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 Thought Questions 
 AND Answers 
 
 CIVICS 
 
 GRAMMAR 
 
 PHYSIOLOGY 
 
 ORTHOGRAPHY 
 
 STOCK RAISING 
 
 AMERICAN LITERATURE 
 
 COMPOSITION AND RHETORIC 
 
 BUSINESS AND WRITING 
 
 GENERAL SCIENCE 
 
 AGRICULTURE 
 
 ARITHMETIC 
 
 GEOGRAPHY 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 The Yoharthom Company 
 
■Mc 
 
 •m 
 
 '"^'y''-0!:~ 
 
 
 
Thought Questions and Answers 
 
 TREATING OF 
 
 Thirteen Different Subjects 
 
 AND DEDICATED TO THE 
 
 Thinking Public 
 
 BY 
 
 The Authors 
 
 COPYRIGHT 1921. BY 
 THE YOHARTHOM COMPANY, DAHLGREN, ILL. 
 
PREFACE -^5- 
 
 Years of teaching have brought the realization of the need 
 of a book of questions and answers for reviews, as well as for 
 general use throughout the entire school year. 
 
 The aim of the authors has been, not only to give knowledge, 
 but also to develop in the student, a habit of constructive and 
 independent thinking. 
 
 No book of this nature should tend either to a complete 
 treatment of the subjects contained, or to exclusive originality. 
 Throughout the entire book the observative student will find the 
 two basic principles of the authors, to impart knowledge, and to 
 create an interest for the further search for enlightenment on 
 various other subjects which will be suggested by both questions 
 and answers. 
 
 The best education any person can obtain, is the one he gives 
 himself. Originality in thought is a fundamental principle in 
 such education and the authors have endeavored, through the nat- 
 ure of both questions and answers, to awaken in the student that 
 basic principle, as well as a desire for further information on 
 the many other questions that will suggest themselves in a 
 thoughful study of this volume. 
 
 In a great many books of this nature, the questions are se- 
 lected at random ; but the authors have attempted throughout, to 
 make the questions on each subject treated herein, a continuous 
 chain. In American History, the student can easily determine 
 the six periods which have been dealt with, viz : Exploration, 
 Colonization, The Revolution, The New Nation, The Civil War, 
 and Reconstruction. These periods have been covered in the 
 natural order they were unfolded to the American people. It 
 has been our intention to carry out this conformity, in every 
 subject treated, therefore, to attain the greatest benefit from 
 the study of any subject, the student should always begin with 
 the first question, as the others follow in orderly succession. 
 
 To the various sources from which we have obtained a 
 knowledge of the subjects herein contained, we give grateful 
 acknowledgement. 
 
 We desire also, to express our gratefulness to all who have 
 assisted in any way, material or advisory, in the preparation of 
 "Thought Questions and Answers." 
 
 0)C!.A5i4 527 —The Authors. 
 
 -^ MAy27 192l 
 
PHYSIOI^OGY S 
 
 Physiology 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. What three sciences are usually studied under the head of 
 
 phy si ology ? Why ? 
 
 2. What practical good results from an understanding of 
 these subjects? 
 
 3. If you were starting on a journey that would last for many 
 years, and knew you must make the entire trip in the same 
 automobile, would you consider it good business to make a 
 study of that machine? 
 
 4. Should we make a similar study of the body, the machine 
 given us for the journey of life? 
 
 5. What is the life history of the cell? 
 
 6. What is a tissue? 
 
 7. What kinds of tissue in the body? 
 
 8. Which are known as "master tissues"? 
 
 9. Of what is the skeleton composed? 
 
 10. What are the uses of bones? 
 
 11. Name some habits necessary to the development of a nor- 
 mal figure? 
 
 12. Why are bones hollow? 
 
 13. How many muscles are in the body? They form what 
 fractional part of the body's weight? 
 
 14. What are the uses of the muscles? 
 
 15. What is the source of muscular energy? 
 
 16. What are the causes of laziness? 
 
 17. What are the essential parts of the circulatory system? 
 
 18. What are the functions of the blood? Of what is it com- 
 posed ? 
 
 19. What is the best blood purifier? 
 
6 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 20. Why is it painful to stand for a great length of time with- 
 out moving? 
 
 21. Explain definitely the processes by which oxygen gets to 
 the cells and carbon-dioxide is excreted. 
 
 22. What causes sighing? Panting? 
 
 23. Air, that is suitable for breathing, has what qualities? 
 
 24. Explain the work of the tonsils. 
 
 25. What changes take place in the food from the time it is 
 taken into the body until it becomes tissue? 
 
 26. From what part of the digestive tube are foods absorbed? 
 
 27. Name the digestive juices and tell the work of each. 
 
 28. Give some simple rules for good digestion. 
 
 29. What are the uses of the skin? 
 
 30. Why does a temperature of 80 degrees on a sultry day 
 seem as hot as a temperature of 90 degrees on a dry day? 
 
 31. Why does the skin of old persons become wrinkled? 
 
 32. Are blackheads worms? 
 
 33. By what means are messages conveyed from one part of 
 the body to another? 
 
 34. How does a voluntary act sometimes become reflex? 
 
 35. What is the work of the sympathetic nervous system? 
 
 36. What are habits and how are they formed? 
 
 37. What are the uses of the organs of special senses? 
 
 38. Is it a good practice to let cold water enter the eye when 
 washing the face? 
 
 39. How is a substance smelled? 
 
 40. Are there more than five special senses? 
 
 41. Tell how disease germs get from the sick to the well body. 
 
 42. What rules should be observed in selecting our physician? 
 
PHYSIOIvOGY 7 
 
 43. What is the generally accepted idea of patent medicines? 
 Is it true? 
 
 44. What is the best remedy for: (a) "Nervousness"? (b) 
 "The Blues"? 
 
THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 Physiology 
 
 ANSWERS. 
 
 1. Hygiene, Anatomy and Physiology. While hygiene is of 
 paramount importance, a knowledge of structure (anatomy) 
 and functions (physiology) is necessary to a proper under- 
 standing of the laws of health. 
 
 2. It shows one how to attain happiness and efficiency through 
 health, and how to help others in the same attainment. 
 
 3. Yes. You would consider it imperative that you under- 
 stand all the parts, how they are made, how they work, 
 and their relation to each other. Then you would make 
 a close study of the care of the parts, that your machine 
 could be kept in perfect working order and to reduce the 
 wear of the different parts to a minimum; so, that you 
 might have an effective and durable machine. 
 
 4. We should make a more thorough study, bearing in mind 
 that the body, itself, if we stop soon enough, will make 
 its own repairs; but, if we neglect so long that it cannot 
 make the repairs, its function is lost. There is no "garage" 
 for the purchase of new parts. 
 
 5. The cell is the living part of all organisms and is composed 
 of a microscopic, nucleated mass of protoplasm. It is capa- 
 ble of all life functions, namely; taking food, breathing, 
 excretion, growth and reproduction and has four periods 
 in its life, which are; formation, augmentation, cessation 
 and decline. 
 
 6. A group of cells, side by side, set aside to do a certain kind 
 of work is known as a tissue. 
 
 7. The common solid tissues are : epithelial, connective, 
 bony, muscular, nervous, fatty, and cartilaginous. There 
 are liquid tissues such as; blood, saliva, etc. 
 
 8. Nervous and muscular tissue are known as the master tis- 
 sues; the others, supporting tissues. 
 
PHYSIOI.OGY 9 
 
 9- The skeleton is composed of more than 200 bones, of var- 
 ious shapes and sizes which are affixed to each other by- 
 means of joints that permit varied movements. The skele- 
 ton is further composed of cartilage and tough ligaments. 
 The cartilage at the ends of the bones tends to deaden 
 sudden jars and lessen friction. The ligaments hold the 
 bones in place and set a limit to their movements. 
 
 10. Three principal uses of the bones are given: (a) they deter- 
 mine the shape of the body, (b) they support and protect 
 delicate organs, (c) they are the levers upon which the 
 muscles act in producing bodily motion. 
 
 11. The habit of wearing clothing that permits freedom of 
 movement and allows the body to stretch and readjust it- 
 self. The habit of keeping correct posture in sitting, stand- 
 ing and walking. (In walking, the weight should be on 
 the ball of the foot, so that the body swings forward from 
 the ankle. Walk with a springy step and do not place the 
 heel down first). The habit of bending at the hips instead 
 of the shoulders, prevents "humpback", "flat chest", and 
 "round shoulders". 
 
 12. It is a principle of science that a hollow tube will bear a 
 greater weight than the same material in a solid form. 
 Hence if they were solid and of the size they are under the 
 tube arrangement, they would be unnecessarily heavy and 
 strong. And, if they were small rods containing the same 
 material as in the tube arrangement, they would be unneces- 
 sarily weak, and would not present the proper surface for 
 attachmicnt of muscles. 
 
 13. (a) About 500. (b) Nearly one-half. 
 
 14. The principal use of the muscles is to produce motion. 
 They serve as protection for more delicate parts, and also 
 round out the body, giving it beauty of form. 
 
 15. The muscle cells absorb food and oxygen from the blood, 
 which when acted upon by the nerve stimulus, produces 
 the energy that causes motion and heat. 
 
 16. Surprising as it may seem, lazy people eat more than work- 
 ers. But this is a basic cause of laziness. They eat more 
 
10 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 food than is needed, and this surplus food spoils in the di- 
 gestive tract, forming toxins which weaken the nerves. This 
 weakening of the nerves causes a tired feeling or laziness. 
 Tapeworm or hookworm may sap the strength until the 
 same effect is observed. 
 
 17. They are : a circulating fluid, the blood; an engine to move 
 the fluid, the heart, and a system of tubes for conveying the 
 fluid, the blood vessels. 
 
 18. (a) The uses of the blood are to carry food and oxygen to 
 the tissues, and to carry waste matter away from them, 
 (b) The blood is composed of plasma in which float the 
 red corpuscles or oxygen carriers, and the white corpus- 
 cles or body defenders. Some authors name a third, known 
 as blood plates. 
 
 19. Probably the best way to purify the blood is to sleep in the 
 open air. If you cannot arrange for open air sleeping 
 quarters, at least keep the windows open. 
 
 20. The heart does not pump the blood through the veins. A 
 great part of the power for bringing the blood back to 
 the heart is muscular action. The contraction of the mus- 
 cles squeezes the blood toward the heart. It must go 
 toward the heart as the veins have valves that prevent a 
 backward flow. When one stands for a long time without 
 moving, the impure blood becomes congested in the lower 
 extremities and pain results. If continued long enough, 
 nature causes us to faint, making the work of returning 
 the blood an easier process. 
 
 21. The simple processes of inspiration and expiration are un- 
 derstood by all school-children. When, by muscular ac- 
 tion, the chest is made larger, air rushes in to fill the vacu- 
 um. This constitutes inspiration. When, by muscular ac- 
 tion, the chest becomes smaller, air is forced out. This is 
 called expiration. But the more complicated processes of 
 the interchange of oxygen and carbon-dioxide in the lungs 
 and at the cells, can only be understood by a knowledge of 
 the law governing the diffusion of gases, and a knowledge 
 of the process of osmosis. The law governing the diffusion 
 of gases is ; A gas always tends to evenly distribute itself 
 
PHYSIOLOGY 11 
 
 through space. Osmosis is the process by which a fluid, 
 either Hquid or gas, passes through a membrane or tissue. 
 To make a clear explanation of these processes, we will 
 show : (a) How oxygen gets into the blood from the lungs 
 and then how it is taken out of the blood by the cells, and 
 (b) How carbon-dioxide passes from the cells to the blood 
 and from the blood to the lungs. EjtplanaTion : (a) Air 
 taken into the lungs contains a higher per cent of oxygen 
 than does the impure blood of the lungs, hence, because of 
 the principle of diffusion of gases and by the process of os- 
 mosis, the oxygen of the air passes into the blood through 
 the thin walls of the blood vessels. The pure blood of the 
 cells contains a higher per cent of oxygen than the air in 
 the cells, which is loaded with impurities from the life 
 processes. Then, because of the same principle of diffusion 
 of gases and by the same process the oxygen of the blood 
 is taken up by the cells, passing through the thin living 
 tissue surrounding the cells, (b) The pure air bathing the 
 cells contains less carbon-dioxide than the air in the cells, 
 which are loaded with carbon-dioxide, due to the life pro- 
 cesses. Then, because gases tend to distribute themselves 
 evenly, the carbon-dioxide of the cells passes through the 
 thin tissue into the blood by osmosis. This air is carried 
 to the lungs, which are continually filled with pure air that 
 contains very little carbon-dioxide. Because of the same 
 principle of gases and by the same process, the carbon-di- 
 oxide passes into the lungs for excretion by exhalation. 
 
 22. (a) Sighing is a reflex action of the respiratory organs due 
 to air hunger. This is noticeable when one is breathing 
 slowly, due to lack of interest in his surroundings, (b) Pant- 
 ing is a reflex action of the respiratory organs in which 
 there in a quick succession of inspirations and expirations. 
 This is noticeable during violent exercise, because the cells 
 become loaded with carbon-dioxide and nature tries to rem- 
 edy this by rushing pure air to the cells to remove the im- 
 purities. 
 
 23. Air for breathing should be pure, cool, moving, and should 
 be neither too dry nor too moist. 
 
 24. The tonsils, one on each side of the throat, are placed on 
 
12 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 guard to prevent the entrance of germs and dirt to our 
 - system. 
 
 25. The food undergoes many changes in the body. These 
 processes are of two general classes : Mechanical, as chew- 
 ing, and chemical, as changing of starch to sugar. Thus 
 different foods are masticated, moistened, emulsified, chemi- 
 cally treated by acids or alkilies until they are in the proper 
 liquid form for absorption by the blood and assimilation 
 by the tissues. 
 
 26. Practically all absorption takes place from the small Intes- 
 tine. There is no absorption from the mouth, and practi- 
 cally none from the stomach. 
 
 27. (a) Salive moistens the food and changes starch to malt 
 sugar, (b) Gastric juice dissolves mineral salts, changes 
 cane sugar to grape sugar, and breaks up protein into pep- 
 tones, (c) Pancreatic juice changes starch to grape sugar, 
 breaks up protein into peptones, and digests fats, (d) In- 
 testinal juice changes cane sugar and malt sugar to grape 
 sugar, which is the only form in which sugar can be ab- 
 sorbed by the blood, (e) The bile enters the small intestine 
 by the same duct as the pancreatic juice and its use is to 
 stimulate that juice to greater action, making it from two 
 to three times as effective as it is without the presence of 
 the bile. 
 
 28. Eat regularly and freely of good pure food, breathe fresh 
 air and take plenty of exercise, if you wish to remain free 
 from indigestion. 
 
 29. The uses of the skin are: (a) A tough protective covering 
 for the body, (b) main organ of the sense of touch, (c) to 
 hold a layer of fat underneath it to protect the muscles 
 from blows and help regulate the temperature of the body, 
 (d) as an organ of excretion, (e) to regulate temperature 
 by perspiration, and (f) as an organ of respiration. 
 
 30. When the body becomes warm the glands of the skin se- 
 crete sweat, mostly water, which forms on the surface of 
 the body. The body is then cooled by evaporating this 
 water. On a sultry day, the air is already saturated and 
 cannot take up the water from the body, so the cooling 
 
PHYSIOLOGY 13 
 
 process is retarded. On a dry day, there is little moisture 
 in the air, so evaporation takes place readily and the body 
 becomes cool. 
 
 31. There is a layer of fat underneath the skin that helps keep 
 the body warm. In old age this tissue is used to nourish the 
 body and, consequently, the skin does not fit the body, but 
 arranges itself in many folds or wrinkles. 
 
 32. No. Blackheads are formed by particles of dirt closing 
 the oil glands. When we "squeeze them out", the white 
 part is oil secreted and held in the duct and the black head 
 is the particle of dirt that holds the oil in the duct. The 
 whole gives the appearance of a white worm with a black 
 head. (It is true there are sometimes worms in this oil, 
 but they are too small to be seen with the naked eye.) 
 
 33. Messages are carried from one part of the body to another 
 by means of the nervous system and by means of chemical 
 messengers, hormones, in the blood. 
 
 34. A purely voluntary act frequently becomes reflex by con- 
 stant repetition. A child when learning to walk, does a 
 great deal of thinking for each step; but, in after life, he 
 walks without any thought at all being given to the act. 
 
 35. The principal work of the sympathetic nervous system is 
 to control the action of the internal involuntary organs, 
 concerned in the processes of life. 
 
 36. Our habits are the actions, thoughts and feeling to which 
 we have become accustomed. The first time we try to do 
 a thing, think a thought or experience a felling, the process 
 is slow and awkward because the nerve currents are travel- 
 ing an uncharted course. With each repetition, the nerve 
 currents move more easily till they attain perfect ease and 
 swiftness. Then, the habit is formed. 
 
 37. To receive impressions from the outside world and trans- 
 mit them in the form of nerve currents to the brain. ( Some 
 impressions, such as pain, are received from the inside of 
 the body.) 
 
 38. No. Many people think it invigorates and strengthens the 
 eye, but this is not true. Tears are secreted specifically for 
 washing the eye and keeping it moist, and the dashing of 
 
14 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 cold water in the eye, sometimes causes small ulcers to form 
 on the ball. 
 
 39. A substance can be smelled only when particles of that 
 substance come in contact with the olfactory nerves of the 
 nose. Technically, we can smell nothing but gas. Liquids 
 and solids have no smell. The odors we get from them are 
 the results of gases arising from them. 
 
 40. Yes. Five are described in most textbooks. Everyone 
 knows, however, that we have : sense of heat and cold, of 
 pain, muscular sense, etc. 
 
 41. Disease germs may be excreted from the "sick body" along 
 with other refuge. Through lack of disposal of this refuse 
 by incineration or proper sewage, these germs may find 
 their way to "well bodies" in the air they breathe or the 
 water they drink. Germs may be liberated by forcible ex- 
 pirations as in sneezing and coughing and be inhaled by the 
 "well person". Germs of skin diseases may be transmitted, 
 when we come in contact with the flesh or clothing of one 
 infected. Numerous germs are transmitted by insects car- 
 rying them from the "sick" to the "well" persons. 
 
 42. We should not select as our physician a man simply because 
 he is popular. We should not select the physician who ad- 
 vertises to cure a disease that others cannot. The physician 
 to choose, is the level-headed fellow, whom his fellow- 
 physicians trust. They usually know who has had the 
 most training and is better equipped to fight our battles 
 against disease. When under the doctor's care, follow his 
 instructions scrupulously, or change doctors. 
 
 43. (a) That they are cure-alls and contain some secret reme- 
 dies unknown to the ordinary physician, (b) No. It is very 
 erroneous. Your local physician can prescribe for you, 
 much better than someone who never saw you, or better than 
 you can yourself. Your physician knows the ingredients 
 of these patent medicines and, if your case calls for such 
 remedies as are contained in the "cure-all", he will admini- 
 ister them in a simple way. 
 
 44. (a) The best remedy for "nervousness" is to stop worrying 
 and rest, (b) The best remedy for "The Blues" is work. 
 
GRAMMAR IS 
 
 Grammar 
 
 QUESTIONS 
 
 1. How many parts of speech do we commonly use in express- 
 ing ideas ? 
 
 2. What is the grammatical definition of each? 
 
 3. Give an example of each. 
 
 4. (a) What are the two classes into which nouns are divided? 
 (b) Define each. 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 II 
 12 
 
 13 
 14 
 
 15 
 16 
 
 17 
 18 
 19 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 23 
 
 Are they further divided? 
 
 What properties have nouns and pronouns? 
 
 What are the divisions of each? 
 
 Is gender ever applied to inanimate objects? 
 
 When may a noun be said to be used in apposition? 
 
 What parts of speech have no properties? 
 
 What are the divisions into which pronouns are divided ? 
 
 Define and illustrate each. 
 
 What properties have verbs? 
 
 Of what two general forms are verbs? 
 
 Define and illustrate the different voices, moods and tenses. 
 
 What is meant by the term inflection? 
 
 Into what general classes are adjectives divided ? 
 
 Are these subdivided? Illustrate. 
 
 For what are adverbs used ? Illustrate. 
 
 What things may adverbs express ? Illustrate. 
 
 What are prepositional phrases? Illustrate. 
 
 What is usually classed as the unit of language ? 
 
 What is the most common mistake made in speaking? 
 
16 THOUGHT QUi;STIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 24. Name, define and illustrate the different kinds of sentences 
 as to form. 
 
 25. As to uses, how many different kinds of sentences have we? 
 
 26. All sentences must contain two essential parts. Name them. 
 
 27. How can a sentence having only one word, such as ; Come, 
 have two parts? 
 
 28. What is the real purpose of analysis? 
 
 29. Define expletive. Give its relation to the rest of the sen- 
 tence in which it is used. 
 
 30. Name, define and illustrate the principal marks of punctua- 
 tion. 
 
GRAMMAR 17 
 
 Grammar 
 
 answi;rs 
 
 1. We usually make use of nine, viz: noun, pronoun, adjec- 
 tive, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, responsive, and 
 interjection. Some authors give the participle and infini- 
 tive. 
 
 2. The definitions are as follows: The noun is a name of 
 something. The pronoun takes the place of the noun in 
 naming. The adjective limits or modifies a noun or pro- 
 noun. Verbs may be used to express either of two things, 
 action or being; but usually the former. Adverbs limit or 
 modify the meaning of adjectives, verbs or other adverbs. 
 Prepositions are used for the sole purpose of showing the 
 relation of the object — in the phrase of which they are a 
 part — to some other word. The conjunction, as the name 
 implies, is a coupler or joining word. Responsives answer 
 or respond to some question. The expression of our emo- 
 tional feeling when suddenly called forth are called Inter- 
 jections. 
 
 3. His name is Harold, (noun). He does not like the name, 
 (pronoun). The little boy came yesterday, (adjective). 
 The President takes his seat March Fourth, (verb). Last 
 month was very cold, (adverb). He went into the cave, 
 (preposition). The rain comes down and the river rises, 
 (conjunction). Did you see the Governor? Yes. (res- 
 ponsive). Alas! My daughter, (interjection). 
 
 4. Common and proper, the common noun being applicable 
 to all objects of one general class or kind, as; barn, tree, 
 boy, treaty, etc. The proper nouns can be applied to only 
 one of a particular class or kind, as ; George, Denver, Pa- 
 cific, Earth, etc. 
 
 5. Common nouns are divided into: (a) Collective nouns, as; 
 The school is now in session, (b) Class nouns, as; Grass 
 grows in meadows, (c) Abstract nouns, as; The lustre of 
 the diamond is hard to imitate, (d) Participial noun, as; 
 Walking is good exercise. 
 
18 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 6. They have gender, case, person and number.. Gender dis- 
 criminates them as concerns sex. Case treats of nouns and 
 pronouns as related to other words in the sentence. Per- 
 son shows whether the speaker, the person spoken to, or the 
 thing spoken of is meant. Number is that property of a 
 noun or pronoun by which we can tell whether one or more 
 than one is meant. 
 
 y. We have four divisions of gender, viz; masculine, femi- 
 nine, common, and neuter. The masculine gender denotes 
 males; the feminine, females; the common either, and the 
 neuter, niether. Exampi,i;s : The King gave the order. 
 ( mas. ) . Has the administratrix settled the estate ? ( f em. ) . 
 Children, obey your parents, (common). The silo is one of 
 the farmers' best friends, (neuter). Person has three di- 
 visions, viz ; first, second and third. Exampi,i:s : You, 
 (second) and / (first) must go, while he (third) remains. 
 Case has three divisions, viz; nominative, possessive and 
 objective. Exampi^i; : Wilson was president of the United 
 States, (nominative). The book's cover is torn, (posses- 
 sive). We fought in France, (objective). Number has 
 two divisions, viz; singular and plural. Exampi^e: The 
 train is on time, (singular). The cows came home at night, 
 (plural). 
 
 8; It is. Words representing inanimate objects of beauty, or 
 grace, are frequently classed as feminine gender, such as; 
 The moon's pale beauty was enhanced by her soft halo. 
 The Earth maintains her course with unerring exactness. 
 Words representing inanimate objects of pozver, azve, might 
 or strength are sometimes classed as masculine. Example : 
 Over the entire heavens the Sun cast his dire warning. 
 
 g. When a noun by being in an adjective construction in the 
 sentence represents the same person or thing as some other 
 noun in the same sentence it is said to be in apposition. 
 
 10. Prepositions, conjunctions, responsives and interjections 
 have none. 
 
 11. Pronouns are either personal, relative or interrogative. 
 
 12. The form of pronouns determines whether they represent 
 the first, second, or third person, as; I see the Sun. (first 
 person). Did you go? (second person). We saw him 
 
GRAMMAR 19 
 
 leave, (third person). A relative pronoun is used instead 
 of a noun to which it joins a limiting clause, Exampi,^: 
 We saw the rmnwhom you recommended. Pronouns used 
 in asking questions are said to be interrogative. Exampi,^: 
 Which is my desk? 
 
 13. Voice, mood and tense. 
 
 14. (a) Regular verbs, which form their past and perfect par- 
 ticiple by adding "d" or "ed" to the present form, as; walk, 
 w^Xked, had walk^J; rake, rsked, had rskedj etc. (b) The 
 irregular verb, which forms its past and perfect participle 
 irregularly, as; go, went, gone, had gone. 
 
 15. (a) The voices are either active or passive. By active voice 
 we mean that the subject of the verb performs the act, as 
 in the sentence; The man drove the car. The subject, man, 
 did the acting. By passive voice we mean that the subject 
 is the receiver of the act expressed by the verb. Bxamfi,^ : 
 The car was driven by the man. The subject, car, was the 
 receiver of the acting, (b) The moods are of four classes, 
 viz; indicative, potential, imperative and subjunctive. By 
 the indicative mood the verb is used to express or indicate a 
 truth, as; Harding is President. By the potential mood 
 the verb is used to express ability or power, as; We must 
 abide by our constitution. The verb is used in the imperch 
 tive mood in a threat or determination, or if a superior is 
 addressed it expresses supplication or entreaty. Exampi,!): 
 1 zvill go. (determination). Give us this day our daily 
 bread, (entreaty) . The verb is used in the subjunctive mood 
 to express doubt, as ; // I go, you must remain. Such words 
 as; if, were, unless, except, etc., are usually signs of the 
 subjunctive mood, (c) There are three tenses, viz ; present, 
 past and future. Each has a perfect form representing the 
 act as already completed in the particular tense to which it 
 is applied. The present tense denotes time now with us. 
 Exampi^e: He is a good Governor. The past tense de- 
 notes time gone by. Exampi^e : He zuas a good Governor. 
 Future tense denotes time which is yet to be. Exampi,!;: 
 He will be a good Governor. 
 
 16. Inflection is the variation in the form of the parts of speech 
 to indicate a variation in use. 
 
20 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 17. Adjectives are either limiting or qualifying. 
 
 18. They are. (a) Qualifying adjectives may be common, 
 proper or participle. ExAMPi,i;:He is a pretty boy. (com- 
 mon). The British Parliament is in session, (proper). The 
 shivering form stood outside the door, (participle), (b) 
 Qualifying adjectives include the articles, viz : definite (the) 
 and indefinite (a) or (an) also numeral and pronominal 
 adjectives. The numeral adjectives designate number, as; 
 many trees, etc., while the pronominal adjective is merely 
 a pronoun used as an adjective. ExampIv:^ : Those men are 
 Algerians. 
 
 19. Adverbs are used to limit the meaning of other words which 
 they modify, as; We almost ran a mile. The adverb almost, 
 limits the verb ran, by telling the degree or extent of run- 
 ning. 
 
 20. Adverbs may express ; time, place, manner and degree. Ex- 
 ampi^e;: I will go tomorrow, (time). We came here to see 
 our brother, (place). She walked hastily homeward, (man- 
 ner). The lesson was exceedingly difficult, (degree). 
 
 21. A preposition together with its object constitutes a preposi- 
 tional phrase. Exampi^e^: He went into the house. The 
 words, into the house, constitute the prepositional phrase. 
 The object of a prepositional phrase can be determined by 
 asking a question. Use the preposition as the first word of 
 the question and one of the three interrogative pronouns; 
 who, which, what, (as sense may require) for the second 
 word of the question. The answer to the question asked 
 will be the object of the preposition. To illustrate : In the 
 foregoing sentence : He zvent into the house; into is the 
 preposition. Ask the question; into zvhat? The answer, 
 house, is the object of the prepositional phrase. 
 
 22. The sentence is usually classed as unit of language. From 
 it we build the paragraph, chapter, volume, etc. 
 
 23. Probably the most common mistake made in the use of 
 language is using the double negative. Many say in reality 
 the exact opposite of what they mean. Exampi,e;: Neither 
 one of you can't go, probably means : Neither of you can go. 
 I can't tell no difference in the two, probably means ; I can 
 
GRAMMAR 21 
 
 tell no difference in the two. Notice your associates and you 
 will be surprised at the misuse of the double negative. 
 
 24. Sentences are of three kinds, viz; The simple, or the kind 
 with one subject and one predicate. Exampi^e : I knew him 
 well. The complex, which contains a clause, as; Did you 
 mean that you would go. The compound sentence, which 
 contains two or more sentences of like construction, as; 
 God said "Let their be light", and there was light. The co- 
 ordinate conjunction always joins members of a compound 
 sentence. 
 
 25. According to uses we have two kinds, viz ; The Declarative 
 and the Imperative, (a) The Declarative states a truth or 
 is the simplest way of asserting something of the subject 
 of thought. ExAMPi^E: I see the moon. The Imperative 
 sentence is used to make supplement or give commands, as ; 
 "Forgive us our debts as we forgive our debtors". Close 
 the door. The Interrogative sentence is the declarative sen- 
 tence framed to ask a question, while the exclamatory may 
 be any of the three foregoing forms when used to express 
 sudden feeling or emotion. 
 
 26. The Subject and Predicate. 
 
 27. In all sentences the verb or Predicate, must be expressed. 
 The Subject however, may be omitted and only implied. 
 We know that in the sentence. Come, we have the asserted 
 meaning of a command and can readily see that the speaker 
 is talking to someone, but as the identity of the person thus 
 commanded is concealed, we use the pronoun you instead 
 of the name. Hence; we know that (You) come, is meant. 
 
 28. Analysis is for the sole purpose of imparting a clear mean- 
 in to the thought contained in the sentence. 
 
 29. An expletive is a superfluous word made use of in the sen- 
 tence to augment its beauty or ease of expression. It bears 
 no grammatical relation to the sentence of which it forms 
 a part. Exampi^e: There is comfort in knowing that we 
 have done our duty. In this sentence there is used to add to 
 the grace and ease of expressing the sentence; Comfort is 
 in knowing that we have done our duty. "There" and "it" 
 are the expletives most frequently used. 
 
22 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 30. The principal marks of punctuation are: (a) comma, (b) 
 semicolon, (c) colon, (d) interrogation point, (e) exclam- 
 ation point, (f) period. The first three are used within 
 the sentence while the others are terminal marks, (a) The 
 comma is used to indicate a short pause, either of sound or 
 meaning. Example: This process, so simple to describe, 
 is difficult to carry out. We raise corn, wheat and barley, 
 (b) The semicolon is used to separate parts of a sentence 
 more loosely connected than those connected by the com- 
 ma. It shows that there is something to follow having a 
 direct bearing upon what has proceeded, and is used be- 
 fore: such as, viz, i. e., e. g., to-zvit, etc. Example: To 
 maintain life plants must have these essential elements ; viz ; 
 heat, light and moisture. His stature was tall ; his figure 
 ungainly, (c) The colon precedes an after-thought, exam- 
 ple in the way of explanation, or a formal quotation; as, 
 His words were these : "Where I am there ye may be also." 
 
 Example: 6><9=54. (d) The Interrogation point is used in 
 closing declarative sentences, which are used in asking ques- 
 tions. Example: Did you see the French General? (e) 
 TheBxclamafion point is used at the close of a declarative; 
 interrogative-declarative, or imperative sentence when used 
 to express sudden feeling or emotion. It is also used after 
 interjections or other exclamatory words contained within 
 the sentence. Examples : Oh, that my youth may endure ! 
 Pooh! We agree with nothing you say. (f) The period 
 is used at the close of all Simple Declarative sentences, and 
 after all abbreviations. Example: I saw the aeroplane. 
 Sept., Mr., etc. 
 
ami;rican history 23 
 
 American History 
 
 QUESTIONS 
 
 1. What was the first motive of Columbus in desiring to go 
 to the Indies ? Why this motive ? 
 
 2. What happened in 1453 that gave him a second motive? 
 
 3. Who really discovered America? After whom was it 
 named ? 
 
 4. What happened about this time that proved that it was a 
 new and distinct continent? Was Europe pleased to learn 
 this fact? Why. 
 
 5. What four countries soon began to send out explorers to 
 the new continent? 
 
 6. From what countries were the following men sent out as 
 explorers ? Ponce De Leon, Cartier, Balboa, Laudonneirre, 
 De Soto, Champlain, Menendez, Drake, Cabrillo, Hudson, 
 Bspejo. 
 
 7. Mention one important thing that each of the above did. 
 
 8. What is the oldest settlement on the mainland of the United 
 States ? 
 
 9. What was the greatest result of the discovery of America? 
 
 10. Four countries soon had claims to the new territory. These 
 claims conflicted. How were the disputes which arose over 
 the boundaries finally settled? 
 
 11. With what colony would you associate each of the follow- 
 ing? The Bacon Rebellion, Stuyvesant, Standish, The 
 Toleration Act, Providence, The Great Law, Silk Culture, 
 Mason, Charter Oak, Bergen, Grand Model, Christina. 
 
 12. Mention three forms of colonial government, distinguish 
 between them, and name a colony that was governed under 
 each. 
 
 13. What was the first written American constitution? 
 
24 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWllRS 
 
 14. In what colony did our common school system originate? 
 
 15. What three colleges were founded during colonial time? 
 
 16. How did The Mason and Dixon Line originate? For what 
 was it famous? 
 
 17. Why were the Navigation Laws so injurious to Virginia? 
 
 18. In what colony was a wigwam once used for a church? 
 What was the religion of these people? 
 
 19. Mention four inter-colonial wars. What was the chief 
 cause of these wars? 
 
 20. What were the two greatest results of the inter-colonial 
 wars? 
 
 21. What can you say of American commerce about 1760? 
 
 22. Tell something about the character of the King of England 
 at this time and of his attitude toward the American Col- 
 onies? 
 
 23. To show his disregard for the colonies, what did he begin 
 to do ? What did this cause the Colonies to demand ? Did 
 they get it? Was it ever offered? When? 
 
 24. What was The First Continental Congress? What was its 
 object? 
 
 25. What was the real cause of the of the Revolutionary War? 
 
 26. Previous to 1776, for what had the Colonists been fight- 
 ing? What declaration was made in that year? From 
 then on, for what were they fighting? 
 
 27. What victory caused a European country to acknowledge 
 the independence of the Colonies? What country was it? 
 How did England regard this action? 
 
 28. What victory practically ended the war? Who were the 
 opposing generals? 
 
 29. In what country was the treaty of peace signed and what 
 did it give the United States? 
 
 30. What was The First National Constitution? When was 
 it adopted? Was it satisfactory? Why? 
 
AMi^RICAN HISTORY 25 
 
 31. When was a new constitution made? What man probably 
 did more than any other to secure its adoption by the states ? 
 
 32. What were the six objects of the constitution? 
 
 33. What were the first two poUtical parties to arise and what 
 was their chief difference? Which elected Washington 
 president ? 
 
 34. Name the offices and officers of Washington's Cabinet? 
 
 35. What plan was used to pay the debt that was incurred dur- 
 ing the revolution? 
 
 36. To what man may be given the credit of financing the new 
 nation and placingit on a sound footing as to credit? 
 
 37. What was the real cause of the War of 1812? 
 
 38. Why was war not declared against France for the same 
 reason ? 
 
 39. When and where was slavery first introduced into the 
 United States? Where did it flourish and to what did its 
 growth finally lead? 
 
 40. Briefly explain in connection with slavery: Cotton gin, 
 Smuggling, Missouri Compromise, Kansas-Nebraska Act. 
 Dred Scott Decision, Wilmot Proviso, Omnibus Bill. 
 
 41. What was The Fugitive Slave Law? The Under-ground 
 Railroad? "Uncle Tom's Cabin"? 
 
 42. What was the real cause of the Civil War? The real cause 
 for secession? 
 
 43. Which was the first state to secede ? What six others soon 
 followed ? 
 
 44. By what name were the seceded states known? What was 
 their capital? 
 
 45. Who did they elect president? Vice president? 
 
 46. What was peculiar about their constitution? 
 
 47. In Lincoln's first call for volunteers, what was the object 
 number, length of service and response? 
 
26 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWi^RS 
 
 48. Did Davis call for volunteers? What was the response? 
 
 49. In what way was the battle of Bull Run a Northern vic- 
 tory? In what way a southern defeat? 
 
 50. Soon after the battle of Bull Run, what four plans for the 
 war did the Union make? 
 
 51. Who were the opposing generals, the approximate number 
 of men on each side, and the result of the most stubbornly 
 fought battle of the Civil War? 
 
 52. What were the two greatest results of the Civil War? 
 
 53. Compare conditions in the North and South at the close 
 of the Civil War. 
 
 54. In what way did Johnson become president ? What difficult 
 work did he at once begin? 
 
 55. What was The Tenure of Office Act? 
 
 56. Why was Johnson impeached ? Who preferred the charge ? 
 Who tried the case and what was the result? 
 
 57. What do the thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth amend- 
 ments say about the negro? 
 
 58. Explain : Carpet Baggers, Ku Klux Klan. 
 
 59. Compare The Spoils System with The Civil Service Reform. 
 
 60. What was The Presidential Sucession Act? Give the order 
 of succession. 
 
 61. What was the immediate cause of our recent war with 
 Spain ? What did the war prove in reference to the Union ? 
 
 62. When and where was the first U. S. Bank? For how long 
 was it chartered? 
 
 63. What were the two greatest periods of speculation that our 
 country has ever known? 
 
 64. What three capitals has the United States had? 
 
 65. What great lesson did The Whiskey Rebellion teach? 
 
 66. What was the greatest geographical discovery of modern 
 times? 
 
am:^rican history 27 
 
 67. Who said, "Taxation without representation is tyranny"? 
 
 68. How was the territory of Alaska acquired? 
 
 69. Who invented the telegraph? The telephone? The wire- 
 less? 
 
 70. Who are our martyrs? 
 
28 THOUGHT QUE;STI0NS AND ANSWERS 
 
 American History 
 
 answe;rs 
 
 1. (a) He desired to go as a missionary, (b) Because of 
 his deep religious convictions. 
 
 2. The Turks captured Constantinople, thus practically clos- 
 ing the routes of the chief trading countries of Europe, with 
 the east. Therefore, to find a new route to India was Col- 
 umbus' second motive. 
 
 3. (a) John Cabot, (b) Amerigo Vespucci. 
 
 4. (a) The circumnavigation of the globe. The expiditlon 
 was under Magellan, who was killed on the voyage, but 
 the commander of one of his ships kept on and finally 
 sailed around the world, (b) No. (c) Europe wanted a 
 direct water route to the Indies and America stood in the 
 way. 
 
 5. Spain, France, England and Holland. 
 
 6. (a) Spain, (b) France, (c) Spain, (d) France, (e) Spain, 
 (f) France, (g) Spain, (h) England, (i) Spain, (j) Hol- 
 land, (k) Spain. 
 
 7. Ponce de Leon discovered Florida; Cartier ascended the 
 St. Lawrence river and named Montreal ; Balboa discovered 
 the Pacific Ocean ; Laudonniere built a fort on the St. Johns 
 river in Florida; De Soto discovered the Mississippi river; 
 Champlain established a trading post at Quebec; Menedez 
 founded St. Augustine in 1 565 ; Drake was the first Eng- 
 lishman to circumnavigate the globe; Cabrillo made the 
 first voyages along the coast of California; Hudson dis- 
 covered the Hudson river in 1609; Espejo made explora- 
 tions in New Mexico and founded Santa Fe in 1582. 
 
 8. St. Augustine, Florida. 
 
 9. It broadened men's minds. They began to think of the 
 world in a new light. 
 
 10. The disputes which arose over conflicting claims were 
 finally settled by wars. 
 
AMERICAN HISTORY 29 
 
 11. (a) Virginia, (b) New York, (c) Massachusetts, (d) Mary- 
 land, (e) Rhode Island, ((f) Pennsylvania, (g) Georgia, 
 (h) New Hampshire, (i) Connecticut, (j) New Jersey, (k) 
 North and South Carolina, (1) Delaware. 
 
 12. (a) Charter, Royal and Proprietary, (b) Under Charter 
 government, the Governor was elected by the people ; under 
 Royal government, the governor was appointed by the King, 
 under Proprietary government, the governor was appointed 
 by the proprietor or his heirs, (c) Connecticut had charter 
 government. New York Royal and Pennsylvania proprie- 
 tary. 
 
 13. The Connecticut constitution, drafted at Hartford in 1639. 
 
 14. In Massachusetts. 
 
 15. Harvard, Yale, William and Mary. 
 
 16. Pennsylvania and Maryland were in dispute over the bound- 
 ary line which separated them. Mason and Dixon, two 
 noted English surveyors, were employed to establish a line 
 which would be satisfactory to both colonies. This line 
 went down into history as marking the division between 
 the free and slave states formed from the original thirteen. 
 
 17. Under these laws Virginia could not ship tobacco except in 
 English vessels going to England. The Virginians were 
 forced, then, to sell at whatever price the English merchants 
 offered them. Their chief trade, tobacco, would be nearly 
 ruined if these laws were enforced. 
 
 18. (a) Maryland, (b) Catholic. 
 
 19. (a) King William's War, Queen Anne's War, King 
 George's War, and The French and Indian War. (b) Quar- 
 rels between the mother countries. 
 
 20. They more closely united the colonies and trained a large 
 number of men to fight. This training was soon found 
 useful in the Revolutionary War. 
 
 21. By trading with the French and Spanish, a very profitable 
 commerce had been built up by the Colonists, especially by 
 the New Englanders. 
 
30 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 22. King George III was a narrow minded man, very set in 
 his ways, and at times insane. He had but little regard for 
 the rights of the Colonists and soon began to use his in- 
 fluence toward taking away many of their privileges. 
 
 23. (a) He influenced Parliament to place various kinds of 
 taxes on the colonists. To oppress them seemed to be his 
 object, (b) The Colonists then demanded representation in 
 Parliament, (c) It was denied them, (d) This represen- 
 tation, however, was offered in 1778, just after France ac- 
 knowledged the independence of the United States. 
 
 24. Delegates from many of the colonies met at Carpenter's 
 Hall, Philadelphia, to plan a course of action. Oppres- 
 sion was becoming too great. 
 
 25. Taxation, by Great Britain, without allowing the colonists 
 representation in Parliament. 
 
 26. (a) To defend their rights as subjects of Great Britain, 
 (b) The Declaration of Independence, (c) They were no 
 longer subjects of Great Britain. From then on, they were 
 fighting for liberty and an independent and separate gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 27. (a) Saratoga, (b) France, (c) England became alarmed 
 and offered the colonies representatives, in fact, offered 
 them anything except that for which they were now fight- 
 ing — liberty. 
 
 28. (a) Yorktown, (b) Lafayette and Washington were the 
 generals on the American side and Cornwallis had charge 
 of the British forces. 
 
 29. (a) Paris, France, (b) The thirteen original states, Maine 
 and the territory west as far as the Mississippi river. 
 
 30. The Articles of Confederation framed at Philadelphia in 
 1776, formed the first national constitution. It was not 
 adopted by the states until 1781 and proved very unsatis- 
 factory because of its many weaknesses. It gave the states 
 no head and Congress had but little power. 
 
 31. (a) In 1787. (b) Alexander Hamilton. 
 
 32. According to the preamble we may summarize them as fol- 
 
AMERICAN . HISTORY 31 
 
 lows: Union, Justice, Peace, Common Defense, General 
 welfare and Liberty. 
 
 33. (a) Federalists and Anti-Federalists, (b) The Federalists 
 favored a strong federal government, giving congress a 
 great deal of power. The Anti-Federalists wanted to limit 
 the power of congress and the national government by giv- 
 ing the states more jurisdiction, (c) Both parties united to 
 elect Washington president. 
 
 34. Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson; Secretary of War, 
 Henry Knox ; Secretary of Treasury, Alexander Hamilton ; 
 Attorney General, Edmund Randolph. 
 
 35. Congress passed the Tariff and Tonnage Acts to bring mon- 
 ey into the treasury. The Tariff Act imposed a duty on 
 imported goods and the Tonnage Act a tax per ton on for- 
 eign merchant ships entering American ports. Later a 
 tax was placed on liquors. 
 
 36. Alexander Hamilton. 
 
 37. The impressment of American seamen. 
 
 38. France had probably impressed as many of our seamen as 
 England had, but there was still a bitter feeling against Eng- 
 land because of the Revolution and many of the leading 
 statesmen favored a war against England. We were too 
 weak to fight both countries, so war was not declared 
 against France. 
 
 39. In 1619, twenty negros were sold to Virginia planters by 
 a Duth trading vessel. They had been brought from Africa 
 and as the production of tobacco was a great industry in 
 Virginia then, they were used, more were brought and 
 slavery began its existence and growth in America, finally 
 leading to the Civil War. 
 
 40. (a) The cotton gin greatly increased the production of cot- 
 ton, thus the need for more slaves, (b) The law of 1808 
 forbade the importation of slaves after that year, so thou- 
 sands were smuggled in yearly, (c) The Missouri Compro- 
 mise allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state 
 but excluded slavery from the remainder of the Missouri 
 territory north of the parallel 30 degrees and 30 minutes 
 
32 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 north. Maine was also to be admitted as a free state, (d) 
 The Kansas-Nebraska Act divided Nebraska into two parts, 
 the southern portion being called Kansas. The people of 
 each state were given the right to choose whether they be 
 free or slave, (e) Chief Justice Taney, in making a de- 
 cision for Dred Scott, a negro slave who had sued for his 
 liberty, declared that congress had no right or power to 
 prohibit slavery in any territory, (f) The Wilmot Pro- 
 viso was a bill purposed to exclude slavery from the terri- 
 tory obtained from Mexico, (g) The Omnibus Bill admit- 
 ted California as a free state. New Mexico and Utah were 
 to decide the question for themselves ; a more stringent fu- 
 gitive slave law was to be enacted; slave trade in the Dis- 
 trict of Columbia was prohibited and Texas was to be paid 
 $10,000,000.00 to give up her claim on New Mexico. 
 
 41. (a) A law which provided for the return of runaway slaves, 
 (b) This was jiot a railroad at all, but an organization 
 whereby the fugitive slave was assisted to pass through the 
 free states to Canada, (c) A book written by Mrs. Stowe, 
 portraying slavery. 
 
 42. (a) The secession of southern states, (b) The real cause 
 for secession was the feeling that had developed between 
 the North and South, principally over slavery. 
 
 43. (a) South Carolina, (b) Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, 
 Georgia, Louisiana and Texas. 
 
 44. (a) The Confederate States of America, (b) Montgomery, 
 Alabama, but it was afterward moved to Richmond, Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 45. Jefferson Davis was elected president and Alexander Steph- 
 ens, vice-president. 
 
 46. Slavery was considered a lawful institution and a protec- 
 tive tariff was prohibited. 
 
 47. The object was to put down the rebellion and to recover 
 the forts and other public property. The call was for 
 75,000 for three months' service. Over 200,000 responded. 
 
 48. The response was almost as great as in the North. 
 
AMi^RICAN HISTORY 33 
 
 49. (a) The North saw that they had under-estimated the 
 strength of the South. They learned the cause of their fail- 
 ure and began to train men and get ready for a long and 
 bitter struggle, (b) The South on the other hand believed 
 their strength greater than it really was. They were filled 
 a hopefulness which they later found was much exaggerated. 
 
 50. (a) To blockade all southern ports, (b) To capture the 
 Confederate capital, (c) To open and get control of the 
 Mississippi river, (d) To cut the Confederacy in two. 
 
 51. General George G. Meade had command of the Union 
 forces, about 100,000 in number. Lee commanded the 
 Confedrates, 70,000 in number. Gettysburg was the place 
 and after three days of fighting with a Union loss of 23,000 
 and a Confederate loss of over 20,000, Lee slowly retreated. 
 But it was the turning point of the war and Lee's last at- 
 tempt to invade the North. It weakened the Confederacy 
 and discouraged the southern people. 
 
 52. It settled forever the great questions, slavery and "state 
 rights". 
 
 53. In the North, the people were even more prosperous than 
 at the beginning of the war. Business of all kinds had been 
 carried on actively. In the South, destruction of property 
 had made many poor and homeless, their ports had been 
 blockaded, their slaves set free and on every hand there 
 was hardship and poverty. 
 
 54. (a) When Lincoln was assassinated, Johnson being vice 
 president, became president, (b) Reconstruction. 
 
 55. An act which prevented the president from removing any 
 civil officer, which he had appointed from office, without 
 the consent of the senate. 
 
 56. Because of his alleged violation of the "Tenure of Office 
 Act". The House of Representatives made the charge and 
 the case was tried by the Senate. He was acquitted. How- 
 ever, one more vote would have convicted him. 
 
 57. The thirteenth made him free, the fourteenth made him a 
 
 citizen and the fifteenth made him a voter. 
 
34 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 58. (a) They were politicians who hastened to some of the re- 
 admitted states in which negroes had been elected to office 
 and by using their influence, robbed several of the states of 
 millions of dollars, (b) A secret organization in the South, 
 the object of which was to keep the negro from voting. 
 
 59. Jackson dismissed a number of men from office who were 
 not of his political faith and in their place he appointed men 
 who helped to elect him. This was known as "The Spoils 
 System" and was practiced by all the presidents who suc- 
 ceeded him until the Civil Service Reform was adopted in 
 1883. By this method a regulation of the appointment to 
 most offices was made by a competitive examination. 
 
 60. (a) An act which provided for the filling of the vacancy 
 of the office of president, should both the president and 
 vice-president be incapacitated, (b) Succession was to be 
 as follows : Secretary of State, Treasury, War, Attorney 
 General, Secretary of the Navy, and Secretary of the In- 
 terior. Three departments have since been added, the de- 
 partments of Agriculture, Commerce, and Labor. 
 
 61. (a) The destruction of the battleship, Maine, (b) Ex-Con- 
 federates were as eager to assist in this war as any other 
 Americans were, thus establishing the realization of what 
 the Union really meant. 
 
 62. (a) In 1 79 1, at Philadelphia, (b) It was chartered for 
 twenty years. 
 
 63. The period following the removal, by President Jackson, 
 of the government money from the United States Bank 
 and placing it in state banks, and the period of profiteering 
 following the close of the recent World's War. 
 
 64. New York, Philadelphia and Washington. 
 
 65. That the people were under a strong, national government, 
 with power and determination to enforce its laws. 
 
 66. The discovery of the North Pole by Peary. 
 
 67. James Otis. 
 
 68. It was purchased from Russia in 1867. 
 
AMERICAN HISTORY 35 
 
 69. (a) Professor Morse, (b) A. G. Bell, (c) Marconi. 
 
 70. Abraham Lincoln, James A. Garfield and William McKin- 
 ley. 
 
36 THOUGHT QUE:STI0NS AND ANSWERS 
 
 Arithmetic 
 
 QUESTIONS 
 
 1. What three reasons can you give for the study of arithmetic ? 
 
 2. Why is arithmetic spoken of as one of the common 
 branches ? 
 
 3. What is a better plan than solving a problem for a child? 
 
 4. What about the use of words "will" and "would be" in 
 giving solutions of problems? 
 
 5. Should problems be checked? 
 
 6. What is the difference between numbers and figures? 
 
 7. What accounts for 10 being the basis of our number sys- 
 tem? 
 
 8. What is the value of a close study of notation and num- 
 eration ? 
 
 9. What is the use of "and" in reading numbers? 
 
 10. Explain what is meant by units. 
 
 11. Distinguish between integral, decimal and fractional units. 
 
 12. What is meant by place value of a figure? 
 
 13. What is the benefit of having problems divided into classes? 
 
 14. When may one be said to have a good knowledge of a 
 principle of arithmetic? 
 
 15. What can you say of the value of mental arithmetic? 
 
 16. What can be said of the value of a close study of addition, 
 subtraction, multiplication and division? 
 
 17. Give rules for attaining accuracy and speed in addition. 
 
 18. What is probably the best check for addition? Subtraction? 
 Multiplication? Division? 
 
 19. What is the difference between partition and measurement ? 
 
 20. How do we waste time in arithmetic? 
 
ARITHMETIC 37 
 
 21. What can be said of the value of short cuts in arithinetic? 
 
 22. What is the cause of most difficulties in percentage prob- 
 lems ? 
 
 23. Why should everyone learn something of bookkeeping? 
 
 24. Why should accounts be kept according to standard forms ? 
 
 25. By what number must 17^ be multiplied that the product 
 will be 6? 
 
 26. A man who owned ^ of a ship, sold two-fifths of his share 
 for $1250. What is the value of the ship at this rate? 
 What part of the ship does he still own? 
 
 2y. What decimal of a rod is .165 of a foot? 
 
 28. How many acres in a street 66 ft. wide and 2]/^ miles long? 
 
 29. Cleveland is 10° 42' 51" farther west than Boston. When 
 it is 2 p. m. at Cleveland, what is the time, sun time, at 
 Boston ? 
 
 30. A company lost 4 per cent of its men in battle, 25 per cent 
 of those that remained died of sickness. Then, there were 
 144 in the company. How many men at first? 
 
 31. I sold goods at a gain of 25 per cent and, investigating the 
 proceeds, sold again at a loss of 25 per cent. Did I gain or 
 lose in the entire transaction and what per cent ? 
 
 32. A capitalist sent a broker $81,800.00 to invest in sugar. 
 After deducting his commission oi 2}^ per cent, how much 
 sugar did he buy? What was the broker's commission? 
 
 33. If a man receives $10 per day wages, his income is equal to 
 the income on what number of $50 Liberty Bonds, which 
 draw 4 per cent ? 
 
 34. A merchant insures his stock of goods for $9,000.00, this 
 being 75 per cent of their value. The rate is $1.15 per thou- 
 sand. What premium does he pay? 
 
 35. The assessed valuation in a certain district is $1,722,500. 
 The amount to be raised by tax is $42,210. Find the tax on 
 property assessed at $2,250. 
 
38 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 36. What sum of money Is borrowed if the interest for ninety 
 days at 7 per cent is $2.80? 
 
 37. If a flag pole 40 ft. high cast a shadow 24 ft. long, how 
 high is a tree whose shadow, at the same time is 81 ft. 
 long? 
 
 38. A room is 40 ft. long, 24 ft. wide and 18 ft. high. What 
 is the shortest distance from the upper N. E. corner to the 
 lower S. W. corner. 
 
 39. A cubical box contains 50,653 cubic inches. What is the 
 length of one side? 
 
 40. What is the shortest length of rod that can be cut exactly 
 into i^ inch, i^ inch, or i^ inch bolts? 
 
 41. A man has three trees 64 ft., 72 ft., and 88 ft. respective- 
 ly in length. What is the greatest length saw-logs he can 
 cut from them so that the cuts are all the same length and 
 there is no waste? 
 
 42. (Use 3 1-7 as ratio of circumference to diameter) 
 
 The length of a circular racetrack at the inner rail is ex- 
 actly Yi. mile. The circumference at the outside of the 
 track is 3,036 feet. What is the width of the track? 
 
 43. (Use 3 1-7 as ratio of circumference to diameter, and .7854 
 as ratio of area of circle to area of circumscribed square, 
 answer true to three decimals). 
 
 How many square inches of tin are necessary to make a 
 tin cup 21-3 inches in diameter, and 3 inches high, if 2.724 
 square inches be allowed for making handle? 
 
 44. The area of a field in the form of a trapezoid is 25 acres. 
 The greater base exceeds the lesser by 40 rods. If the per- 
 pendicular distance between the two bases is 40 rods, what 
 is the length of the shorter base? 
 
 45. Two perpendicular poles stand 18 ft. apart ; if a man who is 
 5 ft. 8 in., to his eyes, standing 9 ft. from the shorter pole 
 and looking over the top of it, can just sight the top of the 
 taller, find the height of the taller, if the shorter is 15 ft. 
 high. 
 
arithmi;tic 39 
 
 Arithmetic 
 
 ANSWERS 
 
 1. Arithmetic should be studied; (a) because it is needed in 
 the meat-and-bread affairs of life, (b) because it trains us 
 to think clearly and systematically proportioning means to 
 an end, and (c) because of its cultural value. Pythagoras, 
 of old, studied for the last named reason alone — making 
 the stddy of numbers the means of approach to the gods. 
 
 2. Because it has served the common needs of the common 
 people. 
 
 3. Give him a more simple problem (one that he can solve) 
 that involves the same principle and, so, lead him from 
 the known to the related unknown. Herbert Spencer said ; 
 "So far as possible the child should make his own investi- 
 gations and form his own conclusions." 
 
 4. These words should be avoided. Use : "is", "was", "gives" 
 etc. To illustrate; instead of saying multiplying 75 by 4 
 "will" give 300, say multiplying 75 by 4 gives 300, and in- 
 stead of saying 75 multiplied by 4 "wuld be" 300, say 75 
 multiplied by 4 is 300, etc. 
 
 5. Yes. Especially is this true for the student. When ac- 
 curacy has become a habit with us, we may feel safe in 
 dispensing with this process. The business world makes 
 one urgent demand on us, and that is always the same — 
 be accurate. 
 
 6. Numbers are measures of quantities — of things themselves, 
 while figures are the symbols used to represent these num- 
 bers. 
 
 7. Hundreds of years ago, in the beginning of the develop- 
 ment of arithmetic, the ancients recognized quantitative re- 
 lations and indicated numbers by the fingers; hence, the 
 origin of 10 as the basis of our number system. 
 
 8. Notation and numeration form the foundation of our 
 "Mathematical sense". In other words we do not under- 
 
40 THOUGHT QUIJSTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 stand much about relation of quantities until we are able 
 to read numbers and write the figures representing them. 
 
 9. The word "and" does not properly occur in the reading of 
 integers or fractions; but is used to join an integer and a 
 fraction into one whole, as 404 is read four-hundred-four, 
 .404 is read, four-hundred-four thousandths, and 400.004 
 is read, four-hundred and four thousandths. The same is 
 true of common fractions, as; 4^ is read four and one-half. 
 
 10. Units are the standards by which we measure. They may 
 be large or small. 
 
 11. The integral unit is the basic one. When the unit is one 
 or a quantity considered as one, the unit is integral, as one 
 barrel, one gallon or one pint. The barrel, the gallon, or 
 the pint may be divided into tenths, hundredths, etc. Then 
 the units are decimal. The barrel, gallon, or pint may be 
 divided into halves or thirds. Then the units are fractional. 
 
 12. During the first 800 years of the use of figures to repre- 
 sent numbers, they had only shape value, i. e. as units. Then 
 someone invented the "Zero" which has no shape value, but 
 is used to change the position of the figures in use. Since 
 then a figure has 10 times the value in a number that it 
 had in the same number one place to its right. Hence the 
 name, place value or position value, examples : 6, 60, 600, 
 6000. 
 
 13. Problems have been divided into classes, (such as percent- 
 age, mensuration, fractions, etc. ) so that their general prin- 
 ciples may be worked out and rules for solving formulated. 
 With all this work done for us in advance, we only need 
 classify our problem and proceed along proven paths, per- 
 forming the mechanical work necessary to the solution. 
 
 14. One may be said to have a good knowledge of a principle 
 of arithmetic, when he can state an original problem in- 
 volving this principle and give a clear solution of it, assign- 
 ing reasons. 
 
 15. All problems are solved mentally. The paper and pencil 
 (or other device) are used merely to aid the memory in 
 carrying the figures forward from one computation to 
 another in the solution of the problem. 
 
arithme;tic 41 
 
 1 6. The mechanical part of the solution of any problem, regard- 
 less of its complexity, consists of these four processes alone. 
 Therefore, it is highly important that we be able to add, 
 subtract, multiply, and divide accurately. 
 
 17. (a) Be careful in formation of figures, (have them uni- 
 form in size, legible, simple and distinct in form). 
 
 (b) Strive for alignment of figures, both vertical and hor- 
 izontal. 
 
 (c) Learn to give and take number dictation. 
 
 (d) Learn to copy figures accurately (do not transpose). 
 
 (e) Get a working knowledge of grouping. 
 
 (f) Practice continuously and systematically. 
 
 18. Probably the best check for addition is reverse adding, for 
 subtraction is addition; for multiplication is division; for 
 division is multiplication. 
 
 19. Partition and measurement are terms used in division. In 
 partition, the divisor is an abstract number, as; 40 bushels 
 divided by 4. In measurement the divisor is a concrete num- 
 ber, as; 4 bushels are contained in 40 bushels how many 
 times ? 
 
 20. While it is true that arithmetic has a cultural value, and 
 teaches us to think clearly, we should devote our time to 
 the study of those things for which the average person will 
 have a practical need. There are enough things practical 
 in arithmetic to give us the necessary cultural and mind- 
 development work without going into a detailed study of 
 obsolete material. It is waste to spend a great deal of time 
 studying (a) Progressions; (b) Useless tables of measures, 
 such as apothecary's weight; (c) Circulating decimals; 
 (d) Equation of payments; (e) and problems that involve 
 legthy solutions and answers. There may be reasons why 
 some few people make a study of some of these, but that 
 should be "specialized" work and not the work required 
 of the average student, for they will have practically no 
 use for this knowledge in everyday life. Therefore, it is 
 waste of time and should be avoided. 
 
 21. In the upper grammar grades and in advanced arithmetic, 
 as much attention should be given to the "why" as the 
 
42 THOUGHT QUi;STIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 "how" in solving problems. However, after the pupil has 
 mastered a principle and is able to solve the problem in the 
 ordinary way, if he can learn a "short-cut" for obtaining 
 the answer, it will result in a great saving of time for him 
 all through his life and will cause increased interest in his 
 work. The fact that the "short-cuts" are based on reason 
 and can be explained should justify one in using them, 
 whether or not, he has taken the time to figure out the 
 reason. It is not best to devote a great deal of time to the 
 learning of "short-cuts" ; but, learn a few of the more com- 
 mon ones that can frequently be made use of in computations 
 and use them in every case where opportunity presents it- 
 self. 
 
 22. The cause of most difficulties in percentage is forgetting 
 what is the base. The beginner should invariably name the 
 base after the word per cent until he has no difficulty in 
 selecting the base from any percentage statement. 
 
 23. That he may be able to keep accurate accounts of his per- 
 sonal or business transactions. The habit of keeping ac- 
 curate accounts tends to make one careful in business and 
 leads to economy and thrift. 
 
 24. Because our accounts are for other eyes besides our own. 
 To make our accounts easily understood, they should con- 
 form to certain standards. 
 
 25. The principles of division. 16-47 ''■'^s. 
 
 26. The principles of common fractions. $5,000 value, and 
 Ys remainder, ans. 
 
 27. The principles of decimal fractions and long measure. 
 .01 of a rod, ans. 
 
 28. The principles of long measure, sq. measure, and the rect- 
 angle. 17 acres, ans. 
 
 29. Principles of Longitude and Time. 2-42-51 2/5 p. m., ans. 
 
 30. Principles of percentage. 200, ans. 
 
 31. Principles of percentage — profit and loss. Lost 4 per cent, 
 ans. 
 
ARITHMETIC 43 
 
 32. Principles of percentage — commission and brokerage. 
 800,000 lbs. sugar. Com. $1,800, ans. 
 
 33. Principles of percentage — Stocks and Bonds. 1,825 bonds, 
 ans. 
 
 34. Principles of percentage — Insurance, $10.35, ^.ns; 
 
 35. Principles of percentage — Taxes, $81, ans. 
 
 36. Principles of percentage — Interest, $160, ans. 
 
 37. Principles of proportion. 135 feet high, ans. 
 
 38. Principles of the triangle and sq. root. 50 feet, ans. 
 
 39. Principles of cube root, 37 inches, ans. 
 
 40. Principles of Least Common Multiple. 52^ inches, ans. 
 
 41. Principles of Greatest Common Divisor. 8 ft., ans. 
 
 42. Principles of the Circle. 63 ft., ans. 
 
 43. Principles of the Circle and Cylinder. 39 sq. in., ans. 
 
 44. Principles of the Trapezoid. 80 rods, ans. 
 
 45. Principles of similar figures and proportion. 33 ft. 8 in., 
 ans. 
 
44 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 Geography 
 
 QUESTIONS 
 
 1. How far have you traveled since this time last year? 
 
 2. Are we nearer the Sun in Winter or Summer? 
 
 3. How do you account for the colder weather in Winter? 
 
 4. Aside from maintaining life, of what value is the atmos- 
 phere ? 
 
 5. What great astronomical discovery has recently been made 
 and by whom? 
 
 6. When it is exactly noon, (Sun time) how many degrees 
 East or West is it 2 :oo p. m. ? 
 
 7. If a hole were bored entirely through the earth, would a 
 stone dropped in at one end come out at the other? 
 
 8. Suppose that all living creatures as well as all movable ob- 
 jects such as trains, automobiles, aeroplanes, steamships, 
 etc., should simultaneously move eastward, would it retard 
 or hasten the Earth's rotation? 
 
 9. Why do we always see a "New Moon" near sundown? 
 
 10. Is it the Earth's shadow upon the Moon that keeps us from 
 seeing the entire sphere at "New Moon" ? 
 
 11. What are Stalactites f Stalagmites? 
 
 12. Why does a "Geyser" spout water periodically instead of 
 constantly ? 
 
 13. What do you understand by the "internal fire"? 
 
 14. What is a "kettle hole" ? 
 
 15. How were our Great Lakes formed? 
 
 16. Why is our Great Salt Lake salty? 
 
 17. What is peculiar to the Humbolt river? 
 
 18. How are diamonds produced? 
 
GEOGRAPHY 45 
 
 19. Where and what is Mauna Loa? 
 
 20. Where and what is Mato-Tepee ? 
 
 21. What are monsoon winds? 
 
 22. Which way does a whirlwind turn? Why? Do they al- 
 ways turn the same way? 
 
 23. (a) What and where are the Horse Latitudes? (b) Why 
 so called? 
 
 24. What are the Doldrums? 
 
 25. How is the width of the sones determined? 
 
 26. What would the width of the zones be if the Earth were 
 inclined 40 degrees instead of 23^ ? 
 
 27. A bottle which was recently picked up on the shores of 
 England, was found — ^by a note inside — to nave been cast 
 into the Gulf of Mexico a few months before. How do 
 you account for this ? 
 
 28. Why are some fishes of the sea known as deep sea fish? 
 
 29. To what family of fishes does the whale belong? 
 
 30. (a) What peculiar sensation would you experience upon 
 ascending to the top of a lofty mountain? (b) Upon de- 
 scending ? 
 
 31. What is the highest mountain in the world? 
 
 32. Where is the "Land's End" ? 
 
 33. Where and what are the greatest ocean depths? 
 
 34. Where and why so called is, "The Land of the Midnight 
 Snn?" 
 
 35. What is the name of the world's longest railroad tunnel 
 and where is it located? 
 
 36. What is the greatest sheep raising country in the world ;^ 
 
 37. What is peculiar of the habits of the Salmon fish? 
 
 38. What body of water is considered the most beautiful in 
 the world? 
 
46 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 39. What and where is the world's most expensive metal mined ? 
 
 40. What can you say of some of the greatest known gold 
 fields? 
 
 41. Where is Ascension Island? 
 
 42. What is the smallest state in Europe and for what is it 
 noted ? 
 
 43. Where are the "Celestial Mountains"? 
 
 44. Where is the region of greatest rainfall on the globe? 
 
 45. Name a large city in the United States which is entirely 
 surrounded by water. 
 
GEOGRAPHY 47 
 
 Geography 
 
 ANSWERS 
 
 1. Taking into consideration that all of us do not live in the 
 same latitude, it is impossible to answer with any degree of 
 certainty which would apply in all cases. Suppose, however, 
 that we all live on the Equator. We would travel a rotary 
 distance of 25,000 miles each day or an approximate dis- 
 tance of 9,125,000 miles for the year, or 365 days. This 
 however, is a small part of our almost unconceivable yearly 
 spiral. We have made the complete circuit of the Earth's 
 orbit (or path around the Sun) which, combined with the 
 rotary distance, figures about 600,000,000 miles. This 
 does not take into account the distance you have walked, 
 and traveled in your "Tin Lizzie". 
 
 2. Winter. The Earth's orbit is an elipse, the Sun being in 
 the position of one of the foci. Our winter occurs while 
 we are nearest this foci, but owing to the inclination of the 
 Earth's axis, the Northern Hemisphere receives the more 
 tangent rays at that part of the orbit, therefore, they are 
 not as effective in producing heat. 
 
 3. As will be noted in the foregoing answer, the sun's rays are 
 not quite so effective, but there remains another very im- 
 portant reason. The vertical rays of the Sun being thrown 
 23^ degrees South of the Equator, throws us in the North 
 Westerly winds bringing from the polar regions that chil- 
 ly air which leaves no doubt that winter is with us. 
 
 4. Were it not for the atmosphere to absorb and diffuse the 
 light and heat of the Sun we would have a climate or tem- 
 perature of extremes. When the Sun shone direct upon 
 us, we would be almost burned up while at night the tem- 
 perature would fall possibly far below zero even in summer 
 weather. 
 
 5. The discovery of a star in the constellation Orion, which 
 is estimated to have a diameter of 260,000,000 miles. Its 
 discoverer is Dr. Michaelson. 
 
 6. 30 degrees East. 
 
48 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 7. No. Owing to gravity it would go only a short distance 
 beyond the center when it would be pulled back and even- 
 tually come to rest in space at the center. 
 
 8. It would be retarded. 
 
 9. Because at no time other than that at which the moon oc- 
 cupies a central position as regards the Earth and Sun can 
 a Neiv Moon or last quarter be possible. The last quarter 
 occuring slightly before the Moon reaches that position, 
 the "New Moon" slightly after. 
 
 10. No. The illumined hemisphere of the Moon being toward 
 the sun, we look upon its dark or "shaded" side, except a 
 narrow rim of the lighted portion that we see called the 
 "New Moon." 
 
 11. They are lime formations in caverns or caves where water 
 carrying lime in its solution drips through the roof and by 
 evaporation, etc., leaves hanging an icicle-like projection 
 from the roof known as a Stalactite. From the dripping 
 end of the Stalactite a Stalagmite is formed on the floor of 
 the cave, which rises to meet the Stalactite. They frequent- 
 ly meet and join forming a beautiful continuous column 
 extending from ceiling to floor. While the queer forma- 
 tions are usually white, they sometimes are of varied col- 
 or or even transparent, making, when exposed to light, a 
 sparkling beauty which no artist can imitate. 
 
 12. The stream of water which shoots upward from a geyser 
 is caused by a terrific steam pressure from the molten 
 rocks beneath. Consequently, when this water is blown out, 
 the pressure then escapes and some time is required before 
 sufficient force of steam is again attained to drive out the 
 water which has in the meantime accumulated. 
 
 13. The internal fire has probably existed from time immemor- 
 ial. The Earth is supposed at one time to have been a white 
 hot, molten mass of which only the outer crust has cooled 
 off, leaving the inner part as in the beginning. This fre- 
 quently bursts to the surface through its "breathing holes", 
 the volcanoes, and sends out great quantities of melted rock 
 and other minerals which sometimes form great lakes or 
 
GEOGRAPHY 49 
 
 even flow down the valleys to distances sometimes exceed- 
 ing thirty miles. 
 
 14. A kettle hole is a cone shaped basin in the Earth. They 
 are of varied diameters and depths and are usually found 
 along the terminals of the old glaciers and are supposed to 
 occupy the place held by large blocks of ice which were 
 buried underneath the Earth's surface. 
 
 15. Our Great Lakes were probably formed by the visits of the 
 ice sheets which, with their immense weight scraped or 
 scooped out large basins in some places, while in others, 
 along their melting edges, dammed up may valleys thereby 
 forming not only the few Great Lakes but many smaller 
 ones throughout Canada and north-eastern United States. 
 
 16. The Great Salt Lake at one time occupied some eight or 
 ten times its present area and emptied its fresh waters thru 
 the Snake into the Columbia River. Owing, however, to 
 decreasing rainfall in that region the lake no longer has an 
 outlet and consequently is dead or salt. Water having be- 
 come so by retaining its mineral salts, which in its career 
 as a fresh water lake were carried out into the sea. 
 
 17. The peculiarity of the Humbolt river is the fact that it has 
 no outlet. After winding its way for three hundred miles 
 through the arid basin of Nevada, it finally broadens into 
 a small lake, from which the evaporation and sand take up 
 its waters at about the same rate they are poured into it. 
 
 18. The diamond is pure carbon produced deep in the Earth 
 through centuries of terrific pressure. They usually find 
 their way to the surface through volcanic eruptions. 
 
 19. Mauna Loa is one of the most active volcanoes of Hawaii, 
 being located near the south central part. The crater of 
 Mauna Loa is some two miles wide and three miles long, 
 and in the middle there usually stands a lake of molten 
 lava some forty or fifty acres in extent. This lake seldom 
 overflows the rim of the crater, but sometimes bursts out 
 through the sides of the mountain and in some instances 
 has been known to flow even to the sea, which is some 
 thirty miles distant ! 
 
50 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 20. Mato-Tepee is in Wyoming. It is the hardened lava core 
 which at one time filled the crater of an active volcano. As 
 the volcano — of which only the center core remains — has 
 for ages been inactive, its sides have eroded away and 
 left only this huge plug or core, which stands out of the 
 ground today at a height of about 600 feet. 
 
 21. Monsoon winds are those which are reversed at opposite 
 seasons of the year. The best example of them is over the 
 Indian Ocean, where during the Summer months they blow 
 from the South West, but during the Winter months are 
 reversed and blow from the North East. The word Mon- 
 soon literally means, a season. 
 
 22. A whirlwind or cyclone north of the Equator turns con- 
 trary to the clock hands. This is due to the fact that the 
 Earth is rotating from West to East, and as the greater 
 speed is at the Equator, it naturally follows that the side 
 of the whirlwind next to the faster motion will turn with it. 
 South of the Equator the movement is opposite, or clock- 
 wise. 
 
 23. The Horse Latitudes are the tropical calms under an "as 
 sumed name." We are informed that in the days of the 
 old sailing vessels, sailors sometimes went astray and found 
 themselves in the cal mbelt. As the sailing while in the belts, 
 was very slow, owing to the calmness of the ocean and the 
 heavy cargoes, with which they were frequently loaded, 
 they sought to lighten the load by throwing overboard a 
 part of the cargo. Many of the early sailing vessels car- 
 ried horses which were being shipped to the New World 
 and as the fresh water supply is limited on a ship, it nat- 
 urally fell to the lot of the horse to be unloaded at these 
 times. Owing to this fact, the Tropical Calms are yet known 
 by the name Horse Latitudes. 
 
 24. The Doldrums like the Horse Latitudes is a calm belt. The 
 Doldrum belt is about five or ten degrees wide and extends 
 around the world in the vicinity of the Equator. The word 
 in reality means vexation or grief, and was so named by the 
 unlucky sailors who sometimes found themselves caught 
 in them for weeks, before there was enough wind to take 
 them from this zone of grief, or Doldrums. 
 
GEOGRAPHY 51 
 
 25. The width of the Earth's zones is determined by the Earth's 
 incHnation of 23 ^^ degrees. The Torrid zone is that part 
 of the Earth's surface which at sometime in the year re- 
 ceives vertical rays. Therefore, it is twice 23^ degrees or 
 47 degrees. The Frigid zones at some time in the year re- 
 tangent rays. Consequently they are each 23^ degrees 
 wide. The part of the Earth's surface which is left receives 
 neither vertical nor tangent rays at any season of the year 
 and is 43 degrees in width. They are two in number and 
 have a total width of 86 degrees. These are the Temperate 
 zones. 
 
 26. The Torrid would be 80 degrees, the Prigids, forty degrees 
 each, and the Temperate zones 10 degrees each. 
 
 27. The bottle was probably caught in the great eddy in the 
 North Atlantic Ocean, known as the Gulf Stream, which 
 travels in some places at a speed of eight miles per hour. 
 This stream or eddy is caused by the prevailing winds which 
 blow over it. 
 
 28. The fishes known as deep sea fish are so called because of 
 the fact that they can live only in deep water, or waters 
 of great pressure. Some are known to live so far below 
 the surface as to be always in utter darkness, consequent- 
 ly, some species have no eyes. They usually die before 
 reaching the surface, owing to the great change in pressure. 
 
 29. The whale has lungs and breathes as you or I, hence, is not 
 a fish but an acquatic animal. 
 
 30. Upon ascending to a region where the atmosphere is more 
 sparse, you seem unable to breathe a sufficient amount of 
 of air. The ear drums have a very uncomfortable pres- 
 sure from within, which frequently must be relieved by 
 holding the nose and swallowing. The blood sometimes 
 bursts from the eyes, nose, etc. This is due to the fact 
 that our bodies are of a greater pressure than the surround- 
 ing air and this pressure in seeking to equalize itself not 
 only causes us discomfort, but may cause bleeding as well. 
 Upon descending a depressing sensation is experienced be- 
 ing somewhat of a reverse of that experienced while as- 
 cending. If we remain, however, for any length of time 
 
52 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 in the same place our pressure equalizes with the surround- 
 ing air and we notice no unpleasant feeling whatever. 
 
 31. Mt. Bverst of the Himalaya Range in Nepal is the highest 
 peak in the world being over 29,000 feet. 
 
 32. The Lands Bnd is a cape or promontory in the southwestern 
 part of England. 
 
 33. The deepest soundings so far have been in the Pacific 
 Ocean. The exact depth is not known, but at six miles no 
 bottom was found. 
 
 34. The northern part of Norway is known as the "Land of 
 the Midnight Sun", it being so far within the Arctic Cir- 
 cle as to allow one to see the Sun at midnight as well as 
 during the day for a period of seventy-five days during the 
 Summer. 
 
 35. The World's longest railroad tunnel is cut through the Alps 
 Mountains and connects Switzerland with Italy. It is cut 
 at an elevation of nearly 4,000 feet, its length being over 
 nine miles ! It is considered a marvelous work of engineer- 
 ing. In its construction the engineers began digging at each 
 end of the tunnel, meeting in the center. The mathemati- 
 cal calculations are said to have been figured with such ex- 
 actness as to cause the two tunnels to meet Avith such pre- 
 cision as to be almost imperceptible to the keenest eye or 
 most delicate instrument. Its name is St. Gothard tun- 
 nel. 
 
 36. The greatest sheep raising country in the world is Australia. 
 
 37. The Salmon fish is one of the few which can live in either 
 salt or fresh water. It comes upstream in the late Spring 
 to spawn and soon after dies. The young after being 
 hatched float down stream, tailfirst, into the salt water 
 where they mature and afterwards return to fresh water 
 to spawn and die, thus ending their short but eventful 
 lives. It may be interesting to know that fishermen take 
 advantage of these habits in making their large catches, 
 which sometimes amount to several tons even in one night. 
 When the salmon are ascending the rivers, they swim in 
 great schools with part of the head above the water. 
 
GEOGRAPHY 53 
 
 38. Lake Lucerne in Switzerland is considered the most beau- 
 tiful of still waters in the world. It is visited every year 
 by thousands of tourists from all parts of the Globe. 
 
 39. The world's most expensive metal is mined mostly in the 
 Ural Mountains and Colorado. It is Radium and is obtained 
 from a rock known as hornblend. There is at the present 
 time not more than three ounces in existence, but it is valued 
 at over $3,000,000 per ounce! The metal nearest it in value 
 is Platinum, worth about $160.00 per ounce. In the pro- 
 cess of separating Radium from the ore it is said to go 
 through about 1,000 processes, and requires months. It is 
 used in treating disease mostly, but if it were not for the 
 prohibitive price we would be able to read at night by the 
 light which it gives off. Read about this most useful and 
 valuable metal. 
 
 40. The greatest gold fields of the world are the U. S. fields, 
 including Klondike region of Alaska, the California and 
 Colorado fields. Other great fields are in Africa, Aus- 
 tralia and Russia. 
 
 41. Ascension Island is a lonely island in the Atlantic Ocean. 
 It is owned by England and used as a coaling station. 
 
 42. The smallest state in Europe is Monaco in Italy. It is only 
 about eight square miles in area. It contains the city of 
 Mote Carlo which is supposed to be the world's most fa- 
 mous and fashionable gambling resort. 
 
 43. The Tian Shan mountains are known as the "Celestial 
 Mountains". They are in Turkestan and border the Chi- 
 nese Empire. 
 
 44. The region of the greatest rainfall in the world occurs in 
 eastern India, on the south and west slopes of the Himalaya 
 mountains. It is caused by the sudden chilling of the air 
 carried by the monsoon winds when ascending the steep 
 slopes. 
 
 45. The largest city in the United States which is entirely sur- 
 rounded by water is. Key West, Florida. 
 
54 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 Civil Government 
 
 QUESTIONS 
 
 I. (a) What is government? (b) What is the purpose of 
 
 government ? 
 
 2. What are the duties of any government? 
 
 3. Mention several kinds of government to which a person may 
 be subject. 
 
 4. State three reasons why we have states. 
 
 5. When did our nation really begin its existence ? 
 
 6. What instrument, on which the new government was to be 
 instituted, was then drafted ? 
 
 7. Why did it not go into force until 1781 ? 
 
 8. How many branches of government were provided for un- 
 der The Articles of Confederation! Of how many houses 
 was Congress composed? What was the greatest defect 
 of this form of government? 
 
 9. What three compromises were made before the present con- 
 stitution was accepted? 
 
 10. For how many departments did the new constitution pro- 
 vide ? From what was this idea taken ? 
 
 II. What branch did the framers of the constitution consider 
 the most important? 
 
 12. According to the preamble, how many objects did the fram- 
 ers of the constitution have ? Name them. 
 
 13. What does the legislative branch do? 
 
 14. Of what does it consist? 
 
 15. Of what is the House of Representatives composed? For 
 how long are they chosen? 
 
 16. What qualification must a United States representative 
 have ? 
 
civil, GOVERNMENT 55 
 
 17. How is the number of representatives apportioned? 
 
 18. How are vacancies filled in the lower house? 
 
 19. What are some exclusive powers of the lower house? 
 
 20. Under the constitution proper, of what does the Senate con- 
 sist? How are the senators chosen and what is the length 
 their term ? Do they vote separately ? 
 
 21. What are the qualifications of a United States senator? 
 
 22. Who is president of the Senate? When, only, may he vote ? 
 
 23. Who chooses the other officers of the Senate? 
 
 24. Who tries all cases of impeachment? 
 
 25. Who is presiding officer in such cases? 
 
 26. Who prescribes the time, place and manner of holding 
 elections for representatives and senators? 
 
 2."]. Could such regulations be changed? 
 
 28. Of what does Congress consist ? How often and when 
 does it meet? 
 
 29. Who is the judge of the elections, returns, and qualifica- 
 tions of the two houses? 
 
 30. What is a quorum? 
 
 31. Who determines the rules of the proceedings of Congress 
 and has power to punish the members for diorderly con- 
 duct? 
 
 32. How many votes are necessary to expel a member from 
 either house? 
 
 33. Who keeps a journal of the proceedings of Congress? 
 Are they published? 
 
 34. What is said in the Constitution about the adjournment of 
 congress ? 
 
 35. Who fixes the compensation of the members of congress 
 and from what is it paid? 
 
 36. In what cases are cnngressmen not privileged from arrest 
 during their attendance at Congress? 
 
56 THOUGHT QU:eSTlONS AND ANSWllRS 
 
 37. Could a congressman hold any other civil office? Why? 
 
 38. What bills must originate in the lower house ? Why not in 
 the Senate? 
 
 39. What bills may originate in the Senate? 
 
 40. In what three ways may a bill become a law ? 
 
 41. Mention six powers of Congress. 
 
 42. Repeat The Sweeping Clause of the Constitution. 
 
 43. Mention five things that Congress cannot do. 
 
 44. Name five unconditional restrictions that were placed on 
 the States by the Constitution. 
 
 45. Define : felony, piracy. 
 
 46. What are letters of marque and reprisal? 
 
 47. What is a Bill of Attainder? 
 
 48. What is an ex post facto law? 
 
 49. What is a writ of habeas corpus? 
 
 50. Define : naturalization, bankruptcy. 
 
 51. In whom is the executive power of the United States vested ? 
 What is the length of his term? 
 
 52. By whom is the President and Vice-President elected and 
 what determines the number of electors? 
 
 53. Explain two ways in which the President may be elected. 
 The Vice-President. 
 
 54. What qualifications must the President have? Is the same 
 true of the Vice-President? 
 
 55. What oath does the President take ? In it, how many things 
 does he pledge? 
 
 56. What are some powers of the President? 
 
 57. What is his most important duty? 
 
 58. Define : reprieve, commutation, pardon. 
 
 59. Of what is the judicial department composed? 
 
civil, GOVERN MEJNT 57 
 
 60. Explain the difference between original and appellate juris- 
 diction of the supreme court. 
 
 61. What is treason? Who declares the punishment for trea- 
 son? 
 
 62. What is the supreme law of the land? 
 
58 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 Civil Government 
 
 ANSWERS 
 
 1. (a) Government is society, organized, (b) The purpose 
 is to establish and carry on public works, to establish jus- 
 tice, and to secure a means of defense. 
 
 2. It must protect the citizens who do right and punish those 
 who do wrong. It must administer justice to all. 
 
 3. School, township, county, state, federal and municipal. 
 
 4. (a) In the settlement of the colonies, different climatic 
 conditions gave rise to different industries, thus, the neces- 
 sity for different laws, (b) In our government, the power 
 is kept as near the people as possible, (c) We have states 
 now, because we had them at the time the government was 
 formed. 
 
 5. July 4th, 1776, the date of the adoption of the Declaration 
 of Independence. 
 
 6. The Articles of Confederation. 
 
 7. The Articles of Confederation were not to go in force until 
 ratified by all the states. Maryland did not ratify them until 
 1781. 
 
 8. (a) Only one branch was provided for — the Legislative. 
 
 (b) Congress consisted of one house, (c) Their greatest 
 weakness was that they did not place enough power in the 
 hands of the government. 
 
 9. (a) In regard to representation, to satisfy both the large 
 and the small states, it was decided that congress should con- 
 sist of two houses. The House of Representatives to con- 
 sist of members chosen by the people of the different states 
 according to their population and the Senate, composed of 
 two members from each state, (b) In regard to whether 
 or not, the slaves should be counted in the population as to 
 representation in Congress, it was decided that three-fifths 
 should be counted both as to representation and taxation. 
 
 (c) In regard to commerce and the protection of slave 
 
CIVIL GOVERN MIJNT 59 
 
 holders, it was decided that congress should have entire 
 control of commerce, that the importation of slaves might 
 be prohibited after 1808 and that runaway slaves should 
 be returned to their masters. 
 
 10. (a) Legislative, Executive and Judicial, (b) From the 
 Connecticut constitution. 
 
 11. The Legislative Branch. 
 
 12. (a) Six. (b) We, the people of the United of the United 
 States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish jus- 
 tice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common 
 defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the bles- 
 sings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain 
 and establish this constitution for the United States of 
 America. 
 
 13. It makes the laws. 
 
 14. It consists of a Senate and a House of Representatives. 
 
 15. It is composed of members elected by the people of the 
 several states. They are elected for two years. 
 
 16. They must be at least twenty-five years old, an inhabitant 
 of the state from which they are chosen and must have been 
 a citizen of the United States seven years or more. 
 
 17. According to the population. 
 
 18. When a vacancy occurs in the representation of any state, 
 the Governor of that state calls an election to fill such 
 vacancy. 
 
 19. They choose their speaker and other officers and have the 
 sole power of impeachment. 
 
 20. (a) Of two senators from each state, chosen by the legis- 
 lature thereof, for six years. (This has since been changed 
 by the Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution), (b) 
 
 Yes, each senator has one vote. 
 
 21. They must be at least thirty-five years of age and have 
 been nine years a citizen of the United States and must 
 be an inhabitant of the State from which they are chosen. 
 
60 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 22. (a) The Vice-President of the United States, (b) He has 
 no vote except in case of a tie. 
 
 23. They choose their other oflEicers themselves. They choose, 
 also, a President Pro Tempore to serve in the absence of 
 the Vice-President. 
 
 24. The Senate. 
 
 25. When the President is tried, the Chief Justice presides. 
 In all other cases the Vice-President is the presiding officer. 
 
 26. It is prescribed in each state by the legislative branch 
 thereof. 
 
 27. They might be changed by congress with the exception of 
 the place of choosing senators. 
 
 28. Congress is composed of the Senate and the House of Rep- 
 resentatives. It meets, at least, once every year, on the first 
 Monday in December, unless they should by law appoint a 
 different day, which has never been done. 
 
 29. Each house is judge, separately, in such matters. 
 
 30. A majority of either house constitutes a quorum to do busi- 
 ness. 
 
 31. Each house has these powers over its members. 
 
 32. Two-thirds of that particular house. 
 
 33. Each house. Yes. 
 
 34. Neither house, during the session of congress, shall without 
 the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, 
 nor to any other place than in which the two houses shall 
 be sitting. In case of disagreement between the two houses 
 as to time of adjournment, the President may adjourn them 
 as to such time as he may think proper. 
 
 35. It is fixed by law, and is paid out of the U. S. Treasury. 
 
 36. Treason, felony and breach of the peace. 
 
 37. No. The idea of this clause is to keep the three branches 
 of government entirely separate. 
 
civil, GOVERNMENT 61 
 
 38. All bills for raising revenue. Because the lower house is 
 composed of representatives who are nearer to the people. 
 
 39. Any bills except for raising revenue. 
 
 40. (a) Every bill which shall have passed the House of Rep- 
 resentatives and the Senate, shall before it becomes a law, 
 be presented to the President of the United States; if he 
 approve, he shall sign it, (b) but if not, he shall return it, 
 with his objections, to that house i nwhich it shall have 
 originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their 
 journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such re- 
 consideration, two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass 
 the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the 
 other house, by which it shall be likewise considered, and if 
 approved by two-thirds of that house it shall become a law. 
 But in all cases the votes of both houses shall be determined 
 by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons for and 
 against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each 
 house respectively, (c) If any bill shall not be returned 
 by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after 
 it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, 
 in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress, 
 by their adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it 
 shall not be a law. 
 
 41. Congress has power to lay and collect taxes; to borrow 
 money; to regulate commerce; to establish a uniform rule 
 for naturalization and also uniform rules on bankruptcy; 
 to coin money and regulate the value thereof; to fix the 
 standard of weights and measures ; to provide for the pun- 
 ishment of counterfeiting; to establish post roads and post 
 offices ; to grant copyrights and patents ; to constitute courts 
 inferior to the supreme court; to declare war; to grant 
 letters of marque and reprisal ; to raise and support armies ; 
 to provide and maintain a navy. 
 
 42. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for 
 carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other 
 powers vested by the Constitution in the government of the 
 United States, or in any department or office thereof. 
 
 43. Congress cannot suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas 
 corpus, except in case of rebellion or invasion; no bill of 
 
62 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed ; no capitation 
 or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the 
 population ; no duty or tax shall be laid on articles exported 
 from any state; no title of nobility shall be granted. 
 
 44. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confed- 
 eration; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; 
 emit bills of credit; make anything but gold or silver coin 
 a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, 
 ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of con- 
 tracts; grant titles of nobility. 
 
 45. A crime which is punishable by death or imprisonment is 
 a felony. Robbery committed at sea is called piracy. 
 
 46. They privilege or authorize a private citizen to go into the 
 enemy's territory and seize persons or property. They are 
 usually issued only in time of war. 
 
 47. One which would cause the infliction of death or other 
 punishment without giving the accused a trial by jury. 
 
 48. An act is committed. It is not a crime. An ex post facto 
 law would make it such. An ex post facto law might also 
 place a greater punishment on the accused than was so when 
 the crime was committed. 
 
 49. By obtaining a writ of habeus corpus, a person must be 
 given a speedy trial to determine the reason for his im- 
 prisonment. 
 
 50. (a) The process of making a foreigner a citizen of the 
 United States is called naturalization, (b) A person who 
 has been declared by a court to owe more than he can pay 
 is a bankrupt. 
 
 51. The President. Four Years. 
 
 52. (a) By electors, (b) Each state may have as many elec- 
 tors as it has senators and representatives. 
 
 53. The person having the greatest number of votes for Presi- 
 dent is declared elected if such number be a hajority of all 
 the votes cast. If no person receives a majority, the House 
 of Representatives choose the president from the three high- 
 
CIVIIv GOVERNMENT 63 
 
 est voted for as president. The same applies to vice-pres- 
 ident with the exception that he is chosen by the Senate 
 in case no one receives a majority of all votes cast for 
 vice-president. 
 
 54. (a) No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of 
 the United States at the time of adoption of the Constitu- 
 tion, shall be elegible to the office of President; neither 
 shall any person be elegible to that office who shall not have 
 attained the age of thirty-five years and been fourteen years 
 a citizen of the United States, (b) The same applies to 
 the Vice-President. 
 
 55. 'T do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully exe- 
 cute the office of President of the United States, and will 
 to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the 
 Constitution of the United States of America." 
 
 56. He is commanedr-in-chief of the army and navy; he has 
 power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against 
 the United States, except in cases of impeachment ; with the 
 advice and consent of the Senate he has the power to make 
 treaties, to appoint Ambassadors and Judges of the Supreme 
 Court. 
 
 57. His most important duty is to see that the laws are faith- 
 fully executed. 
 
 58. (a) A reprieve is simply the suspending, for a time of the 
 execution of a penalty, (b) A commutation changes a 
 punishment to one less severe in nature, (c) If a person 
 be granted a pardon, the penalty is entirely removed. 
 
 59. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in 
 one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as Congress 
 may from time to time ordain and establish. 
 
 60. When the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in cases, 
 the cases commence there. When it has appellate jurisdic- 
 tion, the case must begin in some inferior court, but may be 
 appealed to the Supreme Court. 
 
 61. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levy- 
 ing war against them, or in adhereing to their enemies, giv- 
 them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of 
 
64 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the 
 same overt act, or on confession in open court. Congress 
 declares the punishment. 
 
 62. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which 
 shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties, made 
 or which shall be made, under the authority of the United 
 States, shall be the supreme law of the land. 
 
ORTHOGRAPHY 65 
 
 Orthography 
 
 Qu:esTioNS 
 
 1. What is a word? Distinguish between a simple and a 
 compound word. 
 
 2. Define and give an example of a primitve word; a deriva- 
 tive word. 
 
 3. What is a word of one syllable called? Of two syllables? 
 Of three ? Of more than three ? 
 
 4. Define : root, prefix, sufifix, affix. 
 
 5. State a good method for analyzing words. 
 
 6. What is the meaning of the following prefixes : ab, amhi, 
 bene, circum, contra. (Note: In all the questions that fol- 
 low, in which a definition for a prefix, suffix or root word 
 is required, the student should analyze and define a num- 
 ber of words in which the prefix, suffix or root is contained. 
 Use the dictionary or a good text book for finding the 
 words, then form a sensible definition, and to more thor- 
 oughly acquaint yourself with the use of the word, form 
 a sentence in which it is contained. The dictionary will be 
 found a great help in this respect. ) 
 
 7. What is the meaning of the following suffixes : able, acy, 
 an, ary, ate? 
 
 8. Define : ann, art, aster, aud. 
 
 9. What is an elementary sound ? What is the method of rep- 
 resenting elementary sounds called? How many elemen- 
 tary sounds in the English language ? 
 
 10. Define: vocals or tonics; subvocals or subtonics; aspirates 
 or atonies ; cognate sounds. Give examples of each. 
 
 11. Define prefixes: dis, extra, inter, non, per. 
 
 12. Define suffixes: ic, id, ity, ive, ment. 
 
 13. Define roots: clud-clus, cor-cord, corpus-corpor, cur. 
 
 14. What is a letter? An alphabet? How many letters in the 
 English alphabet? German? French? Spanish? Greek? 
 
66 THOUGHT QUI^STIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 15. Classify letters as to form, style and size. 
 
 16. Define: pre, re, semi, super, tri. 
 
 17. Define: ac, ics, ism, y. 
 
 18. Define : due-duct, fac-fact, ferr, fest. 
 
 19. (a) Distinguish between vowel and consonant sounds, (b) 
 Define : diphthong ; proper diphthong, improper diphthong, 
 triphthong. 
 
 20. What are the voice consonants called? The breath con- 
 sonants ? 
 
 21. What are labials? Dentals? Palatals? 
 
 22. Define : uni, anti, dia, en. 
 
 23. Define : foli, fort, fract- fraught, frater-fratr, chron, ge. 
 graph, log. 
 
 24. What is a spoken syllable? A written syllable? 
 
 25. Define syllabication. Name two purposes of syllabication. 
 
 26. What is the last syllable of a word called? The next to 
 the last? The third from the last? The fourth from the 
 last? 
 
 27. Define : mono, para, peri, syn, tele. 
 
 28. Define : liher, liter, man, mater, pell-puls, pend-pens, ped. 
 pon. 
 
 29. Mention four uses of silent letters. 
 
 30. What is the meaning of the following roots ; tang, tempor, 
 ten-tent, terr. 
 
 31. Define: primary accent; secondary accent. 
 
 32. Mention at least twelve different kinds of information 
 that the dictionary gives about words. 
 
 33. Define : ad, ante, hi, con, de, ex, in, intro, oh, post. 
 
 34. Define : capt, ced-cess, cent, civ, curr-curs, dent, diet, doc- 
 doct. 
 
ORTHOGRAPHY 67 
 
 35. In the following words mark "a" : late, delicate, care, can, 
 arm, ark, what, call. 
 
 36. Mark the first "e" in these words: serene, create, eight, 
 bend, there, fern. 
 
 2,7. What is the science, which deals with the treatment of ele- 
 mentary sounds, called? 
 
 38. What are the marks that indicate the various sounds called? 
 
 39. Define : pro, retro, se, sub, trans, vice, a, auto, epi, micro. 
 
 40. Define: fin, firm., flex-fleet, flu, grat, greg, ject, leg. 
 
 41. Mark "z" in the following words: bind, bit, pique, whirl, 
 
 42. Mark "o" in the following words : cold, lord, dot, tomb, 
 done. 
 
 43. Mark "u" in abuse, nude, bush, churn, sup. 
 
 44. What are redundant letters? Name them. 
 
 45. What language is the most difficult for foreigners? Why? 
 
 46. Define : aceous, al, ance, ence, ent, fly, He, ine, ion, ite. 
 
 47. Define : nient, mitt, norm, pater-patr, port, rupt, scrib- 
 script, spec, spect. 
 
 48. Mark "y" in the following words : hyphen, lyric, myrtle. 
 
 49. Define and give examples of synonyms, homonyms, para- 
 nyms, antonyms. 
 
 50. State the meaning of the following: ory, ous, ulent, ure, 
 y, ic, ise, ist, oid. 
 
 51. Define: tors, tract, ven-vent, vert-vers, meter, phon, polis, 
 scop. 
 
 52. Give several illustrations showing how the changing of ac- 
 cent brings about a change in the meaning of some words. 
 
 53. State the rule, in spelling, of dropping or retaining a silent 
 "e" if it is the last letter of a word to which you would wish 
 to add a suffix. 
 
68 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 54. For the above rule give five illustrations in which the suffix 
 begins with a vowel. Five in which the suffix begins with 
 a consonant. 
 
 55. State the rule for changing "y" to "i" in words ending in 
 "y" when you wish to add a suffix. 
 
 56. Give five illustrations of the above rule, in which the final 
 "y" is preceeded by a consonant. 
 
 57. Five in which the final "y" is preceded by a vowel. 
 
 58. Why are many rules of spelling of doubtful value? 
 
 59. What is the best reference book to use for obtaining in- 
 formation about words? 
 
 60. Review all prefixes, suffixes and roots, studied. Give sev- 
 eral illustrations for each. Define and use in a sentence, 
 each illustration given. 
 
ORTHOGRAPHY 69 
 
 Orthography 
 
 ANSWI^RS 
 
 1. A word is a sign of a conception or an idea. A single word 
 is a simple word, while a compound word is formed by 
 combining two or irore simple words. 
 
 2. Any word that is not derived from another is a primitive 
 word, while those derived from other words by adding 
 something- to them or by changing them, are called deriva- 
 tive words. Ex. — Wood, primitive ; wooden, derivative. 
 
 3. Monosyllables ; dissyllables ; trisyllables ; polysyllables. 
 
 4. The significant or primitive part of a word is called its 
 root. One or more significant syllables joined to the first 
 of a word is called a prefix. One or more significant syl- 
 lables joined to the end of a word is called a suffix. Affix 
 may be applied to either a prefix or a suffix. 
 
 5. Divide the word into its parts and give the meaning of its 
 root, prefix and suffix. Then by combining these meanings, 
 and by supplying additional words, make a sensible defini- 
 tion. To make sure the understanding is complete, use in 
 a sentence. 
 
 6. Ab, from; ambi, around; bene, good; circum, around; con- 
 tra, against. 
 
 7. Able, fit to be; acy, state of being; an, pertaining to; ary, 
 one who; ate, having. 
 
 8. Ann, year; art, skill; aster, star; aud, hear. 
 
 9. Elementary sounds are the simplest sounds uttered by the 
 organs of speech; Phonotopy; Forty-four. 
 
 ID. Vocals or atonies are those elementary sounds that are made 
 in a free and uninterrupted manner. Ex. — e, a. In mak- 
 ing subvocals or subtonics, the organs of speech modify 
 the tone; Ex. — g, b, The aspirates or atonies are breath 
 sounds modified by the organs of speech ; Ex. — t, s. Sounds 
 uttered by the same organs of speech placed in similar po- 
 sitions are called cognate sounds ; Ex. — f-v, s-s. 
 
70 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 11. Dis, apart; extra, beyond; inter between; non, not; per, 
 though. 
 
 12. Ic, pertaining to ; id, quality of ; ity, state of being ; ive, that 
 which ; ment, act of or that which. 
 
 13. Clud-clus, shut; cor-cord, heart; corpus-corpor, body; cur, 
 care. 
 
 14. A mark or character used as the representative of a sound, 
 is called a letter. An arrangement, in their order, of the 
 letters of a language is called an alphabet. English26; 
 German 26; French 25; Spanish 27; Greek 24. 
 
 15. Form, script oor print; style, Italic, Roman, Old English, 
 etc. ; size, capital and small letter. 
 
 16. Pre, before; re, back; semi, half; super, above; tri, three. 
 
 17. Ac, pertaining to; ics, science of; ism, state of being; y, 
 state of being. 
 
 18. Due-duct, to lead ; fac-fact, to do or to make ; ferr, to carry ; 
 fest, feast. 
 
 19. (a) A vowel sound is a sound made by the free voice, un- 
 interrupted by the organs of speech. The result of an in- 
 terrupted sound is a consonant. There is no well defined 
 division between vowels and consonants although "a, e, i, 
 0, u, and sometimes zv and 3' are usually given as vowels, 
 (b) A diphthong is a union of two vowels in one syllable. 
 It is proper if both vowels are sounded and improper if 
 only one is sounded. A triphthong is produced by uniting 
 three vowel sounds in one syllable. 
 
 20. Subvocals ; aspirates. 
 
 21. Labials are lip sounds, dentals tooth sounds, and palatals 
 are made between the tongue and palate. 
 
 22. Uni, one ; anti, against ; dia, through ; en, on. 
 
 23. Foli, leaf; foj't, strong; fract- fraught, break; frater-fratr, 
 brother; chron, time; ge, earth; graph, write; log, speech. 
 
 24. A spoken syllable is an elementary sound or a combination 
 of elementary sounds uttered together by a single effort of 
 
ORTHOGRAPHY 71 
 
 the voice. A written syllable is a part of a word separated 
 from the rest of the word and capable of being pronounced 
 by a single effort of the voice. 
 
 25. (a) The process of dividing words into syllables, (b) To 
 show the derivation of words and to indicate the correct 
 pronunciation of words. 
 
 26. Ultimate ; penultimate ; antepenultimate, preantepenultimate. 
 
 27. Mono, one or alone; para, aside; peri, around; syn, with; 
 tele, far. 
 
 28. Liber, free; liter, letter; man, hand; pens, hang; ped, foot: 
 pon, place or put. ^ 
 
 29. To indicate a modification of other sounds in the same syl- 
 lable ; to indicate how a word should be pronounced ; to in- 
 dicate the meaning of words; to indicate the derivation of 
 words. 
 
 30. Tang, touch; tempor, time; ten-tent, hold; terr, earth. 
 
 31. In pronouncing a word, the syllable on which the most 
 stress is placed is said to have the primary accent. The 
 secondary is the one on which a weaker accent is placed. 
 
 32. Spelling; pronunciation; definition; synonyms; derivation; 
 history ; syllabication ; a means of distinguishing compound 
 words; parts of speech; the principal parts of verbs; the 
 comparison of adjectives; significant quotations. 
 
 33. Ad, to; ante, before; hi, two; con, with; de, down; ex, 
 out; in, not; into, within; oh, against; post, after. 
 
 34. Capt, the head; ced-cess, to go; cent, hundred; civ, citizen; 
 curr-curs, run; dent, tooth; diet, speak; doc-doct, teach. 
 
 35. Late, delicate, care, can, arm, ask, what, call. 
 
 36. Serene, create, eight, bend, there, fern. 
 
 37. Phonology. 
 
 38. Diacritical marks. 
 
72 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 39. pro, for; retro, backward; se, aside; suh, under; trans, 
 over; vice, instead of; a, without; auto, self; epi, upon; 
 micro, small. 
 
 40. Pin, end; firm, strong; fle-flect, bend; flu, flow; grat, 
 pleasing; greg, herd or flock; ject, cast; leg, law. 
 
 41. Bind, bit, pique, whirl. 
 
 42. Cold, lord, dot, tomb, wolf, done. 
 
 43. Abiise, nude, bush, churn, siip. 
 
 44. Redundant letters are those which have no sounds of their 
 own ; c, j, g, x. 
 
 45. The English language, because of its inconsistency and its 
 not being guided by any set rules, is said to be the most 
 difficult for foreigners. 
 
 46. Aceous, having the quality of ; al, pertaining to ; ance, state 
 of being; ence, state of being; ent, that which; fy, to make; 
 He, relating to ; ine, belonging to ; ion, act of ; ite, one who is. 
 
 47. Ment, mind; mitt, send; norm, rule; pater-patr, father; 
 port, carry; rupt, break; scrih-script, write; spec- sped, 
 look. 
 
 48. Hyphen, lyric, myrtle. 
 
 49. (a) Words which mean nearly the same, but differ in spel- 
 ling and etymology are called synonyms. Ex. — opening- 
 aperture; of ten- frequent; tame-gentle; great-large. (b) 
 words which are pronounced alike but which differ in spel- 
 ling and meaning are called homonyms. Ex. — might-mite; 
 lie-lye; piece-peace ; fir-fur; weight-wait, (c) Homonyms 
 spelled differently and having different meanings are called 
 paronyms. Ex. — deer-dear; except-accept; patience-pa- 
 tients, (d) Words having opposite meanings are called 
 antonyms : day-night ; in-out; hate-love. • 
 
 50. Ory, place, where; ous, having; ulent, full of; ure, sate or 
 act of; y, state of being; ic, pertaining to; ise, to make; 
 ist, one who ; oid, having the form of. 
 
 51. Tors, twist; tract, draw; vent, come; vert, turn; meter, 
 measure ; phon, sound ; polis, city ; scop, view. 
 
ORTHOGRAPHY 73 
 
 52. Con' duct-conduct' ; ob' ject-object' ; pres' ent-present' ; rec' - 
 ord-record' . 
 
 53. If the suffix begins with a vowel, the "e" is omitted, but if 
 the sujffix begins with a consonant, it should not be omitted, 
 however, there are about forty exceptions to this rule, 
 which should be learned, then the application of the rule 
 will be of great value in spelling words of more than one 
 syllable, to which it applies. 
 
 54. (a) Blue, bluish; dine, din-ing; converse, convers-ed; cure, 
 cur-able; compare, compr-able. (b) hate, hate-ful; idle, 
 idle-ness; serene, serene-ly; fire, fire-man; care, care-ful. 
 
 55. If there is a consonant preceding the final "y" and the 
 suffix does not begin with "i", change the final "y" to "i". 
 
 56. Supply, supplied; city, Cities; copy, copied; study, studied; 
 hurry, hurried. 
 
 57. Decay-ed, joy-ful, display-ed, convey-ed, destroy-ed. 
 
 58. Because of so many exceptions, however the two mentioned 
 above, if thoroughly learned, and their exceptions memo- 
 rized, are of value. 
 
 59. A good dictionary. 
 
 60. In conclusion, the great value which can be obtained from 
 the use of a good dictionary, in the study of words, is again 
 called to your attention. 
 
74 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 Stock Raising 
 
 QUESTIONS 
 
 1. From what did the horse originate? 
 
 2. Into how many general classes are horses divided? Name 
 them? 
 
 3. What are some of the well-known breeds included under 
 each class? 
 
 4. Name some common characteristic of each class? 
 
 5. Which of the draft animals is best adapted to the needs 
 of the U. S. farming regions, and why? 
 
 6. What is the distinguishing feature of the Clydesdale? 
 
 7. (a) What is the size of the horse's stomach compared with 
 the cow's? (b) Is this an advantage? 
 
 8. When should the horse receive his heaviest feed? 
 
 9. Should the horse be given water before or after feeding? 
 
 10. In the grooming of a horse, what parts of his body should 
 have special attention? 
 
 11. Name a special care which should be taken of horses in 
 the winter time. 
 
 12. Which is the better feed for the farm horse, corn or oats? 
 Why? 
 
 13. What peculiarity of the internal organs of the horse dis- 
 tinguishes him from all other quadrupeds? 
 
 14. What per cent of the horses in the U. S. are registered? 
 
 15. What is meant by balanced ration? 
 
 16. Which feeds contain proteins and which carbohydrates? 
 
 17. Is the hair of the horse composed mostly of protein or 
 carbohydrates ? 
 
 18. Has the horse a good memory? 
 
 19. What are the different classes to which cattle belong? 
 
STOCK RAISING 75 
 
 20. Name some of the most familiar breeds under each class. 
 
 21. Of the dairy breeds, which kind has the greatest percentage 
 of butter fat contained in the milk? 
 
 22. What is the original home of the Jersey cattle? 
 
 23. What is meant by a pedigree? 
 
 24. What is a pedigreed animal called ? 
 
 25. (a) What is meant by a grade animal? (b) A cross-bred? 
 
 26. Is a pedigreed cow always worth keeping? 
 
 27. What is the comparative value of beefsteak to whole milk? 
 
 28. What kind or shape pail should be used in milking? 
 
 29. How should milk be taken care of after milking? 
 
 30. Describe what is meant by Pasteurizing milk? 
 
 31. How should milk vessels be cleaned? 
 
 32. Is there a way of destroying the bad odors in milk, such 
 as those caused by allowing cows to eat wild onions, worm- 
 weed, etc. ? 
 
 33. How may we know a profitable cow from an unprofit- 
 able one? 
 
 34. What disease of cattle should we especially guard against? 
 Why? 
 
 35. How is the disease known as "Black Leg" transmitted? 
 
 36. Why are sheep used by many farmers to kill noxious 
 weeds ? 
 
 37. Mention several breeds of sheep. 
 
 38. In what country is sheep raising carried on most exten- 
 sively ? 
 
 39. What climate is best suited to sheep raising? 
 
 40. Which sheep are most noted for their wool ? 
 
 41. How long have sheep been known to the civilized world? 
 
 42. What are the great hog producing states? Why? 
 
76 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 43. From what did our present breed of hogs originate? 
 
 44. Where did the single hoof "Mule Footed Hog" originate? 
 
 45. Is a "mule footed" hog susceptible to cholera? 
 
 46. Name some familiar breeds of hogs and tell where each was 
 first bred and developed. 
 
 47. Which breeds seem best adapted to the needs of the average 
 farmer ? 
 
 48. Can you assign any reason? 
 
 49. What distinguishing marks have the Berkshire? Poland- 
 China ? Chester- White ? Duroc-Jersey ? 
 
 50. What sort of pasture is best suited for the hog? 
 
 5 1 . Do hogs fatten better in a muddy pen than in a dry one ? 
 
 52. What diseases are most prevalent among hogs and how can 
 they be combated? 
 
STOCK RAISING 11 
 
 Stock Raising 
 
 ANSW:^RS 
 
 1. We are told that the horse is a native of North America. 
 From fossil remains found, it appears that the horse was 
 originally an animal something like the size of an ordinary- 
 dog, having five toes on its feet. Through evolution, it 
 came to use only the middle toe for walking, which caused 
 the hoof and bones of this toe to become greatly strength- 
 ened and enlarged. The others gradually diminished un- 
 til today they are no longer seen except in deformity cases 
 where two hoofs are sometimes seen. The horse is supposed 
 to have migrated from North America to Asia, via Bering 
 Strait which was probably at one time an isthmus. 
 
 2. We usually divide them into three classes : viz, the draft, 
 coach and driving. 
 
 3. 3. The best known breeds of draft horses are ; The Per- 
 chon, Clydesdale, Belgian and Shire. Under the head of 
 coach, come the French and German Coach, and English 
 Hackney. The drivers include, besides the English Thor- 
 oughbred, the American Trotters and Saddlers. 
 
 4. The draft animals are the heaviest in weight of the three 
 classes, having a more arching neck, shorter legs, flatter 
 feet and wider breast. The driving animals have higher, 
 thinner withers than the others. Longer, neater legs, more 
 bend at what is usually known as their "ankle" joint and 
 are more spirited. The coach animals are a medium between 
 the above named animals. 
 
 5. It appears from the number, that the Percheon is the fav- 
 orite among agriculturalists. Reasons given are, that it 
 is of nicer appearance, stronger, more agile and intelHgent, 
 and of a better and kinder disposition than other breeds of 
 this class. 
 
 6. The long, thick growth of hair on the fetlock distinguishes 
 the Clydesdale as well as the Shires (which are almost the 
 same thing) from all others of this class. 
 
78 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 7. (a) The horse has a much smaller stomach in comparison 
 than the cow. (b) It probably is, if the stomach of the 
 horse were larger, he would frequently take so much food 
 at one time as to make him sluggish or clumsy and con- 
 sequently lessen his efficiency. 
 
 8. It is best, if working the horse, to feed approximately fif- 
 ty per cent of the day's ration at night. This gives the lim- 
 ited stomach capacity an advantage in digestion. 
 
 9. The proper time is before eating, unless the animal is warm. 
 If the water is warm, however, it doesn't matter. The idea 
 is to avoid quick changes of temperature. If the feed given 
 the horse is of a very dry nature, it is well to give him a 
 small amount of water after eating. 
 
 10. Probably the most neglected part of the horse (the feet and 
 legs) should have the most attention. Always curry and 
 brush well the legs and joints of the horse, especially if he 
 has been used in the cold, and mud and water have ac- 
 cumulated on them. In such cases, it is well after curry- 
 ing, to wipe the legs dry with a cloth or large sponge. Stif- 
 fened joints are frequently traceable to failure to take prop- 
 er care of the animal's legs and joints. The hoof is also 
 sadly neglected. Animals should have a dry footing at 
 night and the hoof should be cleaned thoroughly each day 
 and a coating of Neatsfoot, or some similar oil applied to 
 the outside once each week. Shoes should be frequently 
 reset and, unless necessary, should not be used at all. 
 
 11. After exercising the horse on a cold day; he should, upon 
 stopping, be immediately covered with a warm blanket or 
 put into a comfortable stable. Failure to do so may re- 
 sult in Pneumonia, Rheumatism and many other ills. 
 
 12. Oats. The corn is rich in carbohydrates and therefore 
 produces fat and heat. Oats contain mostly protein, which 
 supplies energy and muscle and very little heat and fat. 
 Corn is fine for winter feeding. 
 
 13. The horse has no gall bladder. * 
 
 14. Less than one and one-half per cent. 
 
STOCK RAISING 79 
 
 15. By a balanced ration we mean one which contains about 
 one-sixth as much pretein as carbohydrates. As a general 
 feed for all horses, this percentage will be found good, but 
 if we wish to fatten an animal we must make the propor- 
 tion of protein smaller (called the wide ration) but for 
 muscle and energy building as with the horse it is probably 
 best to make the proportion of protein greater; (narrow 
 ration) probably one-fourth. 
 
 16. Nearly all contain both. The ones containing starches and 
 sugars in greater proportions are called carbohydrates. Corn 
 barley, rye, wheat, straw, hay, fodder, silage, etc., belong 
 to this class. You can test food for sugar by tasting it. For 
 starch, merely boil the plants or seeds to be tested. Then 
 soak a thin cloth in the water in which they were boiled. 
 If it is stiff when dried, the product contains starch. The 
 proteins are contained in larger proportions in all legumin- 
 ous plants and seeds. Peas, beans, clover and alfalfa, hay, 
 oats, wheat bran. These plants and seeds are rich in pro- 
 teins and should be fed with discretion. To test for pro- 
 tein, scorch the heart of the seed and if the odor reminds 
 you of burning feathers, protein is present. 
 
 17. Protein. Scorch and see for yourself. 
 
 18. Yes. It is claimed that he never forgets an exciting inci- 
 dent in his life, such as a runaway, etc., therefore great 
 care should be exercised in handling him especially when 
 training. 
 
 19. They are usually classed as dairy, beef and general purpose 
 breeds. 
 
 20. Under the dairy cattle we find the Jersey, Holstein-Frie- 
 sian, and Ayrshire. The beef breeds include such well 
 known names as the Shorthorn, Hereford, Polled Durham, 
 Polled Hereford, Aberdeen-Angus and Scotch Galloways. 
 Under the general purpose comes the English Red Polled, 
 and Devon, also the milking strain of the Shorthorn. 
 
 21. By numerous tests the Jersey has ranked first, with the 
 Guerensy and English Devon a close second and third. 
 The Holstein-Friesian ranks first in quantity of milk giv- 
 en and seem to be the first choice of most dairymen. 
 
80 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 22. The Jersey Island just off the British Isles and containing 
 about 45 square miles is the home of the Jersey. 
 
 23. By a pedigree we mean a record of an animal showing its 
 ancestors as far back as the records have been kept. 
 
 ^24. Athoroughbred or pure-bred. "^ 
 
 25. By grade stock we mean a cross between a pure-bred and 
 common stock. A cross between two pure-breds of differ- 
 ent breeds is called a cross-bred. 
 
 26. No. Provided that the individual record does not show 
 a profitable animal, it should not be retained. 
 
 27. One gallon of milk is equal in food value to three pounds 
 of steak. 
 
 28. It is advisable to use one having a smaller top than bottom. 
 It not only prevents so much dirt getting into the milk, 
 but lessens the chances of spilling in case of tipping the pail. 
 
 29. After milking, it is a good plan to immediately strain aiid 
 seal the milk in scalded vessels which should be kept in a 
 cool place. 
 
 30. Milk to be Pasteurised is first heated to a temperature of 
 about 160 degrees F., and allowed to retain this heat for 
 about 20 minutes after which it is run through a cooling 
 coil, where the temperature is lowered to from 40 to 65 de- 
 grees F. It is then immediately sealed and put in a cool 
 place. This is practiced mostly in cities and adds nothing 
 to the milk. In fact it is better without it providing it is 
 from healthy cows and properly handled. 
 
 31. It is best to scald them either with steam or boiling water. 
 
 32. Yes. It is simple. Merely aerate it by pouring it from 
 one pail to another in a small stream, care being taken to 
 be in the pure air. It is best to hold the pail you are pour- 
 ing from considerably higher than the one emptied into. 
 After repouring the milk several times in this manner, 
 scarcely any odor can be detected, even in very foul smel- 
 ling milk. 
 
 33. As a general rule a cow should average 1% gallons of 
 strained milk testing better than 3 per cent of butter fat. 
 
STOCK RAISING 81 
 
 This means average for the year. Those which fall under 
 can well be disposed of. 
 
 34. Tuberculosis. It Is well to have a specimen of the milk 
 from each cow analyzed so as to be sure they are free from 
 this dreaded disease. While the germs are slightly dif- 
 ferent in man and cattle it is readily transferrable from 
 one to the other. Children are especially likely to contract 
 tuberculosis from drinking milk infested with tubercular 
 bacilli. 
 
 35. The germs are transmitted through infected soils over 
 which the animals walk. All animals dying from this 
 disease should be burned. 
 
 36. The sheep, in its wild and primitive state frequented the 
 mountain ranges mostly. As this rough country gave it 
 a widely diversified range, and correspondingly varied 
 shrubbery and grasses, consequently in its present state it 
 longs for the different varieties of vegetation, such as the 
 tough marsh grass of the lowland, the tender juicy morsels 
 of the sheltered upland, and the bitter invigorating twig^ 
 of the craigs. But man has changed the scope of its range. 
 So, in order to satisfy the longings of its primitive nature, 
 it resorts to any and all kinds of weeds and shrubs, which 
 may tend to appease the early acquired appetite of its moun- 
 tain home. 
 
 37. Among the different breeds of sheep in the U. S., we find 
 the Merino (with its different types such as the American 
 and Delaine Merino and Rambouillet American) leading 
 in numbers. Other well known breeds are the Shropshire 
 commonly called "black face", the Cotswold, the South- 
 down, Hampshire and Oxford Down, the Horned Dorset 
 and Cheviot. 
 
 38. Australia. Over 100,000,000 are raised each year. 
 
 39. The sheep ordinarily thrive best in a high, dry climate. 
 The cool damp climates of Scotland and England seem to 
 be well adapted to the growing of heavy fleeces. But as 
 a general rule the sheep to continue in health must be in 
 a moderately dry climate. It is a well known fact that a 
 sheep may — with the exception of the dew from the grass — 
 
82 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 go without water practically all summer. Dust is a thing 
 which should be avoided in the raising of sheep and is one 
 of the most common sources of disease among them. 
 
 40. The finest quality of wool as well as the greatest quantity 
 is produced by the Merino. 
 
 41. There is no record, but we have record of over 5,000 years 
 of domestication. 
 
 42. Nebraska, Iowa, and Illinois. The reason is on account of 
 the large amount of corn raised in these states. 
 
 43. According to most writers, the hog originated from the 
 wild boar of Asia. The hog, or swine, however, has been 
 domesticated for probably 5,000 years, being often spoken 
 of in the Bible. 
 
 44. The "Mule foot" hog is merely a freak of our ordinary 
 hog, bred and perfected to a place where they resemble a 
 different species. We sometimes see a malformation of 
 a calf resulting in two tails, etc. No doubt, a tzvo-tailed 
 variety of cattle might be the result of the off-springs, were 
 we to keep and breed such animals. 
 
 45. No. They are no more immune than any other breed. 
 
 46. The Chester- White in Pennsylvania ; Poland-China in Ohio ; 
 Duroc-Jersey in New York; Victoria in Indiana and the 
 Berkshire in England. 
 
 47. Ordinarily the Poland-China and Chester-White. 
 
 48. The above breeds are the lard types and are best raised on 
 corn which is rich in fats and oils. For bacon types, we 
 would naturally settle on some breed like the English York- 
 shire which is a long lean type and requires little corn. 
 
 49. (a) Black with white spots and erect ears, (b) The same 
 color but dropping ears, (c) White with dropping ears, 
 (d) Red sandy, or yellowish brown with dropping ears. 
 The Berkshire appears to have a wilder nature than any 
 of the other named breeds. 
 
 50. Alfalfa. 
 
STOCK RAISING 83 
 
 51. No. The practice of keeping hogs in foul, muddy pens is 
 very likely to cause disease. 
 
 52. Cholera and tuberculosis seem to infect hogs more than 
 other diseases. The cholera can be escaped by having the 
 animals vaccinated. To prevent the spread of tuberculosis, 
 the source of their food should be guarded. It is usually 
 contracted by the drinking of infected milk or eating of 
 polluted garbage. Some hog raisers cook all swill fed to 
 their hogs and report that it pays. Cleanliness is very im- 
 portant in combatting any germ disease. Hog raising is 
 no exception. 
 
84 THOUGHT QUi:STlONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 Agriculture 
 
 QUESTIONS 
 
 1. On what should the size of a farm usually depend? 
 
 2. Does the location of the fields affect the value of the farm? 
 
 3. Why are odd-shaped fields objectionable? 
 
 4. Why are farms with too much steep hill-land objectionable? 
 
 5. Mention at least ten things that sould be borne in mind 
 when buying or selecting a farm. 
 
 6. Of what is a good agricultural soil composed? 
 
 7. How are soils formed? 
 
 8. Briefly analyzing soils, what are thefinest particles called? 
 The next ^arger? The largest particles? 
 
 9. What is the origin of sandy soils? Of clay soils? 
 
 10. What is humus? 
 
 11. What is loam? 
 
 12. What causes such a great variety of soils? 
 
 13. What would you call a soil composed of three parts clay, 
 two parts sand and one part humus? 
 
 14. What would you call a soil composed of two parts clay, three 
 parts sand and one part humus? 
 
 15. For general farming purposes, what do you consider the 
 best kind of soil? Why? 
 
 16. Abut what part of the volume of soil is air space? 
 
 17. What determines the amount of water that any soil will 
 hold? 
 
 18. What is the source of food supply for a small plant until 
 it becomes large enough to take its nourishment from the 
 soil? 
 
 19. Why then, should care be used in selecting seed? 
 
AGRICULTURE 85 
 
 20. What are the sources of plant foods? Which ones come 
 from the air? 
 
 21. Mention several plant foods found in the soil. 
 
 22. What three plant foods are most likely to become exhausted 
 in any soil? 
 
 23. In reference to the plant, how may the lack of the three 
 elements most liable to exhaustion be noticed? 
 
 24. What is probably the best and easiest way to restore fer- 
 tility to the soil? What is meant by restoring fertility to 
 the soil? 
 
 25. Is there any danger of having too much of any of the above 
 named elements in the soil? 
 
 26. Why is water the most important plant food? 
 
 27. What are some harmful effects of too much water in the 
 soil? 
 
 28. Why is tiling, in most cases, a better system of drainage 
 than the open ditch? 
 
 29. Do all plants in their growth, use the same kinds of plant 
 foods? Why is it, then, a good plan to change the kinds 
 of crops, grown on a field? 
 
 30. What should be kept in mind when forming a plan of crop 
 rotation ? 
 
 31. What five things are necessary for plant growth? 
 
 32. What are legumes? 
 
 33. What are some examples of leguminous plants? 
 
 34. In what two ways are commercial fertilizers of value in 
 restoring fertility to the soil? 
 
 35. In addition to those that have already been mentioned, what 
 is another method of restoring fertility to the soil? 
 
 36. Summarize all the methods of restoring fertility to the 
 soil that have been mentioned. 
 
 37. What two forces control all plant growth? 
 
86 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 38. Briefly explain what is meant by heredity in plants. 
 
 39. Briefly explain what is meant (in plant life) by environ- 
 ment. 
 
 40. What is meant, in the study of plants, by variation? By 
 selection ? 
 
 41. On what two things does plant breeding depend? 
 
 42. What is the object of plant breeding? 
 
 43. Briefly tell of its origin and development. 
 
 44. What are fibre plants? Mention several. 
 
 45. What are cereals? Name several. What is their value? 
 
 46. What is the most important grass grown for hay purposes 
 in the U. S. ? 
 
 47. Which one is second in importance? 
 
 48. What is the most important pasture grass grown in the 
 United States? 
 
 49. What is a cutting? 
 
 50. What is a graft ? 
 
 51. What is horticulture? 
 
 52. What things cause most of the diseases of plants ? 
 
 53. What two classes of plant organisms cause diseases of 
 plants ? 
 
 54. What are bacteria? 
 
 55. What are some diseases caused by bacteria. 
 
 56. What are fungi ? 
 
 57. What are some diseases of plants caused by fungi? 
 
 58. Are all insects harmful? 
 
 59. Mention several insects that are harmful to farm crops 
 
 60. What are some methods of destroying insects and plant 
 dieases ? 
 
AGRICULTURE 87 
 
 Agriculture 
 
 ANSWERS 
 
 1. On the type of farming. 
 
 2. Yes. The farther the fields are from the barn, the more 
 time and energy is required in passing to and from them. 
 
 3. More time and labor are required to till odd-shaped or 
 narrow fields. Fields of this kind also require more fence. 
 
 4. On account of the difficulties encountered in using har- 
 vesters and labor-saving machinery, also in some sections 
 on account of erosion or land washing. 
 
 5. Size, shape, condition of the surface — level or hilly — con- 
 dition of the soil as to fertility, water, drainage, roads, near- 
 ness to market, schools, churches, neighbors, climatic con- 
 ditions, improvements, trees, including orchards. 
 
 6. At least five things go to make up a good agricultural soil. 
 First, of course, the rock particles which are usually very 
 small in size; air and water, the amount of which depends 
 on climatic conditions and soil texture ; organic matter, 
 usually in some state of decay; and small living organisms, 
 which serve a great and useful purpose in restoring and 
 retaining the fertility of the soil. 
 
 7. In the study of Geology we find that centuries ago the 
 earth was a solid mass of rock. Volcanic eruptions caused 
 breaks in this huge mass and in these breaks, decay soon 
 set in. Water helped to dissolve and break away the de- 
 caying rock, and soil formation began. Other agencies 
 have assisted greatly in forming soil from rock, such as ; 
 winds, frosts, and later animals and the roots of plants. 
 The decay of all organic matter is continually forming soil. 
 
 8. The finest particles of soil are commonly referred to as 
 clay, and the next larger, silt. The largest particles, we 
 call sand or gravel. 
 
 9. Concluding that all soil must have begun its formation from 
 rock, the kind or soil would naturally depend upon the 
 kind of rock from which it was formed. Clay soils must 
 
88 THOUGHT QU:eSTlONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 have come from limestone and sandy soils from sandstone. 
 
 10. The constant decay of all organic matter, that is plant and 
 animal life, forms humus in the soil. 
 
 11. A soil composed of a mixture of sand, clay and humus is 
 called loam. 
 
 12. To determine the kind of soil, we must find the relative 
 amounts of large and small particles it contains. Soils 
 differ greatly in this proportion, hence, we have a variety 
 of soils. 
 
 13. When there is more clay than sand in loam, it is called 
 clay loam. 
 
 14. When there is more sand than clay, it is called sandy loam. 
 
 15. Loamy soils are the best because they contain all the foods 
 needed by growing plants. Loamy soils are also easily 
 cultivated. 
 
 16. About one-half, however, this proportion differs in differ- 
 ent soils. There is more air space in clay soils than in sand, 
 because the small particles in clay do not pack as closely as 
 in sand but the pores are larger in the sandy soils allowing 
 the air to move more freely than in clayey soils. 
 
 17. The size of the soil particles determines the amount of 
 water which any soil will hold. The smaller the particles, 
 the greater the capacity of the soil for holding water. 
 
 18. The food matter, which is stored in the seed, is used by the 
 young plant in its growth until it becomes strong enough 
 to take food directly from the soil. 
 
 19. From this standpoint, great care should be used in selecting 
 seed, using only that which is healthy and large and con- 
 taining a plentiful supply of food matter on which the 
 small plant must live for a time. 
 
 20. Soil, water, and air are the sources from which plants ob- 
 tain their food supply. The air furnishes ammonia and 
 carbon-dioxide, the remainder comes from the soil and 
 water. 
 
AGRICUI.TURE 89 
 
 21. Magnesia, potash, lime, phosphoric, sulphuric and hydro- 
 chloric acids, silica, soda and iron-oxide. 
 
 22. Nitrogen, potash and phosphoric acid. 
 
 23. Upon the nitrogen in the soil, depends the growth of the 
 stock and foliage of the plant, therefore, unless there is a 
 proper amount of nitrogen present, the plant will be under- 
 sized and the stalk small and weakly. Potash, being an 
 essential element in the production of fruits, potatoes and 
 all root crops, a lack of it will cause undeveloped, under- 
 sized, imperfect fruits and roots. A lack of phosphoric acid 
 results in imperfect, shrunken and undeveloped seeds in 
 grain crops. 
 
 24. (a) Any fertilizer that contains the elements, in their prop- 
 er proportion, which have become exhausted in the soil, 
 if applied properly and in sufficient quantities, will even- 
 tually restore the exhausted elements. Barnyard manure 
 contains nitrogen, potash and phosphoric acid in about the 
 right proportion and being so easy of application, it is 
 considered an almost perfect fertilizer, (b) Restoring fer- 
 tility to the soil, is simply the restoring of the elements 
 which have become exhausted through unwise care. 
 
 25. Yes, plants will not grow or they may be killed by too 
 much of any one or more elements in the soil. For in- 
 stance, salt is a plant food but if you cover the ground with 
 salt and attempt to grow plants thereon, you wV\ have little 
 success. Ashes contain an important plant food, but if 
 grass or other plants be covered with ashes they will soon 
 die. 
 
 26. Plants use water in two ways, first as a plant food and in 
 the second place, many of the elements cannot be taken up 
 by the roots of the plants until they have been made into 
 liquid form. Water is the agency which dissolves the solid 
 foods, changing them into a solution that can be readily 
 taken up by the roots of the plant. 
 
 27. Too much water in the soil prevents the plant roots from 
 penetrating deeply. It also delays farm work and makes 
 the soil cold and usually weedy ; but the most harmful effect 
 is the exclusion of air from the soil and air is essential for 
 plant growth. 
 
90 THOUGHT QUIiISTlONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 28. Although just as effective results might be obtained from 
 open ditches, yet the intereference with cultivation and the 
 cutting up of the land, makes tiling the better system of 
 drainage if it can be used. 
 
 29. No, all plants do not use the same elements in their growth. 
 Some plants use an excess of nitrogen and other plants an 
 excess of other plant foods. Therefore, it is a good plan 
 not to grow the same kind of crop on a field year after 
 year because in so doing the soil will be robbed of the foods 
 which are required to produce that particular crop. 
 
 30. By determining the plant foods that are used by the dif- 
 ferent kinds of crops. Crops using the same kinds of plant 
 food should not follow each other and it is even better if 
 the following crop requires different cultivation and soil 
 treatment. Conditions, of course, govern the plan of rota- 
 tion, differing in different sections. 
 
 31. Plant food, moisture, air, heat, and light. 
 
 32. Legumes are a class of plants that have power to take ni- 
 trogen from the air in the soil. Living in the soil are mi- 
 nute germs or parasitic bacteria which fasten themselves 
 to the roots of the leguminous plants and feeding upon the 
 free nitrogen in the air of the soil, change it into compounds 
 that the plants can make use of. On the roots of clover, 
 these "homes" of the bacteria can be seen in the form of 
 Nodules, about the size of small shot. They are not found 
 on any other farm crops except legumes and no other class 
 of plants is able to take nitrogen from the air in this way. 
 
 33. Clover, alfalfa, peanuts, vetch, beans and peas are examples 
 of legumes. 
 
 34. First, good fertilizers contain elements which the plants 
 use as food. Second, the chemicals in the fertilizers help 
 to break up the other plant foods into a form more easily 
 gotten at by the roots of the plant. The second is probably 
 the greater benefit derived from the use of commercial fer- 
 tilizers. 
 
 35. Sometimes crops are grown for the sole purpose of plow- 
 ing under as green manure. Humus is added to the soil in 
 
AGRICUIvTURl) 91 
 
 this way, however it should be remembered that green crops 
 are about seventy-five per cent water. Clover, cowpeas 
 and rye are good crops to grow for this purpose. Yet, usu- 
 ally if these crops are worth harvesting, it is better to feed 
 them to stock and return the manure to the soil. Condi- 
 tions, of course, govern this practice. 
 
 36. The use of barnyard manure and commercial fertilizers, 
 the growing of leguminous crops on the soil, and plowing 
 under growing crops as green manure. 
 
 37. Heredity and environment. 
 
 38. If a seed is planted in the ground, the plant that springs 
 therefrom will have the same characteristics as the plant 
 from which the seed was taken. Wheat and rye seed resem- 
 ble each other, but if placed in identically the same kind of 
 soil under proper growing conditions, one will develop into 
 and produce wheat, while the other will produce rye. Cauli- 
 flower and cabbage seed can hardly be told apart, but the 
 one always produces a cauliflower, and the other a cab- 
 bage. The cabbage seed never forgets to grow into a cab- 
 bage instead of a cauliflower. From that, the conclusion 
 is formed that the destiny of the seed embryo is fixed be- 
 fore it begins its growth into a plant. 
 
 39. All outside conditions which control the growth of plants 
 such as, heat, air, light, moisture, cultivation, and food 
 constitute the environment. Because of better environment, 
 a field of corn may produce twice as much as a field just 
 across the fence even though they were planted from the 
 same sack of seed. 
 
 40. (a) No two plants are exactly alike, any more than any 
 two persons can be exactly alike. There is a slight and 
 sometimes a marked difference in form, size, color, weight 
 or some other characteristic. This difference is a variation, 
 (b) In plant life there is also, naturally, an intense struggle 
 for existence and the variations which are strongest and 
 best fitted to live under the particular conditions, are the 
 ones which win in the struggle. 
 
 41. Plant breeding depends on variation and selection. 
 
92 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWi^RS 
 
 42. To improve the variety of plant life. 
 
 43. In China, agriculture was carried on at least 4500 years 
 ago. No doubt, these people practiced either more or less 
 unconsciously, the art of plant breeding by selecting the 
 best seed for planting purposes. In this general way, much 
 attention was paid to the perpetuation of improved vari- 
 eties until the beginning of the nineteenth century, when 
 many investigations were made as to the methods of selct- 
 ing and propogating wheat. About the middle of the cen- 
 tury, attempts were made to put plant breeding on a scien- 
 tific basis and since then great achievement has been attain- 
 ed in this important branch of agriculture. 
 
 44. Plants from which cordage is made are referred to as fiber 
 plants. Cotton is the most important one, but hemp, flax 
 and jute also are grown for their fiber. The leaf and stem 
 of the banana and the leaf of the pineapple produce val- 
 uable fiber. 
 
 45. The members of the grass family that produce grain are 
 called cereals. Wheat, rye, corn, barley and rice are ex- 
 amples, and as agricultural plants, they are the most im- 
 portant ones on the earth. 
 
 46. Timothy is the most important. 
 
 47. Redtop ranks second in importance. 
 
 48. Kentucky blue-grass. 
 
 49. If a part of a plant is cut or broken ofif and placed in the 
 ground, under proper conditions, it may grow ; the part is 
 called a cutting. 
 
 50. If a cutting is inserted into another plant in such a man- 
 ner that it may grow, it is called a graft. 
 
 51. Horticulture refers to the cultivation of gardens and or- 
 chards. 
 
 52. Insects, plant organisms and flowering plants. 
 
 53. Chiefly bacteria and fungi. 
 
 54. Bacteria are the smallest and simplest of plants. They ex- 
 ist everywhere, in water and milk, in the human body, in 
 
AGRICUI.TURE; 93 
 
 the air — in fact, everywhere on the earth. The greater 
 number are beneficial, but some produce disease in plants 
 and animals. They consist of single cells and multiply very 
 rapidly, often reproducing in thirty or forty minutes. 
 
 55. Cucumber wilt, black rot, soft rot, pear blight. 
 
 56. A group of plants of low organization, which contain no, 
 coloring matter and which reproduce by means of spores. 
 
 57. Apple scab, potato scab, oat smut, wheat smut, brown rot 
 of stone fruits, corn smut. 
 
 58. Many kinds of insects are useful. Bees are a striking ex- 
 ample, they carry pollen for certain crops and serve also 
 in making honey. But there are kinds of insects that are 
 very destructive to farm crops. 
 
 59. Chinch bug, grasshopper, weevil, potato bug, San Jose scale, 
 coddling moth, cabbage worm. 
 
 60. By spraying, by planting a "trap" crop, by burning weed 
 fields and fence rows where insects have deposited their 
 eggs, and by cutting away the diseased part. Prevention is 
 often brought about by soil cultivation and seed selection 
 and preparation. 
 
94 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 General Science 
 
 QUESTIONS 
 
 1. What is matter? 
 
 2. In what three forms does matter exist? 
 
 3. Define Atom, Molecule, Gravity, Gravitation, Energy. 
 
 4. What is the law of conservation of Matter? Of energy? 
 
 5. What is heat? Thermometer? Temperature? Calorie? 
 Specific heat? 
 
 6. What are the sources of heat? 
 
 7. What are the effects of heat? 
 
 8. Why should not one wipe the perspiration from the body 
 on a hot day? 
 
 9. Why do we add salt to ice in freezing ice cream? 
 
 10. What is the principle of the fireless cooker? 
 
 11. Name the functions of life? 
 
 12. (a) Name three nutrients, (b) Two inorganic foods. 
 
 13. Why should food be cooked? z 
 
 14. We are told that the nutritive ratio for an adult is i to 6; 
 for a child, i to 4. What does this mean ? 
 
 15. What is the composition of water? 
 
 16. (a) What are the sources of water? (b) How is water 
 distributed? (c) What is a cloudburst? 
 
 17. Why should water be purified before using? 
 
 18. Compare boiling, filtration, and distillation as means of 
 purifying water. 
 
 19. Is air a chemical compound? 
 
 20. Why will a plain suction pump not raise water more than 
 30 feet? 
 
GENERAL SCIENCE 95 
 
 21. What are the uses of barometers? 
 
 22. What is meant by humidity? 
 
 23. Why does a person's nose bleed when climbing a high 
 mountain ? 
 
 24. What simple experiment will prove that molecules of gas 
 are small and that they move at a rapid rate? 
 
 25. What is Boyle's Law? 
 
 26. (a) What is potential energy? (b) Kinetic energy? (c) 
 Force? (d) Work? (e) Machine? 
 
 27. (a) Name the six simple machines, (b) Which two are 
 basic ? 
 
 28. What is meant by mechanical advantage ? 
 
 29. Does friction increase or decrease the efficiency of a ma- 
 chine ? 
 
 30. What form of simple machine is: (a) Nutcracker? (b) 
 Copying press? (c) Block and tackle? (d) Capstan? 
 
 31. Why do modern road-builders cut through hills and fill in 
 low places? 
 
 32. What is the history of lodestone ? 
 
 33. Why does a magnet point north? 
 
 34. What practical benefit do we derive from the fact that the 
 earth is a magnet? 
 
 35. What is the principle of the telephone? 
 
 36. Why is it less dangerous to stand under a tree in the forest 
 than under a lone tree during a thunder storm ? 
 
 37. Are lightning rods good devices for preventing destruction? 
 
 38. Why do persons in a moving picture show seem to be mov- 
 ing? 
 
 39. If a tree should fall in the forest, where there is no ear to 
 hear it, would it produce sound? 
 
 40. Why can women sing higher notes than men? 
 
96 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 41 
 42 
 
 43 
 44 
 
 45 
 
 How do bad colds affect hearing? 
 
 Name the classes of animals. 
 
 Why is the hookworm disease restricted to the south? 
 
 How is man different from other animals? 
 
 What forms of nature offer the most resistance to man in 
 overcoming his enemies? 
 
 46. If a bullet be fired horizontally from a high powered rifle 
 at the same instant that one is dropped from its muzzle, 
 which will strike the ground first? 
 
 47. What distance will a 4 pound ball drop in 4 seconds if 
 allowed to fall freely? 
 
 48. How much power must be exerted to move 624 pounds by 
 a block and tackle, composed of three movable and three 
 immovable pulleys? 
 
 49. Iron melts at 1520 degrees C. What degree would a 
 Fahrenheit thermometer register? 
 
 50. Two boys weighing 60 and 80 pounds respectively have a 
 teeter-totter 10 5^ feet long. How far from the point of 
 sup_port must each be to exactly balance? 
 
Gl^NERAIv SCIENCE ^1 
 
 General Science 
 
 ANSWERS 
 
 1. Matter is anything that occupies space and has weight or 
 mass. 
 
 2. SoHd, liquid and gas. 
 
 3. Atoms are the smallest divisions of matter that can enter 
 into combination. Molecules are the smallest combinations 
 into which a bod)^ may be separated without destroying 
 the substance as such. Gravity is the force which holds 
 things on the surface of the earth or draws them toward 
 its center. Grvitation is the mutual attraction between 
 bodies of matter. (Gravity is a form of gravitation that 
 refers to the earth alone. The force exerted by the sun 
 and other heavenly bodies upon each other and the earth 
 is gravitation) . Energy is the power to do work 
 
 4. The law of Conservation of Matter is that Matter cannot 
 be destroyed or created, but can be -changed. The law of 
 Conservation of Energy is that energy cannot be destroyed 
 or created, but can be changed in form. 
 
 5. Heat is a form of molecular energy. It may be produced 
 by other forms of energy and may also be changed into 
 other forms. The thermometer is an instrument used to 
 determine the temperature of a body. Temperature refers 
 to the degree to which a body is heated. (This does not 
 necessarily mean that two bodies having the same degree 
 of temperature, have the same amount of heat. In fact, 
 they do not, if of different size or of different material). 
 Calorie is the name given to the unit of heat. Specific heat 
 is the amount of heat necessary to change the temperature 
 of one gram of water 10 degrees C. (The specific heat of 
 water is i, of mercury, .033, of alcohol, .62, and of iron, 
 
 •113)- 
 
 6. The sources of heat are : the sun ; the interior of the earth ; 
 mechanical processes, such as friction and compression; 
 chemical action (burning wood) and heat caused by the 
 passage of an electrical current. 
 
98 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 7. Heat either causes a change in the volume of a substance 
 or it changes its physical condition. Heat causes substances 
 to expand and cooling causes them to contract. (This is 
 not true as regards water, which is at its greatest density 
 at 4 degrees C, and will expand if the temperature be 
 brought up or down from this point). Heat causes some 
 substances to change form — melting beeswax. 
 
 8. Body evaporation is caused by heat. If we do not remove 
 perspiration the body becomes cooled by loss of the heat 
 necessary to cause evaporation. 
 
 9. Salt causes ice to melt. It requires heat to melt ice and 
 dissolve salt. The cream, then, must lose heat in the process 
 and gradually becomes frozen. 
 
 10. A fireless cooker is built by placing a vessel within a vessel, 
 with a space between containing air, sawdust or cork shav- 
 ings, so that air occupies a great deal of the space. Air is 
 a gas and, consequently, a poor conductor of heat. There- 
 fore, when food, heated to a high temperature, is placed 
 within and the door shut, the heat is held within and will 
 cook the food. 
 
 11. The life functions are: taking of food, breathing, excre- 
 tion, growth and reproduction. 
 
 12. (a) The three nutrients are: Proteins, fats and carbohy- 
 drates, (b) Two inorganic foods are water and salt. 
 
 13. Food should be cooked: to kill harmful parasites, as, in 
 meat; to loosen and soften fibers, so they may be easily 
 digested. Boiling vegetables dissolves nutrients and makes 
 them accessible to the digestive organs. 
 
 14. (a) It means one part of protein to six parts of fats and 
 carbohydrates, (b) It means one part of protein to four 
 parts of fats and carbohydrates. 
 
 15. Water is composed of two parts hydrogen and one part 
 oxygen. H2O. 
 
 16. (a) The sun, the great energy producer for the earth, 
 evaporates great quantities of water from the land, the 
 rivers, the lakes and the ocean, (b) This water is dis- 
 
GENERAI, SCIENCE 99 
 
 tributed by winds, (c) Warm winds carry more mois- 
 ture than cold ones. Therefore, when air, heavily laden 
 with moisture, comes suddenly in contact with cold air, the 
 moisture is rapidly condensed, and falls in what is known 
 as a cloudburst. This is especially noticeable in equatorial 
 regions, where the warm air rises rapidly. It also occurs 
 when a warm south wind meets a cold north wind. 
 
 17. Water should be purified before being used for drinking 
 purposes because a great amount of poisonous substances 
 from decayed plant and animal life and from refuse gets 
 into the water after it strikes the ground. 
 
 18. Boiling, if the process is kept up for fifteen minutes or 
 more, is effective in killing disease germs; but the process 
 does not remove the dead germs or poisonous substances 
 from the water. Filtration, a simple process by which water 
 is caused to pass through sand, gravel or charcoal, is ef- 
 fective in removing disease germs and some chemical poi- 
 sons, if the filters are cleaned often. Otherwise, they in- 
 fect the water instead of purifying it. Distillation, while 
 an expensive process, is really the most effective manner 
 of purifving water. In this process the water is changed 
 to steam and then condensed, leaving out all disease germs 
 and injurious compounds. 
 
 19. No. It is a mixture of gases. 
 
 20. The pressure of air is about 15 pounds to the square inch 
 and this pressure is only great enough to raise a column of 
 water about 30 feet above its surface. Without the use 
 of additional devices water can not be pumped more than 
 about 30 feet above its surface. 
 
 21. By use of the barometer one soon learns to forecast wea- 
 ther conditions. As air pressure decreases as we rise above 
 the level of the sea, so, the barometer, as a measure of 
 air pressure, is useful in determining the elevation of points 
 on the earth's surface. 
 
 22. By humidity is meant the per cent of water vapor in the 
 air. For example: if the humidity is given as 85, it is 
 meant that the air contains 85 per cent of the amount of 
 water vapor it could be made to contain at the same tern- 
 
100 THOUGHT QUi;STlONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 perature. 
 
 23. The air pressure inside the body is practically the same as 
 the pressure from the outside. If this were not so, the body 
 would be crushed by the pressure of about 1 5 pounds to the 
 square inch of surface. A person whose life is not spent 
 in the mountains sometimes experiences extreme suffer- 
 ing, together with nose bleed, on ascending a high moun- 
 tain. As the pressure within the body remains about the 
 same — does not change rapidly with changing conditions — 
 while the pressure from the outside is much less in high 
 altitudes, the blood is forced through the membrane of the 
 nose, and bleeding results. 
 
 24. Open an ammonia bottle in an unventilated room and al- 
 most immediately the odor is perceptible in all parts of 
 the room. This is conclusive evidence that the molecules 
 travel at a rapid rate. Examination of the bottle indicates 
 no perceptible difference in the amount of amonia con- 
 tained. Therefore, the molecules must be very small. 
 
 25. The temperature remaining the same, the pressure of a 
 given mass of gas varies inversely as the volume. 
 
 26. (a) The energy that a body has on account of its condi- 
 tion or position is called its potential energy, (h) Kinetic 
 energy is the energy a body has on account of its velocity, 
 (c) Energy that is used to hold or move an object is called 
 force, (d) Whenever force acts upon a body to produce 
 motion or modify motion, work is done, (e) A machine 
 is a mechanical dcA^'ce for applying force advantageously. 
 
 27. The simple machines are : the lever, inclined plane, wedge, 
 screw, pulley, and wheel and axle. The lever and inclined 
 plane are basic. 
 
 28. Mechanical advantage, as the term is generally used, refers 
 to the ratio existing between the force overcome and force 
 employed as power. Ex. — If by use of a machine, a weight 
 of 1000 pounds be lifted by applying 100 pounds of power, 
 the mechanical advantage is 10. Mechanical advantage 
 might also apply to the ratio between the speed of the force 
 overcome and the force employed as power. This is the 
 case when a machine is used for gaining speed. 
 
GEINERAI, SCIENCE 101 
 
 29. In general, friction decreases the efficiency of machines. 
 
 In a few cases, as in stopping a train, friction increases 
 efficiency. 
 
 30. (a) A nutcracker is a lever of the second plass. (b) A 
 copying press is a form of screw, (c) Block and tackle 
 employes the principles of pulleys, (d) Capstan is a form 
 
 of zvheel and axle. 
 
 31. To make use of the principle of the inclined plane. 
 
 32. Lodestone, or magnetite, was first discovered by ancients 
 in Magnesia in Asia Minor. It became very famous as a 
 "Magic stone" because it would attract small pieces of iron. 
 During the nth Century it was discovered that if allowed 
 to swing freely, it would point almost due North and South 
 and thereby it came into practical use. It is an iron ore 
 and is found in quantities in Sweden, Spain, Arkansas, and 
 some other parts of the world. 
 
 33. The earth is a magnet, having a magnetic north pole and 
 a magnetic south pole. (These poles do not coincide with 
 the geographic north and south poles. The magnetic north 
 pole is about looo miles from the geographic north pole, 
 being located at latitude 75 degrees 5 minutes N. and longi- 
 tude 96 degrees 46 minutes W. ). The magnet in the nor- 
 thern hemisphere, if in a line due south of the magnetic 
 north pole, will point due north. If east or west of this 
 line will point northwest and northeast respectively. 
 
 34. Because of this fact, we are able, by use of a compass to 
 determine directions at any point on land or sea. 
 
 35. The telephone does not transmit sound. Speaking into the 
 transmitter of a telephone causes vibrations of a piece of 
 elastic sheet metal within the tranmitter. These vibrations 
 control the induced current of electricity which passes over 
 the wire and into tie receiver at the other end. The re- 
 receiver is equipped with a similar elastic sheet steel disk 
 which receives the controlled current, and in turn is caused 
 to make the same vibrations as were made by the disc in 
 the trasmitter. These vibrations, striking the ear drum, 
 reproduce the sounds which caused the vibrations in the 
 transmitter. 
 
102 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 36. It is dangerous to stand under a lone tree during a thun- 
 der storm, because it is the only tall object in that vicinity 
 and, should a flash come in that direction, it will be likely 
 to conduct it to the ground. In the forest, there are a 
 number of good conductors, and your tree is no more likely 
 to be the conductor than any other tree in that vicinity. 
 
 '37. Yes, if of a material that is a good conductor, deeply im- 
 bedded in the moist earth, and equipped with numerous 
 steel points, they are very effective. Different from the 
 common idea, they do not attract charges and conduct them 
 to the ground ; but, by quietly emitting sparks they neutral- 
 ize the potential difference between the clouds and the 
 earth. If, of a material that is a poor conductor the in- 
 duced charge becomes so great that it attracts the charge 
 in the clouds, then the spark from the cloud being so great, 
 suddenly rushes to the ground and has in a ntunber of cases 
 been known to melt the rod and burn the building. 
 
 38. The nerves of the retina of the eye are able to receive only 
 about 10 sensations per second as distinct impressions. 
 If more than this number be shown us, we cannot distinguish 
 them and they appear as a continuation of one object. So, 
 in moving pictures, when we are shown about 15 pictures 
 a second of the persons in different positions, we see them 
 as moving. 
 
 39. No. The falling of the tree would put sound waves in mo- 
 tion; but sound is a sensation conveyed to the mind by the 
 ear. Consequently, the absence of the ear to detect, would 
 necessarily indicate the absence of sound. 
 
 40. The organs that produce our speech sounds are the vocal 
 cords. The pitch of those sounds depends upon the rapid- 
 ity of the vibrations. Long, thick cords do not vibrate as 
 fast as shorter, thinner ones; so, women can sing higher 
 notes because their vocal cords are shorter and thinner. 
 
 41. When one has a cold, the eustachian tube, which leads from 
 the throat to the middle ear, becomes closed at the throat 
 end. Then the air pressure cannot be kept the same in the 
 middle and outer ear. Consequently, stuffiness and poor 
 hearing result. Sometimes the ear drum becomes ruptured 
 and deafness follows. 
 
gene:rai, scie;nce 103 
 
 42. The more common classes are : protozoans, worms, insects, 
 crustaceans, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. 
 
 43. The hookworm is a small worm that lives in the soil in 
 warm climates. It enters the body through the skin on the 
 sole of the foot. The poor people of the south do not wear 
 shoes and consequently are subject to this disease. 
 
 44. Man is different from other animals in that he is superior 
 to all others. He is not superior, in all cases, in physical 
 power, but he is very much superior in brain pozver and 
 adaptibility. 
 
 45. The plants and animals that man can see with the naked 
 eye, he has learned to either destroy or turn to accomplish- 
 ing good for him; but the microscopic plants and animals 
 that are enemies to him offer the greatest resistance. 
 
 46. According to Newton's law of gravitation they would strike 
 the ground at the same time. 
 
 47. 256 feet. (A body falls 16 feet the first second and has 
 an acceleration of 32 feet each second of its fall). 
 
 48. 104 pounds. (No allowance is made for friction in any 
 of these theoretical problems). Power is equal to weight 
 divided by twice the number of movable pulleys. 
 
 49. I degree Centigrade is equal to 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit. 
 Multiplying 1520 by 1.8 we get 2736. Then iron melts at 
 2736 degrees F. 
 
 50. 6 and 4^ feet respectively from the point of support. The 
 principle of the lever : PXPD=WXWD. 
 
104 THOUGHT QUJ3STI0NS AND ANSWE^RS 
 
 Composition and Rhetoric 
 
 que;stions 
 
 1. Why should one make a study of Composition and Rhet- 
 oric? 
 
 2. What is the practical value of the correct usage of English? 
 
 3. What is language? Name the principal kinds. 
 
 4. Define: sentence, paragraph, theme. 
 
 5. What is the relation of the sentence to the paragraph and 
 of the paragraph to the composition as a whole? 
 
 6. What adds most to the effectiveness of sentences, paragraphs 
 and compositions? 
 
 7. What is a figure of speech? 
 
 8. Name some common figures of speech. 
 
 9. Define and illustrate common figures of speech. 
 
 10. What can be said of the advisability of using figures of 
 speech ? 
 
 11. Define: superscription, salutation, introduction, conclu- 
 sion. 
 
 12. What four forms of composition. Define them. 
 
 13. What is diction? Versification? 
 
 14. What three rhetorical qualities should each sentence, para- 
 graph and composition possess? Define each. 
 
 15. What three kinds of rhetorical sentences have we? Define 
 and illustrate each. 
 
 16. What is the most important part of a composition? 
 
 17. How is thought most effectively conveyed? 
 
 18. What is meant by vocabulary? What three vocabularies 
 have we? 
 
 19. What is meant by "form" in themes? 
 
COMPOSITION AND RHE^TORIC 105 
 
 20. What general rules for proper form should be observed in 
 writing themes? 
 
 21. What is the "comma" habit? The "and" habit? 
 
 22. What can be said of indentation in written composition? 
 
 23. What can be said of neatness in written work? 
 
 24. What is the difference between subject and title? 
 
 25. What is the difference between rewriting and revising a 
 theme ? 
 
 26. What argument is offered against a close study of correct 
 form for a beginner in Composition and Rhetoric? 
 
 27. What argument is offered in its favor? 
 
 28. Into what three parts may a theme be divided? 
 
 29. In a great number of themes, one of these may properly 
 be omitted. Which one? 
 
 30. What advantages may be gained by using compound and 
 complex sentences? 
 
 31. A close study of the dictionary or a wide knowledge of 
 words, helps one in what way in getting proper form for 
 written composition? 
 
 32. How should form in written work vary? 
 
 33. Who frames our laws of speech? 
 
 34. Of what length should a paragraph be ? 
 
 35. Should a beginner attempt a complete composition? 
 
 36. In what ways may one secure information for a paragraph 
 or a theme? 
 
 37. In what ways may paragraphs be developed? 
 
 38. Give a list of subjects for development in each of the fore- 
 going ways. 
 
 39. What should govern in the choice of plan of development? 
 
 40. What is the topic sentence? 
 
106 THOUGHT OU:ESTlONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 41. Should it always be stated in the paragraph? 
 
 42. How obtain unity, coherence and emphasis in paragraphs? 
 
 43. What rule should be observed in choosing a subject for a 
 paragraph or theme? 
 
 44. What mistakes do most beginners make in choosing a sub- 
 ject ? 
 
 45. What is a transitional paragraph? 
 
 46. Why should not letter-writing be named as one of the forms 
 of composition? 
 
 47 
 48 
 
 49 
 
 50 
 
 51 
 52 
 
 Name five subjects, suitable for development by narration. 
 
 Five, suitable for development by description. 
 
 Five, suitable for development by exposition. 
 
 Five, suitable for development by argument. 
 
 How improve your writing in euphony? 
 
 What can you say of directness? 
 
COMPOSITION AND RHETORIC 107 
 
 Composition and Rhetoric 
 
 ANSWERS 
 
 1. To enable him to express freely, clearly, and forcibly his 
 ideas. 
 
 2. The correct use of English probably has a greater practical 
 value than has proficiency in any other subject. We do 
 not wish to minimize the value of mathematics which has 
 been held before us as the most practical school subject; 
 but, bearing in mind that people seldom change their opin- 
 ions of us from the ones formed when first they meet us, it 
 seems that it is highly practical that we be able to effective- 
 ly impress people by our language. Suppose that, during 
 the next week, you meet a thousand persons, some of whom 
 are wizards at mathematics, some architects, and some 
 noted physicians. Is it not true that you form your opin- 
 ion of each, as an individual, by the things he says and the 
 way he says them? 
 
 3. (a) Language is the expression of thought, (b) Three 
 kinds of language are : sign language, spoken language 
 and written language. 
 
 4. (a) A sentence is a word or a group of words used to ex- 
 press a thought, (b) A paragraph is a sentence or group 
 of sentences that expresses one main thought, (c) A theme 
 is any exercise in written composition. 
 
 5. As a word is a component part of a sentence, so, is a sen- 
 tence a component part of a paragraph, and a paragraph, 
 of a composition as a whole. 
 
 6. Choice of words. 
 
 7. A figure of speech is the use of an expression as changed 
 from its original signification, for the sake of giving life 
 or emphasis to an idea, or for adornment. 
 
 8. Simile, metaphor, personification, metonym, synecdoche, 
 and allegory. There are many others but these are the 
 common ones. 
 
108 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 9. (a) A simile is an expressed, imaginative resemblance be- 
 tween two unlike objects; He climbs like a cat, and he 
 fights like a lion, are examples, (b) A metaphor implies 
 a resemblance between unlike objects; He is a lion in a 
 fight and that man is a fox, are examples, (c) Personifi- 
 cation is a form of metaphor in which an inanimate object 
 or abstract idea is represented as having life or personality, 
 also sometimes attributes human qualities to lower animals ; 
 Starvation stared him in the face, and the ivall hurled back 
 his javelin, are examples, (d) Metonomy is substituting 
 the name of one thing for another that suggests it : The 
 city cast its vote, and, we are reading Shakespeare, illustrate 
 this figure, (e) Synecdoche is a figure in which a part of 
 a thing is substituted for the whole, or the whole of a thing, 
 for a part : Fifty sails were on the lake, is an illustratio.n 
 (f ) A figurative discourse, in the form of a narration which 
 teaches a moral or truth, is known as an allegory. "Pil- 
 grims Progress by John Bunyan is good example. 
 
 10. Figures of speech if well drawn and aptly applied, are very 
 effective; but the ability to express ourselves simply and 
 without adornment, should be our aim. A good rule to 
 observe in the use of figurative language is "use only those 
 
 , figures that come to us naturally." Never write for the 
 purpose of displaying figures of speech, for we are in dan- 
 ger of employing inappropriate, exaggerated or mixed fig- 
 ures, which detract from the. beauty of natural expression. 
 
 11. (a) Superscription is a term in letter-writing and refers to 
 the name and address of the person to whom you are writ- 
 ing. It may appear at the beginning of the letter, and on 
 the outside of the envelope, (b) Salutation, a term also used 
 in letter-writing, appears immediately preceding the body 
 of the letter. It is a form of greeting and will vary with 
 the nature of the letter and the relationship of the parties. 
 (c) The introduction, the beginning of any composition, 
 should always have for its purpose the arousing of interest 
 and, in narratives, will usually include enough of the story 
 that the reader will learn who, when, where, and possibly 
 why. (d) The conclusion of a story is that part that ap- 
 pears after the climax has been reached, and should be short. 
 
COMPOSITION AND RHETORIC 109 
 
 In argument, the conclusion is a brief summary of the 
 argument produced. 
 
 12. The four forms of composition usually recognized are : 
 narration, description, exposition and argument. Narra- 
 tion is the form employed to relate a series of events. De- 
 scription is the form employed to create an image. Expo- 
 sition is the form used to explain. It answers such ques- 
 tions as; How? Why? What is its meaning? What is it 
 used for? Argument is employed to prove the truth or 
 falsity of a proposition, about which there is a doubt. 
 
 13. (a) Diction refers to the choice of words to secure clear- 
 ness, accuracy, or variety in the expression of ideas, (b) 
 Versification is an arrangement of words in such a manner 
 that there is a regular recurrence of accented and unac- 
 cented syllables. Its purpose is harmony and beauty. 
 
 14. Unity, coherence, and emphasis. Unity is that rhetorical 
 quality that restricts the sentence, paragraph, or compo- 
 sition to one main idea and excludes all minor ideas that 
 are not absolutely necessary to its clear development. Co- 
 herence shows the unmistakable relation of the parts to 
 each other. Bmphasis requires the arrangement of the parts 
 according to relative importance. 
 
 15. Loose, balanced, and periodic. A loose sentence may be ter- 
 minated in one or more places before the end and still make 
 complete sense, as ; The deer dashed zvildly across the clear- 
 ing, zvith his head held high, and his feet heating a merry 
 tune on the sod. A periodic sentence is of such construction 
 that the meaning is not obtained until the end is reached and, 
 consequently, could not be concluded before the end, as; 
 With his head held high and his feet heating a merry tune 
 on the sod, the deer dashed zvildly across the clearing. A 
 halanced sentence, as the name implies, has its parts very 
 much alike in form and of about equal length and impor- 
 tance, as; ''Talent is something, hut tact is everything." 
 
 16. The thought. 
 
 17. By use of language correct in form and by proper choice of 
 words. 
 
no THOUCxHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 i8. A person's vocabulary is the stock of words at his command. 
 The three vocabularies are : Reading vocabulary, speaking 
 vocabulary, and writing vocabulary. 
 
 19. Form in a theme refers to the mechanical and has for its 
 purpose the arrangement of the parts in such a way, that 
 the theme is attractive to the eye. 
 
 20. A theme is any exercise in written composition. It refers 
 especially to exercises by pupils. Many of the following 
 rules will apply to anything written, (a) Paper — use ruled, 
 white paper of uniform size, (large letter size), about eight 
 by ten inches is suggested. These sheets should be num- 
 bered and folded one lengthwise, when handing to instruc- 
 tor. There should be writing on one side only, (b) Mar- 
 gin — There should be a margin of about one inch on the size 
 paper mentioned. The margin should vary with the size 
 of the sheet. Keep the margin straight. No effort should 
 be made to keep a margin on the right, (c) The title or 
 heading should be written in the space at the top of the page 
 at about two-thirds of the distance from the top of the page 
 to the first line. Try to leave an equal space on either side 
 of the title, (d) Capitalisation and punctuation — all rules 
 learned in grammar should be observed, (e) Indentation — 
 The first word in each paragraph should be placed a little 
 to the right of the flush line of the page. This device is 
 a rest to the eye in reading and an indication to the mind 
 that a new thought is to be developed, (f) Indorsement — 
 Upon the outside upper part of the outside sheet of the 
 folded theme, should be written an indorsement of four 
 lines, writing toward the rough edge of the paper. This 
 indorsement consists of; the name, the subject, the class, 
 and the date. 
 
 21. The "comma habit" is one of the worst faults found in be- 
 ginners' written work. It is very difficult to correct for it 
 is an indication of ignorance of the primary laws of gram- 
 mar, or it indicates carelessness, and both defects are diffi- 
 cult to correct — in fact, can be corrected only by painstak- 
 ing work on the part of the student himself. The "comma 
 habit" may occur in either of the following forms : The 
 writer divides his words into groups of two or three or 
 
COMPOSITION AND RHETORIC HI 
 
 four words by use of the comma regardless of whether 
 the construction calls for it, or not. Or, he writes a number 
 of short complete sentences, and instead of combining into 
 complex or compound sentences or closing them with per- 
 iods, he sets them off with commas. The remedy for the 
 first form of "comma blunder" is to make a close study of 
 the use of the comma (consult a textbook) and then use 
 one, only when he is sure the construction warrants it. The 
 remedy for the latter form is to select passages from your 
 own written work, in which you think you have been guilty 
 of the "blunder" and make complete analyses of the sen- 
 tences. You will easily detect your error. The "and habit" 
 consists in making a number of short sentences connected 
 by "and". It indicates ignorance of grammar and shallow- 
 ness of thought. It destroys the euphony of the compo- 
 sition. The remedy is to read your composition aloud to 
 discover your mistake. Then practice combining sentences 
 to tell the same thing by using some of your original sen- 
 tences as modifiers in the newly formed sentences. 
 
 22. Indentation add to the appearance of a composition. It 
 rests the eye in reading and indicates to the mind that a 
 new thought is to be developed. The fault with most be- 
 ginners is, that they write a few sentences, then indent and 
 write some more sentences, whether a new main idea is 
 presented, or not. A good way to learn proper indentation 
 is to observe closely indentation as used by good writers. 
 Then, follow this by making an outline of each subject 
 about which you write — making logical divisions of your 
 subject. Such divisions dealing with one main part of your 
 subject will naturally form a paragraph. 
 
 23. Neatness in anything you may do in your life will cause 
 it to be commended to the highest its qualities will permit, 
 therefore, be neat that you may receive your full measure 
 of credit for the work you do. 
 
 24. The term subject is a general term while the term title is 
 definite. The teacher may assign a general subject for 
 tomorrow's theme, and each pupil may have a different 
 title under this heading. For instance, the teacher may as- 
 sign a general subject for tomorrow's theme, and each 
 
112 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSW:ERS 
 
 pupil may have a different title under this heading. For 
 instance, the teacher may assign as a subject: "A Day's 
 Vacation". Your title may be, "A Fishing Party at Glen 
 Dale," some one else may have "A Day at Grandma John- 
 son's", as her title, etc. 
 
 25. When an instructor hands a theme back to a pupil he has 
 a great number of times written in the margin, suggestions 
 for improvement. Quite often he calls for "revision" or 
 "rewriting". Revision calls for minor corrections, usually 
 in the matter of sentence construction, punctuation, capi- 
 talization, etc. While rewriting calls for material changes 
 in the body content of the theme. A good theme may have 
 mechanical errors that call for revision, but more often 
 the poorer themes that are not worth rebuilding, are re- 
 vised. Rewriting a theme doesn't mean a practice in pen- 
 manship, but really calls for more work and teaches more 
 about composition than the preparation of the original 
 manuscript. 
 
 26. The principal argument offered by those who are opposed 
 to emphasizing the mechanical for beginners in English is; 
 That we must encourage the pupil to freely express himself 
 and that the proper form can be taught later. The idea is, 
 that if hampered by rules, he will be afraid to explain him- 
 self for fear of making mechanical errors. 
 
 27. The argument in favor of teaching correct form to begin- 
 ners is, that it is as easy to learn right as wrong and that no 
 time need be wasted correcting errors later. 
 
 28. The introduction. The body, and the conclusion. 
 
 29. The conclusion. 
 
 30. By using compound and complex sentences instead of a 
 great number of short disconnected ones, we get away 
 from the "choppy" effect, thereby destroying monotony and 
 developing euphony. The use of compound and complex 
 sentences also is a great aid in securing coherence in the 
 paragraph. 
 
 31. In a great number of instances in written work the question 
 is not so much, is it proper to use a certain word : as, is it 
 
COMPOSITION AND RHEJTORIC 113 
 
 the most effective word I can use? Then, again, it pro- 
 duces monotony if the same word is used a number of 
 times. Therefore, a good stock of synonyms is an indes- 
 pensible asset of the effective writer. 
 
 32. The form in the written work should vary with the nature 
 of the composition, the purpose for which it is written and 
 the mode of development used in writing it. 
 
 33. The best writers and speakers of our own age and country. 
 Like our National Laws, we have a voice in the law-making ; 
 but again, as in thi^ nation, we delegate the power to those 
 specially fitted for the work. 
 
 34. It may be one word or it may be more than a page. The 
 number of words has nothing to do with it. The length of 
 a paragraph should be the number of related sentences 
 necessary to completely develop one phase of a subject. 
 
 35. No. The paragraph first. 
 
 36. By reading, by observation, by conversation with people 
 posted on the subject, and by imagination. 
 
 37. By stating the cause and giving effect, by giving particulars 
 and details, by comparison or contrast, by specific instances, 
 by repetition or by a combination of two or more of these 
 methods. 
 
 38. Subjects for development: (a) Stating cause and giving 
 effect ; Large cities are located on bodies of water. St. Paul 
 is a great flour manufacturing city, (b) By giving partic- 
 ulars and details: Rivers furnish easy routes of travel. 
 The telephone aids in the saving of time. (c)By compari- 
 son or contrast: The school, a beehive. Charles Darnay 
 and Sydney Carton, (d) By giving specific instances: 
 Most accidents occur because someone failed to do his duty 
 Large cities are on zvater courses, (e) By repetition: any 
 general statement can be made more forcible by saying the 
 same thing a number of times. The Minister makes use 
 of this in repeating his text, (f) By a combination of two 
 or more methods. This is used extensively, as in the sub- 
 jects: Most large cities are on bodies of zvater. The easi- 
 est routes of travel are along water courses. 
 
114 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 39. The subject itself and the purpose for which it is written. 
 
 40. The topic sentence is a clear, concise statement of the main 
 thought of a paragraph. 
 
 41. No. 
 
 42. Unity: By making an outline of the material to be used, 
 the topic sentence and minor details can easily be selected. 
 A good rule is to leave out everything not essential to the 
 development of the subject in the particular instance for 
 which you wish to use it. i. e., a detail that is properly used 
 in one instance may not be necessary for development of 
 the subject for a different purpose. Coherence may be ob- 
 tained by making an outline of material and selecting only 
 such statements as relate to each other and to the topic 
 statement. Each idea must form a link in the general chain 
 of thought or topic statement. Emphasis may be obtained 
 by making a close study of the thought to be developed and 
 placing the topic sentence in the position where it will be 
 most effective. The most effective position for a topic 
 sentence is usually at the very beginning or at the close of 
 a paragraph. 
 
 43. Choose a subject that you know something about and one 
 in which you are interested. 
 
 44. Most beginners choose a subject that is too broad. A nar- 
 row subject is much more easily developed definitely than 
 a broad one. To illustrate; a broad subject — The U. S. 
 Navy. A more definite theme could be written from the 
 subject, The Pacific Squadron, and one still more definite 
 if one battleship is taken for the subject. 
 
 45. As a word or phrase may be used to denote the relationship 
 between paragraphs, so may an entire paragraph be used 
 to show relationship between one group of paragraphs and 
 another group in the same theme. Such a paragraph is 
 known as a transitional paragraph. A transitional para- 
 graph usually sums up what has bee said and introduces a 
 new plan to be used in the suceeding paragraphs in the de- 
 velopment of the same general thought. 
 
COMPOSITION AND RHETORIC US 
 
 46. Because it is made up of narration, description, exposition, 
 or argument, or, of a combination of two or more of these 
 forms. 
 
 47. My First Day at School. A Hallowe'en Party. Election 
 Day. The Civil War. Won in the Ninth Inning. 
 
 48. My Old Home. A Railroad Tunnel. A Sailing Vessel. 
 The View from Lookout Mountain. My Best Friend. 
 
 49. The Causes of the Inter-Colonial Wars. Why I Like Ath- 
 letics. How LTnequal Heating Causes Winds. Why an 
 Aeroplane Leaves the Ground. How to Bake a Cake. 
 
 50. Railroads should be Owned by the Government. Athletes 
 Seldom Stand High in Their Classes. Fairy Stories Should 
 Not be Told to Children. Every Child Should be Taught 
 a Trade. Soott's Ivanhoe Makes Rebecca More Attrac- 
 tive Than Rowena. 
 
 51. By reading aloud, the parts that do not sound well can be 
 detected and rewritten to make them more pleasing to the 
 ear. 
 
 52. Directness in speech or writing always makes a stronger 
 appeal. A good rule to observe is "Talk to the point and 
 stop when you have reached it." 
 
116 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 American Literature 
 
 QUESTIONS 
 
 1. With what does the hterature of nearly every nation begin r* 
 
 2. How and why does American literature differ in this re- 
 spect ? 
 
 3. Does the literature of most countries begin with prose or 
 poetry ? 
 
 4. Does American Literature differ in this respect ? Why ? 
 
 5. Give some good reasons why the early colonists paid so 
 little attention to the writing of books. 
 
 6. What was the nature of the writings of the colonists? 
 
 7. What thought, or principle, do you think was in the minds 
 of the early writers, that caused much of their work to be 
 of a historic nature? 
 
 8. Why should the early literature of our country be studied? 
 
 9. Did the early writers deal mostly with romance, or with 
 facts ? 
 
 10. Mention one writer of early colonial time, whose writings 
 are more of an imaginative or fanciful nature, rather than 
 of true facts. 
 
 11. What two things did the colonists believe were of the 
 utmost importance in the laying of the foundation for a 
 new government? 
 
 12. With the records of what man, shall we say American Lit- 
 erature begins? 
 
 13. Briefly describe the life of Bradford. 
 
 14. What was his greatest gift to literature? 
 
 15. Whom shall we mention next in importance to Bradford? 
 
 16. Briefly describe the nature of his writings. 
 
 17. In colonial literature, for what is Samuel Sewell chiefly 
 noted ? 
 
AMEJRICAN UTE;rATURE 117 
 
 1 8. Who was probably first among the colonial writers to at- 
 tempt to add attractiveness and style to his writings? 
 
 19. Mention three interesting productions of the above writer, 
 
 20. What was the most popular book of colonial times? Who 
 was the author? 
 
 21. What colonist wrote several excellent books about the In- 
 dians and Indian life? 
 
 22. In reference to literature and the Indian, for what is John 
 Eliot famous? 
 
 23. Who was the author of the first book of poems written 
 during colonial times? 
 
 24. What was The Day of Doom? 
 
 25. What was probably the first drama ever printed in Amer- 
 ica? 
 
 26. With whose writings shall we say that artistic literature 
 began in America? 
 
 27. Mention two of the greatest theological writers of colonial 
 times. 
 
 28. Who wrote the first book of national heroes? 
 
 29. Over what strange work did Mather labor, fast and pray 
 for nine years before he completed it? 
 
 30. For what is Jonothan Edwards noted? 
 
 31. What effect did The Revolution, The Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence, the framing of the constitution and the found- 
 ing of a nezv nation have on American Literature? 
 
 32. Why was so much of the poetry during the Revolutionary 
 Age, of a satirical nature? 
 
 33. Why were the prose writings of this age so much better 
 than the verse? 
 
 34. With Jonathan Edwards, was closed one age in literature. 
 With whom did the next begin? 
 
 35. What was Franklin's greatest literary prduction? 
 
118 THOUGHT gUESTlONS AND ANSWEiRS 
 
 36. Are his works generally considered of great literary value? 
 
 37. With reference to literature, for what do we remember the 
 following men ? Washington, Hamilton, Jefferson, Moore, 
 Sargent. 
 
 38. Who were The Hartford Wits ? 
 
 39. What did they attempt? 
 
 40. Into what two classes can the writings of Philip Frenau 
 be divided? 
 
 41. What characteristic is noticeable in all of his works? 
 
 42. Who was Phyllis Wheatley? 
 
 43. Explain : Common Sense; The Crisis. 
 
 44. Who wrote the first important American comedy? 
 
 45. Who was the founder of the American novel? 
 
 46. What was his first book? His best? 
 
 47. Mention several prominent characteristics of the literature 
 at the beginning of the nineteenth century. 
 
 48. Who is the author of the following : "Tour of the Prairie", 
 "The Alhambra," "Biacebridge Hall," "Tales of a Trav- 
 eler." 
 
 49. Mention several qualities that characterize Irvings writ- 
 ings. 
 
 50. What is his best known work? 
 
 51. With what two things do many of Bryant's poems deal? 
 
 52. What are some of his better known poems on nature? 
 
 53. What is considered his best production ? What is the mean- 
 ing of the title? 
 
 54. Who is often said to be our first poet of nature? 
 
 55. Who was styled The American Scott? 
 
 56. What is his most widely known book? 
 
AMERICAN UTERATURE 119 
 
 57. How many books constitute The Leather Stocking Tales'? 
 Name them. 
 
 58. What American author has attracted more attention abroad 
 than any other? 
 
 59. Briefly describe Poe's life and writings. 
 
 60. Name the author of the following: "Swallow Barn", 
 "Horeshoe Robinson", "Redwood", "Charlotte Temple", 
 "Pencillings by the Way", "The American Flag", "Marco 
 Bozzaris". 
 
 61. What did Bancroft contribute to literature? 
 
 62. Who wrote Tivo Years Before the Mast? 
 
 63. Who is called the household poet? 
 
 64. Mention some of his better known poems. 
 
 65. Who is often called The New England Poet? 
 
 66. What is his most famous poem? 
 
 67. What is the nature of the greater part of Emerson's writ- 
 ings? 
 
 68. What is Lowell's best known poem ? 
 
 69. Of the poems by Oliver Wendall Holmes, which was Lin- 
 coln's favorite? 
 
 70. Who wrote, "The Song of the Chattachooche", "The Cham- 
 bered Nautilus", "To a Dandelion", "The Snowstorm", 
 "Maud Muller"? 
 
 71. What poem did Walt Whitman write in tribute to Lincoln? 
 
 72. What great author lived a hemit life for twelve years? 
 
 73. Name the author of "Uncle Tom's Cabin", "Hoosier School- 
 "California and Oregon Trail"; 
 
 master", "Little Women", "Walden", "Merry Mount" 
 
 74. For what is Joel Chandler Harris most remembered? 
 
 75. What recent poet is often mentioned as the poet of child- 
 hood? 
 
120 ' THOUGHT QUE;STI0NS AND ANSWERS 
 
 76. Who is often called The Hoosier Poet? 
 
 yy. What was the pen name of S. L. Clemens? 
 
 78. Mention some of his best known books. 
 
 79. Mention some historical writers of recent date. 
 
 80. Who is the author of The Story of a Bad Boy ? 
 
AMERICAN WTERATURE 121 
 
 American Literature 
 
 ANSWERS 
 
 1. The literature of most nations begins with its legends; its 
 myths, songs and stories woven from fancy and imagina- 
 tion; its stories of Gods, of dragons, of heroes and of 
 of fairies. These legends and traditions are handed down 
 from generation to generation and usually form the basis 
 for the literature of the nation. 
 
 2. But in this respect we find the literature of America far 
 different. Beginning a new life in a new land, without 
 legend or tradition, we find a people surrounded with hard- 
 ships and dangers. A populace whose minds were occupied 
 with cold facts and not with fancy; with the problems of 
 living, of learning, of governing, and of worshipping, many 
 of which were their reasons for sojourning to a land, then, 
 so little known. Their sacrifice had been great. To justify 
 themselves in making it, required building upon a solid 
 foundation, the principles which were soon to establish a 
 nation among nations. 
 
 3. The literature of many older nations begins with poetry. 
 
 4. American literature, because of the nature of its begin- 
 ning (which we have already described) necessarily begins 
 with prose. 
 
 5. In a land without legend or tradition — a land not a nation — 
 with scattering settlements, separated, isolate and self-de- 
 pendent — a land settled by a people who must eke out of the 
 wilderness, a livelihood, a people who would establish the 
 very things that had caused them to leave their mother land 
 — ^there do we find the beginning of our American litera- 
 ture. Can we little wonder, then, with all these problems 
 confronting them, that the early colonists wrote but few 
 books. 
 
 6. Most of the writings of the early colonists were of a his- 
 torical and theological nature. 
 
 7. In studying the works of many of the early writers, we 
 seem to get the thought that they, even at this early date, 
 
122 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 had conceived the idea of a new nation, of independence 
 and of liberty. For that reason we would naturally sup- 
 pose that historical literature predominated during the early 
 colonial period. 
 
 8, In the early literature of our country we find woven the 
 thoughts and ideas of the men and women, who founded 
 the place we call home. To form a closer relation and to 
 get a little better understanding of these people, to get an 
 insight into their character, to learn of their feelings, their 
 thoughts and aspirations, to realize their difficulties in sus- 
 taining their high ideals and purposes; these are but a few 
 of the reasons why the study of colonial literature, (which 
 is a study of the lives of the people who laid the founda- 
 tion for the "Home of the Free") to us, should be more in- 
 teresting than the best of fiction. 
 
 9. Facts and truths, not romance or fancy, characterize the 
 writings of most of the early colonists. 
 
 10. John Smith, however, was an exception to the above state- 
 ment. Romance and exaggeration are found in many of 
 his writings. 
 
 11. Education and Religion. 
 
 12. Governor William Bradford. 
 
 13. Bradford was a well-read student. He was broad-minded, 
 fair in his dealings, loyal to his ideals, unsuperstitious, char- 
 itable and tender, yet brave and determined. His writings 
 were simple and sincere. True records and biographies 
 constitute his work as a historian. He was born in England 
 about 1590 and died in 1657. 
 
 14. His greatest work, Of Plymouth Plantation, deals largely 
 with early Pilgrim life. 
 
 15. John Winthrop. 
 
 16. Winthrop's Journal leads us to believe that he was some- 
 what superstitious, but we must remember that he lived at 
 a time when people believed in witchcraft. We could hard- 
 ly call him a historian for his writings are so disconnected. 
 They were more like a diary, often describing on the same 
 
AMERICAN UTERATURE 123 
 
 page, a number of events that have no bearing whatever 
 upon each other. But he was a faithful writer, having 
 given an extensive and interesting story of early colonial 
 life, although we are forced to believe that in some instances 
 he is misleading. 
 
 17. Sewell's greatest literary production was his Diary. In it 
 he depicts the customs, habits, and beliefs of the colonists. 
 His varied record of happenings gives us a keen insight into 
 the real character of colonial life. 
 
 18. Wilham Byrd. 
 
 19. A Progress to the Mines, A Journey to the Land of Bden, 
 
 and The Dividing Line are three interesting works of Wil- 
 liam Byrd. He differs from his predecessors in that he 
 adds a brightness and attractiveness to his writing. There 
 is also, often a humorous side, which makes his stories even 
 more entertaining. 
 
 20. The Simple Cobbler by Nathanial Ward. 
 
 21. Probably the best were written by Daniel Gookin. 
 
 22. His Indian Gram?nar and his Translation of the Bible into 
 the Indian Tongue. 
 
 23. Ann Dudley Bradstreet. 
 
 24. The Day of Doom was a book written by Michael Wiggles- 
 worth, about 1660, in which a vivid description of the Last 
 Judgment is given. 
 
 25. The Prince of Parthia, written by Thomas Godfrey about 
 1763. 
 
 26. Thomas Godfrey's. 
 
 2y. Cotton Mather and Jonathan Edwards. 
 
 28. Cotton Mather. 
 
 29. Magnalia Christi Americana, or The Ecclesiastical History 
 of New England. 
 
 30. Edwards is noted for his wonderful treatise, The Freedom 
 of the Will. It is a theological work and shows deep rea- 
 soning power which he must have had. 
 
124 THOUGHT QUE;ST10NS AND ANSWERS 
 
 31. In our study of colonial literature, we have noticed the 
 general tendency of the writers to limit their writings to 
 their surronundings. The Divine rather than the human, 
 is the theme of many of their works. They have empha- 
 sized Heavenly things and left almost untouched, the beau- 
 ties of Earth. Their poetical, historical and theological 
 works are narrow and deal too much with the future life. 
 But a great revolution had taken place. The rights of the 
 colonists had been denied them and an attempt to gain those 
 rights results in a great struggle between the colonies and 
 their mother country, known as the Revolutionary War. 
 Of the events preceding this bitter contest and the gloomy 
 years of its duration, we have all read. Is it not natural to 
 conclude that this great movement, together with the in- 
 pendence which the brave colonists won, and the forming 
 of a new nation, (a union in the true sense of the word) 
 will have a remarkable effect on the literature of the time? 
 Is it not natural to think that this critical period in American 
 History would give rise to essays, poems, pamphlets, stories, 
 newspapers — in fact, all kinds of literature concerning the 
 important events of the day? Such was the case. The 
 colonists, during the Revolution had been more closely 
 united, for the danger was a common one. Their closer 
 association had its effect on literature, and the political 
 struggle after the close of the war, gave rise to a new 
 form of writing. The Oratory and the Songs and poems 
 of the opposing political elements were great influences. 
 The spirit and form of literature had been changed. The 
 writers had shifted from Heaven to earth for new problems 
 had presented themselves. 
 
 32. Owing to political differences, much of the poetry of the 
 Revolutionary Age was of a satirical nature. Many of the 
 songs and ballads also voiced the spirit of nationality which 
 predominated at that time. Originality is found in the 
 thought but not in the style — this was plainly an imitation 
 of foreign writers. 
 
 33. In the prose writings of this age, we find revealed the per- 
 sonality of the writer. ,/Think of the many and serious 
 problems which confronted the people at that time. Think 
 of the thought that must have been put into the orations 
 
AMERICAN UTi^RATURE 125 
 
 and prose writings of the men who established peace and 
 harmony among the states. This was truly original Ameri- 
 can thought and the style was of the individual himself. 
 
 34. With Benjamin Franklin, who, with one exception, was 
 better known than any other American. His Almanac and 
 newspapers were read eagerly throughout the colonies and 
 his experiments in electricity attracted the attention of 
 European countries. 
 
 35. His Autobiography. 
 
 36. Franklin is noted for his inventions and discoveries, also 
 for his strong patriotism and the great service which he 
 rendered for his country, but with perhaps two exceptions, 
 Poor Richard's Almanac, and the Autobiography, his writ- 
 ings are not considered of great literary value. 
 
 37. Washington for his farewell address; Hamilton for his 
 essays, The Federalist; Jefferson for The Declaration of In-' 
 dependence ; Moore for his Songs and Ballads of the Revo- 
 lution ; Sargent for The Loyalist Poetry of the Revolution. 
 
 38. Joel Barlow, Timothy Dwight and John Trumbull. 
 
 39. The Hartford Wits were the first men to attempt to estab- 
 lish a national literature. 
 
 40. Satirical writings on politics, and poems of nature and hu- 
 manity. 
 
 41. Romanticism. His writings are said to mark the begin- 
 ning of romantic poetry in America. 
 
 42. Phillis Wheatly was a negro slave girl who created quite 
 a sensation in poetic circles about 1773, when she published 
 a book entitled Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and 
 Moral. 
 
 43. Common Sense was a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine 
 during the Revolution. Its influence toward arousing the 
 people to action, was powerful. The Crisis was another 
 of Paine's works, written while he was serving in the Amer- 
 ican Army under Washington. 
 
 44. Royall Tyler, in 1786. It was called The Contrast. 
 
126 THOUGHT QUE;STI0NS AND ANSWERS 
 
 45. Charles Brockden Brown. 
 
 46. Wieland was his first book. Bdgar Huntley is considered 
 his best. 
 
 47. At the beginnig of the nineteenth century, a distinct orig- 
 inality appears in the literature of the day. Another char- 
 acteristic is the love for nature which many of the writers 
 must have had. Previous to this period, the beauties of 
 nature in our own land had been given but little attention 
 in literature. Bryant, Cooper and Irving are excellent il- 
 lustrations of authors who found in nature, choice subjects 
 for literary expression. This age also abounded in patri- 
 otic writings, both prose and verse, expressing an intense 
 love for home and country. In all the writings, we find 
 reflected, the confidence of America as a new nation. The 
 past was a period of wonderful achievement and progress — 
 from obscurity to a recognized nation of the world. Legen- 
 dry was created. Numberless tales of frontier life and 
 stories of heroes of the past delighted the readers of a cen- 
 tury ago. 
 
 48. Washington Irving. 
 
 49. Naturalness, clearness, humor, sympathy, sentiment and 
 ease of expression are a few of the qualities which have 
 caused Irving's writings to interest and amuse so many 
 readers. 
 
 50. The Sketch Book, a series of papers of which Rip Van 
 Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollozv are the best 
 known. 
 
 51. Death and Nature. 
 
 52. "The Gladness of Nature", "Robert of Lincoln", "To a 
 Fringed Gentian,,' "The Yellow Violet", "Autumn Woods", 
 "The Prairies", "A Rain Dream", "Summer Wind". 
 
 53. Thanatopsis is the best known of Bryant's poems. The 
 word means "a view of death." 
 
 54. William Cullen Bryant. 
 
 55. James Fenimore Cooper. 
 
AMERICAN IvlTERATURE 127 
 
 56. The spy. 
 
 57. Five. The Pioneers, The Pathfinder, The Last of the 
 Mohicans, The Deerslayer, and The Prairie. 
 
 58. Edgar Allen Poe.^,,.-^ - 
 
 59. Poe stands apart from all the other American writers in 
 the tragedy of his life. He was reared in luxury — a gentle- 
 man. Aloof in nature, he acquired no close friends. His 
 college life was made short because of his gambling and 
 drinking. He soon wandered into the world, resorting to 
 his literary talent for a livlihood. Living in poverty was 
 probably the cause of the death of his young wife. His 
 grief and suffering after her death mentally unbalanced 
 him. Then follow two years of dissipation striving for 
 "surcease of sorrow", his second marriage and his sudden 
 death in Baltimore in 1849. His writings are of both prose 
 and verse and he usually deals with the unreal. His tales 
 are generally wierd, sorrowful or filled with horror, and his 
 poetry reflects his sad melancholy life. The Raven is the 
 most famous of his poems. 
 
 60. Kennedy; Kennedy r Catharine Sedgwick; Susanna Rowson, 
 Nathaniel Willis; Drake; Halleck. 
 
 61. A History of the United States. 
 
 62. Richard Henry Dana; George P. Morris. 
 
 63. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. 
 
 64. "Evangeline", "Hiawatha", "Miles Standish", "Tales of 
 a Wayside Inn", "The Children's Hour". 
 
 65. John Greenleaf Whittier. 
 
 66. "Snowbound". 
 
 67. Essays. 
 
 68. "The Vision of Sir Launfal". 
 
 69. "The Last Leaf." 
 
 70. Lanier; Holmes; Lowell; Emerson; Whittier. 
 
 71. "O Captain ,My Captain." 
 
128 THOUGHT QUEJSTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 y2. Nathaniel Hawthorne. 
 
 73. Harriet Beecher Stowe; Edward Eggleston; Louisa M. Al- 
 cott; Henry David Thoreau; Motley; Parkman. 
 
 74. His Uncle Remus Stories. 
 
 75. Eugene Fields. 
 
 76. James Whitcomb Riley. 
 "^y. Mark Twain. 
 
 78. "Tom Sawyer" and "Huckleberry Finn". 
 
 79. McMaster, Woodrow Wilson, Fiske, Rhodes, Sloane. 
 
 80. Thomas Bailey Aldrich. 
 
BUSINi;SS AND WRITING 129 
 
 Business and Writing 
 
 QUESTIONS 
 
 1. What are some of the simple rules which govern good 
 writing ? 
 
 2. What are some of the things to be especially cultivated in 
 learning to write? 
 
 3. Mention some things to be avoided. 
 
 4. Is the use of punctuation, capitals, etc., of importance in 
 business writings? 
 
 5. What is meant by the heading of a letter? 
 
 6. State the correct position and forms. 
 
 7. What is the salutation and what relation should it bear to 
 the person or firm addressed? Give examples. 
 
 8. What should the body of a letter contain and how should 
 it be arranged? 
 
 9. (a) State the rules governing the close of a letter, (b) The 
 signature. 
 
 10. What things should be written upon the envelope? 
 
 11. Give a list of things which it is well to observe in letter 
 writing. 
 
 12. What are the purposes and forms of business and calling 
 cards ? 
 
 13. What is the basic principle upon which all business is based ? 
 Define. 
 
 14. Are all things subject to law? 
 
 15. What is the real purpose of law? 
 
 16. (a) If we disobey a law that we do not know exists, are 
 we responsible? (b) Why is this provision made? 
 
 17. (a) What meaning has the word precedent as applied to 
 law? (b) Is it recognized by most courts today? 
 
130 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 i8. Is precedent ever broken? If so, under what circumstances 
 may it be so done? 
 
 19. Do cases ever arise which cannot be decided by precedent"? 
 
 20. (a) What is meant by an unwritten law? (b) Mention an 
 example. 
 
 21. Under what heads are legal rights classed? 
 
 22. What is meant by municipal law? 
 
 23. With what does international law deal? 
 
 24. . Does martial law ever supercede civil law? Give illus- 
 
 tration. 
 
 25. (a) What are all American laws based upon? (b) Is there 
 an exception ? 
 
 26. What is meant by a suit in equity? 
 
 27. What is a contract? 
 
 28. What two kinds of contracts are there? 
 
 29. To which of these classes does the written contract belong? 
 The oral? 
 
 30. Who is eligible to make a contract ? 
 
 31. Before a contract can be binding, to what things must it 
 conform ? 
 
 32. Does a contract have to be written and signed before it 
 can be considered binding? 
 
 33. Must contracts be made in ink? 
 
 34. What is a guaranty? 
 
 35. If a person accept part of an order of goods contracted for, 
 is he obliged to settle for the remainder ? 
 
 36. (a) How is the person implicated, who signs a note for 
 another? (b) Is there any way he may not be liable? 
 
 37. What about the validity of a contract made on Sunday? 
 
 38. Can a contract be dated back and still be valid ? 
 
BUSINESS AND WRITING 131 
 
 39. May a person who is unable to act as a principal to a con- 
 tract, serve as agent for another ? Give an example. 
 
 40. Explain what is meant by the term, agent. 
 
 41. (a) What is a principal? (b) Must the principal be an 
 individual ? 
 
 42. Is the principal responsible for the acts of the agent? 
 
 43. May an alien act as an agent? 
 
 44. What is the difference between a general and a special 
 agent ? 
 
 45. (a) What class of agent would an auctioneer be classed as? 
 (b) Does he have a written contract with his principal? 
 
 46. Can an auctioneer execute a deed to real estate sold? 
 
 47. Suppose that a by-bidder should bid an exhorbitant price 
 for an article with the expectation of making it bring a 
 stipulated sum, does this compel the auctioneer to accept the 
 bid? 
 
 48. How can an auctioneer secure his commission on proper- 
 ty sold? 
 
 49. What is the difference between an auctioneer and a broker? 
 
 50. Suppose an agent grossly misrepresents an article, is his 
 principal liable for such misrepresentation? 
 
 51. Suppose goods are sold which are defective, is it a fraud- 
 ulent sale? 
 
 52. Suppose an order is given on Sunday for goods to be de- 
 livered the same day. No money is paid until the day fol- 
 lowing (Monday), when a part payment is made. The 
 purchaser then decides he has made a bad bargain and 
 invokes the law for relief, claiming that the sale was il- 
 legal, inasmuch as it was consumated on Sunday. Is he 
 liable for its payment? 
 
 53. Could a man be held to a contract in which he agreed to 
 run a mile in one minute? 
 
132 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 54. In case goods are ordered to be taken from the vendor to 
 the purchaser by a common carrier, such as a railroad, does 
 the title of the goods change when they are received by the 
 common carrier or when delivered to the purchaser? 
 
 55. In order to make an instrument legally negotiable, what 
 things should it contain? 
 
 56. What are the usual forms of negotiable instruments? 
 
 57. Would an instrument be negotiable which promised to pay 
 a certain value in anything aside from money? 
 
 58. If the maker of an inurstment sign it with t typewriter or 
 other mechanical appliance, is it legal? 
 
 59. What is the order of liability of endorsers on a negotia- 
 ble paper? 
 
 60. What is the difference in a company and a corporation? 
 
 61. What is meant by dividend? 
 
 62. Explain the difference between script dividends and divi- 
 dends. 
 
 63. Differentiate between common and preferred stocks. 
 
 64. (a) Define coupon bond, (b) Registered bond. 
 
 65. Tell the difference between a stock-jobber and a stock- 
 broker. 
 
 66. What is brokerage ? 
 
 67. What is the difference between capital and capital-stock? 
 
 68. Should one ever sign a paper for a stranger? 
 
 69. Is a notice to the agent of a corporation equivalent to 
 notifying the principal? 
 
 70. If a gift is made, when does the actual title or legal right 
 change, when the gift is made or delivered? Suppose a 
 person make a gift in the presence of witnesses, but before 
 the gift is delivered, changes his mind as to making it, can 
 he be held to his former declaration? 
 
BUSINESS AND WRITING 133 
 
 Business and Writing 
 
 ANSWERS 
 
 1. We are all doubtless tired of hearing the ever ready and 
 oft repeated rules of writing which by this time, are well 
 established heirlooms of every American home. We can't 
 say which of our prehistoric ancestors is responsible for 
 heritage ; but we have it and are — or should be — proud of it. 
 Some of our most popular artists in all lines, we are told 
 frequently arrive near a point of detestation of their work 
 through the tiresome rehearsals, which are necessary to 
 pleasingly present their work, to their audiences. In see- 
 ing or hearing their work, we think only of the seeming 
 ease, grace and beauty with which it is executed, little 
 heeding the tireless application to which the performer has 
 subjected himself in order to accomplish that which we so 
 much admire. It simply means practice, tireless, ceasless 
 practice. Then in order to arrive at the degree of per- 
 fection to which we hope to attain in writing, we should 
 observe the fundamental rules laid down in all text books 
 on the subject. Study diligently, not with the ultimate aim 
 of mastering the rules, but of inculcating indelibly into our 
 minds the importance of practice ! practice ! practice ! ! Take 
 an easy position. This does not necessarily imply that we 
 assume a stiff "biquadrant" effect ; but one which is natural, 
 restful, and easy to maintain. Do not hold the pen in a 
 cramped position. Shun the concave forefinger. The wrist 
 should be held so as to form a prolongation of the fore- 
 arm, noting that it does not touch the paper. Use the mus- 
 cular movement.. The only points touching the paper should 
 be the nails of the third and fourth fingers and the point 
 of the pen. The sides of the paper should be nearly parallel 
 with an extension of the forearm while the pen should be 
 at an angle of something near 45 degrees crossing the fore- 
 finger at the knuckle joint. Use the percentage method of 
 learning to write — 10 per cent in knowing how, 90 per cent 
 in determination and practice. 
 
 2. In all business writing strive for neatness, brevity and leg- 
 ibility. 
 
134 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 3. We should in all business writing, steer clear of flourishes, 
 shading and mixed subjects : i. e. friendship letters combined 
 with business letters, an order for goods along with a re- 
 quest that the firm give you certain information concerning 
 the requirements necessary to fill a certain position which 
 they have open, etc. 
 
 4. Most certainly, yes. The first impressions are usually last- 
 ing. Do not give a business house the false impression that 
 you are ignorant of forms of good letter writing by the 
 wrong usage, or omission of capitals, pronunciation, etc. 
 Form the habit. The correct usage once formed and stamp- 
 ed upon your minds by practice is hard to break. Refer to 
 your grammar for rules of pronuciation, spelling, capitali- 
 zation, etc. As the use of capitals is especially imprtant, a 
 few rules are given below for your convenience. ( i ) The 
 personal pronoun "I" should always be a capital. (2) All 
 sentences should begin with a capital, and in case of poetry, 
 each line. (3) Use capitals to begin all proper names and 
 adjectives. (4) In all reference to Deity, whether by noun 
 or pronoun, the use of the capital fnust be observed. (5) 
 The first word used after an introductory clause or word 
 should be a capital. (6) The days of the week, and months 
 of the year, should begin with capitals. (7) All distinctive 
 titles should be capitalized. (8) The exclamation "O" 
 should be capitalized. (9) Capitalize all personified words. 
 (10) The principal words in book titles, etc. (11) In ac- 
 counts, capitalize each item. (12) In fact we may capitalize 
 any word of special importance. 
 
 5. By the heading of a letter we refer to the place and date of 
 writing. 
 
 6. There are different arrangments and places, owing to the 
 address, size of paper, whether or not it is ruled, length 
 of letter, etc. The ordinary business letter is short and 
 paper unruled, hence we can commence farther from the 
 top of the paper than in the letter of friendship. The 
 heading is always in the region of the upper right hand 
 corner. Examples : 
 
BUSINESS AND WRITING 135 
 
 Peoria, 111., Feb. 2., 1921. 
 
 1824 Pennsylvania Ave., 
 
 Washington, D. C, 
 
 Dec. 30, 1920. 
 
 7. The salutation means our salute, or way of addressing the 
 person or firm written to. It should depend upon the rela- 
 tions existing between the correspondents, or the title or 
 the rank of the receivers, as to its form. Always fit the 
 salutation to the receiver. Some examples : Dear Sir, Sir, 
 Sirs, Gentlemen, My Dear Sir, My Dear Mr. Yoder, Dear 
 Mrs. Jackson, Kind Sir, etc. 
 
 8. The body of the letter if commenced on the same line with 
 the salutation should be separated from the salutation by 
 a colo^i and dash. Some writers use only a comma to sep- 
 arate them. If beginning on the line below the salutation, 
 it should begin to the right of the last word contained in it. 
 The body of the business letter should be short and divided 
 into paragraphs according to the different subjects taken up 
 In all letters, whether business or friendship, the most im- 
 portant part should be taken up first. 
 
 9. (a) The complimentary close should be in conformity to 
 the salutation. Like the salutation, it should be selected 
 with a view to the relation existing between the parties cor- 
 responding. Such forms as sincerely yours, etc., would 
 hardly be in keeping with a salutation of Gentlemen, etc. 
 Therefore, see that the complimentary close substantiates 
 the relations as set forth in the salutation. Some forms in 
 common use are; Business forms, such as; yours truly, 
 your very truly, yours respectfully, respectfully yours, etc. 
 Friendship forms are of such a variety as to permit a choice 
 which fits exactly any relation. Such forms as; your sin- 
 cerely, sincerely yours, your affectionately, your brother, 
 your loving sister, endearingly yours, your loving friend, 
 etc., are all good form. No form should be abbreviated, 
 (b) The signature should be plainly written in all business 
 letters unless the relationship is very close in which case, 
 part may be omitted. 
 
 10. Upon the envelope should appear the part of the letter com- 
 monly known as the superscription. It consists of the name 
 
136 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 and address of the person or firm to which the letter with- 
 in is written. It may consist of two, three or four lines 
 according to the information it contains. The omission 
 of punctuation in the superscription is now coming into 
 favor among some of our foremost educators of the coun- 
 try. With the exception of the period after abbreviations 
 no mark of punctuation is used. 
 
 11. (a) It is always good form to use black ink when writting 
 letters, especially business ones, (b) The use of the lead 
 pencil is not good form even in letters of friendship, (c) 
 When writing to a person or a firm for information only, 
 enclose a self -addressed stamped envelope, (d) Duplicates 
 should always be retained of all letters of importance, (e) 
 Always be prompt in answering letters, (f) If it becomes 
 necessary to request a remittance of some one always do so 
 with all due respect, care being taken to use no offensive 
 language. Such language not only lessens the chances of 
 the remittance being sent, but is likely to result in the sev- 
 erance of friendship or both, (g) Always promptly ac- 
 knowledge all remittances, enclosing receipt for the amount, 
 (h) Notice carefully your punctuation, language, spelling 
 and sound of all letters. Spelling is very important. If in 
 doubt, the dictionary is your friend, (i) It is well some- 
 times to read your letter aloud after writing it to see that 
 no wrong constructions could be placed on yotir letter. Deep 
 friendships are sometimes broken by a false interpretation 
 of a friendly letter, (j) When using numbers in a letter, 
 it is best to spell them out if they are small. Figures and 
 words do not make a pleasing combination in a letter, (k) 
 Avoid the use of too many abbreviations in a letter, es- 
 pecially characters, such as; "&" to take the place of the 
 coordinate conjunction "and". (1) Never send out a letter 
 bearing blots of ink, erasures, etc. They indicate not only 
 untidiness, but carelessness, (m) The folding of the letter 
 and fitting it to the envelope is of especial importance. A 
 carelessly folded letter may offset all the rest of the rules 
 observed, (n) Never forget the stamp. 
 
 12. The purpose of the business card is usually to advertise 
 one's business and usually states briefly the nature of the 
 business engaged in, along with the name of the person 
 
BUSINESS AND WRITING 137 
 
 representing it. Professional cards are sometimes used to 
 serve as calling cards also. The calling or visiting card 
 is used for an introduction or credential. It is, hawever, 
 exchanged more as a token of friendship between parties 
 where acquaintance already exists. 
 
 13. The basic principle governing all business is — or should be 
 — an interpretation of right and wrong known as Law. 
 Law is a set of rules laid down by a governing body and 
 having for its purpose the exactment of right and the sup- 
 pression of wrong. 
 
 14. Yes. All beings, material, matter, procedures and all other 
 known things or powers are subject to Law. The Natural 
 Laws such as gravity, force, etc. constituting one class, and 
 theman made laws the other. 
 
 15.' The real purpose of the written Law is set forth in the 
 preamble of our Constitution. Read it. Generally speaking 
 Law is for the protection and furthering of right and the 
 suppression of wrong. 
 
 16. We are. Ignorance of the law excuses no one. If it were 
 not for this wise provision of the law, every dishonest per- 
 son would use it as a loop hole to escape punishment by 
 claiming ignorance. 
 
 17. (a) By precedents, we mean what has gone before in the 
 way of decisions of superior courts, (b) It is recognized 
 by most courts, probably to justify or corroborate their 
 own decisions rather than through a sense of right and 
 wrong. In former times, our courts decided cases on the 
 sole basis of law and justice. These decisions being re- 
 corded from time to time, cover today almost any case which 
 might arise. Hence, when a case for decision comes to the 
 attention of our modern court, it is usually decided accord- 
 ing to similar cases which were decided by a superior court, 
 even though it date back lOO years. It seems that the pre- 
 cedent method of decisions may in some cases work an in- 
 justice on either of the parties, depending upon change of 
 conditions or an unjust decision in the original holding. 
 
 18. It is. If a precedent is found to be faulty or unjust, it may 
 be ignored by the court in its decision. An unjust or pre- 
 
138 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 posterous precedent may be set aside by legislative action, 
 in which event, courts are not allowed to base any decision 
 or give weight to any matter contained therein. 
 
 19. Yes. In the event that a case arises being wholly different 
 from any preceding case, there is no precedent established 
 and so the court establishes, by its decision, a new prece- 
 dent to govern the disposal of all similar cases arising there- 
 after. 
 
 20. (a) By the unwritten Law , sometimes called Common Law) 
 we mean a rule or law which, though not laid down by a 
 legislative body, has been observed and practiced in courts, 
 until by precedent, it becomes by its general acceptance, a 
 law. (b) The Monroe Dictrine is an example of unwritten 
 law. Our constitution does not provide that our President 
 shall not serve more than two terms; but according to the 
 unwritten law he cannot. Later such ruling may be made, 
 but until it is broken, no such action seems necessary. Un- 
 written laws through abuse, are sometimes made written. 
 We find that in ancient times the taking of life was pro- 
 hibited by unwritten law only, but was later made a writ- 
 ten law on account of its being so frequently broken. 
 
 21. Legal rights are of two classes; (a) The personal rights, 
 which relate to personal property, private property, per- 
 sonal liberty, etc. (b) The correlated, or relative rights 
 which govern our rights and duties as related to those with 
 whom we associate such. Relative rights between land 
 owner and tenant, parent and child, railroad and passenger, 
 employer and employee, come under this head. 
 
 22. By municipal law we mean the code of rules or regulations 
 laid down by governmenatl authority. They do not necess- 
 arily apply to towns, villages or cities, as the name would 
 indicate. Our courts deal mostly with municipal law. Mu- 
 nicipal law is really civil lazv. 
 
 23. International lazv deals with the relation of one nation and 
 the individuals comprising it to another nation and the in- 
 individuals of which it is composed. 
 
 24. Yes. In cases of war, martial law may be substituted for 
 civil law in the event it is deemed best for the general wel- 
 fare of all concerned. In cases of riots, strikes, fire, storms. 
 
BUSINESS AND WRITING 139 
 
 etc., where the extent or degree is such as to put the con- 
 trol beyond the capacity of the civil authorities, they may 
 surrender to the military authorities until the situation is 
 again to the point where they may, with safety handle it. 
 
 25. (a) The common law of England (with modifications and 
 reservations) is accepted by all states (except one) as the 
 foundation of our statutes, (b) The exception is Louisi- 
 ana whose judicial system has for its basic principles the 
 Roman law, with modifications. 
 
 26. By the common law only .injustice might be done an indi- 
 vidual. For example, one might be forced by threat to give 
 a note for $i,ooo. According to law he is liable for its 
 payment. But here Bquity steps in and, appealing to jus- 
 tice, says, "No, it is unfair" and consequently releases him. 
 A divorce is also obtained through a court of equity. 
 
 27. A contract is a mutual obligation entered into between two 
 or more parties, having an offer on one hand and an ec- 
 ceptance of it on the other. 
 
 28. Contracts are either expressed or implied. An expressed 
 contract states in words the terms governing it, while the 
 implied contract terms are known or implied through cir- 
 cumstances. 
 
 29. The written contract belongs to the expressed class, but an 
 oral one, to either. 
 
 31. To answer this question fully would require more space 
 than is available, but some of the most important essentials 
 follow, (a) Both parties must understand and concede to 
 all parts of it. The agreement must be voluntary, (b) 
 There must be a consideration in all contracts. The value 
 of it is of minor importance; but, nevertheless, something 
 must be given. The words "Value received" in all notes 
 allude to the consideration given, (c) Any person or per- 
 sons entering into a contract must be eligible to make a 
 contract, (d) The thing contracted must be possible. It 
 may be very improbable that the person assuming the obli- 
 gation will or can, carry it out, but that fact does not render 
 it void, (e) The contract must not be fraudulent, (f) A 
 contract is void which has for its purpose the carrying out 
 
140 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 of an unlawful act. A contract to rob a bank would be 
 unlawful inasmuch as the act is unlawful. 
 
 32. No. If the contracting parties are eligible and the things 
 contained within the contract are according to law, the 
 contract is binding provided the aforesaid can be shown by- 
 two comptent witnesses. 
 
 33. No. While it is always well to use ink, the use of a lead 
 pencil does not invalidate the instrument. < 
 
 34. A guaranty is a guarantee of one person to another that a 
 third person will carry out his obligation. 
 
 35. Yes. The acceptance of anv part of a contract admits ir 
 all. 
 
 36. The person who signs a note is fully responsible for its 
 payment, should the maker fail to pay. He may, by writing 
 the words "zvithout recourse" before his signature, relieve 
 himself of responsibilty. 
 
 37. A contract made on Sunday or with a minor is null and 
 void. 
 
 38. Yes. A contract may be dated back as far as you like. 
 Care should be taken, however, to not place it so far back 
 as to invalidate it through lapse of time. 
 
 39. Yes. As an example, a minor may act as an agent for an 
 insurance company and arrange contracts between his com- 
 pany and the assured, which are perfectly legal. 
 
 40. By the term, agent, we mean the person or firm having 
 authority to act as principal in dealing with third parties. 
 
 41. (a) A principal is the person represented by the agent. 
 (b) No. The principal may be an individual, a firm, or a 
 corporation. 
 
 42. Yes. Any contract made by the authorized agent must 
 hold. In cases of rraud, however, the agent is responsible 
 to his principal for its rectification. 
 
 43. Yes. Providing, hawever, that he represents a principal 
 who is a citizen. 
 
BUSINi;SS AND WRITING 141 
 
 44. By a general agent, it is implied that he is vested with ati- 
 thoritu to represent his principal in all matters involving a 
 third party. A special agent however, has power to bind 
 his principal in matters of a special nature predesignated 
 by his principal. Beyond this he has no authoritq. 
 
 45. An auctioneer is classed as a special agent, because his 
 duty is limited to the sale of certain specified property pre- 
 viusly advertised. His contract is usually oral. This how- 
 ever, makes it no less binding than if it were written. 
 
 46. No. Unless by special arrangement with, and authoriza- 
 tion of, his principal, the auctioneer is not allowed to act 
 as agent in signing deeds. 
 
 47. No. The highest bona fide bidder can demand that his 
 bid be accepted in the event the property is advertised to 
 sell zvithout reservation. In case the auctioneer may refuse 
 to accpet the bona fide bid, such bidder may bring suit 
 against him to compel acceptance. 
 
 48. The auctioneer may take a lien on goods consigned to him 
 for sale. Or he may appropriate sufficient amount of the 
 money collected to assure his commissions. 
 
 49. The difference lies chiefly in the fact that the broker stands 
 in the rol^ of a double agent; i. e. he acts as agent for the 
 buyer as well as the seller. The auctioneer at public sales, 
 also takes this part ; but at private sales, he acts as the ven- 
 dor's agent only. 
 
 50. Yes. Even though the agent act or represent in a manner 
 the exact reverse to the wishes o fhis principal, the prin- 
 cipal is liable. 
 
 51. It is, providing, the vendor knows the defect to exist. 
 Otherwise, no. 
 
 52. He is. The fact that the first transaction is void (being 
 made on Sunday) is set aside by a nezv contract or acknow- 
 ledgement of sale on a legal day, by the payment of part 
 of the bill. 
 
 53. No. The contract is unreasonable and impossible in its na- 
 ture, hence, such a contract is void. 
 
142 THOUGHT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 54. In sudi case the title changes when the goods are accepted 
 by the common carrier. The carrier acts merely as agent 
 for the purchaser and not for the vendor. In many cases, 
 however, the vendor guarantees safe delivery. In this event 
 the title does not pass until the goods are received by the 
 purchaser. The common carrier then acts for the vendor. 
 
 55. In order to be negotiable an instrument should have the 
 words "or order", or "or bearer" or similar words, also 
 the date, place, place of payment, promise to pay, amount 
 to be paid, and date due. 
 
 56. Promissory notes, checks and drafts. 
 
 57. No. All negotiable instruments must be for the payment 
 of money only. To illustrate; a note promising to pay a 
 certain person Five Hundred Dollars in labor or corn would 
 not be negotiable. To be negotiable, the instrument must 
 have no provisions whatever, but a clear cut "promise to 
 pay in cash" statement. For instance ; if one should promise 
 to pay Fifty Dollars from the sale of his hogs, it would be 
 non-negotiable. The condition limits it. 
 
 58. No. The instrument may, however, be countersigned in 
 one's own handwriting over the printed name, in which case, 
 it is legal. 
 
 59. The endorsers are liable for the payment of the paper in 
 the order that their names appear thereon; i. e. the first 
 endorsement is liable to all succeeding endorsements, etc. 
 
 60. A corporation is a body orgaized and created by law, and 
 having a special charter authorizing it to act as an individual 
 under its charter name, and to haye certain rights and priv- 
 ileges as limited by certain restrictions and obligations. A 
 company has no such charter and is subject to no corporation 
 rules. The company has a right to change its name at will, 
 but the corporation has no such right. 
 
 61. The dividend is the amount distributed among the stock- 
 holders and represents the net earnings of the company. 
 
 62. The script dividend differs from the dividend, inasmuch as 
 it is paid to the stockholder in script or stock dividend, which 
 he may exchange for capital stock of the company at pan 
 
BUSINESS AND WRITING 143 
 
 63. Preferred stock has (as its name indicates) preference in 
 the payment of premiums over common stock. Preferred 
 stock usually states the rate of dividend that it pays. As 
 the common stock takes what dividend is left (if any) 
 after the preferred stock has been taken care of, it is called 
 common, as all shareholders share in common the gains and 
 losses alike. There seems to be a common idea, that the 
 preferred is the better investment of the two. With a thrif- 
 ty company, this is not true. The preferred stockholder is 
 assured that he will receive at least, a certain rate of divi- 
 dend, whether it is earned by the company or not. In reali- 
 ity, the holder is not given more than the specified rate re- 
 gardless of the earnings. The preferred stock is in some 
 cases advisable as where the company suffers a severe loss, 
 but as a whole the preferred stock is issued to those afraid 
 of their own judgment. 
 
 64. A coupon bond is usually a Government bond, having inter- 
 est bering coupons attached which are presented for pay- 
 ment as they fall due. The coupon bond is negotiable with- 
 out endorsement. A registered bond has no coupons at- 
 tached, and is registered in the owner's name on the Treas- 
 ury Department books. The registered bond may be trans- 
 ferred by a transfer of title on the registration books in the 
 Treasury Department. The old bond is, however, destroyed 
 when the assignment is made, and a new issued and so re- 
 corded on the Treasury books. 
 
 65. By a stock jobber, we mean one who deals in stocks and 
 bonds on his own account, while the stock broker deals in 
 them only for others. 
 
 66. Brokerage is the commission charged by the stock broker 
 who buys or sells stocks or bonds for another. 
 
 67. The capital stock of a corporation represents the entire sum 
 of money invested by the several partners. The capital 
 represents, not only all the capital stock, but any gains made 
 by the corporation, such as property acquired, surplus pro- 
 fits, etc. 
 
 68. Yes. The old idea which has been handed down to us 
 for ages to "never sign a paper for a stranger" is gradually 
 
144 THOUGHT QUi;STlONS AND ANSWERS 
 
 losing its hold on the thinking and open minded people. It 
 cannot be supposed that we are acquainted with all the peo- 
 ple with whom we shall have business transactions. Do not 
 understand that we sign everything that comes along, but 
 by using due caution, we will usually catch any fraud which 
 may be presented for our signature. Learn to exercise 
 your own judgment. If it is fraudulent you can usually 
 determine it by reading between the lines, even though the 
 wording may speak of justice. 
 
 70. When delivered. No, as there was no money or consider- 
 ation, the contract has no supporting evidence. Hence, the 
 donor may change his mind up to the actual time of de- 
 livery. 
 
INDKX 145 
 
 Index 
 
 Page 
 
 Physiology 5- 14 
 
 Grammar IS- 22 
 
 History 23-35 
 
 Arithmetic 26-43 
 
 Geography 44-53 
 
 Civics 54-64 
 
 Orthography 65- 1?) 
 
 Stock Raising 74- 83 
 
 Agriculture 84- 93 
 
 General Science 94-103 
 
 Composition and Rhetoric 104-115 
 
 American Literature 116-128 
 
 Business and Writing 129-144 
 
tD-29.8. 
 

 
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