1 90 3 3*% 5M«SMcM of 4lte. Zbc TUniversttB of Cbtcago THE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION THE LECTURE-STUDY DEPARTMENT No. 178.— Peice 10 Cts. E 206 .H84 Copy 1 SIX STATESMEN OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION SYLLABUS OF A COURSE OF SIX LECTURE-STUDIES By GEORGE ELLIOTT HOWARD, Ph.D., PROFESSORIAL LECTURER IN HISTORY CHICAGO Cbe 'Glnfverslts of Cbfcago press 1903 rtdr EXERCISES Topics for exercises are given at the end of the outline of each lecture. Answers in writing, to not more than two questions each week, are invited from all persons attending the lecture. These should be written on one side of the paper only, a broad margin being reserved on the left. The name of the center, with some signature of the writer, should stand at the top of the first page. The exercises should be sent to George E. Howard, Ph. D., The University of Chicago, Chicago so as to arrive at least two days before the following lecture. They will be re- turned at the Review, the following week, with such marginal and oral comments as they seem to require. If application is made to the lecturer, there will be an Exam- ination at the end of the course for students who are qualified and desire to take it. Any of the books referred to in these lectures may be obtained at special rates from The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 111. Prices will be quoted on application. Readings in connection with each lecture are designated in the syllabus. The syllabus is provided with a perforated leaf which each student desiring University credit or recognition in any form should fill out immediately after the opening of the course, and mail to the Secretary of the Lecture-Study Department, Uni- versity Extension Division, University of Chicago. The conditions on which University credit can be secured are given on the second page of the leaf. Gift The University FOR REGISTRATION tCbe 'GlnlveraltB of Chicago STUDENT'S APPLICATION THE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION DIVISION THE LECTUKE-STUDY DEPARTMENT University Extension Center at ^ Date of writing this application _ Full name_ [e. g-., Henry Smith Jones] Address Date of Birth Place of Birth. Occupation Do you wish University credit? _ Title of Lecture Course Date of delivery of Course _ Lectu rer If previously registered in the University of Chicago give . 1. Matriculation number 2. College or School Degree sought High Schools, Academies, etc., with periods and dates of attendance^ College or Colleges attended, with periods and dates, degrees, etc._ State definitely what work has been done in the Department in which the subject to be taken occurs Remarks^ Instructor notified igo. (OVER) UNIVERSITY RECOGNITION OF LECTURE-STUDY WORK, 1. Examinations are permitted on all courses of six lecture-studies and upwards. Students are qualified for the examination who {a) have attended not less than two-thirds of the total number of lectures and classes included in the course of instruction ; [d) have written, to the satisfaction of the lecturer> exercises upon topics assigned in connection with not less than two-thirds of the lectures of the course. 2. Credit for work done on University Extension Lecture-Study courses is given on the books of the University on the following conditions : a) No application for credit will be considered unless the applicant shall have submitted to the lecturer before the examination a minimum of eight written exer- cises, or the equivalent thereof in theses of greater length. d) Applicants for credit must consult the lecturer at the opening of the course, when he mill designate subjects and topics upon which the work must be based. Formal registration must be made with the University before the second lecture, using the reverse page of this leaf. c) The applicant shall pass an examination on the course at such time as is most convenient to himself and his instructor either at the University or, if else- where, under supervision which has been approved by his Dean. d) No examination or other special fee is charged applicants for credit. e) To students satisfying these requirements credit for a Minor will be given by the University. f) If the lecturer or any other leader approved by the University conducts a supplementary class in connection with a course of twelve lecture-studies, a student doing satisfactory work therein in addition to the work above mentioned may upon recommendation of the lecturer become a candidate for credit for a Major. 3. A minimum of one year's residence is required of an applicant for a degree. Non-resident work is accepted for only one-third of the work required for a degree. vs. ^ ASSIGNED READINGS. LECTURE I. '. R. Seeley, The Expansio7t of England (London, 1883), chaps, iv, vi. 2. G. Scott, The Development of Civil Liberty in the English Colonies (New York, 1882), chap. viii. LECTURE II. Moses Coit Tyler, Patrick Henry (Boston, 1887), 1-188. \. B. Hart, Cotitetnporaries {Nt-w York and London, 1898), II, 103-6. lecture III. A. B. Hart, Formation of the Union (4th ed., New York and London, 1894), 37-68. Richard Frothingham, Rise of the Republic (Boston, 1872), 200-402, lecture IV. Moses Coit Tyler, Literary History of the A^nerican Revolution (New York and London, 1897), I, 293-400. Z. H. Van Tyne, The Loyalists in the A?nerican Revolution (New York and London, 1902), 1-86. lecture v. Oavis R. Dewey, Financial History of the United States (New York, London, and Bombay, 1903), 1-59. G. W. Green, Historical View of the American Revolution (Boston, 1865), chap. V. lecture VI. ;. T. Morse, Franklin (Boston, il-_^^. I G. W. Green, Historical View, chap. vi. LECTURE I. JAMES OTIS AND THE FIRST PROTEST OF MASSACHUSETTS. I. Characteristics of James Otis (1725-83). II. Why the Americans Protested ; Origin of the Revolution. 1. Original isolation of the colonies; slow growth of the senti- ment of union. 2. Principal result of the French and Indian War : genesis of national self-consciousness. 3. Primary cause of the American Revolution : the restrictive colonial system. a) Character of the acts of 1660, 1663, 1672; of the acts restraining manufactures. ^) So-called "compensations" which led the colonists to accept the restrictive system. c) Why, then, is that system the original cause of the Revolution ? 4. The "Molasses Act" of 1733; what its enforcement would mean to the colonies. III. The Writs of Assistance. 1. Origin of these writs; their survival in England; similarity in character to the "general warrants" of the Wilkes case. 2. First use in the colonies, 1755; supposed special need of them during the French and Indian War. 3. Otis's speech against the renewal of the writs, 1761): the "prologue" of the revolutionary drama. a) The occasion. d) The technical argument. c) Untrustworthiness of John Adams's account of the alleged general argument (see his letters to William Tudor in his Works, X). 4. Real significance of Otis's speech. IV. Otis the First Revolutionary Leader of Massachusetts. I. The case of alleged misappropriation of forfeitures for vio- lations of the Molasses Act, 1761. Otis attacks the court of admiralty. SIX STATESMEN OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 5 2. Governor Bernard's alleged illegal expedition, 1762; Otis's Vindication of the Conduct of the House of Representatives (Boston, 1762). 3. The first revenue act, 1764; Otis's Rights of the British Colonics Asserted and Proved (Boston, 1764). 4. The menace of the Stamp Act, 1764-65. a) Otis's pamphlets in reply to Martin Howard. B) His reply to Soame Jenyns. 5. Later public services of Otis. Estimate of his place in the Revolution. STUDIES. 1. Historical importance of the "Molasses Act," 1733. 2. Were the laws restraining manufactures in the colonies oppres- sive ? 3. The bounty system. 4. Summary of Judge Horace Gray's paper on the Writs of Assist- ance. 5. Comparison of English and American claims as to the restrictive system. REFERENCES. Tudor, Life of Otis (Boston, 1823); Minot, History of Massachusetts (Boston, 1798- 1803), II, 87-99; John Adams, H^oris, II, $21-2^; X, index; Horace Gray, " Writs of Assistance," in Quincy's Massachusetts Reports, 395-540 ; Tyler, Literary History of the American Revolution, I, 30-90 ; Weeden, Economic and Social History of New England, II, 666 ff., 714 ff.; Chamberlain, "The Revolution Impending," in Winsor, Narrative and Critical History, VI, 1-24 ; Frothingham, Rise 0/ the Republic, 72-157 ; Bancroft, United States (ed. 1883), II, 546 ff.; Hxiichmson, History of Massachusetts, III, 89 ff.; "Ltcky, England in the Eighteenth Century, III, 321-34; Hart, Eorfnation of the £/«/^«, 43-48 ; idem. Contemporaries, II, 374-78; Seeley, Expansion of England; Channing, The Navigation La-us (Worcester, 1890); Scott, Development of Civil Liberty, chap, viii ; Beer, "Colonial Policy of England toward the American Colonies,' Columbia College Studies, III (New York, 1893); Lord, " Industrial Experi- ments in the British Colonies," Johns Hopkins University Studies, extra Vol. XVII (Baltimore, 1898); Ashley, "England and America, 1660-1760," in his Surveys Historic and Economic (London, New York, and Bombay, 1900), 309-60; Hill, "Colonial Tariffs," Quarterly Journal 0/ Economics, VII, 73 ff. For a contemporary defense of British colonial policy see Grenville, The Regulations Lately Afade Concerning the Colonies {l^oxiAon, 1765); and com- pare Knox, The Controversy between Great Britain and Her Colonies (London 1769). 6 SIX STATESMEN OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION LECTURE II. PATRICK HENRY AND THE FIRST PROTEST OF VIRGINIA. I. Two False Theories of the Origin of the American Revolution. 1. That it was the result of the intended or conscious oppres- sion of the colonies. 2. That it was aroused by hot-headed demagogues. 3. Must the "great man" explanation of historical progress be abandoned ? Value of the biographical element. II. The Royal Prerogative and the Revolution. 1. Quarrels with the governors. 2. Independence of the courts threatened; in October, 1761, Benjamin Pratt appointed chief-justice of New York "dur- ing the king's pleasure." 3. Abuse of legislative prerogative. a) After the reign of Anne no act of Parliament vetoed by the crown ; but this branch of the prerogative steadily maintained in the royal provinces. d) The Virginia Act of 1761 imposing a prohibitory duty on the importations of slaves disallowed. III. Patrick Henry's Protest against the King's Legislative Preroga- tive in the " Parson's Cause," 1763. 1. Origin of the cause. a) Laws of 1696 and 1748 fixing the parson's salary at 16,000 of tobacco. Tobacco as a legal tender. 2. The "Two-Penny" Act of 1755. Financial distress caused by the war times. 3. The "Two-Penny" Act of 1758: like that of 1755, it was passed without the "suspending clause." The prerogative strained in denying the petition of 1751. a) Debts made payable either in kind or in paper money at the option of the payer; alleged hardships to the clergy. 3) Resistance of the clergy; pamphlet war; letter to the bishop of London ; appeals to the board of trade placed before the privy council. The act disallowed, August 10, 1759; and Governor Fauquier ordered to publish the fact by proclamation. SIX STATESMEN OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 7 c) Rev. John Camm's suit against the vestry of York Hampton parish ; the assembly allows the expenses of appeals; 1764 Virginia law held valid by the general court; appeal to privy council, and the case dismissed, 1767. d) Other suits in the lower courts; that of Rev. James Maury, of Fredericksville parish, Louisa, November 5, 1763 : county court of Hanover declares the act of 1758 void ; and orders that at next term a special jury shall determine the damage due Maury. Patrick Henry called in to defend the parish. 4. Characteristics of Patrick Henry. a) His parentage and education. ^) His business experiences, 1751-60. c) Admission to the bar, 1760; his remarkable success dur- ing the first three years and a half of practice. 5. December i, 1763: Henry's speech in the Parson's Cause. a) Character of his eloquence. ^) Points of the argument. c) The verdict. d) Revolutionary significance of the speech. IV. The Later Career of Patrick Henry. 1. The resolves against the Stamp Act, May 29, 1765 : Henry's speech. 2. In the first Continental Congress, 1774. 3. His resolves and great speech in the second revolutionary convention of Virginia, March, 1775. 4. Why he opposed the ratification of the Federal Constitution 5. Estimate of his place in American history. STUDIES. 1. History of tobacco as a currency in Virginia. 2. Patrick Henry and the Federal Constitution. 3. Influence of Patrick Henry's resolves against the Stamp Act. 4. Abuse of the royal prerogative as a cause of the Revolution. REFERENCES. Ann Maury, Memoirs of a Huguenot Family (New York, 1872), 402, 418-24 (James Maury on Parson's Cause) ; or the same in Hart, Contemporaries, 11, SIX STATESMEN OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 103-6 ; Perry, Historical Collections, I, passim; Meade, Old Churches, I, 216 ff. Burnaby, Travels (2d ed., London, 1759); Jefferson, "Memorandum," Histori cal Magaziiie (1867), N. S., II, 93; Hening, Statutes, III, 152; iVI, 88, 89, 568 VII, 240, 241; Campbell, History of Virginia (Philadelphia, i860), 514, 515 Wirt, Patrick Henry (Philadelphia, 1818); Tyler, Patrick Henry (Boston 1887); W. W. Henry, Patrick Henry (3 vols.. New York, 1891); Bancroft, United States, III, lioff., 134 ff.; Frothingham, Rise of the Republic, 178 ff. Grahame, United States, IV, 206 ff . ; Gordon, United States (London, 1788), I, 164 ff. LECTURE III. SAMUEL ADAMS AND THE ORGANIZATION OF PUBLIC OPINION. I. Characteristics of Samuel Adams. 1. Birth and education. 2. The "man of the town-meeting;" place of the town- meeting in New England and American history. 3. The "penman" of the Revolution; his style of writing and speaking. 4. The organizer of resistance. 5. General character of the revolutionary literature ; newspa- pers and pamphlets ; poems ; state papers ; public papers drafted by Samuel Adams. II. The Grenville Acts and the Birth of Revolutionary Parties. 1. Whigs and Tories, 1763-65 {YiwX.ckixwsovC'S, History of Mas- sachusetts, III, 103; Grahame, op. cit., IV, 210). 2. " Sons of Liberty," 1765 ; methods and influence; supposed origin of the name in Barre's speech. 3. Non-importation agreements. 4. First intercolonial Committees of Correspondence, the result of Adams's "initial state paper" of the American Revolution, May 24, 1764. 5. Address to the governor and the resolutions of the assem- bly against the Stamp Act drafted by Adams, October, 1765. III. Public Opinion Advanced and the Sentiment of Union Further Developed by the Townshend Revenue Acts, 1767-70. I. The circular letter of Massachusetts. a) Royal order to rescind the resolution authorizing it. b) Other assemblies ordered by the king to disregard it. SIX STATESMEN OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 9 c) Massachusetts leaders to be carried to England for trial. d) Virginia's protest. 2. Repeal of the revenue acts, except the tax on tea, April 12, 1770. IV. The Royal Instructions and Committees of Correspondence, 1770-73. 1. Character of the instructions. 2. Methods of resistance. 3. The Boston "massacre," March 5, 1770. Removal of the troops. 4. The "Gaspee," June 9, 1772. 5. Local committees of correspondence proposed by Adams, November, 1772. 6. Intercolonial committees proposed by Virginia, March, 1773. V. The Tea Act. 1. Its provisions and purpose. 2. Response to the act. 3. The Boston "Tea-Party," December 16, 1773. VI. The Five Coercive Acts and the Congress, 1774. 1. Substance of the acts. 2. The colonies support Massachusetts. 3. The "solemn league and covenant." 4. Work of the congress : the "Association." VII. Services of Samuel Adams. STUDIES. Significance of the Quebec Act. History of the "Sons of Liberty." Character and work of the First Continental Congress. Justification of the Revolution. Galloway's compromise "plan of a proposed union between Great Britain and the colonies." REFERENCES. Hosmer, Samuel Adams {Boston, iS8s); idem, " Samuel Adams, the Man of the Town- Meeting," /o/ins Hopkins University Studies, II; Wells, Samuel Adams (3 vols., Boston, 1865); Frothingham, Rise of the Republic, 200-402; Bancroft, United States (ed. 1883), III ; Lecky, England iti the Eighteenth Century, III, chap, xii; Burke, Speeches on American Taxation and Conciliation; Wood- burn, " Causes of the Revolution," Johns Hopkins University Studies, X, 553- SIX STATESMEN OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 609; Waji, Formation of the Unioft,'Xi1-by, 'S>\o2,n&, French War and Revolution, 99 ff.; Ludlow, War of American Independence, 64-90 ; Goldwin Smith, United States, 64 ff.; Fiske, Atnerican Revohttion, I, chap, i ; Trevelyan, Revolution, I, chaps, ii-viii ; Chamberlain, " The Revolution Impending," in Winsor, Narra- tive and Critical History, VI, 1-68 ; Hart, Contemporaries, II, 373 ff.; Grahame, United States, IV, 246 ff.; Dawson, Sons of Liberty in New York (New York, 1859); Collins, "Committees of Correspondence," Report of American Histori- cal Association {igoi), I, 243-71; Bartlett, //M/(?rj/ of the Destruction of the Gaspee (1861) ; idem, in Rhode Island Colonial Records, VII, 57-192 ; Becker, "Growth of Revolutionary Parties and Methods in New York Province, 1765- 1774," American Historical Review, VII, 56-76; Coffin, "The Quebec Act," Report of American Historical Association, 1894, 273-79; Farrand, "The Taxation of Tta.," American Historical Review, III, 266-69; Frothingham, "Sam. Adams' Regiments," Atlantic, June and August, 1862, and November, 1863; Kidder, History of the Boston Massacre (Albany, 1870); Levermore, "Whigs in Colonial New York," American Historical Review, I, 238-50; Small, "Beginnings of American Nationality," fohns Hopkins University Studies, VIII, 1-77 ; Winsor, " Virginia and the Quebec Bill," Atnerican His- torical Review, I, 436-43. LECTURE IV. JOSEPH GALLOWAY AND THE CASE FOR THE LOYALISTS. I. What is a Revolution ? Progress by Evolution and Revolution Compared. The cases of conscience forced upon the honest soul by a revo- lution. The particular case of the American Revolution. Survival of revolutionary prejudice against Great Britain and against the loyalists. II. The Loyalist Party. 1. Number and distribution. 2. Character of the loyalists. III. Statement of the Revolutionary Problem: "No Taxation without Representation." 1. Actual state of parliamentary representation under George III. 2. The theory of "virtual" representation: Mansfield vs. Pitt (1766). a) Was American taxation legal ? b) Was American taxation expedient ? c) Was the distinction between "external" and "internal" taxation logical ? d) Was colonial representation in Parliament practicable ? Views of Otis and Franklin. SIX STATESMEN OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION II IV. The Loyalist Argument as Seen in the Loyalist Literature (Tyler, op. cit., I, 304-402). 1. Martin Howard's Letter from a Gentleman at Halifax {^fw- port, 1765). Fate of Howard. 2. Jonathan Boucher's View of the Causes and Consequences of the American Revolution (London, 1797). a) His courage. ^) His conservatism typical of the anti-revolutionary senti- ment. 3. Samuel Seabury's ("Westchester Farmer's") ^re, Hamilton, 71 ff.; Bolles, ^/. ^ cit., I, 273; Lodge, Hamilton, 26-30). b) Morris's plan. (i) Capital, $400,000, to be increased at pleasure (Ban- croft, Constitution, I, 32; cf. Sumner, op. cit., II, 25). (2) Incorporated "forever," December 31, 1781; ques- tion of constitutionality. (3) Slow subscriptions; only $70,000 by October, 1781. (4) Chartered by Pennsylvania and other states. (5) June, 1782, Morris without authority subscribes $254,000 of the French subsidy. (6) Benefits. {a) For the Confederation. {b) For private enterprise. (7) Reorganized, 1785; rechartered by Pennsylvania assembly, March 17, 1787, for fourteen years. 6. Morris resigns, 1784; and management of finances is again intrusted to a congressional committee, 1784-89 (Bolles, op. cit., I, 333 ff.; Fiske, op. cit., 168). III. Later Life of Morris. 1. His failure in business. 2. Was the country ungrateful ? STUDIES. '■ 1. The Pennsylvania Bank War of 1785-87. | 2. Was Rotert Morris a martyr? 3. History of the Bank of North America. 4. Origin of the United States system of coinage. REFERENCES. Sumner, The Financier and the Finances of the American Revolution (2 vols., New York, 1891); Bolles, Financial History of the United States (3 vols., 2d ed., New York, 1884-86), I ; Knox, United States Notes, 9,10; Poore, Money and its Laws, 429 ff., 461 f£.; Sumner, "The Spanish Dollar and the Colonial Shilling," American Historical Review, July, 1S98; Sumner, History of the SIX STATESMEN OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 1 5 Currency, 43 ff.; Walker, ^cwo', 326-35 ; Dewey, Financial History of the United States (New York, London, and Bombay, 1903), 2-59; Bullock, Mone- tary History of the United States (New York, 1900), Part I ; Elliot, Funding System, 6-16 ; Gouge, Short History of Paper Aloney. etc. (Philadelphia, 1833) ; Schuckers, Finances and Paper Money of the Revolutionary War (Philadel- phia, 1874); Watson, History of American Coinage (New York, 1899); Hickox, Historical Account of American Coinage (Albany, 1858); Green, Historical View of the American Revolution, 137-72; Curtis, Constitutional History, I, index; Hildreth, History of the United States, III, 78, 87, 89, no, 123, 299, 309, 310, 361, 363, 405, 446; Bancroft, United States, index ; idem. Constitution, I, 31, 32, 35, 36 ; McMaster, People of the United States, I, 21-23, 139-44. 1 87-200, 202-8, 266-70, 281-93, 296, 297, 331-61, 400-403; Lalor, Cyclopcedia, I, 199, 207, 208; White, Money and Banking (Boston and London, 1896), 134-48; Pitkin, United States, II, 154 ff.; Lossing, Field Book of the Revolution, I, 317-19. 352; II, 557, 630 ; Gugenheimer, in Jameson's Essays (Boston, 1889), 127 ff.; Lodge, Hamilton, 26-30 ; Morse, Hamilton, 71 ff. LECTURE VI. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, THE FIRST AMERICAN DIPLOMATIST. I. Franklin a Typical American. 1. Rise of a "self-made" man. 2. Life and achievements before the French and Indian War. 3. Characteristics. II. Franklin as Colonial Agent. 1. Franklin and the French and Indian War. a) Schemes of Shirley and others to tax the colonies. b) Franklin's " Canada Paper," The Interest of Great Brit- ain, etc. (London, 1760; or in his Works, III, 69-124). 2. Franklin and the Stamp Act. a) His discussions with Grenville before its passage ; was he mistaken as to the American temper ? ^) His examination at the bar of the House of Commons, February 13, 1 766. 3. The Hutchinson letters; Wedderburn's arraignment. 4. Franklin's views on taxation and representation. III. Franklin the Diplomatist of the Revolution. 1. Genesis of the federal Department of State in the commit- tee for secret correspondence appointed 1775. 2. Early French observation of America. 1 6 SIX STATESMEN OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION a) Choiseul : character and ability ; attitude toward America; sends De Kalb to America, 1768 (Kapp, op. cit., 53 ff. ; Green, German Element, 91 ff.) ; cause of Choiseul's fall (Kitchin, History of France, III, 465 ff.). b) Vergennes : character and policy; Vergennes and Tur- got (Bancroft, op. cit., IV, 364 ff.) ; embassy of Bonvou- loir, 1776 ; his report (Durand, op. cit., i ff. ; services of Beaumarchais, the typical secret agent ; Comte de Bro- glie and the proposed stadtholderate (Kapp, op. cit., 89-98). The French Alliance, 1778. a) The American commissioners, 1776-78: Silas Deane, Arthur Lee, Benjamin Franklin ; character of Deane and Lee. b) Reception of Franklin ; his relations with Lee, Deane, John Adams, and Izard. c) The treaty, February 6, 1778. (i) Its provisions. (2) Influences which secured it. d) English agents attempt to secure peace through Franklin. 4. Franklin's later services. a) His life in France. b) The treaty of 1783. c) His place in American history. STUDIES. 1. Franklin as a scientist. 2. Franklin as a man of letters. 3. Did Franklin do his duty in the affair of the Hutchinson letters? 4. Franklin's services to Pennsylvania. REFERENCES. Durand, Documents on American Revolution ; Doniol, Participation, etc., I, II ; Fiske, Atnerican Revolution, II, I ff.; Parton, Life of Franklin, II, 107 ff.; Green, Historical View, chap, vi ; Green, Gerrnan Element, 91 ff.; Bancroft, United States, index; Hildreth, op. cit.. Ill, 177 and index ; Balch, French in America, 77 ff.; Ramsay, op. cit., 372 ff.; McMaster, Franklin, chap, viii; Morse, Franklin; Kapp's Kalb, 45 ff., 286 ff. ; Treaties and Conventions, 296- 314; Hale, Franklin in France, I; Winsor, Narrative and Critical History, VI, I ff.; Wharton, Diplomatic Correspondence; Force, Archives, I; Franklin, Works (ed. Bigelow, 10 vols.. New York, 1887-88). 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