business College. Mr. Cole for many years followed railroading, but of late years has been active in Republican politics of his home city. He has held various positions in the office of receiver of taxes, and is now general clerk in the office of the County Treasurer. When the civil service law was adopted for the city of Detroit Mr. Cole took successively three examinations for three differ- ent positions, two of which he stood at the head of the class that was examined, and in the third examination stood second highest for the positions the examination was held to fill. One of the positions Mr. Cole was examined for was that of purchasing agent for the Park Board, but for some submerged reason Mr. Cole was not appointed to the place although he was returned for the appointment by the Civil Service Commission. Later an inferior position was offered to Mr. Cole by the Civil Service Commission that carried a very small salary, but this Mr. Cole declined to accept and be buried in for the remain- der of his life. County Treasurer Stein, knowing the value of his services, gave Mr. Cole a position in his office which Mr. Cole still holds. He is a Negro of the full blood. Dickinson, Jos. H...Is a native of Canada. Came to Michigan in the early 80's. Mr. Dickinson was never very active in politics but was selected as a candidate for the Legislature by the Republican Convention of 1896 because of his excellent educational qualifications and his splendid standing as a citizen in the community. He was elected and served two terms as a member of the House of Represen- tatives in the Legislatures of 1897 and 1899. Ferguson, Wm. W. A native of Detroit, Mich. Son of the late Dr. Ferguson, who was a pioneer Afro-American physician of the state of Michigan. Mr. Ferguson was a graduate of the public schools of De- troit, and of the Detroit College of Law. He became prominent in the practice of his profession after serving a term in the lower house of the Michigan Legislature in 1893. Prior to that time he had conducted one of the largest printing houses in the city of Detroit. Hill, Manford. (See stenographers.) Active in Republican politics. Received appointment to the office of Registrar of Deeds of Wayne County, where he has been employed for many years, holding his po- sition because of the excellence of his ability and as a stenographic clerk. Owens, Algernon. Was a native of Detroit, Michigan, and a son of Thomas D. and Annie Owens. He was educated in the Detroit public schools and became active in politics receiving an appointment in the FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 87 railroad commissioners office at Lansing where he remained for twelve years. Was later appointed letter carrier at the Detroit post- office. He died recently, leaving a wife and one child. Owens, Ralph C. A native of Detroit and one of Detroit's live poli- ticians of the younger class. He has served two terms as Deputy Sheriff and is at present assistant field agent for the Freedmen's Pro- gress Commission. Owens, Thomas Dye. Born in Owensboro, Ky. Came to Detroit in 1845. One account states he came to Detroit in 1842. Opened a barber business in the Antisdel hotel, where the Cadillac now stands. Was the first Negro head janitor of the City Hall, later of the Superior Court, and was elected coroner on the Democratic ticket. He died at the age of 70, leaving a wife and ten children in comfortable circumstances. Lyie, John B. Born in Lexington, Ky., March 16, 1870. Removed to Michigan in 1889. Mr. Lyle was educated in the public schools of Lexington, Ky., and is a graduate of the Detroit University. He be- came a proficient stenographer twenty-four years ago. In 1891 he en- tered the service of the United States Engineering Department as mes- senger and 15 years ago worked his way up to a clerkship, in which position he is still employed. Mr. Lyle bears the distinction of being the first Afro-American to receive an appointment as clerk at large in the Engineering Department of the government and his long and faithful service indicates that he has made good. In 1894 he married Miss Bertie Williams, of Detroit, who, together with his mother-in-law constitute his family. Mr. Lyle has charge of the sales division of the Lake Survey, which brings him in close contact with all vessel men of the Great Lakes. Woods, William W., 148 E. Canfield, Detroit. Born in Detroit 49 years ago and educated in the public schools of that city, graduating from the High School. He has always been active in Republican politics; was appointed to a clerkship in the Auditor-General's office at Lansing in 1893, where he remained until 1901. During the admin- istration of Mayor G. P. Codd he was appointed as a general clerk in the Assessors' office for the City of Detroit. He is now employed au( cleric in the office of the Board of Auditors for the County ot Wayne. Mr. Woods is a Negro of the full blood, and although not a university graduate, he is a ripe scholar and an excellent mathe- matician. Pelham, Robert A. Two cigar boxes, a wooden rolling pin, two wood screws, some curtain fixtures, a piece of tin and a small strip of sheet rubber, coupled with an idea and some ingenuity, put Robert A. Pelham in the list of inventors with patent dated December 19. 1905. The following letter, written by Mr. William M. Steuart. chief statis- tician of the manufacturing division of the United States Census of- fice is self-exp'.anatory: 88 MICHIGAN MANUAL Kobt. A. Pelham, Prominent at Washington in the Departmental Service of the Government and as an Inventor of Office Devices. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 89 Washington, D. C, Dec. 15, 1905. Hon. S. N. D. North, Director of the Census. Sir: I respectfully transmit herewith letters from Mr. Robert A. Pel- ham, submitting a proposition for the rental of a machine invented by him and known as an improvement in pasting device. In compiling the statistics of manufactures, it is the practice of the office to make carbon copies of the tabulation. These carbon copies are cut into slips, the slips assorted so as to bring together the statistics for the establishments owned by individuals, companies and corporations, also for establishments having different values of products. A similar method was followed at the census of 1900 in presenting the statistics for industries in the different cities and states. At that time the slips were pasted by hand. The work was very awkward and comparatively expensive. At the inauguration of this work for the present cansus, Mr. Pelham was employed on it and his experiences led to the invention of the machine referred to. While the machine is simple, it is very ingenious and very effective in simplifying this important stage of the work of tabulating. The first model of the machine, which was a crude affair, was used by Mr. Pelham to assist in his work as early as January 1, 1905. Since then he has made various improvement and tlie preent machine appears to be practically perfect so far as its application to our work is concerned. One of the perfected machines was put in operation on August 21, 1905. A second machine was brought to the office on Octo- ber 4, 1905. Since then both of these machines have been in con- stant use. I am satisfied that if the machines had not been used it would have been necessary to employ at least four clerks in addition to those now engaged on this work for a period of from six to eight months." Thus it will be seen that the use of these two machines for a period of one year in 1905 saved the Government more than $3,000. In the work of the Thirteenth Census, 1910, six of these devices were in constant use for nearly two years. On August 13, 1913, Mr. Pelham again introduced a small device designed by him and adapted to a branch of census work, in the population division of the Census Office. This machine, a tally device, also proved a success. In April, 1914, he was assigned to compile the statistics for the "Mortality" and "Home Ownership" chapters of the Federal publica- tion, "Negroes in the United States," recently issued by the Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce, which publication has been universally commended. By detail from the Department, Mr. Pelham will represent the Bureau of the Census at the Lincoln Jubilee and Exhibition of Freed- men's Progress, at Chicago, and under the Michigan banner demon- 90 MICHIGAN MANUAL Mrs. Gay Lewis Pelham. ^ FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 91 strate statistical methods and statistical machinery as well as his own inventions. Mr. Pelham, a legal resident of Detroit, MJchigan, was born in Petersburg, Virginia, January 4, 1859, of free pt tiro nag^, the second son and fifth child of Robert and Frances Pelham. In the same year his parents moved northward to secure for their children those edu- cational advantages which the liberal-minded element were extending to all classes of men. They finally settled in Detroit, and Robert was educated in the public and high schools of that city, completing a twelve-year course in nine. In 1871, while still in school, he entered the employ of the Daily Post, the leading Republican paper in Mich- igan, then owned and controlled by that vigorous exponent of early Republican principles, Zachariah Chandler. He began at the lower rounds of the ladder and worked his way up to important positions, remaining in that employ until 1891. Mr. Pelham is best known as a newspaper man. From 1S83 to 1891, while still under contract with the Detroit daily paper, he edited and managed a weekly race journal, The Detroit Plaindealer, of which the distinguished citizen, Hon. Frederick Douglass, said: "In spirit and in letter, in method and in object, in character and ability, The Plaindealer meets my warm approbation." From 1887 to 1891 he was also a Deputy Oil Inspector for his home state. In 1892 he served as a Special Agent of the United States Land Office. From 1893 to 1898 he was an Inspector for the Detroit Water Department, and in 1899 was again appointed a Special Agent of the General Land Office. In July, 1900 he came to Washington as a Census Clerk. He received a degree in law from Howard Uni- versity in 1904 and is an active member of the General Alumni Asso- ciation of that institution. In 1893 he married Miss Gabrielle Lewis, of Adrian, Michigan, who is one of the most active and influential members of the musical circles of Washington. In 1880 Miss Gabrielle Lewis had the degree of Bachelor of Music conferred upon her by Adrian College. She was the first young lady in the State to receive a "B. M." She also was the first person of color to hold an official position in the Michigan State Music Teach- ers' Association, being a member of the executive committee which made the Adrian meeting in June, 1893, a splendid success. At this convention a paper read by her created a fine impression. They have an interesting family of four children. Governor Luce, in speaking of Mr. Pelham, said: "Mr. Pelham served under my administration in a responsible position with honor and credit to himself. He is a man of education, culture and char- acter. He is noted for strict fidelity in the discharge of any and all assumed duties. He is an all-weather Republican, is strong with the people of his race and an honor to them." "lola," now Mrs. Ida Wells-Barnett, a special writer for The Plaindealer, after a visit to Detroit said: "Mr. Pelham is the busiest man 1 know of anywhere." 92 MICHIGAN MANUAL Rev. William J. Simmons, author of "Men of Mark: Eminent, Progressive and Rising," gave him a place in that roster in 1887, and said, among other things: "His habits of life have been of such a character as to give him standing in the business world and mark him as a man of strict integrity and conscientious scruples in the discharge of every duty committed to his care, as well as enabling him to profit by all the opportunities of life. Mr. Pelham is a man of clear head, pure character and steady habits; a man to be admired on account of his modesty, sober-mindedness and intellectual char- acter." Pelham, Benj. B., is a native of Detroit, where he was born Feb. 7th, 1862, and has always remained a resident of that city. He was educated in the public schools and is a graduate of the Detroit High School. He began his career with the Detroit "Post" and Detroit "Tribune," which papers he served in various capacities for seventeen years, after which he became a publisher and newspaper writer on his own account on the Plaindealer and other publications. He has for many years been regarded as a successful politician, having served as clerk in the Internal Revenue office and later as clerk in the office of County Treasurer and Register of Deeds and is now County Accountant in the office of the Auditors for Wayne County. In 1895 he married Miss Laura Montgomery, of Sandwich, Ont. They occupy their own home at 252 Frederick St., and have two children. Miss Francis, a miss of 17, and Alfred, a lad of 15 years, both of whom are acquiring a thorough education. The latter proved himself a very efficient and apt assistant for the Michigan Commission at Chicago, during the Lincoln Jubilee. Detectives. There are several Afro-Americans employed as police officers in the State of Michigan — one in Battle Creek, one in Ann Arbor and eight in Detroit, the value of the services of two of whom have not only been recognized by retention as officials, but they have been promoted to the more important position of detective, as follows: Richardson, Warren C, 328 Frederick, Detroit.. Is a native of Can- ada. Mr. Richardson has lived in Michigan upwards of 30 years. For a time he took an active part in Republican politics and started the publication of the newspaper called The Informer. About the year 1895 he was appointed to the police department of the City of Detroit, and in 1914 was promoted to the "plain clothes" or detective force connected with that department. He and Mr. Daniel O. Smith are the two first Afro-Americans to be honored with appointments as detectives in the City of Detroit, Commissioner of Police John Gil- lespie making the appointments. Smith, Daniel O. A native of Chatham, Canada. Has lived in Detroit upwards of 20 years. He became a member of the police department in 1898 and in 1914 was promoted to the "plain clothes" FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 93 detective force connected with that department. As the detectives are all paired off, Mr. Smith is paired with Detective Warren C. Richardson. "The Plain Dealer." In 1883 the establishment of The Detroit I'laindealer at Detroit attracted attention in the newspaper world, and during the eleven years of its publication ranked high not only with its subscribers but also with its contemporaries. "Plaindoaler Boys" — Top row, left to riirht. Kobort A. }'rlhiim. Walter A. Stower*. William! H. Anderson. Sittinjr, left to riirht, Benjamin B. Felham. Byron (i. Redmond. 94 MICHIGAN MANUAL Early in 1884, under thq lead of this paper, a "Colored Men's State Convention" was held at Battle Creek, and by resolution the Republicans of Michigan were requested to elect a race representa- tive to the National Convention at Chicago. After a spirited contest and state-wide campaign, Dr. S. C. Watson, of Detroit, was elected delegate-at-large on the second ballot. His candidacy to the conven- tion was managed by The Plaindealer staff, with Mr. Robert Pelham at their head, easily defeating the Detroit Custom House men who opposed them. This was the first movement of its kind in the North. It was following this convention that Mr. Pelham and his associates "graduated from local politics," in the words of the distinguished ex-Postmaster-General Don M. Dickinson, and came into national prominence as "political hustlers." Editorially the paper was "second to none" and extensively quoted throughout the country. The editorial, "Judge Us By the Better Types," its articles relative to the Knights of Labor, "Billy Smith's" church comments and the "Bazoo and Bootjack" column not only attracted wide attention but were copied and commented on in all parts of the country. The Plaindealer was one of the first newspapers in the "West to recognize the great utility of typesetting machines, in such general use now, and was the second newspaper in Michigan to secure such machinery, a Rogers Typograph being placed in The Plaindealer office early in 1890. In addition to their own composition, 150,000 ems weekly were set for a "white contemporary." Of the five members of The Plaindealer Company at the start, as shown in the accompanying portrait, all except one are still citi- zens of and identified with Michigan interests. The exception, Mr. Byron Redmond, is now a cement contractor in Kansas City, Missouri, with a wife and eight children, three of whom are married. Policeman Woman. Godfrey, Daisy L. Came to Michigan with her parents at the age of 8 years and has been a resident of Lansing for 21 years. Was appointed matron of the Lansing Police Department March 24, 1897, by Chief of Police J. P. Sanford, and has served in that office ever since. For the past eight years she has been chief matron of the department and all delinquent women and female children are com- mitted to the various state institutions by her. She is regarded as absolutely trustworthy and is held in high esteem by her superior officers. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 95 Chas. A. and Henry Wiliinms. Two Brothers of the Full Negro Blood, Who Have Made Good in Michigan, of Which State They Are Natives. Charles, at the I.oft. is an Attorney-at-Law, but Has Been (Jccupied for Some Ywirs as a (Jeneral Clerk in the Office of the Hoard of Assssors for the Citv of Detroit, whik- Henry Has for Thirteen Years Past Been a Clerk in the I'ostoffice at Knln- mazoo. Both Gentlemen Have Won Hosts of Friends Because of their Affable Manner and High Character of their Ability in their ( hosen Occupations. 96 MICHIGAN MANUAL Hon. Green Allen, of Cass County, Who Has Been Justice of the Peace in His Home Township for Eighteen Years and was Re-elected for Another Four Years' Term in 1915. The Michigan Negro in Business Showing the Progress of Race Along Business Lines AS FARMERS, CONTRACTORS AND BUILDERS AND IN VARIED PURSUITS 98 MICHIGAN MANUAL Albert J. White, Contractor and Builder^ Kalamazoo. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 99 Residence of Albert J. White. Kulamazoo. The Following Five Buildings Here Shown Were Built Under Contract BY ALBERT J. WHITE OF KALAMAZOO FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 101 < 5 102 MICHIGAN MANUAL ! REBINDING FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 103 •A ■J o •SI X Do Not Remove (rev 6/93) 104 MICHIGAN MANUAL s o ^ < 4f K 33 X M FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 10c B O < .a o o M CS e m "a 3 u e C9 C >> a "5 106 MICHIGAN MANUAL THE MICHIGAN NEGRO IN BUSINESS. Though it is not generally known, not a few distinctive business successes must be credited to Negro pioneers and citizens of the State of Michigan. All of these successes are remarkable because of the fact that the individuals attaining them each started from nothing and became either well-to-do and affluent in circumstances or quite wealthy. The greatest number of successes among Negro business men must be credited to farmers — and the range of business successes among Negroes has not been exceptionally wide. Contractors and builders, express and livery men, contracting plasterers and at least one brick manufacturer may be found in the list, while several Negroes have gained competencies by conducting lawn-mowing, wood-sawing and tailoring businesses, and quite a number have become well-to-do in the barber business. In the barber business at one time colored men were greatly pre- dominant. Almost all of them drew what is commonly known as the "color line" in conducting their business, fearing that if they served men of their own color it would mean business suicide and conse- quential financial loss to them; but the most distinctive success in this particular line of business has been accomplished by a Negro in the City of Ann Arbor who never drew the "color line" in the con- duct of his business, and who served white and black alike, number- ing among his patrons many of the most prominent people of Mich- igan, including United States senators. Congressmen and many state officials, none of whom ever objected to the manner in which this gentleman conducted his business by serving all customers in his high-class establishment who came properly garbed and conducted themselves as gentlemen. This notable instance is conclusive proof that, even in so personal a business as barbering, drawing the "color line" is not essential to success, since the man referred to has accu- mulated a snug fortune, wholly from his business, and is today the wealthiest working Negro barber in the State of Michigan. The sketches of successful Negro business men here given are by no means complete. As before stated, the short time given to publish this Manual and the limited funds appropriated for the pur- pose made it impossible to obtain complete data regarding Afro- American business persons of the State of Michigan; but it is suf- ficient to show a wide range of business activity among the Negro population, and includes persons of the full Negro blood as well as those of mixed blood. The following is a partial list of those Afro-Americans who have proved successful business people: Adams, Joseph J., 233 Williams St., Grand Rapids, Mich., is a native of South Carolina and has resided in Michigan for 44 years. Mr. Adams is a contracting mason and has been exceedingly successful in his business, having accumulated a fortune of comfortable size. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 107 and resides in* a pretty, commodious and well-appointed residence with his wife and three children. He also takes an active part in civic affairs and is a member of several secret societ>'^s and an all- around public-spirited citizen. He is a Nepro of the full blood and one of the solid Afro-American citizens of the Furniture City. Allen, John W., started his business career as a carpenter and builder thirty years ago in the City of Lansing with practically no capital. He had started housekeeping with a bride two years previou.s at the age of 18 with a $32 outfit of household goods, and underwent many hardships during his early married life. Being possessed of plenty of ambition and resourcefulness, he soon became a factor in the building trade in his adopted home, and while it is difficult to gain exact information regarding his present status, it is knov,-n that he is in affluent circumstances and lives in one of the prettiest and best appointed homes in the City of Lansing. He has constructed many of the best and most substantial buildings at the Capital and is known as one of Lansing's substantial business men. His wealth is estimated at $25,000. Alien, V/illiam. Born in Columbia County, Ohio, in 1832; settled in Cass County, Michigan, in 1848. In 1851 he married. His own wedding suit cost him $7 and his wife's cost $4, and they went to housekeeping with a drygoods box for a dining-room table. Seven children were born to this union, and the hardships of the family were many, Mr. Allen working for 25 and 50 cents a day or receiving 25 cents a cord for cutting cordwood. His first wife died at the age of 37, but before her death Allen had become the owner of a small farm and had started his career as one of tho most successful farmers in the nation. He is said to be the shrewdest judge of livestock in the State of Michigan. He now owns over SCO acres of excellent farm land and about !f20,000 Avorth of personal property. He is in fairly good health at the age of S3 and is living v.-ith his fourth wife. He has long enjoyed a reputation for the strictest integrity and hon- esty, and his success is attributed to good management and good habits. He has entertained Booker T. Washington at his country home, and also has been entertained in Chicago by such men as Philip D. Armour, of the Armour Packing Company, and other notable men in the business world. It may be of interest to note that Mr. Allen is of white, Negro and Indian extraction. Allen, George W., is a native of Porter Township, Cass County, where he has lived all of the 40 years of his life, and engaged in the business of farming, at which he has been reasonably successful, accumulating considerable property. Mr. Allen is a breeder of regis- tered poultry and has listed an exhibit with the Frecdmen's Progress Commission for the Chicago Exposition. Allen, Green, is a native of Calvin Township, Cass County, Michigan. where he has lived all of the 55 years of his life, and follows the business of farming, at which ho has proved highly successful, h.-ivint' 108 MICHIGAN MANUAL Residence of John W. Allen, Lansing. acquired a large property and a sufficient fortune to entitle him to the reputation of being a substantial citizen. Mr. Allen is also prom- inent in religious work and to some extent has been active in politics. He is now president of the Calvin County Interdenominational Sunday School Association, has served as superintendent of the Chain Lake Baptist Sunday School for 30 years and was recently re-elected for five years. He was moderator of the Chain Lake Baptist Association of Michigan, being the only layman ever elected to that high position. He has served his township ior 28 years in succession as justice of the peace and was re-elected in 1915 for another term, and he is at present Republican committeeman from Cass County. He has four children, one of whom, Fred C. Allen, acted in the capacity of Assist- ant Field Agent for the Freedmen's Progress Commission, created by the Legislature In 1915. The senior Mr. Allen is also one of the exhibitors of farm produce at the National Half Century Exposition of Freedmen's Progress. Anderson, Amon B., of Jones, Cass County, is a native of Illinois, and is engaged In the business of farming. He has been a resident of Michigan for 70 years, most of which time he has resided at his present home. Mr. Anderson is a veteran of the Civil War and is credited with having one of the best kept homes in Southern Michigan. Anderson, Wm. H. A native of Sandusky, Ohio, born August 13th. 1857. Attended common school in that city and came to Detroit at FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 100 the age of 16. Graduated from the Detroit High School in 1875 and commenced his career as parcel boy at the well-known dry goods house of Newcomb, Endicott Co. In a few years he became bookkeeper and is still employed by this prominent firm, having reached the responsi- ble position of credit man. Mr. Anderson is also a newspaper cor- respondent and author, his series of articles in the Detroit Plaindealer on "Our Relation to Labor" attracted wide and favorable attention. In 1885 he married Miss Lucy Bowdree, of Jefferson, Ohio, and is happily domiciled in his cosy home at 265 Frederick St. Atwood, William Quincy, was a native of Wilcox County, Alabama, where he was born on the plantation of Henry Stiles Atwood. On the death of his father he, together with his mother and throe younger brothers, were sent to Ohio in 1851, where, with a few months' school- ing, he began work to support his mother and three younger brothers. In 1858 young Atwood with one of his brothers made a trip to Cali- fornia, where he went into the restaurant business, but later became a horse dealer, and eventually invested with varying results in gold and silver mining, which was then at boom tide. In 1859 young Atwood returned to his home at Ripley, Ohio. He soon again went on another exploration, this time into Michigan, land-looking, in Lapeer and central Michigan counties, where he located some val- - and remained there until his death, December 19, 1910. Mr. Atwood became somewhat prominent in Republican politics, and in 1S88 was elected a delegate- at-large to the National Rcpublinan Convention at Chicago. Self- educated, self-made and successful beyond early dreams, W. Q. Atwood became in middle age a versatile student of history, philosophy and the cultured classics, a profound thinker and a forceful and convincing orator. It may be said of him that he possessed modesty without humility, dignity without arrogance, breadth without shallowness, emoiton without fanaticism, humor without sarcasm, reserve without reticence, pride without conceit, poise without pose, clean witliout prudishness, dynamic vrith control, ideas, theme, and a man mutually embraced and portrayed. In 1S72 Mr. Atwood married Miss Charlotte M. Eckles, a native of Georgia, at Cleveland, Ohio. She was a grad- uate of the Salem Normal School at Salem, Mass. Four children sur- vive this remarkable couple — William Quincy of Chicago, Frederick Stiles and Oliver Kossuth of Saginaw, who manage the extensive W. Q. Atwood estate, and Alberta Lottie McLeod of Cincinnati, Ohio. Bell, Louis, of St. Joseph, Michigan, is a native of Michigan and a veteran the Civil War. For many years he conducted a barber busi- ness at his home city, but is now retired and lives from his well- earned competence accumulated from his business, supplemented by a pension. Broadnax, W. H., is a native of Bermuda Islands, and came to Mich- igan 17 years ago, settling at Cassopolis, where he conducts a mer- chant tailoring business and in connection therewith a pool and bil- liard parlor. Brown, Henry H ., of Vandalia, is a native of East Virginia and came to Michigan 41 years ago. Mr. Brown is a veteran of the Civil War, in which he saw nearly two years of active service as a soldier. He enlisted from the State of Ohio, returning there after the surren- der at Appomattox, and later came to Michigan, settling in Cass County, where he now lives. He made a study of farming and is now known by his neighbors as a scientific farmer. He also buys and sells real estate and has himself accumulated nearly 400 acres of good farming lands and also a comfortable personal estate, and is regarded as one of Cass County's most substantial farmers and business men. 112 MICHIGAN MANUAL Bryant, George, a native of Cincinnati, Ohio, came to Michigan 35 years ago and is one of the pioneer settlers of Whittalcer, Washtenaw County. Mr. Bryant is a successful farmer and lives in one of the most complete farm homes to be found in the state, a picture of which is shown elsewhere. He has also accumulated considerable personal property and is styled one of Whittaker's substantial citizens. Farm Home of George Bryant, Whittaker. Buck, Charles B. Is a native of Mississippi. Came to Kalamazoo, Michigan, 57 years ago a destitute, homeless little waif. The mission- ary society of one of the white churches gave him clothes and food while a colored family took him in their home and cared for him until his own mother came north. The first money he earned and saved was $36 which his mother paid on a lot for him in Kalamazoo, about FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 113 Mr. and Mrs. Charles Buck. Kalamazoo. 50 years ago. He has been saving money and buying property ever since. In due course of time he became a successful farmer and later developed into a real estate broker. His present fortune is var- iously estimated at from fifty to one hundred thousand dollars, though it is difficult to accurately state just how much Mr. Buck owns in this world's goods. Among his real estate holdings are seven tenement houses and one store in Kalamazoo. Three farms and tenements in Schoolcraft and Three Rivers. Mr. Buck attributes his success not only to his frugal and industrious habits, but to the far-sighted train- ing given to him by his mother. Of this he says, "My mother made me stay in the country. I shall never forget a whipping she gave me one spring when I secured work in the town instead of in the country as she had told me to do. The next morning I hired out to a farmer.' Butler, John L. A native of Cass County, Michigan, now a farmer in Kalamazoo, where he has become quite successful In that business. Besides a well equipped farm, he owns several parcels of real estate in the city of Kalamazoo. Byrd, John W. A native of Windsor. Ontario, but has lived in De- troit for the past 28 years. Graduated from the Detroit High School, then accepted a po.sition as janitor at the American Savings Bank, 25 years ago. He was soon raised to the position of messenger, in which work he was employed for 10 years, after which lie was appointed re- mittance clerk, which he held for a time, and was then made transit 114 MICHIGAN MANUAL clerk at the Dime Savings Bank, Detroit, in which position he is still employed. By careful management and frugal habits Mr. Byrd has accumulated considerable property. Carter, F. Emanuel. Is a native of Canada and has resided at Whit- taker, Michigan, 47 years, where he started his career in the business of farming in which he has proved very successful. He, together with present wife, were the parents of 22 children, 13 of whom are still living. He makes a specialty of breeding poultry and is one of the exhibitors at the Freedmen's Progress Exposition. Carter, James Douglas. Was born January 9, 1825, at Richmond, Va., of free parents. At the age of four he lost his father by death. In 1848 he made a trip to Detroit. Returning to Richmond he married Miss Sarah Morris, October 15, 1848. He moved to Detroit in 1853. Having learned the carpenter trade he opened a carpenter shop on the site of the present city hall in that city, and later purchased a lot on which he established his business at the corner of Lafayette and Beaubien streets, where he remained until 1876. In that year he sold this land to the Harmonia Society for $10,000 and established a coal and wood business at the corner of Sherman and Hastings streets. He was thrifty and although having little or no education he accumu- lated considerable property in addition to his places of business, own- ing a fine brick residence on Macomb street and purchased vacant acreage in the north part of what is now the city of Detroit, which land forms the only subdivision named after an Afro-American in that city, and is called Carter's subdivision. Mr. Carter was a staunch member of the Second Baptist Church, and one of its officers for many years. He died June 5, 1896, leaving his widow and eight children in comfortable circumstances. His estate was said to have amounted to upwards of $30,000 at the time of his death. Cole, James Henry. Was a free born native of Mississippi. He came to Michigan when ten years of age, and secured employment at the old Franklin House as chore boy and hostler. The ladies of the Second Baptist Church gave their motherly aid to rearing the young lad and he became a lifelong member of that society. In 1861 he mar- ried Mary Thompson and in the same year started an expressing and delivery business. This in time developed into a highly successful livery business. He invested his earnings in Gratot Avenue business property and at the time of his death in 1907 was possessed of an estate valued at nearly one quarter million dollars. Mr. Cole left a widow and four children who have organized the James H. Cole Realty Company, with a view of holding his estate intact as a monument to llis memory. Cole, George. Is a native of the City of Detroit. Educated in the public schools, and has succeeded to the management of the Cole ex- pressing and moving van business, formerly owned by his father, the late James H. Cole, and is also one of the organizers of the corpora- tion named in their father's honor to hold and manage the real estate left by him. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 115 Mr. and Mrs. F. Emanuel Carter and Three of their Thirteen Livinjr Children. Whittaker, Snapped by the Secretary in their Working Clothes. Cole, Wm. E. A native of Detroit. Was educated in the public schools of Detroit and during the early years of his life assisted his father in conducting of the expressing, moving van and storage business. Mr. Cole has recently engaged in the real estate business and is one of the organizers of the James H. Cole Realty Company. Daniels, Nelson. Kalamazoo, Michigan, where he has lived for twenty years following the business of sione mason. Mr. Daniels owns four houses and lots, possesses a common school education, is a wid- ower, and has five children in his family. Davis, Nathan H. Is a native of Louisiana; lived in Michigan fifty years; has conducted a barber business in Eaton Rapids for many years past. He lives in a handsome home which he owns free of debt, with a wife and two children. Dean, Charles E. Native of Virginia; lived in Michigan forty-nine years, now a re.'i^ident of Adrian, where he conducts a house cleaning business. An interesting story is told of one of Mr, Dean's anteced- 116 MICHIGAN MANUAL c < j: BQ (9 FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 117 ents. His great-great-grandmother was an English brunette woman brought to this country as a domestic. Because of her dark complex- ion she was enslaved after reaching this country and made to marry a slave, according to the slave ethics, and she became the mother of several children who were all sold off into slavery. Drenshaw, Abram. Native of Ohio, has lived in Michigan forty years; now a resident of Flint. He follows the business of carpenter and builder and has listed a sample of cornice work as an exhibit with the Michigan exhibit. Dungey, Andrew. Is a native of Cass County, Michigan, and lias resided at Lansing for many years. Mr. Dungey is a contractor and builder and has erected over three hundred of Lansing's best dwelling houses and bears an excellent reputation for producing high class work in his line of business. Mr. Dungey is also active in church work and in fraternal work and has accumulated a comfortable fortune en- tirely by his own efforts. Evans, George. Native of Logan County, Ohio. Came to Whittaker, Michigan, forty years ago and is one of the pioneer farmers in that section. Has been succesr^ful, accumulating a large property and an excellent farm, well stocked. He was equipped only with a common school education. Evans, John J., 463 Maple street, Battle Creek. Is a native of Cher- okee, Georgia. Has lived in Michigan seventy years His father, James Elam Evans, was a white planter of Georgia, his mother a slave. When the Legislature of that State adopted a law in ante- bellum days expelling all free Negroes from the Slate of Georgia the senior Evans brought the mother and our subject with four other children, north to Indiana, where he lived with them until 1S4(), when he died, and our subject, John J., came on to Battle Creek, Mich., and entered the barber business. He still operates one of the best barber shops in the State of Michigan, employing six barbers as assistants. Besides his barber business Mr. Evans is also engaged in the manu- facturing business, having invented an insect destroyer that has proved exceedingly effective. He has accumulated an independent fortune and is still hale and hearty at an age which few men attain in life, being nearly eighty years old. (Since writing above Mr. Evans died sud- denly Sept. 3, 1915, at Marshall, Mich.) Everett, William. Is a native of Kentucky. Lived in Michigan twenty-seven years. For many years he was engaged as a waiter. About ten years ago he bought a team and embarked in the business of teaming, from which he has accumulated considerable property, owning a $4,000 home on Monroe avenue, Detroit, and now owning and operating from four to six teams constantly. Haithcocic, Joseph. Native of Calvin County, Michigan; has lived in Michigan all of his life, also maintains an office at South Bend, In- diana. Mr. Haithcook is a contractor and builder and has been rea- sonably successful in his business. He has a wife and three children. 118 MICHIGAN MANUAL Harris, Jacob. Is a native of Indiana and lived at Cossipolis fifty- five years where he embarked in the business of farming from which he has accumulated a comfortable fortune. He is a Civil War veteran, belonging to Company B, 102, United States Regiment. Havard, Armster-Joseph. Constitute the firm now known as Havard Bros., of Highland Park, Mich. Both of these men are under 37 years of age and natives of Mississippi, and are the children of John and Vena Havard. They are Negroes of the full blood. They came to Michigan twelve years ago with no capital. Armster secured employ- ment as driver of an ice wagon, and Joseph secured work as a mason's tender. About eight years ago these young men began to buy High- Joseph and Armster Havard, Being the Fir.^t and Second of Those in the Above Portrait from Left to Kisht. The Others Are Three of their Workmen. land Park property and as fast as they accumulated capital they erected buildings thereon and now own a dozen parcels of Detroit and Highland Park real estate valued at about .$30,000, and two years ago branched out in business for themselves as above indicated, doing all kinds of cement work and erection of cellars. The example of Havard Bros.' prosperity may well be emulated by many who claim there is little opportunity for success in this nation. They are both imeducated. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 119 Hawks, Gertrude. Native of Calvin Township, Michigan. Has con- ducted a farming business for some years and now owns two hundred acres of land free and clear and has proved exceedingly successful. Henson, Wm. P. Native of Indiana, lived in Michigan twelve years, is foreman of a foundry in Kalamazoo, and has accumulated considera- ble property. Mr. Henson has a fairly good education, graduating from the common schools and attending college four years. Johnson, Wm. Was a native of Tennessee. Came to Detroit, Mich., in 1865, where he engaged in the wood-sawing business, wood at that time being the universal fuel used in Michigan. Johnson bought a wood-sawing machine operated by horsepower and went about the city sawing wood. He was of saving disposition and accumulated consid- erable property at that business. Later when coal came into general use Mr. Johnson turned his attention to taking care of lawns for the wealthier class of Detroit people and was kept busy at that work. He was so successful that at his death a few years ago he left a for- tune the value of which was estimated at $25,000. He was a Negro of the full blood. Johnston, George A. A native of Canada, has lived in Washtenaw . County for forty years, where he entered the business of farming which he still follows, and from which he has accumulated a com- fortable competence. He is the owner of one hundred and sixty acres of excellent farm lands and considerable other property and is said to be the wealthiest Afro-American citizen in Ypsilanti. Lawson, Cornelius. Native of North Carolina and a resident of Michigan for sixty-two years. Mr. Lawson entered the business of farming in Cass County and has accumulated a competence from said business. He has been honored by being elected Supervisor of Calvin Township; has also served as Justice of the Peace in said township for upwards of 25 years, and is regarded as one of the solid pioneer citizens of his home county. May, Frank W. Was a native of Reading County, Ky., where he was born a slave July 7th, 1854. Came to Michigan in 1881 where he was employed as a lumber skaler. In 1891 he entered the business of manufacturing hardwood lumber, owning a sawmill in West Detroit. In 1905 he sold out his sawmill business and became a dealer in stand- ing timber or what was known in those days as a "timber looker." Mr. May retired from business in 1907 and died two years later, leaving an estate valued at $50,000. May, Ida. Native of Louisville, Ky., and is (he widow of Frank W. May. She is engaged in the business of farming and is proving hif;hly successful as the manager of the estate left by her husband. She re- sided in the city of Detroit with her two daughters. Moore, Alexander. A native of Fredericksburg, Va. Was one of De- troit's best known colored barbers. For many years he was the bo-s barber of the old Russell House. Later he established his shop in the McGraw building and was operating the Hammond Huilding barber 120 MICHIGAN MANUAL shop at the time of his death in 1898. He left a widow in good cir- cumstances, and a son, Professor S. A. Moore, of Paul Quin College, Waco, Texas. Merriman, Riley. Native of Canada. Settled at Whittaker, Washte- naw County, fifty years ago. Entered the business of farming at which he has proved very successful. On his farm Mr. Merriman has one of the most complete and modern farm houses to be found in this state. Morgan, Zachariah. One of the earliest pioneers, white or black, in Charlevoix County, Mich. He was a native of North Carolina, being born November 11th, 1840. When seven years of age he removed with his parents to Indiana. At the age of seventeen he went to Canada. In 1861 he emigrated with his parents to Haiti, West Indies, and was there married to Miss Mary R. Nevitt, in 1864, who also had emigrated to that country from Canada. Mr. Morgan served as a first lieutenant in the Haitian army and after seven years residence in that country he recrossed the Atlantic with his wife and two children and settled in Maryland. Two years later, in 1870, Mr. Morgan settled at Boyne City, Michigan, which at that time was a wilderness of forest, but he hewed out a home for himself near Pine Lake clearing the land and makijng railroad ties and cord-wood which he marketed for a living in the meantime. Later he became an engineer in NichoU's lumber mills. With the help of his wife he saved money and invested it in the lumber business and in other business enterprises, including a brick making plant, and when he died, March 3rd, 1894, he left a com- fortable fortune for his family. Mr. Morgan had become one of the most prominent and most trusted citizens of what is now a thriving center of population known as Boyne City, Mich. He had been elected to the position of Supervisor of Wilson Township for two terms, elect- ed treasurer of the city for two terms, and had also been elected Justice of the Peace, and at the time of his death was one of the trustees of the Boyne City schools. Mary R. Morgan, his wife, has successfully managed the business left by Mr. Morgan, since his death, and has probably increased the value of the Morgan estate. Morris, James. Native of Canada. Has resided in Detroit for seven years, where he opened a second-hand store in which he has done a progresive business. He now owns two stores and manages several properties which he equips with household goods and subrents at a profit. Newman, Albert. Native of Virginia. Has lived in Eaton Rapids for several years where he has successfully conducted a barber busi- ness for many years. He owns one of the prettiest homes in the city of his adoption where he lives with his wife and one daughter. Osby, Wm. C. Native of Shipman, 111., and a resident of Michigan fourteen years. Mr. Osby is a self made engineer, graduating from a correspondence school in electrical and steam engineering. He en- tered the employment of the Detroit Realty Company as an engineer of one of their apartment houses, upwards of twelve years ago and FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 121 Residence and Farm Scene of Z. Morgan. Wilson Township, t harlevoix (ounly. today is the managing engineer for all of their large apartment build- ings, a position carrying with it high responsibility and executive abil- ity. He has acquired a considerable property of his own since his said employment in Detroit; is president of the local branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; an offi- cer of the Second Baptist Church, and lives with his wife and son at 1140 West Hancock Avenue. Richerson, George. Is a native of Canada. Came to Whittaker, Washtenaw County, twenty-five years ago with a wife and four chil- dren, and started farming. Mr. Richerson selected a piece of land at Whittaker upon which to start his farm, left his family on it. then worked in Detroit as a coal heaver to secure enough money to pay on this farm. Returning to Whittaker, he started in actively at the busi- ness of farming at which he has become highly successful, also as a stock raiser, and a stock buyer, and is said to be one of the shrewdest stock buyers in Washtenaw County. He now owns one hundred and fifty acres of land, well stocked and well equipped and has erected for himself perhaps the prettiest and most modern farm house in the sec- tion of the state in which he lives, costing the sum of $5,000 to erect and equip. He is the father of 22 children, 17 of whom are now living and 19 of whom were mothered by his present wife. The youngest child was less than 1 year old in 1915. Mr. Richer.son can neither read nor write, but was denied an education becau.se his fatiier was too proud to permit him to attend a colored school, and he was barred from entering the white schools. He is of French, Indian and Negro extraction and Mrs. Richerson is a mulatto. Tiie entire family not only seem to enjoy o.xci^llent health but are mentally alert and capable. Two sons drive milk routes for large creamery concerns and the income of the family is upwards of $:100 per month. 122 MICHIGAN MANUAL Mrs. Mary P. Morg-an, Boync City. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS l-'3 Robins, Henry Wade. Is a native of Canada. His grandparents were slaves. He has lived in Michigan thirty-one years, most of which time he has lived in Ann Arbor, where he has conducted a high- class barber business, in which he has accumulated a con- siderable sized fortune, owning some of tiie best business prop- erty in the city of Ann Arbor, as well as some residence property and his barber business. Mr. Robbins has completely nega- tived the popular fallacy that in order to be successful in the l)arber business the boss was required to draw the color line in his patron- age. This Mr. Robins has never done. He treated all gentlemen alike and catered to high-class trade, both white and colored, and he has numbered and still numbers among his patrons many of the best known white people in Michigan, as well as the higher class of colored people. Among his patrons are men exceedingly prominent in public life, Senators, Congressmen, State Officials and Church Men. He is progressive, far beyond the average business man. Mr. Robbins is possessed of a common school education and resides in his cozy home in Ann Arbor with his wife and two children. Sanders, David. Is a native of Niles, Michigan, where he has en- gaged in the hide and fur business, bearing a high reputation as being an excellent judge of hides and fur. Scott, John J. Is a native of Indiana and has lived in Michigan thirty-five years. He is now a resident of Lansing where he has en- gaged in the business of fruit growing. Mr. Scott has accumulated Kcsidince of Jlinr\ Wad. Kc.l.t.iii-. Ann Arhor. 124 MICHIGAN MANUAL o c c < -c C X FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 125 considerable in his business and owns several parcels of land in his home city. Shepherd, Henry. A native of Oswego, N. Y. Came to Michigan forty years ago and engaged in the milk peddling business in Detroit, which he conducted until about ten years ago, at which time he had accumulated considerable property, including many vacant lots in the northern part of the city. He then retired from the milk peddling business and became a builder, contractor and real estate dealer, in which occupations he is still engaged, and has become highly succe.ss- ful, owning many high class parcels of real estate and doing a large volume of business each year. His fortune is estimated at upwards of $50,000. We say estimated because of Mr. Shepherd's modesty in revealing the exact extent of his holdings. He has always taken an active interest in public matters and especially in the welfare of the Afro-American people. He lives in a handsome home at 1734 Twelfth street, and is still unmarried. Smith, Willard. Is a native of Michigan and has been a resident of Whittaker for fifty-three years. He was there engaged in the farming business and has accumulated a comfortable competence in that busi- ness. Steward, Joseph A., is a native of Ohio, and has lived in Cass County, Michigan, for forty-six years, where he is engaged in the farming business. Mr. Scott is one of Cass County's most prosperous and solid farmers; is located near Dowagiac and owns over two hundred acres of excellent farming lands, and lives in a beautiful home with his wife and five children. Story, J. Edward. A native of Bath, New York; resident of Adrian, Michigan, for thirty-nine years, the most of which time he conducted a successful barber busines.s, from which he has now retired, having a competence of several thousand dollars, consisting of tenement property in that city. He is a veteran of the Civil War. Tate, William Lincoln. Native of Ohio; lived in Michigan 47 years; now a resident of Lansing, where he is foreman in a boiler-making establishment. He is possessed of a common school education, has acquired considerable property, and has a wife and four children. Taylor, Thaddeus W. A native of Jackson, Mississippi, and a resi- dent of Michigan for eighteen years past. Mr. Taylor was an expert manufacturer of wax figures, hair and toilet goods and tailors' sup- plies. He was for many years connected with one of the best manu- facturing establishments as foreman and designer of the wax goods department, in the country, at Lansing, Michigan, and about the year 1900 he established a manufacturing business of his own in the City of Detroit, removing later to Howell, Michigan, where he built up an extensive mail order business in hair and toilet goods and tailors' supplies. Besides becoming a successful busines man, Mr. Taylor earned for himself a most excellent reputation for honest dealing and strict integrity. His word was his bond, and he never failed to keep 126 MICHIGAN MANUAL XI e X o. o Ji a > o 'u FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 127 it. It may be said of liim that he had no enemies, and the Repub- licans of Howell nominated him for city cleric and came within six votes of electing him, he running ahead of his ticket by a large num- ber of votes. Three years ago Mr. Taylor removed from Howell to Detroit so his family could enjoy better social facilities, and estab- lished his business in that city. He died July 24, 1915, leaving a wife and daughter, Beatrice Bernice, in comfortable circumstances. Taylor, Beatrice Bernice, daughter of Thaddeus W. and Ida L. Tay- lor, is a native of Chicago, Illinois, and came to Michigan in her infancy with her parents. She was educated in the public schools of Howell and Detroit; is a graduate of the Detroit High School and of the Conservatory of Music. Upon the death of her father, Miss Taylor became the manager of the T. W. Taylor Company, organized to perpetuate the business established by its namesake, and the young lady is proving herself a business manager far above the average in tact and ability. Miss Taylor is also administratrix for her father's estate. Thompson, Charles. Native of Tennessee. Came to Michigan 20 years ago. He has been a resident of Sault Ste. Marie for a number of years, where he is engaged in the business of selling souvenirs to tourists. Mr. Thompson is one of the largest exhibitors of fancy goods from Michigan at the National Half Century Exposition. Wallace, Professor T, has lived in Michigan 38 years, and estab- lished a sanitarium or hospital at Adrian, Mich., where he is said to have performed wonderful feats in the cure of diseases. He is the originator of the Myo-Pathic treatment and has accumulated a large property in that city valued at $20,000. Watson, Edward. Native of Detroit, Mich., where he has engaged in the undertaking business bequeathed him by his step-father, Mr. William Henry Howard. Mr. Watson bears the distinction of being the great-grandson of Zachary Taylor, a former president of the United States. Wheeler, James D., is a native of Virginia, and has lived in Detroit, Michigan for 19 years. He followed the occupation of a waiter until eight years ago, when he established a retail coal business at 422 Monroe Avenue, in which he has become quite successful and has accumulated a snug competence. Besides several teams used in the delivering of fuel, Mr. Wheeler also has an automobile for his per- sonal use. Williams, Harrison and Wallace. Natives of Louisiana. Have lived in Michigan live years and arc now engaged in the coal, wood and expressing business at 284 Beaubien Street, Detroit. Winburn, Mrs. William, is a native of Niles, Mich., where she has lived all her life, conducting a business of truck farming, in which she has proved very successful. She has accumulated some real estate in Nilcs besides hor farm property, and has a considerable personal estate. She also has two children, Mrs. Ollie Stafford, who is a grocery keeper, and Robert L., who is a real estate dealer, both of whom are equally as successful as their parent. 128 MICHIGAN MANUAL ^i«f^:. — '^ — — - — ■ - -" ■' " ■ ' ■ " " -"■' — '-" Bethel A. M. E. Church, Detroit. Afro American Organizations in Michigan Religious Secret Societies Charitable Organizations Clubs 160 MICHIGAN MANUAL c .2 c .2 ■5 >, ►J FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 131 Afro-American Organizations in Michigan As previously stated, there have been descendants of the Negro race in the State of Michigan for upwards of a century, according to history, and in 1836, when slavery was legally abolished in the terri- tory now comprising the State of Michigan, there were about forty slaves and a very few free Negroes in the state. They have increased from time to time and at a very early date formed organizations of their own, at that time chiefly churches, the first of these being the Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church and the Second Baptist Church of Detroit, Mich., which are the pioneer religious societies organized among Michigan's Afro-American population. Bethel A. M. E. Church was first organized in 1839 and was then known as Colored Methodists. They established a church at what is now near the corner of Hastings Street and Monroe Avenue. In 1845 the Bethel Church invested ?2,300 in a new church property on Lafayette Street East, on the site now occupied by the Boydell Varnish House. About forty-five years later this church had again outgrown its building and removed to the corner of Hastings and Napoleon Streets, where it is nov/ located, and where it is housed in one of the largest church edi- fices owned by Michigan Afro-Americans. The structure was erected at a total cost of $21,000 on that location in 1890. The African Methodist Connection, to which Bethel Church be- longs, is probably the largest single organization governed by Negro Americans, having a beginning with a handful of colored people in the City of Baltimore in 1786. It developed into a convention in 1816, on which date it was organized under its present name with Rev. Richard Allen as its first bishop. Its growth has been rapid and it now comprises more than 6,647 churches, nearly 900,000 members and over 300,000 Sunday-school scholars. The value of churcii property owned by this society is $11,303,489. It maintains a number of mis- sionary stations both in foreign countries and at home and raises over $200,000 a year for educational and missionary purposes. More than thirty bishops have presided over the several districts in which the territory of this church is divided, and in Michigan there are twenty-three churches belonging to this organization with a total membership of 2,480 church members and 1,818 Sunday-school schol- ars, 23 regularly assigned pastors and several evangelists. The Michigan Conference has a liome for superannuated ministers, Avhich is located in the City of Jackson, named after one of the lead- ing bishops of this church, James A. Handy. Four of these churches are located in and about Detroit, the Bethel and Ebenezer, which are the two largest churches in the Michigan Connoclion. and Hamtramck and West Detroit Churches. Then there are churches establisiicd at Grand Rapids, Kalamazoo, Ann Arbor, Ypsilanti, Lansing. Saginaw, 132 MICHIGAN MANUAL Second Baptist Church, Detroit. Jackson, Benton Harbor, Flint, Battle Creek, Cassopolis, Volina, St. Joseph, Day's Circuit, Niles, Pontiac, Adrian, Whittaker and Coleman. Bethel Church of Detroit has a seating capacity of nearly 700 and has long been pastored by able, educated members of the ministry. The present pastor of Bethel is the Rev. Joseph M. Evans, D. D., who is possessed of a thorough education and is a scholar ripe in ecclesias- tical attainments. Dr. Evans is not only a notable pulpit orator but also a writer and poet of more than passing notice. His poem on Bishop Turner, who was recently deceased, attracted wide attention. James M. Henderson, pastor of Ebenezer A. M. E. Church, a beautiful edifice in Detroit, seating nearly 500 people, is also one of the more noted members of the Michigan Conference, possessing a high education, and has achieved tlio ro])utation of being a powerful orator. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 133 Kev. R. L. Bradby. 134 MICHIGAN MANUAL Other noted divines now holding Michigan pastorates are the Revs. D. R. Ampey of Grand Rapids, L. Pettiford of Kalamazoo, I. F. Williams of Ypsilanti, J. W. Jarvis of Lansing, T. Augustus Reid of Saginaw, Benjamin Roberts of Jackson, W. B. Pearson of Ann Arbor, Walter Crider of Benton Harbor, J. O. Morley of Flint, S. T. Bird of Kalamazoo, T. J. White of Cassopolis, James E. Jones of St. Joseph, R. T. Reed of Pontiac, and Frank E. Clarke of Whittaker. The next religious organization in point of numerical importance is the Baptist. While this denomination is not governed like the Methodist, they have eleven churches in the State of Michigan with an estimated membership of 1,500 people, the exact figures not being available at this time. The most important of the Baptist churches is the Second Baptist Church in the City of Detroit. This church has been recently rebuilt and enlarged and now has a seating capacity of about 800 people, and is also perhaps one of the most successful churches in the state, as the rebuilt edifice is already too small for the large attendance of its members and friends. Its pastor, the Rev. Robert L. Bradby, has proved one of the most popular prelates who has ever had a charge among Michigan Afro-Americans, and he found it was with him a comparatively easy task to raise from among the membei's and friends of the Second Baptist Church over $20,000 with which to rebuild that edifice, and that was accomplished before he had been the pastor of said church three years. The Second Baptist Society of Detroit is the pioneer Afro-American Baptist Church in the state, it having been established back in the '40s. There are ten other churches, all of more or less importance in point of the size of their congregations, at the following cities: Battle Creek, Rev. B. M. Meeds, pastor; Ypsilanti, Rev. J. O. Derrick, pastor; Ann Arbor, Rev. Moses Peters, pastor; Lansing, Rev. Peter Everett, pastor; Saginaw, Rev. W. H. Hill, pastor; Benton Harbor, Rev. B. J. Sampson, pastor; Kalamazoo, Rev. E. W. Edwards, pastor, and Grand Rapids, Rev. T. C. Johnson, pastor. Other prelates connected with the church are Rev. G. W. Carr, of Lansing, and Rev. O. T. Judge, of Battle Creek. This society has a very pretty new edifice, called the Hillsdale Baptist Church, at Lan- sing, Mich., and also a beautiful little church in Adrian, Mich., which is not listed as being pastored by Rev. Meeds, who furnished much of the information. In addition to these there are several Baptist churches in the southwestern palt of the state and northern Indiana known as the Chain Lake Association. One of the churches and burial grounds connected therewith in Cass County is shown on another page. The Protestant Episcopal Church has one healthy organization in the City of Detroit with a splendid church property valued at upwards of $15,000 and a seating capacity of 400 people, beautifully equipped, of which the Rev. Robert W. Bagnall, a young priest, who is a grad- uate from the theological university and is one of the most forceful FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS l:;5 and eloquent pulpit orators of which the Afro- Americans of Mic'.iisi'.n can boast. Father Bagnall was one of the organizers of the Detroit branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and has taken an active part in the upbuildinK of that organ- ization as well as bringing many new converts to the Episcopalian faith and filling the pews of St. Mathew's Episcopal Church of Detroit to overflowing with enthusiastic members and followers. A mission Episcopal Church is now being fostered in Grand Rapids. It is believed these are the only two Afro-American Episcopal Churches in the state. Chain Lake Baptist Church and View of Ceme'.cry. (■alv:n Township, t ass I ounty. A. M. E. Church and ( imitcry. < nMn ( iiitrc, ( nsh ( ounly. 136 MICHIGAN MANUAL Hillsdale Baptist Church, Lansing. Only one Catholic body of Afro-Americans, St. Peter Claver Church of Detroit, exists in this state. This church was recently organized by the colored Catholics, who had become residents of the metropolis of Michigan and a pretty church edifice was purchased outright at a cost of $15,000. The Zion African Methodist Church has established two or three churches in Michigan and seems to be growing, though slowly in this state. Besides these Afro-American Churches, a large percentage of the Afro-American people, especially in those sections where their num- bers are few, are found to commune with the white people in their churches, where they have ever been made most heartily welcome, much more so in recent years. Perhaps the largest secular organization among Afro-Americans of the state is that of the Free and Accepted Masons, the grand lodge of which, for the state of Michigan, celebrated its fiftieth anniversary and communication at Deti'oit in the year 1915. At the end of the year 1913 the thirteen lodges of Colored Masons contained 512 mem- bers and possessed property valued at $8,000 in round figures. Many of the prominent Afro-Americans of the state, most of whom are men- tioned in thi.s manual, are members of the Masonic order and the re- ports of the annual communications of this body show splendid exec- utive ability in the personnel of its officials. Mr. Andrew Dungey is the Grand Master of the Grand Lodge for the year 1915. A sketch of the life and character of this promimmt and successful Afro-American may be found clsewhoro in this work. The otlior officers of the Grand FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 137 Lodge are Charles C. Campbell, of Lansing, secretary; Robert C. Barnes, of Detroit, deputy grand master; John B. Anderson, Detroit, grand treasurer; Clarence E. Lawson, Cassopolis, senior grand warden; Edward J. Lewis, Ann Arbor, junior grand warden; George W. Singer, Kalamazoo, grand marshal; David A. Xorris, Detroit, grand lecturer; Rev. Spafford T. Byrd, Battle Creek, grand chaplain; Calvin Grayson, Grand Rapids, senior grand deacon; William S. Sherman, Ypsilanti, junior grand deacon; Charles Harper, Jackson, grand tyler. Next in point of numerical importance is the order of the KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS of North America. South America, Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia. This seCret organization came into ex- istence in 1883 and the first lodge of Afro-American Pythians was or- ganized in Mississippi. Its growth has been most wonderful, number- ing in 1915 a total membership of 130,000 men and 60,000 women, be- sides the Juvenile Department of large dimensions. In Michigan there are three thriving lodges of this order, Pingree Lodge of Detroit, Mon- mouth Lodge of Grand Rapids, and Damon Lodge of Battle Creek. The total membership of the three lodges is now about 250 and each of them are in excellent financial condition. Not having a requisite number of subordinate lodges to permit a Grand Lodge, these Michigan lodges are attached to the Supreme Lodge with headquarters at New Orleans, La. Francis H. Warren, 325 Broadway Market Bldg., Detroit, is the present Deputy Supreme Chancellor for the State of Michigan and Province of Ontario, from whom information may be obtained. Union Company No. 1, of Uniform Rank, K. of P., was organized in 1905 by Major Gen'l R. R. Jackson, of Chicago. The chief officers of this Company are John H. Reed, Captain; S. A. Monroe, 2nd Lieut. There are two companies in the State, one in Grand Rapids, Cris- ley Co., No. 2, with Henry C. Milton, Captain, Robert Bowman, 2nd Lieut. Second Baptist Church, Adrian. Chain Lake BaptiHl Churrh. CiiKin Tiiwn- Hhi|). Cuss C<>iint\ . 138 MICHIGAN MANUAL The State organization of the Uniform Rank is headed by Gen'l Ollie McCary. Brigadier Gen'l. Col. Alphonso Corbin, Chief of staff. Col. Edward S. Rodgers, Asst. Adj. Gen'l. Col. Francis H. Warren, Asst. Judge Advocate Gen'l. Col. Edward J. WatkinS, Asst. Quarter Master Gen'l. The Grand United Order of Odd Fellows also have three lodges within the State of Michigan, chief of which is the Zack Chandler Lodge of Detroit, W. H. Duporte, Cor. Antoine and Wilkins Sts., is the secretary Is the largest and most prosperous of the three lodges in the state. There is one lodge in Battle Creek and another in Grand Rapids. Other secret societies having one lodge in the state are the im- proved Benevolent and Protective Order cf Elks of the World, Wolver- ine No. 72, Ralph C. Owen, secretary, 33 Catherine St.; United Brothers of Friendship and Sisters of the Mysterious 10, who have one lodge in Detroit; Order of the Eastern Star, auxiliary to the Masonic Order, who have lodges in Detroit, Grand Rapids and other centers of Afro-American population. There are a large number of non-secret and non-religious or semi-religious organizations throughout the state, many of which are Women's clubs. Sojourner Truth. One of the most promising of these for uplift work is that of the Sojourner Truth Memorial Association. This association was re- cently organized to perpetuate the memory of one of the noblest women the Negro Race has yet produced. Born in slavery over a hundred years ago. Sojourner Truth suffered all the hardships com- mon to the slaves at that period, but because of her brilliant intellect and inherent worth, philanthropic people became interested in her and secured her liberation in 1826. She immediately commenced her career as an abolitionist prepar- ing herself to become a lecturer and became one of the most noted anti-slavery platform orators contemporaneously with Frederick Douglas, that were engaged in anti-slavery work. Some years before the Civil War, she made her home in Battle Creek, Mich., and was an active agent of the underground railway prior to the great conflict. She was optimistic by nature and became so prominent as a publicist and advocate, that she was readily received by presidents and states- men wherever she went The primary object of the Sojourner Truth Association is to erect some substantial and beneficial monument to the memory of this gifted woman, and the officers of the organization have decided to found free scholarships in the University of Michigan to be contested for by the children of ex-slaves now residing in the Wolverine state. They hope to secure a sufficient fund to found an annual scholarship and thus maintain at least four students in the University as bene- ficiaries of the Sojourner Tiuth Memorial fund Hosidos this work FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 139 Sojourner Truth. 140 MICHIGAN MANUAL FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS HI the Association has designed to accomplish, it is proposed lo build a fitting monument over the grave of this noble woman where she was laid to rest at her death. The officers of the Association are Mary E. McCoy, President: Wm. C. Osby, Vice-President; Francis E. Preston. Secretary, 469 Mon- roe Ave., Detroit; Sarah J. Hale, Treasurer; Francis H. Warren. C. Emry Allen, L. Margaret Williams and Mrs. John J. Evans. Trustees. The Christian Industrial Club, one of the most helpful organiza- tions, was incorporated July 6. IftOi), for the purpose of providing a home for Afro-American working girls, who are either strangers in the city or not provided with home accommodations. This club is located in Detroit, where most of the uplift clubs among the colored people will be found, because in that city the preponderance of Afro-American population is found. A commodious home for this organization is being purchased at 117 Horton Ave. in that city on the land contract easy payment plan. Miss Etta Foster Taylor is its President, Mrs. Nora Burns, Vice-President. Mrs. C. B. Martin, of 117 Ilorton Ave., Secretary, and Mrs. Anna Powell, Treasurer. The Dorcas Club is one of the most helpful organizations among Afro-American people, located at Kalamazoo. This club was organ- ized some years ago to provide needy Afro-American children with sufficient clothing and wearing apparel, to make them presentable in school and to facilitate their school attendance. Just how much work the club has done, is not available but that it has grown to be a very popular organization in its home city is well known, as it has re- sponded to many calls for charity outside of the special work for which the club is designed. It consists of twelve members led by Mrs. L. Margaret Williams, at whose home the club was organized. A picture of the club is shown elsewhere. The Let Us Be Friends Club is one of the six organizations formed in the Youii.q, Women's Christian Association of Kalamazoo. This club was organized October 14, 1914, with fourteen members. All of the young ladies are regular members of the Young Women's Christian Association and were well represented at the annual banquet of that organization The object, as set forth in their constitution, is to pro- mote the spirit of friendliness among the young colored women of the city and to develop the highest type of womanhood. The club meets every Monday, the evenings being divided between bibl(> study and business, and social meetings. The Phyllis Wheatley Home is an association of colored women organized Nov. 12, 1897, and incorporated in I'.tOl, with Miss Fannie Richards, the popular pioneer Afro-American public school teacher as first president. This association was organized for the purpose of providing a home for aged colored women and in 1JH>1 purchased a eleven-room house pleasantly situated at 176 Elizabeth St., in the City of Detroit, for $4,500,00. Sinc(> that time more than forty inmates have been provided with a home at that place. The ollicers are Mrs. Eliza Wilson, President; Mrs. Mary E. McCoy. Vice-President; Mrs. Isabella 142 MICHIGAN MANUAL Jenkins, Recording Secretary; Mrs. Elida Price, Corresponding Secre- tary; Mrs. Lulu Harris, Treasurer; Mrs. Christine S. Smith, Chairman of Board of Managers; Miss Fannie Richards, Chairman of Board of Trustees. On the fourth day of January, 1915, the Association cele- brated the burning of the mortgage on their home and they are now turning their attention to raising funds with which to enlarge and improve their present property. There has never been a time since it was organized, that there were not more applications for admittance to the home by aged colored women than there was room for their accommodation. The Lydian Association is perhaps one of the strongest charita- ble organizations in the state. This association is composed of branches throughout the country, which formed a national body. The Detroit branch has 75 members and maintains a comfortable bank account. They pay sick benefit to their members and provide a burial fund at death, besides contributing to the various charities of the city. Mrs. Maude Henderson is its president and Mrs. Elida A. Price recording secretary. The Detroit Women's Council was organized in 1911 for the pur- pose of aiding strangers who may arrive in the city and also in meet- ing their friends and forming new acquaintances. It is also engaged in some charitable work, where strange women are found to be in need upon arriving in that city. The officers are: Mrs. Elida Price, Presi- dent; Mrs. Sarah Henson, Vice-President; Mrs. Maude Henderson. Secretary, and Mrs. Mary Johnson, Treasurer. The Benevolent Society is one of the oldest charitable organiza- tions in the City of Detroit. Organized in 1867 for benevolent pur- poses. It has done splendid work since that time along benevolent lines. Its officers are Mrs. Florence Willis, President; Mrs. Phoebe Ford, Vice-President; Mrs. Gertrude Montgomery, 541 Beaubien St., Secretary. The Scholarship Fund Club of Detroit is one of the most useful organizations, having been founded in 1910 through the efforts of Mrs. Elizabeth Smith and Mrs. Vernia Lucas, who gave an entertainment to aid a young lady to complete a teacher's training course at Ypsilanti State Normal School. The need for such help that could be given to young people became apparent on this occasion and the club was put up on a sound footing by a membership composed of three persons from each of the Federated clubs of the city. Each year two or more ambitious students have been assisted by this club. This year, two young men, one a student at Ann Arbor ,and another a student at Wilberforce University, are receiving the club's assistance. The officers are Mrs. Vernia Lucas, President. Mrs. Delia Barrier, Vice- President; Mrs. Abbie Cheatham, Treasurer, and Mrs. Maude Hender- son, Secretary. The Detroit Study Club was originally effected for literary pur- poses only, but since becoming a member of the Detroit Federation of Clubs in 1900, it has broadened its work to include child's welfare FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 143 work, the Junior Civic League and Free Lecture Committee, and now has a department of philanthropy and reform, which raises funds for charitable contribution. All of its members are highly educated and talented ladies without exception. Its officers are Mrs. S. H. Russell, President;' Mrs. A. Rideout, Vice-President; Mrs. J. B. Anderson, Sec- retary; Mrs. A. L. Turner, Assistant Secretary; Mrs. L. E. Bakeman, Corresponding Secretary; Miss Lulu CnvLrory, Treasurer. The Detroit Branch of the National Association for the Advance- ment of Colored People was organized in the Guild Hall of St. Mathews Episcopal Church in 1910 and has become one of the most active agents for the protection of the rights of citizens in the State of Michigan. It is composed of both white and colored membors and holds an annual Lincoln-Douglas celebration in honor of the births of the great emanci- pator and of Fred Douglas. It meets on the first Thursday of each month and its committees are ever alert in securing needed assistance against the transgression of private or public rights of colored citizens. Its officers are: Wm. S. Osby, President; Rev. R. W. Bagnall, Corre- sponding Secretary; Miss Hattie Butler, Recording Secretary; Walter D. Johnson, Treasurer; Francis H. Warren. Attorney. The foregoing Afro-American organizations must serve as an index to a large number of like bodies throughout the state, especially in the larger cities. There is for instance the State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs in Michigan, which has representatives from every center of colored population in the state, but the work of these clubs Is indicated by those here given and the time is too short in wliich to secure the necessary data to give individual information regarding each. Many of them are connected with the church societies, while some others are adjuncts of secret orders, all of which serves to show the activity of the Afro-American people in club uplift work, in addi- tion to which social clubs are almost equally as numerous. 144 MICHIGAN MANUAL c o N £ — "a .a 3. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 145 Residence of BenJ. L. Shook, Detroit. 146 MICHIGAN MANUAL Negro Home and Property Owners MICHIGAN'S AFRO-AMERICAN TAXPAYERS. One of the most gratifying accomplishments of Michigan's Afro- Americans is their mai'lted progress In purchasing and occupying com- fortable and in many instances beautiful home property. This depart- ment of the Manual is liberally illustrated with homes that are owned and occupied by the colored people, together with the names of the communities in which they live. In at least one instance, that of Mr. Alexander, of Adrian, who is listed as a laboring man, but who is styled by Adrian people as a landscape artist, drew a first prize recently offered by the City of Adrian for the most beautifully kept home property in that city. His house is a modest one-story affair, but the spacious grounds surrounding it were a model of beauty, both in what is styled as the front yard, and that portion of the premises used for raising vegetables for family use. It may be well to remark that in the City of Adrian, the colored people have perhaps shown the highest degree of thrift of any like community in the state. Without casting any reflection upon the part of the Afro-American people in any place in the state, it is worthy of note to point to the fact that in Adrian, since local option was adopted there several years ago, 43 out of 48 colored families have become owners of their own homes, and Adrian also is the home of a noted Afro-American lady who gained more or less renown as a temperance worker, although she was too modest to give the enumerator a sketch of her life — Mrs. Frank L. Rodgers — the residence of whom is shown under this head. Many other beautiful residences are shown herewith. That of Mrs. Frank Thurman, of Jackson; Bishop Smith, of Detroit; Messrs. Dungey and Allen, of Lansing; Phillips, of Kalamazoo; and in fact the handsome residences of Afro-Americans in the staff are too numerous to mention in this foreword of this Department. It is estimated that 85 per cent of all the owners of homes or real property are represented in this record. They represent a total value of $4,219,022 in real estate, beside which there is listed |1, 115, 683 in personal property, the owners of much of -which having no lands do not appear in the list which here follows: 14S MICHIGAN MANUAL HOME AND PROPERTY OWNERS. Adams, Joseph J., Grand Rapids. Adams, Mrs. Mary, Ann Arbor. Alexander, John, Boyne City. Alexander, Joseph, Adrian. Allen, Arthur A., Grand Rapids. Allen, Bennet. Cassopolis (F). Allen, Clifford, Grand Rapids. Allen, Charles, Grand Rapids. Allen, Edward, Dowagiac. Alen, Green, Vandalia (F). Allen, John W., Grand Rapids. Allen, John W.. Lansing. Allen, Mary A., Lansing. Allen, Uriah, Lansing. Allen, Herbert, Cassopolis (F). Allen, W. G., Cassopolis (F). Allen, Wm , Cassopolis (F). Alison, Sarah, Grand Rapids. Ames, Dr. J. W., Detroit. Amper, Mr. D. B., Marcellus (F . Anderson, Amon, Jones (F). Anderson, Alfred, Ypsilanti. Anderson, Mrs. Caroline, Grand Rapids. Anderson, Charles, Ypsilanti. Anderson, Lucy, Ypsilanti. Anderson, John, Detroit. Anderson, Thomas, Detroit. Artes, Ida, Romeo. Artis, Cynthia Ann, Cassopolis (F). Atris, George, Flint. Artis, Martin L., Cassopolis (F). Artis, Mathew T., Cassopolis (F). Ash, Chester, Kalamazoo. Ash, Lafayette, Niles (F). Ashe, William, Ypsilanti. Ashby, John L., Detroit. Atwood Fred S., Saginaw (F) & (H). Atwood, Oliver K., Saginaw (F) & (H). Bailey, George, Kalamazoo. Bailey, Fred, Flint. The Brush inn Nann.e Maxwell, Propri- etrix, Detroit. Bailey, Frank, Flint. Bailey, Henderson, Kalamazoo. Bailey, Richard, Flint Baker, Belle, Detroit. Baker, James, Bay City. Baker, Oscar W., Bay City. Ballad, Ebenezer, Grand Rapids. Banister, Luke, Grand Rapids. Banks, John, Grand Rapids. Banks, Oliver, Detroit. Barber, La Don, Lansing. Barber, Mrs. M. M., Lansing". Barber, Mrs. Margaret, Lansing. Barnes, Percy, Battle Creek. Barnes, Robert C, Detroit. Barnett, Stanley L., Grand Rap- ids. Bartlett, Mrs. Elizabeth, Ypsi- lanti. Bass, Albert F., Detroit. Bass, Frank, Benton Harbor. Bass, Mr. Gander, Boyne City. Bass, William, Kalamazoo. Bassett, Margaret, Battle Creek. Bates, Mr. L. D., Ann Arbor. Beck, Dr. Estel Thornton, De- t7-oit. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 149 Residence of Herbert Allen, Farmer, Calvin Township, CasB County. Beck, Mr. Geo., Ann Arbor. Beck, Mr. Jacob, Ann Arbor. Beck, Julia, Adrian. Bedford, J. M. D., Kalamazoo. Beeler, Clarence, Battle Creek (F). Bell, James F., Lansing. Bell, John A., Grand Rapids. Beil, Louis, St. Joseph. Belt, Frank, Detroit. Benjamin, Samuel, Grand Rap- ids. Senson, Mrs. Anna, St. Joseph. Berry, Mrs Margaret, Leslie. Beuzard, Ellis C, Detroit. Beverly, Asa L., Lansing. Bibbs, Charles E., Jackson. Bibbs, John, Jackson. Bibbs, Lincoln II., Kalamazoo (F. Biggs, Lewis, Charlotte. Bird, John T., Detroit. Bird, Oscar Milan. Bird, Sarah, Whittaker. Blackwell, Anna, Kalamazoo. Bolden, Mrs. Louise, Kalamazoo. Bolden, James, Grand Rapids. Boone E. H., Benton Harbor. Boone, Frank, Benton Harbor. Bow, Egbert, Ypsilanti. Bow, Solomon, Ypsilanti. Bowman, Mrs. Mary, Grand Rap- ids. Boyd, Mrs. Mary, Grand Rapids. Bradley, Arthur, St. Joseph. Bradley, Daniel, Kalamazoo. Bradley, Eutella, Detroit. Bradley, Ellis, Kalamazoo. Bradley, Fred O.. St Jos.-ph. Bradley, Harry, Detroit. Bradley. William, Marcellus (F). Bragg, Mrs. Anna, Benton Har- bor. Branson, Mrs. Louise, Detroit. Bray, John, Lansinc. Brice, Saniuoi, Grand Rapids. 150 MICHIGAN MANJAL FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 151 Property of Oi;car W. Baker, Bay City. Briggs, Mrs. Rachel, Detroit. Briggs, Miss Georgia, Battle Creek. Bright, Mrs M. W.. Detroit. Broadnax, W. H., Cassopolis. Brooks, James, Flint. Brooks, Miss Nettie, Grand Rap- ids. Brooks, Peter, Grand Rapids. Brooks, Robert A., Detroit. Gnl. ?.7— Mortality S+atistics Brooks Robert J., Yn'^ilanti. B'-ooks, Salena, Detroit. Brooks, William H.. Ynsilanti. Brown, Charles C, Jackson. Brown, Mrs. Emma. Grand Rap- ids. Brown, Gence, Grand Rnpids. B-own, Harry, Flint. Brown. Henry, Battle Crppk. Brown, Henry H.. Vandalia (F). Brown, James H., Kalamazoo. Brown, John T., Detroit. Brown John, Ypsilanti. Brown, Robert, Grand Rapids B'-own, R R., Coleman (F). Brown, Wa'ter. Benton Harbor. Brown Will'am, Butternut (F). Brown, Zachariah, Vandalia. Browning, Eugene D., Grand Rapids. Brvant. Brazil J., Detroit. Bryant TT. B.. Dowagiac Bryant, H. D., Dowagiac. Bryant, reorge, Whittaker (F). Brypon. Eva McConnel. Grand Rapids Buhbs. Mrs. Frances, Ann Arbor. Buck Charles B.. Marcellus (F). Buck. Charles B.. Kalamazoo (Fl & (H). Biickor. I.nwell, Detroit. Buckingham \Vm., Cassopolis. Bucknor, James. Battle Creek. 152 MICHIGAN MANUAL Buckner, Jos., Detroit. Bundy, Geo., Dr., Detroit. Burden, Emerson, Coleman (F . Burden, E. W., Coleman (F). Burden, R., Coleman (F). Burdine, Jessie, Jackson. Burgess, Theo., Grand Rapids. Burgis, Mr., Kalamazoo. Burnett, Taylor, Kalamazoo. Burns, David, Battle Creek. Burton, Calum, Grand Rapids. Burton, Henrietta, Battle Creek. Burton, Mrs., Grand Rapids. Burton, Mr., Grand Rapids. Butler, Charles, Adrian. Butler, Mrs. Edna, Leslie. Butler, Earnest, Adrian. Butler, N. John, Kalamazoo (F). Butler, Lewis, Battle Creek. Buster, Louis G., Detroit. Byrd, Chester Emery, Cassopo- lis (F). Byrd, Enos H., Cassopolis (F). Byrd, James, Cassopolis. Byrd, F. L., Benton Harbor Byrd, John W., Detroit. Byrd, Sarah, Battle Creek. Callier, Chas. R., Benton Harbor. Callier, Mrs. Rosie C, Benton Harbor. Calloway, Chas., Cassopolis (F). Calloway, Milton, Cassopolis (F). Campbell, Charles A., Lansing. Candler, William, Grand Rapids. Kcsidcnce of Oscar W. Baker, Bay City. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 153 ■ '..V..j 1* Buckingham's Store and Residence in Calvin, ("ass County. Residence of Marj I'. Unker. Hay City. 154 MICHIGAN MANUAL Residence of H. H. Brown, Jr., Farmer, Cass County. Carniichael, Albert, Adrian. Carr, Rev. G. W., Lansing. Carrol, Thomas, Grand Rapids. Carson, Robert, Ann Arbor. Carter, Albert C, Adrian. Carter, F. Emanuel, Whittaker (F). Carter, Lewis John, Detroit. Carter, Newton, Grand Rapids. Carter, Wni. H., Battle Creek. Residence of Chester Byrd, Fiunoer Farmer, Calvin Township, Cass County. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 155 Residence of OUrer Banlcs, Detrttt. ^^ Residence of Calvin Burton, Grand Rapid*. 156 MICHIGAN MANUAL 3 "3 c. e « U > n S B FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 157 Residence of 15. E. Curtis, Farmer. Calvin Township, Cass County. Carter, William, Detroit. Carruthers, O. O., St Joseph. Case, Henry A., Jackson. Case, Herbert D., Jackson. Casey, Mrs. Mary, Battle Creek. Cayne, Mr. Marshall. Ypsilanti. Chambers, Joseph, Jackson Chandler, Samuel, Battle Creek. Chandler, Thomas, Saginaw. Chase, Mrs. Elsie, Battle Creek. Chase, Maxwell, Battle Creek. Cheatham, Madam Bledsoe, De- troit. Cheatham, George, Battle Creek (F). Chivis, Mrs. Charity, Kalamazoo. Chivis, George W., Kalamazoo. Christian, David L., Kalamazoo. Christian, Tabitha, Kalamazoo. Clark, Mrs. Anna, Ypsilanti. Clark, Edward, Lansing. Clark, Frank E., Whittaker. Clark, James, Ypsilanti. Cockfield, Abel Stelle, Detroit. Coker, Hiram, Vandalia. Coker, Thomas, Cassopolis (F). Colbreth, John H., Jackson. Cole, George C, Detroit. Cole, Reuben & H., Adrian. Cole, William E., Detroit. Coleman, Thadeus, Grand Rap- ids. Colillier, Mrs. Addie, Saginaw. Collins, Gustus, Detroit. Collins, William, Jackson. Collins, Walter G, Lansing. Connor, John, Battle Creek. Connor, Mr., Kalamazoo. Contee, Mrs. Mary, Saginaw. Conway, Earl, Detroit. Cook, Charles, Detroit. Cook, Charles S., Battle Creek. Cook, Charles S., Detroit. Cook, Mrs. Hattie, Detroit. Cook, Maria, Detroit. Cook, Virginia, Detroit. Cooper, C. R.. Ann Arbor. Copeland, Mrs. Amanda. St. Joseph. Copley, W S.. Vandalia. Corbin, Thomas, Grand Rapids. Corrothers, Daniel, Battle Creek. Cousins, Jerome S., Cassopolis. Cowan, E. H., Dafter (F). Cox, Charles Henry, Ann Arbor. Craig, George, Ann Arbor. Craig, Horace, Lansing. Crawford, Miss Dr. Katie. Ann Arbor. Cromwell, David J., Lansing Cromwell, Mrs. Margaret, Lans- ing. Crosby, Mrs. Elizabeth, Ypsi- lanti. 158 MICHIGAN MANUAL Crosby, Mrs. Eva, Whittaker (F . €rosby, Mr. George, Saline. Crosby, Mrs. Lottie, Ann Arbor. Crosby, Mrs. Rebecca, Ypsilanti. Crosby, Mr. Simeon, Ypsilanti. Gal. 38^Mortality Statistics Cross, Mrs. Frank, Battle Creek. Cross, Lester, Battle Creek. Cross, Mrs. Nellie, Battle Creek. Crump, Jeremiah, Lansing. Cruzet, Andrew, Detroit. Curry, Harry H., Detroit. Curry, Mrs. M., Lansing. Curtis, Clodius, Benton Harbor. Curtis, Edward, Detroit. Curtis, Edward, Niles. Curtis, Els worth L., Niles. Curtis, James W., Niles (F). Curtis, Nelson, Battle Creek. Daley, Collie, Battle Creek. Daley, Henry, Grand Rapids. Daniels, Nelson, Kalamazoo. Darrdson, John T., Lansing. Davidson, Nelson G., Lansing. Davis, Albert, Alma. Davis, Mr. Albert, Ypsilanti. Davis, Allen, Battle Creek. Davis, Mrs. Cora, Kalamazoo. Davis, Gabriel, Detroit. Davis, Harry, Detroit. Davis, Lewis, Kalamazoo. Davis, Nathan, Eaton Rapids. Davis, Samuel, Detroit. Davis, Thomas, Niles. Day, Mr. Arthur, Saline. Day, Mrs. Eva, Grand Rapids. Day, Isiah M., Cassopolis (F). Day, John, Detroit. Day, Joseph, Detroit. Day, Wiley W., Detroit. Dean, Charles, Adrian. Dean, C. J., Benton Harbor. Dean, John, Detroit. Dean, Walter, Detroit. DeAnglas, Leon, Jackson. Delsey, Richard, Grand Rapids. DeMeaux, Mrs. Mary A., Lansing. DeMeaux, Theodore, Lansing. Residence of C. A. Campbell, Lansing. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 159 ■m^^ A. M. E. Church. I'onliar. 160 MICHIGAN MANUAL ^^'*' ^ "s^SiieiP FREEDMEN'S rllOGRESS 161 Residence of Asa Beverly, Lansing. Residence of Mrs. Anna EldrcdKc, ronliar. Dent, Wallace. Derrick, Rev. James, Ypsilanti. Dew, Edward & Austin, Ypsi- lanti. Dickerson, Bruce, Flint. Dickerson, Albert, Detroit. Dickerson, Dr. John, Ypsilanti Dickson, Frank, Lansing. Di.xon, Alexander, Battle Creek. Dixon, Mrs. E. M., Ann Arbor. Doane, Charles Henry, Lansing. Dosey, Miss Marie, Lansing. Drane, Gertrude, Battle Creek, Dudley, Charles, Niles. Residence of J. C Earl.v. Pion.rr Farmer. Cnlvln Townnhip. Cnsi. Counfy. 162 MICHIGAN MANUAL Residence of Wm. D. Furby, with Miss Gertrude Thomas Seated in the Foreground. Duke, Samuel, Detroit. Dungey, Andrew, Lansing. Dungey, Clem., Dowagiac. Dungay, George W., Cassopolis. Dungey, John, Dowagiac. Dungil, John A., Kalamazoo. Dyer, S. D., Niles (F). Dyer, William, Mason. Eaton, F. J., Lansing. Eaton, James, Detroit. Early, John C, Cassopolis (F). Ebbo, Emory, Grand Rapids. Eddy, John, Detroit. Edwards, Wm. H., Grand Rapids. Eldrege, Mrs. Annie, Pontiac. Ellis, Rufus, Grand Rapids. Ely, Ralph, Saginaw. Ennis, Joseph, Flint. Eslez, Burgus, Detroit. Evans, Mrs. Ella,, Detroit. Residence of Daniel Fairfax, Bay City. Residence of G. P. Finly, Niles. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 163 -J; Residence of Alexander Evans, Mrs. Ella, Battle Creek. Evans, Mr. Charles, Kalamazoo. Evans, Fred, Lansing. Evans, George, Whittaker (F). Evans, Miss Hattie, Kalamazoo. Evans, John, Battle Creek. Evans, John F., Battle Creek. Evans, John J., Battle Creek. Evans, Sarah, Ypsilanti. Evans, Thomas B., Vandalla. Evans, Thomas, Durand. Everett, Mr. Watson, Grand Rap- ids. Everett, William, Detroit. Fanning, W. H., Detroit. Farmer, Slephes, Midland (F). Fields, Caine, Flint. Fields, Mrs. Susie, Grand Rap- ids (F). Findley, Garfield, Cassopolis. Findley, Schuyler, Niles. Findley, Walter, Niles (F). Finley, G. P., Niles. Finley, William, Niles. Finn, George, Grand Rapids. Flemmings, Wm., Battle Creek. Flower.s, Andrew, Remus (F). Fowler, Lansing:. Ford. John, Battle Creek. Ford, Joseph C, Grand Rapids. Forte, Benjamin, Saline. Foster, Jessie & E., Detroit. Foster, Frank V., Detroit. Foster, James W., Battle Creek. Fowler, Alexander. Lansing. Fowler, James, Battle Creek. Frazer, William, Oshtemo (F. Freeman, Mrs. Emma, Ann Arbor. Freeman, Joshua, Adrian. Freeman, Robert, Detroit. Furby, William D., Pontlac. Gaeus, J. H., Benton Harbor. Gaines, Alfonso, Battle Creek. Gains, Mr., Grand Rapids. Gamble, Louis K., Detroit. Gamble, Parker B , Detroit. Gant, Charles, Adrian. Garel, James, Grand Rapids. Garret, Sarah E.. Jackson. Gaskins, Elzie, Benton Harbor. Gaskins, Francis, Detroit. Gaskins, Wendell, Jackson. Gass, Charles, Grand Rapids. Gales, Miles B., Lansing. Iu4 MICHIGAN MANUAL ^ ^V*-- MpMk ^^^Mt- --"',.-— "^--^ SC --.- ^ '-JB Pi Residence of James A. Goug:h, Adrian. Residence of Meivin Grady, Farmer, Cass County. Gault, C. M., Niles. Gault, Henry, Niles (F). Gault, Ralph, Benton Harbor. Gault, William, Niles. Gibson, Cassopolis (F). Gilbert, William, Grand Rapids. Gillem, James, Detroit. Glenn, George, Grand Rapids. Glenn, John, Grand Rapids. Godden, Mrs. S., Detroit. Godfrey, Mrs. D. L., Lansing. Goggins, Minnie, Grand Rapids. Goins, Benjamin, Kalamazoo. Goins, Daniel, Jackson. Residence of Mrs. R. L. Green, Jackson. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 165 Residence of Alex. Griffin, Nile*. Coins, James, Grand Rapids. Goins, Leo, Grand Rapids. Goins, Mary Anna, Jackson. Goins, Robert, Grand Rapids. Gal. 39— Mortality Statistics Golden, Walter, Battle Creek. Goodall, Frank, Jackson. Coodridge, Wallace L., Saginaw. Goody, Melvin, Cassopolis (F). Gordon, Mrs., Milan. Cough, Daniel, Ypsilauti. Gough, George W., Ann Arbor. Cough, James A.. Adrian. Grady, Leason, Lansing. Graham, Joseph, Detroit. Graine, Jess L., Kalamazoo A firoup of Sunday ."^rhiiol I'irnirrri at Adrinn. 166 MICHIGAN MANUAL < c c a J i CC < V FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 167 Residence of John Hathaway, Niles. Rcsidcncf ol IU\ . I. J. Hi. I. Hh.mu- ( .l>. 168 MICHIGAN MANUAL FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 169 Residence of Gillam Hawks, Farmer, Calvin Township, Caas County. Grant, Emmet, Grand Rapids. Grant, George, Battle Creek. Grant, Henry P.., Grand Rapids. Graves, Frederick, Grand Rapids. Graves, Robert, Grand Rapids. Gray, Blaine. Detroit. Grayer, William, Ann Arbor. Grayson, Jennie, Battle Creek. Grayson, Payton, Battle Creek. Green, Mrs. Annie, Detroit. Green, Arthur, Ypsilanti. Green, B. F., St. Jo.scph. Green, George, Detroit. Green, George, Hamtramck. Green, James, Grand Rapids. Green, Mrs. L. A., Ann Arbor. Green, Maria, Jackson. Green, Matthew, St. Louis. Greene, Maude, Adrian. Green, Minnie, Grand Rapids. Green, Ora, Ann Arbor. Greenlaw, Albert, Detroit. Grenage, Hiram, Flint. Grenage, J., Flint. Grenage, Maria, Flint. Grenshaw, Isaac, Cassopolis. Gresham, Mary, Adrian. Groyson, Calvin. Grand Rapids. Griffin, Albert, Dowagiac. Griffin, Albert W, Battle Creek. Griffin, Elijah. Niles (F). Griffin, H. M.. Detroit. Residence ol Henry (). Ilarkolt. I.nnHinit. lii-H^dciic'c of .liilin ll:ilr, Dctniil. 170 MICHIGAN MANUAL Griffin, James Marion, Detroit. Griffin, Louisa, Battle Creek. Griffin, Solomon, Niles (F). Griffin, William, Battle Creek. Grennage, James, Ypsilanti. Grose, Herbert A., Detroit. Gross, Peter A., Jackson. Guest, William, Grand Rapids. Guy, Douglas, Belding (F). Guy, H. P., Detroit. Guyot, DeLos, Battle Creek. Hachett, H. O., Lansing. Hackley, Anna, Kalamazoo. Hackley, G. L., Benton Harbor. Hackley, Iremus, Kalamazoo. Haithcock, Charles, Kalamazoo. Haithcock, J., South Bend, Ind. Haithcock, Margaret, Kalamazoo. Haithcock, N. J., Coleman (F). Haithcock, William, Kalamazoo. Haithcock, Allen G., Cassopolis (F). Haithcock, Arthur, Cassopolis (F). Haithcock, Robert, Jones (F). Hale, John, Detroit Hall, Anna, Grand Rapids. Hall, J. J., Lansing. Hall, Mary, Jackson. Hall, Quint, Detroit. Hall, William H., Jackson. Halland, Mrs. Famer, Benton Harbor. Hamilton, Richard, Ypsilanti. Hammond, Benj., Grand Rapids. Hammond, Mrs. James, Kalama- zoo. Hampton, Eugene, Detroit. Handy, Charles, Flint. Hansbury, Bertha Ellena, De- troit. Hanson, Benj. F., Grand Rapids. Hardeman, Enoch, Oshtemo. Hardy, Eugene, Grand Rapids. Harper, Mrs. Eugene, Ypsilanti. Harper, Fred, Cassopolis. Harris, Alice, Ypsilanti. Harris, Emerson M., Kalamazoo. Harris, Frank, Battle Creek. Harris, H., Belleville. Harris, Hewsy, Adrian. Harris, Jacob, Cassopolis (F)^ Harris, James, Flint. Harris, James E , Detroit. Harris, Leon, Battle Creek. Harris, A. Lincoln, Detroit (F). Harris, Orla B., Detroit. Harris, Simeon, Remus (F). Harris, William, Ypsilanti. Harris, Winter J., Cassopolis (F). Harrison, Henry, Dowagiac. Harrison, Levi, Jackson. Harrison, William E., Jackson. Harrison, W. H., Jackson. Harrod, John, Detroit. Harrod, Mary, Niles. Hart, Horace, St. Joseph. Hartford, Mrs. Fred A., Saginaw. Hatfield, George, Midland. Hathavi-'ay, John, Niles. Hatter, George A., Jackson. Havard, Armster, Detroit. Havard, Joseph, Detroit. Hayes, Carrie M., Ypsilanti. Hayes, Mary C, Grand Rapids.. Hayes, George W , Ypsilanti. Hayes, James A. W., Detroit. Hawks, Gertrude M., Cassopolis (F). Hector, Jerremy, Kalamazoo. Hedgpath, Augustus, Kalamazoo. Hedgepath, Effie, Kalamazoo. Heiskell, Robert Lee, Detroit. Henderson, Anna, Adrian. Henderson, Byron M., Detroit. Henderson, George W., Lansing. Henderson, Saul, Boyne City. Henderson, William, Ann Arbor. Hendricks, P. J., Bay City. Henry, Elizabeth, Kalamazoo. Henson, Harold H., Detroit. Henson, William P., Kalamazoo. Herndon, Charles T., Detroit. Herod, Richard, Grand Rapids. Hiatt, Rufus R., Grand Rapids. Higgins, And. J., Eaton Rapids. FREEDMEN'S rROGHESS 171 Residence of John S. Ivem, Farmer, I'asa County. Higsins, Eunice, Eaton Rapids. HiRhpate, Oliver, Midland. Hiph wooden, Ross C, Jackson. Hill, Amos Gillespie, Adrian. Hi'l, Cyrus F., Jackson. Hill, Irene, Cassopolis Hi'l, Forest, Kalamazoo. Hill C. G., Dowagiac. Hill. Manford, Detroit. Hinton, J. W., Detroit. HosTcartt, Lewis N., Benton Har- bor. Holly, John, Detroit. Gal. 40— Mortality Statistics Hog2;att, Louis N., Jr , Benton Harbor. Hollv, S. W., Co'eman (F). Holmes, Henry, Battle Creek. Hooper. Fred, Detroit. Hoopor Louis S., Detroit. Hopewell, .Mr. L. G., Lansing Hoesy, Maggie, Detroit. Houston, Heber C, Detroit. Howard, William, Detroit. Hunt, S;one, Flint. Hunter, Luc v. Adrian. Hudson, Walter, Detroit. Hurst, John, Flint Huse, Jobn, Grand Rapids. Hustler, Marie, Adrian. Hutchins, Jessie B., Detroit. Ingham, Rev. David, Grand Rap- ids. Ivens, John W., Marcellus (F). Ivens, Ry'voster, Cassopolis (Ft. Ivens, Wrisht F., Marcellus (F). Jack.son, Alice, Detroit. Jackson. Ebeen, Lansing. Jackson, George \V., Detroit. Jackson, Hesper, Detroit. Jackson, Horace, Battle Cnek. Jackson, Ida Joiner, Detroit. Jackson, John B., Bay City. Jackson, John S., Detroit Jackson, Leith, Detroit. Jackson, Nancy, Battle Creek. Jackson, Nathaniel, Niles. Jackson. Susie B., Detroit. 172 MICHIGAN MANUAL Residence of Nathan Jackson, Niles. Residence of Georffe Johnson, Ypsilanti. FREEDMENS . ROGRESS 173 Residence of Clarence Perkins. Grand Rapids. Residence of \Vm. I.iiroy, (;rand Kapidn. 174 MICHIGAN MANUAL Phyllis Whcatli-y Homp for Aged Colored Women, Detroit. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 17[ Jackson, Theodore, Ann Arbor. Jennings, Jackson, Winfield L., Detroit. Jim, Mrs Jackson, William, Boyne City. Johnson. Jackson, William J., Lansing. Johnson, Jacques, Barney, Ypsilanti. Johnson, Jaffry, Roman W. J., Detroit. Johnson, James, Rev. J. E., St. Joseph. Johnson, James, Norman, Lansing. Johnson. Jeffries, Charles, Marcellus. Johnson, Jefferies, Rev. Robert, Kalama- troit. zoo. Johnson, Jefferson, Rachel, Detroit. Johnson, Jefferson, Thos., Grand Rapids. Johnson, Jenkins, Charles A., Detroit. Johnson, Jenkins, Fred A., Detroit. Johnson, Jenkins, Joseph, Detroit. Johnson, Jenkins, Virginia, Ann Arbor. Johnson. George E., Detroit. . Beulah, Detroit. Abe. .Adrian. Abner. Kalamazoo. Dr. Albert H., Detroit. Anna, Kalamazoo. v.. Whittakcr (P). Carl. Detroit. Catherine Long, De- Chark's. IJalUc Creek. Elmer, Boyne City Frank, Adrian. Fred, Battle Creek. George S.. Detroit. G. R.. Detroit. G. W., Ann Arbor. RcHidcnce of J. J. JurkNun. Ua> Cily. 176 MICHIGAN MANUAL Nine-Y^ar-OId Miss Who Johnson, Hamilton, Detroit. Johnson, Henry, Flint. Johnson, Hiram, Grand Rapids, Johnson, H. L., Coleman (F). Johnson, H. Peyton, Detroit. Johnson, John, Grand Rapids. Johnson, J. C., Detroit. Johnson, Rev. J. E., St. Joseph. Johnson, John R., Detroit. Johnson, John W., Detroit. Johnson J. Wesley, Detroit. Johnson, Katie, Lansing. Johnson, Mrs. M. M., Detroit. Johnson, Nora, Mt. Clemens. Johnson, Ray A., Jackson. Johnson, Robert E., Detroit. Johnson, Samnel E., Lansing. Johnson, Rev. Thomas C, Kal- Works for Charity on Tag Days. amazoo. Johnson, Mrs. V., Ann Arbor. Johnson, Mr. W. L., Lansing. Johnson, William, Grand Rapids. Johnson, Wm. Edward, Detroit. Johnson, Wilmot A., Detroit. Johnston, George A., Ypsilanti. Jones, Charles R., Niles. Jones, Emma, Grand Rapids. Jones, Jesse, Grand Rapids. Jones, John, Detroit. Jones, Mr. John, Bay City (F). Jones, Mary E., Lansing. Jones, Mattie, Niles. Jones, J. Paul, Mackinaw City (H) & (F). Jones, Preston S., Detroit. Jonos, Sandy, Grand Rapids. FREEDMEN'S TTJOOPxESiS 177 Residence of Mrs. Anna McCoy, Y|)si!anti. Jones, Mrs. T. J., Niles. Jones, Wm. Henry, Ypsilanti. Jones, W. R., Ypsilanti. Jordon, Harry M., Detroit. Judson, Delia, Kalamazoo. Keene, John, Grand Rapids. Keene, Joseph, St. Joseph. Keith, Joshua, Vandalia (F), Kelly, J. W., Pipestone (F). Kelly, Porter, Ann Arbor. Kelly, Thomas, Flint. Keneer, Mrs. E. M., Lansing. Kennedy, Low. Wheeler. Kersey, Bud, Flint. Kersey, Herman E., Ypsilanti. Kersey, James, Ypsilanti. King, Harlis J., Detroit. King, S. C, Kalamazoo. Koger, James B., Detroit. Lacy, William H., Grand Rapids. Ladd, Joseph, Detroit. Lain, John B., Detroit. Lamb, J., Flint. Lane, Ollie, Cassopolis (F). Lane, James E., Vandalia (Fl. Lane, John C, Jones (F). Lane, John T., Cassopolis (F). Lambert, Toussaint L'Overture, Detroit. Lambkins, D. B., Grand Rapids. Larter, Milton H., Detroit. Lawrence, Frank, Flint. Lawson, Archie, Detroit. Lawson, Clarence E., Cassopo- lis (F). Lawson, Cornelius, Cassopolis (F). Lawson, John, Adrian. Leach, Walter, Detroit. Lebb, Eldridge, Grand Rapids. Lebb, Loretta, Butternut (F). Leek, Jane, Lansing. Leek, Leonard, Lansing (F). Lenney, Avery, Flint. Lenny, Geo., Flint. Leonard, William G., Detroit- Leonard, Isaac, Kalamazoo. Lett, Mrs. Loretta, Butternut.. Gal. 41— Mortality Stati.stic.-; Lett, John S., Grand Rapids. Letts, Benjamin, Battle Creek. Lett, Edward, Boyne City. Lett, John S., Grand Rapids. Letz, Stanley, Kalamazoo. Letz, Zachariah, Comstock (F). Lewis, Benjamin. Detroit. Lewis, Edward, Ann Arbor. Lewis, Ella, Battle Creek. Lewis, C. Henri, Detroit. Lewis, J. H., Rattle Creek. Lewis, Robt. H., Detroit. Lewis, W. v., Detroit. Lindsay, Oscar, Detroit. Lewis, Mr., Marsellus. 178 MICHIGAN MANUAL FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 179 Lochlear, Jennie, Kalamazoo. Logan, George, Grand Rapids. Logan, William M., Jackson. Loggan, Eugene, Nlles. Lomax, Henry, Mason. Lomax, Clem, Battle Creek. Loomis, Eva. Detroit. Lucas, Columbus, Detroit. Ludlow, Cecil, Battle Creek. Ludlow, Minnie, Battle Creek. Lyle, John B., Detroit. Lynch, Ira, Ypsilanti. Lyons, Andrew, Mason. Maben, Martha, Grand Rapids. MacDonald, Harry, Detroit. Mack. John, Benton Harbor. Madison, Louis, Detroit. Mahaley, Jeremiah, Ypsilanti. Majors, Mr., Grand Rapids. Manuel, Amos, Battle Creek. Manuel James, Dowagiac. Marshall, Ernest Douglas, De- troit. Martin, Bruce, Detroit. Martin, Jeff, Detroit. Martin, William, Saline. Mason, Elihu, Eau Claire. Mason, Emmet, Eau Claire. Mass, Daniel, Niles (F). Mass, Lucy, Niles. Mathews, Arthur, Battle Creek. Mathews, Obed, Jackson. Mathews, Roger A., Jackson. Mathews, Thomas E., Jackson. Matthews, Isaac, Cassopolis (F). Maury, James H., Detroit. May, Harry L., Detroit. May, Ida, Detroit. May, W. H., Ann Arbor. Mayle, Willis, Wheeler (F). McCary, Ollie, Detroit. McClain, James, Detroit. McConnell, James, Detroit. McCoy, Anna, Ypsilanti. McDonald, Geo., Pavillion (F). McDonald, William, Kalamazoo. McGruder, Jas. L.. Battle Creek. Mclntyre. Geo. D., Jackson (F). McKinney, William H., Detroit. McKorkle, Albert, Detroit. McPherson, Daniel, Wheeler. Meadows, William F., Detroit. Meckins, William, Adrian. Merchant, James, Lansing. Merchant, Thomas, Lansing. Merriman, Elizabeth, Ypsilanti. Merriman, Philip. Ypsilanti. Merriman, Riley, Whittaker (F). Merritt, John Early, Bay City. IMerritt, John, Bay City. Milburn, Charles, Coleman (F). Miller, Archie, Ann Arbor. Miller, Charles, Battle Creek. Miller, Charles W., Lansing. Miller, Hiram, Whittaker (F). Miller, John Kitz, Battle Creek. Miller, John, Bay City. Miller, M. M., St. Joseph. Miller, Robert, Detroit. Miller, Thomas Henry, Ypsilanti. Miller, W. S., Lansing. Mills, Joshua, Hamtramck. Mills, Philip, Detroit. Mills, Phillip, Detroit. Mills, Robert, Detroit. Milton, Henry, Grand Rapids. Miner, Mrs. Dan, Saline. Miner, Wm. J., Detroit. Miner, Mary A., Detroit. Minisee, Helen, Byron Centre (F). Minisee, Ray, Byron Centre (F). Mitcham, Joseph, Niles (F). Mitcham, Val. P., Benton Harbor Mitchell, Benj. B., Detroit. Mitchell, T. M., Benton Harbor (F). Mitchell, Henry, Niles. Mitchell, James, Battle Creek. Mitchell, Joseph, St. Joseph. Mitchell, Matthew, Niles. Moffard, Elizabeth, Ypsilanti. Moleson, Adelia, Grand Rapids. Molton, Ernest A., Detroit. 180 MICHIGAN MANUAL Monroe, Louisa, Detroit. Monroe, Saul, Detroit. Monroe, William Penn, Detroit. Montgomery, Anna, Adrian. Moody, William, Grand Rapids. Moore, Artimlssia, Grand Rap- ids. Moore, David A., Grand Rapids. Moore, Fred D., Battle Creek. Moore, James S., Kalamazoo. Moore, John, Kalamazoo. More, Mary, Detroit. Morehead, Etta L., Marquette. Morgan, David, Kalamazoo (F). Morgan, Mrs. Etta L., Strong (P). Morgan, Henry, Kalamazoo. Morgan, Mary, Boyne City. o .4> S •; FRET^DMEN'S PROGRESS 181 S^ ' ^ v^l- v^«^ r;^'. _., .jr« T "^i?^.::; Residence and Farm View of H. C. Newsome, Calvin Township, Cass County. Morgan, Nicholas, Boyne City. Morris, Allen, Ann Arbor. Morris, Henry, Saline. Morris, Karnes, Detroit (F) & (H). Morris, Margaret, Ypsilanti. Morton, Ida, Ypsilanti. Morton, William A., Ypsilanti. Moss, Joseph, Kalamazoo. Moss, Lincoln, Kalamazoo. Moxley, Fannie L., Marcellus. Mulder, Judson, Detroit. Mumford, William, Detroit. Murdock, Owen L., Jackson. Murry, John, Grand Rapids. Nelson, James K., Detroit. Nelson, John C, Niles. Newman, Albert, Eaton Rapids. Newsome, Asa, Kalamazoo. Newsome, Henry, Vandalia (F). Newsome, Dr. O. E., Cassopolis. Newton, Mrs., Whittaker (F). Nichols, Emma, Jackson. Nidy. Willard K., Detroit. Norman, James, Detroit. Noriss, Lizzie, Ypsilanti. Norris, John, Webberville (F). Norris, Perry, Lansing (F). Osby, William C, Detroit. Owen, Alonzo, Flint. Owen, George, Flint. Parks, Hiram, Kalamazoo. Park, Michael, Detroit. Patterson, Edward, Detroit. Patterson, John, Battle Creek. Patterson, Jno. W., Battle Creek. Patterson, R., Grand Rapids. Payne, Albert, Grand Rapids. Peek, Clinton. Grand Rapids. Pelham, Benjamin B., Detroit. Pendlton, Ambrose, Grand Rap- ids. Penn, William H., Detroit. Perkins, Andrew, Battle Creek. Perkins, Clarence R., Grand Rap- ids. Perry. Joliii 1! . Ypsilanti. lb. MICHIGAN MANUAL o o •S e 3 FREEDMENS PROGRESS is:; Pettiford, Enoch, Grand Rapids. Pettiford, W. J., Kalamazoo. Pettiford, William, Coleman (F). Phelps, Amanda, Detroit. Phillips, Gilmore, Kalamazoo. Phillips, Joseph F., Kalamazoo. Phillips, Joshua W., Kalamazoo. Phillips, Louis, Detroit. Phillips, Sylvester, Kalamazoo. Phillips, Thomas, St. Joseph. Pierce, Llewellyn, Lansing. Pierce, R. T., Lansing. Pinkey, Eliza, Detroit. Pinkey, Samuel, Grand Rapids. Pollard, Clarence, Kalamazoo. Pollard, William H., Ypsilanti. Pompey, J., St. Louis (F). Poole, Alpheus A., Detroit. Poole, Peter J., Jackson. Poole, Thomas A., Adrian. Pope, Lillian, Ann Arbor. Porter, Jesica M., Kalamazoo. Posey, Margaret J., Jackson. Powell, Thomas, Jones (F). Powell, xMrs. W. J., Hay City. Powell, William, Bay City. Powell, W. A., Bay City. Pratt, Ollie, Kalamazoo. Piebble. John 11.. Jackson. Price, William, Battle Creek. Preston, Frances E., Detroit. Preston, Simeon. Ypsilanti. Pruett, Joseph, Flint. Purdue, James, Benton Harbor. Rarclift", John H., Detroit. Rawn, John W., Cassopolis (F). Ray, Bazel E., Grand Rapids. Redfern, M. M., Benton Harbor. Redmond, Frank, St. Louis (F). Reed, Abner, Fenwich (F). Reed, Alvin, Belding (F). Reed, John Herbert, Detroit. Reed, Joseph E., Detroit. Reed, Joseph M., Detroit. RcfciQencc ol Mr. »..inu)rr h. I*h u.i.">w..».o. 184 MICHIGAN MANUAL Residence of Mary J. Powell, Bay City. Reeves, J., Detroit. Reid, George, Detroit. Reynolds, Mattie, Jackson. Richards, Augustus, Benton Har- bor. Richards, Rebecca, Kalamazoo. Richardson, Daniel W., Elberta. Richardson, Joseph H., Ypsilanti. Richardson, Mattie, Detroit. Richardson, Richard, Ypsilanti. Richardson, Warren C., Detroit. Richerson, Arthur, Whittaker (F). Richerson, George, Whittaker (F). Rickards, T. Frank, Detroit. Rideout, Ethel, Detroit. Ricks, William, Grand Rapids (F). Ridgley, Charles F., Kalamazoo. Ridgley, Charles, Kalamazoo. Riley, George, Detroit. Robbins, Henry Wade, Ann Ar- bor. Robbins, John Lankford, Kala- mazoo. Robbins, Reuben, Kalamazoo. Robbins, Simeon, Kalamazoo (F) Robbins, Walter, Ypsilanti. Robbins, William, Battle Creek. Roberts, Adelbert, Niles. Roberts, Charles, Kalamazoc. Roberts, R. H., Ypsilanti. Roberts, Turner, St. Joseph. Roberts, William, St. Joseph. Roberts, William Ross, Lansing. Robins, Addie, Lansing. Robins, Andrew, Battle Creek. Robinson, Albert, Hamtramck. Robinson, Aquilla, Jackson. Robinson, Edward, Grand Rap- ids. Robinson, Frank, Ann Arbor. Robinson, Harry R., Detroit Rol)inson, Mrs. J., Grand Rap- ids. Robinson, Jefferson. Ypsilanti. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 185 Residence of John Winters, Pontiac. Robinson, Lottie Binga, Sagi- naw. Robinson, Merrick E., Detroit. Rodgers, Allen, Detroit. Rodgers, Frank L., Adrian (F). Roland, Caroline, Detroit. Roland, George, Flint. Roland, Henry, Flint. Roman, Charles, Bay City. Rudd, George E., Lansing. Russel, Albert, Battle Creek. Russe!, Charles, Kalamazoo. Russel, James T., Kalamazoo. Russel, Nellie, Kalamazoo. Russel, Samuel, Detroit. Russel!, Mrs. W. L., Detroit. Russell, William M., Ka amazoo. Russell, William W., Kalamazoo (F). Ryder, Simeon, Pontiac. Ryder, W. H., St. Joseph. Sanaals, Mr., Grand Rapids. Sanders, David, Niles. Sanders, Oscar, Fenwich (F). Sanders, Samuel D., Vandalia (F). Saunders, Elizabeth, Ann Arbor. Scipio, John, Adrian. Scott, Albert H., Detroit. Scott, Albert, Lansing. Scott, C, Whittaker (F). Residence of W. E. Lowndes, Detroit. Gal. 43 — Mortality Statistics Scott, Ellen, Kalamazoo. Scott, J. D., Lansing. Scott, John J., Lansing (F). Scott, Samuel, Cassopolis (F). Shachleford, Adam, Battle Creek. Shafer, Albert, Coleman (F). Shafer, Mrs. W., Coleman (F). Shafer, William, Coleman (F). Shepard, Henry, Detroit. Shepphard, Emery L., Kalama- zoo. Sherman, Chauncy, Grand Rap- ids (F). Sherman, Mrs. Wealthy, Ypsi- lanti. Shoemaker, Sylvester, Benton Harbor (F). Shook, Benjamin, Detroit. Shook, Ollie Deming, Detroit. Simmons, Elizabeth Johnson, Detroit. Simmons, Ester, Adrian. Simmons, Florence, Ypsilanti. Simmons, Minnie, Kalamazoo. Simons, Zack, Ann Arbor. Simpson, Charles O., Ypsilanti. Simpson, John H., Cassopolis (F). Simpson, Raymond, Battle Creek. ISG MICHIGAN M^-.uAL Residence of C. T. WhUe, Bay City. Farm Home of Georgre Richerson, Whittaker. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 187 ~*-^- Barn and Si!o of George Richerson. WhHtaker. Showinfr Himself and Ono of His Sons. Simpson, Rev. W. M., Jackson. Smith, Simpson, William, Adrian. Smith, Simuels, James, Detroit. Smitli, Single, Mns. R. \V.. Kalamazoo. Smith. Singford, Georgina, Detroit. Smith, Skimmerhorn, Fannie, Ann Ar- Smith, bor. Smith, Slaughter, \V. K., Detroit. Smith, Sleet, Thomas, Grand Rapids. Smith. Sma'l, Joseph, Niles (F). Smith. Smith, Rev. Charles, Detroit. Smith. Smith, Charles, Detroit. Smith, Smith, Charles H., Lansing (F). Smith. Smith, Daniel, Niles (F). Smitli, Smith. Daniel O., Detroit. Smith. Smith, Edward, Ann .\rbor. Smith. Smith, Edward D., Detroit. Smith. Edwin, Grand Rapids. Elizabeth, Detroit. Elizabeth. Battle Creek. Frances C, Ypisilanti. Frank, Detroit. George. Grand Rapids. F. George. Grand Rapids. Harman. Battle Creek. Harriet A., Detroit, liattie. Ypsilanti. Henry, Grand Rapids. Henry, Ann Arbor. Hezekiah, Battle Creek. Jane, Detroit. IJtlleton B.. Detroit. Ned. Grand Rapids. Noah. Kalamazoo. 188 MICHIGAN MANUAL n s a B c B FREKDMEX'S PROGUESS; 189 Kesidence of I'rank I,. Uoclners, Adrian. Farm Hou.hc View of Aaron Sncllinir, Bro«nvill<'. 190 MICHIGAN MANUAL Residence of Morris Richardson, Bay City. Residence of John L. Stevenson, Detroit. Residence of the Late Hon. D. Augustus Straker, Detroit. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 191 a a X OG c '* c & eg jt o C ha e9 'f ai a « X 192 MICHIGAN MANUAL c X c c it a: X FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 193 Residence of Mrs. Rhoda J. Thompson, Detroit. Apartment ISuildinK Owned by Mr«. Rhocla J. Thompson, Detroit. 194 MICHIGAN MANUAL FREEDMEX'S PROGRESS Smith, Oscar, Detroit. Smith, Oscene, Cassopolis. Smith, Phillips, Grand Rapids. Smith. Robert, Hamtramck. Smith, Sarah, Ionia. Smith, Dr. Sylvester. Detroit. Smith. Verly. Benton Harbor. Smith, William, Grand Rapids. Smith, Mrs. Willie, Detroit. Smith, Willard, Whittaker (P). Snell, Sherwood, Detroit. Snelling, William, Vandalia (F). SnodRrass, Matilda, Battle Creek. Sooe. Joseph, Bay City. Spearman, Mack C, Detroit. Spriggs, Mary, Battle Creek. Spriggs, Wendell, Battle Creek. Stafford, Charles H., Kalamazoo. Stafford, George W., Kalamazoo. Stafford, William, Kalamazoo. Stanton, Joseph. Detroit. Starks, Charles, Ypsilanti. Starks, Milford, Ypsilanti. Starks, Rose, Ypsilanti. Starks, William, Bay City. Stephens, James M., Detroit. Stevens, John L.. Detroit. Stevens, John M., Grand Rap- ids. Steverson, Salome, Lansing. Steward, Asa, Cassopolis (F). Steward, Green, Grand Rapids. Steward, Joseph A., Dowagiac. Steward, R. F., Cassopolis. Stewart, Charles, Detroit. Stewart, Minerva, Dowagiac. Stewart, R. R., Cassopolis. Stewart, Thomas W., Kalama- zoo. Stone, Charles, Detroit. Stone, Wiliam E., Detroit. Stonesheet, Ella, Detroit. Story, John Edward, Adrian. Stowers, Walter H., Detroit. Stowns, W. M.. Detroit. Strickland. William Newport. Detroit. Stuart. Benjamin, Kalamazoo (F). Summerscale, Mrs. M., St. Louis. Tann. George W.. Lansing. Tann, Tabitha, Lansing.^ Tate. William L.. Lansing. Taylor, Annie L., Jackson. Taylor, George, Battle Creek. Taylor, Henrietta, Detroit. Taylor, Isiah, Milan (F). Taylor, Mary, Adrian. Taylor, Rebecca, Ypsilanti. Taylor, Robert, Milan (F). Taylor, Thomas, Jackson. Taylor, Thaddeus, Detroit. Thomas, John, Ann Arbor. Thomas, Telesia, Grand Rapids. Thomas, William O., Ann Arbor. Thompson, Allen, Kalamazoo. Thompson, Charles, Sault Ste. Marie. Thompson, Edward. Oshtemo. Thompson, Elijah. Ypsilanti. Thompson, E. F., Detroit (F) & (H). Thompson, Frank C, Belding. Thompson, George, Ypsilanti. Thompson, Henry P., Detroit. Thompson, Leonard C, Detroit. Thompson, Rhoda J., Detroit. Thompson, Timothy Whittaker (P). Thompson, Samuel G., Detroit. Thompson, W. O.. Lansing. Thornton. Bruce. Kalamazoo. Thornton. George, Dowayiac. Thurman, Frank M., Jackson. Thurman, John, Kalamazoo. Thurman, Peter L., Saginaw. Tillman. Augusta, Kalamazoo. Timbers, Ambrose, Detroit. Timbers. J.. Belleville (F). Tobias. John, Detroit. Gal. 44 -Mortality Statistics Toles, George. Battle Creek. Toles, Rachel. Battle Creek. 196 MICHIGAN MANUAL Residence of Bishop C. S. Smith. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 197 Tolliver, Albert, Saline. ToUiver, Henry, Detroit. Tomilinson, William, Detroit. Tompson, T., Whittaker (F). Travis, Solomon, Adrian. Tucker, Edward. Kalamazoo. Tucker, Hannah, Battle Creek. Tucker, Harriet, Battle Creek. Tulbert, Julia, Yp.silanti. Tuppin, Donald, Detroit. Turner, Dr. Alexander, Detroit. Turner, James Alexander, De- troit. Turner, Mrs. J., Detroit. Tyler, Human, Jackson. Tyler, James E., Grand Rapids. Van Mater, Mrs. S., Detroit. Vaughn, Rebecca, Jackson. Vaughn, Uriah, Cassopolis (F). Vaughn, W. N., Cassopolis (F). Vincent, Benjamin, Adrian. Vincent, Duncan, Grand Rapids. Vincent, Thomas, Detroit. Vincent, Mrs., Flint. Wade, Harry Clyde. Cassopolis (F). Wade, Miranda, Cassopoli.s (F). Wade, Mrs. Wallace, Bay City. Wagner, Henry, Bay City. Waldron, Henry, Detroit. Walker, Cyrus H., Lansing. Walker, David. Battle Creek. Walker, Francis A., Lansing. Walker, George. Bay City. Wallace, Benjamin, St. Clair Heights. Wallace, Josh.L., Battle Creek. Wallace, Prof. T., Adrian. Waller, Mr.. Whittaker (F). Warren, Chas. A., Lansing (F). Warren, Frank, Detroit. Warren, Frank J., Grand Rap- ids. Warren, Francis H., Detroit. Warren, Fred, Ypsilanti. Warren, George B., Ypsilanti. Warren, Richard, Battle Creek. Warrix, Rieley, St. Joseph. Kcsidcnrc of Mrn. Mary \\ .'illiiro. H.iy < il>. MirhiKiui. 198 MICHIGAN MANUAL Residence of Thomas P. Wright, Grand Rapids. Residence of Wai'ter Winburn, Grand Rapids. Residence of James H. Wilson, Farmer, Cass County. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 199 Warfield, Mary, Cassopolis. Warsaw, Thad. D., Detroit. Washington, Eflie, Dt^troit. Waterman, Mrs. W. W., Buchan- an. Watkin.s, Mrs. P. F., Detroit. Weaver, Miss Bertha, Grand Rapids. Weaver, Robert N., Kalamazoo. Webb, M. Charles R., Detroit. Wells, S. H., Dowagiac. West, Elizabeth, .Jackson. West, Elizabeth, Jackson. West, Mrs. E. C, Bedford. West, John A., Ann Arbor. West, J. H., Lansing. Westly, Christina, Jackson. Western, William, Grand Rap- ids. Wheeler, Charles D., Detroit. Wheeler, James D., Detroit. White, Albert J., Kalamazoo. White, Arthur B., Niles. White, Charles T., Bay City. White, Mrs. Emma, Detroit. White, E. L., Belleville (F). White, Henry, Kalamazoo. White, John, Ypsilanti. White, Mary Deming, Detroit. White, Susie, Grand Rapids. Wilkinson, Ross, Detroit. Williams, Bert, Detroit. Williams, Chas. E., Detroit. Wil'iams, Benjamin, Grand Rap- ids. Williams, Harrison, Detroit. Williams, Henry A., Kalamazoo. Williams, Henry L., Niles. Williams, John Turner, Detroit. Williams, Joseph, Ann Arbor. Williams, Nelson, Detroit (F) & (H). Williams, Joseph, Grand Rapids. Williams, Julia, Flint. Williams, N. R.. Detroit (F) & (H). Williams, Susan, Battle Creek. Williams, Theodore, Ni'.es. Williams, Thomas A., Detroit. Williams, Wallace, Detroit. Willis, Florence, Detroit. Willis, Henry, Mason. Willis, James, Mason (F). Willis. Robert J., Detroit. Willis, Rose, Detroit. Wilson, Alfred B., Niles (F). Wilson, DiiW^oize, Adrian. Wilson, Edith, Saline (F). Wilson, Elijah, Kalamazoo. Wilson, Frank, Marcellus (F). Wilson, Mr., Milan (F). Wilson, Henry Clay, Cassopolis (F). Wilson, Henry, Parma (F). Wilson, Hiram, Kalamazoo. Wilson, James H., Cassopolis (.F). Wi'son, John H., Grand Rapids. Wilson, Mary, Adrian. Wilson, Mary K., Detroit. Wilson, N. H., St. Louis. Wilson, Orrin E., St. Johns. Wi'son, Richard, Grand Rapids. Winborn, Mrs. Alexander, Niles (F). Winburn, Walter N., Grand Rap- ids. Winters, John, Pontiac. Wood, Isaac, Kalamazoo. Woodruff, A. B., Benion Harbor. Woods, Gertrude. Kalamazoo. Woods, Abraham, Ypsilanti. Woods, David, Grand Rapids. Woods, William W.. Detroit. Woods, Mrs. William, .\nu Ar- bor. Woodfall, Guy, Grand Rapids. Woodford. Thomas, Ka'amazoo. Wooten, Charles, Detroit. Wooten, Grant, Detroit. Wormley, (Jarrett N., Detroit. Wright, Harrison, Flint. Wright. James, Flint. Wright, JiTomo, Flint. 200 MICHIGAN MANUAL Residence of Frank Wilson, Farmer, Volina Township, Cass County. Residence of Arthur White, Niles. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 201 Wright, Ora, Adrian. Wright, Robert, Ypsilanti. Wright, Thomas, Grand Rapids Zebbs, Jacob, Ann Arbor. Zebbs, Richard, Ann Arbor. Zebbs, Samuel, Ann Arbor. Zebb.s, William, Ann Arbor. Residence of William Wimns, Benton Harbor. K<-Hi(liiu<- nf .Iiihn W iKoii. (.run. I UnpiHs. 202 MICHIGAN MANUAL miMt.- it^'-, . 1 ' ' ^ ' ' ^MSSM^ ii.li^ ''V^ '^ i^ffi^HH^^HI 'him 1 ^^^B^DkC'i O^^r^t 1 ^,.' 'J^mmmm k \ ijp^l W " '1-1 ~ --1^1 ^^m 1 if..r. ■p^' ' . ' Hti-;' 'i^^ w' ■■■^Hi ■>r ^j^HI^^F^'o jHi^^Bcn''*^K>' ^f jQn^^L/ 'iS^' \* MMg^ — m i\ ^ ^w V ' be c c [C FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS Residence of W. H. Anderson, Detroit. Residence of Duweize Wilson, Adrian. A Row of Pretty IlomoK Owmd l)> Af ro-AiiuriiiinK, (Hiilivld \\(nui'. Detroit. 204 MICHIGAN MANLaL Residence of F. M. Cannady, Farmer, Porter Township, Cass County. Residence of Henry Lewis Archer, Farmer, Cass County. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 20i C e < 206 MICHIGAN MANUAL Mr. and Mrs. Henry Williams and Children, Kalamazoo. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 207 Residence of Commissioner L. Margaret Williams, Kalamazoo. A. M. E. Church and Parsonage, Whittaker. 208 MICHIGAN MANUAL > ^ ^m^' '-\..^ 'l^^k.^^^l ^ ^ ^^^ 1 iU||| ^^gs^2H^^*^'' 1 *•, s jflr IH^jllll w^ ^^H V ^^^Hj^^v^fv/j^^ MM, B / ^■. •^-' i?^ *55, •MM ^-f^ ll^^^pr^ ' ■! . ■ . .V, ...,-:■ . '^ ■ A. M. E. Church at Ypsilanti. FREED.MEK'S PROGRESS 209 Studio of W. I.. Goodridge, Saginaw. •|^^ 210 MICHIGAN MANUAL e 0. a e e FREEDMENS PROGRESS 111 View of Afro-American Sunday School Picnic at Indian Lake, Near nowaRriac. 212 MICHIGAN MANUAL Gilmore L. Phillips, Kalama/.o 242 MICHIGAN MANUAL Murphy, Percival, Jan. 15, 1864, Calvin Co. K. 1st C.I. Murphy, William E., Apr. 1, 1865, Kalamazoo. .Co. G. 1st C.I. Murphy, William J., Oct. 27, 1863, Detroit Co. C. 1st C.I. Murray, Harrison, Nov. 20, 1863, Detroit Co. D. 1st C.I. Murray, John, Jan. 26, 1864, Detroit Co. K. 1st C.I. Murray, John L., Dec. 1, 1863, Detroit Co. E. 1st C.I. Myers, Simon,- Oct. 21, 1863, Detroit Co. F. 1st C.I. Nash, Anthony, Feb. 25, 1865, Niles ....Co. A. 1st C.I. Neal, Elisha, Aug. 1, 1864 Co. E. 1st C.I. Nelson, Harrison, Jan. 4, 1864, Ogden Co. I. 1st C.I. Nelson, Henry, Dec. 9, 1863, Detroit Co. E. 1st C.I. Nelson, William R., Nov. 23, 1863, Detroit Co. D. 1st C.I. Nettle, Daniel, Feb. 10, 1865, Detroit Co. D. 1st C.I. Neve, George, Jan. 23, 1864, Brownstown. . . . 1st CI. Newell, George, Aug. 8, 1864, Livonia 1st C.I. Newman, William H., Oct. 7, 1863, Calvin Co. B. 1st C.I. Newsom, Edward, Mar. 17, 1864, Sandstone. .. .Co. H. 1st C.I. Newsom, John, Nov. 17, 1863, Detroit Co. D. 1st C.I. Newsome, Eli, Apr. 1, 1865, Kalamazoo. ...... .Co. E. 1st C.l. Newton, William, Dec. 22, 1864, Pontiac Co. K. 1st C.I. Nicholson, Alfred, Aug. 15, 1864, Kalamazoo. .. .Co. D. 1st C.I. Nickleson, Jonathan, Nov. 20, 1863, Kalamazoo. Co. D. 1st C.I. Nickleson, Milton, Nov. 20, 1863, Kalamazoo. .Co. D. 1st C.I. Nims, William P., Feb. 14, 1865, St. Joseph Co. E. 1st C.I. No:an, John, Nov. 4, 1863, Detroit Co. C. 1st C.I. Norman, Michael, Sodus 1st C.I. Norman, William, Aug. 31, 1864, St. Joseph Co. I. 1st C.I. Norman, Willis, Nov. 24, 1863, Detroit Co. E. 1st C.I. Norton, Henry, Sept. 23, 1864, Calvin Co. I. 1st C.I. Nuson, Eli, Dec. 5, 1863, Raisin Co. E. 1st C.l. Ogden, Robert, Oct. 8, 1863, Detroit ....Co. A. 1st C.I. Oliver, Jesse, Dec. 7, 1863, Ypsilanti Co. F. 1st C.I. Oliver, John, Dec. 14, 1863, Detroit Co. F. 1st C.I. Olmsted, Benjamin, Jan. 23, 1864, Detroit Co. I. 1st C.I. O'Neil, Jackson, Sept. 8, 1864, Ann Arbor Co. A. 1st C.I. O'Neil, Joseph, Oct. 19, 1863, Marshall Co. A. 1st C.I. Osborn, George S., Sept. 12, 1864, Jackson Co. E. 1st C.I. Outland, Bias, Feb. 15, 1865, Kalamazoo Co. E. 1st C.I. Overman, George W., Nov. 25, 1863, Detroit Co. F. 1st C.I. Overton, William, Feb. 16, 1865, Grand Rapids. Co. E. 1st C.I. Owens, Albert, Dec. 3, 1863, Detroit Co. E. 1st C.I. Owens, William, Sept. 7, 1864, Kalamazoo Co. A. 1st C.I. Oxendine, Caswell, Fabius Co. D. 1st C.I. Packard, Charles F Co. F. 1st C.I. Page, Anderson, Jan. 25, 1864, Richmond ..Co. K. 1st C.I. Page, William, Jan. 15, 1864, Detroit Co. I. 1st C.I. Pankey, Ned, Feb. 12, 1864, Detroit Co. C. 1st C.I. Age 19 Age 39 Age 18 Age 45 Age 22 Age 21 Age 34 Age 28 Age 31 Age IS Age 19 Age 25 Age 23 Age 37 Age 19 Age 19 Age 24 Age 29 Age 20 Age 16 Age 28 Age 24 Age 19 Age 17 .\ge 20 Age 44 Age 26 Age 22 Age 21 Age 42 Age 18 Age 28 Age 35 Age 44 Age 19 Age 18 Age 18 Age 18 Age 22 Age 19 Age 32 Age. 25 Age 18 Age 20 Age 35 Age 21 FREEDMENS I'KOCKESS 243 Paris, Henry, Jan. 21, 1864, Detroit Co. I. 1st C.I. Age 19 Parker, Robert, Feb. 4, 18G4, Detroit Co. B. 1st C.I. Age 42 Parrott, Nelson, Jan. 4, 1864, Detroit Co. A. 1st C.I. Age 26 Patterson, George W., Mar. 6, 1865, Niles Co. G. 1st C.I. Age 21 Patterson, John, Dec. 28, 1863, Sturgis Co. G. 1st C.I. Age 45 Patterson, Samuel, Oct. 22, 1863, Kalamazoo. .Co. B. 1st C.I. Age 21 Patterson, William, Feb. 17. 1864, Detroit Co. B. 1st C.I. Age 39 Patton, Jeremiah, Feb. 10, 1865, Ypsilanti Co. E. 1st C.I. Age 41 Payne, Alexander, Dec. 1, 1863, Detroit Co. E. 1st C.I. Age 19 Payne, David, Feb. 5, 1864, Detroit Co. A. 1st C.I. Age 44 Payne, Gilbert, July 29, 1864, Detroit Co. I. 1st C.I. Age 19 Payne, Henry, Oct. 21, 1863, Detroit Co. B. 1st C.I. Age 24 Payne, Washington, Sept. 29, 1863, Detroit Co. A. 1st C.I. Age 40 Payton, Harrison, Jan. 5, 1864, Detroit Co. I. 1st C.I. Age 31 Peak, Henry, Dec. 4, 1863, Detroit Co. E. 1st C.I. Age 28 Peak, Lorenzo G., Aug. 18, 1864, Jackson Co. K. 1st C.I. Age 30 Peak, William H., Jan. 28, 1864, Detroit Co. K. 1st C.I. Age 48 Pearce, Samuel, Sept. 21, 1864, Ecorse 1st C.I. Age 19 Pepper, Thomas, Sept. 5, 1864, Greenfield Co. E. 1st C.I. Age 20 Perdew, James, Dec. 5, 1863, Detroit Co. E. 1st C.I. Age 23 Perdue, James, Aug. 29, 1864, Kalamazoo Co. F. 1st C.I. Age 29 Perdue, Noah, Oct. 22, 1863, Kalamazoo Co. C. 1st C.I. Age 23 Perkins, Henry, Sept. 25, 1863, Detroit Co. C. 1st C.I. Age 28 Perry, Anthony, Mar. 28, 1865, Macon Co. I. 1st C.I. Age 18 Perry, Eli, Aug. 29, 1864, Kalamazoo Co. C. 1st C.I. Age 17 Perry, Thomas, July 24, 1864, Detroit Co. C. 1st C.I. Age 24 Perynce, Henry 1st C.I. Peyton, Richard, Aug. 27, 1864, Detroit Co. F. 1st C.I. Age 26 Phillips, Henry, Aug. 13, 1864, Medina 1st C.I. Age 23 Philips, Richard, Jan. 5, 1864, Hartland Co. K. 1st C.I. Age 19 Phoenix, Jeremiah, Sept. 22, 1864. Pontiac Co. C. 1st C.I. Age 34 Pierce, Albert, Mar. 18, 1864, Detroit Co. H. 1st C.I. Age 27 Pine, William, Sept. 23, 1864, Jackson Co. C. 1st C.I. Age 21 Piatt, James W., Dec. 13, 1863 Co. G. 1st C.I. Age 33 Plowden, William P., Dec. 13, 1863, Detroit Co. F. 1st C.I. Age 22 Points, Charles, Aug. 15, 1864, Lansing Co. G. 1st C.I. Age 18 Points, Henry L., Dec. 4, 1863, Detroit Co. E. 1st C.I. Age 29 Poke, James, Aug. 9, 1864, Monroe 1st C.I. Age 21 Poll, Alexander, Oct. 14, 1864, Detroit Co. K. 1st C.I. Age 23 Poll, Marvin, Oct. 14, 1864, Detroit Co. K. 1st C.I. Age 21 Pollard, Henry, Nov. 28, 1863, Detroit Co. E. 1st C.I. Age 43 Pollard, William, Feb. 2, 1864, Detroit Co. K. 1st C.I. Age 31 Porter, Boyd, Feb. 2, 1864, Detroit Co. K. 1st C.I. Age 23 Porter, Isaac, Jan. 4, 1864, Detroit Co. H. 1st C.I. Age 34 Porter, James, Oct. 6, 1864 Co. E. 1st C.I. Age 20 Porter, John, Dec. 22, 1863, Ypsilanti Co. K. 1st C.I. Age 21 Porter, Joseph, Jan. 18, 1865, Pontiac 1st C.I. Age 18 Portor. William, Dec. 1, 1863, Detroit Co. F. 1st C.I. Age 27 244 MICHIGAN MANUAL Porter, William, Feb. 14, 1865 Co. K. Posey, Abner, Nov. 18, 1864 Powell, Elijah, Nov. 23, 1863, Detroit Co. D. Powell, Elijah, Nov. 23, 1863, Detroit Co, E. Powell, Thomas H., Aug. 30, 1864, Jackson Co. H. Powers, James, Nov. 20, 1863, Detroit Co. D. Powers, William P., Dec. 28, 1863, Niles Co. G. Prater, William, Aug. 30, 1864, Jackson Co. H. Preston, Richard, Jan. 19, 1865, Jackson Co. E. Price, John, Sept. 26, 1863, Ypsilanti Co. A. Price, John, Oct. 19, 1863, Detroit Co. C. Pritchard, Isaiah, Jan. 14, 1864, Ypsilanti Co. K. Queen, Augustus, Aug. 30, 1864, Jackson Co. B. Queen, Charles F., Oct. 16, 1863, Summit Co. B. Ralls, Andrew, Mar. 4, 1865, Pontiac Co. B. Ramsey, Joseph, Dec. 11, 1863, Detroit Co. F. Randall, George, Dec. 10, 1863, Jackson Co. K. Randall, Henry, Sept. 23, 1864, Detroit Co. K. Randolph, George, Jan. 3, 1864, Detroit Co. I. Rann, Lorenzo, Aug. 22, 1864, Seneca Co. K. Ratliff, Albert J., Nov. 18, 1863, Ypsilanti Co. F. Redman, Willis, Oct. 1, 1864 Co. C. Reed, Alonzo, Jan. 6, 1864, Detroit Co. E. Reed, Alvin, Jan. 30, 1865, Grand Rapids Co. E. Reed, Elijah, Jan. 30, 1865, Grand Rapids Co. F. Reed, Elisha, Jan. 30, 1865, Grand Rapids.... Reed, George, Feb. 3, 1865, Pontiac Co. E. Reed, Jeremiah, Jan. 30, 1865, Grand Rapids Co. E. Reed, John, Detroit Reed, Stephen, Sept. 14, 1864, Jackson Reed, Walter, Jan. 2, 1864, Detroit Co. I. Reynolds, Nelson, Nov. 4, 1863, Detroit Co. C. Rhoderic, David, Jan. 8, 1864, Detroit Co. H. Rice, Calvin, Nov. 23, 1863, Detroit Co. D. Rice, James, Nov. 23, 1863, Detroit Co. D. Rice, Pink, Nov. 23, 1863, Detroit Co. D. Rice, William H., Nov. 3, 1863, Detroit Co. A. Rice, Wilson, Nov. 23, 1863, Detroit Co. D. Richards, Richard, Oct. 30, 1863, Detroit Co. C. Richardson, George, Dec. 14, 1863, Detroit Co. F, Richardson, George, Dec. 5, 1863, Detroit Co. K. Richardson, William E., Oct. 28, 1863, Detroit. .Co. C. Richmond, Willis, Oct. 6, 1864 Co. E. Ricketts, Luther B Co. H. Ridgley, William, Sept. 3, 1864, Kalamazoo Co. H. Riley, William, Oct. 16, 1863, Detroit Co. A. Risby, William, Jan. 16, 1865, Detroit Co. E. Rivers, Miner, Dec. 26, 1863, Niles Co. G. 1st C.I. Age 30 1st C.I. Age 26 1st C.I. Age 22 1st C.I. Age 27 1st C.I. Age 34 1st CI. Age 21 1st C.I. Age 23 1st C.I. Age 21 1st C.I. Age 23 1st C.I. Age 25 1st C.I. Age 26 1st C.I. Age 20 1st C.I. Age 18 1st C.I. Age 19 1st C.I. Age 34 1st C.I. Age 28 1st C.I. Age 22 1st C.I. Age 40 1st C.L Age 23 1st C.I. Age 22 1st C.I. Age 18 1st C.I. Age 22 1st C.I. Age 18 1st C.I. Age 22 1st C.I. Age 19 1st C.I. Age 27 1st C.L Age 18 1st C.L Age 28 1st C.I. Age 20 1st C.L Age 28 1st C.L Age 18 1st C.L Age 27 1st C.L Age 22 1st C.I. Age 26 1st C.L Age 27 1st C.L Age 25 1st C.L Age 44 1st C.L Age 34 1st C.L Age 19 1st C.L Age 21 1st C.L Age 40 1st C.L Age 33 1st C.L Age 19 1st C.L 1st C.I. Age 33 1st C.I. Age 33 1st C.I. Age 43 1st C.I. Age 34 FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 245 Rix, William A., Dec. 18, 1863, Marshall Co. G. 1st C.I. Age 22 Roberts, Altimore, Sept. 16, 1864, Redford Roberts, Bryant W., Aug. 25, 1864, Kalamazoo. .Co. E. Roberts, Charles, Nov. 3, 1863, Detroit Co. B. Roberts, Emery, Oct. 19, 1863, Detroit Co. C. Roberts, Horace, Nov. 27, 1863, Detroit Co. E. Roberts, Isaac, Jan. 27, 1865 Co. K. Roberts, James, Nov. 3, 1863, Detroit Co. C. Roberts, John, Aug. 18, 1864, Kalamazoo Co. F. Roberts John, Aug. 19, 1864, Raisin Co. I. Roberts, Jonathan P., Dec. 10, 1863, Detroit. .Co. E. Roberts, William, Aug. 22, 1864, Detroit Roberts, William G., Aug. 30, 1864, Adrian Co. F. Robertson, Alexander, Nov. 23, 1863, Detroit Co. D. Robertson, Richard, Apr. 13, 1864, Annapolis. .Co. K. Robins, John, Feb. 17, 1865, Battle Creek Co. F. Robinson, Alexander, Oct. 14, 1863, Detroit Co. A. Robinson, Charles, Dec. 3, 1863, Detroit Co. F. Robinson, Elisha S., Oct. 30, 1863, Lowell Co. G. Robinson, Frank, Nov. 4, 1864, Detroit Co. E. Robinson, Harvey, Sept. 23, 1864, Jackson Co. E. Robinson, Henry, June 28, 1864, Gun Plains. . . . Robinson, Homer, Dec. 15, 1863, Detroit Co. F. Robinson, James, Mar. 28, 1865, Jackson Co. C. Robinson, James, Dec. 3, 1863, Detroit Co. E. Robinson, Thaddeus, Dec. 15, 1863, Detroit Co. F. Robinson, Thomas, Aug. 10, 1864, Detroit Co. I. Robinson, Wesley, Nov. 5, 1863, Detroit Co. C. Robinson, William, Dec. 23, 1864, Detroit Co. F. Rolland, George W., Oct. 30, 1863, Detroit Co. A. Roper, William, Feb. 26, 1864, Detroit Co. F. Roodman, Stephen, Feb. 10, 1864, Detroit Co. C. Ross, James H., Dec. 29, 1863, Parma Co. H. Ross, William, Feb. 11, 1864, Detroit Co. C. Rouse, Jordan, Nov. 3, 1863, Detroit Co. C. Russell, Henderson, Dec. 30, 1863, Kalamazoo. .Co. G. Russell, Jacob, Dec. 30, 1863, Kalamazoo Co. G. Russell, James, Mar. 3, 1865, Pontiac Co. B. Russell, John Co. B. Russell, John, Dec. 30, 1864, Kalamazoo Co. G. Russell, Robert, Aug. 2, 1864, Kalamazoo Co. A. Russell, Robert R., Dec. 1, 1863, Detroit Co. D. Rutherford, Joseph, Jan. 4, 1864, Marshall Co. H. Sal.spaugh, Amos, Oct. 22, 1863, Detroit Co. B. Sancton, Robert, Jan. 16, 1864, Detroit Co. I. Sand, Nathan, Feb. 22, 1864, Battle Creek Co. P\ Sanders. Albert, Aug. 23, 1864, Kalamazoo Co. H. Sanders, Elijah, Aug. 30, 1864, Constantine Co. H. 1st C.I. Age 26 1st C.I. Age 18 1st C.I. Age 28 1st C.I. Age 42 1st C.I. Age 26 1st C.I. Age 38 1st C.I. Age 23 1st C.I. Age 35 1st C.I. Age 31 1st C.I. Age 23 1st C.I. Age 34 1st C.I. Age 23 1st C.I. Age 36 1st C.I. Age 19 1st C.I. Age 30 1st C.I. Age 19 1st C.I. Age 18 1st C.I. Age 33 1st C.I. Age 24 1st C.I. Age 36 1st C.I. Age 28 1st C.I. Age 17 1st C.I. Age 21 1st C.I. Age 23 1st C.I. Age 18 1st C.I. Age 18 1st C.I. Age 18 1st C.I. Age 19 1st C.I. Age 41 1st C.I. Age 27 1st C.I. Age 21 1st C.I. Age 19 1st C.I. Age 24 1st C.I. Age 44 1st C.I. Age 22 1st C.I. Age 19 1st C.I. Age 25 1st C.I. Age 35 1st C.I. Age 18 1st C.I. Age 18 1st C.I. Age 21 1st C.I. Age 41 1st C.I. Age 20 1st C.I. Age 21 1st C.I. Age 43 1st C.I. Age 21 1st C.I. Age 24 246 MICHIGAN MANUAL Sanders, Hamilton, Aug. 20, 1864, Kalamazoo. .Co. B. Sanders, Jason J., Aug. 22, 1864, Kalamazoo. . . .Co. H. Sanders, Peter, Dec. 9, 1863, Porter Co. H. Sandy, William, July 25, 1864, Detroit Co. E. Sasser, Robert, Aug. 14, 1864, Baldwin Co. K. Sasser, Wesley, Aug. 14, 1864, Baldwin Co. K. Saunders, Backus, Apr. 13, 1865, Detroit Saunders, John, Oct. 23, 1863, Detroit Co. B. Saunders, John J., Nov. 24, 1863, Detroit Co. E. Sawyer, Thomas, Oct. 14, 1864, Detroit Co. G. Scipio, Peter, Aug. 22, 1864, Detroit Co. K. Scott, Alexander, Dec, 1863, Ypsilanti Co. G. Scott, Andrew, Oct. 8, 1863, Battle Creek Co. B. Scott, Daniel, July 25, 1864, Detroit Co. E. Scotland, Samuel, Jan. 5, 1865, Washington.... Scott, Franklin D., Aug. 18, 1864, Pontiac Co. K. Scott, J. Cooper, Jan. 2, 1864, Marshall Co. H. Scott, John A., Apr. 5, 1865, Pontiac Co. D. Scott, Lee, Nov. 19, 1863, Detroit Co. D. Scott, Logan M., Nov. 3, 1863, Detroit Co. C. Scott, Moses, Nov. 10, 1863, Detroit Co. D. Scott, Preston, Jan. 11, 1864, Kalamazoo Co. H. Scott, Robert, Feb. 8, 1865, Kalamazoo Co. F. Scott, Walter, Dec. 26, 1863, Detroit Co. G. Scott, William, Oct. 28, 1863, Detroit Co. G. Scott, William, Jan. 16, 1864, Troy Co. I. Scott, William M Co. G. Scroggins, Alexander, Jan. 13, 1864, Ypsilanti. .Co. K. Seymour, Thomas, Nov. 3, 1863, Ecorse Co. C. Seton, Joseph, Oct. 18, 1863, Calvin Co. B. Shaffer, Daniel, Dec. 14, 1863, Detroit Co. F. Shamberg, James, Dec. 21, 1863, Detroit Co. F. Sharp, Joseph, Mar. 9, 1865, Kalamazoo Co. I Sharpe, Clayburn, Dec. 14, 1863, Detroit Co. F. Shaw, Thomas, Sept. 9, 1864, Fairfield Co. E. Shelby, Henry, Nov. 26, 1863, Detroit Co. E. Shelby, Spencer, Aug. 1, 1864, Kalamazoo Co. G. Shepard, Edward, Jan. 15, 1864, Marshall Co. I. Shepard, Henry, Feb. 27, 1864, Penn Co. G. Shields, Martin, Mar. 6, 1865, Hudson Co. C. Shorter, Lloyd, Dec. 17, 1863, Detroit Co. F. Shorter, William, Dec. 26, 1863, Detroit Co. G. Shorter, William, Sept. 7, 1864, Kalamazoo Co. I. Silence, David, Jan. 19, 1864, Filmore Co. I. Sillwood, Silas A., Feb. 16, 1864, Detroit Co. C. Simmon, William H., Feb. 13, 1864, Janesville. .Co. D. Simmons, Charles, Mar. 27, 1865, Knlamazoo. .Co. B. Simmons, Thomas, Jan. 18, 1864, Detroit Co. I. 1st C.I. Age 26 1st C.I. Age 20 IstCJ. Age 24 1st C.I. Age 42 1st C.I. Age 23 1st C.I. Age 21 1st C.I. Age 24 1st C.I. Age 29 1st C.I. Age 26 IstCJ. Age 42 1st C.I. Age 33 1st C.I. Age 18 1st C.I. Age 36 1st C J. Age 29 1st C.I. Age 26 1st C.I. Age 25 1st C.I. Age 19 1st C.I. Age 36 1st C.I. Age 18 1st C J. Age 24 1st C J. Age 41 1st C.L Age 23 1st C.I. Age 17 IstCJ. Age 23 1st C J. Age 32 1st C.I. Age 23 1st C J. Age 22 1st C.I. 1st C J. Age 19 1st C.I. Age 23 1st C.I. Age 23 1st C.I. Age 18 1st C.I. Age 35 1st C.I. Age 37 1st C.I. Age 31 1st C.I. Age 19 1st C J. Age 21 IstCJ. Age 22 IstCJ. Age 28 1st C.I. Age 46 IstCJ. Age 23 IstCJ. Age 25 1st C.I. Age 20 1st C.I. Age 20 1st CM. Age 35 1st C.I. Age 40 1st C.I. Age 18 1st C.I. Age 17 FREIZDMEN'S PROGRESS Simmons. William, Nov. 17, 1863, Calvin Co. G. Simms, Allen, Nov. 23, 1863, Detroit Co. D. Simms, Amos, Feb. 6, 1864, Detroit Co. A. Simms, John, Nov. 30, 1863, Detroit Simons, James, Oct. 23, 1863, Detroit Co. B. Simons, William H.. Nov. 17, 1863, Calvin Co. D. Simpson, Henderson, Feb. 13, 1865, Battle Creek Co. F. Simpson. Henry A., Dec. 4, 1863, Detroit Co. F. Simpson, Peter, Nov. 3, 1863, Detroit Co. C. Simpson, William H., Oct. 27. 1863, Detroit. .. .Co. C. Sinclair, John F., Dec. 21, 1863, Jonesville Co. H. Sisco, Albert, Aug. 10, 1S64, Kalamazoo Co. H. Sisco, David D., Jan. 16, 1864, Detroit Co. I. Slaughter, lames. Oct. 28, 1863, Detroit Co. G. Sledge, Richard, Jan. 16, 1864, Detroit Co. I. Sleight. William E Co. D. Small, Harrison, Aug. 18, 1864, Medina Co. G. Smith, Abram, Dec. 22, 1864, Pontiac Co. I. Smith, Alexander, Aug. 29, 1864, Kalamazoo Co. F. Smith. Arthur W., Jan. 21, 1864, Detroit Co. F. Smith, Benjamin, Oct. 10, 1863, Detroit Co. A. Smith, Charles H., Oct. 10, 1863, Detroit Co. A. Smith, Elie, Nov. 30, 1863, Detroit Co. E. Smith, Francis, Oct. 23, 1863, Detroit Co. B. Smith, George, Aug. 29, 1864, Kalamazoo Co. F. Smith, George C, Oct. 23, 1863, Coldwater Co. B. Smith, Greyson, Feb. 26, 1864, Detroit Co. F. Smith, Henry, Dec. 11, 1863, Detroit Co. F. Smith, Henry, Dec. 5, 1863, Kalamazoo Co. F. Smith, Isaac, Mar. 9, 1865, Pontiac Co. F. Smith, Jacob, Oct. 22. 1863, Detroit Co. F. Smith, Jacob, Oct. S, 1864, Detroit Smith, James, Oct. 21, 1863, Detroit Co. B. Smith. James, Dec. 14, 1863, Detroit Co. F. Smith. James, Feb. 4, 1865, Bloomfield Co. I. Smith, James, Aug. 31, 1864, Flint Smith, John, Aug. 23, 1864, Detroit Co. K. Smith. .John, Nov. 23, 1864, Pontiac Smith, .lohn E., Feb. 28, 1864, Detroit Co. G. Smith, .Joseph, Mar. 14, 1865, Hudson Co. H. Smith, Robert, Aug. 20, 1864, Kalamazoo Co. F. Smith. Samuel. Aug. 29, 1864. Kalamazoo Co. F. Smith. Samuel, Feb. 18, 1864, Detroit Co. G. Smith, Simon, Sept. 21, 1864, Detroit Co. A. Smith, Thomas, Sept. 5. 1864, Greenfield Smith, William, Dec. 30, 1863, Detroit Co. C. Smith. William, Dec. 17, 1863, Kalamazoo Smith, William H., Oct. 11, 1864, Detroit Co. F. 1st C.I. Age 32 1st C.I. Age 18 1st C.I. Age 24 1st C.I. Age 27 1st C.I. 1st C.I. Age 33 1st C.I. Age 18 1st C.I. Age 18 1st C.I. Age 38 1st C.I. Age 23 1st C.I. Age 29 1st C.I. Age 24 1st C.I. Age 18 1st C.I. Age 20 1st C.I. Age 28 1st C.I. Age 25 1st C.I. 1st C.I. Age 19 1st C.I. Age 44 1st C.I. Age 19 1st C.I. Age 19 1st C.I. Age 26 1st C.I. Age 19 1st C.I. Age 20 1st C.I. Age 33 1st C.I. Age 26 1st C.I. Age 24 1st C.I. Age 20 1st C.I. Age 28 1st C.I. Age 22 1st C.I. Age 26 1st C.I. Age 21 1st C.I. Age 22 1st C.I. Age 18 1st C.I. Age 18 1st C.I. Age 40 IstC.l. Age 18 IstC.l. Age 30 1st C.I. Age 28 IstC.l. Age 22 IstC.l. Age 24 IstC.l. Age 30 IstC.l. Age 17 IstC.l. Age 20 IstC.l. Age 26 IstC.l. Age 34 1st C.I. Age 29 IstC.l. Age 18 248 MICHIGAN MANUAL Smith, William P., Dec. 9, 1863, Detroit Co. E. Snelling, Samuel, Aug. 29, 1864, Kalamazoo Co. B. Sniveley, Jeremiah, Jan. 8, 1864, Detroit |Co. H. Snider, Benjamin, Jan. 4, 1865, Pontiac Co. K. Southers, James, Jan. 4, 1864, Marshall Co. H. South worth, Geo. A., Apr. 22, 1861, Kalamazoo. .Co. I. Sparks, Alexander, Jan. 12, 1864, Detroit Co. H. Sparks, Thomas, Sept. 28, 1863, Detroit Co. A. Speed, John, Dec. 23, 1863, Detroit Co. H. Speirs, William W Spence, Ambrose, Dec. 22, 1863, Plymouth Co. C. Spencer, William, Feb. 15, 1864, Pontiac Co. C. Spriggins, Thomas, Aug. 25, 1864, Grand Rapids Co. A. Stafford, James R., Aug. 24, 1864, Kalamazoo. .Co. K. Stafford, Jeremiah, Jr., Feb. 10, 1865, Jackson. .Co. K. Stanton, Daniel, Jan. 22, 1864, Detroit Co. I. Starks, Daniel, Nov. 2, 1863, Detroit Co. H. Starks, George, Dec. 25, 1863, Plymouth Co. G. Starks, Joseph, Jan. 27, 1864, Detroit Co. K. Steel, Jacob, Pipestone Co. H. Steele, William, Dec. 21, 1863, Detroit Co. G. Stephens, David, Oct. 23, 1863, Detroit Co. B. Stephenson, Martin, Mar. 8, 1864, Detroit Co. E. Stephenson, Martin, Royal Oak Sterling, Martin, Dec. 14, 1863, Ypsilanti Co. F. Sterling, William, Oct. 7, 1863, Detroit Co. K. Stevens, Isaac, Nov. 5, 1863, Detroit Co. C. Stevens, John, Sept. 1, 1864, St. Joseph Co. G. Stevens, William, Sept. 29, 1864 Steward, James, Nov. 23, 1863, Detroit Co. D. Stewart, Augustus, Nov. 4, 1863, Detroit Co. C. Stewart, Bradford, Sept. 2, 1864, Pontiac Stewart, Beverly, Dec. 11, 1863, Kalamazoo Co. F. Stewart, George W., Nov. 20, 1863, Calvin Co. B. Stewart, Hezekiah, Oct. 22, 1863, Ann Arbor Co. A. Stewart, Jacob, Aug. 8, 1864, Kalamazoo Co. G. Stewart, James, Sept. 28, 1863, Detroit Co. A. Stewart, James, Oct. 28, 1863, Detroit Co. D. Stewart, James M., Oct. 18, 1863, Calvin Co. B. Stewart, Jesse, Jan. 13, 1864, Ypsilanti Co. K. Stewart, John, Oct. 7, 1863, Detroit Co. A. Stewart, John T., Oct. 21, 1863, Calvin Co. B. Stewart, Littel B., Calvin Co. B. Stewart, Rufus, Dec. 31, 1863, Detroit Co. G. Stewart, Sylvester, Dec. 28, 1863, Detroit Co. G. Stewart, Thomas, Oct. 16, 1863, Calvin Co. B. Stockend, Henry, Dec. 9, 1863, Detroit Co. E. Stokes, Jackson, Feb. 15, 1864, Detroit Co. D. 1st C.I. Age 17 IstCJ. Age 24 1st C.I. Age 19 1st CJ. Age 34 IstCJ. Age 39 1st C J. Age 19 1st CI. Age 35 1st C.I. Age 27 1st C J. Age 32 1st C.I. IstCJ. Age 32 IstCJ. Age 26 1st C J. Age 17 1st C J. Age 18 IstCJ. Age 17 1st C J. Age 45 1st C.I. Age 16 IstCJ. Age 19 1st C.I. Age 35 1st C.I. Age 26 1st C J. Age 41 IstCJ. Age 18 1st C J. Age 21 IstCJ. Age 22 1st C J. Age 28 IstCJ. Age 16 1st C.I. Age 30 1st C.I. Age 28 1st C J. Age 38 1st C J. Age 40 IstCJ. Age 44 1st C.I. Age 22 1st C J. Age 21 1st C J. Age 21 1st C.I. Age 21 1st C J. Age 34 1st C.I. Age 28 1st C J. Age 31 1st C J. Age 39 1st C J. Age 18 1st C.I. Age 18 1st C J. Age 19 1st C.I. Age 36 1st CI. Age 27 1st CI. Age 27 1st C J. Age 44 IstCJ. Age 22 1st C J. Age 19 FREEDMENS rilCXJltESS 249 Stowers, David, Feb. 2, 1864, Detroit Co. K. Stowers, Elijah, Feb. 11. 1865, Jackson Co. F. Streight, William P Co. I. Strother, David, Dec. 29, 1863. Battle Creek Co. H. Strummel, .James M., Nov. 28, 1863, Detroit Smnmerville, Jack, Feb. 16, 1864, Detroit Co. E. Summit, Benjamin, Nov. 16. 1863, Detroit Co. D. Summer, Thomas, Aug. 27, 1864, Kalamazoo Swanagan, Amos, Jan. 24, 1865, Grand Rapids, .Co. F. Swift, Jerry, Nov. 23, 1863, Detroit Co. D. Swift, Joseph, Jan. 21, 1864, Detroit Co. D. Talbot, William H., Oct. 5, 1864, Kalamazoo Co. K. Tallafearo, William P Co. E. Tasker, Reuben, Oct. 8, 1863, Detroit Co. A. Tate, John, Jan. 14, 1865, Jackson Co. G. Taylor. Eli, Dec. 22, 1863, Ann Arbor Co. K. Taylor, Frank, Aug. 16, 1864, Monroe Co. B. Taylor. Henry, Feb. 10, 1864, Detroit Co. E. Taylor, Henry, Jan. 21, 1864, Detroit Co. K. Taylor, Jesse, Jan. 5, 1865, Grand Rapids Co. G. Taylor, John, Aug. 9, 1864, Jackson Co. G. Taylor, John, Feb. 11, 1865, Pontiac Co. I. Taylor, John, Feb. 2, 1864, Detroit Co. K. Taylor, John E., Feb. 6, 1864, Detroit Co. B. Taylor, Jordan, Jan. 27, 1864, Detroit Co. K. Taylor, Primiis, Aug. 8, 1864, Jackson Co. K. Taylor, William, Feb. 21, 1865, Detroit Co. D. Taylor, William, Dec. 23, 1864, Pontiac Tennett, Thomas, Oct. 6, 1863, Detroit Co. D. Tennis, William, Mar. 21, 1865, Jackson Co. G. Thermon, Flemming, Jan. 13, 1864, Detroit Co. I. Thomas, Alfred E., Sept. 7, 1864, Jackson Co. I. Thomas, Benjamin, Jan. 31, 1865, Pontiac Co. K. Thomas, Edward, July 30, 1864, Tecumseh Co. H. Thomas, George, Mar. 27, 1865, Liberty Co. E. Thomas, George, Dec. 24, 1863, Ypsilanti Co. G. Thomas, Henry, Sept. 23, 1863, Detroit Co. C. Thomas, Henry, Mar. 30, 1865, Pontiac Co. E. Thomas, James, Dec. 10, 1863, Jack.son Co. F. Thomas, John, Feb. 21, 1864, Detroit Co. F. Thomas, John H., Aug. 23, 1864, Kalamazoo Co. C. Thomas, Joseph, Oct. 18, 1864, Detroit Co. K. Thomas. Robort. Feb. 13, 1864. Janesville Co. D. Thomas, William, Sept. 16, 1864, Detroit Co. B. Thomas, William, Dec. 19, 1863, Detroit Co. F. Thomas, William, Apr. 8, 1865, Erie Thompson. Edward. July 30, 1864, Kalamazoo. .Co. I. Thompson. Ezekiel, Nov. 3. 1863. Detroit Co. C. l.stC.I. Age 28 1st C.I. Age 18 1st C.I. 1st C.I. Age 22 1st C.I. Age 18 1st C.I. Age 48 1st C.I. Age 22 1st C.I. Age 33 1st C.I. Age 23 1st C.I. Age 18 1st C.I. Age 19 1st C.I. Age 23 1st C.I. Age 24 1st C.I. Age 18 1st C.I. Age 24 1st C.I. Age 26 1st C.I. Age 30 1st C.I. Age 40 1st C.I. Age.24 1st C.I. Age 30 1st C.I. Age 17 1st C.I. Age 21 1st C.I. Age 19 1st C.I. Age 18 1st C.I. Age 25 1st C.I. Age 18 1st C.I. Age 19 1st C.I. Age 25 1st C.I. Age 25 1st C.I. Age 27 1st C.I. Age 22 1st C.I. Age 27 1st C.I. Age 20 1st C.I. Age 24 1st C.I. Age-22 1st C.I. Age 34 1st C.I. Age 32 1st CI. Age 42 1st C.I. Age 35 1st C.I. Age 28 1st C.I. Age 28 1st C.I. Age 40 1st C.I. Age 35 1st C.I. Age 20 1st C.I. Age 24 1st C.I. Age 27 1st C.I. Age 35 1st C.I. Age 45 9.- MICHIGAN MANUAL Thompson, George, Jan. 26, 1864, Detroit Co. K. Thompson, Henry, Jan. 23, 1864, Detroit Co. I. Thompson, James, Dec. 11, 1863, Detroit Co. E. Thompson, John, Dec. 10, 1863, Detroit Co. F. Thompson, John, Aug. 13, 1864, Corunna Co. G. Thompson, John, Jan. 19, 1864, Detroit Co. I. Thompson, John, Sept. 8, 1864, Forester Thompson, John F Thompson, Primus, Mar. 22, 1865, Detroit Co. F. Thompson, Samuel B., Mar. 10, 1865, Pontiac. .Co. C. Thompson, Stephen, Aug. 17, 1864, Adams Co. C. Thompson, William, Oct. 10, 1863, Detroit Co. A. Thornton, George, Mar. 2, 1865, Kalamazoo. .. .Co. H. Thornton, Henry, Sept. 29, 1864 Co. G. Thurston, John, Nov. 29, 1863, Detroit Co. E. Tillman, Harrison, Oct. 23, 1863, Detroit Co. B. Todd, Jeremiah, Dec. 23, 1863, Marshall Co. C. Tolbert, Albert, Dec. 17, 1863, Kalamazoo Co. F. Torrick, Henry, Dec. 1, 1863, Detroit Co. F. Townsend, Andrew, Sept. 27, 1864, Kalamazoo.. Tribue, James, Jan. 9, 1864, Detroit Co. H. Trice, Eli, Feb. 7, 1864, Detroit Co. K. Troutman, Simon, Jan. 12, 1864, Detroit Co. K. Tucker, George, Feb. 22, 1864, Battle Creek Co. F. Tucker, William, Oct. 23, 1863, Detroit Co. C. Tucker, William P., Dec. 31, 1863, Detroit Co. G. Turmin, James, Oct. 10, 1863, Detroit Co. A. Turner, George, Sept. 16, 1863, Detroit Co. B. Turner, Henry, Dec. 16, 1863, Detroit Co. F. Turner, John, Oct. 12, 1864 Turner, Taylor, Apr. 11, 1864, Annapolis Co. K. Tuttle, Jonathan B., Dec. 7, 1863, Detroit Co. C. Twist, Oliver, Feb. 15, 1865, Detroit Co. G. Tyler, Heinrick, Dec. 4, 1863, Detroit Co. F. Valentine, Robert, Jan. 4, 1864, Richmond Co. H. Valentine, Shadrick, Sept. 2, 1864, Grand Rapids Varnum, William, Dec. 30, 1863, Battle Creek.. Co. H. Vaughn, James, Calvin Co. D. Vendyke, Lewis, Dec. 11, 1863, Detroit Co. F. Veney, Samuel, Sept. 16, 1863, Detroit Co. A. Vick, Hiram, Feb. 9, 1865, Jackson Co. G. Vick, Jonah, Jan. 6, 1865, Jackson Co. G. Vincent, Andrew, Jan. 28, 1864, Detroit Co. K. Vincent, William, Feb. 18, 1864, Clay Co. G. Vincin, George, Feb. 24, 1865, Berrien Co. F. Vineyard, Andrew, Jan. 21, 1864, Detroit Co. K. Wade, Berry, Oct. 21, 1863, Calvin Co. B. Wade, John, Jan. 4, 1864, Detroit Co. H. 1st C.I. Age 35 1st C.I. Age 22 1st C.I. Age 27 1st C.I. Age 21 IstCJ. Age 19 1st C.I. Age 27 1st C J. Age 29 1st C.I. 1st C.I. Age 31 1st C.I. Age 35 1st C J. Age 27 1st C.I. Age 18 IstCJ. Age 24 1st C.I. Age 38 1st C.I. Age 19 1st C.I. Age 22 IstCJ. Age 39 1st C.L Age 19 1st C J. Age 44 1st C.I. Age 20 IstCJ. Age 30 IstCJ. Age 32 1st C J. Age 18 IstCJ. Age 23 1st C.I. Age 26 1st C J. Age 22 1st C J. Age 35 1st C.I. Age 20 1st C.I. Age 28 1st C.I. Age 30 1st C.I. Age 18 1st C.I. Age 22 IstCJ Age 19 1st C.I. Age 26 1st C.I. Age 36 1st C J. Age 32 1st C.I. Age 30 1st C J. Age 39 1st C.I. Age 23 1st C.I. Age 24 1st C.I. Age 20 1st C.I. Age 18 1st C J. Age 22 IstCJ. Age 26 1st C.I. Age 22 1st C.I. Age 23 1st C J. Age 21 1st C.I. Age 18 FKEEDMEN'S PliO(;RF:SS 251 Waldron, John T., Jan. 16, 1864, Detroit Co. K. l.st C.I. Age 19 Walker, Daniel, Nov. 23, 1863, Detroit Co. 1). l.si C.I. Age 43 Walker, Frank, Sept. 16, 1863, Detroit Co. C. 1st C.I. Age 35 Walker, Jacob, Oct. 10, 1863, Detroit Co. A. 1st C.I. Age 19 Walker, Richard, Jan. 14, 1864, Richmond Co. K. 1st C.l. Age 21 Walker, Wilson, Nov. 23, 1863, Detroit Co. D. 1st C.I. Age 36 Wallace, James H., Sept. 5, 1864, Monterey Co. C. 1st C.I. Age 18 Wallace, John, Mar. 6, 1865, Kalamazoo Co. B. 1st C.I. Age 18 Wallace, Zachariah, Feb. 15, 1865, Monroe Co. H. 1st C.I. Age 36 Walton, James, Sept. 29, 1863, Detroit Co. C. 1st C.I. Age 37 Walton, James, Dec. 31, 1864, Climax Co. I. 1st C.I. Age 28 Walls, Jesse A., Dec. 11, 1863, Detroit Co. E. 1st C.I. Age 26 Wanyer, Francis R., Nov. 27, 1863, Detroit Co. E. 1st C.I. Age 21 Wanyer, Lois P., Nov. 27, 1863, Detroit Co. E. 1st C.I. Age 23 Wanzer, Charles, Oct. 17, 1863, Detroit Co. A. 1st C.I. Age 19 Wanzer, Joseph, Nov. 3, 1863, Detroit Co. D. 1st C.I. Age 25 Ward, Harry, Nov. 23, 1863, Detroit Co. D. 1st C.I. Age 41 Ward, James R., Dec. 2, 1863, Ypsilanli Co. F. 1st C.I. Age 28 Ward, John W., Sept. 29, 1863, Detroit Co. A. 1st C.I. Age 21 Ware, Edward, Jan. 3, 1864. Detroit Co. E. 1st C.I. Age 21 Waring, William, Mar. 21, 1864, Detroit 1st C.I. Washington, Albert C, Jan. 5, 1864, Detroit Co. H. 1st C.I. Age 18 Washington, Andrew, Feb. 29, 1864, Grand Rapids Co. I. 1st C.I. Age 19 Washington, George, Nov. 21, 1863, Detroit Co. D. 1st C.I. Age 49 Washington, George, Sept. 20, 1864, Pontiac Co. E. 1st C.I. Age 18 Washington, George, Jan. 27, 1864, Ypsilanti. . .Co. F. 1st C.I. Age 21 Washington, George, Aug. 19, 1864, Kalamazoo. Co. F. 1st C.I. Age 19 Washington, George, Jan. 9, 1864, Detroit Co. G. 1st C.I. Age 26 Washington, George, Dec. 18, 1863, Detroit Co. H. 1st C.I. Age 24 Washington, George 1st C.I. Washington, George E., Dec. 22, 1863 Co. G. 1st C.I. Age 19 Washington, George F., Dec. 26, 1863, Richmond Co. G. 1st C.I. Age 18 Washington, Hanson, Nov. 3, 1863, Detroit Co. I. 1st C.I. Age 19 Washington, Horace, Sept. 7, 1864, Jackson Co. I. 1st C.I. Age 38 Washington, Jackson, Feb. 15, 1865. Detroit Co. H. 1st C.I. Age 20 Washington, Lewis, Sept. 16, 1863, Detroit Co. A. 1st C.I. Age 34 Washington, Thomas, Oct. 22, 1863, Detroit Co. A. 1st C.I. Age 30 Washington, William, Feb. 15. 1865, Ypsilanti. .Co. H. 1st C.I. Age 25 Washington, William E., Oct. 27, 1863, Detroit. Co. D. 1st C.I. Age 18 Washington, William H., Dec. 5, 1863, Detroit. .Co. A. 1st C.I. Age 30 Washington, William H., Oct. 6. 1863, Detroit.. Co. D. 1st C.I. Age 23 Watson, Hezekiah, Sept. 16, 1864, Springwells. .Co. B. 1st C.I. Age 22 Watson, John. Oct. 22, 1863, Ionia Co. C. 1st C.I. Age 32 Watters, Weston, Oct. 1, 1863. Battle Crook Co. B. 1st C.I. Age 36 Watts, Albert, Dec. 25, 1863, Detroit Co. A. 1st C.I. Age 23 Watts, Albert L., Oct. 29, 1863. Boston 1st C I. Age 22 Watts, Alexander, Feb. 9. 1864, Ypsil.inti Co. C. 1st C.I. Age 35 252 MICHIGAN MANUAL Watts, Spencer, Jr., July 28, 1864, Detroit Co. A. Weaver, Thomas, Oct. 5, 1863, Battle Creek Co. A. Weaver, William P., Dec. 30, 1863, Ypsilanti Co. H. Webb, Charles, Allegan Webb, George, Aug. 2, 1864, Detroit Co. C. Webster, George W., Aug. 31, 1864, Jackson Co. K. Welcome, Harrison, Oct. 8, 1863, Detroit Co. A. Wells, Alexander, Feb, 23, 1865, Livonia Co. K. Wells, Frederick, Nov. 3, 1863, Detroit Co. C. Wells, Jesse, Oct. 22, 1863, Kalamazoo Co. B. Wesley, John, Dec. 31, 1863, Detroit Co. H. Wesley, John, Sept. 15, 1864, Detroit Co. I. Wesley, Michael, Oct. 21, 1863, Kalamazoo Co. B. Wesley, William, Aug. 15, 1864, Detroit Co. F. West, Green, Oct. 21, 1863, Kalamazoo Co. B. West, Joseph, July 29, 1864, Detroit Co. K. West, William, Aug. 19, 1864, Canton Co. K. Wheeler, James, Dec. 29, 1863, Wayne Co. H. Wheeler, Square, Dec. 4, 1863, Detroit. Co. E. Wheeler, William, Mar. 14, 1865, Pontiac Co. A. Wheeler, William, Feb. 12, 1864, Jackson Co. C. White, Alfred, Aug. 24, 1864, Kalamazoo Co. B. White, Alonzo, Sept. 28, 1863, Detroit Co. A. White, Christopher, Aug. 25, 1864, Kalamazoo. .Co. K. White, George G., Feb. 18, 1865, Detroit Co. G. White, Henry, Dec. 13, 1863, Cassopolis Co. H. White, Jefferson, Nov. 30, 1863, Detroit Co. E. White, Jesse J., Nov. 24, 1863, Detroit Co. E. White, John, Dec. 7, 1863, Detroit Co.E. White, John, Aug. 23, 1864, Detroit White, John E., Oct. 17, 1864 White, Joseph, Jan. 13, 1865, Oronoko Co. E. White, Joseph, Feb. 24, 1864, Detroit Co.E. White, Philip, Nov. 17, 1863, Detroit Co. D. White, Stephen, Oct. 10, 1863, Detroit Co. A. White, Thomas, Jan. 26, 1864, Detroit Co. K. White, William, Dec. 14, 1863, Detroit Co. F. White, William B., Oct. 7, 1863, Calvin Co. B. White, Wright, Feb. 17, 1865, Kalamazoo Co. H. Whittemore, John, Oct. 23, 1863, Detroit Co. B. Wiggins, John C, Jan. 23, 1864, Detroit Co. I. Wilkinson, Henry, Oct 11, 1864, Detroit Co. H. Wilkinson, John, Feb. 13, 1865, Kalamazoo Co. H. William, Norman, Dec. 22, 1863, Battle Creek.. Co. G. Williams, Albert, Sept. 8, 1864, York Co.E. Williams, Bufort, Jan. 6, 1864, Detroit Co. H. Williams, David, July 24, 1864, Co. C. Williams, Frank, Sept. 2, 1864, Kalamazoo Co. I. 1st C.l [. Age 18 1st C.l [. Age 24 1st C.l [. Age 27 1st C.] .. 1st C.l [. Age 21 1st C.l [. Age 20 1st C.l . Age 21 1st CI [. Age 38 1st C.l [. Age 18 IstC.] [. Age 22 1st C.] [. Age 23 1st C.] [, Age 29 1st C.] [. Age 19 IstC.] [. Age 25 1st C.] [. Age 20 1st C.] [. Age 23 1st C.] [. Age 38 IstC.] [. Age 40 1st C.l [. Age 42 1st C.] [. Age 43 1st C.l [. Age 21 1st C.] [. Age 28 IstC.] [. Age 44 IstC.] [. Age 25 1st C.] [. Age 21 IstC.] [. Age 20 IstC.] [. Age 42 1st C.] [. Age 25 1st C.] [. Age 32 IstC.] [. Age 29 IstC.] [. Age 21 1st C.] [. Age 18 1st C.] [. Age 29 1st C.] [. Age 20 1st C.] [. Age 36 1st C.] [. Age 35 1st C.] [. Age 22 1st C.] [. Age 30 IstC.] [. Age 40 1st C.l [. Age 39 IstC.] [. Age 25 IstC.] [. Age 18 IstC.] [. Age 36 1st C.] [. Age 25 1st C.] [. Age 24 1st C.l [. Age 22 IstC.] [. Age 29 1st C.l [. Age 25 FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 253 Williams, Gabriel, Jan. 26, 1864, Detroit Co. K. Williams, George W., Oct. 21, 1863, Calvin Co. B. Williams, Harrison, Mar. 16, 1865, Detroit Co. C. Williams, Henry, Sept. 13, 1864. Detroit Co. E. Williams, Henry, Sept. 13, 1864, Hamtramck. .Co. F. Williams, Henry, Feb. 28, 1865, York Co. H. Williams, Henry, Aug. 26, 1864, Jackson Co. I. Williams, Isaac, Dec. 16, 1863, Lodi Co. F. Williams, Isaac, Aug. 18, 1864, Detroit Williams, James, Sept. 29, 1864, Raisinville Williams, John, Aug. 27, 1864, Dover Williams, John, Sept. 5, 1864, Detroit Co. A. Williams, John, Oct. 17, 1864 Co. A. Williams, John, Dec. 3, 1863, Detroit Co. F. Williams, John, Feb. 16, 1865, Jackson Co. H. Williams, John, Feb. 27, 1865, Jackson Co. I. Williams, John C, Nov. 17, 1863, Detroit Co. D. Williams, John H., Jan. 12, 1864, Detroit Co. H. Williams, Jonathan, Dec. 4, 1863, Detroit Co. E. Williams, Reuben, Mar. 9, 1865, Jackson Co. K. Williams, Richard, Jan. 4, 1864, Dowagiac Co. I. Williamson, Harvey T., Feb. 5, 1864, Detroit Co. A. Willis, George W., Oct. 15, 1865, Detroit Co. H. Willis, John, Jan. 21, 1864, Detroit Co. K. WiUis, Robert, Oct. 13, 1864, Pontiac Willson, David, Oct. 28, 1863, Detroit Co. E. Wilson, Abraham, Dec. 17, 1863, Detroit Co. F. Wilson, Albert, Mar. 22, 1865, Marshall Co. B. Wilson, Edward, Feb. 15, 1865, Ypsilanti Co. H. Wilson, George, Oct. 1, 1863, Detroit Co. A. Wilson, George, Apr. 12, 1865, Erie Wilson, George, Aug. 25, 1864, Kalamazoo Wilson, Giles B., Calvin Co. K. Wilson, James, Feb. 28, 1865, Kalamazoo Wilson, Joel, Dec. 24, 1863, Detroit Co. I. Wilson, John, Jan. 11, 1864, Detroit Co. I. Wilson, John, Dec. 22, 1863, Ypsilanti Co. G. Wilson, John W., Oct. 28, 1863, Detroit Co. A. Wilson, Jonas, Oct. 21, 1863, Detroit Co. B. Wilson, Nathaniel, Oct. 18, 1863, Calvin Co. C. Wilson, Orin, Aug. 25, 1864, Kalamazoo Co. K. Wilson, Robert, Oct. 8, 1864 Co. F. Wilson, Robert, Oct. 8, 1864 Wilson, Theodore, Jan. 3, 1864, Detroit Co. I. Wilson, Thomas, Jan. 2, 1864, Niles Co. B. Wilson, Thomas, Dec. 30, 1863, Detroit Co. H. Wilson, Thomas, Jan. 28, 1864, Detroit Co. K. Wilson, William, Jan. 15, 1864, Detroit Co. I. 1st C.I. Age 30 1st C.I. Age 27 1st C.I. Age 30 1st C.I. Age 22 1st C.I. Age 18 1st C.I. Age 25 1st C.I. Age 22 1st C.I. Age 23 1st C.I. Age 24 1st C.I. Age 26 1st C.I. Age 26 1st C.I. Age 24 1st C.I. Age 19 1st C.I. Age 25 1st C.I. Age 33 1st C.I. Age 18 1st C.I. Age 20 1st C.I. Age 33 1st C.I. Age 43 1st C.I. Age 37 1st C.I. Age 24 1st C.I. Age 39 1st C.I. Age 19 1st C.I. Age 22 1st C.I. Age 20 1st C.I. Age 30 1st C.I. Age 32 1st C.I. Age 41 1st C.I. Age 35 1st C.I. Age 35 1st C.I. Age 27 1st C.I. Age 18 1st C.I. Age 28 1st C.I. Age 21 1st C.I. Age 18 1st C.I. Age 31 1st C.I. Age 33 1st C.I. Age 25 1st C.I. Age 21 1st C.I. Age 36 1st C.I. Age 17 1st C.I. Age i,z 1st C.I. Age 19 1st C.I. Age 19 1st C.I. Age 42 1st C.I. Age 18 1st C.I. Age 19 1st C.I. Age 30 254 MICHIGAN MANUAL Wilson, William H., Dec. 10, 1863, Ypsilanti Co. H. 1st C.I. Age 40 Winborn, George W., Howard 1st C.I. Age 28 Wines, Edward, Sept. 23, 1864, Howard Co. G. 1st C.I. Age 41 Winslow, Oliver, Dec. 14, 1863, Ypsilanti Co. F. 1st C.I. Age 18 Wise, Jesse, Dec. 23, 1863, Detroit Co. K. 1st C.I. Age 35 Wood, Andrew, Dec. 21, 1863, Frankenmuth 1st C.I. Age 18 Wood, John W., Oct. 19, 1863, Calvin Co. B. 1st C.I. Age 18 Woodford, Russell, Jan. 5, 1864, Troy Co. I. 1st C.I. Age 44 Woodford, Thomas, Jan. 29, 1864, Kalamazoo. .Co. K. 1st C.I. Age 28 Woodruff, Benjamin A., Feb. 14, 1865, St. Joseph Co.H. 1st C J. Age 19 Woods, Henry, Oct. 22, 1863, Detroit Co. B. 1st C.I. Age 28 Woods, Robert, Aug. 9, 1864, Mendon Co. K. 1st C.I. Age 18 Woods, William H., Jan. 2, 1864, Detroit Co. K. 1st C.I. Age 18 Woodson, Roderic W., Dec. 8, 1863, Detroit Co. E. 1st C.I. Age 25 Wright, Cortes, Nov. 23, 1863, Detroit Co. D. 1st C.I. Age 23 Wright, John, Jan. 13, 1864, Niles Co. I. 1st C J. Age 21 Wynn, Waltham G., Sept. 22, 1863, Detroit 1st C.I. Age 25 Yarbra, Jacob, Nov. 23, 1863, Detroit Co. D. 1st C.I. Age 18 Yarbra, Jerry, Nov. 23, 1863, Detroit Co. D. 1st C.I. Age 18 Yarbra, Nelson, Nov. 23, 1863, Detroit Co. D. 1st C.I. Age 21 York, David, Oct. 22, 1863, Ypsilanti Co. B. 1st C.I. Age 18 York, George, Oct. 20, 1863, Ypsilanti Co. B. 1st C.I. Age 15 Young, David, Mar. 20. 1865, Marshall Co. A. 1st C.I. Age 44 Young, Fletcher, Jan. 19, 1865, Jackson Co. I. 1st C.I. Age 21 Young, William, Dec. 29, 1863, Detroit Co. G. 1st C.I. Age 19 Bradley, Robert, Aug. 13, 1864, Vicksburg 3rd U. S. C. C. Age 25 Griffin, Andrew, Aug. 13, 1864, Vicksburg 3rd U. S. C. C. Age 21 Howard, Henry, Aug. 13, 1864, Vicksburg 3rd U. S. C. C. Age 27 Jackson, Andrew, Aug. 15, 1864, Vicksburg 3rd U. S. C. C. Age 19 James, Dick, Aug. 11, 1864, Vicksburg 3rd U. S. C. C. Age 22 Jones, Jefferson, Aug. 15, 1864, Vicksburg 3rd U. S. C. C. Age 30 Marion, Samuel, Aug. 11, 1864, Vicksburg 3rd U. S. C. C. Age 18 Marshall, John, Aug. 13, 1864, Vicksburg 3rd U. S. C. C. Age 18 Medleton, Samuel, Aug. 15, 1864, Vicksburg 3rd U. S. C. C. Age 27 Morgan, Sam, Aug. 15, 1864, Vicksburg 3rd U. S. C. C. Age 31 Peterson, Austin, Aug. 13, 1864, Vicksburg 3rd U. S. C. C. Age 18 Rogers, Silas, Aug. 13, 1864, Vicksburg 3rd U. S. C. C. Age 18 Spencer, Berry, Aug. 13, 1864, Vicksburg 3rd U. S. C. C. Age 18 Taff, Hewitt, Aug. 13, 1864, Vicksburg 3rd U. S. C. C. Age 18 Warren, Richard, Aug. 11, 1864, Vicksburg 3rd U. S. C. C. Age 19 Williams, Aaron, Aug. 15, 1864, Vicksburg 3rd U. S. C. C. Age 18 Alexander, Prince, Aug. 15, 1864, Vicksburg. .5th U. S. C. H. A. Age 18 Brown, Fred, Aug. 13, 1864, Vicksburg 5th U. S. C. H. A. Age 18 Brown, Henry, Aug. 13, 1864, Vicksburg 5th U. S. C. H. A. Age 18 Ervin, William, Aug. 13, 1864, Vicksburg 5th U. S. C. H. A. Age 45 Framcles, Simpson, Aug. 13, 1804, Vicksburg. .5th U. S. C. H. A. Age 24 Gallway, William, Aug. 13, 1864, Vicksburg. . .5th U. S. C. H. A. Age 21 Haythorn, Henry, Aug. 13, 1864, Vicksburg 5th U. S. C. H. A. Age 18 FREEDMENS PROGRESS Hill, Frank, Aug. 10, 1864, Vicksburg 5th U. S. C. H. A Howell, John, Aug. 11, 1864, Vicksburg 5th U. S. C. H. A Hutchinson, Andrew, Aug. 13, 1864, Vicksburg. 5th U. S. C. H. A Marshall, Peter, Aug. 10, 1864, Vicksburg 5th U. S. C. H. A Morrison, Eli, Aug. 12, 1864, Vicksburg 5th U. S. C. H. A Palmore, Richard, Aug. 10, 1864, Vicksburg. .5th U. S. C. H. A Woodward, Benj., Aug. 10, 1864, Vicksburg. . .5th U. S. C. H. A Foster, Ebenezer, Aug. 13, 1864, Decatur 9th U. S. C. H. A Fowler, Galpln, Aug. 13, 1864, Decatur 9th U. S. C. H. A Good, Horace, Aug. 13, 1864, Decatur 9th U. S. C. H. A Burnham, John, Apr. 13, 1865, Grand Rapids. .13th U. S. C. A Freeman, Walter, Apr. 8, 1865, Dover 13th U. S. C. A Hackley, Calvin, Pipestone 13th U. S. C. A Hicks, Colonel, Mar. 18, 1865, Volinia 13th U. S. C. A Higgins, Henry, Apr. 11, 1865, Kalamazoo 13th U. S. C. A Hill, Gamaliel, Mar. 18, 1865, Kalamazoo 13th U. S. C. A Jones, Charles, Apr. 5, 1865, Grand Rapids 13th U. S. C. A Marks, Moses, Apr. 6, 1865, Jackson 13th U. S. C. A Murray, Daniel, Apr. 4, 1865, Detroit 13th U. S. C. A Noble, Alfred, Newark 13th U. S. C. A Palmer, George W., Apr. 7, 1865, Ann Arbor 13th U. S. C. A Ray, Jacob, Mar. 31, 1865, Pontiac 13th U. S. C. A Richardson, Thomas, Mar. 31, 1865, Pontiac 13th U. S. C. A Robison, Captain, Apr. 4, 1865, Grand Rapids. .13th U. S. C. A Sherman, Joseph, Mar. 23, 1865, Detroit 13th U. S. C. A Simmons, Kirk, Brady 13th U. S. C. A Simons, Solomon, Mar. 24, 1865, Detroit 13th U. S. C. A Vessey, George, Apr. 5, 1865, Flint 13th U. S. C. A Vond, William, Sparta 13th U. S. C. A Weaver, Charles, Schoolcraft 13th U. S. C. A Works, George M., Pipestone 13th U. S. C. A Bell, Henry, July 30, 1864, Washington 31st U. S. C. Clark, Simeon, Mar. 31, 1865, Detroit 38th U. S. C. Clark, Thomas, Mar. 31, 1865, Detroit 38th U. S. C. Hicks James, Lockport 38th U. S. C. Jacksoii, Lewis, Mar. 28, 1865, Detroit 38th U. S. C. Johnson, John, Mar. 28, 1865, Jackson 38th U. S. C. McWeter, Squire, Mar. 31, 1865, Detroit 38th U. S. C. Smith, Frank, Aug. 11, 1864, Vicksburg 49th U. S. C. Butler, John. Aug. 11, 1864, Vicksburg 53rd U. S. C. Corin, Robert 54th U. S. C. Howe, Zimri H., Mar. 26, 1864, Memphis 55th U. S. C. Coats, Noyce 58th U. S. C. Russell, Clark G., Mar. 21 "864, Memphis 61st U. S. C. Taylor, J. R 123rd U. S. C. Abram, William, Aug. 12, 1864, Vicksburg. . .('apt. Powell's C. Davis, Charles, Aug. 12, 1864, Vicksburg Capt. Powell's C. Stokes, Benjamin, Aug. 11, 1864. Vicksburg. Capt. Powell's C. Wright, Alfred. Aug. 12, 1864, Vicksburg. . . .("apt. Powfll's C. Age 22 Age 18 Age 19 Age 19 Age 23 Age 17 Age 34 Age 43 Age 35 Age 18 Age 26 Age 34 Age 29 Age 30 Age 18 Age 24 Age 37 Age 30 Age 41 Age 34 Age 18 Age 30 Age 29 Age 30 Age 18 Age 26 Age 38 Age 42 Age 43 Age 22 Age 25 Age 18 Age 39 Age 21 Age 22 Age 20 Age 18 Age 19 Age 21 Age 22 Age 30 Age 43 Age 19 Age 46 Age 23 Age 36 Age 22 Age 19 256 MICHIGAN MANUAL Two Veterans of the Civil War, James McConnell. of Detroit, and Arthur L. Hammond, of Saginaw. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 257 Thaddeus W. Taylor. 258 MICHIGAN MANUAL RESOLUTIONS Adopted by the Freedmen's Progress Com- mission at its fourth meeting held at Bethel A. M. E. Church in the City of Detroit, County of Wayne, State of Michigan, on Saturday, the 24th day of July, A. D. 1915: WHEREAS, Thaddeus W. Taylor, this day deceased, was one of Michigan's most progressive, successful and public spir- ited Afro-American citizens, and had attained great popularity because of his unselfish endeavors in aid of the public good, and especially in combating evil directed against that class of Michi- gan's population of which he was a factor; and WHEREAS, An all wise Providence has seen fit to remove him from his earthly labors to his heavenly reward in the flower of his manhood and in the midst of his career as a successful business man and citizen; and WHEREAS, The said Thaddeus W. Taylor has been a con- stant, faithful father and husband to his family and a most affable, lovable and steadfast friend to his companions, therefore be it RESOLVED, That we, the FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS COM- MISSION OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, deeply deplore the seemingly untimely demise of our illustrious friend and brother and share with the public and with his family the great sorrow his loss entails, and we deeply sympathize with his family and friends the great bereavement they sustained by reason of his death at so early a period in his splendid career; and be it iurther RESOLVED, That these resolutions be spread upon the minutes of this COMMISSION, and that engrossed copies thereof be presented to the family of the said Thaddeus W. Taylor, and that copies of said resolutions be given to the press. OSCAR W. BAKER, President of the Commission. FRANCIS H. WARREN, Secretary of the Commission. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 259 CHAPTERS ON OCCUPATIONS AND MORTALITY Statistical Tables Showing How the Negro Inhabitants of the State Maintain Themselves. .'. .*. .". .*. The Number and Causes of the Deaths Among Them with a Foreword by ROBERT A. PELHAM 260 MICHIGAN MANUAL As has been seen (page S6), Mr. Robert A. Pelham, the author and compiler of the subsequent chapters on "Occupations" and "Mortality" of Michigan Afro-Americans, is a native of Detroit, Michgan, and al- though he is employed by the Census Department at AVashington, he remains a legal citizen of this state though a resident of the nation's capital. — Editor FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 261 FOREWORD EXPLANATORY OF SUBSE- QUENT CHAPTERS WITH ILLUS- TRATIONS ( — ) NOTES OF PRO- GRESSIVE'CITIZENS(-)AND CUR- RENTNEWSPAPER COMMENT. The presentation in the chapters on "Occupations," and "Mortal- ity," of the Negro population of Michigan, is mainly a summary of data compiled for the Michigan Freedmen's Progress Commission, from the official records of the Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce, through the courtesy of Director Sam. L. Rogers and Chief Clerk, William L. Austin. The statistical tables and all the clerical work — including tabula- tion, compilation, computation, typewriting, etc., has been done by a corps of Negro clerks, employees in the Bureau of the Census — their regular assignments having efficiently fitted them for this class of work. As the labor was performed mostly outside of regular office hours, voluntarily, and could not have been accomplished without such aid, thanks are hereby tendered Miss Agnes L. Gatewood, of Alabama; Messrs. Oliver H. Campbell, of Mississippi; Lawrence B. Curtis, and Jackson L. Davis, of Louisiana; Eugene H. Moody, of Arkansas; William L. Hawkins, of Wisconsin; and John II. Polk of Dallas, Texas. To Mr. Polk the writer is especially indebted for valuable aid and assistance. 262 MICHIGAN MANUAL *>0 (Tbe Guide Post CONDUCTED BY iWilliam L Chenm^ A Conquering Race. HE world is accustomed to marvel at the progress made by the Japanese and by the Germans during- the last half century and rightly. But here in the United States a race has moved forward no less triumphantly. The drama of the American Negro's advancement, it is true, has not been accompanied by a military glamour with its martial mu- sic, nor has it had the literary stimulus of a great racial consciousness. But for all the quietness and unob- trusiveness of this upward movement, the victories of the Negro have an im- mense meaning for the welfare of the world. The Negroes have succeeded in the arts of peace. Individually, genera- tion by generation, they have become more fit for the great struggle of con- temporary life. They have accomplished the miracle of lifting a people en masse. * * * These bare figures, however, recount a record of progress made possible only by tremendous efforts. Within sixty years of freedom the Negro has achievements to his credit of which any race might be proud. — Extract from Chicago. Herald, April 23, 191.5. Based on a more extend- ed yet similar presentation compiled in part by the writer, and bearing the of- ficial seal of the Federal Government, (1) unbiased minds throughout the country, if not the world, have recognized therein elements of material growth and upward prog- ress in the life of the American Negro (2) that will help to dispel some of the false impressions and erroneous conclusions with which an unreason- able prejudice has sur- rounded the race. The theories and specu- lations as to the Negro's ability and capability have been many and varied. His physical defects, his moral weaknesses, his fancies and foibles, his "race traits and tendencies" have been so long discussed and so satisfactorily (?) deter- mined by a host of writers, with pet theories as to the race's inherent shortcom- ings that it has been with pleasure as well as a sense of duty and deep concern that the writer has devoted more than the allotted time to help put in convenient form, for refer- ence, some part of a decade's portion of the story of the race's achieve- ments, so eloquently outlined by the "Guide Post" author in the Chi- cago Herald, and so generously acknowleded by the diplomatic writer of "Views and Reviews" in the New York Age. (1) "Negroes in the United Statees," issued by the llurcau of the Census, Department of Commerce, April, 1915. (2) Evening Post (New York City), May 18, 1815 — The upward move- ment of the race decade after decade, has been such as to justify t'le most I)ersi.stent and hopeful efforts to promote its material, moral and intel- lectual advancement. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 263 No racial movement in the world today is more interesting, or absorbing, and certainly no study is more important than that which vitally concerns not only ten millions of this country's citizens, known as Negroes, but the entire one hundred millions of American citizens — citizens of one country, one language and one flag. The data statistically arranged, as indicated, were gathered in the field under sanction of Federal law, collated under Federal super- vision; and presented here under State authority. The authenticity of V lew an dR eviews BY JAMES W. JOHNSON, Contributing Fditor "A RECENT PUBLICATION." The general opinion is that statistics make very dry reading, but it is certain that a perusal of Bulletin 129 will prove not only interesting but inspiring to all intelligent colored Americans. The book is a matter of additional pride because colored men were assigned to the work of compiling the data. Secretary Red- field is to be commended for this action. It is also gratifying to note that throughout, whenever we are referred to as a race, the word Negro is printed with a large "N." The Department of Commerce deserves credit for setting such a precedent. * * * We thank Secretary Redfield for authorizing "N" in the Bul- letin, and request that he have the order cover his entire Depart- ment. We recommend a perusal of "Negi'oes in the United States" to all our readers, and assure them that they will not find it dry. From the figures on "Mortality" and "Home Ownership" they will gain more solid encouragement than from the majority of books written in behalf of the race during the past ten years. We congratulate Mr. Pelham and his colored associates on the work they have done and the service they have rendered. — From the New York Age, Jun 17, 1915. H-x Consul to Michigan. the figures and the accuracy of the tables are guaranteed. From these tables each individual can draw his own deduction as has the writer. That the American Negro has fully demonstrated his capacity to develop and in fact live in contact with a civilization representative of the highest, and improve is one deduction that can be easily made. ' (T) Elmira (N. Y.) Gazette and Gon.'va (.NT. Y.) Tiints. April L'l — Here are a few facta. They arc well wortli iliKistinf^. anil stnrinK away for future con.sideration. They are important a.-^ido frmn the purposi* they will serve in correcting unfortunate nii.sapprehen.sions roKardlnR the Nef?ro character derived from certain fiction and moving picture representations. 264 MICHIu^N MANUAL Theory after theory built upon speculation as to the race's ability to meet the inexorable demands of civilization have crumbled and fallen ' and today instead of 4,000,000 there are 10,000,000 struggling black men, who "ask not for favors, because they are Negroes, but for justice because they are men." The advancement of the Negro race in America, in fifty years, Is the marvel of the world. ^ No people in a similar interval of time ' ever made such wonderful progress upward and onward in the ways of civilization. Every authentic investigation of the American Negro's condition evidences his physical fitness, his mental progress and his moral uplift. ■ Writing along this line, * Professor Kelly Miller, of Howard University, says in his graphic protrayal of the race's climbing:"^ The eternal inferiority of the race was assumed as a part of the cosmic order of things. History, literature, science, speculative con- jectures, and even the Holy Scriptures were ransacked for evidence and argument in support of this theory. It was not deemed inconsistent with Divine justice and mercy that the curse of servitude to everlast- ing generations should be pronounced upon a race because their assumed progenitor utilized as an object lesson in temperance the indulgent proclivity of an ancient patriarch. Science was placed under tribute for the support of the ruling dogma. The Negro's inferiority was clearly deduclble from physicial peculiarities. In basing the existence of mental, moral, and spiritual qualities upon the shape and size of the skull, facial outline, and cephalic configuration, the anti- Negro scientists out-distanced the modern psychologists in assuming a mechanical equivalent of thought. But in spite of scientific demonstration, learned disquisitions, pro- hibitive legislation, and Divine intendment, the Negro's nobler nature persisted in manifesting itself. The love, sympathy, and tender fidelity, and vicarious devotion of the African slave, the high spiritual and emotional fervor manifested in the weird wailings and lamenta- tions of the plantation melodies, the literary taste of Phylis Wheatly, the scientific acum.en of Benjamin Banneker, the persuasive eloquence of Frederick Douglass, were but faint indications of the smothered mental, moral, and spiritual power. The world has now come to rec- ognize that the Negro possesses the same faculties, powers, and susceptibilities as the rest of mankind, albeit they have been stunted and dwarfed by centuries of supression and ill usage. The Negro, too, (1) Columbia (S. C.) State, May 19, 1915 — It covers all the various phases of that question and disposes of a great many theories that have been unduly accepted and predictions that have been made as to the future of the Negroes. (2) "Wilkcsbarrc (Pa.) Record, April 14, 1915 — What has been ac- complished in this comparatively short time in spite of the handicaps is a source of wonderment. It is a most remarkable transformation. (3) New Haven (Conn.) Union, April 16, 1915 — In 50 years' rise from slavery in not much over a century of life in civilized environment, what race of men can show any such development. (4) Petersburg (Va.) Index-Appeal, April 14, 1915 — Such figures. • • • are calculated to affect very materially the ideas entertained con- cerning the Negro by those whites who do not come in contact with them. (5) Boston Christian Science Monitor, April 24, 1915-— When he contrasts what he was • * • with what he is now, he patiently renews his climb upward. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 265 Is gradually awakening to a consciousness of this great truth. The common convergence of religious and secular thought is toward the universal fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man. This uni- versality of kinship implies commonality of powers, possibilities, and destiny. It is a matter of prime importance for the Negro to feel and to convince his fellow men that he posses.ses the inherent qualities and therefore the inherent rights that belong to the human race.* A quarter of a century ago "Satchell" (Charles S. Morris) then a well-known journalist, wrote, and the writer, as editor of the De- troit Plaindealer, published the following article, which is as true and appropriate today as when first published in 1890: I apprehend that some opposition will develop to a separate de- partment. The colored people are getting tired of "side shows and appointed places;" but it is for those who object to this plan to show us a way of displaying our achievements that is open to fewer objections. "We are Americans, and should be treated as such," is manly; it sounds well, but it does not meet the practical question In the case. Odium and contempt cling to us as a race, and only as a race can we wipe it out. There are too many "special departments" set apart to injure us for us to object to one that will benefit us. It will be time enough for us to cease to demand credit for our progress as a race when others cease to lay all the shortcomings of individuals at the door of the race. We don't draw the color line, but we can obliterate it, and it v/ould be supreme folly for us to attempt to Ignore it. We would only be Americans, but the American people per- mit us only to be Negroes. It is, therefore, our business to do all we can to make the Negro worthy of respect. We can't do this by allow- ing our enemies to blister us with slanders, displaying all our weak- nesses, while we help them by concealing all our progress. Should not this great people in whose midst we dwell, whose civilization is our civilization, whose religion is our religion, whose material wealth we have done much to augment, whose national life we have given blood and men to preserve— should not they, knowing how centuries have wronged us, how nations have robbed us, how history has libelled us, how today the world misjudges and despairs of us, how we suffer from industrial atrocities in the North and oppression in the South, should they not give us this magnificent opportunity to vindicate ourselves of the odious and crushing slanders that are heaped upon us?* When it is realized how far the American Negro has climbed in fifty years of freedom it is no wonder that there is a growing confi- dence in his future and that the Legislatures of such States as Michigan, Illinois, Ohio, in 1915, and New York and Pennsylvania, in 1913, representing the advanced thought of this great country, should seek to know more of the actual facts ' regarding the race's upward tendency. - In Michigan as throughout the entire country the American Negro has demonstrated his appreciation of freedom, has shown splendid capacity of brain and wonderful endurance of strength and muscle. Though circumscribed by prejudice and rebuffed at every turn, he is • From Servitude to Service, Old South I-.ecturcs: 1905. • From the Detroit Plaindealer; 1890. 266 MICHIGAN MANUAL contributing his quota to the destiny of the Republic. Grasping oppor- tunities here and there — opportunities that come far too seldom, the Negro laborer, the Negro artisan, the Negro professional man, as well as the Negro author, inventor and mechanic are factors in moulding thought and promoting ideas. '■ In Michigan as elsewhere, the census data reveal authors, actors, editors, musicians, inventors, civil engineers, teachers, lawyers, and doctors, as well as capable business men, skilled mechanics, thrifty farmers, and sturdy laborers, who by dint of hard work, growing efficiency and character and reputation, have a standing in their own communities, with homes and home life, like unto the more favored citizen, whose lack of "color" gives him an open sesame in every walk of life. The human hand is a wonderful organ; and taking the two hands together, they are admirably adapted to every kind of action and industry, which the strength and condition of man are capable of en- gaging in. The hand may be trained but unless it gets the necessary practice it can not produce the best results. This fact is best and most widely illustrated, daily, throughout the entire country, by the usual batting and fielding practice indulged in by the most adept parti- cipants in the National game of baseball, and the warming up methods used to get the pitcher in condition to speed the ball over the home plate. This homely application, illustrative of the practice necessary to accomplish best results-coordinate the eye, the hand and the brain-re- calls some expert testimony, proof positive, of the peculiar circum- stances that surround the race and the line of demarcation across which the more capable have great difficulty in crossing. Under date of .June 10, 1911, the Detroit Informer under the cap- tion "If Mendez Was White," gave expression to the thought that if Mendez, the "Black Diamond," a noted pitcher, was white he could command and receive a bonus of $50,000 to sign a major league con- tract. And now four years later a major league manager is quoted by the daily press in almost the identical language of the editorial as indicated in the following paragraphs: NEGROES AS BASEBALL PLAYERS. John McGraw, the "Giant" leader, having the courage to bespeak his convictions, is quoted under date of June 12, 1915, as saying: "If Donaldson were a white man, or if the unwritten law of baseball didn't bar Negroes from the major league.s, I would give $50,000 for him — and think I was g|etting- a bargain." Donaldson, of whom McGraw is testifying, is one of a trio of great hurlers lost to the national game by the drawing of the color line. He is a member of a serai-pro team in Kansas City, and recently (1) New York Press, March IS and Washington Times, IMarch 16, 1915 — They are encourag-ing skill among the rising generations, so they themsclves may produce the things they want, and their increased efficiency as a race promotes ambition and stimulates effort. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 267 pitched thirty innings without allowing a hit or a run— a record with- out parallel. Just before establishing his record of pitching thirty innings without being hit, he struck out twenty-flve men in a twelve- inning game— an average of better than two strikeouts per inning. Frank Wickware is another Negro pitcher who would rank with Walter Johnson, Joe Woods, and Grover Alexander if he were a white man. Wickware performed some marvelous pitching feats in and around Schenectady, New York, and has since moved on to Chicago where he has become a sensation among the semi-pros. In Cuba there is a Negi'o pitcher by the name of Mendez. He'.s known as "the black Matty." and his work has been almost as brilliant as that of the "Bix Six," of the Giants. McGrav/ is not only noted for having the courage of his convic- tions but also the courage to put those convictions into action. Some years ago, acting as he states he would like to act, in the case of Donaldson, he hired and attempted to play Grant, the high-class second baseman on his team. It may seem an idle dream, but in the liglit of past events, some Donaldson, Wickware, Foster, "Joe" Williams, Monroe. Grant, "Home Run" Johnson, or Wiley, may be called upon to help win a pennant in major league baseball, as the Negro troops were called upon to help put down the rebellion after having been at first scorned as soldiers. The conditions in major league baseball today are much the same as they were in other "war times." No Negroes were wanted on the firing line in the early 60's but like "Bill" Buckner, trainer of the White Sox, they were welcome in other capacities. There were McGraws in those days — men who knew what could be achieved by enlisting the loyal black men in the armies of the North — like Governor Andrews of Massachusetts and Colonel Shaw of the 54th Massachusetts Regiment. It took much blood and treasure to break down the barriers of prejudice raised against the Negro as a soldier, but break down they did as outlined here: PARKER BON— TRAINED SOLDIER. At the breaking out of the war of the rebellion, colored men were among the first to respond to the call for volunteers and though not accepted as soldiers, they wore taken as cnolcs and waitors. Upon (1) Seattle (^Vash.) Times, April 2fi, 1915 — The race i.s advaniinc at a more rapid ratio than a few years ago was deemed possible. (1) World (New York City), April 13, 191.'') — These facts have per- hops a casual interest as supplemcntins: and eorrectinp ideas vC Ncpro character derived from movintr picture repiesentations. (2) Gloucester (Mass.) Times, April IC, 191.'') — There Is present In many parts of the country a reRrcttable tendency to form impressions of the Negroes as a whole from the irresponsible and indolent mem- bers of that race, of which specimens are generally to be found. Any race would fare ill if such a test were ai)plied. It is well that ociasion- ally the facts regarding the progress of the colored people on a lar^e scale should be put before us in order that these false impressions may have a corrective. The record of the past is the best prophesy of the progress of the future. 268 MICHIGAN MANUAL the formation of Michigan State Volunteers, Parker Bon went to Fort Wayne to cook for the officers' mess, and while serving in that capacity he spared no pains in gaining all the knowledge of military tactics that could be obtained from personal observation of the maneuvers of the soldiers at the Fort and close study of the best authors upon military movements. When the United States govern- ment concluded to accept the services of colored men, Colonel Barnes was commissioned to raise a regiment to be known as the 1st Colored Regiment State Troops, or the 102nd U. S. C. T. and shortly recruits began pouring into Detroit from all parts of the state and sister states. It became necessary to select some efficient person to superintend the drilling of recruits, and upon the officers of that regiment making inquiries among the colored citizens, a petition was prepared by Mr. George De Baptiste and signed by Messrs. Lambert, CuUen, Hodge and others praying Colonel Barnes to appoint as drill master Mr. Parker Bon. He was sent for, examined by a board, proclaimed efficient, and urged to enlist. After enlisting, he was promoted with the rank and pay of sergeant major of the regiment. The 102nd was first assigned to the 9th Army Corps under General Burnside, and later transferred to General Rufus Saxton's Division. At the cessa- tion of hostilities Mr. Bon was honorably discharged and received many recognitions of his faithfulness as an officer and soldier. Enter- ing civil life again he took up the business of dealer in old paper, an occupation which brought him considerable money. Mr. Bon was born In Cincinnati in 1837, and came to Detroit in 1856. The fact that Negroes are not found in larger numbers in cer- tain vocations does not furnish a very accurate index of the capability of the race; and certainly should not tend to prove non-adaptability of this element of our cosmopolitan population to succeed along such lines. The peculiar circumstances which surround the race should be taken into account. However, despite these peculiar circumstances and in defiance of the spirit of prohibition, here and there, we find Negroes in almost all the vocations and avocations of life, and these few demonstrate, beyond a doubt, that the "black" hand can be trained to make progress in the useful arts and in the .sciences. • Considering the obstacles and the unwritten laws which tend to shut the door of opportunity in most of the higher vocations, the Negro race is steadily advancing; and, though slowly, yet steadily and valiantly beating down the artificial barriers, set up In unreasonable prejudice and maintained in selfish aggrandizement. The fact that the race has produced its Banneker, its Tanner, its Granville Wood, its Dunbar; is proof that there is neither patent nor latent defects in the organism of the "black" hand nor the composition of the "black" brain. (1) ]3o.ston (iMa.s.s.) Post, April 16, 1915 — A race that can accomplish so much ♦ • * in 50 yoars from slavery has a risht to feel that its good as well as its bad dualities — and what race has not some of the latter? — deserve public att<>ntion and appreciation. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 269 Dr. S. L. Carson, Assistant Surgeon at Frccdmen's Hospital at Washington, a Product of Ann Arbor. 270 MICHIGAN MANUAL OUR PROFESSIONAL PIONEERS. Among the first of the professional callings to be entered by race representatives were the teaching corps and the medical branches. To the former Detroit early gave sanction and approval and from 1868 to 1915, the pioneer, Miss Fannie M. Richards, who taught the writer his a, b, c's, was an efficient teacher in the primary grades in the Public Schools of Detroit. In the latter class was the elder Joseph Ferguson, who fifty years ago had the confidence and support of his fellov/ townsmen and administered not only to the sick and afflicted of his own race, but served as City Physician for the Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth wards in Detroit for several years, in the early '70's. Great credit is due these pioneers for "making good" when failure would have spelled not only failure but "Negro incapacity" as well. Miss Richards, who was retired on pension during the past year, has lived to see the illiteracy of the race reduced from 29.5 to 3.5 in her home city, and the teaching corps increase from 1, in a separate school, to 17 in the mixed schools. Dr. Joseph Ferguson, himself the first physician in Detroit and the first to receive an official appointment as such, and instrumental in the appointment of his eldest son, John C, as the first letter carrier in Detroit and afterwards a prominent physician in Richmond, Va., did not live to see his second son, William W., the first member of a Michigan legislature and the owner of a large printing plant in Detroit. Following where Dr. Ferguson lead, the Negro physicians of Mich- igan have won and hold a high place. Mastering not only the rudi- ments but the full scientific scope of the learned professions, in many cases they are reaping just and merited material reward. No more apt illustration can be cited than the following: CARSON— SKILLFUL SURGEON. Dr. Simeon L. Carson, one of nine children, was born in North Carolina. His father moved to Ann Arbor when he was two weeks old. He is truly an educational product of Ann Arbor, having received his academic education from Ann Arbor High School, and his degree in Medicine from the University of Michigan. Three months after receiving his "M. D.," he was appointed a physician in the Indian Service. In 1909, after passing another examination with high rating, he was appointed Assistant Surgeon in Chief of Freedmen's Hospital, at Washington, D. C. Dr. Carson holds the world's time record for the operation of Caesarian section— having performed this delicate operation complete in 14 minutes. He holds an enviable reputation for successful abdominal operations in local anesthesia, and has as- sisted in their work, such noted surgeons as Dr. John B. Deaver, of Philadelphia; Dr. John T. Finney, of Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Md.; Dr. Horsley, of Richmond, Va. He married Miss Carol Clark, of De- troit, Mich., and a fascinating gir) and boy are the light of his fine home in Washington, D. C. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 271 Michigan's great educational institution— broad alike in its curri- culum and its policy of administration— has also given to the educa- tional world many men and women of the race who have gained and maintain high places in the world of pedagogy. The following par- agraphs are instances in point: Mrs. Emily Harper-Williiams, born in Detroit, graduated from Detroit High School, and in 1896 from the University of Michigan. She taught school in Washington, D. C, until her marriage to Prof. W. T. B. Williams, of Hampton Institute, which place has since been her home. Mrs. Mabel Harper-Keemer, graduated from Detroit High School and attended the University of Michigan, from which she went to Washington to teach in the public schools, which position she held till her marriage to Dr. E. B. Keemer, Professor of Pharmacy at How- ard University School of Medicine. They have three exceptionally bright children. Edwin Harper, born in Detroit, studied law in Prof. Augustus Straker's office, and is now City Milk Inspector of Chicago. Has fam- ily of five children. The eldest. Miss Emily, graduated in June from High School and expects to enter Howard University this fall. Mrs. Gertrude Harper-Webb, born in Detroit, graduated from De- troit High School, and later entered Provident Hospital, Chicago, to study the profession of nursing, from which institution she graduated in 1899. She was head nurse of Frederick Douglas Hospital, in Phila- delphia, and later served three years in the Government Hospital at Blackfoot, Idaho. She married Mr. Charles L. Webb, court reporter, of Chicago, Illinois. They make Washington, D. C, their home. The "spirit of Michigan" is nowhere better exemplified than in the administration of its great educational institution. Merit there gets the stamp of approval, no matter what the color of the student's skin nor the texture of his hair. Negroes who lead their classes in "the U. of M.," are recommended as fit and able not only as bread winners, but as vindicators of the wisdom of their training. Si quaeris exemplum amcenum circumspice. PELHAM— CIVIL ENGINEER. Detroit, Journal, February 6, 1895. The funeral of Fred B. Pelham took place this afternoon from the home of his parents, 223 Alfred street. Rev. John M. Henderson, of New York, who was a friend of the young man, conducted the serv- ices. Mr. Pelham occupied a high place in the life of the colored people of the city by reason of his great natural abilities and attainments. He was born here 30 years ago, and went through the public schools. From the high school he went to the University of Michigan. He developed there a pronounced aptitude for matliematics and as a re- sult was graduated in 1887 from the engineering course at the head of his class. Upon his graduation, Prof. Greene very warmly recom- 272 MICHIGAN MANUAL ^% "I -1 ■ ..--..>/« Fred B. Pelham, Civil Engineer. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 274 MICHIGAN MANUAL n c c s K u > C FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 275 mended him to the Michigan Central Railroad Company and predicted high honors for him in his profession. The railroad company gave him a position as assistant civil engineer, which he held up to the time of his death. During his service with the Michigan Central Company, he built some 20 bridges along the road. One bridge at Dexter, Michigan, is a skew arch bridge. There is only one like it In the country. It was planned and constructed by Mr. Pelham. Mr. Pelham also did considerable work for the Detroit Citizens' Street Rail- way Company. Ex-Manager J. D. Hawks speaks very highly of Mr. Pelham's assistance in changing some of the curves of the tracks. Among the officers and employes of the railroad company Mr. Pelham was a favorite for his quiet and gentlemanly demeanor, and his thor- ough self-reliance on his own mental equipment. Chief Engineer Torrey and Henry Russel, the attorney for the road, were among his sincerest friends. Mr. Pelham was a member of the Michigan Engineering Society, of the Michigan Central branch of the Y. M. C. A., of the Maccabees and a teacher in the Bethel A. M. E. Church Sunday school. Dr. Fred P. Barrier, of Alexandria, Va , son of Mrs. Delia A. Bar- rier, of Detroit, after his graduation from the Detroit High School, took a course in dentistry at the Howard Medical School, and is now superintendent of the dental infirmary of that well known medical in- stitution and a lecturer on dental anatomy. As an evidence of his ability to "make good" it can be noted that, accompanied by his wife, formerly Miss Tancil, of Alexandria, Va., he motored in his Michigan made "Reo" from Washington, D. C, to Detroit and Chicago, in Aug- ust, 1915, to attend the exhibition and the National Medical Associa- Joscph H. Dickinson. 276 MICHIGAN MANUAL tlon convention in the latter city, and visit tiome folks. Accompany- ing him also were Miss Harriett Barrier, his sister, and Robert A, Pel- ham his uncle, also on his way to attend the Michigan exhibit at Chicago. MICHIGAN LEADS IN INVENTIONS. In the field of invention Michigan Negroes have not only kept abreast of the general advancement of the race along this line, but have set the pace and can rightly lay claim to the most prolific Negro inventor, Mr. Elijah McCoy, whose name more than that of any other race representative appears on specifications in the patent oflBce. Mr. McCoy, as will be seen by reference to the accompanying list of Michigan inventors, has to his credit in the neighborhood of 50 pat- ents. The first, dated July 15, 1872, and the last to come to notice, April 20, 1915. To Mr. Henry E. Baker, of Washington, D. C, a special examiner In the patent oflBce, the thanks of a grateful people are due for the compilation from the records, after much research, a list of more than 1,000 Negro inventors. In a pamphlet entitled "The Colored In- ventor, A Record of Fifty Years," Mr. Baker says of another Michigan man: "Another very interesting' instance of an inventor whose genius for creating new things is constantly active, producing results that express themselves in terms of dollars for himself and others, is that of Mr. Joseph Hunter Dickinson, of New Jer- sey. Mr. Dickinson's specialty is in the line of musical instru- ments, particularly the piano. He began more than fifteen years ago to invent devices for automatically playing the piano, and is at present in the employ of a large piano factory, where his various inventions in piano-player mechanism are eagerly adopted in the construction of some of the finest player pianos on the market. He has more than a dozen patents to his credit already, and is still devoting his energies to that line of inven- tion. "The company with which he is identified is one of the very largest corporations of its kind in the world, and it is no little distinction to have one of our race occupy so significant a relation to it, and to hold it by the sheer force of a trained and active intellect." Mr. Dickinson was born June 22, 1855. He attended school in Detroit. At the age of 15 he enlisted in the United States Revenue Service. At 17 he entered the employ of the Clough & Warren Organ Company at Detroit. In 1880, he married Miss Eva Gould, of Lexing- ton, Michigan, and two years later formed a partnership with his father-in-law, known as the Dickinson-Gould Organ Company, for the manufacture of parlor and chapel organs. This firm sent to the New Orleans Exposition a large organ as an exhibit of the Negro in man- ufacturing. Prior to this, for the Centennial Exposition, in 1876, Mr. Dickinson helped to construct a large combination organ for the Clough & Warren Organ Company, which received a diploma and medal. He also built and finished two organs for the royal family of Portugal. His early specialty was a pipe organ of a new method, and he superintended the construction of a number of them; the FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 277 Christian Church. St. Matthews P. E. Church, and the Church of the Sacred Heart, all of Detroit, installed organs of this type, constructed under his supervision. >.iui,ieu Mr. Dicldnson also served two terms in the Michigan Legislature as a representative from the Detroit district. Senator William Alden Smith. 278 MICHIGAN MANUAL "SENATORIAL COURTESY" IN MICHIGAN. Mr. Turner Byrd, Jr., of Williamsville, Cass county, is of record as the first Negro in Michigan to take out letters patent. Inventing a rein holder, for harness, he obtained a patent on the same, February 6, 1872. Within a few days after this patent was granted, another was issued to a Cass county citizen, Mr. Thomas Jefferson Martin, of Dowagiac, for an improvement in fire extinguishers. Mr. Martin was one of the stalwart pioneers and race leaders in Michigan. As chair- man of the first convention of colored men, held at Battle Creek, in 1860, Mr. Martin gave early evidence of his sterling qualities of mind and heart. No race movement was without his support and the young men gladly took counsel at his words. Dowagiac is the birth-place of the Hon. William Alden Smith, now United States Senator. Upon his return to celebrate in the town of his birth just after his first elec- tion as senator, Mr. Smith paid Mr. Martin a high compliment, and at the same time gave an apt illustration of the "spirit of Michigan" as exemplified in "old Cass." When met at the train by the committee and his former townsmen, he requested the first hour to himself. He at once disappeared. Questioned later as to where he spent the hour, he replied: "With my good friend Thomas Jefferson Martin." Dur- ing the Senator's boyhood days, Mr. Martin's shop was located across the street from the town hall, and "William Smith" was always wel- come to stand inside, view "the celebrities" and listen to the music of the bands of the traveling shows that visit the town. And in his exalted position he did not forget the friend of his childhood, Thomas Jefferson Martin. The Negro in Michigan, like the Negro in the West, emigrated from the South, and his ancestry is of southern parentage. The Negro population of America today is more dense in the Southern states, though through emigration that portion of the north and west has very materially increased during the past fifty years. During that period, however, the general increase in population of the western country has been of so rapid a nature and so cosmopolitan in its complexion, that though the Negro has emigrated in considerable numbers, the number has not been sufficiently large to show a very great increase in the general ratio, and yet this goodly number of pio- neers in the Great Republic of the West has been steadily forging ahead and has entered, by slow and steady blows, a wedge in the obstruction— "American prejudice"— making it possible for others of the race to follow into that section and find an environment still more favorable to race development and their status as American citizens. OCCUPATIONS The Gainful Pursuits Engaged In BY Michigan Afro- Americans The statistics of occupations shown here relate to gainful workers 10 years of age and upward. The term "gainful work" includes all workers, except women doing housework in their own homes, without salary or wages, and having no other employment, and children work- ing at home merely on genenil housework on chores, or at odd times, or other work. The statistics shown in General Tables I and II were enumerated at the Thirteenth Census taken by the Bureau of the Census, as of April 15, 1910. The inquiry with respect to occupations, among other returns, required statements as to the "trade or profes- sion of or particular kind of work" done by each person engaged in gainful labor; and the "general nature of industry, business, or estab- lishment," in which the person worked. The questions concerning occupations were five of the 32 item.'^ of inquiry included in tlie population schedule to be answered, so far as practicable, for each person. From decade to decade, since the firsi Federal census of occupations in 1820, it is claimed that there ha.s been a gradual improvement in the occupation returns and that the improvement in the returns for 1910, as compared with those in 1900. was far greater than at any preceding decade. Chapter I, Volume IV, Population, Occupation Statistics, 1910, stated under the head of "Enumeration": "The occupations of the Negroes of the South were less carefully returned by the enumerators than were the occupations of the whites. In general, there was too great a tendency among the enumerators to return a gainful occupa- tion for every Negro, especially for every woman and child. While it is well know-n that the Negro women and children in the South work in the fields much more than do white women and children in any section of the country, still the returns showed that frequently "gain- ful" occupations were returned for Negro women and chi'dren in the South v/lio. elsewho'-p. wonH "ot bivo boon considered painfully em- ployed. ♦ * * For these reasons, probably too many Negro persons are reported as gainfu'ly employed." 280 MICHIGAN MANUAL In 1890 the card system of tabulation was adopted by the Bureau of the Census. Under this system, by which the population and mor- tality statistics are tabulated, the various details as to color, age, sex, parentage, occupations, etc., are transferred from the schedule to a card 6%x3% inches in size, by means of a mechanical punch, the position of the hole on the card indicating the particular fact to be recorded. The cards thus punched are first run through a verification machine which throws out all inconsistencies and also provides a count for subsequent checking purposes; next they are separated into classes of groups by an automatic sorting machine which will take care of 300 cards a minute; then, depending upon requirements, they are run through a machine which counts them at the rate of 500 a minute; and, finally, they are run through an electric tabulating ma- chine, capable of handling from 350 to 400 cards a minute, which not only counts the cards themselves, but records each of the items of information indicated on them. It is worthy of note here that of the Negro clerks assigned to duty on these machines in 1910, several "starred." Miss Eva B. Price, of Georgia, now the wife of a successful physician of Reedsville, N. C, held the record for the punching machine, while Messrs. Chas. C. Gibson, of New York, and Thomas H. Hutchins and Charles W. White, both of Arkansas, were among the most adept operators of the sorting machines. A CENSUS CARD. 5 6 7 H.l wt SD • 0-. I 5 31 25 30 35 40 13 &0 sa eo 83 70 SO 65 so 0»-^ Va fa'"""' • F 3 • D Ca > 4 Ala ni Mo |Pa Ata Oco Pte il-C Art lod rrjc IR. I Au Oct Rou jArs) Aik K.ia N C !s C B«l Hoi BuJ jCFr Clf K7 N-dIs. D. Bffa 1I«3 E. A ICra Col Lft J»ev JTco C A. Ire 8c >D4l C-. Mas N.H,;Tck Cuu It Bur iLit D. C. Mch N.J, Iota Ctl Ja;. B:> ;Mor Del WJ N ■M.'.Va Cub Lux Swe ;Pj1 Til Mo N T 1 Vi Dca Mt'X 6id |Rut Oa K.o Ofcl Iwn Ij|^ Mio T>-A ifitk US ;lc •i Un :OL Au H.l Caa Hud Dea Ire Eoff It Fr Mor Oco Rub Gcr Se Yid C8 • LC 01. NP • FP to 00 08 07 00 03 01 04 00 00 91 03 Al Pa Uu Ell • Oi eoft pnor Va CA CN UA 3 4 5 7 6 NO lie lis |io tot o • 3 3 4 & e 7 8 • 2 3 X • 3 3 4 ;s 6 17 :o ;» :x Eiop W • DA On 5 o I I 2 _^ 3 4 •. Au Mo: Cnn Kuo Dea Iro Edk If Fr Vor Oce Bus 1 \3 a -1 a 8 7 8 i""'& 7 • • • 1 s 7 ■• 14 36 a7 33 w B Mu • Jr- In 4 6 7 a fi u 3" Oer Bid Wd or In MH OKI :W»h Ab Oc Fla KSA TyE ISlv OL Ye* Ida Knt Or« 'W.Va Fr Hot Wa iSyr KS Sea VVi Ot UK X • • NN YN / The position of the dark spots in the printed outline of a census card shown here indicates that the person to whom the card refers resided in Maynard, Mass.; was a son of the head of the family in which he lived; mulatto; 20 years of age; native; single; spoke Eng- lish; was out of employment on April 15, 1910; was out of employ- ment between 7 and 13 weeks in 1909; could read and write; did not attend school; and was not a veteran of the Civil War. The four spots in a row at the upper right hand of the card indicating the punch symbols, 0-0 O-O, for agricultural laborer. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 281 OCCUPATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES. Of the total number of 7,317,922 Negroes 10 years of age and over enumerated at the Thirteenth Census, 5,192,535, or 71 per cent, were reported as gainfully employed. Of the Negro males 10 years of age and over, 87.4 per cent were gainfully employed, and of the Negro families 54.7 per cent. PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS OF NEGRO MALES AND FEMALES IN THE UNITED STATES: 1910. Tabic 1 Per cent Sex ond Occupation. Number. Distribution. Males 3,178,554 100.0 Farm laborers 981,922 30.9 Farmers 793,509 25.1 Laborers — Building: and hand trades 166.374 5.2 Laborers — Saw and planing mills 91,181 2.9 Laborers — Steam railroad 86,380 2.7 Porters, except in stores 51,471 1.6 Draymen, teamsters, and expressmen 50,689 1.6 Coal mine operatives 39,530 1.2 Laborers, porters, and helpers in stores 36,906 1.2 Waiters 35.664 1.1 Laborers — Road and street building and repairing- 33,914 1.1 Cooks 32,453 1.0 Deliverymen — Stores 30,511 1.0 Carpenters 30,464 1.0 Janitors and sextons 22,419 0.7 Barbers, hairdressers, and inanicurists 19,446 0.6 Retail dealers 17,659 0.6 Clergymen 17,427 0.5 Longshoremen and stevedores 16,379 0.5 Laborers — Brick, tile, and terra-cotta factories. . 15,792 0.5 Firemen (except locomotive and fire department) 14,927 0.5 Lumbermen and raftsmen 14,005 0.4 Laborers — Blast furnaces and rolling mills 13,519 0.4 Hostlers and stable hands 12,965 0.4 Laborers — Public service 12,767 0.4 Brick and stone masons 12,401 0.4 Garden laborers 11.801 0.4 Laborers — Domestic and personal service 10,380 0.3 All other occupations 500,699 15.8 Females 2,013,981 100.0 Farm laborers 967,837 48.1 Laundresses (not in laundry) 361.551 17.9 Cooks 205,939 10.2 Farmers 79,309 3.9 Dressmakers and seamstresses (not in factory).. 38,148 1.9 Teachers (school) 22,441 1.1 Nurses (not trained) 17,874 0.9 Chambermaids 14.071 0.7 Laundry operatives 12.196 0.6 Housekeepers and stewardesses 10,021 0.5 All other occupations 284.594 14.1 Table 1 consists of a list of 28 leading occupations for Negro males and of 10 for Negro females, in descending order of their numerical importance. The table includes all the occupations giving employment to as many as 10,000 Negroes of either sex 10 years of age and over, and the males in the occupations in the list form 84.2 per cent of all the gainfully employed Negro males, while the Negro females included constitute 85.9 per cent of the total for that sex. Included in the persons gainfully employed and shown in the table as "all other occupations" are 404 photographers, 361 males 282 MICHIGAN MANUAL and 43 females; 68 female clergymen; 779 lawyers, 2 of whom are females; 146 editors, 134 males and 12 females; 478 dentists, 452 males and 26 females; 3,077 physicians, 2,744 males and 333 females; 2433 trained nurses, 275 males and 2,158 females; 3,374 professional musicians, 2,769 males and 605 females; 56 architects, 53 males and 3 females; 116 chemists, 112 males and 4 females; 242 professors in col- leges and universities, 169 males and 73 females; 6,991 male school teachers. In 1910 thv^^^e engaged in professional service were 1.3 per cent of all Negro persons engaged in gainful occupations. The occupation returns for 1910 also showed 26,295 Federal, state, county, city and town officials and employees and persons engaged in the national defense and in the maintenance of law and order. This class, included in "all other occupations" in the accompanying table, constituted 0.5 per cent of all Negro persons engaged in gainful occu- pations. In 1910 Negroe,j constituted 10.2 per cent of all persons in the United States 10 years of age and over, and were 13.6 per cent of all of those who were engaged in gainful occupations. Compared with the results shown for 1900, there was a slight decrease in the per cent distribution both for the Negro population ten years of age and over and for those engaged in gainful occupations. This decrease, how- ever, may be accounted for by taking into account the great number of immigrants coming into the country during the decade. On the other hand, there was a considerable increase in the proportion whfch the persons of both bexes and of each sex engaged in gainful occupa- tions constituted of all persons of the same sex or class 10 years of age and over, in 1910 and 1900, respectively. The increase for both sexes was 8.8 per c«at; for males, 3.3 per cent, and for females, 14.0 per cent. In other words a larger proportion of Negro persons 10 years of age and ov^r was engaged in gainful occupations in 1910 than in 1900. MICHIGAN STATISTICS. Prior to 1910 . le classification of occupations was under five general heads, namely, agricultural pursuits, manufacturing and mechanical pursuits, trade and transportation, professional service, and domestic service. To provide a more accurate and comprehensive classification these i^eneral heads or divisions were increased, as shown in General Jtible I, namely, agricultural, forestry, and animal husbandry; extraction of minerals; manufacturing and mechanical industries; transportation; trade; public service; professional service; domestic service, and clerical occupations. The changes made necessary by this re-classification preclude the actual comparison of the figures shown in General Tables I and II for 1910 with the totals in similar tables for 1900. A careful study of Table 2 indicates a decrease in the number, as well as in the per cent of Negroes engaged in domestic and personal service in Michigan, accounted for by the fact of their employment in FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 283 larger numbers in those industries and occupations which require more or less skill, offer larger remuneration, and afford greater oppor- tunities for advancement. NUMBER AND PROPORTION OF NEGROES IN THE GENERAL DIVISIONS OF OCCUPATIONS: 1910 AND 1900. Table 2 The State Detroit Grand Rapids Division. No. Pet. No. Pet. Xo. Pet. All occupations 8,G44 100.0 3,310 100.0 358 100.0 Agriculture, forestry and animal industry 1.385 ICO 7 0.2 2 0.6 Extraction of minerals... 50 0.6 1 0.3 Manufacturing- and me- chanical pursuits 1.985 23.0 C30 19.1 93 26.0 Transportation 581 6.7 292 8.8 29 S.l Trade 366 4.2 208 6.3 13 3.6 Public service 66 0.8 34 1.0 2 0.6 Professional service 294 .•!.4 14'J 4.5 13 3.6 Domestic service 3,799 43.9 1,910 r.7.7 19S 55.3 Clerical occupations 118 1.4 80 2.4 7 1.9 All occupations 7,188 100.0 2,07 1 100.0 294 100.0 Agricultural pursuits ... 1,328 18.5 4 0.2 1 0.3 Professional service 186 2.6 SO 3.9 9 3.1 Domestic and personal service 4,235 58.9 1,492 71.9 230 78.2 Trade and transportation 637 8.9 284 13.7 30 10.2 Manufacturing and me- chanical puisuits Sri2 II 1 211 10. .J 24 ^.2 A study of the population and of the occupation returns for the state of Michigan for the years 1900 and 1910 develops the following facts : 1. An increase of 1,299 in number of the Negro inhabitants of the state for the decade 1900-1910, distributed by sex as follows: Males, 787; females, 512. 2. An increase for the decade of 1,418 in the number of Negro persons 10 years of age and over; 822 of such increase being males, and 596 being females. 3. An increase of 1,456 in the number of Negro persons 10 years of age and over engaged in gainful occupations: 1.001 males, 455 females. 4. That in 1910, both as regards the number of persons 10 years of age and over in the general Negro population and the number of such persons engaged in gainful occupations the returns showed a gain for both of substantially 5 per cent. 5. That, for the state, for both sexes, 59.4 per cent of all Negro persons 10 years of age and over are engaged in gainful occupations; the percentage for each sex being 84.3 for males and 31.li for females. While the returns show a relatively small increase in the general Negro population of the state, an analysis of the occupation returns develops the fact that the Michigan Negro not only has hold his own but has accomplished a considerable and substantial gain, particularly in those div'sions of occupations requiring more or less skill. 284 MICHIGAN MANUAL The returns also show that it is in the larger cities and industrial centers, where competition is keenest and the conditions of labor the most exacting, that the Negro has made his greatest gains. The facts brought out by the returns would also seem to warrant the statement that as regards the per cent distribution for the various divisions of occupation those of the Negro show a uniformly increasing tendency toward an approximation of those shown for the state as a whole. A study of the occupation statistics of the United States (1) cov- ering the thirty-year period, 1880-1910, discloses the fact that there has been a steady decline in the proportion of persons engaged in agri- cultural pursuits and in domestic and personal service, with a corre- sponding increase in the number and proportion of persons engaged in trade and transportation and in manufacturing and mechanical pur- suits, the increase in professional service being, obviously, less, but relatively as great. The same tendency obtained for the population of Michigan, there being but slight difference between the rate of decline for the Negroes and that for the whites. Therefore, it will be observed that the changes which have taken place among the Negro population gainfully employed have been in almost every respect similar to those which have occurred throughout the United States as a whole. Further study of the occupation statistics published by the Bureau of the Census brings out the fact that the percentage (84.3) of Negro males 10 years of age and over gainfully employed is exceeded only by the percentage (90.4) shown for foreign born males 10 years of age and over and gainfully employed, the percentages (75.7 and 74.9, respectively) for both those of native white of native parentage and native white of foreign or mixed parentage being considerably less than that for the Negroes. A like condition obtains in the case of Negro and white females 10 years of age and over gainfully employed. With the exception of one state. South Dakota (31.1), Michigan shows a smaller proportion of Negro women engaged in gainful occu- pations — the per cent being 31.2 — than any other state in the Union. Table 3 shows the total Negro population of the State, Detroit, Grand Rapids and the balance of the state for 1900 and 1910, with the number of Negroes 10 years of age and over in the state and the named subdivisions, engaged in gainful occupation, together with the per cent such persons 10 years of age and over engaged in gainful occupations bear to the total population and to the population 10 years of age and over. (1) See Vol. IV, Population, Occupation Statistics, 13th Census, is- sued by the Bureau ol' the Census. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 285 TABLE 3 ensus 1 Negro pop- Total Negro 1 ulation 10 Persons 10 years of age and over engaged in gainful occupations. Area, Sex and C Per cent of Negro pop- ulation 10 year. population . years of age Per cent of and over. Nuinljir. total Negro 1 population. years of age and over. The State Both sexes 1910 17,11.'-) 14.5,-)7 S.044 50.5 59 4 Male 1900 15,810 13,139 7,188 45.4 54.7 1910 9,007 7,727 6,511 72 3 84.3 Female 1900 8,220 6,905 5,510 67.0 79.8 1910 S,108 6,830 2,133 26.3 31 2 1900 7,590 6,234 1,0S7 22.1 26.9 Detroit Both sexes 1910 5.741 5,068 3,310 57.6 65 3 Male 1900 4,111 3.494 2,074 50.4 59.3 1910 2,98.5 2,643 2.350 78.7 88 9 Female 1900 2,014 1.701 1.471 73.0 86.5 1910 2,750 2.425 900 34.8 39 Grand Rapids 1900 2,097 1,793 603 28.7 33.0 Both sexes 1910 665 584 358 53.8 61.3 Male 1900 604 532 294 48.7 55.3 1910 347 307 277 79.8 90.2 Female 1900 298 261 210 70.5 80.4 1910 318 277 81 25.5 29.2 1900 306 271 84 27.4 31. U Balance of State Both sexes 1910 10,709 8,905 4,970 40.5 55.9 Male 1900 11,101 9,113 4,820 43.4 52.0 1910 5,675 4,777 3,884 OS. 4 81.3 1900 5,908 4,943 3.829 1 64.8 77.5 Female 1910 5.034 4,128 1.092 21.7 20 t 1900 5.193 4.170 901 19 1 23.7 Table 4 shows for the cities in the state with 25,000 to 100,000 population, the total Negro population for 1910, the number of Negroes 10 years of age and over, and the per cent such person bears to the total Negro population and the Negro population 10 years of age and over. 286 MICHIGAN MANUAL TABLE 4 Total Negro population 1910. Negro pop- ulation 10 years of age and over. 1910. Persons IC engaged i ) years of age n gainful occ Per cent of total Negro population. ; and over -upations. Area and Sex. Number. Per cent of Negro pop- ulation 10 years of age and over. Battle Creek Both sexes Male Female 575 283 292 484 236 248 303 198 105 52.7 69.9 35.9 62.6 83.9 42.3 Bay City 160 80 80 135 71 64 78 63 15 48.8 78.8 18.8 57.8 Male Female 88.7 23.4 Flint Both sexes 397 217 . 180 338 187 151 175 149 26 44.1 68.7 14.4 51.8 Male Female 79.7 12.2 Jackson Both sexes Male Female 354 188 166 323 177 146 220 157 03 62.1 83.5 37.9 68.1 88.7 43.2 Kalamazoo Both sexes Male Female 685 360 325 585 309 276 372 255 117 54.3 70.8 36.0 63.6 82.5 42.4 Lansing Both sexes 354 174 180 300 141 159 160 117 43 45.2 67.2 23.9 53.3 Male Female 82.9 27.0 Saginaw Both sexes Male Female 313 164 149 281 146 SI5 184 130 54 58.8 79.3 36.2 65. 5 89.0 40.0 Dividing these breadwinners into two well-defined classes — (1) the productive or sustaining class, and (2) the regulating or governing class — we have the following table, numbered 5: Table 5 Division. Total All pursuits S.644 Sustaining- pursuits 8,166 Agrricultural, forestry, and animal husbandry 1,385 Extraction of minerals 50 Manufacturinpr and mechanical pursuits 1,0.S5 Transportation 581 Trade 366 Domestic and personal service 3,799 Rcffulating- pursuits 478 Professional service 294 Public service 66 Clerical occupations 118 Males Females 6,511 2,133 6,13.S 2,031 1,333 52 .'■lO 1,779 206 580 1 348 18 2,045 1,754 376 102 217 77 66 93 25 FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 287 In 1900 to every 83 Negroes engaged in the sustaining class there was 1 in the governing class, as against 20 to 1 among the whites in the entire country. In 1910, in Michigan, the total number of gainful workers in the state was divided as follows: 926.815 in tho productive class and 186,183 in the regulating class, or 83.3 per cent in the former and 16.7 in the latter. Michigan's Negro "breadwinners," numbering 8,644 persons, had 8,166 or 94.5 per cent in the .sustaining clas.s and 478 or 5.5 per cent in the governing class. A substantial gain and one calculated to lend ecouragement and hope to the entire race in their onward progress. If statistics were available to indicate the non-successful, of all classes, in the "higher callings," it would develop that there are no more failures among Negroes in those pursuits, than among the rep- resentatives of the other elements of our cosmopolitan population. The figures, however, show that the race, neither in Michigan or elsewhere, has its quota in the professional pursuits; that there is still room at the top; and that the higher education of aspiring and capable young men and women of the race is justified. In agriculture, as in many of the trades and professions, Michigan Negroes have demonstrated their ability to control the forces of nature. With 640 farms operated by them in the state, the 1,385 per- sons engaged in agricultural pursuits (Occupation, General Tables I and II) are distributed over the state, by counties, as shown in Table 6: MICHIGAN MANUAL TABLE 6 COUNTY. Total. Allegan . Antrim . Barry. . Bay Benzie. . Berrien ... Branch. . . , Calhoun. . . Cass Charlevoi.x . Cheboygan Chippewa. . Clinton . . . . Crawford. . Delta Eaton Emmet Genesee Gladwin Grand Traverse . Gratiot . . Hillsdale. Huron. . . Ingham . . Ionia. . . . Iosco Isabella. . . . Jackson . . . . Kalamazoo. Kalkaska. . Kent Lapeer.. . Leelanau. . Lenawee. . Livingston. Manistee.. Mecosta. . Midland. . Missaukee. Monroe. . . Montcalm. Muskegon . Newaygo. . Oakland. . Oceana. . . Ontonagon . Osceola. . . . Oscoda. . . . Ottawa. . . . Saginaw. . . St. Joseph. Sanilac. . . . Shiawassee . Tuscola . . . . Van Buren . Washtenaw. Wayne Wexford. . . Number of farms. 640 48 3 4 3 7 23 3 11 171 4 2 1 6 1 1 3 1 2 4 2 11 2 1 5 1 1 27 5 5 1 12 1 5 3 1 5 35 19 1 10 25 5 2 3 3 1 3 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 78 26 30 FARM ACREAGE. Total 45,331 2.986 268 340 145 780 1,313 149 554 13,515 243 80 80 542 120 10 276 40 80 380 224 729 42 40 419 80 120 2,471 202 245 40 522 16 514 111 7 365 2,773 1,291 38 861 1,667 134 273 29 100 80 200 320 50 5 148 200 10 60 4.990 1.712 1,7.')7 585 Improved. 32,260 2,270 185 250 131 458 1,137 121 430 10,420 140 50 20 182 48 3 180 40 80 141 64 569 35 25 337 66 30 1,550 180 222 40 361 16 235 103 7 128 1.599 729 5 605 1.168 85 50 29 68 8 30 80 50 5 114 180 10 36 1. 000 1,546 1.499 110 VALUE OF FARM LAND, BUILDINGS, ETC. $2,113,942 134,357 9.135 13.975 12.100 23.478 106.165 7.460 20.020 661.808 17.610 2.050 2.050 18,210 3,150 700 13.400 1,540 3,400 7,250 2,225 36.630 2.830 1.275 22.715 3,425 210 68,140 16,775 21,450 900 43,450 1.600 8.500 6.800 2.200 11,826 62.930 51.515 400 75.275 60.715 15.041 1.775 3,670 5.675 1.60<> 2,660 1.3;iO 2.200 600 7.988 6.200 650 1.750 287.725 11G.080 95.245 4,110 FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 289 The table also shows the farm acreage, the improved acreage, and the total value of the land, buildings, implements and machinery. Cass County, with 1,444 Negro inhabitants in UtlO, lead with 171 farms, valued at $661,808. The farmers in this county raising annually corn, wheat, oats, clover, hay, potatoes, beans, etc., to the value of nearly $100 000. Horses, cattle, sheep and swine proving an annual asset of nearly that amount, and their dairy products, poultry and wool returns adding materially to the revenues of the county. 'I c a Map Showing: Cass County, Michigan ^ ^ Agriculture is accounted the greatest of the arts because it favors and strengthens population, creates and maintains manufacturies. and gives employment to navigation and material to commerce. It is, there- fore, with some pride of state as well as of race that I can call atten- tion today, that in Michigan the state of my adoption during the past forty years, a colony of Negroes have amply demonstrated their fitness to tickle the soil, and by dint of hard toil and many sacrifices, have proven fallacious the theory that the Negro cannot maintain himself in the west and northwest. If you would look upon a fair picture of rural simplicity, fair women, brave men, happy homes, varied products, the charm of country life, and get relief from the stifling atmosphere of the cities, go with me to Cass County, Michigan, and 1 will show you a land that has been preserved and fortified by the practice of agriculture. Where health, wealth and prosperity have crowned with success the efforts of a number of Negroes who, with a self-reliance that fails not, dared 290 MICHIGAN MANUAL to brave the difficulties and hardships, together with the snow and ice of Michigan, in search of liberty and broader opportunities. The Negroes who first settled in Cass county were attracted to Calvin township by the friendliness of the whites who were opposed to slavery. It is a matter of record that in 1847, Sampson Saunders, a planter of Virginia, died, and by a provision of his will gave freedom tu his slaves, some forty in number, and appropriated $15,000 of liis •estate for the purchase of lands in some free state upon which they were to enter at once. This bequest was fulfilled by the purchase of land in Cass County. Later one Kinchen Artis, a Negro quaker, also led a small colony of Negroes into that county where they also pur- chased land. It is said his colony of 20 families or about 100 persons, controlled altogether about $4,000 when they entered upon the wild land of Michigan. Among the early settlers were Green Allen, who came from North Carolina, and William Allen, from Ohio, who are now living, and counted among the prosperous citizens of the county.' The following list of patents granted to Michigan Negroes show that the state takes high rank as to inventors. McCoy leading not only his state, but the entire country in point of number of patents. Cass county citizens took the lead, the patent to Turner Byrd, jr., of Wil- liamsville, February 6, 1872, being closely followed by one to Thomas Jefferson Martin, March 26, 1872. Mr. Dickinson, a Michigan man now residing in New Jersey, also holds a high rank as an inventor. iR. A. Pelham in A. M. E. Zion Quarterly Review, April, 1901. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 291 KTEGRO IXVEXTORS IX MICHIGAN TO WHOM PATENTS HAVE BEEN ISSUED. Name. Bailiff. C. O Byrd, Jr., Turner. Date of Patent. Dammond. W. H. Dickinson, J. H. . Dickinson, Samuel McCoy, Elijah. . . . Oct. 11. 1898 Feb. 6. 1872 March 19 1872 April 30, 1872 Dec. 1, 1874 Dec. 29. 1903 May 2. 1899 July 15, 19U2 Sept. 20 1904 Oct. 11, 1904 May 8, 1906 •May 5 1908 March 23 1909 March 23 1909 March 23 1909 June 29, 1909 June 11 1912 Feb. 2 1915 Feb. 2 1915 July 15 1872 Aug. 6 1872 May 27, 1873 Jan. 20, 1874 May 12, 1874 Feb. 1. 1876 July 4 1876 March 28 , 1882 July 18 1882 Jan. 9 1883 June 16 1885 Feb. 8. 1887 April 19, 1887 May 24, 1887 May 29, 1888 May 29 1888 Sept. 29, 1891 Dec. 29 1891 March L 1 1892 April 5 1892 June 6 1S93 Sept. 13 1898 Oct. 4, 1898 Nov. 15 1898 June 27 1899 March 27 , 1900 Dec. 18 1900 Feb. 21 1905 June 16 1908 Nov. 10 1908 Feb. 9 1909 July 11 1911 March 26 , 1912 July f» 1912 May 14 1914 June 30 1914 Sept. 8 1914 Feb. 9 1915 April 20 1915 292 MICHIGAN MANUAL Name. Date of Patent. McCoy and Hodg-e Nov. 18, 1884 Dec. 24, 1889 McCoy and Wheeler June 4, 1907 Martin, Thoma.s J March 26, 1872 Newsome, Simeon May 22 1894 Pelham, Robert A Dec. 19] 1905 Reynolds, Humphrey H April 3, 1883 Oct. 7, 1890 Richardson, Albert C March 14, 1882 Feb. 17, 1891 Nov. 13, 1894 Feb. 28, 1899 Dec. 12, 1899 Stewart, Bnos \V May 3, 18S7 Nov. 22, 1887 Stewart. T. W Dec. 27. 1887 June 13, 1893 Stewart & Johnson June 20, 1893 Trade Mark Looker. Oscar L Oct. 30. 1900 Madame Azafia Hackley. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 293 By way of comparison as to the advance the race has made along occupational lines, the following table compiled from unofficial records in the Congressional Library at Washington reveals an interesting insight into the occupations of the race in Detro it in 1870: NEGROES ENGAGED IN GAINFUL OCCUPATIONS IN DETROIT AS LISTED IN THE DETROIT CITY DIRECTORY FOR 1870. Agriculliire tl Farmers 4 Gardeners 2 Manufac. and Mechanical lOt! Baker 1 Brick and stone masons. ... ft Builder 1 Carpenters 12 Cig'ar makers 1 Confectioner 1 Coopers 7 Currier and tanner 2 Dressm'k'rs & seamstresses 10 Engineers 4 Fireman 1 Painter 1 Plasterers 15 Sawyers 3 Ship carpenter 1 Shoemakers 3 Stripper (tobacco) 2 Tailors 3 Tobacconists 4 Whitewashcrs 25 Trade 32 Clerks (in stores) 3 Fruit dealer 1 Grocer 1 Hucksters and veg-etable dealers 3 Meat market 1 Intellis'ence office 1 Peddlers 3 Porters (in stores) l!i Transportation 47 Hack driver 1 Hostlers 3 Sailors 27 Livery stable 1 Teamsters and draymen.... 15 Domes, and personal service.. 321 Barbers 71 Bartenders 4 Bell boy 1 Billiard parlor or saloon. . . 8 Boarding- house keeper 1 r'arpot .'^liaker 1 Caterer 1 Coachmen 3 Cooks 34 Hairdressers 2 Janitors 5 Laborers 102 Laundresses 2 Laundryman 1 Lunchroom keeper 1 Sleeping car janitor 1 Stewards 5 Waiters 59 Warehousemen 2 Washerwomen 17 Professional service 12 Artist 1 Dumas Watkins. Clerprymen 3 J. S. Booth. Hezekiah Harper. Joseph Hurlburt. Drugrgist 1 S. C. ^Vatson. Horse trainer 1 Eugene Tunison. Music teacher 1 Charles Thompson. Physicians 2 B. L. Clark. Joseph Ferguson. Teachers 3 Mrs. J. Cook. Miss Sarah Webb. Miss Fannie Richards. Public service 3 City scavenger 1 John Logan. Inspector (Custom service) . 1 John D. Richards. Letter carrier (P. O. ) 1 John C. Ferguson. Clerical service 3 Messengers - Stephen Copper. .Tohn L,. Martin. Traveling agent 1 liarvcy Webb. The table is not in any respect comparable with the figures for 1900 and 1910. The directory only showing "breadwinners," that were heads of families and certain other persons of age, and not all the persons 10 years of age and over engaged in gainful occupation. Enough is shown, however, to indicate the early entry into the higher pursuits, the list showing artists, dru.ggists, music teachers, physicians, teachers, traveling agents, and a few in public service. Including an inspector in the customs service and a letter carrier. The names of the individuals holding these places are shown in the table. About the first public positions held by a Negro in Detroit were those of city 294 ICHIGAN MANUAL scavenger and city chimney sweep. William Jones appearing as the former in 1865 and William Stokes as the latter in 1870. The colored school in 1865 being taught by John Whitbeck, principal, and Miss S. Brown, assistant, both white teachers. In 1870, however, while "Colored School No. 1"' was taught by Preston Whitbeck, the son of the elder Whitbeck, and Miss G. Foote, also white; "Colored School No. 2" was taught by Miss Fannie M. Richards, mention of whom is made in "Foreword," and "Colored School No. 3" by Mrs. J. Cook and Miss Sarah Webb. Later in 1870, after a legal contest, and a decision upholding the contention of the colored citizens, the "Colored Schools" were abol- ished in Detroit and Miss Fannie Richards, one of the three colored teachers, retained in the service, notwithstanding the fact, that her brother and all her relatives had taken an active part in "pushing the mandamus case" in the courts against the School Board. General Tables I and II show in detail the number of males and females engaged in 1910 in each of 428 specified occupations and occu- pation groups for the State, cities having 25,000 or more inhabitants and the balance of the state. The statistics in the General Tables for 1910 (pp. 301-311) show a decided gain in many of the higher pursuits, but as the figures are now five years old it is well to state that they do not represent actual con- ditions today. Apparent changes show an increase in all the profes- sional and clerical occupations. "A Negro has now been to the North Pole, and there are famous Nefero painters, musicians, novelists, botanists, legists, philologists, philosophers, mathematicians, engineers, and general officers whose work is done in the white world and in emulation with the first talent of Europe and America. Here on the French Rivera, where this paper is being finished, Negro chauffeurs are much en evidence because of their skillful and careful driving. The ten million Negroes in the United States occupy in that country a position of capital importance in industry and agriculture." Thus spoke the eminent British scien- tist. Sir Harry H. Johnston, G. C. M. G., K. C. B., D. Sc, at the First Universal Races Congress, held at the University of London, July 26-29, 1911. The phenominal growth of Detroit has wonderfully demonstrated the wisdom of the foregoing paragraph penned thousands of miles away. Negro chauffeurs are much in evidence in Detroit and the ranks of the professional and clerical classes as well as the industrial classes have grown in the quinquenium, 1910 to 1915. It is claimed that the number of chauffeurs has increased from 18 to 80— and that the num- ber of Negroes in the other occupations, connected with the manufac- ture of automobiles and automobile accessories has also increased considerably. The number of lawyers stated as 11 in 1910 has increased to 18. 13 of them gainfully employed in the practice of their profession. Other professional and clerical occupations being enumerated as fol- FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 295 lows: 17 teachers, 6 pharmacists (registered), 10 physicians, 6 dentists, 9 stenographers, divided into 1 court, 4 government, 3 lawyer's and 1 doctor's assistant, 4 bank clerks, 1 accountant and 6 bookkeepers. Out in the state the increases have also been noticeable. As there is no more valuable source of information regarding the effects of modern civilization than the study of the comparative statis- tics of occupations, it is well, at times, to stop and take account of the upward tendency outlined in Michigan. In Detroit in 1910, census figures show that the 5,741 Negro inhab- itants occupied 1,357 homes, of which ]27 were owned. A ratio of 1 owned home to every 45 of its Negro inhabitants; a ratio slightly better than that of Washington, D. C. It is now claimed, however, that the increase in the more remunerative occupations has caused a great gain in "home ownership" and that the ratio of inhabitants to one owned home has been materially reduced and the homes greatly improved as shown and illustrated elsewhere in this publication. 296 MICHIGAN MANUAL PARAGRAPHS ABOUT PEOPLE AND THEIR OCCUPATIONS IN DAYS GONE BY. The research for statistical data, for comparative purposes, brought to light a number of interesting facts, relative to Michigan citizens, during the early and succeeding years of the past half cen- tury, and are presented here, as occupational data worthy of note. C. H. Mitchell, graduate of the Law Department at Ann Arbor, was elected Justice of the Peace at Battle Creek in April, 1889. Dr. S. C. Watson, of Detroit, was born in Charlestown, S. C, in 1832. He received a common school education, attended Oberlin college one year, spent two years at Ann Arbor as a medical student, and afterwards graduated from the Cleveland College of Medicine. He practiced in Toronto and Chatham, locating in Detroit in 1863. He opened a drug store, which business he was engaged in at his death in 1892. He was a member of the Underground Railroad and a close friend of John Brown, Wendell Phillips, William Lloyd Garrison, and their co-workers. Was a member of Board of Estimates in 1876; was elected a member of City Council in 1882, and served two terms. In 1884 was elected delegate-at-large to National Republican Convention which nominated Blaine and Logan. He was the first colored man so honored in the North. He was a commissioner for Michigan at the New Orleans Exposition and was a member of the Jury Commission through appointment by Governor Winans at time of his death. John H. Freeny, of the Sagnaw Valley and resident of Mt. Pleasant, Mich., was born and reared in Camden, N. J Came to Michigan in 1868 and engaged in barbering at Clare. Later moved to present home and learned photography with the celebrated Goodridge Brothers of Saginaw, after which he opened a photo gallery and a barber shop in East Saginaw. But his yearnings were towards construction, and through real estate investments he soon found himself a dealer in lumber, and in 1883 owned pine land enough to keep him busy for a number of years; also a mill which sawed eight million shingles in 1882. He had three lumber camps, ten teams, four yoke of oxen and 100 men employed. Mr. Freeny was founder and sole owner of the village of Wise, containing about 400 inhabitants and located on a branch of railroad running from East Saginaw to Mt. Pleasant, with two daily mails and in a flourishing condition. Prof. C. W. Thompson was born a slave to a brutal master in Rich- mond, Virginia. Through the Underground Railroad he escaped, land- ing in Philadelphia in 1852, and in 1854 came to Detroit where he set- tled. Naturally endowed with musical talent, he soon began organizing choirs and choruses and a school of music, having as high as 125 pupils enrolled. He organized the Detroit Philharmonic Society, and even today his influence is felt in his adopted city. Capt. Obadiah C. Wood was born in New York state in 1815. His parents moved to Rochester, where he received such education as that FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS li'jT state provided for its colored citizens in that day. In 1843 he went to Detroit. Mr. Wood was the first person to organize a colored military organization in the state of Michigan. Long before the election of Mr. Lincoln, he had a well organized, drilled and equipped company, and when the war clouds appeared Capt. Wood and his company were among the first to offer their services to the governor of the state, which offer was rejected because the North at that time did not think it needed the Negi-o's aid in putting down the rebellion. Through Capt. Wood, legal action a.sainst the Board of Education, at his own expense, and discrimination having been declared illegal by the Supreme Court of the state he, practically unaided, except by justice, opened the public schools to all colored children in their respective districts in the fall of 1870. He was the first colored man in Michigan to hold a position under the Federal government, a position he held for twelve years with satis- faction to the Government and credit to himself, and which he resigned on account of ill health. He was also the first colored man elected to a municipal office in the state, being elected a member of the Board of Estimates for two years and commissioned by Governor Bagley as a Jury Commissioner. Mr. Charles Peterson, of Saginaw, was born in New Jersey in 1822. He settled in several places in New York and Canada before perma- nently locating in East Saginaw, where he has acquired considerable real estate and a business in draying through hard work and thrift, and was easily worth $50,000 in 1883. His only daughter married Mr. Foun- tain Bass, the popular caterer of Bay City. Walter Y. Clark had the first laundry in Detroit. Lack of capital forced him into political life and he held many places of honor and trust. J. C. Craig, of Grand Rapids, ran a fine barber shop, equipped with electric light and apparatus, as early as 1883. Mrs. Lucy Thurman, of Jackson, was the first colored woman to lecture and organize branches for the State W. C. T. U. She is also ex-president of the C. W. N. F. C. Sojourner Truth, noted lecturer, abolitionist, and woman's rights advocate, co-worker of Fred Douglass and Su.san B. Anthony, made her home in Battle Creek for a number of years and died there. George W. Lewis came to Lenawee county in 1835, ran leading barber shop in Adrian till 1882, when he became excursion manager for the Wabash Railroad. Mrs. M. E. Lambert, of Detroit, was not only a splendid elocu- tionist and rarely gifted in knowledge of literature, but also a writer, having been especially commended for a "Child's Book of Stories" from her pen. Goodridge Bros., of Saijinaw. were for years the loadirg pho- tographers of Northern Michigan. Their work was not excelled in the 29S MICHIGAN MANUAL state. One specialty was the taking of noted views all over the country. Richard Shewcraft was the first colored artist to receive a scholar- ship at the Detroit Museum of Art, which possesses one of his pictures bought by friends before his death and presented to the Museum. John H. Fox was one of the first colored attorneys in Michigan. In 1883 he was enjoying a lucrative practice in Ypsilanti. Mr. J. J. Richardson, of Bay City, was well known and appreciated for his newspaper writings and his historical knowledge of early Michi- gan, which had attracted wide attention in the early 80s. He settled in Saginaw in 1855, when there was only one other colored family in the valley. Hon. D. Augustus Straker, after becoming a citizen of Detroit in the latter 80s, was the first colored man elected Circuit Court Commis- sioner. He enjoyed a lucrative mixed practice and the legal books of which he Is author are recognized authorities on their subjects. Frank C. Bradford, of Detroit, was special pattern man of the Ful- ton Iron Works of Detroit. He was also an inventor. William C. Swan, of Detroit, attorney, was the first colored man to be nominated on the Democratic ticket for Circuit Court Commis- sioner. Hon. J. Frank Rickards came to Detroit in 1865. Was one of the first colored letter carriers, having been appointed in 1879. He is a high mason and an authority on masonic matters Dr. Charles Ellis held an honored professional reputation in Sagi- naw, Michigan, till cut off by death in his early years. Mr. William Gaskins, of Jackson, has attracted attention all over the state by his expert penmanship. Miss Dora Grayson was director of music in Tecumseh public .schools from 1890 to 1894. She was the first colored woman in Michi- gan to fill such position. Mr. Harry Guy composes and arranges high class music for all the best local soloists and orchestras in Detroit. Detroit Study Club, founded in 1898, by Mrs. Gay Lewis Pelham, Is the principal literary club in the state, belonging for seventeen years to the City Federation of Clubs with representation. Ypsilanti still has colored schools with colored teachers. The pioneer teacher was Rev. Isaac Burdine, known all over the state as a strong race man of splendid qualities. Preston's Restaurant at Marquette was the leading place of its kind in Marquette in 1890 and Mr. George Preston, proprietor, was counted one of Marquette's most progressive business men. Mme. Maggie Porter Cole, one of the original Fisk Jubilee Singers, has made Detroit her home since her marriage some years ago. She has oranized several choruses and freely lends her talent to charity. H. F. Snodgrass, of Battle Creek, was foreman for more than 20 years of the blacksmith shops of Nichols &. Shepard, agricultural imple- FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 299 ment manufacturers in that city, with 25 or more race assistants. Wm. Barton was the engineer of the plant for many years. Isaac N. Jackson, of Charlotte, was at one time foreman of the news room of the Charlotte Republican. This newspaper spoke in the highest terms of him when he was a candidate on the Republican ticket for Town Recorder. He was defeated by only 11 votes. Miss Lulu V. Childers, of Howell, Michigan, singer, and at present Director of Music at Howard University, received her common school education at Howell and her voice training at Oberlin Conservatory of Music. Miss Childers is an excellent example of a self-made woman, as her training at Oberlin was made largely possible through her own personal efforts. Dr. L. H. Johnson was born in Union Town, Fayette county, Pa., and settled permanently in Detroit in 1880 after having graduated from Oberlin in a literary course and receiving his degree in medicine from the Chicago Medical College. He built up a fine, lucrative practice, having both colored and white patients — indeed, about 75 per cent of his practice were the latter. Miss Fannie M. Richards was born in Fredericksburg, Va. The family coming to Detroit in her early days, she is practically a Michigan product. She was appointed a teacher in the public schools at Detroit in 1868 and has taught continuously till 1915, when she was retired upon pension. She was the first president of the Phyllis Wheatly Home and known for her charitable deeds as well as her love for literature and her passion for teaching. Hon. Henry Lincoln Johnson, of Georgia, ex-Recorder of Deeds for the District of Columbia, received his degree in law from the University of Michigan. The late lamented Dr. John R. Francis, of Washington, D. C, received his degree in medicine from the University of Michigan. Joseph H. Stewart, of Washington, D. C. — honored member of the bar, received his degree in law from the University of Michigan. Dr. Thomas Wallace, of Adrian, has a celebrated sanatorium and has made some remarkable cures through his special treatment. His Sanatorium with equipment has a valuation of about $20,000. John Lewis, born in Livingston Co., N. Y., in 1826, came to Adrian with his parents in the fall of 1837. He was a product of the early public school of Adrian and his natural intelligence together with the use he made of his schooling and experience assisted him greatly in acquiring business methods. Economy was his watchword and through this trait about 1857 he bought out his employer's eating house and s^t about accumulating a competence. His place, "The Verandah," be- came and remained a land mark in Adrian till Mr. Lewis' death. He was universally respected by all classes of citizens. Hon. W. VV. Ferguson was born in Detroit in 1857. Ills father. Dr. Joseph Ferguson, was a pioneer of Detroit and city physician for several terms. He was the first boy of his race to enter iht^ Detroit 300 MICHIGAN MANUAL Public Schools, and be graduated with high honors from the High School. He was the first colored member of the Michigan legislature, having been elected in 1892. He was the plaintiff who won the cele- brated Ferguson-Gies civil right case, citation of which is made throughout the entire country. Madame E. Azalia Hackley, the noted singer and musical lec- turer, was educated in Detroit, where she taught for a number of years in the public schools. Upon her marriage to Mr. Edward Hackley, Denver, became her home from which place she went forth after hard study to conquer in musical fields and win a world wide reputation in her profession of music. Among the eariy teachers who left for Southern fields of labor were Joseph H. Pelham and George Rice, of Detroit in the 70s. Mr. Rice died some years ago in Missouri, where Mr. Pelham remained and taught for more than 40 years. He has two daughters, Misses Mabel and Gladys, now teaching in the Detroit Public Schools, and a son in the Detroit Post Office. George Young, for many years steward for the "Yondotega" club of Detroit, by special recommendation is now steward of the Country Club, one of Washington's most aristocratic country clubs. Rev. John A. Williams, rector of St. Mark's Episcopal Church, Omaha, Nebraska, is a Michigan product, educated in the Public Schools of Detroit and becoming a protege of Bishop Worthington, entered the Episcopal priesthood after graduating from the Divinity School at Fairabault, Minn., and is one of the most prominent of the Episcopal clergy. Ann Arbor has one colored postman and police officer, appointed by Republican and Democratic officials respectively. Saginaw is credited with one physician. Grand Rapids has one public school teacher. Bay City has one public school teacher — has had three. in 1883 Mr. C. B. Burton was the leading confectioner and caterer of East Saginaw. Charles Kelly, of Frederick, Crawford county, general store keeper, township treasurer, was postmaster under Harrison and McKinley. Lieut. Frank W. Cheek was a gallant lieutenant in the Volunteer service in the Spanish-American war. There has been two race representatives as teachers in the Detroit Conservatory of Music. Ypsilanti has one colored physician. in June, 1883, the Wayne County Jury Commission approved the following named among other jurors for the year: Wayne County Court: Jas. H. Cole. Superior Court: Montgomery Bell, Wilmot Johnson, Theodore Fin- ney, Joseph W. Shafer, Thaddeus D. Warsaw .Lomax B. Cook, and Dr. Samuel C. Watson. Recorder's Court: George Sorrel, Henry C. Clark, Obadiah C. Wood and George B. Crisup. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 301 AT ONE TIME: Detroit had John A. Loomis, expert stenographer, one of the first to teach stenography in Detroit. W. H. Vincent was one of Flint's progressive business men, with a fine grocery store. At Lansing, Mr. Andrew Dungey and Mr. John W. Allen were young contractors and builders. Alpheus A. Poole was deputy sheriff for Wayne under Sheriff James D. Burns, democrat. At Lansing, Mr. William Tate, dealer in merchandise. Ann Arbor, Mr. White, a contractor. Grand Rapids, Mr. George Miller, pressman. Lapeer had the well known attorney, S. Laing Williams, of Wash- ington, D. C, the first graduate from Columbia University returning to vote at election time. Mr. Williams is now a citizen of Chicago, 111. In Port Huron, Mr. J. E. Bird, counselor and advisor of leading politicians of his district. AMONG THE WELL KNOWN: J. C. Ford, of Grand Rapids, a staunch race man and pioneer in all movements for race uplift. Albert W. Hill, of Detroit, the first Internal Revenue Gauger in Michigan, and a politician of "high degree.'' Mme. Frances E. Preston, Detroit, most famous elocutionist and temperance worker. C. C. Carter, of Port Huron, an influential member of the conven- tion of 1884 and a political force in his locality. Mr. and Mrs. William H. Howard, of Detroit, funeral directors, un- dertakers and embalmers. Dr. Sylvester S. Smith, first dentist in Detroit. Prof. William H. Dammond resigned a professorship at Wilber- force in 1911 to take a position with the Michigan Central Railroad as assistant bridge engineer. While holding this position. Prof. Dam- mond invented an electric cab signal, an improvement over and des- tined to supplant the block signal. Mr. Ray Middieton, graduate of the University of Michigan, civil engineer, with American Bridge and Iron Works. Edward P. Harper, son of Hezikiah Harper, born in Indianpaolis, became a citizen of Detroit at the age of 6 weeks, his parents having moved to Detroit when he was that age. He was the first Ladies' Hair Dresser in Detroit, having for years the only and later the leading place of business in that line in the city. He taught several of his white successors their trade. Rev. Hezikiah Harper, founder of Ebenezer A. M. E. Church. De- troit, Michigan. 302 MICHIGAN MANUAL MEN WORTHY OF THEIR HIRE. Under the head of "Worth Makes the Man," the Detroit Plaindealer of May 18, 1888, ran the following occupational notes, every paragraph having reference to an individual who had been in the stated service more than five years. Mr. Lafayette Banks, for many years in the employ of John J. Bag- ley Tobacco Company, was one of those named in the Governor's will and is still a faithful employe. Elmer Lewis has been in the employ of the Peninsular Car Com- pany for six years and prior to their removal to Detroit was employed by them in Adrian. Mr. Jerome Dalton has been for sixteen years a trusted clerk in the firm of Root, Strong and Company, having charge of the domestic de- partment. Mr, William J. Pierce has been an employe in the Detroit Postoffice for more than ten years and is as well known as any man in the de- partment. Mr. Jesse Stow^ers, Sr., has been with Sonater Palmer for 21 years, 16 years as foreman on his 700 acre farm, and five years at his resi- dence. Mr. John Williams is the veteran hotel man of Detroit, having been head waiter at the Russell House for upwards of 25 years. Mr. William Sanford has been connected with the largest seed establishment in the west (D. M. Ferry & Co.) for more than 15 years. Mr. John L. Martin, one of Detroits oldest and most honored cit- izens, has served his country and his race for twenty years in the U. S. Paymaster's Department, beginning under Gen'l. Pope, when it was "the Department of the Lakes." Mr. William Ellis has completed his tenth year with C. C. Bowen. Edward Campbell has passed his sixth year in Mabley & Com- pany's stores. Mr. William Anderson has been bookkeeper with Newcomb, Endi- cott & Co. for over thirteen years and his brother, John Anderson, has been shipping clerk in the Detroit Stove Co. for about eleven years. Rufus Mitchell still retains his position with James Nail & Co, which he has held for six years. Mr. Toussaint Lambert has been in the Detroit Postoffice for over fourteen years, Mr. Frank Jackson five years, Mr. Frank Rickards eight years and Mr. Henry Thompson ten years. Mr. Stephen Long has been with Mr. Stephen Grummond for thir- teen years. Mr. George Smith has occupied a position in J. L. Fisher's hard- ware store for nine years. Mr. Joseph Dickinson has been fifteen years with the Clough & Warren Organ Company. FREEDMAN'S PROGRESS 303 Mr. Towles has been janitor of the Abstract building for a term of years. Mr. Washington Smith, Croghan Street, has been with Hudson & Symington upwards of thirty years. Mr. Robt. White has carried messages for Uncle Sam about fifteen years. Mr. John Miner has been with the U. S. Engineer Corps about fif- teen years. Mr. Richard Bush has been Deputy United States Marshal and janitor of the Custom House for nearly a score of years. Mr. John Bush has been with J. H. Black & Co. a number of years. Mr. Rufus Johnson has been a valuable man to C. M. Davison for years. Mr. Thomas Beeler has been employed as a candymaker for Gray, Toynton & Fox about twenty years. Mr. John Beeler has been a janitor of public buildings for a num- ber of years Mr. Edgar Houston has been printer in Randall's Photograph Gal- lery for some time and is exceedingly well thought of. Mr. Rufus Cruzet has been at the Michigan Central Depot for six years. Wm. Smith has been employed at the Western Newspaper Union six years, one year longer than The Plaindealer has run, and has fed the press on which it is printed from its first Issue. Jas. Goode stood behind his steed 20 year ago when drays, now so rarely seen, were all the rage. He is still in the trucking business. Mr. A. Gaines dates his hauling experience back to the opening of the war. At the Russell House "Jim" Watson is a sweet sixteener and Aaron Adiey has done about half as well. The Finney family, always musically inclined, have delighted the derotees of the "light fantastic" who patronize the Put-in-Bay boats for many seasons. "Will" Smith was a familiar figure at the ladies' door of the Russell House some years ago and is still doing duty there. "Will" Webb and "Gene" Hall have been employed in the Tribune mailing department over six years each. George Meredith, Jr., is an indispensable at the Leggett private school; when he would resign the management offered greater induce- ments to stay. Hueber Houston is one of the faithfuls at Mabley & Company's Btore, having been there over six years. Allen Dorsey has been at the Russell House 22 years, John Hunter 18 years, W. C. Williams 17 years, Charles Hayes 5 years, Boyd Jack- son 12 years and John W. Williams 25 years. 304 MICHIGAN MANUAL p w t-H fe 1— 1 u w 0. C/3 n: ^--^ w OQ o 1^ s Q< o AGE STAT c/3 < feW H Offi CQ co^ < f^« ffi <:o 12; Wfe H- 1 >^ . s§ 1— I c/3 H W< hJCU <^ s^ u qo w o w 2 ^ < H o H o ii o ■*-* e« u^ ^rcc^t^-r^CCco^oocC'-'t^iM'NiC'rj CQ J3c2 vH eo re c/: X ■-' t-. in cc rt 00 .^ — T?- ir: PQ^ M N ^ CJ — C-4 c c d o o o cijO Is o ft c u ■^1 5- 5 ■4-J c " ■•-* fc >1 >i mo so aving a tion of 00 or 1910 Cities h popula 100,0 more 'o Q o lO m Q o w a, C/3 qO <^ w Q< C 130 I-} u> cd o w; •« c bo U hoo t.o .Sc°S > OO" cij *^ O . . .2 0.0° pqo u OJ ft — -r ■-• — c^ C-) (U ^ L0SC-J'IN(N(N'<1-CCX — MCI: ^: MC) cj O < a, u o o •o V 3 e a o O C o ■«c a o ClO 0) A> .>-c S23 »? ft C .9 0-- at) "3 ■«-i OJ u eg *-» "! C •" O 2 c ' 00 - fc-'O « at -r o c ■" H I, C • o SE? :° •o O . o •— ^ »— Vfc4 u rt i:^ CJ ™ »ri n r- C e 2 c^T3 jfto g." S^ c JS^ 2f J2 8 4J^ -- "03T3i-«-'5ST3&-tiO ^K^u.Ci..t;nuSo « ■ (u.i: ■ ft*- • o o , , c ■ j; i. . . o o • ■ '23 ■ w : B^ ;^ s 3! « •r- - ^- j; U (U^ -5 0,y; « w 5 *^ I" in r^ M 2 kj: I. S b (A 306 Q Oh c/a MICHIGAN MANUAL X ^^ Mm OH w < O < o H CO 05 T- ( o o 60 ■ CO •cc—i'N ■ ■ -Hjo -ec t- -.-I U H p ■ >n<>j ■ ■-- c mo mu ■ lOco • • -co 0! M i_ C C° .-H > 00 T— I a! :io x; ao Ui "^o »2 0-^ P. a P. z o o o o v- 9 •a a o 2 s S' O O OJ g. a -ti o « w^ n Sf 6*^ 0)" O c t- ■§3 ""5 tS w 5i P . • Co"" (-. . • .— w) t/j . . *— ' »_ u ^ (U tfl « • <"-Sc'S ■ - a (3 •; • 'O O ™ *o • ■"_ > > - - nl C C "'^ ft 13 ^ ^ _i; "■ wj "' o^ m "^ °"C !" (U in fa o C C o — ^ c c rt rt cl u:3 O--'- ■B C at; 0,0, S ■ -M * to • c . 60 rt ■ * C « u m :i3 . « ■'o ■ o - a . (A ■ V • « • 4> ^ o *-> C Vi_i P>**; « 5 o fe o S^o Sz FREEDMAN'S PROGRESS 307 a. Wc/3 o^ 2u WfeW >^« 090 p<^ z .c« < wo 0£Sq •* C 60 I <0- TO O w &, u 4^ *J u a t. CQU 1 1:1 o 2 ■ — — r^ -"r^ rori X -f ic : r5 —---.--: r^ OS>5 •r — — r^-TM ^5 ; C-. c-i 'M I.- ")• « 01 lO N r: — CO 2 O H ■< 0. D U O o 3 o o ^ +J « ^ "-C rt ^ 3 ■♦J *^ ^ co " ^ I. c V 2 »';s " o a_T3 ^ c 3 r- re •S c « w , W) 0! a, , «> 3 -„ o SI"' rt 3 rt ., C ■" « rtj3 •-E - w - o (u ii C " n "> *^' wo V _ «) rt ■" CLn S c !^ (A U) 5 u I. re u 4-" ?\ ao u*0 K C oii c c.t: o 3 o ^^ rt C , — 0) 4)^ C "O u c« cd <^ 2 aM . •^ M c „ i-C-OXi 3 .T3 C -"O , c « a.i! ;t3 (u (u c I 0° I «-' o " " CS M « E g ■^ 3 •«Sa-a I §2'c23 "•O °^ 73 C •!-> «._ OJ p C (U in"::: g rt 1i « ' O V "c E « « |mjSg BO C :^ CA OS rt « o ''^ - 3t3 3 O J w - E- g>2 ii "> i_ c 3JSS0 ■o IN 1 rt c> • ■ .,-<•.(( ■ as IN IN ; :^ CC ^ c «2 • • >— 1 ■ f-* f-H INM .— » a a a! M C .1^ 1-1 •'^rq m CC-* > 00 ■ • ■ 1—* ■>*< ■ r^ • - 1—1 .,— ( b M ■ ■ iH ■ ■ •.-•(N OC' : : ;^ ;- ; ; iving a ion of 1 30 or 1910 c3 a « IN -O •■* ..- ■ t^ « : ; Q • ■ NMO ^. ^ )lNr- H(N ■O-JO " ^ [< ,-< 1-' — ^ C: -^ t,c ■-CC-^ • - o^ ■ 00 10 ■ e^Ti *-" (y C t^ u^ c-^ w j2 « Ji 1) h (u 0) V "li ° 9. O ™ ° 0! n! c 2 ILI n e o c« t-c ° S ad w „ m C u " rt « j; c U Q. l* IL> ■M JTc g O^ 4> HJ — d > > t/J V3 W TI 4J . t-. tH U U ^ O O t« a o o S S o o ^ > u o d.« o o p •- u ^ o E^ rt . aw 1° "c V- ^^ OJ u~, V) v: I-. C CJ u nJ -^ C d^ s s E.2'2'^ ■OiP u o d '-^^'O - d u: « (-■ 13 ■ ■ C c d u) O c ^ ^ 5 -, t. li '^ d u ojtC E o m a p : 3 t- aag o-c 2Sp,° c iiii ^.jc ° "aJ OJ d 4J V Q fe ^ FREEDMAN'S PROGRESS j5^ t- . ...... Wo I ; : : : : 309 ■^r-^: C/3 w < o o w < H O H < a. D u u o < Oh := u o o M rt 2 O '^ C w o fa c o rt c 4) y; 0) ui ■o S* w "^ Ir •■" o M Mo S O ? c - .A " 3S C». ! c „ C— 4) o ^ «3 J 310 Q l-l o CO X u < o o in CO ^2 QO W o < o w Oqo < K feWH ^^ hn I— I OX PQ 2§ J, lb c « OP'S lO ICH IG A ^ [ MANUAL M U5 r» n Sagi- naw 10 ^ N • lo (N — 00 — • C^ to oc i eg m.E ^ — N - « — ■ — ■ -tC ■ «— IN Kala- mazoo «D — ^ '; c^ „ : ^ «eoc ■ • ' ' 'in — to — •M-^ CO "3 ft ft 1 to W 1— 1 1 IM CO -t M — r^ s lO r: - ; »-( O CI ■ C-J — ■ r^ > '+3 nl.- mo -^ ■; - : - ^ — n CJ Battle Creek 8 c^ ^ : - ^ t-7C y: ■>* — j: aving a tion of 00 or 1910 1 1 Grand Detroit | Rapids 1 0> « : :^ «■>! ■ - co- rn . . t^ Cities h popula 100,0 more -M-- 2 Tf - ^ X — — - ^^ c^ « X - — M ~4 T'-. — - Ot -T ~r - o -> -.c ^r X t^ X ^- "^ _ C-) -* CM C/3 w < o o w < O H < U U o < Ch •c S nj O. a; ^-^ ~ o "■J _C.nl ^" to 3 m lA »; •« o H-i c .!li K-h O 4^ ♦J ♦J ♦; 0,<<<< c c fj *■- — 3 1/5 01 n n! .- •v c - 3 «~j: o c . 3 a — Ix ™ c ' w Q, « 1/1 C rt 3 C- ■ C o • o o « — ^ ^ o. -i£ 3 3 ,„ ^ '^ o.S a; >i: .'i c E i-< "> c — rt « . C to O l- « s e8 tc ,, (flue v c «; n u t- O rt nl QCQCQ (u c rt •o c _ C5 tUT tfl (t E to to c c C o r; n Q> to to V. u o •V D a o u — ( o o w n! u "1.5 .J 01 J. ° 5CM — a:«r W y o I mo M C u ^ > Oo-i rt '-H o . . .2 no ° 0, u w T3 ^ •a O 'T — . -C C ?) ej -T z ^: •- : Q < a, o *t3 oj I I .X oj (A U •oE ^— ' SO , „.^ bo C E -r 3 o c B «' 5 ^- fc 3 ■ o O O -Q O C :/: C ^ ft p t) -e o o c g r*^ t*. i^' — L' U U .y. •CO "O o c c c 1/; 3 a 3 i; M (« rt -^ JJJX. 2"^ *^ C "rt ■ c . •- « O " 4) O - o, X ti 4) — c t/i - c c rt o t^ Q- « X yj :^0 •c c <« _ -. .. , •/■^•^ .; i ^•^ o • — X ^ ■/: M o ^ « - r> t- C ■w 3 Ul w - ft r v-T £ U 4* S ^ " .-X I- C 5*0 >- i^ n o c o cd an: a > o c o "= ft' 312 Q o X ^s wS > Ph OQO WHco /: o< c lO ^ ^ : o q o C M « r- - CO CO ■ o o q i8 31 1H c^ - - - ;- ; ; §s "5 ft o ft be c oj «) ■—1 CO rf< Ol M ■ 1^ mo IS tH - Battle Creek 105 IS O r)< • ^- ;« aving a tion of 00 or 1910 Grand Rapids y4 ^ CO -- t- M f— 1 ^ -o) -i-i Cities h popula 100,0 more Q s 0) cs •CO l^ 1< (Nrf ■i- -f ■— t « ?i X CM ;c c^ ^^ IS — IM !N M T » CO t-O CO X >C w -^ iC o < a. r ■ CJ o a ua a •« .2 -3 « Q o o o . (U O H t" U- Ih g ^ 0) rf Q r*> >> >,^ ts O cs M J2 u ,«J •o •d-0 c c n o a a en bfl » C OJ o ft c "C in o ■a tn a> 3 « S 1- b ^ oj rt rt rt cfl 3 ft rt .5 c . •^ rt o w w • '^ i^ c ftw S E<" 2 o jt- <« S « M ° 3 c.«i c i; « c tn ;^ ^3 5ti 3^g S Euu « 11 3 it .51 3| (D M O O Q c/3 w ■ w > o Q < o < o 0^ o Q < < 00 OS rH o o CO < Oi H < W03; CO < 2: o < Oh SID oO Pi o w 12: < o FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS o o o o" o o o q §2 3 Q. O bo a '> a x: U 1 ca tM be I. o c r- O '^ > o a >-io ^ cno o as o s O ft 1 313 2: o U o o a ' .2 .' He h — H'ffl ■■3w "^ : . « M C ■ 4J « O • u — ir i* : =^ S I £f : .":s o 5 3 . . °-a-c "= " • a)>i; ire 3 •X o ■" ti £ • 4)^-' w b o ■ m-CjC ft" ■ .M bo • I. c ec. i^-o 3 a o-g„--: . ^ o ***** ,« "^ • "■ .^fl c «; ^ 0).:: a> « ca 01 D g— , 1^ -o ao o -■? 3 ca s^ ••r c i2 a-o «Ti "t; o M.o .3 «=« ^.c " =- S^ ■ ^ a. •«; < = X 5 c '^ «-«j « c o c 1 o nj o o M —1 00 • ■MM ■ ■ ft : :- ^4 "o C "^ 1 — ^ c M ^C^ (N ■ • M w O^ O o IS '^ rt — nl w ' — 1 3 a ■ ' — . a o— • ■ n w ■ f~ . -H|^ tH ^ . . rt M so E ■ ■ .5 a! J= >>rr »H!M ■ ^H ^H r» • cr. rt.ti «-l CJ mu .t^ O — 4-» OJ CO «(N "t^ ■ IM e< , : :^- « I- jmo 1 1 . w o!^ ^s 00 C^)-' '. :o ,-, X — — M'N •■ ^ . . . -— (O TT havi alio: 000 c: K ODi 1 ^— -— T l-< ■M « 3 ^ O *o oooiOoo .000C-^'OlO'-'CO'';'O CO CO ^r « '^ u oro^ .— (Nrt-^ -iCOIMiMOOCiO(N(N 10'>J<; t- CO 03 o I— I a* P o 3 ^ 4) (J 0< (. .-^ o .sen l< c <0 V C i/i M -J 00 nl u ■ "^c . C CD C cj C C- a) o ■w {fl C O 5= c "5 «•«, rt (/) ?i 0) O V-T3 ^ « ■" O C >- « ° S S C-O 3 c o u c2 : ft , 3 c Id c 3 5 ° ^ C w ^ c «■- g .is CJ "^ — ' C *j u) rt o rt p. n] 3 > (/: O ^ ft i- — c3^ ° 0- V.. ^ t-- rv ^ '-i . V ■Si c ^v) V \ g •C" V V V^ vi < - \j- '■' ^ J rk *^.^ I.- (V. Si V, ^" «r -^ i \ r '^ V -v' O ^. x> — i V ^ '-^ vi >Jr^ "■) \ <- •v^ *i \ •^ ^) r-. S - N ^ c ■r s 1 n \ C^ '^ X c r* " -- ^ V ^ --I ^-to t. .---. r- -^ 'x \ ^ A w ^ ^ ^. "> VI' c >*^N« "~^ J V ■-J rs r^ 9 ^ 1 1 -■J « « , i ^ ^ ^ si. 318 MICHIGAN MANUAL It is at once apparent that as far as the area is concerned, the Negro death rate Is a weak link in the chain and is far from compar- able with the white rate, since out of every 1,000 deaths there are only 66 returned for Negro decedents. NEGRO DEATHS LARGELY IN CITIES. An examination of the returns from the registration area from its establishment, in 1880 until now show that the mortality statistics as they relate to the Negro populaion are largely from the principal municipalities of the country. In 1880 out of a population of 450,950, less than 15,000 lived in the rural districts of Massachusetts and New Jersey, while In excess of 435,000 lived in urban communities — the Census Bureau classifying as urban population that residing in cities and other places of 2,500 inhabitants or more. In 1910, 85.3 per cent of the Negro population of the registration area lived In urban communities — 1,651,565 out of a total population of 1,935,976, which communities furnished more than three-fourths of the deaths among Negroes in the registration area. No comprehensive or accurate mortality statistics, for the United States, as a whole, will be possible until adequate registration laws are enacted and effectively enforced in every commonwealth and certainly no trustworthy deductions can be made nor can the actual mortality rate, for the Negro, be established until a larger per cent or more CQUl'table proportion of that population living in the rural communities is included In the compilations. IMI ORIGINAL BEGI5TRATION STATES, CALENDAR YEAB lOOO I STATES ADDED AND RETAINED, 1801 TO 1914 MICHIGAN LEADS HER SISTER STATES. To Michigan's great credit it can be noted that the state was the first commonwealth west of the AUeghanies to realize the importance of a high grade death registration system; adopting and putting into force the necessary laws and being admitted to the registration area for the census year ending May 31, 1900, closely followed by Indiana for the calendar year 1900, as shown by the accompanying map: FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 319 It is therefore possible to present the number of deaths for each year from 1900 to 1913, inclusive, and show in addition, the detail for much of the data gathered by the Bureau of the Census, that relate specifically to Michigan's Negro population, for the years 1900. 1910. 1911. 1912 and 1913. This statistical presentation is made possible by a special tabulation arranged for this Manual and constitutes the first complete tabulation of the mortality statistics of the Negro population of any state in the Union. Some difficulty was encountered in getting the exact figures from the fact that while the individual cards indicated the facts no segrega- tion was made or count kept of Negro decedents, and where race was shown it included the decedents of the other non-white population. This Inclusion, to some minds may not have effected the general results very materially, yet the actual conditions were not those of Negroes and un- less certain eliminations or exclusions were made, exact comparable figures could not be shown. The interest and value of vital statistics depend upon their being so presented as to permit of making comparisons. The fact that there were 415 Negro decedents in Michigan in 1913, with 166 of them in De- troit, is of little interest unless we know the Negro population of the state and city ; can compute the death rates, and compare them with the death rates of other areas of similar characteristics. POPULATION AXD DEATHS IN AREA. That being the case before presenting the Michigan summaries It may be well to present certain statistics of deaths among Negroes In the entire registration area, bearing in mind, as outlined before, that such statistics as far as the Negro is concerned, are very incomplete and represent very largely an urban Negro population. In Table 2 the population, number of deaths, and death rate per 1,000 for Negroes and for whites in the registration areas are shown for 1910 and for 1900. Table No. 2. Deaths. Rate Population.* Number. per 1.000 population. Negro: Registration area, 1910 1,943.969 49,499 25.5 Registration area. 1900 1.189,023 34.995 29.4 White. Registration area, 1910 51,680.821 753.308 14.6 Registration area. 1900 29,505,687 503,569 17.1 *As estimated for July 1, 1910, and as returned for June 1, 1900. The mortality data for the registration area as a whole indicate a decline in the death rate for Negroes as well as for whites. In the case of the white population the rate declined from 17.1 to 14.6, a decline of 2.5, while for the Negro population the rate in 1900 was 29.4 and in 1910, 25.5 per 1,000, a decline of 3.9. The table shows the Negro and the white population of the area as enumerated June 1st, 1900, and as estimated on July 1, 1910. The death rate shown is the general death rate, which means the number of deaths occurring in a year to each 1,000 persons living In the middle of that year. A "specific" death rate Ifl the death rate based on a specified or limited group of population, aa the age or sex groups of a population. 320 MICHIGAN MANUAL CAUSES OF DEATH — PREVALEXCE. Table 3 presents the distribution of the Negro and the white deaths for 1910, by causes of death, for the registration area and will indicate. In measure, the relative prevalence of certain of the principal diseases, among the Negro and the white population. A comparison of the figures in this table will show some facts that should be of vital interest to all concerned in the physical well being of the race. As compared ■with the whites, deaths among Negroes are relatively more numerous for malaria, whooping cough, tuberculosis of diseases, Bright's disease, puerperal fever, and ill defined and unknown TABLE 3. Cause of Death. All causes Typhoid fever Malaria Smallpox Measles Scarlet fever Whooping cough Diphtheria and croup Influenza Erysipelas Tuberculosis of the lungs Tuberculous meningitis Other forms of tuberculosis Rheumatism Cancer Diabetes Meningitis Cerebral hemorrhage and softening. . . . Organic diseases of the heart Bronchitis Pneumonia (all forms) Other respirator}' diseases Diarrhea and enteritis (under 2 jn-s.) . . Appendicitis . Hernia, intestinal obstruction Cirrhosis of the liver. Nephritis — Bright's disease Puerperal fever Other puerperal affections Congenital debility and malformations Violent deaths (excluding suicide) Suicide ....'....;..... All other causes. ■. .-. Ill-defined and unknown causes Deaths .: 1910 Registration Area Per Cent Number 1 Distribution 1 Negro White Negro White 49,499 753,308 100.0 100.0 798 11,791 1.6 1.6 413 741 0.8 0.1 12 190 (1) (1) 181 6,394 0.4 0.8 71 6,182 0.1 0.8 588 5,524 1.2 0.7 231 11,275 0.5 1.5 511 7,251 1.0 1.0 83 2,356 0.2 0.3 8,111 66,498 16.4 8.8 230 4,394 0.5 0.6 657 5,741 1.3 0.8 208 3,782 0.4 0.5 1,100 39,875 2.2 5.3 142 7,888 0.3 1.0 369 7,208 0.7 1.0 1,705 39,008 3.4 5.2 4,120 71,902 8.3 9.5 793 11,806 1.6 1.6 5,796 73,490 11.7 9.8 619 8,043 1.3 11 2,792 51,379 5.6 6.8 225 5,884 0.5 0.8 316 6,346 0.6 0.8 265 7,187 0.5 1.0 3,533 49,693 7.1 6.6 274 3,609 0.6 0.5 258 4,293 0.5 0.6 2,140 38,136 4.3 5.1 2,609 45,720 5.3 6.1 162 8,378 0.3 1.1 8,565 130,572 17.3 17.3 1,622 10,773 3.3 1.4 (1). Rate not shown where per cent is less than one-tenth FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 321 the lungs, other forms of tuberculosis, pneumonia, other respiratory causes; while for all the other diseases — except typhoid fever, intluenza, bronchitis and "all other causes," in which the per cent distribution is the same for both races — the deaths of the white population are rela- tively the more numerous. Notwithstanding this apparent favorable showing, the excesses in the cases of tuberculosis of the lungs and pneumonia are so great as to cause the general death rates of the Negro population to Invariably exceed the rates for the white population in the same area. More than 16 per cent (8,111) of all the deaths (49,49;)) among Negroes In the area in 1010 was caused by tuberculosis of the lungs, and more than 11 per cent (5,79G), by pneumonia, as against 8.8 per cent (6C,498) and 9.8 per cent (73,4y0), respectively, for the white population with a total of 753,308 deaths. THE MORE DESTRUCTIVE DISEASES. Measles, scarlet fever, diphtheria and croup, tuberculosis, menin- gitis and congenital debility and malformations, all counted as the dis- eases of childhood, show an excess for whites In the distribution column; whooping cough being the only disease, except broncho pneumonia, here- after mentioned, that shows an excess for Negroes in the distribution column. The following table shows the death rates per 100,000 popula- tion for both Negroes and whites for the specllled diseases: DEATH RATES PER 100,000 POPULATION IIV THE REGISTRATION ARE.i, 1010. Negroes. White. Measles 9.3 12.4 Scarlet fever 3.6 12.0 Diphtheria and croup 11.9 21.8 Tuberculosis meningitis 11.8 8.5 Congenital debility 110.1 73.8 Whooping cough 30.2 10.7 The diseases, however, that operate to carry off so many of the Negro Inhabitants and keep the race's death rates high are the diseases most prevalent among adults 20 to 40 years of age. Among these diseasea la Included pneumonia, a disease which affects all classes and at all ages. The urban rate for this disease is usually 75 per cent In excess of the rural and as the iNegro population Included In the area Is more largely urban than the white population, the ravage from this disease is most distinctly one of the causes that tend to keep the Negro rate above the normal. The following table presents the rates for the most destructive dis- eases which affect the Negro inhabitants: RATE PER 100,000 POPULATION IN THE REGISTRA TIO.N AREA, lOlO. Negro. White. Malaria 21.2 1.4 Tuberculosis of the lungs 417.2 128.6 Organic heart disease 211.9 139.1 Pneumonia 298.1 142.2 A PREVEXTARliE DISEASE. It will be seen that the death rate, of the Negro population, from tuberculosis of all forms, almost equals the combined death rate from typhoid fever, malaria, smallpox, measles, scarlet fever, whooping cough, diphtheria. Influenza, rheumatism, cancer, diabetes, meningitis. 322 MICHIGAN MANUAL cerebral hemorrhage and softening, dlaorrhea, appendicitis, hernia and cirrhosis of the liver. Tuberculosis Is accounted a preventable disease. Professor Irvlngr Fisher of Yale University, In his "Report on National Vitality; Its ■Wastes and Conservation," (1) rating its preventablUty at 75 per cent. ANOTHER EXPLODED THEORY. The prevailing opinion that the death rate of Negroes Is higher In the North than In the South will be found to be erroneous, not being warranted by the facts. Table 4 presents the number of deaths and the death rates per 1,000 population for both the Negro and the white population, in certain se- lected cities, for the years 1900 and 1910. The table also shows the de- creases In the death rates for 1910 as compared with those for 1900. The area covered by the table consists of 57 cities, 33 in the North, with a total population of 15,619.077, approximately 500,000 of whom were Negroes, and 24 in the South, with a total population of 2,679,587, ap- proximately 720,000 of whom were of the Negro race. In 1910. The data presented in this table show the theory to be without the slightest foun- dation in fact. The totals shown are for the following cities: In the North (33): Atlantic City, N. J.; Boston, Mass.; Cambridge, Mass.; Camden, N. J.; Chicago, 111.; Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus and Dayton, Ohio; Denver, Colo.; Detroit, Mich.; Evansville, Ind.; Harrla- burg, Pa.; Inuianapolis, Ind.; Jersey City, N. J.; Kansas City, Mo.; Los Angeles, Cal.; Minneapolis, Minn.; Newark, N. J.; New Bedford, Mass.; New Haven, Conn.; New York, N. Y. ; Oakland, Cal.; Omaha, Neb.; Phil- adelphia and Pittsburgh, Pa.; Providence, R. I.; St. Joseph, Mo.; St. Louis, Mo.; St. Paul, Minn.; Springfleld, 111.; Terre Haute, Ind., and Trenton, N. J. In the South (24): Alexandria, Va.; Annapolis, Md.; Atlanta, Ga.; Baltimore, Md.; Charleston, S. C. ; Covington, Ky.; Jacksonville, Fla.; Key West, Fla.; Louisville, Ky.; Lynchburg, Va. ; Memphis, Tenn.; Mobile, Ala.; Nashville, Tenn.; Norfolk, Va.; New Orleans, La.; Paducah, Ky.; Petersburg, Va.; Raleigh, N. C; Richmond, Va. ; San Antonio, Tex.; Sa- vannah, Ga. ; Washington, D. C; Wilmington, Del., and Wilmington, N. C. These cities as a whole show a decline In the death rate for Negroes of 3.4 per 1,000 and a decline for the white population of 2.5. In the North the decline for the former was 2.0 and for the latter 2.5. In the South the white population showed a decline of 2.9 as against a decline of 4.0 per 1,000 deaths for the Negro population. In some instances the Negro death rates in the North are below those of the white population for certain Southern cities and thus the "climatic theory" that was held up to keep the Negro In the South when, years ago, he could have gained a foothold on the homestead lands of the North and West, is another exploded theory. FIXED FACTS AS TO NEGRO MORTALITY. While this summary of the Michigan mortality data does not aim to be a sociological study, the arrangement and presentation of the statistics relating to the Negro population reveals these fixed facts: Higher death rate than among the white population of the State. Lower death rate than among the Negro population of the South. Marked excess of the male death rate. Prevailing fatality of tuberculosis and pneumonia. Excessive Infant and child mortality. Need for a strict observance of me laws of health and hygiene — food, sanitation, ventilation and care of children. (1) Bulletin of the Committee of One Hundred on National Health. Washington Government Printing OfUce, 1909. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 823 INCREASE ( + ) OR I'ECREASE (-)PER 1,000 population: 1900-1910. U5 cm' 1 -2.5 6 1 o 1 — — - ■ - ■ — - <£ •r c» *J^ «• » ■~ -^ H >• •< 1 1 l-* C « -^ 1 i^ 1 M CM je >^ 1 Ci CI ,, ■-*; i .,-• *-" " 2 "■ •^ « is cc * ^^ OC ^rf (- •< t>i !S i^ 4. " 7. ,_. 3c * ? Si g is a f— d ^ >? 1 S Ot. o ^ s 'T O -* x: c 1' ?! r- CM s 4> •^ . <2 5 fc X •»r a TIES. s s » ■5 .3 Z a K O 2 o Hi 7. i ! o o f- s o 324 MICHIGAN MANUAL In brief, there will be shown here, the number of deaths, by sex, age periods, months of occurrence, and cause of deaths; with certain per cents distribution, percentages and death rates for the Npgro popula- tion of the State, Detroit, other principal municipalities, and rural com- munities In which approximately 25 per cent of them live. The death rates for the State and its principal subdivisions hare raried and are varying. In Detroit, "where life is worth living," the Negro death rate hovers about 25 per 1,000 population. POPULATION IIV 1010. The returns for the Thirteenth Census gave ..xichigan a Negro popula- tion of 17,115, distributed, in part, as follows: Detroit 6,741 Jackson 364 Grand Rapids 666 Lansing 354 Battle Creek 575 Kalamazoo 686 Bay City 160 Saginaw 313 Flint 397 Balance) of state 7,871 Of the population outside of the foregoing cities, 1,444 was ac- credited to Cass county — the county in which the Negro has shown marked aptitude for agricultural pursuits. The mortality statistics of the Negro population of Michigan as shown here cover the State, Detroit, and other principal cities and cer- tain counties with a strictly rural population. Deaths by number, cause, sex, age, months, etc., are shown In detail for all such areas, but in the matter of death rates and percentages, the presentation is limited prin- cipally to aggregate totals for the State and Detroit, and such compari- sons made as best Illustrate the points under discussion. NEGRO DEATHS 1901 to 1909. Deaths in the state for which no detail data are available cover th« years 1901 to 1909, inclusive, the totals for which are shown as follows by sex, with the annual averages for the 9 -year period: TOTAL NEGRO DEATHS IN STATE, SHOWI^U SEX— 1001 TO 1909. Year Annual Average Sex Deaths Year 1901 to 1909 329 1905 1901 239 1906 M. 133 F. 106 1902 260 1907 M. 142 F. 118 1903 377 1908 M. 212 F. 166 1904 326 1909 No. of Sex Deaths 329 M. 185 F. 144 239 M. 133 F. 106 260 M. 142 F. 118 377 M. 212 F. 166 326 M. 199 F. 127 No of ;ex Deaths 360 M. 206 F. 154 363 M. 192 F. 171 346 M. 193 F. 152 347 M. 19g F. 152 347 M. 196 F 151 FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 325 ESTIMATED POPULATION. The estimated Negro population of the etate and Detroit as of July 1, 1910, and succeeding years, is as follows: Estimated as of July 1. 1910 Itill 1912 1913 Michigan 17.165 17,405 17.C4r) 17.885 Detroit 5,785 5,995 6.205 G.417 Balance of State 11.380 11.410 11,440 11,468 These estimates are the official estimates uf the Bureau of the Census and serve as the basis for the mortality computations. EXCESS OF MALE OVER FEMALE IJECEDEXTS. Table 5 shows that in a marked degree the male deaths are far In excess of the female deaths in all parts of the state, 1910 to 1913, in- clusive. ?^recj. ])eaih^l.&o:ius.nre,oi5ji\lU'rtiii) Lcf S I , , vfW ^r ^> /r./ <■■! (jror\ P> F;api?>s iJ V (. <; // /(^ r r /. (. 1 7 '/ f, 7 3au C itu >i - - 1 / ■ *, t ri.^r ^ r 1 7 ', // •> J 7 Kai'^''^ n ton ;( 1 tl 7 s // i l(. vi « / It J <"' 11 /.' // ■^ -A Po y-^finc / ', 7 < \ % , 1/ "' S<3 qi r^a cu 3 7 ' / ii 'I / ,/; OfK&r Cil..:.s' V ^J r I) 7 ii (. ** ^olo/^0€><-j .'.loir/ ,rc S-2 /cC / iu CI n CocJr\Ue.B'. (JH ; J ; flof-kt col-^i / 1 1 / Vor\ J>y'-<*v-\ u • 1 > Wotl^ti'-^x^t^' ;. < 1 •' / .' Hacjr\CLy .-■ '' .' 1 < 7 ' •' > CTtiC-r- CjOri/~\)f2.c "/ // Ii »j -■•/ 'I,,..!.... ^ olU o...'.,- nl.U-. ."(./""f" (ol»rr. cj /<•■,«( rl ,r.V I' 1. =£...1.,.: . . o( oH *.. 1... ..r. i..(.i:..v '1 r-i- i„i,,., e>i ir.-» JO .i^rt. ».-. ».•, •310. 326 MICHIGAN MANUAL In 1900 the male and female deaths in the state were about equal, 150 male and 140 female, or 107 male deaths to every 100 female deaths; corresponding to the population ratio of 108 males to every 100 females. The ratio of male deaths to female deaths has increased each year until. In 1913, the state showed 248 male deaths and 167 deaths of females; a ratio of more than 148 male to 100 female deaths; while the population ratio in 1910 was only 111.1 males to every 100 females of the Neg-ro population. In certain rural districts, shown in the table as "other counties." in 1911 the male deaths numbered 49 and the female 16. In Detroit in 1913, the record shows 104 male and 62 female deaths, a ratio of 168 male to every 100 female deaths. The balance of the state, with 144 male and 105 female deaths, having a ratio of 137 males to every 100 females of the Neg-ro inhabitants of the state outside of Detroit. The great excess of male deaths may In some degree be ac- counted for by the economic conditions in the state, that attracted thou- sands of prospecting male artisans, many of whom were Negroes and who came to the automobile centers unaccompanied by either femaleH or children. Table 6 shows the population, number of deaths and death rates for the Negro and the white population of the state for 1900, and 1916 to 1913, inclusive. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS I o% 15 ^>^ ■J 13^0 "T^ ^^..^ "ISr-p.' 0) c 327 328 MICHIGAN MANUAL The following table (number 7) shows the number of deaths and the death rates for the Negro and the white population of the state, Detroit and the balance of the state, with the excess per 1,000 popula- tion of the Neg-ro over the white death rates for the same areas and the averages for the five-year period. O" V ^^3 /~j l;^> ^^, ^*1 U) 1 > '■— » J ^3 ^^■^ f^^ ^ ^"cvi ^5 <=^-, ri -^ .-^ -. f* --. "^^ o>.2 ^^,^ (sr^i-sj r^ tS^sva o t> ^ 0) 0^ ^^--> <^ r^" .^ ^ f*" -f t>^ fA -v -V J) ^- r- v^ <>o ":5- N» r-.*- ^ ^•i >.S?si ^t^ f-: Q* CTN «-\ -^ -V >-^ "^ rv ->. -^ "' -^ o -^ J~^ /^ V^ vo" "^ si^" r^' *2r -^ -v. -A ^ \ ^ w (J) ^ (.0 :0 vO 10 K <; 2^1 12 ^ ^-^ -^^ ^s "3^ CO 22: 33: -3 1!~ ^ W V Vi is! ,y a. 5; * & c- •^ -i. ^ i-^ ~i<. o _ y o T ^7- -i.. v>* — If; •- ^ Vj c 0-^ (J -- '-» ^^^ b H . — H rr o .O t::^ !l tv.- u 3- ^ 1? ^ ^^I ^ if - ? i ^L V -. t,j -1? '■ 1 <5> 's v^ ■3 C -V V y ■"5 S J f 8 5-^ ■ — I — I : — r — I — r V -^-1 r— ^ — ' ' \ ' -.^ I ' — "—^ ^-^ \ o c -n , A I -1 / -v. I — r -A f^- ' ' A A-:: o "^ ^ T — I — I — r— r cV •^ -; — r- ^ 5S~- I -^ '- "T 1 /v\ , ' -^ I I r o ^ 4- ^ ^" L. ^ s :l^ 0^ 5a>5'i! ^1 ^-^ V) - .''V- > D CO 5 334 MICHIGAN MANUAL There was an average age of 32 years for the 22 deaths from tuber- culosis of the lungs In Detroit in 1913. As compared with the white population in Detroit, the more preva- lent causes of death and the rates per 100,000 population In 1911, 1912 and 1913, were as follows: DEATHS— DETROIT, PER 100,000 POPULATION. Cause: 1911 1912 1913 Malaria: Negro • • • • • • • • White 0-6 0.4 0.4 Tuberculosis of the lungs: Negro 333.6 225.6 342.8 ■WThite 98-8 99.3 98.5 Pneumonia: Negro 266.9 386.8 296.1 White '. 140.8 181.5 208.8 Organic heart disease: Negro 316.9 241.7 249.3 White 113.4 118.4 133.7 Congenital debility: Negro 166.8 161.2 109.1 Whlce 140.4 141.4 159.2 Table 10 presents the distribution of deaths by certain principal causes of death for 1910, and for the three-year period, 1911-1913, for the State, Detroit, and the balance of the state. It will be noted that as compared with the per cents distribution — for the state for the year 1910, those for the three-year period show marked decreases for typhoid, tuberculosis of the lungs, cancer and pneumonia of all forms. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 335 I ^^ Trr- rsTT-c- ^V-^fv.vs^'^w, A ■ •i O.V, * w <5n "7 « O o o 1 Q / ^ St c M -~ t r* i":t- r' f-r' I <» 0'-, ^ aovs i^~.«^-> i ^oj^ r* ■» S : "^ 4 ^rjr ^^ •0 ^ V) ^ 5 ' ^ s» ^ toS^ ^»^to*^«»*^ ■<«>•». «* 0<^v.5 r^^\o *^^ ■;^ > -^ r^^ -», ft ^ *i) "^ O « ■* 4" 1 i^ ^ 336 MICHIGAN MANUAL Table 11 presents the distribution of deaths by age periods for 19§», 1910, and the three-year period, 1911 to 1913, inclusive, for the State, Detroit, and the balance of the state. A study of this table develops the fact that as compared with those of 1900 the per cents distribution f«r the State, Detroit, and the balance of state for the three-year period fer children under 5 years show a considerable decrease. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS ^ >w^ ^- ^ '. Vi - S "* >- i^v) ; 'ji 'ji 'i^ 4 (* -~ •a « -^ »V r» ^ '* |-^>»^\» C , T -.A .V •a J, ^H <- "^ S vj ^ si •*> ^ ^'i ■ A K* ^ •^ "^ f ^ a » , '^''T- *~- -J oo »^ ^ *— t- **>■ ■3'~~J- Sk c-^^ ■^ C^ '.'>:- Lj;' vi '■- ^ t-i "2^ -'- ^ ■>-^ S- >-;" i c .>c ci ■''''~-**i c* ff) r~ - '^i ^j rC. •< c : . - r, c* -^ tt **\ ^ "^ '■'> "■-; vS) o "^ " *ofi «^ -j^i -^ ^ ^1 •**•, e^ (% "^ "■; Vi ^;, v^ ^i f< •-.■..Nj <■' ^: v> »-, r-, -^ -^ ::. t t .1 r -^^ .-'' f* - f * s>3 ^ C "^ ■^ ^- -o -". > N- sj "1 ■s^; .^ v; -Tj ^^ ^ ^ :3 ^ ^Nft 1 C '^^^ - — ^ . C^o r> ■&— w ■>^«^5 — •* »v« t ~- ~ "^ ^, "O -r; < "^ ^'- ^ i.; V; "^ f^ "^ 'a c J^ -rj V 4 «^ '■■■.• l> - S ■-. "^ ^ *-J « I-- r^'<'. ^ ^ 0-- <» 11. ■^ r» -^ '- ' 337 3 5 ?x i 7 "^c t"; •< "5 ** ^^ ^ '''^"* •^'^*' '^'*^'^ !-■ 338 MICHIGAN MANUAL JVKGRO MORTALITY IIV DETROIT. Detroit, Michigan, and Cleveland, Ohio, have long stood out as the two metropolitan cities in the country without a Negro "Ghetto." In these two cities it has always been possible to purchase a house wherever the means of the individual would permit. This has been true in large measure as to rented houses. Notwithstanding these conditions, hundreds of the "new-comers," attracted by the industrial boom, have crowded Into the congested territory in the lower part of the third and fifth wards of the "City of the Straits," and a pin hole diagram of the Negro deaths in Detroit for 1913, prepared for the writer by the Board of Health of that city, reveals the location of a large number of the 166 deaths for that year within the congested district. In 1900, the deaths in Detroit numbered 146; 81 male and 65 females. Of these deaths, 25 were reported from hospitals; 20 males and 5 females. Of the female deaths, two were infants, while the 20 male decedents were adults, with an average age at death of 40 years. The death cer- tificates of one-third of the 20 males were marked "unknown" as to the birthplace of decedent and his parents. In 1913, 30 of the 166 Negro deaths in Detroit occurred in hospitals or police stations. Twenty-one of them being males with an average age at death of 43 years. Only five of the death certificates of these males indicated the birthplaces of the decedent and his parents. A clear indica- tion, both in 1910 and 1913, that these male decedents had not been residents of the city many months. Census figures show that as enumerated April 15, 1910, Detroit had a Negro population of 5,741; 2,985 male and 2,756 female inhabitants. Of this population 2,744 — 1,432 males and 1,312 females — inhabited the third ward and 1,177 — 629 males and 548 females — the fifth ward ad- joining on the east. In 1890 Detroit showed a total Negro population of 3 431- 1,692 males and 1,739 females. In 1900 the male population had increased to 2,014 and the females to 2,097. Thus in 1910 the excess had shifted to the male side. It is therefore quite evident that three elements tend to keep the Negro death rate above the normal in Detroit. First, the crowding into the congested districts; second, the increase of the male over the female population; and third, the utter lack of condition of many of these male "adventurers" to withstand the rigor of the climate until they can become acclimated. In writing along this line. Dr. James W. Ames, of Detroit, an In- spector of the Board of Health of Detroit, under date of July 23, 1915, wrote: "My examination of the death record substantiates your conclusions. • • • Your opinion as to the crowding in of the male population is correct and accounts for the disproportion of males to females, and also affect the death rate. We have found an extra high death rate from tuberculosis but I have personal knowledge that many of these people are outsiders who come here and die.. This, as you know, is quite a centor for voung men on account of extraordinary opportunity for work in summer. Then too the town has the reputation of being rather liberal This attracts the floaters and gamblers. For instance, we had twenty-six homicides in 1913. Six of these were colored men — not Mich- igan Negroes, however. Two strange men died in the Police Head- Quarters of acute alcoholism — all of which added to our increase." Another correspondent, writing from Detroit July 27, states: "I have been informed by the Judges of our Criminal Courts that two-thirds and more of all the crimes committed in Detroit are com- mitted by this same set of shiftless men who have migrated to our city and who have not been here more than two or three months. The same thing is true as to the d^ath rate. This is the consensus of opinion among both white and colored men who have had a chance to and have made wide observations of persons of this character." In transmitting the diagram heretofore mentioned. Dr. Ames wrote: "We have compiled for you the sociological conditions of the Negro FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 339 Of all other nationalities, or a ratio of .85. You will therefore sep fhat we have the best of the situation by a tenth plur^*'* The llbor- 5L'l^ 2 ,.*?^" ^^^ drawn many men whose occupations are 'doubtnil ' They have 1 ttle moral resistance, and late hours, drink, and other vices continue to lower the same. A speedy death Is the result." In order that the layman may clearly understand the reference to the housing conditions in Detroit, as technically expressed by Dr. Ames, the following explanation is made: The housng conditions indicated decimally mean that there are one and one-fourth rooms to each colored person and one and one-sixth rooms to each white person, in the district outlined. The tenements in this district are often occuped jontly by both races and all natonualites and the colored tenants are credted by the Health Board with living in cleaner rooms and maintaining more favorable sanitary conditions than the whites. It is well therefore to take these conditions into account when comparing Detroit's death rates for the past 15 years with the death rates in cities of normal growth. Michigan's growing metropolis, in 1900, had a Negro death rate off 25.1 per 1,000 population. In 1910 it showed at 25.2, which was 0.1 per 1,000, above both the rate for 1900 and the average rate for the 33 northern cities in 1910. This slight increase can be accounted for, in part at least, by the increase in the male pop- ulation of the city over the female population. In 1911, a year in which the state rate showed at 22.9 the Detroit rate was 22.8. In 1912 it went up slightly to 22.9, and in 1913, with a total of 166 deaths, 104 male and 62 female, the rate reached 25.9 per 1,000. In 1900 the males of Detroit were 48 and the females 52 per cent of the Negro population, while In 1910 the percentages were reversed. Thus the death rate in Detroit in 1900 was for males 28. 8 and for females 22.4 per 1,000. In 1910 the male rate was 26.8 per 1,000 and the female 23.4. It is to be noted that while the female deaths maintain about the same ratio and tne female death rates show at nearly the same figure from year to year, the male ratios and death rates vary and In- crease as the years change. Table 7 shows that the excess per 1,000 population of Negro deaths ovpr white deaths in Detroit was over 8 per 1,000 for each of the five years, the average being 8.4 and the greatest excess occurring In 1910, being 9.4. Detroit, with 26 per cent of the Negro population of the state in 1900 and 34 per cent in 1910, had, in 1900, 36 per cent and, in 1910, its exact proportion, 34 per cent of the deaths of the state. In 1911, 1912, and 1913, Detroit had, respectively, 34, 37, and 40 per cent of the entire number of Negro deaths in the state. A sustained rate of mortality above 17 in 1,000 population, in general, always implies unfavorable sanitary conditions. There being no set law of mortality, a careful study of the official figures presented in the accom- panying tables, compiled with the "best understanding of local environ- ment" may point the way to an improvement both in respect to the pre- venion of disease and the prolongation of life in Detroit, "where life is worth living." 340 MICHIGAN MANUAL GENERAIi TABLETS. Table I shows for the year 1900 and 1910 to 1913, Inclusive, deaths by age periods for the State, Detroit and other municipalities having in 1910 a population of 25,000 or more, and the balance of the state. Table II shows for 1911, 1912 and 1913, deaths by age periods for certain counties, exclusive of the municipalities situated therein and having In 1910 a population of 10,000 or more. Table III shows for the years 1911 to 1913, inclusive, deaths by cause of death for certain principal diseases for the State, Detroit and other municipalities having In 1910 a population of 25,000 or more, and the balance of the state. The table also presents like data for the year 1910 for the State, Detroit and the balance of the state — the data for the municipalities designated In this table not being available for that year. Table IV shows for the years 1911, 1912 and 1913, deaths by caufie of death for certain selected counties — exclusive of the municipalities situated therein and having in 1910 a population of 10,000 or more. Table V shows for the years 1911 to 1913, inclusive, deaths by months of occurrence for certain principal diseases for the State, De- troit, "other cities" (cities — except Detroit — of 25,000 or more popula- tion In 1910), and the balance of the state. NOT "SEGREGATION" BUT "SAFETY FIRST" PLANS NEEDED. In large measure the difference between the mortality of the Negro and Caucasian In this country Is the exact difference in the methods of caring for babies, the housing conditions that surround them and tha lack of conformity to or compliance with the fixed law of hygiene and not the physical traits or tendencies. It has been well said that "the laborer can be kept skillful and efficient only as his environment is wholesome and strengthening and not weakening and demoralizing." It is therefore gratifying to note that a number of large munici- palities are awakening to the true condition that confronts them. That instead of "segregation laws" what those communities most need are sanitation laws, conceived in reason, founded on sociological principles, built upon the "safety first" plan and dedicated to the physical trell being of the entire community. A half century of freedom has given to the world several thousand Negro physicians, who are well equipped and ever ready to battle anew with death for a long-lived and more efficient people. To one branch, the northern wing, of that skilled army, the statistical matter presented here Is respectfully dedicated, to the end that a careful study of the data may result in such remedies and methods as will serve to lengthen the average span of human life. In 1880 this span was thirty years. It la now claimed to be nearer 42 years. Negro physicians should lead in urging every community to become actively Interested in sanitary methods. It is one thing to be success- ful in treating sickness and curing disease, but far more profitable to the community at large to prevent sickness and baffle disease. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 341 5 O Q) O «> to t 1 g ^1 <- — - v> .-'^ .-4 ^j ^^- r^" ■-^ -^ I / ^ > r -■> — :-__ r--' — r— 1 — I — r—r-r ■ ■ .-■. --ir- ^r ■■ '--■■»- 1 ' ^ I r--, ; -r—^r-r C T~. -T-r • - -*. -*. V 3 1 , - ^ \~-; ii t:^ r 4 ' ^ 1 -.-(-, ^ 1 <—■ ; — 1 — 1 — r— 1 — 1 — 7- —. ^ c\ ^^ C^\ 1 — . ' 1 ' i ' ' f ^ ( f f r— 1 1 r-;;;- f ; ; , ^ u9 is ' 1 i 1 y 1 , 1 1 1 r T— 1 — 1 ; — i — i ^ i — ; | , — • 6 ^1 -- J 3 .1? a HI 3 « -0 t'5 ^0 .1 342 MICHIGAN MANUAL 5 O -a i 1^-) "T" -3 J:§. c ^15 CO 5*. -^ rv 0- •* ■-; ^ C •I^ y A (i)ii f^^ >=^ -■'. ^ <.^ (-^ <^ ri ^, r<** ^ r< H ^1^ ri ^1 ^ Z -£> L. U c s c Uj • •* o C C '0 a t. <.. ^^ ^ •0 Oil a n f- W ■^ (^ C V) s y »-v r^ C7 W d r ^ i:: o a) to Pi 3: ^v* v= §c3 oo 4-^ ^« FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 343 0—3^ -1 — 1 : — 1 1 \ r- --k ^ ^» "T =r— r— j—cr-i — 1—=: — ' — r "I 't I I •~- -_ r 1 — ^ ^ , i ; ( 1 1 — j- I ' (I I - - — I 1 r- ' l ^< ' s p5, C o c ^ 1— to "^1 - ' - ^> - ^ --- 1 ■ ' — . ' -- . ' ■ "> — I _^ ^ 1 -i' 'l f^J "T — I — I — I — ; — ' — r 11^1 11"^,^/ ii ^ •^i ^<^ ^ -* -^ «^ r^ 'je > ^a >o '■f; ""! ri -^- ':i ^ ^ ^ rj \ ^ ,-\ ^ r, ^ -, ^ V, v^ ft <3 SUil ^h •J a (^ 3 o c 1^ J? c 344 MICHIGAN MANUAL i <2) V) > 4 «5 y "0 (^ y> yi *^ M t, O V) ^ *> <»- N lO.O «^^l«^^l5<^ ^ ^5 - lA (i (8 c t» On 0=^ *^ \i^ 0* *> ^ c FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS ^">w> ;j-o>»~or-'-i ;iv:?to- f* r^w^ "5-- 345 «-^»<^ ' o - 1 — r -I — I- -C — I ' r- T — : — I — ' — •- C^ 'J^ ■^ -I 1 1 <- > _ I rA ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '' ' Q~ -;;: — 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r- TT-' — T- <^ =t n '^ "^ ' ^' ' I I f^ • I -I — r — r -1 — '— — — r- -i Ci ' «- ' t^ -1 — I • ^ I — ::r" T-r- i^ T — I — r^^T" c 1 I ^ I --- I -~ — -~ "i t -^ I 1 ; I . ~-<^-~-c^ ~»"^c*'O0>--i ri~'3^ • 'T~' ?1 -fc- ^^ TTvr ^^ H M > ~i »> t\ 5^.^ <^ '^ > t^ ^ FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 847 , 2j 1 -lA c a .c •3- 2 u V «»/ /; o 11 ^ i -'^ \^-^^ ■-^V^'^.^'^i.-i.-lv. . 1 — • T ■ '■ ■ r ^ \ ' ' ^r^T^'^'i'^'^^i ' ^v, ' -3-~ -s ' ' ■ ^.. -c3 >* ^l^\- '^i 'rAri^.-l^ "v,' • cS >3 ■ ■ • ^ . .v.. 1 .^.^ . . <:<:<;>Ns W ". = '' >., L, c V, c ^ S 5 $ M ,fi ^.■ > " s r- ."' " -7 i 5 V "1 v; v; I ^ .^ >« \.> i~ 'J- 348 MICHIGAN MANUAL IV5 s 1 a ;? tn 5 o i' ^1 :5i 1"i t°8 '? c < a u> s>| > <>-~,t> trj r^^ -:j<9i (o ^ t-^ »vj!rj«xV^ "^ t\' Co ^0 t§o_ 10 o (2 1/5 o o rl «>-J^ ' >» •^ --^^ TT^ ^^<^>^S>'>5"1 ~; ^~5 3 o c 9 3. .5 •> .1 t >> -s J' ■3nS p-C- ,~4 ^ ^ — M c • '"^ c_« ^0) . .\ « c i ^ y -£ »f5 C ^^cOE:c^iQnui^-V^o^:oQcoOlOpiOQ^.xc^proOi"WOC; « 3 Si 8s c l> II r 4 8 350 MIOHIGAN MANUAL - t) I I - i So 3 o o 3 <5 i _c 5 5^ Ji. 5^ 5 e '^ tJ.H <: I- c a' 1 1 r , - > , ^ T"?^ r^ '^ \ ; "Tc:.., ,-,(,,, ^^3 o 2_ i "^ ^ O o o 3 - C C C S_1~ .. *• o 3 C O 0' It :«> ■•' V m ^ oT ^i V, J ») C ? S . .l^lJ (-.(vf jZitr ^ i - 5*5 S,-«i p >- w o ^^ -. I'^-V O J_ J ri I I -~ -^ ' ^ i 3- -5^ c FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 351 O 8) to a o «^ ^^ ■£ J* C 1 'o O ft ?1 T-T" T- ■•■ d -^^- ^--^ '—*■ jT- ■^ 1 ' 1 ' 1 t 1 1 ■ ^ ^' "^ f. o ^ ^ ■ 1 ^ C 1 ■ ' 1 ■ . ■ ^ . ■ r .■ . ■ , r; . c 4 ' .^ , ~ -. N, a -2o "■ ' - ^* ~. . , ,^ ' ' 1 iT> N- \ ^ -v, \ -^>^ : :i — ^5 V -- ■ ' = ^' -, 1 — 3:r 5 ^ ' -^ ^ -x rV' ^ — t— 1 C~ ^.^ V "^ ^ A" -3- ■^ -^ 4 ' > ■ ';^ ^ c-"^ -^ . . ') -. X ^ V. ^ -- - ex , ^ -, ' - t - f ^ 3--^r c" 1 . il iii iiJsf M It -If. ,o'? Hs !■■■ ^d ^^^Mr U si <; P > c" i. t : ^ J 352 MICHIGAN MANUAL ^ o 5 '^ - J n T \D rTi /^ " c re- 1« -L- ? 9 ^ ■^ a.— roo 5 nj S FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 353 354 MICHIGAN MANUAL 4 e u} a ^s -1/1 ii ts C o o c w ■3- .1 i ii 5 8 ■ <-• V? ' rJ, - /-- 1 -. ■"^ ^ ^ ~ ^ '^- ^ «=■ -i£ — i^ ^ »^ Tt. "3 ic H * > ■7 "5 - .J, ■'-, r(\ -H) - ^^ ^ ri J Jf (Qcn I- 3 £ — si a_£ w S S ere 3 1.'^ k 3 V c I 3 ^ — VlJ (.V^« 3 1i ^J^ -•] u ii-rHjliJI si M J.I Umi slJ IS FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 355 11 t '"o"" ^4 El. :r7^ •t^ -^ <^ J _JL. 0- o c 1 J1 ■/i c ■~- \/> ^ -^ Q ^ c^«* \^ ». ~ * — A*-«o"i-> uc 5 ^' Q > -.-, C un q) ^^ 32 t- <*^ o o •5 -5- ^ a o p c o "I- ^ - ^ 111 ^1 ~ ,0 -' S - 3 fl '^ lfr|| °1— Ol3 5 , i S '^ ^^ ; c ^ ^ 7''- n> c vo j:Qj;uj)-^f-;o>: t QCo oa^Qi . ft O = C a: W o ii ir iS J ■< 3 c SI o 356 MICHIGAN MANUAL TABLE V. 1911. IcboKa The Slate/ aitcacJSGS ji22 fie at (as of nJ6ertulo5ii 'i ft/- orcein o pr>G<^n^ or^ » fl Co>^ae^^l^al SeCiliftj Sc//c' 9 c/ Oil atf'c^ coc/se-s iDe- fro iT ^// COC/S &s ri eoslei Otfver iore^lfo' SeGilily (3f( of^G-*' ccJcj&e*s 3 / (,J 7 ■/. vi- zi /r /J za . (, 1/ vDeol^s Oc q Fz-k IJH I<^- F;6 rwii tlpril fTotJ 38^ 3J' iC I'i OtP\er aifie/S if// C>Cf c^ S G"S ^ Ha (o»-t a Bro r^ C->> O p OCi-CJ r>o O «0 » CI C p t ^ g c-MD c* ( i o* c>r» » a He/^'O g I fi s r o G-*^ /"v-v o m i o ii ^ o /"» cJ^ o p> o ao '"^ o /■ < t* o Viulc^-.r^'coK^'Cetc.lt'f'ingsuiC/'Aj /I .yC •^'Hq^oVf Sep- Oc- Wo^.!Dr,tt-r J^I ^J=J it T- '^^ 7 / / '; / i 3 (", // // / />{ /J /y ^ vl' ^ >^^? 4 vT If / / 7 //> 7 /X 10 (^jo. 1 1 a hi 6 ■; n ssr /i u 1 to /J /r / 'J 7, // _Z FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 357 TABLE V. 1912. Orec or>2Ca(JS6 0J D&atPi. Trie Sfafey ^t^oopioQ 4-*^^^ Ortie«-Jo'-/-ns ol /I q-s oil coaSG^s TL p [^ o I d I e^v e-*~ Moles ^i o Sc-ar(cJ" ie^er* To j i <-» er^ 3 a Co/^q e*^ ' '^ 1 r.^g To »}IZ In — j''^ ,!,? J n •2.2 I in T^f. OrtSer cifies Oft aocjsc-^ X)i p U ns e..- 1 a dA c) ore cj p To (a e-^ojl OS'S ol Itie^ lo/itjs Of^e^ iorr^^s c| /o GercuIob'S Of o<^ c-i-* i IIS P"^ Gl> r*--» 49 r% I a Co#^q«£/n I fa f c)e6il(l<^ V^ic \e.r\ r5tftfffvi(&»ftfo^'-%g5vH^<3oj So'C/i Se- <7llott=ie<- couses fo lorl o I)iril-.H-.a/-ia o/^3or(7or* In M o e^-% -to De^M ,r,: Br Ors c-*-i^rte*>/v-i or\ IO 5c-i I c-i de/ / 2 //J /C i / 9r / to Jl ret- ruaru >" ti /s rli.-ci Si^'i Vj 2 tf 3i ji n ^ / 10 1 1 6' I 7 {■ u 'I •^1 /■i i i I /e a- rlac) >t Jo/^i i/ /-f /.I /^. Jolq ii '^ "2-V J J /Ti ^ > A£_^ /<3 ^ } M il '1 Hi I 2 / a / /J •i- ^ 7) / / / 1 / /J / I I /7 ■J / 3> It 1 / / l I I 11 I A I I M. J =2 L n Jli 1 I I I / X // 358 MICHIGAN MANUAL TABLE V. 1913. GrZO on c> CoaSB cfHeatk. 0\\ causes Sao /"Ic-f" Xe^e-r^ Pj pp-> rtoe-^ io or>Z> oj oi" ^^e^ Co Jo 5 i': Go ^. a €i<-\ i To I (5e C\\'iVu Via ((ii.<-»r^W^e-t^ t a " \^ *~ '"'^ ^ ^i TcjCe^cu (osi 3 £)ro r»o-i--i I tt's rV» &<^ C ^> G-i--\ c p *^€-Li no o o I o C o*^ i'->qVf7i Pro r> ^^o ^nfi^u nn Cf~\i a SciicJ c>c :(^cyiL£lu^;n^&c/i&<)e / ,? 't /f /J /^ / IS n JAL s '1.1 LI U /c i 7 // / iu /g^ / // / / i I 7/ 2-1 ^ ^ i3 /l6cr «»■ i1 -j-i /C vf" 3 /;■ // De- V /'t /7 // 2/ 2/ .Zi FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 359 360 MICHIGAN MANUAL a 0. C o o g'S HI W,5 O. o O X B FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 361 PROGRAM MICHIGAN DAY PROGRAM AT LINCOLN JUBILEE AUGUST 26th, 1915. Morning, 10:30 O'Clock. Band Music — 10:oO to 11:30 1st Regiment K. of V. Band, Chicago Michigan, My Michigan Band and Audience Invocation Rev. Jos. Evans, Detroit Opening Remarlvs President Oscar \V. Baker, Bay City Solo Mrs. Maude Harod, Grand Rapids Bell's Poem — "The Dawn of Freedom" Miss Es'Cobedo Sarreals, Grand Rapids Solo Mr. Howard Jefferies, Detroit Address — '"Michigan's Traditional Justice". Hon. Edgar A. Plank, Union Reading— from Paul Lawrence Dunbar. . .Madam F. E. Preston, Detroit Duet Mrs. Maude Harod, Grand Rapids and Mr. Thomas Johnson, Detroit Address — "Aim and Consequences of the Civil War" Mr. Eugene J. Marshall, Kalamazoo Reading Mrs. Nellie Stone Lane, Cassopolis Solo Miss Alice Mills, Detroit Band Selection. Close. Afternoon— 3:30 to 5:30 O'Clock. Band Concert by 1st Regiment K. of V. Band, Chicago. Evening — 7:30 O'Clock. Michigan, My Michigan Band and Audience Invocation Rev. Jos. M. Evans, Detroit Music 1st Regiment K. of P. Band, Chicago Introduction of Evening Chairman.. Presdent Oscar W. Baker, Bay City Address of Chairman Mr. R. C. Barnes, Detroit Solo Mr. Thomas Johnson, Detroit Address — "Present Status of Michigan Afro- Americans" Mr. Francis H. Warren, Detroit Solo Miss Alice Mills, Detroit Reading Miss Nellie Stone Lane, Cassopolis Solo Mr. Howard Jefferies, Detroit Duet Mrs. Maude Harod, Grand Rapids and Mr. Thomas Johnson, Detroit Address — "Education of Afro- Americans" Governor Woodbridge N. Ferris. Big Rapids America Band and Audifuce 3G2 MICHIGAN MANUAL THE EXPOSITION. By Secretary Francis H. Warren. Sunday, August 22ncl, 1915, will long be remembered by the thou- sands of people who were fortunate enough to gain admission to the Coliseum Building, at Chicago, 111., to witness the opening exercises of the Lincoln Jubilee. Although these exercises were advertised to begin at 3:30 o'clock in the afternoon, every available seat was occupied before 2:30 o'clock and the program began at 3:00. More than 12,000 people were inside the great building and nearly as many more completely filled Wabash Avenue in front of the mam- moth structure where National political conventions are held. About one hundred of those listing exhibits with the Michigan Commission made good and forwarded their exhibits either direct or through members of the Commission. Michigan's exhbit was probably the largest and most varied of any other state exhibit. On the whole a splendid showing has been made and the great Coliseum Building was not large enough to hold all of the splendid exhibits of Negro handiwork and production. There were Negro inventions ranging from shoe polish to wireless telegraphy instruments and from cherry pickers to thousand-dollar clocks. That the Exposition marks a new era in the nation's onward march to a full realization of the Declaration of Independence was the unanimous opinion of intelligent observers. MICHIGAN DAY. On the 26th day of August, 1915, during the progress of the Expo- sition of Freedmen's Progress MICHIGAN DAY was celebrated and programs of music, literature and speaking were provided for the entire day by the Program Committee of the Michigan Commisson. There were participants in the programs whose names do not appear in the preceding pages. These were Mrs. Maude Jackson Har- rod, of Grand Rapids, and Mr. Thomas Johnson, of Detroit, who won much praise for their team work in singing, also as soloists; Mr. Howard Jeffrey, of Detroit, soloist, was given an ovation, as were Miss Alice Mills, soloist, and Mme. Nellie Stone Lane, elocutionist; Attorney Delbert Roberts, a former Michigan boy, stirred the morning session with a masterful address. Everybody, of course, wanted to hear what Governor Woodbridge N. Ferris would say in his address Michigan Day evening, as this was the first occasion when the popu- lar Governor was to talk to an audience composed chiefly of colored people. Governor Ferris arrived at the Exposition early in the day and first inspected the Michigan Exhibit. Commencing with Inventor McCoy's exhibit, he was shown through the various departments by Secretary Warren. He was the last on the evening program and prefaced his address, which he had reduced to writing, with expressions of high FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 363 satisfaction with the Michigan Exhibit and paid high tribute to Michi- gan's colored population and to the Commission for the profound suc- cess attained by the showing made. The Governor began his address by reading the following: EXTRACT FROM "THE NEGRO." By W. E. Burghardt DuBois, Ph.D., Fellow of The American Associ- ation Tcr the Advancement of Science, Editor of The Crisis. "The Negro was freed as a penniless, landless, naked, ignorant laborer. There were a few free Negi-oes who owned property in the south, and a larger number who owned property in the north: but ninety-nine per cent of the race in the south were penniless field hands and servants. Today there are two and a half million laborers, the majority of whom are efficient wage-earners. Above these are more than a mil- lion servants and tenant farmers; skilled and semi-skilled workers make another million, and at the top of the economic column are 600,000 owners and managers of farms and businesses, cash tenants, ofD- cials and professional men. This makes a total of 5,192,535 colored breadwinners in 1910. More specifically these breadwinners include 218,972 farm owners and 319,346 cash farm tenants and managers. There were in all 62,755 miners; 288,141 in the building and hand trades; 28,515 workers in clay, glass and stone; 41,739 iron and steel workers; 134,102 employees on railways; 62,822 draymen, cab-drivers, and liverymen; 133,245 in whole- sale and retail trade; 32,170 in the public service; and 69,471 in pro- fessional service, including teachers, 17,495 clergymen, and 4,546 phy- sicians, dentists, trained nurses, etc. Finally we must not forget 2,175,000 Negro homes, with their housewives, and 1,620,000 children in school. Fifty years ago the overwhelming mass of these people were not only penniless but were themselves assessed as real estate. By 1875 the Negroes pi'obably had gotten hold of something between 2,000,000 and 4,000,000 acres of land through their bounties as soldiers and the low price of land after the war. By 1880 this was increased to about 6,000,000 acres; in 1890 to about 8,000,000 acres; in 1900 to over 12,000,000 acres. In 1910 this land had increased td nearly 20,000,000 acres, a realm as large as Ireland. The 120,738 farms owned by Negroes in 1890 increased to 218,972 in 1910, or eighty-one per cent. The value of these farms increased from $179,796,639 in 1900, to $440,992,439 in 1910; Negroes owned in 1910 about 500,000 homes out of a total of 2,175,000. Their total prop- erty in 1900 was estimated at $300,000,000 by the American Economic Association. On the same basis of calculation it would be worth today not less than $800,000,000. Despite the disfranchisement of three-fourths of his voting popu- lation, the Negi-o today is a recognized part of the American govern- ment. He holds 7,500 ofllces in the executive service of the nation, besides furnishing four regiments in the army and a large number of sailors. In the state and municipal service he holds nearly 20,000 other offices, and he furnishes 500,000 of the votes which rule the Union. In these same years the Negro has relearned the lost art of organ- ization. Slavery was the almost absolute denial of initiative and responsibilitv. Today Negroes have nearly 40,000 churches, with edi- fices worth at least $75,000,000 and controlling nearly 4,000,000 mem- bers. Thev raise themselves $7,500,000 a year for these churches. 364 MICHIGAN MANUAL There are two hundred private schools and colleges managed and almost entirely supported by Negroes and these and other public and private Negro schools have received in 40 years $45,000,000 of Negro money in taxes and donations. Five millions a year are raised by Negro secret and beneficial societies which hold at least $6,000,000 in real estate. Negroes supported wholly or in part over 100 old folks' homes and orphanages, 30 hospitals and 500 cemeteries. Their organ- ized commercial life is extending rapidly and includes over 22,000 small retail businesses and 40 banks. Above and beyond this material growth has gone the spiritual uplift of a great human race. From contempt and amusement they have passed to the pity, perplexity and fear on the part of their neigh- bors, while within their own souls they have arisen from apathy and timid complaint to open protest and more and more manly self-asser- tion. Where nine-tenths of them could not read or write in 1860, today over two-thirds can; they have 300 papers and periodicals and their voice and expression are compelling attention. Already in poetry, literature, music and painting the work of Americans of Negro descent has gained notable recognition. Instead of being led and defended by others, as in the past, American Negroes are gaining their own leaders, their own voices, their own ideals. Self- realzation is thus coming slowly but surely to another of the world's great races, and they are today girding themselves to fight in the van of progress, not simply for their own rights as i^ien, but for I're ideals of the greater world in which they live; the emancipation of women, universal peace, democratic government, tae socialization of wealth, and human brotherhood." Continuing, Governor Ferris said: EDUCATION OF THE AFRO-AMERiCANS. This is an age in which the study of human nature assumes vast proportions. Two years ago the great nations of the earth ventured to dream and talk of permanent peace. Today many of these nations are engaged in mortal combat. Already more than 2,000,000 of men, the flower of European civilization, have been slaughtered. In money this world-war has cost more than $17,000,000,000 and placed a crushing burden upon unborn generations. Human sympathy goes out to the dead, although their suffering is forever ended. A profounder sympa- thy goes out to the women and children, the fathers and mothers who survive. The question "will not down," Why this war at the dawm of the twenties- century? In the past seventy-five years civilization has made greater progress in science and invention than in all the preced- ing years since man appeared on the earth. This progress seems to have had no deterring influence on the explosion of man's belligerent instincts. The leaders of this slaughter of men and destruction of property are making their intelligence and so-called culture a more effective means in using their brute instincts for conquest and power. I use this awful illustration to teach the self-evident lesson that no civilization can so much as hope for peace that fails to develop and train the neart in connection with the brain and the hand. During the past seventy-five years the civilized world has undergone an indus- trial revolution. This revolution has exerted a profound influence over all the civilized racos of men. Even our educational system has under- FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS "365 gone radical changes in order that men and women may be taught and trained in the art of making a living, not in the gieater art of making a life. Money is not only the unit of value in measuring wealth, but the unit of value in measuring life. This indu.strial revolution has placed its clammy hand upon the home which is the citadel of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. If a young woman marries, our first question is, "Did she do well?" meaning did she marry lands and estate, a Napoleon of finance, rather than "Did she marry a man?" The cry goes up all over our land, "culture for service," instead of "service through culture." Ought we to be surprised at the explosion of brute instincts under this tremendous tension? The history of mankind shows the world-wide prevalence of race-hatred, which is fre- quently disclosed in the effort on the part oi conquerors to enslave the conquered. Race hatred is not peculiar to Georgia or any other state in the Union. My own State of Michigan for exhibiting this destructive force of race hatred is not outdone by states typically southern. RACE HATRED IN MICHIGAN. Several years ago a young lady arrived at the Ferris Institute on a Friday evening. A young lady student escorted her to a boarding place. The following Monday morning the landlady of this boarding house came to my oflice and demanded an immediate interview. She said that she had been insulted. She said that I had sent to her board- ing house a colored girl. I confess that the girl was so nearly white that I did not for a moment think of her as having African blood in her veins. The landlady further said that all of her roomers would leave if the colored girl were allowed to remain at her boarding Ijouse. I asked if the colored girl roomed alone. Her reply was that she did. I said to the landlady that I could not believe that she had reported correctly what her girl boarders had said. I asked that she send me at noon on Monday a list of the young ladies who would leave her boarding house in the event that the colored girl was allowed to stay. Monday noon a report came with nearly every name signed to the protest. I was obliged to remove the colored girl to a home where there were no students boarding, in order that she might attend the Ferris Institute. On the following morning I said to the School that I supposed I was living in Michigan, but I concluded, after describing this experience, that I was living in Louisiana. The Ferris Institute is one of the most democratic schools in the Unted States. It has no color line; it has no age limit; it has no educational requirements for admission. It is open to every man and woman, every boy and girl who are hungering for an education. This makes the attitude of the girls of this particular boarding house all the more remarkable. For some strange reason colored boys can attend the Ferris Institute with- out being ostracized. 1 may add that a colored boy never so much as attempts to walk from the building to a boarding place with a white girl; this the white boys would doubtless resent. I have done every- thing in my power to eliminate this race prejudice. Although the 366 MICHIGAN MANUAL school is thirty-one years of age, up to the present hour we have not succeeded in maintaining a real democracy. Colored girls are treated with a fair degree of respect by the white girls in classes and in regu- lar school exercises but in a social function the white girls manage in some way to bar out colored girls. lam inclined to think that eastern universities, colleges, seminaries and high schools are more demo- cratic than similar institutons of the west. In "Unity" (a religious paper here in Chicago) under date of Aug- ust 19th, a letter by Jenkin Lloyd Jones to Mrs. Ella Flagg Young, superintendent of city schools, appears. In his sermon delivered on January 10th, 1915, he states that the Chicago papers refused to print this letter. In this letter he makes a protest against the recent segre- gation of colored lines in the Wendell Phillips High School. In other words, Mr. Jenkin Lloyd Jones in the year 1915 in the city of Chicago, in the State of Illinois, United States of America, is protesting against the same race prejudice that I have described in my own illustration. Perhaps I have already said too much about race hatred, or if you prefer the milder expression, race prejudice. It seems to me, how- ever that we shall not be able to secure for Afro-Americans the edu- cational rights, the social rights and the political rights they are enti- tled to, without first eliminating in a large measure, race hatred. SELFISHNESS CAUSE OF WAR. I am glad that I can recall with a fair degree of clearness, the Civil War. I cannot help thinking that primarily the Civil War was an industrial war. Our people had imitated the nations of long ago in exploiting the weaker nations. For more than seventy years prior to the Civil War, the enslavement of black men and black women had been in practice in the United States. The people of the south believed that their industrial success depended upon exploiting the blacks. It never occurred to them that there was any other solution of the labor problem. This industrial enslavement pushed its tentacles out farther and farther as our nation admitted new states. It is my own personal belief that the majority of the people of the north bad no more love for the colored man than the white people of the south. The white people of the north were so situated that they could not exploit to advantage, slave labor. The cause, therefore, of the Civil War, was essentially bound up in selfishness: in fact selfishness is the general name for the cause of all wars. Eliminate selfishness and substitute unselfishness and you have the solution of the majority of the world's problems. It is true that Garrison, Wendall Phillips, Theodore Parker, John Brown and other abolitionists appealed not only to the intelli- gence but to the hearts of the American people. The Civil War is positively unique in the history of the world. This kind of industrial vrar, however, is not peculiar to any one race. This kind of industrial war or industrial oppression is carried on even at the dawn of the twentieth century, in the United States, the best country in the world. I feel confident that the great majority of the citizens of our sister FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 367 southern states now see that they were wrong in assuming that the highest mdustriul results could be secured through s^ e llbor I sometimes wonder whom the emancipation proclamation benefited th mo -the ...te people of the south, or the colored people of the south In this age we are trying to learn the lesson that the corporation or group Of workers who in any way rob their employees of thei r ghtfu earnings, suffer as much loss as their employees. A large nun bero our great industries have in recent years learned the important Indus trial lesson that sanitar,^ factories having plenty of sunshinTald pure air enaole employees to produce a larger product and at the same Ume increase the health and wage of the working men SometL^.T der whether the preachers and teachers ha 'elught mTreTnd ZT' sanitation, more and better conditions of living thai h^rsome of our modern manufacturing plants. THE DEMOCRACY OF CHRIST. n^.r/v^n''' T I"'' '° ''" '^'' intelligent congregation the story of the martyrdom of the colored race in this country. At the close of the war the race problem had not been solved; in fact in the last fi ty veirs we have not been able to solve this awful problem. The igh of su" rage was given to the colored people of this country. I am not go ng to discuss the consequences of this inalienable right according to hP j:r chH^t";!;:"^^'""^ ^-^^ ^--^^^^ - the^rmocUVo Jesu. Christ. I hope we have made some progress in the past fiftv years as regards our national treatment of the colored race It is humihating for me to say that up to the present hour in aU of ou southern states containing large numbers of the colored race, he righ Of suffrage zs practically ignored. When the war closed, there were rZTV '"' '""' "'""^"-^ ^' ^°'^^^^ P-P>- '- the United Stltes Toda> there are in all probability ten or eleven millions of colored people m the United States. If i read the signs of the times corr c h there seems to be no larger degree of willingness to give the ten «; eleven millions their rights than there was to give the three or Jou milhons the.r rights. It is true that the labor of the colored man can no longer be exploited as it was formerly exploited. I dare not so mucS I do'^know". "'" V^''' ^'^"^^ '^ ^^'"^ ^« »>^ ^-"^ht about: I do know, however, that the colored people will continue to be an important part of the population of the United States. I do know tha" there IS not the faintest possibility that the colored people .Ml be deported to Africa or to some far-off country. I do know tha ,h^ pro^ re s Of the white people is quite as dependent upon the progresrofthe re s^ottr'^r " ''' '^'"••^" ^^ *'^ ^^'^^^^ P-P'^ upon the prog ress of the white people. OLD THEORY EXPLODED. Another important factor is recognized by anthropologists everv- where. Formerly it was supposed that the different races differed largely ,n their natural inheritance of brain power and brain capacitv 368 MICHIGAN MANUAL Today anthropologists are agreed that the supposed extraordinary dif- ferences do not exist. The character of a human being's hair, the color of his eyes, the contour of his face do not indicate extraordinary differences of brain possibilities. I'he truth of the matter is, the color of the sKin of different races is largely due to the actinic light ray. Fifty years of Negro education has done much toward convincing both the north and the south that the Negro possesses a remarkable capa- city for education. The story of Negro education during the past fifty years reads almost like a fairy tale. This story, considering the pre- vious condition of the Negro, has already starteled the world. The illiteracy of the colored race has been cut down to forty-five per cent. The early educational effort in this field was distinctively religious. Denominational institutions, however, are becoming a waning factor in the education of the colored race. You are all familiar with the heroic and gigantic work of Booker T. Washington. It is true that he has not solved this race problem. Booker T. Washington has devoted an im- mense amount of time and energy to industrial education. There are philanthropists and statesmen who think that the Negro should be given occupational training, and education; that he should be simply taught to earn a living. This position is not strikingly strange at a time when the education of the whites is undergoing a revolution. In this money-loving age vocational education is commanding an immense amount of attention. In the light of what I said in the first part of my address, it ought to be clear to most thinkers that the education of the hand is not sutiicient unto salvation. The tendency in modern educa- tion is to crowd literature and the classics (so-called) into the back- ground. To be perfectly frank about the matter, we measure educa- tional values with a monetary unit. It is not my purpose to belittle the importance of earning a living. Beyond a doubt this requirement is a primary advantage, but there is no good reason why a lad should not learn to think; why a lad should not learn to acquire the fine art of living. The man who is so enthusiastic over the number of bushels of apples he can gather from his orchard that he fails to appreciate the beauty and the perfume of the blossoms, is indeed a sorry spec- tacle. In other words earning a living that is devoid of enjoyment, that is devoid of sentiment, is indeed a failure. If when a girl learns domestic science in a high school she is at the same time aroused to an apprecation of what she owes her mother and her sisters through this acquisition, then she is indeed getting the highest benefit that can be offered through the agency of that particular kind of education. If the girl in learning to successfully scrub a floor insists on putting her knowledge into practice in the home, while her mother plays rag- time on the piano, she is indeed a beautiful product of practical educa- tion. I commend most heartily the magnificent work of Booker T. Washington. He is training men and women to become useful and indispensao.vi in the great industrial world. DuBois adds to Booker T. Washington's program a higher claim. If I understand him, he FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 369 would never fail, even in a country school to pive the boys and girls an rppreciation oi the poetry, music and painting of the masters. Take out of life its poetry its music, its painting, its drama and there is little left that is worth while. When I appeal for the elixir of life in educaium I am not sirply advocating the rights of the colored child, but the inalienable rights of every child, regardless of race, color, or previous conditions. The achievements of the colored race during the past fifty years along industrial lines is, as I have already indicated, a suflicient achievement to make any race famous. In spite of the social and governmental handicaps, the Negro race has succeeded in professional pursuits. I quote from Kelly Miller: "Fifty thousand Negroes who now fill the professional places among their race represent a remarkable body of men and indicate the potency and promise ot the race." According to tlic federal census of 1900, the Negroes engaged in productive and distributive pursuits are as follows: Agriculture 2,14?.,2.">4 Domestic and personal service 1,317,859 Trade and transportation 208,989 Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits 275,116 Total ^.945.218 Negroes engaged in professional service, 190(i. Clergymen ir),52S Physicians and surgeons 1,734 l")entists 212 Lawyers 72S Teachers 21,267 Musicians and teachers of music 3.915 Architects, designers and drauiihlsiiien 52 Actors, professional showmen 2,020 Artists and teachers of art 236 Klectricians l'<5 Engineers and surveyors 12o .Journalists 2H> Literary and scientific persons !'!• CJovernment officials 645 Others in professional service ... 268 Total t7.i;i'' According to this report on1\ «)ne N»'grc worker li\ >- 1 is »'n,:;a.i:i(l in professional pursuits, wiierpas one white person in 2o is found in this class. I?eyond a shadow of a doubt the q»iick<'ning of the jiff of the colored race depends largr-ly upon the protessional class. 'IMiis piece of remarkable history demonstrates that the highest (>du<:ilinn of the Negro is jufstified in the requinMiients of the ieadiM's of thi' p'"p pie. 370 MICHIGAN MANUAL I have not dwelt on the monetary feature of the race problem, because I am convinced that even if it could be shown that industrially the Negro race is far more prosperous than (he white race, race preju- dice or race hatred would continue to exist. This remarkable congre- gation celebrating the Half-Century of Negro Freedom would not ex- pect any white man to expound education more clearly than has Kelly Miller, one of your own number. Listen to some of his declarations: I. "Educaton has two differentiable functions: (1) to develop and perfect the human qualities of the individual, as a personality, and (2) to render him a willing and competent participant, as an instrumen- tality in the federation of the world's work." II. "If we keep clearly in mind the two-fold development of a man as an instrumentality and as a personality, we shall, thereby get a clear understanding of the relative place and importance of the so- called practical and liberal education. The essential immediate aim of industrial education is to develop man as an instrumentality. The chief end of the so-called liberal education is to develop man as a per- sonality. These tAvo features are not antagonistic nor mutually exclu- sive, but are joint factors of a common product. The industrial advo- cates would claim that their ultimate aim is the development of a man as a personality through instrumentality. The higher education pre- sumes instrumentality as a corrollary of personality." III. "The true end of education is to develop man, the average man, as a self-conscious personality. This can be done not by impart- ing information to the mind or facility to the fingers, but felicity to the feelings and inspiration to the soul. Develop the man; the rest will fol- low. The final expression of education is not in terms of discipline, culture, efficiency service, or specific virtues, but in terms of manhood, which is the substance and summation of them all. The whole is greater than any of its parts." IV. "Any scheme of education which is focused upon special edu- cational prepai-ation, M'ithout a broader basis of appeal, is as ineffectual as to substitute symptomatic for systematic treatment in therapeutics." V. "To make bricklayers men is a hundredfold more difficult than to make men bricklayers: for if there be men they will make bricks, even without straw, if bricks must needs be made. Consciousness of per-sonality energizes all of the faculties and powers and gives them facility and adaptabilty as nothing else can do. The wise procedure is to develop personality, which easily results in efficient instru- mentality." VI. "Some of our educational theories would educate people only fur the factory and charity organizations. All else is regarded as sel- fish or unworthy gratification. Banish from the world all literature, poetry, music, art, architecture, and the beauties of flowers and th'" glories of tue sky; take all sculpture from the mantels and pictures from the walls; put under ban the .graces and charms of pleasurable intercourse and social satisfaction — and a man becomes a little more ihan thi' wild savages of thf^ forest. A comprehensive scheme of edu- cation therefori-. must give scope ;ind play for exercise of the many sided features of manhood. It n)ust involve- discipline, initiative, oil- lure, personal and altruistic service and rational enjoyment." VII. "It (an be seen that human values are but the various oui- ^ivings of manhood. .Man is more than industry, trade, commerce, politics, government, science, art, literature or religion, all of which ;;row out of his inherent needs and necessities. The fundamental aim of education, therefore, shottld be manhood rather than mechanism. FREEDMEN'S PROGRESS 371 Tlie ideal is noi, a working uum, but a man working; not a busiuebE man, but a man doing business; not a school man, but a man teachinK ■school; not a statesman, but a man handling the affairs of state; noi a medicine man, but a man practicing medicine; not a clergyman, but a man devoted to the things of the soul." No white man has more clearly defined the needs of education. If the colored race will follow this philosophy, they will ultimatel\ find their way into a neAv world, where race piejudice and race hatred will grow less and less. My people, if I may so use the term, are quite as much in need of this philosophy as are the colored race. Personally I abhor the discussion of men and women as white, black yellow, brown or red. \\ hen character presents itself there ought not to be any occa- .sion to talk about races. When the races co-operate in their efforts to -secure "equal rights for all, and special privileges for none," there will be no prejudice against a congressman or other office-holder whatever race he may represent. 1 care not who points the way for the makinj: of a life. The worthy follower of the Master always emphasizes his life in co-operation. Under existing conditions in the United States, the ninety millions of whites cannot prosper in the highest and best sense without a corresponding prosperity of the ten or eleven millions of Afro-Americans. I realize that my dream cannot come true for pos- sibly hundreds of years. I am even longing for the time to come when the whole world will be so related that the prosperity of one nation means tne prosperity of every other nation; Avhen a real brotherhood shall have been established on the rarth. We have tried the philosophy of hatred, of war and up to the present hour the nations of the earth have never tried the philosophy of peace and brotherhood. I admit that human nature needs to undergo important changes. If this were not tnie, there would be no occasion to discuss education. It has sometimes been hinted that when the eleven million.s of Afro-Americans have become fifty millions or a hundred millions, then the problem of political and social equality will be settled by war. I refuse to accept this hint at the hands of any alarmist, because so long as we have in our race men who see clearly the mission of Jesu.*; Christ, such a satastrophe is imiiossible. Love as taught and lived by Jesus Christ offers the final solution of all the problems for all the races of the world.